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S/R    THOMAS  NOON   TALFOURD. 

From  a  Superb  Old  Engraving  by  \\\    Hoi  I.     After  the  Painting  by  K. 

Meadows. 


ROYAL    EDITION 


THE 


lUorld's  Best  Essays 


FROM   THE 

EARLIEST  PERIOD    TO    THE   PRESENT    TIME 


DAVID  J.  BREWER 

EDITOR 

EDWARD    A.     ALLEN  WILLIAM    SCHUYLER 

ASSOCIATE    EDITORS 


TEN     VOLUMES 
VOL.  X. 


ST.  LOUIS 

FERD.   P.  KAISER  •§• 

1900 


Royal   Edition 


LIMITED  TO  1000  COMPLETE  SETS,  OF  WHICH  THIS  IS 


NO.    -.:. 


Copyright  1900 

BY 

FERD.  P.  KAISER 


All  rights  reserved 


EDITOR 


cz^z&T^ 


PUBLISHER 


THE  WERNER  COMPANY 

PRINTERS    AND    BINDERS 
AKRON,    OHIO 


SANT.  -^—  u-.E^  LIBRARY 

/  0  &  o 

E'j                   THE   ADVISORY   COUNCIL 
£  


SIR  WALTER  BESANT,  M.  A.,  F.  S.  A., 

Soho  Square,  London  W.,  England 

PROFESSOR  KUNO  FRANCKE,  Ph.  D., 

Department  of  German,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

HIRAM  CORSON,  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 

Department  of  English  Literature,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

WILLIAM  DRAPER  LEWIS,  Ph.  D., 
Dean  of  the  Department  of  Law, 

University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

RICHARD  GOTTHEIL,  Ph.  D., 

Professor  of  Oriental  Languages, 

Columbia  University,  in  the  City  of  New  York. 

MRS.  LOUISE  CHANDLER  MOULTON, 

Author  «  Swallow  Flights, »  «  Bed-Time  Stories, »  etc.  Boston,  Mass. 

WILLIAM  VINCENT  BYARS, 

Manager  The  Valley  Press  Bureau,  St.  Louis. 

F.  M.  CRUNDEN,  A.  M., 

Librarian    St.     Louis    Public    Library;     President    (1890)    American 
Library  Association. 

MAURICE  FRANCIS  EGAN,  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 
Professor  of  English  and  Literature, 

Catholic  University  of  America,  Washington,  D.  C. 

ALCEE  FORTIER,  Lit.  D., 

Professor  of  Romance  Languages,  Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. 

SHELDON  JACKSON,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 

Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 

A.  MARSHALL  ELLIOTT,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 
Professor  of  Romance  Languages, 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 
WILLIAM  P.  TRENT,  M.  A., 

Professor  of  English  Literature, 

Columbia  University,  in  the  City  of  New  York. 

CHARLES    MILLS    GAYLEY,    Litt.  D., 

Department  of  English,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

RICHARD  JONES,  Ph.D., 

Department   of  English,  vice  Austin  H.  Merrill,  deceased,  Department 
of   Elocution,  Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

W.  STUART  SYMINGTON,  Jr.,   Ph.D., 

Professor  of  Romance  Languages,         Amherst  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 


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V 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 
VOLUME   X 


LIVED  PAGE 

Tacitus,  Cornelius  c.  55-^.  117  A.  D.  3673 

The  Germania 

Taine,  Hippolvte  Adolphe  1 828-1 893  3703 

The  Saxons  as  the  Source  of  English  Literature 

I.  Environment  and  Character 

II.  Traits  of  the  Saxon 

III.  The  Origin  of  the  Modern  World 
The  Character  and  Work  of  Thackeray 

I.  The  Novel  of   Manners 

II.  Thackeray's  Great  Satires 

III.  Moralizing  in  Fiction 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon  1795-1854  3726 

British  Novels  and  Romances 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace  1811-1863  3735 

On  a  Joke  I  Once   Heard   from   the   Late   Thomas 

Hood 
Life  in  Old-Time  London 
Addison 
Steele 
Goldsmith 

Theophrastus  c.  373-288  B.  C.  3753 

The  <(  Characters  w  of  Theophrastus 
Of  Cavilling 
Of  Flattery 
Of  Garrulity 

Of  Rusticity  or  Clownishness 
Of  Fair  Speech  or  Smoothness 


VI 

LIVED  PAGE 

Theophrastus —  Continued 

Of  Senselessness  or  Desperate  Boldness 

Of  Loquacity  or  Overspeaking 

Of  News  Forging  or  Rumour  Spreading 

Of  Impudency 

Of  Base  Avarice  or  Parsimony 

Of  Obscenity  or  Ribaldry 

Of  Unreasonableness  or  Ignorance  of  Due  Conveni- 
ent Times 

Of  Impertinent  Diligence,  or  Over-Officiousness 

Of  Blockishness,  Dulness,  or  Stupidity 

Of  Stubbornness,  Obstinacy,  or  Fierceness 

Of  Superstition 

Of  Causeless  Complaining 

Of  Diffidence  or  Distrust 

Of  Foulness 

Of  Unpleasantness  or  Tediousness 

Of  a  Base  and  Frivolous  Affectation  of  Praise 

Of  Illiberality  or  Servility 

Of  Ostentation 

Of  Pride 

Of  Timidity  or  Fearefulness 

Of  an  Obligarchy,  or  The  Manners  of  the  Principal 
Sort,  which  Sway  in  a  State 

Of  Late  Learning 

Of  Detraction  or  Backbiting 


Thoreau,  Henry  David 

1817-1862 

3776 

Higher  Laws 

Tickell,  Thomas 

i 686- i 740 

3787 

Pleasures  of  Spring 

Ticknor,  George 

1791-1871 

3791 

Spanish  Heroic  Ballads 

of 

th 

e  Cid 

TOCQUEVILLE,  ALEXIS    CHARLES    HENRI 

Clerel 

DE 

1805-1859 

3798 

History  of  the  Federal  Constitution 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Majority 

Literary  Characteristics  of  Democratic  Ages 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich  1828-  3809 

Religion,  Science,  and  Morality 
The  Art  of  the  Future 


Vll 

LIVED  pAGE 

-Tseng,  The  Marquis  1839-1890  3819 

Characteristics  of  the  French  and  English 
Western  Arts  and  Civilization  Derived  from  China 
The  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 

TUCKERMAN,   HENRY    THEODORE  1813-1871  3823 

A  Defense  of  Enthusiasm 

TURGENIEFF,   IVAN   SERGEYEVICH  1818-1883  3833 

Prose  Poems 

((  Accept  the  Verdict  of   Fools  B 

A  Self-Satisfied  Man 

A  Rule  of  Life 

The  End  of  the  World 

The  Blockhead 

An  Eastern  Legend 

The  Sparrow 

The  Skulls 

<( Twain,  Mark"  (Samuel  Langhorne  Clemens)  1835-  3842 

On  the    One    Hundred  and    Thirty-Six  Varieties    of 

New  England  Weather 
Lincoln  and  the  Civil  War 

Tyndall,  John  1 820-1893  3849 

Science  and  Spirits 

The  Sun  as  the  Source  of  Earthly  Forces 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de  1694-1778  3858 

On  Lord  Bacon 

On  the  Regard  that  Ought  to  Be  Shown  to  Men  of 
Letters 

Wagner,  Richard  1813-1883  3867 

Nature,  Man,  and  Art 
Life,   Science,  and  Art 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel  1822-  3872 

The  Likeness  of  Monkeys  to  Men 

Walpole,  Horace  1717-1797  3876 

William  Hogarth 

On  the  American  War 

Walton,  Izaak  1 593-1683  3881 

The  Angler's  Philosophy  of  Life 


Vlll 

LIVED  PAGE 

Warton,  Joseph  i  722-1 800  3886 

Ancient  and  Modern  Art 
Hacho  of  Lapland 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy  1819-1886  3893 

The  Literature  of  Mirth 
The  Power  of  Words 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf  1 807-1892  3899 

The  Yankee  Zincali 

Wieland,  Christoph  Martin  1733-1813  3906 

On  the  Relation  of  the  Agreeable  and  the  Beautiful 
to  the  Useful 

Wilson,  John  ((<  Christopher  North  »)  1785-1854  3913 

The  Wickedness  of  Early  Rising 
Sacred  Poetry 

Wirt,  William  1772-1834  3925 

A  Preacher  of  the  Old  School 

WORDSWORTH;  WlLLIAM  1770-1850  3929 

What  Is  a  Poet? 
Epitaphs 

Xenophon  c.  430-^.357  B.  C  3937 

Socrates'   Dispute    with    Aristippus   concerning    the 

Good  and  Beautiful 
In  What  Manner  Socrates  Dissuaded  Men  from  Self- 

Conceit  and  Ostentation 
Several  Apothegms  of  Socrates 

ZlMMERMANN,    JOHANN    GEORG  1728-1795  3942 

The  Influence  of  Solitude 

Noted  Sayings  and  Celebrated  Passages  3949 

Preface  to  the  Indexes  4005 

General  Index  of  Essayists  4009 

Index  of  Subjects  of  Essays  4019 

Chronological  Index  of  Essayists  and  Subjects  4046 

Chronological  Index  of  Literature  4069 

Chronological  Index  of  Law,  Government,  and  Economies  4076 

Chronological  Index  of  Religion,  Morals,  and  Philosophy  4078 

Chronological  Index  of  Periods  and  Events  4080 

General  Index  4083 


IX 


NOTED   SAYINGS   AND   CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


PAGE 

A'Becket,  Gilbert  A.  (1811-1856) 

The  True  Principles  of  Law      -    -    -    3949 

Adams,  John  Quincy  (1767-1848) 

Principles  in  Politics    ------    3949 

Liberty  and  Eloquence 3949 

Addison,  Joseph  (1672-1719) 

Conversation  in  Confidence  -    -    -    -    3949 

Conversation  in  Crowds 3949 

Love  and  Ridicule    -------    3949 

Courtship 3950 

Manners  and  Civilization 3950 

Aikin,  Lucy  (1781-1864) 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Court  -----    3950 

Alcott,  A.  Bronson  (1799-1888) 

Egotists  in  Monologue 3950 

Alexander,  Archibald        (1772-1851) 

Natural  Scenery -    3950 

Alfred  the  Great                   (849-901) 
The  Equal  Nobility  of  Original  Hu- 
man Nature 3950 

Anthony,  Susan  B.  (1820-) 

Woman  and  Her  Talents      -    -    -    -    3950 

Arbuthnot,  John  (1667-1735) 

Newton's  Place  in  Science    -    -    -    -    3950 

Aristotle  (384-322  B.  C.) 

Education  and  the  State 3951 

The  Training  of  Children  -  -  -  -  3951 
Happiness,  the  Gift  of  Heaven  -  -  3951 
One  Swallow  Does  Not  Make  Spring    3951 

Arnold,  Benedict  (1741-1801) 

On  ((True  and  Permanent  Happiness**     3951 

Aurelius,  Marcus  (121-180  A.  D.) 

A  Rule  for  Happiness      -----    3951 

Change  in  All  Things 3951 

The  Man  Is  What  He  Thinks    -    -    -    3951 

Austen,  Jane  (1775-1817) 

«  Only  a  Novel  » 3951 

Bacon,  Francis  (1561-1626) 

«  Half-Way  Men  » 3951 

Moroseness  and  Dignity 3951 

Ballou,  Hosea  (1796-1861) 

Charity 3952 

Conscience  - -    -    3952 

Barrington,  Sir  J.  (1760-1834) 

Dress  and  Address -    3952 

Barrow,  Isaac  (1630-1677) 

What  Is  Wit  ? 3952 

Sin 3952 

Bartol,  C.  A.  (1813-) 

Hands  and  Hearts    -------    3952 

Enduring  and  Doing 3952 

Baxter,  Richard  (1615-1691) 

Modesty  a  Guard  against  the  Devil  -  3952 
Religion  at  Your  Rope's  End  -  -  -  39^2 
Sin  as  Self-Murder 3952 


PAGE 

Beaconsfield,  Lord  (1804-1881) 

Greatness  in  Books  and  Men    -    -    -    3952 
Bede,  The  Venerable  (673-735) 

Anglo-Saxon  Origins    ------     3953 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward        (1813-1887) 

Character 3954 

Joy  and  Sorrow 3954 

Love  in  Its  Fullness    -    -    -    -         -    3954 

The  Soul  Never  Sleeps 3954 

Beecher,  Lyman  (1775-1863) 

On  (<  American  Rudeness »   -    -    -    -    3955 
Belzoni,  John  Baptist         (1778-1823) 

The  Ruins  at  Thebes 3954 

Bigelow,  John  (1817-) 

Franklin's  Character  and  Religion     -    3954 
Boileau-Despreaux  (1636-1711) 

Who  Is  the  Wisest  Man  ? 3955 

Botta,  Vincenzo  (1818-) 

The  Character  of  Cavour 3955 

Bradford,  William  (1590-1657) 

On  the  Death  of  Elder  Brewster    -    -    3955 
Brooks,  Phillips  (1835-1893) 

Friendship  -     -     -     -     - 3955 

Delight  in  Self-Denial 3955 

Brown,  Charles  Brockden  (1771-1810) 

Influence  of  Foreign  Literature      -    -    3955 
Brownson,  Orestes  A.  (1803-1876) 

The  Bible 3955 

Bryant,  William  Cullen    (1794-1878) 

The  Perils  of  Life 3956 

Buckminster,  Joseph  Stevens 

(1784-1812) 

The  Quiet  Things  of  Life     -    -    -    -    3956 
Burdette,  Robert  J.  (1844-) 

Engaged  and  Married 3956 

Burke,  Edmund  (1729-1797) 

War  as  the  Cause  of  Corruption    -    -    3956 

Burnet,  Thomas  (*D35~i7i5) 

<(  Life  but    a    Circulation  of    Little 

Mean  Actions n -    3957 

Burton,  Robert  (1577-1640) 

The  Devil's  Bait 3957 

Butler,  Samuel  (1612-1680) 

An  Opinionater 3957 

Caesar,  Caius  Julius  (100-44  B.  C.) 

Prosperity  as  a  Penalty  of  the  Worst 

Wickedness 3957 

« Rights  of  War» 3957 

Calhoun,  John  C.  (1782-1850) 

Inventions  and  Discoveries      -    -    -    3957 

The  Danger  of  Subserviency   -    -    -    3957 
Campistron,  Jean  Galbert  De 

(1656-1723) 

«Vox  Populi» 3957 


X 


NOTED   SAYINGS   AND   CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


PAGE 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert  De  —  Con- 
tinued 
Learning  and  Philosophy     -    -    -    -    3957 

Casaubon,  Meric  (1599-1671) 

Claiming  Divine  Right     -----     3958 
Truth  the  Foundation  of  All  Good- 
ness   - 3958 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius       (95-46  B.C.) 

Silence  the  Virtue  of  the  Gods  -    -    -    3958 

Cervantes  (1547-1616) 

Historians 3958 

Scholars  Who  <(  Go  a  Sopping w  -    -  3958 

« The  Multitude  of  Fools »    -    -    -    -  3958 

The  Poet  and  the  Historian  -    -    -    -  3958 

«  Where  Truth  Is,  God  Is  »  -    -    -    -  3958 

Truth  as  Oil  upon  Water       -    -    -    -  3958 

The  Virgin  Muse  of  Poetry  -    -    -    -  3958 

Channing,  William  E.         (1780-1842) 

The  Best  Books  --------  3958 

Grandeur  of  Character     -----  3958 

The  Greatness  of  Common  Men    -    -  3958 

Mind  Made  for  Growth 3958 

Charron,  Pierre  (1541-1603) 

Pride  of  Ancestry    -------    3959 

Gratitude     -    -    -    - 3959 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of        (1694-1773) 

Blockhead  Writers  and  Readers  -    -    3959 
Ceremony  with  Fools 3959 

Choate,  Rufus  ( 1 799-1859) 

The  Starlight  of  History   -----     3959 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius  (106-43  B.C.) 

On  Poets  and  Their  Inspiration     -     -     3959 
When  True  Life  Begins 3959 

Clarke,  James  Freeman   (1810-1888) 

Art  Born  of  Religion  ------    3959 

Claudian  (365-408  A.  D.) 

Temperance 3959 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 

(1772-1834) 

Conscience  ----- 3959 

Enthusiasm  and  Liberty 3959 

Beast  and  Angel  in  Man 3959 

The  Soul     ----- 3959 

Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus 

(c.  40  A.  D-?) 
What    Is    Most    Important     in    Any 

Business    - 3959 

The  Use  of  Failure 3959 

Colvin,  Sidney  (1845-) 

Art  and  Nature 3959 

CONSTANTINIDES,  MlCHAEL 

(Contemporary) 
Modern  Greek  Love-Songs  -    -    -    -    3960 

Cook,  Joseph  (1838-) 

Conscience 3960 

Conscience  and  the  Soul 3960 

Cooke,  John  Esten  (1830-1886) 

(( Stonewall w  Jackson  at  Lexington  -    3960 


PAGE 

CORAIS,  ADAMANTIUS  (1748-1833) 

An  Exhortation  to  Teachers     -    -    -  3961 

Equality  and  Civilization       -     -     -     -  3961 

The  Rhetorical  Ability  of  Socrates    -  3961 

Wealth  and   Education 3962 

The  Education  of  Women     -    -    -    -  3962 

The  Refining  Influence  of  Music  -    -  3962 

Cranmer,  Thomas  (1489-1556) 

The  Benefit  of  Sound  Teaching    -    -    3963 

Crevecceur,  J.  Hector  St.  John  de 

(1731-1813) 

The  Harmony  of  Instinct      ...    -    3963 

Cumberland,  Richard         (1631-1718) 

Making  the  Best  of  It 3963 

Politeness 3963 

Cushman,  Charlotte  (1816-1876) 

Acting  as  a  Fine  Art    ------    3963 

Dana,  Richard  Henry         (1787-1879) 

Lear  as  a  Victim  of  Passion  -    -    -    -    3963 

D'Aubigne,  Jean  Henri  Merle 

(1794-1872) 
Literature  and  the  Reformation    -    -    3963 

Demosthenes  (384-322  B.  C.) 

The  Price  of  Liberty 3964 

The  Quality  of  Leadership    -    -    -    -    3964 

Dewey,  Orville  (1794-1882) 

The  Danger  of  Riches 3964 

Dickinson,  John  (1732-1808) 

The  Duty  of  Freedom 3964 

Diogenes,  Laertius 

(Second  Century  A.  D.) 
Heaven  Our  Fatherland    -----    3964 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 

(First  Century  B.C.) 
A  Nation  Improved  by  Sufferings  -    -    3964 
Causes  of  Good  Government     -    -     -    3964 
Why  Governments  Fall 3964 

Dwight,  Timothy  (1752-1817)  -    - 

The  Beauty  of  Nature 3964 

Elliott,  Stephen  (1771-1830) 

The  Ineffable  Sublimity  of  Nature     -    3965 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo       (1803-1882) 

«  God  Is  the  All-Fair » 3965 

Character 3965 

The  Highest  Human  Quality  -  -  -  3965 
Self  the  Only  Thing  Givable  -  -  -  3965 
The  Simplicity  of  Greatness     -    -    -    3965 

Erasmus,  Desiderius  (1465-1536) 

Love 3695 

Everett,  Alexander  H.      (1792-1847) 

Book  Making  -    - 3965 

Everett,  Edward  (1794-1865) 

Literature  and  Liberty 3966 

Feyjoo,  Benito  (1676-1764) 

That  Virtue  Alone  Is  Delightful    -    -    3966 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb    (1762-1814) 

The  Test  of  Worth 3967 

Fontaine,'Jean  de  la  (1621-1695) 

The  Danger  of  Foolish  Friends      -    -    3967 


NOTED  SAYINGS  AND  CELEBRATED  PASSAGES 


XI 


PAGE 

FONTENELLE,  BERNARD  LE  BOVIER  DE 

(I657-I7S7) 
All  Men  of  the  Same  Clay     -    -    -    -    3967 

How  to  Become  Famous 3967 

The  Passions  as  Motive  Power  -    -    -    3967 
That  We  May  Do  Great  Things  with- 
out Knowing  How     -----    3967 

Franklin,  Benjamin  (1706-1790) 

Credit  from  Trifling  Things        -     -     -  3767 

Friends  and  Friendship    -----  3967 

That  Money  Begets  Money  -    -    -     -  3967 

Froissart,  Jean  (1337-1410) 

The  Manners  of  the  Scots      -    -    -    -    3967 

Frothingham,  O.  B.  (1822-) 

Self-Denial 3967 

Fuller,  Thomas  ( 1608-1661 ) 

Books  as  a  Nepenthe    ------  3967 

Love  Is  to  Be  Led 3967 

Behavior  to  Inferiors    ------  3968 

Fatted  for  Destruction 3968 

Garfield,  James  A.  (1831-1881) 

Esse  Quam  Videri 3968 

The  Formation  of  Character     -    -    -  3968 

History  as  a  Divine  Poem    -    -    -    -  3968 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd  (1804-1879) 

The  Right  to  Liberty 3968 

Gayarre,  Charles  (1805-1895) 

The  March  of  De  Soto 3968 

George,  Henry  (1839-1897) 

Land  Monopoly -    -    -    3968 

Gladden,  Washington  ( 1836-) 

The  Theologian's  Problem  -     -     -     -    3968 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 

(1749-1832) 
Conversion     and      Friendship     with 

Heaven 3968 

The  Burden  of  Fools 3968 

Goldoni,  Carlo  {1707-1793) 

The  Book  of  the  World 3968 

The  Animal  that  Laughs      -     -     -    -     3968 
«The     Noble     Man     Does     Noble 

Deeds w 3969 

Goldsmith,  Oliver  (1728-1774) 

M  Originality w -     3969 

Granada,  Luis  de  (1504-1588) 

The  Uncertainty  of  Things    -    -    -    -  3969 

The  Uncertainties  of  Life      -    -    -    -  3969 

The  Mystery  of  Death 3969 

Greene,  Robert  (1560-1592) 

A  Clear  Mind  and  Dignity    -    -    -    -  3969 

Greville,  Fulke  (1554-1628) 

The  Touchstone  of  Merit 3969 

Following  the  Leader 3969 

Small  Things  and  Great  Results    -    -  3969 

The  Mote  and  the  Beam   -----  3969 

Great  Souls  and  Mean  Fortunes     -    -  3969 

On  the  Nature  of  Women      -    -    -    -  3969 


PAGE 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot    (1815-1857) 

The  Genius  of  Poe 3970 

Guicciardini,  Francis  (1483-1540) 

Forgiveness  and  Amendment    -     -    -     3970 
Nobility  the  True  Rule  of  Public  Pol- 
icy     3970 

Turbulence  and  Ignorance  in  Repub- 
lics     3970 

On  Asking  Advice -    -    3970 

Hall,  Robert  (1764-1831) 

The  Meaning  of  Destiny 3970 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler 

(1796-1865) 
When  a  Woman  Is  Always  Right  -    -    3970 
Hope  as  a  Traveling  Companion  -    -    3970 

Hamilton,  Gail  (1838-) 

The  Limit  of  Responsibility  -    -    -    -    3970 
Coarse  Arts  and  Fine   ------    3970 

Hare,  Julius  Charles  (1795-1855) 

Christianity  and  Civilization      -     -    -    3970 
What  Eloquence  Means 3970 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel      (1804-1864) 

Drowned  in  Their  Own  Honey      -    -  3971 

Happiness  as  an  Incident     -    -    -    -  3971 

The  Only  Reality -  3971 

Hazlitt,  William  (1778-1830) 

Friendship 3971 

The  Religion  of  Love 3971 

Headley,  J.  T.  (1813-) 

Naples  and  Vesuvius    ------    3971 

Herbert,  Edward  (1582-1648) 

The  Miraculous  Human  Body  -    -    -    3971 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 

(1744-1803) 
Mother  Love  and  Children    -    -    -    -    3971 

Herodotus  (c.  484-424  B.  C.) 

cc  Mind  Your  Own  Business w     -    -    -  3972 

Comparison  the  Secret  of  Knowledge  3972 

Cause  of  the  Most  Enormous  Crimes  3972 

Forethought  and  Failure 3972 

Finis  Coronat  Opus 3972 

Hildreth,  Richard  (1807-1865) 

Jefferson's  Changes 3972 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert    (1819-1881) 

Manhood  and  Its  Incidents   -    -    -    -  3972 

Words  the  Materials  of  Art  -    -    -    -  3972 

<(  The  Choicest  Thing  in  the  World  w  3972 

Mean  Things  and  Men's  (<  Way  »  -     -  3972 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell   (1809-1894) 

Books  Old  and  New 3972 

The  Heart's  Low  Tide 3972 

Stopping  the  Strings  of  the  Heart      -  3972 

Seventy- Year  Clocks 3972 

Hopkins,  Mark  (1802-1887) 

(<  The  Picture  of  Thought »  -    -    .    .    3973 
Virtue  as  Grace 3973 

Hopkinson,  Francis  (I737-I791) 

Eighteenth-Century  England     -    -    3973 


Xll 


NOTED   SAYINGS   AND   CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


PAGE 

Hyde,  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon 

(1608-1674) 

Good  Nature  as  the  Greatest  Blessing  3973 

Beauty  as  a  Compelling  Power     -    -  3973 

The  World  Not  to  Be  Despised      -    -  3973 

Irving,  Washington  (1783-1859) 

Friends  that  Are  Always  True  -    -    -  3973 

Great  Minds  in  Misfortune    -    -    -    -  3973 

«  The  Almighty  Dollar  » 3973 

Cultivation  and  Society    -----  3973 

«  The  Truest  Thing  in  the  World  »  -  3973 

Jacobi,  Friedrich  Heinrich 

(1743-1819) 

«  Flying  Leaves » 3974 

James  I.  (1566-1625) 

Tobacco  as  a  «  Stinking  Torment »    -    3974 
James,  Henry  (1811-1882) 

The  Meaning  of  History 3974 

Jevons,  W.  Stanley  (1835-1882) 

«The  Money  Question »      -    -    -    -    3974 
Johnson,  Samuel  (1709-1784) 

The  Greatness  of  Little  Men     -    -    -    3975 

«  The  Rust  of  the  Soul  » 3975 

Kames,  Lord  (1696-1782) 

Pleasures  of  the  Eye  and  Ear    -    -    -    3975 
Kant,  Immanuel  (1724-1804) 

Aims  and  Duties 3975 

Doing  Good  to  Others 3975 

Serenity  and  Strength 3975 

Kent,  James  (1763-1847) 

Publicity  and  Bad  Politics  -    -    -    -    3975 
King,  Thomas  Starr  (1824-1864) 

The  Miracle  of  Color 3975 

Nature  a  Hieroglyphic 3975 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William 

(1809-1891) 

In  the  Desert -    -  3975 

Knox,  John  (1505-1572) 

Too  Much  Honey 397° 

The  Necessity  of  Schools     -     -    -    -  397» 

Krapotkin,  Prince  (1842-) 

Against  Radicals  and  Socialists     -    -  3976 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de  (1645-1696) 

The  Slave  of  Many  Masters  -    -    -    -  3976 

«He  Is  Good  that  Does  Good»      -  3976 

The  Best-Loved  Subject 3976 

Wild  Oats  as  a  Crop 397& 

How  to  Secure  Quiet  in  Cities    -    -  3976 

The  Meaning  of  Good  Taste  -    -    -  3976 

Lamartine,  Alphonse  Marie  Louis 

(1790-1869) 

Carlyle's  Cromwell 3976 

Landor,  Walter  Savage    (1775-1864) 

Happiness  and  Goodness      -    -    -    -    3977 
Lav ater,  Johann  Caspar    (1741-1801) 
The  Vinegar  and  Oil  of  Human  Na- 
ture    3977 

Honesty  and  Pretense 3977 


PAGE 


Ledyard,  John  (1751-1789) 

The  Goodness  of  Women    -    -    -    - 

Lee,  Robert  E.  (1807-1870) 

The  Last  Word  of  the  Confederacy 

Leland,  Charles  Godfrey  (1824-) 
The  Rare  Old  Town  of   Nuremberg 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 

(1720-1781) 

The  Best  of  All  Companions  -    -    - 
L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger        (1616-1704) 

Morals  from  ^Esop 3978 

Le  Vert,  Madame  Octavia  Walton 
(Nineteenth  Century) 

The  Coliseum - 

Lieber,  Francis  (1800-1872) 

The  Meaning  of  Liberty 

«  Vox  Populi,  Vox  Dei  »      -    -    -    - 
Lincoln,  Abraham  (1809-1865) 

Right  Makes  Might 

Livingston,  Robert  R.         (1746-1813) 

A  Government  of  Leagued  States    - 

Livy  (Titus  Livius) 

(c.  59  B.C.-c.  17  A.  D.) 

« Assuaging  the  Female  Mind8    -    - 

Liberty  and  Justice 

Why  Politicians  Are  Pleasant  -    -    - 

Familiarity  Breeds  Contempt  -    -    - 
Locke,  John  (1632-1704) 

The  Measure  of  Science 

Lodge,  Thomas  (1556-1625) 

A  Choice  for  Every  Man     -    -    -    - 
Long,  George  (1800-1879) 

The  Character  of  a  Tyrannicide  -  - 
Longinus  (210-273  A.  D.) 

The  Greatest  Thoughts  of  the  Great- 
est Souls 398o 

The  Genius  of  Moses 3980 

Lowell,  James  Russell        (1819-1891) 

Truth's  Brave  Simplicity 

Lyttelton,  Lord  (i7°9~I773) 

Addison  and  Swift  in  Hades      -    -    - 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  Lyt- 
tonBulwer,  Baron  (1803-1S73) 

Reputation  for  Small  Perfections  -  - 
Machiavelli,  Nicolo  (1469-1527) 

Laws  and  Manners 

Religion  and  Government    -     -     -     - 

Liberty  Necessary  for  Good  Order     - 

Mahaffy,  John  P.                        (1839-) 
The  Future  of  Education 

Malebranche,  Nicolas        (1638-1715) 

Making  Sacrifices  for  Fashion  -  -  - 
Mallock,  William  Hurrell     (1849-) 

The  Object  of  Life      ------ 

Mann,  Horace  (1796-1859) 

Wealth  and  Generosity 

The  Feudalism  of  English  Capital  - 


3977 


3977 


3978 


3978 


3978 

3979 
3979 

3979 

3979 


3979 
3979 
3979 
3979 

3979 

3979 

3979 


398o 
398o 

398o 

398o 
3980 
3980 

3980 

3981 

398i 

398i 

398i 


NOTED   SAYINGS  AND   CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


Xlll 


Marcellinus,  Ammianus 

(330-395  A.  D.) 

Apothegms  from  His  History  -    -    - 
Margaret  of  Navarre        (1492-1549) 

Love  and  Jealousy 

Marshall,  John  (1755-1835) 

The  Character  of  Washington      -    - 
Marti neau,  James  (1805-1900) 

Life  and  Immortality 

Martyn,  Henry  (1781-1812) 

On  the  Father  of  Ten  Children 
Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste    (1663-1742) 

Marriage .     .     .     _ 

Mather,  Cotton  (1663-1728) 

«  An  Army  of  Devils  Broke  Loose  »> 
Mather,  Increase  (1639-1723) 

Bargains  with  the  Devil 

METASTASIO,  PlETRO  (169S-I782) 

Death  as  a  Release 

Secret  Grief 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw 

(1769-1822) 

When  Virtue  Is  Odious 

Milton,  John  (1608-1674) 

The  Crime  of  Killing  Good  Books     - 

The  Whole  Art  of  Government      -    - 
Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 

(J 533- 1 592) 
The  Education  of  Children  -  -  -  - 
The  Soul  Makes  Its  Own  Fortune      - 

Montesquieu,  Baron  de  (1689-1755) 
The  Law  of  Nations 

More,  Sir  Thomas  (1478-1535) 

Those  Who  Most  Long  for  Change    - 

Neal,  John  (1793-1876) 
Poetry  and  Power 

Nepos,  Cornelius  (First  Century  B.C.) 
On  Ruling  by  Force 

Newman,  John  Henry  (1801-1890) 
«Vita  Militia » 

Norton,  Andrews  (1786-1853) 

Van  Leaders  of  Humanity  -    -    -    - 

Norton,  John  (1606-1663) 
The  Meaning  of  Justice 

«  Novalis  »  (Friedrich  von  Harden- 

berg)  (1772-1S01) 

Things  Too  Delicate  to  Be  Thought 

Oehlenschlager,  Adam  Gottlob 

(1779-1850) 
Children's  Play  and  Art 

Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller 

(1810-1850) 

Free  Play  for  Woman's  Activities 

How  to  Find  the  Right  Friends    -    - 
Otis,  James  (1725-1783) 

A  Question  of  Permanent  Interest     - 
Overbury,  Sir  Thomas        (1581-1613) 

Wit  and  Judgment 


PAGE 

3981 

3982 

3982 

3982 

3982 

3982 

3982 

3983 

3983 
3983 

3983 

3983 
3983 


3983 
3983 

3983 

3984 

3984 

3984 

3984 

3984 

3984 

3985 

3985 


3985 
3985 


(lSlO-1860) 


3985 
3985 


PAGE 

3985 
3985 

3985 
3985 
3986 
3986 
3986 

3986 
3986 
3986 

3986 

(429-347  B.C.) 

Justice  and  the  Courts 3986 

Why  Men  Hate  Each  Other      -    -     -    3986 
«Fear    Not    Them    that     Kill     the 

_  Body)) 3986 

The  Cause  of  All  Quarrels    -    -    -    -  3986 

«  Return  Not  Evil  for  Evil »     -    -    -  39S6 

Truth  and  Sensuality 3986 

The  Life  after  Death 39S6 

Pliny  the  Elder  (23-79  A.  D.) 

Concerning  Religion 1987 

«  Mother  Earth  » 3987 


Parker,  Theodore 

The  American  Idea 

Parnell,  Thomas  (1679-1718) 

On  Taking  a  Man's  Measure  -    -    - 

Pascal,  Blaise  (1623-1662) 

Against  Helping  God  by  the  Devil's 

Methods 

The   Contradictions  of   Human  Na- 
ture   

Paulding,  James  Kirke  (1779-1860) 
The  Character  of  John  Bull     -    -    - 

Penn,  William  1644-1718) 
The  Eternal  Law 

Phelps,  Austin  (1820-1890) 

The  Final  Test  of  Success     -    -    -    - 

Phillips,  Wendell  (1811-1884) 

What  the  Masses  Can  Do     -    -    -    - 

God  and  His  Man 

Revolutions 

Pinkney,  William 
Oppression  -    -    - 

Plato 


(1764-1822) 


The  Most  Savage  Animal 


987 


The  Might  of  Nature 3987 

Pliny  the  Younger         (62-1 13  A.  D.) 

Rectitude  in  Small  Things  -    -    -    -    3987 
The  Highest  Virtue      --.-..    39^7 
Plutarch  (c.46  A.B.-?) 

An  Evil  Habit  of  the  Soul  -    -    -    - 
Our  Contempt  for  Those  Who  Serve 

Us 

Principles  the  Soul  of  Political  Recti- 
tude     

Written  Laws  Like  Spiders'  Webs     - 
Polybius                               (204-125  B.C.) 
The  Lamp  of  Experience       -     -    -    . 
The  Lessons  of  History 3987 

Prentice,  George  Denison  ( 1802-1870) 
Prenticeana 

Prime,  Samuel  Iren^eus  (1S12-1885) 
The  Simplest  Book  in  the  World  -    - 

Pythagoras  (582-500  B.  C.) 

That  We  Ought  to  Judge  Our  Own 

Actions 

Quintilian  (35-95  A.  D-) 
«  Mind  of  Divine  Original »  -  -  - 
Dullness  Not  Natural 


3987 

3987 

3987 
3987 

3987 


3987 
3987 

3988 


39S8 
3988 


XIV 


NOTED   SAYINGS   AND   CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


PAGE 

QuiNTUS  Curtius    (First  Century  A.  D) 

On  Fortune      ---------  3g88 

Superstition  of  the  Uneducated      -    -  3988 

The  Country  of  the  Brave      -    -    -    -  3988 

Rabelais,  Francois  (1495-1553) 

The  Dotage  of  Habit 3988 

The  Cut  of  the  Coat  and  Character    -  3988 

Learn  Where  You  Can 3988 

The  Heaven  or  Hell  of  Matrimony  -  3988 

Opportunity's  Forelock    -----  3988 

The  Country  of  the  Soul    -----  3988 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter  (1552-1618) 

On  the  Keeping  of  the  Mouth    -    -    -  3988 

The  Worm  in  the  Nut's  Kernel  -    -    -  3988 

We  Are  Judged  by  Our  Friends     -     -  3988 

The  Test  of  Love 3989 

Randolph,  John  (1773-1833) 

On  the  Conduct  of  Life    -----  3989 

Rawlinson,  George  (1815-) 

The  Spirit  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  3989 

Reclus,  Jean  Jacques  elisee      (1830-) 

Is  Humanity  Progressing  ?  -    -    -    -  3989 

Red  Jacket  (1752-1830) 

The  Test  of  Proselyting  Zeal    -    -    -  3990 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua  (1723-1792) 

On  Genius 3990 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 

(1763-1825) 

The  Last,  Best  Fruit  of  Life      -    -    -  3990 

Why  Poetry  Was  Invented    -    -    -    -  3990 

Fallen  Souls    ---------  3990 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 

(1613-1680) 

Why  We  Seek  New  Friends      -    -    -  3990 

Appearances 3990 

The  Futility  of  Deceit 3990 

Avarice   ----- 3gg0 

Maxims  and  Reflections 3990 

Rochester,  Earl  of  (1647-1680) 

Sacrifices  to  Moloch 3990 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques       (1712-1778) 

Brains  as  Monuments 3991 

Job's  Comforters 3991 

Taste  the  Motive  for  Learning  -     -     -  3991 
How  a  Child  Ought  to  Be  Taught  to 

Read  and  Speak  - 3991 

Literary  Girls  as  Old  Maids  -     -     -    -  3991 

The  Highest  Dignity  of  Womanhood  3991 

Rumford,  Benjamin  Thompson,  Count 

(1753-1814) 

Happiness  for  the  Vicious   -    -    -    -  3991 

Rush,  Benjamin  (1745-1813) 

Seed  that  Never  Perish 3991 

Sadi  (1190-1291) 

The  Blockhead  and  the  Scholar  -     -  3991 

Life  and  Wealth       -------  ^ggi 

Two  Who  Labored  in  Vain     -     -     -  3991 

The  Man  Who  Fired  His  Harvest  -  3991 

The  Learned  Fool 3991 


PAGE 

Sadi  —  Continued 

Against  Pardoning  Oppressors     -    -  3992 

The  Wisdom  of  Old  Time  -    -    -    -  3992 

Sallust  (86-34  B.C.) 

Mind  and  Body 3992 

Be  Sure  You're  Right 3992 

Efficiency -    -    -    -  3992 

The  Intoxication  of  Prosperity     -    -  3992 

The  Low  and  the  High  -----  3992 

Sanderson,  John  (1783-1844) 

Dining  in  Paris ■     -  3992 

Savonarola  (1452-1498) 

Deed  and  Word 3992 

Schaff,  Philip  (1819-1893) 

Religion  and  Liberty ■  3992 

Schurz,  Carl  (1829-) 

The  Greatest  Task  for  Education     -  3992 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  M.      (1789-1867) 

The  Sabbath  in  New  England  -    -    -  3992 

Selden,  John  (1584-1654) 

Ceremony    - 3993 

Profession  and  Practice 3993 

Seneca,  Lucius  Ann^eus 

(4B.C.-65  A.D.) 

Patience  with  Error     ---...  3993 

Joy  as  Serenity    - 3993 

Self-Control 3993 

Perseverance 3993 

The  Path  to  a  Happy  Life      -     -    -  3993 

The  Education  of  the  Young  -    -    -  3993 

«We  Are  All  Wicked » 3993 

The  Irrevocable  Past 3993 

The    Error    of     One     Man    Causes 

Another  to  Err      - 3993 

Sevigne,  Marie  de  (1626-1696) 

The  Blessing  of  Good  Nature    -     -    -  3994 

Talking  of  Ourselves 3994 

Seward,  William  H.  (1801-1872) 

War  and  Democracy 3994 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of         (1671-1713) 

Doing  Good 3994 

One   Grain    of    Honesty  Worth    the 

World 3994 

The  Sum  of  Philosophy  -----  3994 

Freedom  as  the  Origin  of  Politeness  3994 

The  Gentleman 3994 

Shenstone,  William  (1714-1763) 

Envy  and  Fine  Weather      -    -    -     •  3994 

Servants       ...     - 3994 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip  (1534-1586) 

Four  Wise  Sayings 3994 

Simms,  William  Gilmore      (1806-1870) 

Reality  and  Romance      -    -    -    -    •     3994 

Smith,  Goldwin  (1823-) 

The  Christian  Ideal  and  Science   -    -    3995 

Smith,  Captain  John  (1579-1631) 

On  Colonizing     --------    3995 

<(  Bagges  as  a  Defence })       -    -    -    -    3995 

Smollett,  Tobias  ("1721-1771) 

The  Dullness  of  Great  Wits  -    -         -    3995 


NOTED   SAYINGS    AND    CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


XV 


Socrates  (470-399  B.  C.) 

Against  Disputing 3996 

The  Reality  of  Ignorance    -    -    -    -    3996 
South,  Robert  (1633-1716) 

The  Revenges  and  Rewards  of  Con- 
science      -    -    3996 

w  An  Easy  and  Portable  Pleasure  n    -    3996 
Sparks,  Jared  (1789-1866) 

Indian  Eloquence 3996 

Washington 3996 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady         (1815-) 

The  Enfranchisement  of  Woman  -    -    3996 
Steele,  Sir  Richard  (1672-1729) 

The  Happiest  Creature  Living    -     -    3996 

What  Will  Tranquilize  the  World      -    3997 

The  Man  Makes  Manners   -    -    -    -    3997 
Stephens,  Alexander  H.    (1812-1883) 

The  Object  of  Society 3997 

Sterne,  Laurence  (1713-1768) 

Eloquence  and  Nature      -----  3997 

The  Power  of  Trifles 3997 

Misers  of  Health 3997 

Stewart,  Dugald  (1753-1828) 

Imitation  as  a  Governing  Power    -    -  3997 

The  Few  Who  Think      -----  3997 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter  (1821-) 

Masterful  Courage -  3997 

Story.  Joseph  (1779-1845) 

Indian  Summer  in  New  England  -    -  3997 

Sumner,  Charles  (1811-1874) 

Fame  and  Human  Happiness      -    -  3998 

Swift,  Jonathan  (1667-1745) 

On  Repentance  in  Old  Age  -    -    -    -  3998 

Politeness  in  Conversation   -     -     -     -  3998 

Latent  Energy  in  Ordinary  People     -  3998 

Tacitus,  Cornelius       {c  55-117  A.  D.) 

How  Precedent  Comes 3998 

Pliability  and  Liberality 3998 

Distempers  of  the  Heart      -    -    -    -  3998 

When  Gratitude  Is  Possible     -    -    -  3998 

The  Little  Causes  of  Great  Results    -  3998 

Life's  Great  Reward -  3998 

Talleyrand  (1754-1838) 

The  Liar's  Idea  --------  3998 

Taylor,  Bayard  (1825-1878) 

Crossing  the  Arctic  Circle     -    -    -    -  3998 

A  Day  without  a  Sun -  3999 

Taylor,  Jeremy  (1613-1667) 

On  Marriage 3999 

Temple,  Sir  William  (1628-1699) 

The  Worst  Curse 4000 

The  Best  Rules  for  Young  Men  -    -  4000 

How  to  Talk  Well  -------  4000 

Thoreau,  Henry  D.  (1817-1862) 

The  Obligation  of  Duty 4000 

Thucydides  (471-401  B.C.) 

A  Great  Man's  Assurance  of  Himself  4000 

Expostulation  and  Accusation      -    -  4000 

The  Best  Security  of  Power    -    -    -  4000 

Ticknor,  George  (1791-1871) 

The  Spanish  Drama 4000 


PAGE 

Tillotson,  John  (1630-1694) 

The  Difficulties  of  Hypocrisy  -    -    -  4000 

A  Glorious  Victory  -------  4000 

Impudence  the  Sister  of  Vice  -    -    .  4000 

Tse-Sze  (c.  500  B.C.-?) 

The  Doctrine  of  the  Mean  -    -    -    -    4000 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley 

(1784-1851) 
Deception  and  Abuses  in  Politics     -    4001 

<(  Twain,  Mark  »  (Samuel  L.  Clemens) 

(1835-) 
On    Babies 4001 

Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de 

(1715-1747) 
The  Law  of  the  Strongest    -    -    -    -    4002 
Discovering  Old  Things  over  Again    4002 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C.         (1786-1870) 

The  Future  of  America 4002 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de 

(1694-1778) 
The  Secret  of  Boring  People   -    -    -    4002 
Literary  Fame 4002 

«Ward,     Artemusw     (Charles     F. 
Browne)  (1834-1867) 

What  Preachers  Do  for  Us    -     -    -    -    4002 

Washington,  George  (1732-1799) 

On  Friendship 4002 

How  to  Live  Well  -------    4002 

Watts,  Isaac  (1674-1748) 

Rules  for  Convincing  Others     -    -    -    4002 

Webster,  Daniel  (1782-1852) 

The  Sense  of  Duty 4003 

Pride  of  Ancestry 4003 

Webster,  Noah  (1758-1843) 

A  Dandy  Defined 4003 

On  Novels  for  Girls 4003 

Whitman,  Walt  (1819-1892) 

The  Only  Valuable  Investments  -    -    4003 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf  (1807-1892) 

The  Voice  of  the  Pines 4003 

Williams,  Roger  {c.  1600-1684) 

Bigotry  in  Religion 4003 

Willis,  N.  P.  (1806-1867) 

On  the  Death  of  Poe 4003 

Winter,  William  (1836-) 

Character 4004 

Noble   Friendship 4004 

The  Reserve  of  Greatness    -    -    -    -    4004 

Winthrop,  John  (1587-1649) 

The  Twofold  Liberty 4004 

Xenophon  (430-357  B.C.) 

On  Trusting  the  Gods 4004 

The  Low  Minded  and  the  Honorable    4004 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 

(1728-1795) 
Where  the  Polite  Fool  Fails    -    -    -    4004 
Wit  that  Perishes    -------    4004 

Zola,  Emile  (1840-) 

Life  and  Labor 4004 


FULL-PAGE   ILLUSTRATIONS 
VOLUME  X 


PAGE 

Sir  Thomas  Noon  Talfourd  (Portrait,  Photogravure)    Frontispiece 

Theophrastus  (Portrait,  Photogravure)  3753 

Alexis  Charles  Henri  de  Tocqueville  (Portrait,  Photogravure)  3798 

Ivan  Sergeyevich  Turgenieff  (Portrait,   Photogravure)  3833 

Richard  Wagner  (Portrait,  Photogravure)  3867 

Izaak  Walton  (Portrait,  Photogravure)  3881 

John  Wilson  (Portrait,  Photogravure)  3913 

William  Wordsworth  (Portrait,  Photogravure)  3929 


3673 


CORNELIUS   TACITUS 

(c.  55-r.  117  A.  D.) 

|he  (<  Germania  w  of  Tacitus  stands  first  among  the  historical 
essays  of  Greece  and  Rome.  It  gives  the  first  definite  sug- 
gestion of  the  modern  historical  method  of  studying  human 
nature  in  connection  with  all  the  circumstances  which  environ  it ;  and 
though  this  method  could  not  have  been  fully  developed  except  as  a 
concomitant  of  the  scientific  theory  of  evolution,  the  genius  of  Tacitus 
is  so  great  that  his  work  does  not  suffer  by  comparison  with  the  best 
historical  essays  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  does  not  give  the 
(( Germania B  undue  credit  to  call  it  one  of  the  greatest  historical 
essays  in  the  history  of  literature.  If  the  <(  ten  greatest w  were  bal- 
loted on  as  is  sometimes  done  for  the  amusement  of  students,  it 
would  scarcely  be  omitted  from  any  list  prepared  by  a  reader  well 
informed  in  the  world's  literature.  Its  style  is  admirable,  but  it 
derives  its  greatest  importance  from  the  fact  that  it  is  a  close  philo- 
sophical study  by  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  classical  civiliza- 
tion, of  the  new  intellectual  mode  out  of  which  at  last  were  to 
develop  the  results  of  modern  civilization.  Of  course  when  such 
a  man  as  Tacitus  studies  thus  closely  so  rude  a  people  as  the  Ger- 
mans of  his  day,  it  is  because  he  has  recognized  in  them  a  new 
mode  in  the  operations  of  intellect  —  a  strange  new  method  by  which 
the  common  nature  of  the  race  had  begun  to  manifest  forces  om- 
nipotent for  change  and  growth.  When,  a  little  earlier,  it  had  been 
asserted  in  Jerusalem  that  out  of  material  as  low  and  unformed  as 
the  stones  under  the  feet  of  (<  the  children  of  Abraham, w  God  could 
create  a  new  civilization,  the  assertion,  though  it  could  have  come 
only  from  a  knowledge  too  far-reaching  for  definition,  suggests  the 
nature  of  the  impulse  which  must  have  moved  Tacitus  to  study  the 
forces  inherent  in  the  race  which  was  to  create  modern  times. 
The  historical  value  of  the  results  of  his  study  is  too  great  to  be 
estimated.  Modern  history,  to  be  at  all  intelligible,  must  be  studied 
with  the  (( Germania 8  as  a  starting  point.  w  Breastplates  are  un- 
common. In  a  whole  army,  you  will  not  see  more  than  one  or  two 
helmets. *  Tacitus  wrote  of  the  men  who,  when  art,  science,  litera- 
ture, philosophy,  and  religion  were  all  decadent,  and  when  the  de- 
graded imperialism  of  Rome  had  made  political  liberty  impossible 
under  the  old  order,  were  to  lead  the  forlorn  hopes  of  progress.  He 
did  not  miss  the  most  vital  and  essential  fact  of  their  history.     When 


3674  CORNELIUS   TACITUS 

stirred  to  action  by  the  subconscious  race  impulse  which  controls 
them,  they  have  always  been  (<  Berserkers, w  —  men  who  fight  bare- 
breasted,  throwing  themselves  headlong  upon  their  opportunities  and, 
where  all  depends  on  the  force  of  the  onset,  never  stopping  to  de- 
fend either  head  or  breast.  The  supreme  force  of  individual  initiative 
has  always  been  in  the  Gothic  breed  from  the  times  of  Tacitus  to 
our  own.  The  founders  of  the  United  States  of  America  recognized 
it  and  trusted  it  when  they  attempted  to  found  a  republic  greater 
than  Rome,  without  any  other  force  to  support  it  than  the  reserve 
forces  of  the  individuality  which  can  seize  the  initiative  at  a  crisis, 
and,  though  <c  breastplates  are  uncommon, w  use  it,  as  it  has  been 
used  at  so  many  forgotten  Sempachs,  to  open  the  way  for  progress. 

Tacitus  was  born  under  the  Emperor  Claudius  in  the  early  part  of 
the  second  century  (about  55  A.  D.,  according  to  some  authorities; 
between  52  and  54  A.  D.,  according  to  others).  He  held  the  office  of 
questor  under  Vespasian  (78  or  79  A.  D.)  and  in  97  A.  D.,  became 
consul.  These  offices,  however,  meant  little  under  the  empire,  and 
the  fact  that  Tacitus  held  them  only  made  him  feel  the  more  keenly 
the  loss  of  Roman  liberty  and  the  degradation  of  morals  which  re- 
sulted from  political  servitude.  In  his  ((  Dialogue  on  Orators B  as  in 
his  "Annals0  and  his  (< Histories, *  he  starts  always  from  the  premise 
that  civilization  can  increase  and  morality  exist  as  a  controlling 
force  only  in  the  measure  in  which  liberty  exists.  He  was  a  friend 
of  the  Younger  Pliny  and  a  son-in-law  of  Julius  Agricola.  Beyond 
these  scanty  facts,  we  know  little  of  his  life  except  that  in  addition 
to  his  great  work  as  a  historian  and  essayist,  he  practiced  at  the 
Roman  bar  and  was  one  of  the  most  noted  orators  of  his  time.  He 
died  near  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Trajan,  perhaps  in  the  year 
117  A.  D.  Brodribb  says  that  he  "ranks  beyond  dispute  in  the  high- 
est place  among  men  of  letters  of  all  ages.^  If  such  a  generalization 
is  ever  safe  it  is  certainly  safe  in  the  case  of  the  historian  who,  when 
political  liberty  was  lost  and  political  virtue  had  become  a  reproach, 
remained  true  to  his  high  ideals  and  dared  w  to  rescue  merit  from 
oblivion  and  to  hold  up  the  condemnation  of  posterity  as  a  menace 
to  baseness. *  W.  V.  B. 

THE   GERMANIA 

The  whole  vast  country   of  Germany  is   separated   from    Gaul, 
from  Rhsetia  and  Pannonia,  by  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube; 
from    Dacia    and    Sarmatia,  by   a   chain   of   mountains,   and 
where   the    mountains   subside,    mutual    dread    forms    a    sufficient 
barrier.     The    rest   is   bounded   by   the    ocean,    embracing    in    its 
depth  of  water  several   spacious  bays,  and   islands   of   prodigious 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3675 

extent,  whose  kings  and  people  are  now,  in  some  measure,  known 
to  us,  the  progress  of  our  arms  having  made  recent  discoveries. 
The  Rhine  has  its  source  on  the  steep  and  lofty  summit  of  the 
Rhaetian  Alps,  from  which  it  precipitates  itself,  and,  after  wind- 
ing towards  the  west,  directs  its  course  through  a  long  tract  of 
country,  and  falls  into  the  Northern  Ocean.  The  Danube,  gush- 
ing down  the  soft  and  gentle  declivity  of  the  mountain  Abnoba, 
visits  several  nations  in  its  progress,  and  at  last  through  six 
channels  (the  seventh  is  absorbed  in  fens  and  marshes),  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  Pontic  Sea. 

The  Germans,  there  is  reason  to  think,  are  an  indigenous  race, 
the  original  natives  of  the  country,  without  any  intermixture  of 
adventitious  settlers  from  other  nations.  In  the  early  ages  of  the 
world,  the  adventurers,  who  issued  forth  in  quest  of  new  habita- 
tions, did  not  traverse  extensive  tracts  of  land;  the  first  migra- 
tions were  made  by  sea.  Even  at  this  day  the  Northern  Ocean 
vast  and  boundless,  and,  as  I  may  say,  always  at  enmity  with 
mariners,  is  seldom  navigated  by  ships  from  our  quarter  of  the 
world.  Putting  the  dangers  of  a  turbulent  and  unknown  sea  out 
of  the  case,  who  would  leave  the  softer  climes  of  Asia,  Africa,  or 
Italy,  to  fix  his  abode  in  Germany,  where  nature  offers  nothing 
but  scenes  of  deformity;  where  the  inclemency  of  the  seasons 
never  relents;  where  the  land  presents  a  dreary  region,  without 
form  or  culture,  and,  if  we  except  the  affection  of  a  native  for 
his  mother  country,  without  an  allurement  to  make  life  support- 
able ?  In  old  songs  and  ballads,  the  only  memorials  of  antiquity 
amongst  them,  the  god  Tuisto,  who  was  born  of  the  Earth,  and 
Mannus,  his  son,  are  celebrated  as  the  founders  of  the  German 
race.  Mannus,  it  is  said,  had  three  sons,  from  whom  the  Ingse- 
vones,  who  border  on  the  seacoast;  the  Hermiones,  who  inhabit 
the  midland  country;  and  the  Istaevones,  who  occupy  the  remain- 
ing tract,  have  all  respectively  derived  their  names.  Some,  in- 
deed, taking  advantage  of  the  obscurity  that  hangs  over  remote 
and  fabulous  ages,  ascribe  to  the  god  Tuisto  a  more  numer- 
ous issue,  and  thence  trace  the  names  of  various  tribes,  such  as 
the  Marsians,  the  Gambrivians,  the  Suevians,"and  the  Vandals. 
The  ancient  date  and  authenticity  of  those  names  are,  as  they 
contend,  clearly  ascertained.  The  word  (<  Germany M  is  held  to 
be  of  modern  addition.  In  support  of  this  hypothesis,  they  tell 
us  that  the  people  who  first  passed  the  Rhine  and  took  posses- 
sion of  a  canton  in  Gaul,  though  known  at  present  by  the   name 


3676  CORNELIUS   TACITUS 

of  Tungrians,  were,  in  that  expedition,  called  Germans,  and  thence 
the  title  assumed  by  a  band  of  emigrants,  in  order  to  spread  a 
general  terror  in  their  progress,  extended  itself  by  degrees,  and 
became,  in  time,  the  appellation  of  a  whole  people.  They  have 
a  current  tradition  that  Hercules  visited  those  parts.  When 
rushing  to  battle,  they  sing  in  preference  to  all  other  heroes  the 
praises  of  that  ancient  worthy. 

The  Germans  abound  with  rude  strains  of  verse,  the  reciters 
of  which,  in  the  language  of  the  country,  are  called  Bards.  With 
this  barbarous  poetry  they  inflame  their  minds  with  ardor  in  the 
day  of  action,  and  prognosticate  the  event  from  the  impression 
which  it  happens  to  make  on  the  minds  of  the  soldiers,  who  grow 
terrible  to  the  enemy,  or  despair  of  success,  as  the  war  song 
produces  an  animated  or  a  feeble  sound.  Nor  can  their  manner 
of  chanting  this  savage  prelude  be  called  the  tone  of  human 
organs:  it  is  rather  a  furious  uproar;  a  wild  chorus  of  military 
virtue.  The  vociferation  used  upon  these  occasions  is  uncouth 
and  harsh,  at  intervals  interrupted  by  the  application  of  their 
bucklers  to  their  mouths,  and  by  the  repercussion  bursting  out 
with  redoubled  force.  An  opinion  prevails  among  them,  that 
Ulysses,  in  the  course  of  those  wanderings,  which  are  so  famous 
in  poetic  story,  was  driven  into  the  Northern  Ocean,  and  that, 
having  penetrated  into  the  country,  he  built,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine,  the  city  of  Asciburgium,  which  is  inhabited  at  this  day, 
and  still  retains  the  name  given  originally  by  the  founder.  It  is 
further  added  that  an  altar  dedicated  to  Ulysses,  with  the  name 
of  Laertes,  his  father,  engraved  upon  it,  was  formerly  discovered 
at  Asciburgium.  Mention  is  likewise  made  of  certain  monuments 
and  tombstones,  still  to  be  seen  on  the  confines  of  Germany  and 
Rhaetia,  with  epitaphs,  or  inscriptions,  in  Greek  characters.  But 
these  assertions  it  is  not  my  intention  either  to  establish  or  re- 
fute; the  reader  will  yield  or  withhold  his  assent,  according  to 
his  judgment  or  his  fancy. 

I  have  already  acceded  to  the  opinion  of  those  who  think  that 
the  Germans  have  hitherto  subsisted  without  intermarrying  with 
other  nations,  a  pure,  unmixed,  and  independent  race,  unlike  any 
other  people,  all  bearing  the  marks  of  a  distinct  national  char- 
acter. Hence,  what  is  very  remarkable  in  such  prodigious  num- 
bers, a  family  likeness  throughout  the  nation;  the  same  form  and 
feature,  stern  blue  eyes,  ruddy  hair,  their  bodies  large  and  robust, 
but  powerful  only  in  sudden  efforts.      They  are  impatient  of  toil 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3677 

and  labor;  thirst  and  heat  overcome  them;    but,   from  the  nature 
of  their  soil  and  climate,  they  are  proof  against  cold  and  hunger. 

The  face  of  the  country,  though  in  some  parts  varied,  pre- 
sents a  cheerless  scene,  covered  with"  the  gloom  of  forests,  or  de- 
formed with  wide  extended  marshes;  towards  the  boundaries  of 
Gaul,  moist  and  swampy;  on  the  side  of  Noricum  and  Pannonia, 
more  exposed  to  the  fury  of  the  winds.  Vegetation  thrives  with 
sufficient  vigor.  The  soil  produces  grain,  but  is  unkind  to  fruit 
trees;  well  stocked  with  cattle,  but  of  an  undersize,  and  deprived 
by  nature  of  the  usual  growth  and  ornament  of  the  head.  The 
pride  of  a  German  consists  in  the  number  of  his  flocks  and  herds; 
they  are  his  only  riches,  and  in  these  he  places  his  chief  delight. 
Gold  and  silver  are  withheld  from  them.  Is  it  by  the  favor  or 
the  wrath  of  heaven  ?  I  do  not  mean  to  assert,  however,  that 
in  Germany  there  are  no  veins  of  precious  ore ;  for  who  has  been 
a  miner  in  those  regions  ?  Certain  it  is  they  do  not  enjoy  the 
possession  and  use  of  those  metals  with  our  sensibility.  There 
are,  indeed,  silver  vessels  to  be  seen  amongst  them,  but  they 
were  presents  to  their  chiefs  or  embassadors;  the  Germans  re- 
gard them  in  no  better  light  than  common  earthenware.  It  is, 
however,  observable  that  near  the  borders  of  the  empire,  the 
inhabitants  set  a  value  upon  gold  and  silver,  finding  them  sub- 
servient to  the  purposes  of  commerce.  The  Roman  coin  is  known 
in  those  parts,  and  some  of  our  specie  is  not  only  current,  but  in 
request.  In  places  more  remote,  the  simplicity  of  ancient  man- 
ners still  prevails:  commutation  of  property  is  their  only  traffic. 
Where  money  passes  in  the  way  of  barter,  our  old  coin  is  the 
most  acceptable,  particularly  that  which  is  indented  at  the  edge, 
or  stamped  with  the  impression  of  a  chariot  and  two  horses, 
called  the  serrati  and  bigati.  Silver  is  preferred  to  gold,  not 
from  caprice  or  fancy,  but  because  the  inferior  metal  is  of  more 
expeditious  use  in  the  purchase  of  low-priced  commodities. 

Iron  does  not  abound  in  Germany,  if  we  may  judge  from  the 
weapons  in  general  use.  Swords  and  large  lances  are  seldom 
seen.  The  soldier  grasps  his  javelin,  or,  as  it  is  called  in  their 
language,  his  Fram ;  an  instrument  tipped  with  a  short  and  narrow 
piece  of  iron,  sharply  pointed,  and  so  commodious  that,  as  occa- 
sion reqiiires,  he  can  manage  it  in  close  engagement,  or  in  dis- 
tant combat.  With  j  this  and  a  shield  the  cavalry  is  completely 
armed.  The  infantry  have  an  addition  of  missive  weapons.  Each 
man  carries  a  considerable  number,  and,  being  naked,  or,  at  least, 


3678  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

not  encumbered  by  his  light  mantle,  he  throws  his  weapon  to  a 
distance  almost  incredible.  A  German  has  no  attention  to  the 
ornament  of  his  person ;  his  shield  is  the  object  of  his  care,  and 
this  he  decorates  with  the  liveliest  colors.  Breastplates  are  un- 
common. In  a  whole  army  you  will  not  see  more  than  one  or 
two  helmets.  Their  horses  have  neither  swiftness  nor  elegance 
of  shape,  nor  are  they  trained  to  the  various  evolutions  of  the 
Roman  cavalry.  To  advance  in  a  direct  line,  or  wheel  suddenly 
to  the  right,  is  the  whole  of  their  skill,  and  this  they  perform  in 
so  compact  a  body,  that  no  one  is  thrown  out  of  his  rank.  Ac- 
cording to  the  best  estimate,  the  infantry  form  the  national 
strength,  and,  for  that  reason,  always  fight  intermixed  with  the 
cavalry.  The  flower  of  their  youth,  able  by  their  vigor  and 
activity  to  keep  pace  with  the  movements  of  the  horse,  are  se- 
lected for  this  purpose,  and  placed  in  the  front  of  the  lines.  The 
number  of  these  is  fixed  and  certain:  each  canton  sends  a  hun- 
dred, from  that  circumstance  called  ((  Hundredors  B  by  the  army. 
The  name  was  at  first  numerical  only;  it  is  now  a  title  of  honor. 
Their  order  of  battle  presents  the  form  of  a  wedge.  To  give 
ground  in  the  heat  of  action,  provided  you  return  to  the  charge, 
is  military  skill,  not  fear  or  cowardice.  In  the  most  fierce  and 
obstinate  engagement,  even  when  the  fortune  of  the  day  is  doubt- 
ful, they  make  it  a  point  to  carry  off  their  slain.  To  abandon 
the  shield  is  a  flagitious  crime.  The  person  guilty  of  it  is  inter- 
dicted from  religious  rites,  and  excluded  from  the  assembly  of 
the  state.  Many  who  survived  their  honor  on  the  day  of  battle 
have  closed  a  life  of  ignominy  by  a  halter. 

The  kings  in  Germany  owe  their  election  to  the  nobility  of 
their  birth;  the  generals  are  chosen  for  their  valor.  The  power 
of  the  former  is  not  arbitrary  or  unlimited;  the  latter  command 
more  by  warlike  example  than  by  their  authority.  To  be  of  a 
prompt  and  daring  spirit  in  battle,  and  to  attack  in  the  front  of 
the  lines,  is  the  popular  character  of  the  chieftain ;  when  admired 
for  his  bravery,  he  is  sure  to  be  obeyed.  Jurisdiction  is  vested 
in  the  priests.  It  is  theirs  to  sit  in  judgment  upon  all  offenses. 
By  them  delinquents  are  put  in  irons,  and  chastised  with  stripes. 
The  power  of  punishing  is  in  no  other  hands.  When  exerted 
by  the  priests,  it  has  neither  the  air  of  vindictive  justice,  nor  of 
military  execution;  it  is  rather  a  religious  sentence,  inflicted  with 
the  sanction  of  the  god,  who,  according  to  the  German  creed, 
attends  their  armies  on  the  day  of  battle.      To  impress  on  their 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3679 

minds  the  idea  of  a  tutelar  deity,  they  carry  with  them  to  the 
field  certain  images  and  banners,  taken  from  their  usual  deposi- 
tory, the  religious  groves.  A  circumstance  which  greatly  tends 
to  inflame  them  with  heroic  ardor  is  the  manner  in  which  their 
battalions  are  formed.  They  are  neither  mustered  nor  embodied 
by  chance.  They  fight  in  clans,  united  by  consanguinity,  a 
family  of  warriors.  Their  tenderest  pledges  are  near  them  in 
the  field.  In  the  heat  of  the  engagement,  the  soldier  hears  the 
shrieks  of  his  wife  and  the  cries  of  his  children.  These  are  the 
darling  witnesses  of  his  conduct,  the  applauders  of  his  valor,  at 
once  beloved  and  valued.  The  wounded  seek  their  mothers  and 
their  wives:  undismayed  at  the  sight,  the  women  count  each 
honorable  scar,  and  suck  the  gushing  blood.  They  are  even 
hardy  enough  to  mix  with  the  combatants,  administering  refresh- 
ment, and  exhorting  them  to  deeds  of  valor. 

From  tradition,  they  have  a  variety  of  instances  of  armies 
put  to  rout,  and  by  the  interposition  of  their  wives  and  daugh- 
ters again  incited  to  renew  the  charge.  Their  women  saw  the 
ranks  give  way,  and,  rushing  forward  in  the  instant,  by  the  ve- 
hemence of  their  cries  and  supplication,  by  opposing  their 
breasts  to  danger,  and  by  representing  the  horrors  of  slavery, 
restored  the  order  of  the  battle.  To  a  German  mind  the  idea 
of  a  woman  led  into  captivity  is  insupportable.  In  consequence 
of  this  prevailing  sentiment,  the  states,  which  deliver  as  hostages 
the  daughters  of  illustrious  families,  are  bound  by  the  most  ef- 
fectual obligation.  There  is,  in  their  opinion,  something  sacred 
in  the  female  sex,  and  even  the  power  of  foreseeing  future 
events.  Their  advice  is,  therefore,  always  heard;  they  are  fre- 
quently consulted,  and  their  responses  are  deemed  oracular.  We 
have  seen,  in  the  reign  of  Vespasian,  the  famous  Veleda  re- 
vered as  a  divinity  by  her  countrymen.  Before  her  time,  Au- 
rinia  and  others  were  held  in  equal  veneration;  but  a  veneration 
founded  on  sentiment  and  superstition,  free  from  that  servile 
adulation  which  pretends    to    people    heaven  with  human  deities. 

Mercury  is  the  god  chiefly  adored  in  Germany.  On  stated 
days  they  think  it  lawful  to  offer  to  him  human  victims.  They 
sacrifice  to  Hercules  and  Mars  such  animals  as  are  usually  slain 
in  honor  of  the  gods.  In  some  parts  of  the  country  of  the  Sue- 
vians,  the  worship  of  Isis  is  established.  To  trace  the  intro- 
duction of  ceremonies,  which  had  their  growth  in  another  part 
of  the  world,  were  an  investigation  for  which  I  have  no  materials: 


3680  CORNELIUS   TACITUS 

suffice  it  to  say  that  the  figure  of  a  ship  (the  symbolic  representa- 
tion of  the  goddess)  clearly  shows  that  the  religion  was  imported 
into  the  country.  Their  deities  are  not  immured  in  temples,  nor 
represented  under  any  kind  of  resemblance  to  the  human  form. 
To  do  either  were,  in  their  opinion,  to  derogate  from  the  majesty 
of  superior  beings.  Woods  and  groves  are  sacred  depositories; 
and  the  spot  being  consecrated  to  those  pious  uses,  they  give  to 
that  sacred  recess  the  name  of  the  divinity  that  fills  the  place, 
which  is  never  profaned  by  the  steps  of  man.  The  gloom  fills 
every  mind  with  awe;  revered  at  a  distance,  and  never  seen  but 
with  the  eye  of  contemplation. 

Their  attention  to  auguries,  and  the  practice  of  divining  by 
lots,  is  conducted  with  a  degree  of  superstition  not  exceeded  by 
any  other  nation.  Their  mode  of  proceeding  by  lots  is  wonder- 
fully simple.  The  branch  of  a  fruit  tree  is  cut  into  small  pieces, 
which,  being  all  distinctly  marked,  are  thrown  at  random  on  a 
white  garment.  If  a  question  of  public  interest  be  depending, 
the  priest  of  the  canton  performs  the  ceremony;  if  it  be  nothing 
more  than  a  private  concern,  the  master  of  the  family  officiates. 
With  fervent  prayers  offered  up  to  the  gods,  his  eyes  devoutly 
raised  to  heaven,  he  holds  up  three  times  each  segment  of  the 
twig,  and  as  the  marks  rise  in  succession,  interprets  the  decrees 
of  fate.  If  appearances  prove  unfavorable,  there  ends  all  con- 
sultation for  that  day;  if,  on  the  other  hand,  the  chances  are 
propitious,  they  require,  for  greater  certainty,  the  sanction  of 
auspices.  The  well-known  superstition,  which  in  other  countries 
consults  the  flight  and  notes  of  birds,  is  also  established  in  Ger- 
many; but  to  receive  intimations  of  future  events  from  horses  is 
the  popular  credulity  of  the  country.  For  this  purpose  a  num- 
ber of  milk-white  steeds,  unprofaned  by  mortal  labor,  is  con- 
stantly maintained  at  the  public  expense,  and  placed  to  pasture 
in  the  religious  groves.  When  occasion  requires,  they  are  har- 
nessed to  a  sacred  chariot,  and  the  priest,  accompanied  by  the 
king  or  chief  of  the  state,  attends  to  watch  the  motions  and  the 
neighing  of  the  horses.  No  other  mode  of  augury  is  received 
with  such  implicit  faith  by  the  people,  the  nobility,  and  the 
priesthood.  The  horses,  upon  these  solemn  occasions,  are  sup- 
posed to  be  the  organs  of  the  gods,  and  the  priests  their  favored 
interpreters.  They  have  still  another  way  of  prying  into  futurity, 
to  which  they  have  recourse,  when  anxious  to  know  the  issue  of 
an  important    war.     They  seize    by    any  means  in    their   power  a 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3681 

captive  from  the  adverse  nation,  and  commit  him  in  single  com- 
bat with  the  champion  selected  from  their  own  army.  Each  is 
provided  with  weapons  after  the  manner  of  his  country,  and  the 
victory,  wherever  it  falls,  is  deemed  a  sure  prognostic  of  the 
event. 

In  matters  of  inferior  moment  the  chiefs  decide;  important 
questions  are  reserved  for  the  whole  community.  Yet  even  in 
those  cases,  where  all  have  a  voice,  the  business  is  discussed  and 
prepared  by  the  chiefs.  The  general  assembly,  if  no  sudden 
alarm  calls  the  people  together,  has  its  fixed  and  stated  periods, 
either  at  the  new  or  full  moon.  This  is  thought  the  season  most 
propitious  to  public  affairs.  Their  account  of  time  differs  from 
that  of  the  Romans:  instead  of  days  they  reckon  the  number  of 
nights.  Their  public  ordinances  are  so  dated;  and  their  procla- 
mations run  in  the  same  style.  The  night,  according  to  them, 
leads  the  day.  Their  passion  for  liberty  is  attended  with  this  ill 
consequence:  when  a  public  meeting  is  announced,  they  never 
assemble  at  the  stated  time.  Regularity  would  look  like  obedi- 
ence; to  mark  their  independent  spirit,  they  do  not  convene  at 
once,  but  two  or  three  days  are  lost  in  delay.  When  they  think 
themselves  sufficiently  numerous,  the  business  begins.  Each  man 
takes  his  seat,  completely  armed.  Silence  is  proclaimed  by  the 
priests,  who  still  retain  their  coercive  authority.  The  king,  or 
chief  of  the  community,  opens  the  debate;  the  rest  are  heard  in 
their  turn,  according  to  age,  nobility  of  descent,  renown  in  war, 
or  fame  for  eloquence.  No  man  dictates  to  the  assembly;  he 
may  persuade,  but  cannot  command.  When  anything  is  advanced 
not  agreeable  to  the  people,  they  reject  it  with  a  general  mur- 
mur. If  the  proposition  pleases,  they  brandish  their  javelins. 
This  is  their  highest  and  most  honorable  mark  of  applause;  they 
assent  in  a  military  manner,  and  praise  by  the  sound  of  their 
arms. 

In  this  council  of  the  state  accusations  are  exhibited,  and  cap- 
ital offenses  prosecuted.  Pains  and  penalties  are  proportioned  to 
the  nature  of  the  crime.  For  treason  and  desertion,  the  sentence 
is  to  be  hanged  on  a  tree:  the  coward,  and  such  as  are  guilty  of 
unnatural  practices,  are  plunged  under  a  hurdle  into  bogs  and 
fens.  In  these  different  punishments  the  point  and  spirit  of  the 
law  is,  that  crimes  which  affect  the  state  may  be  exposed  to 
public  notoriety;   infamous    vice    cannot    be    too    soon    buried   in 

oblivion.     He  who  is   convicted   of   transgressions   of  an   inferior 
x— 231 


3682  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

nature  pays  a  mulct  of  horses  or  of  cattle.  Part  of  that  fine 
goes  to  the  king,  or  the  community,  and  part  to  the  person  in- 
jured, or  to  his  family.  It  is  in  these  assemblies  that  princes 
are  chosen,  and  chiefs  elected  to  act  as  magistrates  in  the  sev- 
eral cantons  of  the  state.  To  each  of  these  judicial  officers  as- 
sistants are  appointed  from  the  body  of  the  people,  the  number 
of  a  hundred,  who  attend  to  give  their  advice,  and  strengthen 
the  hands  of  justice. 

A  German  transacts  no  business,  public  or  private,  without 
being  completely  armed.  The  right  of  carrying  arms  is  assumed 
by  no  person  whatever,  till  the  state  has  declared  him  duly 
qualified.  The  young  candidate  is  introduced  before  the  assem- 
bly, where  one  of  the  chiefs  or  his  father,  or  some  near  relation, 
provides  him  with  a  shield  and  javelin.  This,  with  them,  is  the 
manly  gown;  the  youth  from  that  moment  ranks  as  a  citizen;  till 
then  he  was  considered  as  part  of  the  household;  he  is  now  a 
member  of  the  commonwealth.  In  honor  of  illustrious  birth,  and 
to  mark  the  sense  men  entertain  of  the  father's  merit,  the  son, 
though  yet  of  tender  years,  is  called  to  the  dignity  of  a  prince 
or  chief.  Such  as  are  grown  up  to  manhood,  and  have  signalized 
themselves  by  a  spirit  of  enterprise,  have  always  a  number  of 
retainers  in  their  train.  Where  merit  is  conspicuous,  no  man 
blushes  to  be  seen  in  the  list  of  followers  or  companions.  A 
clanship  is  formed  in  this  manner,  with  degrees  of  rank  and 
subordination.  The  chief  judges  the  pretensions  of  all,  and  as- 
signs to  each  man  his  proper  station.  A  spirit  of  emulation  pre- 
vails among  his  whole  train,  all  struggling  to  be  the  first  in 
favor,  while  the  chief  places  all  his  glory  in  the  number  and 
intrepidity  of  his  companions.  In  that  consists  his  dignity ;  to  be 
surrounded  by  a  band  of  young  men  is  the  source  of  his  power; 
in  peace,  his  brightest  ornament;  in  war,  his  strongest  bulwark. 
Nor  is  his  fame  confined  to  his  own  country:  it  extends  to 
foreign  nations,  and  is  then  of  the  first  importance,  if  he  sur- 
passes his  rivals  in  the  number  and  courage  of  his  followers. 
He  receives  presents  from  all  parts:  embassadors  are  sent  to  him; 
and  his  name  alone  is  often  sufficient  to  decide  the  issue  of  a  war. 

In  the  field  of  action,  it  is  disgraceful  to  the  prince  to  be 
surpassed  in  valor  by  his  companions;  and  not  to  vie  with  him 
in  martial  deeds  is  equally  a  reproach  to  his  followers.  If  he 
dies  in  the  field,  he  who  survives  him  survives  to  live  in  infamy. 
All  are  bound  to  defend   their   leader,  to  succor  him  in  the  heat 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3683 

of  action,  and  to  make  even  their  own  actions  subservient  to  his 
renown.  This  is  the  bond  of  union,  the  most  sacred  obligation. 
The  chief  fights  for  victory;  the  followers  for  their  chief.  If,  in 
the  course  of  a  long  peace,  the  people  relax  into  sloth  and  in- 
dolence, it  often  happens  that  the  young  nobles  seek  a  more 
active  life  in  the  service  of  other  states  engaged  in  war.  The 
German  mind  cannot  brook  repose.  The  field  of  danger  is  the 
field  of  glory.  Without  violence  and  rapine  a  train  of  depend- 
ants cannot  be  maintained.  The  chief  must  show  his  liberality, 
and  the  follower  expects  it.  He  demands  at  one  time  this  war- 
like horse,  at  another  that  victorious  lance  imbrued  with  the 
blood  of  the  enemy.  The  prince's  table,  however  inelegant,  must 
always  be  plentiful :  it  is  the  only  pay  of  his  followers.  War  and 
depredations  are  the  ways  and  means  of  the  chieftain.  To  cul- 
tivate the  earth,  and  wait  the  regular  produce  of  the  seasons,  is 
not  the  maxim  of  a  German;  you  will  more  easily  persuade  him 
to  attack  the  enemy,  and  provoke  honorable  wounds  in  the  field 
of  battle.  In  a  word,  to  earn  by  the  sweat  of  your  brow  what 
you  may  gain  by  the  price  of  your  blood  is,  in  the  opinion  of  a 
German,  a  sluggish  principle,  unworthy  of  a  soldier. 

When  the  state  has  no  war  to  manage,  the  German  mind 
is  sunk  in  sloth.  The  chase  does  not  afford  sufficient  employ- 
ment. The  time  is  passed  in  sleep  and  gluttony.  The  in- 
trepid warrior,  who  in  the  field  braved  every  danger,  becomes 
in  time  of  peace  a  listless  sluggard.  The  management  of  his 
house  and  lands  he  leaves  to  the  woman,  to  the  old  men,  and  to 
the  infirm  part  of  his  family.  He  himself  lounges  in  stupid 
repose,  by  a  wonderful  diversity  of  nature,  exhibiting  in  the 
same  man  the  most  inert  aversion  to  labor,  and  the  fiercest 
principle  of  action.  It  is  a  custom  established  in  the  several 
states  to  present  a  contribution  of  corn  and  cattle  to  their  chief- 
tains. Individuals  follow  the  example,  and  this  bounty  proves 
at  once  an  honor  to  the  prince,  and  his  best  support.  Presents 
are  also  sent  from  the  adjacent  states,  as  well  by  private  per- 
sons as  in  the  name  of  the  community.  Nothing  is  so  flattering 
to  the  pride  of  the  chiefs  as  those  foreign  favors  consisting  of 
the  best  horses,  magnificent  armor,  splendid  harness,  and  beauti- 
ful collars.  The  Romans  have  lately  taught  them  to  receive 
presents  of  money. 

The  Germans,  it  is  well  known,  have  no  regular  cities,  nor 
do  they   allow  a  continuity  of   houses.     They   dwell  in    separate 


3684  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

habitations,  dispersed  up  and  down,  as  a  grove,  a  meadow,  or  a 
fountain  happens  to  invite.  They  have  villages,  but  not,  in  our 
fashion,  with  a  series  of  connected  buildings.  Every  tenement 
stands  detached,  with  a  vacant  piece  of  ground  round  it,  either 
to  prevent  accidents  by  fire,  or  for  want  of  skill  in  the  art  of 
building.  They  neither  know  the  use  of  mortar  nor  of  tiles. 
They  build  with  rude  materials,  regardless  of  beauty,  order,  and 
proportion.  Particular  parts  are  covered  over  with  a  kind  of 
earth  so  smooth  and  shining,  that  the  natural  veins  have  some 
resemblance  to  the  lights  and  shades  of  painting.  Besides 
these  habitations,  they  have  a  number  of  subterraneous  caves, 
dug  by  their  own  labor,  and  carefully  covered  over  with  dung; 
in  winter  their  retreat  from  cold,  and  the  repository  of  their 
corn.  In  those  recesses  they  not  only  find  a  shelter  from  the 
rigor  of  the  season,  but  in  times  of  foreign  invasion  their 
effects  are  safely  concealed.  The  enemy  lays  waste  the  open 
country,  but  the  hidden  treasure  escapes  the  general  ravage ;  safe 
in  its  obscurity,  or  because  the  search  would  be  attended  with 
too  much  trouble. 

The  clothing  in  use  is  a  loose  mantle,  made  fast  with  a  clasp, 
or,  when  that  cannot  be  had,  with  a  thorn.  Naked  in  other 
respects,  they  loiter  away  whole  days  by  the  fireside.  The  rich 
wear  a  garment,  not,  indeed,  displayed  and  flowing,  like  the  Par- 
thians,  or  the  people  of  Sarmatia,  but  drawn  so  tight,  that  the 
form  of  the  limbs  is  palpably  expressed.  The  skins  of  wild  ani- 
mals are  also  much  in  use.  Near  the  Frontier,  on  the  borders 
of  the  Rhine,  the  inhabitants  wear  them,  but  with  an  air  of  neg- 
lect that  shows  them  altogether  indifferent  about  the  choice. 
The  people  who  live  more  remote,  near  the  northern  seas,  and 
have  not  acquired  by  commerce  a  taste  for  new-fashioned  apparel, 
are  more  curious  in  the  selection.  They  choose  particular  beasts, 
and,  having  stripped  off  the  furs,  clothe  themselves  with  the  spoil, 
decorated  with  party-colored  spots,  or  fragments  taken  from  the 
skins  of  fish  that  swim  the  ocean,  as  yet  unexplored  by  the 
Romans.  In  point  of  dress  there  is  no  distinction  between  the 
sexes,  except  that  the  garment  of  the  women  is  frequently  made 
of  linen,  adorned  with  purple  satin  stains,  but  without  sleeves, 
leaving  the  arms  and  part  of  the  bosom   uncovered. 

Marriage  is  considered  as  a  strict  and  sacred  institution.  In 
the  national  character  there  is  nothing  so  truly  commendable. 
To  be  contented  with  one  wife  is  peculiar  to  the  Germans.     They 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3685 

differ  in  this  respect  from  all  other  savage  nations.  There  are, 
indeed,  a  few  instances  of  polygamy;  not,  however,  the  effect  of 
loose  desire;  but  occasioned  by  the  ambition  of  various  families, 
who  court  the  alliance  of  the  chief  distinguished  by  the  nobility 
of  his  rank  and  character.  The  bride  brings  no  portion;  she 
receives  a  dowry  from  her  husband.  In  the  presence  of  her 
parents  and  relations  he  makes  a  tender  of  part  of  his  wealth; 
if  accepted,  the  match  is  approved.  In  the  choice  of  the  presents, 
female  vanity  is  not  consulted.  There  are  no  frivolous  trinkets 
to  adorn  the  future  bride.  The  whole  fortune  consists  of  oxen, 
a  caparisoned  horse,  a  shield,  a  spear,  and  a  sword.  She  in 
return  delivers  a  present  of  arms,  and,  by  this  exchange  of  gifts, 
the  marriage  is  concluded.  This  is  the  nuptial  ceremony,  this  is 
the  bond  of  union,  these  their  hymeneal  gods.  Lest  the  wife 
should  think  her  sex  an  exemption  from  the  rigors  of  the 
severest  virtue,  and  the  toils  of  war,  she  is  informed  of  her  duty 
by  the  marriage  ceremony,  and  thence  she  learns  that  she  is 
received  by  her  husband  to  be  his  partner  in  toil  and  danger,  to 
dare  with  him  in  war,  and  suffer  with  him  in  peace.  The  oxen 
yoked,  the  horse  accoutred,  and  the  arms  given  on  the  occasion, 
inculcate  this  lesson;  and  thus  she  is  prepared  to  live,  and  thus 
to  die.  These  are  the  terms  of  their  union:  she  receives  her 
armor  as  a  sacred  treasure,  to  be  preserved  inviolate,  and  trans- 
mitted with  honor  to  her  sons,  a  portion  for  their  wives,  and 
from  them  descendible  to  her  grandchildren. 

In  consequence  of  these  manners,  the  married  state  is  a  life 
of  affection  and  female  constancy.  The  virtue  of  the  woman  is 
guarded  from  seduction:  no  public  spectacles  to  seduce  her;  no 
banquets  to  inflame  her  passions;  no  baits  of  pleasure  to  disarm 
her  virtue.  The  art  of  intriguing  by  clandestine  letters  is  un- 
known to  both  sexes.  Populous  as  the  country  is,  adultery  is 
rarely  heard  of;  when  detected  the  punishment  is  instant,  and 
inflicted  by  the  husband.  He  cuts  off  the  hair  of  his  guilty  wife, 
and,  having  assembled  her  relations,  expels  her  naked  from  his 
house,  pursuing  her  with  stripes  through  the  village.  To  public 
loss  of  honor  no  favor  is  shown.  She  may  possess  beauty,  youth, 
and  riches;  but  a  husband  she  can  never  obtain.  Vice  is  not 
treated  by  the  Germans  as  a  subject  of  raillery,  nor  is  the  profli- 
gacy of  corrupting  and  being  corrupted  called  the  fashion  of  the 
age.  By  the  practice  of  some  states,  female  virtue  is  advanced 
to  still    higher   perfection ;   with    them    none    but    virgins    marry. 


3686  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

When  the  bride  has  fixed  her  choice,  her  hopes  of  matrimony 
have  closed  for  life.  With  one  husband,  as  with  one  life,  one 
mind,  one  body,  every  woman  is  satisfied:  in  him  her  happiness 
is  centred;  her  desires  extend  no  further;  and  the  principle  is 
not  only  an  affection  for  her  husband's  person,  but  a  reverence 
for  the  married  state.  To  set  limits  to  population,  by  rearing  up 
only  a  certain  number  of  children,  and  destroying  the  rest,  is  ac- 
counted a  flagitious  crime.  Among  the  savages  of  Germany, 
virtuous  manners  operate  more  than  good  laws  in  other  countries. 

In  every  family  the  children  are  reared  up  in  filth.  They  run 
about  naked,  and  in  time  grow  up  to  that  strength  and  size  of 
limb  which  we  behold  with  wonder.  The  infant  is  nourished  at 
the  mother's  breast,  not  turned  over  to  nurses  and  to  servants. 
No  distinction  is  made  between  the  future  chieftain  and  the  infant 
son  of  a  common  slave.  On  the  same  ground,  and  mixed  with 
the  same  cattle,  they  pass  their  days,  till  age  of  manhood  draws 
the  line  of  separation,  and  early  valor  shows  the  person  of  in- 
genuous birth.  It  is  generally  late  before  their  young  men  en- 
joy the  pleasures  of  love ;  by  consequence  they  are  not  enfeebled 
in  their  prime.  Nor  are  the  virgins  married  too  soon.  Both 
parties  wait  to  attain  their  full  growth.  In  the  warm  season  of 
mutual  vigor  the  match  is  made,  and  the  children  of  the  mar- 
riage have  the  constitution  of  their  parents.  The  uncle  by  the 
mother's  side  regards  his  nephews  with  an  affection  nothing  in- 
ferior to  that  of  their  father.  With  some,  the  relation  of  the  sis- 
ter's children  to  their  maternal  uncle  is  held  to  be  the  strongest 
tie  of  consanguinity,  insomuch  that  in  demanding  hostages,  that 
line  of  kindred  is  preferred,  as  the  most  endearing  objects  of  the 
family,  and,  consequently,  the  most  tender  pledges.  The  son  is 
always  heir  to  his  father.  Last  wills  and  testaments  are  not  in 
use.  In  case  of  failure  of  issue,  the  brothers  of  the  deceased  are 
next  in  succession,  or  else  the  paternal  and  maternal  uncles.  A 
numerous  train  of  relations  is  the  comfort  and  the  honor  of  old 
age.  To  live  without  raising  heirs  to  yourself  is  no  advantage  in 
Germany. 

To  adopt  the  quarrels  as  well  as  the  friendships  of  your  par- 
ents and  relations  is  held  to  be  an  indispensable  duty.  In  their 
resentments,  however,  they  are  not  implacable.  Injuries  are  ad- 
justed by  a  settled  measure  of  compensation.  Atonement  is  made 
for  homicide  by  a  certain  number  of  cattle,  and  by  that  satisfac- 
tion the  whole  family  is  appeased:  a  happy  regulation,  than  which 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3687 

nothing  can  be  more  conducive  to  the  public  interest,  since  it 
serves  to  curb  that  spirit  of  revenge  which  is  the  natural  result 
of  liberty  in  the  excess.  Hospitality  and  convivial  pleasure  are 
nowhere  so  liberally  enjoyed.  To  refuse  admittance  to  a  guest 
were  an  outrage  against  humanity.  The  master  of  the  house 
welcomes  every  stranger,  and  regales  him  to  the  best  of  his  abil- 
ity. If  his  stock  falls  short,  he  becomes  a  visitor  to  his  neighbor, 
and  conducts  his  new  acquaintance  to  a  more  plentiful  table. 
They  do  not  wait  to  be  invited,  nor  is  it  of  any  consequence, 
since  a  cordial  reception  is  always  certain.  Between  an  intimate 
and  an  entire  stranger  no  distinction  is  made.  The  law  of  hos- 
pitality is  the  same.  The  departing  guest  receives  as  a  present 
whatever  he  desires,  and  the  host  retaliates  by  asking  with  the 
same  freedom.  A  German  delights  in  the  gifts  which  he  receives ; 
yet  by  bestowing  he  imputes  nothing  to  you  as  a  favor,  and  for 
what  he  receives  he  acknowledges  no  obligation. 

In  this  manner  the  Germans  pride  themselves  upon  their 
frankness  and  generosity.  Their  hours  of  rest  are  protracted  to 
broad  daylight.  As  soon  as  they  rise,  the  first  thing  they  do  is 
to  bathe,  and  generally,  on  account  of  the  intense  severity  of  the 
climate,  in  warm  water.  They  then  betake  themselves  to  their 
meal,  each  on  a  separate  seat,  and  at  his  own  table.  Having  fin- 
ished their  repast  they  proceed  completely  armed  to  the  dispatch 
of  business,  and  frequently  to  a  convivial  meeting.  To  devote 
both  day  and  night  to  deep  drinking  is  a  disgrace  to  no  man. 
Disputes,  as  will  be  the  case  with  people  in  liquor,  frequently 
arise,  and  are  seldom  confined  to  opprobrious  language.  The 
quarrel  generally  ends  in  a  scene  of  blood.  Important  subjects, 
such  as  the  reconciliation  of  enemies,  the  forming  of  family  alli- 
ances, the  election  of  chiefs,  and  even  peace  and  war,  are  gener- 
ally canvassed  in  their  carousing  festivals.  The  convivial  moment, 
according  to  their  notion,  is  the  true  season  for  business,  when 
the  mind  opens  itself  in  plain  simplicity,  or  grows  warm  with 
bold  and  noble  ideas.  Strangers  to  artifice,  and  knowing  no  re- 
finement, they  tell  their  sentiments  without  disguise.  The  pleas- 
ure of  the  table  expands  their  hearts,  and  calls  forth  every  secret. 
On  the  following  day  the  subject  of  debate  is  again  taken  into 
consideration,  and  thus  two  different  periods  of  time  have  their 
distinct  uses:  when  warm,  they  debate;  when  cool  they  decide. 

Their  beverage  is  a  liquor  drawn  from  barley  or  from  wheat, 
and,    like    the    juice    of    the  grape,    fermented    to    a  spirit.      The 


3688  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

settlers  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  provide  themselves  with  wine. 
Their  food  is  of  the  simplest  kind;  wild  apples,  the  flesh  of  an 
animal  recently  killed,  or  coagulated  milk.  Without  skill  in  cook- 
ery, and  without  seasoning  to  stimulate  the  palate,  they  eat  to 
satisfy  nature.  But  they  do  not  drink  merely  to  quench  their 
thirst.  Indulge  their  love  of  liquor  to  the  excess  which  they  re- 
quire, and  you  need  not  employ  the  terror  of  your  arms:  their 
own  vices  will  subdue  them. 

Their  public  spectacles  boast  of  no  variety.  They  have  but 
one  sort,  and  that  they  repeat  at  all  their  meetings.  A  band  of 
young  men  make  it  their  pastime  to  dance  entirely  naked  amidst 
pointed  swords  and  javelins.  By  constant  exercise  this  kind  of 
exhibition  has  become  an  art,  and  art  has  taught  them  to  per- 
form with  grace  and  elegance.  Their  talents,  however,  are  not 
let  out  for  hire.  Though  some  danger  attends  the  practice,  the 
pleasure  of  the  spectator  is  their  only  recompense.  In  the  char- 
acter of  a  German  there  is  nothing  so  remarkable  as  his  passion 
for  play.  Without  the  excuse  of  liquor  (strange  as  it  may  seem !) 
in  their  cool  and  sober  moments,  they  have  recourse  to  dice,  as 
to  a  serious  and  regular  business,  with  the  most  desperate  spirit 
committing  their  whole  substance  to  chance,  and  when  they  have 
lost  their  all,  putting  their  liberty  and  even  their  persons'  upon 
the  last  hazard  of  the  die.  The  loser  yields  himself  to  slavery. 
Young,  robust,  and  valiant,  he  submits  to  be  chained,  and  even 
exposed  to  sale.  Such  is  the  effect  of  a  ruinous  and  inveterate 
habit.  They  are  victims  to  folly,  and  they  call  themselves  men 
of  honor.  The  winner  is  always  in  a  hurry  to  barter  away  the 
slaves  acquired  by  success  at  play:  he  is  ashamed  of  his  victory, 
and  therefore  puts  away  the  remembrance  of  it  as  soon  as  possible. 

The  slaves  in  general  are  not  arranged  at  their  several  em- 
ployments in  the  household  affairs,  as  is  the  practice  at  Rome. 
Each  has  his  separate  habitation,  and  his  own  establishment  to 
manage.  The  master  considers  him  as  an  agrarian  dependent, 
who  is  obliged  to  furnish  a  certain  quantity  of  grain,  of  cattle, 
or  of  wearing  apparel.  The  slave  obeys,  and  the  state  of  servi- 
tude extends  no  further.  All  domestic  affairs  are  managed  by 
the  master's  wife  and  children.  To  punish  a  slave  with  stripes, 
to  load  him  with  chains,  or  condemn  him  to  hard  labor,  is  un- 
usual. It  is  true  that  slaves  are  sometimes  put  to  death,  not 
under  color  of  justice,  or  of  any  authority  vested  in  the  master; 
but  in  a  transport  of   passion,    in  a  fit   of    rage,    as  is   often    the 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3689 

case  in  a  sudden  affray;  but  it  is  also  true  that  this  species  of 
homicide  passes  with  impunity.  The  freedmen  are  not  of  much 
higher  consideration  than  the  actual  slaves;  they  obtain  no  rank 
in  the  master's  family,  and,  if  we  except  the  parts  of  Germany 
where  monarchy  is  established,  they  never  figure  on  the  stage  of 
public  business.  In  despotic  governments  they  rise  above  the  men 
of  ingenuous  birth,  and  even  eclipse  the  whole  body  of  the  nobles. 
In  other  states  the  subordination  of  the  freedmen  is  a  proof  of 
public  liberty. 

The  practice  of  placing  money  at  interest,  and  reaping  the 
profits  of  usury,  is  unknown  in  Germany;  and  that  happy  igno- 
rance is  a  better  prevention  of  the  evil  than  a  code  of  prohibi- 
tory laws.  In  cultivating  the  soil,  they  do  not  settle  on  one 
spot,  but  shift  from  place  to  place.  The  state  or  community 
takes  possession  of  a  certain  tract  proportioned  to  its  numbers 
of  hands;  allotments  are  afterwards  made  to  individuals  accord- 
ing to  their  rank  and  dignity.  In  so  extensive  a  country,  where 
there  is  no  want  of  land,  the  partition  is  easily  made.  The 
ground  tilled  in  one  year  lies  fallow  the  next,  and  a  sufficient 
quantity  always  remains,  the  labor  of  the  people  being  by  no 
means  adequate  to  the  extent  or  goodness  of  the  soil.  Nor  have 
they  the  skill  to  make  orchard  plantations,  to  inclose  the  meadow 
grounds,  or  to  lay  out  and  water  gardens.  From  the  earth 
they  demand  nothing  but  corn.  Hence  their  year  is  not,  as 
with  the  Romans,  divided  into  four  seasons.  They  have  distinct 
ideas  of  winter,  spring,  and  summer,  and  their  language  has 
terms  for  each;  but  they  neither  know  the  blessings  nor  the 
name  of  autumn. 

Their  funerals  have  neither  pomp  nor  vain  ambition.  When 
the  bodies  of  illustrious  men  are  to  be  burned,  they  choose  a 
particular  kind  of  wood  for  the  purpose  and  have  no  other  at- 
tention. The  funeral  pile  is  neither  strewed  with  garments,  nor 
enriched  with  fragrant  spices.  The  arms  of  the  deceased  are 
committed  to  the  flames,  and  sometimes  his  horse.  A  mound  of 
turf  is  raised  to  his  memory,  and  this,  in  their  opinion,  is  a  bet- 
ter sepulchre  than  those  structures  of  labored  grandeur,  which 
display  the  weakness  of  human  vanity,  and  are,  at  best,  a  bur- 
den to  the  dead.  Tears  and  lamentations  are  soon  at  an  end, 
but  their  regret  does  not  so  easily  wear  away.  To  grieve  for 
the  departed  is  comely  in  the  softer  sex.  The  women  weep  for 
their  friends;  the  men  remember  them. 


3690  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

This  is  the  sum  of  what  I  have  been  able  to  collect  touching 
the  origin  of  the  Germans,  and  the  general  manners  of  the  peo- 
ple. I  now  shall  enter  into  a  more  minute  description  of  the 
several  states,  their  peculiar  rites,  and  the  distinctive  character 
of  each;  observing  at  the  same  time,  which  were  the  nations  that 
first  passed  the  Rhine,  and  transplanted  themselves  into  Gaul. 
That  the  Gauls,  in  ancient  times,  were  superior  to  the  Germans, 
we  have  the  authority  of  Julius  Caesar,  that  illustrious  historian 
of  his  own  affairs.  From  what  is  stated  by  that  eminent  writer, 
it  is  highly  probable  that  colonies  from  Gaul  passed  over  into 
Germany;  for,  in  fact,  how  could  a  river  check  the  migrations  of 
either  nation,  when  it  increased  in  strength,  and  multiplied  in 
numbers  ?  So  weak  an  obstacle  could  not  repel  them  from  tak- 
ing possession  of  a  country,  not  as  yet  marked  out  by  power,  and 
of  course  open  to  the  first  occupant.  We  find,  accordingly,  that 
the  whole  region  between  the  Hercynian  forest,  the  Maine  and 
the  Rhine  was  occupied  by  the  Helvetians,  and  the  tract  beyond 
it  by  the  Boians;  both  originally  Gallic  nations.  The  name  of 
Boiemum,  which  remains  to  this  day,  shows  the  ancient  state  of 
the  country,  though  it  has  since  received  a  new  race  of  inhabi- 
tants. Whether  the  Araviscians,  who  settled  in  Pannonia,  were 
originally  a  colony  from  the  Osi,  a  people  of  Germany;  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  whether  the  Osi  overflowed  into  Germany  from 
the  Araviscians,  cannot  now  be  ascertained.  Thus  much  is  cer- 
tain, the  laws,  the  manners,  and  language  of  both  nations  are  still 
the  same.  But  which  of  them  first  passed  the  Danube  ?  The 
same  good  and  evil  were  to  be  found  on  both  sides  of  the  river; 
equal  poverty  and  equal  independence.  To  be  thought  of  Ger- 
man origin  is  the  ambition  of  the  Treverians  and  the  Nervians, 
both  conceiving  that  the  reproach  of  Gallic  softness  and  effemi- 
nacy, which  still  infect  their  national  manners,  may  be  lost  in 
the  splendor  of  a  warlike  descent.  The  Vangiones,  the  Tribo- 
cians,  and  the  Nemetes,  who  stretch  along  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine,  are,  beyond  all  doubt,  of  German  extraction.  The  Ubians, 
for  their  services,  were  made  a  Roman  colony,  and,  with  their 
own  consent,  became  known  by  the  name  of  Agriffinians,  in 
honor  of  their  founder;  and  yet  they  still  look  back  with  pride 
to  their  German  origin.  They  issued  formerly  from  that  country, 
and,  having  given  proof  of  their  fidelity,  obtained  an  allotment  of  ter- 
ritory on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  not  so  much  with  a  view  to  their 
security,  as  to  make  them  a  guard  to  defend  the  Roman  frontier. 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3691 

Of  all  these  various  nations  the  Batavians  are  the  most  brave 
and  warlike.  Incorporated  formerly  with  the  Cattians,  but  driven 
out  by  intestine  divisions,  they  took  possession  of  an  island, 
formed  by  the  Rhine,  where  without  any  extent  of  land  on  the 
continent  they  established  a  canton  in  alliance  with  the  Romans. 
The  honor  of  that  ancient  friendship  they  still  enjoy,  with  the 
addition  of  peculiar  privileges.  They  are  neither  insulted  with 
taxes,  nor  harassed  by  revenue  officers.  Free  from  burdens,  im- 
posts, and  tributes,  they  are  reserved  for  the  day  of  battle;  a 
nursery  of  soldiers.  The  Mattiaci  are  in  like  manner  attached  to 
the  interest  of  the  Romans.  In  fact,  the  limits  of  the  empire 
have  been  enlarged,  and  the  terror  of  our  arms  has  spread 
beyond  the  Rhine  and  the  former  boundaries.  Hence  the  Mat- 
tiaci, still  enjoying  their  own  side  of  the  river,  are  Germans  by 
their  situation,  yet  in  sentiment  and  principle  the  friends  of 
Rome;  submitting,  like  the  Batavians,  to  the  authority  of  the 
empire;  but,  never  having  been  transplanted,  they  still  retain, 
from  their  soil  and  climate,  all  the  fierceness  of  their  native 
character.  The  people  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube,  who 
occupy  a  certain  tract,  subject  to  an  impost  of  one  tenth,  and 
therefore  called  the  Decumate  lands,  are  not  to  be  reckoned 
among  the  German  nations.  The  Gauls,  from  their  natural  levity 
prone  to  change,  and  rendered  desperate  by  their  poverty,  were 
the  first  adventurers  into  that  vacant  region.  The  Roman  fron- 
tier, in  process  of  time,  being  advanced,  and  garrisons  stationed 
at  proper  posts,  that  whole  country  became  part  of  a  province, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  course  were  reduced  to  subjection. 

Beyond  the  Mattiaci  lies  the  territory  of  the  Cattians,  begin- 
ning at  the  Hercynian  forest,  but  not,  like  other  parts  of  Ger- 
many, a  wide  and  dreary  level  of  fens  and  marshes.  A  continued 
range  of  hills  extends  over  a  prodigious  tract,  till,  growing  thinner 
by  degrees,  they  sink  at  last  into  an  open  country.  The  Hercyn- 
ian forest  attends  its  favorite  Cattians  to  their  utmost  boundary, 
and  there  leaves  them,  as  it  were,  with  regret.  The  people  are 
robust  and  hardy;  their  limbs  well  braced;  their  countenance 
fierce,  and  their  minds  endowed  with  vigor  beyond  the  rest  of 
their  countrymen.  Considered  as  Germans,  their  understanding 
is  quick  and  penetrating.  They  elect  officers  fit  to  command, 
and  obey  them  implicitly;  they  keep  their  ranks,  and  know  how 
to  seize  their  opportunity ;  they  restrain  their  natural  impetuosity, 
and    wait    for    the  attack;  they  arrange  with  judgment  the  labors 


3692  CORNELIUS   TACITUS 

of  the  day,  and  throw  up  intrenchments  for  the  night;  trusting 
little  to  fortune,  they  depend  altogether  on  their  valor;  and  what 
is  rare  in  the  history  of  barbarians,  and  never  attained  without 
regular  discipline,  they  place  their  confidence,  not  in  the  strength 
of  their  armies,  but  entirely  in  their  general.  The  infantry  is 
their  main  strength.  Each  soldier  carries,  besides  his  arms,  his 
provision  and  a  parcel  of  military  tools.  You  may  see  other 
armies  rushing  to  a  battle:  the  Cattians  march  to  a  war.  To 
skirmish  in  detached  parties,  or  to  sally  out  on  a  sudden  emer- 
gence, is  not  their  practice.  A  victory  hastily  gained,  or  a  quick 
retreat,  may  suit  the  genius  of  the  cavalry;  but  all  that  rapidity, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  Cattians,  denotes  want  of  resolution:  per- 
severance is  the  true  mark  of  courage. 

A  custom,  known,  indeed,  in  other  parts  of  Germany,  but 
adopted  only  by  a  few  individuals  of  a  bold  and  ardent  spirit,  is 
with  the  Cattians  a  feature  of  the  national  character.  From  the 
age  of  manhood  they  encourage  the  growth  of  their  hair  and  beard; 
nor  will  any  one,  till'  he  has  slain  an  enemy,  divest  himself  of  that 
excrescence,  which  by  a  solemn  vow  he  has  devoted  to  heroic 
virtue.  Over  the  blood  and  spoils  of  the  vanquished  the  face  of 
the  warrior  is  for  the  first  time  displayed.  The  Cattian  then 
exults;  he  has  now  answered  the  true  end  of  his  being,  and  has 
proved  himself  worthy  of  his  parents  and  his  country.  The  slug- 
gard continues  unshorn,  with  the  uncouth  horrors  of  his  visage 
growing  wilder  to  the  close  of  his  days.  The  men  of  superior 
courage  and  uncommon  ferocity  wear  also  an  iron  ring,  in  that 
country  a  badge  of  infamy,  and  with  that,  as  with  a  chain,  they 
appear  self-condemned  to  slavery,  till  by  the  slaughter  of  an 
enemy  they  have  redeemed  their  freedom.  With  this  extraordi- 
nary habit  the  Cattians  are  in  general  much  delighted.  They 
grow  gray  under  a  vow  of  heroism,  and  by  their  voluntary  dis- 
tinctions render  themselves  conspicuous  to  their  friends  and  ene- 
mies. In  every  engagement  the  first  attack  is  made  by  them: 
they  claim  the  front  of  the  line  as  their  right,  presenting  to  the 
enemy  an  appearance  wild  and  terrible.  Even  in  time  of  peace 
they  retain  the  same  ferocious  aspect;  never  softened  with  an  air 
of  humanity.  They  have  no  house  to  dwell  in,  no  land  to  culti- 
vate, no  domestic  care  to  employ  them.  Wherever  chance  con- 
ducts them,  they  are  sure  of  being  maintained.  Lavish  of  their 
neighbors'  substance,  and  prodigal  of  their  own,  they  persist 
in    this    course,    till    towards    the    decline   of    life    their    drooping 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3693 

spirit  is  no  longer  equal  to  the  exertions  of  a  fierce  and  rigid 
virtue. 

The  Usipians  and  Tencterians  border  on  the  Cattians.  Their 
territory  lies  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  where  that  river,  still 
flowing  in  one  regular  channel,  forms  a  sufficient  boundary.  In 
addition  to  their  military  character  the  Tencterians  are  famous 
for  the  discipline  of  their  cavalry.  Their  horse  is  no  way  infe- 
rior to  the  infantry  of  the  Cattians.  The  wisdom  of  their  ances- 
tors formed  the  military  system,  and  their  descendants  hold  it  in 
veneration.  Horsemanship  is  the  pride  of  the  whole  country,  the 
pastime  of  their  children,  the  emulation  of  their  youth,  and  the 
habit  of  old  age.  With  their  goods  and  valuable  effects  their 
horses  pass  as  part  of  the  succession,  not,  however,  by  the  gen- 
eral rule  of  inheritance  to  the  eldest  son,  but,  in  a  peculiar  line, 
to  that  son  who  stands  distinguished  by  his  valor  and  his  ex- 
ploits in  war. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  the  last-mentioned  states  formerly 
occurred  the  Bructerians,  since  that  time  dispossessed  of  their 
territory,  and,  as  fame  reports,  now  no  longer  a  people.  The 
Chanavians  and  Angrivarians,  it  is  said,  with  the  consent  of  the 
adjacent  tribes,  invaded  the  country,  and  pursued  the  ancient  set- 
tlers with  exterminating  fury.  The  intolerable  pride  of  the  Bruc- 
terians drew  upon  them  this  dreadful  catastrophe.  The  love  of 
plunder  was,  no  doubt,  a  powerful  motive ;  and  perhaps  the  event 
was  providentially  ordained  in  favor  of  the  Roman  people.  Cer- 
tain it  is,  the  gods  have  of  late  indulged  us  with  the  view  of  a 
fierce  engagement,  and  a  scene  of  carnage,  in  which  above  sixty 
thousand  of  the  enemy  fell  a  sacrifice,  not  to  the  arms  of  Rome, 
but  more  magnificent  still,  to  the  rage  of  their  own  internal  dis- 
cord, all  cut  off,  as  it  were,  in  a  theatre  of  war,  to  furnish  a 
spectacle  to  the  Roman  army.  May  this  continue  to  be  the  fate 
of  foreign  nations!  If  not  the  friends  of  Rome,  let  them  be  ene- 
mies to  themselves.  For  in  the  present  tide  of  our  affairs,  what 
can  fortune  have  in  store  so  devoutly  to  be  wished  for  as  civil 
dissensions  amongst  our  enemies  ? 

At  the  back  of  the  states,  which  I  have  now  described,  lie  the 
Dulgibinians,  and  the  Chasuarians,  with  other  nations  of  inferior 
note.  In  front  occurs  the  country  of  the  Frisians,  divided  into 
two  communities  called,  on  account  of  their  degrees  of  strength, 
the  Greater  and  the  Lesser  Frisia.  Both  extend  along  the  mar- 
gin of  the  Rhine  as  far  as  the  Ocean,  inclosing  within  their  limits 


3694  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

lakes  of  vast  extent,  where  the  fleets  of  Rome  have  spread  their 
sails.  Through  that  outlet  we  have  attempted  the  Northern 
Ocean,  where,  if  we  may  believe  the  account  of  navigators,  the 
pillars  of  Hercules  are  seen  still  standing  on  the  coast;  whether 
it  be  that  Hercules  did  in  fact  visit  those  parts,  or  that  whatever 
is  great  and  splendid  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe  is  by  common 
consent  ascribed  to  that  ancient  hero.  Druses  Germanicus  was 
an  adventurer  in  those  seas.  He  did  not  want  a  spirit  of  enter- 
prise; but  the  navigation  was  found  impracticable  in  that  tem- 
pestuous ocean,  which  seemed  to  forbid  any  further  discovery  of 
its  own  element,  or  the  labors  of  Hercules.  Since  that  time  no 
expedition  has  been  undertaken:  men  conceived  that  to  respect 
the  mysteries  of  the  gods,  and  believe  without  inquiry,  would  be 
the  best  proof  of  veneration. 

We  have  hitherto  traced  the  western  side  of  Germany.  From 
the  point  where  we  stop,  it  stretches  away  with  a  prodigious 
sweep  towards  the  north.  In  that  vast  region  the  first  territory 
that  occurs  is  that  of  the  Chaucians,  beginning  on  the  confines 
of  the  Frisians,  and  though  at  the  extremity  bounded  by  the 
seashore,  yet  running  at  the  back  of  all  the  nations  already 
described,  till,  with  an  immense  compass,  it  reaches  the  borders 
of  the  Cattians.  Of  this  immeasurable  tract  it  is  not  suffi- 
cient to  say  that  the  Chaucians  possess  it:  they  even  people 
it.  Of  all  the  German  nations  they  are,  beyond  all  question,  the 
most  respectable.  Their  grandeur  rests  upon  the  surest  founda- 
tion, the  love  of  justice;  wanting  no  extension  of  territory,  free 
from  avarice  and  ambition,  remote  and  happy,  they  provoke  no 
wars,  and  never  seek  to  enrich  themselves  by  rapine  and  depre- 
dation. Their  importance  among  the  nations  round  them  is  un- 
doubtedly great;  but  the  best  evidence  of  it  is  that  they  have 
gained  nothing  but  justice.  Loving  moderation,  yet  uniting  to 
it  a  warlike  spirit,  they  are  ever  ready  in  a  just  cause  to  un- 
sheath  the  sword.  Their  armies  are  soon  in  the  field.  In  men 
and  horses  their  resources  are  great,  and  even  in  profound  tran- 
quillity their  fame  is  never  tarnished. 

Bordering  on  the  side  of  the  Chaucians,  and  also  of  the  Cat- 
tians, lies  the  country  of  the  Cheruscans;  a  people  by  a  long 
disuse  of  arms  enervated  and  sunk  in  sloth.  Unmolested  by 
their  neighbors,  they  enjoyed  the  sweets  of  peace,  forgetting  that 
amidst  powerful  and  ambitious  neighbors  the  repose  which  you 
enjoy  serves  only  to   lull  you   into  a  calm,   always   pleasing,   but 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3695 

deceitful  in  the  end.  When  the  sword  is  drawn,  and  the  power 
of  the  strongest  is  to  decide,  you  talk  in  vain  of  equity  and 
moderation:  those  virtues  always  belong  to  the  conqueror.  Thus 
it  has  happened  to  the  Cheruscans:  they  were  formerly  just  and 
unright;  at  present  they  are  called  fools  and  cowards.  Victory 
has  transferred  every  virtue  to  the  Cattians,  and  oppression 
takes  the  name  of  wisdom.  The  downfall  of  the  Cheruscans 
drew  after  it  that  of  the  Fosi,  a  contiguous  nation,  in  their  day 
of  prosperity  never  equal  to  their  neighbors,  but  fellow-sufferers 
in  their  ruin. 

In  the  same  northern  part  of  Germany  we  find  the  Cimbrians 
on  the  margin  of  the  ocean;  a  people  at  present  of  small  con- 
sideration, though  their  glory  can  never  die.  Monuments  of 
their  former  strength  and  importance  are  still  to  be  seen  on 
either  shore.  Their  camps  and  lines  of  circumvallation  are  not 
yet  erased.  From  the  extent  of  ground  which  they  occupied  you 
may  even  now  form  an  estimate  of  the  force  and  resources  of 
the  state;  and  the  account  of  their  grand  army,  which  consisted 
of  such  prodigious  numbers,  seems  to  be  verified.  It  was  in  the 
year  of  Rome  six  hundred  and  forty,  in  the  consulship  of  Cae- 
cilius  Metellus  and  Papirius  Carbo,  that  the  arms  of  the  Cimbri- 
ans first  alarmed  the  world.  If  from  that  period  we  reckon  to 
the  second  consulship  of  the  Emperor  Trajan,  we  shall  find  a 
space  of  near  two  hundred  and  ten  years:  so  long  has  Germany 
stood  at  bay  with  Rome!  In  the  course  of  so  obstinate  a  strug- 
gle, both  sides  have  felt  alternately  the  severest  blows  of  fortune, 
and  the  worse  calamities  of  war.  Not  the  Samnite,  nor  the 
republic  of  Carthage,  nor  Spain,  nor  Gaul,  nor  even  the  Parthian 
has  given  such  frequent  lessons  to  the  Roman  people.  The 
power  of  the  Arascidae  was  not  so  formidable  as  German  liberty. 
If  we  except  the  slaughter  of  Crassus  and  his  army,  what  has 
the  East  to  boast  of  ?  Their  own  commander,  Pacorus,  was  cut 
off,  and  the  whole  nation  was  humbled  by  the  victory  of  Ven- 
tidius.  The  Germans  can  recount  their  triumphs  over  Carbo, 
Cassius,  Scaurus  Aurelius,  Servilius  Caepio,  and  Cneius  Manlius, 
all  defeated,  or  taken  prisoners.  With  them  the  republic  lost 
five  consular  armies;  and  since  that  time,  in  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus, Varus  perished  with  his  three  legions.  Caius  Marius,  it  is 
true,  defeated  the  Germans  in  Italy;  Julius  Caesar  made  them 
retreat  from  Gaul;  and  Drusus,  Tiberius,  and  Germanicus  over- 
powered them   in  their  own    country:    but   how   much    blood   did 


3696  CORNELIUvS  TACITUS 

those  victories  cost  us  ?  The  mighty  projects  of  Caligula  ended 
in  a  ridiculous  farce.  From  that  period  an  interval  of  peace 
succeeded,  till  roused  at  length  by  the  dissensions  of  Rome,  and 
the  civil  wars  that  followed,  they  stormed  our  legions  in  their 
winter  quarters,  and  even  planned  the  conquest  of  Gaul.  Indeed 
we  forced  them  to  repass  the  Rhine;  but  from  that  time  what 
has  been  our  advantage  ?  We  have  triumphed,  and  Germany  is 
still  unconquered. 

The  Suevians  are  the  next  that  claim  attention.  Possessing 
the  largest  portion  of  Germany,  they  do  not,  like  the  Cattians 
and  Tencterians,  for  one  state  or  community,  but  have  among 
themselves  several  subdivisions,  or  inferior  tribes,  known  by  dis- 
tinct appellations,  yet  all  comprehended  under  the  general  name 
of  Suevians.  It  is  the  peculiar  custom  of  this  people  to  braid 
the  hair,  and  tie  it  up  in  a  knot.  Between  them  and  the  rest  of 
the  Germans  this  is  the  mark  of  distinction.  In  their  own  coun- 
try it  serves  to  discriminate  the  freeborn  from  the  slave.  If  the 
same  mode  is  seen  in  other  states,  introduced  by  ties  of  consan- 
guinity, or,  as  often  happens,  by  the  propensity  of  men  to  imi- 
tate foreign  manners,  the  instances  are  rare,  and  confined  entirely 
to  the  season  of  youth.  With  the  Suevians  the  custom  is  con- 
tinued through  life;  men  far  advanced  in  years  are  seen  with 
their  hoary  locks  interwoven,  and  fastened  behind,  or  sometimes 
gathered  into  a  shaggy  knot  on  the  crown  of  the  head.  The 
chiefs  are  more  nicely  adjusted:  they  attend  to  ornament,  but  it 
is  a  manly  attention,  not  the  spirit  of  intrigue  or  the  affectation 
of  appearing  amiable  in  the  eyes  of  women.  When  going  to 
engage  the  enemy,  they  fancy  that  from  the  high  structure  of 
their  hair  they  appear  taller  and  gain  an  air  of  ferocity.  Their 
dress  is  a  preparation  for  battle. 

The  Semnones  are  ambitious  to  be  thought  the  most  ancient 
and  respectable  of  the  Suevian  nation.  Their  claim  they  think 
confirmed  by  the  mysteries  of  religion.  On  a  stated  day  a  pro- 
cession is  made  into  a  wood  consecrated  in  ancient  times,  and 
rendered  awful  by  auguries  delivered  down  from  age  to  age. 
The  several  tribes  of  the  same  descent  appear  by  their  deputies. 
The  rites  begin  with  the  slaughter  of  a  man,  who  is  offered  as 
a  victim,  and  thus  their  barbarous  worship  is  celebrated  by  an  act 
of  horror.  The  grove  is  beheld  with  superstitious  terror.  No 
man  enters  that  holy  sanctuary  without  being  bound  with  a  chain, 
thereby  denoting  his  humble  sense  of  his  own  condition,  and  the 


CORNELIUS  TACITUS  3697 

superior  attributes  of  the  deity  that  fills  the  place.  Should  he 
happen  to  fall,  he  does  not  presume  to  rise,  but  in  that  grovel- 
ing state  makes  his  way  out  of  the  wood.  The  doctrine  intended 
by  this  bigotry  is,  that  from  this  spot  the  whole  nation  derives 
its  origin,  and  that  here  is  the  sacred  mansion  of  the  all-ruling 
mind,  the  supreme  God  of  the  universe,  who  holds  everything 
else  in  a  chain  of  dependence  on  his  will  and  pleasure.  To  these 
tenets  much  credit  arises  from  the  weight  and  influence  of  the 
Semnones,  a  populous  nation,  distributed  into  a  hundred  cantons, 
and  by  the  vast  extent  of  their  territory  entitled  to  consider 
themselves  as  the  head  of  the  Suevian  nation. 

The  Langobards  exhibit  a  contrast  to  the  people  last  de- 
scribed. Their  dignity  is  derived  from  the  paucity  of  their  num- 
bers. Surrounded  as  they  are  by  great  and  powerful  nations, 
they  live  independent,  owing  their  security  not  to  mean  compli- 
ances, but  to  that  warlike  spirit  with  which  they  encounter  dan- 
ger. To  these  succeed  in  regular  order  the  Reudignians,  the 
Aviones,  Angles,  and  Varinians:  the  Eudocians,  Nuithones,  and 
Suardonians,  all  defended  by  rivers,  or  embosomed  in  forests.  In 
these  several  tribes  there  is  nothing  that  merits  attention,  except 
that  they  all  agree  to  worship  the  goddess  Earth,  or,  as  they  call 
her,  Herth,  whom  they  consider  as  the  common  mother  of  all. 
This  divinity,  according  to  their  notion,  interposes  in  human 
affairs,  and  at  times  visits  the  several  nations  of  the  globe.  A 
sacred  grove  on  an  island  in  the  Northern  Ocean  is  dedicated  to 
her.  There  stands  this  sacred  chariot,  covered  with  a  vestment, 
to  be  touched  by  the  priest  only.  When  she  takes  her  seat  in 
this  holy  vehicle,  he  becomes  immediately  conscious  of  her  pres- 
ence, and  in  his  fit  of  enthusiasm  pursues  her  progress.  The 
chariot  is  drawn  by  cows  yoked  together.  A  general  festival 
takes  place,  and  public  rejoicings  are  heard,  wherever  the  god- 
dess directs  her  way.  No  war  is  thought  of;  arms  are  laid  aside, 
and  the  sword  is  sheathed.  The  sweets  of  peace  are  known, 
and  then  only  relished.  At  length  the  same  priest  declares  the 
goddess  satisfied  with  her  visitation,  and  reconducts  her  to  her 
sanctuary.  The  chariot  with  the  sacred  mantle,  and  if  we  may 
believe  report,  the  goddess  herself,  are  purified  in  a  secret  lake. 
In  this  ablution  certain  slaves  officiate  and  instantly  perish  in  the 
water.  Hence  the  terrors  of  superstition  are  more  widely  dif- 
fused; a  religious  horror  seizes  every  mind,  and  all  are  content 
in  pious  ignorance  to  venerate  that  awful  mystery  which  no  man 
x — 232 


3698  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

can    see    and    live.      This   part    of    the    Suevian    nation    stretches 
away  to  the  most  remote  and  unknown  recesses  of  Germany. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Danube  (for  we  shall  now  pursue  that 
river,  in  the  same  manner  as  we  have  traced  the  course  of  the 
Rhine),  the  first  and  nearest  state  is  that  of  the  Hermundurians, 
a  people  in  alliance  with  Rome,  acting  always  with  fidelity,  and 
for  that  reason  allowed  to  trade  not  only  on  the  frontier,  but 
even  within  the  limits  of  the  empire.  They  are  seen  at  large  in 
the  heart  of  our  splendid  colony  in  the  province  of  Rhaetia,  with- 
out so  much  as  a  guard  to  watch  their  motions.  To  the  rest  of 
the  Germans  we  display  camps  and  legions,  but  to  the  Hermun- 
durians we  grant  the  exclusive  privilege  of  seeing  our  houses 
and  our  elegant  villas.  They  behold  the  splendor  of  the  Romans 
but  without  avarice,  or  a  wish  to  enjoy  it.  In  the  territories  of 
these  people  the  Elbe  takes  its  rise,  a  celebrated  river,  and  for- 
merly well  known  to  the  Romans.  At  present  we  only  hear  of  its 
name. 

Contiguous  to  the  last-mentioned  people  lies  the  country  of 
the  Nariscans,  and  next  in  order  the  Marcomannians  and  the 
Quadians.  Of  these  the  Marcomannians  are  the  most  eminent 
for  their  strength  and  military  glory.  The  very  territory  now 
in  their  possession  is  the  reward  of  valor,  acquired  by  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Boians.  Nor  have  the  Nariscans  or  Quadians  de- 
generated from  their  ancestors.  As  far  as  Germany  is  washed 
by  the  Danube,  these  three  nations  extend  along  the  banks,  and 
form  the  frontier  of  the  country.  The  Marcomannians  and  the 
Quadians  within  our  own  memory  obeyed  a  race  of  kings,  born 
among  themselves,  the  illustrious  issue  of  Maroboduus  and  of 
Tudrus.  Foreign  princes  at  present  sway  the  sceptre;  but  the 
strength  of  their  monarchy  depends  upon  the  countenance  and 
protection  of  Rome.  To  our  arms  they  are  not  often  indebted; 
we  choose  rather  to  supply  them  with  money. 

At  the  back  of  the  Marcomannians  and  Quadians  lie  several 
nations  of  considerable  force,  such  as  the  Marsignians,  the  Goth- 
inians,  the  Osians,  and  the  Burians.  In  dress  and  language  the 
last  two  resemble  the  Suevians.  The  Gothinians  by  their  use  of 
the  Gallic  tongue,  and  the  Osians  by  the  dialect  of  Pannonia, 
are  evidently  not  of  German  origin.  A  further  proof  arises  from 
their  submitting  to  the  disgrace  of  paying  tribute,  imposed  upon 
them  as  aliens  and  intruders,  partly  by  the  Sarmatians,  and  partly 
by    the    Quadians.      The    Gothinians    have    still    more   reason    to 


CORNELIUS   TACITUS  3699 

blush ;  they  submit  to  the  drudgery  of  digging  iron  in  the  mines. 
But  a  small  part  of  the  open  and  level  country  is  occupied  by 
these  several  nations:  they  dwell  chiefly  in  forests,  or  on  the 
summit  of  that  continued  ridge  of  mountains,  by  which  Suevia  is 
divided  and  separated  from  other  tribes  that  lie  still  more  re- 
mote. Of  these  the  Lygians  are  the  most  powerful,  stretching 
to  a  great  extent,  and  giving  their  name  to  a  number  of  subor- 
dinate communities.  It  will  suffice  to  mention  the  most  consid- 
erable; namely,  the  Arians,  the  Helvecones,  the  Manimians,  the 
Elysians,  and  Naharvalians.  The  last  show  a  grove  famous  for 
the  antiquity  of  its  religious  rites.  The  priest  appears  in  a  fe- 
male dress.  The  gods  whom  they  worship  are,  in  the  language 
of  the  country,  known  by  the  name  of  Alcis,  by  Roman  inter- 
preters said  to  be  Castor  and  Pollux.  There  are,  indeed,  no 
idols  in  their  country;  no  symbolic  representations;  no  traces  of 
foreign  superstition.  And  yet  their  two  deities  are  adored  in  the 
character  of  young  men  and  brothers.  The  Arians  are  not  only 
superior  to  the  other  tribes  above  mentioned,  but  are  also  more 
fierce  and  savage.  Not  content  with  their  natural  ferocity,  they 
study  to  make  themselves  still  more  grim  and  horrible  by  every 
addition  that  art  can  devise.  Their  shields  are  black;  their 
bodies  painted  of  a  deep  color;  and  the  darkest  night  is  their  time 
for  rushing  to  battle.  The  sudden  surprise  and  funereal  gloom 
of  such  a  band  of  sable  warriors  are  sure  to  strike  a  panic  through 
the  adverse  army,  who  fly  the  field,  as  if  a  legion  of  demons  had 
broken  loose  to  attack  them:  so  true  it  is  that  in  every  engage- 
ment the  eye  is  the  first  conquered.  Beyond  the  Lygians  the 
next  state  is  that  of  the  Gothones,  who  live  under  regal  govern- 
ment, and  are,  by  consequence,  ruled  with  a  degree  of  power 
more  rigorous  than  other  parts  of  Germany,  yet  not  unlimited, 
nor  entirely  hostile  to  civil  liberty.  In  the  neighborhood  of  these 
people  we  find  on  the  seacoast  the  Rugians  and  Lemovians,  both 
subject  to  royal  authority.  When  their  round  shields  and  short 
swords  are  mentioned,  there  are  no  other  particulars  worthy  of 
notice. 

The  people  that  next  occur  are  the  Suiones,  who  may  be  said 
to  inhabit  the  ocean  itself.  In  addition  to  the  strength  of  their 
armies,  they  have  a  powerful  naval  force.  The  form  of  their 
ships  is  peculiar.  Every  vessel  has  a  prow  at  each  end,  and  by 
that  contrivance  is  always  ready  to  make  head  either  way.  Sails 
are  not  in  use,  nor  is  there  a  range  of  oars  at  the  sides.     The  mari- 


3700  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

ners,  as  often  happens  in  the  navigation  of  rivers,  take  different 
stations,  and  shift  from  one  place  to  another,  as  the  exigence 
may  require.  Riches  are  by  this  people  held  in  great  esteem; 
and  the  public  mind,  debased  by  that  passion,  yields  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  one,  with  unconditional,  with  passive  obedience. 
Despotism  is  here  fully  established.  The  people  are  not  allowed 
to  carry  arms  in  common,  like  the  rest  of  the  German  nations. 
An  officer  is  appointed  to  keep  in  a  magazine  all  the  military 
weapons,  and  for  this  purpose  a  slave  is  always  chosen.  For 
this  policy  the  ostensible  reason  is,  that  the  ocean  is  their  natural 
fence  against  foreign  invasions,  and  in  time  of  peace  the  giddy 
multitude,  with  arms  ready  at  hand,  soon  proceeds  from  luxury 
to  tumult  and  commotion.  But  the  truth  is,  the  jealousy  of  a 
despotic  prince  does  not  think  it  safe  to  commit  the  care  of  his 
arsenal  to  the  nobles  or  the  men  of  ingenuous  birth.  Even  a 
manumitted  slave  is  not  fit  to  be  trusted. 

At  the  further  extremity  beyond  the  Suiones  there  is  another 
sea,  whose  sluggish  waters  seem  to  be  in  a  state  of  stagnation. 
By  this  lazy  element  the  globe  is  said  to  be  encircled,  and  the 
supposition  receives  some  color  of  probability  from  an  extraordi- 
nary phenomenon  well  known  in  those  regions.  The  rays  of  the 
setting  sun  continue  till  the  return  of  day  to  brighten  the  hemi- 
sphere with  so  clear  a  light  that  the  stars  are  imperceptible. 
To  this  it  is  added  by  vulgar  credulity  that  when  the  sun  begins 
to  rise,  the  sound  of  the  emerging  luminary  is  distinctly  heard, 
and  the  very  form  of  the  horses,  with  the  blaze  of  glory  around 
the  head  of  the  god,  is  palpable  to  the  sight.  The  boundaries 
of  nature,  it  is  generally  believed,  terminate  here. 

On  the  coast  to  the  right  of  the  Suevian  Ocean  the  ^Estyans 
have  fixed  their  habitations.  In  their  dress  and  manners  they 
resemble  the  Suevians,  but  their  language  has  more  affinity  to 
the  dialect  of  Britain.  They  worship  the  mother  of  the  gods. 
The  figure  of  a  wild  boar  is  the  symbol  of  their  superstition ;  and 
he  who  has  that  emblem  about  him  thinks  himself  secure  even 
in  the  thickest  ranks  of  the  enemy,  without  any  need  of  arms, 
or  any  other  mode  of  defense.  The  use  of  iron  is  unknown,  and 
their  general  weapon  is  a  club.  In  the  cultivation  of  corn,  and 
other  fruits  of  the  earth,  they  labor  with  more  patience  than  is 
consistent  with  the  natural  laziness  of  the  Germans.  Their  in- 
dustry is  exerted  in  another  instance:  they  explore  the  sea  for 
amber    in  their  language  called  Glese,  and    are   the   only   people 


CORNELIUS   TACITUS  3701 

who  gather  that  curious  substance.  It  is  generally  found  among 
the  shallows;  sometimes  on  the  shore.  Concerning  the  nature  or 
the  causes  of  this  concretion,  the  barbarians,  with  their  usual 
want  of  curiosity,  make  no  inquiry.  Amongst  other  superfluities 
discharged  by  the  sea,  this  substance  lay  long  neglected,  till 
Roman  luxury  gave  it  a  name,  and  brought  it  into  request.  To 
the  savages  it  is  of  no  use.  They  gather  it  in  rude  heaps,  and 
offer  it  for  sale  without  any  form  or  polish,  wondering  at  the 
price  they  receive  for  it.  There  is  reason  to  think  that  amber  is 
a  distillation  from  certain  trees,  since  in  the  transparent  medium 
we  see  a  variety  of  insects,  and  even  animals  of  the  wing,  which, 
being  caught  in  the  viscous  fluid,  are  afterwards,  when  it  grows 
hard,  incorporated  with  it.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  as  the 
East  has  its  luxuriant  plantations,  where  balm  and  frankincense 
perspire  through  the  pores  of  trees,  so  the  continents  and  islands 
of  the  West  have  their  prolific  groves,  whose  juices,  fermented 
by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  dissolve  into  a  liquid  matter,  which  falls 
into  the  sea,  and,  being  there  condensed,  is  afterwards  discharged 
by  the  winds  and  waves  on  the  opposite  shore.  If  you  make  an 
experiment  of  amber  by  the  application  of  fire,  it  kindles  like  a 
torch,  emitting  a  fragrant  flame,  and,  in  a  little  time,  taking  the 
tenacious  nature  of  pitch  or  rosin.  Beyond  the  Suiones  we  next 
find  the  nation  of  Sitones,  differing  in  nothing  from  the  former 
except  the  tameness  with  which  they  suffer  a  woman  to  reign 
over  them.  Of  this  people  it  is  not  enough  to  say  that  they  have 
degenerated  from  civil  liberty:  they  are  sunk  below  slavery  itself. 
At  this  place  ends  the  territory  of  the  Suevians. 

Whether  the  Peucinians,  the  Venedians,  and  Fennians  are  to 
be  accounted  Germans,  or  classed  with  the  people  of  Sarmatia, 
is  a  point  not  easy  to  be  determined:  though  the  Peucinians, 
called  by  some  the  Bastarnians,  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to 
the  Germans.  They  use  the  same  language:  their  dress  and 
habitations  are  the  same,  and  they  are  equally  inured  to  sloth 
and  filth.  Of  late,  however,  in  consequence  of  frequent  inter- 
marriages between  their  leading  chieftains  and  the  families  of 
Sarmatia,  they  have  been  tainted  with  the  manners  of  that 
country.  The  Venedians  are  a  counterpart  of  the  Sarmatians; 
like  them  they  lead  a  wandering  life,  and  support  themselves  by 
plunder  amidst  the  woods  and  -mountains  that  separate  the  Peu- 
cinians and  the  Fennians.  They  are,  notwithstanding,  to  be 
ascribed  to   Germany,   inasmuch  as  they  have  settled  habitations, 


3702  CORNELIUS  TACITUS 

know  the  use  of  shields,  and  travel  always  on  foot,  remarkable 
for  their  swiftness.  The  Sarmatians,  on  the  contrary,  live  alto- 
gether on  horseback  or  in  wagons.  Nothing  can  equal  the  fe- 
rocity of  the  Fennians,  nor  is  there  anything  so  disgusting  as 
their  filth  and  poverty.  Without  arms,  without  horses,  and 
without  a  fixed  place  of  abode,  they  lead  a  vagrant  life;  their 
food  the  common  herbage;  the  skins  of  beasts  their  only  cloth- 
ing; and  the  bare  earth  their  resting  place.  For  their  chief  sup- 
port they  depend  on  their  arrows,  to  which  for  want  of  iron, 
they  prefix  a  pointed  bone.  The  women  follow  the  chase  in 
company  with  the  men,  and  claim  their  share  of  the  prey.  To 
protect  their  infants  from  the  fury  of  wild  beasts,  and  the  in- 
clemency of  the  weather,  they  make  a  kind  of  cradle  amidst  the 
branches  of  trees  interwoven  together,  and  they  know  no  other 
expedient.  The  youth  of  the  country  have  the  same  habitation, 
and  amidst  the  trees  old  age  is  rocked  to  rest.  Savage  as  this 
way  of  life  may  seem,  they  prefer  it  to  the  drudgery  of  the 
field,  the  labor  of  building,  and  the  painful  vicissitudes  of  hope 
and  fear,  which  always  attend  the  defense  and  the  acquisition  of 
property.  Secure  against  the  passions  of  men,  and  fearing  noth- 
ing from  the  anger  of  the  gods,  they  have  attained  that  un- 
common state  of  felicity,  in  which  there  is  no  craving  left  to 
form  a  single  wish. 

The  rest  of  what  I  have  been  able  to  collect  is  too  much  in- 
volved in  fable,  of  a  color  with  the  accounts  of  the  Hellusians 
and  the  Oxionians,  of  whom  we  are  told  that  they  have  the  hu- 
man face,  with  the  limbs  and  bodies  of  wild  beasts.  But  reports 
of  this  kind,   unsupported    by  proof,    I    shall  leave  to  the  pen    of 

others. 

Complete.     Murphy's  translation. 


37°3 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 

(1828-1893) 

Ihe  opening  essay  of  Taine's  <(  History  of  English  Literature B 
is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  nineteenth  century  and 
perhaps  more  characteristic  than  any  other  of  what  has 
been  peculiarly  the  nineteenth-century  method  in  the  study  of  litera- 
ture and  of  history.  In  order  to  reach  a  base  for  his  (<  History  of 
English  Literature,  *  he  was  not  content  to  study  England  as  he  saw 
it  in  his  lifetime.  He  went  backward  over  the  course  of  the  de- 
velopment of  the  English  character  until  he  found  its  germ  in  the 
Saxons  and  Angles,  men  with  (<  huge  white  bodies,  cool  blooded, 
with  fierce  blue  eyes,8  —  to  account  for  whom  he  left  England  to 
study  on  the  coasts  of  the  North  Sea,  the  morasses  and  fogs  in  which 
two  thousand  years  ago  the  barbarians  whom  Rome  could  not  sub- 
due, led  (<  a  sad  and  precarious  existence,  as  it  were,  face  to  face 
with  beasts  of  prey.8  Literature  now  has  been  carried  far  back 
towards  its  origin  in  human  nature  itself.  Human  nature  is  to  be 
studied  as  it  is  affected  by  soil  and  climate,  by  environment  in  all 
its  manifestations,  and  by  the  pressure  of  men  upon  each  other. 
Art  thus  studied  is  traced  back  to  the  time  of  the  cave  man,  and  is 
accounted  for  in  everything  but  the  details  of  its  development  when 
the  first  rude  picture  is  found  scratched  upon  the  ivory  of  a  mam- 
moth tusk.  Literature,  by  the  same  rule,  is  followed  to  its  begin*- 
nings  in  the  <c  runes 8  on  the  staves  of  the  bards  or  on  the  sword 
blades  of  the  warriors  of  a  period  almost  as  remote  as  the  time  when 
the  peoples  of  Europe  were  still  septs  of  a  single  tribe,  speaking  a 
common  language  and  having  a  common  origin.  The  action  of  man 
upon  nature,  the  reflex  action  of  nature  upon  man,  are  considered  as 
the  springs  of  history,  in  all  its  phases.  This  idea,  as  its  controls 
the  literary  methods  of  Taine,  is  chiefly  what  made  him  so  remarka- 
ble among  the  great  critics  of  his  century,  but  he  is  also  a  master 
of  prose  style,  as  eminent  among  French  writers  as  Macaulay  is 
among  English.  He  was  born  at  Vouziers,  France,  April  21st,  1828. 
His  education  was  careful  and  thorough,  including,  as  it  did,  courses 
in  medicine  and  general  science  after  he  had  taken  the  highest 
honors  of  the  College  Bourbon  in  Paris.  In  1864  he  became  profes- 
sor of  ^Esthetics  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  and  in  1864  and  1865 
published  the  work  by  which  he  is   best   known   to    readers   of    Eng- 


3704  HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 

lish, — the  always  memorable  (<  History  of  English  Literature, w  —  with 
which,  whether  it  be  considered  as  a  series  of  essays  or  as  a  critical 
history  of  the  development  of  English  literature,  there  is  nothing 
else  to  compare.  It  is,  however,  only  one  of  many  works  of  great 
brilliancy  published  by  Taine  between  1853,  when  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  on  his  (<  Essay  on  the  Fables  of  La  Fontaine, w  and  1891, 
when  his  (<  Le  Regime  Moderne  w  appeared.  He  died  at  Paris,  March 
5th,    1893. 

THE   SAXONS  AS   THE  SOURCE   OF   ENGLISH   LITERATURE 
I.  Environment  and  Character 

As  you  coast  the  North  Sea  from  the  Scheldt  to  Jutland,  you 
will  mark,  in  the  first  place,  that  the  characteristic  feature 
is  the  want  of  slope;  marsh,  waste,  shoal;  the  rivers  hardly 
drag  themselves  along,  swollen  and  sluggish,  with  long,  black- 
looking  waves;  the  flooding  stream  oozes  over  the  banks,  and  ap- 
pears further  on  in  stagnant  pools.  In  Holland  the  soil  is  but 
a  sediment  of  mud;  here  and  there  only  does  the  earth  cover  it 
with  a  crust,  shallow  and  brittle,  the  mere  alluvium  of  the  river, 
which  the  river  seems  ever  about  to  destroy.  Thick  clouds  hover 
above,  being  fed  by  ceaseless  exhalations.  They  lazily  turn  their 
violet  flanks,  grow  black,  suddenly  descend  in  heavy  showers;  the 
vapor  like  a  furnace  smoke,  crawls  forever  on  the  horizon.  Thus 
watered,  plants  multiply;  in  the  angle  between  Jutland  and  the 
continent,  in  a  fat,  muddy  soil,  <(  the  verdure  is  as  fresh  as  that 
of  England. w  Immense  forests  covered  the  land  even  after  the 
eleventh  century.  The  sap  of  this  humid  country,  thick  and  po- 
tent, circulates  in  man  as  in  the  plants;  man's  respiration,  nutri- 
tion, sensations,  and  habits  affect  also  his  faculties  and  his  frame. 
The  land  produced  after  this  fashion  has  one  enemy,  to  wit, 
the  sea.  Holland  maintains  its  existence  only  by  virtue  of  its 
dikes.  In  1654  those  in  Jutland  burst,  and  fifteen  thousand  of 
the  inhabitants  were  swallowed  up.  One  need  only  see  the  blast 
of  the  North  swirl  down  upon  the  low  level  of  the  soil,  wan  and 
ominous:  the  vast  yellow  sea  dashes  against  the  narrow  belt  of 
flat  coast  which  seems  incapable  of  a  moment's  resistance;  the 
wind  howls  and  bellows;  the  sea  mews  cry;  the  poor  little  ships 
flee  as  fast  as  they  can,  bending  almost  to  the  gunwale,  and  en- 
deavor to  find  a  refuge  in  the  mouth  of  the  river,  which  seems 
as    hostile    as   the    sea.     A    sad   and    precarious   existence,    as  it 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3705 

were,  face  to  face  with  a  beast  of  prey.  The  Frisians,  in  their 
ancient  laws,  speak  already  of  the  league  they  have  made 
against  c<the  ferocious  ocean. w  Even  in  a  calm  this  sea  is  un- 
safe. <(  Before  me  rolleth  a  waste  of  water  .  .  .  and  above 
me  go  rolling  the  storm  clouds,  the  formless  dark-gray  daughters 
of  air,  which  from  the  sea,  in  cloudy  buckets  scoop  up  the  water, 
ever  wearied  lifting  and  lifting,  and  then  pour  it  again  in  the 
sea,  a  mournful  wearisome  business.  Over  the  sea,  flat  on  his 
face,  lies  the  monstrous,  terrible  North  Wind,  sighing  and  sink- 
ing his  voice  as  in  secret,  like  an  old  grumbler;  for  once  in 
good  humor,  unto  the  ocean  he  talks,  and  he  tells  her  wonderful 
stories. w  Rain,  wind,  and  surge  leave  room  for  naught  but 
gloomy  and  melancholy  thoughts.  The  very  joy  of  the  billows 
has  in  it  an  inexplicable  restlessness  and  harshness.  From  Hol- 
land to  Jutland,  a  string  of  small,  deluged  islands  bears  witness 
to  their  ravages;  the  shifting  sands  which  the  tide  drifts  up  ob- 
struct and  impede  the  banks  and  entrance  of  the  rivers.  The 
first  Roman  fleet,  a  thousand  sail,  perished  there;  to  this  day 
ships  wait  a  month  or  more  in  sight  of  port,  tossed  upon  the 
great  white  waves,  not  daring  to  risk  themselves  in  the  shifting, 
winding  channel,  notorious  for  its  wrecks.  In  winter  a  breast- 
plate of  ice  covers  the  two  streams;  the  sea  drives  back  the 
frozen  masses  as  they  descend;  they  pile  themselves  with  a 
crash  upon  the  sandbanks,  and  sway  to  and  fro;  now  and  then 
you  may  see  a  vessel,  seized  as  in  a  vice,  split  in  two  beneath 
their  violence.  Picture  in  this  foggy  clime  amid  hoar  frost  and 
storm,  in  these  marshes  and  forests,  half-naked  savages,  a  kind 
of  wild  beasts,  fishers  and  hunters,  but  especially  hunters  of  men; 
these  are  they,  Saxons,  Angles,  Jutes,  Frisians;  later  on,  Danes, 
who  during  the  fifth  and  the  ninth  centuries,  with  their  swords 
and  battle  axes,  took  and  kept  the  island  of  Britain. 

A  rude  and  foggy  land,  like  their  own,  except  in  the  depth 
of  its  sea  and  the  safety  of  its  coasts,  which  one  day  will  call 
up  real  fleets  and  mighty  vessels;  green  England  —  the  word 
rises  to  the  lips  and  expresses  all.  Here  also  moisture  pervades 
everything,  even  in  summer  the  mist  rises;  even  on  clear  days 
you  perceive  it  fresh  from  the  great  sea  girdle,  or  rising  from 
vast  but  ever-slushy  meadows,  undulating  with  hill  and  dale,  in- 
tersected with  hedges  to  the  limit  of  the  horizon.  Here  and 
there  a  sunbeam  strikes  on  the  higher  grasses  with  burning 
flash  and   the   splendor  of  the  verdure   dazzles  and  almost   blinds 


3706  HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE  TAINE 

you.  The  overflowing  water  straightens  the  flabby  stems;  they 
grow  up,  rank,  weak  and  filled  with  sap;  a  sap  ever  renewed,  for 
the  gray  mists  creep  under  a  stratum  of  motionless  vapor,  and 
at  distant  intervals  the  rim  of  heaven  is  drenched  by  heavy 
showers.  (<  There  are  yet  commons  as  at  the  time  of  the  Con- 
quest, deserted,  abandoned,  wild,  covered  with  furze  and  thorny 
plants,  with  here  and  there  a  horse  grazing  in  solitude.  Joyless 
scene,  unproductive  soil!  What  a  labor  it  has  been  to  humanize 
it!  What  impression  it  must  have  made  on  the  men  of  the 
South,  the  Romans  of  Caesar!  I  thought,  when  I  saw  it,  of  the 
ancient  Saxons,  wanderers  from  West  and  North,  who  came  to 
settle  in  this  land  of  marsh  and  fogs,  on  the  border  of  primeval 
forests,  on  the  banks  of  these  great  muddy  streams,  which  roll 
down  their  slime  to  meet  the  waves.  They  must  have  lived  as 
hunters  and  swineherds,  growing,  as  before,  brawny,  fierce, 
gloomy.  Take  civilization  from  this  soil,  and  there  will  remain 
to  the  inhabitants  only  war,  the  chase,  gluttony,  drunkenness. 
Smiling  love,  sweet  poetic  dreams,  art,  refined  and  nimble 
thought,  are  for  the  happy  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  Here 
the  barbarian,  ill  housed  in  his  mud  hovel,  who  hears  the  rain 
pattering  whole  days  among  the  oak  leaves  —  what  dreams  can 
he  have,  gazing  upon  his  mud  pools  and  his  sombre  sky  ?  B 


II.  Traits   of  the  Saxon 

Huge  white  bodies,  cool  blooded,  with  fierce  blue  eyes,  reddish 
flaxen  hair;  ravenous  stomachs,  filled  with  meat  and  cheese, 
heated  by  strong  drinks;  of  a  cold  temperament,  slow  to 
love,  home  stayers,  prone  to  brutal  drunkenness:  these  are  to  this 
day  the  features  which  descent  and  climate  preserve  in  the  race, 
and  these  are  what  the  Roman  historians  discovered  in  their 
former  country.  There  is  no  living,  in  these  lands,  without 
abundance  of  solid  food;  bad  weather  keeps  people  at  home; 
strong  drinks  are  necessary  to  cheer  them ;  the  senses  become 
blunted,  the  muscles  are  braced,  the  will  vigorous.  In  every 
country  the  body  of  man  is  rooted  deep  into  the  soil  of  nature; 
and  in  this  instance  still  deeper,  because,  being  uncultivated,  he 
is  less  removed  from  nature.  In  Germany,  storm-beaten,  in 
wretched  boats  of  hide,  amid  the  hardships  and  dangers  of  sea- 
faring life,  they  were  pre-eminently  adapted    for   endurance    and 


HIPPOLYTE  ADOLPHE   TAINE  3707 

enterprise,  inured  to  misfortune,  scorners  of  danger.  Pirates  at 
firsts — of  all  kinds  of  hunting  the  man-hunt  is  most  profitable  and 
most  noble, —  they  left  the  care  of  the  land  and  flocks  to  the 
women  and  slaves;  seafaring,  war,  and  pillage  was  their  whole 
idea  of  a  freeman's  work.  They  dashed  to  sea  in  their  two-sailed 
barks,  landed  anywhere,  killed  everything;  and  having  sacrificed 
in  honor  of  their  gods  the  tithe  of  their  prisoners,  and  leaving 
behind  them  the  red  light  of  their  burnings,  went  further  on  to 
begin  again.  "Lord,"  says  a  certain  litany,  (<  deliver  us  from 
the  fury  of  the  Jutes. w  <(  Of  all  barbarians  these  are  strongest  of 
body  and  heart,  the  most  formidable, w — we  may  add,  the  most 
cruelly  ferocious.  When  murder  becomes  a  trade,  it  becomes  a 
pleasure.  About  the  eighth  century,  the  final  decay  of  the  great 
Roman  corpse  which  Charlemagne  had  tried  to  revive,  and  which 
was  settling  down  into  corruption  called  them  like  vultures  to 
the  prey.  Those  who  had  remained  in  Denmark  with  their 
brothers  of  Norway,  fanatical  pagans,  incensed  against  the  Chris- 
tians, made  a  descent  on  all  the  surrounding  coasts.  Their  sea- 
kings,  (<  who  had  never  slept  under  the  smoky  rafters  of  a  roof, 
who  had  never  drained  the  ale  horn  by  an  inhabited  hearth, B 
laughed  at  wind  and  storms,  and  sang :  <(  The  blast  of  the  tem- 
pest aids  our  oars;  the  bellowing  of  heaven,  the  howling  of  the 
thunder,  hurt  us  not;  the  hurricane  is  our  servant,  and  drives  us 
whither  we  wish  to  go."  <(  We  hewed  with  our  swords, w  says  a 
song  attributed  to  Ragnar  Lodbrog,  (<  was  it  not  like  that  hour 
when  my  bright  bride  I  seated  by  me  on  the  couch  ?  *  One  of 
them,  at  the  monastery  of  Peterborough,  kills  with  his  own  hand 
all  the  monks,  to  the  number  of  eighty-four;  others,  having 
taken  King  JElla,  divided  his  ribs  from  the  spine,  drew  his 
lungs  out,  and  threw  salt  into  his  wounds.  Harold  Harefoot, 
having  seized  his  rival  Alfred,  with  six  hundred  men,  had  them 
maimed,  blinded,  hamstrung,  scalped,  or  emboweled.  Torture 
and  carnage,  greed  of  danger,  fury  of  destruction,  obstinate  and 
frenzied  bravery  of  an  over-strong  temperament,  the  unchaining 
of  the  butcherly  instincts, —  such  traits  meet  us  at  every  step 
in  the  old  Sagas.  The  daughter  of  the  Danish  Jarl,  seeing  Egil 
taking  his  seat  near  her,  repels  him  with  scorn,  reproaching  him 
with  (<  seldom  having  provided  the  wolves  with  hot  meat,  with 
never  having  seen  for  the  whole  autumn  a  raven  croaking  over 
the  carnage. w  But  Egil  seized  her  and  pacified  her  by  singing: 
<(  I  have  marched  with  my  bloody  sword,  and  the  raven   has  fol- 


3708  HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 

lowed  me.  Furiously  we  fought,  the  fire  passed  over  the  dwell- 
ings of  men;  we  have  sent  to  sleep  in  blood  those  who  kept  the 
gates. •  From  such  table  talk,  and  such  maidenly  tastes,  we  may 
judge  of  the  rest. 

Behold  them  now    in  England,   more  settled  and  wealthier:  do 
you    expect    to   find   them    much   changed?     Changed   it   may  be, 
but  for  the  worse,  like  the  Franks,  like  all   barbarians   who    pass 
from    action   to  enjoyment.     They    are    more    gluttonous,   carving 
their  hogs,   filling  themselves   with    flesh,   swallowing    down    deep 
draughts  of  mead,   ale,  spiced  wines,   all  the  strong,  coarse  drinks 
which  they  can  procure,   and  so  they  are  cheered  and  stimulated. 
Add    to   this    the   pleasure    of   the   fight.     Not    easily    with    such 
instincts  can  they  attain  to  culture;  to  find    a    natural    and    ready 
culture,    we  must    look   amongst    the   sober   and    sprightly    popu- 
lations of  the  South.     Here  the  sluggish  and  heavy  temperament 
remains   long   buried   in   a   brutal   life;  people  of  the   Latin    race 
never  at  a  first  glance    see   in  them  aught  but  large  gross  beasts, 
clumsy  and  ridiculous  when  not    dangerous   and  enraged.       Up  to 
the  sixteenth   century,   says  an    old   historian,  the    great    body    of 
the  nation  were  little  else  than    herdsmen,   keepers    of   cattle  and 
sheep;  up  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  drunkenness  was  the  recre- 
ation of  the  higher  ranks;   it    is   still    that   of    the   lower;  and   all 
the   refinement    and    softening   influence   of    civilization    have    not 
abolished  amongst  them  the  use  of  the  rod  and  the   fist.      If  the 
carnivorous,   warlike,  drinking  savage,    proof   against    the    climate, 
still    shows   beneath    the    conventions  of    our    modern   society  and 
the  softness  of  our  modern  polish,   imagine    what    he    must    have 
been  when,  landing  with  his  band  upon  a  wasted  or  desert  coun- 
try, and  becoming  for  the   first  time  a  settler,  he  saw  extending 
to  the  horizon  the  common  pastures  of   the    border    country,   and 
the    great    primitive    forests    which  furnished  stags  for  the  chase 
and  acorns  for   his   pigs.     The  ancient  histories  tell  us  that  they 
had   a    great    and    a    coarse    appetite.      Even    at    the    time   of    the 
Conquest    the    custom  of   drinking    to    excess  was  a  common  vice 
with  men  of  the  highest  rank,  and  they  passed  in  this  way  whole 
days  and  nights  without  intermission.      Henry  of  Huntingdon,  in 
the  twelfth  century,  lamenting  the   ancient    hospitality,   says  that 
the  Norman  kings  provided   their  courtiers  with  only  one  meal  a 
day,  while  the  Saxon  kings  used  to  provide  four.     One  day,  when 
Athelstan    went    with    his   nobles    to    visit  his  relative  Ethelfleda, 
the  provision  of  mead  was  exhausted  at  the  first  salutation,  owing 


HIPPOLYTE    ADOLPHE    TAINE  3709 

to  the  copiousness  of  the  draughts;  but  Dunstan,  forecasting  the 
extent  of  the  royal  appetite,  had  furnished  the  house,  so  that 
the  cupbearers,  as  is  the  custom  at  royal  feasts,  were  able  the 
whole  day  to  serve  it  out  in  horns  and  other  vessels,  and  the 
liquor  was  not  found  to  be  deficient.  When  the  guests  were 
satisfied,  the  harp  passed  from  hand  to  hand,  and  the  rude  har- 
mony of  their  deep  voices  swelled  under  the  vaulted  roof.  The 
monasteries  themselves  in  Edgard's  time  kept  up  games,  songs, 
and  dances  till  midnight.  To  shout,  to  drink,  to  gesticulate,  to 
feel  their  veins  heated  and  swollen  with  wine,  to  hear  and  see 
around  them  the  riotous  orgies,  this  was  the  first  need  of  the 
barbarians.  The  heavy  human  brute  gluts  himself  with  sensa- 
tions and  with  noise. 

For  such  appetites  there  was  a  stronger  food, —  I  mean  blows 
and  battle.  In  vain  they  attached  themselves  to  the  soil,  became 
tillers  of  the  ground,  in  distinct  communities  and  distinct  regions, 
shut  up  in  their  march  with  their  kindred  and  comrades,  bound 
together,  separated  from  the  mass,  inclosed  by  sacred  landmarks, 
by  primeval  oaks  on  which  they  cut  the  figures  of  birds  and 
beasts,  by  poles  set  up  in  the  midst  of  the  marsh,  which  whoso- 
ever removed  was  punished  with  cruel  tortures.  In  vain  these 
marches  and  gaiis  were  grouped  into  states,  and  finally  formed 
a  half -regulated  society,  with  assemblies  and  laws,  under  the  lead 
of  a  single  king;  its  very  structure  indicates  the  necessities  to 
supply  which  it  was  created.  They  united  in  order  to  maintain 
peace;  treaties  of  peace  occupy  their  parliaments;  provisions  for 
peace  are  the  matter  of  their  laws.  War  was  waged  daily  and 
everywhere;  the  aim  of  life  was,  not  to  be  slain,  ransomed,  muti- 
lated, pillaged,  hung,  and  of  course,  if  it  was  a  woman,  violated. 
Everywhere  man  was  obliged  to  appear  armed,  and  to  be  ready, 
with  his  burgh  or  his  township,  to  repel  marauders,  who  went 
about  in  bands.  The  animal  was  yet  too  powerful,  too  impetu- 
ous, too  untamed.  Anger  and  covetousness  in  the  first  place 
brought  him  upon  his  prey.  Their  history,  I  mean  that  of  the 
Heptarchy,  is  like  a  history  of  (<  kites  and  crows. w  They  slew 
the  Britons,  or  reduced  them  to  slavery,  fought  the  remnant  of 
the  Welsh,  Irish,  and  Picts,  massacred  one  another,  were  hewn 
down  and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  Danes.  In  a  hundred  years,  out 
of  fourteen  kings  of  Northumbria,  seven  were  slain  and  six  de- 
posed. Penda  of  Mercia  killed  five  kings,  and,  in  order  to  take 
the  town  of  Bamborough,  demolished  all  the  neighboring  villages, 


37io 


HIPPOLYTE   AUOLPHE   TAINE 


heaped  their  ruins  into  an  immense  pile,  sufficient  to  burn  all 
the  inhabitants,  undertook  to  exterminate  the  Northumbrians,  and 
perished  himself  by  the  sword  at  the  age  of  eighty.  Many  amongst 
them  were  put  to  death  by  the  thanes;  one  thane  was  burned 
alive;  brothers  slew  one  another  treacherously.  With  us  civiliza- 
tion has  interposed  between  the  desire  and  its  fulfillment,  the 
counteracting  and  softening  preventive  of  reflection  and  calcula- 
tion; here,  the  impulse  is  sudden,  and  murder  and  every  kind  of 
excess  spring  from  it  instantaneously.  King  Edwy  having  married 
Elgiva,  his  relation  within  the  prohibited  degrees,  quitted  the  hall 
where  he  was  drinking  on  the  very  day  of  his  coronation,  to  be  with 
her.  The  nobles  thought  themselves  insulted,  and  immediately 
abbot  Dunstan  went  himself  to  seek  the  young  man.  ((  He  found 
the  adulteress, B  says  the  monk  Osbern,  tt  her  mother,  and  the  king 
together  on  the  bed  of  debauch.  He  dragged  the  king  thence 
violently,  and,  setting  the  crown  upon  his  head,  brought  him 
back  to  the  nobles. B  Afterwards  Elgiva  sent  men  to  put  out 
Dunstan's  eyes,  and  then,  in  a  revolt,  saved  herself  and  the  king 
by  hiding  in  the  country;  but  the  men  of  the  North  having 
seized  her,  (<  hamstrung  her,  and  then  subjected  her  to  the  death 
which  she  deserved. w  Barbarity  follows  barbarity.  At  Bristol, 
at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  as  we  are  told  by  a  historian  of 
the  time,  it  was  the  custom  to  buy  men  and  women  in  all  parts 
of  England,  and  to  carry  them  to  Ireland  for  sale  in  order  to 
make  money.  The  buyers  usually  made  the  young  women  preg- 
nant, and  took  them  to  market  in  that  condition,  in  order  to  in- 
sure a  better  price.  <(  You  might  have  seen  with  sorrow  long 
files  of  young  people  of  both  sexes  and  of  the  greatest  beauty, 
bound  with  ropes,  and  daily  exposed  for  sale.  .  .  .  They  sold 
in  this  manner  as  slaves  their  nearest  relatives,  and  even  their 
own  children. w  And  the  chronicler  adds  that,  having  abandoned 
this  practice,  they  (<thus  set  an  example  to  all  the  rest  of  Eng- 
land.w  Would  you  know  the  manners  of  the  highest  ranks,  in 
the  family  of  the  last  king  ?  At  a  feast  in  the  king's  hall,  Har- 
old was  serving  Edward  the  Confessor  with  wine,  when  Tostig, 
his  brother,  moved  by  envy,  seized  him  by  the  hair.  They  were 
separated.  Tostig  went  to  Hereford,  where  Harold  had  ordered 
a  royal  banquet  to  be  prepared.  There  he  seized  his  brother's 
attendants,  and  cutting  off  their  heads  and  limbs,  he  placed  them 
in  the  vessels  of  wine,  ale,  mead,  and  cider,  and  sent  a  message 
to  the  king:  «  If  you  go  to  your  farm,  you  will  find  there  plenty 


HIPPOLYTE  ADOLPHE   TAINE  371 1 

of  salt  meat,  but  you  will  do  well  to  carry  some  more  with  you." 
Harold's  other  brother,  Sweyn,  had  violated  the  abbess  Elgiva, 
assassinated  Beorn  the  thane,  and,  being-  banished  from  the 
country,  had  turned  pirate.  When  we  regard  their  deeds  of  vio- 
lence, their  ferocity,  their  cannibal  jests,  we  see  that  they  were 
not  far  removed  from  the  sea  kings,  or  from  the  followers  of 
Odin,  who  ate  raw  flesh,  hung  men  as  victims  on  the  sacred  trees 
of  Upsala,  and  killed  themselves  to  make  sure  of  dying  as  they 
had  lived,  in  blood.  A  score  of  times  the  old  ferocious  instinct 
reappears  beneath  the  thin  crust  of  Christianity.  In  the  eleventh 
century,  Siward,  the  great  Earl  of  Northumberland,  was  afflicted 
with  a  dysentery ;  and  feeling  his  death  near,  exclaimed,  <(  What 
a  shame  for  me  not  to  have  been  permitted  to  die  in  so  many 
battles,  and  to  end  thus  by  a  cow's  death!  At  least  put  on  my 
breastplate,  gird  on  my  sword,  set  my  helmet  on  my  head,  my 
shield  in  my  left  hand,  my  battle-ax  in  my  right,  so  that  a  stout 
warrior,  like  myself,  may  die  as  a  warrior. *  They  did  as  he 
bade,  and  thus  died  he  honorably  in  his  armor.  They  had  made 
one  step,  and  only  one,  from  barbarism. 


III.  The  Origin  of  the  Modern  World 

Under  this  native  barbarism  there  were  noble  dispositions  un- 
known to  the  Roman  world,  which  were  destined  to  pro- 
duce a  better  people  out  of  its  ruins.  In  the  first  place, 
(<  a  certain  earnestness,  which  leads  them  out  of  frivolous  senti- 
ments to  noble  ones.8  From  their  origin  in  Germany  this  is 
what  we  find  them,  severe  in  manners,  with  grave  inclinations 
and  a  manly  dignity.  They  live  solitary,  each  one  near  the 
spring  or  the  wood  which  has  taken  his  fancy.  Even  in  villages 
the  cottages  were  detached;  they  must  have  independence  and 
free  air.  They  had  no  taste  for  voluptuousness;  love  was  tardy, 
education  severe,  their  food  simple ;  all  the  recreation  they  in- 
dulged in  was  the  hunting  of  the  aurochs,  and  a  dance  amongst 
naked  swords.  Violent  intoxication  and  perilous  wagers  were 
their  weakest  points;  they  sought  in  preference  not  mild  pleas- 
ures, but  strong  excitement.  In  everything,  even  in  their  rude 
and  masculine  instincts,  they  were  men.  Each  in  his  own  home, 
on  his  land  and  in  his  hut,  was  his  own  master,  upright  and 
free,    in    no    wise    restrained   or    shackled.      If    the    commonweal 


3712  HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 

received  anything  from  him,  it  was  because  he  gave  it.  He  gave 
his  vote  in  arms  in  all  great  conferences,  passed  judgment  in 
the  assembly,  made  alliances  and  wars  on  his  own  account, 
moved  from  place  to  place,  showed  activity  and  daring.  The 
modern  Englishman  existed  entire  in  this  Saxon.  If  he  bends, 
it  is  because  he  is  quite  willing  to  bend;  he  is  no  less  capable 
of  self-denial  than  of  independence;  self-sacrifice  is  not  uncom- 
mon, a  man  cares  not  for  his  blood  or  his  life.  In  Homer  the 
warrior  often  gives  way,  and  is  not  blamed  if  he  flees.  In  the 
Sagas,  in  the  Edda,  he  must  be  over-brave;  in  Germany  the  cow- 
ard is  drowned  in  the  mud  under  a  hurdle.  Through  all  out- 
breaks of  primitive  brutality  gleams  obscurely  the  grand  idea  of 
duty,  which  is,  the  self-constraint  exercised  in  view  of  some 
noble  end.  Marriage  was  pure  amongst  them,  chastity  instinct- 
ive. Amongst  the  Saxons  the  adulterer  was  punished  by  death; 
the  adulteress  was  obliged  to  hang  herself,  or  was  stabbed  by 
the  knives  of  her  companions.  The  wives  of  the  Cimbrians, 
when  they  could  not  obtain  from  Marius  assurance  of  their  chas- 
tity, slew  themselves  with  their  own  hands.  They  thought  there 
was  something  sacred  in  a  woman;  they  married  but  one,  and 
kept  faith  with  her.  In  fifteen  centuries  the  idea  of  marriage 
is  unchanged  amongst  them.  The  wife  on  entering  her  hus- 
band's home  is  aware  that  she  gives  herself  altogether ;  (<  that  she 
will  have  but  one  body,  one  life  with  him;  that  she  will 
have  no  thought,  no  desire  beyond;  that  she  will  be  the  com- 
panion of  his  perils  and  labors;  that  she  will  suffer  and  dare 
as  much  as  he,  both  in  peace  and  war. w  And  he,  like  her, 
knows  that  he  gives  himself.  Having  chosen  his  chief,  he  for- 
gets himself  in  him,  assigns  to  him  his  own  glory,  serves  him 
to  the  death.  (<  He  is  infamous  as  long  as  he  lives,  who  returns 
from  the  field  of  battle  without  his  chief. ®  It  was  on  this  volun- 
tary subordination  that  feudal  society  was  based.  Man  in  this 
race  can  accept  a  superior,  can  be  capable  of  devotion  and  re- 
spect. Thrown  back  upon  himself  by  the  gloom  and  severity 
of  his  climate,  he  has  discovered  moral  beauty,  while  others 
discover  sensuous  beauty.  This  kind  of  naked  brute,  who 
lies  all  day  by  his  fireside,  sluggish  and  dirty,  always  eating 
and  drinking,  whose  rusty  faculties  cannot  follow  the  clear  and 
line  outlines  of  happily  created  poetic  forms,  catches  a  glimpse  of 
the  sublime  in  his  troubled  dreams.  He  does  not  see  it,  but 
simply  feels   it;    his   religion    is    already  within,   as  it  will   be  in 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3713 

the  sixteenth  century,  when  he  will  cast  off  the  sensuous  wor- 
ship imported  from  Rome,  and  hallow  the  faith  of  the  heart. 
His  gods  are  not  inclosed  in  walls;  he  has  no  idols.  What 
he  designates  by  divine  names  is  something  invisible  and  grand, 
which  floats  through  nature,  and  is  conceived  beyond  nature, 
a  mysterious  infinity  which  the  sense  cannot  touch,  but  which 
l<  reverence  alone  can  feel  w ;  and  when,  later  on,  the  legends  de- 
fine and  alter  this  vague  divination  of  natural  powers,  one  idea 
remains  at  the  bottom  of  this  chaos  of  giant  dreams,  namely, 
that  the  world  is  a  warfare,  and  heroism  the  highest  good. 

In  the  beginning,  say  the  old  Icelandic  legends,  there  were 
two  worlds,  Nifiheim  the  frozen,  and  Muspell  the  burning.  From 
the  falling  snowfiakes  was  born  the  giant  Ymir.  (<  There  was 
in  times  of  old,  where  Ymir  dwelt,  nor  sand  nor  sea,  nor  gelid 
waves;  earth  existed  not,  nor  heaven  above;  'twas  a  chaotic 
chasm,  and  grass  nowhere. w  There  was  but  Ymir,  the  horrible 
frozen  Ocean,  with  his  children  sprung  from  his  feet  and  his 
armpits;  then  their  shapeless  progeny,  Terrors  of  the  abyss,  bar- 
ren Mountains,  Whirlwinds  of  the  North,  and  other  malevolent 
beings,  enemies  of  the  sun  and  of  life;  then  the  cow  Andhum- 
bla,  born  also  of  melting  snow,  brings  to  light,  whilst  licking  the 
hoarfrost  from  the  rocks,  a  man  Bur,  whose  grandsons  kill  the 
giant  Ymir.  <(  From  his  flesh  the  earth  was  formed,  and  from 
his  bones  the  hills,  the  heaven  from  the  skull  of  that  ice-cold 
giant,  and  from  his  blood  the  sea;  but  of  his  brains  the  heavy 
clouds  are  all  created. M  Then  arose  war  between  the  monsters 
of  winter  and  the  luminous  fertile  gods,  Odin  the  founder,  Baldur 
the  mild  and  benevolent,  Thor  the  summer  thunder,  who  purifies 
the  air,  and  nourishes  the  earth  with  showers.  Long  fought  the 
gods  against  the  frozen  Jotuns,  against  the  dark  bestial  powers, 
the  Wolf  Fenrir,  the  great  Serpent  whom  they  drown  in  the 
sea,  the  treacherous  Loki  whom  they  bind  to  the  rocks,  beneath 
a  viper  whose  venom  drops  continually  on  his  face.  Long  will 
the  heroes,  who  by  a  bloody  death  deserve  to  be  placed  <(  in  the 
halls  of  Odin,  and  there  wage  a  combat  every  day,"  assist  the 
gods  in  their  mighty  war.  A  day  will,  however,  arrive  when 
gods  and  men  will  be    conquered.     Then:  — 

<(  Trembles  Yggdrasill's  ash  yet  standing;  groans  that  ancient  tree, 
and  the  Jotun  Loki  is  loosed.  The  shadows  groan  on  the  ways  of 
Hel,  until  the  fire  of  Surt  has  consumed  the  tree.  Hrym  steers  from 
the  east,  the  waters  rise,  the  mundane  snake  is  coiled  in  jotun  rage. 

x— 233 


3714 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 


The  worm  beats  the  water,  and  the  eagle  screams;  the  pale  of  beak 
tears  carcasses;  (the  ship)  Naglfar  is  loosed.  Surt  from  the  South 
comes  with  flickering  flame ;  shines  from  his  sword  the  Val-god's  sun. 
The  stony  hills  are  dashed  together,  the  giantesses  totter;  men  tread 
the  path  of  Hel,  and  heaven  is  cloven.  The  sun  darkens,  earth  in 
ocean  sinks,  fall  from  heaven  the  bright  stars,  fire's  breath  assails 
the  all-nourishing  tree,  towering  fire  plays  against  heaven  itself. B 

The  gods  perish,  devoured  one  by  one  by  the  monsters;  and 
the  celestial  legend,  sad  and  grand,  now  like  the  life  of  man, 
bears  witness  to  the  hearts  of  warriors  and  heroes. 

There  is  no  fear  of  pain,  no  care  for  life;  they  count  it  as 
dross  when  the  idea  has  seized  upon  them.  The  trembling  of 
the  nerves,  the  repugnance  of  animal  instinct  which  starts  back  be- 
fore wounds  and  death,  are  all  lost  in  an  irresistible  determina- 
tion. See  how  in  their  epic  the  sublime  springs  up  amid  the 
horrible,  like  a  bright  purple  flower  amid  a  pool  of  blood.  Si- 
gurd has  plunged  his  sword  into  the  dragon  Fafnir,  and  at  that 
very  moment  they  looked  on  one  another;  and  Fafnir  asks,  as 
he  dies,  <(  Who  art  thou  ?  and  who  is  thy  father  ?  and  what  thy 
kin,  that  thou  wert  so  hardy  as  to  bear  weapons  against  me  ? B 
C<A  hardy  heart  urged  me  on  thereto,  and  a  strong  hand  and 
this  sharp  sword.  .  .  .  Seldom  hath  hardy  eld  a  faint-heart 
youth.  *  After  this  triumphant  eagle's  cry  Sigurd  cuts  out  the  worm's 
heart;  but  Regin,  brother  of  Fafnir  drinks  blood  from  the  wound, 
and  falls  asleep.  Sigurd,  who  was  roasting  the  heart,  raises  his 
finger  thoughtlessly  to  his  lips.  Forthwith  he  understands  the 
language  of  the  birds.  The  eagles  scream  above  him  in  the 
branches.  They  warn  him  to  mistrust  Regin.  Sigurd  cuts  off 
the  latter's  head,  eats  of  Fafnir's  heart,  drinks  his  blood  and  his 
brother's.  Amongst  all  these  murders  their  courage  and  poetry 
grew.  Sigurd  has  subdued  Brynhild,  the  untamed  maiden,  by 
passing  through  the  flaming  fire;  they  share  one  couch  for  three 
nights,  his  naked  sword  betwixt  them.  <(  Nor  the  damsel  did  he 
kiss,  nor  did  the  Hunnish  king  to  his  arm  lift  her.  He  the 
blooming  maid  to  Giuki's  son  delivered, w  because,  according  to 
his  oath,  he  must  send  her  to  her  betrothed  Gunnar.  She,  set- 
ting her  love  upon  him,  <( Alone  she  sat  without,  at  eve  of  day, 
began  aloud  with  herself  to  speak :  (  Sigurd  must  be  mine ; 
I  must  die,  or  that  blooming  youth  clasp  in  my  arms.*"  But 
seeing  him  married,  she  brings  about  his  death.  <(  Laughed 
then  Brynhild   Budli's  daughter,   once  only,  from  her  whole  soul, 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3715 

when  in  her  bed  she  listened  to  the  loud  lament  of  Giuki's 
daughter. B  She  put  on  her  golden  corslet,  pierced  herself  with 
the  sword's  point,  and  as  a  last  request  said:  — 

<(  Let  in  the  plain  be  raised  a  pile  so  spacious,  that  for  us  all  like 
room  may  be ;  let  them  burn  the  Han  (Sigurd)  on  the  one  side  of 
me,  on  the  other  side  my  household  slaves,  with  collars  splendid,  two 
at  our  heads,  and  two  hawks;  let  also  lie  between  us  both  the  keen- 
edged  sword,  as  when  we  both  one  couch  ascended;  also  five  female 
thralls,  eight  male  slaves  of  gentle  birth  fostered  with  me." 

All  were  burned  together;  yet  Gudrun  the  widow  continued 
motionless  by  the  corpse,  and  could  not  weep.  The  wives  of  the 
jarls  came  to  console  her,  and  each  of  them  told  her  own  sorrows, 
all  the  calamities  of  great  devastations  and  the  old  life  of  bar- 
barism. 

<(  Then  spoke  Gianang,  Giuki's  sister :  (  Lo,  upon  earth  I  live  most 
loveless,  who  of  five  mates  must  see  the  ending,  of  daughters  twain 
and  three  sisters,  of  brethren  eight,  and  abide  behind  lonely.*  Then 
spake  Herborg,  Queen  of  Hunland :  ( Crueller  tale  have  I  to  tell  of 
my  seven  sons,  down  in  the  Southlands,  and  the  eighth  man,  my 
mate,  felled  in  the  death  mead.  Father  and  mother,  and  four  brothers 
on  the  wide  sea,  the  winds  and  death  played  with ;  the  billows  beat 
on  the  bulwark  boards.  Alone  must  I  sing  o'er  them,  alone  must  I 
array  them,  alone  must  my  hands  deal  with  their  departing,  and  all 
this  was  in  one  season's  wearing,  and  none  was  left  for  love  or 
solace.  Then  was  I  bound  a  prey  of  the  battle  when  that  same  sea- 
son wore  to  its  ending;  as  a  tiring  maid  must  I  bind  the  shoon  of 
the  duke's  high  dame,  every  day  at  dawning.  From  her  jealous  hate 
gat  I  heavy  mocking,  cruel  lashes  she  laid  upon  me.M) 

All  was  in  vain ;  no  word  could  draw  tears  from  those  dry  eyes. 
They  were  obliged  to  lay  the  bloody  corpse  before  her,  ere  her 
tears  would  come.  Then  tears  flowed  through  the  pillow;  as. 
<(  the  geese  withal  that  were  in  the  home  field,  the  fair  fowls  the 
may  owned,  fell  a-screaming.  *  She  would  have  died,  like  Sigrun, 
on  the  corpse  of  him  whom  alone  she  had  loved,  if  they  had 
not  deprived  her  of  memory  by  a  magic  potion.  Thus  affected, 
she  departs  in  order  to  marry  Atli,  king  of  the  Huns;  and  yet 
she  goes  against  her  will,  with  gloomy  forebodings;  for  murder 
begets  murder;  and  her  brothers,  the  murderers  of  Sigurd,  hav- 
ing been  drawn  to  Atli's  court,  fall  in  their  turn  into  a  snare 
like  that   which    they    had    themselves    laid.     Then    Gunnar    was 


3716  HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 

bound,  and  they  tried  to  make  him  deliver  up  the  treasure.     He 
answers  with  a  barbarian's  laugh:  — 

« <  Hogni's  heart  in  my  hand  shall  lie,  cut  bloody  from  the  breast 
of  the  valiant  chief,  the  king's  son,  with  a  dull-edged  knife.*  They 
the  heart  cut  out  from  Hialli's  breast;  on  a  dish,  bleeding,  laid  it, 
and  it  to  Gunnar  bare.  Then  said  Gunnar,  lord  of  men:  <  Here  have 
I  the  heart  of  the  timid  Hialli,  unlike  the  heart  of  the  bold  Hogni; 
for  much  it  trembles  as  in  the  dish  it  lies;  it  trembles  more  by  half 
while  in  his  breast  it  lay.*  Hogni  laughed  when  to  his  heart  they 
cut  the  living  crest-crasher;  no  lament  uttered  he.  All  bleeding  on 
a  dish  they  laid  it,  and  it  to  Gunnar  bare.  Calmly  said  Gunnar,  the 
warrior  Nifiung:  (Here  have  I  the  heart  of  the  bold  Hogni,  unlike 
the  heart  of  the  timid  Hialli;  for  it  little  trembles  as  in  the  dish  it 
lies:  it  trembled  less  while  in  his  breast  it  lay.  So  far  shalt  thou, 
Atli!  be  from  the  eyes  of  men  as  thou  wilt  from  the  treasures  be. 
In  my  power  alone  is  all  the  hidden  Niflung's  gold,  now  that  Hogni 
lives  not.  Ever  was  I  wavering  while  we  both  lived;  now  am  I  so  no 
longer,  as  I  alone  survive.  *  * 

It  was  the  last  insult  of  the  self-confident  man,  who  values 
neither  his  own  life  nor  that  of  another,  so  that  he  can  satiate 
his  vengeance.  They  cast  him  into  the  serpent's  den,  and  there 
he  died,  striking  his  harp  with  his  foot.  But  the  inextinguish- 
able flame  of  vengeance  passed  from  his  heart  to  that  of  his  sis- 
ter. Corpse  after  corpse  fall  on  each  other;  a  mighty  fury  hurls 
them  open  eyed  to  death.  She  killed  the  children  she  had  by 
Atli,  and  one  day  on  his  return  from  the  carnage  gave  him 
their  hearts  to  eat,  served  in  honey,  and  laughed  coldly  as  she 
told  him  on  what  he  had  fed.  (<  Uproar  was  on  the  benches, 
portentous  the  cry  of  men,  noise  beneath  the  costly  hangings. 
The  children  of  the  Huns  wept;  all  wept  save  Gudrun,  who 
never  wept  or  for  her  bear-fierce  brothers,  or  for  her  dear  sons, 
young,  simple. B  Judge  from  this  heap  of  ruin  and  carnage  to 
what  excess  the  will  is  strung.  There  were  men  amongst  them, 
Berserkers,  who  in  battle,  seized  with  a  sort  of  madness,  showed 
a  sudden  and  superhuman  strength,  and  ceased  to  feel  their 
wounds.  This  is  the  conception  of  a  hero  as  engendered  by  this 
race  in  its  infancy.  Is  it  not  strange  to  see  them  place  their 
happiness  in  battle,  their  beauty  in  death  ?  Is  there  any  people, 
Hindoo,  Persian,  Greek,  or  Gallic,  which  has  formed  so  tragic  a 
conception  of  life  ?  Is  there  any  which  has  peopled  its  infantine 
mind   with    such   gloomy   dreams  ?      Is    there  any   which    has   so 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3717 

entirely  banished  from  its  dreams  the  sweetness  of  enjoyment  and 
the  softness  of  pleasure  ?  Endeavors,  tenacious  and  mournful  en- 
deavors, an  ecstasy  of  endeavors  —  such  was  their  chosen  condi- 
tion. Carlyle  said  well  that  in  the  sombre  obstinacy  of  an 
English  laborer  still  survives  the  tacit  rage  of  the  Scandinavian 
warrior.  Strife  for  strife's  sake  —  such  is  their  pleasure.  With 
what  sadness,  madness,  destruction,  such  a  disposition  breaks  its 
bonds,  we  shall  see  in  Shakespeare  and  Byron;  with  what  vigor 
and  purpose  it  can  limit  and  employ  itself  when  possessed  by 
moral  ideas,  we  shall  see  in  the  case  of  the  Puritans. 

Nos.    I.,    II.,    III.   of    «The    Saxons »   complete.      From    « History   of    English 

Literature. » 


THE  CHARACTER  AND  WORK   OF   THACKERAY 
I.   The  Novel  of  Manners 

The  novel  of  manners  in  England  multiplies,  and  for  this 
there  are  several  reasons:  first,  it  is  born  there,  and  every 
plant  thrives  well  in  its  own  soil;  secondly,  it  is  a  natural 
outlet:  there  is  no  music  in  England  as  in  Germany,  or  conver- 
sation as  in  France;  and  men  who  must  think  and  feel  find  in 
it  a  means  of  feeling  and  thinking.  On  the  other  hand,  women 
take  part  in  it  with  eagerness;  amidst  the  stagnation  of  gallantry 
and  the  coldness  of  religion,  it  gives  scope  for  imagination  and 
dreams.  Finally,  by  its  minute  details  and  practical  counsels,  'it 
opens  up  a  career  to  the  precise  and  moral  mind.  The  critic 
thus  is,  as  it  were,  swamped  in  this  copiousness;  he  must  select  in 
order  to  grasp  the  whole,  and  confine  himself  to  a  few  in  order 
to  embrace  all. 

In  this  crowd  two  men  have  appeared  of  superior  talent,  orig- 
inal and  contrasted,  popular  on  the  same  grounds,  ministers  to 
the  same  cause,  moralists  in  comedy  and  drama,  defenders  of 
natural  sentiments  against  social  institutions;  who  by  the  pre- 
cision of  their  pictures,  the  depth  of  their  observations,  the  suc- 
cession and  bitterness  of  their  attacks,  have  renewed,  with  other 
views  and  in  another  style,  the  old  combative  spirit  of  Swift  and 
Fielding. 

One,  more  ardent,  more  expansive,  wholly  given  up  to  rap- 
ture, an  impassioned  painter  of  crude  and  dazzling  pictures,  a 
lyric  prose  writer,  omnipotent  in  laughter  and  tears,  plunged  into 


37 1 8  HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 

fantastic  invention,  painful  sensibility,  vehement  buffoonery;  and 
by  the  boldness  of  his  style,  the  excess  of  his  emotions,  the  gro- 
tesque familiarity  of  his  caricatures,  he  has  displayed  all  the 
forces  and  weaknesses  of  an  artist,  all  the  audacities,  all  the  suc- 
cesses, and  all  the  oddities  of  the  imagination. 

The  other,  more  contained,  better  informed  and  stronger,  a 
lover  of  moral  dissertations,  a  counselor  of  the  public,  a  sort  of 
lay  preacher,  less  bent  on  defending  the  poor,  more  bent  on 
censuring  man,  has  brought  to  the  aid  of  satire  a  sustained  com- 
mon sense,  a  great  knowledge  of  the  heart,  consummate  clever- 
ness, powerful  reasoning,  a  treasure  of  meditated  hatred,  and  has 
persecuted  vice  with  all  the  weapons  of  reflection.  By  this  con- 
trast the  one  completes  the  other;  and  we  may  form  an  exact  idea 
of  English  taste,  by  placing  the  portrait  of  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray  by  the  side  of  that  of  Charles  Dickens. 


II.  Thackeray's  Great  Satires 

No  wonder  if  in  England  a  novelist  writes  satires.  A  gloomy 
and  reflective  man  is  impelled  to  it  by  his  character;  he  is 
still  further  impelled  by  the  surrounding  manners.  He 
is  not  permitted  to  contemplate  passions  as  poetic  powers;  he  is 
bidden  to  appreciate  them  as  moral  qualities.  His  pictures  be- 
come sentences;  he  is  a  counselor  rather  than  an  observer,  a 
judge  rather  than  an  artist.  We  see  by  what  machinery  Thack- 
eray has  changed  novel  into  satire. 

I  open  at  random  his  three  great  works,  <(  Pendennis, w  <(  Van- 
ity Fair,"  "The  Newcomes. B  Every  scene  sets  in  relief  a  moral 
truth:  the  author  desires  that  at  every  page  we  should  form  a 
judgment  on  vice  and  virtue ;  he  has  blamed  or  approved  before- 
hand, and  the  dialogues  or  portraits  are  to  him  only  means  by 
which  he  adds  our  approbation  to  his  approbation,  our  blame  to 
his  blame.  He  is  giving  us  lessons;  and  beneath  the  sentiments 
which  he  describes,  as  beneath  the  events  which  he  relates,  we 
continually  discover  rules  for  our  conduct  and  the  intentions  of  a 
reformer. 

On  the  first  page  of  <(  Pendennis w  we  see  the  portrait  of  an 
old  major,  a  man  of  the  world,  selfish  and  vain,  seated  comfort- 
ably in  his  club,  at  the  table  by  the  fire,  and  near  the  window, 
envied  by  surgeon  Glowry,  whom  nobody  ever  invites,  seeking  in 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  37  1 9 

the  records  of  aristocratic  entertainments  for  his  own  name, 
gloriously  placed  amongst  those  of  illustrious  guests.  A  family- 
letter  arrives.  Naturally  he  puts  it  aside  and  reads  it  carelessly 
last  of  all.  He  utters  an  exclamation  of  horror;  his  nephew 
wants  to  marry  an  actress.  He  has  places  booked  in  the  coach 
(charging  the  sum  which  he  disburses  for  the  seats  to  the  ac- 
count of  the  widow  and  the  young  scapegrace  of  whom  he  is 
guardian),  and  hastens  to  save  the  young  fool.  If  there  were  a 
low  marriage,  what  would  become  of  his  invitations  ?  The  mani- 
fest conclusion  is:  Let  us  not  be  selfish,  or  vain,  or  fond  of  good 
living,  like  the  major. 

Chapter  the  second:  Pendennis,  the  father  of  the  young  man 
in  love,  had  (<  exercised  the  profession  of  apothecary  and  sur- 
geon, °  but,  being  of  good  birth,  his  <(  secret  ambition  had  always 
been  to  be  a  gentleman. B  He  comes  into  money;  is  called  Doc- 
tor, marries  the  very  distant  relative  of  a  lord,  tries  to  get  ac- 
quainted with  high  families.  He  boasts  to  the  last  day  of  his 
life  of  having  been  invited  by  Sir  Pepin  Ribstone  to  an  entertain- 
ment. He  buys  a  small  estate,  tries  to  sink  the  apothecary,  and 
shows  off  in  the  new  glory  of  a  landed  proprietor.  Each  of 
these  details  is  a  concealed  or  evident  sarcasm,  which  says  to  the 
reader :  <(  My  good  friend,  remain  the  honest  John  Tomkins  that 
you  are;  and  for  the  love  of  your  son  and  yourself  avoid  taking 
the  airs  of  a  great  nobleman." 

Old  Pendennis  dies.  His  son,  the  noble  heir  of  the  domain, 
<(  Prince  of  Pendennis  and  Grand  Duke  of  Fairoaks, w  begins  to 
reign  over  his  mother,  his  cousin,  and  the  servants.  He  sends 
wretched  verses  to  the  county  papers,  begins  an  epic  poem,  a 
tragedy  in  which  sixteen  persons  die,  a  scathing  history  of  the 
Jesuits,  and  defends  church  and  king  like  a  loyal  Tory.  He 
sighs  after  the  ideal,  wishes  for  an  unknown  maiden,  and  falls  in 
love  with  an  actress,  a  woman  of  thirty-two,  who  learns  her  parts 
mechanically,  as  ignorant  and  stupid  as  can  be.  Young  folks, 
my  dear  friends,  you  are  all  affected,  pretentious,  dupes  of  your- 
selves and  of  others.  Wait  to  judge  the  world  until  you  have  seen 
it,  and  do  not  think  you  are  masters  when  you  are  scholars. 

The  lesson  continues  and  lasts  as  long  as  the  life  of  Arthur. 
Like  Le  Sage  in  (<  Gil  Bias,"  and  Balzac  in  « Le  Pere  Goriot,w 
the  author  of  (<  Pendennis w  depicts  a  young  man  having  some 
talent,  endowed  with  good  feelings,  even  generous,  desiring  to 
make  a  name,    whilst,    at   the    same   time,    he   falls   in    with    the 


3720  HIPPOLYTE  ADOLPHE  TAINE 

maxims  of  the  world;  but  Le  Sage  only  wished  to  amuse  us, 
and  Balzac  only  wished  to  stir  our  passions :  Thackeray,  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  labors  to  correct  us. 

This  intention  becomes  still  more   evident   if   we    examine   in 
detail  one  of  his  dialogues  and  one  of  his  pictures.     We  will  not 
find  there  impartial  energy,  bent  on  copying  nature,  but  attentive 
thoughtfulness,  bent  on  transforming  into  satire   objects,  words, 
and    events.     All    the    words    of    the    character    are    chosen   and 
weighed,  so   as  to  be  odious  or   ridiculous.     It  accuses   itself,  is 
studious  to  display  vice,  and  behind  its  voice  we  hear  the  voice  of 
the  writer  who  judges,  unmasks,  and  punishes  it.     Miss  Crawley, 
a    rich    old   woman,    falls    ill.     Mrs.    Bute    Crawley,   her  relative, 
hastens  to  save  her,  and  to  save  the  inheritance.     Her  aim  is  to 
have  excluded  from  the  will  a  nephew,  Captain   Rawdon,   an  old 
favorite,  presumptive  heir  of   the    old    lady.     This   Rawdon    is    a 
stupid  guardsman,  a  frequenter  of  taverns,  a  too  clever  gambler, 
a  duelist,   and  a  roue.     Fancy   the   capital   opportunity  for   Mrs. 
Bute,  the  respectable  mother  of  a  family,  the  worthy  spouse  of  a 
clergyman,  accustomed   to   write   her   husband's   sermons!     From 
sheer  virtue  she  hates  Captain  Rawdon,  and  will  not  suffer   that 
such  a  good   sum   of   money    should    fall    into    such    bad    hands. 
Moreover,   are  we  not  responsible    for  our  families,  and  is  it  not 
for  us  to  publish    the   faults   of   our   relatives  ?     It    is    our    strict 
duty,  and  Mrs.   Bute  acquits  herself  of  hers  conscientiously.     She 
collects  edifying  stories  of  her  nephew,  and  therewith  she  edifies 
the    aunt.     He   has  ruined  so   and   so;   he   has    wronged    such   a 
woman.      He  has  duped  this  tradesman;  he  has  killed    this   hus- 
band.    And  above  all,  unworthy  man,  he  has  mocked  his   aunt' 
Will  that  generous  lady  continue  to  cherish  such  a  viper?     Will 
she  suffer  her  numberless  sacrifices  to  be  repaid  by  such  ingrati- 
tude and  such  ridicule  ?     We  can   imagine   the    ecclesiastical   elo- 
quence of  Mrs.   Bute.     Seated  at  the  foot  of  the  bed,  she  keeps 
the  patient  in  sight,  plies  her   with   draughts,  enlivens   her   with 
terrible  sermons,  and  mounts  guard  at  the  door  against  the  proba- 
ble   invasion   of   the    heir.     The    siege    was    well    conducted,   the 
legacy  attacked  so  obstinately  must  be  yielded  up;    the  virtuous 
fingers  of  the  matron  grasped  beforehand  and  by  anticipation  the 
substantial  heap  of  shining  sovereigns.     And  yet  a  carping  spec- 
tator might  have  found  some   faults  in   her   management.     Mrs. 
Bute  managed  rather  too  well.     She  forgot  that  a  woman  perse- 
cuted with  sermons,  handled  like  a  bale  of  goods,  regulated  like 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3721 

a  clock,  might  take  a  dislike  to  so  harassing  an  authority.  What 
is  worse,  she  forgot  that  a  timid  old  woman,  confined  to  the 
house,  overwhelmed  with  preachings,  poisoned  with  pills,  might 
die  before  having  changed  her  will,  and  leave  all,  alas!  to  her 
scoundrelly  nephew.  Instructive  and  formidable  example!  Mrs. 
Bute,  the  honor  of  her  sex,  the  consoler  of  the  sick,  the  coun- 
selor of  her  family,  having  ruined  her  health  to  look  after  her 
beloved  sister-in-law,  and  to  preserve  the  inheritance,  was  just  on 
the  point,  by  her  exemplary  devotion,  of  putting  the  patient  in 
her  coffin,  and  the  inheritance  in  the  hands  of  her  nephew. 

Apothecary  Clump  arrives;  he  trembles  for  his  dear  client; 
she  is  worth  to  him  two  hundred  a  year;  he  is  resolved  to  save 
this  precious  life,  in  spite  of  Mrs.  Bute.  Mrs.  Bute  interrupts 
him,  and  says:  <(  I  am  sure,  my  dear  Mr.  Clump,  no  efforts  of 
mine  have  been  wanting  to  restore  our  dear  invalid,  whom  the 
ingratitude  of  her  nephew  has  laid  on  the  bed  of  sickness.  I 
never  shrink  from  personal  discomfort;  I  never  refuse  to  sacrifice 
myself.  ...  I  would  lay  down  my  life  for  my  duty,  or  for 
any  member  of  my  husband's  family. w  The  disinterested  apothe- 
cary returns  to  the  charge  heroically.  Immediately  she  replies 
in  the  finest  strain;  her  eloquence  flows  from  her  lips  as  from  an 
over-full  pitcher.  She  cries  aloud:  "Never,  as  long  as  nature 
supports  me,  will  I  desert  the  post  of  duty.  As  the  mother  of 
a  family  and  the  wife  of  an  English  clergyman,  I  humbly  trust 
that  my  principles  are  good.  When  my  poor  James  was  in  the 
smallpox,  did  I  allow  any  hireling  to  nurse  him  ?  No ! w  The 
patient  Clump  scatters  about  sugared  compliments,  and  pressing 
his  point  amidst  interruptions,  protestations,  offers  of  sacrifice, 
railings  against  the  nephew,  at  last  hits  the  mark.  He  delicately 
insinuates  that  the  patient  (<  should  have  change,  fresh  air,  gay- 
ety. w  <(  The  sight  of  her  horrible  nephew  casually  in  the  Park, 
where  I  am  told  the  wretch  drives  with  the  brazen  partner  of 
his  crimes, w  Mrs.  Bute  said  (letting  the  cat  of  selfishness  out  of 
the  bag  of  secrecy),  (<  would  cause  her  such  a  shock,  that  we 
should  have  to  bring  her  back  to  bed  again.  She  must  not  go 
out,  Mr.  Clump.  She  shall  not  go  out  as  long  as  I  remain  to 
watch  over  her.  And  as  for  my  health,  what  matters  it  ?  I  give 
it  cheerfully,  sir.  I  sacrifice  at  the  altar  of  my  duty. w  It  is  clear 
that  the  author  attacks  Mrs.  Bute  and  all  legacy  hunters.  He 
gives  her  ridiculous  airs,  pompous  phrases,  a  transparent,  coarse, 
and  blustering  hypocrisy.     The  reader   feels   hatred   and   disgust 


3722 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE 


for  her  the  more  she  speaks.  He  would  unmask  her;  he  is 
pleased  to  see  her  assailed,  driven  into  a  corner,  taken  in  by  the 
polished  manoeuvres  of  her  adversary,  and  rejoices  with  the  au- 
thor, who  tears  from  her  and  emphasizes  the  shameful  confession 
of  her  tricks  and  her  greed. 

Having  arrived  so  far,  satirical  reflection  quits  the  literary 
form.  In  order  the  better  to  develop  itself,  it  exhibits  itself  alone. 
Thackeray  now  attacks  vice  himself,  and  in  his  own  name.  No 
author  is  more  fertile  in  dissertations;  he  constantly  enters  his 
story  to  reprimand  or  instruct  us;  he  adds  theoretical  to  active 
morality.  We  might  glean  from  his  novels  one  or  two  volumes 
of  essays  in  the  manner  of  La  Bruyere  or  of  Addison.  There 
are  essays  on  love,  on  vanity,  on  hypocrisy,  on  meanness,  on  all 
the  virtues,  all  the  vices;  and  turning  over  a  few  pages,  we  shall 
find  one  on  the  comedies  of  legacies,  and  on  too  attentive  rela- 
tives: — 

(<  What  a  dignity  it  gives  an  old  lady,  that  balance  at  the  banker's! 
How  tenderly  we  look  at  her  faults,  if  she  is  a  relative  (and  may 
every  reader  have  a  score  of  such),  what  a  kind,  good-natured  old 
creature  we  find  her!  How  the  junior  partner  of  Hobbs  and  Dobbs 
leads  her  smiling  to  the  carriage  with  the  lozenge  upon  it,  and  the 
fat  wheezy  coachman !  How,  when  she  comes  to  pay  us  a  visit,  we 
generally  find  an  opportunity  to  let  our  friends  know  her  station  in 
the  world !  We  say  (and  with  perfect  truth)  ( I  wish  I  had  Miss  Mac- 
Whirter's  signature  to  a  check  for  five  thousand  pounds.*  ( She 
wouldn't  miss  it,*  says  your  wife.  (  She  is  my  aunt,'  say  you,  in  an 
easy  careless  way,  when  your  friend  asks  if  Miss  MacWhirter  is  any 
relative.  Your  wife  is  perpetually  sending  her  little  testimonies  of 
affection ;  your  little  girls  work  endless  worsted  baskets,  cushions,  and 
footstools  for  her.  What  a  good  fire  there  is  in  her  room  when  she 
comes  to  pay  you  a  visit,  although  your  wife  laces  her  stays  without 
one!  The  house  during  her  stay  assumes  a  festive,  neat,  warm,  jovial, 
snug  appearance  not  visible  at  other  seasons.  You  yourself,  dear  sir, 
forget  to  go  to  sleep  after  dinner,  and  find  yourself  all  of  a  sudden 
(though  you  invariably  lose)  very  fond  of  a  rubber.  What  good  din- 
ners you  have  —  game  every  day,  Malmsey-Madeira,  and  no  end  of 
fish  from  London!  Even  the  servants  in  the  kitchen  share  in  the 
general  prosperity;  and,  somehow,  during  the  stay  of  Miss  MacWhir- 
ter's  fat  coachman,  the  beer  is  grown  much  stronger,  and  the  con- 
sumption of  tea  and  sugar  in  the  nursery  (where  her  maid  takes  her 
meals)  is  not  regarded  in  the  least.  Is  it  so,  or  is  it  not  so  ?  I  ap- 
peal to  the  middle  classes.     Ah,  gracious  powers!     I  wish  you  would 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3723 

sent  me  an  old  aunt  —  a  maiden  aunt  —  an  aunt  with  a  lozenge  on 
her  carriage,  and  a  front  of  light  coffee-colored  hair  —  how  my  chil- 
dren should  work  workbags  for  her,  and  my  Julia  and  I  would  make 
her  comfortable!     Sweet  —  sweet  vision!     Foolish — foolish  dream !  B 

There  is  no  disguising-  it.  The  reader  most  resolved  not  to 
be  warned  is  warned.  When  we  have  an  aunt  with  a  good  sum 
to  leave,  we  shall  value  our  attentions  and  our  tenderness  at  their 
true  worth.  The  author  has  taken  the  place  of  our  conscience, 
and  the  novel,  transformed  by  reflection,  becomes  a  school  of 
manners. 


Moralizing  in   Fiction 

The  lash  is  laid  on  very  heavily  in  this  school;   it   is  the  Eng- 
lish taste.     About  tastes  and  whips    there   is   no   disputing; 
but  without  disputing  we  may    understand,   and   the    surest 
means  of  understanding  the  English  taste  is  to   compare   it   with 
the  French  taste. 

I  see  in  France,  in  a  drawing-room  of  men  of  wit,  or  in  an  art- 
ist's studio,  a  score  of  lively  people :  they  must  be  amused,  that  is 
their  character.  You  may  speak  to  them  of  human  wickedness, 
but  on  condition  of  diverting  them.  If  you  get  angry,  they  will 
be  shocked;  if  you  teach  a  lesson,  they  will  yawn.  Laugh,  it  is 
the  rule  here  —  not  cruelly,  or  from  manifest  enmity,  but  in  good 
humor  and  in  lightness  of  spirit.  This  nimble  wit  must  act;  the 
discovery  of  a  clean  piece  of  folly  is  a  fortunate  hap  for  it.  As 
a  light  flame,  it  glides  and  flickers  in  sudden  outbreaks  on  the 
mere  surface  of  things.  Satisfy  it  by  imitating  it,  and  to  please 
gay  people  be  gay.  Be  polite,  that  is  the  second  commandment, 
very  like  the  other.  You  speak  to  sociable,  delicate,  vain  men, 
whom  you  must  take  care  not  to  offend,  but  whom  you  must  flat- 
ter. You  would  wound  them  by  trying  to  carry  conviction  by 
force,  by  dint  of  solid  arguments,  by  a  display  of  eloquence  and 
indignation.  Do  them  the  honor  of  supposing  that  they  under- 
stand you  at  the  first  word,  that  a  hinted  smile  is  to  them  as 
good  as  a  sound  syllogism,  that  a  fine  allusion  caught  on  the 
wing  reaches  them  better  than  the  heavy  onset  of  a  dull  geo- 
metrical satire.  Think,  lastly  (between  ourselves),  that  in  politics,, 
as  in  religion,  they  have  been  for  a  thousand  years  very  well 
governed,  over  governed;  that  when   a   man   is   bored  he  desires 


3724  HIPPOLYTE  ADOLPHE  TAINE 

to  be  so  no  more;  that  a  coat  too  tight  splits  at  the  elbows  and 
elsewhere.  They  are  critics  from  choice;  from  choice  they  like 
to  insinuate  forbidden  things;  and  often,  by  abuse  of  logic,  by 
transport,  by  vivacity,  from  ill  humor,  they  strike  at  society 
through  government,  at  morality  through  religion.  They  are 
scholars  who  have  been  too  long  under  the  rod;  they  break  the 
windows  in  opening  the  doors.  I  dare  not  tell  you  to  please 
them:  I  simply  remark  that,  in  order  to  please  them,  a  grain 
of  seditious  humor  will  do  no  harm. 

I  cross  seven  leagues  of  sea,  and   here    I   am    in  a   great   un- 
adorned   hall,  with   a   multitude    of    benches,   with     gas-burners, 
swept,  orderly,  a  debating  club  or  a  preaching  house.     There  are 
five  hundred  long   faces,  gloomy   and   subdued;   and   at   the   first 
glance  it  is  clear  that  they  are  not  there  to    amuse    themselves. 
In  this  land   a    grosser   mood,   overcharged    with    a  heavier   and 
stronger  nourishment,  has  deprived  impressions  of  their  swift  no- 
bility, and  thought,  less  facile  and  prompt,  has  lost  its  vivacity  and 
its  gayety.      If  we  rail  before  them,  we  must  think   that    we   are 
speaking  to  attentive,  concentrated  men,  capable  of   durable   and 
profound  sensations,  incapable  of  changeable  and  sudden  emotion. 
Those  immobile  and  contracted  faces  will  preserve    the  same    at- 
titude;   they  resist    fleeting  and  half-formed    smiles;    they   cannot 
unbend ;  and  their  laughter  is  a  convulsion  as  stiff  as  their  grav- 
ity.      Let  us  not  skim  over  our  subject,  but  lay   stress   upon  it; 
let  us  not  pass  over  it  lightly,  but  impress  it;    let  us   not  dally, 
but    strike;    be   assured    that    we    must    vehemently   move   vehe- 
ment passions,  and   that   shocks    are   needed   to   set   these   nerves 
in  motion.      Let  us  also  not  forget  that    our  hearers  are  practical 
minds,  lovers  of  the  useful;    that  they  come   here    to    be  taught; 
that  we  owe  them  solid  truths;    that  their    common    sense,  some- 
what  contracted,  does   not    fall  in   with    hazardous    extemporiza- 
tions or  doubtful  hints;  that  they  demand  worked-out  refutations 
and  complete  explanations;   and   that  if  they  have    paid   to  come 
in,  it  was    to   hear    advice    which    they    might    apply,   and    satire 
foiinded  on  proof.      Their  mood   requires   strong  emotions;   their 
mind  asks  for  precise  demonstrations.     To  satisfy  their  mood,  we 
must  not  merely  scratch,  but  torture  vice ;  to   satisfy   their   mind 
we  must  not  rail  in  sallies,  but  by  arguments.     One  word   more: 
down  there,  in   the    midst   of   the   assembly,   behold    that    gilded, 
splendid  book,  resting  royally    on    a    velvet    cushion.      It    is    the 
Bible ;  around  it  there  are  fifty  moralists,  who  a  while  ago  met  at 


HIPPOLYTE   ADOLPHE   TAINE  3725 

the  theatre  and  pelted  an  actor  off  the  stage  with  apples,  who 
was  guilty  of  having  the  wife  of  a  citizen  for  his  mistress.  If, 
with  our  finger  tip,  with  all  the  compliments  and  disguises  in  the 
world,  we  touch  a  single  sacred  leaf,  or  the  smallest  moral  con- 
ventionalism, immediately  fifty  hands  will  fasten  themselves  on 
our  coat  collar  and  put  us  out  at  the  door.  With  Englishmen 
we  must  be  English,  with  their  passion  and  their  common  sense 
adopt  their  leading-strings.  Thus  confined  to  recognize  truths, 
satire  will  become  more  bitter,  and  will  add  the  weight  of  public 
belief  to  the  pressure  of  logic  and  the  force  of  indignation. 

From  (<  History  of  English  Literature. w 


3726 


SIR   THOMAS  NOON  TALFOURD 

(1795-1854) 

Ihomas  Noon  Talfourd,  author  of  (<  Ion  w  and  almost  equally- 
celebrated  for  his  oration  in  defense  of  Shelley's  publisher, 
was  the  writer  of  a  number  of  notable  essays  and  reviews, 
which  belong  to  the  period  when  English  prose  style  took  its  tone 
from  the  reviews  of  the  (<  Quarterly  »  school  of  anonymous  literary  dicta- 
tors. Talfourd,  however,  is  companionable  and  pleasant  rather  than 
assertive  in  his  mode  of  expression  and  he  deserves  to  be  remem- 
bered for  this  not  less  than  for  the  subject-matter  of  his  essays.  He 
was  born  near  Stafford,  England,  January  26th,  1795,  and  was  edu- 
cated for  the  bar.  He  served  in  Parliament,  made  a  reputation  as  a 
forensic  orator,  sat  on  the  bench  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
wrote  essays  and  plays,  and  published  a  w  History  of  Greek  Litera- 
ture w  as  well  as  biographies  and  travels.  The  tragedy  of  (<  Ion » 
which  is  his  best-known  work  was  put  on  the  stage  in  1836.  In  1837 
he  published  the  <(  Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Lamb,"  and  in  1849-50 
« Final  Memorials  of  Charles  Lamb."  He  died  at  Stafford,  March  13th, 
1854. 

BRITISH    NOVELS   AND    ROMANCES 

We  regard  the  authors  of  the  best  novels  and  romances  as 
among  the  truest  benefactors  of  their  species.  Their 
works  have  often  conveyed,  in  the  most  attractive  form, 
lessons  of  the  most  genial  wisdom.  But  we  do  not  prize  them 
so  much  in  reference  to  their  immediate  aim,  or  any  individual 
traits  of  nobleness  with  which  they  may  inform  the  thoughts,  as 
for  their  general  tendency  to  break  up  that  cold  and  debasing 
selfishness  with  which  the  souls  of  so  large  a  portion  of  mankind 
are  incrusted.  They  give  to  a  vast  class,  who  by  no  means  would 
be  carried  beyond  the  most  contracted  range  of  emotion,  an  inter- 
est in  things  out  of  themselves,  and  a  perception  of  grandeur  and 
of  beauty,  of  which  otherwise  they  might  ever  have  lived  uncon- 
scious. Pity  for  fictitious  sufferings  is,  indeed,  very  inferior  to 
that  sympathy  with  the  universal  heart  of  man  which  inspires 
real  self-sacrifice;  but  it  is  better  even  to  be   moved  by  its   ten- 


SIR   THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD  3727 

derness  than  wholly  to  be  ignorant  of  the  joy  of  natural  tears. 
How  many  are  there  for  whom  poesy  has  no  charm,  and  who 
have  derived  only  from  romances  those  glimpses  of  disinterested 
heroism  and  ideal  beauty,  which  alone  <(make  them  less  forlorn,  * 
in  their  busy  career!  The  good  housewife,  who  is  employed  all 
her  life  in  the  severest  drudgery,  has  yet  some  glimmerings  of  a 
state  and  dignity  above  her  station  and  age,  and  some  dim  vision 
of  meek,  angelic  suffering,  when  she  thinks  of  the  well-thumbed 
volume  of  <(  Clarissa  Harlowe,"  which  she  found,  when  a  girl,  in 
some  old  recess,  and  read,  with  breathless  eagerness,  at  stolen 
times  and  moments  of  hasty  joy.  The  careworn  lawyer  or  poli- 
tician, encircled  with  all  kinds  of  petty  anxieties,  thinks  of  the 
"Arabian  Nights  Entertainments, w  which  he  devoured  in  his  joy- 
ful school  days,  and  is  once  more  young,  and  innocent,  and  happy. 
If  the  sternest  puritan  were  acquainted  with  Parson  Adams,  or 
with  Dr.  Primrose,  he  could  not  hate  the  clergy.  If  novels  are 
not  the  deepest  teachers  of  humanity,  they  have,  at  least,  the 
widest  range.  They  lend  to  genius  w  lighter  wings  to  fly. n  They 
are  read  where  Milton  and  Shakespeare  are  only  talked  of,  and 
where  even  their  names  are  never  heard.  They  nestle  gently 
beneath  the  covers  of  unconscious  sofas,  are  read  by  fair  and 
glistening  eyes  in  moments  snatched  from  repose,  and  beneath 
counters  and  shopboards  minister  delights  <c  secret,  sweet,  and 
precious. B  It  is  possible  that,  in  particular  instances,  their  effects 
may  be  baneful ;  but,  on  the  whole,  we  are  persuaded  they  are 
good.  The  world  is  not  in  danger  of  becoming  too  romantic. 
The  golden  threads  of  poesy  are  not  too  thickly  or  too  closely 
interwoven  with  the  ordinary  web  of  existence.  Sympathy  is  the 
first  great  lesson  which  man  should  learn.  It  will  be  ill  for  him 
if  he  proceeds  no  further;  if  his  emotions  are  but  excited  to  roll 
back  on  his  heart,  and  to  be  fostered  in  luxurious  quiet.  But 
unless  he  learns  to  feel  for  things  in  which  he  has  no  personal 
interest,  he  can  achieve  nothing  generous  or  noble.  This  lesson 
is  in  reality  the  universal  moral  of  all  excellent  romances.  How 
mistaken  are  those  miserable  reasoners  who  object  to  them  as 
giving  <(  false  pictures  of  life  —  of  purity  too  glossy  and  ethereal 
—  of  friendship  too  deep  and  confiding  —  of  love  which  does  not 
shrink  at  the  approach  of  ill,  but  looks  on  tempests  and  is  never 
shaken, B  because  with  these  the  world  too  rarely  blossoms!  Were 
these  things  visionary  and  unreal,  who  would  break  the  spell,  and 
bid  the  delicious  enchantment  vanish  ?     The  soul  will  not  be  the 


3728  SIR  THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD 

worse  for  thinking  too  well  of  its  kind,  or  believing  that  the 
highest  excellence  is  within  the  reach  of  its  exertions.  But  these 
things  are  not  unreal;  they  are  shadows,  indeed,  in  themselves; 
but  they  are  shadows  cast  from  objects  stately  and  eternal.  Man 
can  never  imagine  that  which  has  no  foundation  in  his  nature. 
The  virtues  he  conceives  are  not  the  mere  pageantry  of  his 
thought.  We  feel  their  truth  —  not  their  historic  or  individual 
truth,  but  their  universal  truth  —  as  reflexes  of  human  energy 
and  power.  It  would  be  enough  for  us  to  prove  that  the  imagi- 
native glories  which  are  shed  around  our  being  are  far  brighter 
than  <(  the  light  of  common  day,  ®  which  mere  vulgar  experience 
in  the  course  of  the  world  diffuses.  But,  in  truth,  that  radiance 
is  not  merely  of  the  fancy,  nor  are  its  influences  lost  when  it 
ceases  immediately  to  shine  on  our  path.  It  is  holy  and  pro- 
phetic. The  best  joys  of  childhood  —  its  boundless  aspirations  and 
gorgeous  dreams  —  are  the  sure  indications  of  the  nobleness  of  its 
final  heritage.  All  the  softenings  of  evil  to  the  moral  vision  by 
the  gentleness  of  fancy,  are  proofs  that  evil  itself  shall  perish. 
Our  yearnings  after  ideal  beauty  show  that  the  home  of  the  soul 
which  feels  them  is  in  a  lovelier  world.  And  when  man  de- 
scribes high  virtues,  and  instances  of  nobleness,  which  rarely  light 
on  earth, —  so  sublime  that  they  expand  our  imaginations  beyond 
their  former  compass,  yet  so  human  that  they  make  our  hearts 
gush  with  delight, —  he  discovers  feelings  in  his  own  breast,  and 
awakens  sympathies  in  ours,  which  shall  assuredly  one  day  have 
real  and  stable  objects  to  rest  on ! 

The  early  times  of  England  —  unlike  those  of  Spain  —  were 
not  rich  in  chivalrous  romances.  The  imagination  seems  to  have 
been  chilled  by  the  manners  of  the  Norman  conquerors.  The  do- 
mestic contests  for  the  disputed  throne,  with  their  intrigues,  bat- 
tles, and  executions,  have  none  of  that  rich,  poetical  interest, 
which  attended  the  struggles  for  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  Nor,  in 
the  golden  age  of  English  genius,  were  there  any  very  remark- 
able works  of  pure  fiction.  Since  that  period  to  the  present  day, 
however,  there  has  been  a  rich  succession  of  novels  and  romances, 
each  increasing  the  stores  of  innocent  delight,  and  shedding  on 
human  life  some  new  tint  of  tender  coloring. 

The  novels  of  Richardson  are  at  once  among  the  grandest  and 
the  most  singular  creations  of  human  genius.  They  combine  an 
accurate  acquaintance  with  the  freest  libertinism,  and  the  stern- 
est professions  of  virtue — a  sporting   with   vicious  casuistry,  and 


SIR   THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD  3729 

the  deepest  horror  of  freethinking — the  most  stately  ideas  of 
paternal  authority,  and  the  most  elaborate  display  of  its  abuses. 
Prim  and  stiff,  almost  without  parallel,  the  author  perpetually 
treads  on  the  very  borders  of  indecorum,  but  with  a  solemn  and 
assured  step,  as  if  certain  that  he  could  never  fall.  <(  The  precise, 
strait-laced  Richardson, n  says  Mr.  Lamb  in  one  of  the  profound 
and  beautiful  notes  to  his  specimens,  (<  has  strengthened  Vice 
from  the  mouth  of  Lovelace,  with  entangling  sophistries,  and  ab- 
struse pleas  against  her  adversary  Virtue,  which  Sedley,  Villiers, 
and  Rochester  wanted  depth  of  libertinism  sufficient  to  have  in- 
vented. w  He  had,  in  fact,  the  power  of  making  any  set  of  notions, 
however  fantastical,  appear  as  <(  truths  of  holy  writ  B  to  his  readers. 
This  he  did  by  the  authority  with  which  he  disposed  of  all  things, 
and  by  the  infinite  minuteness  of  his  details.  His  gradations  are 
so  gentle,  that  we  do  not  at  any  one  point  hesitate  to  follow 
him,  and  should  descend  with  him  to  any  depth  before  we  per- 
ceived that  our  path  had  been  unequal.  By  the  means  of  this 
strange  magic,  we  become  anxious  for  the  marriage  of  Pamela 
with  her  base  master;  because  the  author  has  so  imperceptibly 
wrought  on  us  the  belief  of  an  awful  distance  between  the  rights 
of  an  esquire  and  his  servant,  that  our  imaginations  regard  it  in 
the  place  of  all  moral  distinctions.  After  all,  the  general  impres- 
sion made  on  us  by  his  works  is  virtuous.  Clementina  is  to  the 
soul  a  new  and  majestic  image,  inspired  by  virtue  and  by  love, 
which  raises  and  refines  its  conceptions.  She  has  all  the  depth 
and  intensity  of  the  Italian  character,  with  all  the  purity  of  an 
angel.  She  is  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  grandest  of  tragic 
heroines,  and  the  divinest  of  religious  enthusiasts.  Clarissa  alone 
is  above  her.  Clementina  steps  statelily  in  her  very  madness, 
amidst  (<  the  pride,  pomp,  and  circumstance w  of  Italian  nobility; 
Clarissa  is  triumphant,  though  violated,  deserted,  and  encompassed 
by  vice  and  infamy.  Never  can  we  forget  that  amazing  scene, 
in  which,  on  the  effort  of  her  mean  seducer  to  renew  his  out- 
rages, she  appears  in  all  the  radiance  of  mental  purity,  among 
the  wretches  assembled  to  witness  his  triumph,  where  she  startles 
them  by  her  first  appearance,  as  by  a  vision  from  above;  and 
holding  the  penknife  to  her  breast,  with  her  eyes  lifted  to  heaven, 
prepares  to  die,  if  her  craven  destroyer  advances,  striking  the  vil- 
est with  deep  awe  of  goodness,  and  walking  placidly,  at  last, 
from  the  circle  of  her  foes,   none   of   them  daring  to   harm   her! 

How    pathetic,   above    all    other    pathos   in    the    world,  are    those 
x— 234 


373°  SIR  THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD 

snatches  of  meditation  which  she  commits  to  the  paper,  in  the 
first  delirium  of  her  woe  !  How  delicately  imagined  are  her  prepa- 
rations for  that  grave  in  which  alone  she  can  find  repose! 
Cold  must  be  the  hearts  of  those  who  can  conceive  them  as  too 
elaborate,  or  who  can  venture  to  criticize  them.  In  this  novel  all 
appears  most  real;  we  feel  enveloped,  like  Don  Quixote,  by  a 
thousand  threads;  and,  like  him,  would  we  rather  remain  so  for- 
ever than  break  one  of  their  silken  fibres.  ((  Clarissa  Harlowe  }) 
is  one  of  the  books  which  leave  us  different  beings  from  those 
which  they  find  us.  (<  Sadder  and  wiser  B  do  we  arise  from  its 
perusal. 

Yet  when  we  read  Fielding's  novels  after  those  of  Richard- 
son, we  feel  as  if  a  stupendous  pressure  were  removed  from  our 
souls.  We  seem  suddenly  to  have  left  a  palace  of  enchantment, 
where  we  have  passed  through  long  galleries  filled  with  the  most 
gorgeous  images,  and  illumined  by  a  light  not  quite  human  nor 
yet  quite  divine,  into  the  fresh  air,  and  the  common  ways  of  this 
«  bright  and  breathing  world. w  We  travel  on  the  highroad  of 
humanity,  yet  meet  in  it  pleasanter  companions,  and  catch  more 
delicious  snatches  of  refreshment,  than  ever  we  can  hope  else- 
where to  enjoy.  The  mock  heroic  of  Fielding,  when  he  con- 
descends to  that  ambiguous  style,  is  scarcely  less  pleasing  than 
its  stately  prototype.  It  is  a  sort  of  spirited  defiance  to  fiction, 
on  the  behalf  of  reality,  by  one  who  knew  full  well  all  the  strong- 
holds of  that  nature  which  he  was  defending.  There  is  not  in 
Fielding  much  of  that  which  can  properly  be  called  ideal, —  if  we 
except  the  character  of  Parson  Adams;  but  his  works  represent 
life  as  more  delightful  than  it  seems  to  common  experience,  by 
disclosing  those  of  its  dear  immunities,  which  we  little  think  of,  even 
when  we  enjoy  them.  How  delicious  are  all  his  refreshments  at 
all  his  inns!  How  vivid  are  the  transient  joys  of  his  heroes,  in 
their  checkered  course  —  how  full  and  overflowing  are  their  final 
raptures!  His  "Torn  Jones w  is  quite  unrivaled  in  plot,  and  is  to 
be  rivaled  only  in  his  own  works  for  felicitous  delineation  of 
character.  The  little  which  we  have  told  us  of  Allworthy,  espe- 
cially that  which  relates  to  his  feelings  respecting  his  deceased 
wife,  makes  us  feel  for  him,  as  for  one  of  the  best  and  most 
revered  friends  of  our  childhood.  Was  ever  the  w  soul  of  s^ood- 
ness  in  things  evil w  better  disclosed  than  in  the  scruples  and 
the  dishonesty  of  Black  George,  that  tenderest  of  gamekeepers, 
and    truest    of    thieves  ?      Did    ever    health,    good-humor,    frank- 


SIR   THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD  3731 

heartedness,  and  animal  spirits  hold  out  so  freshly  against  vice 
and  fortune  as  in  the  hero  ?  Was  ever  so  plausible  a  hypocrite 
as  Blifil,  who  buys  a  Bible  of  Tom  Jones  so  delightfully,  and 
who,  by  his  admirable  imitation  of  virtue,  leaves  it  almost  in 
doubt,  whether,  by  a  counterfeit  so  dexterous,  he  did  not  merit 
some  share  of  her  rewards  ?  Who  shall  gainsay  the  cherry  lips 
of  Sophia  Western  ?  The  story  of  Lady  Bellaston  we  confess  to 
be  a  blemish.  But  if  there  be  any  vice  left  in  the  work,  the  fresh 
atmosphere  diffused  over  all  its  scenes  will  render  it  innoxious. 
<(  Joseph  Andrews 8  has  far  less  merit  as  a  story,  but  it  depicts 
Parson  Adams,  whom  it  does  the  heart  good  to  think  on.  He 
who  drew  this  character,  if  he  had  done  nothing  else,  would  not 
have  lived  in  vain.  We  fancy  we  can  see  him  with  his  torn  cas- 
sock (in  honor  of  his  high  profession),  his  volumes  of  sermons, 
which  we  really  wish  had  been  printed,  and  his  w^Eschylus, B  the 
best  of  all  the  editions  of  that  sublime  tragedian !  Whether  he 
longs  after  his  own  sermons  against  vanity  —  or  is  absorbed  in 
the  romantic  tale  of  the  fair  Leonora  —  or  uses  his  ox-like  fists 
in  defense  of  the  fairer  Fanny,  he  equally  embodies  in  his  per- 
son, (<  the  homely  beauty  of  the  good  old  cause, w  of  high  thoughts, 
pure  imaginations,  and  manners  unspotted  by  the  world. 

Smollet  seems  to  have  had  more  touches  of  romance  than  Field- 
ing, but  not  so  profound  and  intuitive  a  knowledge  of  humanity's 
hidden  treasures.  There  is  nothing  in  his  works  comparable  to 
Parson  Adams;  but  then,  on  the  other  hand,  Fielding  has  not 
anything  of  the  kind  equal  to  Strap.  Partridge  is  dry  and  hard, 
compared  with  this  poor  barber  boy,  with  his  generous  overflow- 
ings of  affection.  (<  Roderick  Random, B  indeed,  with  its  varied 
delineation  of  life,  is  almost  a  romance.  Its  hero  is  worthy  of 
his  name.  He  is  the  sport  of  fortune  rolled  about  through  the 
"many  ways  of  wretchedness, w  almost  without  resistance,  but 
ever  catching  those  tastes  of  joy  which  are  everywhere  to  be 
relished  by  those  who  are  willing  to  receive  them.  We  seem  to 
roll  on  with  him,  and  get  delectably  giddy  in  his  company. 

The  humanity  of  the  (( Vicar  of  Wakefield  w  is  less  deep  than 
that  of  "Roderick  Random, w  but  sweeter  tinges  of  fancy  are  cast 
over  it.  The  sphere  in  which  Goldsmith's  powers  moved  was 
never  very  extensive,  but  within  it  he  discovered  all  that  was 
good,  and  shed  on  it  the  tenderest  lights  of  his  sympathizing 
genius.  No  one  ever  excelled  so  much  as  he  in  depicting  amia- 
ble   follies   and    endearing   weaknesses.     His   satire   makes    us   at 


3732 


SIR   THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD 


once  smile  at  and  love  all  that  he  so  tenderly  ridicules.  The 
good  Vicar's  trust  in  monogamy,  his  son's  purchase  of  the  spec- 
tacles, his  own  sale  of  his  horse  to  his  solemn  admirer  at  the 
fair,  the  blameless  vanities  of  his  daughters,  and  his  resignation 
under  his  accumulated  sorrows,  are  among  the  best  treasures  of 
memory.  The  pastoral  scenes  in  this  exquisite  tale  are  the  sweet- 
est in  the  world.  The  scents  of  the  hayfield,  and  of  the  blos- 
soming hedgerows,  seem  to  come  freshly  to  our  senses.  The 
whole  romance  is  a  tenderly  colored  picture,  in  little,  of  human 
nature's  most  genial  qualities. 

De  Foe  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  of  English  authors. 
His  <(  Robinson  Crusoe B  is  deservedly  one  of  the  most  popular  of 
novels.  It  is  usually  the  first  read,  and  always  among  the  last 
forgotten.  The  interest  of  its  scenes  in  the  uninhabited  island  is 
altogether  peculiar;  since  there  is  nothing  to  develop  the  char- 
acter but  deep  solitude.  Man,  there,  is  alone  in  the  world,  and 
can  hold  communion  only  with  nature  and  nature's  God.  There 
is  nearly  the  same  situation  in  <(  Philoctetes, w  that  sweetest  of  the 
Greek  tragedies;  but  there  we  only  see  the  poor  exile  as  he  is 
about  to  leave  his  sad  abode,  to  which  he  has  become  attached, 
even  with  a  childlike  cleaving.  In  (<  Robinson  Crusoe w  life  is 
stripped  of  all  its  social  joys,  yet  we  feel  how  worthy  of  cherish- 
ing it  is,  with  nothing  but  silent  nature  to  cheer  it.  Thus  are 
nature  and  the  soul,  left  with  no  other  solace,  represented  in 
their  native  grandeur  and  intense  communion.  With  how  fond 
an  interest  do  we  dwell  on  all  the  exertions  of  our  fellowman, 
cut  off  from  his  kind ;  watch  his  growing  plantations  as  they  rise, 
and  seem  to  water  them  with  our  tears!  The  exceeding  vivid- 
ness of  all  the  descriptions  are  more  delightful  when  combined 
with  the  loneliness  and  distance  of  the  scene  (<  placed  far  amid 
the  melancholy  main  *  in  which  we  become  dwellers.  We  have 
grown  so  familiar  with  the  solitude,  that  the  print  of  man's  foot 
seen  in  the  sand  seems  to  appall  us  as  an  awful  thing !  —  The 
Family  Instructor  of  this  author,  in  which  he  inculcates  weightily 
his  own  notions  of  puritanical  demeanor  and  parental  authority, 
is  very  curious.  It  is  a  strange  mixture  of  narrative  and  dialogue, 
fanaticism  and  nature;  but  all  done  with  such  earnestness  that 
the  sense  of  its  reality  never  quits  us.  Nothing,  however,  can  be 
more  harsh  and  unpleasing  than  the  impression  which  it  leaves. 
It  does  injustice  both  to  religion  and  the  world.  It  represents 
the  innocent  pleasures  of   the  latter  as  deadly  sins,  and  the  for- 


SIR   THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD  3733 

mer  as  most  gloomy,  austere,  and  exclusive.  One  lady  resolves 
on  poisoning-  her  husband,  and  another  determines  to  go  to  the 
play,  and  the  author  treats  both  offenses  with  a  severity  nearly 
equal ! 

Far  different  from  this  ascetic  novel  is  that  best  of  religious 
romances,  the  <(  Fool  of  Quality. B  The  piety  there  is  at  once 
most  deep  and  most  benign.  There  is  much,  indeed,  of  eloquent 
mysticism,  but  all  evidently  most  heartfelt  and  sincere.  The 
yearnings  of  the  soul  after  universal  good  and  intimate  commun- 
ion with  the  divine  nature  were  never  more  nobly  shown.  The 
author  is  most  prodigal  of  his  intellectual  wealth  — <(  his  bounty 
is  as  boundless  as  the  sea,  his  love  as  deep."  He  gives  to  his 
chief  characters  riches  endless  as  the  spiritual  stores  of  his  own 
heart.  It  is,  indeed,  only  the  last  which  gives  value  to  the  first 
in  his  writings.  It  is  easy  to  endow  men  with  millions  on  paper, 
and  to  make  them  willing  to  scatter  them  among  the  wretched; 
but  it  is  the  corresponding  bounty  and  exuberance  of  the  author's 
soul  which  here  makes  the  money  sterling  and  the  charity 
divine.  The  hero  of  this  romance  always  appears  to  our  imagi- 
nation like  a  radiant  vision  encircled  with  celestial  glories.  The 
stories  introduced  in  it  are  delightful  exceptions  to  the  usual 
rule  by  which  such  incidental  tales  are  properly  regarded  as  im- 
pertinent intrusions.  That  of  David  Doubtful  is  of  the  most 
romantic  interest,  and  at  the  same  time  steeped  in  feeling  the 
most  profound.  But  that  of  Clement  and  his  wife  is  perhaps  the 
finest.  The  scene  in  which  they  are  discovered,  having  placidly 
lain  down  to  die  of  hunger  together,  in  gentle  submission  to 
heaven,  depicts  a  quiescence  the  most  sublime,  yet  the  most 
affecting.  Nothing  can  be  more  delightful  than  the  sweetening 
ingredients  in  their  cup  of  sorrow.  The  heroic  act  of  the  lady 
to  free  herself  from  her  ravisher's  grasp,  her  trial  and  her 
triumphant  acquittal,  have  a  grandeur  above  that  of  tragedy. 
The  genial  spirit  of  the  author's  faith  leads  him  to  exult  espe- 
cially in  the  repentance  of  the  wicked.  No  human  writer  seems 
ever  to  have  hailed  the  contrite  with  so  cordial  a  welcome.  His 
scenes  appear  overspread  with  a  rich  atmosphere  of  tenderness, 
which  softens  and  consecrates  all  things. 

We  would  not  pass  over,  without  a  tribute  of  gratitude,  Mrs. 
Radcliffe's  wild  and  wondrous  tales.  When  we  read  them,  the 
world  seems  shut  out,  and  we  breathe  only  in  an  enchanted  re- 
gion, where  lovers'   lutes  tremble  over    placid    waters,  moldering 


3734  SIR  THOMAS   NOON   TALFOURD 

castles  rise  conscious  of  deeds  of  blood,  and  the  sad  voices  of 
the  past  echo  through  deep  vaults  and  lonely  galleries.  There  is 
always  majesty  in  her  terrors.  She  produces  more  effect  by 
whispers  and  slender  hints  that  ever  was  attained  by  the  most 
vivid  display  of  horrors.  Her  conclusions  are  tame  and  impotent 
almost  without  example.  But  while  her  spells  actually  operate, 
her  power  is  truly  magical.  Who  can  ever  forget  the  scene  in 
the  <(  Romance  of  the  Forest, ®  where  the  marquis,  who  has  long 
sought  to  make  the  heroine  the  victim  of  licentious  love,  after 
working  on  her  protector,  over  whom  he  has  a  mysterious  influ- 
ence, to  steal  at  night  into  her  chamber,  and  when  his  trembling 
listener  expects  only  a  requisition  for  delivering  her  into  his 
hands,  replies  to  the  question  of  <(  then  —  to-night,  my  lord !  * 
<(  Adelaide  dies  }>  —  or  the  allusions  to  the  dark  veil  in  the  (<  Mys- 
teries of  Udolpho  w  —  or  the  stupendous  scenes  in  Spalatro's  cot- 
tage ?  Of  all  romance  writers  Mrs.  Radcliffe  is  the  most  romantic. 
The  present  age  has  produced  a  singular  number  of  authors 
of  delightful  prose  fiction,  on  whom  we  intend  to  give  a  series 
of  criticisms.  We  shall  begin  with  Mackenzie,  whom  we  shall 
endeavor  to  compare  with  Sterne,  and  for  this  reason  we  have 
passed  over  the  works  of  the  latter  in  our  present  cursory  view 
of  the  novelists  of  other  days. 

Complete.     From  the  New  Monthly 
Magazine. 


3735 


WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  THACKERAY 

(1811-1863) 

t  seems  to  me  those  verses  shine  like  the   stars.  *     Thackeray 
said  of  Addison's  hymn:  — 

wThe  spacious  firmament  on  high 
With  all   the  blue  ethereal  sky, 
And   spangled  heavens,    a    shining  frame, 
Their  great  Original  proclaim. » 

Perhaps  nothing  else  ever  said  of  Addison  comes  so  near  doing 
justice  to  the  calm  radiance  of  his  genius.  But  of  Thackeray  him- 
self with  no  less  propriety  than  of  Addison,  it  might  be  said  that  his 
whole  life  work  (<  shines  like  the  stars. w  In  manliness,  in  tenderness, 
in  sympathy  for  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men,  in  freedom  from 
delusions,  in  hate  of  cant,  in  love  of  truth,  he  is  first  among  the 
novelists  of  England  and  first  without  a  rival.  His  (<  Vanity  Fair w  is 
to  English  fiction  what  (( Hamlet w  is  to  English  plays.  There  is 
nothing  else  which  resembles  it  or  approaches  it.  Though,  like 
Shakespeare,  Thackeray  produced  one  masterpiece  after  another,  until 
it  seems  that  his  genius  had  no  other  limits  than  that  of  the  univer- 
sal life  of  the  race,  his  great  novel  retains  its  place  of  unquestion- 
able eminence  among  his  own  works  as  it  does  among  the  works  of 
all  other  English  novelists.  In  w  Vanity  Fair  w  and  w  Les  Miserables B 
the  nineteenth  century  reached  its  climaxes  of  art  in  prose  fiction. 
They  stand  with  the  first  part  of  (<  Faust, M  as  the  highest  products  of 
literary  art  since  the  (<  Paradise  Lost.w 

As  an  essayist  Thackeray  is  always  charming  for  ten  minutes  at 
a  time.  After  that,  he  needs  the  support  of  a  plot  to  prevent  him 
from  lapsing  into  the  sober  sadness  of  preaching.  He  was  a  humor- 
ist because  human  life  made  him  sorrowful.  He  loved  men  so  well 
that  the  suffering  of  human  life  filled  him  with  grief  too  deep  for 
expression,  and  he  became  a  story  teller  for  the  same  reason  that 
some  silver-haired  old  man,  with  his  grandchildren  on  his  knees,  and 
the  whole  sum  of  the  suffering  of  life  in  his  memory,  tells  them  tales, 
which  they  smile  to  hear,  not  knowing  that  the  dragons,  the  giants, 
and  the  ogres  which  the  Invincible  Prince  conquers  are  to  be  fought 
and,  it  may  be,  mastered  in  the  struggles  between  the  Divine  Soul 
in  them  and  the  Principalities  and  Powers  which  oppose  it.  Such  a 
grandfather  is  to  the  children  he  loves   as   Thackeray  is  to  all  of  us. 


3736  WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 

He  knows  things  unspeakable  which  it  is  not  lawful  for   any  man  to 
utter  except  in  tale  and  parable. 

He  was  born  July  18th,  1811,  at  Calcutta,  where  his  father  was 
employed  in  the  civil  service  of  the  British  imperial  government. 
When  about  five  years  old  he  was  sent  to  England  and  entered  at 
the  Charterhouse  School,  from  which  he  went  (1829)  to  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  Leaving  Cambridge  in  1830  without  a  degree,  he 
traveled  for  several  years  and  in  1833  began  writing  for  the  National 
Standard  and  other  periodicals, — including  finally  Punch,  to  which 
he  remained  a  favorite  contributor.  ((  The  Yellowplush  Papers  "  which 
contain  the  most  artistic  bad  spelling  in  English  literature  were  be- 
gun in  Fraser's  in  1837.  They  illustrate  Thackeray's  attitude  towards 
the  governing  classes  in  England  and  suggest  the  motive  for  (<  Vanity 
Fair,"  which,  when  it  appeared  (1846-48),  at  once  established  his  place 
among  the  greatest  writers  of  England.  He  was  kept  busy  after- 
wards until  his  death,  December  24th,  1863.  (<  Pendennis,"  1848-50; 
« Henry  Esmond,"  1852;  « The  Newcomes,"  1853-55;  and  "The  Vir- 
ginians,w  1857-59,  were  accompanied  by  an  uninterrupted  succession 
of  stories,  sketches,  essays,  and  lectures.  w  The  English  Humorists  * 
was  originally  a  series  of  lectures  first  delivered  in  185 1,  and  (<The 
Four  Georges"  (i860)  is  made  up  of  the  lectures  he  delivered  during 
his  tour  in  the  United  States  in  1855.  His  (<  Roundabout  Papers," 
which  appeared  in  1862,  was  his  last  work  published  during  his  life- 
time, but  his  a  Early  and  Late  Papers  "  and  his  w  Ballads  "  were  edited 
and  published  after  his  death. 

As  a  novelist  he  belongs  to  the  school  of  Fielding,  whom  he  far 
surpasses.  As  a  humorist  he  has  learned  most  from  Addison,  whom 
he  equals  in  tenderness  and  surpasses  in  breadth,  though  not  com- 
parable with  him  in  delicacy  of  execution.  He  is  often  compared  to 
Dickens,  but  in  their  modes  of  thought  and  of  execution  they  were 
wholly  different.  If  Thackeray  is  to  be  classed  among  English  men 
of  letters,  it  must  be  with  Shakespeare,  the  only  English  writer  who 
has  surpassed  him  in  power  to  feel  and  to  express  the  sum  total  of 
the  pain  and  pleasure  of  human  life.  W.  V.  B. 


ON  A  JOKE  I  ONCE  HEARD  FROM  THE  LATE  THOMAS  HOOD 

The  good-natured  reader  who  has  perused  some  of  these  ram- 
bling papers  has  long  since  seen  (if  to  see  has  been  worth 
his  trouble)  that  the  writer  belongs  to  the  old-fashioned 
classes  of  this  world,  loves  to  remember  very  much  more  than  to 
prophesy,  and  though  he  can't  help  being  carried  onward,  and 
downward,  perhaps,  on  the  hill  of  life,  the  swift  milestones  mark- 
ing their  forties,  fifties  —  how  many  tens  or  lustres  shall  we  say  ? 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY  3737 

—  he  sits  under  Time,  the  white -wigged  charioteer,  with  his  back 
to  the  horses,  and  his  face  to  the  past,  looking  at  the  receding 
landscape  and  the  hills  fading  into  the  gray  distance.  Ah,  me! 
those  gray  distant  hills  were  green  once,  and  here,  and  covered 
with  smiling  people !  As  we  came  up  the  hill  there  was  difficulty, 
and  here  and  there  a  hard  pull,  to  be  sure,  but  strength,  and 
spirits,  and  all  sorts  of  cheery  incident  and  companionship  on  the 
road;  there  were  the  tough  struggles  (by  Heaven's  merciful  will) 
overcome,  the  pauses,  the  faintings,  the  weakness,  the  lost  way, 
perhaps,  the  bitter  weather,  the  dreadful  partings,  the  lonely 
night,  the  passionate  grief  —  towards  these  I  turn  my  thoughts 
as  I  sit  and  think  in  my  hobby-coach  under  Time,  the  silver- 
wigged  charioteer.  The  young  folks  in  the  same  carriage  mean- 
while are  looking  forwards.  Nothing  escapes  their  keen  eyes  — 
not  a  flower  at  the  side  of  a  cottage  garden,  nor  a  bunch  of  rosy- 
faced  children  at  the  gate:  the  landscape  is  all  bright,  the  air 
brisk  and  jolly,  the  town  yonder  looks  beautiful,  and  do  you 
think  they  have  learned  to  be  difficult  about  the  dishes  at  the 
inn  ? 

Now,  suppose  Paterfamilias  on  his  journey  with  his  wife  and 
children  in  the  sociable,  and  he  passes  an  ordinary  brick  house 
on  the  road  with  an  ordinary  little  garden  in  the  front,  we  will 
say,  and  quite  an  ordinary  knocker  to  the  door,  and  as  many 
sashed  windows  as  you  please,  quite  common  and  square,  and 
tiles,  windows,  chimney  pots,  quite  like  others;  or  suppose,  in 
driving  over  such  and  such  a  common,  he  sees  an  ordinary  tree, 
and  an  ordinary  donkey  browsing  under  it,  if  you  like  —  wife  and 
daughter  look  at  these  objects  without  the  slightest  particle  of 
curiosity  or  interest.  What  is  a  brass  knocker  to  them  but  a 
lion's  head,  or  what  not  ?  and  a  thorn  tree  with  a  pool  beside  it, 
but  a  pool  in  which  a  thorn  and  a  jackass  are  reflected  ? 

But  you  remember  how  once  upon  a  time  your  heart  used  to 
beat,  as  you  beat  on  that  brass  knocker,  and  whose  eyes  looked 
from  the  window  above  ?  You  remember  how  by  that  thorn  tree 
and  pool,  where  the  geese  were  performing  a  prodigious  evening 
concert,  there  might  be  seen,  at  a  certain  hour,  somebody  in  a 
certain  cloak  and  bonnet,  who  happened  to  be  coming  from  a 
village  yonder,  and  whose  image  had  flickered  in  that  pool  ?  In 
that  pool  near  the  thorn  ?  Yes,  in  that  goose  pool,  never  mind 
how  long  ago,  when  there  were  reflected  the  images  of  the  geese 

—  and  two  geese  more.     Here,  at  least,  an  oldster  may  have  the 


3738  WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 

advantage  of  his  young  fellow-travelers,  and  so  Putney  Heath  or 
the  New  Road  may  be  invested  with  a  halo  of  brightness  invisi- 
ble to  them,  because  it  only  beams  out  of  his  own  soul. 

I  have  been  reading  the  (<  Memorials  w  of  Hood  by  his  children, 
and  wonder  whether  the  book  will  have  the  same  interest  for 
others  and  for  younger  people,  as  for  persons  of  my  own  age 
and  calling.  Books  of  travel  to  any  country  become  interesting 
to  us  who  have  been  there.  Men  revisit  the  old  school,  though 
hateful  to  them,  with  ever  so  much  kindliness  and  sentimental 
affection.  There  was  the  tree,  under  which  the  bully  licked  you; 
here  the  ground  where  you  had  to  fag  out  on  holidays,  and  so 
forth.  In  a  word,  my  dear  sir,  You  are  the  most  interesting 
subject  to  yourself  of  any  that  can  occupy  your  worship's  thoughts. 
I  have  no  doubt  a  Crimean  soldier,  reading  a  history  of  that 
siege,  and  how  Jones  and  the  gallant  99th  were  ordered  to  charge, 
or  what  not,  thinks,  <(  Ah,  yes,  we  of  the  100th  were  placed  so 
and  so,  I  perfectly  remember. B  So  with  this  <(  Memorial  B  of  poor 
Hood,  it  may  have,  no  doubt,  a  greater  interest  for  me  than  for 
others,  for  I  was  fighting,  so  to  speak,  in  a  different  part  of  the 
field,  and  engaged,  a  young  subaltern  in  the  battle  of  Life,  in  which 
Hood  fell,  young  still  and  covered  with  glory.  The  ((  Bridge  of 
Sighs"  was  his  Corunna,  his  Heights  of  Abraham — sickly,  weak, 
wounded,  he  fell  in  the  full  blaze  and  fame  of  that  great 
victory. 

What  manner  of  man  was  the  genius  who  penned  that  famous 
song  ?  What  like  was  Wolfe,  who  climbed  and  conquered  on  those 
famous  Heights  of  Abraham  ?  We  all  want  to  know  details  re- 
garding men  who  have  achieved  famous  feats,  whether  of  war,  or 
wit,  or  eloquence,  or  endurance,  or  knowledge.  His  one  or  two 
happy  and  heroic  actions  take  a  man's  name  and  memory  out  of 
the  crowd  of  names  and  memories.  Henceforth  he  stands  emi- 
nent. We  scan  him;  we  want  to  know  all  about  him;  we  walk 
round  and  examine  him,  are  curious,  perhaps,  and  think  are  we 
not  as  strong  and  tall  and  capable  as  yonder  champion;  were  we 
not  bred  as  well,  and  could  we  not  endure  the  winter's  cold  as 
well  as  he  ?  Or  we  look  up  with  all  our  eyes  of  admiration ;  will 
find  no  fault  with  our  hero;  declare  his  beauty  and  proportions 
perfect;  his  critics  envious  detractors,  and  so  forth.  Yesterday, 
before  he  performed  his  feat,  he  was  nobody.  Who  cared  about 
his  birthplace,  his  parentage,  or  the  color  of  his  hair  ?  To-day, 
by  some  single  achievement,   or   by  a   series    of   great   actions  to 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY  3739 

which  his  genius  accustoms  us,  he  is  famous,  and  antiquarians  are 
busy  finding  out  under  what  schoolmaster's  ferule  he  was  edu- 
cated, where  his  grandmother  was  vaccinated,  and  so  forth.  If 
half  a  dozen  washing  bills  of  Goldsmith  were  to  be  found  to- 
morrow, would  they  not  inspire  a  general  interest,  and  be  printed 
in  a  hundred  papers  ?  I  lighted  upon  Oliver,  not  very  long  since, 
in  an  old  Town  and  Country  Magazine,  at  the  Pantheon  mas- 
querade <(  in  an  old  English  habit. »  Straightway  my  imagination 
ran  out  to  meet  him,  to  look  at  him,  to  follow  him  about.  I  for- 
got the  names  of  scores  of  fine  gentlemen  of  the  past  age,  who 
were  mentioned  besides.  We  want  to  see  this  man  who  has 
amused  and  charmed  us;  who  has  been  our  friend,  and  given  us 
hours  of  pleasant  companionship  and  kindly  thought.  I  protest 
when  I  came,  in  the  midst  of  those  names  of  people  of  fashion, 
and  beaux,  and  demireps,  upon  those  names,  <(  Sir  J.  R-yn-lds,  in 
a  domino;  Mr.  Cr-d-ck  and  Dr.  G-ldsm-th,  in  two  old-English 
dresses, w  I  had,  so  to  speak,  my  heart  in  my  mouth.  What,  you 
here,  my  dear  Sir  Joshua  ?  Ah,  what  an  honor  and  privilege  it 
is  to  see  you !  This  is  Mr.  Goldsmith  ?  And  very  much,  sir,  the 
ruff  and  the  slashed  doublet  become  you!  O  Doctor!  what  a 
pleasure  I  had  and  have  in  reading  <(  Animated  Nature. w  How 
did  you  learn  the  secret  of  writing  the  decasyllabic  line,  and 
whence  that  sweet  wailing  note  of  tenderness  that  accompanies 
your  song  ?  Was  Beau  Tibbs  a  real  man,  and  will  you  do  me 
the  honor  of  allowing  me  to  sit  at  your  table  at  supper  ?  Don't 
you  think  you  know  how  he  would  have  talked  ?  Would  you  not 
have  liked  to  hear  him  prattle  over  the  champagne  ? 

Now,  Hood  is  passed  away  —  passed  off  the  earth  as  much  as 
Goldsmith  or  Horace.  The  times  in  which  he  lived,  and  in  which 
very  many  of  us  lived  and  were  young,  are  changing  or  changed. 
I  saw  Hood  once  as  a  young  man,  at  a  dinner  which  seems  al- 
most as  ghostly  now  as  that  masquerade  at  the  Pantheon  (1772), 
of  which  we  were  speaking  anon.  It  was  at  a  dinner  of  the 
Literary  Fund,  in  that  vast  apartment  which  is  hung  round  with 
the  portraits  of  very  large  Royal  Freemasons,  now  unsubstantial 
ghosts.  There  at  the  end  of  the  room  was  Hood.  Some  pub- 
lishers, I  think,  were  our  companions.  I  quite  remember  his  pale 
face;  he  was  thin  and  deaf,  and  very  silent;  he  scarcely  opened 
his  lips  during  the  dinner,  and  he  made  one  pun.  Some  gentle- 
man missed   his    snuffbox,   and    Hood    said, (the    Freemasons' 

Tavern  was  kept,  you  must  remember,  by  Mr.  Cuff  in  those  days, 


3740  WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 


J 


not  by  its  present  proprietors).  Well,  the  box  being  lost,  and 
asked  for,  and  Cnff  (remember  that  name)  being  the  name  of 
the  landlord,  Hood  opened  his  silent  jaws  and  said.  *  *  *  Shall 
I  tell  you  what  he  said  ?  It  was  not  a  very  good  pun,  which  the 
great  punster  then  made.  Choose  your  favorite  pun  out  of  (<  Whims 
and  Oddities, w  and  fancy  that  was  the  joke  which  he  contributed 
to  the  hilarity  of  our  little  table. 

Where  those  asterisks  are  drawn  on  the  page,  you  must  know 
a  pause  occurred,  during  which  I  was  engaged  with  <(  Hood's  Own," 
having  been  referred  to  the  book,  by  this  life  of  the  author 
which  I  have  just  been  reading.  I  am  not  going  to  dissert  on 
Hood's  humor;  I  am  not  a  fair  judge.  Have  I  not  said  elsewhere 
that  there  are  one  or  two  wonderfully  old  gentlemen  still  alive 
who  used  to  give  me  tips  when  I  was  a  boy  ?  I  can't  be  a  fair 
critic  about  them.  I  always  think  of  that  sovereign,  that  rapture 
of  raspberry  tarts,  which  made  my  young  days  happy.  Those  old 
sovereign  contributors  may  tell  stories  ever  so  old,  and  I  shall 
laugh;  they  may  commit  murder,  and  I  shall  believe  it  was  justi- 
fiable homicide.  There  is  my  friend  Baggs,  who  goes  about  abus- 
ing me,  and  of  course  our  dear  mutual  friends  tell  me.  Abuse 
away,  mon  bon !  You  were  so  kind  to  me  when  I  wanted  kind- 
ness, that  you  may  take  the  change  out  of  that  gold  now,  and  say 
I  am  a  cannibal  and  negro,  if  you  will.  Ha,  Baggs!  Dost  thou 
wince  as  thou  readest  this  line  ?  Does  guilty  conscience  throbbing 
at  thy  breast  tell  thee  of  whom  the  fable  is  narrated  ?  Puff  out 
thy  wrath,  and  when  it  has  ceased  to  blow,  my  Baggs  shall 
be  to  me  as  the  Baggs  of  old  —  the  generous,  the  gentle,  the 
friendly. 

No,  on  second  thoughts  I  am  determined  I  will  not  repeat 
that  joke  which  I  heard  Hood  make.  He  says  he  wrote  these 
jokes  with  such  ease  that  he  sent  manuscripts  to  the  publishers 
faster  than  they  could  acknowledge  the  receipt  thereof.  I  won't 
say  that  they  were  all  good  jokes,  or  that  to  read  a  great  book 
full  of  them  is  a  work  at  present  altogether  jocular.  Writing  to 
a  friend  respecting  some  memoir  of  him  which  had  been  pub- 
lished, Hood  says,  w  You  will  judge  how  well  the  author  knows 
me,  when  he  says  my  mind  is  rather  serious  than  comic. })  At 
the  time  when  he  wrote  these  words,  he  evidently  undervalued 
his  own  serious  power,  and  thought  that  in  punning  and  broad 
grinning  lay  his  chief  strength.  Is  not  there  something  touching 
in  that  simplicity  and  humility  of  faith  ?     «  To  make  laugh  is  my 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY  3741 

calling, "  says  he;  <(  I  must  jump,  I  must  grin,  I  must  tumble,  I 
must  turn  language  head  over  heels,  and  leap  through  grammar " ; 
and  he  goes  to  his  work  humbly  and  courageously,  and  what  he 
has  to  do  that  does  he  with  all  his  might,  through  sickness, 
through  sorrow,  through  exile,  poverty,  fever,  depression  —  there 
he  is,  always  ready  to  his  work,  and  with  a  jewel  of  genius  in 
his  pocket!  Why,  when  he  laid  down  his  puns  and  pranks,  put 
the  motley  off,  and  spoke  out  of  his  heart,  all  England  and  Amer- 
ica listened  in  tears  and  wonder!  Other  men  have  delusions  of 
conceit  and  fancy  themselves  greater  than  they  are,  and  that  the 
world  slights  them.  Have  we  not  heard  how  Liston  always  thought 
he  ought  to  play  Hamlet  ?  Here  is  a  man  with  a  power  to  touch 
the  heart  almost  unequaled,  and  he  passes  days  and  years  in 
writing  (<  Young  Ben  he  was  a  nice  young  man,"  and  so  forth. 
To  say  truth,  I  have  been  reading  in  a  book  of  <(  Hood's  Own  B 
until  I  am  perfectly  angry.  (<  You  great  man,  you  good  man, 
you  true  genius  and  poet,"  I  cry  out,  as  I  turn  page  after  page. 
<(  Do,  do,  make  no  more  of  these  jokes,  but  be  yourself,  and  take 
your  station." 

When  Hood  was  on  his  deathbed,  Sir  Robert  Peel,  who  only 
knew  of  his  illness,  not  of  his  imminent  danger,  wrote  to  him 
a  noble  and  touching  letter,  announcing  that  a  pension  was  con- 
ferred   on  him :  — 

<(  I  am  more  than  repaid,"  writes  Peel,  ((by  the  personal  satis- 
faction  which  I  have  had  in  doing  that  for  which  you  return  me 
warm  and  characteristic  acknowledgments. 

<(  You  perhaps  think  that  you  are  known  to  one  with  such 
multifarious  occupations  as  myself  merely  by  general  reputation 
as  an  author;  but  I  assure  you  that  there  can  be  little  which 
you  have  written  and  acknowledged  which  I  have  not  read;  and 
that  there  are  few  who  can  appreciate  and  admire  more  than  my- 
self the  good  sense  and  good  feeling  which  have  taught  you  to 
infuse  so  much  fun  and  merriment  into  writings  correcting  folly 
and  exposing  absurdities,  and  yet  never  trespassing  beyond  those 
limits  within  which  wit  and  facetiousness  are  not  very  often  con- 
fined. You  may  write  on  with  the  consciousness  of  independ- 
ence, as  free  and  unfettered  as  if  no  communication  had  ever 
passed  between  us.  I  am  not  conferring  a  private  obligation 
upon  you,  but  am  fulfilling  the  intentions  of  the  legislature  which 
has  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  crown  a  certain  sum  (miserable, 
indeed,  in  amount)  to  be  applied  to  the  recognition  of  public  claims 


3742 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 


on  the  bounty  of  the  crown.  If  you  will  review  the  names  of 
those  whose  claims  have  been  admitted  on  account  of  their  lit- 
erary or  scientific  eminence,  you  will  find  an  ample  confirmation 
of  the   truth  of   my   statement. 

((One  return,  indeed,  I  shall  ask  of  you, —  that  you  will  give 
me  the  opportunity  of   making  your  personal  acquaintance. B 

And  Hood,  writing  to  a  friend,  inclosing  a  copy  of  Peel's  let- 
ter says:  <(  Sir  R.  Peel  came  from  Burleigh  on  Tuesday  night, 
and  went  down  to  Brighton  on  Saturday.  If  he  had  written  by 
post,  I  should  not  have  had  it  till  to-day.  So  he  sent  his  servant 
with  the  inclosed  on  Saturday  night;  another  mark  of  considerate 
attention. B  He  is  frightfully  unwell,  he  continues;  his  wife  says 
he  looks  quite  green ;  but  ill  as  he  is,  poor  fellow,  (<  his  well  is  not 
dry.  He  has  pumped  out  a  sheet  of  Christmas  fun,  is  drawing 
some  cuts,  and  shall  write  a  sheet  more  of  his   novel. * 

O  sad,  marvelous  picture  of  courage,  of  honesty,  of  patient 
endurance,  of  duty  struggling  against  pain!  How  noble  Peel's 
figure  is  standing  by  that  sick  bed !  How  generous  his  words,  how 
dignified  and  sincere  his  compassion!  And  the  poor  dying  man, 
with  a  heart  full  of  natural  gratitude  towards  his  noble  bene- 
factor, must  turn  to  him  and  say :  (<  If  it  be  well  to  be  remem- 
bered by  a  minister,  it  is  better  still  not  to  be  forgotten  by  him 
in  a  (  hurly  Burleigh ! )  M  Can  you  laugh  ?  Is  not  the  joke  hor- 
ribly pathetic  from  the  poor  dying  lips  ?  As  dying  Robin  Hood 
must  fire  a  last  shot  with  his  bow  —  as  one  reads  of  Catholics  on 
their  deathbeds  putting  on  a  Capuchin  dress  to  go  out  of  the 
world  —  here  is  poor  Hood  at  his  last  hour  putting  on  his  ghastly 
motley,  and  uttering  one  joke  more. 

He  dies,  however,  in  dearest  love  and  peace  with  his  children, 
wife,  and  friends;  to  the  former  especially  his  whole  life  had 
been  devoted,  and  every  day  showed  his  fidelity,  simplicity,  and 
affection.  In  going  through  the  record  of  his  most  pure,  modest, 
honorable  life,  and  living  along  with  him,  you  come  to  trust  him 
thoroughly,  and  feel  that  here  is  a  most  loyal,  affectionate,  and 
upright  soul,  with  whom  you  have  been  brought  into  communion. 
Can  we  say  as  much  for  all  lives  of  all  men  of  letters  ?  Here  is 
one  at  least  without  guile,  without  pretension,  without  scheming, 
of  a  pure  life,  to  his  family  and  little  modest  circle  of  friends 
tenderly  devoted. 

And  what  a  hard  work,  and  what  a  slender  reward!  In  the 
little  domestic  details  with  which  the  book    abounds,  what  a  sim- 


WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  THACKERAY  3743 

pie  life  is  shown  to  us!  The  most  simple  little  pleasures  and 
amusements  delight  and  occupy  him.  You  have  revels  on  shrimps; 
the  good  wife  making  the  pie;  details  about  the  maid,  and  criti- 
cisms on  her  conduct;  wonderful  tricks  played  with  the  plum 
pudding  —  all  the  pleasures  centring  round  the  little  humble 
home.  One  of  the  first  men  of  his  time,  he  is  appointed  editor 
of  a  magazine  at  a  salary  of  ^"300  per  annum,  signs  himself  ex- 
ultingly  (<  Ed.  N.  M.  M.,})  and  the  family  rejoice  over  the  income 
as  over  a  fortune.  He  goes  to  a  Greenwich  dinner  —  what  a 
feast  and  rejoicing  afterwards! 

(<  Well,  we  drank  ( the  Boz )  with  a  delectable  clatter,  which 
drew  from  him  a  good  warm-hearted  speech.  .  .  .  He  looked 
very  well,  and  had  a  younger  brother  along  with  him. 
Then  we  had  songs.  Barham  chanted  a  Robin-Hood  ballad,  and 
Cruikshank  sang  a  burlesque  ballad  of  Lord  H ;  and  some- 
body, unknown  to  me,  gave  a  capital  imitation  of  a  French  show- 
man. Then  we  toasted  Mrs.  Boz,  and  the  Chairman,  and  Vice, 
and  the  Traditional  Priest  sang  the  (  Deep,  Deep  Sea,'  in  his  deep, 
deep  voice;  and  then  we  drank  to  Procter,  who  wrote  the  said 
song;  also  Sir  J.  Wilson's  good  health,  and  Cruikshank's  and 
Ainsworth's:  and  a  Manchester  friend  of  the  latter  sang  a  Man- 
chester ditty,  so  full  of  trading  stuff,  that  it  really  seemed  to 
have  been  not  composed,  but  manufactured.  Jerdan,  as  Jerdanish 
as  usual  on  such  occasions  —  you  know  how  paradoxically  he  is 
quite  at  home  in  dining  out.  As  to  myself,  I  had  to  make  my 
second  maiden  speech,  for  Mr.  Monckton  Milnes  proposed  my 
health  in  terms  my  modesty  might  allow  me  to  repeat  to  you, 
but  my  memory  won't.  However,  I  ascribed  the  toast  to  my 
notoriously  bad  health,  and  assured  them  that  their  wishes  had 
already  improved  it  —  that  I  felt  a  brisker  circulation — a  more 
genial  warmth  about  the  heart,  and  explained  that  a  certain 
trembling  of  my  hand  was  not  from  palsy,  or  my  old  ague,  but 
an  inclination  in  my  hand  to  shake  itself  with  every  one  present. 
Whereupon  I  had  to  go  through  the  friendly  ceremony  with  as 
many  of  the  company  as  were  within  reach,  besides  a  few  more 
who  came  express  from  the  other  end  of  the  table.  Very  grati- 
fying, wasn't  it  ?  Though  I  cannot  go  quite  so  far  as  Jane,  who 
wants  me  to  have  that  hand  chopped  off,  bottled,  and  preserved 
in  spirits.  She  was  sitting  up  for  me,  very  anxiously,  as  usual 
when  I  go  out,  because  I  am  so  domestic  and  steady,  and  was 
down  at  the  door  before  I  could  ring  at  the  gate,  to  which    Boz 


3744  WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 

kindly  sent  me  in  his  own  carriage.  Poor  girl!  what  would  she 
do  if  she  had  a  wild  husband  instead  of  a  tame  one  ?  8 

And  the  poor  anxious  wife  is  sitting  up,  and  fondles  the 
hand  which  has  been  shaken  by  so  many  illustrious  men!  The 
little  feast  dates  back  only  eighteen  years,  and  yet  somehow  it 
seems  as  distant  as  a  dinner  at  Mr.  Thrale's,  or  a  meeting  at 
Will's. 

Poor  little  gleam  of  sunshine!  very  little  good  cheer  enlivens 
that  sad  simple  life.  We  have  the  triumph  of  the  magazine; 
then  a  new  magazine  projected  and  produced;  then  illness  and 
the  last  scene,  and  the  kind  Peel  by  the  dying  man's  bedside, 
speaking  noble  words  of  respect  and  sympathy,  and  soothing  the 
last  throbs  of  the  tender,  honest  heart. 

I  like,  I  say,  Hood's  life  even  better  than  his  books,  and  I 
wish,  with  all  my  heart,  Monsieur  et  cher  confrere,  the  same 
could  be  said  for  both  of  us,  when  the  ink  stream  of  our  life 
hath  ceased  to  run.  Yes:  if  I  drop  first,  dear  Baggs,  I  trust  you 
may  find  reason  to  modify  some  of  the  unfavorable  views  of  my 
character,  which  you  are  freely  imparting  to  our  mutual  friends. 
What  ought  to  be  the  literary  man's  point  of  honor  nowadays  ? 
Suppose,  friendly  reader,  you  are  one  of  the  craft,  what  legacy 
would  you  like  to  leave  your  children  ?  First  of  all  (and  by 
Heaven's  gracious  help)  you  would  pray  and  strive  to  give  them 
such  an  endowment  of  love  as  should  last  certainly  for  all  their 
lives,  and  perhaps  be  transmitted  to  their  children.  You  would 
(by  the  same  aid  and  blessing)  keep  your  honor  pure  and  trans- 
mit a  name  unstained  to  those  who  have  a  right  to  bear  it.  You 
would, —  though  this  faculty  of  giving  is  one  of  the  easiest  of  the 
literary  man's  qualities, —  you  would,  out  of  your  earnings,  small 
or  great,  be  able  to  help  a  poor  brother  in  need,  to  dress  his 
wounds,  and,  if  it  were  but  twopence,  to  give  him  succor.  Is 
the  money  which  the  noble  Macaulay  gave  to  the  poor  lost  to 
his  family  ?  God  forbid.  To  the  loving  hearts  of  his  kindred  is 
it  not  rather  the  most  precious  part  of  their  inheritance  ?  It 
was  invested  in  love  and  righteous  doing,  and  it  bears  interest 
in  heaven.  You  will,  if  letters  be  your  vocation,  find  saving 
harder  than  giving  or  spending.  To  save,  be  your  endeavor, 
too,  against  the  night's  coming  when  no  man  may  work;  when 
the  arm  is  weary  with  the  long  day's  labor;  when  the  brain 
perhaps  grows  dark;  when  the  old,  who  can  labor  no  more,  want 
warmth  and  rest,  and  the  young  ones  call  for  supper. 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY  3745 

LIFE   IN   OLD-TIME    LONDON 

We  have  brought  our  Georges  to  London  city,  and  if  we 
would  behold  its  aspect  may  see  it  in  Hogarth's  lively 
perspective  of  Cheapsica  or  read  of  it  in  a  hundred  con- 
temporary books  which  pain,  the  manners  of  that  age.  Our  dear 
old  Spectator  looks  smiling  upon  the  streets,  with  their  innumer- 
able signs,  and  describes  them  with  his  charming  humor.  (<  Our 
streets  are  filled  with  Blue  Boars,  Black  Swans,  and  Red  Lions, 
not  to  mention  Flying  Pigs  and  Hogs  in  Armor,  with  other 
creatures  more  extraordinary  than  any  in  the  deserts  of  Africa.* 
A  few  of  these  quaint  old  figures  still  remain  in  London  town. 
You  may  still  see  there,  and  over  its  old  hostel  in  Ludgate  Hill, 
the  <(  Belle  Sauvage  w  to  whom  the  Spectator  so  pleasantly  alludes 
in  that  paper;  and  who  was,  probably,  no  other  than  the  sweet 
American  Pocahontas,  who  rescued  from  death  the  daring  Capt. 
Smith.  There  is  the  <(  Lion's  Head,"  down  whose  jaws  the 
Spectator's  own  letters  were  passed;  and  over  a  great  banker's  in 
Fleet  Street,  the  effigy  of  the  wallet,  which  the  founder  of  the 
firm  bore  when  he  came  into  London  a  country  boy.  People 
this  street,  so  ornamented,  with  crowds  of  swinging  chairmen, 
with  servants  bawling  to  clear  the  way,  with  Mr.  Dean  in  his 
cassock,  his  lackey  marching  before  him;  or  Mrs.  Dinah  in  her 
sack,  tripping  to  chapel,  her  footboy  carrying  her  ladyship's  great 
prayer  book;  with  itinerant  tradesmen,  singing  their  hundred 
cries  (I  remember  forty  years  ago,  as  a  boy  in  London  city,  a 
score  of  cheery,  familiar  cries  that  are  silent  now).  Fancy  the 
beaux  thronging  to  the  chocolatehouses,  tapping  their  snuffboxes 
as  they  issue  thence,  their  periwigs  appearing  over  the  red  cur- 
tains. Fancy  Saccharissa,  beckoning  and  smiling  from  the  upper 
windows,  and  a  crowd  of  soldiers  brawling  and  bustling  at  the 
door  —  gentlemen  of  the  Life  Guards,  clad  in  scarlet,  with  blue 
facings,  and  laced  with  gold  at  the  seams;  gentlemen  of  the 
Horse  Grenadiers,  in  their  caps  of  sky-blue  cloth,  with  the  garter 
embroidered  on  the  front  in  gold  and  silver;  men  of  the  Hal- 
berdiers, in  their  long  red  coats,  as  bluff  Harry  left  them,  with 
their  ruff  and  velvet  flat  caps.  Perhaps  the  King's  Majesty  him- 
self is  going  to  St.  James's  as  we  pass.  If  he  is  going  to  par- 
liament, he  is  in  his  coach- and-eight,  surrounded  by  his  guards 
and  the  high  officers  of  his  crown.  Otherwise  his  Majesty  only 
uses  a  chair,  with  six  footmen  walking  before,  and  six  yeomen 
x— 235 


3746  WILLIAM    MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 

of  the  guard  at  the  sides  of  the  sedan.  The  officers  in  waiting 
follow  the  king  in  coaches.      It  must  be  rather  slow  work. 

Our  Spectator  and  Tatler  are  full  of  delightful  glimpses  of 
the  town  life  of  those  days.  In  the  company  of  that  charming 
guide,  we  may  go  to  the  opera,  the  comedy,  the  puppet  show, 
the  auction,  even  the  cockpit;  we  can  take  boat  at  Temple 
Stairs,  and  accompany  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  and  Mr.  Spectator 
to  Spring  Garden  —  it  will  be  called  Vauxhall  a  few  years  hence, 
when  Hogarth  will  paint  for  it.  Would  you  not  like  to  step  back 
into  the  past,  and  be  introduced  to  Mr.  Addison  ?  —  not  the  Right 
Honorable  Joseph  Addison,  Esq.,  George  the  First's  Secretary  of 
State,  but  to  the  delightful  painter  of  contemporary  manners;  the 
man  who,  when  in  good  humor  himself,  was  the  pleasantest  com- 
panion in  all  England.  I  should  like  to  go  into  Lockit's  with 
him,  and  drink  a  bowl  along  with  Sir  R.  Steele  (who  has  just  been 
knighted  by  King  George,  and  who  does  not  happen  to  have  any 
money  to  pay  his  share  of  the  reckoning).  I  should  not  care  to 
follow  Mr.  Addison  to  his  secretary's  office  in  Whitehall.  There 
we  get  into  politics.  Our  business  is  pleasure,  and  the  town,  and 
the  coffeehouse,  and  the  theatre,  and  the  Mall.  Delightful  Spec- 
tator !  kind  friend  of  leisure  hours !  happy  companion !  true  Chris- 
tian gentleman!  How  much  greater,  better,  you  are  than  the 
king  Mr.  Secretary  kneels  to! 

You  can  have  foreign  testimony  about  old-world  London,  if 
you  like;  and  my  before-quoted  friend,  Charles  Louis,  Baron  de 
Pollnitz,  will  conduct  us  to  it.  (<  A  man  of  sense,  *  says  he,  <{  or  a 
fine  gentleman,  is  never  at  a  loss  for  company  in  London,  and 
this  is  the  way  the  latter  passes  his  time.  He  rises  late,  puts  on 
a  frock  and,  leaving  his  sword  at  home,  takes  his  cane,  and  goes 
where  he  pleases.  The  park  is  commonly  the  place  where  he 
walks,  because  'tis  the  Exchange  for  men  of  quality.  'Tis  the  same 
thing  as  the  Tuileries  at  Paris,  only  the  park  has  a  certain  beauty 
of  simplicity  which  cannot  be  described.  The  grand  walk  is 
called  the  Mall;  is  full  of  people  at  every  hour  of  the  day,  but 
especially  at  morning  and  evening,  when  their  Majesties  often 
walk  with  the  royal  family,  who  are  attended  only  by  a  half- 
dozen  yeomen  of  the  guard,  and  permit  all  persons  to  walk  at  the 
same  time  with  them.  The  ladies  and  gentlemen  always  appear 
in  rich  dresses,  for  the  English,  who,  twenty  years  ago,  did  not 
wear  gold  lace  but  in  their  army,  are  now  embroidered  and  be- 
daubed as  much  as  the  French.     I  speak   of    persons  of    quality; 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY  3747 

for  the  citizen  still  contents  himself  with  a  suit  of  fine  cloth,  a 
good  hat  and  wig,  and  fine  linen.  Everybody  is  well  clothed 
here,  and  even  the  beggars  don't  make  so  ragged  an  appearance 
as  they  do  elsewhere.  *  After  our  friend,  the  man  of  quality,  has 
had  his  morning  or  undress  walk  in  the  Mall,  he  goes  home  to 
dress,  and  then  saunters  to  some  coffeehouse  or  chocolatehouse 
frequented  by  the  persons  he  would  see.  <(  For  'tis  a  rule  with 
the  English  to  go  once  a  day  at  least  to  houses  of  this  sort, 
where  they  talk  of  business  aud  news,  read  the  papers,  and  often 
look  at  one  another  without  opening  their  lips.  And  'tis  very 
well  they  are  so  mute;  for  were  they  all  as  talkative  as  people 
of  other  nations,  the  coffeehouses  would  be  intolerable,  and  there 
would  be  no  hearing  what  one  man  said  where  there  are  so 
many.  The  chocolatehouse  in  St.  James's  Street,  where  I  go 
every  morning  to  pass  away  the  time,  is  always  so  full  that  a 
man  can  scarce  turn  about  in  it." 

Delightful  as  London  city  was,  King  George  I.  liked  to  be  out  of 
it  as  much  as  ever  he  could;  and  when  there,  passed  all  his  time 
with  his  Germans.  It  was  with  them  as  with  Blucher,  one  hun- 
dred years  afterwards,  when  the  bold  old  Reiter  looked  down 
from  St.  Paul's,  and  sighed  out,  <(  Was  filr  Plunder!  w  The  Ger- 
man women  plundered;  the  German  secretaries  plundered;  the 
German  cooks  and  intendants  plundered;  even  Mustapha  and 
Mahomet,  the  German  negroes,  had  a  share  of  the  booty.  Take 
what  you  can  get,  was  the  old  monarch's  maxim.  He  was  not  a 
lofty  monarch,  certainly;  he  was  not  a  patron  of  the  fine  arts; 
but  he  was  not  a  hypocrite,  he  was  not  revengeful,  he  was  not 
extravagant.  Though  a  despot  in  Hanover,  he  was  a  moderate 
ruler  in  England.  His  aim  was  to  leave  it  to  itself  as  much  as 
possible,  and  to  live  out  of  it  as  much  as  he  could.  His  heart 
was  in  Hanover.  When  taken  ill  on  his  last  journey,  as  he  was 
passing  through  Holland,  he  thrust  his  livid  head  out  of  the 
coach  window,  and  gasped  out,  c<  Osnaburg.     Osnaburg !  w 

From  «The  Four  Georges. » 

ADDISON 

We  love  him  for  his  vanities  as  much  as  his  virtues.     What 
is  ridiculous  is  delightful  in  him;    we  are  so  fond  of  him 
because  we  laugh  at  him  so.     And  out  of   that  laughter, 
and    out    of    that    sweet    weakness,    and    out    of    those    harmless 
eccentricities  and  follies,  and  out  of  that  touched  brain,   and  out 


3748  WILLIAM    MAKEPEACE    THACKERAY 

of  that  honest  manhood  and  simplicity  —  we  get  a  result  of  hap- 
piness, goodness,  tenderness,  pity,  piety;  such  as,  if  my  audience 
will  think  their  reading  and  hearing  over,  doctors  and  divines 
but  seldom  have  the  fortune  to  inspire.  And  why  not  ?  Is  the 
glory  of  heaven  to  be  sung  only  by  gentlemen  in  black  coats  ? 
Must  the  truth  be  only  expounded  in  gown  and  surplice,  and 
out  of  those  two  vestments  can  nobody  preach  it  ?  Commend  me 
to  this  preacher  without  orders  —  this  parson  in  the  tiewig. 
When  this  man  looks  from  the  world,  whose  weaknesses  he  de- 
scribes so  benevolently,  up  to  the  heaven  which  shines  over  us 
all,  I  can  hardly  fancy  a  human  face  lighted  up  with  a  more  se- 
rene rapture:  a  human  intellect  thrilling  with  a  purer  love  and 
adoration  than  Joseph  Addison's.  Listen  to  him:  from  your 
childhood  you  have  known  the  verses;  but  who  can  hear  their 
sacred  music  without  love  and  awe  ?  — 

<(  Soon  as  the  Evening  Shades  prevail, 
The  Moon  takes  up  the  wondrous  tale, 
And  nightly  to  the  listening  Earth, 
Repeats  the  story  of  her  birth ; 
And  all  the  Stars  that  round  her  burn, 
And  all  the  Planets  in  their  turn, 
Confirm  the  tidings  as  they  roll, 
And  spread  the  truth  from  pole  to  pole. 
What  though,  in  solemn  silence,  all 
Move  round  this  dark  terrestrial  ball  ? 
What  though  no  real  voice  nor  sound, 
Among  their  radiant  orbs  be  found; 
In  Reason's  ear  they  all  rejoice, 
And  utter  forth  a  glorious  voice, 
Forever  singing  as  they  shine, 
The  Hand  that  made  us  is  Divine.  * 

It  seems  to  me  those  verses  shine  like  the  stars.  They  shine 
out  of  a  great,  deep  calm.  When  he  turns  to  heaven,  a  Sabbath 
comes  over  that  man's  mind;  and  his  face  lights  up  from  it  with 
a  glory  of  thanks  and  prayer.  His  sense  of  religion  stirs  through 
his  whole  being.  In  the  fields,  in  the  town;  looking  at  the  birds 
in  the  trees;  at  the  children  in  the  streets;  in  the  morning  or 
in  the  moonlight ;  over  his  books  in  his  own  room ;  in  a  happy 
party  at  a  country  merrymaking  or  a  town  assembly,  good-will 
and   peace   to    God's    creatures,  and   love    and   awe    of    him   who 


WILLIAM    MAKEPEACE    THACKERAY  3749 

made  them,  fill  his  pure  heart  and  shine  from  his  kind  face.  If 
Swift's  life  was  the  most  wretched,  I  think  Addison's  was  one  of 
the  most  enviable.  A  life  prosperous  and  beautiful  —  a  calm 
death  —  an  immense  fame  and  affection  afterwards  for  his  happy 
and  spotless  name. 

From  (( English  Humorists. n 


STEELE 

Shortly  before  the  Boyne  was  fought,  and  young  Swift  had 
begun  to  make  acquaintance  with  English  court  manners 
and  English  servitude,  in  Sir  William  Temple's  family,  an- 
other Irish  youth  was  brought  to  learn  his  humanities  at  the  old 
school  of  Charterhouse,  near  Smithfield;  to  which  foundation  he 
had  been  appointed  by  James,  Duke  of  Ormond,  a  governor  of 
the  House,  and  a  patron  of  the  lad's  family.  The  boy  was  an 
orphan,  and  described,  twenty  years  after,  with  a  sweet  pathos 
and  simplicity,  some  of  the  earliest  recollections  of  a  life  which 
was  destined  to  be  checkered  by  a  strange  variety  of  good  and 
evil  fortune. 

I  am  afraid  no  good  report  could  be  given  by  his  masters  and 
ushers  of  that  thick-set,  square-faced,  black-eyed,  soft-hearted  little 
Irish  boy.  He  was  very  idle.  He  was  whipped  deservedly  a 
great  number  of  times.  Though  he  had  very  good  parts  of  his 
own,  he  got  other  boys  to  do  his  lessons  for  him,  and  only  took 
just  as  much  trouble  as  should  enable  him  to  scuffle  through  his 
exercises,  and  by  good  fortune  escape  the  flogging  block.  One 
hundred  and  fifty  years  after,  I  have  myself  inspected,  but  only 
as  an  amateur,  that  instrument  of  righteous  torture  still  existing, 
and  in  occasional  use,  in  a  secluded  private  apartment  of  the  old 
Charterhouse  School;  and  have  no  doubt  it  is  the  very  counter- 
part, if  not  the  ancient  and  interesting  machine  itself,  at  which 
poor  Dick  Steele  submitted  himself  to  the  tormentors. 

Besides  being  very  kind,  lazy,  and  good-natured,  this  boy  went 
invariably  into  debt  with  the  tart  woman;  ran  out  of  bounds,  and 
entered  into  pecuniary,  or  rather  promissory  engagements  with 
the  neighboring  lollipop  vendors  and  pie  men  —  exhibited  an  early 
fondness  and  capacity  for  drinking  mum  and  sack,  and  borrowed 
from  all  his  comrades  who  had  money  to  lend.     I   have   no   sort 


375°  WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 

of  authority  for  the  statements  here  made  of  Steele's  early  life; 
but  if  the  child  is  father  of  the  man,  the  father  of  young  Steele 
of  Merton,  who  left  Oxford  without  taking  a  degree,  and  entered 
the  Life  Guards  —  the  father  of  Capt.  Steele  of  Lucas's  Fusi- 
liers, who  got  his  company  through  the  patronage  of  my  Lord 
Cutts  —  the  father  of  Mr.  Steele,  the  Commissioner  of  Stamps, 
the  editor  of  the  Gazette,  the  Tatler,  and  Spectator,  the  expelled 
Member  of  Parliament,  and  the  author  of  <(  The  Tender  Husband  w 
and  <(  The  Conscious  Lovers B ;  if  man  and  boy  resembled  each 
other,  Dick  Steele  the  schoolboy  must  have  been  one  of  the  most 
generous,  good-for-nothing,  amiable  little  creatures  that  ever  con- 
jugated the  verb  tupto,  I  beat;  tuptomai,  I  am  whipped,  in  any 
school  in  Great  Britain. 

Almost  every  gentleman  who  does  me  the  honor  to  hear  me 
will  remember  that  the  very  greatest  character  which  he  has 
seen  in  the  course  of  his  life,  and  the  person  to  whom  he  has 
looked  up  with  the  greatest  wonder  and  reverence,  was  the  head 
boy  at  his  school.  The  schoolmaster  himself  hardly  inspires  such 
an  awe.  The  head  boy  construes  as  well  as  the  schoolmaster 
himself.  When  he  begins  to  speak  the  hall  is  hushed,  and  every 
little  boy  listens.  He  writes  off  copies  of  Latin  verses  as  melo- 
diously as  Virgil.  He  is  good-natured,  and,  his  own  master- 
pieces achieved,  pours  out  other  copies  of  verses  for  other  boys 
with  an  astonishing  ease  and  fluency;  the  idle  ones  only  trem- 
bling lest  they  should  be  discovered  on  giving  in  their  exercises, 
and  whipped  because  their  poems  were  too  good.  I  have  seen 
great  men  in  my  time,  but  never  such  a  great  one  as  that  head 
boy  of  my  childhood;  we  all  thought  he  must  be  Prime  Minis- 
ter, and  I  was  disappointed  on  meeting  him  in  after-life  to  find 
he  was  no  more  than  six  feet  high. 

Dick  Steele,  the  Charterhouse-gown  boy,  contracted  such  an 
admiration  in  the  years  of  his  childhood,  and  retained  it  faith- 
fully through  his  life.  Through  the  school  and  through  the 
world,  whithersoever  his  strange  fortune  led  this  erring,  way- 
ward, affectionate  creature,  Joseph  Addison  was  always  his  head 
boy.  Addison  wrote  his  exercises.  Addison  did  his  best  themes. 
He  ran  on  Addison's  messages,  fagged  for  him  and  blacked  his 
shoes:  to  be  in  Joe's  company  was  Dick's  greatest  pleasure;  and 
he  took  a  sermon  or  a  caning  from  his  monitor  with  the  most 
boundless  reverence,  acquiescence,  and  affection. 

From  "English  Humorists. B 


WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY  3751 


GOLDSMITH 

A  wild  youth,  wayward,  but  full  of  tenderness  and  affection, 
quits  the  country  village  where  his  boyhood  has  been  passed 
in  happy  musing,  in  idle  shelter,  in  fond  longing,  to  see  the 
great  world  out  of  doors,  and  achieve  name  and  fortune;  and 
after  years  of  dire  struggle,  and  neglect  and  poverty,  his  heart 
turning  back  as  fondly  to  his  native  place  as  it  had  longed  eagerly 
for  change  when  sheltered  there,  he  writes  a  book  and  a  poem, 
full  of  the  recollections  and  feelings  of  home  —  he  paints  the  friends 
and  scenes  of  his  youth,  and  peoples  Auburn  and  Wakefield  with 
remembrances  of  Lissoy.  Wander  he  must,  but  he  carries  away  a 
home  relic  with  him,  and  dies  with  it  on  his  breast.  His  nature 
is  truant ;  in  repose  it  longs  for  change :  as  on  the  journey  it  looks 
back  for  friends  and  quiet.  He  passes  to-day  in  building  an  air- 
castle  for  to-morrow,  or  in  writing  yesterday's  elegy;  and  he 
would  fly  away  this  hour,  but  that  a  cage  and  necessity  keeps 
him.  What  is  the  charm  of  his  verse,  of  his  style,  and  humor  ? 
His  sweet  regrets,  his  delicate  compassion,  his  soft  smile,  his 
tremulous  sympathy,  the  weakness  which  he  owns  ?  Your  love 
for  him  is  half  pity.  You  come  hot  and  tired  from  the  day's 
battle,  and  this  sweet  minstrel  sings  to  you.  Who  could  harm 
the  kind  vagrant  harper  ?  Whom  did  he  ever  hurt  ?  He  carries 
no  weapon  —  save  the  harp  on  which  he  plays  to  you;  and  with 
which  he  delights  great  and  humble,  young  and  old,  the  captains 
in  the  tents,  or  the  soldiers  round  the  fire,  or  the  women  and 
children  in  the  villages,  at  whose  porches  he  stops  and  sings  his 
simple  songs  of  love  and  beauty.  With  that  sweet  story  of  (<  The 
Vicar  of  Wakefield, w  he  has  found  entry  into  every  castle  and 
every  hamlet  in  Europe.  Not  one  of  us,  however  busy  or  hard, 
but  once  or  twice  in  our  lives,  has  passed  an  evening  with  him, 
and  undergone  the  charm  of  his  delightful  music. 

Think  of  him  reckless,  thriftless,  vain  if  you  like  —  but  merci- 
ful, gentle,  generous,  full  of  love  and  pity.  He  passes  out  of  our 
life,  and  goes  to  render  his  account  beyond  it.  Think  of  the 
poor  pensioners  weeping  at  his  grave;  think  of  the  noble  spirits 
that  admired  and  deplored  him;  think  of  the  righteous  pen  that 
wrote  his  epitaph  —  and  of  the  wonderful  and  unanimous  response 
of  affection  with  which  the  world  has  paid  back  the  love  he  gave 
it.     His  humor  delighting  us   still;  his   song  fresh  and  beautiful 


3752  WILLIAM   MAKEPEACE   THACKERAY 

as  when  first  he  charmed  with  it;  his  words  in  all  our  mouths; 
his  very  weaknesses  beloved  and  familiar  —  his  benevolent  spirit 
seems  still  to  smile  upon  us;  to  do  gentle  kindnesses;  to  succor 
with  sweet  charity;  to  soothe,  caress,  and  forgive;  to  plead  with 
the  fortunate  for  the  unhappy  and  the  poor. 

From  «  English  Humorists." 


THEOPHRASri 
After  a    Very  Fine  Old  Copper  Etching. 


3753 


THEOPHRASTUS 

(<r.  373-288  B.  C.) 

Is  for  Theophrastus, w  writes  Quintilian,  <(  there  is  such  a  di- 
vine beauty  in  his  language,  that  he  may  be  said  even  to 
have  derived  his  name*  from  it.*  While  this  <(  divine 
beauty w  found  its  vehicle  in  a  melody  peculiar  to  the  Greek  lan- 
guage and  not  to  be  translated,  those  who  read  Healey's  version  of 
the  (<  Characters *  will  not  be  at  a  loss  for  suggestions  of  Quintilian's 
reasons  for  admiring  them.  As  the  author  of  these  <(  Characters, w 
Theophrastus  is  the  founder  of  a  distinct  modern  school  which  em- 
braces Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  La  Bruyere,  John  Earle,  Owen  Felltham, 
and  Thomas  Fuller, —  each  of  whom  has  borrowed  and  used  to  ad- 
vantage methods  of  character  sketching  and  moralizing  which  be- 
longed originally  to  (<  ethical  characters 8  of  the  great  successor  of 
Aristotle. 

The  authorities  are  not  agreed  on  the  date  of  the  birth  of  Theo- 
phrastus, but  fix  it  between  373  and  368  B.  C.  His  birthplace  was 
Eresus,  on  the  island  of  Lesbos,  and  after  studying  there  under  Leu- 
ciphus  (Alciphus  ?)  he  went  to  Athens  and  became  a  disciple  of 
Plato.  Becoming  an  intimate  friend  of  Aristotle  who  made  him  the 
guardian  of  his  children,  he  was  made  chief  of  the  Peripatetic  school 
after  Aristotle's  death  and  presided  over  it  until  his  own  death  in 
288  B.  C.  He  was  greatly  honored  by  his  own  generation  and  was 
studied  by  students  of  science  and  literature  as  long  as  Greek  re- 
mained a  living  tongue.  Besides  his  <(  Characters, w  Theophrastus 
wrote  extensively  on  science  and  philosophy, —  notably  a  <(  History  of 
Plants w  and   a  w  History  of   Physics, w  parts  of  which  are  still   extant. 

*  Theophrastus,  i.  e. ,  the  Divine  Speaker. 


3754 


THEOPHRASTUS 


THE   « CHARACTERS »   OF   THEOPHRASTUS* 
(Translated  by  Healey.     The  Complete  Text  of  the  Temple  Edition) 

Of   Cavilling 

Cavilling  or  cavillation  (if  we  should  define  it  rudely)  is  a 
wresting  of  actions  and  words  to  the  worse  or  sadder  part. 
A  Caviller  is  he,  who  will  entertain  his  enemies  with  a 
pretence  of  love;  who  applaudeth  those  publickly,  whom  secretly 
he  seeketh  to  supplant.  If  any  man  traduce  or  deprave  him,  he 
easily  pardoneth  him  without  any  expostulation.  He  passeth  by 
jests  broken  upon  him,  and  is  very  affable  with  those  which 
challenge  him  of  any  injury  by  him  to  them  done.  Those  which 
desire  hastily  to  speak  with  him,  he  giveth  them  a  Come-again. 
Whatsoever  he  doth,  he  hideth;  and  is  much  in  deliberation.  To 
those  which  would  borrow  money  of  him,  his  answere  is,  'Tis  a 
dead  time;  I  sell  nothing.  And  when  he  selleth  little,  then  he 
braggeth  of  much.  When  he  heareth  any  thing  he  will  make 
shew  not  to  observe  it:  He  will  deny  he  hath  seen  what  he  saw. 
If  he  bargain  for  any  thing  in  his  own  wrong,  he  will  not  re- 
member it.  Some  things  he  will  consider  of:  some  things  he 
knows;  some  things  he  knows  not;  others  he  wonders  at.  These 
words  are  very  usuall  with  him :  I  do  not  believe  it ;  I  think 
not  so;  I  wonder  at  it  ;  Of  some  of  these,  I  was  so  perswaded 
before.  He  will  tell  you,  You  mistake  him  for  another:  he  had 
no  such  speech  with  me.  This  is  beyond  belief:  find  out  some 
other  ear  for  your  stories.  Shall  I  believe  you,  or  disable  his 
credit  ?  But  take  you  heed  how  you  give  credit  to  these 
received  sayings,  veiled  and  infolded  with  so  many  windings  of 
dissimulation.     Men  of   these    manners   are   to   be  shunned  more 

than  Vipers. 

Complete. 

Of   Flattery 

Flattery  may  be  sayd  to  be  a  foul  deformed   custom    in    com- 
mon   life,   making   for   the    advantage   of   the    Flatterer.      A 
Flatterer  is  such  a  one,  as  if  he  walk  or  converse  with  you, 
will  thus  say  unto  you:  Do  you  observe,   how  all   men's  eyes    are 
upon  you  ?     I  have  not  noted  any  in  this    Town,   to   be    so   much 
beheld.     Yesterday  in  the  Gallery  you  had  reason  to  be  proud  of 
*With   Healey's   spelling   retained   throughout. 


THEOPHRASTUS  3755 

your  reputation.  For  there  being  at  that  time  assembled  more 
than  thirty  persons,  and  question  being  made  which  should  be 
the  worthiest  Citizen;  the  company  being  very  impatient  it 
should  be  disputed,  concluded  all  upon  you.  These  and  such- 
like he  putteth  upon  him.  If  there  be  the  least  mote  upon  his 
clothes,  or  if  there  should  be  none,  he  maketh  a  shew  to  take  it 
off:  or  if  any  small  straw  or  feather  be  gotten  into  his  locks,  the 
Flatterer  taketh  it  away;  and  smiling  saith,  you  are  grown  gray 
within  these  few  dayes  for  want  of  my  company,  and  yet  your 
hair  is  naturally  as  black  as  any  man  of  your  years.  If  he  reply, 
the  Flatterer  proclaimeth  silence,  praiseth  him  palpably  and  pro- 
fusely to  his  face.  When  he  hath  spoken,  he  breaketh  out  into 
an  exclamation,  with  a  O  well  spoken!  And  if  he  break  a 
jest  upon  any,  the  Flatterer  laughs  as  if  he  were  tickled;  muf- 
fling himself  in  his  cloak,  as  if  he  could  not  possibly  forbear.  As 
he  meeteth  any,  he  plaieth  the  Gentleman-usher,  praying  them 
to  give  way;  as  if  his  Patron  were  a  very  great  person.  He 
buys  pears  and  apples,  and  bears  them  home  to  his  children,  and 
gives  them  (for  the  most  part)  in  his  presence:  and  kissing 
them,  crieth  out,  O  the  worthy  Father's  lively  picture!  If  he 
buy  a  shoe,  if  he  be  present,  he  swears  his  foot  is  far  handsomer, 
and  that  the  shoe  mis-shapes  it.  If  at  any  time  he  should  repair 
to  visit  a  friend,  the  Flatterer  plays  the  Herbinger;  runs  before, 
and  advertiseth  them  of  his  coming:  and  speedily  returning  back 
again,  telleth  him  that  he  hath  given  them  notice  thereof.  What- 
soever belongeth  to  the  women's  Academy,  as  paintings,  preserv- 
ings, needle-works,  and  such  like,  he  discourseth  of  them  like 
my  Lady's  woman.  Of  all  the  guests,  he  first  commends  the 
wine,  and  always  sitting  by  his  Ingle,  courts  him;  asking  him 
how  sparingly  he  feeds,  and  how  he  bridles  it:  and  taking  some 
speciall  dish  from  the  Table,  taketh  occasion  to  commend  it. 
He  is  busy  and  full  of  questions;  whether  this  man  be  not  cold; 
why  he  goes  so  thinne;  and  why  he  will  not  go  better  cloth 'd  ? 
Then  he  whispers  in  his  Patron's  ear:  and,  while  others  speak, 
his  eye  is  still  upon  him.  At  the  Theatre,  taking  the  cushions 
from  the  boy,  he  setteth  them  up  himself:  he  commendeth  the 
situation  and  building  of  the  house ;  the  well  tilling  and  husband- 
ing of  the  ground.  In  conclusion,  you  shall  alwayes  note  a  Flat- 
terer to  speak  and  do,  what  he  presumeth  will  be  most  pleasing 
and  agreeable. 

Complete. 


3756  THEOPHRASTUS 

Of  Garrulity 

Garrulity  is  a  slippery  loosenesse,  or  a  babling  of  a  long  in- 
considerate speech.  A  Pratler  or  Babler  is  such  an  one, 
that  unseasonably  setting  upon  any  stranger,  will  commend 
his  wife  unto  him ;  or  tell  his  last  night's  dreams,  or  what  meates, 
or  how  many  dishes  he  had  at  such  a  feast:  and  when  you  listen 
to  him,  or  that  he  grows  a  little  encouraged  with  your  attention, 
he  will  complain,  that  modern  men  are  worse  than  those  of  elder 
times:  that  corn  is  too  cheap,  as  rents  are  now  improv'd:  that 
there  are  too  many  strangers  dwelling  in  the  Town:  That  the 
Seas,  after  the  Dionysian  feasts,  will  be  more  smooth,  and  obedi- 
ent to  the  Saylors:  and  that  if  there  fall  good  store  of  raine, 
there  will  be  greater  plenty  of  those  things,  which  yet  are  lockt 
up  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth :  and  the  next  year  he  will  till  his 
ground:  That  'tis  a  hard  world:  and  that  men  have  much  ado 
to  live:  and  that  when  the  holy  Ceremonies  were  celebrated, 
Damippus  set  up  the  greatest  light:  inquireth  therefore  how 
many  columnes  are  in  the  Odeum :  and  yesterday,  he  sayth,  I  was 
wamble-cropt,  and  (saving  your  presence)  parbreak't:  and  what 
day  of  the  moneth  is  this  ?  but  if  any  man  lend  him  attention, 
he  shall  never  be  clear  of  him.  He  will  tell  you  that  the  mys- 
teries, <c  Mense  Boedromione,"  (<  Apaturia,"  a  Pyanepsione, 8  w  Posi- 
deone,"  the  <(  Dionysia,w  which  now  are,  were  wont  to  be  celebrated. 
These  kind  of  men  are  to  be  shunned,  with  great  wariness  and 
speed,  as  a  man  would  prevent  or  outrun  an  Ague.  For  'tis 
a  miserable  condition,  to  continue  long  with  those  which  cannot 
distinguish  the  seasons  of  business  and  leisure. 

Complete. 

Of  Rusticity  or  Clownishness 

Rusticity  may  seem  to  be  an  ignorance  of  honesty  and  comli- 
ness.  A  Clown  or  rude  fellow  is  he,  who  will  go  into  a 
crowd  or  press,  when  he  hath  taken  a  purge:  And  he  that 
sayth,  that  Garlick  is  as  sweet  as  a  gillifiower:  that  wears  shoes 
much  larger  then  his  feet:  that  speaks  always  very  loud:  who, 
distrusting  his  friends  and  familiars,  in  serious  affairs  adviseth 
with  his  servants:  who,  the  things  which  he  heard  in  the  Senate, 
imparteth  to  his  mercenaries,  who  do  his  drudgery  in  the  country; 


THEOPHRASTUS  3757 

one  that  sitteth  so  with  his  hose  drawn  up  at  his  knee  as  you 
might  see  his  skin.  Upon  the  way  whatsoever  strange  accident 
he  encountreth,  he  wondreth  at  nothing.  But  if  he  see  an  ox,  an 
ass,  or  a  goat,  then  the  man  is  at  a  stand,  and  begins  to  look 
about  him:  proud  when  he  can  rob  the  cupboard  or  the  Cellar, 
and  then  snap  up  a  scrap;  very  carefull  that  the  wench  that 
makes  the  bread  take  him  not  napping.  He  grinds,  caters, 
drudges,  purveighs,  and  plays  the  Sutler,  for  all  things  belonging  to 
a  house  provision.  When  he  is  at  dinner,  he  casts  meat  to  his 
beasts;  if  any  body  knock  at  the  door,  he  listens  like  a  Cat  for 
a  mouse.  Calling  his  dog  to  him,  and  taking  him  by  the  snout: 
This  fellow,  saith  he,  keeps  my  ground,  my  house,  and  all  that  is 
in  it.  If  he  receive  money,  he  rejects  it  as  light;  and  desireth  to 
have  it  changed.  If  he  have  lent  his  plough,  his  scythe,  or  his 
sack,  he  sends  for  them  again  at  midnight,  if  he  chance  to  thinke 
of  them  in  his  sleep. 

Coming  into  the  City,  whomsoever  he  meeteth,  he  asketh  the 
price  of  hides  and  salt  fish,  and  whether  there  be  any  plays  this 
new  moon:  and  so  soon  as  he  doth  alight,  he  tells  them  all  that 
he  will  be  trimmed:  And  this  fellow  still  sings  in  the  Bath;  and 
clowts  his  shoes  with  hob-nails.  And  because  it  was  the  same 
way  to  receive  his  salt  meates  from  Archias,  it  was  his  fashion  to 
carry  it  himself. 

Complete. 

Of  Fair  Speech  or  Smoothness 

Smoothness,  or  fawning,  if  we  should  define  it,  is  an  encounter 
containing  many  allurements  to  pleasure;  and  those  (for 
the  most  part)  not  more  honest  than  they  should  be.  But 
a  sleekstone  or  Smooth-boot  (as  we  terme  him)  is  he,  that  sa- 
luteth  a  man  as  farre  off,  as  his  eye  can  carry  level;  stileth  him 
Most  worthy;  admireth  his  fortune;  and  taking  him  by  both  the 
hands,  detaineth  him,  not  suffering  him  to  pass.  But  having  a 
while  accompanied  him,  is  very  inquisitive  when  he  shall  see 
him  again;  embroidering  and  painting  out  his  praise.  The 
same  being  chosen  an  Arbitrator,  endevoureth  not  only  to  con- 
tent him  on  whose  behalfe  he  is  chosen,  but  the  adverse  part 
likewise,  that  so  he  may  be  held  an  indifferent  friend  to  them 
both.  He  maintaineth,  when  strangers  speak  wiser  and  juster 
things  than  his  own  fellow-Citizens.     Being  invited  to  a  feast,  he 


3758  THEOPHRASTUS 

entreateth  the  master  of  the  entertainment  to  send  in  for  his 
children:  and  when  they  are  come,  he  swears  they  resemble 
their  father,  as  near  as  one  figg  doth  another.  Then  calling 
them  to  him,  he  kisseth  them,  and  setteth  them  by  him:  and 
jesting  with  others  of  the  company,  saith  he,  Compare  them 
with  the  father,  they  are  as  like  him,  as  an  apple  is  like  an 
oyster.  He  will  suffer  others  sleeping  to  rest  in  his  bosom, 
when  he  is  loden  with  a  sore  burden.  He  trimmeth  himselfe 
often :  he  keepeth  his  teeth  clean  and  white :  changeth  and  Tur- 
kizeth  his  clothes.  His  walk  is  commonly  in  that  part,  where 
the  Goldsmiths'  and  Bankers'  tables  are:  and  useth  those  places 
of  activity  where  young  youths  do  exercise  themselves.  At 
shews  and  in  the  Theatres,  he  place th  himself  next  the  Praetors; 
but  in  the  Courts  of  Justice  he  seldom  appears.  But  he  buys 
presents  to  send  to  his  friend  at  Byzantium.  Little  dogges, 
and  Hymettian  honey  he  sends  to  Rhodes:  and  he  tells  his 
fellow-Citizens  that  he  doth  these  things.  Besides,  he  keeps  an 
ape  at  home;  buys  a  Satyr,  and  Sicilian  Doves;  and  boxes  of 
Treacle,  of  those  which  are  of  a  round  form;  and  slaves,  those 
that  are  somewhat  bending  and  oblique,  brought  from  Lacedae- 
mon ;  and  Tapistry,  wherein  the  Persians  are  woven  and  set  out. 
He  hath  a  little  yard,  graveled,  fit  for  wrestling;  and  a  Tennis 
Court.  And  these  parts  of  his  house,  his  manner  is  to  offer 
your  present  unto  any  he  meets,  whether  Philosopher  or  Sophis- 
ter,  or  those  which  exercise  themselves  in  Arms,  or  Musick,  that 
they  may  use  their  cunning:  which  while  they  do,  he  speaks  to 
one  of  the  lookers  on,  as  if  he  were  but  a  meer  spectator  him- 
selfe saith :  I  pray  you,  whose  wrestling  place  is  this  ? 

Complete. 

Of  Senselessness  or  Desperate  Boldness 

Senselessness  is  that,  whereby  a  man  dareth  both  speak  and  do 
against  the  laws  and  rules  of  honesty.  The  man  is  he, 
which  readily  (or  rashly)  takes  an  oath;  who  is  careless  of 
his  reputation;  reckons  little,  to  be  railed  upon;  is  of  the  garb 
or  disposition  of  a  crafty  Imposter;  a  lewd  dirty  fellow,  daring 
to  do  any  thing  but  that  is  fit.  He  is  not  ashamed,  being  sober, 
in  cool  bloud,  to  dance  Country  dances  and  Matachines,  as  a 
Zany  or  Pantalon;  and  when  the  Juggelers  shew  their  tricks,  to 
go    to    every    spectator   and   beg    his    offering:     And   if    any  man 


THEOPHRASTUS  3759 

bring  a  token  and  would  pay  nothing,  then  to  wrangle  and 
brabble  extremely;  fit  to  keep  an  Alehouse,  or  an  Inn:  to  be  a 
Pandar  or  a  Toll-gatherer,  a  fellow  that  will  forbear  no  foul  or 
base  course:  He  will  be  a  common  Crier,  a  Cook,  a  Dicer;  he 
denies  his  mother  food.  Being  convicted  of  theft,  he  shall  be 
drawn  and  haled  by  head  and  shoulders;  he  shall  dwell  longer 
in  prison,  than  in  his  own  house.  This  is  one  of  those,  which 
ever  and  anon  have  a  throng  about  them,  calling  to  them  all 
they  meet,  to  whom  they  speak  in  a  great  broken  tone,  rayling 
on  them. 

And  thus  they  come  and  go,  before  they  understand  what  the 
matter  is:  whilst  he  telleth  some  the  beginning;  some  scantily  a 
word;  others  he  telleth  some  little  part  of  the  whole;  affecting 
to  publish  and  protest  his  damnable  disposition.  He  is  full  of 
suits  and  actions;  both  such  as  he  suggesteth  against  others; 
and  such  as  are  framed  against  him.  He  is  a  common  maker  of 
affidavit  for  other  men's  absence.  He  suborneth  actions  against 
himselfe :  In  his  bosom  he  bears  a  box,  and  in  his  hand  a  bundle 
of  papers.  And  such  is  his  impudence,  he  gives  himselfe  out 
to  be  Generall  of  the  Petti-foggers  and  Knights  of  the  Post.  He 
puts  out  money  to  use:  and  for  a  groat,  takes  daily  three  far- 
things. He  goes  oftentimes  into  the  Fish-market,  Taverns,  Cooks 
shops,  and  Shambles:  and  the  money  that  he  gets  by  his  broc- 
age, he  commonly  hides  in  his  mouth.  These  men  are  very  hard 
to  be  indured:  their  tongues  are  traded  in  detraction:  and  when 
they  rail,  they  do  it  in  such  a  stormy  and  tempestuous  fashion, 
as  all  Courts  and  Taverns  are  pestered  with  their  clamors. 

Complete. 

Of  Loquacity  or  Overspeaking 

Loquacity  is  a  loosenesse  or  intemperance  of  speech.  A  prat- 
ling  fellow  is  he,  who  saith  to  him  with  whom  he  discours- 
eth,  whatsoever  he  beginneth  to  say,  anticipates  him;  That 
he  knoweth  all  already,  and  that  the  other  saith  nothing  to  pur- 
pose; and  that  if  he  will  apply  himselfe  to  him,  he  shall  under- 
stand somewhat.  Then  interrupting  him,  Take  heed,  saith  he, 
that  you  forget  not  that  you  would  say,  etc.  You  do  well  that 
you  have  called  it  to  mind,  etc.  How  necessary  and  usefull  a 
thing  confidence  is!  There's  something  that  I  have  omitted  now, 
etc.      You  apprehend  it  very   readily,  etc.     I  did  expect   that  we 


3760  THEOPHRASTUS 

should  thus  jump  together,  etc.  And  seeking-  the  like  occasions 
of  pratling  and  verbosity,  permitteth  them  no  truce  nor  breathing 
time  with  whom  he  discourseth.  And  when  he  hath  killed  these, 
then  he  assaulteth  fresh  men  in  troops,  when  they  are  many  as- 
sembled together.  And  those  being  seriously  imployed,  he  wearies, 
tires,  and  puts  to  flight.  Coming  into  Plays,  and  wrestling  places, 
he  keepeth  the  boys  from  learning;  pratling  with  their  Masters: 
and  if  any  offer  to  go  away,  he  followeth  them  to  their  houses. 
If  any  thing  done  publickly  be  known  to  him,  he  will  report  as 
private.  Then  he  will  tell  you  of  the  warre,  when  Aristophanes 
that  noble  Orator  lived:  or  he  will  tell  you  a  long  tedious  tale  of 
that  battaile  which  was  fought  by  the  Lacedaemonians  under  Ly- 
sander  their  Generall :  and,  if  ever  he  spake  well  publickly  himselfe, 
that  must  come  in  too.  And  thus  speaking,  he  inveigheth  against 
the  giddy  multitude;  and  that  so  lamely,  and  with  such  torment  to 
the  hearers ;  as  that  one  desireth  the  art  of  oblivion ;  another  sleeps ; 
a  third  gives  him  over  in  the  plain  field.  In  conclusion,  whether 
he  sit  in  judgment  (except  he  sit  alone)  or  if  he  behold  any 
sports,  or  if  he  sit  at  table;  he  vexeth  his  Pew-fellow  with  his 
vile,  impertinent,  importunate  prattle:  for  it  is  a  hell  to  him  to 
be  silent.  A  secret  in  his  brest  is  a  cole  in  his  mouth.  A 
Swallow  in  a  chimney  makes  no  such  noise.  And,  so  his  humour 
be  advanced,  he's  contented  to  be  flouted  by  his  very  boyes,  which 
jear  him   to  his   face;  entreating   him,   when  they  go   to   bed,   to 

talk  them  asleep. 

Complete. 

Of  News  Forging  or  Rumour  Spreading 

Fame  spreading  is  a  devising  of  deeds  and  words  at  the  fancy 
or  pleasure  of  the  Inventor.  A  Newsmonger  he  is,  who 
meeting  with  his  acquaintance,  changing  his  countenance 
and  smiling,  asketh  whence  come  you  now  ?  How  go  the  rules 
now  ?  Is  there  any  news  stirring  ?  And  still  spurring  him  with 
questions,  tells  him  there  are  excellent  and  happy  occurrents 
abroad.  Then,  before  he  answereth,  by  way  of  prevention  asketh, 
have  you  any  thing  in  store  ?  why  then  I  will  feast  you  with  my 
choicest  intelligence.  Then  hath  he  at  hand  some  cast  Captain, 
or  cassierd  Souldier,  or  some  Fifes  boy  lately  come  from  warre, 
of  whom  he  hath  heard  some  very  strange  stuff,  I  warrant  you: 
alwayes  producing  such  authors  as  no  man  can  control.  He  will 
tell  him,  he  heard  that    Polyspherchon  and  the  King   discomfited 


THEOPHRASTUS  3761 

and  overthrew  his  enemies,  and  that  Cassander  was  taken  prisoner. 
But  if  any  man  say  unto  him,  Do  you  believe  this  ?  Yes 
marry  do  I  believe  it,  replieth  he:  for  it  is  bruited  all  the  Town 
over  by  a  generall  voice.  The  rumour  spreadeth,  all  generally 
agree  in  this  report  of  the  warre ;  and  that  there  was  an  exceeding 
great  overthrow.  And  this  he  gathereth  by  the  very  countenance 
and  carriage  of  these  great  men  which  sit  at  the  stern.  Then  he 
proceedeth  and  tells  you  further,  That  he  heard  by  one  which 
came  lately  out  of  Macedonia,  who  was  present  at  all  which  passed, 
that  now  these  five  days  he  hath  bin  kept  close  by  them.  Then 
he  falleth  to  terms  of  commiseration.  Alas,  good,  but  unfortu- 
nate Cassander !  O  caref ull  desolate  man  !  This  can  misfortune 
do.  Cassander  was  a  very  powerfull  man  in  his  time,  and  of  a 
very  great  commaund:  but  I  would  entreat  you  to  keep  this  to 
yourselfe;  and  yet  he  runneth  to  every  one  to  tell  them  of  it.  I 
do  much  wonder  what  pleasure  men  should  take  in  devising  and 
dispersing  those  rumours.  The  which  things,  that  I  mention  not 
the  basnesse  and  deformity  of  a  lie,  turne  them  to  many  incon- 
veniences. 

For,  it  falls  out  oftentimes  that  while  these,  mountebanklike, 
draw  much  company  about  them,  in  the  Baths  and  such  like 
places,  some  good  Rogues  steal  away  their  clothes,  others,  sitting 
in  a  porch  or  gallery,  while  they  overcome  in  a  sea,  or  a  land- 
fight,  are  fined  for  not  appearance.  Others,  while  with  their  words 
they  valiantly  take  Cities,  loose  their  suppers.  These  men  lead  a 
very  miserable  and  wretched  life.  For  what  Gallery  is  there, 
what  shop,  wherein  they  waste  not  whole  days,  with  the  penance 
of  those  whose  eares  they  set  on  the   Pillory  with   their  tedious 

unjointed  tales  ? 

Complete. 

Of  Impudency 

Impudence  may  be  defined,  A  neglect  of  reputation  for  dirty 
Lucre's  sake.  An  impudent  man  is  he,  who  will  not  stick  to 
attempt  to  borrow  money  of  him,  whom  he  hath  already  de- 
ceived; or  from  whom  he  fraudulently  somewhat  detaineth.  When 
he  sacrificeth,  and  hath  season'd  it  with  salt,  layeth  it  up  and 
suppeth  abroad :  and  calling  his  Page  or  Lacquey,  causing  him  to 
take  up  the  scraps,  in  every  man's  hearing  saith,  You  honest 
man,  fall  to,  I  pray  you,  do  not  spare.  When  he  buyeth  any 
meate  he  willeth  the  Butcher  to  bethink  himselfe  if  in  aught  he 
x— 236 


3762  THEOPHRASTUS 

were  beholding-  unto  him.  Then  sitting  by  the  scales,  if  he  can 
he  will  throw  in  some  bit  of  flesh,  or  (rather  than  fail)  some 
bone  into  the  scales:  the  which  if  he  can  slily  take  away  againe, 
he  thinkes  he  hath  done  an  excellent  piece  of  service ;  if  not, 
then  he  will  steal  some  scrap  from  a  table,  and  laughing  sneak 
away.  If  any  strangers  which  lodge  with  him  desire  to  see  a 
Play  in  the  Theatre,  he  bespeaketh  a  place  for  them;  and  under 
their  expence  intrudeth  himselfe,  his  children  and  their  pedant. 
And  if  he  meet  any  man  which  hath  bought  some  small  com- 
modities, he  beggeth  part  of  them  of  him.  And  when  he  goeth 
to  any  neighbour's  house,  to  borrow  salt,  barly,  meale,  or  any  the 
like :  such  is  his  impudence  he  enforceth  them  to  bring  any  thing, 
so  borrowed,  home  to  his  house.  Likewise  in  the  Baths,  coming 
to  the  pans  and  kettles  after  he  hath  filled  the  bucket,  washeth 
himselfe ;  not  without  the  storms  and  clamours  of  him  that  keepeth 
the  Bath;  and  when  he  hath  done,  saith,  I  am  bathed;  and  turn- 
ing to  the  Bather  or  Bath-keeper,  saith,  Sir,  now  I  thank  you 
for  nothing. 

Complete. 

Of   Base  Avarice   or   Parsimony 

Base  or  sordid  Parsimony  is  a  desire  to  save  or  spare  expence 
without  measure  of  discretion.  Basely  parsimonious  he  is, 
who  being  with  his  feast-companions  doth  exact  and  stand 
upon  a  farthing  as  strictly  as  if  it  were  a  quarter's  rent  of  his 
house;  and  telleth  how  many  drinking  cups  are  taken  out,  as  if 
he  were  jealous  of  some  Leger-demain ;  one  of  all  the  company 
that  offereth  the  leanest  sacrifice  to  Diana.  Now  what  expence 
soever  he  is  at,  he  proclaimeth  and  aggravateth  it,  as  a  great 
disbursement.  If  any  of  his  servants  breake  but  a  pitcher,  or  an 
earthen  pot,  he  defalketh  it  out  of  their  wages.  If  his  wife 
loose  but  a  Trevet,  the  Beacons  are  on  fire:  he  will  tosse,  tur- 
moil, and  ransack  every  corner  in  the  house;  beds,  bedsteds, 
nothing  must  be  spared.  He  selleth  at  such  rates,  that  no  man 
can  do  good  upon  it.  No  man  may  borrow  any  thing  of  him ; 
scantly  light  a  stick  of  fire,  for  feare  of  setting  his  house  on  fire, 
not  part  with  so  much  as  a  rotten  fig,  or  a  withered  olive. 
Every  day  he  surveighs  his  grounds  and  the  buttals  thereof,  lest 
there  be  any  encroaching,  or  any  thing  removed.  If  any  debtor 
miss  his   day   but   a   minute,   he   is   sure   to   pay  soundly   for  for- 


THEOPHRASTUS  3763 

bearance;  besides  usury  upon  usury,  if  he  continue  it.  If  he  in- 
vite any,  he  entertains  them  so  as  they  rise  hungry:  and  when 
he  goes  abroad,  if  he  can  scape  scottfree,  he  comes  fasting  home. 
He  chargeth  his  wife,  that  she  lend  out  no  salt,  oyle,  meale,  or 
the  like:  for  you  little  thinke,  saith  he,  what  these  come  to  in  a 
year.  In  a  word,  you  shall  see  their  Chests  mouldy,  their  keys 
rusty;  for  themselves,  their  habit  and  diet  is  alwayes  too  little  for 
them  and  out  of  fashion.  Small  troughs  wherein  they  anoint 
themselves:  their  heads  shaven,  to  save  barbing:  their  shoes  they 
put  off  at  noon  days,  to  save  wearing:  they  deal  with  the  Fullers, 
when  they  make  clean  their  clothes,  to  put  in  good  store  of  Fullers 
earth,  to  keep  them  from  soil  and  spotting. 

Complete. 

Of  Obscenity  or  Ribaldry 

Impurity  or  beastliness  is  not  hard  to  be  defined.  It  is  a  licen- 
tious lewd  jest.  He  is  impure  or  flagitious,  who,  meeting 
with  modest  women,  converseth  of  that  which  taketh  its  name 
of  shame  or  secrecy.  Being  at  a  Play  in  the  Theatre,  when  all 
are  attentively  silent,  he  in  a  cross  conceit  applauds,  or  claps 
his  hands:  and  when  the  Spectators  are  exceedingly  pleased,  he 
hisseth:  and  when  all  the  company  is  very  attentive  in  hearing 
and  beholding,  he  lying  alone  maketh  noises,  as  if  .^Eolus  were 
bustling  in  his  Cave;  forcing  the  Spectators  to  look  another  way: 
and  when  the  Hall  or  Stage  is  fullest  of  company,  coming  to 
those  which  sell  nuts  and  apples,  and  other  fruits  standing  by 
them,  taketh  them  away  and  muncheth  them ;  and  wrangleth 
about  their  price  and  such  like  baubles.  He  will  call  to  him  a 
stranger  he  never  saw  before;  and  stay  one  whom  he  seeth  in 
great  haste.  If  he  hear  of  a  man  that  hath  lost  a  great  suit, 
and  is  condemn'd  in  great  charges,  as  he  passeth  out  of  the 
Hall,  cometh  unto  him,  and  gratulateth,  and  biddeth  God  give 
him  joy.  And  when  he  hath  bought  meate,  and  hired  Musicians, 
he  sheweth  to  all  he  meeteth  and  invites  them  to  it.  And  being 
at  a  Barber's  shop,  or  an  anointing  place,  he  telleth  the  company 
that  that  night  he  is  absolutely  resolved  to  drink  drunk.  If  he 
keep  a  Tavern,  he  will  give  his  best  friends  his  baptised  wine, 
to  keep  them  in  the  right  way.  At  plays  when  they  are  most 
worthy  the  seeing,  he  suffereth  not  his  children  to  go  to  them. 
Then   he  sendeth   them,   when    they  are   to  be   seen    for  nothing, 


3764  THEOPHRASTUS 

for  the  redeemers  of  the  Theatres.  When  an  Ambassador  goes 
abroad,  leaving  at  home  his  victuall  which  was  publickly  given 
him,  he  beggeth  more  of  his  Camerado's.  His  manner  is  to 
lode  his  man,  which  journeys  with  him,  with  Cloke-bags  and 
carriages,  like  a  Porter;  but  taketh  an  order  that  his  belly  be 
light  enough,  When  he  anoints  himselfe,  he  complaines  the  oyle 
is  rank;  and  anoints  himself  with  that  which  he  pays  not  for.  If 
a  boy  find  a  brass  piece  or  a  counter,  he  cries  half  part.  These 
likewise  are  his.  If  he  buy  any  thing,  he  buys  it  by  the  Phidon- 
ian  measure,  but  he  measureth  miserably  to  his  servants;  shav- 
ing, and  pinching  them  to  a  grain.  If  he  be  to  pay  thirty  pound 
he  will  be  sure  it  shall  want  three  groats.  When  he  feasteth  any 
of  his  Allies,  his  boys  that  attend,  are  fed  out  of  the  common: 
and  if  there  scape  away  but  half  a  raddish  or  any  fragment,   he 

notes  it,  lest  the  boys  that  wait,  meete  with  it. 

Complete. 

Of   Unseasonableness   or   Ignorance    of   Due   Convenient   Times 

Unseasonableness  is  a  troublesome  bourding  and  assaulting  of 
those,  with  whom  we  have  to  do.  An  unseasonable  fellow 
is  he,  who  coming  to  his  friend  when  he  is  very  busy,  in- 
terrupts him,  and  obtrudes  his  own  affairs  to  be  deliberated  and 
debated:  or  cometh  a  gossiping  to  his  Sweet-heart,  when  she  is 
sick  of  an  ague.  His  manner  is  likewise  to  intreat  him  to  solicit 
or  intercede  for  him,  who  is  already  condemn'd  for  suretyship. 
He  selleth  his  horse  to  buy  hay:  produceth  his  witnesses,  when 
judgement  is  given:  inveigheth  against  women,  when  he  is  in- 
vited to  a  marriage.  Those  that  are  very  weary  with  a  long 
journey,  he  invites  to  walk.  Oftentimes,  rising  out  of  the  mid- 
dest  of  many,  which  sit  about  him,  as  if  he  would  recount  some 
Strange  accident,  tells  them  for  news  an  old  tedious  tale,  which 
they  all  knew  to  be  trivial  before.  He  is  very  forward  to  under- 
refuse.  Those  which  sacrifice  and  feast  he  makes  great  love  to, 
hoping  to  get  a  snatch.  If  a  man  beat  his  servant  in  his  pres- 
ence, he  will  tell  him  that  he  had  a  boy  that  he  himselfe  beat 
after  that  fashion,  who  hanged  himselfe  presently  after.  If  he  be 
take  those  things,  which  men  are  unwilling  to  do,  or  in  modesty 
chosen  Arbitrator  betwixt  two  at  difference,  which  desire  ear- 
nestly to  be  accorded,  he  sets  them    out   further   than    ever   they 

were  before. 

Complete. 


THEOPHRASTUS  3765 

Of   Impertinent   Diligence   or   Over-Officiousness 

That  which  we  term  a  foolish  sedulity  or  officiousness  is  a 
counterfeiting  of  our  words  and  actions  with  a  shew  or  os- 
tentation of  love.  The  manners  of  such  men  are  these.  He 
vainly  undertaketh  what  he  is  not  able  to  perform.  A  matter 
generally  confest  to  be  just,  he  will  with  many  words,  insisting 
upon  some  one  particular,  maintain  that  it  cannot  be  argued.  He 
causeth  the  boy  or  waiter,  to  mingle  more  wine  by  much  than 
all  the  guests  can  drink.  He  urgeth  those  further,  who  are  al- 
ready together  by  the  eares.  He  will  lead  you  the  way  he  knowes 
not  himselfe :  losing  himselfe,  and  him  whom  he  undertaketh  to 
conduct.  And  coming  to  a  Generall,  or  a  man  of  great  name  in 
Armes,  demandeth  when  he  will  set  a  battaile;  and  what  service 
he  will  command  him  the  next  day  after  to-morrow.  And  com- 
ing to  his  father,  he  telleth  him  that  now  his  mother  is  asleep 
in  her  chamber.  And  that  the  Physician  hath  forbidden  his  Pa- 
tient the  use  of  wine:  this  fellow  perswades  him  not  so  much  to 
inthrall  himselfe  to  his  Physician's  directions;  but  to  put  his  con- 
stitution to  it  a  little.  If  his  wife  chance  to  die,  he  will  write 
upon  her  tomb  the  name  of  Husband,  Father,  Mother,  and  her 
Country:  adding  this  Inscription,  All  these  people  were  of  very 
honest  life  and  reputation.  And  if  he  be  urged  to  take  his 
oath,  turning  himselfe  to  the  circumstant  multitude:  what  need  I 
swear  now,  having  sworn  oftentimes  heretofore  ? 

Complete. 

Of  Blockishness,  Dulness,  or  Stupidity 

You  may  define  blockishness  to  be  a  dulness  or  slowness  of 
the  mind;  where  there  be  question  to  speak  or  do.  A 
blockish  fellow  is  he,  who  after  he  hath  cast  up  an  account, 
asketh  him  who  stands  next  him  what  the  sum  was;  or  one, 
who  having  a  cause  to  be  heard  upon  a  peremptory  day,  forgets 
himselfe,  and  goes  into  the  country:  and  sitting  in  the  Theatre, 
falls  asleep;  and  when  all  are  gone,  is  there  left  alone.  The 
same,  when  he  hath  overgorg'd  himselfe,  rising  in  the  night  to 
make  room  for  more  meate,  stumbleth  upon  his  neighbour's  dog, 
and  is  all  to-bewearied.  The  same,  having  laid  up  somewhat 
very  carefully,  when  he  looks  for  it  cannot  find  it.  When  he 
heareth  that  some  friend  of  his  is  dead,  and  that  he  is  intreated 


3766  THEOPHRASTUS 

to  the  funerall,  looking  sourly,  and  wringing  out  a  tear  or  two, 
sayth;  Much  good  may't  do  him.  When  he  receiveth  money,  he 
calls  for  witnesses;  and  winter  growing  on,  he  quarrels  with  his 
man  because  he  bought  him  no  cucumbers.  When  he  is  in  the 
Country,  he  seethes  Lentils  himselfe :  and  so  over-salts  them,  that 
they  cannot  be  eaten.  And  when  it  raineth,  How  pleasant,  saith 
he,  is  this  Star-water!  Being  asked  how  many  people  were  car- 
ried   out    by  the  holy  gate:    How   many?    saith  he,    I  would  you 

and  I  had  so  many. 

Complete. 

Of  Stubbornness,  Obstinacy,  or  Fierceness 

Contumacy  or  stubbornness  is  an  hardness  or  harshness  in 
the  passages  of  common  life.  A  stubborn  or  harsh  fel- 
low is  so  framed;  as  if  you  ask  him  where  such  a  man 
is,  answereth  churlishly :  What  have  I  to  do  with  him  ?  trouble 
me  not.  Being  saluted,  he  saluteth  not  againe.  When  he  sell- 
eth  any  thing,  if  you  demand  his  price,  he  vouchsafeth  not  an 
answer;  but  rather  asketh  the  buyer  what  fault  he  findeth 
with  his  wares.  Unto  religious  men,  which  at  solemn  feasts 
present  the  gods  with  gifts,  he  is  wont  to  say,  That  the  gifts 
which  they  receive  from  above  are  not  given  them  for  noth- 
ing. If  any  man  casually  or  unwittingly  thrust  him,  or  tread 
on  his  foot,  it  is  an  immortall  quarrell;  he  is  inexorable.  And 
when  he  refuseth  a  friend,  that  demandeth  a  small  sum  of 
money,  he  cometh  after  voluntary,  and  bringeth  it  himselfe ;  but 
with  this  sting  of   reproach,   Well,  come  on,  hatchet   after  helve, 

I'le  even  lose  this  too. 

Complete. 

Of  Superstition 

Superstition  we  may  define,  A  reverend  awfull  respect  to  a 
Sovereignty  or  divine  power.  But  he  is  superstitious,  which 
with  washt  hands,  and  being  besprinkled  with  holy  water 
out  of  the  Temple,  bearing  a  bay  leaf  in  his  mouth,  walketh  so 
a  whole  day  together.  If  that  a  Weasel  cross  the  way,  he  will 
not  go  forward  until  another  hath  past  before  him,  or  he  hath 
thrown  three  stones  over  the  way.  If  he  see  any  Serpents  in  an 
house,  there  he  will  build  a  Chapell.     Shining    stones  which   are 


THEOPHRASTUS  3767 

in  the  common  ways,  he  doth  anoint  with  oyle  out  of  a  viall ;  not 
departing  until  he  hath  worshipped  them  upon  his  knees.  But 
if  a  Mouse  hath  gnawn  his  meale  bag,  he  repaireth  instantly  to 
his  wizards,  adviseth  with  them  what  were  best  to  be  done:  who 
if  they  answer,  that  it  should  be  had  to  the  Botchers  to  mend, 
our  superstitious  man,  neglecting  the  Sooth-sayers'  direction,  shall 
in  honour  to  his  religion  emptie  his  bag  and  cast  it  away.  He 
doth  also  oftentimes  perfume,  or  purify  his  house :  He  stayeth  not 
long  by  any  grave  or  Sepulchre:  He  goeth  not  to  funeralls, 
nor  to  any  woman  in  child-bed.  If  he  chance  to  have  a  vision, 
or  any  thing  that's  strange,  in  his  sleep,  he  goeth  to  all  the  Sooth- 
sayers, Diviners,  and  Wizards,  to  know  to  what  god  or  goddess 
he  should  present  his  vows:  and  to  the  end  he  may  be  initiated 
in  holy  Orders,  he  goes  often  unto  the  Orphetulists,  how  many 
moneths  with  his  wife,  or  if  she  be  not  at  leisure,  with  his  Nurse, 
and  his  daughters.  Besides,  in  corners,  before  he  go  from 
thence,  sprinkling  water  upon  his  head,  he  purgeth  by  sacrifice: 
and  calling  for  those  women  which  minister,  commandeth  him- 
selfe  to  be  purged  with  the  sea-onion,  or  bearing  about  of  a 
whelp.  But  if  he  see  any  mad  man,  or  one  troubled  with  the 
falling  sickness,   all  frighted  and  disquieted,  by  way  of  charm,  his 

manner  is  to  spit  upon  his  bosom. 

Complete. 

Of  Causeless  Complaining 

A  causeless  complaint  is  an  expostulation  fram'd  upon  no 
ground.  These  are  the  manners  of  a  querulous  wayward 
man:  That  if  a  friend  send  him  a  modicum  from  a  ban- 
quet, he  will  say  to  him  that  brings  it,  This  is  the  reason  I  was 
not  invited:  you  vouchsafe  me  not  a  little  pottage  and  your 
hedge-wine.  And  when  his  mistris  kisseth  him,  I  wonder  (saith 
he)  if  these  be  not  flattering  kisses.  He's  displeased  with  Jupi- 
ter: not  only  if  he  do  not  rain,  but  if  he  send  it  late:  And  find- 
ing a  purse  upon  the  way,  he  complaineth  that  he  never  found 
any  great  treasure.  Likewise  when  he  hath  bought  a  slave  for 
little  or  nothing,  having  importuned  him  that  sold  him  thereunto; 
I  wonder,  saith  he,  if  I  should  ever  have  bought  any  thing  of 
worth  so  cheape.  If  any  man  bring  him  glad  tidings,  that  God 
hath  sent  him  a  son,  he  answereth:  If  you  had  told  me  I  had 
lost  half  my  wealth,  then  you  had  hit  it.     Having  gained  a  cause 


3768  THEOPHRASTUS 

by  all  men's  voices,   he  complains  (notwithstanding)   of   him  that 

pleadeth  for  him,  for  that  he  omitted  many  things  that  were  due 

to  him.     Now  if   his    friends  do  contribute  to  supply   his   wants, 

and  if  some  one  say  unto  him;   Now  be  cheerful,  now  be  merry: 

I   have  great   cause,  he  will  say,   when  I  must  repay  this  money 

back  againe,  and  be  beholding  for  it  besides. 

Complete. 

Of   Diffidence  or    Distrust 

Diffidence  or  distrust  is  that  which  makes  us  jealous  of  fraud 
from  all  men.  A  diffident  or  distrustfull  man  is  he,  who 
if  he  send  one  to  buy  victualls,  sends  another  after  him  to 
knowe  what  he  paid.  If  he  beare  money  about  him,  he  tells  it 
at  every  furlong.  Lying  in  his  bed,  he  asks  his  wife  if  she  have 
lockt  her  casket;  if  his  chests  be  fast  lockt;  if  the  doors  be  fast 
bolted:  and  although  she  assure  it,  notwithstanding,  naked,  with- 
out shoes,  he  riseth  out  of  his  bed,  lighteth  a  candle,  surveighs 
all;  and  hardly  falls  asleep  againe  for  distrust.  When  he  comes 
to  his  debtors  for  his  use-money,  he  goes  strong  with  his  wit- 
nesses. When  he  is  to  turne  or  trim  some  old  gaberdine,  he 
putteth  it  not  to  the  best  Fuller,  but  to  him  that  doth  best 
secure  the  return  of  his  commodity.  If  any  man  borrow  any 
pots,  any  pails,  or  pans,  if  he  lend  them  it  is  very  rare:  but 
commonly  he  sends  for  them  instantly  againe,  before  they  are 
well  at  home  with  them.  He  biddeth  his  boy,  not  to  follow 
them  at  the  heels,  but  to  go  before  them,  lest  they  make  escape 
with  them.  And  to  those  which  bid  him  make  a  note  of  any 
thing  they  borrow:  nay,  saith  he,   lay  downe  rather:  for  my  men 

are  not  at  leisure  to  come  and  ask  it. 

Complete. 

Of  Foulness 

Foulness  is  a  neglect,  or  carelessness  of  the  body;  a  slovenry 
or  beastliness  very  lothsome  to  men.  A  nasty  beastly 
fellow  is  he,  who  having  a  leprosy,  or  other  contagious 
disease,  wearing  long  and  lothsome  nails,  intrudeth  himselfe  into 
company;  and  saith:  Gentlemen  of  race  and  antiquity  have  these 
diseases;  and  that  his  Father  and  Grandfather  were  subject  to 
the  same.  This  fellow  having  ulcers  in  his  legs,  nodes  or  hard 
tumors  in  his  fingers,  seeketh  no  remedy  for  them ;  suffering 
them  to  grow  incurable ;  hairy  as  a  Goat ;  black    and  worm-eaten 


THEOPHRASTUS  3769 

teeth,  foul  breath;  with  him  'tis  frequent  and  familiar  to  wipe 
his  nose  when  he  is  at  meate,  to  talk  with  his  mouth  full,  to  use 
rank  oyle  in  his  bathings,  to  come  into  the  Hall  or  Senate  house 
with  Clothes  all  stained  and  full  of  spots.  Whosoever  went  to 
Sooth-sayers,  he  would  not  spare  them,  but  give  them  foul  lan- 
guage. Oftentimes,  when  supplications  and  sacrifices  were  made, 
he  would  suffer  the  bowl  to  fall  out  of  his  hand  (as  it  were 
casually,  but)  purposely:  then  he  would  take  up  a  great  laughter, 
as  if  some  prodigy  or  ominous  thing  had  happened.  When  he 
heareth  any  Fidlers  he  cannot  hold  but  he  must  keep  time,  and 
with  a  kind  of  mimicall  gesticulation  (as  it  were)  applaud  and 
imitate  their  chords.  Then  he  railes  on  the  Fidler  as  a  trouble- 
cup;  because  he  made  an  end  no  sooner:  and  while  he  would 
spit  beyond  the  table,  he  all-to-bespawleth  him  who  skinketh  at 
the  feast. 

Complete. 

Of   Unpleasantness  or   Tediousness 

If  we  should  define  Tediousness,  it  is  a  troublesome  kinde  of 
conversing,  without  any  other  damage  or  prejudice.  A  tedi- 
ous fellow  is  he,  who  wakeneth  one  suddenly  out  of  his  sleep 
which  went  lately  to  bed;  and  being  entred,  troubleth  him  with 
impertinent  loud  prating:  and  that  he  who  now  cometh  unto 
him,  is  ready  to  go  aboard;  and  that  a  little  lingring  may  hurt 
him :  Only  I  wisht  him  to  forbear,  until  I  had  some  little  con- 
ference with  you.  Likewise,  taking  the  child  from  the  Nurse, 
he  puts  meate  half  chew'd  into  the  mouth,  as  Nurses  are  wont; 
and  calling  him  Pretty,  and  Lovely,  will  cull  and  stroke  him. 
At  his  meate  he  tells  you,  that  he  tooke  elleborus,  which  stuck  so 
that  it  wroght  with  him  upwards  and  downwards.  Then  he  tells 
you  that  his  sieges  were  blacker  than  broth,  that's  set  to.  He 
delighteth  to  enquire  of  his  mother,  his  friends  being  present, 
what  day  he  was  born.  He  will  tell  that  he  hath  very  cold 
water  in  his  cestern,  and  complaineth  that  his  house  lyeth  so 
open  to  passengers,  as  if  it  were  a  publick  Inn.  And  when  he 
entertaineth  any  guests,  he  brings  forth  his  Parasite,  that  they 
may  see  what  manner  of  brain  it  is:  And  in  his  Feast,  turning 
himselfe  to  him,  he  saith;  You  Parasite,  look  that  you  content 
them  well. 

Complete. 


377°  THEOPHRASTUS 


Of  a  Base  and  Frivolous  Affectation  of  Praise 

You  inay  term  this  Affectation,  a  shallow,  petty,  bastard  Ambi- 
tion, altogether  illiberall  and  degenerous.  But  the  foolish 
ambitious  fellow  is  he,  who,  being  invited  to  supper,  de- 
sireth  to  sit  by  the  master  of  the  Feast;  who  brings  his  sonne 
from  Delphi  only  that  he  might  cut  his  haire;  who  is  very  de- 
sirous to  have  a  Lacquey  an  ^Ethiopian ;  who,  if  he  pay  but  a 
pound  in  silver,  affecteth  to  pay  it  in  money  lately  coined.  And 
if  he  sacrifice  an  ox,  his  manner  is  to  place  the  fore-part  of  his 
head  circled  with  garlands  in  the  entry  of  the  door,  that  all  men 
that  enter  may  know  that  he  hath  killed  an  ox.  And  when  he 
goes  in  state  and  pomp  with  other  Knights,  all  other  things  be- 
ing delivered  to  his  boy  to  bear  home,  he  comes  cloked  into  the 
market  place  and  there  walks  his  stations.  And  if  a  little  dog 
or  whippet  of  his  die,  O  he  makes  him  a  tomb,  and  writes  upon 
a  little  pillar  or  Pyramis:  Surculus  Melitensis,  a  Melitean  Plant. 
And  when  he  doth  consecrate  an  iron  ring  to  ^Esculapius,  hang- 
ing up  still  new  crownes  he  shall  weare  it  away.  And  he  him- 
selfe  is  daily  bedawbed  with  onions.  All  things  which  belong  to 
the  charge  of  the  Magistrates,  whom  they  call  Prytanes,  he  him- 
selfe  is  very  carefull  of:  that  when  they  have  offered,  he  may 
recount  the  manner  to  the  people.  Therefore  crowned,  and  clothed 
in  white,  he  comes  forth  into  the  Assembly  and  sayeth:  We 
Prytanes,  O  Athenians,  do  performe  our  holy  Ceremonies  and 
rites  to  the  mother  of  the  gods,  and  have  sacrificed.  Therefore, 
expect  all  happy  and  prosperous  events.  These  things  thus 
related,  he  returneth  home  to  his  house;  reporting  to  his  wife, 
that  all  things  have  succeeded  beyond  expectation. 

Complete. 


Of  Illiberality   or  Servility 

Illiberality,  or  Servility,  is  too  great  a  contempt  of  glory,  pro- 
ceeding from  the  like  desire  to  spare  expence.  An  illiberall 
fellow  is  he,  who  if  he  should  gaine  the  victory  in  a  Tragick 
encounter,  would  consecrate  to  Bacchus  a  wooden  bowl,  wherein 
his  name  should  be  inscribed.  He  is  likewise  one,  who  in  a 
needfull  distressed  season  of  the  Common-wealth,  when  by  the 
Citizens  there  is  given  a  very  extraordinary  contribution,  rising 
up  in  a  full  assembly,  is  either  silent  or  gets    him    gone.      Being 


THEOPHRASTUS  3771 

to  bestow  his  daughter,  and  the  sacrifices  slaine,  he  selleth  all  the 
flesh,  save  what  is  used  in  holy  rites:  and  he  hireth  such  as  are 
to  waite  and  attend  upon  the  marriage  only  for  that  time,  which 
shall  diet  themselves  and  eat  their  own  meate.  The  Captain  of 
the  Galley  which  himselfe  set  forth,  he  layes  old  planks  under 
his  Cabin  to  spare  his  owne.  Coming  out  of  the  market  place,  he 
puts  the  flesh  he  bought  in  his  bosom;  and  upon  any  occasion, 
is  forc'd  to  keep  in,  till  his  clothes  be  made  clean.  In  the  Morn- 
ing, as  soon  as  he  riseth,  he  sweeps  the  house,  and  fleas  the  beds 
himselfe,  and  turns  the  wrong  side  of  his  wild  cloke  outwards. 

Complete. 

Of   Ostentation 

Ostentation  may  be  sayd  to  be  a  vanting  or  setting  out  of 
some  good  things  which  are  not  present.  A  vanter  or 
forth  putter  is  he  that  boasts  upon  the  Exchange  that  he 
hath  store  of  bank-money:  and  this  he  tells  to  strangers;  and  is 
not  daunted  to  discover  all  his  usuring  Trade,  shewing  how  high 
he  is  grown  in  gaine.  As  he  travels,  if  he  get  a  companion,  he 
will  tell  you  he  served  under  Alexander  in  that  noble  expedi- 
tion; and  what  a  number  of  jewelled  drinking  pots  he  brought 
away.  He  will  maintain,  though  others  dissent,  That  the  Artifi- 
cers of  Asia  are  better  than  these  of  Europe :  then,  that  Arts 
and  Letters  came  from  Antipater;  who  (they  say)  ran  into  Mace- 
donia, scantly  accompanied  with  two  more.  He,  when  there  was 
granted  a  free  exportation,  when  the  courtesy  was  offered  him, 
refused  it  because  he  would  shun  all  manner  of  obloquy.  The 
same  man  in  the  dearth  of  corn  gave  more  than  five  talents  to 
the  poor.  But  if  he  sit  by  those  who  know  him  not,  he  entreat- 
eth  them  to  cast  accompt  and  reckon  the  number  of  those  to 
whom  he  hath  given :  the  which  if  they  fall  out  to  be  six  hun- 
dred, his  accompt  doubled,  and  their  names  being  added  to  every 
one,  it  will  easily  be  effected;  so  that  anon  ten  talents  will  be 
gathered,  the  which  he  affirmeth  that  he  gave  to  the  relief  of 
the  poor:  And  yet  in  this  accompt,  I  reckon  not  the  Gallies  that 
I  did  command  myselfe;  and  the  other  services  which  I  under- 
took for  the  good  of  the  Common- wealth.  The  same  man  com- 
ing to  those  which  sell  Barbs,  Jennets,  and  other  horses  of  price, 
he  bears  them  in  hand  he  would  buy  them  in  the  Fair  ad  Ten- 
toria.      Of  those  which  expose  their  wares  to  sale,    he   calleth    to 


3772  THEOPHRASTUS 

see  a  garment  of  two  talents  price,  and  chideth  his  boy  extremely, 

that    he    dare    follow    him    without    gold.      Lastly,  dwelling  in  an 

hired  house,  if  he  have  speech  with   any  that  knowes  it   not,   he 

will  tell  him  the  house  was   his    Father's;    but    because   it  is  not 

of  receipt  for  his  train,  and  entertainment  of  his  friends,  he  hath 

an  intention  to  make  it  away. 

Complete. 

Of   Pride 

Pride  is  a  contempt  of  all  others  save  itselfe.  A  proud  man 
is  of  this  quality:  If  any  man  desire  to  speak  with  him 
speedily  he  will  tell  him  that  he  will,  after  supper,  walk  a 
turne  or  two  with  him.  If  any  man  be  oblig'd  unto  him,  he  will 
command  him  to  remember  the  favour;  nay,  he  will  urge  him  to 
it.  He  will  never  come  unto  any  man  first.  They  that  buy 
any  thing,  or  hire  any  thing  of  him,  he  disdains  not  to  admit 
them,  come  as  early  as  they  list.  As  he  walks  bending  downe 
his  head,  speaks  to  no  man  that  he  meets.  If  he  invites  any 
friends,  he  sups  not  with  them  himselfe;  but  commits  the  care 
of  their  entertainment  unto  some  one  that  is  at  his  devotion. 
When  he  goes  to  visit  any  man,  he  sends  his  herbenger  before, 
to  signify  his  approach.  When  he  is  to  be  anointed,  or  when  he 
feeds,  he  admits  none  to  his  presence.  If  he  clear  an  accompt 
with  any,  he  commands  his  boy  to  cast  away  the  Compters;  and 
when  he  casts  up  the  sum,  makes  the  reckoning  (as  it  were)  to 
another.  In  his  letters  he  never  writes,  You  shall  oblige  me, 
but,  This  I  would  have  done:  I  have  sent  one  to  you  that  shall 
receive  it.     See  it  be  not  otherwise,  and  that  speedily. 

Complete. 

Of  Timidity  or  Fearefulness 

Fearefulness  may  seeme  to  be  a  timorous  distrustfull  dejection 
of  the  mind.  A  fearefull  man  is  of  this  fashion :  if  he  be  at  sea, 
he  fears  the  Promontories  to  be  the  enemies'  Navy;  and  at 
every  cross  gale  or  billow,  asketh  if  the  Sailors  be  expert; 
whether  there  be  not  some  Novices  amongst  them,  or  no.  When 
the  Pilot  gives  the  ship  but  a  little  clout,  he  asketh  if  the  ship 
holde  a  middle  course.  He  knows  not  well  whether  he  should 
fear  or  hope.  He  telleth  him  that  sits  next  him,  how  he  was 
terrifi'd  with  a  dream  not  long  since;    then  he  puts  off  his  shirt, 


THEOPHRASTUS  3773 

and    gives  it  the  boy;  entreats  the   Sailors    to  set    him    on    shore. 

Being  in  service  at  land,  he  calleth  his  fellow-souldiers  unto  him, 

and    looking    earnestly    upon    them,    saith;     'Tis    hard    to    know 

whether  you  be  enemies,   or  no.      Hearing  a  bustling,  and  seeing 

some  fall,  he  tells  them,  That  for  pure  hast  he  had  forgotten  his 

two-hand    sword:    and  so   soon    as    by  running  he  hath  recovered 

his  tent,    he    sendeth    the   boy  to   scout  warily  where    the  enemy 

is:   Then  hideth   he   his    long    sword  under   his   pillow:  then   he 

spendeth  much  time    in  seeking  of  it.     And  if  by  chance  he  see 

any  wounded  brought  over   toward  the  tent,  he  runneth  to  him, 

encourageth  him,   bids  him  take  a  man's  heart,    and  be  resolute. 

He's  very   tender   over  him,   and  wipes    away   the    corruption   of 

his   wound   with    a    sponge:    he    drives   away   the    flies.     He   had 

rather  do   any  work  about  the  house  than   fight:    He    careth  not 

how  little  blood  he  looseth  himselfe;   His  two-heel'd  sword  is  his 

best  weapon:    When  the  Trumpet  sounds  a  charge,  sitting  in  his 

tent:      A   mischief   on   him    (saith    he),    he    disquieteth  the    poor 

wounded  man,  he  can  take  no  rest  for  him.     He  loves  the  blood 

and    glory   of    another    man's   wound.       He    will    brag    when    he 

comes  out   of  the    field,   how   many  friends    he    brought  off  with 

the  hazard  of  his   owne  life.      He  brings  to  the  hurt  man  many 

of  the  same  band  to  visit  him:    and   tells  them   all  that   he  with 

his  owne  hand  brought  him  into  his  tent. 

Complete. 


Of  an  Oligarchy,  or  the  Manners  of  the  Principal  Sort,  which 

Sway  in  a  State 

An  Oligarchy  may  seeme  to  be  a  vehement  desire  of  honour, 
without  desire  of  gaine.  Oligarchs,  or  principal  men  in  a 
State,  have  these  conditions.  When  the  people  consult, 
whether  the  Magistrate  should  have  any  associate  added  unto 
him  in  the  setting  out  of  their  shews  and  pomps,  he  steppeth 
forth  uncalled  for,  and  pronounceth  himselfe  worthy  of  that 
honour.      He  hath  learned  this  only  verse  of  Homer:  — 

^Non  mulios  regnare  bonum  est, 
rex  iinicus  esto.y) 

<(  The  State  is  at  an  evil  stay, 
Where  more  than  one  the  Sceptre  sway.w 


3774  THEOPHRASTUS 

These    sayings    are    frequent    with    them.       'Tis    fit    that    we 

assemble    ourselves    together,    deliberate    and    determine    finally: 

That  we  free  ourselves  of  the  multitude :  That  we  intercept  their 

claim  of  any  place  of  magistracy  or  government.     If  any  do  them 

affront  or  injury,  He  and  I   (say  they)  are  not  compatible  in  this 

city.     About  noon  they  go  abroad,   their   beards  and  haire  cut  of 

a   midling    size,    their    nails    curiously    pared,   strouting    it  in    the 

Law-house,  saying;  There  is  no  dwelling  in  this  City:   That  they 

are  too  much  pestered  and  importuned  with  multitudes  of  suitors 

and  causes;  That  they  are    very   much   ashamed,   when    they    see 

any  man  in  the  Assembly  beggarly  or  slovenly;  and  that  all  the 

Orators  are  an  odious  profession;  and  that  Theseus  was  the  first, 

which    brought    this    contagion    into   Cities    and  Common-wealths. 

The  like  speeches  they  have  with  strangers,  and  such  Citizens  as 

are  of  their  own  faction. 

Complete. 

Of  Late  Learning 

Late,  or  unseasonable  learning,  is  a  desire  of  getting  better 
furnitures  and  abilities  in  the  going  down  of  our  strength, 
and  the  declining  of  our  age.  Of  those  men  this  is  their 
manner.  When  such  men  are  threescore  years  of  age,  they  learn 
verses  out  of  Poets  by  heart:  and  these  they  begin  to  sing 
in  their  cups  and  collations.  No  sooner  they  have  begun,  but 
they  forget  the  rest.  Such  an  one  learns  of  his  son,  how  in  serv- 
ice they  turn  to  the  right  hand  and  the  left.  When  he  goes 
into  the  Country,  riding  upon  a  borrowed  horse,  practising  how 
to  salute  those  he  meeteth,  without  a  lighting,  falling  all-to- 
bemoils  himselfe.      He  dooth  practise  at  the  Quintin. 

He  will  learn  of  one,   and  teach  him  againe,   as  if   his  Master 
were  unskilfull.      He  likewise  wrestling  and  bathing   doth  manage 

his  blind  cheeks  very  wildly. 

Complete. 

On   Detraction   or  Backbiting 

Detraction    is    a    proneness  or  swarving  of  the  mind  into  the 
worst    part    in    our    speech    and    discourse.     A  Detractor  is 
thus    conditioned:    If    he    be    questioned    what   such  an  one 
is,  as  if  he  should  play  the  Herald,   and  set    down    his    pedigree, 
he  begins  with  the  first  of  his  Family.      This  man's  father,  saith 
he,   was  first  called    Socias.      After  he    followed    the  warres,   they 


THEOPHRASTUS  3775 

called  him  Sosistratus:  then  from  one  of  the  meany  he  was  made 

an    Officer    (forsooth).       His    Mother    was    noble    of    Tressa:    the 

which  sort  of  women,  say  they,  are  noble  when  they  are  at  home. 

And    this    fellow,   for    all    his   pretended    gentry,    is   a    very   lewd 

knave.     He  proceedeth  and  telleth  you,  That  these  are  the  women 

which    entice    men    out    of    their    way:     He    joineth    with    others 

which  traduce  the  absent,  and  saith,   I  hate  the  man  you   blame 

exceedingly.      If  you  note  his  face,  it    discovereth    a   lewd    fellow 

very  worthy  of  hatred.     If  you  look  to  his  villainies,  nothing  more 

flagitious.      He    gives   his    wife   three    farthing    tokens    to   go    to 

market    with.      In    the    moneth    of    January,   when    the    colds   are 

greatest,    he    compelleth    her    to    wash.      His    manner   is,    sitting 

amongst    much    company,    to   rise    up    and    snarl    at    any;    not    to 

spare  those  that  are  at  rest,  and  cannot  reply. 

Complete. 


3776 


HENRY  DAVID   THOREAU 

(1817-1862) 

(enry  David  Thoreau,  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  men  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  was  born  in  Concord,  Massachusetts, 
July  12th,  1 8 17.  His  father  was  a  manufacturer  of  lead  pen- 
cils and  in  his  later  years  Thoreau  himself  occasionally  followed  the 
same  trade.  He  studied  books  with  success  at  Harvard  University, 
but  the  education  which  made  him  remarkable  was  obtained  in  the 
woods  and  fields.  He  sympathized  strongly  with  the  German  Tran- 
scendentalists,  who  were  inspired  by  Goethe,  and  in  translating  that 
cult  into  the  terms  of  his  own  thought  and  the  modes  of  his  own 
disposition,  he  became  an  extreme  Individualist,  in  the  narrower 
sense  in  which  that  word  is  sometimes  used.  He  was  disposed  to 
deny  the  necessity  and  effectiveness  of  co-operation  through  govern- 
ment for  any  purpose,  and  when  he  retired  to  Walden  Pond,  it 
was  to  experiment  in  living  an  absolutely  independent  life.  Of  course 
this  was  not  possible,  and  Thoreau,  in  attempting  to  live  without 
help  from  any  one,  ended  by  becoming  more  helpful  to  every  one 
than  an  ordinary  education  could  have  made  him.  In  Walden  woods, 
and  in  the  woods  generally,  he  gained  a  familiarity  with  all  ani- 
mated nature  so  exquisite  that  birds  and  other  wild  creatures  of  the 
woods  lost  their  fear  of  him  and  he  recovered  what  some  have 
supposed  to  be  the  original  human  condition  of  inoffensiveness.  This 
deep  and  subtle  knowledge  of  nature  is  what  gives  his  works  their 
value,  for  his  habits  of  thought  are  not  uniform,  nor  is  his  phi- 
losophy coherent.  Indeed,  he  ought  not  to  be  considered  as  a  logician 
at  all,  but  rather  as  a  poet  with  intuitions  which  are  often  above 
the  best  results  of  the  best  logic.  He  died  May  6th,  1862,  and  is 
buried  near  his  friends  Emerson  and  Hawthorne  in  the  cemetery  of 
Sleepy  Hollow.  In  addition  to  a  considerable  number  of  poems, 
often  admirable  in  idea,  but  defective  in  metre,  he  wrote  (<  A  Week 
on  the  Concord  and  Merrimac  Rivers, >y  1849;  <(  Walden,  or  Life  in 
the  Woods, »  1854;  "Excursions  in  Field  and  Forest, »  1863;  « The 
Maine  Woods, »  1864;  « Cape  Cod,"  1865;  (<  Letters  to  Various  Per- 
sons, »  1865;  and  WA  Yankee  in  Canada, w  1866.  All  these  except  the 
first  two  have  appeared  since  his  death.  Extracts  from  his  diaries 
have  also  been  published. 


HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU  3777 


HIGHER    LAWS 


As  I  came  home  through  the  woods  with  my  string  of  fish, 
trailing  my  pole,  it  being  now  quite  dark,  I  caught  a  glimpse 
of  a  woodchuck  stealing  across  my  path,  and  felt  a  strange 
thrill  of  savage  delight,  and  was  strongly  tempted  to  seize  and 
devour  him  raw;  not  that  I  was  hungry  then,  except  for  that 
wildness  which  he  represented.  Once  or  twice,  however,  while  I 
lived  at  the  pond,  I  found  myself  ranging  the  woods,  like  a 
half-starved  hound,  with  a  strange  abandonment,  seeking  some 
kind  of  venison  which  I  might  devour,  and  no  morsel  could  have 
been  too  savage  for  me.  The  wildest  scenes  had  become  unac- 
countably familiar.  I  found  in  myself,  and  still  find,  an  instinct 
toward  a  higher,  or,  as  it  is  named,  spiritual  life,  as  do  most  men, 
and  another  toward  a  primitive,  rank,  and  savage  one,  and  I  rever- 
ence them  both.  I  love  the  wild  not  less  than  the  good.  The 
wildness  and  adventure  that  are  in  fishing  still  recommended  it 
to  me.  I  like  sometimes  to  take  rank  hold  on  life  and  spend  my 
day  more  as  the  animals  do.  Perhaps  I  have  owed  to  this  em- 
ployment and  to  hunting,  when  quite  young,  my  closest  acquaint- 
ance with  Nature.  They  early  introduce  us  to  and  detain  us 
in  scenery  with  which  otherwise,  at  that  age,  we  should  have 
little  acquaintance.  Fishermen,  hunters,  woodchoppers,  and  others, 
spending  their  lives  in  the  fields  and  woods,  in  a  peculiar  sense 
a  part  of  Nature  themselves,  are  often  in  a  more  favorable  mood 
for  observing  her,  in  the  intervals  of  their  pursuits,  than  philoso- 
phers or  poets  even,  who  approach  her  with  expectation.  She  is 
not  afraid  to  exhibit  herself  to  them.  The  traveler  on  the  prairie 
is  naturally  a  hunter,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  and 
Columbia  a  trapper,  and  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary  a  fisherman. 
He  who  is  only  a  traveler  learns  things  at  second  hand  and  by 
the  halves,  and  is  poor  authority.  We  are  most  interested  when 
science  reports  what  those  men  already  know  practically  or  in- 
stinctively, for  that  alone  is  a  true  humanity,  or  account  of  hu- 
man experience. 

They  mistake  who  assert  that  the  Yankee  has  few  amuse- 
ments, because  he  has  not  so  many  public  holidays,  and  men  and 
boys  do  not  play  so  many  games  as  they  do  in  England,  for 
here  the  more  primitive  but  solitary  amusements  of  hunting, 
fishing,  and  the  like  have  not  yet  given  place  to  the  former, 
x— 237 


3778  HENRY  DAVID   THOREAU 

Almost  every  New  England  boy  among  my  contemporaries 
shouldered  a  fowling  piece  between  the  ages  of  ten  and  fourteen ; 
and  his  hunting  and  fishing  grounds  were  not  limited  like  the 
preserves  of  an  English  nobleman,  but  were  more  boundless  even 
than  those  of  a  savage.  No  wonder,  then,  that  he  did  not  oftener 
stay  to  play  on  the  common.  But  already  a  change  is  taking 
place,  owing,  not  to  an  increased  humanity,  but  to  an  increased 
scarcity  of  game,  for  perhaps  the  hunter  is  the  greatest  friend  of 
the  animals  hunted,  not  excepting  the  Humane  Society. 

Moreover,  when  at  the  pond,  I  wished  sometimes  to  add  fish 
to  my  fare  for  variety.  I  have  actually  fished  from  the  same 
kind  of  necessity  that  the  first  fishers  did.  Whatever  humanity 
I  might  conjure  up  against  it  was  all  factitious,  and  concerned 
my  philosophy  more  than  my  feelings.  I  speak  of  fishing  only 
now,  for  I  had  long  felt  differently  about  fowling,  and  sold  my 
gun  before  I  went  to  the  woods.  Not  that  I  am  less  humane 
than  others,  but  I  did  not  perceive  that  my  feelings  were  much 
affected.  I  did  not  pity  the  fishes  nor  the  worms.  This  was 
habit.  As  for  fowling,  during  the  last  years  that  I  carried  a  gun 
my  excuse  was  that  I  was  studying  ornithology,  and  sought  only 
new  or  rare  birds.  But  I  confess  that  I  am  now  inclined  to 
think  that  there  is  a  finer  way  of  studying  ornithology  than  this. 
It  requires  so  much  closer  attention  to  the  habits  of  the  birds, 
that,  if  for  that  reason  only,  I  have  been  willing  to  omit  the  gun. 
Yet  notwithstanding  the  objection  on  the  score  of  humanity,  I 
am  compelled  to  doubt  if  equally  valuable  sports  are  ever  substi- 
tuted for  these;  and  when  some  of  my  friends  have  asked  me 
anxiously  about  their  boys,  whether  they  should  let  them  hunt, 
I  have  answered,  yes, —  remembering  that  it  was  one  of  the  best 
parts  of  my  education, —  make  them  hunters,  though  sportsmen 
only  at  first,  if  possible,  mighty  hunters  at  last,  so  that  they  shall 
not  find  game  large  enough  for  them  in  this  or  any  vegetable 
wilderness, —  hunters  as  well  as  fishers  of  men.  Thus  far  I  am 
of  the  opinion  of  Chaucer's  nun,  who 

<(yave  not  of  the  text  a  pulled  hen 
That  saith  that  hunters  ben  not  holy  men." 

There  is  a  period  in  the  history  of  the  individual,  as  of  the 
race,  when  the  hunters  are  the  "best  men,"  as  the  Algonquins 
called  them.  We  cannot  but  pity  the  boy  who  has  never  fired  a 
gun;  he  is  no  more  humane,  while  his  education  has  been  sadly 


HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU  3779 

neglected.  This  was  my  answer  with  respect  to  those  youths 
who  were  bent  on  this  pursuit,  trusting-  that  they  would  soon  out- 
grow it.  No  humane  being,  past  the  thoughtless  age  of  boyhood, 
will  wantonly  murder  any  creature,  which  holds  its  life  by  the 
same  tenure  that  he  does.  The  hare  in  its  extremity  cries  like  a 
child.  I  warn  you,  mothers,  that  my  sympathies  do  not  always 
make  the  usual  philanthropic  distinctions. 

Such  is  oftenest  the  young  man's  introduction  to  the  forest, 
and  the  most  original  part  of  himself.  He  goes  thither  at  first 
as  a  hunter  and  fisher,  until  at  last,  if  he  has  the  seeds  of  a  bet- 
ter life  in  him,  he  distinguishes  his  proper  objects,  as  a  poet  or 
naturalist  it  may  be,  and  leaves  the  gun  and  fish  pole  behind. 
The  mass  of  men  are  still  and  always  young  in  this  respect.  In 
some  countries  a  hunting  parson  is  no  uncommon  sight.  Such  a 
one  might  make  a  good  shepherd's  dog,  but  is  far  from  being 
the  Good  Shepherd.  I  have  been  surprised  to  consider  that  the 
only  obvious  employment,  except  wood  chopping,  ice  cutting  or 
the  like  business,  which  ever  to  my  knowledge  detained  at  Wal- 
den  Pond  for  a  whole  half  day  any  of  my  fellow-citizens,  whether 
fathers  or  children  of  the  town,  with  just  one  exception,  was  fish- 
ing. Commonly  they  did  not  think  that  they  were  lucky,  or  well 
paid  for  their  time,  unless  they  got  a  long  string  of  fish,  though 
they  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing  the  pond  all  the  while.  They 
might  go  there  a  thousand  times  before  the  sediment  of  fishing 
would  sink  to  the  bottom  and  leave  their  purpose  pure;  but  no 
doubt  such  a  clarifying  process  would  be  going  on  all  the  while. 
The  governor  and  his  council  faintly  remember  the  pond,  for 
they  went  a-fishing  there  when  they  were  boys;  but  now  they 
are  too  old  and  dignified  to  go  a-fishing,  and  so  they  know  it  no 
more  forever.  Yet  even  they  expect  to  go  to  heaven  at  last.  If 
the  legislature  regards  it,  it  is  chiefly  to  regulate  the  number  of 
hooks  to  be  used  there;  but  they  know  nothing  about  the  hook 
of  hooks  with  which  to  angle  for  the  pond  itself,  impaling 
the  legislature  for  a  bait.  Thus,  even  in  civilized  communities, 
the  embryo  man  passes  through  the  hunter  stage  of  develop- 
ment. 

I  have  found  repeatedly,  of  late  years,  that  I  cannot  fish  with- 
out falling  a  little  in  self-respect.  I  have  tried  it  again  and 
again.  I  have  skill  at  it,  and  like  many  of  my  fellows,  a  certain 
instinct  for  it,  which  revives  from  time  to  time,  but  always  when 
I  have  done  I  feel  that  it  would  have   been  better  if    I   had   not 


3780  HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU 

fished.  I  think  that  I  do  not  mistake.  It  is  a  faint  intimation, 
yet  so  are  the  first  streaks  of  morning-.  There  is  unquestionably 
this  instinct  in  me  which  belongs  to  the  lower  orders  of  crea- 
tion ;  yet  with  every  year  I  am  less  a  fisherman,  though  without 
more  humanity  or  even  wisdom;  at  present  I  am  no  fisherman 
at  all.  But  I  see  that  if  I  were  to  live  in  a  wilderness  I  should 
again  be  tempted  to  become  a  fisher  and  hunter  in  earnest.  Be- 
side, there  is  something  essentially  unclean  about  this  diet  and  all 
flesh,  and  I  begin  to  see  where  housework  commences,  and  whence 
the  endeavor,  which  costs  so  much,  to  wear  a  tidy  and  respect- 
able appearance  each  day,  to  keep  the  house  sweet  and  free 
from  all  ill  odors  and  sights.  Having  been  my  own  butcher 
and  scullion  and  cook,  as  well  as  the  gentleman  for  whom  the 
difches  were  served  up,  I  can  speak  from  an  unusually  complete 
experience.  The  practical  objection  to  animal  food  in  my  case 
was  its  uncleanness;  and,  besides,  when  I  had  caught  and  cleaned 
and  cooked  and  eaten  my  fish,  they  seemed  not  to  have  fed  me 
essentially.  It  was  insignificant  and  unnecessary  and  cost  more 
than  it  came  to.  A  little  bread  or  a  few  potatoes  would  have 
done  as  well,  with  less  trouble  and  filth.  Like  many  of  my  con- 
temporaries, I  had  rarely  for  many  years  used  animal  food,  or 
tea,  or  coffee,  etc. ;  not  so  much  because  of  any  ill  effects  which 
I  had  traced  to  them,  as  because  they  were  not  agreeable  to  my 
imagination.  The  repugnance  to  animal  food  is  not  the  effect  of 
experience,  but  is  an  instinct.  It  appeared  more  beautiful  to  live 
low  and  fare  hard  in  many  respects;  and  though  I  never  did  so, 
I  went  far  enough  to  please  my  imagination.  I  believe  that 
every  man  who  has  ever  been  earnest  to  preserve  his  higher  or 
poetic  faculties  in  the  best  condition  has  been  particularly  in- 
clined to  abstain  from  animal  food,  and  from  much  food  of  any 
kind.  It  is  a  significant  fact,  stated  by  entomologists, —  I  find  it 
in  Kirby  and  Spence, —  that  K  some  insects  in  their  perfect  state, 
though  furnished  with  organs  of  feeding,  make  no  use  of  them  M ; 
and  they  lay  it  down  as  <(  a  general  rule,  that  almost  all  insects 
in  this  state  eat  much  less  than  in  that  of  larvae.  The  voracious 
caterpillar  when  transformed  into  a  butterfly, w  .  .  .  (<  and  the 
gluttonous  maggot  when  become  a  fly,'*  content  themselves  with 
a  drop  or  two  of  honey,  or  some  other  sweet  liquid.  The  abdo- 
men under  the  wings  of  the  butterfly  still  represents  the  larva. 
This  is  the  tidbit  which  tempts  his  insectivorous  fate.  The 
gross  feeder  is  a  man    in    the    larva   state;    and    there    are    whole 


HENRY    DAVID   THOREAU  378 1 

nations  in  that  condition,  nations  without  fancy  or  imagination, 
whose  vast  abdomens  betray  them. 

It  is  hard  to  provide  and  cook  so  simple  and  clean  a  diet  as 
will  not  offend  the  imagination;  but  this,  I  think,  is  to  be  fed 
when  we  feed  the  body;  they  should  both  sit  down  at  the  same 
table.  Yet  perhaps  this  may  be  done.  The  fruits  eaten  tem- 
perately need  not  make  us  ashamed  of  our  appetites,  nor  inter- 
rupt the  worthiest  pursuits.  But  put  an  extra  condiment  into 
your  dish,  and  it  will  poison  you.  It  is  not  worth  the  while  to 
live  by  rich  cookery.  Most  men  would  feel  shame  if  caught  pre- 
paring with  their  own  hands  precisely  such  a  dinner,  whether  of 
animal  or  vegetable  food,  as  is  every  day  prepared  for  them  by 
others.  Yet  till  this  is  otherwise  we  are  not  civilized,  and,  if 
gentlemen  and  ladies,  are  not  true  men  and  women.  This  cer- 
tainly suggests  what  change  is  to  be  made.  It  may  be  vain  to 
ask  why  the  imagination  will  not  be  reconciled  to  flesh  and  fat. 
I  am  satisfied  that  it  is  not.  Is  it  not  a  reproach  that  man  is  a 
carnivorous  animal  ?  True,  he  can  and  does  live,  in  a  great 
measure,  by  preying  on  other  animals;  but  this  is  a  miserable 
way, —  as  any  one  who  will  go  to  snaring  rabbits,  or  slaughtering 
lambs,  may  learn, —  and  he  will  be  regarded  as  a  benefactor  of 
his  race  who  shall  teach  man  to  confine  himself  to  a  more  inno- 
cent and  wholesome  diet.  Whatever  my  own  practice  may  be,  I 
have  no  doubt  that  it  is  a  part  of  the  destiny  of  the  human 
race,  in  its  gradual  improvement,  to  leave  off  eating  animals,  as 
surely  as  the  savage  tribes  have  left  off  eating  each  other  when 
they  came  in  contact  with  the  more  civilized. 

If  one  listens  to  the  faintest  but  constant  suggestions  of  his 
genius,  which  are  certainly  true,  he  sees  not  to  what  extremes, 
or  even  insanity,  it  may  lead  him;  and  yet  that  way,  as  he  grows 
more  resolute  and  faithful,  his  road  lies.  The  faintest  assured 
objection  which  one  healthy  man  feels  will  at  length  prevail  over 
the  arguments  and  customs  of  mankind.  No  man  ever  followed 
his  genius  till  it  misled  him.  Though  the  result  were  bodily 
weakness,  yet  perhaps  no  one  can  say  that  the  consequences 
were  to  be  regretted,  for  these  were  a  life  in  conformity  to 
higher  principles.  If  the  day  and  the  night  are  such  that  you 
greet  them  with  joy,  and  life  emits  a  fragrance  like  flowers  and 
sweet-scented  herbs,  is  more  elastic,  more  starry,  more  immortal, 
—  that  is  your  success.  All  nature  is  your  congratulation,  and 
you    have    cause    momentarily    to    bless    yourself.       The    greatest 


3782  HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU 

gains  and  values  are  furthest  from  being  appreciated.  We  easily 
come  to  doubt  if  they  exist.  We  soon  forget  them.  They  are 
the  highest  reality.  Perhaps  the  facts  most  astounding  and  most 
real  are  never  communicated  by  man  to  man.  The  true  harvest 
of  my  daily  life  is  somewhat  as  intangible  and  indescribable  as 
the  tints  of  morning  or  evening.  It  is  a  little  star- dust  caught, 
a  segment  of  the  rainbow  which  I  have  clutched. 

Yet,  for  my  part,  I  was  never  unusually  squeamish;  I  could 
sometimes  eat  a  fried  rat  with  a  good  relish,  if  it  were  neces- 
sary. I  am  glad  to  have  drunk  water  so  long,  for  the  same  rea- 
son that  I  prefer  the  natural  sky  to  an  opium-eater's  heaven.  I 
would  fain  keep  sober  always;  and  there  are  infinite  degrees  of 
drunkenness.  I  believe  that  water  is  the  only  drink  for  a  wise 
man;  wine  is  not  so  noble  a  liquor;  and  think  of  dashing  the 
hopes  of  a  morning  with  a  cup  of  warm  coffee,  or  of  an  evening 
with  a  dish  of  tea!  Ah,  how  low  I  fall  when  I  am  tempted  by 
them!  Even  music  may  be  intoxicating.  Such  apparently  slight 
causes  destroyed  Greece  and  Rome,  and  will  destroy  England 
and  America.  Of  all  ebriosity,  who  does  not  prefer  to  be  intoxi- 
cated by  the  air  he  breathes  ?  I  have  found  it  to  be  the  most 
serious  objection  to  coarse  labors  long  continued,  that  they  com- 
pelled me  to  eat  and  drink  coarsely  also.  But  to  tell  the  truth, 
I  find  myself  at  present  somewhat  less  particular  in  these  respects. 
I  carry  less  religion  to  the  table, — ask  no  blessing;  not  because  I 
am  wiser  than  I  was,  but,  I  am  obliged  to  confess,  because, 
however  much  it  is  to  be  regretted,  with  years  I  have  grown 
more  coarse  and  indifferent.  Perhaps  these  questions  are  enter- 
tained only  in  youth,  as  most  believe  of  poetry.  My  practice  is 
(<  nowhere, n  my  opinion  is  here.  Nevertheless  I  am  far  from 
regarding  myself  as  one  of  those  privileged  ones  to  whom  the 
Ved  refers  when  it  says,  that  (t  he  who  has  true  faith  in  the 
Omnipresent  Supreme  Being  may  eat  all  that  exists, w  that  is,  is 
not  bound  to  inquire  what  is  his  food,  or  who  prepares  it;  and 
even  in  their  case  it  is  to  be  observed,  as  a  Hindoo  commentator 
has  remarked,  that  the  Vedant  limits  this  privilege  to  <(  the  time 
of  distress. w 

Who  has  not  sometimes  derived  an  inexpressible  satisfaction 
from  his  food  in  which  appetite  had  no  share  ?  I  have  been 
thrilled  to  think  that  I  owed  a  mental  perception  to  the  com- 
monly gross  sense  of  taste,  that  I  have  been  inspired  through 
the   palate,  that   some   berries    which     I   had    eaten    on    a   hillside 


HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU  3783 

had  fed  my  genius.  <(  The  Soul  not  being  mistress  of  herself, }) 
says  Thseng-tseu,  <(  one  looks,  and  one  does  not  see;  one  listens, 
and  one  does  not  hear;  one  eats,  and  one  does  not  know  the 
savor  of  food."  He  who  distinguishes  the  true  savor  of  his  food 
can  never  be  a  glutton;  he  who  does  not  cannot  be  otherwise. 
A  puritan  may  go  to  his  brown-bread  crust  with  as  gross  an  ap- 
petite as  ever  an  alderman  to  his  turtle.  Not  that  food  which 
entereth  into  the  mouth  defileth  a  man,  but  the  appetite  with 
which  it  is  eaten.  It  is  neither  the  quality  nor  the  quantity,  but 
the  devotion  to  sensual  savors;  when  that  which  is  eaten  is  not 
a  viand  to  sustain  our  animal,  or  inspire  our  spiritual  life,  but 
food  for  the  worms  that  possess  us.  If  the  hunter  has  a  taste 
for  mud  turtles,  muskrats,  and  other  such  savage  tidbits,  the  fine 
lady  indulges  a  taste  for  jelly  made  of  a  calf's  foot,  or  for  sar- 
dines from  over  the  sea,  and  they  are  even.  He  goes  to  the 
mill  pond,  she  to  her  preserve  pot.  The  wonder  is  how  they, 
how  you  and  I,  can  live  this  slimy  beastly  life,  eating  and  drink- 
ing. 

Our  whole  life  is  startlingly  moral.  There  is  never  an  in- 
stant's truce  between  virtue  and  vice.  Goodness  is  the  only 
investment  that  never  fails.  In  the  music  of  the  harp  which 
trembles  round  the  world  it  is  the  insisting  on  this  which  thrills 
us.  The  harp  is  the  traveling  patterer  for  the  Universe's  Insur- 
ance Company,  recommending  its  laws,  and  our  little  goodness  is 
all  the  assessment  that  we  pay.  Though  the  youth  at  last  grows 
indifferent,  the  laws  of  the  universe  are  not  indifferent,  but  are 
forever  on  the  side  of  the  most  sensitive.  Listen  to  every  zephyi 
for  some  reproof,  for  it  is  surely  there,  and  he  is  unfortunate 
who  does  not  hear  it.  We  cannot  touch  a  string  or  move  a  stop, 
but  the  charming  moral  transfixes  us.  Many  an  irksome  noise, 
go  a  long  way  off,  is  heard  as  music,  a  proud  sweet  satire  on  the 
meanness  of  our  lives. 

We  are  conscious  of  an  animal  in  us,  which  awakens  in  pro- 
portion as  our  higher  nature  slumbers.  It  is  reptile  and  sensual, 
and  perhaps  cannot  be  wholly  expelled;  like  the  worms  which, 
even  in  life  and  health,  occupy  our  bodies.  Possibly  we  may 
withdraw  from  it,  but  never  change  its  nature.  I  fear  that  it 
may  enjoy  a  certain  health  of  its  own ;  that  we  may  be  well,  yet 
not  pure.  The  other  day  I  picked  up  the  lower  jaw  of  a  hog, 
with  white  and  sound  teeth  and  tusks,  which  suggested  that  there 
was  an  animal  health  and  vigor  distinct  from  the  spiritual.     This 


3784  HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU 

creature  succeeded  by  other  means  than  temperance  and  purity. 
<(  That  in  which  men  differ  from  brute  beasts, w  says  Mencius,  (<is 
a  thing  very  inconsiderable;  the  common  herd  lose  it  very  soon; 
superior  men  preserve  it  carefully."  Who  knows  what  sort  of 
life  would  result  if  we  had  attained  to  purity  ?  If  I  knew  so  wise 
a  man  as  could  teach  me  purity  I  would  go  to  seek  him  forth- 
with. <c  A  command  over  our  passions,  and  over  the  external 
senses  of  the  body,  and  good  acts,  are  declared  by  the  Ved  to  be 
indispensable  in  the  mind's  approximation  to  God.w  Yet  the 
spirit  can  for  the  time  pervade  and  control  every  member  and 
function  of  the  body,  and  transmute  what  in  form  is  the  gross- 
est sensuality  into  purity  and  devotion.  The  generative  energy, 
which,  when  we  are  loose,  dissipates  and  makes  us  unclean,  when 
we  are  continent  invigorates  and  inspires  us.  Chastity  is  the 
flowering  of  man;  and  what  are  called  Genius,  Heroism,  Holi- 
ness, and  the  like,  are  but  various  fruits  which  succeed  it.  Man 
flows  at  once  to  God  when  the  channel  of  purity  is  open.  By 
turns  our  purity  inspires  and  our  impurity  casts  us  down.  He  is 
blessed  who  is  assured  that  the  animal  is  dying  out  in  him  day 
by  day,  and  the  divine  being  established.  Perhaps  there  is  none 
but  has  cause  for  shame  on  account  of  the  inferior  and  brutish 
nature  to  which  he  is  allied.  I  fear  that  we  are  such  gods  or 
demigods  only  as  fauns  or  satyrs,  the  divine  allied  to  beasts,  the 
creatures  of  appetite,  and  that,  to  some  extent,  our  very  life  is 
our  disgrace:  — 

(<  How  happy's  he  who  hath  due  place  assigned 
To  his  beasts  and  disaforested  his  mind! 

Can  use  his  horse,  goat,  wolf,  and  ev'ry  beast, 

And  is  not  ass  himself  to  all  the  rest! 

Else  man  not  only  is  the  herd  of  swine, 

But  he's  those  devils  too  which  did  incline 

Them  to  a  headlong  rage,  and  made  them  worse.0 

All  sensuality  is  one,  though  it  takes  many  forms;  all  purity 
is  one.  It  is  the  same  whether  a  man  eat,  or  drink,  or  cohabit, 
or  sleep  sensually.  They  are  but  one  appetite,  and  we  only 
need  to  see  a  person  do  any  one  of  these  things  to  know  how 
great  a  sensualist  he  is.  The  impure  can  neither  stand  nor  sit 
with  purity.  When  the  reptile  is  attacked  at  one  mouth  of  his 
burrow,   he    shows    himself  at  another.      If  you  would  be  chaste, 


HENRY    DAVID    THOREAU  3785 

you  must  be  temperate.  What  is  chastity  ?  How  shall  a  man 
know  if  he  is  chaste  ?  He  shall  not  know  it.  We  have  heard 
of  this  virtue,  but  we  know  not  what  it  is.  We  speak  comform- 
ably  to  the  rumor  which  we  have  heard.  From  exertion  come 
wisdom  and  purity;  from  sloth  ignorance  and  sensuality.  In  the 
student  sensuality  is  a  sluggish  habit  of  mind.  An  unclean  per- 
son is  universally  a  slothful  one,  one  who  sits  by  a  stove,  whom 
the  sun  shines  on  prostrate,  who  reposes  without  being  fatigued. 
If  you  would  avoid  uncleanness,  and  all  the  sins,  work  earnestly, 
though  it  be  at  cleaning  a  stable.  Nature  is  hard  to  be  over- 
come, but  she  must  be  overcome.  What  avails  it  that  you  are 
a  Christian,  if  you  are  not  purer  than  the  heathen,  if  you  deny 
yourself  no  more,  if  you  are  not  more  religious  ?  I  know  of 
many  systems  of  religion  esteemed  heathenish  whose  precepts 
fill  the  reader  with  shame,  and  provoke  him  to  new  endeavors, 
though  it  be  to  the  performance  of  rites  merely. 

I  hesitate  to  say  these  things,  but  it  is  not  because  of  the 
subject, —  I  care  not  how  obscene  my  words  are, —  but  because  I 
cannot  speak  of  them  without  betraying  my  impurity.  We  dis- 
course freely  without  shame  of  one  form  of  sensuality,  and  are 
silent  about  another.  We  are  so  degraded  that  we  cannot  speak 
simply  of  the  necessary  functions  of  human  nature.  In  earlier 
ages,  in  some  countries,  every  function  was  reverently  spoken  of 
and  regulated  by  law.  Nothing  was  too  trivial  for  the  Hindoo 
lawgiver,  however  offensive  it  may  be  to  modern  taste.  He 
teaches  how  to  eat,  drink,  cohabit,  void  excrement  and  urine,  and 
the  like,  elevating  what  is  mean,  and  does  not  falsely  excuse 
himself  by  calling  these  things  trifles. 

Every  man  is  the  builder  of  a  temple,  called  his  body,  to  the 
god  he  worships,  after  a  style  purely  his  own,  nor  can  he  get 
off  by  hammering  marble  instead.  We  are  all  sculptors  and 
painters,  and  our  material  is  our  own  flesh  and  blood  and  bones. 
Any  nobleness  begins  at  once  to  refine  a  man's  features,  any 
meanness  or  sensuality  to  imbrute  them. 

John  Farmer  sat  at  his  door  one  September  evening,  after  a 
hard  day's  work,  his  mind  still  running  on  his  labor  more  or 
less.  Having  bathed  he  sat  down  to  recreate  his  intellectual 
man.  It  was  a  rather  cool  evening,  and  some  of  his  neighbors 
were  apprehending  a  frost.  He  had  not  attended  to  the  train  of 
his  thoughts  long  when  he  heard  some  one  playing  on  a  flute, 
and    that   sound    harmonized  with  his  mood.     Still  he  thought  of 


3786  HENRY   DAVID   THOREAU 

his  work;  but  the  burden  of  his  thought  was,  that  though  this 
kept  running  in  his  head,  and  he  found  himself  planning  and  con- 
triving it  against  his  will,  yet  it  concerned  him  very  little.  It  was 
no  more  than  the  scurf  of  his  skin,  which  was  constantly  shuffled 
off.  But  the  notes  of  the  flute  came  home  to  his  ears  out  of  a 
different  sphere  from  that  he  worked  in,  and  suggested  work  for 
certain  faculties  which  slumbered  in  him.  They  gently  did  away 
with  the  street,  and  the  village,  and  the  state  in  which  he  lived. 
A  voice  said  to  him, — Why  do  you  stay  here  and  live  in  this 
mean,  moiling  life,  when  a  glorious  existence  is  possible  for  you  ? 
Those  same  stars  twinkle  over  other  fields  than  these.  But  how 
to  come  out  of  this  condition  and  actually  migrate  thither  ?  All 
that  he  could  think  of  was  to  practice  some  new  austerity,  to  let 
his  mind  descend  into  his  body  and  redeem  it,  and  treat  himself 
with  ever-increasing  respect. 

Complete.     From  "Walden." 


3787 


THOMAS   TICKELL 

(1686- 1 740) 

Jhomas  Tickell,  a  friend  of  Addison  and  a  contributor  to  the 
Spectator  and  Guardian,  was  born  in  Cumberland,  England, 
in  1686.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1708,  and  nine  years 
later  was  appointed  Undersecretary  of  State, —  a  promotion  he  owed 
to  Addison's  friendship.  He  wrote  verse  as  well  as  prose.  The  bal- 
lad of  <(  Colin  and  Lucy  °  and  an  elegy  on  Addison  which  appeared 
in  the  edition  of  Addison  published  in  1721  are  mentioned  as  illus- 
trations of  his  best  work  in  verse.  His  prose  style  closely  follows 
that  of  Addison,  but  he  has  genuine  feeling  for  nature  and  knows 
how  to  express  it  without  servile  imitation  of  any  one.  He  died  at 
Bath,  April  23d,  1740. 


PLEASURES   OF   SPRING 


JVunc  formosissimus  annus. 

—  Virg.  Eel.  III.   57. 

(<  Now  the  gay  year  in  all  her  charms  is  drest." 

Men  of  my  age  receive  a  greater  pleasure  from  fine  weather 
than  from  any  other  sensual  enjoyment  of  life.  In  spite 
of  the  auxiliary  bottle,  or  any  artificial  heat,  we  are  apt 
to  droop  under  a  gloomy  sky;  and  taste  no  luxury  like  a  blue 
firmament,  and  sunshine.  I  have  often,  in  a  splenetic  fit,  wished 
myself  a  dormouse  during  the  winter;  and  I  never  see  one  of 
those  snug  animals,  wrapped  up  close  in  his  fur,  and  compactly 
happy  in  himself,  but  I  contemplate  him  with  envy  beneath  the 
dignity  of  a  philosopher.  If  the  art  of  flying  were  brought  to 
perfection,  the  use  that  I  should  make  of  it  would  be  to  attend 
the  sun  round  the  world,  and  pursue  the  spring  through  every 
sign  of  the  Zodiac.  This  love  of  warmth  makes  my  heart  glad 
at  the  return  of  the  spring.  How  amazing  is  the  change  in  the 
face  of  nature;  when  the  earth,  from  being  bound  with  frost,  or 
covered   with    snow,  begins   to   put   forth  her  plants  and  flowers, 


3788  THOMAS   TICKELL 

to  be  clothed  with  green,  diversified  with  ten  thousand  various 
dyes;  and  to  exhale  such  fresh  and  charming  odors,  as  fill  every 
living  creature  with  delight! 

Full  of  thoughts  like  these,  I  make  it  a  rule  to  lose  as  little 
as  I  can  of  that  blessed  season;  and  accordingly  rise  with  the 
sun,  and  wander  through  the  fields,  throw  myself  on  the  banks 
of  little  rivulets,  or  lose  myself  in  the  woods.  I  spent  a  day  or 
two  this  spring  at  a  country  gentleman's  seat,  where  I  feasted 
my  imagination  every  morning  with  the  most  luxurious  prospect 
I  ever  saw.  I  usually  took  my  stand  by  the  wall  of  an  old  castle 
built  upon  a  high  hill.  A  noble  river  ran  at  the  foot  of  it, 
which  after  being  broken  by  a  heap  of  misshapen  stones,  glided 
away  in  a  clear  stream,  and  wandering  through  two  woods  on 
each  side  of  it  in  many  windings,  shone  here  and  there  at  a 
great  distance  through  the  trees.  I  could  trace  the  mazes  for 
some  miles,  until  my  eye  was  led  through  two  ridges  of  hills, 
and  terminated  by  a  vast  mountain  in  another  county. 

I  hope  the  reader  will  pardon  me  for  taking  his  eye  from  our 
present  subject  of  the  spring,  by  this  landscape,  since  it  is  at 
this  time  of  the  year  only  that  prospects  excel  in  beauty.  But 
if  the  eye  is  delighted,  the  ear  hath  likewise  its  proper  enter- 
tainment. The  music  of  the  birds  at  this  time  of  the  year  hath 
something  in  it  so  wildly  sweet,  as  makes  me  less  relish  the 
most  elaborate  compositions  of  Italy.  The  vigor  which  the 
warmth  of  the  sun  pours  afresh  into  their  veins  prompts  them 
to  renew  their  species;  and  thereby  puts  the  male  upon  wooing 
his  mate  with  more  mellow  warblings,  and  to  swell  his  throat 
with  more  violent  modulations.  It  is  an  amusement  by  no  means 
below  the  dignity  of  a  rational  soul,  to  observe  the  pretty  crea- 
tures flying  in  pairs,  to  mark  the  different  passions  in  their 
intrigues,  the  curious  contexture  of  their  nests,  and  their  care 
and  tenderness  of  their  little  offspring. 

I  am  particularly  acquainted  with  a  wagtail  and  his  spouse, 
and  made  many  remarks  upon  the  several  gallantries  he  hourly 
used,  before  the  coy  female  would  consent  to  make  him  happy. 
When  I  saw  in  how  many  airy  rings  he  was  forced  to  pursue 
her;  how  sometimes  she  tripped  before  him  in  a  pretty  pitty-pat 
step,  and  scarce  seemed  to  regard  the  cowering  of  his  wings, 
and  the  many  awkward  and  foppish  contortions  into  which  he 
put  his  body  to  do  her  homage,  it  made  me  reflect  upon  my 
own  youth,  and  the  caprices  of  the  fair  but  fantastic  Teraminta. 


THOMAS   TICKELL  3789 

Often  have  I  wished  that  I  understood  the  language  of  birds, 
when  I  have  heard  him  exert  an  eager  chuckle  at  her  leaving 
him ;  and  do  not  doubt,  but  that  he  muttered  the  same  vows  and 
reproaches  which  I  often  have  vented  against  that  unrelenting 
maid. 

The  sight  that  gave  me  the  most  satisfaction  was  a  flight  of 
young  birds,  under  the  conduct  of  the  father,  and  indulgent 
directions  and  assistance  of  the  dam.  I  took  particular  notice  of 
a  beau  goldfinch,  who  was  picking  his  plumes,  pruning  his 
wings,  and  with  great  diligence  adjusting  all  his  gaudy  garni- 
ture. When  he  had  equipped  himself  with  great  trimness  and 
nicety,  he  stretched  his  painted  neck,  which  seemed  to  brighten 
with  new  glowings,  and  strained  his  throat  into  many  wild  notes 
and  natural  melody.  He  then  flew  about  the  nest  in  several 
circles  and  windings,  and  invited  his  wife  and  children  into  the  open 
air.  It  was  very  entertaining  to  see  the  trembling  and  the  flut- 
tering of  the  little  strangers  at  their  first  appearance  in  the 
world,  and  the  different  care  of  the  male  and  female  parent,  so 
suitable  to  their  several  sexes.  I  could  not  take  my  eye  quickly 
from  so  entertaining  an  object;  nor  could  I  help  wishing  that 
creatures  of  a  superior  rank  would  so  manifest  their  mutual  af- 
fection, and  so  cheerfully  concur  in  providing  for  their  offspring. 

I  shall  conclude  this  tattle  about  the  spring,  which  I  usually 
call  <(the  youth  and  health  of  the  year,"  with  some  verses  which 
I  transcribe  from  a  manuscript  poem  upon  hunting.  The  author 
gives  directions,  that  hounds  should  breed  in  the  spring,  whence 
he  takes  occasion,  after  the  manner  of  the  Ancients,  to  make  a 
digression  in  praise  of  that  season.  The  verses  here  subjoined 
are  not  all  upon  that  subject;  but  the  transitions  slide  so  easily 
into  one  another,  that  I  knew  not  how  to  leave  off  until  I  had 
writ  out  the  whole  digression  ■  — 

(<In  spring  let  loose  thy  males.    Then  all  things  prove 
The  stings  of  pleasure,  and  the  pangs  of  love : 
Ethereal  Jove  then  glads,  with  genial  showers, 
Earth's  mighty  womb,  and  strews  her  lap  with  flow'rs; 
Hence  juices  mount,  and  buds,  embolden'd,  try 
More  kindly  breezes,  and  a  softer  sky; 
Kind  Venus  revels.     Hark!  on  ev'ry  bough, 
In  lulling  strains  the  feather'd  warblers  woo. 
Fell  tigers  soften  in  th'  infectious  flames, 
And  lions  fawning,  court  their  brindled  dames: 


379° 


THOMAS  TICKEI.L 

Great  love  pervades  the  deep;  to  please  his  mate, 
The  whale,  in  gambols  moves  his  monstrous  weight; 
Heav'd  by  his  wayward  mirth  old  Ocean  roars, 
And  scatter'd  navies  bulge  on  distant  shores. 

<(A11  Nature  smiles:  Come  now,  nor  fear,  my  love, 
To  taste  the  odors  of  the  woodbine  grove, 
To  pass  the  evening  glooms  in  harmless  play, 
And  sweetly  swearing,  languish  life  away. 
An  altar  bound  with  recent  flowers,  I  rear 
To  thee,  best  season   of  the  various  year. 
All  hail !  such  days  in  beauteous  order  ran, 
So  soft,  so  sweet,  when  first  the  world  began; 
In  Eden's  bow'rs,  when  man's  great  sire  assign'd 
The  names  and  natures  of  the  brutal  kind. 
Then  lamb  and  lion  friendly  walk'd  their  round, 
And  hares,  undaunted,  licked  the  fondling  hound; 
Wond'rous  to  tell!  but  when  with  luckless  hand, 
Our  daring  mother  broke  the  sole  command, 
Then  want  and  envy  brought  their  meagre   train, 
Then  wrath  came  down,  and  death  had  leave  to  reign: 
Hence  foxes  earth'd,  and  wolves  abhorr'd  the  day, 
And  hungry  churls  ensnar'd  the  nightly  prey. 
Rude  arts  at   first;   but  witty  want  refin'd 
The  huntsman's  wiles,  and  famine  form'd  the  mind. 

(<  Bold  Nimrod  first  the  lion's  trophies  wore, 
The  panther  bound,  and  lanc'd   the   bristling  boar; 
He  taught  to  turn  the  hare,  to  bay  the  deer, 
And  wheel  the  courser  in  his  mid  career. 
Ah!  had  he   there  restrain'd  his  tyrant  hand! 
Let  me,  ye  pow'rs,  a  humbler  wreath  demand: 
No  pomps  I  ask,  which  crowns  and  sceptres  yield; 
Nor  dang'rous  laurels  in  the  dusty  field : 
Fast  by  the  forest,  and  the  limpid  spring, 
Give  me  the  warfare  of  the  woods  to  sing, 
To  breed  my  whelps  and  healthful  press  the  game, 
A  mean,  inglorious,  but  a  guiltless  name." 

Complete.     From  the  Guardian. 


379i 


GEORGE  TICKNOR 
(1791-1871) 

[eorge  Ticknor,  whose  (<  History  of  Spanish  Literature  >}  is  one 
of  the  best  works  on  that  subject,  was  born  at  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts, August  1  st,  1 79 1.  After  graduating  at  Dartmouth 
College  he  spent  two  years  in  Europe  and  on  his  return  became  pro- 
fessor of  Spanish,  French,  and  Belles-Lettres  at  Harvard,  where  he  re- 
mained from  1819  to  1835.  A  second  visit  to  Europe  was  followed 
after  several  years  by  his  (<  History  of  Spanish  Literature  w  published 
in  1849.  He  wrote  also  a  life  of  Prescott  and  a  number  of  miscellane- 
ous papers  and  essays.  He  died  January  26th,  187 1,  and  his  "Life 
and  Letters })  was  published  in  1876. 

SPANISH    HEROIC    BALLADS   OF   THE   CID 

The  oldest  documents  known  to  exist  with  ascertained  dates  in 
the  Spanish  language  come  from  the  reign  of  Alfonso  VII. 
The  first  of  them  is  a  character  of  Oviedo,  in  1145,  and  the 
other  is  the  confirmation  of  a  charter  of  Aviles,  in  1 155 ; — neigh- 
boring cities  in  Asturias,  and  therefore  in  that  part  of  Spain 
where  we  should  naturally  look  for  the  first  intimations  of  a  new 
dialect.  They  are  important,  not  only  because  they  exhibit  the 
new  dialect  just  emerging  from  the  corrupted  Latin,  little  or  not 
at  all  affected  by  the  Arabic  infused  into  it  in  the  southern  prov- 
inces, but  because  they  are  believed  to  be  among  the  oldest  docu- 
ments ever  written  in  Spanish,  since  there  is  no  good  reason  to 
suppose  that  language  to  have  existed  in  a  written  form  even 
half  a  century   earlier. 

How  far  we  can  go  back  towards  the  first  appearance  of  poetry 
in  the  Spanish,  or  as  it  was  oftener  called,  Castilian  dialect,  is 
not  so  precisely  ascertained.  But  we  know  that  we  can  trace 
Castilian  verse  to  a  period  surprisingly  near  the  date  of  the  docu- 
ments of  Oviedo  and  of  Aviles.  It  is,  too,  a  remarkable  cir- 
cumstance, that  we  can  thus  trace  it  by  works  both  long  and 
interesting;  for,  though  ballads,  and  the  other  forms  of  popular 
poetry,  by  which  we  mark  indistinctly  the  beginning  of  almost 
every  other  literature,  are  abundant  in  the  Spanish,  we  are   not 


3792  GEORGE   TICKNOR 

obliged  to  resort  to  them,  at  the  outset  of  our  inquiries,  since 
other  obvious  and  decisive  monuments  present  themselves  at 
once. 

The  first  of  these  monuments  in  age,  and  the  first  in  impor- 
tance, is  the  poem  commonly  called,  with  primitive  simplicity  and 
directness,  <(  The  Poem  of  the  Cid. 8  It  consists  of  above  three 
thousand  lines,  and  can  hardly  have  been  composed  later  than 
the  year  1200.  Its  subject,  as  its  name  implies,  is  taken  from 
among  the  adventures  of  the  Cid,  the  great  popular  hero  of  the 
chivalrous  age  of  Spain;  and  the  whole  tone  of  its  manners  and 
feelings  is  in  sympathy  with  the  contest  between  the  Moors  and 
Christians,  in  which  the  Cid  bore  so  great  a  part,  and  which  was 
still  going  on  with  undiminished  violence  at  the  period  when  the 
poem  was  written.  It  has,  therefore,  a  national  bearing  and  a 
national  character  throughout. 

The  Cid  himself,  who  is  to  be  found  constantly  commemo- 
rated in  Spanish  poetry,  was  born  in  Burgos  about  the  year  1046, 
and  died  in  1099  at  Valencia,  which  he  had  rescued  from  the  Moors. 
His  original  name  was  Ruy  Diaz,  or  Rodrigo  Diaz;  and  he  was 
by  birth  one  of  the  considerable  barons  of  his  country.  The 
title  of  "Cid,*  by  which  he  is  almost  always  known,  is  often  said 
to  have  come  to  him  from  the  remarkable  circumstance  that  five 
Moorish  kings  or  chiefs  acknowledged  him  in  one  battle  as  their 
"Seid^or  their  lord  and  conqueror;  and  the  title  of  ((  Campea- 
dor, B  or  Champion,  by  which  he  is  hardly  less  known,  though  it 
is  commonly  assumed  to  have  been  given  to  him  as  a  leader  of 
the  armies  of  Sancho  the  Second,  has  long  since  been  used 
almost  exclusively  as  a  mere  popular  expression  of  the  admira- 
tion of  his  countrymen  for  his  exploits  against  the  Moors.  At 
any  rate,  from  a  very  early  period  he  has  been  called  <c  El  Cid 
Campeador, B  or  the  Lord  Champion.  And  in  many  respects  he 
well  deserved  the  honorable  title ;  for  he  passed  almost  the 
whole  of  his  life  in  the  field  against  the  oppressors  of  his  coun- 
try, suffering  so  far  as  we  know,  scarcely  a  single  defeat  from 
the  common  enemy,  though,  on  more  than  one  occasion,  he  was 
exiled  and  sacrificed  by  the  Christian  princes  to  whose  interests 
he  had  attached  himself,  and,  on  more  than  one  occasion,  was  in 
alliance  with  the  Mohammedan  powers,  in  order,  according  to  a 
system  then  received  among  the  Christian  princes  of  Spain,  and 
thought  justifiable,  to  avenge  the  wrongs  that  had  been  inflicted 
on  him  by  his  own  countrymen. 


GEORGE   TICKNOR  3793 

But  whatever  may  have  been  the  real  adventures  of  his  life, 
over  which  the  peculiar  darkness  of  the  period  when  they  were 
achieved  has  cast  a  deep  shadow,  he  comes  to  us  in  modern 
times  as  the  great  defender  of  his  nation  against  its  Moorish  in- 
vaders, and  seems  to  have  so  filled  the  imagination  and  satisfied 
the  affections  of  his  countrymen,  that  centuries  after  his  death, 
and  even  down  to  our  own  days,  poetry  and  tradition  have  de- 
lighted to  attach  to  his  name  a  long  series  of  fabulous  achieve- 
ments, which  connect  him  with  the  mythological  fictions  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  remind  us  almost  as  often  of  Amadis  and 
Arthur  as  they  do  of  the  sober  heroes  of  genuine  history. 

The  (<  Poem  of  the  Cid  w  partakes  of  both  these  characters.  It 
has  sometimes  been  regarded  as  wholly,  or  almost  wholly,  his- 
torical. But  there  is  too  free  and  romantic  a  spirit  in  it  for 
history.  It  contains,  indeed,  few  of  the  bolder  fictions  found  in 
the  subsequent  chronicles  and  in  the  popular  ballads.  Still,  it  is 
essentially  a  poem,  and  in  the  spirited  scenes  at  the  siege  of 
Alcocer  and  at  the  Cortes,  as  well  as  in  those  relating  to  the 
Counts  of  Carrion,  it  is  plain  that  the  author  felt  his  license  as 
a  poet.  In  fact,  the  very  marriage  of  the  daughters  of  the  Cid 
has  been  shown  to  be  all  but  impossible ;  and  thus  any  real  his- 
torical foundation  seems  to  be  taken  away  from  the  chief  event 
which  the  poem  records.  This,  however,  does  not  at  all  touch 
the  proper  value  of  the  work,  which  is  simple,  heroic,  and  na- 
tional. Unfortunately,  the  only  ancient  manuscript  of  it  known 
to  exist  is  imperfect,  and  nowhere  informs  us  who  was  its  author. 
But  what  has  been  lost  is  not  much.  It  is  only  a  few  leaves  in 
the  beginning,  one  leaf  in  the  middle,  and  some  scattered  lines  in 
other  parts.  The  conclusion  is  perfect.  Of  course  there  can  be 
no  doubt  about  the  subject  or  purpose  of  the  whole.  It  is  the 
development  of  the  character  and  glory  of  the  Cid,  as  shown  in 
his  achievements  in  the  kingdoms  of  Saragossa  and  Valencia; 
in  his  triumph  over  his  unworthy  sons-in-law,  the  Counts  of 
Carrion,  and  their  disgrace  before  the  king  and  Cortes;  and 
finally,  in  the  second  marriage  of  his  two  daughters  with  the  In- 
fantes of  Navarre  and  Aragon;  the  whole  ending  with  a  slight 
allusion  to  the  hero's  death,  and  a  notice  of  the  date  of  the 
manuscript. 

But  the  story  of  the  poem   constitutes  the  least  of  its   claims 

to  our  notice.     In  truth,  we    do  not   read   it   at  all   for  its   mere 

facts,  which  are  often  detailed  with  the   minuteness  and  formality 
x — 23S 


3794  GEORGE   TICKNOR 

of  a  monkish  chronicle;  but  for  its  living  pictures  of  the  age  it 
represents,  and  for  the  vivacity  ■  with  which  it  brings  up  manners 
and  interests  so  remote  from  our  own  experience,  that,  where 
they  are  attempted  in  formal  history,  they  come  to  us  as  cold  as 
the  fables  of  mythology.  We  read  it  because  it  is  a  contempo- 
rary and  spirited  exhibition  of  the  chivalrous  times  of  Spain, 
given  occasionally  with  a  Homeric  simplicity  altogether  admir- 
able. For  the  story  it  tells  is  not  only  tha't  of  the  most  romantic 
achievements,  attributed  to  the  most  romantic  hero  of  Spanish 
tradition,  but  it  is  mingled  continually  with  domestic  and  personal 
details,  that  bring  the  character  of  the  Cid  and  his  age  near 
to  our  own  sympathies  and  interests.  The  very  language  in 
which  it  is  told  is  the  language  he  himself  spoke,  still  only 
half  developed;  disencumbering  itself  with  difficulty  from  the 
characteristics  of  the  Latin;  its  new  construction  by  no  means 
established;  imperfect  in  its  forms,  and  ill  furnished  with  the 
connecting  particles  in  which  so  much  of  the  power  and  grace  of 
all  languages  resides;  but  still  breathing  the  bold,  sincere,  and 
original  spirit  of  its  times,  and  showing  plainly  that  it  is  strug- 
gling with  success  for  a  place  among  the  other  wild  elements  of 
the  national  genius. 

And,  finally,  the  metre  and  the  rhyme  into  which  the  whole 
poem  is  cast  are  rude  and  unsettled:  the  verse  claiming  to  be  of 
fourteen  syllables,  divided  by  an  abrupt  caesural  pause  after  the 
eighth,  yet  often  running  out  to  sixteen  or  twenty;  and  some- 
times falling  back  to  twelve ;  but  always  bearing  the  impress  of 
a  free  and  fearless  spirit,  which  harmonizes  alike  with  the  poet's 
language,  subject,  and  age,  and  so  gives  the  story  a  stir  and  in- 
terest, which,  though  we  are  separated  from  it  by  so  many  cen- 
turies,  bring  some  of  its  scenes  before  us  like  those  of  a  drama. 

The  first  pages  of  the  manuscript  being  lost,  what  remains  to 
us  begins  abruptly,  at  the  moment  when  the  Cid,  just  exiled  by 
his  ungrateful  king,  looks  back  upon  the  towers  of  his  castle  at 
Bivar,  as  he  leaves  them.  "Thus  heavily  weeping, w  the  poem 
goes  on,  <c  he  turned  his  head  and  stood  looking  at  them.  He 
saw  his  doors  open,  and  his  household  chests  unfastened,  the 
hooks  empty  and  without  pelisses  and  without  cloaks,  and  the 
mews  without  falcons  and  without  hawks.  My  Cid  sighed,  for 
he  had  grievous  sorrow ;  but  my  Cid  spake  well  and  calmly :  ( I 
thank  thee,  Lord  and  Father,  who  art  in  heaven,  that  it  is  my 
evil  enemies  who  have  done  this  thing  unto  me.'  >} 


GEORGE   TICKNOR  3795 

He  goes,  where  all  desperate  men  then  went,  to  the  frontiers 
of  the  Christian  war;  and,  after  establishing  his  wife  and  children 
in  a  religious  house,  plunges  with  three  hundred  faithful  followers 
into  the  infidel  territories,  determined,  according  to  the  practice  of 
his  time,  to  win  land  and  fortune  from  the  common  enemy,  and 
providing  for  himself  meanwhile,  according  to  another  practice 
of  his  time,  by  plundering  the  Jews  as  if  he  were  a  mere 
Robin  Hood.  Among  his  earliest  conquests  is  Alcocer;  but  the 
Moors  collect  in  force,  and  besiege  him  in  their  turn,  so  that  he 
can  save  himself  only  by  a  bold  rally,  in  which  he  overthrows 
their  whole  array.  The  rescue  of  his  standard,  endangered  in 
the  onslaught  by  the  rashness  of  Bermuez,  who  bore  it,  is  de- 
scribed in  the  very  spirit  of  knighthood :  — 

w  Their  shields  before  their  breasts,  forth  at  once  they  go, 
Their  lances  in  their  rest,  leveled  fair  and  low, 
Their  banners  and  their  crests,  waving  in  a  row, 
Their  heads  all  stooping  down,  towards  the  saddle  bow; 
The  Cid  was  in  the  midst,  his  shout  was  heard  afar, 
(I  am  Ruy  Diaz,  the  champion  of  Bivar; 
Strike  amongst  them  Gentlemen,  for  sweet  Mercy's  sake!* 
There  where  Bermuez  fought  amidst  the  foe  they  brake, 
Three  hundred  bannered  knights,  it  was  a  gallant  show. 
Three  hundred  Moors  they  killed,  a  man  with  every  blow; 
When  they  wheeled  and  turned,  as  many  more  lay  slain; 
You  might  see  them  raise  their  lances  and  level  them  again. 
There  you  might  see  the  breastplates  how  they  were  cleft  in  twain, 
And  many  a  Moorish  shield  lie  shattered  on  the  plain, 
The  pennons  that  were  white  marked  with  a  crimson  stain, 
The  horses  running  wild  whose  riders  had  been  slain. )} 

The  poem  afterwards  relates  the  Cid's  contest  with  the  Count 
of  Barcelona;  the  taking  of  Valencia;  the  reconcilement  of  the 
Cid  to  the  king,  who  had  treated  him  so  ill;  and  the  marriage 
of  the  Cid's  two  daughters,  at  the  king's  request  to  the  two 
Counts  of  Carrion,  who  were  among  the  first  nobles  of  the  king- 
dom. At  this  point,  however,  there  is  a  somewhat  formal  division 
of  the  poem,  and  the  remainder  is  devoted  to  what  is  its  princi- 
pal subject,  the  dissolution  of  this  marriage  in  consequence  of  the 
baseness  and  brutality  of  the  Counts;  the  Cid's  public  triumph 
over  them ;  their  no  less  public  disgrace ;  and  the  announcement 
of  the  second  marriage  of  the  Cid's  daughters  with  the  Infantes 
of  Navarre  and    Aragon,  which,  of  course,  raised  the  Cid  himself 


3796  GEORGE  TICKNOR 

to  the  highest  pitch  of  his  honors,  by  connecting  him  with  the 
royal  houses  of  Spain.  With  this,  therefore,  the  poem  virtually 
ends. 

The  most  spirited  part  of  it  consists  of  the  scenes  at  the 
Cortes,  summoned,  on  demand  of  the  Cid,  in  consequence  of  the 
misconduct  of  the  Counts  of  Carrion.  In  one  of  them,  three 
followers  of  the  Cid  challenge  three  followers  of  the  Counts,  and 
the  challenge  of  Munio  Gustioz  to  Assur  Gonzalez  is  thus  char- 
acteristically given :  — 

(( Assur  Gonzalez  was  entering  at  the  door, 
With  his  ermine  mantle  trailing  along  the  floor; 
"With  his  sauntering  pace  and  his  hardy  look, 
Of  manners  or  of  courtesy  little  heed  he  took ; 
He  was  flushed  and  hot  with  breakfast  and  with  drink. 
(  What  ho!  my  masters,  your  spirits  seem  to   sink! 
Have  we  no  news  stirring  from  the  Cid,  Ruy  Diaz  of  Bivar  ? 
Has  he  been  to  Riodivirua,  to  besiege  the  windmills  there  ? 
Does  he  tax  the  millers  for  their  toll  ?  or  is  that  practice  past  ? 
Will  he  make  a  match  for  his  daughters,  another  like  the  last  ? '  w 

Munio  Gustioz  rose  and  made  reply:  — 

<(  Traitor,  wilt  thou  never  cease  to  slander  and  to  lie  ? 
You  breakfast  before  mass,  you  drink  before  you  pray ; 
There  is  no  honor  in  your  heart,  no  truth  in  what  you  say; 
You  cheat  your  comrade  and  your  lord,  you  flatter  to  betray; 
Your  hatred  I  despise,  your  friendship  I  defy! 
False  to  all  mankind  and  most  to  God  on  high, 
I  shall  force  you  to   confess  that  what  I  say  is  true." 

Thus  was  ended  the  parley  and   challenge   betwixt  these   two. 
The  opening  of  the  lists  for  the  six  combatants,   in   the   pres- 
ence of  the  king,  is  another  passage  of  much  spirit  and  effect :  — 

(<  The  heralds  and  the  king  are  foremost  in  the  place. 
They  clear  away  the  people  from  the  middle  space ; 
They  measure  out  the  lists,  the  barriers  they  fix, 
They  point  them  out  in  order  and  explain  to  all  the  six : 
( If  you  are  forced  beyond  the  line  where  they  are  fixed  and  traced, 
You  shall  be  held  as  conquered  and  beaten  and  disgraced.* 
Six  lances'  length  on  either  side  an  open  space  is  laid, 
They  share  the  field  between  them,  the  sunshine  and  the  shade. 
Their  office  is  performed,  and  from  the  middle  space 
The  heralds  are  withdrawn  and  leave  them  face  to  face. 


GEORGE   TICKNOR  3797 

Here  stood  the  warriors  of  the  Cid,  that  noble  champion; 
Opposite,  on  the  other  side,  the  lords  of  Carrion. 
Earnestly  their  minds  are  fixed  each  upon  his  foe. 
Face  to  face  they  take  their  place,  anon  the  trumpets  blow; 
They  stir  their  horses  with  the  spur,  they  lay  their  lances  low, 
They  bend  their  shields  before  their  breasts,  their  face  to  the  saddle- 
bow, 
Earnestly  their  minds  are  fixed  each  upon  his  foe. 
The  heavens  are  overcast  above,  the   earth  trembles  below; 
The  people  stand  in  silence,  gazing  on  the  show.8 

These  are  among-  the  most  characteristic  passages  in  the  poem. 
But  it  is  throughout  striking  and  original.  It  is,  too,  no  less 
national,  Christian,  and  loyal.  It  breathes  everywhere  the  true 
Castilian  spirit,  such  as  the  old  chronicles  represent  it  amidst  the 
achievements  and  disasters  of  the  Moorish  wars;  and  has  very 
few  traces  of  an  Arabic  influence  in  its  language,  and  none  at 
all  in  its  imagery  or  fancies.  The  whole  of  it,  therefore,  deserves 
to  be  read,  and  to  be  read  in  the  original;  for  it  is  there  only 
that  we  can  obtain  the  fresh  impressions  it  is  fitted  to  give  us 
of  the  rude  but  heroic  period  it  represents:  of  the  simplicity  of 
the  governments,  and  the  loyalty  and  true-heartedness  of  the 
people;  of  the  wide  force  of  a  primitive  religious  enthusiasm;  of 
the  picturesque  state  of  manners  and  daily  life  in  an  age  of 
trouble  and  confusion;  and  of  the  bold  outlines  of  the  national 
genius,  which  are  often  struck  out  where  we  should  least  think 
to  find  them.  It  is  indeed  a  work  which,  as  we  read  it,  stirs  us 
with  the  spirit  of  the  times  which  it  describes;  and  as  we  lay  it 
down  and  recollect  the  intellectual  condition  of  Europe  when  it 
was.  written,  and  for  a  long  period  before,  it  seems  certain  that, 
during  the  thousand  years  which  elapsed  from  the  time  of  the 
decay  of  Greek  and  Roman  culture,  down  to  the  appearance  of 
the  <(  Divina  Commedia,8  no  poetry  was  produced  so  original  in 
its  tone,  or  so  full  of  natural  feeling,  graphic  power,  and  energy. 

From  (<  Spanish  Literature. » 


379s 


ALEXIS  CHARLES  HENRI  CLEREL  DE  TOCQUEVILLE 

(1805-1859) 

[ocqueville's  ((  Democracy  in  America, w  (1835-40,)  was  the  first 
study  of  American  institutions  and  of  the  popular  tendencies 
they  foster,  made  by  a  man  great  enough  to  comprehend 
and  impartial  enough  to  state  his  conclusions  fairly.  The  book  was 
a  result  of  notes  made  by  Tocqueville  during  a  visit  to  the  United 
States  in  1831,  when  the  French  government  sent  him  as  a  special 
agent  to  study  the  American  penal  system.  The  report  he  made  on 
that  subject  was  recognized  as  having  great  merit,  but  it  was  not 
until  his  <(  Democracy  in  America B  appeared  that  his  genius  was  rec- 
ognized. The  work  secured  his  admission  to  the  French  Academy, 
and  a  much  more  nearly  certain  assurance  of  undying  reputation 
than  belongs  to  the  majority  of  French  (<  Immortals. n  It  was  at 
once  translated  into  English  and  accepted  by  Americans  themselves 
as  a  political  handbook.  Scarcely  ever  before  or  since  has  it  hap- 
pened that  a  foreign  observer  should  be  thus  recognized  by  the  peo- 
ple of  whom  he  wrote  as  one  of  the  highest  and  best  authorities  on 
their  own  habits  and  tendencies. 

Tocqueville  was  born  at  Paris,  July  29th,  1805,  and  educated  for 
the  bar.  He  held  a  position  in  the  law  courts  at  Versailles  for  a 
short  time  before  coming  to  America,  but  after  the  great  success  of 
his  masterpiece  he  gave  up  the  law  and  devoted  the  rest  of  his  life 
to  literature.  He  died  April  16th,  1859,  and  his  w  Complete  Works, w 
edited  by  De  Beaumont,  appeared  between  i860  and   1865. 

HISTORY   OF   THE    FEDERAL   CONSTITUTION 

The  thirteen  colonies  which  simultaneously  threw  off  the  yoke 
of  England  toward  the  end  of  the  last  century,  possessed, 
as  I  have  already  observed,  the  same  religion,  the  same 
language,  the  same  customs,  and  almost  the  same  laws;  they 
were  struggling  against  a  common  enemy;  and  these  reasons 
were  sufficiently  strong  to  unite  them  one  to  another,  and  to 
consolidate  them  into  one  nation.  But  as  each  of  them  had  en- 
joyed a  separate  existence,  and  a  government  within  its  own 
control,  the  peculiar  interests  and  customs  which  resulted  from 
this    system    were    opposed    to    a    compact    and    intimate    union, 


ALEXIS  CHARLES   HENRI   DE    TOCQUEVILEE. 

After  a  Celebrated  Etching  by  Jeatinin. 


ALEXIS   CHARLES   HENRI    CLEREL    DE    TOCQUEVILLE  3799 

which  would  have  absorbed  the  individual  importance  of  each  in 
the  general  importance  of  all.  Hence  arose  two  opposite  ten- 
dencies, the  one  prompting  the  Anglo-Americans  to  unite,  the 
other  to  divide  their  strength.  As  long  as  the  war  with  the 
mother  country  lasted,  the  principle  of  union  was  kept  alive  by- 
necessity;  and  although  the  laws  which  constituted  it  were  defec- 
tive, the  common  tie  subsisted  in  spite  of  their  imperfections. 
But  no  sooner  was  peace  concluded  than  the  faults  of  the  legis- 
lation became  manifest,  and  the  state  seemed  to  be  suddenly 
dissolved.  Each  colony  became  an  independent  republic,  and 
assumed  an  absolute  sovereignty.  The  federal  government,  con- 
demned to  impotence  by  its  constitution,  and  no  longer  sustained 
by  the  presence  of  a  common  danger,  saw  the  outrages  offered 
to  its  flag  by  the  great  nations  of  Europe,  while  it  was  scarcely 
able  to  maintain  its  ground  against  the  Indian  tribes,  and  to  pay 
the  interest  of  the  debt  which  had  been  contracted  during  the 
war  of  independence.  It  was  already  on  the  verge  of  destruc- 
tion, when  it  officially  proclaimed  its  inability  to  conduct  the 
government,  and  appealed  to  the  constituent  authority  of  the  nation. 
If  America  ever  approached  (for  however  brief  a  time)  that 
lofty  pinnacle  of  glory  to  which  the  proud  fancy  of  its  inhabi- 
tants is  wont  to  point,  it  was  at  the  solemn  moment  at  which 
the  power  of  the  nation  abdicated,  as  it  were,  the  empire  of  the 
land.  All  ages  have  furnished  the  spectacle  of  a  people  strug- 
gling with  energy  to  win  its  independence ;  and  the  efforts  of 
the  Americans  in  throwing  off  the  English  yoke  have  been  con- 
siderably exaggerated.  Separated  from  their  enemies  by  three 
thousand  miles  of  ocean,  and  backed  by  a  powerful  ally,  the  suc- 
cess of  the  United  States  may  be  more  justly  attributed  to  their 
geographical  position  than  to  the  valor  of  their  armies,  or  the 
patriotism  of  their  citizens.  It  would  be  ridiculous  to  compare 
the  American  war  to  the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution,  or  the 
efforts  of  the  Americans  to  those  of  the  French,  who,  when  they 
were  attacked  by  the  whole  of  Europe,  without  credit,  and  with- 
out allies,  were  still  capable  of  opposing  a  twentieth  part  of  their 
population  to  their  foes,  and  of  bearing  the  torch  of  revolution 
beyond  their  frontiers  while  they  stifled  its  devouring  flame  with- 
in the  bosom  of  their  country.  But  it  is  a  novelty  in  the  history 
of  society  to  see  a  great  people  turn  a  calm  and  scrutinizing  eye 
upon  itself  when  apprised  by  the  legislature  that  the  wheels  of 
government  had  stopped;  to   see   it  carefully  examine  the  extent 


3S00  ALEXIS   CHARLES   HENRI   CLEREL   DE   TOCQUEVILLE 

of  the  evil,  and  patiently  wait  for  two  whole  years  until  a  rem- 
edy was  discovered,  which  it  voluntarily  adopted  without  having 
wrung  a  tear  or  a  drop  of  blood  from  mankind.  At  the  time 
when  the  inadequacy  of  the  first  constitution  was  discovered, 
America  possessed  the  double  advantage  of  that  calm  which  had 
succeeded  the  effervescence  of  the  revolution,  and  of  those  great 
men  who  had  led  the  revolution  to  a  successful  issue.  The  as- 
sembly which  accepted  the  task  of  composing  the  second  consti- 
tution was  small;  but  George  "Washington  was  its  president,  and 
it  contained  the  choicest  talents  and  the  noblest  hearts  which 
had  ever  appeared  in  the  New  World.  This  national  commission, 
after  long  and  mature  deliberation,  offered  to  the  acceptance  of 
the  people  the  body  of  general  laws  which  still  rules  the  Union. 
All  the  states  adopted  it  successively.  The  new  feudal  govern- 
ment commenced  its  functions  in  1789,  after  an  interregnum  of 
two  years.  The  revolution  of  America  terminated  when  that  of 
France  began. 

From  <(  Democracy  in  America, w  Part  I., 
Book  I.,  Chap.  viii. 

THE  TYRANNY   OF   THE   MAJORITY 

I  hold  it  to  be  an  impious  and  an  execrable  maxim  that,  polit- 
ically  speaking,   a   people    has   a    right    to    do    whatsoever   it 

pleases;  and  yet  I  have  asserted  that  all  authority  originates 
in  the  will  of  the  majority.  Am  I,  then,  in  contradiction  with 
myself  ? 

A  general  law  —  which  bears  the  name  of  justice  —  has  been 
made  and  sanctioned,  not  only  by  a  majority  of  this  or  that 
people,  but  by  a  majority  of  mankind.  The  rights  of  every 
people  are  consequently  confined  within  the  limits  of  what  is 
just.  A  nation  may  be  considered  in  the  light  of  a  jury  which 
is  empowered  to  represent  society  at  large,  and  to  apply  the 
great  and  general  law  of  justice.  Ought  such  a  jury,  which 
represents  society,  to  have  more  power  than  the  society  in  which 
the  laws  it  applies  originate  ? 

When  I  refuse  to  obey  an  unjust  law,  I  do  not  contest  the 
right  which  the  majority  has  of  commanding,  but  I  simply  ap- 
peal from  the  sovereignty  of  the  people  to  the  sovereignty  of 
mankind.  It  has  been  asserted  that  a  people  can  never  entirely 
outstep  the   boundaries   of  justice   and   of  reason   in   those  affairs 


ALEXIS   CHARLES   HENRI    CLEREL   DE   TOCQUEVILLE  3801 

which  are  more  peculiarly  its  own;  and  that  consequently  full 
power  may  fearlessly  be  given  to  the  majority  by  which  it  is 
represented.      But  this  language  is  that  of  a  slave. 

A  majority  taken  collectively  may  be  regarded  as  a  being 
whose  opinions,  and  most  frequently  whose  interests,  are  opposed 
to  those  of  another  being,  which  is  styled  a  minority.  If  it  be 
admitted  that  a  man,  possessing  absolute  power,  may  misuse  that 
power  by  wronging  his  adversaries,  why  should  a  majority  not 
be  liable  to  the  same  reproach  ?  Men  are  not  apt  to  change 
their  characters  by  agglomeration ;  nor  does  their  patience  in 
the  presence  of  obstacles  increase  with  the  consciousness  of  their 
strength.  And  for  these  reasons  I  can  never  willingly  invest  any 
number  of  my  fellow-creatures  with  that  unlimited  authority 
which  I  should  refuse  to  any  one  of  them. 

I  do  not  think  that  it  is  possible  to  combine  several  principles 
in  the  same  government,  so  as  at  the  same  time  to  maintain 
freedom,  and  really  to  oppose  them  to  one  another.  The  form 
of  government  which  is  usually  termed  mixed  has  always  ap- 
peared to  me  to  be  a  mere  chimera.  Accurately  speaking,  there 
is  no  such  thing  as  a  mixed  government  (with  the  meaning 
usually  given  to  that  word),  because  in  all  communities  some 
one  principle  of  action  may  be  discovered,  which  preponderates 
over  the  others.  England  in  the  last  century,  which  has  been 
more  especially  cited  as  an  example  of  this  form  of  government, 
was  in  point  of  fact  an  essentially  aristocratic  state,  although  it 
comprised  very  powerful  elements  of  democracy;  for  the  laws 
and  customs  of  the  country  were  such,  that  the  aristocracy  could 
not  but  preponderate  in  the  end,  and  subject  the  direction  of 
public  affairs  to  its  own  will.  The  error  arose  from  too  much 
attention  being  paid  to  the  actual  struggle  which  was  going  on 
between  the  nobles  and  the  people,  without  considering  the  prob- 
able issue  of  the  contest,  which  was  in  reality  the  important 
point.  When  a  community  really  has  a  mixed  government,  that 
is  to  say,  when  it  is  equally  divided  between  two  adverse  prin- 
ciples, it  must  either  pass  through  a  revolution,  or  fall  into  com- 
plete dissolution. 

I  am  therefore  of  opinion  that  some  one  social  power  must 
always  be  made  to  predominate  over  the  others;  but  I  think  that 
liberty  is  endangered  when  this  power  is  checked  by  no  obstacles 
which  may  retard  its  course,  and  force  it  to  moderate  its  own 
vehemence. 


3802  ALEXIS   CHARLES    HENRI   CLEREL   DE   TOCQUEVILLE 

Unlimited  power  is  in  itself  a  bad  and  dangerous  thing;  hu- 
man beings  are  not  competent  to  exercise  it  with  discretion;  and 
God  alone  can  be  omnipotent,  because  his  wisdom  and  his  justice 
are  always  equal  to  his  power.  But  no  power  upon  earth  is  so 
worthy  of  honor  for  itself,  or  of  reverential  obedience  to  the 
rights  which  it  represents,  that  I  would  consent  to  admit  its  un- 
controlled and  all-predominant  authority.  When  I  see  that  the 
right  and  the  means  of  absolute  command  are  conferred  on  a 
people  or  upon  a  king,  upon  an  aristocracy  or  a  democracy,  a 
monarchy  or  a  republic,  I  recognize  the  germ  of  tyranny,  and  I 
journey  onward  to  a  land  of  more  hopeful  institutions. 

In  my  opinion  the  main  evil  of  the  present  democratic  insti- 
tutions of  the  United  States  does  not  arise,  as  is  often  asserted 
in  Europe,  from  their  weakness,  but  from  their  overpowering 
strength;  and  I  am  not  so  much  alarmed  at  the  excessive  liberty 
which  reigns  in  that  country  as  at  the  very  inadequate  securities 
which  exist  against  tyranny. 

When  an  individual  or  a  party  is  wronged  in  the  United 
States,  to  whom  can  he  apply  for  redress  ?  If  to  public  opinion, 
public  opinion  constitutes  the  majority;  if  to  the  legislature,  it 
represents  the  majority,  and  implicitly  obeys  its  instructions;  if 
to  the  executive  power,  it  is  appointed  by  the  majority  and  is  a 
passive  tool  in  its  hands;  the  public  troops  consist  of  the  ma- 
jority under  arms;  the  jury  is  the  majority  invested  with  the 
right  of  hearing  judicial  cases;  and  in  certain  states  even  the 
judges  are  elected  by  the  majority.  However  iniquitous  or  ab- 
surd the  evil  of  which  you  complain  may  be,  you  must  submit  to 
it  as  well  as  you  can. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  a  legislative  power  could  be  so  consti- 
tuted as  to  represent  the  majority  without  necessarily  being  the 
slave  of  its  passions;  an  executive,  so  as  to  retain  a  certain  de- 
gree of  uncontrolled  authority;  and  a  judiciary,  so  as  to  remain 
independent  of  the  two  other  powers;  a  government  would  be 
formed  which  would  still  be  democratic,  without  incurring  any 
risk  of  tyrannical  abuse. 

I  do  not  say  that  tyrannical  abuses  frequently  occur  in  America 
at  the  present  day;  but  I  maintain  that  no  sure  barrier  is  estab- 
lished against  them,  and  that  the  causes  which  mitigate  the  gov- 
ernment are  to  be  found  in  the  circumstances  and  the  manners 
of  the  country  more  than  in  its  laws. 

From  "Democracy  in  America,**  Part  I.,  Book  I.,  Chap.  xv. 


ALEXIS  CHARLES   HENRI   CLEREL   DE   TOCQUEVILLE  3803 


LITERARY   CHARACTERISTICS   OF    DEMOCRATIC  AGES 

When  a  traveler  goes  into  a  bookseller's  shop  in  the  United 
States,  and  examines  the  American  books  upon  the  shelves, 
the  number  of  works  appears  extremely  great;  while  that 
of  known  authors  appears,  on  the  contrary,  to  be  extremely  small. 
He  will  first  meet  with  a  number  of  elementary  treatises,  des- 
tined to  teach  the  rudiments  of  human  knowledge.  Most  of  these 
books  are  written  in  Europe;  the  Americans  reprint  them,  adapt- 
ing them  to  their  own  country.  Next  comes  an  enormous  quan- 
tity of  religious  works,  Bibles,  sermons,  edifying  anecdotes, 
controversial  divinity,  and  reports  of  charitable  societies;  lastly 
appears  the  long  catalogue  of  political  pamphlets.  In  America 
parties  do  not  write  books  to  combat  each  other's  opinions,  but 
pamphlets  which  are  circulated  for  a  day  with  incredible  rapidity, 
and  then  expire. 

In  the  midst  of  all  these  obscure  productions  of  the  human 
brain  are  to  be  found  the  more  remarkable  works  of  that  small 
number  of  authors,  whose  names  are,  or  ought  to  be,  known  to 
Europeans. 

Although  America  is  perhaps  in  our  days  the  civilized  country 
in  which  literature  is  least  attended  to,  a  large  number  of  per- 
sons are  nevertheless  to  be  found  there  who  take  an  interest  in 
the  productions  of  the  mind,  and  who  make  them,  if  not  the 
study  of  their  lives,  at  least  the  charm  of  their  leisure  hours. 
But  England  supplies  these  readers  with  the  larger  portion  of 
the  books  which  they  require.  Almost  all  important  English 
books  are  republished  in  the  United  States.  The  literary  genius 
of  Great  Britain  still  darts  its  rays  into  the  recesses  of  the  forests 
of  the  New  World.  There  is  hardly  a  pioneer's  hut  which  does 
not  contain  a  few  odd  volumes  of  Shakespeare.  I  remember  that 
I  read  the  feudal  play  of  (<  Henry  V. w  for  the  first  time  in  a  log 
house. 

Not  only  do  the  Americans  constantly  draw  upon  the  treas- 
ures of  English  literature,  but  it  may  be  said  with  truth  that 
they  find  the  literature  of  England  growing  on  their  own  soil. 
The  larger  part  of  that  small  number  of  men  in  the  United 
States  who  are  engaged  in  the  composition  of  literary  works  are 
English  in  substance,  and  still  more  so  in  form.  Thus  they 
transport    into    the    midst    of    democracy    the    ideas    and    literary 


3804  ALEXIS   CHARLES   HENRI   CLEREL   DE   TOCQUEVILLE 

fashion  which  are  current  among  the  aristocratic  nations  they 
have  taken  for  their  model.  They  paint  with  colors  borrowed 
from  foreign  manners;  and  as  they  hardly  ever  represent  the 
country  they  were  born  in  as  it  really  is,  they  are  seldom  popu- 
lar there. 

The  citizens  of  the  United  States  are  themselves  so  convinced 
that  it  is  not  for  them  that  books  are  published,  that  before  they 
can  make  up  their  minds  upon  the  merit  of  one  of  their  authors, 
they  generally  wait  till  his  fame  has  been  ratified  in  England, 
just  as  in  pictures  the  author  of  an  original  is  held  to  be  en- 
titled to  judge  of  the  merit  of  a  copy. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  have  then  at  present, 
properly  speaking,  no  literature.  The  only  authors  whom  I  ac- 
knowledge as  Americans  are  the  journalists.  They,  indeed,  are 
not  great  writers,  but  they  speak  the  language  of  their  country- 
men, and  make  themselves  heard  by  them.  Other  authors  are 
aliens;  they  are  to  the  Americans  what  the  imitators  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  were  to  us  at  the  Revival  of  Learning,  an 
object  of  curiosity,  not  of  general  sympathy.  They  amuse  the 
mind,  bat  they  do  not  act  upon  the  manners  of  the  people. 

I  have  already  said  that  this  state  of  things  is  very  far  from 
originating  in  democracy  alone,  and  that  the  causes  of  it  must  be 
sought  for  in  several  peculiar  circumstances  independent  of  the 
democratic  principle.  If  the  Americans,  retaining  the  same  laws 
and  social  condition,  had  had  a  different  origin,  and  had  been 
transported  into  another  country,  I  do  not  question  that  they 
would  have  had  a  literature.  Even  as  they  now  are,  I  am  con- 
vinced that  they  will  ultimately  have  one;  but  its  character  will 
be  different  from  that  which  marks  the  American  literary  pro- 
ductions of  our  time,  and  that  character  will  be  peculiarly  its 
own.      Nor  is  it  impossible  to  trace  this  character  beforehand. 

I  suppose  an  aristocratic  people  among  whom  letters  are  cul- 
tivated; the  labors  of  the  mind,  as  well  as  the  affairs  of  state, 
are  conducted  by  a  ruling  class  in  society.  The  literary  as  well 
as  the  political  career  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  this  class, 
or  to  those  nearest  to  it  in  rank.  These  premises  suffice  to 
give  me  a  key  to  all  the  rest. 

When  a  small  number  of  the  same  men  are  engfagfed  at  the 
same  time  upon  the  same  objects,  they  easily  concert  with  one 
another  and  agree  upon  certain  leading  rules  which  are  to  gov- 
ern them   each    and  all.      If   the   object  which    attracts   the  atten- 


ALEXIS    CHARLES   HENRI    CLEREL    DE    TOCQUEVILLE  3805 

tion  of  these  men  is  literature,  the  productions  of  the  mind  will 
soon  be  subjected  by  them  to  precise  canons,  from  which  it 
will  no  longer  be  allowable  to  depart.  If  these  men  occupy  an 
hereditary  position  in  the  country,  they  will  be  naturally  inclined, 
not  only  to  adopt  a  certain  number  of  fixed  rules  for  them- 
selves, but  to  follow  those  which  their  forefathers  laid  down  for 
their  own  guidance;  [their  code  will  be  at  once  strict  and  tradi- 
tional. As  they  are  not  necessarily  engrossed  by  the  cares  of 
daily  life, —  as  they  have  never  been  so,  any  more  than  their 
fathers  were  before  them, —  they  have  learned  to  take  an  inter- 
est, for  several  generations  back,  in  the  labors  of  the  mind. 
They  have  learned  to  understand  literature  as  an  art,  to  love  it 
in  the  end  for  its  own  sake,  and  to  feel  a  scholar-like  satisfac- 
tion in  seeing  men  conform  to  its  rules.  Nor  is  this  all:  the 
men  of  whom  I  speak  began  and  will  end  their  lives  in  easy  or 
in  affluent  circumstances;  hence  they  have  naturally  conceived  a 
taste  for  choice  gratifications  and  a  love  of  refined  and  delicate 
pleasures.  Nay,  more,  a  kind  of  indolence  of  mind  and  heart, 
which  they  frequently  contract  in  the  midst  of  this  long  and 
peaceful  enjoyment  of  so  much  welfare,  leads  them  to  put  aside, 
even  from  their  pleasures,  whatever  might  be  too  startling  or 
too  acute.  They  had  rather  be  amused  than  intensely  excited; 
they  wish  to  be  interested,  but  not  to  be  carried   away. 

Now  let  us  fancy  a  great  number  of  literary  performances 
executed  by  the  men,  or  for  the  men,  whom  I  have  just  de- 
scribed, and  we  shall  readily  conceive  a  style  of  literature  in  which 
everything  will  be  regular  and  pre-arranged.  The  slightest  work 
will  be  carefully  touched  in  its  least  details;  art  and  labor  will 
be  conspicuous  in  everything;  each  kind  of  writing  will  have 
rules  of  its  own,  from  which  it  will  not  be  allowed  to  swerve, 
and  which  distinguish  it  from  all  others.  Style  will  be  thought 
of  almost  as  much  importance  as  thought;  and  the  form  will  be 
no  less  considered  than  the  matter:  the  diction  will  be  polished, 
measured,  and  uniform.  The  tone  of  the  mind  will  be  always 
dignified,  seldom  very  animated;  and  writers  will  care  more  to 
perfect  what  they  produce  than  to  multiply  their  productions. 
It  will  sometimes  happen  that  the  members  of  the  literary  class, 
always  living  among  themselves  and  writing  for  themselves  alone, 
will  lose  sight  of  the  rest  of  the  world,  which  will  infect  them 
with  a  false  and  labored  style;  they  will  lay  down  minute  liter- 
ary rules  for  their  exclusive  use,  which  will  insensibly  lead  them 


3806  ALEXIS   CHARLES  HENRI   CLEREL   DE   TOCQUEVILLE 

to  deviate  from  common  sense,  and  finally  to  trangress  the 
bounds  of  nature.  By  dint  of  striving  after  a  mode  of  parlance 
different  from  the  vulgar,  they  will  arrive  at  a  sort  of  aristo- 
cratic jargon,  which  is  hardly  less  remote  from  pure  language 
than  is  the  coarse  dialect  of  the  people.  Such  are  the  natural 
perils  of  literature  among  aristocracies.  Every  aristocracy  which 
keeps  itself  entirely  aloof  from  the  people  becomes  impotent  —  a 
fact  which  is  as  true  in  literature  as  it  is  in  politics. 

Let  us  now  turn  the  picture  and  consider  the  other  side  of  it; 
let  us  transport  ourselves  into  the  midst  of  a  democracy,  not  un- 
prepared by  ancient  traditions  and  present  culture  to  partake  in 
the  pleasures  of  the  mind.  Ranks  are  there  intermingled  and 
confounded;  knowledge  and  power  are  both  infinitely  subdivided, 
and,  if  I  may  use  the  expression,  scattered  on  every  side.  Here, 
then,  is  a  motley  multitude,  whose  intellectual  wants  are  to  be 
supplied.  These  new  votaries  of  the  pleasures  of  the  mind  have 
not  all  received  the  same  education;  they  do  not  possess  the 
same  degree  of  culture  as  their  fathers,  nor  any  resemblance  to 
them  —  nay,  they  perpetually  differ  from  themselves,  for  they 
live  in  a  state  of  incessant  change  of  place,  feelings,  and  fortunes. 
The  mind  of  each  member  of  the  community  is  therefore  un- 
attached to  that  of  his  fellow-citizens  by  tradition  or  by  common 
habits;  and  they  have  never  had  the  power,  the  inclination,  nor 
the  time  to  concert  together.  It  is,  however,  from  the  bosom  of 
this  heterogeneous  and  agitated  mass  that  authors  spring;  and 
from  the  same  source  their  profits  and  their  fame  are  distributed. 

I  can  without  difficulty  understand  that,  under  these  circum- 
stances, I  must  expect  to  meet  in  the  literature  of  such  a  peo- 
ple with  but  few  of  those  strict  conventional  rules  which  are 
admitted  by  readers  and  by  writers  in  the  aristocratic  ages.  If 
it  should  happen  that  the  men  of  some  one  period  were  agreed 
upon  any  such  rules,  that  would  prove  nothing  for  the  following 
period;  for,  among  democratic  nations,  each  new  generation  is  a 
new  people.  Among  such  nations,  then,  literature  will  not  easily 
be  subjected  to  strict  rules,  and  it  is  impossible  that  any  such 
rules  should  ever  be  permanent. 

In  democracies  it  is  by  no  means  the  case  that  all  the  men 
who  cultivate  literature  have  received  a  literary  education;  and 
most  of  those  who  have  some  tinge  of  belles-lettres,  are  either 
engaged  in  politics,  or  in  a  profession  which  only  allows  them  to 
taste    occasionally    and    by    stealth    the    pleasures    of    the    mind. 


ALEXIS   CHARLES   HENRI    CLEREL   DE    TOCQUEVILLE  3807 

These  pleasures,  therefore,  do  not  constitute  the  principal  charm 
of  their  lives;  but  they  are  considered  as  a  transient  and  neces- 
sary recreation  amid  the  serious  labors  of  life.  Such  men  can 
never  acquire  a  sufficiently  intimate  knowledge  of  the  art  of 
literature  to  appreciate  its  more  delicate  beauties;  and  the  minor 
shades  of  expression  must  escape  them.  As  the  time  they  can 
devote  to  letters  is  very  short,  they  seek  to  make  the  best  use  of 
the  whole  of  it.  They  prefer  books  which  may  be  easily  pro- 
cured, quickly  read,  and  which  require  no  learned  researches  to 
be  understood.  They  ask  for  beauties,  self-proffered,  and  easily 
enjoyed ;  above  all,  they  must  have  what  is  unexpected  and  new. 
Accustomed  to  the  struggle,  the  crosses,  and  the  monotony  of 
practical  life,  they  require  rapid  emotions,  startling  passages  — 
truths  or  errors  brilliant  enough  to  rouse  them  up,  and  to  plunge 
them  at  once,  as  if  by  violence,  into  the  midst  of  a  subject. 

Why  should  I  say  more  ?  or  who  does  not  understand  what  is 
about  to  follow,  before  I  have  expressed  it  ?  Taken  as  a  whole, 
literature  in  democratic  ages  can  never  present,  as  it  does  in  the 
periods  of  aristocracy,  an  aspect  of  order,  regularity,  science,  and 
art;  its  form  will,  on  the  contrary,  ordinarily  be  slighted,  some- 
times despised.  Style  will  frequently  be  fantastic,  incorrect,  over- 
burdened, and  loose  —  almost  always  vehement  and  bold.  Au- 
thors will  aim  at  rapidity  of  execution  more  than  at  perfection 
of  detail.  Small  productions  will  be  more  common  than  bulky 
books:  there  will  be  more  wit  than  erudition,  more  imagination 
than  profundity;  and  literary  performances  will  bear  marks  of  an 
untutored  and  rude  vigor  of  thought — frequently  of  great  variety 
and  singular  fecundity.  The  object  of  authors  will  be  to  aston- 
ish rather  than  to  please,  and  to  stir  the  passions  more  than  to 
charm  the  taste. 

Here  and  there,  indeed,  writers  will  doubtless  occur  who  will 
choose  a  different  track,  and  who  will,  if  they  are  gifted  with 
superior  abilities,  succeed  in  finding  readers,  in  spite  of  their 
defects  or  their  better  qualities;  but  these  exceptions  will  be 
rare,  and  even  the  authors  who  shall  so  depart  from  the  received 
practice  in  the  main  subject  of  their  works,  will  always  relapse 
into  it  in  some  lesser  details. 

I  have  just  depicted  two  extreme  conditions:  the  transition 
by  which  a  nation  passes  from  the  former  to  the  latter  is  not 
sudden  but  gradual,  and  marked  with  shades  of  very  various 
intensity.      In  the  passage  which  conducts  a  lettered   people  from 


3808  ALEXIS   CHARLES    HENRI    CLEREL    DE    TOCQUEVILLE 

the  one  to  the  other,  there  is  almost  always  a  moment  at  which 
the  literary  genius  of  democratic  nations  has  its  confluence  with 
that  of  aristocracies,  and  both  seek  to  establish  their  joint  sway 
over  the  human  mind.  Such  epochs  are  transient,  but  very  bril- 
liant; they  are  fertile  without  exuberance,  and  animated  without 
confusion.  The  French  literature  of  the  eighteenth  century  may 
serve  as  an  example. 

I  should  say  more  than  I  mean,  if  I  were  to  assert  that  the 
literature  of  a  nation  is  always  subordinate  to  its  social  condition 
and  its  political  constitution.  I  am  aware  that,  independently  of 
these  causes,  there  are  several  others  which  confer  certain  char- 
acteristics on  literary  productions;  but  these  appear  to  me  to  be 
the  chief.  The  relations  which  exist  between  the  social  and  po- 
litical condition  of  a  people  and  the  genius  of  its  authors  are 
always  very  numerous;  whoever  knows  the  one  is  never  com- 
pletely ignorant  of  the  other. 

Complete.     From  (<  Democracy  in  America,9 
Part  II,  Book  I.,  Chap,  xiii 


38o9 


COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI 

(1828-) 

JVoff  Nikolaievich  Tolstoi  was  born  August  28th,  1828  (O.  S.) 
in  the  province  of  Tula,  Russia.  He  belonged  to  the 
hereditary  nobility  of  Russia  and  received  the  education 
generally  given  the  young  nobles  of  the  wealthy  provincial  families. 
After  leaving  the  University  of  Kazan,  he  entered  the  Russian  army 
and  commanded  a  battery  during  the  Crimean  War,  taking  part  in 
the  storming  of  Sebastopol.  The  scenes  of  carnage  and  destruction 
he  witnessed  during  this  period  of  his  life  affected  him  deeply  and 
resulted  in  a  strong  revulsion  against  the  social,  political,  and  ethical 
theories  of  Upper-Class  Russia.  He  finally  retired  to  his  estate,  re- 
nounced his  class  privileges  and  began  to  support  himself  by  manual 
labor,  working  at  the  bench  as  a  shoemaker  and  using  the  spade  as 
an  agricultural  laborer  among  the  peasantry  whose  dress  he  had 
adopted.  His  real  mission,  however,  was  that  of  a  prophet  of  prog- 
ress, expressing  himself  by  the  modern  methods  of  the  essay  and  the 
popular  novel.  With  an  almost  incredible  courage,  he  struck  at  the 
foundations  of  Russian  despotism.  His  protests  against  the  knouting 
of  peasants  had  more  power  in  them  than  a  pitched  battle  won  by 
an  insurrectionary  army,  and  they  so  compelled  the  opinion  of  the 
bureaucratic  nobility  which  really  governs  Russia  that  Tolstoi  was 
not  molested.  His  views  on  orthodox  Russian  religion  were  equally 
radical.  He  proposed  for  Russia  and  the  world  at  large  what  Swift, 
with  great  gravity,  suggested  as  certain  to  be  destructive  of  all  social 
and  religious  order  in  England  —  the  actual  practice  of  the  Christian- 
ity of  the  Gospels  as  a  rule  of  life  in  business,  politics,  and  church 
management.  Having  adopted  this  view,  Tolstoi  expressed  it  in  a 
series  of  celebrated  novels  and  essays,  notably  in  <(  The  Kreutzer 
Sonata, »  «  My  Religion, »  «  What  Is  Art  ?  »  and  (<  Resurrection  »  books 
which  had  great  influence  in  England  and  America  where  radical 
habits  of  thought  were  promoted  by  them.  Tolstoi's  greatest  fault  as 
a  novelist  is  the  reflex  of  his  greatest  merit.  His  earnestness  makes 
him  so  intense  that  his  work  gives  the  reader  no  relief.  The  same 
characteristic  appears  in  his  essays  also.  He  is  a  great  man,  the 
greatest  Russian  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  the 
Russia  of  the  twentieth  will  produce  any  one  to  equal  him.  But  a 
great  man  is  not  necessarily  a  great  artist,  nor  is  it  always  necessary 
that  he  should  be.  Horace  and  Virgil  at  the  court  of  Augustus; 
x — 239 


3810  COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI 

Addison  and  Steele  in  the  age  of  Queen  Anne  are  great  artists.  A 
smith  at  his  anvil,  forging  sword  blades,  from  white-hot  iron,  does 
not  lack  art,  nor  does  Tolstoi  lack  it.  But  it  is  the  art  which  compels 
the  unwilling  —  not  the  divine  and  immortal  art  which  controls  those 
who  do  not  know  they  are  being  controlled  until  under  its  influence 
they  grow  as  a  plant  grows  in  the  sunshine.  W.  V.  B. 


RELIGION,    SCIENCE,    AND   MORALITY 

Neither  philosophy  nor  science  can  institute  the  relation  of 
man  to  the  universe,  because  such  reciprocity  must  have 
existence  before  any  kind  of  science  or  philosophy  can  be- 
gin; since  each  investigates  phenomena  by  means  of  the  intellect, 
and  independent  of  the  position  or  sensations  of  the  investiga- 
tor; whereas  the  relation  of  man  to  the  universe  is  defined,  not 
by  the  intellect  alone,  but  by  his  sensitive  perception  aided  by  all 
his  spiritual  powers.  However  much  one  may  assure  and  in- 
struct a  man  that  all  real  existence  is  an  idea;  that  matter  is 
made  up  of  atoms;  that  the  essence  of  life  is  corporality  or  will; 
that  heat,  light,  movement,  electricity  are  different  manifestations 
of  one  and  the  same  energy,  one  cannot  thereby  explain  to  a 
being  with  pains,  pleasures,  fears,  and  hopes,  his  position  in  the 
universe.  That  position  and  his  consequent  relation  to  the  uni- 
verse is  explained  only  by  religion,  which  says,  <c  The  universe 
exists  for  thee,  and  therefore  take  from  life  all  that  thou  canst 
obtain w ;  or  else,  (( Thou  art  one  of  the  chosen  people  of  God ; 
serve  that  people,  and  accomplish  the  instructions  of  that  God, 
and  thou  and  thy  people  shall  be  partakers  of  the  highest  bliss  ® ; 
or  else,  <(  Thou  art  the  instrument  of  a  supreme  will,  which  has 
sent  thee  into  the  universe  to  accomplish  a  work  predestined  for 
thee;  learn  that  will,  and  do  it,  for  that  is  the  sole  perfection 
thou  canst  achieve. w 

To  understand  philosophy  and  science  one  needs  study  and 
preparation,  but  neither  is  required  for  the  understanding  of  re- 
ligion :  that  is  at  once  comprehensible  to  every  man,  whatever  his 
ignorance  and  limitations.  A  man  need  acquire  neither  philos- 
ophy nor  science  to  understand  his  relation  to  the  universe,  or  to 
its  source;  a  superfluity  of  knowledge,  encumbering  his  conscious- 
ness, is  rather  an  impediment;  but  he  must  renounce,  if  only  for 
the  time,  the  vanity  of  the  world,  and  acquire  a  sense  of  his 
material  frailty  and  of    truth,    which  are,    as  the  Gospels  tell   us, 


COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI  38 1 1 

to  be  found  most  often  in  children  and  in  the  simplest,  most  un- 
learned, of  men.  For  this  reason  we  see  the  most  simple,  igno- 
rant, and  untaught  men  accept  clearly,  consciously,  and  easily  the 
highest  Christian  conception  of  life,  whereas  the  most  learned 
and  cultured  linger  in  crude  heathenism.  As,  for  example,  we 
observe  men  of  refinement  and  education  whose  conception  of 
existence  is  the  acquirement  of  personal  pleasure  or  security 
from  pain,  as  with  the  shrewd  and  cultured  Schopenhauer,  or  in 
the  salvation  of  the  soul  by  sacraments  and  means  of  grace,  as 
with  learned  bishops  of  the  Church;  whereas  an  almost  illiterate 
sectarian  peasant  in  Russia,  without  the  slightest  mental  effort, 
achieves  the  same  conception  of  life  as  was  accomplished  by  the 
greatest  sages  of  the  world  —  Epictetus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  Seneca 
—  namely,  the  consciousness  of  one's  being  as  the  instrument  of 
the  will  of  God  —  the  son  of  God. 

But  you  may  ask  me:  In  what,  then,  does  the  essence  of  this 
unscientific  and  unphilosophical  knowledge  consist  ?  If  it  be 
neither  scientific  nor  philosophical,  of  what  sort  is  it  ?  How  is  it 
to  be  defined  ?  To  these  questions  I  can  only  reply  that  as  re- 
ligious knowledge  is  that  which  precedes,  and  upon  which  is 
founded,  every  other  knowledge,  it  cannot  be  defined;  there  be- 
ing no  essential  term  of  definition  in  existence.  In  theological 
language  this  knowledge  is  called  revelation.  And  this  word,  if 
we  do  not  give  it  any  mystic  meaning,  is  quite  accurate ;  because 
this  knowledge  is  not  acquired  by  study,  nor  by  the  efforts  of  indi- 
viduals, but  through  the  reception  by  them  of  the  manifestation 
of  the  Infinite  Mind,  which,  little  by  little,  discloses  itself  to  men. 
Why  is  it  that  ten  thousand  years  ago  men  were  unable  to  un- 
derstand that  their  sentient  existence  was  not  exhausted  by  the 
welfare  of  the  individual,  and  that  later  came  a  time  when  the 
higher  family-social-state-national  conception  of  life  was  disclosed 
to  mankind  ?  Why  is  it  that,  within  the  limits  of  historical 
memory,  the  Christian  conception  of  life  has  been  disclosed  to 
men  ?  And  why  has  it  been  disclosed  to  such  a  man  or  men, 
and  precisely  at  such  a  time,  at  such  and  no  other  place,  in 
such  and  no  other  form  ?  To  try  to  answer  these  questions  by 
searching  for  their  reasons  in  the  historical  circumstances  of  the 
time,  life,  and  character  and  special  qualities  of  those  men  who 
first  accepted  and  expressed  this  conception  of  life,  is  as  though 
one  were  to  try  to  prove  why  the  rising  sun  first  casts  his  rays 
on  certain  objects.      The   sun  of  truth,    rising  higher    and    higher 


3812  COUNT   LYOFF    NIKOLAIEVICH    TOLSTOI 

upon  the  world,  enlightens  it  ever  further,  and  is  reflected  by 
those  forms  on  which  first  fall  the  illumination  of  its  rays  and 
which  are  most  capable  of  reflecting  them.  The  qualities  which 
give  to  some  the  power  of  receiving  the  rising  truth  are  no 
special  activities  of  the  mind,  but  rather  passive  qualities  of  the 
heart,  seldom  corresponding  to  a  great  and  inquisitive  intellect. 
Rejection  of  the  vanities  of  the  world,  a  sense  of  one's  material 
frailty,  truthfulness,  are  what  we  observe  in  every  founder  of  a 
religion,  none  of  whom  have  been  distinguished  by  philosophical 
or  scientific  acquirement. 

In  my  opinion  the  chief  error,  which,  more  than  all  else,  im- 
pedes the  true  progress  of  Christian  humanity  is  precisely  the 
fact  that  the  scientific  men  of  our  time,  who  are  now  in  the  seat 
of  the  teachers,  being  guided  by  the  heathen  conception  of  life 
revived  at  the  Renaissance,  and  having  accepted  as  the  essence 
of  Christianity  its  crudest  distortions,  and  having  decided  that  it 
is  a  condition  already  outworn  by  mankind  (while  they  consider, 
on  the  contrary,  that  the  ancient-social-state  conception  of  heathen- 
dom, which  is  indeed  outworn,  is  the  loftiest  conception  and  one 
that  should  steadfastly  be  held  by  humanity),  these  men,  not  only 
do  not  understand  true  Christianity,  which  comprises  that  most 
perfect  conception  of  life  toward  which  all  humanity  is  advancing, 
but  they  do  not  even  try  to  understand  it.  The  chief  source  of 
this  misunderstanding  arises  from  the  fact  that  men  of  science, 
having  diverged  from  Christianity,  and  seen  that  their  science  can- 
not conform  to  it,  have  agreed  that  Christianity  and  not  science 
must  be  at  fault:  that  is,  they  have  assumed,  not  the  fact  that 
science  is  eighteen  hundred  years  behind  Christianity,  which  em- 
braced the  greater  part  of  contemporary  society,  but  that  it  is 
Christianity  which  is  eighteen  hundred  years  in  arrear.  From 
this  distortion  of  facts  arises  the  curious  circumstance  that  no 
people  have  more  entangled  ideas  as  to  the  essence  of  true  knowl- 
edge, religion,  morality,  and  existence  than  men  of  science,  and 
the  yet  more  curious  fact  that  the  science  of  our  time,  despite  all 
its  successes  in  examining  the  phenomena  of  the  material  world, 
appears  to  be,  as  to  human  existence,  either  unnecessary  or  pro- 
ductive of  merely  pernicious  results.  And  hence  I  hold  that  it 
is  neither  philosophy  nor  science  which  can  explain  the  relation 
of  man  to  the  universe,  but  religion. 

From  his  replies  to  questions  put  by 
the  German  Ethical  Society. 


COUNT   LYOFF  NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI  3813 

THE   ART   OF   THE    FUTURE 

People  talk  of  the  art  of  the  future,  understanding  by  the  art 
of  the  future  a  specially  refined  new  art,  to  be  elaborated 
from  the  art  of  one  class  of  society,  which  is  now  consid- 
ered the  highest.  But  such  new  art  of  the  future  cannot  and 
will  not  exist.  Our  exclusive  art  of  the  upper  classes  of  the 
Christian  world  has  come  to  a  dead  wall.  Along  the  path  it  has 
been  following  it  has  no  further  to  go.  This  art  once  it  has  failed 
in  the  chief  condition  of  art  (that  it  should  be  led  by  the  religious 
consciousness),  becoming  more  and  more  exclusive  and  therefore 
more  and  more  corrupt,  has  become  a  negative  quantity.  The 
art  of  the  future  —  that  which  will  really  come  into  being  —  will 
not  be  a  continuation  of  the  present  art,  but  will  arise  on  per- 
fectly different  and  new  foundations,  having  nothing  in  common 
with  those  by  which  our  present  art  of  the  upper  classes  is 
guided. 

The  art  of  the  future,  that  is,  that  part  of  art  which  will 
stand  out  from  the  whole  of  art  existing  amongst  men,  will  con- 
sist not  of  the  transfer  of  feelings  accessible  only  to  some  people 
of  the  rich  classes,  as  happens  now,  but  will  be  that  art  alone 
which  realizes  the  highest  religious  consciousness  of  the  people 
of  our  time.  Only  those  productions  which  shall  convey  the 
feelings  which  draw  people  to  brotherly  unity,  will  be  counted 
art;  or  which  convey  such  feelings,  common  to  all  men,  as  shall 
have  the  power  to  unite  all  people.  Only  this  art  will  stand  out, 
be  admitted,  approved,  and  spread.  And  all  the  rest  of  art,  con- 
veying feelings  accessible  only  to  some  people,  will  be  considered 
unimportant,  and  will  be  neither  condemned  nor  approved.  And 
the  patron  of  art  in  general  will  not  be,  as  happens  now,  the 
separate  class  of  rich  people,  but  the  whole  nation :  so  that  for  a 
production  to  be  considered  good,  approved,  and  circulated,  it  will 
be  necessary  for  it  to  satisfy  the  demands  not  of  a  few  people, 
who  are  in  the  same  often  unnatural  conditions,  but  the  demands 
of  the  whole  people,  the  great  masses  of  the  people,  who  live  in 
the  natural  conditions  of  toil. 

And  artists,  who  produce  art,  will  not  be,  as  now,  only  those 
rare  people,  selected  from  a  small  part  of  the  whole  nation,  from 
the  rich  classes  or  those  close  to  them,  but  all  those  gifted  peo- 
ple of  the  whole  nation,  who  show  themselves  able  and  willing 
for  artistic  activities. 


3814  COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI 

Artistic  activity  will  then  be  accessible  to  the  whole  people. 
And  this  activity  will  be  accessible  to  individuals  from  the  whole 
people,  because,  in  the  first  place,  in  the  art  of  the  future  not 
only  will  there  be  no  demand  for  that  complex  technical  skill 
which  disfigures  the  art  of  our  times,  and  demands  intense  effort 
and  great  expenditure  of  time,  but  on  the  contrary  there  will  be 
a  demand  for  clearness,  simplicity,  and  brevity,  conditions  which 
are  gained  not  by  mechanical  effort,  but  by  education  of  taste. 
In  the  second  place,  artistic  activity  will  become  accessible  to  the 
whole  people,  because  instead  of  the  present  professional  schools, 
accessible  only  to  the  few,  every  one  in  the  preparatory  national 
schools  will  learn  music  and  painting  (singing  and  drawing)  on 
equal  terms  with  reading,  so  that  every  one  receiving  the  first 
foundations  of  painting  and  musical  knowledge,  and  feeling  an 
ability  and  calling  for  any  of  the  arts,  may  be  able  to  perfect 
himself  in  it. 

People  think  that  if  there  are  no  special  art  schools,  technical 
skill  in  art  will  diminish.  It  will  undoubtedly  diminish,  if  by 
technical  skill  we  understand  those  complications  of  art  which  are 
now  considered  valuable;  but  if  by  technical  skill  we  understand 
the  clearness,  beauty,  freedom  from  great  complexity,  and  con- 
ciseness of  a  production  of  art,  then  technical  skill  will  not  only 
not  diminish,  but  will  become  a  hundred  times  more  perfect, 
even  if  there  are  no  professional  schools,  and  even  if  the  national 
schools  should  not  teach  the  rudiments  of  drawing  and  music.  It 
will  be  perfected  because  all  the  artists  of  genius,  now  hidden 
amongst  the  people,  will  take  part  in  art,  and  will  give  examples 
of  perfection,  which  will  be,  as  always,  the  best  school  of  tech- 
nical skill  for  artists.  Every  true  artist  even  now  learns  not  in 
the  school,  but  in  life,  from  the  examples  of  the  great  masters; 
but  then,  when  those  who  take  part  in  art  will  be  the  most  gifted 
people  of  the  whole  nation  and  there  will  be  more  examples,  and 
these  examples  will  be  more  accessible,  the  teaching  in  the 
schools  which  the  future  artists  lose  will  be  repaid  a  hundred 
times  by  the  teaching  which  the  artist  will  receive  from 
the  numerous  examples  of  good  art  distributed  throughout 
society. 

This  will  be  one  difference  between  future  and  present  art. 
Another  difference  will  be  that  the  art  of  the  future  will  not  be 
produced  by  professional  artists,  who  receive  a  reward  for  their 
art,  and  working    at    nothing    except    their    art.      The    art   of   the 


COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI  38 1 5 

future  will  be  produced  by  people  of  the    nation,  who   will    work 
at  it  when  they  feel  the  inner  necessity  for  this  activity. 

In  our  society  it  is  thought  that  an  artist  will  work  best  and 
do  most  if  he  is  materially  independent.  This  opinion  would 
prove  once  more  to  demonstration,  if  it  were  necessary  to  prove 
it,  that  what  is  considered  art  amongst  us  is  not  art,  but  only  a 
semblance  of  it.  It  is  perfectly  true  that  to  produce  boots  or 
loaves,  division  of  labor  is  very  advantageous,  that  the  shoemaker 
or  baker  who  need  not  prepare  his  own  dinner  and  firewood 
makes  more  boots  and  loaves  than  if  he  were  compelled  to  oc- 
cupy himself  about  his  dinner  and  firewood.  But  art  is  not  a 
trade,  but  the  transfer  of  feelings  experienced  by  the  artist.  And 
feelings  can  only  have  birth  in  a  man  when  he  is  at  all  points 
living  the  natural  life  proper  to  all  men.  And  therefore  the  as- 
surance of  the  material  independence  of  artists  is  the  most  de- 
structive condition  for  the  artists'  productivity,  since  it  frees  the 
artist  from  the  condition,  proper  to  all  men,  of  struggle  with  na- 
ture for  the  support  of  his  own  life  and  the  life  of  others,  and 
therefore  deprives  him  of  the  opportunity  and  possibility  of  ex- 
periencing the  feelings  that  are  most  important  and  proper  to 
human  beings.  There  is  no  position  more  destructive  to  the 
artist's  productivity  than  the  position  of  complete  independence 
and  luxury,  in  which  the  artist  is  generally  found  in  our  society. 

The  artist  of  the  future  will  live  the  ordinary  life  of  men, 
and  will  earn  his  living  by  some  form  of  work.  And  the  fruits 
of  that  higher  spiritual  force,  which  passes  through  him,  he  will 
try  to  give  to  the  greatest  number  of  people,  because  in  this 
transfer  to  the  greatest  number  of  people  of  the  feelings  which 
came  to  the  birth  in  him  is  his  joy  and  his  reward.  The  artist 
of  the  future  will  not  even  understand  that  an  artist,  whose 
chief  joy  consists  in  the  greatest  distribution  of  his  productions, 
could  offer  his  productions  only  at  a  given  price. 

Until  the  merchants  are  cast  out  of  the  temple,  the  temple  of 
art  will  not  be  a  temple.     The  art  of  the  future  will  drive  them  out. 

And  therefore  the  subject-matter  of  the  art  of  the  future,  as 
I  represent  it  to  myself,  will  be  quite  unlike  the  present.  The 
substance  of  the  art  of  the  future  will  not  consist  in  the  expres- 
sion of  exclusive  feelings:  vanity,  weariness,  satiety,  and  sensual- 
ity in  all  possible  forms,  accessible  and  interesting  only  to  people 
who  have  violently  separated  themselves  from  that  work  which 
is  proper  to  man,  but  will   consist  in  the  expression  of  feelings 


3816  COUNT   LYOFP   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI 

experienced  by  a  man  who  lives  the  life  that  is  proper  to  all 
people,  and  flows  from  the  religious  consciousness  of  our  time,  or 
feelings  accessible  to  all  people  without  exception. 

To  people  of  our  circle  who  do  not  know,  and  cannot  or  will 
not  know  the  feelings  which  must  constitute  the  substance  of  art 
of  the  future,  it  seems  that  this  subject-matter,  when  compared 
with  the  refinements  of  exclusive  feeling,  with  which  they  are 
now  occupied,  is  very  poor.  (<  What  new  thing  can  be  expressed 
in  the  field  of  the  Christian  feelings  of  love  for  our  neighbor  ? 
And  feelings  accessible  to  all  men  are  so  insignificant  and  mo- 
notonous,w  they  think.  But  at  the  same  time  the  only  really  new 
feelings  possible  in  our  time  are  Christian  religious  feelings,  and 
feelings  accessible  to  all.  The  feelings  flowing  from  the  religious 
consciousness  of  our  time,  Christian  feelings,  are  endlessly  new 
and  varied;  but  not  in  that  one  sense,  as  some  think,  of  depict- 
ing Christ  and  the  episodes  of  the  Gospel,  or  of  repeating  in  a 
new  form  the  Christian  truths  of  unity,  brotherhood,  equality, 
love,  but  in  the  sense  that  all  the  very  oldest  manifestations  of 
life,  familiar  and  studied  from  all  sides,  evoke  the  newest,  most 
unexpected  and  touching  feelings,  as  soon  as  a  person  approaches 
these  manifestations  from  the  Christian  point  of  view. 

What  can  be  older  than  the  relations  of  married  people,  of 
parents  to  children,  of  children  to  parents,  the  relations  of  peo- 
ple to  their  fellow-countrymen,  to  people  of  other  races,  to  ag- 
gression, defense,  property,  the  earth,  animals  ?  But  as  soon  as 
a  man  approaches  these  manifestations  from  the  Christian  point 
of  view,  there  straightway  arise  the  most  endlessly  varied,  new, 
complicated,   and  touching  feelings. 

In  just  the  same  way  the  field  of  that  art  which  conveys  the 
very  simplest  worldly  feelings  accessible  to  all,  is  not  contracted, 
but  expanded.  In  our  former  art  it  was  considered  dignified  to 
convey  in  art  only  the  expression  of  feelings  belonging  to  peo- 
ple of  a  certain  exclusive  position,  and  this  only  when  they  were 
conveyed  by  the  most  refined  means,  inaccessible  to  the  majority 
of  people ;  and  all  the  immense  field  of  popular  child  art  —  jokes, 
proverbs,  riddles,  songs,  dances,  children's  games,  mimicry  —  was 
not  recognized  as  a  worthy  subject  of  art. 

The  artist  of  the  future  will  understand  that  to  write  a  tale 
or  a  little  song  that  touches  —  an  adage  or  a  riddle  that  enter- 
tains —  a  joke  that  amuses,  or  paint  a  picture  that  rejoices  tens 
of  generations,  or   millions  of  children  and  adults  —  is  incompara- 


COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI  3817 

bly  more  important  and  fruitful  than  to  write  novels  or  sym- 
phonies, or  paint  pictures,  which  for  a  short  time  entertain  a 
few  people  of  the  rich  classes,  and  are  then  forgotten  forever. 
And  the  field  of  this  art  of  simple  feelings  accessible  to  all  is 
immense  and  still  almost  untouched. 

So  that  the  art  of  the  future  will  not  only  not  be  impoverished, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  will  be  endlessly  enriched  in  material.  And 
in  exactly  the  same  way  the  form  of  the  art  of  the  future  will 
not  only  not  be  lower  than  the  present  form  of  art,  but  will  be 
beyond  all  comparison  higher  than  it,  higher  not  in  the  sense  of 
refined  and  complicated  technical  skill,  but  in  the  sense  of 
knowing  how  to  convey  the  feeling  which  the  artist  experienced 
and  wishes  to  convey,  briefly,  simply,  and  clearly,  without  any 
superfluity. 

I  remember  that  once  in  talking  to  a  famous  astronomer,  who 
delivered  public  lectures  on  the  spectrum  analysis  of  the  stars 
of  the  Milky  Way,  I  said  to  him  how  fine  it  would  be  if,  with 
his  knowledge  and  masterly  delivery,  he  should  give  a  public 
lecture  on  cosmography,  confined  to  the  movement  of  the  earth, 
as  among  the  auditors  of  his  lecture  on  the  spectrum  analysis  of 
the  stars  of  the  Milky  Way,  there  were  probably  very  many  peo- 
ple, especially  women,  who  do  not  quite  know  why  day  and 
night  exist,  or  summer  and  winter.  The  wise  astronomer,  smil- 
ing, answered  me:  (<  Yes,  that  would  be  excellent,  but  it  would 
be  very  difficult.  To  lecture  on  the  spectrum  analysis  of  the 
Milky  Way  is  far  easier. w 

And  it  is  just  the  same  in  art:  to  write  a  poem  in  verse  of 
Cleopatra's  time,  or  to  paint  a  picture  of  Nero  burning  Rome, 
or  a  symphony  in  the  spirit  of  Brahms  and  Richard  Strauss,  or 
an  opera  in  the  spirit  of  Wagner,  is  far  easier  than  to  tell  a 
simple  story  without  any  superfluity,  and  at  the  same  time  in 
such  a  way  as  to  convey  the  feeling  of  the  narrator,  or  to  draw 
a  pencil  sketch  that  will  touch  or  amuse  the  beholder,  or  to 
write  four  bars  of  a  simple,  clear  melody,  without  any  accom- 
paniment, which  will  convey  a  mood  and  be  remembered  by  the 
hearer. 

(( It  is  impossible  for  us  now,  with  our  development,  to  re- 
turn to  the  primitive  tt  —  say  the  artists  of  our  times.  w  It  is 
impossible  for  us  to  write  stories  like  the  story  of  Joseph  and 
his  Brethren  or  the  (  Odyssey > ;  or  to  carve  statues  like  the  ( Venus 
of  Milo*;  or  to  compose  music  like  the  national  songs. B 


3818  COUNT   LYOFF   NIKOLAIEVICH   TOLSTOI 

And,  in  fact,  for  the  artist  of  our  times,  this  is  impossible, 
but  not  for  the  artist  of  the  future,  who  will  be  ignorant  of  all 
the  corruption  of  technical  perfections  which  conceal  the  absence 
of  subject-matter,  and  who,  not  being  a  professional  artist,  and 
receiving  no  payment  for  his  work,  will  only  produce  art  when 
he  feels  an  irresistible  inner  necessity  to  do  so. 

So  completely  different  from  what  is  now  considered  art,  both 
in  substance  and  form,  will  the  art  of  the  future  be.  The 
subject-matter  of  the  art  of  the  future  will  be  only  feelings 
drawing  people  to  unity,  or  really  uniting  them;  another  form  of 
art  will  be  such  as  to  be  accessible  to  everybody.  And  therefore 
the  ideal  of  perfection  of  the  future  will  not  be  exclusiveness  of 
feeling,  accessible  only  to  some,  but,  on  the  contrary,  its  univer- 
sality. And  not  crowdedness,  obscurity,  and  complexity  of  form, 
as  it  is  now  held  to  be,  but,  on  the  contrary,  brevity,  clearness, 
and  simplicity  of  expression.  And  only  when  art  is  like  this 
will  it  no  longer  merely  amuse  and  corrupt  people,  as  it  does 
now,  demanding  the  expenditure  of  their  best  forces  on  this,  but 
it  will  be  what  it  ought  to  be,  an  instrument  for  the  transfer  of 
the  Christian  religious  consciousness  from  the  region  of  intel- 
lect and  reason  to  the  region  of  feeling,  thus  bringing  people  in 
reality,  in  life  itself,  to  that  perfection  and  unity  which  the  reli- 
gious consciousness  points  out  to  them. 

Complete.     From  « What  Is  Art?8    Copyright  edition  of  H.  Altemus,  Philadel- 
phia.     By  permission. 


38i9 


THE   MARQUIS   TSENG 

(1839-1890) 

Ihe  "Diary  of  the  Marquis  Tseng,"  first  translated  in  1884, 
frequently  shows  the  acuteness  which  characterizes  the  intel- 
lect of  the  educated  Chinaman.  It  is  not  intended  to  be 
satirical  or  hypercritical,  but  the  standpoint  from  which  it  considers 
Caucasian  customs  is  so  completely  extraneous  that  we  have  frequent 
suggestions  in  it  of  the  satire  which  Goldsmith  puts  in  the  mouth  of 
his  imaginary  Chinese  philosopher  in  (<  The  Citizen  of  the  World. * 
Tseng,  who  was  born  in  1839,  spent  a  good  part  of  his  life  in  the 
Chinese  diplomatic  service,  residing  at  St.  Petersburg,  Paris,  and 
London.  His  <(  Diary  B  was  written  while  he  was  Chinese  minister  to 
England  and  France.     He  died  April  12th,    1890. 


CHARACTERISTICS   OF   THE   FRENCH   AND    ENGLISH 

The    French    and    English    are    both  fond  of   lauding  their  own 
national    customs,    and    in    finding    flaws    in    those    of    other 
countries.       My   French    interpreter    jeered    at    the    English, 
and  my  English  interpreter  ridiculed  the  French. 

A  Chinese  going  to  Europe  suffers  from  two  difficulties,  to 
which  he  finds  it  very  hard  to  accustom  himself:  one  is  the  con- 
fined nature  of  the  house  accommodation,  the  other  the  high 
price  of  everything.  In  the  West  the  cost  of  ground  for  build- 
ing purposes  is  enormous,  and  the  consequence  is  that  people 
are  obliged  to  live  in  houses  eight  or  nine  stories  high.  Not 
only  this,  but  so  sparing  are  they  of  land  in  constructing  their 
houses,  that  there  are  generally  one  or  two  pits  underground, 
which  serve  as  kitchens  and  wine  cellars.  Their  parks  and  gar- 
dens, however,  are  laid  out  on  a  most  extensive  scale,  and  care 
is  taken  to  copy  nature  in  all  its  wild  simplicity.  These  resorts 
of  amusement  and  pleasure  van7  in  size  from  one  to  three  miles 
in  circumference.  Here  they  show  no  disposition  to  stint  them- 
selves in  the  matter  of  land,  and  bestow  much  care  upon  the 
neat  arrangement  of    such   places,   thereby  embodying  the  maxim 


3820  THE    MARQUIS   TSENG 

transmitted  by  Mencius,  that,  <(  if  the  people  are  made  to  share 
in  the  means  of  enjoyment,  they  will  cherish  no  feelings  of  dis- 
content.w  Both  France  and  England  are  at  one  in  the  above 
respect. 

The  English  excel  in  their  use  of  ways  and  means  for  the 
acquisition  of  wealth ;  the  French  delight  in  extravagance  and 
waste.  With  the  former,  the  result  of  the  general  eagerness  to 
get  rich  is  that  everything,  however  inferior  in  quality,  is  high- 
priced;  while  with  the  latter,  extravagance  has  become  a  na- 
tional habit,  and  prices  know  no  bounds.  Such  is  the  difference 
between  the  two  countries,  a  difference,  however,  which  entails 
the  same  inconvenience  upon  the  traveler  in  either  case. 

Complete. 


WESTERN   ARTS   AND   CIVILIZATION    DERIVED    FROM   CHINA 

One  evening,  in  conversation  with  Sung  Sheng,  he  expressed 
his  belief  that  the  systems  of  government  and  civilization 
prevailing  in  the  West  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  the 
institutions  of  China  in  the  time  of  the  Chow  dynasty.  .  Lao 
Tsze,  he  said,  after  serving  as  a  minister  of  that  dynasty,  had 
gone  to  the  West  and  transplanted  the  laws  and  usages  of  China 
into  Western  soil.  The  assertion  does  not,  unfortunately,  admit 
of  positive  proof,  but  the  idea  is  one  of  some  interest  and  nov- 
elty. I  remarked,  in  reply,  that  Europe,  having  been  once  inhab- 
ited by  wild  tribes,  had  in  all  probability  derived  its  literature 
and  political  systems  from  Asia,  whence  they  had  gradually 
spread  westward,  and  this  I  considered  the  explanation  of  the 
resemblance  between  European  habits  and  ways  and  those  of 
China  in  olden  times.  I  used  to  tell  my  French  interpreter  in 
jest  that  China's  sacred  Emperor  descended  in  an  unbroken  line 
through  history,  and  that  even  as  regards  Presidents  we  had  Yao 
and  Shun,  the  best  that  ever  existed.  This  was  of  course  merely 
a  joke,  but  still  it  is  plain  that  all  Western  institutions  have  ex- 
isted in  the  past  in  China.  For  example,  in  the  West  articles 
of  household  use  are  invariably  carved  and  engraved  with  taste 
and  neatness,  the  idea  being  derived  from  the  inscriptions  found 
upon  goblets,  cups,  and  like  utensils  of  antique  date  in  China.  It 
may  be  said  that  steamers,  steam  engines,  and  such  ingenious  con- 
trivances were  unknown  in  past  ages.  By  such  an  assertion,  how- 
ever, the  fact  is  ignored  that  mechanical  ingenuity  depends  upon 


THE    MARQUIS   TSENG  3821 

material  resources,  and  varies  according  to  a  nation's  prosperity  or 
decay.  When  material  resources  fail  mechanical  arts  fall  into 
neglect.  In  olden  times  China  had  no  lack  of  mechanical  appli- 
ances, but  as  her  national  prosperity  gradually  declined,  her 
people  fell  into  idle  and  thriftless  habits,  and  mechanical  arts 
gradually  died  out.  As,  by  a  glance  at  what  Europe  now  is,  we 
may  see  what  China  once  was,  so  by  noting  what  China  now 
is,  we  may  learn  what  Europe  will  one  day  become.  The 
time  will  arrive  when  Western  workcraft,  now  so  active  and 
superior,  will  grow  inept,  and  Western  ingenuity  give  way  to 
homelike  simplicity.  The  fact  is,  the  earth's  productions  are  not 
sufficient  to  provide  for  the  manifold  wants  of  its  countless  peo- 
ple, and  deterioration  is  one  of  nature's  laws. 

Complete. 


THE    EARL   OF   BEACONSFIELD 

On  the  twenty-seventh  of  March,  1879,  I  called  upon  Beacons- 
field.  He  is  a  man  of  marvelous  attainments  and  great 
decision  of  character,  and  though  over  seventy  years  of 
age  shows  no  sign  of  physical  decay.  The  English  look  upon 
him  as  the  Great  Wall  of  their  country.  I  have  been  given  to 
understand  that  during  the  struggle  between  Russia  and  Turkey, 
the  Turks,  conscious  of  their  weakness,  were  prepared  to  sue  for 
peace  on  any  terms  the  Russians  might  wish  to  impose.  Beacons- 
field  saw  that  it  was  against  the  interests  of  England  to  allow 
Russia  to  carry  out  her  designs  upon  Turkey,  and  it  was  entirely 
owing  to  him  that  British  troops  were  employed  to  assist  Turkey 
and  thwart  Russia. 

The  High  Ministers  and  Members  of  Parliament  in  England 
disapproved  of  the  use  of  force,  but  Beaconsfield,  not  heeding 
their  remonstrances,  moved  the  troops  and  made  such  a  demon- 
stration of  war  that  Russia  took  fright  and  finally  accepted  the 
English  conditions.  Beaconsfield's  reputation  was  greatly  en- 
hanced by  this  stroke  of  policy.  When  he  goes  to  the  House  of 
Parliament,  old  and  young,  women  and  children,  flock  thither  to 
get  a  sight  of  him  and  hear  his  words.  As  they  watch  his  dig- 
nified bearing,  whispers  of  approval  and  respectful  deference 
mark  their  admiration  of  the  man.  Beaconsfield,  though  far  ad- 
vanced in  years,  is  so  pressed  with   public    business   that   foreign 


3822  THE   MARQUIS  TSENG 

envoys  wishing  to  see  him  have  to  arrange  the  time  of  meeting 
beforehand  by  letter,  and  so  I  followed  the  same  course.  His 
manner  was  gracious  and  courteous;  his  words  few  and  impres- 
sive.    Our  conversation  was  confined  to  ordinary  topics. 

Complete.      This  and  the  preceding   selections  are  from  the  translations  of  J. 
N.  Jordan  for  the  Nineteenth  Century  1884. 


3823 


HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN 

(1813-1871) 

Jenry  Theodore  Tuckerman,  an  entertaining  essayist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
April  20th,  181 3.  He  wrote  extensively  both  in  prose  and 
verse.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  (<  The  Italian  Sketch-Book, w 
published  in  1835;  (<  Rambles  and  Reveries ft  in  1841;  <(  Thoughts  on 
the  Poets))  in  1846;  (( Characteristics  of  Literature M  in  1849  to  185 1 ; 
and  <(  Essays w  in  1857.  He  died  in  New  York,  December  17th,  1871. 
His  essay  on  <(  New  England  Philosophy w  appeared  originally  in  the 
Democratic  Review.  It  included  the  "Defense  of  Enthusiasm,0  which 
has  been  more  widely  circulated  than  anything  else  from  his  pen. 

A   DEFENSE   OF    ENTHUSIASM 

• 

Let  us  recognize  the  beauty  and  power  of  true  enthusiasm; 
and  whatever  we  may  do  to  enlighten  ourselves  and  others 
guard  against  checking  or  chilling  a  single  earnest  senti- 
ment. For  what  is  the  human  mind,  however  enriched  with  ac- 
quisitions or  strengthened  by  exercise,  unaccompanied  by  an 
ardent  and  sensitive  heart  ?  Its  light  may  illumine,  but  it  cannot 
inspire.  It  may  shed  a  cold  and  moonlight  radiance  upon  the 
path  of  life,  but  it  warms  no  flower  into  bloom;  it  sets  free  no 
icebound  fountains.  Dr.  Johnson  used  to  say  that  an  obstinate 
rationality  prevented  him  from  being  a  papist.  Does  not  the 
same  cause  prevent  many  of  us  from  unburdening  our  hearts 
and  breathing  our  devotions  at  the  shrines  of  nature  ?  There  are 
influences  which  environ  humanity  too  subtle  for  the  dissecting 
knife  of  reason.  In  our  better  moments  we  are  clearly  conscious 
of  their  presence,  and  if  there  is  any  barrier  to  their  blessed 
agency,  it  is  a  formalized  intellect.  Enthusiasm,  too,  is  the  very 
life  of  gifted  spirits.  Ponder  the  lives  of  the  glorious  in  art  or 
literature  through  all  ages.  What  are  they  but  records  of  toils 
and  sacrifices  supported  by  the  earnest  hearts  of  their  votaries  ? 
Dante  composed  his  immortal  poem  amid  exile  and  suffering, 
prompted  by  the  noble  ambition  of  vindicating  himself  to  poster- 
ity; and  the  sweetest  angel  of  his  paradise  is  the  object  of  his 
early  love.      The    best    countenances    the    old    painters    have    be- 


3824  HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN 

queathed  to  us  are  those  of  cherished  objects  intimately  associated 
with  their  fame.  The  face  of  Raphael's  mother  blends  with  the 
angelic  beauty  of  all  his  madonnas.  Titian's  daughter  and  the 
wife  of  Corregio  again  and  again  meet  in  their  works.  Well 
does  Foscolo  call  the  fine  arts  the  children  of  Love.  The  deep 
interest  with  which  the  Italians  hail  gifted  men  inspires  them  to 
the  mightiest  efforts.  National  enthusiasm  is  the  great  nursery 
of  genius.  When  Cellini's  statue  of  (<  Perseus >}  was  first  exhibited 
on  the  Piazza  at  Florence,  it  was  surrounded  for  days  by  an  ad- 
miring throng,  and  hundreds  of  tributary  sonnets  were  placed 
upon  its  pedestal.  Petrarch  was  crowned  with  laurel  at  Rome 
for  his  poetical  labors,  and  crowds  of  the  unlettered  may  still  be 
seen  on  the  Mole  at  Naples,  listening  to  a  reader  of  Tasso.  Rea- 
son is  not  the  only  interpreter  of  life.  The  fountain  of  action  is 
in  the  feelings.  Religion  itself  is  but  a  state  of  the  affections. 
I  once  met  a  beautiful  peasant  woman  in  the  valley  of  the  Arno, 
and  asked  the  number  of  her  children.  <(  I  have  three  here  and 
two  in  Paradise,  *  she  calmly  replied,  with  a  tone  and  manner  of 
touching  and  grave  simplicity.  Her  faith  was  of  the  heart. 
Constituted  as  human  nature  is,  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  natu- 
ral that  rare  powers  should  be  excited  by  voluntary  and  sponta- 
neous appreciation.  Who  would  not  feel  urged  to  high  achievement, 
if  he  knew  that  every  beauty  his  canvas  displayed,  or  every  perfect 
note  he  breathed,  or  every  true  inspiration  of  his  lyre,  would  find 
an  instant  response  in  a  thousand  breasts  ?  Lord  Brougham  calls 
the  word  <(  impossible  8  the  mother  tongue  of  little  souls.  What, 
I  ask,  can  counteract  self-distrust,  and  sustain  the  higher  efforts 
of  our  nature  but  enthusiasm  ?  More  of  this  element  would  call 
forth  the  genius,  and  gladden  the  life  of  New  England.  While 
the  mere  intellectual  man  speculates,  and  the  mere  man  of  ac- 
quisition cites  authority,  the  man  of  feeling  acts,  realizes,  puts 
forth  his  complete  energies.  His  earnest  and  strong  heart  will 
not  let  his  mind  rest;  he  is  urged  by  an  inward  impulse  to  em- 
body his  thought.  He  must  have  sympathy;  he  must  have  re- 
sults. And  Nature  yields  to  the  magician,  acknowledging  him  as 
her  child.  The  noble  statue  comes  forth  from  the  marble,  the 
speaking  figure  stands  out  from  the  canvas,  the  electric  chain  is 
struck  in  the  bosoms  of  his  fellows.  They  receive  his  ideas,  re- 
spond to  his  appeal,  and  reciprocate  his  love. 

Constant    supplies  of    knowledge  to  the    intellect,  and  the  ex- 
clusive culture  of    reason    may,   indeed,    make  a  pedant  and  logi- 


HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN  3825 

cian;  but  the  probability  is,  these  benefits,  if  such  they  are,  will 
be  gained  at  the  expense  of  the  soul.  Sentiment,  in  its  broadest 
acceptation,  is  as  essential  to  the  true  enjoyment  and  grace  of 
life  as  mind.  Technical  information,  and  that  quickness  of  ap- 
prehension which  New  Englanders  call  smartness,  are  not  so 
valuable  to  a  human  being  as  sensibility  to  the  beautiful,  and  a 
spontaneous  appreciation  of  the  divine  influences  which  fill  the 
realms  of  vision  and  of  sound,  and  the  world  of  action  and  feel- 
ing. The  tastes,  affections,  and  sentiments,  are  more  absolutely 
the  man  than  his  talent  or  acquirements.  And  yet  it  is  by  and 
through  the  latter  that  we  are  apt  to  estimate  character,  of  which 
they  are  at  best  but  fragmentary  evidences.  It  is  remarkable 
that  in  the  New  Testament  allusions  to  the  intellect  are  so  rare, 
while  the  (<  heart  w  and  the  <(  spirit  we  are  of  n  are  ever  appealed 
to.  Sympathy  is  the  <(  golden  key w  which  unlocks  the  treasures 
of  wisdom ;  and  this  depends  upon  vividness  and  warmth  of  feel- 
ing. It  is  therefore  that  Tranio  advises  — (<  In  brief,  sir,  study 
what  you  most  affect.  *  A  code  of  etiquette  may  refine  the  man- 
ners, but  the  <(  heart  of  courtesy,  *  which,  through  the  world, 
stamps  the  natural  gentleman,  can  never  be  attained  but  through 
instinct;  and  in  the  same  manner,  those  enriching  and  noble 
sentiments  which  are  the  most  beautiful  and  endearing  of  human 
qualities,  no  process  of  mental  training  will  create.  To  what  end 
is  society,  popular  education,  churches,  and  all  the  machinery  of 
culture,  if  no  living  truth  is  elicited  which  fertilizes  as  well  as  en- 
lightens ?  Shakespeare  undoubtedly  owed  his  marvelous  insight 
into  the  human  soul  to  his  profound  sympathy  with  man.  He 
might  have  conned  whole  libraries  on  the  philosophy  of  the  pas- 
sions; he  might  have  coldly  observed  facts  for  years,  and  never 
have  conceived  of  jealousy  like  Othello's,  the  remorse  of  Macbeth, 
or  love  like  that  of  Juliet.  When  the  native  sentiments  are  once 
interested,  new  facts  spring  to  light.  It  was  under  the  excite- 
ment of  wonder  and  love,  that  Byron,  tossed  on  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  thought  that  (<  Jura  answered  from  her  misty  shroud, * 
responsive  to  the  thunder  of  the  Alps.  With  no  eye  of  mere 
curiosity  did  Bryant  follow  the  lonely  flight  of  the  waterfowl. 
Veneration  prompted  the  inquiry:  — 

<(  Whither  'midst  falling  dew, 
When  glow  the  heavens  with  the  last  steps  of  day, 
Far  through  their  rosy  depths  dost  thou  pursue 
Thy  solitary  way  ?  y> 
x — 240 


3826  HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN 

Sometimes,  in  musing  upon  genius  in  its  simpler  manifesta- 
tions, it  seems  as  if  the  great  art  of  human  culture  consisted 
chiefly  in  preserving  the  glow  and  freshness  of  the  heart.  It  is 
certain  that  in  proportion  as  its  merely  mental  strength  and  at- 
tainment takes  the  place  of  natural  sentiment,  in  proportion  as 
we  acquire  the  habit  of  receiving  all  impressions  through  the 
reason,  the  teachings  of  nature  grow  indistinct  and  cold,  however 
it  may  be  with  those  of  books.  That  this  is  the  tendency  of  the 
New  England  philosophy  of  life  and  education,  I  think  can 
scarcely  be  disputed.  I  have  remarked  that  some  of  our  most 
intelligent  men  speak  of  mastering  a  subject,  of  comprehending 
a  book,  of  settling  a  question,  as  if  these  processes  involved  the 
whole  idea  of  human  cultivation.  The  reverse  of  all  this  is 
chiefly  desirable.  It  is  when  we  are  overcome,  and  the  pride  of 
intellect  vanished  before  the  truth  of  nature,  when,  instead  of 
coming  to  a  logical  decision,  we  are  led  to  bow  in  profound  rev- 
erence before  the  mysteries  of  life,  when  we  are  led  back  to 
childhood,  or  up  to  God,  by  some  powerful  revelation  of  the  sage 
or  minstrel,  it  is  then  our  natures  grow.  To  this  end  is  all  art. 
Exquisite  vocalism,  beautiful  statuary  and  painting,  and  all  true 
literature,  have  not  for  their  great  object  to  employ  the  ingenu- 
ity of  prying  critics,  or  furnish  the  world  with  a  set  of  new  ideas, 
but  to  move  the  whole  nature  by  the  perfection  and  truthfulness 
of  their  appeal.  There  is  a  certain  atmosphere  exhaled  from  the 
inspired  page  of  genius,  which  gives  vitality  to  the  sentiments, 
and  through  these  quickens  the  mental  powers.  And  this  is  the 
chief  good  of  books.  Were  it  otherwise,  those  of  us  who  have 
bad  memories  might  despair  of  advancement.  I  have  heard  edu- 
cated New  Englanders  boast  of  the  quantity  of  poetry  they  have 
read  in  a  given  time,  as  if  rich  fancies  and  elevated  thoughts  are 
to  be  dispatched  as  are  beefsteaks  on  board  our  steamboats. 
Newspapers  are  estimated  by  their  number  of  square  feet,  as  if 
this  had  anything  to  do  with  the  quality  of  their  contents.  Jour- 
neys of  pleasure  are  frequently  deemed  delightful  in  proportion 
to  their  rapidity,  without  reference  to  the  new  scenery  or  society 
they  bring  into  view.  Social  gatherings  are  not  seldom  accounted 
brilliant  in  the  same  degree  that  they  are  crowded.  Such  would 
not  be  the  case  if  what  the  phrenologists  call  the  affective 
powers  were  enough  considered;  if  the  whole  soul,  instead  of  the 
<(  meddling  intellect  *  alone,  were  freely  developed ;  if  we  realized 
the  truth  thus  expressed  by  a  powerful  writer  — (<  within  the    en- 


HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN  3827 

tire  circle  of  our  intellectual  constitution,  we  value  nothing  but 
emotion;  it  is  not  the  powers,  but  the  fruit  of  those  powers,  in 
so  much  feeling  of  a  lofty  kind  as  they  will  yield. }> 

One  of  the  most  obvious  consequences  of  these  traits  appears 
in  social  intercourse.  Foreigners  have  ridiculed  certain  external 
habits  of  Americans,  but  these  were  always  confined  to  the  few, 
and  where  most  prevalent  have  yielded  readily  to  censure.  There 
are  incongruities  of  manners  still  more  objectionable,  because  the 
direct  exponents  of  character  and  resulting  from  the  philosophy 
of  life.  Delicacy  and  self-respect  are  the  fruits,  not  so  much  of 
intellect  as  sensibility.  We  are  considerate  towards  others  in  pro- 
portion as  our  own  consciousness  gives  us  insight.  The  sympa- 
thies are  the  best  teachers  of  politeness;  and  these  are  ever 
blunted  by  an  exclusive  reliance  on  perception.  Nothing  is  more 
common  than  to  find  educated  New  Englanders  unconsciously  in- 
vading the  privacy  of  others,  to  indulge  their  idle  curiosity,  or 
giving  a  personal  turn  to  conversation  in  a  way  that  outrages  all 
moral  refinement.  This  is  observable  in  society  professedly  in- 
tellectual. It  is  scarcely  deemed  rude  to  allude  to  one's  personal 
appearance,  health,  dress,  circumstances  or  even  most  sacred  feel- 
ings, although  neither  intimacy  nor  confidence  lend  the  slightest 
authority  to  the  proceeding.  Such  violation  of  what  is  due  to 
others  is  more  frequently  met  with  among  the  cultivated  of  this 
than  any  other  country.  It  is  comparatively  rare  here  to  en- 
counter a  natural  gentleman.  A  New  England  philosopher,  in  a 
recent  work,  betrays  no  little  fear  of  (<  excess  of  fellowship. a  In 
the  region  he  inhabits  there  is  ground  for  the  apprehension.  No 
standard  of  manners  will  correct  the  evil.  The  peasantry  of 
Southern  Europe  and  the  most  ignorant  Irishwomen  often  excel 
educated  New  Englanders  in  genuine  courtesy.  Their  richer 
feelings  teach  them  how  to  deal  with  others.  Reverence  and 
tenderness  (not  self-possession  and  intelligence)  are  the  hallowed 
avenues  through  which  alone  true  souls  come  together.  The 
cool  satisfaction  with  which  character  is  analyzed  and  defined  in 
New  England  is  an  evidence  of  the  superficial  test  which  ob- 
servation alone  affords.  A  Yankee  dreams  not  of  the  world 
which  is  revealed  only  through  sentiment.  Men,  and  especially 
women,  shrink  from  unfolding  the  depths  of  their  natures  to  the 
cold  and  prying  gaze  which  aims  to  explore  them  only  as  an  in- 
tellectual diversion.  It  is  the  most  presumptuous  thing  in  the 
world    for  an   unadulterated   New  Englander,  however   acute    and 


3828  HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN 

studious,  to  pretend  to  know  another  human  being,  if  nobly  en- 
dowed; for  he  is  the  last  person  to  elicit  latent  and  cherished 
emotions.  He  may  read  mental  capacities  and  detect  moral  ten- 
dencies, but  no  familiarity  will  unveil  the  inner  temple;  only  in 
the  vestibule  will  his  prying-  step  be  endured. 

Another  effect  of  this  exaggerated  estimate  of  intellect  is  that 
talent  and  character  are  often  regarded  as  identical.  This  is  a 
fatal,  but  very  prevalent  error.  A  gift  of  mind,  let  it  ever  be  re- 
membered, is  not  a  grace  of  soul.  Training  or  native  skill  will 
enable  any  one  to  excel  in  the  machinery  of  expression.  The 
phrase  "artistical,"  whether  in  reference  to  statuary,  painting,  lit- 
erature, or  manners,  implies  only  aptitude  and  dexterity.  Who  is 
not  aware,  for  instance,  of  the  vast  difference  between  a  merely 
scientific  knowledge  of  music  and  that  enlistment  of  the  sympa- 
thies in  the  art  which  makes  it  the  eloquent  medium  of  passion, 
sentiment,  and  truth  ?  And  in  literature,  how  often  do  we  find 
the  most  delicate  perception  of  beauty  in  the  writer,  combined 
with  a  total  want  of  genuine  refinement  in  the  man !  Art  is  es- 
sentially imitative;  and  its  value,  as  illustrative  of  character,  de- 
pends not  upon  the  mental  endowments,  but  upon  the  moral 
integrity  of  the  artist.  The  idea  of  talent  is  associated  more  or 
less  with  the  idea  of  success;  and  on  this  account,  the  lucrative 
creed  of  the  New  Englander  recognizes  it  with  indiscriminate  ad- 
miration; but  there  is  a  whole  armory  of  weapons  in  the  human 
bosom,  of  more  celestial  temper.  It  is  a  nobler  and  a  happier  thing 
to  be  capable  of  self-devotion,  loyalty,  and  generous  sympathies,  to 
cherish  a  quick  sense  of  honor  and  find  absolute  comfort  only  in 
being  lost  in  another,  than  to  have  an  eye  for  color,  whereby  the 
rainbow  can  be  transferred  to  canvas,  or  a  felicity  of  diction  that 
can  embalm  the  truest  pictures  in  immortal  numbers.  Not  only 
or  chiefly  in  what  he  does  resides  the  significance  of  a  human 
being.  His  field  of  action  and  the  availability  of  his  powers  de- 
pend upon  health,  education,  self-reliance,  position,  and  a  thousand 
other  agencies;  what  he  is  results  from  the  instincts  of  his  soul, 
and  for  these  alone  he  is  truly  to  be  loved.  It  is  observable 
among  New  Englanders  that  an  individual's  qualities  are  less, 
frequently  referred  to  as  a  test  of  character  than  his  perform- 
ances. It  is  very  common  for  them  to  sacrifice  social  and  pri- 
vate to  public  character,  friendship  to  fame,  sympathy  to  opinion, 
love  to  ambition,  and  sentiment  to  propriety.  There  is  an  obvi- 
ous disposition  among  them  to  appraise  men  and  women  at  their 


HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN  38^9 

market  rather  than  their  intrinsic  value.  A  lucky  speculation,  a 
profitable  invention,  a  salable  book,  an  effective  rhetorical  effort 
or  a  sagacious  political  ruse  —  some  fact  which  proves,  at  best, 
only  adroitness  and  good  fortune,  is  deemed  the  best  escutcheon 
to  lend  dignity  to  life,  or  hang  as  a  lasting  memorial  upon  the 
tomb.  Those  more  intimate  revelations  and  ministries  which 
deal  with  the  inmost  gifts  of  mind,  and  warmest  emotions  of  the 
heart,  and  through  which  alone  love  and  truth  are  realized,  are 
but  seldom  dreamed  of  in  their  philosophy 

There  is  yet  another  principle  which  seems  to  me  but  faintly 
recognized  in  the  New  England  philosophy  of  life,  however  it 
may  be  occasionally  cultivated  as  a  department  of  literature;  and 
yet  it  is  one  which  we  should  deem  essentially  dear  to  man,  a 
glorious  endowment,  a  crowning  grace  of  humanity.  It  is  that 
principle  through  which  we  commune  with  all  that  is  lovely  and 
grand  in  the  universe,  which  mellows  the  pictures  of  memory  into 
pensive  beauty,  and  irradiates  the  visions  of  hope  with  unearthly 
brightness;  which  elevates  our  social  experience  by  the  glow  of 
fancy,  and  exhibits  scenes  of  perfection  to  the  soul  that  the 
senses  can  never  realize.  It  is  the  poetical  principle.  If  this 
precious  gift  could  be  wholly  annihilated  amid  the  commonplace 
and  the  actual,  we  should  lose  the  interest  of  life.  The  dull 
routine  of  daily  experience,  the  tame  reality  of  things,  would 
weigh  like  a  heavy  and  permanent  cloud  upon  our  hearts.  But 
the  office  of  this  divine  spirit  is  to  throw  a  redeeming  grace 
around  the  objects  and  the  scenes  of  being.  It  is  the  breeze 
that  lifts  the  weeds  on  the  highway  of  time  and  brings  to  view 
the  violets  beneath.  It  is  the  holy  water  which,  sprinkled  on  the 
Mosaic  pavement  of  life,  makes  vivid  its  brilliant  tints.  It  is 
the  mystic  harp  upon  whose  strings  the  confused  murmur  of 
toil,  gladness,  and  grief,  loses  itself  in  music.  But  it  performs  a 
yet  higher  function  than  that  of  consolation.  It  is  through  the 
poetical  principle  that  we  form  images  of  excellence,  a  notion  of 
progress  that  quickens  every  other  faculty  to  rich  endeavor.  All 
great  men  are  so,  chiefly  through  unceasing  effort  to  realize  in 
action,  or  embody  in  art,  sentiments  of  deep  interest  or  ideas  of 
beauty.  As  colors  exist  in  rays  of  light,  so  does  the  ideal  in  the 
soul,  and  life  is  the  mighty  prism  which  refracts  it.  Shelley 
maintains  that  it  is  only  through  the  imagination  that  we  can 
overleap  the  barriers  of  self  and  become  identified  with  the  uni- 
versal and  the  distant,  and,   therefore,   that    this    principle    is   the 


3830  HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN 

true  fountain  of  benevolent  affections  and  virtue  I  know  it  is 
sometimes  said  that  the  era  of  romance  has  passed,  that  with  the 
pastoral,  classic,  and  chivalrous  periods  of  the  world,  the  poetic 
element  died  out.  But  this  is  manifestly  a  great  error.  The 
forms  of  society  have  greatly  changed,  and  the  methods  of  poet- 
ical development  are  much  modified,  but  the  principle  itself  is 
essential  to  humanity.  No!  mechanical  as  is  the  spirit  of  the 
age,  and  wide  as  is  the  empire  of  utility,  as  long  as  the  stars  ap- 
pear nightly  in  the  firmament,  and  golden  clouds  gather  around 
the  departing  sun;  as  long  as  we  can  greet  the  innocent  smile 
of  infancy  and  the  gentle  eye  of  woman;  as  long  as  this  earth  is 
visited  by  visions  of  glory  and  dreams  of  love  and  hopes  of 
heaven;  while  life  is  encircled  by  mystery,  brightened  by  affec- 
tion, and  solemnized  by  death,  so  long  will  the  poetical  spirit  be 
abroad,  with  its  fervent  aspirations  and  deep  spells  of  enchant- 
ment. Again,  it  is  often  urged  that  the  poetical  spirit  belongs 
appropriately  to  a  certain  epoch  of  life,  and  that  its  influence 
naturally  ceases  with  youth.  But  this  can  only  be  the  case 
through  self-apostasy.  The  poetical  element  was  evidently  in- 
tended to  mingle  with  the  whole  of  human  experience;  not  only 
to  glow  in  the  breast  of  youth,  but  to  dignify  the  thought  of 
manhood,  and  make  venerable  the  aspect  of  age.  Its  purpose 
clearly  is  to  relieve  the  sternness  of  necessity,  to  lighten  the 
burden  of  toil,  and  throw  sacredness  and  hope  even  around 
suffering  —  as  the  old  painters  were  wont  to  depict  groups  of 
cherubs  above  their  martyrdoms.  Nor  can  I  believe  that  the 
agency  of  this  principle  is  so  confined  and  temporary  as  many 
suppose.  It  is  true  our  contemplation  of  the  beautiful  is  of 
short  duration,  our  flights  into  the  ideal  world  brief  and  occa- 
sional. We  can  but  bend  in  passing  at  the  altar  of  beauty,  and 
pluck  a  flower  hastily  by  the  wayside;  —  but  may  there  not  be 
an  instinct  which  eagerly  appropriates  even  these  transitory  asso- 
ciations ?  May  they  not  be  unconsciously  absorbed  into  the  es- 
sence of  our  life,  and  gradually  refine  and  exalt  the  spirit  within 
us  ?  I  cannot  think  that  such  rich  provision  for  the  poetic  sympa- 
thies is  intended  for  any  casual  or  indifferent  end.  Rather  let 
us  believe  there  is  a  mystic  language  in  the  flowers,  and  a  deep 
meaning  in  the  stars,  that  the  transparency  of  the  winter  air  and 
the  long  sweetness  of  summer  twilight  pass,  with  imperceptible 
power,  over  the  soul;  rather  let  us  cherish  the  thought  that  the 
absorbing  emotions  of  love,  the   sweet    excitement   of   adventure, 


HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN  3831 

and  the  impassioned  solemnity  of  grief,  with  a  kind  of  spiritual 
chemistry,  combine  and  purify  the  inward  elements  into  nobler 
action  and  more  perfect  results.  Of  the  poetical  principle,  the 
philosophy  of  life  in  New  England  makes  little  account.  Em- 
blems of  the  past  do  not  invite  our  gaze  down  the  vistas  of 
time.  Reverence  is  seldom  awakened  by  any  object,  custom,  or 
association.  The  new,  the  equal,  the  attainable,  constantly  deaden 
our  faith  in  infinite  possibilities.  Life  rarely  seems  miraculous, 
and  the  commonplace  abounds.  There  is  much  to  excite,  and 
little  to  chasten  and  awe.  We  need  to  see  the  blessedness  of  a 
rational  conservatism,  as  well  as  the  inspiring  call  for  reform. 
There  are  venerable  and  lovely  agencies  in  this  existence  of  ours 
which  it  is  sacrilege  to  scorn.  The  wisdom  of  our  renowned 
leaders  in  all  departments  is  too  restless  and  conscious  to  be  de- 
sirable; and  it  would  be  better  for  our  boasted  "march  of  mind," 
if,  like  the  quaint  British  essayist,  a  few  more  (<  were  dragged 
along  in  the  procession. w  An  extravagant  spirit  of  utility  in- 
vades every  scene  of  life  however  sequestered.  We  attempt  not 
to  brighten  the  grim  features  of  care,  or  relieve  the  burdens  of 
responsibility.  The  daughter  of  a  distinguished  law  professor  in 
Europe  was  in  the  habit  of  lecturing  in  her  father's  absence. 
To  guard  against  the  fascination  of  her  charms,  which  it  was 
feared  would  divert  the  attention  of  the  students,  a  curtain  was 
drawn  before  the  fair  teacher,  from  behind  which  she  imparted 
her  instructions.  Thus  do  we  carefully  keep  out  of  sight  the 
poetical  and  veil  the  spirit  of  beauty,  that  we  may  worship  un- 
disturbed at  the  shrine  of  the  practical.  We  ever  seek  the  light 
of  knowledge;  but  are  content  that  no  fertilizing  warmth  lend 
vitality  to  its  beams. 

When  the  returning  pilgrim  approaches  the  shores  of  the  New 
World,  the  first  sign  of  the  vicinity  of  his  native  land  is  traced 
m  hues  of  rare  glory  on  the  western  sky.  The  sunsets  grow 
more  and  more  gorgeous  as  he  draws  near,  and  while  he  leans 
over  the  biilwarks  of  a  gallant  vessel  (whose  matchless  architec- 
ture illustrates  the  mechanical  skill  of  her  birthplace),  and 
watches  their  shifting  brilliancy,  it  associates  itself  with  the  fresh 
promise  and  young  renown  of  his  native  land;  and  when  from 
the  wide  solitude  of  the  Atlantic,  he  plunges  once  more  amid 
her  eager  crowds,  it  is  with  the  earnest  and  I  must  think  patri- 
otic wish,  that  with  her  prosperous  activity  might  mingle  more 
of  the  poetry  of  life! 


3832  HENRY  THEODORE  TUCKERMAN 

But  what  the  arrangements  of  society  fail  to  provide,  the  indi- 
vidual is  at  liberty  to  seek.  Nowhere  are  natural  beauty  and 
grandeur  more  lavishly  displayed  than  on  this  continent.  In  no 
part  of  the  world  are  there  such  noble  rivers,  beautiful  lakes, 
and  magnificent  forests.  The  ermine  robe  of  winter  is,  in  no 
land,  spread  with  more  dazzling  effect,  nor  can  the  woodlands  of 
any  clime  present  a  more  varied  array  of  autumnal  tints.  Nor 
need  we  resort  to  the  glories  of  the  universe  alone.  Domestic 
life  exists  with  us  in  rare  perfection;  and  it  requires  but  the 
heroism  of  sincerity  and  the  exercise  of  taste,  to  make  the  fire- 
side as  rich  in  poetical  associations  as  the  terrace  and  veranda 
of  southern  lands.  Literature,  too,  opens  a  rich  field.  We  can 
wander  through  Eden  to  the  music  of  the  blind  bard's  harp,  or 
listen  in  the  orange  groves  of  Verona,  beneath  the  quiet  moon- 
light, to  the  sweet  vows  of  Juliet.  Let  us,  then,  bravely  obey 
our  sympathies,  and  find  in  candid  and  devoted  relations  with 
others  freedom  from  the  constraints  of  prejudice  and  form.  Let 
us  foster  the  enthusiasm  which  exclusive  intellectual  cultivation 
would  extinguish.  Let  us  detach  ourselves  sufficiently  from  the 
social  machinery  to  realize  that  we  are  not  integral  parts  of  it; 
and  thus  summon  into  the  horizon  of  destiny  those  hues  of 
beauty,  love,  and  truth,  which  are  the  most  glorious  reflections  of 

the  soul! 

From  «New  England  Philosophy. B 


IVAN  SERGEY EVICH    TURGENIEFF. 

From  a  Photograph. 


3&33 


IVAN   SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF 

(1818-1883) 

[van  Sergeyevich  Turgenieff  (written  also  (<  Turgeneff  w)  was 
one  of  the  great  novelists  whose  work  made  Russian  fiction 
a  part  of  the  literature  of  the  world.  He  was  born  at  Orel, 
Russia,  November  9th,  18 18,  and  educated  at  the  leading  colleges 
of  Russia,  with  a  post-graduate  course  at  Berlin.  After  his  return  to 
Russia,  he  entered  the  government  service  in  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  and  remained  thus  employed  until  1852,  when  the  views  he 
expressed  in  an  obituary  of  Gogol  led  to  his  arrest  and  imprisonment. 
After  being  banished  to  Orel  for  several  years,  he  was  liberated  and 
allowed  to  go  abroad.  From  1854  until  his  death,  September  3d,  1883, 
most  of  his  time  was  spent  in  Baden-Baden,  Paris,  and  other  cities  of 
Western  Europe,  but  he  visited  Russia  from  time  to  time,  and  grew 
in  favor  with  his  countrymen  who  had  at  first  misunderstood  him. 
In  his  first  notable  work,  "The  Annals  of  a  Sportsman  M  (1845-57),  he 
gave  his  influence  for  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs,  and  showed 
such  talent  as  a  writer,  that  papers  of  the  series  were  translated  into 
French,  English,  and  other  languages.  Among  his  most  noted  novels 
are  (<Rudin))  (1855),  «A  Nest  of  Nobles0  (1858),  «Helene»  (1860), 
"Fathers  and  Sons»  (1862),  «  Smoke  »  (1867),  and  "Virgin  Soil  »  (1876). 
His  "Senilia,"  which  were  published  in  England  in  1883,  include  an 
extraordinary  collection  of  (<  Prose  Poems  w  characteristically  Russian, 
and  sometimes  so  original  as  to  call  for  severe  thought  before  they 
become  intelligible.  Perhaps  it  was  because  of  these  very  sketches 
that  Tolstoi  was  first  inspired  with  his  strong  prejudice  against 
literary  (<  originality  B  of  all  kinds. 

PROSE   POEMS 
w  Accept  the  Verdict  of  Fools  w 

<(    a   ccept    the    verdict    of    fools. w  —  [Pushkin.]      And    thou   ever 
J-\     speakest  truth  —  thou,  our  sublime  singer  —  and    thou    hast 
spoken  it  now. 
"  The    verdict  of    fools    and    the   laughter    of  the    multitude ! B 

Who  has  not  already  experienced  one  or  the  other  ? 
But    this    may — and    must  —  be    endured;   and    he    to    whom 
strength  is  given  may  despise  it. 


3834  IVAN    SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF 

Still  there  are  blows  which  wound  us  more  deeply.  .  .  . 
A  man  does  his  utmost;  he  labors  honestly,  with  all  his  heart. 
And  yet  (<  honorable  souls }>  turn  away  from  him  with 
disgust ;  (<  honest  people w  redden  with  indignation  at  the  mere 
mention  of  his  name.  ((  Depart!  Away  with  thee!w  cry  young 
and  (( honorable  w  voices.  (<  We  need  neither  thee  nor  thy  works, 
thou  defilest  our  dwelling  —  thou  canst  neither  know  nor  under- 
stand us.     .     .     .     Thou  art  our  foe ! }) 

What  must  this   man    do  ?     .  He    must   continue  to  la- 

bor  on,    making    no   attempt   to    vindicate   himself  —  he    may  not 
even  expect  a  just  verdict. 

Once  upon  a  time,  the  husbandmen  cursed  the  traveler  who 
brought  them  potatoes  as  a  substitute  for  bread,  the  daily  food  of 
the  poor.  .  .  .  The  hands  at  first  outstretched  to  him  dashed 
down  the  precious  gift,  flung  it  in  the  mire,  and  trampled  on  it. 

And  now  it  is  their  sustenance — and  they  do  not  even  know 
the  name  of  their  benefactor. 

Be  it  so !  What  is  a  name  worth  ?  Though  he  is  nameless, 
yet  he  delivered  them  from  death  by  famine. 

So,  therefore,  let  us  take  heed  that  what  we  provide  may 
prove,  indeed,  wholesome  food. 

Bitter   is   the    unjust   reproof  from  the  lips  of   those  we  love. 

.     .     Still  we  must  endure  it. 

"Strike  —  but  hear  me!"  cried  the  Athenian  to  the  Spartan. 

<(  Strike  me  —  but  eat  and  be  satisfied !  w  This  is  what  we 
must  say. 

Complete. 


A  Self-Satisfied  Man 

A  young    man  is   walking   gayly   along  the    Residential    Street. 
His  demeanor   is  careless,   cheerful,    and  self-conscious;    his 
eyes  sparkle,  a  smile  is  on  his  lips,  and  his  pleasant  face  is 
slightly  flushed.      He  is  full  of  self-confidence  and  satisfaction. 

What  has  happened  to  him  ?  Has  he  made  a  fortune  ?  Has 
he  attained  a  higher  position  in  life  ?  Does  a  loved  one  await 
him  ?  Or  is  it  merely  —  a  good  breakfast,  a  feeling  of  comfort, 
the  fullness  of  strength,  that  thus  expands  his  frame  ?  Or  may 
not  even  the  beautiful  eight-rayed  cross  of  King  Stanislaus  of 
Poland  have  been  hung  around  his  neck  ? 


IVAN   SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF  3S35 

No.  He  has  only  devised  a  slander  about  one  of  his  friends, 
and  is  carefully  circulating  it  abroad.  This  same  slander  he 
heard  from  the  lips  of  a  third  one  —  and  believed  it  himself. 

Oh,    how   content    and  complacent  is  this  amiable,    promising 

young  man! 

Complete. 

A  Rule  of  Life 

((|f  you  would  thoroughly  disconcert   and   irritate   your  enemy," 

—  this    was   an    old   intriguer's   advice  to  me  — (<  accuse  him 

of  the  same  fault,  the  same  vice,  that  you  yourself  strive  to 

overcome;   reproach  him  bitterly  with  it,  and  heap  upon  him  the 

severest  reproofs. 

"First  —  by  these  means  you  will  persuade  others  that  this  is 
no  vice  of  yours. 

(<  Second  —  your  indignation  is  unfeigned.  They  have  the 
benefit  of  the  reproof  of  your  own  conscience. 

<(  Are  you  perhaps  a  renegade  ?  Then  reproach  your  adversary 
with  a  lack  of  faith ! 

(C  Have  you  yourself  the  soul  of  a  lackey  ?  Then  upbraid  him 
with  his  lackey's  nature;  sneer  at  him  for  being  a  lackey  of 
civilization,  of  Europe,  and  of  society. w 

(<  One  can  even  say  that   he  is   a  lackey  because  he   is   not  a 

lackey ! })  I  remarked. 

c<  Yes,  even  that  8  assented  the  intriguer. 

Complete. 

The  End  of  the  World 

I   dreamed  that  I  was  in  a  peasant's  hut  in  some  obscure  corner 
of  Russia. 

It  is  a  large  room  and  low:  there  are  three  windows,  the 
walls  are  painted  white,  and  there  is  no  furniture.  Before  the 
hut  stretches  a  desolate  plain,  which  loses  itself  in  the  dim  dis- 
tance; above  it  a  gray,  monotonous  sky  hangs  like  a  veil. 

I  am  not  alone;  there  are  some  ten  men  in  the  room.  They 
are  ordinary  simple,  plainly  clad  people ;  they  pace  up  and  down 
in  silence;  they  almost  slink.  They  shun,  but  still  regard  each 
other  continually  with  apprehensive  looks. 

Not  one  of  them  knows  how  he  has  ccme  hither,  or  what 
manner  of  men  the  others  are.     Disquiet  and  depression  is  painted 


3836  IVAN   SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF 

on  every  countenance;  one  after  the  other  they  all  approach  the 
window,  and  gaze  out  anxiously  as  if  they  awaited  something 
from  without. 

And  then  they  wander  restlessly  up  and  down  once  more.  A 
youth  who  is  of  the  number  moans  from  time  to  time  in  a  thin, 
monotonous  voice,  (<  Father,  I  am  afraid !  >}  This  complaining 
makes  me  feel  ill  —  I  myself  begin  to  grow  frightened.  .  .  . 
But  why  ?  I  know  not.  I  only  realize  that  a  great,  great  evil 
is  ever  drawing  nearer. 

The    youth    continues    to   moan.     Oh,   could  one  but  flee  from 
here !     This  heat !     This    exhaustion !     This    oppression ! 
But  escape  is  impossible. 

The  heaven  is  like  a  pall,  not  a  breath  of  air  stirs.  .  .  . 
Can  the  breeze  also  be  dead  ? 

Suddenly  the  youth  rushes  to  the  window  and  cries  in  mourn- 
ful accents,  (<  Look !  Look !  the  earth  is  swallowed  up !  * 

What  ?     .  Swallowed  up  ?     .     .     .     In   truth   there   was 

a  plain  before  the  house  —  now  it  stands  on  the  summit  of  a 
vast  mountain !  The  horizon  has  fallen  and  sunk  down,  and  close 
by  the  house  yawns  a  black,  deep,  gaping  abyss! 

We  all  crowd  round  the  window.  .  .  .  Our  hearts  are  be- 
numbed with  terror.  (<  There  —  there  it  is !  B  .  .  .  whispers 
my  neighbor. 

And  suddenly,  along  the  whole,  wide,  unbounded  space,  some- 
thing stirs;  little  rounded  hillocks  appear  to  rise  and  sink  on 
the  surface. 

The  sea!  The  same  idea  occurs  to  us  all.  It  will  engulf  us 
all  together.  .  .  .  But  how  can  that  be  ?  How  can  it  scale 
the  heights  of  this  lofty  mountain  peak  ? 

But  it  is  rising,  ever  higher,  ever  higher.  .  .  .  And  now 
they  are  not  merely  the  little  hillocks  which  rippled  in  the  dis- 
tance. .  .  .  One  solitary,  dense,  monstrous  wave  encom- 
passes the  whole  circle  of  the  horizon. 

It  dashes,  dashes  toward  us!  Like  an  icy  whirlwind  it  ap- 
proaches, circling  round  like  the  gloomy  pit  of  Hell.  Everything 
around  is  quaking;  and  there  in  yonder  approaching  chaos,  a  me- 
tallic roar  of  a  thousand  tongues  thunders,  crashes,  shrieks. 

Ha!  .  .  .  What  howls  .  .  .  groans!  It  is  the  earth 
that  is  crying  aloud  with  fear. 

The   end  of   the   world  is  here!     .      .     .     The  universal  end! 


IVAN   SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF  3837 

The  youth  moans  yet  once  more.  ...  I  will  cling  to  my 
companion  —  but  all  of  a  sudden  we  are  crushed,  buried,  over- 
whelmed, carried  away  by  yonder  black,  icy,  roaring  wave. 

Darkness     .     .     .     eternal  darkness! 

And  almost  breathless,   I  awoke. 

Complete. 


The  Blockhead 

Once  upon  a  time  there  was  a  blockhead. 
For  a  long  time  he  lived  happy  and  content,  until    at   last 
a    report    reached    him    that    everybody   considered   him    a 
brainless  fool. 

This  roused  the  blockhead  and  made  him  sorrowful.  He  con- 
sidered what  would  be  the  best  way  to .  confute  this  statement. 

Suddenly  an  idea  burst  upon  his  wretched  mind,  and  without 
delay  he  put  it  into  execution. 

One  day  an  acquaintance  encountered  him  in  the  street,  and 
began  to  praise  a  celebrated  painter. 

(<  Good  God!  w  cried  the  blockhead,  <(  do  you  not  know  that  this 
man's  works  have  long  since  been  banished  to  the  lumber  room  ? 
You  must  be  aware  of  the  fact!  .  .  .  You  are  far  behind- 
hand in  culture. w 

The  friend  was  alarmed,  and  immediately  concurred  with  the 
blockhead's  opinion. 

<(  That  is  a  clever  book  that  I  have  read  to-day !  ®  said  another 
of  his  acquaintances  to  him. 

(<  God    have    mercy!  w     cried     the    blockhead.      (<  Are   you    not 
ashamed  to  say  so  ?     That    book   is   utterly   worthless;   there    can 
only  be  one  idea  concerning  it.     And    did    you    not    know   that  ? 
.     Oh,   culture  has  left  you  far  behind. w 

And  this  acquaintance  also  was  alarmed,  and  he  agreed  with 
the  blockhead. 

<(  What  a  splendid  fellow  my  friend,  N —  N —  is!  w  said  a  third 
acquaintance  to  the  blockhead;  a  he  is  a  truly  noble  man!" 

«  Good  heavens !  n  shrieked  the  blockhead ;  <(  N  —  N  —  is  a  noto- 
rious scamp'  He  has  already  plundered  all  his  relations.  Who 
does  not  know  that  ?  .  .  .  You  are  sadly  wanting  in  cul- 
ture ! » 

And  the  third  acquaintance  was  also  alarmed  and  instantly 
accepted  the  blockhead's  opinion.     Whatever  was   praised  in    the 


3838  VAN    SERGEYEV1CH   TURGENIEFF 

blockhead's  presence,  he  had  always  the  same  answer.  And  in 
every  case  he  added,  reproachfully,  <(  And  you  still  believe  that 
authority  ?  B 

«  A  spiteful,  venomous  man !  B  that  was  how  the  blockhead  was 
now  known  among  his  acquaintances.      <c  But  what  a  head !  w 

«  And  what  language!  w  added  others.      (<  What  talent!" 

And  the  end  of  it  all  was,  the  editor  of  a  newspaper  intrusted 
the  blockhead  with  the  writing  of  the  critiques  in  his  journal. 

The  blockhead  criticized  everything,  and  every  one,  in  his 
well-known  style,  and  with  his  customary  abuse. 

And  now,  he,  the  former  enemy  of  every  authority,  is  himself 
an  authority,  and  the  rising  generation  show  him  respect,  and 
tremble  before   him. 

And  how    can    the    poor   youths  do    otherwise  ?      Certainly,   to 

show  him  respect  is  an  astonishing    notion;    but   woe    to    you,   if 

you  would  take  his  measure,  or   try  to   make    him    appear  as    he 

really  was,  you  would  immediately  be  criticized  without  mercy. 

Blockheads  have  a  brilliant  life  among  cowards. 

Complete. 

An  Eastern  Legend 

Who,  in  Bagdad,  does  not  know  the  great  Djaffar,  the  sun  of 
the  universe  ?  Once  upon  a  time,  many  years  ago,  while 
Djaffar  was  still  a  youth,  he  was  walking  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bagdad. 

Suddenly  a  hoarse  cry  fell  upon  his  ear — some  one  was  call- 
ing for  help. 

Djaffar  was  known  among  his  acquaintance  by  his  lofty  mind 
and  wise  reflection ;  he  had  also  a  compassionate  heart,  and  could 
rely  upon  his  strength. 

He  hastened  in  the  direction  of  the  cry,  and  discovered  a  fee- 
ble old  man,  who  was  being  forced  toward  the  city  walls  by  two 
robbers,  who  intended  plundering  him. 

Djaffar  drew  his  sabre,  and  attacked  the  miscreants:  one  he 
slew,  and  the  other  fled. 

The  old  man  fell  at  his  deliverer's  feet,  kissed  the  hem  of  his 
garment,  and  exclaimed,  (<  Brave  youth,  your  generosity  shall  not 
remain  unrewarded.  Apparently,  I  am  only  a  miserable  beggar; 
but  that  is  a  delusion.  I  am  no  ordinary  man.  At  daybreak, 
to-morrow,  come  to  the  market  place;  I  will  await  you  by  the 
fountain,  and  you  shall  be  assured  of  the  truth  of  my  words. B 


IVAN   SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF  3839 

Djaffar  hesitated:  "This  man  certainly  appears  to  be  nothing 
but  a  beggar ;  however,  who  can  tell  ?  Why  should  I  not  make 
the  experiment  ? w  and  he  answered  and  said,  (<  It  is  well,  my 
father,  I  will  come !  B 

The  old  man  gazed  at  him,  and  went  away. 

At  daybreak,  the  next  morning,  Djaffar  repaired  to  the  market 
place.  The  old  man  was  already  awaiting  him,  leaning  against 
the  marble  basin  of  the  fountain. 

He  took  Djaffar's  hand  in  silence,  and  led  him  into  a  little 
garden  which  was  surrounded  by  a  high  wall. 

In  the  centre  of  the  garden,  a  tree  of  an  unknown  species 
sprung  from  the  green  turf. 

It  had  the  appearance  of  a  cypress,  but  its  leaves  were  of  an 
azure  tint. 

Three  fruits,  three  apples,  hung  from  the  straight  and  slender 
twigs;  one  apple,  of  medium  size,  was  rather  long  and  milk 
white;  another  was  large,  round,  and  bright  red;  the  third  was 
small,  shriveled,  and  yellowish. 

The  tree  rustled  softly,  although  no  breeze  stirred.  It  sounded 
soft  and  sad,  as  if  it  were  made  of  glass;  it  appeared  to  be  con- 
scious of  Djaffar's  presence. 

<(  Youth!"  said  the  old  man,  <(  pluck  one  of  these  fruits  and 
take  heed:  if  you  pluck  and  eat  the  white  apple,  you  will  be 
wiser  than  all  mankind;  if  you  pluck  the  red  apple  and  eat  it, 
you  will  become  rich  as  the  Jew  Rothschild ;  but  if  you  pluck  and 
eat  the  yellow  apple,  then  you  will  be  agreeable  to  the  old  women. 
Make  up  your  mind  without  delay;  in  an  hour  the  fruit  will  de- 
cay, and  the  tree  will  sink  deep  into  the  earth.8 

Djaffar  bowed  his  head  and  considered.  *  Which  shall  I  de- 
cide upon  ?  w  asked  he  of  himself,  half  aloud.  <(  Were  I  too  wise, 
life  perhaps  might  disgust  me;  were  I  richer  than  all  other  men, 
they  would  envy  me ;  sooner,  therefore,  I  will  pluck  and  eat  the 
third,  withered  apple !  * 

He  did  so,  and  the  old  man  laughed  with  his  toothless  mouth, 
and  said:  <(  Oh,  wisest  among  all  youths!  You  have  chosen 
aright !  Wherefore  do  you  need  the  white  apple  ?  you  are  al- 
ready wiser  than  Solomon.  Neither  do  you  want  the  red  apple  — 
you  will  be  rich  without  it,  and  no  one  will  envy  you  your  wealth. w 

<(  Then  tell  me,  venerable  father, B  said  Djaffar,  trembling  with 
joy,  "where  the  most  honored  mother  of  our  Chalise — the  be- 
loved of  the  gods  —  lives. * 


3840  IVAN   SERGEYEVICH   TURGENIEFF 

The  sage  bowed  to  the  very  earth,  and  pointed  out  the  way 
to  the  youth. 

Who  in  Bagdad  does  not  know  the  sun  of  the  universe,  the 
great  and  illustrious  Djaffar  ? 

Complete. 


The  Sparrow 

I    returned    home    from    the    chase,   and    wandered    through   an 
alley  in   my  garden.      My  dog  bounded  before  me. 

Suddenly    he    checked    himself,    and    moved    forward    cau- 
tiously,  as  if  he  scented  game. 

I  glanced  down  the  alley,  and  perceived  a  young  sparrow 
with  a  yellow  beak,  and  down  upon  its  head.  He  had  fallen 
out  of  the  nest  (the  wind  was  shaking  the  beeches  in  the  alley 
violently),  and  lay  motionless  and  helpless  on  the  ground,  with 
his  little,  unfledged  wings  extended. 

The  dog  approached  it  softly,  when  suddenly  an  old  sparrow, 
with  a  black  breast,  quitted  a  neighboring  tree,  dropped  like  a 
stone  right  before  the  dog's  nose,  and,  with  ruffled  plumage,  and 
chirping  desperately  and  pitifully,  sprang  twice  at  the  open, 
grinning  mouth. 

He  had  come  to  protect  his  little  one  at  the  cost  of  his  own 
life.  His  little  body  trembled  all  over,  his  voice  was  hoarse,  he 
was  in  an  agony  —  he  offered  himself. 

The  dog  must  have  seemed  a  gigantic  monster  to  him. 
But,  in  spite  of  that,  he  had  not  remained  safe  on  his  lofty 
bough.  A  Power  stronger  than  his  own  will  has  forced  him 
down. 

Treasure  stood  still  and  turned  away.  ...  It  seemed  as 
if  he  also  felt  this  Power. 

I  hastened  to  call  the  discomfited  dog  back,  and  went  away 
with  a  feeling  of  respect. 

Yes,  smile  not!  I  felt  a  respect  for  this  heroic  little  bird, 
and  for  the  depth  of  his  paternal  love. 

Love,  I  reflected,  is  stronger  than  death  and  the  fear  of 
death;  it  is  love  alone  that  supports  and  animates  all. 

Complete. 


IVAN   SERGEYEVICH  TURGENIEF  3841 


The  Skulls 

A    magnificent,   dazzlingly-illuminated   hall,   a  throng  of  ladies 
and  cavaliers. 

All  are  animated,  and  join  in  lively  conversation.  The 
conversation  turns  upon  a  celebrated  singer.  They  say  she  is 
divine,  immortal.  .  .  .  Ah,  how  enchanting  was  that  last  trill 
yesterday ! 

Suddenly,  as  if  by  the  stroke  of  a  wand,  the  covering  of  skin 
disappeared  from  every  face,  from  every  head,  and  in  an  instant 
the  hue  of  death  was  on  every  skull,  with  its  ashy,  naked  jaw 
and  cheek  bones. 

I  watched  the  movements  of  these  jaws  and  cheeks  with  hor- 
ror; I  saw  how  the  round,  bony  balls  turned  round  and  round, 
and  shone  in  the  glare  of  the  lamps  and  tapers;  saw  how  smaller 
balls  —  the  balls  of  the  senseless  eyes  —  revolved  in  the  large 
ones. 

I  dare  not  touch  my  own  face,  neither  regard  it  in  the  mir- 
ror. 

The  skulls,  however,  moved  in  just  the  same  way  as  before; 
the  same  sounds  that  the  lips  had  uttered  now  proceeded  from 
between  jaws  that  had  lost  their  teeth,  and  the  nimble  tongues 
still  prattled  of  the  astonishing  melodious  lips  of  the  inimitable, 
immortal  —  yes,  immortal  —  singer. 

Complete.     This  and  the  preceding  selections  were  translated  for  Macmillan's 

Magazine  1883. 
x — 241 


3842 


"MARK  TWAIN  * 

(Samuel  Langhorne  Clemens) 

(1835-) 

Jamuel  Langhorne  Clemens,  the  most  popular  of  all  American 
humorists,  was  born  at  Florida,  Missouri,  November  30th, 
1835.  At  the  age  of  thirteen,  he  began  in  a  country  print- 
ing office  the  course  of  higher  education  which  he  has  since  continued 
with  such  notable  results.  In  185 1,  having  taken  his  degree  in  the 
printing  trade,  he  began  a  post-graduate  course  as  a  pilot  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  acquiring  thus  not  only  the  experience  which  has 
been  invaluable  to  him  as  a  humorist,  but  the  name  he  has  made  so 
celebrated  in  America  and  Europe  that,  unless  it  is  put  upon  his 
monuments,  the  honorable  family  name  he  inherited  will  scarcely  be 
sufficient  to  identify  him.  After  several  years  on  the  river,  he 
went  to  Nevada  and  California,  experimenting  in  mining  and  journal- 
ism, and  in  1866  making  a  visit  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  His  career 
as  a  humorist  may  be  dated  more  or  less  inexactly  from  a  series  of 
humorous  lectures  on  Western  Life  which  belong  to  this  period.  His 
first  volume,  <(  The  Jumping  Frog  and  Other  Sketches,*  was  published 
after  his  return  to  the  East  in  1867.  Its  success  was  immediate,  but 
it  was  greatly  surpassed  by  that  of  <(  Innocents  Abroad w  (1869)  and 
«  Roughing  It»  (1872).  «  The  Adventures  of  Tom  Sawyer, »  «  A  Tramp 
Abroad,8  "The  Prince  and  the  Pauper, w  <(  Life  on  the  Mississippi, * 
<(  Adventures  of  Huckleberry  Finn,"  (<  A  Connecticut  Yankee  at  King 
Arthur's  Court, w  and  other  works,  following  in  rapid  succession,  have 
not  exhausted  his  remarkable  fertility,  and  he  continues  to  maintain 
the  quality  of  his  literary  output. 

The  serious  purpose  which  crops  out  from  time  to  time  in  nearly 
everything  Mr.  Clemens  writes  is  hatred  of  humbug, —  a  feeling  so 
genuine  and  deep  seated  with  him  that  it  nerved  him  for  the  impos- 
sible task  of  writing  down  the  love  of  <(  Chivalry, w  which  makes  a 
Western  cowboy  who  has  read  tf  Ivanhoe w  imagine  he  is  a  paladin 
as  he  races  his  broncho  at  full  speed  down  the  main  street  of  the 
town,  with  all  the  dogs  barking  and  all  the  saloon  loungers  cheering 
him.  Undoubtedly,  there  are  times  when  Mr.  Clemens  takes  himself 
seriously  as  a  reformer,  but  after  having  educated  the  public  to 
laugh  at  everything  he  does  or  says,  it  is  of  course  quite  useless  for 
him  to  attempt  seriousness. 


«  MARK   TWAIN  »  3843 


ON   THE   ONE   HUNDRED  AND   THIRTY-SIX  VARIETIES  OF   NEW 

ENGLAND   WEATHER 

I  reverently  believe  that  the  Maker  who  made  us  all  makes 
everything  in  New  England  but  the  weather.  I  don't  know 
who  makes  that,  but  I  think  it  must  be  raw  apprentices  in 
the  Weather  Clerk's  factory,  who  experiment  and  learn  how  in 
New  England,  for  board  and  clothes,  and  then  are  promoted  to 
make  weather  for  countries  that  require  a  good  article  and  will 
take  their  custom  elsewhere  if  they  don't  get  it. 

There  is  a  sumptuous  variety  about  the  New  England  weather 
that  compels  the  stranger's  admiration — and  regret.  The  weather 
is  always  doing  something  there,  always  attending  strictly  to 
business,  always  getting  up  new  designs  and  trying  them  on  the 
people  to  see  how  they  will  go.  But  it  gets  through  more  busi- 
ness in  the  spring  than  in  any  other  season.  In  the  spring  I 
have  counted  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  different  kinds  of 
weather  inside  of  four-and-twenty  hours.  It  was  I  that  made 
the  fame  and  fortune  of  that  man  that  had  that  marvelous  col- 
lection of  weather  on  exhibition  at  the  Centennial  that  so  as- 
tounded the  foreigners.  He  was  going  all  over  the  world  and 
get  specimens  from  all  climes.  I  said,  "Don't  you  do  it;  you 
come  to  New  England  on  a  favorable  spring  day."  I  told  him 
what  we  could  do  in  the  way  of  style,  variety,  and  quantity. 
Well,  he  came,  and  he  made  his  collection  in  four  days.  As  to 
variety;  why,  he  confessed  he  got  hundreds  of  kinds  of  weather 
that  he  had  never  heard  of  before.  And  as  to  quantity;  well, 
after  he  had  picked  out  and  discarded  all  that  were  blemished  in 
any  way,  he  not  only  had  weather  enough,  but  weather  to  spare ; 
weather  to  hire  out;  weather  to  sell;  weather  to  deposit;  weather 
to  invest;  weather  to  give  to  the  poor. 

The  people  of  New  England  are  by  nature  patient  and  for- 
bearing; but  there  are  some  things  that  they  will  not  stand. 
Every  year  they  kill  a  lot  of  poets  for  writing  about  (<  Beautiful 
Spring  >}  These  are  generally  casual  visitors,  who  bring  their 
notions  of  spring  from  somewhere  else,  and  cannot,  of  course, 
know  how  the  natives  feel  about  spring.  And  so,  the  first  thing 
they  know,  the  opportunity  to  inquire  how  they  feel  has  per- 
manently gone  by. 


3844  «MARK   TWAIN » 

Old  Probabilities  has  a  mighty  reputation  for  accurate  proph- 
ecy, and  thoroughly  well  deserves  it.  You  take  up  the  papers 
and  observe  how  crisply  and  confidently  he  checks  off  what  to- 
day's weather  is  going  to  be  on  the  Pacific,  down  South,  in  the 
Middle  States,  in  the  Wisconsin  region ;  see  him  sail  along  in  the 
joy  and  pride  of  his  power  till  he  gets  to  New  England,  and 
then  see  his  tail  drop.  He  doesn't  know  what  the  weather  is  to 
be  in  New  England.  He  can't  any  more  tell  than  he  can  tell 
how  many  Presidents  of  the  United  States  there  are  going  to  be. 
Well,  he  mulls  over  it,  and  by  and  by  he  get  out  something 
about  like  this :  <(  Probable  northeast  to  southwest  winds,  varying 
to  the  southward  and  westward  and  eastward  and  points  between; 
high  and  low  barometer,  sweeping  around  from  place  to  place; 
probable  areas  of  rain,  snow,  hail,  and  drought,  succeeded  or 
preceded  by  earthquakes,  with  thunder  and  lightning. w  Then  he 
jots  down  this  postscript  from  his  wandering  mind  to  cover  ac- 
cidents: (<  But  it  is  possible  that  the  program  may  be  wholly 
changed  in  the  meantime. n 

Yes,  one  of  the  brightest  gems  in  the  New  England  weather 
is  the  dazzling  uncertainty  of  it.  There  is  only  one  thing  cer- 
tain about  it,  you  are  certain  there  is  going  to  be  plenty  of 
weather.  A  perfect  grand  review;  but  you  never  can  tell  which 
end  of  the  procession  is  going  to  move  first.  You  fix  up  for  the 
drought;  you  leave  your  umbrella  in  the  house  and  sally  out 
with  your  sprinkling-pot,  and  ten  to  one  you  get  drowned.  You 
make  up  your  mind  that  the  earthquake  is  due;  you  stand  from 
under  and  take  hold  of  something  to  steady  yourself,  and  the 
first  thing  you  know  you  get  struck  by  lightning.  These  are 
great  disappointments;  but  they  can't  be  helped.  The  lightning 
there  is  peculiar;  it  is  so  convincing  when  it  strikes  a  thing  it 
doesn't  leave  enough  of  that  behind  for  you  to  tell  whether  — 
well,  you'd  think  it  was  something  valuable  and  a  Congressman 
had  been  there. 

And  the  thunder.  When  the  thunder  commences  merely  to 
tune  up,  and  scrape  and  saw  and  key  up  the  instruments  for  the 
performance,  strangers  say,  <(  Why  what  awful  thunder  you  have 
here ' M  But  when  the  baton  is  raised  and  the  real  concert  be- 
gins, you'll  find  that  stranger  down  in  the  cellar  with  his  head 
in  the  ash  barrel. 

Now  as  to  the  size  of  the  weather  in  New  England  —  length- 
ways I  mean.      It  is  utterly  disproportionate  to  the  size  of   that 


«MARK   TWAIN»  3845 

little  country.  Half  the  time  when  it  is  packed  as  full  as  it  can 
stick,  you  will  see  that  New  England  weather  sticking  out  be- 
yond the  edges,  and  projecting  around  hundreds  of  miles  over 
the  neighboring  states.  She  can't  hold  a  tenth  part  of  her  weather. 
You  can  see  cracks  all  about,  where  she  has  strained  herself  try- 
ing to  do  it. 

I  could  speak  volumes  about  the  inhuman  perversity  of  the 
New  England  weather,  but  I  will  give  but  a  single  specimen.  I 
like  to  hear  rain  on  a  tin  roof,  so  I  covered  part  of  my  roof 
with  tin,  with  an  eye  to  that  luxury.  Well,  sir,  do  you  think  it 
ever  rains  on  the  tin  ?     No,  sir,  skips  it  every  time. 

Mind,  I  have  been  trying  merely  to  do  honor  to  the  New 
England  weather;  no  language  could  do  it  justice.  But,  after  all, 
there  are  one  or  two  things  about  that  weather  (or,  if  you  please, 
effects  produced  by  it),  which  we  residents  would  not  like  to  part 
with.  If  we  had  not  our  bewitching  autumn  foliage,  we  should 
still  have  to  credit  the  weather  with  one  feature  which  compen- 
sates for  all  its  bullying  vagaries  —  the  ice  storm  —  when  a  leaf- 
less tree  is  clothed  with  ice  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  —  ice 
that  is  as  bright  and  clear  as  crystal;  every  bough  and  twig  is 
strung  with  ice  beads,  frozen  dewdrops,  and  the  whole  tree 
sparkles,  cold  and  white,  like  the  Shah  of  Persia's  diamond  plume! 
Then  the  wind  waves  the  branches  and  the  sun  comes  out  and 
turns  all  those  myriads  of  beads  and  drops  to  prisms,  that  glow 
and  hum  and  flash  with  all  manner  of  colored  fires,  which  change 
and  change  again  with  inconceivable  rapidity,  from  blue  to  red, 
from  red  to  green,  and  green  to  gold;  the  tree  becomes  a  spark- 
ling fountain,  a  very  explosion  of  dazzling  jewels,  and  it  stands 
there  the  acme,  the  climax,  the  supremest  possibility  in  art  or 
nature  of  bewildering,  intoxicating,  intolerable  magnificence!  One 
cannot  make  the  words  too  strong. 

Month  after  month  I  lay  up  hate  and  grudge  against  the 
New  England  weather;  but  when  the  ice  storm  comes  at  last,  I 
say,  <(  There,  I  forgive  you  now;  the  books  are  square  between 
us;  you  don't  owe  me  a  cent;  go  and  sin  no  more;  your  little 
faults  and  foibles  count  for  nothing;  you  are  the  most  enchant- 
ing weather  in  the  world. B 


'& 


Complete.     Republished  by  permission 
of  Mr.  Clemens. 


3846  «MARK  TWAIN  » 


LINCOLN   AND   THE   CIVIL   WAR 

(Address  by  Mr.    Clemens  at   the    Lincoln    birthday  celebration   in    Carnegie 
Hall,    New  York,    February   nth,    1901) 

The  duties  of  a  presiding  officer,  upon  an  occasion  like  this, 
are  few  and  simple.  Indeed,  the  duties  are  but  two  —  one 
easy,  the  other  difficult:  he  must  introduce  the  Orator  of 
the  evening;  then  keep  still  and  give  him  a  chance.  These  duties 
are  about  to  be  strictly  fulfilled  —  even  the  second  one;  not  out 
of  deference  to  duty,  but  to  win  admiration. 

To  tell  an  American  audience  who  and  what  Col.  Watterson 
is,  is  not  in  any  way  necessary  —  the  utterance  of  his  name  is 
enough;  a  name  which  is  like  one  of  these  electric  announce- 
ments on  the  Madison  Square  tower:  the  mention  of  it  touches 
the  button  in  our  memory  and  his  history  flashes  up  out  of  the 
dark  and  stands  brilliantly  revealed  and  familiar:  distinguished 
soldier,  journalist,  orator,  lecturer,  statesman,  political  leader,  rebel, 
reconstructed  rebel:  always  honest,  always  honorable,  always  loyal 
to  his  convictions,  right  or  wrong,  and  not  afraid  to  speak  them 
out;  and  first,  last,  and  all  the  time  —  whether  rebel  or  recon- 
structed, whether  on  the  wrong  side  or  on  the  right — a  patriot 
in  his  heart. 

It  is  a  curious  circumstance,  that  without  collusion  of  any 
kind,  but  merely  in  obedience  to  a  strange  and  pleasant  and  dra- 
matic freak  of  destiny,  he  and  I,  kinsmen  by  blood  —  for  we  are 
that  —  and  one-time  rebels  —  for  we  were  that  —  should  be  chosen 
out  of  a  million  surviving  quondam  rebels  to  come  here  and  bare 
our  heads  in  reverence  and  love  of  that  noble  soul  whom  forty 
years  ago  we  tried  with  all  our  hearts  and  all  our  strength  to 
defeat  and  dispossess — Abraham  Lincoln!  Is  not  the  Rebellion 
ended  and  forgotten  ?  Are  not  the  Blue  and  the  Gray  one, 
to-day  ?  By  authority  of  this  sign  we  may  answer  yes ;  there  was 
a  Rebellion  —  that  incident  is  closed. 

I  was  born  and  reared  in  a  slave  State,  my  father  was  a  slave 
owner;  and  in  the  Civil  War  I  was  a  second  lieutenant  in  the 
Confederate  service  —  for  a  while.  This  second  cousin  of  mine, 
Col.  Watterson,  the  Orator  of  this  present  occasion,  was  born 
and  reared  in  a  slave  State,  was  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate 
service,  and  rendered  me  such  assistance  as  he  could  in  my  self- 
appointed  great  task  of  annihilating  the  Federal  armies  and  break- 


«  MARK   TWAIN  »  3847 

ing  up  the  Union.  I  laid  my  plans  with  wisdom  and  foresight, 
and  if  Col.  Watterson  had  obeyed  my  orders  I  should  have  suc- 
ceeded in  my  giant  undertaking.  It  was  my  intention  to  drive 
Gen.  Grant  into  the  Pacific  —  if  I  could  get  transportation  — 
and  I  told  Col.  Watterson  to  surround  the  eastern  armies  and 
wait  till  I  came.  But  he  was  insubordinate,  and  stood  upon  a 
punctilio  of  military  etiquette ;  he  refused  to  take  orders  from  a 
second  lieutenant  —  and  the  Union  was  saved.  This  is  the  first 
time  that  this  secret  has  been  revealed.  Until  now,  no  one  out- 
side the  family  has  known  the  facts.  But  there  they  stand: 
Watterson  saved  the  Union.  Yet  to  this  day  that  man  gets  no 
pension. 

Those  were  great  days,  splendid  days.  What  an  uprising  it 
was!  For  the  hearts  of  the  whole  nation,  North  and  South,  were 
in  the  war.  We  of  the  South  were  not  ashamed,  for  like  the 
men  of  the  North  we  were  fighting  for  what  we  believed  with 
all  our  sincere  souls  to  be  our  rights;  on  both  sides  we  were 
fighting  for  our  homes  and  hearthstones,  and  for  the  honor  of 
the  flags  we  loved ;  and  when  men  fight  for  these  things,  and 
under  these  convictions,  with  nothing  sordid  to  tarnish  their 
cause,  that  cause  is  holy,  the  blood  spilt  in  it  is  sacred,  the 
life  that  is  laid  down  for  it  is  consecrated.  To-day  we  no 
longer  regret  the  result;  to-day  we  are  glad  it  came  out  as  it 
did;  but  we  are  not  ashamed  that  we  did  our  endeavor;  we  did 
our  bravest  and  best,  against  desperate  odds,  for  the  cause  which 
was  precious  to  us  and  which  our  consciences  approved:  and  we 
are  proud  —  and  you  are  proud  —  the  kindred  blood  in  your  veins 
answers  when  I  say  it  —  you  are  proud  of  the  record  we  made 
in  those  mighty  collisions  in  the  field. 

What  an  uprising  it  was!  We  did  not  have  to  supplicate  for 
soldiers  on  either  side.  (<  We  are  coming,  Father  Abraham,  three 
hundred  thousand  strong ! B  That  was  the  music,  North  and 
South.  The  very  choicest  young  blood  and  brain  and  brawn 
rose  up,  from  Maine  to  the  Gulf,  and  flocked  to  the  standards  — 
just  as  men  always  do,  when  in  their  eyes  their  cause  is  great 
and  fine  and  their  hearts  are  in  it;  just  as  men  flocked  to  the 
Crusades,  sacrificing  all  they  possessed  to  the  cause,  and  entering 
cheerfully  upon  hardships  which  we  cannot  even  imagine  in  this 
age,  and  upon  toilsome  and  wasting  journeys  which  in  our  time 
would  be  the  equivalent  of  circumnavigating  the  globe  five  times 
over. 


3848  «  MARK    TWAIN  » 

North  and  South  we  put  our  hearts  into  that  colossal  strug- 
gle; and  out  of  it  came  the  blessed  fulfillment  of  the  prophecy 
of  the  immortal  Gettysburg  Speech,  which  said,  <(  We  here  highly 
resolve  that  these  dead  shall  not  have  died  in  vain;  that  this  na- 
tion, under  God,  shall  have  a  new  birth  of  freedom ;  and  that 
government  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  for  the  people,  shall  not 
perish  from  the  earth." 

We  are  here  to  honor  the  birthday  of  the  greatest  citizen,  and 
the  noblest  and  the  best,  after  Washington,  that  this  land  or  any 
other  has  yet  produced.  The  old  wounds  are  healed,  you  and  we 
are  brothers  again ;  you  testify  it  by  honoring  two  of  us  —  once 
soldiers  of  the  Lost  Cause  and  foes  of  your  great  and  good 
leader  —  with  the  high  privilege  of  assisting  here ;  and  we  testify 
it  by  laying  our  honest  homage  at  the  feet  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
and  in  forgetting  that  you  of  the  North  and  we  of  the  South 
were  ever  enemies,  and  remembering  only  that  we  are  now  in- 
distinguishably    fused    together,  and    namable    by   one    common 

great  name  —  Americans! 

Complete.     Republished  by  permission  of 
Mr.  Clemens. 


3849 


JOHN   TYNDALL 

(1820-1893) 

JOHN  Tyndall  was  born  at  Leighlin  Bridge,  Ireland,  August 
2 1  st,  1820.  At  the  age  of  twenty-four  he  began  life  in  the 
employment  of  an  engineering  firm,  but  a  little  later  he 
became  a  teacher  at  Queenwood  College,  Hants,  and  began  the  course 
of  study  and  scientific  investigation  which  made  him  famous.  After 
three  years  (1848-51)  at  the  University  of  Marburg,  he  began  making 
the  contributions  to  the  literature  of  physics  which  were  valued  by  the 
learned  for  their  subject-matter  and  read  with  pleasure  by  the  gen- 
eral public  because  of  a  lucidity  of  statement  which  made  the  diffi- 
cult things  of  science  seem  simple.  In  1852  Tyndall  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  a  year  later  he  became  professor  of 
Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Royal  Institution  of  London,  His  investi- 
gations of  heat,  light,  and  electricity  resulted  in  a  series  of  works 
of  great  scientific  value,  and  he  wrote  besides  several  volumes  of  es- 
says specially  designed  for  popular  reading.  Of  these,  <(  Fragments 
of  Science  for  Unscientific  People0  (1871)  proved  so  popular  that  it 
was  followed  in  1892  by  "New  Fragments.0  Prof.  Tyndall  died  in 
Surrey,  England,  December  4th,  1893. 


SCIENCE   AND   SPIRITS 

Their    refusal    to    investigate    (<  spiritual   phenomena  °    is   often 
urged  as  a  reproach    to  scientific  men.     I   here    propose   to 
give  a  sketch  of  an  attempt  to  apply  to  the  (( phenomena  B 
those  methods  of  inquiry  which    are    found   available   in    dealing 
with  natural  truth. 

Some  time  ago,  when  the  spirits  were  particularly  active  in 
this  country,  a  celebrated  philosopher  was  invited,  or  rather  en- 
treated, by  one  of  his  friends  to  meet  and  question  them.  He 
had,  however,  already  made  their  acquaintance,  and  did  not  wish 
to  renew  it.  I  had  not  been  so  privileged,  and  he  therefore 
kindly  arranged  a  transfer  of  the  invitation  to  me.  The  spirits 
themselves  named  the  time  of  meeting,  and  I  was  conducted  to 
the  place  at  the  day  and  hour  appointed. 


3850  JOHN   TYNDALL 

Absolute  unbelief  in  the  facts  was  by  no  means  my  condition 
of  mind.  On  the  contrary,  I  thought  it  probable  that  some  phys- 
ical principle,  not  evident  to  the  spiritualists  themselves,  might 
underlie  their  manifestations.  Extraordinary  effects  are  produced 
by  the  accumulation  of  small  impulses.  Galileo  set  a  heavy  pen- 
dulum in  motion  by  the  well-timed  puffs  of  his  breath.  Ellicot 
set  one  clock  going  by  the  ticks  of  another,  even  when  the  two 
clocks  were  separated  by  a  wall.  Preconceived  notions  can, 
moreover,  vitiate,  to  an  extraordinary  degree,  the  testimony  of 
even  veracious  persons.  Hence  my  desire  to  witness  those  extraor- 
dinary phenomena,  the  existence  of  which  seemed  placed  be- 
yond a  doubt  by  the  known  veracity  of  those  who  had  witnessed 
and  described  them.  The  meeting  took  place  at  a  private  resi- 
dence in  the  neighborhood  of  London.  My  host,  his  intelligent 
wife,  and  a  gentleman  who  may  be  called  X,  were  in  the  house 
when  I  arrived.  I  was  informed  that  the  <(  medium B  had  not 
yet  made  her  appearance ;  that  she  was  sensitive,  and  might  resent 
suspicion.  It  was  therefore  requested  that  the  tables  and  chairs 
should  be  examined  before  her  arrival,  in  order  to  be  assured 
that  there  was  no  trickery  in  the  furniture.  This  was  done;  and 
I  then  first  learned  that  my  hospitable  host  had  arranged  that 
the  seance  should  be  a  dinner  party.  This  was  to  me  an  un- 
usual form  of  investigation;  but  I  accepted  it,  as  one  of  the  ac- 
cidents of  the  occasion. 

The  <(  medium  w  arrived  —  a  delicate-looking  young  lady,  who 
appeared  to  have  suffered  much  from  ill  health.  I  took  her  to 
dinner  and  sat  close  beside  her.  Facts  were  absent  for  a  consid- 
erable time,  a  series  of  very  wonderful  narratives  supplying  their 
place.  The  duty  of  belief  on  testimony  was  frequently  insisted 
on.  X  appeared  to  be  a  chosen  spiritual  agent,  and  told  us 
many  surprising  things.  He  affirmed  that  when  he  took  a  pen 
in  his  hand  an  influence  ran  from  his  shoulder  downward,  and 
impelled  him  to  write  oracular  sentences.  I  listened  for  a  time, 
offering  no  observation.  <(And  now/  continued  X,  <f  this  power 
has  so  risen  as  to  reveal  to  me  the  thoughts  of  others.  Only 
this  morning  I  told  a  friend  what  he  was  thinking  of,  and  what 
he  intended  to  do  during  the  day."  Here,  I  thought,  is  some- 
thing that  can  be  at  once  tested.  I  said  immediately  to  X:  <(  If 
you  wish  to  win  your  cause  an  apostle,  who  will  proclaim  your 
principles  to  the  world  without  fear,  tell  me  what  I  am  now 
thinking  of."     X  reddened,  and  did  not  tell  me  my  thought. 


JOHN   TYNDALL  385  I 

Some  time  previously  I  had  visited  Baron  Reichenbach,  in 
Vienna,  and  I  now  asked  the  young  lady  who  sat  beside  me, 
whether  she  could  see  any  of  the  curious  things  which  he  de- 
scribes—  the  light  emitted  by  crystals,  for  example?  Here  is 
the  conversation  which  followed,  as  extracted  from  my  notes, 
written  on  the  day  following  the  seance :  — 

Medium  —  Oh,  yes;  but  I  see  light  around  all  bodies. 

/ —  Even  in  perfect  darkness  ? 

Medium  —  Yes,  I  see  luminous  atmospheres  around  all  people. 
The  atmosphere  which  surrounds  Mr.  R.  C.  would  fill  this  room 
with  light. 

/ — You  are  aware  of  the  effects  ascribed  by  Baron  Reichen- 
bach to  magnets  ? 

Medium  —  Yes ;  but  a  magnet  makes  me  terribly  ill. 

/ — Am  I  to  understand  that,  if  this  room  were  perfectly 
dark,  you  could  tell  whether  it  contained  a  magnet,  without  being 
informed  of  the  fact  ? 

Medium  —  I  should  know  of  its  presence  on  entering  the  room. 

/—How? 

Medium  —  I  should  be  rendered  instantly  ill. 

/ —  How  do  you  feel  to-day  ? 

Medium  —  Particularly  well;  I  have  not  been  so  well  for 
months. 

/ — Then,  may  I  ask  you  whether  there  is,  at  the  present 
moment,  a  magnet  in  my  possession  ? 

The  young  lady  looked  at  me,  blushed,  and  stammered,  (<No; 
I  am  not  en  rapport  with  you." 

I  sat  at  her  right  hand,  and  a  left-hand  pocket,  within  six 
inches  of  her  person,  contained  a  magnet. 

Our  host  here  deprecated  discussion,  as  it  <(  exhausted  the 
*  medium. >8  The  wonderful  narratives  were  resumed;  but  I  had 
narratives  of  my  own  quite  as  wonderful.  These  spirits,  indeed, 
seemed  clumsy  creations  compared  with  those  with  which  my 
own  researches  had  made  me  familiar.  I  therefore  began  to 
match  the  wonders  related  to  me  by  other  wonders.  A  lady  pres- 
ent discoursed  on  spiritual  atmospheres,  which  she  could  see  as 
beautiful  colors  when  she  closed  her  eyes.  I  professed  myself 
able  to  see  similar  colors,  and,  more  than  that,  to  be  able  to  see 
the  interior  of  my  own  eyes  The  medium  affirmed  that  she 
could  see  actual  waves  of  light  coming  from  the  sun.  I  retorted 
that  men  of  science  could  tell  the  exact  number  of  waves  emitted 


3852  JOHN   TYNDALL 

in  a  second,  and  also  their  exact  length.  The  (<  medium  w  spoke  of 
the  performances  of  the  spirits  on  musical  instruments.  I  said 
that  such  performance  was  gross  in  comparison  with  a  kind  of 
music  which  had  been  discovered  some  time  previously  by  a 
scientific  man.  Standing  at  a  distance  of  twenty  feet  from  a  jet 
of  gas,  he  could  command  the  flame  to  emit  a  melodious  note ;  it 
would  obey,  and  continue  its  song  for  hours.  So  loud  was  the 
music  emitted  by  the  gas  flame,  that  it  might  be  heard  by  an  as- 
sembly of  a  thousand  people.  These  were  acknowledged  to  be 
as  great  marvels  as  any  of  those  of  spiritdom.  The  spirits 
were  then  consulted,  and  I  was  pronounced  to  be  a  first-class 
(<  medium." 

During  this  conversation  a  low  knocking  was  heard  from  time 
to  time  under  the  table.  These  were  the  spirits'  knocks.  I  was 
informed  that  one  knock,  in  answer  to  a  question,  meant  (<  No  w ; 
that  two  knocks  meant  (<  Not  yet  w ;  and  that  three  knocks  meant 
(<  Yes.  *  In  answer  to  the  question  whether  I  was  a  (<  medium,  * 
the  response  was  three  brisk  and  vigorous  knocks.  I  noticed  that 
the  knocks  issued  from  a  particular  locality,  and  therefore  re- 
quested the  spirits  to  be  good  enough  to  answer  from  another 
corner  of  the  table.  They  did  not  comply;  but  I  was  assured 
that  they  would  do  it,  and  much  more,  by  and  by.  The  knocks 
continuing,  I  turned  a  wine  glass  upside  down,  and  placed  my 
ear  upon  it,  as  upon  a  stethoscope.  The  spirits  seemed  discon- 
certed by  the  act;  they  lost  their  playfulness,  and  did  not  quite 
recover  it  for  a  considerable  time. 

Somewhat  weary  of  the  proceedings,  I  once  threw  myself  back 
against  my  chair,  and  gazed  listlessly  out  of  the  window.  While 
thus  engaged,  the  table  was  rudely  pushed.  Attention  was  drawn 
to  the  wine,  still  oscillating  in  the  glasses,  and  I  was  asked  whether 
that  was  not  convincing.  I  readily  granted  the  fact  of  motion, 
and  began  to  feel  the  delicacy  of  my  position.  There  were  sev- 
eral pairs  of  arms  upon  the  table,  and  several  pairs  of  legs  under 
it;  but  how  was  I,  without  offense,  to  express  the  conviction 
which  I  really  entertained  ?  To  ward  off  the  difficulty,  I  again 
turned  a  wine  glass  upside  down  and  rested  my  ear  upon  it.  The 
rim  of  the  glass  was  not  level,  and  the  hair  on  touching  it  caused 
it  to  vibrate  and  produce  a  peculiar  buzzing  sound.  A  perfectly 
candid  and  warm-hearted  old  gentleman  at  the  opposite  side  of 
the  table,  whom  I  may  call  A,  drew  attention  to  the  sound,  and 
expressed  his  entire  belief  that  it  was  spiritual.      I,   however,   in- 


JOHN   TYNDALL  3853 

formed  him  that  it  was  the  moving  hair  acting  on  the  glass. 
The  explanation  was  not  well  received,  and  X,  in  a  tone  of  se- 
vere pleasantry,  demanded  whether  it  was  the  hair  that  had  moved 
the  table.  The  promptness  of  my  negative  probably  satisfied 
him  that  my  notion  was  a  very  different  one. 

The  superhuman  power  of  the  spirits  was  next  dwelt  upon. 
The  strength  of  man,  it  was  stated,  was  unavailing  in  opposition 
to  theirs.  No  human  power  could  prevent  the  table  from  mov- 
ing when  they  pulled  it.  During  the  evening  this  pulling  of  the 
table  occurred,  or  rather  was  attempted,  three  times.  Twice  the 
table  moved  when  my  attention  was  withdrawn  from  it;  on  a 
third  occasion,  I  tried  whether  the  act  could  be  provoked  by  an 
assumed  air  of  inattention.  Grasping  the  table  firmly  between 
my  knees,  I  threw  myself  back  in  the  chair,  and  waited,  with 
eyes  fixed  on  vacancy,  for  the  pull.  It  came.  For  some  seconds 
it  was  pull  spirit,  hold  muscle;  the  muscle,  however,  prevailed, 
and  the  table  remained  at  rest.  Up  to  the  present  moment,  this 
interesting  fact  is  known  only  to  the  particular  spirit  in  question 
and  myself. 

A  species  of  mental  scene  painting,  with  which  my  own  pur- 
suits had  long  rendered  me  familiar,  was  employed  to  figure  the 
changes  and  distribution  of  spiritual  power.  The  spirits  were 
provided  with  atmospheres,  which  combined  with  and  interpene- 
trated each  other,  considerable  ingenuity  being  shown  in  demon- 
strating the  necessity  of  time  in  effecting  the  adjustment  of  the 
atmospheres.  In  fact,  just  as  in  science,  the  senses,  time,  and 
space  constituted  the  conditions  of  the  phenomena.  A  rearrange- 
ment of  our  positions  was  proposed  and  carried  out;  and  soon 
afterward  my  attention  was  drawn  to  a  scarcely  sensible  vibra- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  table.  Several  persons  were  leaning  on 
the  table  at  the  time,  and  I  asked  permission  to  touch  the  "me- 
dium's w  hand.  <(  Oh,  I  know  I  tremble, w  was  her  reply.  Throw- 
ing one  leg  across  the  other,  I  accidentally  nipped  a  muscle,  and 
produced  thereby  an  involuntary  vibration  of  the  free  leg.  This 
vibration,  I  knew,  must  be  communicated  to  the  floor,  and  thence 
to  the  chairs  of  all  present.  I  therefore  intentionally  promoted 
it.  My  attention  was  promptly  drawn  to  the  motion,  and  a  gen- 
tleman beside  me,  whose  value  as  a  witness  I  was  particularly 
desirous  to  test,  expressed  his  belief  that  it  was  out  of  the  com- 
pass of  human  power  to  produce  so  strange  a  tremor.  (<  I  be- 
lieve, w  he  added  earnestly,  (C  that  it  is  entirely  the  spirits'  work. w 


3854  JOHN   TYNDALL, 

«  So  do  I,*  added,  with  heat,  the  candid  and  warm-hearted  old 
gentleman  A.  « Why,  sir/  he  continued,  (( I  feel  them  at  this 
moment  shaking  my  chair. »  I  stopped  the  motion  of  the  leg. 
«  Now,  sir,8  A  exclaimed,  «  they  are  gone.®  I  began  again,  and 
A  once  more  ejaculated.  I  could,  however,  notice  that  there 
were  doubters  present,  who  did  not  quite  know  what  to  think  of 
the  manifestations.  I  saw  their  perplexity;  and,  as  there  was 
sufficient  reason  to  believe  that  the  disclosure  of  the  secret  would 
simply  provoke  anger,  I  kept  it  to  myself. 

Again  a  period  of  conversation  intervened,  during  which  the 
spirits  became  animated.  The  evening  was  confessedly  a  dull 
one,  but  matters  appeared  to  brighten  towards  its  close.  The 
spirits  were  requested  to  spell  the  name  by  which  I  am  known 
in  the  heavenly  world.  Our  host  commenced  repeating  the  alpha- 
bet, and  when  he  reached  the  letter  «  P  »  a  knock  was  heard. 
He  began  again,  and  the  spirits  knocked  at  the  letter  "O.9  I 
was  puzzled,  but  waited  for  the  end.  The  next  letter  knocked 
down  was  (<E.W  I  laughed,  and  remarked  that  the  spirits  were 
going  to  make  a  poet  of  me.  Admonished  for  my  levity,  I  was 
informed  that  the  frame  of  mind  proper  for  the  occasion  ought 
to  have  been  superinduced  by  a  perusal  of  the  Bible  immediately 
before  the  seance.  The  spelling,  however,  went  on,  and  sure 
enough  I  came  out  a  poet.  But  matters  did  not  end  here.  Our 
host  continued  his  repetition  of  the  alphabet,  and  the  next  letter 
of  the  name  proved  to  be  "O.9  Here  was  manifestly  an 
unfinished  word;  and  the  spirits  were  apparently  in  their  most 
communicative  mood.  The  knocks  came  from  under  the  table, 
but  no  person  present  evinced  the  slightest  desire  to  look  under 
it.  I  asked  whether  I  might  go  underneath;  the  permission  was 
granted;  so  I  crept  under  the  table.  Some  tittered;  but  the 
candid  old  A  exclaimed,  (<  He  has  a  right  to  look  into  the  very 
dregs  of  it,  to  convince  himself. w  Having  pretty  well  assured 
myself  that  no  sound  could  be  produced  under  the  table  without 
its  origin  being  revealed,  I  requested  our  host  to  continue  his 
questions.  He  did  so,  but  in  vain.  He  adopted  a  tone  of  tender 
entreaty;  but  the  <(dear  spirits w  had  become  dumb  dogs,  and 
refused  to  be  entreated.  I  continued  under  that  table  for  at  least 
a  quarter  of  an  hour,  after  which,  with  a  feeling  of  despair  as 
regards  the  prospects  of  humanity  never  before  experienced,  I 
regained  my  chair.  Once  there,  the  spirits  resumed  their  loquacity, 
and  dubbed  me  (<  Poet  of  Science. w 


JOHN    TYNDALL  3855 

This,  then,  is  the  result  of  an  attempt  made  by  a  scientific  man 
to  look  into  these  spiritual  phenomena.  It  is  not  encouraging; 
and  for  this  reason:  The  present  promoters  of  spiritual  phe- 
nomena divide  themselves  into  two  classes,  one  of  which  needs 
no  demonstration,  while  the  other  is  beyond  the  reach  of  proof. 
The  victims  like  to  believe,  and  they  do  not  like  to  be  unde- 
ceived. Science  is  perfectly  powerless  in  the  presence  of  this 
frame  of  mind.  It  is,  moreover,  a  state  perfectly  compatible 
with  extreme  intellectual  subtlety  and  a  capacity  for  devising 
hypotheses  which  only  require  the  hardihood  engendered  by  strong 
conviction,  or  by  callous  mendacity,  to  render  them  impregnable. 
The  logical  feebleness  of  science  is  not  sufficiently  borne  in  mind. 
It  keeps  down  the  weed  of  superstition,  not  by  logic,  but  by 
slowly  rendering  the  mental  soil  unfit  for  its  cultivation.  When 
science  appeals  to  uniform  experience,  the  spiritualist  will  retort, 
•  How  do  you  know  that  a  uniform  experience  will  continue 
uniform  ?  You  tell  me  that  the  sun  has  risen  for  six  thousand 
years;  that  is  no  proof  that  it  will  rise  to-morrow;  within  the 
next  twelve  hours  it  may  be  puffed  out  by  the  Almighty. w 
Taking  this  ground,  a  man  may  maintain  the  story  of  "Jack  and 
the  Bean-Stalk  B  in  the  face  of  all  the  science  in  the  world.  You 
urge,  in  vain,  that  science  has  given  us  all  the  knowledge  of  the 
universe  which  we  now  possess,  while  spiritualism  has  added 
nothing  to  that  knowledge.  The  drugged  soul  is  beyond  the 
reach  of  reason.  It  is  vain  that  impostors  are  exposed,  and  the 
special  demon  cast  out.  He  has  but  slightly  to  change  his  shape, 
return  to  his  house,  and  find  it  <(  empty,  swept,  and  garnished. w 

From   (<  Fragments  of  Science.** 

THE   SUN   AS   THE   SOURCE   OF   EARTHLY   FORCES 

As  surely  as  the  force  which  moves  a  clock's  hands  is  derived 
from  the  arm  which  winds  up  the  clock,  so  surely  is  all 
terrestrial  power  drawn  from  the  sun.  Leaving  out  of  ac- 
count the  eruptions  of  volcanoes,  and  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the 
tides,  every  mechanical  action  on  the  earth's  surface,  every  mani- 
festation of  power,  organic  and  inorganic,  vital  and  physical,  is 
produced  by  the  sun.  His  warmth  keeps  the  sea  liquid,  and  the 
atmosphere  a  gas,  and  all  the  storms  which  agitate  both  are 
blown  by  the  mechanical  force  of  the  sun.  He  lifts  the  rivers 
and  the  glaciers  up  to  the  mountains;  and  thus  the  cataract   and 


3856  JOHN  TYNDALL 

the  avalanche  shoot  with  an  energy  derived  immediately  from 
him.  Thunder  and  lightning  are  also  his  transmitted  strength. 
Every  fire  that  burns  and  every  flame  that  glows  dispenses  light 
and  heat  which  originally  belonged  to  the  sun.  In  these  days, 
unhappily,  the  news  of  battle  is  familiar  to  us,  but  every  shock, 
and  every  charge,  is  an  application,  or  misapplication,  of  the  me- 
chanical force  of  the  sun.  He  blows  the  trumpet,  he  urges  the 
projectile,  he  bursts  the  bomb.  And  remember,  this  is  not  po- 
etry, but  rigid  mechanical  truth.  He  rears,  as  I  have  said,  the 
whole  vegetable  world,  and  through  it  the  animal;  the  lilies  of  the 
field  are  his  workmanship,  the  verdure  of  the  meadows,  and 
the  cattle  upon  a  thousand  hills.  He  forms  the  muscle,  he  urges 
the  blood,  he  builds  the  brain.  His  fleetness  is  in  the  lion's  foot; 
he  springs  in  the  panther;  he  soars  in  the  eagle;  he  slides  in  the 
snake.  He  builds  the  forest  and  hews  it  down,  the  power  which 
raised  the  tree,  and  which  wields  the  ax,  being  one  and  the 
same.  The  clover  sprouts  and  blossoms,  and  the  scythe  of  the 
mower  swings,  by  the  operation  of  the  same  force.  The  sun 
digs  the  ore  from  our  mines,  he  rolls  the  iron;  he  rivets  the 
plates,  he  boils  the  water;  he  draws  the  train.  He  not  only 
grows  the  cotton,  but  he  spins  the  fibre  and  weaves  the  web. 
There  is  not  a  hammer  raised,  a  wheel  turned,  or  a  shuttle 
thrown,  that  is  not  raised,  and  turned,  and  thrown  by  the  sun. 
His  energy  is  poured  freely  into  space,  but  our  world  is  a  halt- 
ing place  where  this  energy  is  conditioned.  Here  the  Proteus 
works  his  spells;  the  self-same  essence  takes  a  million  shapes  and 
hues,  and  finally  dissolves  into  its  primitive  and  almost  formless 
form.  The  sun  comes  to  us  as  heat;  he  quits  us  as  heat;  and 
between  his  entrance  and  departure  the  multiform  powers  of 
our  globe  appear.  They  are  all  special  forms  of  solar  power  — 
the  molds  into  which  his  strength  is  temporarily  poured,  in  pass- 
ing from  its  source  through  infinitude. 

Presented  rightly  to  the  mind,  the  discoveries  and  generalizations 
of  modern  science  constitute  a  poem  more  sublime  than  has  ever 
yet  been  addressed  to  the  intellect  and  imagination  of  man.  The 
natural  philosopher  of  to-day  may  dwell  amid  conceptions  which 
beggar  those  of  Milton.  So  great  and  grand  are  they,  that,  in  the 
contemplation  of  them,  a  certain  force  of  character  is  requisite  to 
preserve  us  from  bewilderment.  Look  at  the  integrated  energies 
of  our  world  —  the  stored  power  of  our  coal  fields;  our  winds  and 
rivers;  our  fleets,  armies    and  guns.     What  are   they?     They   are 


JOHN  TYNDALL  3857 

all  generated  by  a  portion  of  the  sun's  energy,  which  does  not 
amount  to  an  infinitesimal  part  of  the  whole.  Multiplying  our 
powers  by  millions  of  millions,  we  do  not  reach  the  sun's  expendi- 
ture. And  still,  notwithstanding  this  enormous  drain,  in  the  lapse 
of  human  history  we  are  unable  to  detect  a  diminution  of  his  store. 
Measured  by  our  largest  terrestrial  standards,  such  a  reservoir  of 
power  is  infinite ;  but  it  is  our  privilege  to  rise  above  these  stand- 
ards, and  to  regard  the  sun  himself  as  a  speck  in  infinite  extension, 
—  a  mere  drop  in  the  universal  sea.  We  analyze  the  space  in 
which  he  is  immersed,  and  which  is  the  vehicle  of  his  power. 
We  pass  to  other  systems  and  other  suns,  each  pouring  forth  en- 
ergy like  our  own,  but  still  without  infringement  of  the  law, 
which  reveals  immutability  in  the  midst  of  change,  which  recog- 
nizes incessant  transference  and  conversion,  but  neither  final  gain 
nor  loss.  This  law  generalizes  the  aphorism  of  Solomon,  that 
there  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun,  by  teaching  us  to  detect 
everywhere,  under  its  infinite  variety  of  appearances,  the  same 
primeval  force.  To  Nature  nothing  can  be  added;  from  Nature 
nothing  can  be  taken  away;  the  sum  of  her  energies  is  constant, 
and  the  utmost  man  can  do  in  the  pursuit  of  physical  truth,  or 
in  the  application  of  physical  knowledge,  is  to  shift  the  constitu- 
ents of  the  never-varying  total,  and  out  of  one  of  them  to  form 
another.  The  law  of  conversation  rigidly  excludes  both  creation 
and  annihilation.  Waves  may  change  to  ripples,  and  ripples  to 
waves, — magnitude  may  be  substituted  for  number,  and  number 
for  magnitude, —  asteroids  may  aggregate  to  suns,  suns  may  re- 
solve themselves  into  florae  and  faunae,  and  floras  and  faunae  melt 
in  air, —  the  flux  of  power  is  eternally  the  same.  It  rolls  in  music 
through  the  ages,  and  all  terrestrial  energy, —  the  manifestations 
of  life,  as  well  as  the  display  of  phenomena,  are  but  the  modula- 
tions of  its  rhythm. 

From  <(  Heat  as  a  Mode  of  Motion. » 
x — 242 


3853 


FRANCOIS   MARIE  AROUET   DE   VOLTAIRE 

(1694-1778) 

(oltaire  was  born  in  Paris,  November  21th,  1694.  His  father, 
Francois  Arouet,  was  a  notary,  and  the  family  to  which  he 
belonged  were  middle-class  people  in  good  circumstances. 
The  aristocratic  (<  de  Voltaire, w  which  Francois  Marie  added  to  the 
family  name  for  purposes  of  his  own,  has  obscured  the  respectable 
Arouets,  but  except  that  they  were  middle-class  people,  he  had  no 
reason  to  be  ashamed  of  them.  As  a  result  of  the  friendship  of  the 
Abbe  de  Chateauneuf  for  his  mother,  he  was  carefully  educated  in 
what  was  then  the  Jesuit  College  Louis-le-Grand.  While  still  at 
school  he  showed  unmistakable  indications  of  genius.  His  wit,  his 
verses,  and  the  influence  of  his  Jesuit  patrons  secured  him  the  favor 
of  court  circles  in  Paris,  and  he  began  the  remarkable  career  as  a 
court  favorite  and  iconoclast,  poet,  dramatist,  historian,  philosopher, 
buffoon,  and  reformer,  which  has  had  no  parallel  in  modern  times. 
Often  persecuted  and  sometimes  imprisoned  for  his  iconoclastic  utter- 
ances, he  had  no  more  hesitation  in  recanting  his  opinion  to  escape 
martyrdom  than  he  had  in  returning  to  it  and  reiterating  it  as  soon 
as  he  was  at  a  safe  distance  from  his  persecutors.  His  writings  in 
prose  and  verse,  formidable  in  quantity  as  in  their  general  tendencies, 
may  not  have  been  directed  by  a  common  and  well-defined  purpose, 
but  they  were  all  the  result  of  the  same  general  impulse  —  an  im- 
pulse which  moved  in  him  and  through  him  as  it  did  in  his  genera- 
tion, impelling  France  towards  the  overthrow  of  feudal  aristocracy 
and  absolute  monarchy.  From  July,  1750,  to  March,  1753,  Voltaire 
lived  with  Frederick  the  Great,  who  had  been  his  warm  admirer;  but 
when  the  two  philosophers  became  better  acquainted  with  each  other, 
they  found  it  impossible  to  reconcile  conflicting  details  in  their  plans 
for  a  really  systematic  universe,  and  as  neither  of  them  was  accus- 
tomed to  giving  up  his  own  way,  they  parted  in  anger,  and  Frederick 
was  ungrateful  and  unphilosophical  enough  to  have  his  instructor  in 
philosophy  arrested.  The  arrest,  which  occurred  while  Voltaire  was 
returning  to  France,  was  not  intended  to  be  anything  more  than  a 
piece  of  friendly  insult,  however,  and,  after  being  sufficiently  mal- 
treated at  Frankfort,  Voltaire  was  released  and  allowed  to  proceed  to 
France,  where,  after  several  years  of  unsettled  life,  he  purchased  the 
estate  of   Ferney.     There  he  lived   from  1758   until  his  death,   which 


FRANQOIS  MARIE   AROUET   DE   VOLTAIRE  3859 

occurred  May  30th,  1778,  while  he  was  visiting  his  enthusiastic  friends 
in  Paris.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  extent  of  Voltaire's  influence, 
and  it  would  be  wearisome  to  attempt  to  catalogue  his  works.  In 
the  edition  of  "Kehl,*  1784,  and  of  <(  Paris, w  1829,  they  make  seventy- 
two  volumes.  The  visit  to  England  which  resulted  in  some  of  the 
best  of  his  literary  essays  (<(  Letters  on  England0)  was  made  in  1726, 
and  he  remained  until  1729.  Making  the  acquaintance  of  Young, 
Congreve,  Pope,  and  Bolingbroke,  he  formed  his  taste  by  the  study 
of  the  masters  of  English  literature.  Of  Voltaire's  morals,  his  ad- 
mirers are  not  anxious  to  speak  at  unnecessary  length.  That  his  in- 
fluence in  forcing  changes  necessary  for  progress  was  great,  his  worst 
enemies  have  long  ago  conceded.  His  character  as  a  reformer  might 
have  become  utterly  contemptible  if  he  had  not  made  his  influence 
irresistible.  (<  He  could  not  bring  himself  to  testify  in  any  open  and 
dangerous  manner  for  what  he  thought  to  be  truth, n  writes  Prof. 
Saintsbury,  with  a  clear  understanding  of  his  vital  weakness  of  char- 
acter; and  we  have  a  valid  suggestion  of  the  secret  of  his  strength 
when  Saintsbury  adds  that  he  could  not  (<  refrain  from  attacking  by 
every  artifice  and  covert  enginery  what  he  thought  to  be  falsehood.* 

W.  V.  B. 

ON   LORD   BACON 

Not  long-  since  the  trite  and  frivolous  question  following  was 
debated  in  a  very  polite  and  learned  company,  viz.,  Who 
was  the  greatest  man,  Caesar,  Alexander,  Tamerlane,  Crom- 
well, etc.  ? 

Somebody  answered  that  Sir  Isaac  Newton  excelled  them  all. 
The  gentleman's  assertion  was  very  just;  for  if  true  greatness  con- 
sists in  having  received  from  heaven  a  mighty  genius,  and  in 
having  employed  it  to  enlighten  our  own  mind  and  that  of  others, 
a  man  like  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  whose  equal  is  hardly  found  in  a 
thousand  years,  is  the  truly  great  man.  And  those  politicians 
and  conquerors  (and  all  ages  produce  some)  were  generally  so 
many  illustrious  wicked  men.  That  man  claims  our  respect  who 
commands  over  the  minds  of  the  rest  of  the  world  by  the  force 
of  truth,  not  those  who  enslave  their  fellow-creatures;  he  who  is 
acquainted  with  the  universe,  not  they  who  deface   it. 

Since,  therefore,  you  desire  me  to  give  you  an  account  of  the 
famous  personages  whom  England  has  given  birth  to,  I  shall 
begin  with  Lord  Bacon,  Mr.  Locke,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  etc.  After- 
wards the  warriors  and  ministers  of  state  shall  come  in  their 
order. 


3860  FRANgOIS   MARIE    AROUET   DE   VOLTAIRE 

I  must  begin  with  the  celebrated  Viscount  Verulam,  known 
in  Europe  by  the  name  of  Bacon,  which  was  that  of  his  family. 
His  father  had  been  Lord  Keeper,  and  himself  was  a  great  many 
years  Lord  Chancellor  under  King  James  I.  Nevertheless,  amidst 
the  intrigues  of  a  court,  and  the  affairs  of  his  exalted  employment, 
which  alone  were  enough  to  engross  his  whole  time,  he  yet  found 
so  much  leisure  for  study  as  to  make  himself  a  great  philoso- 
pher, a  good  historian,  and  an  elegant  writer;  and  a  still  more 
surprising  circumstance  is  that  he  lived  in  an  age  in  which  the 
art  of  writing  justly  and  elegantly  was  little  known,  much  less 
true  philosophy.  Lord  Bacon,  as  is  the  fate  of  man,  was  more 
esteemed  after  his  death  than  in  his  lifetime.  His  enemies  were 
in  the  British  court,  and  his  admirers  were  foreigners. 

When  the  Marquis  d'Effiat  attended  in  England  upon  the 
Princess  Henrietta  Maria,  daughter  to  Henry  IV.,  whom  King 
Charles  I.  had  married,  that  minister  went  and  visited  Lord 
Bacon,  who,  being  at  that  time  sick  in  his  bed,  received  him  with 
the  curtains  shut  close.  (<  You  resemble  the  angels,"  says  the 
Marquis  to  him ;  <(  we  hear  those  beings  spoken  of  perpetually, 
and  we  believe  them  superior  to  men,  but  are  never  allowed  the 
consolation  to  see   them." 

You  know  that  this  great  man  was  accused  of  a  crime  very 
unbecoming  a  philosopher, —  I  mean  bribery  and  extortion.  You 
know  that  he  was  sentenced  by  the  House  of  Lords  to  pay  a 
fine  of  about  four  hundred  thousand  French  livres,  to  lose  his 
peerage  and  his  dignity  of  chancellor;  but  in  the  present  age  the 
English  revere  his  memory  to  such  a  degree,  that  they  will 
scarce  allow  him  to  have  been  guilty.  In  case  you  should  ask 
what  are  my  thoughts  on  this  head,  I  shall  answer  you  in  the 
words  which  I  heard  Lord  Bolingbroke  use  on  another  occasion. 
Several  gentlemen  were  speaking,  in  his  company,  of  the  avarice 
with  which  the  late  Duke  of  Marlborough  had  been  charged, 
some  examples  whereof  being  given,  Lord  Bolingbroke  was  ap- 
pealed to  (who,  having  been  in  the  opposite  party,  might  perhaps, 
without  the  imputation  of  indecency,  have  been  allowed  to  clear 
up  that  matter):  <(  He  was  so  great  a  man,"  replied  his  lordship, 
<(that  I  have  forgot  his  vices." 

I  shall  therefore  confine  myself  to  those  things  which  so 
justly  gained  Lord  Bacon  the  esteem  of  all  Europe. 

The  most  singular  and  the  best  of  all  his  pieces  is  that  which, 
at  this  time,  is  the  most  useless  and  the  least  read. —  I  mean  his 


FRANgOIS   MARIE   AROUET   DE   VOLTAIRE  3861 

<(  Novum  Scientiarum  Organum. M  This  is  the  scaffold  with  which 
the  new  philosophy  was  raised;  and  when  the  edifice  was  built, 
part  of  it,  at  least  the  scaffold  was  no  longer  of  service. 

Lord  Bacon  was  not  yet  acquainted  with  nature,  but  then 
he  knew,  and  pointed  out,  the  several  paths  that  lead  to  it. 
He  had  despised  in  his  younger  years  the  thing  called  philosophy 
in  the  universities,  and  did  all  that  lay  in  his  power  to  prevent 
those  societies  of  men  instituted  to  improve  human  reason  from 
depraving  it  by  their  quiddities,  their  horrors  of  the  vacuum, 
their  substantial  forms,  and  all  those  impertinent  terms  which 
not  only  ignorance  had  rendered  venerable,  but  which  had  been 
made  sacred  by  their  being  ridiculously  blended  with  religion. 

He  is  the  father  of  experimental  philosophy.  It  must,  indeed, 
be  confessed  that  very  surprising  secrets  had  been  found  out  be- 
fore his  time  —  the  sea  compass,  printing,  engraving  on  copper 
plates,  oil  painting,  looking-glasses;  the  art  of  restoring,  in  some 
measure,  old  men  to  their  sight  by  spectacles;  gunpowder,  etc., 
had  been  discovered.  A  new  world  had  been  fought  for,  found, 
and  conquered.  Would  not  one  suppose  that  these  sublime  dis- 
coveries had  been  made  by  the  greatest  philosophers,  and  in  ages 
much  more  enlightened  than  the  present  ?  But  it  was  far  other- 
wise; all  these  great  changes  happened  in  the  most  stupid  and 
barbarous  times.  Chance  only  gave  birth  to  most  of  those  in- 
ventions; and  it  is  very  probable  that  what  is  called  chance  con- 
tributed very  much  to  the  discovery  of  America;  at  least  it  has 
been  always  thought  that  Christopher  Columbus  undertook  his 
voyage  merely  on  the  relation  of  a  captain  of  a  ship  which  a 
storm  had  driven  as  far  westward  as  the  Caribbean  Island. 
Be  this  as  it  will,  men  had  sailed  round  the  world,  and  could 
destroy  cities  by  an  artificial  thunder  more  dreadful  than  the  real 
one;  but,  then,  they  were  not  acquainted  with  the  circulation  of 
the  blood,  the  weight  of  the  air,  the  laws  of  motion,  light,  the 
number  of  our  planets,  etc.  And  a  man  who  maintained  a  thesis 
on  Aristotle's  <(  Categories, B  on  the  universals  a  parte  ret,  or 
such-like  nonsense,  was  looked  upon  as  a  prodigy. 

The  most  astonishing,  the  most  useful  inventions,  are  not  those 
which  reflect  the  greatest  honor  on  the  human  mind.  It  is  to  a 
mechanical  instinct,  which  is  found  in  many  men,  and  not  to  true 
philosophy,  that  most  arts  owe  their  origin. 

The  discovery  of  fire,  the  art  of  making  bread,  of  melting  and 
preparing    metals,  of  building  houses,   and  the  invention  of  the 


3862  FRANQOIS    MARIE    AROUET    DE    VOLTAIRE 

shuttle,  are  infinitely  more  beneficial  to  mankind  than  printing  or 
the  sea  compass;  and  yet  these  arts  were  invented  by  uncultivated, 
savage  men. 

What  a  prodigious  use  the  Greeks  and  Romans  made  after- 
wards of  mechanics!  Nevertheless,  they  believed  that  there  were 
crystal  heavens,  that  the  stars  were  small  lamps  which  sometimes 
fell  into  the  sea,  and  one  of  their  greatest  philosophers,  after  long 
researches,  found  that  the  stars  were  so  many  flints  which  had 
been  detached  from  the  earth. 

In  a  word,  no  one  before  Lord  Bacon  was  acquainted  with 
experimental  philosophy,  nor  with  the  several  physical  experi- 
ments which  have  been  made  since  his  time.  Scarce  one  of 
them  but  is  hinted  at  in  his  work,  and  he  himself  had  made 
several.  He  made  a  kind  of  pneumatic  engine,  by  which  he 
guessed  the  elasticity  of  the  air.  He  approached  on  all  sides,  as 
it  were,  to  the  discovery  of  its  weight,  and  had  very  near  at- 
tained it,  but  some  time  after  Torricelli  seized  upon  this  truth. 
In  a  little  time  experimental  philosophy  began  to  be  cultivated 
on  a  sudden  in  most  parts  of  Europe.  It  was  a  hidden  treasure 
which  Lord  Bacon  had  some  notion  of,  and  which  all  the  philoso- 
phers, encouraged  by  his  promises,   endeavored  to  dig  up. 

But  that  which  surprised  me  most  was  to  read  in  his  work,  in 
express  terms,  the  new  attraction,  the  invention  of  which  is  as- 
cribed to  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 

We  must  search,  says  Lord  Bacon,  whether  there  may  not  be 
a  kind  of  magnetic  power  which  operates  between  the  earth  and 
heavy  bodies,  between  the  moon  and  the  ocean,  between  the 
planets,  etc.  In  another  place  he  says,  either  heavy  bodies  must 
be  carried  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth,  or  must  be  recipro- 
cally attracted  by  it;  and  in  the  latter  case  it  is  evident  that  the 
nearer  bodies,  in  their  falling,  draw  towards  the  earth,  the  stronger 
they  will  attract  one  another.  We  must,  says  he,  make  an  ex- 
periment to  see  whether  the  same  clock  will  go  faster  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain  or  at  the  bottom  of  a  mine;  whether  the 
strength  of  the  weights  decreases  on  the  mountain  and  increases 
in  the  mine.  It  is  probable  that  the  earth  has  a  true  attractive 
power. 

This  forerunner  in  philosophy  was  also  an  elegant  writer,  a 
historian,  and  a  wit. 

His  moral  essays  are  greatly  esteemed,  but  they  were  drawn 
up  in  the  view    of    instructing   rather   than   of    pleasing;    and,   as 


FRANQOIS  MARIE   AROUET   DE   VOLTAIRE  3863 

they  are  not  a  satire  upon  mankind,  like  Rochefoucauld's  <(  Max- 
ims,w  nor  written  upon  a  skeptical  plan,  like  Montaigne's  <(  Essays,* 
they  are  not  so  much  read  as  those  two  ingenious  authors. 

His  <(  History  of  Henry  VII. w  was  looked  upon  as  a  master- 
piece, but  how  is  it  possible  that  some  persons  can  presume  to 
compare  so  little  a  work  with  the  history  of  our  illustrious 
Thuanus  ? 

Speaking  about  the  famous  impostor  Perkin,  son  to  a  con- 
verted Jew,  who  assumed  boldly  the  name  and  title  of  Richard 
IV.,  King  of  England,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Duchess  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  who  disputed  the  crown  with  Henry  VII.,  Lord 
Bacon  writes  as  follows:  — 

<(At  this  time  the  King  began  again  to  be  haunted  with  sprites,  by 
the  magic  and  curious  arts  of  the  Lady  Margaret,  who  raised  up  the 
ghost  of  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  second  son  to  King  Edward  IV.,  to 
walk  and  vex  the  King. 

(< After  such  time  as  she  (Margaret  of  Burgundy)  thought  he  (Perkin 
Warbeck)  was  perfect  in  his  lesson,  she  began  to  cast  with  herself 
from  what  coast  this  blazing  star  should  first  appear,  and  at  what 
time  it  must  be  upon  the  horizon  of  Ireland;  for  there  had  the  like 
meteor  strong  influence  before. B 

Methinks  our  sagacious  Thuanus  does  not  give  in  to  such  fus- 
tian, which  formerly  was  looked  upon  as  sublime,  but  in  this  age 

is  justly  called  nonsense. 

Complete.     Number  XII.  of  <(  Letters 
on  England. » 


ON  THE  REGARD  THAT  OUGHT  TO  BE  SHOWN  TO  MEN  OF 

LETTERS 

Neither  the  English  nor  any  other  people  have  foundations 
established  in  favor  of  the  polite  arts  like  those  in  France. 
There  are  universities  in  most  countries,  but  it  is  in 
France  only  that  we  meet  with  so  beneficial  an  encouragement 
for  astronomy  and  all  parts  of  the  mathematics,  for  physic,  for 
researches  into  antiquity,  for  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 
Louis  XIV.  has  immortalized  his  name  by  these  several  founda- 
tions, and  this  immortality  did  not  cost  him  two  hundred  thou- 
sand livres  a  year. 

I    must   confess   that   one   of    the    things  I  very   much  wonder 
at  is  that    as  the  Parliament   of   Great   Britain   have   promised   a 


3864  FRANCOIS   MARIE   AROUET   DE  VOLTAIRE 

reward  of  ^20,000  to  any  person  who  may  discover  the  longitude, 
they  should  never  have  once  thought  to  imitate  Louis  XIV.  in 
his  munificence  with  regard  to  the  arts  and  sciences. 

Merit,  indeed,  meets  in  England  with  rewards  of  another  kind, 
which  redound  more  to  the  honor  of  the  nation.  The  English 
have  so  great  a  veneration  for  exalted  talents,  that  a  man  of 
merit  in  their  country  is  always  sure  of  making  his  fortune.  Mr. 
Addison  in  France  would  have  been  elected  a  member  of  one  of 
the  academies,  and,  by  the  credit  of  some  women,  might  have 
obtained  a  yearly  pension  of  twelve  hundred  livres,  or  else  might 
have  been  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile,  upon  pretense  that  certain 
strokes  in  his  tragedy  of  Cato  had  been  discovered  which  glanced 
at  the  porter  of  some  man  in  power.  Mr.  Addison  was  raised  to 
the  post  of  Secretary  of  State  in  England.  Sir  Isaac  Newton 
was  made  Master  of  the  Royal  Mint.  Mr.  Congreve  had  a  con- 
siderable employment.  Mr.  Prior  was  Plenipotentiary.  Dr.  Swift 
is  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's  in  Dublin,  and  is  more  revered  in  Ireland 
than  the  Primate  himself.  The  religion  which  Mr.  Pope  professes 
excludes  him,  indeed,  from  preferments  of  every  kind,  but  then 
it  did  not  prevent  his  gaining  two  hundred  thousand  livres  by 
his  excellent  translation  of  Homer.  I  myself  saw  a  long  time  in 
France  the  author  of  (<  Rhadamistus B  ready  to  perish  for  hunger. 
And  the  son  of  one  of  the  greatest  men  our  country  ever  gave 
birth  to,  and  who  was  beginning  to  run  the  noble  career  which 
his  father  had  set  him,  would  have  been  reduced  to  the  extremes 
of  misery  had  he  not  been  patronized  by  Monsieur  Fagon. 

But  the  circumstance  which  mostly  encourages  the  arts  in 
England  is  the  great  veneration  which  is  paid  them.  The  pic- 
ture of  the  Prime  Minister  hangs  over  the  chimney  of  his  own 
closet,  but  I  have  seen  that  of  Mr.  Pope  in  twenty  noblemen's 
houses.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  was  revered  in  his  lifetime,  and  had 
a  due  respect  paid  to  him  after  his  death, — the  greatest  men  in 
the  nation  disputing  who  should  have  the  honor  of  holding  up 
his  pall.  Go  into  Westminster  Abbey,  and  you  will  find  that 
what  raises  the  admiration  of  the  spectator  is  not  the  mausoleums 
of  the  English  kings,  but  the  monuments  which  the  gratitude  of 
the  nation  has  erected  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  those  illustri- 
ous men  who  contributed  to  its  glory.  We  view  their  statues  in 
that  abbey  in  the  same  manner  as  those  of  Sophocles,  Plato,  and 
other  immortal  personages  were  viewed  in  Athens;  and  I  am 
persuaded  that  the  bare  sight  of  those   glorious   monuments  has 


FRANQOIS   MARIE   AROUET  DE   VOLTAIRE  3865 

fired  more  than  one  breast,  and  been  the  occasion  of  their  be- 
coming great  men. 

The  English  have  even  been  reproached  with  paying  too  ex- 
travagant honors  to  mere  merit,  and  censured  for  interring  the 
celebrated  actress  Mrs.  Oldfield  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with 
almost  the  same  pomp  as  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  Some  pretend 
that  the  English  had  paid  her  these  great  funeral  honors  pur- 
posely to  make  us  more  strongly  sensible  of  the  barbarity  and  in- 
justice which  they  object  to  in  us,  for  having  buried  Mademoiselle 
Le  Couvreur  ignominiously  in  the  fields. 

But  be  assured  from  me  that  the  English  were  prompted  by 
no  other  principle  in  burying  Mrs.  Oldfield  in  Westminster  Abbey 
than  their  good  sense.  They  are  far  from  being  so  ridiculous  as 
to  brand  with  infamy  an  art  which  has  immortalized  a  Euripides 
and  a  Sophocles;  or  to  exclude  from  the  body  of  their  citizens  a 
set  of  people  whose  business  is  to  set  off  with  the  utmost  grace 
of  speech  and  action  those  pieces  which  the  nation  is  proud  of. 

Under  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  in  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  wars  raised  by  a  number  of  rigid  fanatics,  who  at  last  were 
the  victims  to  it,  a  great  many  pieces  were  published  against 
theatrical  and  other  shows,  which  were  attacked  with  the  greater 
virulence  because  that  monarch  and  his  queen,  daughter  to  Henry 
I.  of  France,  were  passionately  fond  of  them. 

One  Mr.  Prynne,  a  man  of  most  furiously  scrupulous  princi- 
ples, who  would  have  thought  himself  damned  had  he  worn  a 
cassock  instead  of  a  short  cloak,  and  have  been  glad  to  see  one 
half  of  mankind  cut  the  other  to  pieces  for  the  glory  of  God, 
and  the  Propaganda  Fide,  took  it  into  his  head  to  write  a  most 
wretched  satire  against  some  pretty  good  comedies,  which  were 
exhibited  very  innocently  every  night  before  their  majesties.  He 
quoted  the  authority  of  the  Rabbis,  and  some  passages  from  St. 
Bonaventura,  to  prove  that  the  "CEdipus"  of  Sophocles  was  the 
work  of  the  evil  spirit;  that  Terence  was  excommunicated  ipso 
facto;  and  added  that  doubtless  Brutus,  who  was  a  very  severe 
Jansenist,  assassinated  Julius  Caesar  for  no  other  reason  but  be- 
cause he,  who  was  Pontifex  Maximus,  presumed  to  write  a  trag- 
edy the  subject  of  which  was  <(  CEpidus.  *  Lastly,  he  declared  that 
all  who  frequented  the  theatre  were  excommunicated,  as  they 
thereby  renounced  their  baptism.  This  was  casting  the  highest 
insult  on  the  king  and  all  the  royal  family;  and  as  the  English 
loved  their  prince  at   that  time,   they  could  not   bear   to   hear   a 


3866  FRANCOIS   MARIE   AROUET   DE   VOLTAIRE 

writer  talk  of  excommunicating  him,  though  they  themselves 
afterwards  cut  his  head  off.  Prynne  was  summoned  to  appear 
before  the  Star  Chamber;  his  wonderful  book,  from  which  Father 
Lebrun  stole  his,  was  sentenced  to  be  burned  by  the  common 
hangman,  and  himself  to  lose  his  ears.  His  trial  is  now  extant. 
The  Italians  are  far  from  attempting  to  cast  a  blemish  on  the 
opera,  or  to  excommunicate  Signor  Senesino  or  Signora  Cuzzoni. 
With  regard  to  myself,  I  could  presume  to  wish  that  the  magis- 
trates would  suppress  I  know  not  what  contemptible  pieces 
written  against  the  stage.  For  when  the  English  and  Italians 
hear  that  we  brand  with  the  greatest  mark  of  infamy  an  art  in 
which  we  excel ;  that  we  excommunicate  persons  who  receive 
salaries  from  the  king;  that  we  condemn  as  impious  a  spectacle 
exhibited  in  convents  and  monasteries;  that  we  dishonor  sports 
in  which  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis  XV.  performed  as  actors;  that 
we  give  the  title  of  the  devil's  works  to  pieces  which  are  re- 
ceived by  magistrates  of  the  most  severe  character,  and  repre- 
sented before  a  virtuous  queen;  when,  I  say,  foreigners  are  told 
of  this  insolent  conduct,  this  contempt  for  the  royal  authority, 
and  this  Gothic  rusticity  which  some  presume  to  call  Christian 
severity,  what  idea  must  they  entertain  of  our  nation  ?  And 
how  will  it  be  possible  for  them  to  conceive,  either  that  our  laws 
give  a  sanction  an  to  art  which  is  declared  infamous,  or  that 
some  persons  dare  to  stamp  with  infamy  an  art  which  receives 
a  sanction  from  the  laws,  is  rewarded  by  kings,  cultivated  and 
encouraged  by  the  greatest  men,  and  admired  by  whole  nations  ? 
And  that  Father  Lebrun's  impertinent  libel  against  the  stage  is 
seen  in  a  bookseller's  shop,  standing  the  very  next  to  the  im- 
mortal labors  of  Racine,  of  Corneille,  of  Moliere,  etc.? 

Complete.     Number  XXIII.  of  <(  Letters  on 
England. w     Mor ley's  edition. 


RICHARD    WAGNER. 

After  a  Photograph. 


3867 


RICHARD   WAGNER 

(1813-1883) 

Iagner's  essays  and  treatises  on  music,  art,  literature,  and  phi- 
losophy have  been  collected  into  ten  thick  volumes  which 
have  genius  enough  in  them  to  have  made  him  famous  had 
he  been  unknown  as  a  musician.  They  have,  too,  all  the  originality 
and  aggressive  individuality  which  those  who  refuse  to  admire  his 
music  call  eccentricity.  By  no  means  a  great  master  of  prose 
style,  Wagner  is  at  all  times  a  great  man  who  lacks  little  of  being 
a  great  thinker.  No  matter  how  obscure  his  sentences  may  become 
at  times,  it  is  never  safe  to  leave  one  of  them  without  mastering  his 
meaning,  as  far  as  it  is  possible  to  do  so.  His  whole  life  is  full  of 
meaning,  and  everything  he  writes  is  full  of  his  life  purposes. 

Born  in  Leipsic,  May  226.,  18 13,  he  was  educated  in  the  University 
of  his  native  city,  where  also  he  began  the  systematic  study  of  music. 
In  1833  he  became  chorus  master  in  the  theatre  at  Wiirzburg.  From 
1834  to  1842  he  lived  and  worked  successively  at  Magdeburg,  Konigs- 
burg,  and  Paris.  In  1843  he  was  appointed  court  Kapellmeister  at 
Dresden  and  remained  there  until  1849,  when  he  fled  to  Paris  to  es- 
cape arrest  on  a  charge  of  complicity  in  the  revolutionary  movement 
of  that  year.  After  living  in  Zurich,  London,  and  Paris  until  1861,  he 
returned  to  Germany  and  lived  a  comparatively  peaceful  life  as  a 
composer  and  musical  director  in  different  German  cities,  until  his 
death,  February  13th,  1883.  He  was  twice  married,  his  second  wife 
being  Liszt's  daughter,  Cosima.  He  took  up  his  residence  at  Bay- 
reuth  in  1872,  and  in  1876  completed  there  the  theatre  which  he 
opened  with  the  performance  of  the  famous  <(  Nibelungen  B  tetralogy, 
—  comaposition  in  which,  as  in  all  his  works,  he  seems  to  have  at- 
tempted to  give  expression  to  the  ethnical  impulses  which  have 
moved  the  Teutonic  race  through  the  whole  course  of  its  history. 

NATURE,    MAN,    AND   ART 

As  Man  stands  to  Nature,  so   stands  Art  to  Man.     When  Na- 
ture   had    developed   in  herself    those    attributes    which  in- 
cluded  the  conditions  for   the  existence  of  Man,    then    Man 
spontaneously  evolved.      In  like   manner,   as  soon  as  human    life 
had  engendered  from  itself  the  conditions  for  the  manifestment 
of  Art-work,  this  too  stepped  self-begotten  into  life. 


3868  RICHARD   WAGNER 

Nature  engenders  her  myriad  forms  without  caprice  or  arbi- 
trary aim  ((<  absichtlos  und  unwillkurlick*),  according  to  her  need 
(« Bedurfniss*),  and  therefore  of  necessity  ((<  Nothwendigkeit"). 
This  same  necessity  is  the  generative  and  formative  force  of  hu- 
man life.  Only  that  which  is  uncapricious  and  unarbitrary  can 
spring  from  a  real  need;  but  on  need  alone  is  based  the  very 
principle  of  Life. 

Man  only  recognizes  Nature's  necessity  by  observing  the  har- 
monious connection  of  all  her  phenomena;  so  long  as  he  does  not 
grasp  the  latter,  she  seems  to  him  Caprice. 

From  the  moment  when  man  perceived  the  difference  between 
himself  and  nature,  and  thus  commenced  his  own  development 
as  man,  by  breaking  loose  from  the  unconsciousness  of  natural 
animal  life  and  passing  over  into  conscious  life, —  when  he  thus 
looked  Nature  in  the  face  and  from  the  first  feelings  of  his  de- 
pendence on  her,  thereby  aroused,  evolved  the  faculty  of  thought, 
—  from  that  moment  did  error  begin,  as  the  earliest  utterance  of 
consciousness.  But  Error  is  the  mother  of  Knowledge;  and  the 
history  of  the  birth  of  Knowledge  out  of  Error  is  the  history  of 
the  human  race,  from  the  myths  of  primal  ages  down  to  the  pres- 
ent day. 

Man  erred,  from  the  time  when  he  set  the  cause  of  Nature's 
workings  outside  the  bounds  of  Nature's  self,  and  for  j.the  physi- 
cal phenomena  subsumed  a  super-physical,  anthropomorphic,  and 
arbitrary  cause;  when  he  took  the  endless  harmony  of  her  un- 
conscious, instinctive  energy  for  the  arbitrary  demeanor  of  dis- 
connected finite  forces.  Knowledge  consists  in  the  hating  of  this 
error,  in  fathoming  the  necessity  of  phenomena  whose  underlying 
basis  had  appeared  to  us  Caprice. 

Through  this  knowledge  does  Nature  grow  conscious  of  herself; 
and  verily  by  man  himself,  who  only  through  discriminating  be- 
tween himself  and  Nature  has  attained  that  point  where  he  can 
apprehend  her,  by  making  her  his  (<  object. w  But  this  distinction 
is  merged  once  more,  when  man  recognizes  the  essence  of  nature 
as  his  very  own,  and  perceives  the  same  necessity  in  all  the  ele- 
ments and  lives  around  him,  and  therefore  in  his  own  existence 
no  less  than  in  Nature's  being;  thus  not  only  recognizing  the 
mutual  bond  of  union  between  all  natural  phenomena,  but  also 
his  own  community  with  Nature. 

If  Nature  then,  by  her  solidarity  with  man,  attains  in  man  her 
consciousness,  and  if  man's  life  is  the  very  activation  of  this  con- 


RICHARD    WAGNER  3869 

sciousness, —  as  it  were,  the  portraiture  in  brief  of  Nature, —  so 
does  man's  life  itself  gain  understanding  by  means  of  Science, 
which  makes  this  human  life  in  turn  an  object  of  experience. 
But  the  activation  of  the  consciousness  attained  by  Science,  the 
portrayal  of  the  Life  that  it  has  learned  to  know,  the  impress  of 
this  life's  necessity  and  truth,  is  —  Art. 

Man  will  never  be  that  which  he  can  and  should  be  until  his 
life  is  a  true  mirror  of  nature,  a  conscious  following  of  the  only 
real  necessity,  the  inner  natural  necessity,  and  is  no  longer  held 
in  subjugation  to  an  outer  artificial  counterfeit, —  which  is  thus 
no  necessary,  but  an  arbitrary  power.  Then  first  will  man  be- 
come a  living  man;  whereas  till  now  he  carries  on  a  mere  exis- 
tence, dictated  by  the  maxims  of  this  or  that  Religion,  Nationality, 
or  State.  In  like  manner  will  Art  not  be  the  thing  she  can  and 
should  be,  until  she  is  or  can  be  the  true,  conscious  image  and 
exponent  of  the  real  Man,  and  of  man's  genuine,  nature-bidden 
life;  until  she  therefore  need  no  longer  borrow  the  conditions  of 
her  being  from  the  errors,  perversities,  and  unnatural  distortions 
of  our  modern  life. 

The  real  man  will,  therefore,  never  be  forthcoming,  until  true 
human  nature,  and  not  the  arbitrary  statutes  of  the  state,  shall 
model  and  ordain  his  life;  while  real  art  will  never  live,  until 
its  embodiments  need  be  subject  only  to  the  laws  of  Nature,  and 
not  to  the  despotic  whims  of  Mode.  For  as  man  only  then  be- 
comes free,  when  he  gains  the  glad  consciousness  of  his  oneness 
with  Nature;  so  does  Art  only  then  gain  freedom,  when  she  has 
no  more  to  blush  for  her  affinity  with  actual  life.  But  only  in 
the  joyous  consciousness  of  his  oneness  with  Nature  does  man 
subdue  his  dependence  on  her;  while  Art  can  only  overcome  her 
dependence  upon  life  through  her  oneness  with  the  life  of  free 
and  genuine  men. 

Complete.     <(Man  and  Art,0  §  1. 


LIFE,  SCIENCE,  AND   ART 

While  man  involuntarily  molds  his  life  according  to    the    no- 
tions he  has  gathered  from  his  arbitrary  views  of  nature, 
and  embalms  their  intuitive  expression  in  Religion,  these 
notions  become  for  him  in  Science  the  subject   of    conscious,   in- 
tentional review  and  scrutiny. 


3870  RICHARD    WAGNER 

The  path  of  Science  lies  from  error  to  knowledge,  from  fancy 
((<  Vorstellung  w)  to  reality,  from  Religion  to  Nature.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  Science,  therefore,  Man  stands  toward  life  in  the  same 
relation  as  he  stood  towards  the  phenomena  of  Nature  when  he 
first  commenced  to  part  his  life  from  hers.  Science  takes  over 
the  arbitrary  concepts  of  the  human  brain,  in  their  totality;  while, 
by  her  side,  life  follows  in  its  totality  the  instinctive  evolution 
of  necessity.  Science  thus  bears  the  burden  of  the  sins  of  life, 
and  expiates  them  by  her  own  self -abrogation ;  she  ends  in  her 
direct  antithesis,  in  the  knowledge  of  nature,  in  the  recognition 
of  the  unconscious,  instinctive,  and  therefore  real,  inevitable,  and 
physical.  The  character  of  science  is  therefore  finite;  that  of  life, 
unending;  just  as  error  is  of  time,  but  truth  eternal.  But  that  alone 
is  true  and  living  which  is  sentient,  and  hearkens  to  the  terms 
of  physicality  {Sinnlichkeit).  Error's  crowning  folly  is  the  arro- 
gance of  Science  in  renouncing  and  contemning  the  world  of 
sense  {Sinnlichkeit) ;  whereas  the  highest  victory  of  Science  is  her 
self-accomplished  crushing  of  this  arrogance,  in  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  teaching  of  the  senses. 

The  end  of  Science  is  the  justifying  of  the  unconscious,  the 
giving  of  self -consciousness  to  life,  the  reinstatement  of  the  senses 
in  their  perceptive  rights,  the  sinking  of  caprice  in  the  world- 
will  ((<  Wollen B)  of  necessity.  Science  is  therefore  the  vehicle  of 
knowledge,  her  procedure  mediate,  her  goal  an  intermediation; 
but  life  is  the  great  ultimate,  a  law  unto  itself.  As  science  melts 
away  into  the  recognition  of  the  ultimate  and  self-determinate 
reality  of  actual  life  itself,  so  does  this  avowal  win  its  frankest, 
most  direct  expression  in  art,  or  rather  in  the  work  of  art. 

True  that  the  artist  does  not  at  first  proceed  directly;  he  cer- 
tainly sets  about  his  work  in  an  arbitrary,  selective,  and  medi- 
tating mood.  But  while  he  plays  the  go-between  and  picks  and 
chooses,  the  product  of  his  energy  is  not  as  yet  the  work  of  art; 
nay,  his  procedure  is  the  rather  that  of  science,  who  seeks  and 
probes,  and  therefore  errs  in  her  caprice.  Only  when  his  choice 
is  made,  when  this  choice  was  born  from  pure  necessity,  —  when 
thus  the  artist  has  found  himself  again  in  the  subject  of  his 
choice,  as  perfected  man  finds  his  true  self  in  Nature, —  then 
steps  the  Art-work  into  life,  then  first  is  it  a  real  thing,  a  self- 
conditioned  and  immediate  entity. 

The  actual  Art-work,  that  is,  its  immediate  physical  portrayal,  in 
the  moment  of  its  liveliest  embodiment,  is  therefore  the  only  true 


RICHARD    WAGNER  387  I 

redemption  of  the  artist;  the  uprootal  of  the  final  trace  of  busy, 
purposed  choice;  the  confident  determination  of  what  was  hitherto 
a  mere  imagining;  the  enfranchisement  of  thought  in  sense;  the 
assuagement  of  the  life-need  in  life  itself. 

The  Art-work,  thus  conceived  as  an  immediate  vital  act,  is 
therewith  the  perfect  reconcilement  of  science  with  life,  the 
laurel  wreath  which  the  vanquished,  redeemed  by  her  defeat, 
reaches  in  joyous  homage  to  her  acknowledged   victor. 

Complete.     «Man  and  Art,»  §  2. 


3872 


ALFRED   RUSSEL  WALLACE 

(1822-) 

jLFRED  Russel  Wallace,  who  ranks  with  Darwin  as  an  ex- 
pounder of  the  theory  of  Evolution  through  Natural  Selection, 
was  born  in  Monmouthshire,  England,  January  8th,  1822. 
He  was  an  architect  by  profession,  but  in  1845  he  gave  up  every- 
thing else  for  the  study  of  natural  history,  to  which  he  devoted  his 
life.  After  travel  and  scientific  research  in  South  America  and  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  he  prepared  a  paper  w  On  the  Tendency  of  Varieties 
to  Depart  Indefinitely  from  the  Original  Type,"  which  was  read  July 
1st,  1858.  Darwin's  paper  on  the  same  subject  appeared  simultane- 
ously with  it.  The  two  naturalists,  working  under  a  common  im- 
pulse and  following  parallel  lines  of  investigation,  reached  a  similar 
conclusion  and  continued  thereafter  to  co-operate  in  developing  their 
joint  theory.  Wallace's  bent  was  more  towards  original  investigation 
than  Darwin's,  whose  greatest  successes  are  due  to  his  genius  for  co- 
ordinating and  comprehending  the  material  accumulated  for  him  by 
others.  Among  Wallace's  notable  publications  are  (<  The  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, *  1869;  "Contributions  to  the  Theory  of  Natural  Selection,0 
1870;  (<  Tropical  Nature, 9  1878;  and  (<Land  Nationalization, M  1882. 

THE    LIKENESS   OF   MONKEYS   TO   MEN 

If  the  skeletons  of  an  orang-outang  and  a  chimpanzee  be  com- 
pared with  that  of  a  man,  there  will  be  the  most  wonderful 
resemblance,  together  with  a  very  marked  diversity.  Bone  for 
bone,  throughout  the  whole  structure,  will  be  found  to  agree  in 
general  form,  position,  and  function,  the  only  absolute  differences 
being  that  the  orang  has  nine  wrist  bones,  whereas  man  and  the 
chimpanzee  have  but  eight ;  and  the  chimpanzee  has  thirteen  pairs 
of  ribs,  whereas  the  orang,  like  man,  has  but  twelve.  With  these 
two  exceptions,  the  differences  are  those  of  shape,  proportion, 
and  direction  only,  though  the  resulting  differences  in  the  exter- 
nal form  and  motions  are  very  considerable.  The  greatest  of 
these  are,  that  the  feet  of  the  anthropoid  or  man-like  apes,  as 
well  as  those  of  all  monkeys,  are    formed  like  hands,    with  large 


ALFRED  RUSSEL  WALLACE  3873 

opposable  thumbs  fitted  to  grasp  the  branches  of  trees,  but  un- 
suitable for  erect  walking,  while  the  hands  have  weak  small 
thumbs,  but  very  long  and  powerful  fingers,  forming  a  hook 
rather  than  a  hand  adapted  for  climbing  up  trees  and  suspending 
the  whole  weight  from  horizontal  branches.  The  almost  complete 
identity  of  the  skeleton,  however,  and  the  close  similarity  of  the 
muscles  and  of  all  the  internal  organs,  have  produced  that  strik- 
ing and  ludicrous  resemblance  to  man  which  every  one  recognizes 
in  these  higher  apes  and,  in  a  less  degree,  in  the  whole  monkey 
tribe;  the  face  and  features,  the  motions,  attitudes,  and  gestures 
being  often  a  strange  caricature  of  humanity.  Let  us,  then,  ex- 
amine a  little  more  closely  in  what  the  resemblance  consists,  and 
how  far,  and  to  what  extent,  these  animals  really  differ  from  us. 

Besides  the  face,  which  is  often  wonderfully  human  —  although 
the  absence  of  any  protuberant  nose  gives  it  often  a  curiously 
infantile  aspect,  monkeys,  and  especially  apes,  resemble  us  most 
closely  in  the  hand  and  arm.  The  hand  has  well-formed  fingers 
with  nails,  and  the  skin  of  the  palm  is  lined  and  furrowed  like 
our  own.  The  thumb  is,  however,  smaller  and  weaker  than  ours, 
and  is  not  so  much  used  in  taking  hold  of  anything.  The  mon- 
key's hand  is,  therefore,  not  so  well  adapted  as  that  of  man  for 
a  variety  of  purposes,  and  cannot  be  applied  with  such  precision 
in  holding  small  objects,  while  it  is  unsuitable  for  performing 
delicate  operations  such  as  tying  a  knot  or  writing  with  a  pen. 
A  monkey  does  not  take  hold  of  a  nut  with  its  forefinger  and 
thumb  as  we  do,  but  grasps  it  between  the  fingers  and  the  palm 
in  a  clumsy  way,  just  as  a  baby  does  before  it  has  acquired  the 
proper  use  of  its  hand.  Two  groups  of  monkeys  —  one  in  Africa 
and  one  in  South  America  —  have  no  thumbs  on  their  hands,  and 
yet  they  do  not  seem  to  be  in  any  respect  inferior  to  other  kinds 
which  possess  it.  In  most  of  the  American  monkeys  the  thumb 
bends  in  the  same  direction  as  the  fingers,  and  in  none  is  it  so 
perfectly  opposed  to  the  fingers  as  our  thumbs  are;  and  all  these 
circumstances  show  that  the  hand  of  the  monkey  is,  both  struc- 
turally and  functionally,  a  very  different  and  very  inferior  organ 
to  that  of  man,  since  it  is  not  applied  to  similar  purposes,  nor  is 
it  capable  of  being  so  applied. 

When  we  look  at  the  feet  of  monkeys  we  find  a  still  greater 

difference,  for  these  have  much  larger  and  more  opposable  thumbs 

and  are  therefore  more  like  our  hands;  and  this  is  the  case  with 

all  monkeys,  so  that  even  those  which  have  no  thumbs  on  their 
x — 243 


3874  ALFRED  RUSSEL   WALLACE 

hands  or  have  them  small  and  weak  and  parallel  to  the  fingers, 
have  always  large  and  well-formed  thumbs  on  their  feet.  It  was 
on  account  of  this  peculiarity  that  the  great  French  naturalist, 
Cuvier,  named  the  whole  group  of  monkeys  Quadrumana,  or  four- 
handed  animals,  because,  besides  the  two  hands  on  their  fore 
limbs,  they  have  also  two  hands  in  place  of  feet  on  their  hind  limbs. 
Modern  naturalists  have  given  up  the  use  of  this  term,  because 
they  say  that  the  hind  extremities  of  all  monkeys  are  really  feet, 
only  these  feet  are  shaped  like  hands;  but  this  is  a  point  of 
anatomy,  or  rather  of  nomenclature,  which  we  need  not  here 
discuss. 

Let  us,  however,  before  going  further,  inquire  into  the   pur- 
pose and  use  of  this  peculiarity,  and  we  shall  then  see  that  it  is 
simply  an  adaptation  to   the   mode   of  life   of  the  animals  which 
possess  it.     Monkeys,   as  a  rule,  live  in  trees,   and  are  especially 
abundant  in  the   great  tropical  forests.     They  feed  chiefly  upon 
fruits,   and    occasionally   eat   insects   and   birds'   eggs,   as   well  as 
young  birds,    all  of   which   they  find   in   the    trees;    and,   as  they 
have  no  occasion  to  come  down  to  the  ground,   they  travel  from 
tree  to  tree  by  jumping  or  swinging,   and  thus  pass  the  greater 
part  of  their   lives   entirely    among    the   leafy   branches    of    lofty 
trees.      For  such  a  mode  of  existence,  they  require  to  be  able  to 
move  with   perfect   ease   upon   large    or    small   branches,   and   to 
climb  up  rapidly  from  one  bough  to  another.     As  they  use  their 
hands  for  gathering  fruit  and  catching  insects  or  birds,  they   re- 
quire some  means  of  holding  on  with  their   feet,  otherwise   they 
would  be  liable  to  continual  falls,   and  they   are   able   to   do   this 
by    means    of    their    long    finger-like    toes    and    large    opposable 
thumbs,   which    grasp    a    branch    almost    as    securely    as    a    bird 
grasps  its    perch.     The    true    hands,    on    the    contrary,    are    used 
chiefly  to   climb    with,   and    to    swing   the    whole    weight    of    the 
body  from  one  branch  or  one  tree  to  another,   and  for  this  pur- 
pose the  fingers  are  very  long  and  strong,  and  in   many   species 
they  are  further  strengthened  by  being  partially  joined  together, 
as  if  the  skin  of  our  fingers  grew  together  as  far  as  the  knuckles. 
This  shows  that  the  separate  action    of   the   fingers,   which   is   so 
important  to   us,   is  little   required   by   monkeys,   whose   hand    is 
really  an  organ  for  climbing  and  seizing  food,  while  their  foot  is 
required  to  support  them  firmly  in  any  position  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  and  for  this  purpose  it  has  become  modified  into  a  large 
and  powerful  grasping  hand. 


ALFRED  RUSSEL  WALLACE  3875 

Another  striking  difference  between  monkeys  and  men  is  that 
the  former  never  walk  with  ease  in  an  erect  posture,  but  always 
use  their  arms  in  climbing  or  in  walking  on  all  fours  like  most 
quadrupeds.  The  monkeys  that  we  see  in  the  streets  dressed  up 
and  walking  erect  only  do  so  after  much  drilling  and  teaching, 
just  as  dogs  may  be  taught  to  walk  in  the  same  way;  and  the 
posture  is  almost  as  unnatural  to  the  one  animal  as  it  is  to  the 
other.  The  largest  and  most  manlike  of  the  apes  —  the  gorilla, 
chimpanzee,  and  orang-outang  —  also  walk  usually  on  all  fours; 
but  in  these  the  arms  are  so  long  and  the  legs  so  short  that  the 
body  appears  half  erect  when  walking;  and  they  have  the  habit 
of  resting  on  the  knuckles  of  the  hands,  not  on  the  palms  like 
the  smaller  monkeys,  whose  arms  and  legs  are  more  nearly  of  an 
equal  length,  which  tends  still  further  to  give  them  a  semi-erect 
position.  Still,  they  are  never  known  to  walk  of  their  own  ac- 
cord on  their  hind  legs  only,  though  they  can  do  so  for  short  dis- 
tances, and  the  story  of  their  using  a  stick  and  walking  erect  by 
its  help  in  the  wild  state  is  not  true.  Monkeys,  then,  are  both 
four-handed  and  four-footed  beasts;  they  possess  four  hands 
formed  very  much  like  our  hands,  and  capable  of  picking  up  or 
holding  any  small  object  in  the  same  manner;  but  they  are  also 
four-footed,  because  they  use  all  four  limbs  for  the  purpose  of 
walking,  running,  or  climbing;  and,  being  adapted  to  this  double 
purpose,  the  hands  want  the  delicacy  of  touch  and  the  freedom 
as  well  as  the  precision  of  movement  which  ours  possess.  Man 
alone  is  so  constructed  that  he  walks  erect  with  perfect  ease,  and 
has  his  hands  free  for  any  use  to  which  he  wishes  to  apply  them ; 
and  this  is  the  great  and  essential  bodily  distinction  between 
monkeys  and  men. 

From  the  Contemporary  Review. 


3876 


HORACE   WALPOLE 

(1717-1797) 

[orace  Walpole,  forgotten  as  the  fourth  Earl  of  Orford,  but 
remembered  as  the  author  of  (<The  Castle  of  Otranto,"  was 
born  in  London,  October  5th,  17 17.  After  leaving  Cambridge, 
he  traveled  on  the  Continent,  accompanied  by  the  poet  Gray ;  and  be- 
fore returning  to  England,  spent  a  year  at  Florence.  In  1741  he 
entered  Parliament  as  a  Liberal,  but  his  opponents  have  not  neglected 
to  record  that  he  secured  lucrative  sinecures  through  his  family  in- 
fluence and  used  the  revenues  from  them  to  enlarge  and  adorn  his 
celebrated  house  on  Strawberry  Hill.  <(  The  Castle  of  Otranto,"  by 
which  he  is  best  remembered,  appeared  in  1765.  His  w  Anecdotes  of 
Painting  in  England w  were  published  between  1762  and  177 1.  He 
died  March  2d,  1797.  The  (( Elegant  Epistle  w  intended  for  posterity, 
but  pretended  to  be  written  for  the  sole  benefit  of  some  convenient 
acquaintance,  was  a  favorite  recreation  of  eighteenth-century  "wits." 
Walpole  left  a  notable  collection  of  such  <(  Letters, }>  an  edition  of 
which,  edited  by  Cunningham,  appeared  in  1857-59. 


WILLIAM   HOGARTH 

Hogarth  was  born  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bartholomew,  London, 
the  son  of  a  low  tradesman,  who  bound  him  to  a  mean  en- 
graver of  arms*  on  plate;  but  before  his  time  was  expired 
he  felt  the  impulse  of  genius,  and  felt  it  directed  him  to  paint- 
ing, though  little  apprised  at  that  time  of  the  mode  nature  had 
intended  he  should  pursue.  His  apprenticeship  was  no  sooner 
expired  than  he  entered  into  the  academy  in  St.  Martin's  Lane, 
and  studied  drawing  from  the  life,  in  which  he  never  attained  to 
great  excellence.  It  was  character,  the  passions,  the  soul,  that 
his  genius  was  given  him  to  copy.  In  coloring  he  proved  no 
greater  a  master;  his  force  lay  in  expression,  not  in  tints  and 
chiaroscuro.  At  first  he  worked  for  booksellers,  and  designed 
and  engraved   plates  for  several   books;    and,   which  is  extraordi- 

*This  is  wrong;  it  was  to  Mr.  Gamble,  an  eminent  silversmith.     Nichol's 
(<  Biography. » 


HORACE  WALPOLE  3877 

nary,  no  symptom  of  genius  dawned  in  those  plates.  His  <(  Hudi- 
bras  w  was  the  first  of  his  works  that  marked  him  as  a  man  above 
the  common;  yet  what  made  him  then  noticed  now  surprises  us, 
to  find  so  little  humor  in  an  undertaking  so  congenial  to  his  tal- 
ents. On  the  success,  however,  of  those  plates,  he  commenced 
painter,  a  painter  of  portraits:  the  most  ill-suited  employment  im- 
aginable to  a  man  whose  turn  certainly  was  not  flattery,  nor  his 
talent  adapted  to  look  on  vanity  without  a  sneer.  Yet  his  facility 
in  catching  a  likeness,  and  the  method  he  chose  of  painting  fami- 
lies and  conversations  in  small,  then  a  novelty,  drew  him  prodi- 
gious business  for  some  time.  It  did  not  last:  either  from  his 
applying  to  the  real  bent  of  his  disposition,  or  from  his  custom- 
ers apprehending  that  a  satirist  was  too  formidable  a  confessor 
for  the  devotees  of  self-love.  He  had  already  dropped  a  few  of 
his  smaller  prints  on  some  reigning  follies;  but  as  the  dates  are 
wanting  on  most  of  them,  I  cannot  ascertain  which,  though  those 
on  the  South  Sea  and  <(  Rabbit  Woman  w  prove  that  he  had  early 
discovered  his  talent  for  ridicule,  though  he  did  not  then  think 
of  building  his  reputation  or  fortune  on  its  powers. 

His  <(  Midnight  Modern  Conversation  •  was  the  first  work  that 
showed  his  command  of  character;  but  it  was  <(The  Harlot's 
Progress, *  published  in  1729  or  1730,  that  established  his  fame. 
The  pictures  were  scarce  finished,  and  no  sooner  exhibited  to  the 
public,  and  the  subscription  opened,  than  above  twelve  hundred 
names  were  entered  on  his  book.  The  familiarity  of  the  subject 
and  the  propriety  of  the  execution  made  it  tasted  by  all  ranks 
of  people.  Every  engraver  set  himself  to  copy  it,  and  thousands 
of  imitations  were  dispersed  all  over  the  kingdom.  It  was  made 
into  a  pantomime,  and  performed  on  the  stage.  The  <(  Rake's 
Progress, M  perhaps  superior,  had  not  so  much  success,  from  want 
of  novelty;  nor,  indeed,  is  the  print  of  c<  The  Arrest w  equal  in 
merit  to  the  others. 

The  curtain  was  now  drawn  aside,  and  his  genius  stood  dis- 
played in  its  full  lustre.  From  time  to  time  he  continued  to  give 
those  works  that  should  be  immortal,  if  the  nature  of  his  art 
will  allow  it.  Even  the  receipts  for  his  subscriptions  had  wit  in 
them.  Many  of  his  plates  he  engraved  himself,  and  often  ex- 
punged faces  etched  by  his  assistants  when  they  had  not  done 
justice  to  his  ideas. 

Not  content  with  shining  in  a  path  untrodden  before,  he  was 
ambitious  of  distinguishing  himself  as  a  painter  of   history.     But 


3878  HORACE   WALPOLE 

not  only  his  coloring  and  drawing  rendered  him  unequal  to  the 
task ;  the  genius  that  had  entered  so  feelingly  into  the  calamities 
and  crimes  of  familiar  life  deserted  him  in  a  walk  that  called  for 
dignity  and  grace.  The  burlesque  turn  of  his  mind  mixed  itself 
with  the  most  serious  subjects.  In  his  (<  Danae,w  the  old  nurse 
tries  a  coin  of  the  golden  shower  with  her  teeth  to  see  if  it  is 
true  gold ;  in  the  (<  Pool  of  Bethesda, B  a  servant  of  a  rich  ulcer- 
ated lady  beats  back  a  poor  man  that  sought  the  same  celestial 
remedy.  Both  circumstances  are  justly  thought,  but  rather  too 
ludicrous.  It  is  a  much  more  capital  fault  that  (<  Danae  B  herself 
is  a  mere  mymph  of  Drury.  He  seems  to  have  conceived  no 
higher  idea  of  beauty. 

So  little  had  he  eyes  to  his  own  deficiences,  that  he  believed 
he  had  discovered  the  principle  of  grace.  With  the  enthusiasm 
of  a  discoverer  he  cried,  <(  Eureka ! w  This  was  his  famous  line  of 
beauty,  the  groundwork  of  his  <(  Analysis,  •  a  book  that  has  many 
sensible  hints  and  observations,  but  that  did  not  carry  the  con- 
viction nor  meet  the  universal  acquiescence  he  expected.  As  he 
treated  his  contemporaries  with  scorn,  they  triumphed  over  this 
publication,  and  imitated  him  to  expose  him.  Many  wretched 
burlesque  prints  came  out  to  ridicule  his  system.  There  was  a 
better  answer  to  it  in  one  of  the  two  prints  that  he  gave  to  illus- 
trate his  hypothesis.  In  <(  The  Ball, B  had  he  confined  himself 
to  such  outlines  as  compose  awkwardness  and  deformity,  he 
would  have  proved  half  his  assertion;  but  he  has  added  two 
samples  of  grace  in  a  young  lord  and  lady  that  are  strikingly 
stiff  and  affected.  They  are  a  Bath  beau  and  a  country 
beauty. 

But  this  was  the  failing  of  a  visionary.  He  fell  afterwards 
into  a  grosser  mistake.  From  a  contempt  of  the  ignorant  virtuosi 
of  the  age,  and  from  indignation  at  the  impudent  tricks  of  picture- 
dealers,  whom  he  saw  continually  recommending  and  vending 
vile  copies  to  bubble  collectors,  and  from  having  never  studied, 
indeed  having  seen,  few  good  pictures  of  the  great  Italian  mas- 
ters, he  persuaded  himself  that  the  praises  bestowed  on  those 
glorious  works  were  nothing  but  the  effects  of  prejudice.  He 
talked  this  language  till  he  believed  it;  and  having  heard  it  often 
asserted,  as  is  true,  that  time  gives  a  mellowness  to  colors  and 
improves  them,  he  not  only  denied  the  proposition,  but  main- 
tained that  pictures  only  grew  black  and  worse  by  age,  not  dis- 
tinguishing between  the  degrees  in  which  the  proposition  might 


HORACE   WALPOLE  3879 

be  true  or  false.  He  went  further;  he  determined  to  rival  the 
Ancients,  and  unfortunately  chose  one  of  the  finest  pictures  in 
England  as  the  object  of  his  competition.  This  was  the  cele- 
brated <(  Sigismonda  8  of  Sir  Luke  Schaub,  now  in  the  possession  of 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  said  to  be  painted  by  Correggio,  probably 
by  Furino,  but  no  matter  by  whom.  It  is  impossible  to  see  the 
picture,  or  read  Dryden's  inimitable  tale,  and  not  feel  that  the 
same  soul  animated  both.  After  many  essays  Hogarth  at  last 
produced  his  (<  Sigismonda, B  but  no  more  like  <(  Sigismonda  *  than 
I  to  Hercules.  Hogarth's  performance  was  more  ridiculous  than 
anything  he  had  ever  ridiculed.  He  set  the  price  of  ^400  on  it, 
and  had  it  returned  on  his  hands  by  the  person  for  whom  it  was 
painted.  He  took  subscriptions  for  a  plate  of  it,  but  had  the 
sense  at  last  to  suppress  it.  I  make  no  more  apology  for  this 
account  than  for  the  encomiums  I  have  bestowed  on  him.  Both 
are  dictated  by  truth,  and  are  the  history  of  a  great  man's  ex- 
cellencies and  errors.  Milton,  it  is  said,  preferred  his  (<  Paradise 
Regained  w  to  his  immortal  poem. 

The  last  memorable  event  of  our  artist's  life  was  his  quarrel 
with  Mr.  Wilkes;  in  which,  if  Mr.  Hogarth  did  not  commence 
direct  hostilities  on  the  latter,  he  at  least  obliquely  gave  the  first 
offense  by  an  attack  on  the  friends  and  party  of  that  gentleman. 
This  conduct  was  the  more  surprising,  as  he  had  all  his  life 
avoided  dipping  his  pencil  in  political  contests,  and  had  early  re- 
fused a  very  lucrative  offer  that  was  made  to  engage  him  in  a 
set  of  prints  against  the  head  of  a  court  party.  Without  enter- 
ing into  the  merits  of  the  cause,  I  shall  only  state  the  fact.  In 
September,  1762,  Mr.  Hogarth  published  his  print  of  (<  The  Times.  * 
It  was  answered  by  Mr.  Wilkes  in  a  severe  "North  Briton. w  On 
this  the  painter  exhibited  the  caricature  of  the  writer.  Mr. 
Churchill,  the  poet,  then  engaged  in  the  war,  and  wrote  his  epistle 
to  Hogarth,  not  the  brightest  of  his  works,  and  in  which  the  se- 
verest strokes  fell  on  a  defect  that  the  painter  had  neither  caused 
nor  could  amend — his  age;  and  which,  however,  was  neither  re- 
markable nor  decrepit,  much  less  had  it  impaired  his  talents,  as 
appeared  by  his  having  composed  but  six  months  before  one  of 
his  most  capital  works,  the  satire  on  the  Methodists.  In  revenge 
for  this  epistle,  Hogarth  caricatured  Churchill  under  the  form  of 
a  canonical  bear,  with  a  club  and  a  pot  of  porter  —  Et  vituld  tu 
dignus  et  hie.  Never  did  two  angry  men  of  their  abilities  throw 
mud  with  less  dexterity. 


3880  HORACE  WALPOLE 

Mr.   Hogarth,  in  the  year  1730,  married  the    only    daughter  of 

Sir  James  Thornhill,  by  whom  he  had  no  children.      He   died  of 

a  dropsy  in  his   breast  at  his  house  in  Leicester    Fields,   October 

26th,  1764 

From  «  Anecdotes  of  Painting 
in  England. * 


ON   THE  AMERICAN   WAR 

In  spite  of  all  my  modesty,  I  cannot  help  thinking  I  have  a 
little  something  of  the  prophet  about  me.  At  least,  we  have 
not  conquered  America  yet.  I  did  not  send  you  immediate 
word  of  our  victory  at  Boston,  because  the  success  not  only 
seemed  very  equivocal,  but  because  the  conquerors  lost  three  to 
one  more  than  the  vanquished.  The  last  do  not  pique  them- 
selves upon  modern  good  breeding,  but  level  only  at  the  officers, 
of  whom  they  have  slain  a  vast  number.  We  are  a  little  disap- 
pointed, indeed,  at  their  fighting  at  all,  which  was  not  in  our 
calculation.  We  knew  we  could  conquer  America  in  Germany, 
and  I  doubt  had  better  have  gone  thither  now  for  that  purpose, 
as  it  does  not  appear  hitherto  to  be  quite  so  feasible  in  America 
itself.  However,  we  are  determined  to  know  the  worst,  and  are 
sending  away  all  the  men  and  ammunition  we  can  muster.  The 
Congress,  not  asleep,  neither,  have  appointed  a  generalissimo, 
Washington,  allowed  a  very  able  officer,  who  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  last  war.  Well,  we  had  better  have  gone  on  robbing 
the  Indies!  it  was  a  more  lucrative  trade. 
Strawberry  Hill,  August  3d,  1775. 


IZAAK    WALTON. 

From  a  Fine  Old  Steel  Plate  Engraved  in  1836  by  IV.  Humph  revs.      After 

the  Painting  by  Housman. 


388i 


IZAAK  WALTON 

(i 593-1683) 

Ialton's  (<  The  Complete  Angler  B  demonstrates  that  in  literature 
as  in  everything  else  wlove  is  the  fulfilling  of  the  law'*  of 
success.  It  has  a  charm  for  thousands  who  never  fish  at  all, 
because  it  was  written  by  a  man  who  so  loved  fishing  that  what  he 
wrote  of  it  became  a  masterpiece, —  for  the  time  being  the  most  im- 
portant thing  in  the  world,  capable  of  distracting  the  reader's  atten- 
tion from  everything  else.  Who,  in  reading  the  peaceful  pages  of 
Walton,  ever  stops  to  think  that  they  were  written  in  a  troublesome 
world  —  the  world  of  bloody  conflict  between  Puritan  and  Cavalier 
and  first  published  in  the  very  year  in  which  Cromwell  drove  out 
the  « Rump »  Parliament  ?  When  the  most  peaceful  of  all  English 
books  comes  from  such  a  time  of  contention  and  « babblement, w  it 
puts  to  shame  all  who  complain  that  their  generation  denies  them 
the  quiet  necessary  for  perfect  work. 

Walton  was  born  at  Stafford,  England,  August  9th,  1593.  For 
many  years  he  kept  a  shop  in  London,  but  when  the  civil  war  began, 
he  gave  up  business  and  retired  to  his  birthplace  where  he  bought 
land  and  devoted  his  leisure  to  fishing  and  reading.  He  died  Decem- 
ber 15th,  1683,  aged  ninety  years.  Besides  <(  The  Complete  Angler," 
he  wrote  lives  of  Donne,  Wotton,  Hooker,  Herbert,  and  Sanderson. 


THE   ANGLER'S    PHILOSOPHY  OF   LIFE 

Well,  scholar,  having  now  taught  you  to  paint  your  rod,  and 
we  having  still  a  mile  to  Tottenham  High  Cross,  I  will, 
as  we  walk  towards  it  in  the  cool  shade  of  this  sweet 
honeysuckle  hedge,  mention  to  you  some  of  the  thoughts  and  joys 
that  have  possessed  my  soul  since  we  met  together.  And  these 
thoughts  shall  be  told  you,  that  you  also  may  join  with  me  in 
thankfulness  to  the  Giver  of  every  good  and  perfect  gift  for  our 
happiness.  And  that  our  present  happiness  may  appear  to  be 
the  greater,  and  we  the  more  thankful  for  it,  I  will  beg  you  to 
consider  with  me  how  many  do,  even  at  this  very  time,  lie  under 
the  torment  of  the  stone,  the  gout,  and  toothache;  and  this  we 
are    free    from.     And    every  misery  that  I  miss  is  a  new  mercy; 


3882  IZAAK  WALTON 

and  therefore  let  us  be  thankful.  There  have  been,  since  we 
met,  others  that  have  met  disasters  of  broken  limbs;  some  have 
been  blasted,  others  thunderstruck ;  and  we  have  been  freed  from 
these  and  all  those  many  other  miseries  that  threaten  human  na- 
ture :  let  us  therefore  rejoice  and  be  thankful.  Nay,  which  is  a  far 
greater  mercy,  we  are  free  from  the  insupportable  burden  of  an 
accusing,  tormenting  conscience  —  a  misery  that  none  can  bear; 
and  therefore  let  us  praise  him  for  his  preventing  grace,  and  say, 
Every  misery  that  I  miss  is  a  new  mercy.  Nay,  let  me  tell  you, 
there  be  many  that  have  forty  times  our  estates,  that  would  give 
the  greatest  part  of  it  to  be  healthful  and  cheerful  like  us,  who, 
with  the  expense  of  a  little  money,  have  eat,  and  drank,  and 
laughed,  and  angled,  and  sung,  and  slept  securely;  and  rose  next 
day,  and  cast  away  care,  and  sung,  and  laughed,  and  angled  again, 
which  are  blessings  rich  men  cannot  purchase  with  all  their 
money.  Let  me  tell  you,  scholar,  I  have  a  rich  neighbor  that  is 
always  so  busy  that  he  has  no  leisure  to  laugh;  the  whole  busi- 
ness of  his  life  is  to  get  money,  and  more  money,  that  he  may 
still  get  more  and  more  money;  he  is  still  drudging  on,  and 
says  that  Solomon  says,  <(  The  hand  of  the  diligent  maketh  rich  w ; 
and  it  is  true  indeed:  but  he  considers  not  that  it  is  not  in  the 
power  of  riches  to  make  a  man  happy:  for  it  was  wisely  said  by 
a  man  of  great  observation,  <(  That  there  be  as  many  miseries 
beyond  riches  as  on  this  side  them.*  And  yet  God  deliver  us 
from  pinching  poverty,  and  grant  that,  having  a  competency,  we 
may  be  content  and  thankful !  Let  us  not  repine,  or  so  much  as 
think  the  gifts  of  God  unequally  dealt,  if  we  see  another  abound 
with  riches,  when,  as  God  knows,  the  cares  that  are  the  keys  that 
keep  those  riches  hang  often  so  heavily  at  the  rich  man's  girdle, 
that  they  clog  him  with  weary  days  and  restless  nights,  even 
when  others  sleep  quietly.  We  see  but  the  outside  of  the  rich 
man's  happiness;  few  consider  him  to  be  like  the  silkworm,  that, 
when  she  seems  to  play,  is  at  the  very  same  time  spinning  her 
own  bowels,  and  consuming  herself;  and  this  many  rich  men  do, 
loading  themselves  with  corroding  cares,  to  keep  what  they  have, 
probably  unconscionably  got.  Let  us,  therefore,  be  thankful  for 
health  and  competence,  and,  above  all,  for  a  quiet  conscience. 

Let  me  tell  you,  scholar,  that  Diogenes  walked  on  a  day,  with 
his  friend,  to  see  a  country  fair,  where  he  saw  ribbons,  and 
looking-glasses,  and  nut  crackers,  and  fiddles,  and  hobbyhorses, 
and  many  other  gimcracks;  and  having  observed  them,  and  all  the 


IZAAK   WALTON  3883 

other  finnimbruns  that  make  a  complete  country  fair,  he  said  to 
his  friend,  (<  Lord,  how  many  things  are  there  in  this  world  of 
which  Diogenes  hath  no  need ! w  And  truly  it  is  so,  or  might  be 
so,  with  very  many  who  vex  and  toil  themselves  to  get  what  they 
have  no  need  of.  Can  any  man  charge  God  that  he  hath  not 
given  him  enough  to  make  his  life  happy  ?  No,  doubtless ;  for 
nature  is  content  with  a  little.  And  yet  you  shall  hardly  meet 
with  a  man  that  complains  not  of  some  want,  though  he,  indeed, 
wants  nothing  but  his  will;  it  may  be  nothing  but  his  will  of 
his  poor  neighbor,  for  not  worshiping  or  not  flattering  him: 
and  thus,  when  we  might  be  happy  and  quiet,  we  create  trouble 
to  ourselves.  I  have  heard  of  a  man  that  was  angry  with  him- 
self because  he  was  no  taller;  and  of  a  woman  that  broke  her 
looking-glass  because  it  would  not  show  her  face  to  be  as  young 
and  handsome  as  her  next  neighbor's  was.  And  I  knew  another 
to  whom  God  had  given  health  and  plenty,  but  a  wife  that  na- 
ture had  made  peevish,  and  her  husband's  riches  had  made  purse- 
proud,  and  must,  because  she  was  rich,  and  for  no  other  virtue, 
sit  in  the  highest  pew  in  the  church;  which  being  denied  her, 
she  engaged  her  husband  into  a  contention  for  it,  and  at  last 
into  a  lawsuit  with  a  dogged  neighbor,  who  was  as  rich  as  he, 
and  had  a  wife  as  peevish  and  purse-proud  as  the  other;  and  this 
lawsuit  begot  higher  oppositions  and  actionable  words,  and  more 
vexations  and  lawsuits;  for  you  must  remember  that  both  were 
rich,  and  must,  therefore,  have  their  wills.  Well,  this  willful 
purse-proud  lawsuit  lasted  during  the  life  of  the  first  husband, 
after  which  his  wife  vexed  and  chid,  and  chid  and  vexed,  till  she 
also  chid  and  vexed  herself  into  her  grave;  and  so  the  wealth  of 
these  poor  rich  people  was  cursed  into  a  punishment,  because  they 
wanted  meek  and  thankful  hearts,  for  those  only  can  make  us 
happy.  I  knew  a  man  that  had  health  and  riches,  and  several 
houses,  all  beautiful  and  ready  furnished,  and  would  often  trouble 
himself  and  family  to  be  removing  from  one  house  to  another; 
and  being  asked  by  a  friend  why  he  removed  so  often  from  one 
house  to  another,  replied,  (<  It  was  to  find  content  in  some  one  of 
them. B  But  his  friend  knowing  his  temper,  told  him,  (<  If  he 
would  find  content  in  any  of  his  houses,  he  must  leave  himself 
behind  him;  for  content  will  never  dwell  but  in  a  meek  and 
quiet  soul."  And  this  may  appear,  if  we  read  and  consider  what 
our  Savior  says  in  St.  Matthew's  gospel,  for  he  there  says, 
<(  Blessed  be  the  merciful,   for  they  shall  obtain  mercy.     Blessed 


3884  IZAAK   WALTON 

be  the  pure  in  heart,  for  they  shall  see  God.  Blessed  be  the 
poor  in  spirit,  for  theirs  is  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  And  blessed 
be  the  meek,  for  they  shall  possess  the  earth. B  Not  that  the 
meek  shall  not  also  obtain  mercy,  and  see  God,  and  be  comforted, 
and  at  last  come  to  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  but,  in  the  mean- 
time, he,  and  he  only,  possesses  the  earth,  as  he  goes  toward  that 
kingdom  of  heaven,  by  being  humble  and  cheerful,  and  content 
with  what  his  good  God  has  allotted  him.  He  has  no  turbulent, 
repining,  vexatious  thoughts  that  he  deserves  better;  nor  is  vexed 
when  he  sees  others  possessed  of  more  honor  or  more  riches  than 
his  wise  God  has  allotted  for  his  share ;  but  he  possesses  what 
he  has  with  a  meek  and  contented  quietness,  such  a  quietness  as 
makes  his  very  dreams  pleasing,  both  to  God  and  himself. 

My  honest  scholar,  all  this  is  told  to  incline  you  to  thankful- 
ness; and,  to  incline  you  the  more,  let  me  tell  you  that  though 
the  prophet  David  was  guilty  of  murder  and  adultery,  and  many 
other  of  the  most  deadly  sins,  yet  he  was  said  to  be  a  man  after 
God's  own  heart,  because  he  abounded  more  with  thankfulness 
than  any  other  that  is  mentioned  in  Holy  Scripture,  as  may  ap- 
pear in  his  Book  of  Psalms,  where  there  is  such  a  commixture  of 
his  confessing  of  his  sins  and  unworthiness,  and  such  thankful- 
ness for  God's  pardon  and  mercies,  as  did  make  him  to  be  ac- 
counted, even  by  God  himself,  to  be  a  man  after  his  own  heart: 
and  let  us,  in  that,  labor  to  be  as  like  him  as  we  can;  let  not  the 
blessings  we  receive  daily  from  God  make  us  not  to  value,  or  not 
praise  him,  because  they  be  common;  let  not  us  forget  to  praise 
him  for  the  innocent  mirth  and  pleasure  we  have  met  with  since 
we  met  together.  What  would  a  blind  man  give  to  see  the  pleas- 
ant rivers,  and  meadows,  and  flowers,  and  fountains,  that  we  have 
met  with  since  we  met  together  ?  I  have  been  told  that  if  a 
man  that  was  born  blind  could  obtain  to  have  his  sight  for  but 
only  one  hour  during  his  whole  life,  and  should,  at  the  first  open- 
ing of  his  eyes,  fix  his  sight  upon  the  sun  when  it  was  in  his 
full  glory,  either  at  the  rising  or  setting  of  it,  he  would  be  so 
transported  and  amazed,  and  so  admire  the  glory  of  it,  that  he 
would  not  willingly  turn  his  eyes  from  that  first  ravishing  ob- 
ject to  behold  all  the  other  various  beauties  this  world  could 
present  to  him.  And  this,  and  many  other  like  blessings,  we 
enjoy  daily.  And  for  most  of  them,  because  they  be  so  com- 
mon, most  men  forget  to  pay  their  praises;  but  let  not  us,  be- 
cause it    is    a   sacrifice    so   pleasing   to   him   that    made    that    sun 


IZAAK   WALTON  3885 

and  us,  and  still  protects  us,  and  gives  us    flowers,  and    showers, 
and  stomachs,  and  meat,  and  content,  and  leisure  to  go  a-fishing. 

Well,  scholar,  I  have  almost  tired  myself,  and,  I  fear,  more 
than  almost  tired  you.  But  I  now  see  Tottenham  High  Cross, 
and  our  short  walk  thither  will  put  a  period  to  my  too  long  dis- 
course, in  which  my  meaning  was,  and  is,  to  plant  that  in  your 
mind  with  which  I  labor  to  possess  my  own  soul  —  that  is,  a 
meek  and  thankful  heart.  And  to  that  end  I  have  showed  you 
that  riches  without  them  (meekness  and  thankfulness)  do  not  make 
any  man  happy.  But  let  me  tell  you  that  riches  with  them  re- 
move many  fears  and  cares.  And  therefore  my  advice  is,  that 
you  endeavor  to  be  honestly  rich,  or  contentedly  poor;  but  be 
sure  that  your  riches  be  justly  got,  or  you  spoil  all;  for  it  is 
well  said  by  Caussin,  (<  He  that  loses  his  conscience  has  nothing 
left  that  is  worth  keeping.8  Therefore  be  sure  you  look  to  that. 
And,  in  the  next  place,  look  to  your  health,  and  if  you  have  it, 
praise  God,  and  value  it  next  to  a  good  conscience;  for  health  is 
the  second  blessing  that  we  mortals  are  capable  of  —  a  blessing 
that  money  cannot  buy  —  and  therefore  value  it,  and  be  thankful 
for  it.  As  for  money  (which  may  be  said  to  be  the  third  bless- 
ing), neglect  it  not;  but  note,  that  there  is  no  necessity  of  being 
rich;  for  I  told  you  there  be  as  many  miseries  beyond  riches  as 
on  this  side  them ;  and  if  you  have  a  competence,  enjoy  it 
with  a  meek,  cheerful,  thankful  heart.  I  will  tell  you,  scholar,  I 
have  heard  a  grave  divine  say  that  God  has  two  dwellings,  one 
in  heaven,  and  the  other  in  a  meek  and  thankful  heart;  which 
Almighty  God  grant  to  me  and  to  my  honest  scholar!  And  so 
you  are  welcome   to  Tottenham  High  Cross. 

Venator — Well,  master,  I  thank  you  for  all  your  good  direc- 
tions, but  for  none  more  than  this  last,  of  thankfulness,  which  I 
hope  I  shall  never  forget. 

Complete.     From  «The  Complete  Angler. » 


3886 


JOSEPH   WARTON 

(1722-1800) 

»N  closing  the  Adventurer,  March  4th,  1754,  Hawkesworth 
wrote  that  (<  the  pieces  signed  Z  are  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  War- 
ton,  whose  translations  of  Virgil's  ( Pastorals  )  and  (  Georgics  * 
would  alone  sufficiently  distinguish  him  as  a  genius  and  a  scholar.* 
The  translations  thus  praised  are  forgotten,  but  <(  the  pieces  signed 
Z 8  will  keep  Warton's  name  alive  as  long  as  essays  in  the  style  of 
Addison  and  Steele  are  valued.  He  was  born  in  Surrey,  England,  in 
1722.  At  Winchester  School  and  at  Oxford  he  was  intimate  with 
Collins,  under  whose  influence  he  published  verses  which  attracted 
the  attention  of  Dr.  Johnson.  After  beginning  to  write  for  the  Ad- 
venturer, he  had  the  hardihood  to  dissent  from  the  <(  Great  Cham,8 
and  to  hold  his  own  against  him  in  an  argument  on  the  merits  of 
Pope,  Milton,  and  Shakespeare.  The  latter  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  preparing  editions  of  Pope  (1797)  and  Dryden.  He  died  in 
London  in  February,  1800,  and  his  edition  of  Dryden,  completed  by 
his  son,  was  published  in  181 1. 

ANCIENT   AND   MODERN   ART 

Veteres  ita  miratur,  laudatque! 

—  Horace. 

(<The  wits  of  old  he  praises  and  admires.8 

«tt  is  very  remarkable,8  says  Addison,  "that  notwithstanding  we 
fall  short  at  present  of  the  Ancients,  in  poetry,  painting, 
oratory,  history,  architecture,  and  all  the  noble  arts  and  sci- 
ences which  depend  more  upon  genius  than  experience,  we  ex- 
ceed them  as  much  in  doggerel,  humor,  burlesque,  and  all  the 
trivial  arts  of  ridicule.8  As  this  fine  observation  stands  at  pres- 
ent only  in  the  form  of  a  general  assertion,  it  deserves,  I  think, 
to  be  examined  by  a  deduction  of  particulars  and  confirmed  by 
an  allegation  of  examples,  which  may  furnish  an  agreeable  enter- 
tainment to  those  who  have  ability  and  inclination  to  remark  the 
revolutions  of  human  wit. 

That  Tasso,  Ariosto,  and  Camoens,  the  three  most  celebrated 
of  modern  epic  poets,  are  infinitely  excelled  in  propriety  of 
design,  of  sentiment  and  style  by  Horace  and  Virgil,  it  would  be 


JOSEPH  WARTON  3887 

serious  trifling  to  attempt  to  prove;  but  Milton,  perhaps,  will  not 
so  easily  resign  his  claim  to  equality,  if  not  to  superiority.  Let 
it,  however,  be  remembered  that  if  Milton  be  enabled  to  dispute 
the  prize  with  the  great  champions  of  antiquity,  it  is  entirely 
owing  to  the  sublime  conceptions  he  has  copied  from  the  Book 
of  God.  These,  therefore,  must  be  taken  away,  before  we  begin 
to  make  a  just  estimate  of  his  genius;  and  from  what  remains, 
it  cannot,  I  presume,  be  said  with  candor  and  impartiality, 
that  he  has  excelled  Homer  in  the  sublimity  and  variety 
of  his  thoughts,  or  the  strength  and  majesty  of  his  diction. 

Shakespeare,  Corneille,  and  Racine  are  the  only  modern  writers 
of  tragedy  that  we  can  venture  to  oppose  to  ^Eschylus,  Sophocles, 
and  Euripides.  The  first  is  an  author  so  uncommon  and  eccen- 
tric, that  we  can  scarcely  try  him  by  dramatic  rules.  In  strokes 
of  nature  and  character,  he  yields  not  to  the  Greeks;  in  all  other 
circumstances  that  constitute  the  excellence  of  the  drama,  he  is 
vastly  inferior.  Of  the  three  Moderns,  the  most  faultless  is  the 
tender  and  exact  Racine:  but  he  was  ever  ready  to  acknowledge 
that  his  capital  beauties  were  borrowed  from  his  favorite  Euripides, 
—  which,  indeed,  cannot  escape  the  observation  of  those  who  read 
with  attention  his  (<  Phaedra  })  and  (<  Andromache. B  The  pompous 
and  truly  Roman  sentiments  of  Corneille  are  chiefly  drawn  from 
Lucan  and  Tacitus;  the  former  of  whom,  by  a  strange  perversion 
of  taste,  he  is  known  to  have  preferred  to  Virgil.  His  diction  is 
not  so  pure  and  melifluous,  his  characters  not  so  various  and  just, 
nor  his  plots  so  regular,  so  interesting  and  simple,  as  those  of  his 
pathetic  rival.  It  is  by  this  simplicity  of  fable  alone,  when  every 
single  act,  and  scene,  and  speech,  and  sentiment,  and  word  concur 
to  accelerate  the  intended  event,  that  the  Greek  tragedies  kept 
the  attention  of  the  audience  immovably  fixed  upon  one  princi- 
pal object,  which  must  be  necessarily  lessened,  and  the  ends  of 
the  drama  defeated  by  the  mazes  and  intricacies  of  modern  plots. 

The  assertion  of  Addison  with  respect  to  the  first  particular, 
regarding  the  higher  kinds  of  poetry,  will  remain  unquestionably 
true,  till  Nature  in  some  distant  age, —  for  in  the  present  enervated 
with  luxury  she  seems  incapable  of  such  an  effort, —  shall  produce 
some  transcendent  genius,  of  power  to  eclipse  the  (<  Iliad 8  and 
the  "CEdipus." 

The  superiority  of  the  ancient  artists  in  painting  is  not  per- 
haps so  clearly  manifest.  They  were  ignorant,  it  will  be  said,  of 
light,  of  shade,  and  perspective;  and  they  had   not  the  use  of  oil 


3888  JOSEPH  WARTON 

colors,  which  are  happily  calculated  to  blend  and  unite  without 
harshness  and  discordance,  to  give  a  boldness  and  relief  to  the 
figures,  and  to  form  those  middle  tints  which  render  every  well- 
wrought  piece  a  closer  resemblance  of  nature.  Judges  of  the 
truest  taste  do,  however,  place  the  merit  of  coloring  far  below 
that  of  justness  of  design  and  force  of  expression.  In  these  two 
highest  and  most  important  excellences,  the  ancient  painters  were 
eminently  skilled,  if  we  trust  the  testimonies  of  Pliny,  Quintilian, 
and  Lucian ;  and  to  credit  them  we  are  obliged,  if  we  would  form 
to  ourselves  any  idea  of  these  artists  at  all;  for  there  is  not  one 
Grecian  picture  remaining;  and  the  Romans,  some  few  of  whose 
works  have  descended  to  this  age,  could  never  boast  of  a  Parr- 
hasius  or  Apelles,  a  Zeuxis,  Timanthes,  or  Protogenes,  of  whose 
performances  the  two  accomplished  critics  above  mentioned  speak 
in  terms  of  rapture  and  admiration.  The  statues  that  have  es- 
caped the  ravages  of  time,  as  the  <(  Hercules  w  and  (<  Laocoon  *  for 
instance,  are  still  a  stronger  demonstration  of  the  power  of  the 
Grecian  artists  in  expressing  the  passions;  for  what  was  executed 
in  marble,  we  have  presumptive  evidence  to  think,  might  also 
have  been  executed  in  colors.  Carlo  Marat,  the  last  valuable 
painter  of  Italy,  after  copying  the  head  of  the  <(  Venus B  in  the 
Medicean  collection  three  hundred  times,  generously  confessed 
that  he  could  not  arrive  at  half  the  grace  and  perfection  of  his 
model.  But  to  speak  my  opinion  freely  on  a  very  disputable 
point,  I  must  own  that  if  the  Moderns  approach  the  Ancients  in 
any  of  the  arts  here  in  question,  they  approach  them  nearest  in 
the  art  of  painting.  The  human  mind  can  with  difficulty  con- 
ceive anything  more  exalted  than  <(  The  Last  Judgment B  of 
Michael  Angelo,  and  <(  The  Transfiguration w  of  Raphael.  What 
can  be  more  animated  than  Raphael's  <(  Paul  Preaching  at  Ath- 
ens B  ?  What  more  tender  and  delicate  than  Mary  holding  the 
child  Jesus,  in  his  famous  <(  Holy  Family  w  ?  What  more  graceful 
than  <(  The  Aurora y>  of  Guido  ?  What  more  deeply  moving  than 
(<  The  Massacre  of  the  Innocents,  *  by  Lebrun  ? 

But  no  modern  orator  can  dare  to  enter  the  lists  with  De- 
mosthenes and  Tully.  We  have  discourses,  indeed,  that  may  be 
admired  for  their  perspicuity,  purity,  and  elegance;  but  can  pro- 
duce none  that  abound  in  a  sublime  which  whirls  away  the  audi- 
tor like  a  mighty  torrent,  and  pierces  the  inmost  recesses  of  his 
heart  like  a  flash  of  lightning;  which  irresistibly  and  instantane- 
ously convinces,  without  leaving  him  leisure  to  weigh  the  motives 


JOSEPH   WARTON  3889 

of  conviction.  The  sermons  of  Bourdaloue,  the  funeral  oration 
of  Bossuet,  particularly  that  on  the  death  of  Henrietta,  and  the 
pleadings  of  Pelisson  for  his  disgraced  patron  Fouquet,  are  the 
only  pieces  of  eloquence  I  can  recollect  that  bear  any  resem- 
blance to  the  Greek  or  Roman  orator;  for  in  England  we  have 
been  particularly  unfortunate  in  our  attempts  to  be  eloquent, 
whether  in  parliament,  in  the  pulpit,  or  at  the  bar.  If  it  be 
urged  that  the  nature  of  modern  politics  and  laws  excludes  the 
pathetic  and  the  sublime,  and  confines  the  speaker  to  a  cold  ar- 
gumentative method,  and  a  dull  detail  of  proof  and  dry  matters 
of  fact;  yet,  surely,  the  religion  of  the  Moderns  abounds  in  topics 
so  incomparably  noble  and  exalted,  as  might  kindle  the  flames  of 
genuine  oratory  in  the  most  frigid  and  barren  genius:  much 
more  might  this  success  be  reasonably  expected  from  such 
geniuses  as  Britain  can  enumerate;  yet  no  piece  of  this  sort, 
worthy  applause  or  notice,  has  ever  yet  appeared. 

The  few,  even  among  professed  scholars,  that  are  able  to 
read  the  ancient  historians  in  their  inimitable  originals,  are 
startled  at  the  paradox  of  Bolingbroke,  who  boldly  prefers  Guic- 
ciardini  to  Thucydides;  that  is,  the  most  verbose  and  tedious  to 
the  most  comprehensive  and  concise  of  writers,  and  a  collector 
of  facts  to  one  who  was  himself  an  eyewitness  and  a  principal 
actor  in  the  important  story  he  relates.  And,  indeed,  it  may  well 
be  presumed  that  the  ancient  histories  exceed  the  modern  from 
this  single  consideration,  that  the  latter  are  commonly  compiled 
by  recluse  scholars,  unpracticed  in  business,  war,  and  politics; 
whilst  the  former  are  many  of  them  written  by  ministers,  com- 
manders, and  princes  themselves.  We  have,  indeed,  a  few  flimsy 
memoirs,  particularly  in  a  neighboring  nation,  written  by  persons 
deeply  interested  in  the  transactions  they  describe;  but  these,  I 
imagine,  will  not  be  compared  to  <(  The  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thou- 
sand, B  which  Xenophon  himself  conducted  and  related,  nor  to 
<(  The  Gallic  War w  of  Caesar,  nor  (<  the  precious  fragments w  of 
Polybius,  which  our  modern  generals  and  ministers  would  not  be 
discredited  by  diligently  perusing,  and  making  them  the  models 
of  their  conduct  as  well  as  of  their  style.  Are  the  reflections  of 
Machiavelli  so  subtle  and  refined  as  those  of  Tacitus  ?  Are  the 
portraits  or  Thuanus  so  strong  and  expressive  as  those  of  Sallust 
and  Plutarch  ?  Are  the  narrations  of  Davila  so  lively  and  ani- 
mated, or  does  his  sentiments  breathe  such  a  love  of  liberty  and 
virtue,  as  those  of  Livy  and  Herodotus  ? 
x— 244 


3890  JOSEPH   WARTON 

The  supreme  excellence  of  the  ancient  architecture,  the  last 
particular  to  be  touched,  I  shall  not  enlarge  upon;  because  it 
has  never  once  been  called  in  question,  and  because  it  is  abun- 
dantly testified  by  the  awful  ruins  of  amphitheatres,  aqueducts, 
arches,  and  columns,  that  are  the  daily  objects  of  veneration, 
though  not  of  imitation.  This  art,  it  is  observable,  has  never 
been  improved  in  later  ages  in  one  single  instance;  but  every 
just  and  legitimate  edifice  is  still  formed  according  to  the  five 
old  established  orders,  to  which  human  wit  has  never  been  able 
to  add  a  sixth  of  equal  symmetry  and   strength. 

Such,  therefore,  are  the  triumphs  of  the  Ancients,  especially  the 
Greeks,  over  the  Moderns.  They  may,  perhaps,  be  not  unjustly 
ascribed  to  a  genial  climate,  that  gave  such  a  happy  tempera- 
ment of  body  as  was  most  proper  to  produce  fine  sensations;  to 
a  language  most  harmonious,  copious,  and  forcible;  to  the  public 
encouragements  and  honors  bestowed  on  the  cultivators  of  litera- 
ture; to  the  emulation  excited  among  the  generous  youth,  by  ex- 
hibitions of  their  performances  at  the  solemn  games;  to  an 
inattention  to  the  arts  of  lucre  and  commerce,  which  engross  and 
debase  the  minds  of  the  Moderns;  and,  above  all,  to  an  exemption 
from  the  necessity  of  overloading  their  natural  faculties  with 
learning  and  languages,  with  which  we  in  these  later  times  are 
obliged  to  qualify  ourselves  for  writers  if  we  expect  to  be 
read. 

It  is    said    by    Voltaire,  with   his   usual   liveliness,    <(  We    shall 

never  again  behold  the  time  when   a  Duke   de   la   Rochefoucault 

might  go  from  the  conversation  of  a  Pascal,  or  Arnauld,   to  the 

theatre  of  Corneille."     This  reflection  may  be  more  justly  applied 

to  the  Ancients,  and    it   may    with    much    greater    truth    be  said: 

(<  The  age  will  never  again  return  when  a  Pericles,  after  walking 

with  Plato  in  a  portico  built  by  Phidias,  and  painted  by  Apelles, 

might  repair  to  hear  a  pleading  of  Demosthenes,  or  a  tragedy  of 

Sophocles. 8 

Complete.     From  the  Adventurer. 

HACHO   OF   LAPLAND 

Hacho,  a  king  of  Lapland,  was  in  his  youth  the  most  renowned 
of  the    Northern   warriors.       His    martial   achievements  re- 
main engraved  on  a  pillar  of  flint  in  the  rocks  of   Hanga, 
and  are  to    this    day  solemnly  caroled  to    the  harp   by    the    Lap- 
landers, at  the  fires  with  which  they  celebrate  their  nightly  festivi- 


JOSEPH   WARTON  389 1 

ties.  Such  was  his  intrepid  spirit,  that  he  ventured  to  pass  the 
lake  Vether  to  the  isle  of  Wizards,  where  he  descended  alone 
into  the  dreary  vault  in  which  a  magician  had  been  kept  bound 
for  six  ages,  and  read  the  Gothic  characters  inscribed  on  his 
brazen  mace.  His  eye  was  so  piercing,  that,  as  ancient  chronicles 
report,  he  could  blunt  the  weapons  of  his  enemies  only  by  looking 
at  them.  At  twelve  years  of  age,  he  carried  an  iron  vessel  of  a 
prodigious  weight,  for  the  length  of  five  furlongs,  in  the  presence 
of  all  the  chiefs  of  his  father's  castle. 

Nor  was  he  less  celebrated  for  his  prudence  and  wisdom. 
Two  of  his  proverbs  are  yet  remembered  and  repeated  among 
Laplanders.  To  express  the  vigilance  of  the  Supreme  Being,  he 
was  wont  to  say,  <(  Odin's  belt  is  always  buckled. w  To  show  that 
the  most  prosperous  condition  of  life  is  often  hazardous,  his  les- 
son was,  <(  When  you  slide  on  the  smoothest  ice,  beware  of  pits 
beneath. *  He  consoled  his  countrymen,  when  they  were  once 
preparing  to  leave  the  frozen  deserts  of  Lapland,  and  resolved 
to  seek  some  warmer  climate,  by  telling  them  that  the  Eastern 
nations,  notwithstanding  their  boasted  fertility,  passed  every  night 
amidst  the  horrors  of  anxious  apprehension,  and  were  inexpressi- 
bly affrighted,  and  almost  stunned,  every  morning,  with  the  noise 
of  the  sun  while  he  was  rising. 

His  temperance  and  severity  of  manner  were  his  chief  praise. 
In  his  early  years  he  never  tasted  wine;  nor  would  he  drink  out 
of  a  painted  cup.  He  constantly  slept  in  his  armor,  with  his 
spear  in  his  hand;  nor  would  he  use  a  battle-ax  whose  handle 
was  inlaid  with  brass.  He  did  not,  however,  persevere  in  this 
contempt  of  luxury;  nor  did  he  close  his  days  with  honor. 

One  evening,  after  hunting  the  gulos,  or  wild  dog,  being  be- 
wildered in  a  solitary  forest,  and  having  passed  the  fatigues  of 
the  day  without  any  interval  of  refreshment,  he  discovered  a 
large  store  of  honey  in  the  hollow  of  a  pine.  This  was  a  dainty 
which  he  had  never  tasted  before;  and  being  at  once  faint  and 
hungry,  he  fed  greedily  upon  it.  From  this  unusual  and  deli- 
cious repast  he  received  so  much  satisfaction,  that  at  his  return 
home  he  commanded  honey  to  be  served  up  at  his  table  every 
day.  His  palate,  by  degrees,  became  refined  and  vitiated;  he  be- 
gan to  lose  his  native  relish  for  simple  fare,  and  contracted  a 
habit  of  indulging  himself  in  delicacies;  he  ordered  the  delight- 
ful gardens  of  his  castle  to  be  thrown  open,  in  which  the  most 
luscious  fruits  had  been  suffered  to  ripen  and  decay,  unobserved 


3892  JOSEPH  WARTON 

and  untouched,  for  many  "revolving  autumns,  and  gratified  his 
appetite  with  luxurious  desserts.  At  length  he  found  it  expedi- 
ent to  introduce  wine,  as  an  agreeable  improvement;  or  a  neces- 
sary ingredient  to  his  new  way  of  living;  and  having  once  tasted 
it,  he  was  tempted  by  little  and  little,  to  give  a  loose  to  the  ex- 
cesses of  intoxication.  His  general  simplicity  of  life  was  changed; 
he  perfumed  his  apartments  by  burning  the  wood  of  the  most 
aromatic  fir,  and  commanded  his  helmet  to  be  ornamented  with 
beautiful  rows  of  the  teeth  of  the  reindeer.  Indolence  and  ef- 
feminacy stole  upon  him  by  pleasing  and  imperceptible  grada- 
tions, relaxed  the  sinews  of  his  resolution,  and  extinguished  his 
thirst  of  military  glory. 

While  Hacho  was  thus  immersed  in  pleasure  and  in  repose,  it 
was  reported  to  him  one  morning  that  the  preceding  night  a 
disastrous  omen  had  been  discovered,  and  that  bats  and  hideous 
birds  had  drunk  up  the  oil  which  nourished  the  perpetual  lamp 
in  the  temple  of  Odin.  About  the  same  time,  a  messenger  ar- 
rived to  tell  him  that  the  king  of  Norway  had  invaded  his  king- 
dom with  a  formidable  army.  Hacho,  terrified  as  he  was  with 
the  omen  of  the  night,  and  enervated  with  indulgence,  roused 
himself  from  his  voluptuous  lethargy,  and,  recollecting  some  faint 
and  few  sparks  of  veteran  valor,  marched  forward  to  meet  him. 
Both  armies  joined  battle  in  the  forest  where  Hacho  had  been 
lost  after  hunting;  and  it  so  happened  that  the  king  of  Norway 
challenged  him  to  single  combat,  near  the  place  where  he  had 
tasted  the  honey.  The  Lapland  chief,  languid  and  long  disused 
to  arms,  was  soon  overpowered;  he  fell  to  the  ground;  and  before 
his  insulting  adversary  struck  his  head  from  his  body,  uttered 
this  exclamation,  which  the  Laplanders  still  use  as  an  early  les- 
son to  their  children:  <(  The  vicious  man  should  date  his  destruc- 
tion from  the  first  temptation.  How  justly  do  I  fall  a  sacrifice 
to  sloth  and  luxury,  in  the  place  where  I  first  yielded  to  those 
allurements  which  seduced  me  to  deviate  from  temperance  and 
innocence !  The  honey  which  I  tasted  in  this  forest,  and  not  the 
hand  of  the  king  of  Norway,  conquers  Hacho. w 

Complete.     From  the  Idler. 


3893 


EDWIN   PERCY  WHIPPLE 

(1819-1886) 

>dwin  Percy  Whipple,  essayist  and  critic,  was  born  at  Glou- 
cester, Massachusetts,  March  8th,  18 19.  It  is  said  that  he 
began  to  write  for  newspapers  when  only  fourteen  years  old. 
At  eighteen  he  became  w  superintendent  of  the  newsroom M  in  the 
Boston  Merchants'  Exchange  and  several  years  later  he  wrote  a  cri- 
tique on  Macaulay,  for  which  he  was  thanked  by  Macaulay  himself. 
The  prominence  thus  given  him  was  well  improved.  He  began  a 
course  of  lectures  on  <(  The  Lives  of  Authors 8  and  continued  to  lec- 
ture successfully,  publishing  his  lectures  and  essays  and  meeting  with 
favor  from  the  public.  Among  his  works  are  (( Essays  and  Reviews, B 
1848-49;  <(  Literature  and  Life,"  1849;  (<  Character  and  Characteristic 
Men,»  1866;  "Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth, »  1869;  and  « Out- 
looks on  Society,  Literature,  and  Politics, B  posthumous.  He  died  at 
Boston,  June  16th,  1886. 


THE   LITERATURE   OF   MIRTH 

The  ludicrous  side  of  life,  like  the  serious  side,  has  its  litera- 
ture, and  it  is  a  literature  of  untold  wealth.  Mirth  is  a 
Proteus,  changing  its  shape  and  manner  with  the  thousand 
diversities  of  individual  character,  from  the  most  superficial 
gayety,  to  the  deepest,  most  earnest  humor.  Thus,  the  wit  of 
the  airy,  feather-brained  Farquhar  glances  and  gleams  like  heat 
lightning;  that  of  Milton  blasts  and  burns  like  the  bolt.  Let  us 
glance  carelessly  over  this  wide  field  of  comic  writers,  who  have 
drawn  new  forms  of  mirthful  being  from  life's  ludicrous  side, 
and  note,  here  and  there,  a  wit  or  humorist.  There  is  the  humor 
of  Goethe  like  his  own  summer  morning,  mirthfully  clear;  and 
there  is  the  tough  and  knotty  humor  of  old  Ben  Jonson,  at 
times  ground  down  to  the  edge  to  a  sharp  cutting  scorn,  and 
occasionally  hissing  out  stinging  words,  which  seem,  like  his  own 
Mercury's  (<  steeped  in  the  very  brine  of  conceit,  and  sparkle  like 
salt  in  fire.*     There  is  the  incessant  brilliancy  of  Sheridan:  — 


3894  EDWIN   PERCY   WHIPPLE 

w  Whose  humor,  as  gay  as  the  firefly's  light, 

Played  round  every  subject,  and  shone  as  it  played; 
Whose  wit  in  the  combat,  as  gentle  as  bright, 
Ne'er  carried  a  heart-stain  away  on  its  blade. w 

There  is  the  uncouth  mirth,  that  winds,  stutters,  wriggles,  and 
screams,  dark,  scornful,  and  savage,  among  the  dislocated  joints 
of  Carlyle's  spavined  sentences.  There  is  the  lithe,  springy 
sarcasm,  the  hilarious  badinage,  the  brilliant  careless  disdain,  which 
sparkle  and  scorch  along  the  glistening  page  of  Holmes.  There 
is  the  sleepy  smile  that  sometimes  lies  so  benignly  on  the  sweet 
and  serious  diction  of  old  Izaak  Walton.  There  is  the  mirth  of 
Dickens,  twinkling  now  in  some  ironical  insinuation, —  and  anon 
winking  at  you  with  pleasant  maliciousness,  its  distended  cheeks 
fat  with  suppressed  glee, — and  then,  again,  coming  out  in  broad 
gushes  of  humor,  overflowing  all  banks  and  bounds  of  conven- 
tional decorum.  There  is  Sydney  Smith, —  sly,  sleek,  swift,  subtle, 
—  a  moment's  motion,  and  the  human  mouse  is  in  his  paw! 
Mark,  in  contrast  with  him,  the  beautiful  heedlessness  with 
which  the  Ariel-like  spirit  of  Gay  pours  itself  out  in  benevolent 
mockeries  of  human  folly.  There,  in  a  corner,  look  at  that  petu- 
lant little  man,  his  features  working  with  thought  and  pain,  his 
lips  wrinkled  with  a  sardonic  smile ;  and,  see !  the  immortal  per- 
sonality has  received  its  last  point  and  polish  in  that  toiling 
brain,  and,  in  a  strait,  luminous  line,  with  a  twang  like  Scorn's 
own  arrow,  hisses  through  the  air  the  unerring  shaft  of  Pope  to  — 

<c  Dash  the  proud  gamester  from  his  gilded  car, 
And  bare  the  base  heart  that  lurks  beneath  a  star." 

There  a  little  above  Pope  see  Dryden  keenly  dissecting  the  in- 
consistencies of  Buckingham's  volatile  mind,  or  leisurely  crushing 
out  the  insect  life  of  Shadwell, — 

(C owned,  without  dispute, 


Throughout  the  realms  of  Nonsense,  absolute. w 

There,  moving  gracefully  through  that  carpeted  parlor,  mark  that 
dapper,  diminutive  Irish  gentleman.  The  moment  you  look  at 
him,  your  eyes  are  dazzled  with  the  whizzing  rockets  and  hissing 
wheels,  streaking  the  air  with  a  million  sparks,  from  the  pyro- 
technic brain  of  Anacreon  Moore.  Again,  cast  your  eyes  from 
that    blinding    glare   and    glitter,  to  the    soft    and    beautiful    bril- 


EDWIN   PERCY   WHIPPLE  3895 

liancy,  the  winning  grace,  the  bland  banter,  the  gliding  wit,  the 
diffusive  humor,  which  make  you  in  love  with  all  mankind,  in 
the  charming  pages  of  Washington  Irving.  And  now  for  another 
change, —  glance  at  the  jerks  and  jets  of  satire,  the  mirthful  au- 
dacities, the  fretting  and  teasing  mockeries,  of  that  fat,  sharp  imp, 
half  Mephistopheles,  half  Falstaff,  that  cross  between  Beelzebub 
and  Rabelais,  known  in  all  lands  as  the  matchless  Mr.  Punch. 
No  English  statesman,  however  great  his  power,  no  English 
nobleman,  however  high  his  rank,  but  knows  that  every  week  he 
may  be  pointed  at  by  the  scoffing  finger  of  that  omnipotent 
buffoon,  and  consigned  to  the  ridicule  of  the  world.  The  pride 
of  intellect,  the  pride  of  wealth,  the  power  to  oppress, —  nothing 
can  save  the  dunce  or  criminal  from  being  pounced  upon  by 
Punch,  and  held  up  to  a  derision  or  execration  which  shall  ring 
from  London  to  St.  Petersburg,  from  the  Ganges  to  the  Oregon. 
From  the  vitriol  pleasantries  of  this  arch-fiend  of  Momus,  let  us 
turn  to  the  benevolent  mirth  of  Addison  and  Steele,  whose  glory 
it  was  to  redeem  polite  literature  from  moral  depravity,  by  show- 
ing that  wit  could  chime  merrily  in  with  the  voice  of  virtue,  and 
who  smoothly  laughed  away  many  a  vice  of  the  national  char- 
acter, by  that  humor  which  tenderly  touches  the  sensitive  point 
with  an  evanescent  grace  and  genial  glee.  And  here  let  us  not 
forget  Goldsmith,  whose  delicious  mirth  is  of  that  rare  quality 
which  lies  too  deep  for  laughter;  which  melts  softly  into  the 
mind,  suffusing  it  with  inexpressible  delight,  and  sending  the 
soul  dancing  joyously  into  the  eyes  to  utter  its  merriment  in 
liquid  glances,  passing  all  the  expression  of  tone.  And  here, 
though  we  cannot  do  him  justice,  let  us  remember  the  name  of 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  deserving  a  place  second  to  none  in  that 
band  of  humorists,  whose  beautiful  depth  of  cheerful  feeling  is 
the  very  poetry  of  mirth.  In  ease,  grace,  delicate  sharpness  of 
satire,  in  a  felicity  of  touch  which  often  surpasses  the  felicity  of 
Addison,  in  a  subtlety  of  insight  which  often  reaches  further 
than  the  subtlety  of  Steele, —  the  humor  of  Hawthorne  presents 
traits  so  fine  as  to  be  almost  too  excellent  for  popularity,  as,  to 
every  one  who  has  attempted  their  criticism,  they  are  too  re- 
fined for  statement.  The  brilliant  atoms  flit,  hover,  and  glance 
before  our  minds,  but  the  subtle  sources  of  their  ethereal  light 
lie  beyond  our  analysis, — 

(<And  no  speed  of  ours  avails 
To  hunt  upon  their  shining  trails. >} 


3896  EDWIN   PERCY  WHIPPLE 

And  now  let  us  breathe  a  benison  on  these  our  mirthful  bene- 
factors, these  fine  revelers  among  human  weaknesses,  these  stern, 
keen  satirists  of  human  depravity.  Wherever  humor  smiles 
away  the  fretting  thoughts  of  care,  or  supplies  that  antidote  which 
cleanses 

<(  The  stuffed  bosom  of  that  perilous  stuff 
That  weighs  upon  the  heart,  * 

wherever  wit  riddles  folly,  abases  pride,  or  stings  iniquity, — 
there  glides  the  cheerful  spirit,  or  glitters  the  flashing  thought, 
of  these  bright  enemies  of  stupidity  and  gloom.  Thanks  to  them, 
hearty  thanks,  for  teaching  us  that  the  ludicrous  side  of  life  is 
its  wicked  side,  no  less  than  its  foolish;  that  in  a  lying  world 
there  is  still  no  mercy  for  falsehood;  that  guilt,  however  high 
it  may  lift  its  brazen  front,  is  never  beyond  the  lightnings  of 
scorn;  and  that  the  lesson  they  teach  agrees  with  the  lesson 
taught  by  all  experience,  that  life,  in  harmony  with  reason,  is 
the  only  life  safe  from  laughter  —  that  life,  in  harmony  with 
virtue,  is  the  only  life  safe  from  contempt. 


THE   POWER   OF  WORDS 

Words  are  most  effective  when  arranged  in  that  order  which 
is  called  style.  The  great  secret  of  a  good  style,  we  are 
told,  is  to  have  proper  words  in  proper  places.  To  mar- 
shal one's  verbal  battalions  in  such  order  that  they  may  bear  at 
once  upon  all  quarters  of  a  subject,  is  certainly  a  great  art.  This 
is  done  in  different  ways.  Swift,  Temple,  Addison,  Hume,  Gib- 
bon, Johnson,  Burke,  are  all  great  generals  in  the  discipline  of 
their  verbal  armies,  and  the  conduct  of  their  paper  wars.  Each 
has  a  system  of  tactics  of  his  own,  and  excels  in  the  use  of  some 
particular  weapon.  The  tread  of  Johnson's  style  is  heavy  and 
sonorous,  resembling  that  of  an  elephant  or  a  mailclad  warrior. 
He  is  fond  of  leveling  an  obstacle  by  a  polysyllabic  battering- 
ram.  Burke's  words  are  continually  practicing  the  broadsword 
exercise,  and  sweeping  down  adversaries  with  every  stroke. 
Arbuthnot  <c  plays  his  weapon  like  a  tongue  of  flame. 8  Addison 
draws  up  his  light  infantry  in  orderly  array,  and  marches  through 
sentence  after  sentence,  without  having  his  ranks  disordered  or 
his  line  broken.     Luther  is  different.     His  words   are  <(  half   bat- 


EDWIN   PERCY   WHIPPLE  3897 

tie  }) ;  <(  his  smiting  idiomatic  phrases  seem  to  cleave  into  the  very- 
secret  of  the  matter. w  Gibbon's  legions  are  heavily  armed,  and 
march  with  precision  and  dignity  to  the  music  of  their  own 
tramp.  They  are  splendidly  equipped,  but  a  nice  eye  can  dis- 
cern a  little  rust  beneath  their  fine  apparel,  and  there  are  sut- 
tlers  in  his  camp  who  lie,  cog,  and  talk  gross  obscenity.  Macau- 
lay,  brisk,  lively,  keen,  and  energetic,  runs  his  thoughts  rapidly 
through  his  sentence,  and  kicks  out  of  the  way  every  word  which 
obstructs  his  passage.  He  reins  in  his  steed  only  when  he  has 
reached  his  goal,  and  then  does  it  with  such  celerity  that  he  is 
nearly  thrown  backwards  by  the  suddenness  of  his  stoppage.  Gif- 
ford's  words  are  mosstroopers,  that  waylay  innocent  travelers  and 
murder  them  for  hire.  Jeffrey  is  a  fine  "lance,"  with  a  sort  of 
Arab  swiftness  in  his  movement,  and  runs  an  ironclad  horseman 
through  the  eye  before  he  has  had  time  to  close  his  helmet. 
John  Wilson's  camp  is  a  disorganized  mass,  who  might  do  effectual 
service  under  better  discipline,  but  who  under  his  lead  are  suf- 
fered to  carry  on  a  rambling  and  predatory  warfare,  and  disgrace 
their  general  by  flagitious  excesses.  Sometimes  they  steal,  some- 
times swear,  sometimes  drink,  and  sometimes  pray.  Swift's  words 
are  porcupine's  quills,  which  he  throws  with  unerring  aim  at 
whoever  approaches  his  lair.  All  of  Ebenezer  Elliot's  words  are 
gifted  with  huge  fists,  to  pummel  and  bruise.  Chatham  and 
Mirabeau  throw  hot  shot  into  their  opponents'  magazines.  Tal- 
fourd's  forces  are  orderly  and  disciplined,  and  march  to  the  mu- 
sic of  the  Dorian  flute;  those  of  Keats  keep  time  to  the  tones  of 
the  pipe  of  Phoebus;  and  the  hard,  harsh-featured  battalions  of 
Maginn  are  always  preceded  by  a  brass  band.  Hallam's  word 
infantry  can  do  much  execution,  when  they  are  not  in  each 
other's  way.  Pope's  phrases  are  either  daggers  or  rapiers. 
Willis's  words  are  often  tipsy  with  the  champaign  of  the  fancy, 
but  even  when  they  reel  and  stagger  they  keep  the  line  of  grace 
and  beauty,  and  though  scattered  at  first  by  a  fierce  onset  from 
graver  cohorts,  soon  reunite  without  wound  or  loss.  John  Neal's 
forces  are  multitudinous  and  fire  briskly  at  everything.  They 
occupy  all  the  provinces  of  letters,  and  are  nearly  useless  from 
being  spread  over  too  much  ground.  Everett's  weapons  are  ever 
kept  in  good  order,  and  shine  well  in  the  sun,  but  they  are  little 
calculated  for  warfare,  and  rarely  kill  when  they  strike.  Web- 
ster's words  are  thunderbolts,  which  sometimes  miss  the  Titans 
at  whom  they  are  hurled,  but  always  leave  enduring  marks  when 


3898  EDWIN   PERCY   WHIPPLE 

they  strike.  Hazlitt's  verbal  army  is  sometimes  drunk  and  surly, 
sometimes  foaming  with  passion,  sometimes  cool  and  malignant, 
but  drunk  or  sober  are  ever  dangerous  to  cope  with.  Some  of 
Tom  Moore's  words  are  shining  dirt,  which  he  flings  with  excel- 
lent aim.  This  list  might  be  indefinitely  extended,  and  arranged 
with  more  regard  to  merit  and  chronology.  My  own  words,  in 
this  connection,  might  be  compared  to  ragged,  undisciplined 
militia,  which  could  be  easily  rooted  by  a  charge  of  horse,  and 
which  are  apt  to  fire  into  each  other's  faces. 

From  an  (< Essay  on  Words.0 


3§99 


JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER 

(1807-1892) 

ihittier's  prose  has  never  competed  in  popularity  with  his 
verse,  but  he  has  an  easy  and  flowing  style,  with  frequent 
picturesque  touches  which  suggest  the  (( image-making  power B 
of  the  poet.  He  was  born  at  Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  December  17th, 
1807.  His  family  were  Quakers,  and  he  himself  remained  a  member 
of  the  (<  Society w  until  his  death.  His  early  education  was  defect- 
ive, as  he  was  obliged  to  pay  for  his  own  tuition  by  farm  work,  shoe- 
making,  and  school-teaching  in  his  vacations.  Among  his  earliest 
verses  are  those  published  in  the  Newburyport  Free  Press,  edited  by 
William  Lloyd  Garrison.  From  1828  to  1832  he  edited  successively 
the  American  Manufacturer  at  Boston,  the  Gazette  at  Haverhill,  and 
the  New  England  Weekly  Review  at  Hartford.  From  1832  to  1837 
he  managed  the  Whittier  farm  at  Haverhill  and  helped  in  the  Anti- 
slavery  agitation.  In  1838  he  went  to  Philadelphia  to  edit  the 
Pennsylvania  Freeman,  having  become  in  the  meantime  Secretary 
of  the  American  Antislavery  Society.  In  1840,  however,  he  returned 
to  Massachusetts  and  lived  there  until  his  death,  September  7th,  1892. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  poems  appeared  in   1888-89. 

THE   YANKEE  ZINCALI 

Hark!  a  rap  at  my  door.     Welcome  anybody,   just    now.     One 
gains  nothing  by  attempting  to  shut  out  the  sprites  of  the 
weather.     They  come  in  at  the  keyhole;  they  peer  through 
the  dripping  panes;  they  insinuate  themselves    through   the  crev- 
ices of  the  casement,    or    plump  down  the  chimney  astride  of  the 
raindrops. 

I  rise  and  throw  open  the  door.  A  tall,  shambling,  loose- 
jointed  figure;  a  pinched,  shrewd  face,  sunbrown  and  wind-dried; 
small,  quick-winking  black  eyes.  There  he  stands,  the  water 
dripping  from  his  pulpy  hat  and  ragged  elbows. 

I  speak  to  him,  but  he  returns  no  answer.  With  a  dumb 
show  of  misery,  quite  touching,  he  hands  me  a  soiled  piece  of 
parchment,  whereon  I  read  what  purports  to  be  a  melancholy  ac- 
count of  shipwreck  and  disaster,  to  the  particular  detriment,  loss, 


3900  JOHN   GREENLEAF   WHITTIER 

and  damnification  of  one  Pietro  Frugoni,  who  is,  in  consequence, 
sorely  in  want  of  the  alms  of  all  charitable  Christian  persons,  and 
who  is,  in  short,  the  bearer  of  this  veracious  document,  duly  certi- 
fied and  endorsed  by  an  Italian  consul  in  one  of  our  Atlantic 
cities,  of  a  high-sounding,  but,  to  Yankee  organs,  unpronounceable 
name. 

Here  commences  a  struggle.  Every  man,  the  Mahometans  tell 
us,  has  two  attendant  angels,  the  good  one  on  his  right  shoulder, 
the  bad  on  his  left.  <(  Give,"  says  Benevolence,  as  with  some 
difficulty  I  fish  up  a  small  coin  from  the  depths  of  my  pocket. 
(<Not  a  cent,"  says  selfish  Prudence,  and  I  drop  it  from  my  fin- 
gers. "Think,"  says  the  good  angel,  <(  of  the  poor  stranger  in  a 
strange  land,  just  escaped  from  the  terrors  of  the  sea  storm,  in 
which  his  little  property  has  perished,  thrown  half  naked  and 
helpless  on  our  shores,  ignorant  of  our  language,  and  unable  to 
find  employment  suited  to  his  capacity."  (<  A  vile  impostor!" 
replies  the  left-hand  sentinel.  (<  His  paper,  purchased  from  one 
of  those  ready  writers  in  New  York,  who  manufacture  beggar 
credentials  at  the  low  price  of  one  dollar  per  copy,  with  earth- 
quakes, fires,  or  shipwrecks,  to  suit  customers." 

Amidst  this  confusion  of  tongues,  I  take  another  survey  of  my 
visitant.  Ha!  a  light  dawns  upon  me.  That  shrewd,  old  face, 
with  its  sharp,  winking  eyes,  is  no  stranger  to  me.  Pietro  Fru- 
goni, I  have  seen  thee  before!  Si,  Senor,  that  face  of  thine  has 
looked  at  me  over  a  dirty  white  neckcloth,  with  the  corners  of 
that  cunning  mouth  drawn  downwards,  and  those  small  eyes 
turned  up  in  sanctimonious  gravity,  while  thou  wast  offering  to  a 
crowd  of  half-grown  boys  an  extemporaneous  exhortation,  in  the 
capacity  of  a  traveling  preacher.  Have  I  not  seen  it  peering  out 
from  under  a  blanket,  as  that  of  a  poor  Penobscot  Indian,  who 
had  lost  the  use  of  his  hands  while  trapping  on  the  Madawaska  ? 
Is  it  not  the  face  of  the  forlorn  father  of  six  small  children,  whom 
the  <(  marcury  doctors  "  had  (<  pisened  "  and  crippled  ?  Did  it  not 
belong  to  that  downcast  unfortunate,  who  had  been  out  to  the 
<(  Genesee  country,"  and  got  the  <(  fevern-nager, "  and  whose  hand 
shook  so  pitifully  when  held  out  to  receive  my  poor  gift  ?  The 
same,  under  all  disguises — Stephen  Leathers  of  Barrington  —  him 
and  none  other!     Let  me  conjure  him  into  his  own  likeness. 

"Well,  Stephen,  what  news  from  old  Barrington  ?" 

(<  Oh,  well  I  thought  I  knew  ye, "  he  answers,  not  the  least 
disconcerted.     «  How  do  you  do,  and  how's  your  folks  ?     All  well 


JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER  3901 

I  hope.  I  took  this  'ere  paper,  you  see,  to  help  a  poor  furriner, 
who  couldn't  make  himself  understood  any  more  than  a  wild 
goose.  I  thought  I'd  just  start  him  for'ard  a  little.  It  seemed  a 
marcy  to  do  it. M 

Well  and  shiftily  answered,  thou  ragged  Proteus.  One  cannot 
be  angry  with  such  a  fellow.  I  will  just  inquire  into  the  present 
state  of  his  gospel  mission,  and  about  the  condition  of  his  tribe  on 
the  Penobscot;  and  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  congratulate  him  on 
the  success  of  the  steam  doctors  in  sweating  the  a  pisen B  of  the 
regular  faculty  out  of  him.  But  he  evidently  has  no  wish  to  en- 
ter into  idle  conversation.  Intent  upon  his  benevolent  errand, 
he  is  already  clattering  down  stairs.  Involuntarily  I  glance  out 
the  window  just  in  season  to  catch  a  single  glimpse  of  him  ere 
he  is  swallowed  up  in  the  mist. 

He  has  gone;  and,  knave  as  he  is,  I  can  hardly  help  exclaim- 
ing, (<  Luck  go  with  him !  w  He  has  broken  in  upon  the  sombre 
train  of  my  thoughts,  and  called  up  before  me  pleasant  and 
grateful  recollections.  The  old  farmhouse  nestling  in  its  valley; 
hills  stretching  off  to  the  south,  and  green  meadows  to  the  east; 
the  small  stream,  which  came  noisily  down  its  ravine,  washing 
the  old  garden  wall,  and  softly  lapping  on  fallen  stones  and 
mossy  roots  of  beeches  and  hemlocks;  the  tall  sentinel  poplars  at 
the  gateway;  the  oak  forest,  sweeping  unbroken  to  the  northern 
horizon;  the  grass-grown  carriage  path,  with  its  rude  and  crazy 
bridge;  the  dear  old  landscape  of  my  boyhood  lies  outstretched 
before  me  like  a  daguerreotype  from  that  picture  within,  which  I 
have  born  with  me  in  all  my  wanderings.  I  am  a  boy  again; 
once  more  conscious  of  the  feeling,  half  terror,  half  exultation, 
with  which  I  used  to  announce  the  approach  of  this  very  vaga- 
bond, and  his  "kindred  after  the  flesh. w 

The  advent  of  wandering  beggars,  or  <(old  stragglers,"  as  we 
were  wont  to  call  them,  was  an  event  of  no  ordinary  interest  in 
the  generally  monotonous  quietude  of  our  farm  life.  Many  of 
them  were  well  known ;  they  had  their  periodical  revolutions  and 
transits;  we  could  calculate  them  like  eclipses  or  new  moons. 
Some  were  sturdy  knaves,  fat  and  saucy;  and,  whenever  they  as- 
certained that  the  (<  men  folks  *  were  absent,  would  order  provi- 
sions and  cider  like  men  who  expected  to  pay  for  it,  seating  them- 
selves at  the  hearth  or  table  with  the  air  of  Falstaff  —  <(  Shall  I 
not  take  mine  ease  in  mine  own  inn  ?  w  Others,  poor,  pale,  pa- 
tient, like  Sterne's  monk,  came    creeping  up   to   the  door,   hat  in 


3902  JOHN   GREENLEAF  WHITTIER 

hand,  standing  there  in  their  gray  wretchedness  with  a  look  of 
heartbreak  and  forlornness,  which  was  never  without  its  effect  on 
our  juvenile  sensibilities.  At  times,  however,  we  experienced  a 
slight  revulsion  of  feeling,  when  even  these  humblest  children 
of  sorrow  somewhat  petulantly  rejected  our  proffered  bread  and 
cheese,  and  demanded  instead  a  glass  of  cider.  Whatever  the 
temperance  society  might  in  such  cases  have  done,  it  was  not  in 
our  hearts  to  refuse  the  poor  creatures  a  draught  of  their  favor- 
ite beverage;  and  wasn't  it  a  satisfaction  to  see  their  sad  melan- 
choly faces  light  up  as  we  handed  them  the  full  pitcher,  and,  on 
receiving  it  back  empty  from  their  brown,  wrinkled  hands,  to 
hear  them,  half  breathless  from  their  long,  delicious  draught, 
thanking  us  for  the  favor,  as  <(  dear  good  children  M  ?  Not  unfre- 
quently  these  wandering  tests  of  our  benevolence  made  their 
appearance  in  interesting  groups  of  man,  woman,  and  child,  pic- 
turesque in  their  squalidness,  and  manifesting  a  maudlin  affection, 
which  would  have  done  honor  to  the  revelers  at  Poosie-Nansies, 
—  immortal  in  the  cantata  of  Burns.  I  remember  some  who 
were  evidently  the  victims  of  monomania,  haunted  and  hunted  by 
some  dark  thought,  possessed  by  a  fixed  idea.  One,  a  black-eyed, 
wild-haired  woman,  with  a  whole  tragedy  of  sin,  shame,  and  suf- 
fering written  in  her  countenance,  used  often  to  visit  us,  warm 
herself  by  our  winter  fire,  and  supply  herself  with  a  stock  of 
cakes  and  cold  meat,  but  was  never  known  to  answer  a  question 
or  to  ask  one.  She  never  smiled;  the  cold,  stony  look  of  her  eye 
never  changed ;  a  silent  impassive  face,  frozen  rigid  by  some  great 
wrong  or  sin.  We  used  to  look  with  awe  upon  the  <(  still  woman, M 
and  think  of  the  demoniac  of  Scripture  who  had  a  (<  dumb 
spirit. " 

One  —  (I  think  I  see  him  now,  grim,  gaunt,  and  ghastly, 
working  his  slow  way  up  to  our  door)  —  used  to  gather  herbs  by 
the  wayside,  and  call  himself  Doctor.  He  was  bearded  like  a  he- 
goat,  and  used  to  counterfeit  lameness;  yet  when  he  supposed 
himself  alone  would  travel  on  lustily  as  if  walking  for  a  wager. 
At  length,  as  if  in  punishment  of  his  deceit,  he  met  with  an  ac- 
cident in  his  rambles,  and  became  lame  in  earnest,  hobbling  ever 
after  with  difficulty  on  his  gnarled  crutches.  Another  used  to 
go  stooping,  like  Bunyan's  Pilgrim,  under  a  pack  made  of  an  old 
bed-sacking,  stuffed  out  into  most  plethoric  dimensions,  tottering  on 
a  pair  of  small  meagre  legs,  and  peering  out  with  his  wild,  hairy 
face  from  under  his  burden  like  a  big-bodied  spider.     That  w  man 


JOHN   GREENLEAP  WHITTIER  3903 

with  the  pack tt  always  inspired  me  with  awe  and  reverence. 
Huge,  almost  sublime  in  its  tense  rotundity, — the  father  of  all 
packs, —  never  laid  aside  and  never  opened,  what  might  not  be 
within  it  ?  With  what  flesh-creeping  curiosity  I  used  to  walk 
round  about  it  at  a  safe  distance,  half  expecting  to  see  its  striped 
covering  stirred  by  the  motions  of  a  mysterious  life,  or  that 
some  evil  monster  would  leap  out  of  it,  like  robbers  from  Ali 
Baba's  jars,  or  armed  men  from  the  Trojan  horse. 

Often,  in  the  gray  of  the  morning,  we  used  to  see  one  or 
more  of  these  <(  gaberlunzie  men, *  pack  on  shoulder  and  staff  in 
hand,  emerging  from  the  barn  or  other  outbuildings,  where  they 
had  passed  the  night.  I  was  once  sent  to  the  barn  to  fodder 
the  cattle  late  in  the  evening,  and  climbing  into  the  mow  to 
pitch  down  hay  for  that  purpose  I  was  startled  by  the  sudden 
apparition  of  a  man  rising  up  before  me,  just  discernible  in  the 
dim  moonlight  streaming  through  the  seams  of  the  boards.  I 
made  a  rapid  retreat  down  the  ladder;  and  was  only  reassured 
by  hearing  the  object  of  my  terror  calling  after  me,  and  recog- 
nizing his  voice  as  that  of  a  harmless  old  pilgrim  whom  I  had 
known  before.  Our  farmhouse  was  situated  in  a  lonely  valley, 
half  surrounded  with  woods,  with  no  neighbors  in  sight.  One 
dark,  cloudy  night,  when  our  parents  chanced  to  be  absent,  we 
were  sitting  with  our  aged  grandmother  in  the  fading  light  of 
the  kitchen  fire,  working  ourselves  into  a  very  satisfactory  state 
of  excitement  and  terror,  by  recounting  to  each  other  all  the 
dismal  stories  we  could  remember  of  ghosts,  witches,  haunted 
houses,  and  robbers,  when  we  were  suddenly  startled  by  a  loud 
rap  at  the  door.  A  stripling  of  fourteen,  I  was  very  naturally 
regarded  as  the  head  of  the  household;  and  with  many  misgiv- 
ings I  advanced  to  the  door,  which  I  slowly  opened,  holding  the 
candle  tremulously  above  my  head,  and  peering  out  into  the  dark- 
ness. The  feeble  glimmer  played  upon  the  apparition  of  a  gigan- 
tic horseman,  mounted  on  a  steed  of  a  size  for  such  a  rider  — 
colossal,  motionless,  like  images  cut  out  of  the  solid  night.  The 
strange  visitant  gruffly  saluted  me;  and  after  making  several  in- 
effectual efforts  to  urge  his  horse  in  at  the  door,  dismounted,  and 
followed  me  into  the  room,  evidently  enjoying  the  terror  which 
his  huge  presence  excited.  Announcing  himself  as  <(  Dr.  Brown, 
the  great  Indian  doctor, n  he  drew  himself  up  before  the  fire, 
stretched  his  arms,  clenched  his  fists,  struck  his  broad  chest,  and 
invited  our  attention  to  what  he  called  his  <(  mortal   frame. w     He 


3904  JOHN   GREENLEAF   WHITTIER 

demanded  in  succession  all  kinds  of  intoxicating  liquors;  and,  on 
being  assured  that  we  had  none  to  give  him,  he  grew  angry, 
threatened  to  swallow  my  younger  brother  alive,  and  seizing  me  by 
the  hair  of  my  head,  as  the  angel  did  the  prophet  at  Babylon,  he 
led  me  about  from  room  to  room.  After  an  ineffectual  search, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  mistook  a  jug  of  oil  for  one  of  brandy, 
and,  contrary  to  my  explanation  and  remonstrances,  insisted  upon 
swallowing  a  portion  of  its  contents,  he  released  me,  fell  to  cry- 
ing and  sobbing,  and  confessed  that  he  was  so  drunk  already  that 
his  horse  was  ashamed  of  him.  After  bemoaning  and  pitying 
himself  to  his  satisfaction,  he  wiped  his  eyes,  sat  down  by  the 
side  of  my  grandmother,  giving  her  to  understand  that  he  was 
very  much  pleased  with  her  appearance;  adding  that,  if  agree- 
able to  her,  he  should  like  the  privilege  of  paying  his  addresses 
to  her.  While  vainly  endeavoring  to  make  the  excellent  old 
lady  comprehend  his  very  nattering  proposition,  he  was  inter- 
rupted by  the  return  of  my  father,  who,  at  once  understanding 
the  matter,  turned  him  out  of  doors  without  ceremony. 

On  one  occasion,  a  few  years  ago,  on  my  return  from  the 
field  at  evening,  I  was  told  that  a  foreigner  had  asked  for  lodg- 
ings during  the  night;  but  that  influenced  by  his  dark,  repulsive 
appearance,  my  mother  had  very  reluctantly  refused  his  request.  I 
found  her  by  no  means  satisfied  by  her  decision.  <(  What  if  a  son 
of  mine  were  in  a  strange  land  ? B  she  inquired  self-reproachfully. 
Greatly  to  her  relief,  I  volunteered  to  go  in  pursuit  of  the  wan- 
derer, and,  taking  a  cross-path  over  the  fields,  soon  overtook 
him.  He  had  just  been  rejected  at  the  house  of  our  nearest 
neighbor,  and  was  standing  in  a  state  of  dubious  perplexity  in 
the  street.  His  looks  quite  justified  my  mother's  suspicions.  He 
was  an  olive- complexioned,  black-bearded  Italian,  with  an  eye 
like  a  live  coal  —  such  a  face  as  perchance  looks  out  on  the 
traveler  in  the  passes  of  the  Abruzzo  —  one  of  those  bandit  vis- 
ages which  Salvator  has  painted.  With  some  difficulty  I  gave 
him  to  understand  my  errand,  when  he  overwhelmed  me  with 
thanks,  and  joyfully  followed  me  back.  He  took  his  seat  with  us 
at  the  supper  table;  and  when  we  were  all  seated  around  the 
hearth  that  cold  autumnal  evening,  he  told  us,  partly  by  words 
and  partly  by  gestures,  the  story  of  his  life  and  misfortunes, 
amused  us  with  descriptions  of  his  grape  gatherings,  and  festi- 
vals of  his  sunny  clime,  edified  my  mother  with  a  recipe  for 
making    bread   of   chestnuts;    and    in    the    morning,   when,    after 


JOHN   GREENLEAF   WHITTIER  3905 

breakfast,  his  dark,  sullen  face  lighted  up,  and  his  fierce  eye 
moistened  with  grateful  emotion,  as  in  his  own  silvery  Tuscan 
accent  he  poured  out  his  thanks,  we  marveled  at  the  fears  which 
had  so  nearly  closed  our  door  against  him;  and,  as  he  departed, 
we  all  felt  that  he  had  left  with  us  the  blessing  of  the  poor. 

It  was  not  often  that,  as  in  the  above  instance,  my  mother's 
prudence  got  the  better  of  her  charity.  The  regular  (<  old  strag- 
glers w  regarded  her  as  an  unfailing  friend ;  and  the  sight  of  her 
plain  cap  was  to  them  an  assurance  of  forthcoming  creature 
comforts.  There  was,  indeed,  a  tribe  of  lazy  strollers,  having 
their  place  of  rendezvous  in  the  town  of  Barrington,  New  Hamp- 
shire, whose  low  vices  had  placed  them  beyond  even  the  pale  of 
her  benevolence.  They  were  not  unconscious  of  their  evil  reputa- 
tion, and  experience  had  taught  them  the  necessity  of  concealing, 
under  well-contrived  disguises,  their  true  character.  They  came 
to  us  in  all  shapes,  and  with  all  appearances  save  the  true  one,  with 
most  miserable  stories  of  mishap  and  sickness,  and  all  <(  the  ills 
which  flesh  is  heir  to.w  It  was  particularly  vexatious  to  discover, 
when  too  late,  that  our  sympathies  and  charities  had  been  ex- 
pended upon  such  graceless  vagabonds  as  the  <(  Barrington  beg- 
gars.w  An  old  withered  hag,  known  by  the  appellation  of 
<(  Hipping  Pat," — the  wise  woman  of  her  tribe, —  was  in  the  habit 
of  visiting  us,  with  her  hopeful  grandson  who  had  (<  a  gift  for 
preaching  n  as  well  as  for  many  other  things  not  exactly  compatible 
with  holy  orders.  He  sometimes  brought  with  him  a  tame  crow, 
a  shrewd,  knavish-looking  bird,  who,  when  in  humor  for  it,  could 
talk  like  Barnaby  Rudge's  raven.  He  used  to  say  he  could  ((  do 
nothin'  at  exhortin'  without  a  white  handkercher  on  his  neck 
and  money  in  his  pocket, 8 — a  fact  going  far  to  confirm  the  opin- 
ions of  the  Bishop  of  Exeter  and  the  Puseyites  generally,  that 
there  can  be  no  priest  without  tithes  and  surplice. 

These  people  have  for  several  generations  lived  distinct  from 
the  great  mass  of  the  community,  like  the  gipsies  of  Europe, 
whom  in  many  respects  they  closely  resemble.  They  have  the 
same  settled  aversion  to  labor,  and  the  same  disposition  to 
avail  themselves  of  the  fruits  of  the  industry  of  others.  They 
love  a  wild,  out-of-door  life,  sing  songs,  tell  fortunes,  and  have 
an  instinctive  hatred  of  "missionaries  and  cold  water. w 
x— 245 


39°6 


CHRISTOPH   MARTIN   WIELAND 

(1733-1813) 

(ESiDES  translating  twenty-two  of  Shakespeare's  plays,  trans- 
lating and  annotating  Cicero's  <( Letters, w  the  "Satires"  and 
(<  Epistles  w  of  Horace,  and  the  <(  Dialogues  ®  of  Lucian,  Wie- 
land  found  time  to  fill  fifty-three  volumes  with  original  poems,  plays, 
romances,  essays,  and  philosophical  treatises  on  almost,  if  not  quite, 
every  imaginable  subject,  from  the  most  spiritual  speculation  to 
<(  Komische  Erzahlungen,w  the  grossness  of  which  surprised  and  shocked 
his  admirers. 

He  was  born  near  Biberach,  in  Swabia,  September  5th,  1733.  His 
father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  educated  him  carefully.  While  still  at 
the  University  of  Tubingen,  he  wrote  his  poem  on  ((The  Nature  of 
Things, »  his  (<  Moral  Letters  »  and  (<  Moral  Tales, M  as  well  as  a  poem 
on  (<  Spring w  and  a  work  entitled  (<  Anti-Ovid. w  His  writings  of  this 
period  express  an  ascetic  and  repressive  view  of  life,  which  he  after- 
wards modified,  concluding  finally  that  the  best  philosophy  of  life  is 
that  which  promotes  self-possession  and  the  temperate  realization  of 
all  the  possibilities  of  constructive  experience.  After  living  at  Zu- 
rich from  1752  to  1759  and  at  Biberach  as  director  in  Chancery  from 
1760  to  1769,  he  was  made  professor  of  Philosophy  and  Literature  at 
Erfurt,  —  a  position  he  left  in  1772  to  become  tutor  to  Prince  Charles 
Augustus  at  Weimar,  where  he  remained  until  his  death,  January 
20th,  1813. 


ON  THE  RELATION  OF  THE  AGREEABLE  AND  THE  BEAUTIFUL 

TO  THE  USEFUL 

Balzac,  whose  M  Letters, w  once  so  admired,  would  furnish  an 
inexhaustible  fund  of  antitheses,  concetti,  and  other  witti- 
cisms for  epigrammatists  by  profession,  was  often  in  the 
predicament  of  saying  something  very  fiat  when  he  imagined 
that  he  had  said  something  very  ingenious.  Nevertheless,  he 
sometimes  made  a  good  hit,  as  one  who  spends  his  whole  life  in 
chasing  after  thoughts  necessarily  must. 

In  the  following   passage    I    am    pleased    with    the    concluding 
thought,  notwithstanding  its  epigrammatic  turn,  on  account  of  the 


CHRISTOPH    MARTIN    WIELAND  3907 

simplicity  and  luminous  truth  of  the  image  in  which  it  is  clothed. 
<c  We  must  have  books, B  he  says,  <f  for  recreation  and  entertain- 
ment, as  well  as  books  for  instruction  and  for  business.  The 
former  are  agreeable,  the  latter  useful;  and  the  human  mind  re- 
quires both.  The  canon  law  and  the  codes  of  Justinian  shall 
have  due  honor,  and  reign  at  the  universities,  but  Homer  and 
Virgil  need  not  therefore  be  banished.  We  will  cultivate  the 
olive  and  the  vine,  but  without  eradicating  the  myrtle  and  the 
rose. }> 

I  have  two  remarks  to  make,  however,  respecting  this  passage. 
In  the  first  place,  Balzac  concedes  too  much  to  those  pedants 
who  turn  up  their  noses  at  the  favorites  of  the  Muses  and  their 
works,  when  he  reckons  the  Homers  and  the  Virgils  among  the 
merely  agreeable  writers.  Antiquity,  more  wise  in  this  respect, 
thought  differently;  and  Horace  maintains  with  good  reason  that 
there  is  more  practical  philosophy  to  be  learned  from  Homer 
than  from  Crantor  and  Chrysippus. 

In  the  next  place,  it  seems  to  me  on  the  whole  to  indicate 
rather  a  mercantile  than  a  philosophical  way  of  thinking,  when 
people  place  the  agreeable  and  the  useful  in  opposition  to  each 
other,  and  look  upon  the  former  with  a  kind  of  contempt  in  com- 
parison with  the  latter. 

Presuming  that  what  we  understand  by  the  agreeable  is  some- 
thing that  violates  neither  law  nor  duty  nor  sound  moral  senti- 
ment, I  say  that  the  iiseful,  as  opposed  to  the  agreeable  and  the 
beautiful,  is  common  to  us  with  the  lowest  brute ;  and  that  when 
we  love  and  honor  that  which  is  useful  in  this  sense,  we  do  only 
what  the  ox  and  the  ass  do  likewise.  The  value  of  such  utility 
depends  on  the  greater  or  less  degree  of  indispensableness  which 
attaches  to  it.  So  far  therefore  as  a  thing  is  necessary  to  the 
preservation  of  the  human  species  and  of  civil  society,  so  far  it 
is  good  indeed,  but  not  on  that  account  excellent.  Accordingly, 
we  desire  the  useful,  not  on  its  own  account,  but  only  on  account 
of  certain  advantages  which  we  derive  from  it.  The  beautiful, 
on  the  other  hand,  we  love  by  virtue  of  an  intrinsic  superiority 
of  our  nature  over  the  merely  animal.  For  man  alone  of  all  ani- 
mals is  endowed  with  a  delicate  feeling  for  order  and  beauty  and 
grace.  Hence,  he  is  so  much  the  more  perfect,  so  much  the  more 
a  man,  the  more  extended  and  intense  his  love  for  the  beautiful, 
and  the  greater  the  refinement  and  accuracy  with  which,  by  mere 
sensation,  he  can  distinguish  different  degrees  and  kinds  of  beauty. 


3908  CHRISTOPH   MARTIN   WIELAND 

And  therefore,  moreover,  it  is  only  the  beautiful  in  art  as  well  as 
in  the  mode  of  life  and  in  morals,  that  distinguishes  social,  de- 
veloped, refined  man  from  savages  and  barbarians.  Nay,  all  the 
arts  without  exception,  and  the  sciences,  too,  owe  their  growth 
almost  exclusively  to  this  love  for  the  beautiful  and  the  perfect, 
inherent  in  man,  and  would  still  be  infinitely  removed  from  that 
degree  of  perfection  to  which  they  have  risen  in  Europe,  if  men 
had  attempted  to  confine  them  within  the  narrow  limits  of  the 
necessary  and  the  useful,  in  the  common  acceptation  of  those 
words. 

Socrates  did  so,  and  if  ever  he  was  mistaken  in  anything,  it 
was  in  this.  Kepler  and  Newton  would  never  have  discovered 
the  laws  of  the  mundane  system, —  the  noblest  product  of  human 
thought, —  if,  in  conformity  with  his  precepts,  they  had  confined 
geometry  to  mere  mensuration,  and  astronomy  to  the  mere  ne- 
cessities of  travel  by  land  and  sea,  and  to  the  making  of  al- 
manacs. 

Socrates  exhorted  painters  and  sculptors  to  combine  the  agree- 
able and  the  beautiful  with  the  useful;  just  as  he  urged  mimic 
dancers  to  ennoble  the  pleasure  which  their  art  was  capable  of 
yielding,  and  to  entertain  the  heart  together  with  the  senses. 
According  to  the  same  principle,  he  behooved  to  admonish  those 
laborers  who  occupy  themselves  with  things  essential,  to  combine 
the  useful  as  far  as  possible  with  the  beautiful.  But  to  deny  the 
name  of  beautiful  to  everything  that  is  not  useful  is  to  confound 
ideas. 

It  is  true,  Nature  herself  has  established  a  relation  between 
the  useful,  and  the  beautiful  and  graceful.  But  these  are  not 
desirable  because  they  are  useful,  but  because  it  is  the  nature  of 
man  to  enjoy  a  pure  satisfaction  in  the  contemplation  of  them,  a 
satisfaction  altogether  similar  to  that  which  we  derive  from  the 
contemplation  of  moral  excellence,  and  as  much  a  want  of  ra- 
tional beings  as  food,  clothing,  shelter,  are  wants  of  the  animal 
man. 

I  say  of  the  animal  man  because  they  are  common  to  him 
with  all  other,  or  at  least,  with  most  other  animals.  But  neither 
these  animal  necessities,  nor  the  power  and  the  effort  to  sat- 
isfy them,  constitute  him  a  man.  In  providing  food,  in  build- 
ing his  nest,  in  choosing  a  mate,  in  training  his  young,  in  bat- 
tling with  others  who  would  deprive  him  of  his  food,  or  take 
possession  of  his  dwelling, —  in  all    this    he    acts,    materially    con- 


CHRISTOPH   MARTIN   WIELAND  3909 

sidered,  as  an  animal.  It  is  the  way  and  manner  in  which  man 
—  unless  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  brute,  and  kept  therein  by- 
cogent,  external  circumstances  —  performs  these  animal  functions, 
that  distinguishes  him  from  and  raises  him  above  all  other  orders 
of  animals,  and  characterizes  his  humanity.  For  this  animal  that 
calls  itself  man,  and  this  only,  possesses  an  inborn  feeling  for 
beauty  and  order,  possesses  a  heart  disposed  to  communication  of 
itself,  to  sympathy  with  sorrow  and  with  joy,  and  to  an  infinite 
diversity  of  agreeable  and  beautiful  sentiments.  Only  this  ani- 
mal possesses  a  strong  propensity  to  imitate  and  to  create,  and 
labors  unceasingly  to  improve  what  he  has    invented    and    made. 

All  these  qualities  together  distinguish  him  essentially  from 
other  animals,  make  him  their  lord  and  master,  subject  land  and 
sea  to  his  dominion,  and  lead  him  from  step  to  step  so  far  that, 
by  the  almost  unlimited  extension  of  his  artistic  powers,  he  is 
enabled  to  transform  Nature  herself,  and,  from  the  materials 
which  she  furnishes,  to  create  for  himself  a  new  world,  more 
perfectly  adapted  to  his  particular  ends. 

The  first  thing  in  which  man  displays  this  his  superiority  is 
the  refinement  and  ennobling  of  all  those  wants,  impulses,  and 
functions  which  he  has  in  common  with  other  animals.  The 
time  which  he  requires  for  this  purpose  is  not  to  be  considered. 
Enough  that  he  finally  arrives  at  that  point  where  he  is  no 
longer  necessitated  to  beg  his  sustenance  from  mere  chance,  and 
where  the  greater  certainty  of  a  richer  and  better  support  allows 
him  leisure  to  think  also  of  perfecting  the  other  necessities  of 
life.  He  invents  one  art  after  another,  and  each  increases  the 
security  or  the  pleasure  of  his  existence.  And  so  he  ascends 
continually  from  the  indispensable  to  the  convenient,  from  the 
convenient  to  the  beautiful. 

The  natural  society  into  which  he  is  born,  combined  with  the 
necessity  of  securing  himself  against  the  injurious  consequences 
of  a  too  great  extension  of  the  human  species,  leads  him  at  last 
to  civil  society  and  civilized  modes  of  life. 

But  here,  too,  no  sooner  has  he  provided  for  the  necessary, 
for  the  means  of  internal  and  external  security,  than  we  find  him 
occupied,  in  thousandfold  ways,  with  beautifying  this  his  new 
condition.  Imperceptibly  small  villages  are  transformed  into 
large  cities,  the  abodes  of  the  arts  and  of  commerce,  and  points 
of  union  for  the  different  nations  of  the  earth.  Man  spreads 
himself  ever  further  in  all  senses  and  in  all  directions.      Naviga- 


39 IO  CHRISTOPH    MARTIN    WIELAND 

tion  and  traffic  multiply  relations  and  pursuits  by  multiplying 
the  wants  and  the  goods  of  life.  Wealth  and  luxury  refine  every 
art  whose  mother  was  want  and  necessity;  leisure,  ambition,  and 
public  encouragement  promote  the  growth  of  the  sciences,  which, 
by  the  light  they  diffuse  over  all  the  objects  of  human  life,  be- 
come rich  sources  of  new  advantages  and  enjoyments. 

But  in  the  same  proportion  in  which  man  adorns  and  im- 
proves his  external  condition,  his  feeling  for  the  morally  beauti- 
ful is  also  unfolded.  He  renounces  the  rude  and  inhuman  uses 
of  the  savage  state,  he  learns  to  abhor  all  violent  conduct  toward 
his  kind,  and  accustoms  himself  to  laws  of  justice  and  propriety. 
The  manifold  relations  of  the  social  condition  unfold  and  deter- 
mine the  ideas  of  politeness  and  etiquette,  and  the  desire  of 
pleasing  others  and  of  gaining  their  esteem  teaches  him  to  re- 
strain his  passions,  to  conceal  his  faults,  to  turn  his  best  side 
out,  and  to  perform  whatsoever  he  does  in  a  decent  manner. 
In  a  word,  his  manners  improve  with  the  rest  of  his  condition. 

Through  all  these  gradations  he  raises  himself  at  last  to  the 
highest  perfection  of  mind  possible  in  this  present  life,  to  the 
great  idea  of  the  whole  of  which  he  is  a  part,  to  the  ideal  of  the  fair 
and  good,  to  wisdom  and  virtue,  and  to  the  worship  of  the  in- 
scrutable, original  Power  of  Nature,  the  universal  Father  of 
Spirits,  to  know  whose  laws  and  to  do  them  is  his  greatest  privi- 
lege, his  first  duty,  and  his  purest  pleasure. 

All  this  we  denominate,  with  one  word,  the  progress  of  Hu- 
manity. And  now  let  every  one  answer  for  himself  the  question, 
whether  man  would  have  made  this  progress  if  that  inborn  feel- 
ing of  the  beautiful  and  the  graceful  had  remained  inactive  in  him  ? 
Take  from  him  this,  and  all  the  results  of  his  dormant  power, 
all  the  monuments  of  his  greatness,  all  the  riches  of  Nature  and 
Art  of  which  he  has  possessed  himself,  disappear;  he  relapses 
into  the  brutal  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  New  Holland; 
and,  with  him,  Nature  herself  relapses  into  savage  and  formless 
chaos. 

What  are  all  these  steps  by  which  man  gradually  approaches 
perfection  but  successive  embellishments,  embellishments  of  his 
necessities,  his  mode  of  living,  his  habitation,  his  apparel,  his  im- 
plements, embellishments  of  his  mind  and  heart,  his  sentiments 
and  passions,  his  language,  manners,  customs,  pleasures  ? 

What  a  distance  from  the  earliest  hovel  to  a  building  of  Pal- 
ladio !     From  the  canoe  of  a  Carib  to  a  ship   of    the    line !     From 


CHRISTOPH    MARTIN   WIELAND  3911 

the  three  blocks  by  which,  in  the  remotest  ages,  the  Boeotians 
represented  the  three  Graces,  to  the  Graces  of  Praxiteles!  From 
a  village  of  Hottentots  or  wild  Indians  to  a  city  like  London! 
From  the  ornaments  of  a  woman  of  New  Zealand  to  the  state 
dress  of  a  sultana!  From  the  dialect  of  the  natives  of  Otaheite 
to  the  languages  of  Homer,  of  Virgil,  Tasso,  Milton,  and  Vol- 
taire ! 

What  innumerable  gradations  of  embellishment  must  men  and 
human  things  have  passed  through  before  they  could  overcome 
this  almost  measureless  interval! 

The  desire  to  beautify  and  refine,  and  the  dissatisfaction  with 
the  lower  grade  as  soon  as  a  higher  was  known,  are  the  true, 
the  only,  and  the  very  simple  forces  by  which  man  has  been 
urged  onward  to  the  point  at  which  we  find  him.  All  nations 
which  have  perfected  themselves  are  a  proof  of  this  proposition. 
And  if  there  are  any  to  be  found  which,  without  any  special  im- 
pediment, physical  or  moral,  have  always  remained  stationary  in 
the  same  degree  of  imperfection,  or  which  betray  an  entire  want 
of  those  motives  to  progress,  which  have  been  mentioned,  we 
should  have  reason  to  regard  them  rather  as  a  particular  species 
of  manlike  animals  than  as  actual  men  of  our  own  race  and 
kind. 

If  now,  as  no  one  will  deny,  everything  which  tends  to  per- 
fect man  and  his  condition  deserves  the  name  of  useful,  where  is 
there  any  ground  for  this  hateful  antithesis  which  certain  Ostro- 
goths still  make  between  the  useful  and  the  beautiful  ?  Probably 
these  people  have  never  thought  what  the  consequences  would 
be,  if  a  nation,  which  has  reached  a  high  degree  of  refinement, 
should  banish  or  let  starve  its  musicians,  its  actors,  its  poets,  its 
painters,  and  other  artists;  in  a  word,  all  who  minister  in  the 
kingdom  of  the  Muses  and  the  Graces;  —  or,  what  would  be  quite 
as  bad,   if  it  should  lose  its  taste  in  all  these  arts. 

The  loss  of  things  which  are  incomparably  less  important 
would  make  a  great  gap  in  its  prosperity.  If  one  should  reckon 
up  to  you  what  the  consequences  would  be  to  the  French,  if 
only  the  two  little  articles,  fans  and  snuffboxes,  were  stricken 
out  from  the  number  of  European  necessities,  and  if  you  were 
to  consider  that  these  are  but  two  little  twigs  of  the  countless 
branches  of  that  industry  elicited  by  the  love  for  playthings  and 
trinkets,  wherewith  all  the  large  children  in  trousers  and  long 
coats  around  us  are  affected,  and    if   you   were    to   calculate    how 


3912  CHRISTOPH   MARTIN   WIELAND 

useful  to  the  world  even  these  useless  things  are,  and  were  to 
reflect  that  the  departments  of  the  beautiful  and  the  useful  are 
not  exclusive  departments,  but  are  so  manifoldly  intertwined  with 
each  other  that  it  is  impossible  ever  to  define  with  certainty  and 
precision  their  respective  boundaries, —  in  short,  that  there  exists 
such  an  intimate  relation  between  them  that  almost  all  that  is 
useful  is  or  may  be  made  beautiful,  and  all  that  is  beautiful  use- 
ful;—  if  you  were  to  consider  all  this,  you  would  — 

But  there  are  some  people  who,  like  the  Abderites,  grow  no 
wiser  by  considering.  He  whose  head  has,  once  for  all,  a  crook 
in  it,  will  never,  in  his  life,  be  brought  to  see  things  as  they  are 
seen  by  all  the  rest  of  the  world  who  look  straight  before  them. 

And  then  there  is  still  another  class  of  incorrigible  people  who 
have  always  been  avowed  contemners  of  the  beautiful,  not  be- 
cause their  head  is  placed  awry,  but  because  they  call  nothing 
useful  that  does  not  fill  their  purse.  Now,  the  trade  of  a  syco- 
phant, a  quack,  a  dealer  in  charms,  a  clipper  of  ducats,  a  pimp,  a 
Tartuffe,  is  certainly  not  beautiful;  it  is  therefore  perfectly  natural 
that  this  gentry  should  manifest  on  every  occasion  a  profound 
contempt  for  that  kind  of  beauty  which  yields  them  nothing.  Be- 
sides, to  how  many  a  blockhead  is  stupidity  useful!  How  many 
would  lose  their  whole  authority,  if  those  among  whom  they  had 
won  or  stolen  it  had  taste  enough  to  distinguish  the  genuine 
from  the  false,  the  beautiful  from  the  ugly!  Such  persons,  to 
be  sure,  have  weighty,  personal  reasons  to  be  enemies  of  wit  and 
taste.  They  are  in  the  condition  of  the  honest  fellow  who  had 
married  his  homely  daughter  to  a  blind  man,  and  was  unwilling 
that  his  son-in-law  should  be  couched. 

But  the  rest  of  us,  who  can  only  gain  by  being  made  wiser, — 
what  Abderites  we  should  be  if  we  suffered  ourselves  to  be  per- 
suaded by  these  gentlemen  who  are  interested  in  the  matter,  to 
become  blind  or  to  remain  blind,  in    order    that   the    ugliness    of 

their  daughters  may  not  come  to  light! 

From  Hedge's  translation. 


m 


JOHN    WILSON. 
{^CHRISTOPHER   NOR '///.») 

From  an  Engraving  by  /.  Sartain.    After  the  Painting  by  J.  Watson  G 'onion. 


3913 


JOHN   WILSON 

(«  Christopher  north  ») 

(1785-1854) 

[he  <(  Recreations  of  Christopher  North  w  and  the  <(  Noctes  Am- 
brosianae })  are  choice  examples  of  a  style  which  cannot  ob- 
tain except  when  the  <(  Republic  of  Letters w  is  dominated 
by  an  aristocracy  which  recognizes  no  one  who  cannot  translate 
a  quotation  from  Horace  at  sight.  This  applies  especially  to  the 
<(  Noctes  Ambrosianas,0  a  charming  book  for  all  who  do  not  feel  under 
compulsion  to  share  their  literary  delights  with  the  world  at  large. 
The  <(  Recreations  of  Christopher  North  w  consists  of  essays  published 
originally  in  the  Reviews  and  is  somewhat  more  popular  in  its  gen- 
eral style ;  but,  except  in  his  tales  and  poems,  Prof.  Wilson  writes 
less  to  teach  the  unlearned  than  for  the  sake  of  fellowship  with 
those  who  do  not  need  to  be  taught.  Born  at  Paisley,  Scotland,  May 
18th,  1785,  he  was  graduated  in  1807  from  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
In  1820  he  became  professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  a  position  he  retained  for  many  years.  It  gave  him 
ample  leisure  which  he  employed  in  contributing  to  Blackwood's,  the 
Quarterly  and  other  periodicals.  Maginn,  Hogg,  and  others  were 
associated  with  him  in  the  production  of  the  <(  Noctes  Ambrosianae,"  a 
series  of  papers  which  ran  in  Blackwood's  from  1822  to  1835.  Some 
of  Prof.  Wilson's  tales  were  received  with  great  favor  and  are  still  to 
be  found  in  every  representative  collection  of  Scottish  stories.  He 
died  at  Edinburgh,  April  3d,    1854. 


THE   WICKEDNESS   OF    EARLY   RISING 

I  hope  that  you  are  not  an  early  riser.  If  you  are,  throw  this 
into  the  fire  —  if  not,  read  it.  But  I  beg  your  pardon ;  it  is 
impossible  that  you  can  be  an  early  riser;  and  if  I  thought 
so,  I  must  be  the  most  impertinent  man  in  the  world;  whereas, 
it  is  universally  known  that  I  am  politeness  and  urbanity  them- 
selves. Well  then,  pray,  what  is  this  virtue  of  early  rising  that 
one  hears  so  much  about  ?  Let  us  consider  it,  in  the  first  place, 
according  to  the  seasons  of  the  year — secondly,  according  to 
people's  profession — and  thirdly,  according  to  their  character. 


3914  JOHN   WILSON 

Let  us  begin    with   spring  —  say   the   month    of    March.      You 
rise  early  in  the  month  of  March,  about  five  o'clock.      It  is  some- 
what darkish  —  at  least  gloomyish  —  dampish" —  rawish  —  coldish  — 
icyish —  snowyish.     You  rub  your  eyes  and   look   about    for  your 
breeches.     You  find  them,   and   after    hopping   about    on   one    leg 
for  about  five  minutes,  you  get  them  on.     It  would  be  absurd  to 
use  a  light  during  that  season  of  the  year  at  such   an    advanced 
hour  as  five  minutes  past  five,  so  you    attempt    to    shave    by    the 
spring  dawn.      If  your  nose    escapes,   you    are   a  lucky   man;    but 
dim  as  it  is,  you  can  see  the  blood  trickling  down  in    a    hundred 
streams  from  your  gashed  and  mutilated  chin.      I  will  leave  your 
imagination  to  conjecture  what  sort  of  neckcloth  will  adorn  your 
gullet,  tied  under  such  circumstances.      However,  grant  the  possi- 
bility of  your  being  dressed  —  and  down    you    come,   not    to    the 
parlor,  or  your  study  —  for  you  would  not  be  so  barbarous  —  but 
to  enjoy  the  beauty  of  the  morning, —  as  Mr.   Leigh  Hunt  would 
say,  <(  out  of  doors. w     The  moment  you  pop    your   phiz   one   inch 
beyond  the  front  wall,  a  scythe  seems  to  cut  you  right  across  the 
eyes,  or  a  great   blash  of  sleet   clogs    up   your   mouth,   or   a    hail 
shower  rattles  away  at  you,  till    you    take    up    a    position    behind 
the  door.     Why,  in  goodness'  name,  did  I  leave  my  bed  ?  is   the 
first  cry  of  nature  —  a  question  to  which  no  answer  can  be  given, 
but  a  long  chitter  grueing  through  the  frame.     You  get  obstinate 
and  out  you  go.     I  give  you  every  possible  advantage.     You  are 
in  the  country,  and  walking  with  your  eyes,  I  will  not  say  open, 
but  partly  so,  out  of  the  house  of  a  country  gentleman  worth  five 
thousand  a  year.      It  is  now  a  quarter  past  five,  and  a  fine  sharp 
blustering  morning,  just  like  the   season.      In    going  down    stairs, 
the  ice  not  having    been   altogether    melted  by    the    night's    rain, 
whack  you  come  upon  your  posteriors,  with  your  toes  pointing  up 
to  heaven,  your  hands  pressed  against  the  globe,  and  your  whole 
body  bob,  bob,  bobbing,  one  step  after  another,    till  you   come   to 
a  full  stop  or  period,  in  a  circle  of   gravel.      On   getting  up    and 
shaking  yourself  you  involuntarily  look  up  to  the  windows  to  see 
if  any  eye  is  upon  you  —  and  perhaps  you  dimly  discern,  through 
the  blind  mist  of  an  intolerable  headache,  the  old  housekeeper  in 
a   flannel    nightcap,    and    her    hands    clasped    in    the    attitude    of 
prayer,    turning  up  the    whites    of   her   eyes    at    this    inexplicable 
sally  of  the  strange  gentleman.     Well,  my  good  sir,  what  is  it  that 
you    propose    to    do  ?     Will  you   take    a    walk   in   the    garden  and 
eat  a  little  fruit — that  is  to  say,  a  cabbage  leaf,   or   a    Jerusalem 


JOHN   WILSON  3915 

artichoke  ?  But  the  gardener  is  not  quite  so  great  a  goose  as 
yourself  and  is  in  bed  with  his  wife  and  six  children.  So  I  leave 
you  knocking  with  your  shoulder  against  the  garden  gate  —  in 
the  intervals  of  reflection  on  the  virtue  of  early  rising  in  spring. 

March,  April,  and  May  are  gone,  and  it  is  summer  —  so  if  you 
are  an  early  riser,  up,  you  lazy  dog,  for  it  is  between  three  and 
four  o'clock.  How  beautiful  is  the  sunrise !  What  a  truly  intel- 
lectual employment  it  is  to  stand  for  an  hour  with  your  mouth 
wide  open,  like  a  stuck  pig,  gazing  on  the  great  orb  of  day! 
Then  the  choristers  of  the  grove  have  their  mouths  open  like- 
wise ;  cattle  are  also  lowing  —  and  if  there  be  a  dog  kennel  at 
hand,  I  warrant  the  pack  are  enjoying  the  benefits  of  early  rising 
as  well  as  the  best  of  you,  and  yelping  away  like  furies  before 
breakfast.  The  dew,  too,  is  on  the  ground,  excessively  beautiful 
no  doubt  —  and  all  the  turkeys,  how-towdies,  ducks,  and  guinea 
fowls,  are  moping,  waddling,  and  strutting  about,  in  a  manner 
equally  affecting  and  picturesque,  while  the  cawing  of  an  adja- 
cent rookery  invites  you  to  take  a  stroll  in  the  grove,  from  which 
you  return  with  an  epaulet  on  each  shoulder.  You  look  at  your 
watch,  and  find  it  is  at  least  five  hours  till  breakfast — so  you  sit 
down  and  write  a  sonnet  to  June,  or  a  scene  of  a  tragedy;  —  you 
find  that  the  sonnet  has  seventeen  lines  —  and  that  the  dramatis 
persona,  having  once  been  brought  upon  the  stage,  will  not 
budge.  While  reducing  the  sonnet  to  the  bakers'  dozen,  or  giv- 
ing the  last  kick  to  your  heroine,  as  she  walks  off  with  her  arm 
extended  heavenwards,  you  hear  the  good  old  family  bell  warning 
the  other  inmates  to  doff  their  nightcaps  —  and  huddling  up  your 
papers,  you  rush  into  the  breakfast  parlor.  The  urn  is  diffusing 
its  grateful  steam  in  clouds  far  more  beautiful  than  any  that 
adorned  the  sky.  The  squire  and  his  good  lady  make  their  en- 
tree with  hearty  faces,  followed  by  a  dozen  hoydens  and  hobble- 
dehoys —  and  after  the  first  course  of  rolls,  muffins,  dry  and  butter 
toast  has  gone  to  that  bourne  from  which  the  fewer  travelers 
that  return  the  better  —  in  come  the  new-married  couple,  the 
young  baronet  and  his  blushing  bride,  who,  with  that  infatuation 
common  to  a  thinking  people,  have  not  seen  the  sun  rise  for  a 
month  past,  and  look  perfectly  incorrigible  on  the  subject  of  early 
rising. 

It  is  now  that  incomprehensible  season  of  the  year, —  autumn. 
Nature  is  now  brown,  red,  yellow,  and  everything  but  green. 
These,  I  understand,   are  the    autumnal    tints    so    much    admired. 


39 1 6  JOHN   WILSON 

Up  then  and  enjoy  them.  Whichever  way  a  man  turns  his  face 
early  in  the  morning,  from  the  end  of  August  till  that  of  Octo- 
ber, the  wind  seems  to  be  blowing  direct  from  that  quarter. 
Feeling  the  rain  beating  against  your  back,  you  wonder  what  the 
deuce  it  can  have  to  do  to  beat  also  against  your  face.  Then, 
what  is  the  rain  of  autumn  in  this  country  —  Scotland  ?  Is  it 
rain,  or  mist,  or  sleet,  or  hail,  or  snow,  or  what  in  the  name  of 
all  that  is  most  abhorrent  to  a  lunged  animal  is  it  ?  You  trust 
to  a  greatcoat  —  Scotch  plaid  —  umbrella — clogs,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.; 
but  of  what  use  would  they  be  to  you  if  you  were  plopped  into 
the  boiler  of  a  steam  engine  ?  Just  so  in  a  morning  of  autumn. 
You  go  out  to  look  at  the  reapers.  Why  the  whole  corn  for 
twenty  miles  round  is  laid  flat  —  ten  million  runlets  are  inter- 
secting the  country  much  further  than  fifty  eyes  can  reach  —  the 
roads  are  rivers,  the  meadows  lakes  —  the  moors  seas  —  nature  is 
drenched,  and  on  your  return  home,  if  indeed  you  ever  return 
(for  the  chance  is  that  you  will  be  drowned  at  least  a  dozen 
times  before  that),  you  are  traced  up  to  your  bedroom  by  a 
stream  of  mud  and  gravel,  which  takes  the  housemaid  an  hour 
to  mop  up,  and  when  fold  after  fold  of  cold,  clammy,  sweaty, 
fetid  plaids,  benjamins,  coats,  waistcoats,  flannels,  shirts,  breeches, 
drawers,  worsteds,  gaiters,  clogs,  shoes,  etc.,  have  been  peeled  off 
your  saturated  body  and  limbs,  and  are  laid  in  one  misty  steam- 
ing heap  upon  an  unfortunate  chair,  there,  sir,  you  are  standing 
in  the  middle  of  the  floor,  in  puris  naturalibus,  or,  as  Dr.  Scott 
would  say,  in  statu  quo,  a  memorable  and  illustrious  example  of 
the  glory  and  gain  of  early  rising. 

It  is  winter  —  six  o'clock  —  you  are  up  —  you  say  so,  and  as  I 
have  never  had  any  reason  to  doubt  your  veracity,  I  believe  you. 
By  what  instinct,  or  by  what  power  resembling  instinct,  acquired 
by  long,  painful,  and  almost  despairing  practice,  you  have  come 
at  last  to  be  able  to  find  the  basin  to  wash  your  hands,  must  for- 
ever remain  a  mystery.  Then  how  the  hand  must  circle  round 
and  round  the  inner  region  of  the  wash-hand  stand,  before,  in  a 
blessed  moment,  it  comes  in  contact  with  a  lump  of  brown  soap. 
But  there  are  other  vessels  of  china,  or  porcelain,  more  difficult 
to  find  than  the  basin:  for  as  the  field  is  larger,  so  is  the  search 
more  tedious.  Inhuman  man !  many  a  bump  do  the  bedposts 
endure  from  thy  merciless  and  unrelenting  head.  Loud  is  the 
crash  of  clothes  screen,  dressing  table,  mirror,  chairs,  stools,  and 
articles  of   bedroom    furniture,  seemingly  placed  for  no  other  pur- 


JOHN   WILSON  3917 

pose  than  to  be  overturned.  If  there  is  a  cat  in  the  room,  that 
cat  is  the  climax  of  comfort.  Hissing  and  snuffing,  it  claws  your 
naked  legs,  and  while  stooping  down  to  feel  if  she  has  fetched 
blood,  smack  goes  your  head  through  the  window,  which  you 
have  been  believing  quite  on  the  other  side  of  the  room;  for 
geography  is  gone  —  the  points  of  the  compass  are  as  hidden  as 
at  the  North  Pole  —  and  on  madly  rushing  at  a  venture  out  of  a 
glimmer  supposed  to  be  the  door,  you  go  like  a  battering-ram 
against  a  great  vulgar  white-painted  clothes  chest,  and  fall  down 
exhausted  on  the  uncarpeted  and  sliddery  floor.  Now,  thou  Ma- 
tutine  Rose  of  Christmas,  tell  me  if  there  be  any  exaggeration 
here  ?  But  you  find  the  door  —  so  much  the  worse,  for  there  is 
a  passage  leading  to  a  stair,  and  head  over  heels  you  go,  till  you 
collect  your  senses  and  your  limbs  on  the  bearskin  in  the  lobby. 
You  are  a  philosopher,  I  presume,  so  you  enter  your  study  — 
and  a  brown  study  it  is  with  a  vengeance.  But  you  are  rather 
weak  than  wicked;  so  you  have  not  ordered  poor  Grizzy  to  quit 
her  chaff  and  kindle  your  fire.  She  is  snoring  undisturbed  below. 
Where  is  the  tinder  box  ?  You  think  you  recollect  the  precise  spot 
where  you  placed  it  at  ten  o'clock  the  night  before,  for,  being  an 
early  riser-up,  you  are  also  an  early  lier-down.  You  clap  your 
blundering  fist  upon  the  inkstand,  and  you  hear  it  spurting  over 
all  your  beautiful  and  invaluable  manuscripts  —  and  perhaps  over 
the  title-page  of  some  superb  book  of  prints,  which  Mr.  Blackwood, 
or  Mr.  Miller,  or  Mr.  Constable,  has  lent  you  to  look  at,  and  to 
return  unscathed.  The  tinder  box  is  found,  and  the  fire  is  kin- 
dled—  that  is  to  say,  it  deludes  you  with  a  faithless  smile;  and 
after  puffing  and  blowing  till  the  breath  is  nearly  out  of  your 
body,  you  heave  a  pensive  sigh  for  the  bellows.  You  find  them 
on  a  nail,  but  the  leather  is  burst  and  the  spout  broken,  and 
nothing  is  emitted  but  a  short  asthmatic  pluff,  beneath  which  the 
last  faint  spark  lingeringly  expires  —  and,  like  Moses  when  the 
candle  went  out,  you  find  yourself  once  more  in  the  dark.  After 
an  hour's  execration,  you  have  made  good  your  point,  and  with 
hands  all  covered  with  tallow  (for  depend  upon  it,  you  have 
broken  and  smashed  the  candle,  and  had  sore  to  do  to  prop  it  up 
with  paper  in  a  socket  too  full  of  ancient  grease)  sit  down  to 
peruse  or  to  indite  some  immortal  work,  an  oration  of  Cicero  or 
Demosthenes,  or  an  article  for  Ebony.  Where  are  the  snuffers  ? 
Upstairs  in  your  bedroom.  You  snuff  the  long  wick  with  your 
fingers,  and  a  dreary  streak  of  black  immediately  is    drawn    from 


39 1 8  JOHN   WILSON 

top  to  bottom  of  the  page  of  the  beautiful  Oxford  edition  of 
Cicero.  You  see  the  words,  and  stride  along  the  cold  dim  room 
in  the  sulks.  Your  object  has  been  to  improve  your  mind — your 
moral  and  intellectual  nature  —  and  along  with  the  rest,  no  doubt, 
your  temper.  You  therefore  bite  your  lip,  and  shake  your  foot, 
and  knit  your  brows,  and  feel  yourself  to  be  a  most  amiable,  ra- 
tional, and  intelligent  young  gentleman. 

In  the  midst  of  these  morning  studies,  from  which  the  present 
and  all  future  ages  will  derive  so  much  benefit,  the  male  and 
female  servants  begin  to  bestir  themselves,  and  a  vigorous  knock- 
ing is  heard  in  the  kitchen  of  a  poker  brandished  by  a  virago 
against  the  great,  dull,  keeping  coal  in  the  grate.  Doors  begin 
to  bang,  and  there  is  heard  a  clattering  of  pewter.  Then  comes 
the  gritty  sound  of  sand,  as  the  stairs  and  lobby  are  getting 
made  decent;  and,  not  to  be  tedious,  all  the  indefinable  stir, 
bustle,  uproar,  and  stramash  of  a  general  clearance.  Your  door  is 
opened  every  half  minute,  and  formidable  faces  thrust  in,  half  in 
curiosity,  and  half  in  sheer  impertinence,  by  valets,  butlers, 
grooms,  stableboys,  cooks,  and  scullions,  each  shutting  the  door 
with  his  or  her  own  peculiar  bang;  while  whisperings,  and  titter- 
ings, and  hoarse  laughter,  and  loud  guffaws,  are  testifying  the 
opinion  formed  by  these  amiable  domestics  of  the  conformation 
of  the  upper  story  of  the  early  riser.  On  rushing  into  the  break- 
fast parlor,  the  butt  end  of  a  mop  or  broom  is  thrust  into  your 
mouth,  as,  heedless  of  mortal  man,  the  mutched  mawsey  is  what 
she  calls  dusting  the  room;  and,  stagger  where  you  will,  you 
come  upon  something  surly;  for  a  man  who  leaves  his  bed  at 
six  of  a  winter  morning  is  justly  reckoned  a  suspicious  character, 
and  thought  to  be  no  better  than  he  should  be.  But,  as  Mr. 
Hogg  says,  I  will  pursue  the  parallel  no  further. 

I  have  so  dilated  and  descanted  on  the  first  head  of  my  dis- 
course, that  I  must  be  brief  on  the  other  two,  namely,  the  con- 
nection between  early  rising  and  the  various  professions,  and 
between  the  same  judicious  habit  and  the  peculiar  character  of 
individuals. 

Reader,  are  you  a  Scotch  advocate  ?  You  say  you  are.  Well, 
are  you  such  a  confounded  ninny  as  to  leave  a  good  warm  bed 
at  four  in  the  morning,  to  study  a  case  on  which  you  will  make 
a  much  better  speech  if  you  never  study  it  at  all,  and  for  which 
you  have  already  received  £2  2s.  Do  you  think  Jeffrey  hops 
out  of  bed  at  that  hour  ?     No,  no,  catch  him  doing  that.      Unless, 


JOHN   WILSON  3919 

therefore,  you  have  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  his  business  (for, 
without  knowing  you,  I  predict  that  you  have  no  more  than  a 
fourth  part  of  his  talents),  lie  in  bed  till  half -past  eight.  If  you 
are  not  in  the  parliament  house  till  ten,  nobody  will  miss  you. 
Reader,  are  you  a  clergyman  ?  A  man  who  has  only  to  preach 
an  old  sermon  of  his  old  father  need  not,  surely,  feel  himself 
called  upon  by  the  stern  voice  of  duty  to  put  on  his  smallclothes 
before  eight  in  the  summer  and  nine  in  winter.  Reader,  are  you 
a  half-pay  officer  ?  Then  sleep  till  eleven ;  for  well  thumbed  is 
your  copy  of  the  Army  List,  and  you  need  not  be  always  study- 
ing. Reader,  are  you  an  editor?  Then  dose  till  dinner;  for  the 
devils  will  be  let  loose  upon  thee  in  the  evening,  and  thou  must 
then  correct  all  thy  slips. 

But  I  am  getting  stupid  —  somewhat  sleepy ;  for,  notwithstand- 
ing this  philippic  against  early  rising,  I  was  up  this  morning  be- 
fore ten  o'clock ;  so  I  must  conclude.  One  argument  in  favor  of 
early  rising,  I  must,  however,  notice.  We  are  told  that  we  ought 
to  lie  down  with  the  sun,  and  rise  with  that  luminary.  Why, 
is  it  not  an  extremely  hard  case  to  be  obliged  to  go  to  bed 
whenever  the  sun  chooses  to  do  so  ?  What  have  I  to  do  with 
the  sun  —  when  he  goes  down,  or  when  he  rises  up?  When  the 
sun  sets  at  a  reasonable  hour,  as  he  does  during  a  short  period 
in  the  middle  of  summer,  I  have  no  objection  to  set  likewise,  soon 
after;  and,  in  like  manner,  when  he  takes  a  rational  nap,  as  in 
the  middle  of  winter,  I  don't  care  if  now  and  then  I  rise  along 
with  him.  But  I  will  not  admit  the  general  principle;  we  move 
in  different  spheres.  But  if  the  sun  never  fairly  sets  at  all  for 
six  months,  which  they  say  he  does  not  very  far  north,  are  hon- 
est people  on  that  account  to  sit  up  all  that  time  for  him  ?  That 
will  never  do. 

Finally,  it  is  taken  for  granted  by  early  risers  that  early  rising 
is  a  virtuous  habit,  and  that  they  are  all  a  most  meritorious  and 
prosperous  set  of  people.  I  object  to  both  clauses  of  the  bill, 
none  but  a  knave  or  an  idiot — I  will  not  mince  the  matter  — 
rises  early,  if  he  can  help  it.  Early  risers  are  generally  milk-sop 
spoonies,  ninnies  with  broad  unmeaning  faces  and  groset  eyes, 
cheeks  odiously  ruddy,  and  with  great  calves  to  their  legs.  They 
slap  you  on  the  back,  and  blow  their  noses  like  a  mail-coach 
horn.  They  seldom  give  dinners.  "Sir,  tea  is  ready. B  (<  Shall 
we  join  the  ladies  ?  *  A  rubber  at  whist,  and  by  eleven  o'clock 
the    whole    house   is   in   a   snore.      Inquire    into    his    motives   for 


3920  JOHN   WILSON 

early  rising,  and  it  is,  perhaps,  to  get  an  appetite  for  breakfast. 
Is  the  great  healthy  brute  not  satisfied  with  three  penny-rolls 
and  a  pound  of  ham  to  breakfast,  but  he  must  walk  down  to  the 
Pierhead  at  Leith  to  increase  his  voracity  ?  Where  is  the  virtue 
of  gobbling  up  three  turkeys'  eggs,  and  demolishing  a  quartern 
loaf  before  his  majesty's  lieges  are  awake  ?  But  I  am  now 
speaking  of  your  red,  rosy,  greedy  idiot.  Mark  next  your  pale, 
sallow  early  riser.  He  is  your  prudent,  calculating,  selfish, 
money  scrivener.  It  is  not  for  nothing  he  rises.  It  is  shocking 
to  think  of  the  hypocrite  saying  his  prayers  so  early  in  the 
morning,  before  those  are  awake  whom  he  intends  to  cheat  and 
swindle  before  he  goes  to  bed. 

I  hope  that  I  have  sufficiently  exposed  the  folly  or  wickedness 
of  early  rising.  Henceforth,  then,  let  no  knavish  prig  purse 
up  his  mouth  and  erect  his  head  with  a  conscious  air  of  superior- 
ity when  he  meets  an  acquaintance  who  goes  to  bed  and  rises 
at  a  gentlemanly  hour. 

SACRED    POETRY 

People  nowadays  will  write,  because  they  see  so  many  writing; 
the  impulse  comes  upon  them  from  without,  not  from 
within;  loud  voices  from  streets  and  squares  of  cities  call 
on  them  to  join  the  throng,  but  the  still  small  voice  that  speaketh 
in  the  penetralia  of  the  spirit  is  mute ;  and  what  else  can  be  the 
result,  but,  in  place  of  the  song  of  lark,  or  linnet,  or  nightingale, 
at  the  best  a  concert  of  mocking  birds,  at  the  worst  an  oratorio 
of  ganders  and  bubbleys  ? 

At  this  particular  juncture  or  crisis,  the  disease  would  fain 
assume  the  symptoms  of  religious  inspiration.  The  poetasters 
are  all  pious  —  all  smitten  with  sanctity  —  Christian  all  over  — 
and  crossing  and  jostling  on  the  Course  of  Time  —  as  they  think, 
on  the  highroad  to  Heaven  and  Immortality.  Never  was  seen 
before  such  a  shameless  set  of  hypocrites.  Down  on  their  knees 
they  fall  in  booksellers'  shops,  and,  crowned  with  foolscap,  repeat 
to  Blue-Stockings  prayers  addressed  in  doggerel  to  the  Deity! 
They  bandy  about  the  Bible  as  if  it  were  an  album.  They  for- 
get that  the  poorest  sinner  has  a  soul  to  be  saved,  as  well  as  a 
set  of  verses  to  be  damned;  they  look  forward  to  the  First  of  the 
month  with  more  fear  and  trembling  than  to  the  Last  Day;  and 
beseech  a  critic  to  be  merciful  upon  them  with  far  more  earnest- 


JOHN   WILSON  3921 

ness  than  they  ever  beseeched  their  Maker.  They  pray  through 
the  press  —  vainly  striving  to  give  some  publicity  to  what  must 
be  private  forevermore ;  and  are  seen  wiping  away,  at  tea  parties, 
the  tears  of  contrition  and  repentance  for  capital  crimes  perpe- 
trated but  on  paper,  and  perpetrated  thereon  so  paltrily,  that  so 
far  from  being  worthy  of.  hell  fire,  such  delinquents,  it  is  felt, 
would  be  more  suitably  punished  by  being  singed  like  plucked 
fowls  with  their  own  unsalable  sheets.  They  are  frequently  so 
singed;  yet  singeing  has  not  the  effect  upon  them  for  which 
singeing  is  designed;  and  like  chickens  in  a  shower  that  have 
got  the  pip,  they  keep  still  gasping  and  shooting  out  their 
tongues,  and  walking  on  tiptoe  with  their  tails  down,  till  finally 
they  go  to  roost  in  some  obscure  corner,  and  are  no  more  seen 
among  bipeds. 

Among  those,  however,  who  have  been  unfortunately  beguiled 
by  the  spirit  of  imitation  and  sympathy  into  religious  poetry,  one 
or  two  —  who  for  the  present  must  be  nameless  —  have  shown 
feeling;  and  would  they  but  obey  their  feeling,  and  prefer  walk- 
ing on  the  ground  with  their  own  free  feet,  to  attempting  to  fly 
in  the  air  with  borrowed  and  bound  wings,  they  might  produce 
something  really  poetical,  and  acquire  a  creditable  reputation. 
But  they  are  too  aspiring;  and  have  taken  into  their  hands  the 
sacred  lyre  without  due  preparation.  He  who  is  so  familiar  with 
his  Bible,  that  each  chapter,  open  it  where  he  will,  teems  with 
household  words,  may  draw  thence  the  theme  of  many  a  pleas- 
ant and  pathetic  song.  For  is  not  all  human  nature,  and  all 
human  life,  shadowed  forth  in  those  pages  ?  But  the  heart,  to 
sing  well  from  the  Bible,  must  be  embued  with  religious  feelings, 
as  a  flower  is  alternately  with  dew  and  sunshine.  The  study  of 
the  book  must  have  been  begun  in  the  simplicity  of  childhood, 
when  it  was  felt  to  be  indeed  divine  —  and  carried  on  through 
all  those  silent  intervals  in  which  the  soul  of  manhood  is  restored, 
during  the  din  of  life,  to  the  purity  and  peace  of  its  early  being. 
The  Bible  must  be  to  such  a  poet  even  as  the  sky  —  with  its 
sun,  moon,  and  stars  —  its  boundless  blue  with  all  its  cloud 
mysteries  —  its  peace  deeper  than  the  grave,  because  of  realms 
beyond  the  grave  —  its  tumult  louder  than  that  of  life,  because 
heard  altogether  in  all  the  elements.  He  who  begins  the  study 
of  the  Bible  late  in  life,  must,  indeed,  devote  himself  to  it  — 
night  and  day  —  and  with  a  humble  and  a  contrite  heart  as 
well  as  an  awakened  and  soaring  spirit,  ere  he  can  hope  to  feel 
x — 246 


3922  JOHN   WILSON 

what  he  understands,  or  to  understand  what  he  feels  —  thoughts 
and  feelings  breathing  in  upon  him,  as  if  from  a  region  hanging, 
in  its  mystery,  between  heaven  and  earth.  Nor  do  we  think 
that  he  will  lightly  venture  on  the  composition  of  poetry  drawn 
from  such  a  source.  The  very  thought  of  doing  so,  were  it  to 
occur  to  his  mind,  would  seem  irreverent;  it  would  convince  him 
that  he  was  still  the  slave  of  vanity,   and  pride,   and  the  world. 

They  alone,  therefore,  to  whom  God  has  given  genius  as  well 
as  faith,  zeal,  and  benevolence,  will,  of  their  own  accord,  fix 
their  Pindus  either  on  Lebanon  or  Calvary  —  and  of  these  but 
few.  The  genius  must  be  high  —  the  faith  sure  —  and  human 
love  must  coalesce  with  divine,  that  the  strain  may  have  power 
to  reach  the  spirits  of  men,  immersed  as  they  are  in  matter,  and 
with  all  their  apprehensions  and  conceptions  blended  with  ma- 
terial imagery,  and  the  things  of  this  moving  earth  and  this 
restless  life. 

So  gifted  and  so  endowed,  a  great  or  good  poet,  having  chosen 
his  subject  well  within  religion,  is  on  the  sure  road  to  immortal 
fame.  His  work,  when  done,  must  secure  sympathy  forever;  a 
sympathy  not  dependent  on  creeds,  but  out  of  which  creeds 
spring,  all  of  them  manifestly  molded  by  imaginative  affections 
of  religion.  Christian  poetry  will  outlive  every  other;  for  the 
time  will  come  when  Christian  poetry  will  be  deeper  and  higher 
far  than  any  that  has  ever  yet  been  known  among  men.  In- 
deed, the  sovereign  songs  hitherto  have  been  either  religious  or 
superstitious,  and  as  (<  the  dayspring  from  on  High  that  has 
visited  us  8  spreads  wider  and  wider  over  the  earth,  (<  the  soul  of 
the  world,  dreaming  of  things  to  come,8  shall  assuredly  see  more 
glorified  visions  than  have  yet  been  submitted  to  her  ken.  That 
poetry  has  so  seldom  satisfied  the  utmost  longings  and  aspirations 
of  human  nature  can  only  have  been  because  poetry  has  so  sel- 
dom dealt  in  its  power  with  the  only  mysteries  worth  knowing  — 
the  greater  mysteries  of  religion,  into  which  the  Christian  is  ini- 
tiated only  through  faith,  an  angel  sent  from  heaven  to  spirits 
struggling  by  supplications  and  sacrifices  to  escape  from  sin  and 
death. 

These,  and  many  other  thoughts  and  feelings  concerning  the 
(<  vision  and  the  faculty  divine, w  when  employed  on  divine  sub- 
jects, have  arisen  within  us,  on  reading  —  which  we  have  often 
done  with  delight — "The  Christian  Year,"  so  full  of  Christian 
poetry  of  the  purest  character.      Mr.  Keble  is  a  poet  whom  Cow- 


JOHN   WILSON  3923 

per  himself  would  have  loved  —  for  in  him  piety  inspires  genius, 
and  fancy  and  feeling  are  celestialized  by  religion.  We  peruse 
his  book  in  a  tone  and  temper  of  spirit  similar  to  that  which  is 
breathed  upon  us  by  some  calm  day  in  spring,  when  all  imagery 
is  serene  and  still  —  cheerful  in  the  main  —  yet  with  a  touch  and 
a  tinge  of  melancholy,  which  makes  all  the  blended  bliss  and 
beauty  at  once  more  endearing  and  more  profound.  We  should 
no  more  think  of  criticizing  such  poetry  than  of  criticizing  the 
clear  blue  skies  —  the  soft  green  earth  —  the  (<  liquid  lapse  *  of  an 
unpolluted  stream,  that  — 

(<  Doth  make  sweet  music  with  the  enamel'd  stones, 
Giving  a  gentle  kiss  to  every  flower 
It  overtaketh  on  its  pilgrimage. }> 

All  is  purity  and  peace;  as  we  look  and  listen,  we  partake  of  the 
universal  calm,  and  feel  in  nature  the  presence  of  him  from 
whom  it  emanated.  Indeed,  we  do  not  remember  any  poetry 
nearly  so  beautiful  as  this,  which  reminds  one  so  seldom  of  the 
poet's  art.  We  read  it  without  ever  thinking  of  the  place  which 
its  author  may  hold  among  poets,  just  as  we  behold  a  "lily  of 
the  field  B  without  comparing  it  with  other  flowers,  but  satisfied 
with  its  own  pure  and  simple  loveliness;  or  each  separate  poem 
may  be  likened,  in  its  unostentatious  —  unambitious — unconscious 
beauty  —  to 

<(  A  violet  by  a  mossy  stone, 
Half  hidden  to  the  eye." 

Of  all  the  flowers  that  sweeten  this  fair  earth,  the  violet  is 
indeed  the  most  delightful  in  itself — form,  fragrance,  and  color 
—  nor  less  in  the  humility  of  its  birthplace,  and  in  its  haunts  in 
the  <(  sunshiny  shade. w  Therefore,  'tis  a  meet  emblem  of  those  sa- 
cred songs  that  may  be  said  to  blossom   on  Mount  Sion. 

Poetry  in  our  age  has  been  made  too  much  a  thing  to  talk 
about  —  to  show  off  upon  —  as  if  the  writing  and  the  reading  of 
it  were  to  be  reckoned  among  what  are  commonly  called  accom- 
plishments. Thus,  poets  have  too  often  sacrificed  the  austere 
sanctity  of  the  divine  art  to  most  unworthy  purposes,  of  which, 
perhaps,  the  most  unworthy  —  for  it  implies  much  voluntary  self- 
degradation  —  is  mere  popularity.  Against  all  such  low  aims  he 
is  preserved,  who,  with  Christian  meekness,  approaches  the  muse 
in  the  sanctuaries  of  religion.      He  seeks  not    to    force    his    songs 


3924  JOHN   WILSON 

on  the  public  ear;  his  heart  is  free  from  the  fever  of  fame;  his 
poetry  is  praise  and  prayer.  It  meets  our  ear  like  the  sound  of 
psalms  from  some  unseen  dwelling  among  the  woods  or  hills,  at 
which  the  wayfarer  or  wanderer  stops  on  his  journey,  and  feels  at 
every  pause  a  holier  solemnity  in  the  silence  of  nature.  Such 
poetry  is  indeed  got  by  heart;  and  memory  is  then  tenacious  to 
the  death,  for  her  hold  on  what  she  loves  is  strengthened  as 
much  by  grief  as  by  joy;  and,  when  even  hope  itself  is  dead  — 
if,  indeed,  hope  ever  dies  —  the  trust  is  committed  to  despair. 
Words  are  often  as  unforgetable  as  voiceless  thoughts;  they  be- 
come very  thoughts  themselves,  and  are  what  they  represent. 
How  are  many  of  the  simply,  rudely,  but  fervently  and  beauti- 
fully rhymed  Psalms  of  David,  very  part  and  parcel  of  the  most 
spiritual  treasures  of  the  Scottish  peasant's  being! 

(<  The  Lord's  my  shepherd,  I'll  not  want, 
He  makes  me  down  to  lie 
In  pastures  green:  he  leadeth  me 
The  quiet  waters  by.B 

These  four  lines  sanctify  to  the  thoughtful  shepherd  on  the 
braes  every  stream  that  glides  through  the  solitary  places  —  they 
have  often  given  colors  to  the  greensward  beyond  the  bright- 
ness of  all  herbage  and  of  all  flowers.  Thrice  hallowed  is  that 
poetry  which  makes  us  mortal  creatures  feel  the  union  that  sub- 
sists between  the  Book  of  Nature  and  the  Book  of  Life! 

From  (<  Recreations  of  Christopher  North. » 


3925 


WILLIAM   WIRT 

(1772-1834) 

'irt's  <(  Letters  of  the  British  Spy,"  contributed  to  the  Rich- 
mond Argus  in  1803,  proved  so  popular  that  they  were 
republished  in  a  volume  which  passed  through  many  edi- 
tions. (<  The  Rainbow B  and  (<The  Old  Bachelor  B  were  series  in  the  style 
of  <(  The  Spectator B  contributed  by  him  to  the  Richmond  Enquirer. 
They  met  with  favor,  but  did  not  equal  (<  Letters  of  the  British  Spy  ® 
in  lasting  popularity.  Wirt  was  a  lawyer,  statesman,  orator,  and  his- 
torian, as  well  as  an  essayist.  He  was  born  November  8th,  1772,  at 
Bladensburg,  Maryland,  but  he  is  completely  identified  with  Virginia 
where  he  began  the  practice  of  law  in  1792,  and  where  he  lived  until 
his  death,  February  18th,  1834.  He  served  as  clerk  of  the  Virginia 
House  of  Delegates,  Chancellor  of  the  Eastern  Shore  and  Member  of 
the  House  of  Delegates.  He  assisted  in  the  prosecution  of  Aaron 
Burr  in  1807,  and  in  18 16  was  appointed  United  States  District  At- 
torney in  Virginia.  From  18 17  to  1829,  he  was  the  Attorney-General 
of  the  United  States.  In  1832  the  <(  Anti-Masons B  nominated  him  for 
President  and  <(  carried B  Vermont  for  him.  His  <(  Life  of  Patrick 
Henry B  is  one  of  the  most  notable  of  American  biographies,  and  his 
oration  on  the  death  of  Jefferson  and  Adams  (1826)  would  have  made 
him  famous  as  an  orator  if  he  had  done  nothing  else. 


A  PREACHER  OF  THE  OLD  SCHOOL 

It  was  one  Sunday,  as  I  traveled  through  the  county  of 
Orange,   that  my    eye  was  caught  by  a  cluster  of   horses  tied 

near  a  ruinous,  old,  wooden  house,  in  the  forest,  not  far  from 
the  roadside.  Having  frequently  seen  such  objects  before,  in 
traveling  through  these  states,  I  had  no  difficulty  in  understand- 
ing that  this  was  a  place  of  religious  worship. 

Devotion  alone  should  have  stopped  me,  to  join  in  the  duties 
of  the  congregation;  but  I  must  confess  that  curiosity  to  hear 
the  preacher  of  such  a  wilderness  was  not  the  least  of  my 
motives.  On  entering,  I  was  struck  with  his  preternatural  ap- 
pearance :  he  was  a  tall  and  very  spare  old  man ;  his  head,  which 
was  covered  with  a  white  linen  cap,  his  shriveled  hands,  and  his 


3926  WILLIAM   WIRT 

voice,  were  all  shaking  under  the  influence  of  a  palsy ;  and  a  few 
moments  ascertained  to  me  that  he  was  perfectly  blind. 

The  first  emotions  which  touched  my  breast  were  those  of 
mingled  pity  and  veneration.  But  ah !  sacred  God !  how  soon 
were  all  my  feelings  changed!  The  lips  of  Plato  were  never 
more  worthy  of  a  prognostic  swarm  of  bees  than  were  the  lips 
of  this  holy  man!  It  was  a  day  of  the  administration  of  the 
Sacrament;  and  his  subject,  of  course,  was  the  passion  of  our 
Savior.  I  had  heard  the  subject  handled  a  thousand  times;  I 
had  thought  it  exhausted  long  ago.  Little  did  I  suppose  that  in 
the  wild  woods  of  America  I  was  to  meet  with  a  man  whose 
eloquence  would  give  to  this  topic  a  new  and  more  sublime  pa- 
thos than  I  had  ever  before  witnessed. 

As  he  descended  from  the  pulpit  to  distribute  the  mystic 
symbols,  there  was  a  peculiar,  a  more  than  human,  solemnity  in 
his  air  and  manner  which  made  my  blood  run  cold  and  my  whole 
frame  shiver. 

He  then  drew  a  picture  of  the  sufferings  of  our  Savior;  his 
trial  before  Pilate;  his  ascent  up  Calvary;  his  crucifixion,  and 
his  death.  I  knew  the  whole  history;  but  never,  until  then,  had 
I  heard  the  circumstances  so  selected,  so  arranged,  so  colored ! 
It  was  all  new:  and  I  seemed  to  have  heard  it  for  the  first  time 
in  my  life.  His  enunciation  was  so  deliberate  that  his  voice 
trembled  on  every  syllable;  and  every  heart  in  the  assembly 
trembled  in  unison.  His  peculiar  phrases  had  that  force  of  de- 
scription that  the  original  scene  appeared  to  be,  at  that  moment, 
acting  before  our  eyes.  We  saw  the  very  faces  of  the  Jews: 
the  staring,  frightful  distortions  of  malice  and  rage.  We  saw  the 
buffet;  my  soul  kindled  with  a  flame  of  indignation;  and  my 
hands  were  involuntarily  and  convulsively  clinched. 

But  when  he  came  to  touch  on  the  patience,  the  forgiving 
meekness  of  our  Savior;  when  he  drew,  to  the  life,  his  blessed 
eyes  streaming  in  tears  to  heaven;  his  voice  breathing  to  God  a 
soft  and  gentle  prayer  of  pardon  for  his  enemies,  <(  Father,  forgive 
them,  for  they  know  not  what  they  do w  —  the  voice  of  the 
preacher,  which  had  all  along  faltered,  grew  fainter  and  fainter, 
until  his  utterance  being  entirely  obstructed  by  the  force  of  his 
feelings,  he  raised  his  handkerchief  to  his  eyes,  and  burst  into  a 
loud  and  irrepressible  flood  of  grief.  The  effect  is  inconceiv- 
able. The  whole  house  resounded  with  the  mingled  groans  and 
sobs  and  shrieks  of  the  congregation. 


WILLIAM    WIRT  3927 

It  was  some  time  before  the  tumult  had  subsided  so  far  as 
to  permit  him  to  proceed.  Indeed,  judging  by  the  usual,  but 
fallacious  standard  of  my  own  weakness,  I  began  to  be  very  un- 
easy for  the  situation  of  the  preacher.  For  I  could  not  conceive 
how  he  would  be  able  to  let  his  audience  down  from  the  height 
to  which  he  had  wound  them,  without  impairing  the  solemnity 
and  dignity  of  his  subject,  or  perhaps  shocking  them  by  the 
abruptness  of  the  fall.  But  —  no;  the  descent  was  as  beautiful 
and  sublime  as  the  elevation  had  been  rapid  and  enthusiastic. 

The  first  sentence  with  which  he  broke  the  awful  silence  was 
a  quotation  from  Rousseau,  ((  Socrates  died  like  a  philosopher,  but 
Jesus  Christ  like  a  God !  M 

I  despair  of  giving  you  any  idea  of  the  effect  produced  by  this 
short  sentence,  unless  you  could  perfectly  conceive  the  whole 
manner  of  the  man,  as  well  as  the  peculiar  crisis  in  the  discourse. 
Never  before  did  I  completely  understand  what  Demosthenes 
meant  by  laying  such  stress  on  delivery.  You  are  to  bring  be- 
fore you  the  venerable  figure  of  the  preacher;  his  blindness, 
constantly  recalling  to  your  recollection  old  Homer,  Ossian,  and 
Milton,  and  associating  with  his  performance  the  melancholy 
grandeur  of  their  geniuses;  you  are  to  imagine  that  you  hear 
his  slow,  solemn,  well-accented  enunciation,  and  his  voice  of 
affecting,  trembling  melody;  you  are  to  remember  the  pitch  of 
passion  and  enthusiasm  to  which  the  congregation  were  raised; 
and  then,  the  few  minutes  of  portentous,  deathlike  silence  which 
reigned  throughout  the  house;  the  preacher  removing  his  white 
handkerchief  from  his  aged  face  (even  yet  wet  from  the  recent 
torrent  of  his  tears),  and  slowly  stretching  forth  the  palsied  hand 
which  holds  it,  begins  the  sentence,  ((  Socrates  died  like  a  philos- 
opher w  —  then  pausing,  raising  his  other  hand,  pressing  them 
both  clasped  together,  with  warmth  and  energy  to  his  breast, 
lifting  his  <(  sightless  balls  w  to  heaven,  and  pouring  his  whole  soul 
into  his  tremulous  voice  —  w  but  Jesus  Christ  —  like  a  God !  B  If 
he  had  been,  in  deed  and  in  truth,  an  angel  of  light,  the  effect 
could  scarcely  have  been  more  divine. 

Whatever  I  had  been  able  to  conceive  of  the  sublimity  of 
Massillon,  or  the  force  of  Bourdaloue,  had  fallen  far  short  of  the 
power  which  I  felt  from  the  delivery  of  this  simple  sentence. 
The  blood,  which  just  before  had  rushed  in  a  hurricane  upon  my 
brain,  and,  in  the  violence  and  agony  of  my  feelings,  had  held 
my  whole  system  in  suspense,  now  ran  back  into  my  heart,  with 


3928  WILLIAM    WIRT 

a  sensation  which  I  cannot  describe  —  a  kind  of  shuddering  de- 
licious horror!  The  paroxysm  of  blended  pity  and  indignation, 
to  which  I  had  been  transported,  subsided  into  the  deepest  self- 
abasement,  humility,  and  adoration.  I  had  just  been  lacerated 
and  dissolved  by  sympathy  for  our  Savior  as  a  fellow-creature; 
but  now,  with  fear  and  trembling,  I  adored  him  as  — <(  a  God !  w 

If  this  description  gives  you  the  impression  that  this  incom- 
parable minister  had  anything  of  shallow,  theatrical  trick  in  his 
manner,  it  does  him  great  injustice.  I  have  never  seen,  in  any 
other  orator,  such  a  union  of  simplicity  and  majesty.  He  has 
not  a  gesture,  an  attitude,  or  an  accent,  to  which  he  does  not 
seem  forced,  by  the  sentiment  which  he  is  expressing.  His  mind 
is  too  serious,  too  earnest,  too  solicitous,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
too  dignified,  to  stoop  to  artifice.  Although  as  far  removed  from 
ostentation  as  a  man  can  be,  yet  it  is  clear  from  the  train,  the 
style  and  substance  of  his  thoughts,  that  he  is  not  only  a  very 
polite  scholar,  but  a  man  of  extensive  and  profound  erudition.  I 
was  forcibly  struck  with  a  short,  yet  beautiful  character  which  he 
drew  of  our  learned  and  amiable  countryman,  Sir  Robert  Boyle. 
He  spoke  of  him  as  if  <(his  noble  mind  had  even  before  death, 
divested  herself  of  all  influence  from  his  frail  tabernacle  of 
flesh  )J ;  and  called  him,  in  his  peculiarly  emphatic  and  impressive 
manner,  (<a  pure  intelligence:  the  link  between  men  and  angels. B 

This  man  has  been  before  my  imagination  almost  ever  since. 
A  thousand  times,  as  I  rode  along,  I  dropped  the  reins  of  my 
bridle,  stretched  forth  my  hand,  and  tried  to  imitate  his  quota- 
tion from  Rousseau;  a  thousand  times  I  abandoned  the  attempt 
in  despair,  and  felt  persuaded  that  his  peculiar  manner  and 
power  arose  from  an  energy  of  soul,  which  nature  could  give, 
but  which  no  human  being  could  justly  copy.  In  short,  he  seems 
to  be  altogether  a  being  of  a  former  age,  or  of  a  totally  different 
nature  from  the  rest  of  men. 

From  (<  Letters  of  the   British   Spy. » 


WILLI  A  M    1 1  'OLDS  1 1 VR  LIL 
After  (X  Steel  Plate  Engraved  from  a  Drawing  from  Life. 


3929 


WILLIAM  WORDSWORTH 
(1770-1850) 

Iordsworth's  answer  to  the  question  <(  What  is  a  poet  ?  »  would 
be  one  of  the  most  important  pieces  of  English  prose,  if  it 
had  no  other  merit  than  that  of  suggesting  the  reasons  for 
the  position  he  assumed  when  against  the  general  judgment  of  his 
contemporaries  he  attempted  to  illustrate  poetry  as  the  simple  and 
natural  expression  of  what  is  of  all  things  in  man,  the  most  natural, 
the  least  artificial  —  the  intuitions  and  emotions  of  which,  when  they 
are  unperverted,  reason  is  properly  the  servant.  As  his  method  was 
a  protest  against  the  artificiality  of  the  school  of  Pope,  a  needless 
quarrel  and  much  bitterness  resulted.  The  solution  of  the  whole  dif- 
ficulty seems  to  be  that  verse  is  not  necessarily  poetry  because  it  is 
simple,  and  that  it  may  easily  cease  to  be  poetry  by  becoming  too 
highly  artistic  in  its  forms  of  expression.  Wordsworth  himself  wrote 
a  good  deal  of  more  or  less  metrical  prose,  generally  of  a  good 
literary  quality,  in  illustrating  his  theories  of  simplicity,  just  as  dis- 
ciples of  Pope  wrote  in  intolerably  good  metre  much  that  was 
neither  prose  nor  poetry,  nor  in  any  true  sense  literature.  But  over 
and  above  all  this,  poetry  is  what  Wordsworth  calls  it  — <(  the  impas- 
sioned expression  which  is  in  the  countenance  of  all  science, w  Mthe 
first  and  last  of  all  knowledge  9 — w  as  immortal  as  the  heart  of  man." 
Born  in  Cumberland,  England,  April  7th,  1770,  Wordsworth  be- 
came Poet  Laureate  in  1843  and  died  April  23d,  1850.  With  Coleridge 
and  Southey,  he  established  the  Lake  School  of  English  poetry  as 
a  protest  against  the  formalism  of  Pope.  The  radical  revolution  in 
the  mode  of  poetical  expression  which  followed  may  have  been  due 
to  such  conscious  effort  as  that  of  the  Lake  Poets,  but  no  doubt 
the  influence  of  the  intense  and  wholly  unartificial  melody  of  the 
verse  of  Robert  Burns  would  have  finally  brought  about  the  same  re- 
sult even  had  no  theory  of  opposition  to  Pope  been  formulated.  It 
is  curious  that  while  the  sonnet  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  highly 
artificial  form  of  versification,  Wordsworth's  theories  of  simplicity 
and  naturalness  are  illustrated  in  his  sonnets  more  pleasingly  than 
in  either  the  (<  Prelude  w  or  the  tt  Excursion. w 

W.  V.  B. 


393°  WILLIAM    WORDSWORTH 


WHAT    IS   A    POET? 

Taking  up  the  subject  upon  general  grounds.  I  ask  what  is 
meant  by  the  word  Poet  -  What  is  a  poet  ?  To  whom 
does  he  address  himself  :  And  what  language  is  to  be  ex- 
pected from  him?  He  is  a  man  speaking  to  men:  a  man,  it  is 
true,  endued  with  more  lively  sensibility,  more  enthusiasm  and 
tenderness,  who  has  a  greater  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and  a 
more  comprehensive  soul,  than  are  supposed  to  be  common 
among  mankind;  a  man  pleased  with  his  own  passions  and  voli- 
tions, and  who  rejoices  more  than  other  men  in  the  spirit  of  life 
that  is  in  him :  delighting  to  contemplate  similar  volitions  and 
passions  as  manifested  in  the  goings  on  of  the  universe,  and 
habitually  impelled  to  create  them  where  he  does  not  find  them. 
To  these  qualities  he  has  added  a  disj  sition  to  be  affected  more 
than  other  men  by  absent  things  as  if  they  were  present:  an 
ability  of  conjuring  up  in  himself  passions,  which  are  indeed 
far  from  being  the  same  as  those  produced  by  real  events,  yet 
especially  in  those  parts  of  the  general  sympathy  which  are  pleas- 
ing and  delightful)  do  more  nearly  resemble  the  passions  pro- 
duced by  real  events  than  anything  which,  from  the  motions  f 
their  own  minds  merely,  other  men  are  accustomed  I  feel  in 
themselves;  whence,  and  from  pi  -.  he  has  acquired  a  greater 

adiness  and  power  in  expressing  what  he  thinks  and  feels,  and 
especially  those  thoughts  and  feelings  which,  by  his  own  choice, 
or  from  the  structure  of  his  own  mind,  arise  in  him  without  ini- 
tiate external  excitement. 

But  whatever  per:-  o  of  this  faculty  we  may  suppose  even 
the  greatest  poet  t  |  ssess,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  but  that 
the  language    which  ill   suggest    to    him   mas:,    in    liveliness 

and  truth,  fall  far  short  of  that  which  is  uttered  by  men  in  real 
life,  under  the  actual  pressure  of  those  passions,  certain  shade  - 
of  which  the  poet  thus  produces,  or  feels  to  be  produced,  in 
himself. 

However  exalted  a  notion  we  would  wish  to  cherish  of  the 
character  of  a  poet,  i:  is  obvious  that,  while  he  cescr:'r;s  and 
imitates  passions,  his  situation  is  altogether  slavish  and  mechani- 
cal, compared  with  the  freedom  and  power  of  real  and  substantial 
acta  a  and  suffering.  Sc  that  it  will  be  the  wish  of  the  poet  to 
bring  his  feelings  near  t     those  of  the  persons  whose   feelings  he 


WILLIAM   WORDSWORTH  5051 

describes,  nay.  for  short  spaces  of  time,  perhaps,  to  let  himself 
slip  into  an  entire  delusion,  and  even  confound  and  identify  his 
own  feelings  with  theirs;  modifying  only  the  language  which  is 
thus  suggested  to  him  by  a  consideration  tha:  ;-.e  describes  for  a 
particular  purpose,  that  of  giving-  pleasure.  Here,  then,  he  will 
apply  the  principle  on  which  I  have  so  much  insisted,  namelv, 
that  of  selection:  on  this  he  will  depend  for  removing  what  would 
otherwise  be  painful  or  disgusting  in  the  passion:  he  will  feel 
that  there  is  no  necessity  to  trick  out  or  elevate  nature;  and,  the 
more  industriously  he  applies  this  principle,  the  deeper  will  be 
his  faith  that  no  words  which  his  fancv  or  imagination  can  susr- 
gest  will  bear  to  be  compared  with  those  which  are  the  emana- 
tions of  reality  and  truth. 

But  it  may  be  said  by  those  who  do  not  object  to  the  general 
spirit  of  these  remarks,  that,  as  it  is  impossible  for  the  poet  to 
produce  upon  all  occasions  language  as  exquisitely  fitted  for  the 
passion  as  that  which  the  real  passion  itself  suggests,  it  is  proper 
that  he  should  consider  himself  as  in  the  situation  of  a  translator, 
who  deems  himself  justified  when  he  substitutes  excellences  of 
another  kind  for  those  which  are  unattainable  by  him ;  and  en- 
deavors occasionally  to  surpass  his  original,  in  order  to  make 
some  amends  for  the  general  inferiority  to  which  he  feels  that 
he  must  submit.  But  this  would  be  to  encourage  idleness  and 
unmanly  despair.  Further,  it  is  the  language  of  men  who  speak 
of  what  they  do  not  understand ;  who  talk  of  poetry  as  of  a 
matter  of  amusement  and  idle  pleasure;  who  will  converse  with 
us  as  gravely  about  a  taste  for  poetry,  as  they  express  it,  as  if 
it  were  a  thing  as  indifferent  as  a  taste  for  ropedancing.  or  Fron- 
tignac.  or  Sherry.  Aristotle.  I  have  been  told,  hath  said  that 
poetry  is  the  most  philosophic  of  all  writing:  it  is  so:  its  object 
is  truth,  not  individual  and  local,  but  general  and  operative ;  not 
standing  upon  external  testimony,  but  carried  alive  into  the  heart 
by  passion ;  truth  which  is  its  own  testimony,  which  gives  strength 
and  divinity  to  the  tribunal  to  which  it  appeals,  and  receives  them 
from  the  same  tribunal.  Poetrv  is  the  imaofe  of  man  and  nature. 
The  obstacles  which  stand  in  the  way  of  the  fidelitv  of  the  bio°ra- 
pher  and  historian,  and  of  their  consequent  utility,  are  incalculably 
greater  than  those  which  are  to  be  encountered  by  the  poet  who 
has  an  adequate  notion  of  the  dignity  of  his  art.  The  poet 
writes  under  one  restriction  only,  namely,  that  of  the  necessity 
of  giving  immediate  pleasure  to  a  human  being  possessed  of  that 


3932  WILLIAM   WORDSWORTH 

information  which  may  be  expected  from  him,  not  as  a  lawyer, 
a  physician,  a  mariner,  an  astronomer,  or  a  natural  philosopher, 
but  as  a  man.  Except  this  one  restriction,  there  is  no  object 
standing  between  the  poet  and  the  image  of  things:  between  this 
and  the  biographer  and  the  historian  there  are  a  thousand. 

Nor  let  this  necessity  of  producing  immediate  pleasure  be 
considered  as  a  degradation  of  the  poet's  art.  It  is  far  otherwise. 
It  is  an  acknowledgment  of  the  beauty  of  the  universe,  an  ac- 
knowledgment the  more  sincere  because  it  is  not  formal,  but  in- 
direct; it  is  a  task  light  and  easy  to  him  who  looks  at  the 
world  in  the  spirit  of  love:  further,  it  is  an  homage  paid  to  the 
native  and  naked  dignity  of  man,  to  the  grand  elementary  prin- 
ciple of  pleasure,  by  which  he  knows,  and  feels,  and  lives,  and 
moves.  We  have  no  sympathy  but  what  is  propagated  by  pleas- 
ure. I  would  not  be  misunderstood,  but  wherever  we  sympathize 
with  pain  it  will  be  found  that  the  sympathy  is  produced  and 
carried  on  by  subtle  combinations  with  pleasure.  We  have  no 
knowledge,  that  is,  no  general  principles  drawn  from  the  con- 
templation of  particular  facts,  but  what  has  been  built  up  by 
pleasure,  and  exists  in  us  by  pleasure  alone.  The  man  of  science, 
the  chemist,  and  mathematician,  whatever  difficulties  and  disgusts 
they  may  have  had  to  struggle  with,  know  and  feel  this.  How- 
ever painful  may  be  the  objects  with  which  the  anatomist's 
knowledge  is  connected,  he  feels  that  his  knowledge  is  pleasure; 
and  where  he  has  no  pleasure  he  has  no  knowledge.  What  then 
does  the  poet  ?  He  considers  man  and  the  objects  that  surround 
him  as  acting  and  reacting  upon  each  other,  so  as  to  produce  an 
infinite  complexity  of  pain  and  pleasure;  he  considers  man  in 
his  own  nature  and  in  his  ordinary  life  as  contemplating  this 
with  a  certain  quantity  of  immediate  knowledge,  with  certain 
convictions,  intuitions,  and  deductions,  which  by  habit  become  of 
the  nature  of  intuitions;  he  considers  him  as  looking  upon  this 
complex  scene  of  ideas  and  sensations,  and  finding  everywhere 
objects  that  immediately  excite  in  him  sympathies  which,  from 
the  necessities  of  his  nature,  are  accompanied  by  an  overbalance 
of  enjoyment. 

To  this  knowledge  which  all  men  carry  about  with  them,  and 
to  these  sympathies  in  which,  without  any  other  discipline  than 
that  of  our  daily  life,  we  are  fitted  to  take  delight,  the  poet  prin- 
cipally directs  his  attention.  He  considers  man  and  nature  as 
essentially  adapted  to  each  other,  and  the  mind  of  man  as    natu- 


WILLIAM    WORDSWORTH  3933 

rally  the  mirror  of  the  fairest  and  most  interesting  qualities  of 
nature.  And  thus  the  poet,  prompted  by  this  feeling  of  pleasure 
which  accompanies  him  through  the  whole  course  of  his  studies, 
converses  with  general  nature  with  affections  akin  to  those  which, 
through  labor  and  length  of  time,  the  man  of  science  has  raised 
up  in  himself,  by  conversing  with  those  parts  of  nature  which  are 
the  objects  of  his  studies.  The  knowledge  both  of  the  poet  and 
the  man  of  science  is  pleasure ;  but  the  knowledge  of  the  one 
cleaves  to  us  as  a  necessary  part  of  our  existence,  our  natural 
and  unalienable  inheritance;  the  other  is  a  personal  and  individ- 
ual acquisition,  slow  to  come  to  us,  and  by  no  habitual  and  di- 
rect sympathy  connecting  us  with  our  fellow-beings.  The  man 
of  science  seeks  truth  as  a  remote  and  unknown  benefactor;  he 
cherishes  and  loves  it  in  his  solitude ;  the  poet,  singing  a  song  in 
which  all  human  beings  join  with  him,  rejoices  in  the  presence 
of  truth  as  our  visible  friend  and  hourly  companion.  Poetry  is 
the  breath  and  finer  spirit  of  all  knowledge ;  it  is  the  impassioned 
expression  which  is  in  the  countenance  of  all  science.  Emphatically 
may  be  said  of  the  poet,  as  Shakespeare  hath  said  of  man,  <(  that 
he  looks  before  and  after. }>  He  is  the  rock  of  defense  of  human 
nature,  an  upholder  and  preserver,  carrying  everywhere  with  him 
relationship  and  love.  In  spite  of  difference  of  soil  and  climate, 
of  language  and  manners,  of  laws  and  customs,  in  spite  of  things 
silently  gone  out  of  mind,  and  things  violently  destroyed,  the 
poet  binds  together  by  passion  and  knowledge  the  vast  empire 
of  human  society,  as  it  is  spread  over  the  whole  earth  and  over  all 
time.  The  objects  of  the  poet's  thoughts  are  everywhere;  though 
the  eyes  and  senses  of  man  are,  it  is  true,  his  favorite  guides, 
yet  he  will  follow  wheresoever  he  can  find  an  atmosphere  of  sen- 
sation in  which  to  move  his  wings.  Poetry  is  the  first  and  last 
of  all  knowledge  —  it  is  as  immortal  as  the  heart  of  man.  If 
the  labors  of  men  of  science  should  ever  create  any  material 
revolution,  direct  or  indirect,  in  our  condition,  and  in  the  im- 
pressions which  we  habitually  receive,  the  poet  will  sleep  then 
no  more  than  at  present,  but  he  will  be  ready  to  follow  the 
steps  of  the  man  of  science,  not  only  in  those  general  indirect 
effects,  but  he  will  be  at  his  side,  carrying  sensation  into  the 
midst  of  the  science  itself.  The  remotest  discoveries  of  the 
chemist,  the  botanist,  or  mineralogist  will  be  as  proper  objects  of 
the  poet's  art  as  any  upon  which  it  can  be  employed,  if  the  time 
should   ever  come  when  these  things  shall  be   familiar  to  us,  and 


3934  WILLIAM   WORDSWORTH 

the  relations  under  which  they  are  contemplated  by  the  followers 
of  these  respective  sciences  shall  be  manifestly  and  palpably  ma- 
terial to  us  as  enjoying  and  suffering  beings.  If  the  time  should 
ever  come  when  what  is  now  called  science,  thus  familiarized  to 
men,  shall  be  ready  to  put  on,  as  it  were,  a  form  of  flesh  and 
blood,  the  poet  will  lend  his  divine  spirit  to  aid  the  transfigura- 
tion, and  will  welcome  the  being  thus  produced  as  a  dear  and 
genuine  inmate  of  the  household  of  man.  It  is  not,  then,  to 
be  supposed  that  any  one,  who  holds  that  sublime  notion  of 
poetry  which  I  have  attempted  to  convey,  will  break  in  upon  the 
sanctity  and  truth  of  his  pictures  by  transitory  and  accidental 
ornaments,  and  endeavor  to  excite  admiration  of  himself  by  arts, 
the  necessity  of  which  must  manifestly  depend  upon  the  assumed 
meanness  of  his  subject. 

EPITAPHS 

A  village  churchyard,  lying  as  it  does  in  the  lap  of  nature, 
may,  indeed,  be  most  favorably  contrasted  with  that  of  a 
town  of  crowded  population;  and  sepulture  therein  combines 
many  of  the  best  tendencies  which  belong  to  the  mode  practiced 
by  the  Ancients  with  others  peculiar  to  itself.  The  sensations  of 
pious  cheerfulness  which  attend  the  celebration  of  the  Sabbath 
Day  in  rural  places  are  profitably  chastised  by  the  sight  of  the 
graves  of  kindred  and  friends,  gathered  together  in  that  general 
home  towards  which  the  thoughtful  yet  happy  spectators  them- 
selves are  journeying.  Hence  a  parish  church  in  the  stillness  of 
the  country  is  a  visible  centre  of  a  community  of  the  living  and 
the  dead;  a  point  to  which  are  habitually  referred  the  nearest 
concerns  of  both. 

As,  then,  both  in  cities  and  in  villages,  the  dead  are  deposited 
in  close  connection  with  our  places  of  worship,  with  us  the  com- 
position of  an  epitaph  naturally  turns,  still  more  than  among  the 
nations  of  antiquity,  upon  the  most  serious  and  solemn  affections 
of  the  human  mind  upon  departed  worth  —  upon  personal  or  so- 
cial sorrow  and  admiration — upon  religion,  individual,  and  social 
—  upon  time,  and  upon  eternity.  Accordingly  it  suffices,  in  ordi- 
nary cases,  to  secure  a  composition  of  this  kind  from  censure, 
that  it  contains  nothing  that  shall  shock  or  be  inconsistent  with 
this  spirit.  But  to  entitle  an  epitaph  to  praise  more  than  this  is 
necessary.      It  ought  to  contain  some  thought  or   feeling   belong- 


WILLIAM    WORDSWORTH  3935 

ing  to  the  mortal  or  immortal  part  of  our  nature  touchingly  ex- 
pressed; and  if  that  be  done,  however  general  or  even  trite  the 
sentiment  may  be,  every  man  of  pure  mind  will  read  the  words 
with  sensations  of  pleasure  and  gratitude.  A  husband  bewails  a 
wife;  a  parent  breathes  a  sigh  of  disappointed  hope  over  a  lost 
child;  a  son  utters  a  sentiment  of  filial  reverence  over  a  departed 
father  or  mother;  a  friend  perhaps  inscribes  an  encomium  record- 
ing the  companionable  qualities  or  the  solid  virtues  of  the  tenant 
of  the  grave,  whose  departure  has  left  a  sadness  upon  his  mem- 
ory. This,  and  a  pious  admonition  to  the  living,  and  a  humble 
expression  of  Christian  confidence  in  immortality,  is  the  language 
of  a  thousand  churchyards;  and  it  does  not  often  happen  that 
anything  in  a  greater  degree  discriminate  or  appropriate  to  the 
dead  or  to  the  living  is  to  be  found  in  them. 

The  first  requisite  in  an  epitaph  is  that  it  should  speak,  in  a 
tone  which  shall  sink  into  the  heart,  the  general  language  of  hu- 
manity as  connected  with  the  subject  of  death  —  the  source  from 
which  an  epitaph  proceeds;  of  death  and  of  life.  To  be  born 
and  to  die  are  the  two  points  in  which  all  men  feel  themselves 
to  be  in  absolute  coincidence.  This  general  language  may  be  ut- 
tered so  strikingly  as  to  entitle  an  epitaph  to  high  praise:  yet  it 
cannot  lay  claim  to  the  highest  unless  other  excellences  be  super- 
added. Passing  through  all  intermediate  steps,  we  will  attempt 
to  determine  at  once  what  these  excellences  are,  and  wherein 
consists  the  perfection  of  this  species  of  composition.  It  will  be 
found  to  lie  in  a  due  proportion  of  the  common  or  universal 
feeling  of  humanity  to  sensations  excited  by  a  distinct  and  clear 
conception  conveyed  to  the  reader's  mind  of  the  individual  whose 
death  is  deplored  and  whose  memory  is  to  be  preserved ;  at  least 
of  his  character  as,  after  death,  it  appeared  to  those  who  loved 
him,  and  lament  his  loss.  The  general  sympathy  ought  to  be 
quickened,  provoked,  and  diversified  by  particular  thoughts, 
actions,  images  —  circumstances  of  age,  occupation,  manner  of 
life,  prosperity  which  the  deceased  had  known,  or  adversity  to 
which  he  had  been  subject;  and  these  ought  to  be  bound  together 
and  solemnized  into  one  harmony  by  the  general  sympathy.  The 
two  powers  should  temper,  restrain,  and  exalt  each  other.  The 
reader  ought  to  know  who  and  what  the  man  was  whom  he  is 
called  upon  to  think  of  with  interest.  A  distinct  conception 
should  be  given  (implicitly  where  it  can,  rather  than  explicitly) 
of  the  individual  lamented.     But  the  writer  of  an  epitaph  is  not 


3936  WILLIAM    WORDSWORTH 

an  anatomist  who  dissects  the  internal  frame  of  the  mind;  he  is 
not  even  a  painter  who  executes  a  portrait  at  leisure  and  in  en- 
tire tranquillity :  his  delineation,  we  must  remember,  is  performed 
by  the  side  of  the  grave;  and,  what  is  more,  the  grave  of  one 
whom  he  loves  and  admires.  What  purity  and  brightness  is  that 
virtue  clothed  in,  the  image  of  which  must  no  longer  bless  our 
living  eyes!  The  character  of  a  deceased  friend  or  a  beloved 
kinsman  is  not  seen,  no  —  nor  ought  to  be  seen,  otherwise  than 
as  a  tree  through  a  tender  haze  or  a  luminous  mist,  that  spirit- 
ualizes and  beautifies  it;  that  takes  away  indeed,  but  only  to  the 
end  that  the  parts  which  are  not  abstracted  may  appear  more 
dignified  and  lovely,  may  impress  and  affect  the  more.  Shall  we 
say,  then,  that  this  is  not  truth,  not  a  faithful  image;  and  that 
accordingly  the  purposes  of  commemoration  cannot  be  answered  ? 
It  is  truth,  and  of  the  highest  order!  for,  though  doubtless  things 
are  not  apparent  which  did  exist,  yet,  the  object  being  looked  at 
through  this  medium,  parts  and  proportions  are  brought  into  dis- 
tinct view  which  before  had  been  only  imperfectly  or  uncon- 
sciously seen :  it  is  the  truth  hallowed  by  love  —  the  joint  offspring 
of  the  worth  of  the  dead  and  the  affections  of  the  living!  This 
may  easily  be  brought  to  the  test.  Let  one  whose  eyes  have 
been  sharpened  by  personal  hostility  to  discover  what  was  amiss 
in  the  character  of  a  good  man  hear  the  tidings  of  his  death, 
and  what  a  change  is  wrought  in  a  moment!  Enmity  melts 
away;  and  as  it  disappears,  unsightliness,  disproportion,  and  de- 
formity vanish;  and  through  the  influence  of  commiseration  a 
harmony  of  love  and  beauty  succeeds.  Bring  such  a  man  to  the 
tombstone  on  which  shall  be  inscribed  an  epitaph  on  his  adver- 
sary, composed  in  the  spirit  which  we  have  recommended.  Would 
he  turn  from  it  as  from  an  idle  tale  ?  No  —  the  thoughtful  look, 
the  sigh,  and  perhaps  the  involuntary  tear,  would  testify  that  it 
had  a  sane,  a  generous,  and  good  meaning;  and  that  on  the 
writer's  mind  had  remained  an  impression  which  was  a  true  ab- 
stract of  the  character  of  the  deceased;  that  his  gifts  and  graces 
were  remembered  in  the  simplicity  in  which  they  ought  to  be 
remembered.  The  composition  and  quality  of  the  mind  of  a  vir- 
tuous man,  contemplated  by  the  side  of  the  grave  where  his 
body  is  moldering,  ought  to  appear,  and  be  felt,  as  something 
midway  between  what  he  was  on  earth  walking  about  with  his 
living  frailties,  and  what  he  may  be  presumed  to  be  as  a  spirit 
in  heaven. 


3937 


XENOPHON 

(c.  430-r.  357  B.  C.) 

Jenophon  was  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  on  intimate  terms  with 
his  master,  and  in  his  <(  Memorabilia M  we  have  reports  of 
the  conversations  of  the  great  philosopher  which  are  less 
embellished,  perhaps,  than  the  similar  reports  of  Plato.  This  is  by- 
no  means  certain,  however,  as  it  was  a  part  of  the  literary  art  of  the 
Athens  of  the  time  to  use  the  known  opinions  of  a  master  to  the 
best  possible  advantage,  without  any  special  regard  to  his  own  forms 
of  expression.  We  see  the  same  habit  illustrated  in  the  freedom 
with  which  the  classical  historians  from  Thucydides  to  Tacitus  con- 
structed previously  unreported  orations  to  suit  the  characters  and 
express  the  views  of  their  statesmen  and  soldiers,  with  whom  they 
were  dealing. 

Xenophon,  who  was  born  at  Athens  about  430  B.  C,  was  a  histo- 
rian and  essayist  of  distinguished  merit.  His  (<  Anabasis  w  and  <(  Cyro- 
paedia M  are  always  likely  to  remain  favorite  text-books  because  of 
their  pure  and  simple  style,  though  the  latter  is  evidently  a  ro- 
mance in  the  mode  of  Sir  Thomas  More's  <(  Utopia B  rather  than  an 
authentic  account  of  Persian  methods  in  education.  Xenophon  died 
about  357  B.C.  Among  his  minor  works  are  <(  Symposium, B  (<  Hiero," 
and  (<  CEconomics. B 


SOCRATES'  DISPUTE  WITH  ARISTIPPUS  CONCERNING  THE  GOOD 

AND   BEAUTIFUL 

One  day  Aristippus  proposed  a  captious   question   to  Socrates, 
meaning  to  surprise  him;  and  this  by  way  of  revenge,  for 
his  having  before    put   him   to   a    stand:    but    Socrates    an- 
swered him  warily,  and  as  a  person  who  has  no  other  design   in 
his  conversations  than  the  improvement  of  his  hearers. 

The  question  which  Aristippus  asked  him  was  whether  he 
knew  in  the  world  any  good  thing,  and  if  Socrates  had  answered 
him  that  meat,  or  drink,  or  riches,  or  health,  or  strength,  or  cour- 
age are  good  things,  he  would  forthwith  have  shown  him  that  it 
may  happen  that  they  are  very  bad.  He  therefore  gave  him 
such  an  answer  as  he  ought;  and  because  he  knew  very  well  that 
x— 247 


3938  XENOPHON 

when  we  feel  any  indisposition  we  earnestly  desire  to  find  a  rem- 
edy for  it,  he  said  to  him :  c<  Do  you  ask  me,  for  example,  whether 
I  know  anything  that  is  good  for  a  fever  ?  "  "No,9  said  Aris- 
tippus.  <(  Or  for  sore  eyes  ?  "  said  Socrates.  <(  Neither. "  (<  Do 
you  mean  anything  that  is  good  against  hunger  ?  "  (<  Not  in  the 
least, "  answered  Aristippus.  (<  I  promise  you,"  said  Socrates, 
<(  that  if  you  ask  me  for  a  good  thing  that  is  good  for  nothing, 
I  know  no  such  thing,  nor  have  anything  to  do  with  it.® 

Aristippus  pressed  him  yet  further,  and  asked  him  whether  he 
knew  any  beautiful  thing.  <(  I  know  a  great  many, "  said  Socra- 
tes. <(  Are  they  all  like  one  another  ? "  continued  Aristippus. 
<(  Not  in  the  least, "  answered  Socrates,  (<  for  they  are  very  differ- 
ent from  one  another."  <(And  how  is  it  possible  that  two  beau- 
tiful things  should  be  contrary  one  to  the  other?"  <(  This, "  said 
Socrates,  <(  is  seen  every  day  in  men :  a  beautiful  make  and  dispo- 
sition of  body  for  running  is  very  different  from  a  beautiful  make 
and  disposition  for  wrestling:  the  excellence  and  beauty  of  a 
buckler  is  to  cover  well  him  that  wears  it.  On  the  contrary,  the 
excellence  and  beauty  of  a  dart  is  to  be  light  and  piercing." 
<(  You  answer  me,"  said  Aristippus,  (<  as  you  answered  me  before, 
when  I  asked  you  whether  you  knew  any  good  thing. "  <(  And 
do  you  think,"  replied  Socrates,  "that  the  good  and  the  beautiful 
are  different  ?  Know  you  not  that  the  things  that  are  beautiful 
are  good  likewise  in  the  same  sense  ?  It  would  be  false  to  say  of 
virtue  that  in  certain  occasions  it  is  beautiful,  and  in  others 
good.  When  we  speak  of  men  of  honor  we  join  the  two  quali- 
ties, and  call  them  excellent  and  good.  In  our  bodies  beauty 
and  goodness  relate  always  to  the  same  end.  In  a  word,  all 
things  that  are  of  any  use  in  the  world  are  esteemed  beautiful 
and  good,  with  regard  to  the  subject  for  which  they  are  proper." 
<(At  this  rate  you  might  find  beauty  in  a  basket  to  carry  dung," 
said  Aristippus.  <(  Yes,  if  it  be  well  made  for  that  use,"  an- 
swered Socrates;  (<  and,  on  the  contrary,  I  would  say  that  a 
buckler  of  gold  was  ugly  if  it  were  ill  made. "  <(  Would  you  say, " 
pursued  Aristippus,  (<  that  the  same  thing  may  be  beautiful  and 
ugly  at  once  ? "  (<  I  would  say  that  it  might  be  good  and  bad. 
Often  what  is  good  for  hunger  is  bad  for  a  fever;  and  what  is 
good  for  a  fever  is  very  bad  for  hunger;  often  what  is  beautiful 
to  be  done  in  running  is  ugly  to  be  done  in  wrestling;  and  what 
is  beautiful  to  do  in  wrestling  is  ugly  in  running.  For  all  things 
are  reputed  beautiful   and    good    when   they    are    compared    with 


XENOPHON  3939 

those  which  they  suit  or  become,  as  they  are  esteemed  ugly  and 
bad  when  compared  with  those  they  do  not  become.0 

Thus  we  see  that  when  Socrates  said  that  beautiful  houses 
were  the  most  convenient,  he  taught  plainly  enough  in  what  man- 
ner we  ought  to  build  them,  and  he  reasoned  thus:  "Ought  not 
he  who  builds  a  house  to  study  chiefly  how  to  make  it  most 
pleasant  and  most  convenient  ?  B  This  proposition  being  granted, 
he  pursued:  (<  Is  it  not  a  pleasure  to  have  a  house  that  is  cool 
in  summer  and  warm  in  winter  ?  And  does  not  this  happen  in 
buildings  that  front  towards  the  south  ?  For  the  beams  of  the 
sun  enter  into  the  apartments  in  winter,  and  only  pass  over  the 
covering  in  summer.  For  this  reason  the  houses  that  front 
towards  the  south  ought  to  be  very  high,  that  they  may  receive 
the  sun  in  winter;  and,  on  the  contrary,  those  that  front  towards 
the  north  ought  to  be  very  low,  that  they  may  be  less  exposed 
to  the  cold  winds  of  that  quarter. *  In  short,  he  used  to  say 
that  he  had  a  very  beautiful  and  very  agreeable  house,  who 
could  live  there  with  ease  during  all  the  seasons  of  the  year,  and 
keep  there  in  safety  all  that  he  has;  but  that  for  painting  and 
other  ornaments,  there  was  more  trouble  in  them  than  pleasure. 

He  said  further  that  retired  places,  and  such  as  could  be  seen 
from  afar,  were  very  proper  to  erect  altars  and  build  temples  in; 
for  though  we  are  at  a  distance  from  them,  yet  it  is  a  satisfac- 
tion to  pray  in  sight  of  the  holy  places,  and  as  they  are  apart 
from  the  haunts  of   men,    innocent    souls    find   more   devotion   in 

approaching  them. 

Complete. 


IN   WHAT    MANNER   SOCRATES    DISSUADED   MEN   FROM   SELF- 
CONCEIT  AND  OSTENTATION 

Let  us  now  see  whether  by  dissuading  his  friends  from  a  vain 
ostentation  he  did  not  exhort  them  to  the  pursuit  of  virtue. 
He  frequently  said  that  there  was  no  readier  way  to  glory 
than  to  render  oneself  excellent,  and  not  to  affect  to  appear  so.  To 
prove  this  he  alleged  the  following  example:  (<  Let  us  suppose," 
said  he,  (<  that  any  one  would  be  thought  a  good  musician,  without 
being  so  in  reality;  what  course  must  he  take?  He  must  be 
careful  to  imitate  the  great  masters  in  everything  that  is  not  of 
their  art;  he  must,  like  them,  have  fine  musical  instruments;  he 
must,    like    them,    be    followed    by    a    great    number    of    persons 


394°  XENOPHON 

wherever  he  goes,  who  must  be  always  talking  in  his  praise. 
And  yet  he  must  not  venture  to  sing  in  public;  for  then  all  men 
would  immediately  perceive  not  only  his  ignorance,  but  his  pre- 
sumption and  folly  likewise.  And  would  it  not  be  ridiculous  in 
him  to  spend  his  estate  to  ruin  his  reputation  ?  In  like  manner, 
if  any  one  would  appear  a  great  general,  or  a  good  pilot,  though 
he  knew  nothing  of  either,  what  would  be  the  issue  of  it  ?  If 
he  cannot  make  others  believe  it,  it  troubles  him,  and  if  he  can 
persuade  them  to  think  so  he  is  yet  more  unhappy,  because,  if 
he  be  made  choice  of  for  the  steering  of  ships,  or  to  command 
an  army,  he  will  acquit  himself  very  ill  of  his  office,  and  per- 
haps be  the  cause  of  the  loss  of  his  best  friends.  It  is  not  less 
dangerous  to  appear  to  be  rich,  or  brave,  or  strong,  if  we  are 
not  so  indeed,  for  this  opinion  of  us  may  procure  us  employ- 
ments that  are  above  our  capacity,  and  if  we  fail  to  effect  what 
was  expected  of  us  there  is  no  remission  for  our  faults.  And  if  it 
be  a  great  cheat  to  wheedle  one  of  your  neighbors  out  of  any  of 
his  ready  money  or  goods,  and  not  restore  them  to  him  after- 
wards, it  is  a  much  greater  impudence  and  cheat  for  a  worthless 
fellow  to  persuade  the  world  that  he  is  capable  to  govern  a  re- 
public." By  these  and  the  like  arguments  he  inspired  a  hatred 
of  vanity  and  ostentatation  into  the  minds  of  those  who  fre- 
quented him. 

Complete. 

SEVERAL   APOTHEGMS   OF    SOCRATES 

A  certain  man  being  vexed  that  he  had  saluted  one  who  did 
not  return  his  civility,  Socrates  said  to  him,  <(  It  is  ridicu- 
lous in  you  to  be  unconcerned  when  you  meet  a  sick  man 
in  the  way,  and  to  be  vexed  for  having  met  a  rude  fellow. w 

Another  was  saying  that  he  had  lost  his  appetite  and  could 
eat  nothing.  Socrates,  having  heard  it,  told  him  he  could  teach 
him  a  remedy  for  that.  The  man  asking  what  it  was,  <(  Fast, w 
said  he,  (<  for  some  time,  and  I  will  warrant  you  will  be  in  better 
health,  spend  less  money,  and  eat  with  more  satisfaction  after- 
wards. w 

Another  complained  that  the  water  which  came  into  the  cis- 
tern was  warm,  and  nevertheless  he  was  forced  to  drink  it.  <c  You 
ought  to  be  glad  of  it,w  said  Socrates,  (<  for  it  is  a  bath  ready  for 
you,  whenever  you  have  a  mind  to  bathe  yourself. w  (<  It  is  too 
cold  to  bathe  in, w   replied    the   other.     <(  Do  your  servants, M  said 


XENOPHON 


3941 


Socrates,  (<  find  any  inconvenience  in  drinking  it,  or  in  bathing  in 
it?*  "No,  but  I  wonder  how  they  can  suffer  it. "  tf  Is  it,®  con- 
tinued Socrates,  (<  warmer  to  drink  than  that  of  the  temple  of 
JSsculapius  ?  "  (<  It  is  not  near  so  warm."  (<  You  see  then,"  said 
Socrates,  w  that  you  are  harder  to  please  than  your  own  serv- 
ants, or  even  than  the  sick  themselves. " 

A  master  having  beaten  his  servant  most  cruelly,  Socrates 
asked  him  why  he  was  so  angry  with  him.  The  master  an- 
swered, w  Because  he  is  a  drunkard,  a  lazy  fellow  who  loves 
money,  and  is  always  idle."  <c  Suppose  he  be  so,"  said  Socrates: 
<(  but  be  your  own  judge,  and  tell  me,  which  of  you  two  deserves 
rather  to  be  punished  for  those  faults  ? " 

Another  made  a  difficulty  of  undertaking  a  journey  to  Olym- 
pia.  "What  is  the  reason,"  said  Socrates  to  him,  (<  that  you  are 
so  much  afraid  of  walking,  you,  who  walk  up  and  down  about 
your  house  almost  all  day  long  ?  You  ought  to  look  upon  this 
journey  to  be  only  a  walk,  and  to  think  that  you  will  walk  away 
the  morning  till  dinnertime,  and  the  afternoon  till  supper,  and 
thus  you  will  insensibly  find  yourself  at  your  journey's  end.  For 
it  is  certain  that  in  five  or  six  days'  time  you  go  more  ground 
in  walking  up  and  down  than  you  need  to  do  in  going  from 
Athens  to  Olympia.  I  will  tell  you  one  thing  more :  it  is  much 
better  to  set  out  a  day  too  soon  than  a  day  too  late;  for  it  is 
troublesome  to  be  forced  to  go  long  journeys;  and  on  the  con- 
trary, it  is  a  great  ease  to  have  the  advantage  of  a  day  before- 
hand. You  were  better,  therefore,  to  hasten  your  departure  than 
be  obliged  to  make  haste  upon  the  road." 

Another,  telling  him  that  he  had  been  on  a  great  journey, 
and  was  extremely  weary,  Socrates  asked  whether  he  had  carried 
anything.  The  other  answered  that  he  had  carried  nothing  but 
his  cloak.  <(  Were  you  alone  ? "  said  Socrates.  <(  No ;  I  had  a 
slave  with  me."  <(  Was  not  he  loaded?"  continued  Socrates. 
(<  Yes,  for  he  carried  all  my  things. "  <(  And  how  did  he  find 
himself  upon  the  road?"  "Much  better  than  I."  "And  if  you 
had  been  to  carry  what  he  did,  what  would  have  become  of 
you  ?  "  "  Alas!  "  said  he,  "I  should  never  have  been  able  to  have 
done  it."  <(  Is  it  not  a  shame,"  added  Socrates,  "in  a  man  like 
you,  who  have  gone  through  all  the  exercises,  not  to  be  able  to 
undergo  as  much  fatigue  as  his  slave  ?  " 

Complete.     The  foregoing  selections  from  the  (( Memorabilia  w 
are  all  from  translations  of  Bysshe. 


3942 


JOHANN   GEORG  ZIMMERMANN 

(1728-1795) 

'immermann  was  immortalized  by  his  book  <(  On  Solitude  w 
(<(  Uber  die  Einsamkeit w),  first  published  in  1755.  Though  out 
of  print  and  somewhat  out  of  fashion  at  present,  it  has  not 
ceased,  nor  will  it  ever  cease,  to  be  read  by  those  who  can  admire 
a  work  of  art  regardless  of  its  subject.  As  ((The  Complete  Angler w 
is  now  read  most  by  some  who  fish  least,  so  Zimmermann  is  read  most 
now  by  dwellers  in  cities  where  any  solitude  other  than  that  of  the 
crowd  is  hopeless.  He  wrote  essays  (<  On  National  Pride, M  and  other 
subjects,  scientific,  moral,  and  philosophical,  but  as  far  as  the  world  is 
concerned  he  is  a  man  of  one  book,  existing  only  in  his  ideal  of 
solitude. 

He  was  born  in  Aargau,  Switzerland,  December  8th,  1728.  By 
profession  he  was  a  physician,  and  after  serving  at  Hannover  as  court 
physician,  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  attended  Frederick  the  Great 
in  his  last  illness.  His  (<  Reminiscences w  of  their  acquaintance,  pub- 
lished in  1788  and  1790,  are  characterized  as  egotistical  and  unjust  to 
Frederick.  Zimmermann  was  eccentric  in  many  ways ;  and  while  his 
individuality  is  at  times  repellent,  the  fullness  with  which  he  has 
expressed  it  is  the  reason,  no  doubt,  he  continues  to  attract  readers 
who  ask  him  only  for  recreation  and  are  content  to  look  elsewhere 
for  instruction. 


THE    INFLUENCE    OF    SOLITUDE 

Solitude  and  the  love  of  liberty  rendered  all  the  pleasures  of 
the  world  odious  to  the  mind  of  Petrarch.  In  his  old  age 
he  was  solicited  to  officiate  as  secretary  to  different  popes, 
at  whatever  salary  he  thought  proper  to  fix;  and,  indeed,  every 
inducement  that  emolument  could  afford  was  insidiously  made 
use  of  to  turn  his  views  that  way.  But  Petrarch  replied,  (<  Riches 
acquired  at  the  expense  of  liberty  are  the  cause  of  real  misery; 
a  yoke  made  of  gold  or^  silver  is  not  less  oppressive  than  if  made 
of  wood  or  lead."  He  represented  to  his  patrons  and  friends 
that  he  could  not  persuade  himself  to  give  up  his  liberty  and  his 
leisure,  because,  in  his  opinion,  the  world  afforded    no    wealth    of 


JOHANN    GEORG  ZIMMERMANN  3943 

equal  value;  that  he  could  not  renounce  the  pleasures  of  science; 
that  he  had  despised  riches  at  a  time  when  he  was  most  in  need 
of  them,  and  it  would  be  shameful  to  seek  them  now,  when  it 
was  more  easy  for  him  to  do  without  them;  that  he  should  ap- 
portion the  provision  for  his  journey  according  to  the  distance 
he  had  to  travel;  and  that  having  almost  reached  the  end  of  his 
course,  he  ought  to  think  more  of  his  reception  at  the  inn  than 
of  his  expenses  on  the  road. 

A  distaste  of  the  manners  of  a  court  led  Petrarch  into  soli- 
tude when  he  was  only  three-and-twenty  years  of  age,  although 
in  his  outward  appearance,  in  his  attention  to  dress,  and  even  in 
his  constitution,  he  possessed  everything  that  could  be  expected 
from  a  complete  courtier.  He  was  in  every  respect  formed  to 
please;  the  beauty  of  his  figure  caused  people  to  stop  in  the 
street,  and  point  him  out  as  he  walked  along.  His  eyes  were 
bright,  and  full  of  fire;  and  his  lively  countenance  proclaimed 
the  vivacity  of  his  mind.  The  freshest  color  adorned  his  cheeks ; 
his  features  were  distinct  and  manly;  his  shape  fine  and  elegant; 
his  person  tall,  and  his  presence  noble.  The  genial  climate  of 
Avignon  increased  the  warmth  of  his  constitution.  The  fire  of 
youth,  the  beauty  of  so  many  women  assembled  at  the  court  of 
the  Pope  from  every  nation  in  Europe,  and,  above  all,  the  disso- 
lute manners  of  the  court,  led  him,  very  early  in  life,  into  con- 
nections with  women.  A  great  portion  of  the  day  was  spent  at 
his  toilet  in  the  decorations  of  dress.  His  habit  was  always 
white,  and  the  least  spot  or  an  improper  fold  gave  his  mind  the 
greatest  uneasiness.  Even  in  the  fashion  of  his  shoes  he  avoided 
every  form  that  appeared  to  him  inelegant;  they  were  extremely 
tight,  and  cramped  his  feet  to  such  a  degree  that  it  would  in  a 
short  time  have  been  impossible  for  him  to  walk,  if  he  had  not 
recollected  that  it  was  much  better  to  shock  the  eyes  of  the 
ladies  than  to  make  himself  a  cripple.  In  walking  through  the 
streets,  he  endeavored  to  avoid  the  rudeness  of  the  wind  by  every 
possible  means;  not  that  he  was  afraid  of  taking  cold,  but  be- 
cause he  was  fearful  that  the  dress  of  his  hair  might  be  de- 
ranged. A  love,  however,  much  more  elevated  and  ardent  for 
virtue  and  belles-lettres  always  counterbalanced  his  devotion  to 
the  fair  sex.  In  truth,  to  express  his  passion  for  the  sex,  he 
wrote  all  his  poetry  in  Italian,  and  only  used  the  learned  lan- 
guages upon  serious  and  important  subjects.  But  notwithstanding 
the  warmth  of  his  constitution,  he  was  always    chaste.      He    held 


3944  JOHANN  GEORG   ZIMMERMANN 

all  debauchery  in  the  utmost  detestation;  repentance  and  disgust 
immediately  seized  his  mind  upon  the  slightest  indulgence  with 
the  sex;  and  he  often  regretted  the  sensibility  of  his  feelings;  <(  I 
should  like,"  said  he,  <(  to  have  a  heart  as  hard  as  adamant, 
rather  than  be  so  continually  tormented  by  such  seducing  pas- 
sions. w  Among  the  number  of  fine  women,  however,  who  adorned 
the  court  of  Avignon,  there  were  some  who  endeavored  to  cap- 
tivate the  heart  of  Petrarch.  Seduced  by  their  charms,  and 
drawn  aside  by  the  facility  with  which  he  obtained  the  happiness 
of  their  company,  he  became  upon  closer  acquaintance  obedient 
to  all  their  wishes;  but  the  inquietudes  and  torments  of  love  so 
much  alarmed  his  mind  that  he  endeavored  to  shun  its  toils. 
Before  his  acquaintance  with  Laura,  he  was  wilder  than  a  stag; 
but,  if  tradition  is  to  be  believed,  he  had  not,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
five,  any  occasion  to  reproach  himself  with  misconduct.  The  fear 
of  God,  the  idea  of  death,  the  love  of  virtue,  the  principles  of 
religion,  the  fruits  of  the  education  he  received  from  his  mother, 
preserved  him  from  numerous  dangers  by  which  he  was  sur- 
rounded. The  practice  of  the  civil  law  was  at  this  period  the 
only  road  to  eminence  at  the  court  of  the  Pope ;  but  Petrarch 
held  the  law  in  detestation,  and  reprobated  this  venal  trade.  Pre- 
vious to  devoting  himself  to  the  church,  he  exercised  for  some 
time  the  profession  of  an  advocate,  and  gained  many  causes;  but 
he  reproached  himself  with  it  afterwards.  <(  In  my  youth, B  says 
he,  (<  I  devoted  myself  to  the  trade  of  selling  words,  or  rather  of  tell- 
ing lies;  but  that  which  we  do  against  our  inclinations  is  seldom 
attended  with  success.  My  fondness  was  for  solitude,  and  I 
therefore  attended  the  practice  of  the  bar  with  the  greater  de- 
testation. w  The  secret  consciousness  which  Petrarch  entertained 
of  his  own  merit  gave  him,  it  is  true,  all  the  vain  confidence  of 
youth,  and  filled  his  mind  with  that  lofty  spirit  which  begets  the 
presumption  of  being  equal  to  everything;  but  his  inveterate 
hatred  of  the  manners  of  the  court  impeded  his  exertions.  *  I 
have  no  hope,"  said  he,  in  the  thirty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  <(  of 
making  my  fortune  in  the  court  of  the  Vicar  of  Jesus  Christ;  to 
accomplish  that  I  must  assiduously  visit  the  palaces  of  the  great; 
I  must  flatter,  lie,  and  deceive. }>  Petrarch  was  not  capable  of  do- 
ing this.  He  neither  hated  men  nor  disliked  advancement,  but 
he  detested  the  means  that  he  must  necessarily  use  to  attain 
it.  He  loved  glory,  and  ardently  sought  it,  though  not  by  the  ways 
in  which  it  is  generally  obtained.      He  delighted    to    walk    in    the 


JOHANN    GEORG   ZIMMERMANN  3945 

most  unfrequented  paths,  and,  in  consequence,  he  renounced  the 
world. 

The  aversion  which  Petrarch  felt  to  the  manners  which  are 
peculiar  to  courts  was  the  particular  occasion  of  his  essay  <(On 
Solitude. w  In  the  year  1346  he  was,  as  usual  during  Lent,  at  Vau- 
cluse.  The  Bishop  of  Cavailion,  anxious  to  enter  into  .conversa- 
tion with  him,  and  to  taste  the  fruits  of  solitude,  fixed  his  residence 
at  the  castle,  which  is  situated  upon  the  summit  of  a  high  rock,  and 
appears  to  be  constructed  more  for  the  habitation  of  birds  than 
men;  at  present  the  ruins  of  it  only  remain  to  be  seen.  All 
that  the  Bishop  and  Petrarch  had  seen  at  Avignon  and  Naples 
had  inspired  them  with  disgust  of  residence  in  cities,  and  the 
highest  contempt  for  the  manners  of  a  court.  They  weighed  all 
the  unpleasant  circumstances  they  had  before  experienced,  and 
opposed  the  situations  which  produced  them  to  the  advantages  of 
solitude.  This  was  the  usual  subject  of  their  conversation  at  the 
castle,  and  that  which  gave  birth  in  the  mind  of  Petrarch  to  the 
resolution  of  exploring,  and  uniting  into  one  work,  all  his  own 
ideas  and  those  of  others  upon  this  delightful  subject.  This  work 
was  begun  in  Lent  and  finished  at  Easter,  but  he  revised  and 
corrected  it  afterwards,  making  many  alterations,  and  adding 
everything  which  occurred  to  his  mind  previous  to  the  publica- 
tion. It  was  not  till  the  year  1366  (twenty  years  afterwards) 
that  he  sent  it  to  the  Bishop  of  Cavailion,  to  whom  it  was  dedi- 
cated. 

If  all  that  I  have  said  of  Petrarch  in  the  course  of  this   work 

were  to  be  collected  into   one    point    of    view,    it    would    be    seen 

what    very    important    sacrifices    he    made    to    solitude.      But    his 

mind    and    his    heart    were    framed    to    enjoy    the    advantages    it 

affords,  with  a  degree  of  delight   superior    to    that   in    which    any 

other  person  could  have  enjoyed  them,  and  all  this  happiness  he 

obtained    from    his    disgust    to    a    court,    and    from    his    love    of 

liberty. 

From  «On  Solitude. » 


NOTED  SAYINGS 

AND 

CELEBRATED  PASSAGES 


3947 


Noted  Sayings  and  Celebrated  Passages 

From  the  best  Essays,  ancient  and  Modern. 


[While  specially  striking  passages  in  the  text  of  the  World's  Best  Essays 
are  sometimes  repeated  in  this  collection,  the  passages  here  given  are,  as  a 
rule,  supplementary  to  the  body  of  the  work.] 


ABECKET,  GILBERT  A.     (England,  1811-1856) 

Tlie  True  Principles  of  Law. —  Every  gen- 
tleman ought  to  know  a  little  of  law,  says  Coke, 
and  perhaps,  say  we,  the  less  the  better.  Servius 
Sulpicius,  a  patrician,  called  on  Mucius  Scoevola, 
the  Roman  Pollock  (not  one  of  the  firm  of  Cas- 
tor &  Pollux),  for  a  legal  opinion,  when  Mucius 
Scaevola  thoroughly  flabbergasted  Servius  Sul- 
picius with  a  flood  of  technicalities,  which  the 
latter  could  not  understand.  Upon  this  Mucius 
Scaevola  bullied  his  client  for  his  ignorance ; 
when  Sulpicius,  in  a  fit  of  pique,  went  home  and 
studied  the  law  with  such  effect  that  he  wrote 
one-hundred-and-four-score  volumes  of  law 
books  before  he  died  ;  which  task  was,  for  what 
we  know,  the  death  of  him.  We  should  be  sorry, 
on  the  strength  of  this  little  anecdote,  to  recom- 
mend our  nobility  to  go  home  and  write  law 
books  ;  but  we  advise  them  to  peruse  the  ((  Comic 
Blackstone,0  which  would  have  done  Servius 
Sulpicius  a  great  deal  of  good  to  have  studied. 
.  .  .  The  term  Law,  in  its  general  sense,  signi- 
fies a  rule  of  human  action,  whether  animate  or 
inanimate,  rational  or  irrational ;  and  perhaps 
there  is  nothing  more  inhuman  or  irrational  than 
an  action  at  law.  We  talk  of  the  law  of  motion, 
as  when  one  man  springs  towards  another  and 
knocks  him  down  ;  or  the  law  of  gravitation,  in 
obedience  to  which  the  person  struck  falls  to  the 
earth. 

If  we  descend  from  animal  to  vegetable  life, 
we  shall  find  the  latter  acting  in  conformity  with 
laws  of  its  own.  The  ordinary  cabbage  from  its 
first  entering  an  appearance  on  the  bed  to  its 
being  finally  taken  in  execution  and  thrust  into 
the  pot  for  boiling,  is  governed  by  the  common 
law  of  nature. 

Man,  as  we  are  all  aware,  is  a  creature  en- 
dowed with  reason  and  free  will ;  but  when  he 
goes  to  law  as  plaintiff,  his  reason  seems  to  have 
deserted  him  ;  while,  if  he  stands  in  the  position 
of  defendant,  it  is  generally  against  his  free 
will ;  and  thus  that  (<  noblest  of  animals, w  man, 
is  in  a  very  ignoble  predicament. 

Justinian  has  reduced  the  principles  of  law  to 
three  ; — 1st.  That  we  should  live  honestly ;  2dly, 
that  we  should  hurt  nobody  ;  and  3dly,  that  we 
should  give  every  one  his  due.  These  princi- 
ples have,  however,  been  for  sometime  obsolete 
in  ordinary  legal  practice.  It  used  to  be  con- 
sidered that  justice  and  human'  felicity  were 
intimately  connected,  but  the  partnership  seems 
to  have  been  long  ago  dissolved  ;  though  we 
cannot   say  at   what   particular    period.      That 


man  should  pursue  his  own  true  and  substantial 
happiness,  is  said  to  be  the  foundation  of  ethics 
or  natural  law  ;  but  if  any  one  plunges  into  arti- 
ficial law,  with  the  view  of  <c  pursuing  his  own 
true  and  substantial  happiness,0  he  will  find 
himself  greatly  mistaken. 

It  is  said  that  no  human  laws  are  of  any 
validity  if  they  are  contrary  to  the  law  of  nature; 
but  we  do  not  mean  to  deny  the  validity  of  the 
poor  law,  and  some  others  we  could  mention. 
The  law  of  nature  contributes  to  the  general 
happiness  of  men ;  but  it  is  in  the  nature  of  law 
to  contribute  only  to  the  happiness  of  the 
attorney. —  From  the  M  Comic  Blackstonefi 
ADAMS,  JOHN  QUINCY     (America,  1767-1848) 

Principles  in  Politics.—  My  own  deliberate 
opinion  is,  chat  the  more  of  pure  moral  principle 
is  carried  into  the  policy  and  conduct  of  a  gov- 
ernment, the  wiser  and  more  profound  will  that 
policy  be.  If  it  is  not  the  uniform  course  of  hu- 
man events  that  virtue  should  be  crowned  with 
success,  it  is  at  least  the  uniform  will  of  Heaven 
that  virtue  should  be  the  duty  of  man. —  From 
<(  Memoirs  of  John  Quincy  Adamsfi 

Liberty  and  Eloquence.— With  the  dissolu- 
tion of  Roman  Liberty,  and  the  decline  of 
Roman  taste  the  reputation  and  the  excellency 
of  the  oratorical  art  fell  alike  into  decay.  Under 
the  despotism  of  the  Csesars,  the  end  of  elo- 
quence was  perverted  from  persuasion  to  pane- 
gyric, and  all  her  faculties  were  soon  palsied  by 
the  touch  of  corruption,  or  enervated  by  the 
impotence  of  servitude. —  Lectures  on  Rhetoric 
and  Oratory. 

ADDISON,  JOSEPH     (England,  1672-1719) 

Conversation  in  Confidence. —  In  private 
Conversation  between  intimate  Friends,  the 
wisest  men  very  often  talk  like  the  weakest ;  for 
indeed  the  talking  with  a  Friend  is  nothing  else 
but  thinking  aloud.     .     .     . 

Conversation  in  Crowds.—  One  would  think 
that  the  larger  the  Company  is  in  which  we  are 
engaged,  the  greater  variety  of  Thoughts  and 
Subjects  would  be  started  into  discourse  ;  but 
instead  of  this  we  find  that  Conversation  is 
never  so  much  straightened  and  confined  as  in 
numerous  assemblies. 

Love  and  Ridicule.— Ridicule,  perhaps,  is  a 
better  expedient  against  Love,  than  sober  advice; 
and  I  am  of  opinion,  that  Hudibras  and  Don 
Quixote  may  be  as  effectual  to  cure  the  extrava- 
gances of  this  Passion,  as  any  one  of  the  old 
philosophers. 

(3949) 


395° 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


Courtship. —  The  pleasantest  part  of  a  man's 
life  is  generally  that  which  passes  in  Courtship, 
provided  his  Passion  be  sincere,  and  the  party 
beloved  kind  with  Discretion.  Love,  Desire, 
Hope,  all  the  pleasing  motions  of  the  Soul,  rise 
in  the  pursuit. 

Manners  and  Civilization. —  Complaisance 
renders  a  Superior  amiable,  an  Equal  agreeable, 
and  an  Inferior  acceptable.  It  smooths  distinc- 
tion, sweetens  conversation,  and  makes  every 
one  in  the  company  pleased  with  himself.  It 
produces  Good  Nature  and  mutual  benevolence, 
encourages  the  timorous,  soothes  the  turbulent, 
humanizes  the  fierce,  and  distinguishes  a  so- 
ciety of  civilized  persons  from  a  confusion  of 
savages. 

AIKIN,    LUCY     (England,  1781-1864) 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Court. — The  ceremonial 
of  her  court  rivaled  the  servility  of  the  East:  no 
person  of  whatever  rank  ventured  to  address  her 
otherwise  than  kneeling ;  and  this  attitude  was 
preserved  by  all  her  ministers  during  their 
audiences  of  business,  with  the  exception  of 
Burleigh,  in  whose  favor,  when  aged  and  infirm, 
she  dispensed  with  its  observance.  Hentzner,  a 
German  traveler  who  visited  England  near  the 
conclusion  of  her  reign,  relates,  that,  as  she 
passed  through  several  apartments  from  the 
chapel  to  dinner,  wherever  she  turned  her  eyes 
he  observed  the  spectators  throw  themselves  on 
their  knees.  The  same  traveler  further  relates, 
that  the  officers  and  ladies  whose  business  it  was 
to  arrange  the  dishes  and  give  tastes  of  them  to 
the  yeomen  of  the  guard  by  whom  they  were 
brought  in,  did  not  presume  to  approach  the 
royal  table  without  repeated  prostrations  and 
genuflections,  and  every  mark  of  reverence  due 
to  her  majesty  in  person. 

The  appropriation  of  her  time  and  the  arrange- 
ments of  her  domestic  life  present  several  favor- 
able and  pleasing  traits. 

«  First  in  the  morning  she  spent  some  time  at 
her  devotions ;  then  she  betook  herself  to  the 
dispatch  of  her  civil  affairs,  reading  letters, 
ordering  answers,  considering  what  should  be 
brought  before  the  council,  and  consulting  with 
her  ministers.  When  she  had  thus  wearied  her- 
self, she  would  walk  in  a  shady  garden  or  pleas- 
ant gallery,  without  any  other  attendance  than 
that  of  a  few  learned  men.  Then  she  took  her 
coach,  and  passed  in  the  sight  of  her  people  to 
the  neighboring  groves  and  fields ;  and  some- 
times would  hunt  or  hawk.  There  was  scarce  a 
day  but  she  employed  some  part  of  it  in  reading 
and  study,— sometimes  before  she  entered  upon 
her  state  affairs,  sometimes  after  them.H 

She  slept  little,  seldom  drank  wine,  was  spar- 
ing in  her  diet,  and  a  religious  observer  of  the 
fasts.  She  sometimes  dined  alone,  but  more 
commonly  had  with  her  some  of  her  friends. 
(<  At  supper  she  would  divert  herself  with  her 
friends  and  attendants ;  and  if  they  made  her  no 
answer  would  put  them  upon  mirth  and  pleasant 
discourse  with  great  civility.  She  would  then 
also  admit  Tarleton,  a  famous  comedian  and 
pleasant  talker  ;   and  other  such  men,  to  divert 


her  with  stories  of  the  town  and  the  common 
jests  and  accidents.H — From  the  (( Last  Days  of 
Queen  Elizabeth?* 

ALCOTT,  A.  BRONSON     (America,  1799-1888) 
Egotists    in    Monologue.— Egotists     cannot 
converse,  they  talk  to  themselves   only. — M  Con- 
cord Days?*  Part  May,  Chap.  Conversation. 

ALEXANDER,  ARCHIBALD  (America,  1772- 
1851) 
Natural  Scenery. — Whether  the  scenery  with 
which  our  senses  are  conversant  in  early  life  has 
any  considerable  effect  on  the  character  of  the 
mind,  is  a  question  not  easily  determined.  It 
would  be  easy  to  theorize  on  the  subject ;  and 
formerly  I  indulged  in  many  lucubrations, — 
which  at  the  time  seemed  plausible, —  all  tending 
to  the  conclusion  that  minds  developed  under 
the  constant  view  and  impression  of  grand  or 
picturesque  scenery  must,  in  vigor  and  fertility 
of  imagination,  be  greatly  superior  to  those  who 
spend  their  youth  in  dark  alleys,  or  in  the 
crowded  streets  of  a  large  city,  where  the  only 
objects  which  constantly  meet  the  senses  are 
stone  and  brick  walls,  and  dirty  and  offensive 
gutters. —  From  his  Works. 

ALFRED   THE    GREAT     (England,  849-901) 

The  Equal  Nobility  of  Original  Human  Na- 
ture.—  God  has  made  all  men  equally  noble  in 
their  original  nature.  True  nobility  is  in  the 
mind  not  in  the  flesh.  I  wish  to  live  honorably 
while  I  live,  and  after  my  life  to  leave  to  the 
men,  who  are  after  me,  my  memory  in  good 
works. —  Longfellow's  translation  :  essay  on 
<(  Anglo-Saxon  Language  and  Literature?* 

ANTHONY,  SUSAN  B.     (America,  1820-) 

Woman  and  Her  Talents. —  Woman  has  been 
faithful  in  a  few  things  ;  now  God  is  going  to 
make  her  ruler  over  many  things. 

ARBUTHNOT,  JOHN     (Scotland,  1667-1735) 

Newton's  Place  in  Science. —  Though  the  in- 
dustry of  former  ages  had  discovered  the  periods 
of  the  great  bodies  of  the  universe,  and  the  true 
system  and  order  of  them,  and  their  orbits  pretty 
near ;  yet  was  there  one  thing  still  reserved  for 
the  glory  of  this  age  and  the  honor  of  the  Eng- 
lish nation, —  the  grand  secret  of  the  whole 
machine  ;  which,  now  it  is  discovered,  proves  to 
be  (like  the  other  contrivances  of  infinite  wis- 
dom) simple  and  natural,  depending  upon  the 
most  known  and  most  common  property  of  mat- 
ter, viz.,  gravity.  From  this  the  incomparable 
Mr.  Newton  has  demonstrated  the  theories  of 
all  the  bodies  of  the  solar  system,  of  all  the 
primary  planets  and  their  secondaries,  and 
among  others,  the  moon,  which  seemed  most 
averse  to  numbers  ;  and  not  only  of  the  planets, 
the  slowest  of  which  completes  its  period  in  less 
than  half  the  age  of  a  man,  but  likewise  of  the 
comets,  some  of  which  it  is  probable  spend  more 
than  2,000  years  in  one  revolution  about  the  sun  ; 
for  whose  theory  he  has  laid  such  a  foundation, 
that  after  ages,  assisted  with  more  observations, 
may  be  able  to   calculate  their  returns.     In  a 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3951 


word,  the  precession  of  the  equinoctial  points, 
the  tides,  the  unequal  vibration  of  pendulous 
bodies  in  different  latitudes,  etc.,  are  no  more  a 
question  to  those  that  have  geometry  enough  to 
understand  what  he  has  delivered  on  those  sub- 
jects :  a  perfection  in  philosophy  that  the  bold- 
est thinker  durst  hardly  have  hoped  for ;  and, 
unless  mankind  turn  barbarous,  will  continue 
the  reputation  of  this  nation  as  long  as  the  fabric 
of  nature  shall  endure.  After  this,  what  is  it  we 
may  not  expect  from  geometry  joined  to  observa- 
tions and  experiments  ?  —  From  an  essay  on  the 
<(  Usefulness  of  Mathematical  Learning* 

ARISTOTLE     (Greece,  384-322  B.  C.) 

Education  and  the  State. —  It  would  there- 
fore be  best  that  the  slh.te  should  pay  attention 
to  education,  and  on  right  principles,  and  that 
it  should  have  the  power  to  enforce  it ;  but  if  it 
be  neglected  as  a  public  measure,  then  it  would 
seem  to  be  the  duty  of  every  individual  to  con- 
tribute to  the  virtue  of  his  children  and  friends, 
or  at  least  to  make  this  his  deliberate  purpose. — 
Ethic,  x.  10. 

The  Training  of  Children.— Therefore  it  is 
necessary  to  be  in  a  certain  degree  trained  from 
our  very  childhood,  as  Plato  says,  to  feel  pleas- 
ure and  pain  at"what  we  ought ;  for  this  is  edu- 
cation in  its  true  sense. —  Ethic,  ii.  2. 

Happiness,  the  Gift  of  Heaven. —  If,  then, 
there  is  anything  that  is  a  gift  of  the  gods  to 
men,  it  is  surely  reasonable  to  suppose  that  hap- 
piness is  a  divine  gift,  and  more  than  anything 
else  of  human  things,  as  it  is  the  best. —  Ethic,  i. 
10. 

One  Swallow  Does  Not  Make  Spring. —  For 
one  swallow  does  not  make  spring,  nor  yet  one 
fine  day ;  so,  also,  neither  does  one  day,  nor  a 
short  time,  make  a  man  blessed  and  happy. — 
Ethic,  i.  6. 

ARNOLD,  BENEDICT     (America,  1741-1801) 
On  (<  True  and  Permanent  Happiness. » — A 

union  of  hearts  is  undoubtedly  necessary  to  hap- 
piness ;  but  give  me  leave  to  observe  that  true 
and  permanent  happiness  is  seldom  the  effect  of 
an  alliance  founded  on  a  romantic  passion ; 
where  fancy  governs  more  than  judgment. 
Friendship  and  esteem,  founded  on  the  merit  of 
the  object,  is  the  most  certain  basis  to  build  a 
lasting  happiness  upon ;  and  when  there  is  a 
tender  and  ardent  passion  on  one  side,  and 
friendship  and  esteem  on  the  other,  the  heart 
(unlike  yours)  must  be  callous  to  every  tender 
sentiment,  if  the  taper  of  love  is  not  lighted  up 
at  the  flame. —  From  a  letter  to  Miss  Peggy  Ship- 
pen.    1778. 

AURELIUS,  MARCUS     (Rome,  121-180  A.D.) 

A  Rule  for  Happiness. —  Be  simple  and  mod- 
est in  thy  deportment,  and  treat  with  indiffer- 
ence whatever  lies  between  virtue  and  vice.  Love 
the  human  race  ;  obey  God. —  vii. .?/. 

Change  in  All  Things. —  Nature,  which  rules 
the  universe,  will  soon  change  all  things  which 
thou  seest,  and  out  of  their  substance  will  make 
other  things,  and  again  other   things  from  the 


substance  of  them,  that  the  world  may  ever  be 
fresh. —  vii.  25. 

The  Man  Is  What  He  Thinks.—  Such  as  are 
thy  habitual  thoughts,  such  also  will  be  the 
character  of  thy  mind  ;  for  the  soul  is  dyed  by 
the  thoughts. — v.  16. 

AUSTEN,  JANE     (England,  1775-1817) 

«  Only  a  Novel. »—  Although  our  productions 
have  afforded  more  extensive  and  unaffected 
pleasure  than  those  of  any  other  literary  corpo- 
ration in  the  world,  no  species  of  composition 
has  been  so  much  decried.  From  pride,  igno- 
rance, or  fashion,  our  foes  are  almost  as  many 
as  our  readers ;  and  while  the  abilities  of  the 
nine-hundredth  abridger  of  the  ((  History  of  Eng- 
land,^  or  of  the  man  who  collects  and  publishes 
in  a  volume  some  dozen  lines  of  Milton,  Pope, 
and  Prior,  with  a  paper  from  the  Spectator,  and 
a  chapter  from  Sterne,  are  eulogized  by  a  thou- 
sand pens,  there  seems  almost  a  general  wish  of 
decrying  the  capacity  and  undervaluing  the 
labor  of  the  novelist,  and  of  slighting  the  per- 
formances which  have  only  genius,  wit,  and 
taste  to  recommend  them.  <(  I  am  no  novel 
reader ;  I  seldom  look  into  novels ;  do  not  im- 
agine that  I  often  read  novels  ;  it  is  really  very 
well  for  a  novel. n  Such  is  the  common  cant. 
(<  And  what  are  you  reading,  miss  —  ?  w  «  Oh  ! 
it  is  only  a  novel ! }>  replies  the  young  lady'; 
while  she  lays  down  her  book  with  affected  in- 
difference, or  momentary  shame.  It  is  only 
(( Cecilia,w  or  w  Camilla, »  or  ((  Belinda  w  ;  or,  in 
short,  only  some  work  in  which  the  greatest 
powers  of  the  mind  are  displayed,  in  which  the 
most  thorough  knowledge  of  human  nature,  the 
happiest  delineation  of  its  varieties,  the  liveliest 
effusions  of  wit  and  humor,  are  conveyed  to  the 
world  in  the  best  chosen  language.  Now,  had 
the  same  young  lady  been  engaged  with  a  vol- 
ume of  the  Spectator,  instead  of  such  a  work, 
how  proudly  would  she  have  produced  the 
book,  and  told  its  name !  though  the  chances 
must  be  against  her  being  occupied  by  any  part 
of  that  voluminous  publication  of  which  either 
the  matter  or  manner  would  not  disgust  a  young 
person  of  taste ;  the  substance  of  its  papers  so 
often  consisting  in  the  statement  of  improbable 
circumstances,  unnatural  characters,  and  topics 
of  conversation,  which  no  longer  concern  any 
one  living ;  and  their  language,  too,  frequently 
so  coarse  as  to  give  no  very  favorable  idea  of 
the  age  that  could  endure  it. — From  (i  North- 
anger  Abbey  y* 

BACON,  FRANCIS     (England.  1561-1626) 

«  HalfWay  Men. »  —  The  Rabbins  note  a  prin- 
ciple of  nature,  that  putrefaction  is  more  dan- 
gerous before  maturity  than  after,  and  another 
noteth  a  position  in  moral  philosophy,  that  men 
abandoned  to  Vice  do  not  so  much  corrupt  man- 
ners as  those  that  are  half  Good  and  half  Evil. 

Moroseness  and  Dignity. —  Men  possessing 
minds  which  are  morose,  solemn,  and  inflexible, 
enjoy,  in  general,  a  greater  share  of  Dignity 
than  of  Happiness. 


3952 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


BALLOU,  HOSE  A     (America,  1796-1861) 

Charity. —  How  white  are  the  fair  robes  of 
Charity,  as  she  walketh  amid  the  lowly  habita- 
tions of  the  poor !  —  Mss. :  Sermons. 

Conscience. —  There  is  one  court  whose 
«  findings  w  are  incontrovertible,  and  whose  ses- 
sions are  held  in  the  chambers  of  our  own 
breast. —  Mss.:  Sermons. 

BARRINGTON,  SIR  J.     (Ireland,  1760-1834) 

Dress  and  Address.  —  Dress  has  a  moral 
effect  upon  the  conduct  of  mankind.  Let  any 
gentleman  find  himself  with  dirty  boots,  old 
surtout,  soiled  neckcloth,  and  a  general  negli- 
gence of  dress,  he  will,  in  all  probability,  find  a 
corresponding  disposition  by  negligence  of  ad- 
dress. 

BARROW,  ISAAC     (England,  1630-1677) 

What  Is  Wit  ?  —  First,  it  may  be  demanded 
what  the  thing  is  we  speak  of,  or  what  this  face- 
tiousness  doth  import?  To  which  question  I 
might  reply  as  Democritus  did  to  him  that  asked 
the  definition  of  a  man  :  (<  'Tis  that  which  we  all 
see  and  know.M  Any  one  better  apprehends 
what  it  is  by  acquaintance  than  I  can  inform 
him  by  description.  It  is  indeed  a  thing  so 
versatile  and  multiform,  appearing  in  so  many 
shapes,  so  many  postures,  so  many  garbs,  so  va- 
riously apprehended  by  several  eyes  and  judg- 
ments, that  it  seemeth  no  less  hard  to  settle  a 
clear  and  certain  notion  thereof,  than  to  make  a 
portrait  of  Proteus,  or  to  define  the  figure  of  the 
fleeting  air.  Sometimes  it  lieth  in  pat  allusion 
to  a  known  story,  or  in  seasonable  application 
to  a  trivial  saying,  or  in  forging  an  apposite  tale  ; 
sometimes  it  playeth  in  words  and  phrases, 
taking  advantage  from  the  ambiguity  of  their 
sense,  or  the  affinity  of  their  sound.  Sometimes 
it  is  wrapped  in  a  dress  of  humorous  expres- 
sion ;  sometimes  it  lurketh  under  an  odd  simili- 
tude ;  sometimes  it  is  lodged  in  a  sly  question, 
in  a  smart  answer,  in  a  quirkish  reason,  in  a 
shrewd  intimation,  in  cunningly  diverting  or 
cleverly  retorting  an  objection ;  sometimes  it  is 
couched  in  a  bold  scheme  of  speech,  in  a  tart 
irony,  in  a  lusty  hyperbole,  in  a  startling  meta- 
phor, in  a  plausible  reconciling  of  contradic- 
tions, or  in  acute  nonsense  ;  sometimes  a  scen- 
ical  representation  of  persons  or  things,  a  coun- 
terfeit speech,  a  mimical  look  or  gesture  passeth 
for  it ;  sometimes  an  affected  simplicity,  some- 
times a  presumptuous  bluntness,  giveth  it  being  ; 
sometimes  it  riseth  only  from  a  lucky  hitting 
upon  what  is  strange  ;  sometimes  from  a  crafty 
wresting  obvious  matter  to  the  purpose  ;  often  it 
consists  in  one  knows  not  what,  and  springeth 
up  one  can  hardly  tell  how.  Its  ways  are  un- 
accountable and  inexplicable,  being  answerable 
to  the  numberless  rovings  of  fancy  and  windings 
of  language. 

Sin. —  Sin  is  never  at  a  stay  ;  if  we  do  not  re- 
treat from  it,  we  shall  advance  in  it ;  and  the 
further  on  we  go,  the  more  we  have  to  come 
back. 


BARTOL,  C.  A.     (America,  1813-) 

Hands  and  Hearts.— There  is  a  hand  that 
has  no  heart  in  it,  there  is  a  claw  or  paw,  a 
flipper  or  fin,  a  bit  of  wet  cloth  to  take  of,  a 
piece  of  unbaked  dough  on  the  cook's  trencher, 
a  cold  clammy  thing  we  recoil  from,  or  greedy 
clutch  with  the  heat  of  sin,  which  we  drop  as  a 
burning  coal.  What  a  scale  from  the  talon  to 
the  horn  of  plenty,  is  this  human  palm  leaf ! 
Sometimes  it  is  like  a  knife-shaped,  thin-bladed 
tool  we  dare  not  grasp,  or  like  a  poisonous  thing 
we  shake  off,  or  unclean  member,  which,  white 
as  it  may  look,  we  feel  polluted  by  ! — The  Ris- 
ing Faith:  Training. 

Enduring  and  Doing. —  Patience  is  a  nobler 
motion  than  any  deed. — Radical  Problems:  Ma- 
terialism. 

BAXTER,  RICHARD     (England,  1615-1691)    m 
Modesty  a  Guard  against  the  Devil. —  You 

little  know  what  you  have  done,  when  you  have 
first  broke  the  bounds  of  modesty  ;  you  have  set 
open  the  door  of  your  fancy  to  the  Devil,  so  that 
he  can,  almost  at  his  pleasure  ever  after,  repre- 
sent the  same  sinful  pleasure  to  you  anew ;  he 
hath  now  access  to  your  fancy  to  stir  up  lustful 
thoughts  and  desires,  so  that  when  you  should 
think  of  your  calling,  or  of  your  God,  or  of  your 
soul,  your  thoughts  will  be  worse  than  swinish, 
upon  the  filth  that  is  not  fit  to  be  named.  If  the 
Devil  here  get  in  a  foot,  he  will  not  easily  be 
got  out. 

Religion  at  Your  Rope's  End. —  It  is  one 
thing  to  take  God  and  Heaven  for  your  portion, 
as  believers  do ;  and  another  thing  to  be  desirous 
of  it,  as  a  reserve  when  you  can  keep  the  World 
no  longer.  It  is  one  thing  to  submit  to  Heaven, 
as  a  lesser  evil  than  Hell ;  and  another  thing  to 
desire  it  as  a  greater  good  than  Earth.  It  is  one 
thing  to  lay  up  treasures  and  hopes  in  Heaven, 
and  seek  it  first ;  and  another  thing  to  be  con- 
tented with  it  in  our  necessity,  and  to  seek  the 
world  before  it,  and  give  God  that  the  flesh  can 
spare.  Thus  differeth  the  Religion  of  serious 
Christians,  and  carnal  worldly  Hypocrites. 

Sin  as  Self- Murder. —  Use  Sin  as  it  will  use 
you  ;  spare  it  not,  for  it  will  not  spare  you ;  it  is 
your  Murderer,  and  the  Murderer  of  the  World  ; 
use  it,  therefore,  as  a  Murderer  should  be  used. 
Kill  it  before  it  kills  you;  and  though  it  kill 
your  bodies,  it  shall  not  be  able  to  kill  your 
souls ;  and  though  it  bring  you  to  the  grave,  as 
it  did  your  Head,  it  shall  not  be  able  to  keep 
you  there.  If  the  thoughts  of  Death,  and  the 
Grave,  and  Rottenness  be  not  pleasant  to  you, 
hearken  to  every  temptation  to  Sin,  as  you  would 
hearken  to  a  temptation  to  Self-Murder,  and 
as  you  would  do  if  the  Devil  had  brought  you 
a  knife,  and  tempted  you  to  cut  your  throat  with 
it :  so  do  when  he  offereth  you  the  bait  of  Sin. 
You  love  not  Death ;  love  not  the  cause  of 
Death. 

BEACONSFIELD,  LORD     (England,  1804-1881) 

Greatness  in  Books   and  Men. — There  are 

some  books,  when  we  close  them, —  one  or  two 

in  the  course  of  our  life, —  difficult  as  it  may  be 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3953 


to  analyze  or  ascertain  the  cause,  after  which  our 
minds  seem  to  have  made  a  great  leip.  A  thou- 
sand obscure  things  receive  light ;  a  multitude  of 
indefinite  feelings  are  determined.  Our  intellect 
grasps  and  grapples  with  all  subjects  with  a  ca- 
pacity, a  flexibility,  and  a  vigor,  before  un- 
known to  us.  It  masters  questions  hitherto 
perplexing,  which  are  not  even  touched  or  re- 
ferred to  in  the  volume  just  closed.  What  is  the 
magic  ?  It  is  the  spirit  of  the  supreme  author, 
by  a  magnetic  influence  Mending  with  our  sym- 
pathizing intelligence  that  directs  and  inspires 
it.  By  that  mysterious  sensibility  we  extend  to 
questions  which  he  has  not  treated,  the  same  in- 
tellectual force  which  he  has  exercised  over 
those  which  he  has  expounded.  His  genius  for 
a  time  remains  in  us.  'Tis  the  same  with  hu- 
man beings  as  with  books.  All  of  us  encounter, 
at  least  once  in  our  life,  some  individual  who  ut- 
ters words  that  make  us  think  forever.  There 
are  men  whose  phrases  are  oracles ;  who  con- 
dense in  a  sentence  the  secrets  of  life ;  who  blurt 
out  an  aphorism  that  forms  a  character  or  illus- 
trates an  existence.  A  great  thing  is  a  great 
book  ;  but  greater  than  all  is  the  talk  of  a  great 
man. 

And  what  is  a  great  man  ?  Is  it  a  minister  of 
state  ?  Is  it  a  victorious  general  ?  A  gentle- 
man in  the  Windsor  uniform  ?  A  field  marshal 
covered  with  stars  ?  Is  it  a  prelate  or  a  prince  ? 
A  king,  even  an  emperor  ?  It  may  be  all  these ; 
yet  these,  as  we  must  all  daily  feel,  are  not  nec- 
essarily great  men.  A  great  man  is  one  who  af- 
fects the  mind  of  his  generation,  whether  he  be 
a  monk  in  his  cloister  agitating  Christendom,  or 
a  monarch  crossing  the  Granicus,  and  giving  a 
new  character  to  the  Pagan  world.—  From 
((  Coningsby.y> 

BEDE,  THE  VENERABLE  (England,  673-735) 
Anglo-Saxon  Origins.  —  In  the  year  of  our 
Lord  449,  Martian  being  made  emperor  with 
Valentinian,  and  the  forty-sixth  from  Augustus, 
ruled  the  empire  seven  years.  Then  the  nation 
of  the  Angles,  or  Saxons,  being  invited  by  the 
aforesaid  king,  arrived  in  Britain  with  three 
long  ships,  and  had  a  place  assigned  them  to 
reside  in  by  the  same  king,  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island,  that  they  might  thus  appear  to  be 
fighting  for  their  country,  whilst  their  real  inten- 
tions were  to  enslave  it.  Accordingly  they  en- 
gaged with  the  enemy,  who  were  come  from  the 
north  to  give  battle,  and  obtained  the  victory ; 
which,  being  known  at  home,  in  their  own  coun- 
try, as  also  the  fertility  of  the  country,  and  the 
cowardice  of  the  Britons,  a  more  considerable 
fleet  was  quickly  sent  over,  bringing  a  still 
greater  number  of  men,  which,  being  added  to 
the  former,  made  up  an  invincible  army.  The 
newcomers  received  of  the  Britons  a  place  to  in- 
habit, upon  condition  that  they  should  wage 
war  against  their  enemies  for  the  peace  and 
security  of  the  country,  whilst  the  Britons  agreed 
to  furnish  them  with  pay.  Those  who  came 
over  were  of  the  three  most  powerful  nations  of 
Germany  — Saxons,  Angles,  and  Jutes.  From 
the  Jutes  are  descended  the  people  of  Kent,  and 
x— 248 


of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  those  also  in  the  pro- 
vince of  the  West-Saxons  who  are  to  this  day 
called  Jutes,  seated  opposite  to  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  From  the  Saxons,  that  is,  the  country 
which  is  now  called  Old  Saxony,  came  the 
East-Saxons,  the  South-Saxons,  and  the  West- 
Saxons.  From  the  Angles,  that  is,  the  country 
which  is  called  Anglia,  and  which  is  said,  from 
that  time,  to  remain  desert  to  this  day,  between 
the  provinces  of  the  Jutes  and  the  Saxons,  are 
descended  the  East- Angles,  the  Midland-Angles, 
Mercians,  all  the  race  of  the  Northumbrians, 
that  is,  of  those  nations  that  dwell  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  Humber,  and  the  other  nations  of 
the  English.  The  first  two  commanders  are 
said  to  have  been  Hengist  and  Horsa.  Of 
whom  Horsa,  being  afterwards  slain  in  battle 
by  the  Britons,  was  buried  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Kent,  where  a  monument,  bearing  his  name,  is 
still  in  existence.  They  were  the  sons  of  Vicgil- 
sus,  whose  father  was  Vecta,  son  of  Woden ;  from 
whose  stock  the  royal  race  of  many  provinces 
deduce  their  original.  In  a  short  time,  swarms 
of  the  aforesaid  nations  came  over  into  the  is- 
land, and  they  began  to  increase  so  much,  that 
they  became  terrible  to  the  natives  themselves 
who  had  invited  them.  Then,  having  on  a  sud- 
den entered  into  league  with  the  Picts,  whom 
they  had  by  this  time  repelled  by  the  force  of 
their  arms,  they  began  to  turn  their  weapons 
against  their  confederates.  At  first,  they  obliged 
them  to  furnish  a  greater  quantity  of  provisions ; 
and,  seeking  an  occasion  to  quarrel,  protested, 
that  unless  more  plentiful  supplies  were  brought 
them,  they  would  break  the  confederacy,  and 
ravage  all  the  island ;  nor  were  they  backward 
in  putting  their  threats  in  execution.  In  short, 
the  fire  kindled  by  the  hand  of  these  pagans, 
proved  God's  just  revenge  for  the  crimes  of  the 
people ;  not  unlike  that  which,  being  once 
lighted  by  the  Chaldeans,  consumed  the  walls 
and  the  city  of  Jerusalem.  For  the  barbarous 
conquerors  acting  here  in  the  same  manner,  or 
rather  the  just  Judge  ordaining  that  they  should 
90  act,  they  plundered  all  the  neighboring  cities 
and  country,  spread  the  conflagration  from  the 
eastern  to  the  western  sea,  without  any  opposi- 
tion, and  covered  almost  every  part  of  the  de- 
voted island.  Public  as  well  as  private  structures 
were  overturned ;  the  priests  were  everywhere 
slain  before  the  altars  ;  the  prelates  and  the  peo- 
ple, without  any  respect  of  persons,  were  de- 
stroyed with  fire  and  sword ;  nor  was  there  any 
to  bury  those  who  had  been  thus  cruelly  slaugh- 
tered. Some  of  the  miserable  remainder,  being 
taken  in  the  mountains,  were  butchered  in 
heaps.  Others,  spent  with  hunger,  came  forth 
and  submitted  themselves  to  the  enemy  for  food, 
being  destined  to  undergo  perpetual  servitude, 
if  they  were  not  killed  even  upon  the  spot. 
Some,  with  sorrowful  hearts,  fled  beyond  the 
seas.  Others,  continuing  in  their  own  country, 
led  a  miserable  life  among  the  woods,  rocks, 
and  mountains,  with  scarcely  enough  food  to 
support  life,  and  expecting  every  moment  to  be 
their  last. —  From  the  ^Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Etigland.n 


3954 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


BEECHER,    HENRY    WARD      (America,   1813- 

1887) 
Character.  — Sorrow  makes  men  sincere,  and 
anguish    makes    them    earnest.  —  The  c<  Life  of 
Jesus,  The  Christ?   Chap.  XII. 

Joy  and  Sorrow.  —  Sorrow  is  divine;  but  joy 
was  divine  first,  and  will  be  after  weeping  and 
sorrow  are  swept  out  of  the  universe.  Joy  is  more 
divine  than  sorrow  ;  for  joy  is  bread,  and  sorrow 
is  medicine. —  Sermons:  (i  Plymouth  Pulpit? 
Second  Series:  (<  The  Perfect  Manhood?* 

Love  in  Its  Fullness. —  Love  is  the  river  of 
life  in  this  world.  Think  not  that  ye  know  it 
who  stand  at  the  little  tinkling  rill — the  first 
small  fountain.  Not  until  you  have  gone 
through  the  rocky  gorges,  and  not  lost  the 
stream ;  not  until  you  have  gone  through  the 
meadow,  and  the  stream  has  widened  and  deep- 
ened until  fleets  could  ride  on  its  bosom ;  not  un- 
til beyond  the  meadow  you  have  come  to  the 
unfathomable  ocean,  and  poured. your  treasures 
into  its  depths  —  not  until  then  can  you  know 
what  love  is. —  Sermons:  a Plymouth  Pulpit? 
Second  Series :  (c  The  Right  and  the  Wrong  Way 
of  Giving  Pleasure? 

The  Soul  Never  Sleeps.  — We  sleep,  but  the 
loom  of  life  never  stops  ;  and  the  pattern  which 
was  weaving  when  the  sun  went  down  is  weav- 
ing when  it  comes  up  to-morrow. — (<  Life 
Thoughts?* 

BEECHER,  LYMAN     (America,  1775-1863) 

On  «  American  Rudeness.  »  —  Our  fathers 
have  been'ridiculed  as  an  uncouth  anduncourtly 
generation.  And  it  must  be  admitted  that  they 
were  not  as  expert  in  the  graces  of  dress,  and 
the  etiquette  of  the  drawing-room,  as  some  of 
their  descendants.  But  neither  could  these  have 
felled  the  trees,  nor  guided  the  plow,  nor  spread 
the  sail,  which  they  did  ;  nor  braved  the  dangers 
of  Indian  warfare  ;  nor  displayed  the  wisdom  in 
counsel  which  our  fathers  displayed  ;  and,  had 
none  stepped  upon  the  Plymouth  Rock  but  such 
effeminate  critics  as  these,  the  poor  natives 
never  would  have  mourned  their  wilderness 
lost,  but  would  have  brushed  them  from  the  land 
as  they  would  brush  the  puny  insect  from  their 
faces ;  the  Pequods  would  have  slept  in  safety 
that  night  which  was  their  last,  and  no  intrepid 
Mason  had  hung  upon  their  rear,  and  driven 
into  exile  the  panic-struck  fugitives. —  From 
his  Works. 

BELZONI,  JOHN  BAPTIST  (Italy,  1778-1823) 
The  Ruins  at  Thebes. — On  the  22d,  we  saw 
for  the  first  time  the  ruins  of  great  Thebes,  and 
landed  at  Luxor.  Here  I  beg  the  reader  to  ob- 
serve, that  but  very  imperfect  ideas  can  be 
formed  of  the  extensive  ruins  of  Thebes,  even 
from  the  accounts  of  the  most  skillful  and  accu- 
rate travelers.  It  is  absolutely  impossible  to 
imagine  the  scene  displayed,  without  seeing  it. 
The  most  sublime  ideas  that  can  be  formed  from 
the  most  magnificent  specimens  of  our  present 
architecture,  would  give  a  very  incorrect  picture 
of  these  ruins ;  for  such  is  the  difference  not  only 


in  magnitude,  but  in  form,  proportion,  and  con- 
struction, that  even  the  pencil  can  convey  but  a 
faint  idea  of  the  whole.  It  appeared  to  me  like 
entering  a  city  of  giants,  who,  after  a  long  con- 
flict, were  all  destroyed,  leaving  the  ruins  of 
their  various  temples  as  the  only  proofs  of  their 
former  existence.  The  temple  of  Luxor  pre- 
sents to  the  traveler  at  once  one  of  the  most 
splendid  groups  of  Egyptian  grandeur.  The 
extensive  propylaeum.witn  the  two  obelisks,  and 
colossal  statues  in  the  front ;  the  thick  groups  of 
enormous  columns ;  the  variety  of  apartments,  and 
the  sanctuary  it  contains ;  the  beautiful  orna- 
ments which  adorn  every  part  of  the  walls  and 
columns,  described  by  Mr.  Hamilton  —  cause  in 
the  astonished  traveler  an  oblivion  of  all  that 
he  has  seen  before.  If  his  attention  be  attracted 
to  the  north  side  of  Thebes  by  the  towering  re- 
mains that  project  a  great  height  above  the 
wood  of  palm  trees,  he  will  gradually  enter  that 
forest-like  assemblage  of  ruins  of  temples,  col- 
umns, obelisks,  colossi,  sphinxes,  portals,  and  an 
endless  number  of  other  astonishing  objects,  that 
will  convince  him  at  once  of  the  impossibility 
of  a  description.  On  the  west  side  of  the  Nile, 
still  the  traveler  finds  himself  among  wonders. 
The  temples  of  Gournou,  Memnonium,  and 
Medinet  Aboo,  attest  the  extent  of  the  great 
city  on  this  side.  The  unrivaled  colossal  fig- 
ures in  the  plains  of  Thebes,  the  number  of 
tombs  excavated  in  the  rocks,  those  in  the  great 
valley  of  the  kings,  with  their  paintings,  sculp- 
tures, mummies,  sarcophagi,  figures,  etc.,  are  all 
objects  worthy  of  the  admiration  of  the  traveler 
who  will  not  fail  to  wonder  how  a  nation  which 
was  once  so  great  as  to  erect  these  stupendous 
edifices,  could  so  far  fall  into  oblivion  that  even 
their  language  and  writing  are  totally  unknown 
to  us. —  Prom  Belzoni's  (( Narrative?* 

BIGELOW,  JOHN     (America,  1817-) 
Franklin's    Character    and    Religion. —  A 

considerable  familiarity  with  all  the  authentic 
literary  remains  of  Franklin  has  led  me  to  the 
following  conclusions  about  his  religious  opin- 
ions :  — 

1.  His  highest  standard  of  duty  was  to  do 
unto  others  as  he  would  have  them  do  to  him. 

2.  He  was  rather  more  of  a  Unitarian  than  a 
Trinitarian,  in  this  respect  doubtless  sympathiz- 
ing more  completely  with  Dr.  Priestley  than 
with  the  <(  good  bishop  M  of  St.  Asaph's. 

3.  He  accepted  the  Bible  as  the  safest  guide 
to  conduct  ever  written,  but,  like  many  others  in 
our  own  time,  forbore  to  proclaim  his  unlimited 
faith  in  its  entire  inspiration,  rather  from  an  un- 
willingness to  assert  what  he  had  not  the  learn- 
ing or  ability  to  prove,  than  from  any  conviction 
that  it  was  not  inspired,  or  that  a  belief  in  its 
inspiration  could  possibly  work  any  harm. 

He  believed  in  all  the  virtues  which  were 
sanctified  by  the  life  and  death  of  Christ.  If  he 
did  not  practice  them  at  all  times,  he  simply 
failed  in  what  no  child  of  Adam  has  succeeded 
in  doing ;  to  what  extent,  I  leave  those  to  deter- 
mine who  have  led  less  selfish  lives ;  who  have 
done  more  for  their  fellow-creatures  ;  who  have 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3955 


more  conscientiously  expiated  their  errors ;  who 
have  been  less  frequently  a  stumbling-block  to 
weaker  brethren ;  who  in  their  lives  have  more 
successfully  illustrated  the  fidelity  with  which 
prosperity  and  happiness  wait  on  good  works, 
and  on  that  faith  in  the  right  of  which  good 
works  are  begotten. — From  a  letter  to  the  New 
York  Observer,  i8yg. 

BOILEAU-DESPREAUX     (France,  1636-1711) 

Who  Is  the  Wisest  Man?  —  The  wisest  man 
is  generally  he  who  thinks  himself  the  least  so. 

BOTTA,  VINCENZO     (Italy,  1818-) 

The  Character  of  Cavour. —  The  grandeur  of 
Cavour's  character  as  a  statesman  must  be  es- 
timated by  the  magnitude  of  his  object,  the 
boldness  and  the  prudence  with  which  he  exe- 
cuted his  designs,  and  the  extraordinary  power 
which  he  possessed  of  foreseeing  results  and  of 
converting  obstacles  into  means.  He  combined 
the  originality  and  depth  of  a  theorist  with  the 
practical  genius  of  a  true  reformer ;  he  under- 
stood the  character  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived, 
and  made  it  tributary  to  his  great  purposes.  He 
made  self-government  the  object  of  legislation, 
political  economy  the  source  of  liberty,  and  lib- 
erty the  basis  of  nationality.  Aware  that  neither 
revolution  or  conservatism  alone  could  produce 
the  regeneration  of  his  country,  he  opposed  them 
in  their  separate  action,  while  he  grasped  them 
both  with  a  firm  hand,  yoked  them  together, 
and  led  them  on  to  conquest.  He  saw  that 
Italian  independence  could  only  be  attained 
through  the  aid  of  foreign  alliance ;  he  recog- 
nized in  Napoleon  III.  the  personification  of 
organized  revolution,  and  the  natural  ally  of  the 
Italian  people ;  and  the  work,  which  he  fore- 
shadowed, in  the  union  of  the  Sardinian  troops 
with  the  armies  of  England  and  France  in  the 
Crimea,  and  for  which  he  laid  the  foundation  in 
the  congress  of  Paris,  was  achieved  with  the 
victories  of  Magenta  and  Solferino,  and  the 
recognition  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Italy. —  Dis- 
course delivered  before  the  New  York  Historical 
Society,  1862. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM      (England   and    New 
England,  1590-1657) 
On  the  Death  of  Elder  Brewster. —  I  am  to 

begin  this  year  with  that  which  was  a  matter  of 
great  sadness  and  mourning  unto  them  all. 
About  the  eighteenth  of  April  died  their  Rever- 
end Elder,  and  my  dear  and  loving  friend,  Mr. 
William  Brewster;  a  man  that  had  done  and 
suffered  much  for  the  Lord  Jesus  and  the  Gos- 
pel's sake,  and  had  borne  his  part  in  weal  and 
woe  with  this  poor  persecuted  church  above 
thirty-six  years  in  England,  Holland,  and  in  this 
wilderness,  and  done  the  Lord  and  them  faithful 
service  in  his  place  and  calling.  And  notwith- 
standing the  many  troubles  and  sorrows  he 
passed  through,  the  Lord  upheld  him  to  a  great 
age.  He  was  near  fourscore  years  of  age  (if  not 
all  out)  when  he  died.  He  had  this  blessing 
added  by  the  Lord  to  all  the  rest, —  to  die  in  his 
bed,  in  peace,  amongst  the  midst  of  his  friends, 
who  mourned  and  wept  over  him,  and   minis- 


tered what  help  and  comfort  they  could  unto 
him,  and  he  again  recomforted  them  whilst  he 
could.  His  sickness  was  not  long,  and  till  the 
last  day  thereof  he  did  not  wholly  keep  his  bed. 
His  speech  continued  till  somewhat  more  than 
half  a  day,  and  then  failed  him ;  and  about  nine 
or  ten  o'clock  that  evening  he  died,  without  any 
pangs  at  all.  A  few  hours  before,  he  drew  his 
breath  short,  and  some  few  minutes  before  his 
last,  he  drew  his  breath  long,  as  a  man  fallen 
into  a  sound  sleep,  without  any  pangs  or  gasp- 
ings,  and  so  sweetly  departed  this  life  unto  a 
better. —  From  the  (<  History  of  the  Plymotith 
Plantation." 

BROOKS,  PHILLIPS   (America,  1835-1893) 

Friendship. —  The  place  where  two  friends  first 
met  is  sacred  to  them  all  through  their  friend- 
ship—  all  the  more  sacred  as  their  friendship 
deepens  and  grows  old. —  Sermons:  (<  The 
Young  and  Old  Christian." 

Delight  in  Self-Denial.  — Only  the  soul  that 
with  an  overwhelming  impulse  and  a  perfect 
trust  gives  itself  up  forever  to  the  life  of  other 
men,  finds  the  delight  and  peace  which  such 
complete  self -surrender  has  to  give. —  Sermons: 
(<  The  Joy  of  Self-Sacrificed 

BROWN,  CHARLES  BROCKDEN  (America, 
1771-1810) 
Influence  of  Foreign  Literature. —  The  ideas 
annexed  to  the  term  peasant  are  wholly  inap- 
plicable to  the  tiller  of  ground  in  America  ;  but 
our  notions  are  the  offspring  of  the  books  we 
read.  Our  books  are  almost  wholly  the  produc- 
tions of  Europe,  and  the  prejudices  which  infect 
us  are  derived  chiefly  from  this  source.  These 
prejudices  may  be  somewhat  rectified  by  age 
and  by  converse  with  the  world,  but  they  flour- 
ish in  full  vigor  in  youthful  minds,  reared  in 
seclusion  and  privacy,  and  undisciplined  by  in- 
tercourse with  various  classes  of  mankind. — 
From  c<  Clara  Howard." 

BROWNSON,  ORESTES  A.  (America,  1803-1876) 
The  Bible. —  I  remember  well  the  time  when 
the  Bible  was  to  me  a  revolting  book,  when  I 
could  find  no  meaning  in  it,  and  when  I  could 
not  believe  that  religious  people  could  honestly 
regard  it  as  they  professed  to  regard  it.  Its 
very  style  and  language  were  offensive,  and  if  I 
was  called  upon  to  write  upon  religious  topics,  I 
took  good  care  to  avoid,  as  much  as  possible, 
the  use  of  its  phraseology.  But  it  is  not  so  with 
me  now.  Life  has  developed  within  me  wants 
which  no  other  book  can  satisfy.  Say  nothing 
now  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Bible ;  take  it 
merely  as  an  ancient  writing  which  has  come 
down  to  ^us,  and  it  is  to  me  a  truly  wonderful 
production.  I  take  up  the  writings  of  the  most 
admired  geniuses  of  ancient  or  modern  times  ;  I 
read  them,  and  relish  them ;  and  yet  there  is  a 
depth  in  my  experience  they  do  not  fathom. 
This  is  much,  I  say ;  but  I  have  lived  more  than 
is  here  ;  I  have  wants  this  does  not  meet ;  it  re- 
cords only  a  moiety  of  my  experience.  But  with 
the  Bible  it  is  not  so.  Whatever  my  state,  its 
authors  seem  to  have  anticipated  it.    Whatever 


3956 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


anomaly  in  my  experience  I  note,  they  seem  to 
have  recorded  it.  What  experience  these  men 
had,  if  indeed  they  spoke  from  experience  !  It 
is  well  called  the  Book,  for  it  is  the  book  in 
which  seems  to  be  registered  all  that  the  indi- 
vidual or  the  race  ever  has  lived,  or  ever  can  live. 
It  is  all  here.—  From  the  Boston  Quarterly  Re- 
view. 

BRYANT,  WILLIAM  CULLEN    (America,  1794- 
1878) 
The  Perils  of  Life. —  We  hold  our  existence 
at  the  mercy  of  the  elements  ;  the  life  of  man  is 
a  state  of  continual  vigilance  against  their  war- 
fare.   The  heats  of  noon  would  wither  him  like 
the  severed  herb ;  the  chills  and  dews  of  night 
would  fill  his  bones  with  pain ;  the  winter  frost 
would  extinguish  life  in  an  hour;  the  hail  would 
smite  him  to  death,  did  he  not  seek  shelter  and 
protection  against  them.    His  clothing   is  the 
perpetual  armor  he  wears  for  his  defense,  and 
his  dwelling  the  fortress  to  which  he  retreats 
for  safety.    Yet,  even  there  the  elements  attack 
him;  the  winds  overthrow  his  habitation;  the 
waters  sweep  it  away.    The  fire,  that  warmed 
and  brightened  it  within,  seizes  upon  its  walls, 
and  consumes  it,  with  his  wretched  family.    The 
earth,  where  she  seems  to  spread  a  paradise  for 
his  abode  sends  up  death   in  exhalations  from 
her  bosom ;    and  the  heavens  dart  down  light- 
nings to  destroy  him.    The  drought  consumes 
the  harvests  on  which  he  relied  for  sustenance, 
or  the  rains  cause  the  green  corn  to  (<  rot  ere  its 
youth  attains  a  beard.»     A  sudden  blast  ingulfs 
him  in  the  waters  of  the  lake  or  bay  from  which 
he  seeks  his  food;  a  false   step,  or  a  broken 
twig,  precipitates  him  from  the  tree  which  he 
had  climbed  for  its  fruit;  oaks  falling  in   the 
storm,  rocks  toppling  down  from  the  precipices 
are  so  many  dangers  which  beset  his  life.     Even 
his  erect  attitude  is  a  continual  affront  to  the 
great  law  of   gravitation,   which   is  sometimes 
fatally  avenged  when  he  loses  the  balance  pre- 
served by  constant  care,  and  falls  on  a  hard 
surface.     The  very  arts  on  which  he  relies  for 
protection  from  the  unkindness  of  the  elements 
betray  him  to  the  fate  he  would  avoid,  in  some 
moment  of  negligence,  or  by  some  misdirection 
of  skill,  and  he  perishes  miserably  by  his  own 
inventions.      Amid  these  various  causes  of  acci- 
dental death,  which  thus  surround  us  at  every 
moment,  it  is  only  wonderful  that  their  proper 
effect   is  not  oftener  produced  — so  admirably 
has  the  Framer  of  the  universe  adapted  the  fac- 
ulties by  which  man  provides  for  his  safety,  to 
the  perils  of  the  condition  in  which  he  is  placed. 
—  From  «  Tales  of  Glauber- Spa? 

BUCKMINSTER,    JOSEPH   STEVENS      (Amer- 
ica, 1784-1812) 
The  Quiet  Things  of  Life. —  It  is  not  the 

number  of  the  great,  dazzling,  affecting,  and 
much  talked  of  pleasures,  which  makes  up  the 
better  part  of  our  substantial  happiness  ;  but  it 
is  the  delicate,  unseen,  quiet,  and  ordinary  com- 
forts of  social  and  domestic  life,  for  the  loss  of 


which,  all  that  the  world  has  dignified  with  the 
name  of  pleasure  would  not  compensate  us. 
Let  any  man  inquire,  for  a  single  day,  what  it  is 
which  has  employed  and  satisfied  him,  and 
which  really  makes  him  love  life,  and  he  will 
find  that  the  sources  of  his  happiness  lie  within 
a  very  narrow  compass.  He  will  find  that  he 
depends  almost  entirely  on  the  agreeable  cir- 
cumstances which  God  has  made  to  lie  all 
around  him,  and  which  fill  no  place  in  the  record 
of  public  events.  Indeed,  we  may  say  of  human 
happiness  what  Paul  quotes  for  a  more  sacred 
purpose,  (<  It  is  not  hidden  from  thee  ;  neither  is 
it  far  off ;  it  is  not  in  heaven,  that  thou  shouldst 
say,  Who  shall  go  up  for  us,  and  bring  it  unto 
us  ?  neither  is  it  beyond  the  sea,  that  thou 
shouldst  say,  Who  shall  go  over  the  sea  for  us, 
and  bring  it  unto  us  ?  but  is  very  nigh  unto  thee 
in  thy  mouth,  and  in  thy  heart.w — Frotn  his  Ser- 
mons. 

BURDETTE,  ROBERT  J.     (America,  1844-) 

Engaged  and  Married. —  They  were  very 
pretty,  and  there  was  apparently  five  or  six 
years'  difference  in  their  ages.  As  the  train 
pulled  up  at  Bussey,  the  younger  girl  blushed, 
flattened  her  nose  nervously  against  the  window, 
and  drew  back  in  joyous  smiles  as  a  young  man 
came  dashing  into  the  car,  shook  hands  tenderly 
and  cordially,  and  insisted  on  carrying  her 
valise,  magazine,  little  paper  bundle,  and  would 
probably  have  carried  herself  had  she  permitted 
him.  The  passengers  smiled  as  she  left  the  car, 
and  the  murmur  went  rippling  through  the 
coach,  «  They're  engaged. »  The  other  girl  sat 
looking  nervously  out  of  the  window,  and  once 
or  twice  gathered  her  parcels  together  as  though 
she  would  leave  the  car,  yet  seemed  to  be  ex- 
pecting some  one.  At  last  he  came.  He  bulged 
in  at  the  door  like  a  house  on  fire,  looked  along 
the  seats  until  his  manly  gaze  fell  on  her  up- 
turned, expectant  face,  roared,  w  Come  on  !  I've 
been  waiting  for  you  on  the  platform  for  fifteen 
minutes ! »  grabbed  her  basket,  and  strode  out 
of  the  car,  while  she  followed  with  a  little  valise. 
a  bandbox,  a  paper  bag  full  of  lunch,  a  bird- 
cage, a  glass  jar  of  jelly,  and  an  extra  shawl ; 
and  a  crusty  looking  old  bachelor,  in  the  farther 
end  of  the  car,  croaked  out,  in  unison  with  the 
indignant  looks  of  the  passengers,  «  They're 
married  ! w 

BURKE,  EDMUND   (Ireland,  1729-1797) 
War    as    the   Cause  of  Corruption.— War 

suspends  the  rules  of  moral  obligation,  and  what 
is  long  suspended  is  in  danger  of  being  totally 
abrogated.  Civil  Wars  strike  deepest  of  all  into 
the  manners  of  the  people.  They  vitiate  their 
Politics  ;  they  corrupt  their  Morals  ;  they  pervert 
even  the  natural  taste  and  relish  of  Equity  and 
Justice.  By  teaching  us  to  consider  our  fellow- 
creatures  in  an  hostile  light,  the  whole  body  of 
our  nation  becomes  gradually  less  dear  to  us. 
The  very  names  of  Affection  and  Kindred,  which 
were  the  bond  of  Charity  whilst  we  agreed,  be- 
come new  incentives  to  hatred  and  rage,  when 
the  communion  of  our  country  is  dissolved. 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3957 


BURNET,  THOMAS     (England,  1635-1715) 

M  Life  But  a  Circulation  of  Little  Mean  Ac- 
tions.w — What  is  this  Life  but  a  circulation  of 
little  mean  actions  ?  We  lie  down  and  rise 
again,  dress  and  undress,  feed  and  wax  hungry, 
work  or  play  and  are  weary,  and  then  we  lie 
down  again,  and  the  circle  returns.  We  spend 
the  day  in  trifles,  and  when  the  night  comes  we 
throw  ourselves  into  the  bed  of  folly,  amongst 
dreams,  and  broken  thoughts,  and  wild  imagina- 
tions. Our  reason  lies  asleep  by  us,  and  we  are 
for  the  time  as  arrant  brutes  as  those  that  sleep 
in  the  stalls,  or  in  the  field.  Are  not  the  capaci- 
ties of  man  higher  than  these  ?  And  ought  not 
his  ambition  and  expectations  to  be  greater  ? 
Let  us  be  adventurers  for  another  world.  It  is 
at  least  a  fair  and  noble  chance ;  and  there  is 
nothing  in  this  worth  our  thoughts  or  our  pas- 
sions. If  we  should  be  disappointed,  we  are  still 
no  worse  than  the  rest  of  our  fellow-mortals  ;  and 
if  we  succeed  in  our  expectations,  we  are  eter- 
nally happy. 

BURTON,  ROBERT     (England,  1577-1640) 

The  Devil's  Eait. —  Worldly  Wealth  is  the 
Devil's  Bait ;  and  those  whose  minds  feed  upon 
Riches,  recede,  in  general,  from  real  Happi- 
ness, in  proportion  as  their  stores  increase ;  as 
the  Moon  when  she  is  fullest  is  furthest  from 
the  Sun. 

BUTLER,  SAMUEL     ( England,  1612-1680) 

An  Opinionater. —  An  opinionater  is  his  own 
confidant,  that  maintains  more  opinions  than  he 
is  able  to  support.  They  are  all  bastards  com- 
monly and  unlawfully  begotten ;  but  being  his 
own,  he  had  rather,  out  of  natural  affection,  take 
any  pains,  or  beg,  than  they  should  want  a  sub- 
sistence. The  eagerness  and  violence  he  uses  to 
defend  them  argues  they  are  weak,  for  if  they 
were  true,  they  would  not  need  it.  How  false 
soever  they  are  to  him  he  is  true  to  them  ;  and  as 
all  extraordinary  affections  of  love  or  friendship 
are  usually  upon  the  meanest  accounts,  he  is  re- 
solved never  to  forsake  them,  how  ridiculous  so- 
ever they  render  themselves  and  him  to  the 
world.  He  is  a  kind  of  a  knight-errant,  that  is 
bound  by  his  order  to  defend  the  weak  and 
distressed,  and  deliver  enchanted  paradoxes,  that 
are  bewitched,  and  held  by  magicians  and  con- 
jurors in  invisible  castles.  He  affects  to  have 
his  opinions  as  unlike  other  men's  as  he  can,  no 
matter  whether  better  or  worse,  like  those  that 
wear  fantastic  clothes  of  their  own  devising. 
No  force  of  argument  can  prevail  upon  him ; 
for,  like  a  madman,  the  strength  of  two  men  in 
their  wits  are  not  able  to  hold  him  down.  His 
obstinacy  grows  out  of  his  ignorance  ;  for  proba- 
bility has  so  many  ways,  that  whosoever  under- 
stands them  will  not  be  confident  of  any  one. 
He  holds  his  opinions  as  men  do  their  lands, 
and,  though  his  tenure  be  litigious,  he  will  spend 
all  he  has  to  maintain  it.  He  does  not  so  much 
as  know  what  opinion  means,  which  always  sup- 
posing uncertainty,  is  not  capable  of  confidence. 
The  more  implicit  his  obstinacy  is,  the  more 
stubborn  it  renders  him. —  From  his  ^Remains?* 


CESAR,  CAIUS  JULIUS  (Rome,  100-44  B.  C.) 
Prosperity  as  a  Penalty  of  the  Worst  Wick- 
edness. —  The  gods  sometimes  grant  greater 
prosperity  and  a  longer  period  of  impunity  to 
those  whom  they  wish  to  punish  for  their  crimes, 
in  order  that  they  may  feel  more  acutely  a 
change  of  circumstances. —  De  Bello  Gallico. 

«  Rights  of  War.»— It  is  the  right  of  war  for 
conquerors  to  treat  those  whom  they  have  con- 
quered   according  to   their   pleasure. — B.  G.  I. 
36. 
CALHOUN,  JOHN  C.     (America,  1782-1850) 

Inventions  and  Discoveries.— When  the 
causes  now  in  operation  have  produced  their 
full  effect,  and  inventions  and  discoveries  shall 
have  been  exhausted,  if  that  may  ever  be,  they 
will  give  a  force  to  public  [opinion,  and  cause 
changes,  political  and  social,  difficult  to  be  antic- 
ipated. What  will  be  their  final  bearing,  time 
only  can  decide  with  any  certainty. 

That  they  will,  however,  greatly  improve  the 
condition  of  man  ultimately,  it  would  be  im- 
pious to  doubt ;  it  would  be  to  suppose,  that  the 
all-wise  and  beneficient  Being,  the  Creator  of 
all,  had  so  constituted  man,  as  that  the  employ- 
ment of  the  high  intellectual  faculties  with 
which  he  has  been  pleased  to  endow  him,  in 
order  that  he  might  develop  the  laws  that  con- 
trol the  great  agents  of  the  material  world,  and 
make  them  subservient  to  his  use,  would  prove 
to  him  the  cause  of  permanent  evil,  and  not  of 
permanent  good. 

If,  then,  such  supposition  be  inadmissible, 
they  must,  in  their  orderly  and  full  development, 
end  in  his  permanent  good.  But  this  cannot  be 
unless  the  ultimate  effect  of  their  action,  po- 
litically, shall  be,  to  give  ascendency  to  that 
form  of  government  best  calculated  to  fulfill 
the  ends  for  which  government  is  ordained. 
For,  so  completely  does  the  well-being  of  our 
race  depend  on  good  government,  that  it  is 
hardly  possible  any  change,  the  ultimate  effect 
of  which  should  be  otherwise,  could  prove  to 
be  a  permanent  good. —  From  one  of  his 
speeches. 

The  Danger  of  Subserviency. —  Piracy,  rob- 
bery, and  violence  of  every  description  may,  as 
history  proves,  be  followed  by  virtue,  patriotism, 
and  national  greatness  ;  but  where  is  the  exam- 
ple to  be  found  of  a  degenerate,  corrupt,  and 
subservient  people,  who  have  ever  recovered 
their  virtue  and  patriotism  ?  Their  doom  has 
ever  been  the  lowest  state  of  wretchedness  and 
misery  :  scorned,  trodden  down,  and  obliterated 
for  ever  from  the  list  of  nations.  May  Heaven 
grant  that  such  may  never  be  our  doom !  — 
From  a  speech  on  the  ^Public  Deposits?* 

CAMPISTRON,  JEAN  GALBERT  DE     (France, 
1656-1723) 
«  Vox  Populi.w — The  public  !  the  public  !  how 
many  fools  are  required  to  make  up  a  public ! 
—  Maximes  et  Pensies. 

Learning  and  Philosophy.— A  small  ink- 
ling of  philosophy  leads  man  to  despise  learn- 
ing ;  much  philosophy  leads  man  to  esteem  it. 


3953 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


CASAUBON,  MERIC  (Switzerland,  1599-1671) 
Claiming  Divine  Right.— It  is  a  common 
frenzy  of  the  ignorant  multitude,  to  be  always 
engaging  Heaven  on  their  side  ;  and  indeed  it 
is  a  successful  stratagem  of  any  general  to 
gain  authority  among  his  soldiers,  if  he  can  per- 
suade them  he  is  the  man  by  Fate  appointed 
for  such  or  such  an  action,  though  most  imprac- 
ticable. 

Truth  the  Foundation  of  All   Goodness. — 

The  study  of  Truth  is  perpetually  joined  with  the 
love  of  Virtue  ;  for  there's  no  Virtue  which  de- 
rives not  its  original  from  Truth  ;  as,  on  the  con- 
trary, there  is  no  vice  which  has  not  its  begin- 
ning from  a  Lie.  Truth  is  the  foundation  of  all 
knowledge,  and  the  cement  of  all  society. 

CATO,  MARCUS  PORCIUS  (Italy,  95-46  B.  C.) 
Silence  the  Virtue  of  the  Gods. — I  think 
the  first  Virtue  is  to  restrain  the  Tongue :  he 
approaches  nearest  to  the  Gods,  who  knows 
how  to  be  silent,  even  though  he  is  in  the  right. 

CERVANTES     (Spain,  1547-1616) 

Historians. —  Historians  ought  to  be  precise, 
truthful,  and  quite  unprejudiced,  and  neither  in- 
terest nor  fear,  hatred  nor  affection,  should 
cause  them  to  swerve  from  the  path  of  Truth 
whose  mother  is  History,  the  rival  of  time, 
the  depository  of  great  actions,  the  witness  of 
what  is  past,  the  example  and  instruction  to  the 
present,  and  monitor  to  the  future. 

Scholars  Who  «  Go  a  Sopping. »  —  I  say, 
then,  that  the  hardships  of  the  scholar  are  these  : 
in  the  first  place,  poverty  (not  that  they  are  all 
poor,  but  I  would  put  the  case  in  the  strongest 
manner  possible),  and  when  I  have  said  that  he 
endures  poverty,  methinks  no  more  need  be 
said  to  show  his  misery.  For  he  who  is  poor  is 
destitute  of  every  good  thing ;  he  endures  pov- 
erty in  all  its  parts  —  sometimes  in  hunger  and 
cold,  and  sometimes  in  nakedness,  and  some- 
times in  all  these  together.  But,  notwithstand- 
ing all  this,  it  is  not  so  great  but  that  still  he 
eats,  though  somewhat  later  than  usual,  or  of 
the  rich  man's  scraps  and  leavings,  or,  which  is 
the  scholar's  greatest  misery,  by  what  is  called 
among  them,  going  a  sopping.  Neither  do  they 
always  want  a  fireside  or  chimney-corner  of 
some  charitable  person,  which,  if  it  does  not 
quite  warm  them,  at  least  abates  their  extreme 
cold ;  and  lastly,  they  sleep  somewhere  under 
cover. 

«The  Multitude  of  Fools. »  —  I  regard  it  as 
true  that  the  number  of  the  unwise  is  greater 
than  that  of  the  prudent ;  and  though  it  is  better 
to  be  praised  by  the  few  wise  than  mocked  by 
a  multitude  of  fools,  yet  I  am  unwilling  to  ex- 
pose myself  to  the  confused  judgment  of  the 
giddy  vulgar,  to  whose  lot  the  reading  of  such 
books  for  most  part  falls. 

The  Poet  and  the  Historian.— The  poet 
may  say  or  sing,  not  as  things  were,  but  as  they 
ought  to  have  been  ;  but  the  historian  must  pen 
them,  not  as  they  ought  to  have  been,  but  as  they 


really  were,  without   adding  to   or  diminishing 
anything  from  the  truth. 

«  Where  Truth  Is,  God  Is.»—  History  is  a 
sacred  kind  of  writing,  because  truth  is  essential 
to  it,  and  where  truth  is,  there  God  himself  is,  so 
far  as  truth  is  concerned. 

Truth  as  Oil  Upon  Water.— Truth  may  be 
stretched,  but  cannot  be  broken,  and  always  gets 
above  falsehood,  as  oil  does  above  water. 

The  Virgin  Muse  of  Poetry. —  Poetry,  good 
sir,  in  my  opinion,  is  like  a  tender  virgin,  very 
young,  and  extremely  beautiful,  whom  divers 
other  virgins  —  namely,  all  the  other  sciences  — 
make  it  their  business  to  enrich,  polish,  and 
adorn ;  and  to  her  it  belongs  to  make  use  of 
them  all,  and  on  her  part  to  give  a  lustre  to  them 
all.  But  this  same  virgin  is  not  to  be  rudely 
handled,  nor  dragged  through  the  streets,  nor 
exposed  in  the  turnings  of  the  market  place, 
nor  posted  on  the  corners  or  gates  of  palaces. 
She  is  formed  of  an  alchemy  of  such  virtue,  that 
he  who  knows  how  to  manage  her  will  convert 
her  into  the  purest  gold  of  inestimable  price.  He 
who  possesses  her  should  keep  a  strict  hand  over 
her,  not  suffering  her  to  make  excursions  in  ob- 
scene satires  or  lifeless  sonnets.  She  must  in  no 
way  be  venal ;  though  she  need  not  reject  the 
profits  arising  from  heroic  poems,  mournful 
tragedies,  or  pleasant  and  artful  comedies.  She 
must  not  be  meddled  with  by  buffoons,  or  by  the 
ignorant  vulgar,  incapable  of  knowing  or  esteem- 
ing the  treasures  locked  up  in  her. 

CHANNING,  WILLIAM  E.  (America,  1780-1842) 
The  Best  Books. —  In  the  best  books,  great 
men  talk  to  us,  give  us  their  most  precious 
thoughts,  and  pour  their  souls  into  ours.  God 
be  thanked  for  books !  They  are  the  voices  of 
the  distant  and  the  dead,  and  make  us  heirs  of 
the  spiritual  life  of  past  ages.  Books  are  the 
true  believers.  They  give  to  all  who  will 
faithfully  use  them  the  society,  the  spiritual  pre- 
science, of  the  best  and  greatest  of  our  race. — 
Books. 

Grandeur  of  Character. —  Grandeur  of  char- 
acter lies  wholly  in  force  of  soul, —  that  is,  in 
the  force  of  thought,  moral  principle,  and  love  ; 
and  this  may  be  found  in  the  humblest  condi- 
tion of  life. — <(  Every  Man  Greats 

The  Greatness  of  Common  Men. —  The  great- 
est man  is  he  who  chooses  the  Right  with 
invincible  resolution ;  who  resists  the  sorest  temp- 
tations from  within  and  without,  who  bears  the 
heaviest  burdens  cheerfully ;  who  is  calmest  in 
storms  and  most  fearless  under  menace  and 
frowns ;  whose  reliance  on  truth,  on  virtue,  on 
God,  is  most  unfaltering.  I  believe  this  great- 
ness to  be  most  common  among  the  multitude, 
whose  names  are,  never  heard.—  <(  Every  Man 
Great* 

Mind  Made  for  Growth. —  Every  mind  was 
made  for  growth,  for  knowledge  ;  and  its  nature 
is  sinned  against  when  it  is  doomed  to  igno- 
rance.— The  Present  Age. 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3959 


CHARRON,  PIERRE     (France,  1541-1603) 

Pride  of  Ancestry. —  Those  who  have  noth- 
ing else  to  recommend  them  to  the  respect  of 
others,  but  only  their  Blood,  cry  it  up  at  a  great 
rate,  and  have  their  mouths  perpetually  full  of 
it.  They  swell  and  vapor,  and  you  are  sure  to 
hear  of  their  families  and  relations  every  third 
word.  By  this  mark  they  commonly  distinguish 
themselves ;  you  may  depend  upon  it  there  is 
no  good  bottom,  nothing  of  true  worth  of  their 
own  when  they  insist  on  so  much,  and  set  their 
credit  upon  that  of  others. 

Gratitude. —  He  who  receives  a  Good  Turn 
should  never  forget  it :  he  who  does  one,  should 
never  remember  it. 

CHESTERFIELD,  EARL  OF      (England,  1694- 

1773) 
Blockhead  Writers  and  Readers.— I  do  by 
no  means  advise  you  to  throw  away  your  Time 
in  ransacking,  like  a  dull  Antiquarian,  the  mi- 
nute and  unimportant  parts  of  remote  and  fabu- 
lous times.  Let  blockheads  read,  what  block- 
heads wrote. 

Ceremony  with  Fools. — All  Ceremonies  are 
in  themselves  very  silly  things ;  but  yet  a  man 
of  the  world  should  know  them.  They  are  the 
outworks  of  manners  and  decency,  which  would 
be  too  often  broken  in  upon,  if  it  were  not 
for  that  defense,  which  keeps  the  enemy  at  a 
proper  distance.  It  is  for  that  reason  that  I 
always  treat  fools  and  coxcombs  with  great  Cer- 
emony; true  Good-breeding  not  being  a  suffi- 
cient barrier  against  them. 

CHOATE,  RUFUS     (America,  1799-1859) 

The  Starlight  of  History. —  History  shows 
you  prospects  by  starlight,  or  at  best  by  the  wan- 
ing moon. —  From  the  <*■  Importance  of  Illustrat- 
ing New  England  History)'* 

CICERO,  MARCUS  TULLIUS  (Rome,  106-43 
B.C.) 
On  Poets  and  Their  Inspiration. —  I  have 
always  learned  from  the  noblest  and  wisest  of 
men,  that  a  knowledge  of  other  things  is  acquired 
by  learning,  rules,  and  art ;  but  that  a  poet  de- 
rives his  power  from  nature  herself, —  that  the 
qualities  of  his  mind  are  given  to  him,  if  I  may 
say  so,  by  divine  inspiration.  Wherefore  rightly 
does  Ennius  regard  poets  as  under  the  special 
protection  of  heaven,  because  they  seem  to  be 
delivered  over  to  us  as  a  beneficent  gift  by  the 
gods.  Let  then,  judges,  this  name  of  poet, 
which  even  the  very  savages  respect,  be  sacred 
in  your  eyes,  men  as  you  are  of  the  most  culti- 
vated mind.  Rocks  and  deserts  re-echo  to  their 
voice  ;  even  the  wildest  animals  turn  and  listen 
to  the  music  of  their  words  ;  and  shall  we,  who 
have  been  brought  up  to  the  noblest  pursuits, 
not  yield  to  the  voice  of  poets  ?  —  Arch.  8. 

When  True  Life  Begins. —  I  never,  indeed, 
could  persuade  myself  that  souls  confined  in 
these  mortal  bodies  can  be  properly  said  to  live, 
and  that,  when  they  leave  them,  they  die ;  or 
that  they  lose  all  sense  when  parted  from  these 


vehicles  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  when  the  mind  is 
wholly  freed  from  all  corporeal  mixture,  and 
begins  to  be  purified,  and  recover  itself  again ; 
then,  and  then  only,  it  becomes  truly  knowing 
and  wise. —  Senect.  22. 

CLARKE,  JAMES  FREEMAN  (America,  1810- 
1888) 
Art  Born  of  Religion. —  Art  itself  in  all  its 
methods,  is  the  child  of  religion.  The  highest 
and  best  works  in  architecture,  sculpture  and 
painting,  poetry  and  music,  have  been  born  out 
of  the  religion  of  nature. — <(  Ten  Great  Reli- 
gions^ Part  II,  Chap.   IX. 

CLAUDIAN  (CLAUDIANUS)  (Egypt,  r.  365-408 
A.  D.) 
Temperance.—  Men  live  best  on  moderate 
means  :  Nature  has  dispensed  to  all  men  where- 
withal to  be  happy,  if  Mankind  did  but  under- 
stand how  to  use  her  gifts. 

COLERIDGE,  SAMUEL  TAYLOR  (England, 
1772-1834) 
Conscience. —  Can  anything  be  more  dread- 
ful than  the  Thought  that  an  innocent  child 
has  inherited  from  you  a  disease,  or  a  weak- 
ness, the  penalty  in  yourself  of  sin,  or  want  of 
caution. 

Enthusiasm  and  Liberty. —  Enlist  the  inter- 
ests of  stern  Morality  and  religious  Enthusiasm 
in  the  cause  of  Political  Liberty,  as  in  the 
time  of  the  old  Puritans,  and  it  will  be  irresisti- 
ble. 

Beast  and  Angel  in  Man. —  As  there  is  much 
Beast  and  some  Devil  in  Man,  so  is  there  some 
Angel  and  some'  God  in  him.  The  Beast  and 
the  Devil  may  be  conquered,  but  in  this  life 
never  destroyed. 

The  Soul. —  Either  we  have  an  immortal  soul, 
or  we  have  not.  If  we  have  not,  we  are  beasts ; 
the  first  and  wisest  of  beasts,  it  may  be ;  but 
still  true  beasts.  We  shall  only  differ  in  degree, 
and  not  in  kind ;  just  as  the  elephant  differs 
from  the  slug.  But  by  the  concession  of  all  the 
materialists  of  all  the  schools,  or  almost  all,  we 
are  not  of  the  same  kind  as  beasts;  and  this 
also  we  say  from  our  own  consciousness. 
Therefore,  methinks,  it  must  be  the  possession 
of  a  soul  within  us  that  makes  the  difference. 

COLUMELLA,  LUCIUS  JUNIUS   MODERATUS 
(Spain,  about  c. 40  A. D- ? ) 
What  Is  Most  Important  in  Any  Business. 

—  The  most  important  part  in  every  affair  is  to 
know  what  is  to  be  done. —  De  R.  R.  I.  1. 

The  Use  of  Failure.—  Practice  and  experi- 
ence are  of  the  greatest  moment  in  arts,  and 
there  is  no  kind  of  occupation  in  which  men 
may  not  learn  by  their  abortive  attempts. —  De 
R.  R.  I.  /. 

COLVIN,  SIDNEY     (England,  1845-) 

Art  and  Nature.—  Art,  in  the  most  extended 
and  most  popular  sense  of  the  word,  means 
everything  which  we  distinguish  from  Nature. 
Art  and  Nature  are  the  two  most  comprehensive 


396° 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


genera  of  which  the  human  mind  has  formed 
the  conception.  Under  the  genus  Nature,  or 
the  genus  Art,  we  include  all  the  phenomena  of 
the  universe.  But  as  our  conception  of  Nature  is 
indeterminate  and  variable,  so  in  some  degree  is 
our  conception  of  Art.  Nor  does  such  ambigu- 
ity arise  only  because  some  modes  of  thought 
refer  a  greater  number  of  the  phenomena  of  the 
universe  to  the  genus  Nature,  and  others  a 
greater  number  to  the  genus  Art.  It  arises  also 
because  we  do  not  strictly  limit  the  one  genus 
by  the  other.  The  range  of  the  phenomena  to 
which  we  point  when  we  say  Art,  is  never  very 
exactly  determined  by  the  range  of  the  other 
phenomena  which  at  the  same  time  we  tacitly 
refer  to  the  order  of  Nature.  Everybody  under- 
stands the  general  meaning  of  a  phrase  like 
Pope's  (<  Blest  with  each  grace  of  nature  and  of 
art.0  In  such  phrases  we  intend  to  designate 
familiarly  as  Nature  all  which  exists  independ- 
ently of  our  study,  forethought,  and  exertion  — 
in  other  words,  those  phenomena  in  ourselves 
or  the  world  which  we  do  not  originate  but  find  ; 
and  we  intend  to  designate  familiarly  as  Art,  all 
which  we  do  not  find  but  originate  —  or  in  other 
words,  the  phenomena  which  we  do  add  by 
study,  forethought,  and  exertion  to  those  exist- 
ing independently  of  us. —  From  an  essay  on 
Art. 

CONSTANTINIDES,  MICHAEL  (Modern  Greek, 
Contemporary) 
Modern  Greek  Love-Songs.— It  has  been  the 
fate  of  the  Greek  nation  to  be  frequently  insulted 
and  jeered  at  by  foreigners,  but  among  those 
who  have  traveled  in  Greek  countries  there  are 
to  be  found  some  truthful  and  impartial  men, 
who  not  only  have  admired  the  good  qualities  of 
the  Greek  people,  but  have  set  a  high  value  on 
their  language.  Pierre  Auguste  Guys  of  Mar- 
seilles, writing  from  Greece  in  1750,  speaks  very 
favorably  of  the  Greeks  of  that  time  and  of  their 
language  unjustly  despised  by  foreigners.  He 
regards  the  common  language  of  the  people  as 
only  transformed  on  the  surface,  but  as  preserv- 
ing beneath  it  all  the  richness  and  the  elegance 
of  ancient  Greek.  The  following  observation 
of  his  is  most  useful  to  those  who  wish  to  learn 
modern  Greek  :  <(  It  is  impossible  for  any  one 
to  learn  the  vernacular  Greek, w  he  says,  <(  with- 
out first  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  folk-lore 
and  metrical  proverbs.  The  Greeks  always 
speak  in  apophthegms  :  they  are  very  fond  of  the 
tales  and  proverbs  which  tradition  has  preserved 
among  them  in  common  with  their  customs. 
•  .  . w  Speaking  of  the  love-songs  of  the 
Greeks  he  says  :  «  But  what  shall  I  say  of  the 
language  of  love  employed  by  the  Greeks  ?  No- 
where so  much  as  among  them  are  there  found 
the  excessive  transports  of  the  passion  of  love. 
No  other  language  is  capable  of  supplying  such 
a  wealth  of  expressive  epithets  as  Greek  lovers 
lavish  upon  their  mistresses.—  From  «  Neohel- 
lenica?     Macmillan  6°  Co. 

COOK,  JOSEPH     (America,  1838- ) 

Conscience,— God  is  in  the  word  ought,  and 
therefore   it  outweighs    all    but    God.—  Boston 


Monday  Lectures  :  (<  Unexplored  Remainders  in 
Conscience?* 

Our  secret  thoughts  are  rarely  heard  except 
in  secret.  No  man  knows  what  conscience  is 
until  he  understands  what  solitude  can  teach 
him  concerning  it. —  Boston  Monday  Lectures  : 
(( Ls'the  Conscience  Lnfallible  ?  n 

The  Unknown  is  an  ocean.  What  is  con- 
science ?  The  compass  of  the  Unknown. —  Bos- 
ton Monday  Lectures  :  «  The  Laughter  of  the 
Soul  at  Ltself.» 

Conscience  and  the  Soul.—  There  is  a  spec- 
tacle grander  than  the  ocean,  and  that  is  the  con- 
science. There  is  a  spectacle  grander  than  the 
sky,  and  that  is  the  interior  of  the  soul.  To 
write  the  poem  of  the  human  conscience,  were 
the  subject  only  one  man,  and  he  the  lowest  of 
men,  would  be  reducing  all  epic  poems  into  one 
supreme  and  final  epos.  .  .  .  It  is  no  more 
possible  to  prevent  thought  from  reverting  to  an 
ideal  than  the  sea  from  returning  to  the  shore. 
With  the  sailor  this  is  called  the  tide.  With  the 
culprit  it  is  called  remorse.  God  heaves  the 
soul  like  the  ocean. — Boston  Monday  Lectures: 
^The  Laughter  of  the  Soul  at  Ltself.» 

COOKE,  JOHN  ESTEN     I  America,  1830-1886) 

«  Stonewall »  Jackson  at  Lexington.— We 
shall  endeavor  to  lay  before  the  reader  a  truth- 
ful sketch  of  the  form  of  Jackson,  seen  moving 
to  and  fro  in  the  streets  of  Lexington,  between 
the  years  1851  and  1861.  It  was  the  figure  of  a 
tall,  gaunt,  awkward  individual,  wearing  a  gray 
uniform,  and  apparently  moving  by  separate  an  J 
distinct  acts  of  volition.  The  stiff  and  unbend- 
ing figure  passed  over  the  ground  with  a  sort  of 
stride,  as  though  measuring  the  distance  from 
one  given  point  to  another ;  and  those  who  fol- 
lowed its  curious  movements  saw  it  pause  at 
times,  apparently  from  having  reached  the  point 
desired.  The  eyes  of  the  individual  at  such  mo- 
ments were  fixed  intently  upon  the  ground  ;  his 
lips  moved  in  soliloquy  ;  the  absent  and  preoc- 
cupied gaze,  and  general  expression  of  the  fea- 
tures, plainly  showed  a  profound  unconsciousness 
of  time  and  place. 

It  was  perfectly  obvious  that  the  mind  of  the 
military-looking  personage  in  the  gray  coat  was 
busy  upon  some  problem  entirely  disconnected 
from  his  actual  surroundings.  The  fact  of  his 
presence  at  Lexington,  in  the  commonwealth  of 
Virginia,  had  evidently  disappeared  from  his 
consciousness ;  the  figures  moving  around  him 
were  mere  phantasmagoria ;  he  had  traveled  in 
search  of  some  principle  of  philosophy,  or  some 
truth  in  theology,  quite  out  of  the  real  or  work- 
day world,  and  deep  into  the  land  of  dreams. 
If  you  spoke  to  him  at  such  times,  he  awoke,  as 
it  were,  from  a  sleep,  and  looked  into  your  face 
with  an  air  of  simplicity  and  inquiry,  which  suf- 
ficiently proved  the  sudden  transition  which  he 
had  made  from  the  world  of  thought  to  that  of 
reality. 

In  lecturing  to  his  class  his  manner  was  grave, 
earnest,  full  of  military  brevity,  and  destitute  of 
all  the  graces  of  the  speaker.  Businesslike,  sys- 
tematic, somewhat    stern,  with    an  air  of  rigid 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3961 


will,  as  though  the  matter  at  issue  was  of  the 
utmost  importance,  and  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  responsibility  of  seeing  that  due  attention 
was  paid  to  it,  he  did  not  make  a  very  favorable 
impression  upon  the  volatile  youths  who  sat  at 
the  feet  of  this  military  disciplinarian.  They 
listened  decorously  to  the  grave  professor,  but 
once  dismissed  from  his  presence,  took  their 
revenge  by  a  thousand  jests  upon  his  peculiari- 
ties of  mind  and  demeanor. 

His  oddities  were  the  subject  of  incessant 
jokes ;  his  eccentric  ways  were  dwelt  upon 
with  all  the  eloquence  and  sarcastic  gusto 
which  characterize  the  gay  conversation  of 
young  men  discussing  an  unpopular  teacher. 
No  idiosyncracy  of  the  professor  was  lost  sight 
of.  His  stiff,  angular  figure  ;  the  awkard  move- 
ment of  his  body  ;  his  absent  and  (<  grum  n  de- 
meanor ;  his  exaggerated  and  apparently  absurd 
devotion  to  military  regularity  ;  his  exactions 
of  a  similar  observance  on  their  part ;  that 
general  oddity,  eccentricity,  and  singularity  in 
moving,  talking,  thinking,  and  acting,  peculiar 
to  himself,  —  all  these  were  described  on  a 
thousand  occasions,  and  furnished  unfailing 
food  for  laughter.  They  called  him  ((  Old  Tom 
Jackson, w  and,  pointing  significantly  to  their 
foreheads,  said  he  was  (<  not  quite  right  there. w 
Some  inclined  to  the  belief  that  he  was  only 
a  great  eccentric  ;  but  others  declared  him 
((  crazy. n 

Upon  one  point,  however,  there  seems  to 
have  been  a  general  concurrence  —  the  young 
teacher's  possession  of  an  indomitable  fearless- 
ness and  integrity  in  the  discharge  of  every  duty. 
His  worst  enemies  have  not  ventured  to  say 
that  he  did  not  walk  the  straight  path  of  right, 
and  administer  his  official  duties  without  fear, 
favor,  or  affection.  They  were  forced  to  recog- 
nize the  fact  that  this  stiff  military  machine 
measured  out  justice  to  all  alike,  irrespective 
of  persons,  and  could  not  be  turned  aside  from 
the  direct  course  by  any  influence  around  him. 
The  cadets  laughed  at  him,  but  they  were 
afraid  of  him. 

His  great  principle  of  government  was,  that 
a  general  rule  should  not  be  violated  for  any 
particular  good ;  and  his  military  rule  of  action 
was,  that  a  man  could  always  accomplish  what 
he  willed  to  perform.  This  statement  may  be 
paraphrased  in  the  words  system,  regularity, 
justice,  impartiality,  and  unconquerable  perse- 
verance and  determination. — From  his  ^Biog- 
raphy of  Jackson?* 

COEAIS,  ADAMANTIUS    (Modern  Greek,  1748- 

1833) 
An  Exhortation  to  Teachers.—  «  The  learned 
instructors  of  the  nation  should  love  their 
children,  and  consider  them  as  sacred  trusts 
confided  to  their  hands  by  their  parents.  The 
most  important  lesson  for  their  young  minds  to 
learn  is  to  render  their  dispositions  gentle,  which 
instruction  in  science  alone  without  literature  can- 
not effect.  Let  them  then  advise  them  to  acquire  a 
sound  knowledge  of  grammar  before  they  in- 
clude themselves  in  the  list  of  students  of  philos- 


ophy, that  is  to  say,  to  learn  first  the  literature 
of  the  Greek  language  with  which  Latin  should 
be  inseparably  united.  Science  without  litera- 
ture is  reduced  to  the  humble  level  of  the 
mechanical  arts.  Nearly  all  the  ancient  philoso- 
phers were  also  men  of  letters,  and  the  most 
distinguished  among  them  were  the  best  gram- 
marians. Our  ancestors  of  imperishable  mem- 
ory well  understood  that  the  so-called  <  human- 
ities >  greatly  contribute  not  only  to  the  art  of 
writing  but  also  to  actual  gentleness  and  refine- 
ment of  manners.  On  this  account  our  ances- 
tors gave  the  name  of  music  to  general  educa- 
tion, because  it  softens  the  disposition  just  as 
music,  properly  so  called,  does,  and  it  was  for 
this  reason  that  the  divine  Plato  advised  his  dis- 
ciple Xenocrates  to  sacrifice  frequently  to  the 
Graces. w  —  From  Plutarch 's  ^Parallel  Lives?* 
Translated  by  Michael  Constantinides. 

Equality  and  Civilization.—"  Our  ancestors 
included  in  their  list  of  proverbs  (  Equality  is 
friendship,*  that  is  to  say,  they  regarded  this  as 
one  of  those  truths  which  the  examination  itself 
of  human  nature,  and  daily  experience,  which 
agrees  with  that  examination,  render  incontest- 
able. But  if  equality  produces  friendship  among 
men,  inequality  necessarily  has  enmity  for  her 
daughter.  Nature  made  us  at  the  beginning  all 
equal,  since  she  gave  to  all  the  same  feelings, 
the  same  desires,  and  the  same  wants.  But  such 
equality  only  remains  as  long  as  the  human 
frame  is  in  its  infancy.  As  soon  as  it  is  matured 
one  man  shows  himself  more  intelligent  than 
another,  one  more  highly  endowed  with  natural 
advantages  than  another,  and  therefore  inequal- 
ity is  necessarily  produced,  and  this  gives  rise  to 
disagreement.  Such  is  the  condition  of  all  man- 
kind. Inequality  then  is  the  work  of  nature  her- 
self, and  a  cure  for  it  was  looked  for  from  the 
state,  but  every  well-ordered  state  must  of  neces- 
sity have  inequalities.  The  son  is  not  equal  to 
the  father,  the  pupil  to  the  teacher,  the  one  un- 
der trial  to  the  judge,  the  governed  to  the  mas- 
ter, the  hired  workman  to  his  employer,  the  rich 
to  the  poor.  Whoever  seeks  to  equalize  in  all 
respects  these  superiors  with  these  inferiors, 
seeks  to  introduce  anarchy  in  the  political  com- 
munity, seeks  to  make  civilized  man  revert  to 
his  original  savage  condition.0 — From  Corais's 
Jntroduction  to  the  Second  Edition  of  "Beccaria  w 
(1823).     Translated  by  Michael  Constantinides. 

The  Rhetorical  Ability  of  Socrates. — «  Soc- 
rates, though  he  did  not  profess  to  be  an  orator, 
in  the  way  that  the  sophists  used  to  boast  of 
their  rhetoric,  was  nevertheless  really  an  orator, 
and  was  regarded  as  such.  The  rhetoric  of 
Socrates  was  not  like  that  of  the  sophists;  and 
this  explains  what  kind  of  rhetoric  Plato  means 
when  he  ridicules  rhetoric  and  represents  his 
master  as  despising  it.  A  considerable  part  of 
his  Gorgias  is  derision  of  rhetoric,  and  yet  its 
bitter  denouncer,  Plato,  showed  in  the  highest 
degree  in  this  very  work  that  he  himself  was  a 
great  orator.  The  especial  care  of  the  sophists 
was  to  please  the  ear  by  the  harmonious  combi- 


;962 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


nation  of  the  words,  caring  little  about  the  value 
or  worthlessness  of  what  was  said ;  and  long 
habit  in  this  kind  of  combination  made  them 
true  extempore  speakers  like  the  celebrated 
Italian  improvvisatori  are  at  the  present  day. 
Just  as  the  latter  deliver  long  extempore  ora- 
tions on  whatever  subject  anyone  may  propose 
to  them,  exactly  in  the  same  way  the  sophists 
used  to  speak  to  them  upon  every  subject  with- 
out any  preparation.  Gorgias  used  to  boast 
that  he  was  ready  to  reply  to  every  question, 
and  complained  that  no  one  any  longer  asked 
him  anything  new :  ( No  one  has  ever  asked 
me  anything  new  for  many  years.*  This  faculty 
was  regarded  as  a  part  of  rhetoric,  and  it  so 
much  more  easily  led  astray  the  inexperienced, 
and  especially  the  young,  inasmuch  as  in  those 
days  one  of  the  great  defects  of  the  common- 
wealth was  the  love  of  office,  to  which  ability  in 
speaking  was  of  service,  since  it  gave  admission 
to  the  assemblies  where  the  popular  leadership 
frequently  had  occasion  for  the  assistance  of  ex- 
tempore public  oratory.  The  worst  of  it  was 
that  the  sophists  used  to  boast  that  their  rhetoric 
had  such  great  power  that  it  made  an  advantage 
appear  a  disadvantage,  justice  injustice,  truth 
falsehood,  and  falsehood  truth.  This  was  called 
<to  make  the  worse  appear  the  better  cause,'  but, 
since  their  conscience  told  them  that  such  a  fac- 
ulty was  a  faculty  which  belonged  to  rogues, 
they  fastened  this  too  on  Socrates  ;  just  as  they 
had  had  the  audacity  to  accuse  him  of  making 
young  men  insolent  to  their  own  parents,  al- 
though they  themselves  brought  the  young  to 
such  a  pitch  of  insolence.  The  rhetoric  of  Soc- 
rates not  only  had,  as  I  said,  no  resemblance 
whatever  to  the  rhetoric  of  the  sophists,  but  he 
did  not  even  teach  it  as  they  taught  it.  The 
sophists  had  schools  and  pupils  from  whom  they 
received  enormous  fees.  Socrates  neither  opened 
a  school  nor  collected  pupils  :  the  whole  city 
became  his  school,  and  all  the  citizens  were  his 
pupils  whom,  instead  of  taking  fees  from  them, 
he  advised  themselves  also  to  impart  gratis 
whatever  good  they  had  learnt  from  him,  and  be- 
fore the  time  of  Christ  taught  the  precept  which 
Christ  announced  to  His  disciples :  < Freely 
have  ye  received,  freely  give.'  The  rhetoric  of 
Socrates  was  true  rhetoric,  that  is  to  say,  the 
power  of  persuading  men  in  whatever  is  just, 
by  a  reasoning  founded  on  the  reality  and  nature 
of  things,  and  attested  by  the  speaker's  actual 
sentiments.  Although  he  did  not  imitate  the 
finished  style  of  the  sophists,  his  words  had  an- 
other kind  of  eloquence  which  often  convinced 
those  whom  the  ridiculously  elaborate  oratory 
of  the  sophists  had  not  previously  poisoned.  If 
anyone  had  doubts  about  this,  let  him  compare 
the  discourses  of  Socrates  in  the  works  of  Xeno- 
phon  with  the  two  extant  speeches  of  Gorgias." 
—  From  Corais's  Introduction  to  Xenophoti's 
^Memorabilia"  (1825).  Translated  by  Michael 
Constantinides. 

Wealth  and  Education.— «  Like  wealth,  in 
the  same  way  too,  the  enlightenment  of  the 
mind  then  only  is  of  service  to  the  state  when  it  is 


distributed  in  due  proportion  among  all  its  mem- 
bers. The  accumulation  of  wealth  among  a  few 
creates  Sybarites  and  absolute  paupers,  two  sec- 
tions of  the  community  always  at  war  till  they 
have  brought  ruin  on  the  commonwealth.  From 
the  restriction  again  of  learning  to  a  very  small 
number  of  the  members  of  the  state,  there  arise 
the  highly  learned  pedants  who  prevent  the  en- 
lightenment of  the  mass,  for  fear  that  the  com- 
mon people  may  despise  them,  and  in  the  hope 
of  finding  the  vulgar  of  service  to  them  when- 
ever they  are  inclined  to  gratify  their  evil  pas- 
sions."—  Translated  by  Michael  Constantinides. 

The  Education  of  Women. — «  Aristotle  says 
that  women  comprise  one-half  of  the  state  ;  and 
hence  whoever  studies  the  education  of  men 
only,  leaves  half  of  the  state  to  live  as  it  likes, 
and  not  in  obedience  to  the  laws.  'Conse- 
quently in  those  states  where  matters  which  re- 
gard women  are  of  no  account,  half  of  the  state 
must  be  considered  as  not  under  legislation ; ' 
but  when  half  of  it  is  not  subject  to  the  law, 
the  other  half  soon  ceases  to  respect  the  laws. 
From  women  we  derive  our  birth,  and  under 
their  control  we  pass  the  first  years  of  that  time 
of  life  which,  being  more  impressionable  than 
any  other,  is  more  easily  capable  of  being 
molded  into  any  form.  Whatever  disposition 
women  have  they  impart  to  us  with  their  very 
milk."  .  .  .  <(  A  sound  education  takes  its 
source  and  receives  assistance  more  from  good 
example  than  from  admonition  and  instruction. 
Of  what  good  are  lessons  to  a  lad  when,  where- 
ever  he  turns  his  eyes,  he  sees  nothing  but  law- 
lessness, men  inhuman  and  slavish,  flattering 
and  flattered,  wealth  esteemed  and  virtue  de- 
spised, injustice  in  luxury  and  justice  starving  ? 
Most  probably  such  examples  will  teach  him  to 
adopt  that  kind  of  life  in  which  he  will  find  the 
means  of  cherishing  his  animal  body  and  grati- 
fying the  passions  of  his  still  more  animal  soul." 
—  Translated  by  A/ichael  Constantinides. 

The   Refining  Influence  of  Music— « The 

ancient  philosophers  and  legislators  considered 
music  a  necessary  part  of  education,  as  having 
the  power  to  soften  the  savage  qualities  of  the 
disposition  and  give  men  a  sense  of  propriety  ; 
as  Plutarch  says :  ( The  ancient  Greeks  very 
properly  took  care  above  everything  to  be 
trained  in  music  ;  for  they  considered  that  it  was 
by  means  of  music  that  they  ought  to  mold  the 
dispositions  of  the  young  and  inculcate  decorum, 
inasmuch  as  music  is  beyond  doubt  useful  for 
everything  and  for  every  action  of  importance, 
and  especially  in  encountering  the  dangers  of 
war.'  Polybius  attributes  the  gentle  and  benev- 
olent disposition  of  the  Arcadians  to  the  special 
study  of  music,  which  from  childhood  all  of 
them  pursued  except  the  one  Arcadian  city  of 
the  Cynaetheans,  the  cause  of  whose  savage 
nature,  he  says,  was  their  utter  contempt  for 
music.  The  thing  would  rightly  appear  im- 
practicable if  I  recommended  a  complete  and  ex- 
pensive course  of  musical  study.  But  first  of  all, 
who  does  not  know  that  among  the  poor,  and 
especially  in  the  class  of  our  agriculturists,  many 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3963 


of  them  have  each  his  lute"?  It  suffices  for  their 
children  to  be  taught  to  play  it  a  little  more  me- 
lodiously. Then  again  the  lute  players  do  not 
confine  themselves  to  the  instrument,  and  not 
only  play  the  lute  but  also  sing  to  it.  What 
help  would  not  the  teachers  of  the  poor  give 
to  them,  if,  in  place  of  foolish  and  often  unbe- 
coming songs,  they  composed  for  poor  children 
hymns  to  God  and  such  songs  as  might  convey 
under  the  cover  of  pleasant  recreation  some  moral 
precept !  But  such  benefits  we  must  await  from 
the  multiplication  of  our  schools  and  their 
more  perfect  organization :  we  must  wait  till  we 
also  have  established  a  special  school  for  the 
education  of  the  poor,  on  the  pattern  of  the  cel- 
ebrated Fellenberg  school,  and  teachers  who 
have  Fellenberg's  philanthropy.  This  Socratic 
educator  of  poor  children  was  taught  by  experi- 
ence that  music  for  all  young  children  is  a  power- 
ful means  of  rendering  them  civilized  and  fit  for 
society,  an  efficient  instrument  with  which  to 
accustom  them  to  regulate  their  life  and  work 
together  in  peaceful  harmony,  to  moderate  their 
undisciplined  inclinations,  and  purify  the  feel- 
ings of  the  soul  and  raise  it  to  lofty  thoughts. 
It  is  particularly  useful  for  imparting  gentleness, 
for  gladdening  the  heart  within  due  bounds,  for 
softening  any  natural  hardness  of  character,  es- 
pecially in  such  children  as  he  received  in  his 
school  from  the  class  of  beggars." — Translated 
by  Michael  Constantinidis. 

CRANMER,  THOMAS     (England,  1489-1556) 

The  Benefit  of  Sound  Teaching.— Surely 
there  can  be  no  greater  hope  of  any  kind  of  per- 
sons, either  to  be  brought  to  all  honest  conversa- 
tion of  living,  or  to  be  more  apt  to  set  forth  and 
maintain  all  godliness  and  true  religion,  than  of 
such  as  have  been  from  childhood  nourished  and 
fed  with  the  sweet  milk,  and  as  it  were  the  pap, 
of  God's  holy  word,  and  bridled  and  kept  in  awe 
with  His  holy  commandments.  For  commonly, 
as  we  are  in  youth  brought  up,  so  we  continue 
in  age  ;  and  savor  longest  of  that  thing  that  we 
first  receive  and  taste  of. — From  a  letter  to  Ed- 
ward VI. 

CREVECCEUR,    J.     HECTOR     ST.     JOHN     DE 

(France  and  America,  1731-1813) 
The  Harmony  of  Instinct. — The  astonishing 
art  which  all  birds  display  in  the  construction  of 
their  nests,  ill  provided  as  we  may  suppose  them 
with  proper  tools,  their  neatness,  their  conven 
ience,  always  make  me  ashamed  of  the  slovenli- 
ness of  our  houses ;  their  love  to  their  dame, 
their  incessant  careful  attention,  and  the  peculiar 
songs  they  address  to  her  while  she  tediously  in- 
cubates their  eggs,  remind  me  of  my  duty,  could 
I  ever  forget  it.  Their  affection  to  their  helpless 
little  ones,  is  a  lively  precept;  and  in  short  the 
whole  economy^of  what  we  proudly  call  the  brute 
creation,  is  admirable  in  every  circumstance  ;  and 
vain  man,  though  adorned  with  the  additional 
gift  of  reason,  might  learn  from  the  perfection 
of  instinct,  how  to  regulate  the  follies,  and  how 
to  temper  the  errors  which  this  second  gift  often 
makes  him  commit. —  Letters  from  an  American 
Farmer.     1782. 


CUMBERLAND,  RICHARD  (England,  1631- 
1718) 
Making  the  Best  of  It.— I  do  not  mean  to 
expose  my  ideas  to  ingenious  ridicule  by  main- 
taining that/everything  happens  to  every  man  for 
the  best ;  but  I  will  contend,  that  he,  who  makes 
the  best  use  of  it,  fulfills  the  part  of  a  wise  and 
good  man. 

Politeness. —  Politeness  is  nothing  more  than 
an  elegant  and  concealed  species  of  Flattery, 
tending  to  put  the  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed 
in  Good -humor  and  Respect  with  himself:  but 
if  there  is  a  parade  and  display  affected  in  the 
exertion  of  it,  if  a  man  seems  to  say  —  Look  how 
condescending  and  gracious  I  am!  —  whilst  he 
has  only  the  common  offices  of  civility  to  per- 
form, such  Politeness  seems  founded  in  mistake, 
and  this  mistake  I  have  observed  frequently  to 
occur  in  French  manners. 

CUSHMAN,  CHARLOTTE  (America,  1816-1876) 
Acting  as  a  Fine  Art. —  No  one  knows  bet- 
ter than  myself,  after  all  my  association  with 
artists  of  sculpture  and  painting,  how  truly  my 
art  comprehends  all  the  others,  and  surpasses 
them  in  so  far  as  the  study  of  mind  is  more  than 
matter.  Victor  Hugo  makes  one  of  his  heroines, 
an  actress  say  :  ((  My  art  endows  me  with  a 
searching  eye,  a  knowledge  of  the  soul  and  the 
soul's  workings,  and  spite  of  all  your  skill,  I  read 
you  to  the  depths."  Thi6  is  a  truth  more  or  less 
powerful  as  one  is  more  or  less  gifted  by  the  good 
God. —  Extract  from  a  letter  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Peabody,  of  Boston. 

DANA,    RICHARD    HENRY      (America,    1787- 

1879) 
Lear  as  a  Victim  of  Passion.— In  most  in- 
stances, Shakespeare  has  given  us  the  gradual 
growth  of  a  passion,  with  such  little  accompani- 
ments as  agree  with  it,  and  go  to  make  up  the 
whole  man.  In  Lear,  his  object  being  to  repre- 
sent the  beginning  and  course  of  insanity,  he 
has  properly  enough  gone  but  a  little  back  of  it, 
and  introduced  to  us  an  old  man  of  good  feel- 
ings enough,  but  one  who  had  lived  without  any 
true  principle  of  conduct,  and  whose  unruled 
passions  had  grown  strong  with  age,  and  were 
ready,  upon  a  disappointment,  to  make  ship- 
wreck of  an  intellect  never  strong.  To  bring 
this  about,  he  begins  with  an  abruptness  rather 
unusual ;  and  the  old  king  rushes  in  before  us, 
with  his  passions  at  their  height,  and  tearing 
him  like  fiends. —  From  his  Works. 

D'AUBIGNE,  JEAN  HENRI  MERLE  (Switzer- 
land, 1 794-1 872) 
Literature  and  the  Reformation.  —  The 
impulse  which  the  Reformation  gave  to  public 
literature  in  Germany  was  immense.  Whilst,  in 
the  year  1513,  only  thirty-five  publications  had 
appeared,  and  thirty-seven  in  1517,  the  number 
of  books  increased  with  astonishing  rapidity 
after   the    appearance   of    Luther's  Thesis.     In 

1518,  we  find  seventy-one  different  works;  in 

1519,  one  hundred  and  eleven ;  in  1520,  two  hun- 


3964 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


dred  and  eight ;  in  1521,  two  hundred  and  eleven  ; 
in  1522,  three  hundred  and  forty-seven ;  and  in 
1523,  four  hundred  and  ninety-eight.  .  .  . 
And  where  were  all  these  published  ?  For  the 
most  part  at  Wurtemberg.  And  who  were  their 
authors?  Generally  Luther  and  his  friends. 
In  1522,  one  hundred  and  thirty  of  the  Re- 
former's writings  were  published  ;  and,  in  the 
year  following,  one  hundred  and  eighty-three. 
In  this  same  year  only  twenty  Roman  Catholic 
publications  appeared.  1  he  literature  of  Ger- 
many thus  saw  the  light  in  the  midst  of  strug- 
gles, contemporaneously  with  her  religion.  Al- 
ready it  appeared,  as  later  times  have  seen  it, 
learned,  profound,  full  of  boldness  and  activity. 
The  national  spirit  showed  itself  for  the  first 
time  without  alloy,  and  at  the  very  moment  of 
its  birth,  received  the  baptism  of  fire  from 
Christian  enthusiasm.—  From  (<  The  History  of 
the  Reformation?'' 

DEMOSTHENES     (Greece,  384-322  B.  C.) 

The  Price  of  Liberty. —  Various  are  the  de- 
vices for  the  defense  and  security  of  cities,  as 
palisades,  walls,  ditches,  and  other  such  kinds 
of  fortification,  all  of  which  are  the  result  of  the 
labors  of  the  hand,  and  maintained  at  great  ex- 
pense. But  there  is  one  common  bulwark,  which 
men  of  prudence  possess  within  themselves  — 
the  protection  and  guard  of  all  people,  especially 
of  free  states,  against  the  attacks  of  tyrants. 
What  is  this?    Distrust.—  Philip,  ii.  23. 

The  Quality  of  Leadership.— For  all  are 
willing  to  unite  and  to  take  part  with  those 
whom  they  see  ready  and  willing  to  put  forth 
their  strength  as  they  ought. —  Philip,  i.  6. 

DEWEY,  ORVILLE     (America,  1704-1882) 

The  Danger  of  Riches. —  Ah!    the  rust  of 
riches  ! — not  that  portion  of  them  which  is  kept 
bright   in  good  and  holy  uses  —  <(  and   the  con- 
suming fire  n  of  the  passions  which  wealth  en- 
genders !     No  rich  man — I   lay   it  down   as  an 
axiom  of  all  experience  —  no   rich  man   is  safe, 
who  is  not  a  benevolent  man.     No   rich  man  is 
safe,  but  in  the  imitation  of  that  benevolent  God, 
who  is  the  possessor  and  dispenser  of  all  the 
riches  of  the  universe.     What  else  mean  the  mis- 
eries of  a  selfish,  luxurious   and  fashionable  life 
everywhere  ?    What  mean   the  sighs  that   come 
up  from  the   purlieus,   and   couches,  and    most 
secret  haunts  of  all  splendid  and  self-indulgent 
opulence  ?    Do  not  tell  me  that  other  men  are 
sufferers  too.      Say    not    that    the    poor,    and 
destitute,  and  forlorn,  are  miserable  also.     Ah  ! 
just  heaven  !  thou  hast  in  thy  mysterious  wisdom 
appointed  to  them  a  lot  hard,  full  hard,  to  bear. 
Poor  houseless   wretches  !  who    (<  eat  the  bitter 
bread  of  penury,  and  drink  the   baleful   cup  of 
misery  w;  the  winter's  wind  blow  keenly  through 
your  w  looped  and  windowed  raggedness  M ;  your 
children  wander  about   unshod,   unclothed   and 
untended  ;  I  wonder  not  that  ye  sigh.     But  why 
should  those   who  are   surrounded   with  every- 
thing that  heart  can  wish,   or   imagination   con- 
ceive —  the  very   crumbs  that   fall   from   whose 
table  of  prosperity  might  feed   hundreds — why- 


should  they  sigh  amidst  their  profusion  and 
splendor  ?  They  have  broken  the  bond  that 
should  connect  power  usefulness,  and  opu- 
lence with  mercy.  That  is  the  reason.  They 
have  taken  up  their  treasures,  and  wandered 
away  into  a  forbidden  world  of  their  own,  far 
from  the  sympathies  of  suffering  humanity  ;  and 
the  heavy  night  dews  are  descending  upon  their 
splendid  revels ;  and  the  all-gladdening  light  of 
heavenly  beneficence  is  exchanged  for  the  sickly- 
glare  of  selfish  enjoyment ;  and  happiness,  the 
blessed  angel  that  hovers  over  generous  deeds 
and  heroic  virtues,  has  fled  away  from  that  world 
of  false  gayety  and  fashionable  exclusion. — From 
"Moral  Views  of  Society)'  etc. 

DICKINSON,  JOHN     (America,  1732-1808) 

The  Duty  of  Freedom. — Honor,  justice,  and 
humanity  call  upon  us  to  hold  and  to  transmit  to 
our  posterity,  that  liberty,  which  we  received 
from  our  ancestors.  It  is  not  our  duty  to  leave 
wealth  to  our  children  ;  but  it  is  our  duty  to  leave 
liberty  to  them.— From  <(  The  Political  Writings 
of  John  Dickinson)'     1804. 

DIOGENES,  LAERTIUS  (Greece,  Second  Cen- 
tury A.  D.) 
Heaven  Our  Fatherland. —  To  one  who  said 
to  Anaxagoras,  <(  Hast  thou  no  regard  for  thy 
fatherland  ?  »  «  Softly,»  said  he,  «  I  have  great 
regard  for  my  fatherland,"  pointing  to  heaven. — 
xi.  2,  7. 

DIONYSIUS,  OF  HALICARNASSUS  (Greece, 
First  Century  B.C.) 
A  Nation  Improved  by  Sufferings.—  But, 
above  all  these,  by  their  form  of  government, 
which  they  improved  by  learning  wisdom  from 
the  various  misfortunes  which  happened  to  them, 
always  extracting  something  useful  from  every 
occurrence. —  i.  o. 

Causes   of  Good   Government. —  He  was  of 

opinion  that  the  good  government  of  states  arose 
from  causes  which  are  always  the  subject  of 
praise  by  politicians,  but  are  seldom  attended  to  : 
first,  the  aid  and  favor  of  the  gods,  which  give 
success  to  every  human  undertaking ;  next,  at- 
tention to  moderation  and  justice,  by  love  of 
which  citizens  are  induced  to  refrain  from  in- 
juring each  other,  and  to  join  in  cordial  union  — 
making  virtue,  not  shameful  pleasures,  the  meas- 
ure of  their  happiness ;  and,  lastly,  military 
courage,  which  renders  even  the  other  virtues  to 
be  advantageous  to  their  possessors. —  ii.  18. 

Why  Governments  Fall. —  He  requested  them 
to  recollect  that  governments  are  not  put  an  end 
to  by  the  poor,  and  those  who  have  no  power, 
when  they  are  compelled  to  do  justice  ;  but  by  the 
rich,  and  those  who  have  a  right  by  their  posi- 
tion to  administer  public  affairs,  when  they  are 
insulted  by  their  inferiors,  and  cannot  obtain  re- 
dress.— v.  66. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY     (America,  1752-1817) 

The  Beauty  of  Nature.— Were  all  the  inter- 
esting diversities  of  color  and  form  to  disappear, 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3965 


how  unsightly,  dull,  and  wearisome,  would  be 
the  aspect  of  the  world  !   The  pleasures  conveyed 
to  us  by  the  endless  varieties  with  which  these 
sources  of  beauty  are  presented  to  the  eye,  are 
so  much  things  of  course,  and  exist  so  much 
without    intermission,    that   we    scarcely   think 
either  of  their  nature,  their  number,  or  the  great 
proportion  which  they  constitute  in  the  whole 
mass  of  our  enjoyment.    But  were  an  inhabitant 
of  this  country  to  be  removed  from  its  delightful 
scenery  to  the  midst  ol  an  Arabian  desert,  a 
boundless  expanse  of  sand,  a  waste  spread  with 
uniform  desolation,  enlivened  by  the  murmur  of 
no  stream  and  cheered  by  the  beauty  of  no  ver- 
dure, although  he  might  live  in  a  palace  and  riot 
in  splendor  and  luxury,  he  would,  I  think,  find 
life  a  dull,  wearisome,  melancholy  round  of  exist- 
ence, and  amid  all  his  gratifications  would  sigh 
for  the  hills  and  valleys  of  his  native  land,  the 
brooks  and  rivers,  the  living  lustre  of  the  spring, 
and  the  rich  glories  of  the  autumn.     The  ever- 
varying  brilliancy  and  grandeur  of  the  landscape, 
and  the  magnificence  of  the  sky,  sun,  moon,  and 
stars,  enter  more  extensively  into  the  enjoyment 
of  mankind  than  we,  perhaps,  ever  think,  or  can 
possibly  apprehend,  without  frequent  and  exten- 
sive investigation.    This  beauty  and  splendor  of 
the  objects  around  us,  it  is  ever  to  be  remem- 
bered, are  not  necessary  to  their  existence,  nor 
to  what  we  commonly  intend  by  their  useful- 
ness.    It  is  therefore  to  be  regarded  as  a  source 
of  pleasure  gratuitously  superinduced  upon  the 
general  nature  of  the  objects  themselves,  and  in 
this  light,  as  a  testimony  of  the  divine  goodness 
peculiarly  affecting. — From  «  Theology  Explained 
and  Defended.^ 


ELIOTT,    STEPHEN    (  America,  1771-1830) 

The  Ineffable  Sublimity  of  Nature.— What 
is  there  that  will  not  be  included  in  the  history 
of  nature  ?  The  earth  on  which  we  tread,  the 
air  we  breathe,  the  waters  around  the  earth,  the 
material  forms  that  inhabit  its  surface,  the  mind 
of  man,  with  all  its  magical  illusions  and  all  its 
inherent  energy,  the  planets  that  move  around 
our  system,  the  firmament  of  heaven  —  the 
smallest  of  the  invisible  atoms  which  float 
around  our  globe,  and  the  most  majestic  of  the 
orbs  that  roll  through  the  immeasurable  fields  of 
space  —  all  are  parts  of  one  system,  productions 
of  one  power,  creations  of  one  intellect,  the  off- 
spring of  Him,  by  whom  all  that  is  inert  and 
inorganic  in  creation  was  formed,  and  from 
whom  all  that  have  life  derive  their  being. 

Of  this  immense  system,  all  that  we  can  ex- 
amine, this  little  globe  that  we  inherit,  is  full  of 
animation  and  crowded  with  forms,  organized, 
glowing  with  life,  and  generally  sentient.  No 
space  is  unoccupied  —  the  exposed  surface  of 
the  rock  is  incrusted  with  living  substances; 
plants  occupy  the  bark  and  decaying  limbs  of 
other  plants  ;  animals  live  on  the  surface  and  in 
the  bodies  of  other  animals;  inhabitants  are 
fashioned  and  adapted  to  equatorial  heats  and 
polar  ice; — air,  earth,  and  ocean  teem  with 
life. — From  his  Works. 


EMERSON,  RALPH  WALDO     (America,   1803- 

1882) 

«  God  Is  the  All-Fair.»  —  No  reason  can  be 
asked  or  given  why  the  soul  seeks  beauty. 
Beauty,  in  its  largest  and  profoundest  sense,  is 
one  expression  for  the  universe.  God  is  the  all- 
fair.  Truth  and  goodness  and  beauty  are  but 
different  faces  of  the  same  All.  But  beauty  in 
nature  is  not  ultimate.  It  is  the  herald  of  inward 
and  internal  beauty,  and  is  not  alone  a  solid  and 
satisfactory  good.  It  must  stand  as  a  part,  and 
not  as  yet  the  last  or  highest  expression  of  the 
final  cause  of  nature. —  Prose  Works. 

Character. — Character  is  the  habit  of  action 
from  the  permanent  vision  of  truth.  It  carries  a 
superiority  to  all  the  accidents  of  life.  It  com- 
pels right  relation  to  every  other  man,— domes- 
ticates itself  with  strangers  and  enemies. — 
Character. 

The  Highest  Human  Quality.— Enthusiasm 
is  the  height  of  man ;  it  is  the  passing  from  the 
human  to  the  divine. —  The  Superlative. 

Self  the  Only  Thing  Givable.— The  only 
gift  is  a  portion  of  thyself.  .  .  .  Therefore 
the  poet  brings  his  poem  ;  the  shepherd,  his 
lamb  ;  the  farmer,  corn  ;  the  miner,  a  gem  ;  the 
sailor,  coral  and  shells ;  the  painter,  his  picture  ; 
the  girl,  a  handkerchief  of  her  own  sewing. — 
Essays :     Gifts. 

The  Simplicity  of  Greatness.— Nothing  is 
more  simple  than  greatness  ;  indeed,  to  be  sim- 
ple is  to  be  great. —  Literary  Ethics. 

ERASMUS,      DESIDERIUS      (Holland,     1465- 
1536) 
Love. —  Love,  that  has  nothing  but  Beauty  to 
keep  it  in  good  health,  is  short-lived. 

EVERETT,  ALEXANDER  H.      (America,  1792- 
1847) 

Book  Making.— It  is  remarkable  that  many 
of  the  best  books  of  all  sorts  have  been  written 
by  persons  who,  at  the  time  of  writing  them, 
had  no  intention  of  becoming  authors.  Indeed, 
with  a  slight  inclination  to  systemize  and  exag- 
gerate, one  might  be  almost  tempted  to  main- 
tain the  position, —  however  paradoxical  it  may 
at  first  blush  appear, —  that  no  good  book  can 
be  written  in  any  other  way  ;  that  the  only  liter- 
ature of  any  value  is  that  which  grows  indirectly 
out  of  the  real  action  of  society,  intended  di- 
rectly to  effect  some  other  purpose ;  and  that 
when  a  man  sits  down  doggedly  in  his  study, 
and  says  to  himself,  <(  I  mean  to  write  a  good 
book,w  it  is  certain,  from  the  necessity  of  the 
case,  that  the  result  will  be  a  bad  one. 

To  illustrate  this  by  a  few  examples  :  Shakes- 
peare, the  Greek  Dramatists,  Lope  and  Cal- 
deron,  Corneille,  Racine,  and  Moliere, —  in  short, 
all  the  dramatic  poets  of  much  celebrity,  pre- 
pared their  works  for  actual  representation,  at 
times  when  the  drama  was  the  favorite  amuse- 
ment. Their  plays,  when  collected,  make  ex- 
cellent books.  At  a  later  period,  when  the 
drama  had  in  a  great  measure  gone  out  of 
fashion,  Lord   Byron,  a  man  not  inferior,  uer- 


3966 


CELEBRATED  PASSAGES 


haps,  in  poetical  genius  to  any  of  the  persons 
just  mentioned,  undertakes,  without  any  view  to 
the  stage,  to  write  a  book  of  the  same  kind. 
What  is  the  result  ?  Something  which,  as  Ninon 
de  l'Enclos  said  of  the  young  Marquis  de  Se- 
vigne,  has  very  much  the  character  of  fricasseed 
snow.  Homer,  again,  or  the  Homerites,  a  troop 
of  wandering  minstrels,  composed,  probably 
without  putting  them  to  paper,  certain  songs 
and  ballads,  which  they  sung  at  the  tables  of  the 
warriors  and  princes  of  their  time.  Some  cen- 
turies afterwards,  Pisistratus  made  them  up 
into  a  book,  which  became  the  bible  of  Greece. 
Voltaire,  whose  genius  was  perhaps  equal  to 
that  of  any  of  the  Homerites,  attempted,  in  cold 
blood,  to  make  just  such  a  book ;  and  here, 
again,  the  product  called  the  (<  Henriade  w  is  no 
book,  but  another  lump  of  fricasseed  snow. 
What  are  all  your  pretended  histories  ?  Fables, 
jest  books,  satires,  apologies,  anything  but  what 
they  profess  to  be.  Bring  together  the  corre- 
spondence of  a  distinguished  public  character, 
a  Washington,  a  Wellington,  and  then;  for  the 
first  time,  you  have  a  real  history.  Even  in  so 
small  a  matter  as  a  common  letter  to  a  friend,  if 
you  write  one  for  the  sake  of  writing  it,  in  order 
to  produce  a  good  letter  as  such,  you  will  prob- 
ably fail.  Who  ever  read  one  of  Pliny's  precious 
specimens  of  affectation  and  formality,  without 
wishing  that  he  had  perished  in  the  same  erup- 
tion of  Vesuvius  that  destroyed  his  uncle  ?  On 
the  contrary,  let  one  who  has  anything  to  say 
to  another  at  a  distance,  in  the  way  of  either 
business  or  friendship,  commit  his  thoughts  to 
paper  merely  for  the  purpose  of  communicating 
them,  and  he  will  not  only  effect  his  immediate 
object,  but  however  humble  may  be  his  literary 
pretensions,  will  commonly  write  something  that 
may  be  read  with  pleasure  by  an  indifferent 
third  person.  In  short,  experience  seems  to 
show  that  every  book,  prepared  with  a  view  to 
mere  book  making,  is  necessarily  a  sort  of 
counterfeit,  bearing  the  same  relation  to  a  real 
book  which  the  juggling  of  the  Egyptian  magi- 
cians did  to  the  miracles  of  Moses.—  From  an 
article  on  (<  Madame  de  Sevignefi 

EVERETT,  EDWARD     (America,  1794-1865) 

Literature  and  Liberty.— Literature  is  the 
voice  of  the  age  and  the  state.  The  character, 
energy,  and  resources  of  the  country  are  reflected 
and  imaged  forth  in  the  conceptions  of  its  great 
minds.  They  are  organs  of  the  time ;  they 
speak  not  their  own  language  ;  they  scarce  think 
their  own  thoughts  ;  but  under  an  impulse  like 
the  prophetic  enthusiasm  of  old,  they  must  feel 
and  utter  the  sentiments  which  society  inspires. 
They  do  not  create,  they  obey  the  Spirit  of  the 
Age,— the  serene  and  beautiful  spirit  descended 
from  the  highest  heaven  of  liberty,  who  laughs 
at  our  preconceptions,  and,  with  the  breath  of 
his  mouth,  sweeps  before  him  the  men  and  the 
nations  that  cross  his  path.  By  an  unconscious 
instinct,  the  mind,  in  the  action  of  its  powers, 
adapts  itself  to  the  number  and  complexion  of 
the  other  minds  with  which  it  is  to  enter  into 
communion  or  conflict.    As  the  voice  falls  into 


the  key  which  is  suited  to  the  space  to  be  filled, 
the  mind,  in  the  various  exercises  of  its  creative 
faculties,  strives  with  curious  search  for  that 
master-note,  which  will  awaken  a  vibration  from 
the  surrounding  community,  and  which,  if  it  do 
not  find  it,  is  itself  too  often  struck  dumb. 

For  this  reason,  from  the  moment  in  the  des- 
tiny of  nations,  that  they  descend  from  their 
culminating  point,  and  begin  to  decline,  from 
that  moment  the  voice  of  creative  genius  is 
hushed,  and  at  best,  the  age  of  criticism,  learn- 
ing, and  imitation  succeeds.  When  Greece 
ceased  to  be  independent,  the  forum  and  the 
stage  became  mute.  The  patronage  of  Mace- 
donian, Alexandrian,  and  Pergamean  princes 
was  lavished  in  vain.  They  could  not  woo  the 
healthy  Muses  of  Hellas,  from  the  cold  moun- 
tain tops  of  Greece,  to  dwell  in  their  gilded 
halls.  Nay,  though  the  fall  of  greatness,  the  de- 
cay of  beauty,  the  waste  of  strength,  and  the 
wreck  of  power  have  ever  been  among  the 
favorite  themes  of  the  pensive  muse,  yet  not  a 
poet  arose  in  Greece  to  chant  her  own  elegy ; 
and  it  is  after  near  three  centuries,  and  from 
Cicero  and  Sulpicius,  that  we  catch  the  first 
notes  of  pious  and  pathetic  lamentation  over 
the  fallen  land  of  the  arts.  The  freedom  and 
genius  of  a  country  are  invariably  gathered  into 
a  common  tomb,  and  there 

-  can  only  strangers  breathe 


The  name  of  that  which  was  beneath. 

— From  Griswold's  Selections. 

FEYJOO,  BENITO     (Spain,  1676-1764) 

That  Virtue  Alone  Is  Delightful. —  Gener- 
ally, virtue  is  imagined  to  be  all  asperity,  vice 
all  delight;  virtue  to  be  placed  amid  thorns 
vice  to  be  reclining  on  a  bed  of  flowers.  Yet 
if  we  were  able  to  look  into  the  hearts  of  men, 
immersed  in  vicious  indulgence,  our  doubts 
would  speedily  vanish.  By  reflection  we  shall 
be  able  to  see  them  in  the  mirrors  of  the  soul 
—  that  is  in  the  countenance,  the  speech,  and 
actions.  Only  look  at  those  unhappy  beings, 
and  it  will  be  found  that  nothing  can  equal 
the  agitation  of  their  countenance,  the  frenzy 
of  their  actions,  and  the  inconsistency  of  their 
speech.  You  need  not  be  surprised  ;  many  are 
the  torments  that  disturb  the  enjoyment  of  their 
pleasures.  Their  own  conscience,  a  domestic 
enemy,  an  unavoidable  guest,  though  ungrate- 
ful, is  always  there,  mingling  with  the  nectar 
which  they  are  drinking. 

With  what  power  does  Cicero  declare  that, 
the  vices  of  the  wicked  pictured  by  the  imagin- 
ation are  for  them  never  ending  and  domestic 
furies!  These  are  the  serpents  or  vultures 
which  gnaw  the  entrails  of  the  wicked  Typho- 
eus  ;  these  the  eagles  which  tear  the  heart  of 
the  bold  Prometheus;  these  the  torments  of 
Cain,  a  fugitive  from  all,  and  even,  if  it  were  pos- 
sible, from  himself,  wandering  over  mountains 
and  woods,  without  even  being  able  to  pull  out 
the  arrow  which  pierced  his  heart—  Trans- 
lated by  Raniage. 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3967 


FICHTE,  JOHANN  GOTTLIEB  ( Germany,  1762- 
1814) 
The  Test  of  Worth.— Not  alone  to  know, 
but  to  act  according  to  thy  knowledge,  is  thy 
destination,  proclaims  the  voice  of  my  inmost 
soul.  Not  for  indolent  contemplation  and 
study  of  thyself,  nor  for  brooding  over  emotions 
of  piety  —  no,  for  action  was  existence  given 
thee  ;  thy  actions,  and  thy  actions  alone,  deter- 
mine thy  worth. 

FONTAINE,  JEAN  DE  LA  (France,  1621-1695) 
The  Danger  of  Foolish  Friends. — Nothing 
is  more  dangerous  than  a  friend  without  discre- 
tion ;  even  a  prudent  enemy  is  preferable. 

FONTENELLE,    BERNARD     LE    BOVIER    DE 

(France,  1657-1757) 

All  Men  of  the  Same  Clay.— Nature  has 
within  her  hands  a  certain  dough,  which  is  always 
the  same,  which  she  turns  this  way  and  that  way 
in  a  thousand  different  ways,  and  out  of  which 
she  makes  men,  animals,  and  plants ;  and  un- 
doubtedly she  has  not  made  Plato,  Demos- 
thenes, or  Homer  of  a  finer  or  better  kind  of 
clay  than  our  philosophers,  orators,  and  poets  of 
the  present  day.  In  regard  to  our  minds,  which 
are  immaterial,  I  only  look  at  the  connection 
which  they  have  with  the  brain,  which  is  mate- 
rial, and  which  by  its  different  arrangements  pro- 
duces all  the  varieties  that  are  between  them. — 
Digression  sur  les  Anciens  et  les  Modernes. 

How  to  Become  Famous.— When  we  only 
wish  to  make  a  noise  in  the  world,  the  most  pru- 
dent and  judicious  conduct  is  not  the  most  wise. 
—  Des  Morts  Anciens,  1. 

The  Passions  as  Motive  Power.— It  is  the 

passions  which  do  and  undo  everything.  If 
reason  ruled,  nothing  would  get  on.  It  is  said 
that  pilots  fear  beyond  everything  those  halcyon 
seas,  where  the  vessel  obeys  not  the  helm,  and 
that  they  prefer  wind  at  the  risk  of  storms.  The 
passions  in  men  are  the  winds  necessary  to  put 
everything  in  motion,  though  they  often  cause 
storms. —  Des  Morts  Anciens,  /. 

That  We  May  Do  Great  Things  without 
Knowing  How. —  Great  things  are  almost  always 
done  without  our  knowing  how  we  have  done 
them,  and  we  are  quite  surprised  that  they  are 
done.  Ask  Cresar  how  he  made  himself  master 
of  the  world ;  perhaps  he  would  find  it  difficult 
to  answer  you. —  Des  Morts  Modernes,  5. 

FRANKLIN,  BENJAMIN  (America,  1706-1790) 
Credit  from  Trifling  Things. —  The  most 
trifling  actions  that  affect  a  man's  credit  are  to 
be  regarded.  The  sound  of  your  hammer  at  five 
in  the  morning,  or  nine  at  night,  heard  by  a 
creditor,  makes  him  easy  six  months  longer  ;  but 
if  he  sees  you  at  a  billiard  table,  or  hears  your 
voice  at  a  tavern,  when  you  should  be  at  work, 
he  sends  for  his  money  the  next  day. 

Friends  and  Friendship.—  Be  slow  in  choos- 
ing a  friend,  slower  in  changing. — From  Poor 
Richard's  Almanack  for  1735. 


Do  good  to  thy  friend  to  keep  him,  to  thy 
enemy  to  gain  him.—  From  Poor  Richard's  Al- 
manack for  1734. 

That  Money  Begets  Money.— Remember 
that  money  is  of  a  prolific,  generating  nature. 
Money  can  beget  money,  and  its  offspring  can 
beget  more,  and  so  on.  Five  shillings  turned  is 
six  :  turned  again  it  is  seven  and  threepence  ;  and 
so  on  till  it  becomes  a  hundred  pounds.  The 
more  there  is  of  it,  the  more  it  produces  every 
turning,  so  that  the  profits  rise  quicker  and 
quicker.  He  that  kills  a  breeding  sow,  destroys 
all  her  offspring  to  the  thousandth  generation. 
He  that  murders  a  crown,  destroys  all  that  it 
might  have  produced,  even  scores  of  pounds. 

FROISSART,  JEAN     (France,  1337-1410) 

The  Manners  of  the  Scots.— The  Scots  are 
bold,  hardy,  and  much  inured  to  war.  When 
they  make  their  invasions  into  England,  they 
march  from  twenty  to  four  and  twenty  leagues 
without  halting,  as  well  by  night  as  by  day  ; 
for  they  are  all  on  horseback,  except  the  camp 
followers,  who  are  on  foot.  The  knights  and 
esquires  are  well  mounted  on  large  bay  horses, 
the  common  people  on  little  galloways.  They 
bring  no  carriages  with  them,  on  account  of  the 
mountains  they  have  to  pass  in  Northumberland; 
neither  do  they  carry  with  them  any  provisions  or 
bread  or  wine;  for  their  habits  of  sobriety  are  such, 
in  time  of  war,  that  they  will  live  for  a  long  time 
on  flesh  half  sodden,  without  bread,  and  drink 
the  river  water  without  wine.  They  have,  there- 
fore, no  occasion  for  pots  or  pans  ;  for  they  dress 
the  flesh  of  their  cattle  in  the  skins,  after  they  have 
taken  them  off ;  and,  being  sure  to  find  plenty  of 
them  in  the  country  which  they  invade,  they 
carry  none  with  them.  Under  the  flaps  of  his 
saddle,  each  man  carries  a  broad  plate  of  metal ; 
behind  the  saddle,  a  little  bag  of  oatmeal ;  when 
they  have  eaten  too  much  of  the  sodden  flesh 
and  their  stomachs  appears  too  weak  and  empty, 
they  place  this  plate  over  the  fire,  mix  with 
water  their  oatmeal,  and  when  the  plate  is  heated, 
they  put  a  little  of  the  paste  upon  it,  and 
make  a  thin  cake,  like  a  cracknel  or  biscuit, 
which  they  eat  to  warm  their  stomachs ;  it  is 
therefore  no  wonder,  that  they  perform  a  longer 
day's  march  than  other  soldiers. —  From  the 
Chronicles  of  Englattd,  France,  Spain. 

FROTHINGHAM,  0.  B.     (America,  1822-) 

Self-Denial. —  Whoso  lives  for  humanity  must 
be  content  to  lose  himself. —  Life  of  George  Rip- 
ley. 

FULLER,  THOMAS     (England,  1608-1661) 

Books  as  a  Nepenthe. — To  divert  at  any 
time  a  troublesome  fancy,  run  to  thy  books : 
they  presently  fix  thee  to  them,  and  drive  the 
other  out  of  thy  thoughts.  They  always  receive 
thee  with  the  same  kindness. 

Love  Is  to  Be  Led. —  Affections,  like  the  con- 
science, are  rather  to  be  led  than  drawn ;  and 
'tis  to  be  feared,  they  that  marry  where  they  do 
not  love,  will  love  where  they  do  not  marry. 


3968 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


Behavior  to  Inferiors. —  As  the  sword  of  the 
best  tempered  metal  is  most  flexible ;  so  the 
truly  generous  are  most  pliant  and  courteous  in 
their  behavior  to  their  inferiors. 

Fatted  for  Destruction. —  If  the  wicked  flour- 
ish, and  thou  suffer,  be  not  discouraged.  They 
are  fatted  for  destruction :  thou  art  dieted  for 
health. 

GARFIELD,   JAMES   A.     (America,  1831-1881) 
Esse  Quam  Videri. —  The  possession  of  great 
powers  no  doubt  carries  with  it  a  contempt  for 
mere  external  show. —  Oration  on  Miss  Booth. 

The  Formation  of  Character. —  Character  is 
the  result  of  two  great  forces ;  the  initial  force 
which  the  Creator  gave  it  when  he  called  the 
man  into  being ;  and  the  force  of  all  the  external 
influence  and  culture  that  mold  and  modify  the 
development  of  a  life. — Oration  on  Congressman 
Gustave  Schleicher. 

If  the  superior  beings  of  the  universe  would 
look  down  upon  the  world  to  find  the  most  inter- 
esting object,  it  would  be  the  unfinished,  un- 
formed character  of  young  men,  or  of  young 
women. —  Hiram  College,  July,  1880. 

History  as  a  Divine  Poem. —  The  world's 
history  is  a  divine  poem  of  which  the  history  of 
every  nation  is  a  canto  and  every  man  a  word. 
Its  strains  have  been  pealing  along  down  the 
centuries,  and  though  there  have  been  mingled 
the  discords  of  warring  cannon  and  dying  men, 
yet  to  the  Christian  philosopher  and  historian  — 
the  humble  listener  —  there  has  been  a  divine 
melody  running  through  the  song  which  speaks 
of  hope  and  halcyon  days  to  come. —  w  The  Prov- 
ince of  History?* 

GARRISON,     WILLIAM     LLOYD       (America, 

1804-1879) 
The  Right  to  Liberty. —  The  right  to  enjoy 
liberty  is  inalienable.  To  invade  it  is  to  usurp 
the  prerogative  of  Jehovah.  Every  man  has  a 
right  to  his  own  body  —  to  the  products  of  hfe 
own  labor  —  to  the  protection  of  law  —  and  to 
the  common  advantages  of  society. —  Delivered 
before  the  American  Antislavery  Society,  Decem- 
ber 6, 1833. 

GAYARRE,  CHARLES     (America,  1805-1895) 

The  March  of  De  Soto.  —On  the  31st  of  May, 
1539,  the  bay  of  Santo  Spiritu,  in  Florida,  pre- 
sented a  curious  spectacle.  Eleven  vessels  of 
quaint  shape,  bearing  the  broad  banner  of 
Spain,  were  moored  close  to  the  shore  ;  one  thou- 
sand men  of  infantry,  and  three  hundred  and 
fifty  men  of  cavalry,  fully  equipped,  were  land- 
ing in  proud  array  under  the  command  of 
Hernando  De  Soto,  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
companions  of  Pizarro  in  the  conquest  of  Peru, 
and  reputed  one  of  the  best  lances  of  Spain ! 
(<  When  he  led  in  the  van  of  battle,  so  power- 
ful was  his  charge,  n  says  the  old  chronicler  of 
his  exploits,  (<  so  broad  was  the  bloody  passage 
which  he  carved  out  in  the  ranks  of  the  enemy, 
that  ten  of  his  men-at-arms  could  with  ease  fol- 


low him  abreast.w  He  had  acquired  enormous 
wealth  in  Peru,  and  might  have  rested  satisfied, 
a  knight  of  renown,  in  the  government  of  St. 
Jago  de  Cuba,  in  the  sweet  enjoyment  of  youth 
and  power. 

But  his  adventurous  mind  scorns  such  in- 
glorious repose,  and  now  he  stands  erect  and 
full  of  visions  bright,  on  the  sandy  shore  of 
Florida,  whither  he  comes,  with  feudal  pride,  by 
leave  of  the  king,  to  establish  nothing  less  than 
a  marquisate,  ninety  miles  long  by  forty-five 
miles  wide,  and  there  to  rule  supreme,  a  gover- 
nor for  life  of  all  the  territory  that  he  can  sub- 
jugate. 

GEORGE,  HENRY     (America,  1839-1897) 

Land  Monopoly. —  Place  one  hundred  men 
on  an  island  from  which  there  is  no  escape,  and 
whether  you  make  one  of  these  men  the  absolute 
owner  of  the  other  ninety-nine,  or  the  absolute 
owner  of  the  soil  of  the  island,  will  make  no 
difference  either  to  him  or  to  them. 

In  the  one  case,  as  the  other,  the  one  will  be 
the  absolute  master  of  the  ninety-nine  —  his 
power  extending  even  to  life  and  death,  for 
simply  to  refuse  them  permission  to  live  upon  the 
island  would  be  to  force  them  into  the  sea. 

Upon  a  larger  scale,  and  through  more  com- 
plex relations,  the  same  cause  must  operate  in 
the  same  way  and  to  the  same  end  —  the  ulti- 
mate result,  the  enslavement  of  laborers,  becom- 
ing apparent  just  as  the  pressure  increases  which 
compels  them  to  live  on  and  from  land  which  is 
treated  as  the  exclusive  property  of  others. 

GLADDEN,  WASHINGTON     (America,  1836-) 

The  Theologian's  Problem. —  The  priest  and 
the  Levite  in  the  parable  of  the  good  Samaritan 
were  probably  going  down  to  Jericho  to  attend  a 
convention  called  to  discuss  the  question,  <(  How 
shall  we  reach  the  masses  ? }) 

GOETHE,   JOHANN   WOLFGANG    VON      (Ger- 
many, 1749-1832) 

Conversion  and  Friendship  with  Heaven- 
—  As  to  the  value  of  conversions,  God  alone  can 
judge  ;  God  alone  can  know  how  wide  are  the 
steps  which  the  soul  has  to  take  before  it  can 
approach  to  a  community  with  him,  to  the 
dwelling  of  the  perfect,  or  to  the  intercourse  and 
friendship  of  higher  natures. 

The  Burden  of  Fools. —  Of  all  thieves  fools 
are  the  worst :  they  rob  you  of  time  and  temper. 

GOLDONI,  CARLO     (Italy,  1707-1793) 

The  Book  of  the  World.— The  world  is  a 
beautiful  book,  but  of  little  use  to  him  who  can- 
not read  it. —  Pamela,  i,  14. 

The  Animal  that  Laughs.— Laughing  is 
peculiar  to  man  ;  but  all  men  do  not  laugh  for 
the  same  reason.  There  is  the  Attic  salt,  which 
springs  from  the  charm  in  the  words,  from  the 
flash  of  wit,  from  the  spirited  and  brilliant  sally. 
There  is  the  low  joke  which  arises  from  scurril- 
ity and  idle  conceit. —  Pamela,  i.  16. 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3969 


«The  Noble  Man  Does  Noble  Deeds. »— 
Noble  blood  is  an  accident  of  fortune ;  noble 
actions  characterize  the  great. — Pamela,  i.  6. 

GOLDSMITH,    OLIVER    (Ireland,  1728-1774) 

(<  Originality. » —  People  seldom  improve, 
when  they  have  no  other  model  but  themselves 
to  copy  after. 

GRANADA,    LUIS    DE    (Spain,  1504-1588) 

The  Uncertainty  of  Things. —  This  is  the 
great  misfortune  of  life,  that  it  is  changeable, 
and  never  remains  in  the  same  state.  (<  Man,w 
says  Job  (xiv.  1),  (<that  is  born  of  woman,  is  of 
few  days,  and  full  of  trouble.  He  cometh  forth 
like  a  flower,  and  is  cut  down  ;  he  fleeth  also  as 
a  shadow,  and  continueth  not.w  What  is  more 
changeable  ?  We  are  told  that  the  chameleon 
assumes  in  an  hour  many  colors ;  the  sea  of  the 
Euripus  has  an  evil  name  for  its  many  changes, 
and  the  moon  takes  every  day  its  own  peculiar 
form.  But  what  is  all  this  compared  to  the 
changes  of  man  ?  What  Proteus  ever  assumed 
so  many  different  forms  as  man  does  every  hour  ? 
Now  sick,  now  in  health ;  now  content,  now 
discontent ;  now  sad,  now  joyous ;  now  timid, 
now  hopeful ;  now  suspicious,  now  credulous ; 
now  peaceful,  now  recalcitrant ;  now  he  wishes, 
now  he  wishes  not ;  and  many  times  he  knows 
not  what  he  wants.  In  short,  the  changes  are  as 
numerous  as  the  accidents  in  an  hour,  so  that 
every  one  of  them  turns  him  upside  down.  The 
past  gives  him  pain,  the  present  disturbs  him, 
and  the  future  causes  him  agony. 

The  Uncertainties  of  Life.— What  will  it  be 
if  we  run  over  the  miseries  of  all  the  ages  and 
states  of  this  Life  ?  How  full  of  ignorance  is 
childhood  !  how  light-headed  is  boyhood !  how 
rash  is  youth,  and  how  cross  is  old  age  !  What 
is  a  child  but  a  brute  animal  in  the  form  of  a 
human  being  ?  What  is  youth  but  a  steed  with 
the  bit  in  his  mouth  and  without  reins  ?  What 
the  old  man,  weighed  down  by  years,  but  a  bun- 
dle of  infirmities  and  pains  ?  The  greatest  de- 
sire that  men  have  is  to  reach  this  age,  where 
man  is  only  more  subject  to  necessities  than  in 
the  other  parts  of  his  life,  and  even  less  assisted. 
For  the  old  is  abandoned  by  the  world,  by  his 
relations,  even  his  limbs  and  senses  fail  him,  and 
himself  too  ;  for  the  use  of  his  reason  leaves  him, 
and  infirmities  alone  attend  him.  This  is  the 
goal  on  which  human  felicity  and  the  ambition 
of  life  fixes  its  eyes. 

The  Mystery  of  Death. —  O  death,  how  bitter 
is  the  thought  of  thee  !  how  speedy  thy  approach  ! 
how  stealthy  thy  steps  !  how  uncertain  thy  hour  ! 
how  universal  thy  sway  !  The  powerful  cannot 
escape  thee  ;  the  wTise  know  not  how  to  avoid 
thee  ;  the  strong  have  no  strength  to  oppose 
thee ;  there  is  no  one  rich  for  thee  since  none 
can  buy  life  with  treasures.  Everywhere  thou 
goest,  every  place  thou  besettest,  in  every  spot 
thou  art  found.  All  things  have  their  waxing 
and  waning,  but  thou  remainest  ever  the  same. 
Thou  art  a  hammer  that  always  strikes — a  sword 
that  is  never  blunt  —  a  net  into  which  all  fall  — 
x— 249 


a  prison  into  which  all  must  enter  —  a  sea  on 
which  all  must  venture  —  a  penalty  which  all 
must  suffer  —  and  a  tribute  which  all  must  pay. 
O  cruel  death !  thou  earnest  off  in  an  hour, 
in  a  moment,  that  which  has  been  acquired 
with  the  labor  of  many  years  ;  thou  cuttest  short 
the  succession  of  the  highborn ;  thou  leavest 
kingdoms  without  heirs ;  thou  fillest  the  world 
with  orphans  ;  thou  cuttest  short  the  thread  of 
studies ;  makest  of  no  use  the  noblest  genius  ; 
joinest  the  end  to  the  beginning  without  allow- 
ing any  intermediate  space.  O  death,  death  ! 
O  implacable  enemy  of  the  human  race  !  Why 
hast  thou  entered  into  the  world  ? 

GREENE,  ROBERT     (England,  1560-1592) 

A  Clear  Mind  and  Dignity.  —  Flesh  dipped 
in  the  Sea  ^Egeum,  will  never  be  sweet :  the 
herb  Trigion  being  once  bit  with  an  asp,  never 
groweth :  and  conscience  once  stained  with  in- 
nocent blood,  is  always  tied  to  a  guilty  remorse. 
Prefer  thy  content  before  riches,  and  a  clear 
mind  before  dignity :  so  being  poor,  thou  shalt 
have  rich  peace,  or  else  rich,  thou  shalt  enjoy 
disquiet. — From  Pandosto,  the  Triumph  of 
Time. 

GREVILLE,  FULKE     (England,  1554-1628) 
The  Touchstone  of  Merit.  —  Ask  the  man  of 

adversity  how  other  men  act  towards  him  :  ask 
those  others,  how  he  acts  towards  them.  Ad- 
versity is  the  true  touchstone  of  merit  in  both  ; 
happy  if  it  does  not  produce  the  dishonesty  of 
meanness  in  one,  and  that  of  insolence  and 
pride  in  the  other. 

Following  the  Leader. — We  laugh  heartily 
to  see  a  whole  flock  of  sheep  jump  because  one 
did  so  :  might  not  one  imagine  that  superior 
beings  do  the  same  by  us,  and  for  exactly  the 
same  reason  ? 

Small  Things  and  Great  Results.  —  Surely 
no  man  can  reflect,  without  wonder,  upon  the 
vicissitudes  of  human  life,  arising  from  causes 
in  the  highest  degree  accidental  and  trifling. 
If  you  trace  the  necessary  concatenation  of  hu- 
man events,  a  very  little  way  back,  you  may 
perhaps  discover  that  a  person's  very  going  in 
or  out  of  a  door  has  been  the  means  of  coloring 
with  misery  or  happiness  the  remaining  current 
of  his  life. 

The  Mote  and  the  Beam. —  He  that  sees  ever 
so  accurately,  ever  so  finely  into  the  motives  of 
other  people's  acting,  may  possibly  be  entirely 
ignorant  as  to  his  own :  it  is  by  the  mental  as 
the  corporeal  eye,  the  object  may  be  placed  too 
near  the  sight  to  be  seen  truly,  as  well  as  too  far 
off ;  nay,  too  near  to  be  seen  at  all. 

Great  Souls  and  Mean  Fortunes. —  I  hardly 
know  a  sight  that  raises  one's  indignation  more, 
than  that  of  an  enlarged  soul  joined  to  a  con- 
tracted fortune  ;  unless  it  be  that  so  much  more 
common  one,  of  a  contracted  soul  joined  to  an 
enlarged  fortune. 

On  the  Nature  of  Women. —  Modesty  in 
woman,  say  some   shrewd  philosophers,  is  not 


397° 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


natural ;  it  is  artificial  and  acquired ;  but  what 
then,  and  to  what  end,  is  that  natural  taste,  that 
delicate  sensation,  that  approbation  of  it,  in 
man  ?  .  .  .  I  have  often  thought  that  the 
nature  of  women  was  inferior  to  that  of  men  in 
general,  but  superior  in  particular. 

GKISWOLD,  EUFUS  WILMOT     (America,  1815- 

1857) 
The  Genius  of  Poe. —  His  realm  was  on  the 
shadowy  confines  of  human  experience,  among 
the  abodes  of  crime,  gloom,  and  horror,  and  there 
he  delighted  to  surround  himself  with  images  of 
beauty  and  of  terror,  to  raise  his  solemn  palaces 
and  towers  and  spires  in  a  night  upon  which 
should  rise  no  sun.  His  minuteness  of  detail,  re- 
finement of  reasoning,  and  propriety  and  power 
of  language  —  the  perfect  keeping  (to  borrow  a 
phrase  from  another  domain  of  art)  and  appar- 
ent good  faith  with  which  he  managed  the  evo- 
cation and  exhibition  of  his  strange  and  spectral 
and  revolting  creations — gave  him  an  astonish- 
ing mastery  over  his  readers,  so  that  his  books 
were  closed  as  one  would  lay  aside  the  night- 
mare or  the  spells  of  opium.  The  analytical 
subtlety  evinced  in  his  works  has  frequently  been 
overestimated,  as  I  have  before  observed,  be- 
cause it  has  not  been  sufficiently  considered  that 
his  mysteries  were  composed  with  the  express 
design  of  being  dissolved.  When  Poe  attempted 
the  illustration  of  the  profounder  operations  of 
mind,  as  displayed  in  written  reason  or  real  ac- 
tion, he  frequently  failed  entirely. —  Memoir  of 
Poe. 

GUICCIARDINI,  FRANCIS  (Italy,  1483-1540) 
Forgiveness  and  Amendment. — It  is  more 
easy  to  induce  a  person  who  has  been  offended 
to  forgive,  than  it  is  to  make  one  who  has  taken 
possession  of  property  to  make  restitution. — 
Storia  d 'Italia. 

Nobility  the  True  Rule  of  Public  Policy.— 
The  counsels  of  republics  ought  not  to  be  sub- 
ject to  the  influence  of  low  and  paltry  motives, 
nor  be  moved  only  by  selfish  advantages,  but 
aim  at  high  and  noble  ends,  thereby  adding  to 
their  glory,  and  preserving  their  reputation, 
which  nothing  destroys  sooner  than  the  idea 
that  they  have  not  spirit  or  power  to  resent  in- 
juries, nor  preparations  sufficient  to  avenge 
themselves, —  a  thing  particularly  necessary,  not 
so  much  from  the  gratification  arising  from  the 
feeling  of  vengeance,  as  that  the  chastisement 
of  the  offender  may  be  a  warning  to  others  not 
to  provoke  you.  Here  we  have  glory  united  to 
advantage,  and  lofty  and  noble  resolutions  re- 
plete with  gain  and  profit :  thus  one  trouble  re- 
moves many,  and  often  a  single  and  short  effort 
frees  you  from  many  and  long  toils. —  Storia 
dltalia. 

Turbulence  and  Ignorance  in  Republics. — 

As  correct  decisions  cannot  be  expected  from 
an  incapable  and  ignorant  judge,  so  a  people 
that  is  turbulent  and  ignorant  cannot  be  ex- 
pected, except  by  chance,  to  choose  magistrates, 
or  deliberate  with  prudence  or  according  to 
rational  principles. — Storia  dltalia. 


On  Asking  Advice. —  There  is  nothing  as- 
suredly more  necessary  in  matters  of  difficulty, 
and  nothing  more  dangerous,  than  to  ask  advice. 
Advice  is  less  necessary  to  the  wise  than  to  the 
unwise,  and  yet  the  wise  are  those  who  derive 
most  advantage  from  taking  counsel  with 
others  :  for  who  is  so  perfect  in  wisdom  as  to  be 
able  to  take  everything  into  account  ?  and  in  op- 
posing courses  of  action  to  discern  which  is  the 
better  ?  But,  then,  when  advice  is  asked,  how 
shall  we  be  sure  that  advice,  on  which  we  can 
depend,  will  be  given  ?  For  the  counselor,  if 
he  be  not  faithful,  or  if  he  be  not  strongly  at- 
tached to  us,  being  influenced  not  only  by  his 
own  evident  advantage,  but  by  every  petty  ob- 
ject and  slight  self-gratification,  often  directs 
his  advice  to  that  end  that  is  most  to  his  own 
profit,  or  which  pleases  him  most ;  and  these 
private  ends  being  for  the  most  part  unknown 
to  the  person  who  is  asking  advice,  he  does  not 
perceive,  unless  he  be  very  shrewd,  the  dishon- 
esty of  the  advice. —  Storia  dltalia. 


HALL,  ROBERT    (England,  1764-1831) 

Tne  Meaning  of  Destiny. —  The  wheels  of 
nature  are  not  made  to  roll  backward  :  every- 
thing presses  on  towards  Eternity  :  from  the 
birth  of  Time  an  impetuous  current  has  set  in, 
which  bears  all  the  sons  of  men  towards  that 
interminable  ocean.  Meanwhile  Heaven  is  at- 
tracting to  itself  whatever  is  congenial  to  its 
nature,  is  enriching  itself  by  the  spoils  of  earth, 
and  collecting  within  its  capacious  bosom  what- 
ever is  pure,  permanent,  and  divine. 

HALLIBURTON,  THOMAS    CHANDLER    (Can- 
ada, 1796-1865  ) 
When  a  Woman  Is  Always   Right. —  Every 
woman  is  in  the  wrong  until  she  cries,  and  then 
she  is  in  the  right  instantly. 

Hope  as  a  Traveling  Companion. —  Hope 
is  a  pleasant  acquaintance,  but  an  unsafe  friend. 
Hope  is  not  the  man  for  your  banker,  but  he 
may  do  very  well  for  a  traveling  companion. 

HAMILTON,  GAIL     (America,  1838-) 

The  Limit  of  Responsibility. —  Every  person 
is  responsible  for  all  the  good  within  the  scope 
of  his  abilities,  and  for  no  more,  and  none  can 
tell  whose  sphere  is  the  largest. 

Coarse  Arts  and  Fine. —  I  admire  the  coarse 
arts  fully  as  much  as  I  do  the  fine  arts. 

HARE,    JULIUS    CHARLES      (England,    1795- 

1855) 

Christianity  and  Civilization.— Christian- 
ity has  carried  civilization  along  with  it,  whither- 
soever it  has  gone :  and,  as  if  to  show  that  the 
latter  does  not  depend  on  physical  causes,  some 
of  the  countries  the  most  civilized  in  the  days  of 
Augustus  are  now  in  a  state  of  hopeless  bar- 
barism. 

What  Eloquence  Means. —  Many  are  ambi- 
tious of  saying  grand  things,  that  is,  of  being 
grandiloquent.  Eloquence  is  speaking  out 
.     .     .     a  quality  few  esteem,  and  fewer  aim  at. 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3971 


HAWTHORNE,  NATHANIEL  (America,  1804- 
1864) 
Drowned  in  Their  Own  Honey. —  Bees  are 
sometimes  drowned  (or  suffocated)  in  the  honey 
which  they  collect.  So  some  writers  are  lost  in 
their  collected  learning. — American  Note  Books 
(1842). 

Happiness  as  an  Incident. —  Happiness  in 
this  world,  when  it  comes,  comes  incidentally. 
Make  it  the  object  of  pursuit,  and  it  leads  us  a 
wild  goose  chase,  and  is  never  attained.  Follow 
some  other  object,  and  very  possibly  we  may 
find  that  we  have  caught  happiness  without 
dreaming  of  it,  but  likely  enough  it  is  gone  the 
moment  we  say  to  ourselves,  (<  Here  it  is ! M 
like  the  chest  of  gold  that  treasure  seekers  find. 
.  .  .  There  is  something  more  awful  in  hap- 
piness than  in  sorrow, —  the  latter  being  earthly 
and  finite,  the  former  composed  of  the  substance 
and  texture  of  eternity,  so  that  spirits  still  em- 
bodied may  well  tremble  at  it. —  A??ierican  Note 
Books,  July,  1843. 

The  Only  Reality.— We  are  but  shadows:  we 
are  not  endowed  with  real  life,  and  all  that  seems 
most  real  about  us  is  but  the  thinnest  substance 
of  a  dream,— till  the  heart  be  touched.  That 
touch  creates  us — then  we  begin  to  be — thereby 
we  are  beings  of  reality  and  inheritors  of  eter- 
nity.—  American  Note  Books.  Salem,  October  4, 
1840. 

HAZLITT,  WILLIAM     (England,  1778-1830) 

Friendship. —  The  youth  of  friendship  is  bet- 
ter than  its  old  age. 

The  Religion  of  Love.—  It  makes  us  proud 
when  our  love  of  a  mistress  is  returned ;  it  ought 
to  make  us  prouder  still  when  we  can  love  her 
for  herself  alone,  without  the  aid  of  any  such  self- 
ish reflection.    This  is  the  religion  of  love. 

HEADLEY,  J.  T.     (America,  1813-) 

Naples  and  Vesuvius.  —  Tonight  we  ar- 
rived from  Castellamare.  Our  road  wound 
along  the  bay  —  near  Pompeii,  through  Torre 
del  Greco,  into  the  city.  The  sky  was  darkly- 
overcast —  the  wind  was  high  and  angry,  and 
the  usually  quiet  bay  threw  its  aroused  and 
rapid  swell  on  the  beach.  Along  the  horizon, 
between  the  sea  and  sky,  hung  a  storm  cloud 
blacker  than  the  water.  Here  and  there  was  a 
small  sailing  craft  or  fisherman's  boat,  pulling 
for  the  shore,  while  those  on  the  beach  were 
dragging  their  boats  still  farther  up  on  the  sand, 
in  preparation  for  the  rapid-gathering  storm. 
There  is  always  something  fearful  in  this  bust- 
ling preparation  for  a  tempest.  It  was  pecul- 
iarly so  here.  The  roar  of  the  surge  was  on  one 
side  ;  on  the  other  lay  a  buried  city  —  a  smoking 
mountain ;  while  our  very  road  was  walled  with 
lava  that  cooled  on  the  spot  where  it  stood.  The 
column  of  smoke  that  Vesuvius  usually  sent  so 
calmly  into  the  sky,  now  lay  on  a  level  with 
the  summit,  and  rolled  rapidly  inland,  before  the 
fierce  sea  blast.  It  might  have  been  fancy ;  but, 
amid  such  elements  of  strength,  and  such  mem- 
ories and  monuments  of  their  fury,  it  did  seem  as 


if  it  wanted  but  a  single  touch  to  send  valley, 
towns,  mountain,  and  all,  like  a  fired  magazine 
into  the  air.  Clouds  of  dust  rolled  over  us, 
blotting  out  even  the  road  from  our  view  ;  while 
the  dull  report  of  cannon  from  Naples,  coming 
at  intervals  on  our  ears,  added  to  the  confusion 
and  loneliness  of  the  scene.  As  we  entered 
the  city  and  rode  along  the  port,  the  wild  toss- 
ing of  the  tall  masts  as  the  heavy  hulls  rocked 
on  the  waves,  the  creaking  of  the  timbers,  and 
the  muffled  shouts  of  seamen,  as  they  threw 
their  fastenings,  added  to  the  gloom  of  the  even- 
ing ;  and  I  went  to  my  room,  feeling  that  I 
should  not  be  surprised  to  find  myself  aroused 
at  any  moment  by  the  rocking  of  an  earthquake 
under  me.  The  night  did  not  disappoint  the 
day,  and  set  in  with  a  wildness  and  fury,  that 
these  fire  countries  alone  exhibit.  My  room 
overlooked  the  bay  and  Vesuvius.  The  door 
opened  upon  a  large  balcony.  As  I  stood  on 
this,  and  heard  the  groaning  of  the  vessels  be- 
low, reeling  in  the  darkness,  and  the  sullen 
sound  of  the  surge,  as  it  fell  on  the  beach, 
while  the  heavy  thunder  rolled  over  the  sea,  and 
shook  the  city  on  its  foundations, — -I  felt  I 
would  not  live  in  Naples.  Ever  and  anon  a 
vivid  flash  of  lightning  would  throw  distant  Ve- 
suvius in  bold  relief  against  the  sky,  with  his 
forehead  completely  wrapped  in  clouds  that 
moved  not  to  the  blast,  but  clung  there,  as  if  in 
solemn  consultation  -with  the  mountain  upon 
the  night.  Overhead  the  clouds  were  driven 
in  every  direction,  and  nature  seemed  bestirring 
herself  for  some  wild  work.  At  length  the 
heavy  raindrops  began  to  fall,  one  by  one,  as  if 
pressed  from  the  clouds ;  and  I  turned  to  my 
room  feeling  that  the  storm  would  weep  itself 
away.  —  From  <(  Letters  from  Italy?1 

I 
HERBERT,  EDWARD     (England,  1582-1648)    ; 

The  Miraculous  Human  Body. —  Whoever 
considers  the  study  of  anatomy,  I  believe,  will 
never  be  an  Atheist ;  the  frame  of  man's  body, 
and  coherence  of  his  parts,  being  so  strange 
and  paradoxical,  that  I  hold  it  to  be  the  greatest 
miracle  of  Nature. 

HERDER,  JOHANN  GOTTFRIED  VON      (Ger- 
many, 1744-1803) 

Mother  Love  and  Children. —  Last  among 
the  characteristics  of  woman,  is  that  sweet  moth- 
erly love  with  which  Nature  has  gifted  her ;  it  is 
almost  independent  of  cold  reason,  and  wholly 
removed  from  all  selfish  hope  of  reward.  Not 
because  it  is  lovely,  does  the  mother  love  her 
child,  but  because  it  is  a  living  part  of  herself, — 
the  child  of  her  heart,  a  fraction  of  her  own  na- 
ture. Therefore  do  her  entrails  yearn  over  his 
wailings  ;  her  heart  beats  quicker  at  his  joy ; 
her  blood  flows  more  softly  through  her  veins, 
when  the  breast  at  which  he  drinks  knits  him 
to  her.  In  every  uncorrupted  nation  of  the 
earth,  this  feeling  is  the  same;  climate,  which 
changes  everything  else,  changes  not  that.  It 
is  only  the  most  corrupting  forms  of  society 
which  have  power  gradually  to  make  luxurious 


!972 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


vice  sweeter  than  the  tender  cares  and  toils  of 
maternal  love. 

HERODOTUS.     (Greece,  ^.484-424  B.  C.) 

M  Mind  Your  Own  Business. » — Many  are  the 
precepts  recorded  by  the  sages  for  our  instruc- 
tion, but  we  ought  to  listen  to  none  with  more 
attention  than  that,  (<  It  becomes  a  man  to  give 
heed  to  those  things  which  regard  himself." 
—  i.  8. 

Comparison  the  Secret  of  Knowledge. — Un- 
less a  variety  of  opinions  are  laid  before  us,  we 
have  no  opportunity  of  selection,  but  are  bound 
of  necessity  to  adopt  the  particular  view  which 
may  have  been  brought  forward.  The  purity  of 
gold  cannot  be  ascertained  by  a  single  speci- 
men ;  but  when  we  have  carefullv  compared  it 
with  others,  we  are  able  to  fix  upon  the  finest 
ore. —  vii.  10. 

Cause  of  the  Most  Enormous  Crimes.— For 

insolence  is  the  natural  result  of  great  prosper- 
ity, while  envy  and  jealousy  are  innate  qualities 
in  the  mind  of  man.  When  these  two  vices  are 
combined,  they  lead  to  the  most  enormous 
crimes :  some  atrocities  are  committed  from  in- 
solence, and  others  from  envy.  Princes  ought 
to  be  superior  to  all  such  feelings  ;  but,  alas  !  we 
know  that  this  is  not  the  case.  The  noble  and 
the  worthiest  are  the  object  of  their  jealousy, 
merely  because  they  feel  that  their  lives  are  a 
reproach  to  them  ;  with  the  most  abandoned 
they  rejoice  to  spend  their  time.  Calumny  they 
drink  in  with  greedy  ears.  But  what  is  the 
most  paradoxical  of  all,  if  thou  showest  them 
merely  respectful  homage,  they  take  umbrage 
because  thou  art  not  sufficiently  humble ; 
whereas,  if  thou  bend  the  knee  with  the  most 
submissive  looks,  thou  art  kicked  away  as  a  flat- 
terer.—  Hi.  80. 

Forethought  and  Failure. —  For  my  own 
part,  I  have  found  from  experience  that  the 
greatest  good  is  to  be  got  from  forethought  and 
deliberation ;  even  if  the  result  is  not  such  as  we 
expected,  at  all  events  we  have  the  feeling  that 
we  have  done  all  in  our  power  to  merit  success, 
and  therefore  the  blame  must  be  attached  to 
fortune  alone.  The  man  who  is  foolish  and  in- 
considerate, even  when  fortune  shines  upon  him, 
is  not  the  less  to  be  censured  for  his  want  of 
sense.  Dost  thou  not  see  how  the  thunderbolts 
of  heaven  lay  prostrate  the  mightiest  animals, 
while  they  pass  over  the  weak  and  insignificant  ? 
The  most  splendid  palaces  and  the  loftiest  trees 
fall  before  these  weapons  of  the  gods.  For  God 
loves  to  humble  the  mighty.  So  also  we  often 
see  a  powerful  army  melt  away  before  the  more 
contemptible  force.  For  when  God  in  His 
wrath  sends  His  terror  among  them,  they  perish 
in  a  way  that  is  little  worthy  of  their  former 
glory.  The  Supreme  Being  allows  no  one  to  be 
infinite  in  wisdom  but  Himself. —  vii.  jo. 

Finis  Coronat  Opus. —  It  is  the  part  of  wis- 
dom to  wait  to  see  the  final  result  of  things,  for 
God  often  tears  up  by  the  roots  the  prosperous, 
and  overwhelms  with  misery  those  who  have 


reached  the  highest  pinnacle  of  worldly  happi- 
ness.—  i.  32. 

HILDRETH,  RICHARD  (America,  1807-1865  ) 
Jefferson's  Changes. —  Between  Jefferson  as 
a  political  theorist,  palliating  Shay's  rebellion 
by  the  general  remark  that  a  little  insurrection 
now  and  then  is  necessary  to  keep  every  kind  of 
government  in  order ;  between  Jefferson  as  leader 
of  the  opposition,  denouncing  the  tax  on 
whiskey  as  (<  infernal,8  and  almost  justifying 
the  rebellion  against  it,  and  Jefferson  as  Presi- 
dent, dissatisfied  with  the  law  of  treason  as  laid 
down  by  Chase  and  Marshall,  calling  upon  Con- 
gress for  greater  stringency,  seeking  to  enforce 
the  embargo  by  assumptions  of  power,  which,  if 
constitutional,  which  multitudes  questioned, 
were  vastly  more  arbitrary  and  meddlesome  than 
anything  in  the  Excise  Act,  there  was,  indeed,  a 
striking  contrast. — History  of  the   United  States. 

HOLLAND,  JOSIAH  GILBERT  ( America,  1819- 
1881) 
Manhood  and  Its  Incidents. —  Labor,  call- 
ing, profession,  scholarship, and  artificial  and  arbi- 
trary distinctions  of  all  sorts,  are  incidents  and 
accidents  of  life,  and  pass  away.  It  is  only 
manhood  that  remains,  and  it  is  only  by  man- 
hood that  man  is  to  be  measured. —  Talks  on 
Familiar  Subjects,  1865. 

Words  the  Materials  of  Art. — The  temple 
of  art  is  built  of  words.  Painting  and  sculpture 
and  music  are  but  the  blazon  of  its  windows, 
borrowing  all  their  significance  from  the  light, 
and  suggestive  only  of  the  temple's  uses. 

«  The  Choicest  Thing  in  the  World.8— The 

choicest  thing  this  world  has  for  a  man  is  affec- 
tion— the  approval,  the  sympathy,  and  the  devo- 
tion of  true  hearts. 

Mean  Things  and  Men's  «Way.M — Many 
mean  things  are  done  in  the  family  for  which 
moods  are  put  forward  as  the  excuse  when  the 
moods  themselves  are  the  most  inexcusable 
things  of  all.  A  man  or  woman  in  tolerable 
health  has  no  moral  right  to  indulge  in  an  un- 
pleasant mood. 

HOLMES,  OLIVER  WENDELL   (America,  1809- 

1894) 
Books    Old   and   New. — Old    books,   as  you 
well  know,  are  books  of  the  world's  youth,  and 
new  books  are  fruits  of  its   age. —  (<  The  Profess- 
or at  the  Breakfast  Table, »  Chap.  IX. 

The  Heart's  Low  Tide. —  There  are  inscrip- 
tions on  our  hearts,  which,  like  that  on  Dighton 
Rock,  are  never  to  be  seen  except  at  dead-low 
tide.—  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table. 

Stopping  the  Strings  of  the  Heart.— Talk- 
ing is  like  playing  on  the  harp  ;  there  is  as  much 
in  laying  the  hands  on  the  strings  to  stop  their 
vibrations,  as  in  twanging  them  to  bring  out  their 
music. —  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table, 
Chap.  I. 

Seventy  Year  Clocks. —  Our  brains  are 
seventy  year  clocks.    The  Angel  of  Life  winds 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3973 


them  up  once  for  all,  then  closes  the  case,  and 
gives  the  key  into  the  hands  of  the  Angel  of 
the  Resurrection. —  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Table. 

HOPKINS,  MARK     (America,  1802-1887) 

«  The  Picture  of  Thought. w — Language  is 
the  picture  and  counterpart  of  thought. —  Address, 
delivered  at  the  dedication  of  Williston  Seminary, 
December  1,  1841. 

Virtue  as  Grace. —  Virtue  should  move  easily 
and  gracefully  only  as  it  is  strong,  but  it  should 
become  strong,  that  it  may  move  easily  and 
gracefully,  and  thus  become  to  all  men  as  beau- 
tiful as  it  is  obligatory. —  The  Connection  between 
Taste  and  Morals,  Lecture  II. 

HOPKINSON,  FRANCIS  (America,  1737-1791) 
Eighteenth  Century  England. —  The  extreme 
ignorance  of  the  common  people  of  this  civilized 
country  can  scarce  be  credited.  In  general  they 
know  nothing  beyond  the  particular  branch  of 
the  business  which  their  parents  or  the  parish 
happened  to  choose  for  them.  This,  indeed, 
they  practice  with  unremitting  diligence ;  but 
never  think  of  extending  their  knowledge 
farther.  A  manufacturer  has  been  brought  up  a 
maker  of  pin-heads :  he  has  been  at  this  busi- 
ness forty  years  and,  of  course,  makes 
pin-heads  with  great  dexterity;  but  he  cannot 
make  a  whole  pin  for  his  life.  He  thinks  it  is 
the  perfection  of  human  nature  to  make  pin- 
heads.  He  leaves  other  matters  to  inferior 
abilities.  It  is  enough  for  him  that  he  believes 
in  the  Athanasian  Creed,  reverences  the  splendor 
of  the  court,  and  makes  pin-heads.  This  he 
conceives  to  be  the  sum-total  of  religion,  poli- 
tics, and  trade.  He  is  sure  that  London  is  the 
finest  city  in  the  world ;  Blackfriars  Bridge  the 
most  superb  of  all  possible  bridges;  and 
the  river  Thames,  the  largest  river  in  (the)  uni- 
verse. It  is  in  vain  to  tell  him  that  there  are 
many  rivers  in  America,  in  comparison  of  which 
the  Thames  is  but  a  ditch ;  that  there  are  single 
provinces  there  larger  than  all  England  ;  and 
that  the  colonies,  formerly  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  now  independent  states,  are  vastly  more 
extensive  'than  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland  taken  all  together  —  he  cannot  conceive 
this.  He  goes  into  his  best  parlor,  and  looks 
on  a  map  of  England,  four  feet  square  ;  on  the 
other  side  of  the  room  he  sees  a  map  of  North 
and  South  America,  not  more  than  two  feet 
square,  and  exclaims  :  —  (<  How  can  these  things 
be!  It  is  altogether  impossible  ! w — From  the 
^Translation  of  a  Letter,  Written  by  a  Foreigner 
on  His  Travels? 

HYDE,     EDWARD,     EARL     OF     CLARENDON 

(England,  1608-1674) 
Good  Nature  as  the  Greatest  Blessing.— 
Angry  and  choleric  men  are  as  ungrateful  and 
unsociable  as  thunder  and  lightning,  being  in 
themselves  all  storm  and  tempest;  but  quiet 
and  easy  natures  are  like  fair  weather,  welcome 
to  all,  and  acceptable  to  all  men;  they  gather 
together  what  the  other  disperse,  and  reconcile 


all  whom  the  other  incense :  as  they  have  the 
good  will  and  the  good  wishes  of  all  other  men, 
so  they  have  the  full  possession  of  themselves, 
have  all  their  own  thoughts  at  peace,  and  en- 
joy quiet  and  ease  in  their  own  fortunes,  how 
straight  soever  it  may  be. 

Beauty  as  a  Compelling  Power. —  It  was  a 

very  proper  answer  to  him  who  asked,  why  any 
man  should  be  delighted  with  beauty  ?  that  it 
was  a  question  that  none  but  a  blind  man  could 
ask ;  since  any  beautiful  object  doth  so  much 
attract  the  sight  of  all  men,  that  it  is  in  no  man's 
power  not  to  be  pleased  with  it. 

The  World  Not  to  Be  Despised.— They  take 
very  unprofitable  pains  who  endeavor  to  per- 
suade men  that  they  are  obliged  wholly  to  de- 
spise this  World  and  all  that  is  in  it,  even  whilst 
they  themselves  live  here  :  God  hath  not  taken 
all  that  pains  in  forming  and  framing  and  fur- 
nishing and  adorning  this  World,  that  they  who 
were  made  by  Him  to  live  in  it  should  despise 
it ;  it  will  be  well  enough  if  they  do  not  love 
it  so  immoderately,  to  prefer  it  before  Him  who 
made  it. 

IRVING,  WASHINGTON  (America,  1783-1859) 
Friends  That  Are  Always  True. —  When  all 
that  is  worldly  turns  to  dross  around  us,  these 
books  only  retain  their  steady  value.  When 
friends  grow  cold,  and  the  converse  of  intimates 
languishes  into  vapid  civility  and  commonplace, 
these  only  continue  the  unaltered  countenance 
of  happier  days,  and  cheer  us  with  that  true 
friendship  which  never  deceived  hope,  nor  de- 
serted sorrow. —  The  Sketch  Book:  "Roscoe? 

Great  Minds  in  Misfortune. —  Little  minds 
are  tamed  and  subdued  by  misfortune  ;  but  great 
minds  rise  above  it. —  The  Sketch  Book:  "Philip 
of  Pokanoket.f* 

«The  Almighty  Dollar." —  The  Almighty 
Dollar,  that  great  object  of  universal  devotion 
throughout  our  land,  seems  to  have  no  genuine 
devotees  in  these  particular  villages. —  The  Creole 
Village. 

Cultivation  and  Society. —  Society  is  like  a 
lawn,  where  every  roughness  is  smoothed,  every 
bramble  eradicated,  and  where  the  eye  is  de- 
lighted by  the  smiling  verdure  of  a  velvet  sur- 
face— The  Sketch  Book:  '•'•Philip  of  Pokanoket.» 

«  The  Truest  Thing  in  the  World.H— Who 
that  has  languished,  even  in  advanced  life,  in 
sickness  and  despondency  ;  who  that  has  pined 
on  a  weary  bed  in  the  neglect  and  loneliness  of  a 
foreign  land ;  but  has  thought  on  the  mother 
<(  that  looked  on  his  childhood, w  that  smoothed 
his  pillow  and  administered  to  his  helplessness  ? 
Oh  !  there  is  an  enduring  tenderness  in  the  love 
of  a  mother  to  a  son  that  transcends  all  other 
affections  of  the  heart.  It  is  neither  to  be 
chilled  by  selfishness,  nor  daunted  by  danger, 
nor  weakened  by  worthlessness,  nor  stifled  by 
ingratitude.  She  will  sacrifice  every  comfort  to 
his  convenience ;  she  will  surrender  every  pleas- 
ure to  his  enjoyment ;    she    will    glory    in   his 


3974 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


fame,  and  exult  in  his  prosperity  :  —  and,  if  mis- 
fortune overtake  him,  he  will  be  the  dearer  to 
her  from  his  misfortunes  ;  and  if  disgrace  settle 
upon  his  name,  she  will  still  love  and  cherish 
him  in  spite  of  his  disgrace ;  and  if  all  the  world 
beside  cast  him  off,  she  will  be  all  the  world  to 
him. — From  <(  The  Sketch  Book?* 

JACOBI,  FRIEDRICH    HEINRICH      (Germany, 
1743-1819) 
«  Flying  Leaves." —  I  can  live   in   harmony 
with  everyone  who  lives  in  harmony  with  him- 
self. 

What  dost  thou  call  a  beautiful  soul  ?  Thou 
callest  a  beautiful  soul  one  that  is  quick  to 
perceive  the  good,  that  gives  it  due  promi- 
nence and  holds  it  immovably  fast. 

It  is  absurd  for  a  man  to  say  that  he  hates 
and  despises  men,  but  love  and  honors  Hu- 
manity. A  general  without  a  particular,  a 
Humanity  worthy  of  honor  and  love  without 
men  who  are  worthy  of  honor  and  love,  is  a 
fiction  of  the  brain,  a  thing  that  has  no  ex- 
istence. 

It  is  the  custom  of  virtue  to  note  the  fail- 
ings of  distinguished  men  not  otherwise  than 
with  a  certain  timidity  and  shame.  It  is  the 
custom  of  vice  to  cover  impudence  with  the  ap- 
pellation of  love  of  truth. 

To  lay  aside  all  prejudices  is  to  lay  aside  all 
principles.  He  who  is  destitute  of  principles 
is  governed,  theoretically  and  practically,  by 
whims. 

JAMES  I.     (Scotland,  1566-1625) 

Tobacco  as  a  <(  Stinking  Torment."— And 
for  the  vanities  committed  by  this  filthy  custom, 
is  it  not  both  great  vanity  and  uncleanness,  that 
at  the  table,  a  place  of  respect,  of  cleanliness,  of 
modesty,  men  should  not  be  ashamed,  to  sit  toss- 
ingjof  tobacco  pipes  and  puffing  of  the  smoke  of 
tobacco  one  to  another,  making  the  filthy  smoke 
and  stink  thereof,  to  exhale  athwart  the  dishes, 
and  infect  the  air,  when  very  often  men  that  abhor 
it  are  at  their  repast  ?  Surely  smoke  becomes  a 
kitchen  far  better  than  a  dining  chamber,  and 
yet  it  makes  a  kitchen  also  oftentimes  in  the  in- 
ward parts  of  men,  soiling  and  infecting  them 
with  an  unctuous  and  oily  kind  of  soot,  as  hath 
been  found  in  some  great  tobacco  takers,  that 
after  their  death  were  opened.  And  not  only 
meal  time,  but  no  other  time  nor  action  is  ex- 
empted from  the  public  use  of  this  uncivil  trick  : 
so  as  if  the  wives  of  Dieppe  list  to  contest  with 
this  nation  for  good  manners,  their  worst  man- 
ners would  in  all  reason  be  found  at  least  not  so 
dishonest  (as  ours  are)  in  this  point.  The  pub- 
lic use  whereof,  at  all  times,  and  in  all  places, 
hath  now  so  far  prevailed,  as  divers  men  very 
sound  both  in  judgment  and  complexion  hath 
been  at  last  forced  to  take  it  also  without  desire, 
partly  because  they  were  ashamed  to  seem  singu- 
lar (like  the  two  philosophers  that  were  forced 
to  duck  themselves  in  that  rain  water  and  so  be- 
come fools  as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  people),  and 


partly  to  be  as  one  that  was  content  to  eat  garlic 
(which  he  did  not  love)  that  he  might  not  be 
troubled  with  the  smell  of  it  in  the  breath  of 
his  fellows.  And  is  it  not  a  great  vanity,  that  a 
man  cannot  heartily  welcome  his  friend  now,  but 
straight  they  must  be  in  hand  with  tobacco  ? 
No,  it  is  become  in  place  of  a  cure,  a  point  of 
good  fellowship,  and  he  that  will  refuse  to  take  a 
pipe  of  tobacco  among  his  fellows  (though  by 
his  own  election  he  would  rather  feel  the  savor 
of  a  sink)  is  accounted  peevish  and  no  good 
company,  even  as  they  do  with  tippling  in  the 
cold  eastern  countries.  Yea  the  mistress  cannot 
in  a  more  mannerly  kind  entertain  her  servant, 
than  by  giving  him  out  of  her  fair  hand  a  pipe 
of  tobacco.  But  herein  is  not  only  a  great  van- 
ity, but  a  great  contempt  of  God's  good  gifts,  that 
the  sweetness  of  man's  breath,  being  a  good  gift 
of  God,  should  be  willfully  corrupted  by  this 
stinking  smoke,  wherein  I  must  confess,  it  hath 
too  strong  a  virtue  ;  and  so  that  which  is  an  orna- 
ment of  nature,  and  can  neither  by  any  artifice 
be  at  the  first  acquired,  nor  once  lost  be  recovered 
again,  shall  be  filthily  corrupted  with  an  incur- 
able stink,  which  vile  quality  is  as  directly  con- 
trary to  that  wrong  opinion  which  is  holden  of 
the  wholesomeness  thereof,  as  the  venom  of 
putrefaction  is  contrary  to  the  virtue  preserva- 
tive. 

Moreover,  which  is  a  great  iniquity,  and 
against  all  humanity,  the  husband  shall  not  be 
ashamed  to  reduce  thereby  his  delicate,  whole- 
some, and  clean  complexioned  wife  to  that  ex- 
tremity, that  either  she  must  also  corrupt  her 
sweet  breath  therewith,  or  else  resolve  to  live 
in  a  perpetual  stinking  torment. — From  (<  A 
Counterblast  to  Tobacco?* 

JAMES,  HENRY     (America,  1811-1882) 

The  Meaning  of  History. — The  very  vices 
and  crimes  of  man  place  him  above  Nature, 
deny  his  essential  finiteness,  proclaim  his  true 
subjection  to  be  an  ideal  and  infinite  object 
only.  And  the  testimony  is  undeniable.  Con- 
sciousness perfectly  ratifies  it.  All  history 
proves  that  it  is  man's  glory  to  act  without 
prescription,  or  from  the  inspiration  of  what 
we  call  ideas,  meaning  thereby  God.  He,  and 
he  alone  of  all  things,  feels  himself  subject  to 
an  ideal  or  infinite  selfhood,  feels  himself 
bound  to  reproduce  or  ultimate  this  infinite  or 
ideal  self  in  every  form  of  action. —  From  «  Lec- 
tures and  Miscellanies?'' 

JEVONS,  W.  STANLEY     (England,  1835-1882) 

«The  Money  Question."  — It  may  be  safely 
said  that  the  question  of  bimetallism  is  one 
which  does  not  admit  of  any  precise  and  sim- 
ple answer.  It  is  essentially  an  indeterminate 
problem.  It  involves  several  variable  quanti- 
ties and  many  constant  quantities,  the  latter 
being  either  inaccurately  known  or  in  many 
cases  altogether  unknown.  The  present  an- 
nual supply  of  gold  and  silver  are  ascertained 
with  fair  approach  of  certainty,  but  the  future 
supplies  are  matter  of  doubt.  The  demand 
for  the  metals  again  involves  wholly  unknown 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3975 


quantities,  depending  partly  on  the  course  of 
trade,  but  partly  also  upon  the  action  of  for- 
eign peoples  and  governments,  about  which  we 
can  only  form  surmises.     .     .     . 

Looking  at  the  question,  in  the  first  place,  as 
a  chronic  one,  that  is,  as  regarding  the  con- 
stitution of  monetary  systems  during  centuries, 
it  is  indispensable  to  remember  the  fact,  too 
much  overlooked  by  disputants,  that  the  values 
of  gold  and  silver  are  ultimately  governed, 
like  those  of  all  other  commodities,  by  the 
cost  of  production. —  From  the  Contemporary 
Review. 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL     (England,  1709-1784) 

The  Greatness  of  Little  Men.— The  su- 
periority of  some  men  is  merely  local.  They 
are  great,  because  their  associates  are  little. 

((The  Rust  of  the  Soul.M — Sorrow  is  a  kind 
of  rust  of  the  soul,  which  every  new  idea  con- 
tributes in  its  passage  to  scour  away.  It  is  the 
putrefaction  of  stagnant  life,  and  is  remedied 
by  exercise  and  motion. 

KAMES,  LORD     (Scotland,  1696-1782) 

Pleasures  of  the  Eye  and  Ear.— Our  first 
perceptions  are  of  external  objects,  and  our  first 
attachments  are  to  them.  Organic  pleasures 
take  the  lead  ;  but  the  mind  gradually  ripening, 
relisheth  more  and  more  the  pleasures  of  the 
eye  and  ear,  which  approach  the  purely  mental 
without  exhausting  the  spirits,  and  exceed  the 
purely  sensual  without  danger  of  satiety.  The 
pleasures  of  the  eye  and  ear  have  accordingly 
a  natural  aptitude  to  draw  us  from  the  im- 
moderate gratification  of  sensual  appetite  ;  and 
the  mind,  once  accustomed  to  enjoy  a  variety  of 
external  objects  without  being  sensible  of  the 
organic  impression,  is  prepared  for  enjoying  in- 
ternal objects  where  there  cannot  be  an  organic 
impression.  Thus  the  Author  of  nature,  by 
qualifying  the  human  mind  for  a  succession  of 
enjoyments  from  low  to  high,  leads  it  by  gentle 
steps  from  the  most  groveling  corporeal  pleas- 
ures, for  which  only  it  is  fitted  in  the  begin- 
ning of  life,  to  those  refined  and  sublime 
pleasures  that  are  suited  to  its  maturity. 

KANT,  IMMANUEL     (Germany,  1724-1804) 

Aims  and  Duties. —  What  are  the  aims,  which 
are  at  the  same  time  duties  ?  They  are,  the  per- 
fecting of  ourselves,  the  happiness  of  others. 

Doing  Good  to  Others. —  Beneficence  is  a 
duty.  He  who  frequently  practices  it,  and  sees 
his  benevolent  intentions  realized,  at  length 
comes  really  to  love  him  to  whom  he  has  done 
good. 

Serenity  and  Strength.  —  Enthusiasm  is 
always  connected  with  the  senses,  whatever  be 
the  object  that  excites  it.  The  true  strength  of 
virtue  is  serenity  of  mind,  combined  with  a 
deliberate  and  steadfast  determination  to  exe- 
cute her  laws.  That  is  the  healthful  condition 
of  the  moral  life;  on  the  other  hand,  enthusi- 
asm, even  when  excited  by  representations  of 


goodness,  is  a  brilliant  but  feverish  glow,  which 
leaves  only  exhaustion  and  languor  behind. 

KENT,  JAMES  (America,  1763-1847) 

Publicity  and  Bad  Politics. —  The  energy 
of  the  press  and  of  popular  instruction,  and  the 
free  and  liberal  spirit  of  the  age,  control  or  miti- 
gate the  evils  of  a  bad  administration,  or  chas- 
tise its  abuses  in  every  department  of  govern- 
ment, and  they  carry  their  influence  to  the 
highest  ranks  and  summits  of  society. —  A  dis- 
course delivered  before  the  N.  Y.  Historical  So- 
ciety, December  6, 1828. 

KING,  THOMAS  STARR  (America,  1824-1864) 
The  Miracle  of  Color.— The  fact  is,  that  of 
all  God's  gifts  to  the  sight  of  man,  color  is  the 
holiest,  the  most  divine,  the  most  solemn.  We 
speak  rashly  of  gay  color  and  sad  color,  for 
color  cannot  at  once  be  good  and  gay.  All  good 
color  is  in  some  degree  pensive,  the  loveliest  is 
melancholy,  and  the  purest  and  most  thoughtful 
minds  are  those  which  love  color  the  most. — The 
White  Hills:  The  Saco  Valley. 

Nature  a  Hieroglyphic. — Nature  is  hiero- 
glyphic. Each  prominent  fact  in  it  is  like  a 
type ;  its  final  use  is  to  set  up  one  letter  of  the 
infinite  alphabet,  and  help  us,  by  its  connections 
to  read  some  statement  or  statute  applicable  to 
the  conscious  world. —  The  White  Hills:  The 
Connecticut  Valley. 

KINGLAKE,  ALEXANDER  WILLIAM  (Eng- 
land, 1809-1891) 

In  tne  Desert. —  About  this  part  of  my  jour- 
ney, I  saw  the  likeness  of  a  fresh  water  lake. 
I  saw,  as  it  seemed,  a  broad  sheet  of  calm 
water  that  stretched  far  and  fair  toward  the 
south — stretching  deep  into  winding  creeks, 
and  hemmed  in  by  jutting  promontories,  and 
shelving  smooth  off  toward  the  shallow  side; 
on  its  bosom  the  reflected  fire  of  the  sun  lay  play- 
ing, and  seeming  to  float  upon  waters  deep 
and  still. 

Though  I  knew  of  the  cheat,  it  was  not  till 
the  spongy  foot  of  my  camel  had  almost  trod- 
den in  the  seeming  waters,  that  I  could  unde- 
ceive my  eyes,  for  the  shore  line  was  quite  true 
and  natural.  I  soon  saw  the  cause  of  the 
phantasm.  A  sheet  of  water  heavily  impreg- 
nated with  salts  had  filled  this  great  hollow, 
and  when  dried  up  by  evaporation  had  left  a 
white  saline  deposit  that  exactly  marked  the 
space  which  the  waters  had  covered,  and  thus 
sketched  a  true  shore  line.  The  minute  crys- 
tals of  the  salt  sparkled  in  the  sun,  and  so 
looked  like  the  face  of  a  lake  that  is  calm  and 
smooth.    .     .     . 

After  the  fifth  day  of  my  journey,  I  no  longer 
traveled  over  shifting  hills,  but  came  upon  a 
dead  level  —  a  dead  level  bed  of  sand,  quite 
hard  and  stubbed  with  small  shining  pebbles. 

The  heat  grew  fierce ;  there  was  no  valley 
nor  hollow,  no  hill,  no  mound,  no  shadow  of 
hill  nor  of  mound,  by  which  I  could  mark  the 
way  I  was  making.  Hour  by  hour  I  advanced, 
and  saw  no  change  —  I  was  still  the  very  center 


3976 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


of  a  round  horizon ;  hour  by  hour  I  advanced, 
and  still  there  was  the  same  —  and  the  same, 
and  the  same, —  the  same  circle  of  flaming  sky 
— the  same  circle  of  sand  still  glaring  with 
light  and  fire.  Over  all  the  heaven  above  — 
over  all  the  earth  beneath,  there  was  no  visible 
power  that  could  balk  the  fierce  will  of  the 
sun ;  <(  he  rejoiced  as  a  strong  man  to  run  a 
race  ;  his  going  forth  was  from  the  end  of  the 
heaven,  and  his  circuit  unto  the  ends  of  it; 
and  there  was  nothing  hid  from  the  heat 
thereof."  From  pole  to  pole,  and  from  the 
east  to  the  west,  he  brandished  his  fiery 
sceptre  as  though  he  had  usurped  all  heaven 
and  earth.  As  he  bid  the  soft  Persian  in 
ancient  times,  so  now,  and  fiercely,  too,  he 
bid  me  bow  down  and  worship  him ;  so  now 
in  his  pride  he  seemed  to  command  me  and 
say, ((  Thou  shalt  have  none  other  gods  but  me." 
I  was  all  alone  before  him.  There  were  these 
two  pitted  together,  and  face  to  face  —  the 
mighty  sun  for  one,  and  for  the  other  —  this 
poor,  pale,  solitary  self  of  mine,  that  I  always 
carry  about  with  me. 

But  on  the  eighth  day,  and  before  I  had 
yet  turned  away  from  Jehovah  for  the  glitter- 
ing god  of  the  Persians,  there  appeared  a  dark 
line  upon  the  edge  of  the  forward  horizon, 
and  soon  the  line  deepened  into  a  delicate 
fringe  that  sparkled  here  and  there,  as  though 
it  were  sown  with  diamonds.  There,  then,  be- 
fore me  were  the  gardens  and  the  minarets  of 
Egypt,  and  the  mighty  works  of  the  Nile,  and 
I  (the  eternal  Ego  that  I  am!)— I  had  lived 
to  see,  and  I  saw  them. 

When  evening  came  I  was  still  within  the 
confines  of  the  desert,  and  my  tent  was  pitched 
as  usual,  but  one  of  my  Arabs  stalked  away 
rapidly  toward  the  west  without  telling  me  of 
the  errand  on  which  he  was  bent.  After  a 
while  he  returned ;  he  had  toiled  on  a  grateful 
service  ;  he  had  traveled  all  the  way  on  to  the 
border  of  the  living  world,  and  brought  me  back 
for  token,  an  ear  of  rice,'  full,  fresh,  and  green. 

The  next  day  I  entered  upon  Egypt,  and 
floated  along  (for  the  delight  was  as  the  de- 
light of  bathing)  through  green,  wavy  fields  of 
rice,  and  pastures  fresh  and  plentiful,  and 
dived  into  the  cold  verdure  of  groves  and 
gardens,  and  quenched  my  hot  eyes  in  shade, 
as  though  in  deep  rushing  waters. —  From  a£o- 
thenfi 

KNOX,  JOHN     (Scotland,  1505-1572) 

Too  Much  Honey. —  The  misfortune  is,  that 
when  man  has  found  honey,  he  enters  upon 
the  feast  with  an  appetite  so  voracious,  that  he 
usually  destroys  his  own  delight  by  excess  and 
satiety. 

The  Necessity  of  Schools.— Seeing  that  God 
hath  determined  that  His  Church  here  on  earth 
shall  be  taught  not  by  angels,  but  by  men,  and 
seeing  that  men  are  born  ignorant  of  all  godli- 
ness, and  seeing  also  now  God  ceaseth  to  illu- 
minate men  miraculously,  suddenly  changing 
them  as  He  did  His  apostles  and  others  in  the 
primitive    Church  :   of   necessity  it  is  that  your 


Honors  be  most  careful  for  the  virtuous  educa- 
tion, and  godly  upbringing  of  the  youth  of  this 
realm,  if  either  ye  now  thirst  unfeignedly  for 
the  advancement  of  Christ's  glory,  or  yet  desire 
the  continuance  of  His  benefits  to  the  genera- 
tion following.  For  as  the  youth  must  succeed 
to  us,  so  ought  we  to  be  careful  that  they  have 
the  knowledge  and  erudition,  to  profit  and  com- 
fort that  which  ought  to  be  most  dear  to  us,  to 
wit,  the  Church  and  spouse  of  the  Lord  Jesus. 
— From  <(  The  First  Book  of  Discipline)'1 

KRAPOTKIN,  PRINCE     (Russia,  1842-) 

Against  Radicals  and  Socialists.— The 
modern  radical  is  a  centralizer,  a  State  partisan, 
a  Jacobin  to  the  core.  And  the  Socialist  walks 
in  his  footsteps.  Like  the  Florentines  at  the 
end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  who  could  only 
invoke  the  dictatorship  of  the  State,  to  save 
them  from  the  patricians,  the  Socialists  know 
only  how  to  invoke  the  same  gods,  the  same 
dictatorship  and  the  same  State,  to  save  us 
from  the  abominations  of  an  economic  system, 
created  by  that  very  State! — From  (<  The 
State  —  Its  Historic  RoleJ* 

LA  BRUYERE,  JEAN  DE  (France,  1645-1696) 
The  Slave  of  Many  Masters. —  A  slave  has 
but  one  master,  the  ambitious  man  has  as  many 
masters  as  there  are  persons  whose  aid  may  con- 
tribute to  the  advancement  of  his  fortune. 

« He    Is   Good  That  Does   Good.»—  He    is 

good  that  does  good  to  others.  If  he  suffers 
for  the  good  he  does,  he  is  better  still ;  and  if 
he  suffers  from  them  to  whom  he  did  good,  he 
is  arrived  to  that  height  of  goodness,  that  noth- 
ing but  an  increase  of  his  suffering  can  add  to 
it :  if  it  proves  his  death,  his  virtue  is  at  its 
summit ;  it  is  heroism  complete. 

The  Best  Loved  Subject. — An  egotist  will 
always  speak  of  himself,  either  in  praise  or  in 
censure  :  but  a  modest  man  ever  shuns  making 
himself  the  subject  of  his  conversation. 

Wild  Oats  as  a  Crop.  —  The  generality  of 
men  expend  the  early  part  of  their  lives  in  con- 
tributing to  render  the  latter  part  miserable. 

How  to  Secure  Quiet  in  Cities.  —If  you  sup- 
press the  exorbitant  love  of  pleasure  and 
money,  idle  curiosity,  iniquitous  pursuits  and 
wanton  mirth,  what  a  stillness  would  there  be 
in  the  greatest  cities  !  the  necessaries  of  life  do 
not  occasion,  at  most,  a  third  part  of  the  hurry. 

The  Meaning  of  Good  Taste.  — Talent,  taste, 
wit,  good  sense,  are  very  different  things,  but 
by  no  means  incompatible.  Between  good 
sense  and  good  taste  there  exists  the  same  dif- 
ference as  between  cause  and  effect,  and  be- 
tween wit  and  talent  there  is  the  same  propor- 
tion as  between  a  whole  and  its  part. 

LAMARTINE,      ALPHONSE      MARIE      LOUIS 

(France,  1790-1869) 
Carlyle's   Cromwell. —  The  name  of  Crom- 
well up  to  the  present  period  has  been  identi- 
fied    with     ambition,     craftiness,     usurpation, 
ferocity,  and   tyranny ;    we  think  that  his   true 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3977 


character  is  that  of  a  fanatic.  History  is  like 
the  sibyl,  and  only  reveals  her  secrets  to  time, 
leaf  by  leaf.  Hitherto  she  has  not  exhibited 
the  real  nature  and  composition  of  this  human 
enigma.  He  has  been  thought  a  profound  poli- 
tician ;  he  was  only  an  eminent  sectarian.  Far- 
sighted  historians  of  deep  research,  such  as 
Hume,  Lingard  Bossuet,  and  Voltaire,  have  all 
been  mistaken  in  Cromwell.  The  fault  was  not 
theirs,  but  belonged  to  the  epoch  in  which  they 
wrote.  Authentic  documents  had  not  then  seen 
the  light,  and  the  portrait  of  Cromwell  had  only 
been  painted  by  his  enemies.  His  memory  and 
his  body  have  been  treated  with  similar  infamy  ; 
by  the  restoration  of  Charles  the  Second,  by 
the  royalists  of  both  branches,  by  Catholics  and 
Protestants,  by  Whigs  and  Tories,  equally  in- 
terested in  degrading  the  image  of  the  repub- 
lican Protector. 

But  error  lasts  only  for  a  time,  while  truth 
endures  for  ages.  Its  turn  was  coming,  hast- 
ened by  an  accident. 

One  of  those  men  of  research,  who  are  to  his- 
tory what  excavators  are  to  monuments,  Thomas 
Carlyle,  a  Scotch  writer,  endowed  with  the  com- 
bined qualities  of  exalted  enthusiasm  and  en- 
during patience,  dissatisfied  also  with  the 
conventional  and  superficial  portrait  hitherto 
depicted  of  Cromwell,  resolved  to  search  out 
and  restore  his  true  lineaments.  The  evident 
contradictions  of  the  historians  of  his  own  and 
other  countries  who  had  invariably  exhibited 
him  as  a  fantastic  tyrant  and  a  melodramatic 
hypocrite,  induced  Mr.  Carlyle  to  think,  with 
justice,  that  beneath  these  discordant  compo- 
nents there  might  be  found  another  Cromwell, 
a  being  of  nature,  not  of  the  imagination. 
Guided  by  that  instinct  of  truth  and  logic  in 
which  is  comprised  the  genius  of  erudite  discov- 
ery, Mr.  Carlyle,  himself  possessing  the  spirit  of 
a  sectary,  and  delighting  in  an  independent 
course,  undertook  to  search  out  and  examine  all 
the  correspondence  buried  in  the  depths  of  pub- 
lic or  private  archives,  and  in  which,  at  the  dif- 
ferent dates  of  his  domestic,  military,  and 
political  life,  Cromwell,  without  thinking  that 
he  should  thus  paint  himself,  has  in  fact  done  so 
for  the  study  of  posterity.  Supplied  with  these 
treasures  of  truth  and  revelation,  Mr.  Carlyle 
shut  himself  up  for  some  years  in  the  solitude 
of  the  country,  that  nothing  might  distract  his 
thoughts  from  his  work.  Then  having  col- 
lected, classed,  studied,  commented  on,  and  re- 
arranged these  voluminous  letters  of  his  hero, 
and  having  resuscitated,  as  if  from  the  tomb,  the 
spirit  of  the  man  and  the  age,  he  committed  to 
Europe  this  hitherto  unpublished  correspond- 
ence, saying,  with  more  reason  than  Jean  Jac- 
ques Rousseau,  «  Receive,  and  read ;  behold  the 
true  Cromwell ! »  It  is  from  these  new  and  in- 
contestable documents  that  we  now  propose  to 
write  the  life  of  this  dictator.—  From  a  Review 
of  Carlyle 's  «  Cromwell* 

LANDOR,  WALTER  SAVAGE    ( England,  I775~ 
1864) 
Happiness  and  Goodness. —  Goodness  does 
not  more  certainly  make  men  happy  than  hap- 


piness makes  them  good.  We  must  distin- 
guish between  felicity  and  prosperity,  for 
prosperity  leads  often  to  ambition,  and  am- 
bition to  disappointment ;  the  course  is  then 
over,  the  wheel  turns  round  but  once,  while 
the  reaction  of  goodness  and  happiness  is  per- 
petual. 

LAVATER,  JOHANN  CASPAR      (  Switzerland, 

1741-1801) 
The  Vinegar  and  Oil  of  Human  Nature.  — 
Avoid  connecting  yourself  with  characters 
whose  good  and  bad  sides  are  unmixed,  and 
have  not  fermented  together ;  they  resemble 
vials  of  vinegar  and  oil ;  or  palettes  set  with 
colors  ;  they  are  either  excellent  at  home  and 
intolerable  abroad,  or  insufferable  within  doors 
and  excellent  in  public ;  they  are  unfit  for 
friendship,  merely  because  their  stamina,  their 
ingredients  of  character,  are  too  single,  too 
much  apart ;  let  them  be  finely  ground  up  with 
each  other,  and  they  will  be  incomparable. 

Honesty  and  Pretense.  —  The  more  honesty 
a  man  has,  the  less  he  affects  the  air  of  a 
saint. 

LEDYARD,  JOHN     (America,  1751-1789) 

The  Goodness  of  Women. —  I  have  observed 
among  all  nations  that  the  women  ornament 
themselves  more  than  the  men ;  that,  wherever 
found,  they  are  the  same  kind,  civil,  obliging, 
humane,  tender  beings ;  that  they  are  ever  in- 
clined to  be  gay  and  cheerful,  timorous,  and 
modest.  They  do  not  hesitate,  like  man,  to 
perform  a  hospitable  or  generous  action ;  not 
haughty,  nor  arrogant,  nor  supercilious,  but 
full  of  courtesy  and  fond  of  society,  indus- 
trious, eccnomical,  ingenuous;  more  liable  in 
general,  to  err  than  man,  but  in  general,  also, 
more  virtuous,  and  performing  more  good  ac- 
tions than  he.  I  never  addressed  myself,  in 
the  language  of  decency  and  friendship,  to  a 
woman,  whether  civilized  or  savage,  without 
receiving  a  decent  and  friendly  answer.  With 
man  it  has  often  been  otherwise.  In  wander- 
ing over  the  barren  plains  of  inhospitable 
Denmark,  through  honest  Sweden,  frozen  Lap- 
land, rude  and  churlish  Finland,  unprincipled 
Russia,  and  the  widespread  regions  of  the 
wandering  Tartar,  if  hungry,  dry,  cold,  wet,  or 
sick,  woman  has  ever  been  friendly  to  me,  and 
uniformly  so;  and  to  add  to  this  virtue,  so 
worthy  of  the  appellation  of  benevolence,  these 
actions  have  been  performed  in  so  free  and 
so  kind  a  manner,  that,  if  I  was  dry,  I  drank 
the  sweet  draught,  and,  if  hungry,  ate  the 
coarse  morsel  with  a  double  relish.—  From 
the  '•'•Life  and  Travels  of  John  Ledyard.n 
1828. 

LEE,  ROBERT  E.     (America,  1807-1870) 

The  Last  Word  of  the  Confederacy.— Re- 
member !  we  are  one  country  now.  Dismiss 
from  your  minds  all  sectional  feeling,  and 
bring  up  your  children  to  be,  above  all,  Amer- 
icans. 


3978 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


CHARLES     GODFREY      (America, 


LELAND, 
1824-) 
The    Rare    Old    Town    of    Nuremberg.— I 
know  not  how  often  I  have  had  occasion,  during 
my    life,    when    speaking    of   Romanesque    or 
Gothic  objects,  to  employ   such   adjectives   as 
«odd,»  «quaint,»  «  weird,»  «  strange,»  «  wild,» 
«  freakish,"  «  antique,"  and  «  irregular  »  ;  but  I 
am  very  certain  that  if  they  could  be  concen- 
trated or  monogrammatized  in  a  single  word,  it 
would  be  exactly  the  one  needed  to  describe  the 
rare  old  town  of  Nuremberg.     There  is   a  pic- 
turesque disorder  —  a  lyrical  confusion  —  about 
the  entire  place,  which  is  perfectly   irresistible. 
Turrets  shoot  up  in  all  sorts  of  ways,  on  all  sorts 
of  occasions,  upon  all  sorts  of  houses  ;  and  little 
boxes,  with  delicate    Gothic  windows,  cling  to 
their  sides  and  to  one   another  like  barnacles 
to    a  ship;  while    the    houses    themselves    are 
turned  around  and  about  in  so  many  positions, 
that  you  wonder  that  a  few  are  not  upside  down, 
or  lying  on  their  sides,  by  way  of  completing  the 
original  arrangement  of  no  arrangement  at  all. 
It  always  seemed  to  me  as   if    the  buildings  in 
Nuremberg  had,  like  the  furniture   in  Irving  s 
tale,  been  indulging  over  night  in  a  very  irregu- 
lar dance,   and   suddenly  stopped  in  the  most 
complicated  part   of    a  confusion    worse    con- 
founded.      Galleries,     quaint     staircases,     and 
towers,  with  projecting  upper  stories,  as  well  as 
eccentric  chimneys,  demented  doorways,  insane 
weather  vanes,  and  highly  original  steeples,  form 
the  most  commonplace    materials  in  building  ; 
and  it  has  more  than  once  occurred  to  me  that 
the  architects  of  this  city,  even  at  the  present 
day,  must  have  imbibed  their   principles,  not 
from    the    lecture    room,   but    from    the    most 
remarkable     inspirations     of     some     romantic 
scene  painter.—  From   «  Meister  Karl  s  Sketch 
Book? 

LESSING,  GOTTHOLD  EPHRAIM  (Germany, 
1729-1781) 
The  Best  of  All  Companions.— The  most 
agreeable  of  all  companions  is  a  simple,  frank 
man,  without  any  high  pretensions  to  an  op- 
pressive greatness;  one  who  loves  life,  and 
understands  the  use^of  it ;  obliging,  alike  at  all 
hours  ;  above  all,  of  a  golden  temper,  and  stead- 
fast as  an  anchor.  For  such  an  one  we  gladly 
exchange  the  greatest  genius,  the  most  brilliant 
wit,  the  profoundest  thinker. 


L'ESTRANGE,  SIR  ROGER  (England,  1616- 
1704) 

Morals  from  JEsop.—  There's  hardly  any 
man  living  that  may  not  be  wrought  upon  more 
or  less  by  flattery  :  for  we  do  all  of  us  natu- 
rally overween  in  our  own  favor :  but  when  it 
comes  to  be  applied  once  to  a  vain  fool,  it  makes 
him  forty  times  an  arranter  sot  than  he  was  be- 
fore. 

Bragging,  lying,  and  pretending,  has  cost 
many  a  man  his  life  and  estate.— From  «s£sop's 
Fables  n  translated. 


LE    VERT,    MADAME     OCTAVIA     WALTON 

(America,  Nineteenth  Century) 
The  Coliseum.  —  The  Coliseum  is  crumbling 
fast  away ;  Rome  has  fallen  from  her  early 
grandeur;  but  the  world  progresses  more 
proudly  than  ever,  for  that  fair  and  glorious 
land  beyond  the  broad  Atlantic  has  been  added 
to  the  treasures  of  time,— that  unrivaled  land, 
the  birthplace  of  Washington  and  of  freedom, 
which  seems,  «  Pallas-like,  to  have  sprung  from 
the  head  of  Jove,»  with  all  the  knowledge  of 
departed  centuries,  and  the  experience  of  long- 
buried  nations. 

At  the  end  of  a  soft  and  balmy  day  of  spring, 
we  first  entered  the  Coliseum.  Its  immensity 
and  desolation  were  overpowering.  The  lips 
absolutely  refused  to  frame  into  words  the 
emotions  inspiredjby  this  grandest  of  ruins.  So, 
to  escape  questions  from  our  party  concerning 
the  impressions  made  upon  my  mind,  I  stole 
away  from  them,  and  climbing  up  a  mass  of 
stone,  I  found  a  little  nook,  where  I  seated  my- 
self, and,  free  from  interruption,  gazed  upon  the 
wondrous  extent  of  the  majestic  Coliseum. 

It  is  of  oval  form,  and  when  perfect,  the  walls 
were  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  height.  Now, 
the  lofty  rim  around  it  is  broken  in  all  direc- 
tions. The  deep  blue  sky  seemed  to  rest  like 
a  roof  above  the  arches,  which  rose  up  tier 
above  tier  to  the  summit,  where  once  floated 
an  awning,  as  protection  from  the  midday  sun. 
It  is  built  of  travertine  rock,  whose  coarse  grain 
and  porous  texture  afford  a  safe  lodgment  for 
grains  of  dust.  These  soon  became  soil,  whence 
spring  myriads  of  flowers,  and  tufted  bushes  of 
dark-green  foliage. 

Nature  appeared  to  have  seized  the  rum  from 
decay,  and  hidden  the  ravages  of  the  destroyer 
beneath  a  mantle  of  verdure,  sprinkled  with 
glowing  blossoms,  belonging  to  a  flora  unknown 
elsewhere  save  in  ancient  Rome.  There  were 
delicate  vines  clinging  around  enormous  pros- 
trate columns,  while  long  tendrils,  like  garlands, 
were  waving  in  the  air.  Along  a  terrace  which 
encircled  the  arena,  were  still  visible  ranges  of 
boxes,  intended  for  the  emperors  and  nobles. 
This  was  covered  as  though  with  a  carpet,  so 
various  and  brilliant-hued  were  the  flowers 
growing  upon  it.  Far  up  along  the  edge  of  the 
broken  battlements  was  a  fringe  of  green  and 

shining  ivy. 

The  Coliseum  was  commenced  by  Vespasian, 
and  finished  by  his  son  Titus  in  the  year  80,  a 
few  years  after  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem. 
Twelve  thousand  captured  Jews  were  compelled 
to  labor  incessantly  in  its  construction,  and  when 
it  was  completed,  for  one  hundred  days  gladi- 
atorial combats  were  held  within  it,  and  thou- 
sands of  Christians  were  torn  to  pieces  by  the 
wild  tigers,  lions,  and  leopards. 

During  four  hundred  years,  the  Coliseum  was 
devoted  to  these  fearful  games,  where  gladiators 
met,  or  where  savage  beasts  buried  their  claws 
in  the  quivering  flesh  of  human  beings.  Seas 
of  blood  have  washed  over  the  broad  arena, 
and  myriads  of  martyrs  to  the  faith  of  our  holy 
Redeemer,  have  yielded  up  their  souls  to  God 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3979 


within  those  circling  walls.  Hence,  with  all 
these  memories  crowding  on  the  mind,  I  could 
readily  picture  the  terrific  scenes  of  those  hor- 
rible days,  when 

n  The  buzz  of  eager  nations  ran, 
In  murmured  pity,  or  loud-roared  applause, 
As  man  was  slaughtered  by  his  fellow-man. 
And  wherefore  slaughtered  ?  wherefore,  but 

because 
Such  was  the  bloody  circus'  genial  laws, 
And  the  imperial  pleasure." 

LIEBER,  FRANCIS  (German  American,  1800- 
1872) 

The  Meaning  of  Liberty. —  Liberty,  in  its 
absolute  sense,  means  the  faculty  of  willing 
and  the  power  of  doing  what  has  been  willed, 
without  influence  from  any  other  source,  or 
from  without.  It  means  self-determination  ;  un- 
restrainedness  of  action. 

In  this  absolute  meaning,  there  is  but  one 
free  being,  because  there  is  but  one  being  whose 
will  is  absolutely  independent  upon  any  influ- 
ence but  that  which  he  wills  himself,  and 
whose  power  is  adequate  to  his  absolute  will 
—  who  is  almighty.  Liberty,  self-determina- 
tion, unrestrainedness  of  action,  ascribed  to 
any  other  being,  or  applied  to  any  other  sphere 
of  action,  has  necessarily  a  "relative  and  lim- 
ited, therefore  an  approximative  sense  only. 

((Vox  Populi,  Vox  Dei.»— The  doctrine  of 
Vox  Populi,  Vox  Dei  is  essentially  unrepublican, 
as  the  doctrine  that  the  people  may  do  what  they 
list  under  the  constitution,  above  the  constitu- 
tion, and  against  the  constitution,  is  an  open 
avowal  of  disbelief  in  self-government. —  Civil 
Liberty  and  Self-Government,  /8jj. 

LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM  (America,  1809-1865) 

Eight  Makes  Might. — Let  us  have  faith  that 
right  makes  might,  and  in  that  faith,  let  us  to  the 
end,  dare  to  do  our  duty,  as  we  understand  it. 
— From  an  address  delivered  in  New  York,  Feb- 
ruary 27th,  i860. 

LIVINGSTON,   ROBERT   R.      (America,   1746- 

1813) 
A  Government  of  Leauged  States. — Where  a 
Government  is  composed  of  independent  States, 
united  not  by  the  power  of  a  sovereign  but  by 
their  common  interest,  the  Executive  Depart- 
ments form  a  center  of  communication  between 
each  State  and  their  Chief  Council,  and  are  so 
far  links  of  the  chain,  which  should  bind  them 
together,  as  they  render  to  each  similar  views 
of  great  national  objects,  and  introduce  uni- 
formity in  their  measures  for  the  establishment 
of  general  interests. —  From  a  Circular  Letter 
from  the  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs  to  the  Gov- 
ernors of  the  Several  States,  1830. 

LIVY  (TITUS  LIVIUS)  (Rome,  c .  59  B.C.- 
c.  17  A.  D.) 
«  Assuaging  the  Female  Mind.M— -To  these 
persuasions  was  added  the  soothing  behavior  of 
their  husbands  themselves,  who  urged,  in  ex- 
tenuation of  the  violence  they  had  been  tempted 
to  commit,  the  excess  of  passion  and  the  force 


of  love;  arguments  than  which  there  can  be 
none  more  powerful  to  assuage  the  irritation  of 
the  female  mind. —  i.  q. 

Liberty  and  Justice.— So  difficult  is  it  to 
preserve  moderation  in  asserting  liberty,  while, 
under  the  pretense  of  a  desire  to  balance 
rights,  each  elevates  himself  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  depress  another ;  for  men  are  apt  by  the 
very  measures  which  they  adopt  to  free  them- 
selves from  fear,  to  become  the  objects  of  fear 
to  others,  and  to  fasten  upon  them  the  burden 
of  injustice  which  they  have  thrown  off  from 
their  shoulders,  as  if  there  existed  in  nature  a 
perpetual  necessity  either  of  doing  or  of  suffer- 
ing injury. —  Hi.  6j. 

Why  Politicians  are  Pleasant. —  It  results 
from  the  nature  of  the  human  mind,  that  he, 
who  addresses  the  public  with  a  view  to  his 
own  particular  benefit,  is  studious  of  rendering 
himself  more  generally  agreeable  than  he  who 
has  no  other  object  but  the  advantage  of  the 
public.  —  Hi.  68. 

Familiarity  Breeds  Contempt.  —  Being  con- 
tinually in  people's  sight,  which  circumstance, 
by  the  mere  satiety  which  it  creates,  diminishes 
the  reverence  felt  for  great  characters. — 
xxxv.  10. 

LOCKE,  JOHN     (England,  1632-1704) 

The  Measure  of  Science. —  Truth,  whether  in 
or  out  of  fashion,  is  the  measure  of  knowledge, 
and  the  business  of  the  understanding ;  what- 
soever is  besides  that,  however  authorized  by 
consent,  is  nothing  but  ignorance,  or  something 
worse. 

LODGE,  THOMAS     (England,  1556-1625) 

A  Choice  for  Every  Man. —  Truly,  son,  it  is 
better  to  be  accounted  witty  than  wealthy,  and 
righteous  than  rich  :  praise  lasteth  for  a  mo- 
ment that  is  grounded  on  shows,  and  fame 
remaineth  after  death  that  proceedeth  of  good 
substance.  Choose  whether  thou  wilt  be  in- 
famous with  Erostratus,  or  renowned  with  Aristi- 
des ;  by  one  thou  shalt  bear  the  name  of 
sacrilege,  by  the  other  the  title  of  just :  the  first 
may  flatter  thee  with  similitude,  the  last  will 
honor  thee  indeed,  and  more  when  thou  art 
dead. —  From  (( An  Alarum  against  Usurers?* 

LONG,  GEORGE     (England,  1800-1879) 

The  Character  of  a  Tyrannicide. —  Brutus 
had  moderate  abilities,  with  great  industry  and 
much  learning :  he  had  no  merit  as  a  general, 
but  he  had  the  courage  of  a  soldier;  he  had 
the  reputation  of  virtue,  and  he  was  free  from 
many  of  the  vices  of  his  contemporaries :  he 
was  sober  and  temperate.  Of  enlarged  polit- 
ical views  he  had  none ;  there  is  not  a  sign  of 
his  being  superior  in  this  respect  to  the  mass 
of  his  contemporaries.  When  the  Civil  War 
broke  out,  he  joined  Pompeius,  though  Pom- 
peius  had  murdered  his  father.  If  he  gave  up 
his  private  enmity,  as  Plutarch  says,  for  what 
he  believed  to  be  the  better  cause,  the  sacrifice 
was  honorable ;    if   there    were  other  motives, 


3980 


CELEBRATED  PASSAGES 


and  I  believe  there  were,  his  choice  of  his 
party  does  him  no  credit.  His  conspiracy 
against  Caesar  can  only  be  justified  by  those, 
if  there  are  such,  who  think  that  a  usurper 
ought  to  be  got  rid  of  in  any  way.  But  if  a 
man  is  to  be  murdered,  one  does  not  expect 
those  to  take  a  part  in  the  act  who,  after  being 
enemies,  have  received  favors  from  him,  and 
professed  to  be  friends.  The  murderers  should 
at  least  be  a  man's  declared  enemies  who  have 
just  wrongs  to  avenge.  Though  Brutus  was 
dissatisfied  with  things  under  Caesar,  he  was 
not  the  first  mover  in  the  conspiracy.  He 
was  worked  upon  by  others,  who  knew  that 
his  character  and  personal  relation  to  Caesar 
would  in  a  measure  sanctify  the  deed ;  and  by 
their  persuasion,  not  his  own  resolve,  he  be- 
came an  assassin  in  the  name  of  freedom, 
which  meant  the  triumph  of  his  party,  and  in  the 
name  of  virtue,  which  meant  nothing. —  From 
«  The  Civil  Wars  of  Rome.n 

LONGINUS     (Greek,  210-273  A.  D.) 

The  Greatest  Thoughts  of  the  Greatest 
Souls. —  For  it  is  impossible  for  those  who  have 
low,  mean,  and  groveling  ideas,  and  who  have 
spent  their  lives  in  mercenary  employments,  to 
produce  anything  worthy  of  admiration,  or  to 
be  a  possession  for  all  times.  Grand  and  digni- 
fied expressions  must  be  looked  for  from  those, 
and  those  alone,  whose  thoughts  are  ever  em- 
ployed on  glorious  and  noble  objects. — De  Subl. 
ix. 

The  Genius  of  Moses. —  In  the  same  way 
the  Jewish  lawgiver,  a  man  of  no  ordinary 
genius,  when  he  had  conceived  in  his  mind  a 
just  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing, has  given  expression  to  it  in  noble  lan- 
guage, in  the  beginning  of  his  work  containing 
His  laws  :— «  And  God  said,»  «  What  ?  »  «  Let 
there  be  light :  and  there  was  light.  Let  the 
earth  be  :  and  the  earth  was.w—  De  Subl.  ix. 

LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL  (America,  1819- 
1891) 
Truth's  Brave  Simplicity.— Truth  is  quite 
beyond  the  reach  of  satire.  There  is  so  brave 
a  simplicity  in  her,  that  she  can  no  more  be 
made  ridiculous  than  an  oak  or  a  pine. —  The 
Biglow  Papers,  No.  III. 

LYTTELTON,  LORD    (England,  1700-1773) 

Addison  and  Swift  in  Hades.  —  (Mr.  Addi- 
son—  Dr.  Swift.) 

Dr.  Siuift—  Surely,  Addison,  Fortune  was  ex- 
ceedingly inclined  to  play  the  fool  (a  humor  her 
ladyship,  as  well  as  most  other  ladies  of  very 
great  quality,  is  frequently  in)  when  she  made 
you  a  minister  of  state  and  me  a  divine  ! 

Addison  —  I  must  confess  we  were  both  of  us 
out  of  our  elements  ;  but  you  don't  mean  to  in- 
sinuate that  all  would  have  been  right  if  our 
destinies  had  been  reversed  ? 

Swift — Yes,  I  do.  You  would  have  made  an 
excellent  bishop,  and  I  should  have  governed 
Great  Britain,  as  I  did  Ireland,  with  an  absolute 


sway,  while  I  talked  of  nothing    but  liberty, 
property,  and  so  forth. 

Addisoti  —  You  governed  the  mob  of  Ireland  ; 
but  I  never  understood  that  you  governed  the 
kingdom.  A  nation  and  a  mob  are  very  differ- 
ent things. 

Swift  —  Ay,  so  you  fellows  that  have  no 
genius  for  politics  may  suppose  ;  but  there  are 
times  when,  by  seasonably  putting  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  mob,  an  able  man  may  get  to 
the  head  of  the  nation.  Nay,  there  are  times 
when  the  nation  itself  is  a  mob,  and  ought  to  be 
treated  as  such  by  a  skillful  observer. 

Addison  —  I  don't  deny  the  truth  of  your  prop- 
osition ;  but  is  there  no  danger  that,  from  the 
natural  vicissitudes  of  human  affairs,  the  favorite 
of  the  mob  should  be  mobbed  in  his  turn  ? 

Swift — Sometimes  there  may,  but  I  risked  it, 
and  it  answered  my  purpose.  Ask  the  lord- 
lieutenants,  who  were  forced  to  pay  court  to  me 
instead  of  my  courting  them,  whether  they  did 
not  feel  my  superiority.  —  Fro?n  (<  Dialogues  of 
the  Dead?> 

LYTTON,  EDWARD  GEORGE  EARLE  LYTTON 
BULWER,  BARON  (England,  1803-1873) 
Reputation  for  Small  Perfections.  —  Never 
get  a  reputation  for  a  small  perfection,  if  you 
are  trying  for  fame  in  a  loftier  area.  The  world 
can  only  judge  by  generals,  and  it  sees  that 
those  who  pay  considerable  attention  to  the 
minutiae,  seldom  have  their  minds  occupied  with 
great  things.  There  are,  it  is  true,  exceptions  ; 
but  to  exceptions  the  world  does  not  attend. 

MACHIAVELLI,  NICOLO      (Italy,  1469-1527) 

Laws  and  Manners.  —  For  as  laws  are  nec- 
essary that  good  manners  may  be  preserved,  so 
there  is  need  of  good  manners  that  laws  may  be 
maintained.  —  Dei  Discorsi,  i.  c.  18. 

Religion  and  Government.  —  And  as  the 
strict  observance  of  religious  worship  is  the 
cause  why  states  rise  to  eminence,  so  contempt 
for  religion  brings  ruin  on  them.  For  where 
the  fear  of  God  is  wanting,  destruction  is  sure 
to  follow,  or  else  it  must  be  sustained  by  the 
fear  felt  for  their  prince,  who  may  thus  supply 
the  want  of  religion  in  his  subjects.  Whence  it 
arises  that  the  kingdoms,  that  depend  only  on 
the  virtue  of  a  mortal,  have  a  short  duration  ; 
it  is  seldom  that  the  virtue  of  the  father  sur- 
vives in  the  son.  —  Dei  Discorsi,  i.  c.  11. 

Liberty  Necessary  for  Good  Order. —  Those 
who  have  given  us  the  wisest  and  most  judi- 
cious scheme  of  a  commonwealth,  have  handed 
down  that  some  guard  must  be  appointed  to 
watch  over  liberty,  and  according  to  the  wis- 
dom of  the  choice  does  liberty  endure  a  longer 
or  shorter  time.  And  as  in  every  common- 
wealth there  is  a  nobility  and  people  of  lower 
rank,  the  question  arises  in  whose  hands  liberty 
may  be  most  safely  deposited.  —Dei  Discorsi, 
i.  c.  5. 
MAHAFFY,  JOHN  P.     (Ireland,  1830-) 

The  Future  of  Education.— The  sum  of  the 
whole  matter  is,  therefore,  this:  let  us  distinguish 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3981 


clearly  between  technical  and  liberal  instruction, 
even  in  the  highest  forms.  To  begin  with  a 
combination  of  both  at  our  public  schools  is 
perfectly  wrong.  If  they  really  aim  at  a  liberal 
education,  let  that  be  attended  to,  and  upon  the 
old  and  well-established  principles  which  have 
furnished  us  with  cultivated  men  for  many  cen- 
turies. To  allow  young  boys,  or  incompetent 
parents,  to  select  the  topics  which  they  fancy 
useful  or  entertaining  is  an  absurdity.  .  .  . 
To  make  mere  technical  education  as  refining 
as  the  other  is  no  doubt  impossible  ;  but  every 
effort  should,  nevertheless,  be  used  to  let  those 
whose  lives  compel  them  to  accept  this  narrower 
course  still  feel  the  truth  of  the  old  adage  that 
(<  manners  maketh  man."  It  is  this  which  af- 
fords the  strongest  argument  for  having  these 
schools  in  contact  with  our  old  universities, 
when  the  very  atmosphere  breathes  a  certain 
kind  of  refinement  not  easily  attainable  else- 
where. But  whatever  is  done  in  that  way,  let 
us  not  be  tempted  to  muddle  the  two  together, 
and  spoil  both,  for  the  sake  of  making  our  uni- 
versities democratic  and  attractive  to  the 
masses. 

True  cultivation  can  never  be  cheap,  or  hast- 
ily acquired.  It  must  always  require  many  years. 
— From  The  Nineteenth  Century. 

MALEBRANCHE,  NICOLAS  (France,  1638- 
1715) 

Making  Sacrifices  for  Fashion. — 'Tis  re- 
lated by  an  ancient  author  that  in  Ethiopia  the 
courtiers  crippled  and  deformed  themselves, 
lopped  off  a  limb  or  two,  and  sometimes  even 
died,  to  imitate  their  princes.  'Twas  as  scan- 
dalous to  be  seen  with  a  pair  of  eyes,  or  to 
walk  upright  in  the  retinue  of  a  crooked  and 
one-eyed  king,  as  it  would  be  ridiculous  to 
appear  at  court  nowadays  in  ruffs  and  caps,  or 
in  white  buskins  and  gilded  spurs.  This 
Ethiopian  fashion  was  as  extravagant  and  in- 
commodious as  can  well  be  imagined.  But  yet 
it  was  the  fashion.  It  was  cheerfully  followed 
by  the  court,  and  the  pain  to  be  endured  was 
less  thought  of  than  the  honor  a  man  purchased 
by  manifesting  so  generous  an  affection  for 
his  king.  In  short,  this  mode,  when  supported 
by  a  pretended  reason  of  friendship,  grew  up 
to  a  custom  and  a  law  that  obtained  a  con- 
siderable time. 

We  learn  from  the  relations  of  those  who 
have  traveled  in  the  Levant  that  this  custom  is 
observed  in  several  countries  —  as  also  some 
others  as  inconsistent  with  reason  and  good 
sense.  But  there  is  no  necessity  of  twice  cutting 
the  Line  to  see  unreasonable  laws  and  customs 
religiously  observed.  We  may  find  the  patrons 
of  fantastical  and  inconvenient  fashions  nearer 
home.  Our  own  country  will  supply  us  with 
enough. 

MALLOCK,    WILLIAM   HURRELL      (England, 

1849-) 

The  Object  of  Life. —  If  you  can  see  nothing 

in    this   life    worth  winning    for    yourself,   and 

nothing  in    this  life  that    it    would   make  you 

miserable  to  miss,  your  labors  for  others  will  be 


but  the  dull  round  of  a  treadmill.  Our  own  in- 
ner lives  and  loves  must  be  the  light  of  our 
world  for  each  of  us  ;  and  if  the  light,  my  friend, 
that  is  in  us  be  darkness,  oh,  how  great  is  that 
darkness  !  But  I  do  not  yet  despair  of  you. 
Some  day  or  other,  you  will  learn  to  love,  and 
then  the  whole  aspect  of  things  will  change  for 
you.  The  old  sense  of  life's  worth  and  solem- 
nity will  come  back  again ;  you  will  again  be 
eager,  again  an  enthusiast,  and  again,  perhaps,  a 
poet. —  From  (<  A  Dialogue  on  Human  Happi- 
ness)^ 

MANN,  HORACE     (America,  1796-1859) 

Wealth  and  Generosity. —  Great  wealth  is  a 
misfortune,  because  it  makes  generosity  impos- 
sible. There  can  be  no  generosity  where  there 
is  no  sacrifice  ;  and  a  man  who  is  worth  a  million 
of  dollars,  though  he  gives  half  of  it  away,  no 
more  makes  a  sacrifice,  than  (if  I  may  make 
such  a  supposition)  a  dropsical  man,  whose 
skin  holds  a  hogshead  of  water,  makes  a  sacrifice 
when  he  is  tapped  for  a  barrel.  He  is  in  a 
healthier  condition  after  the  operation  than  be- 
fore it. —  From  i(A  Few  Thoughts  for  a  Young 
Man* 

The  Feudalism  of  English  Capital.  —  The 
power  of  money  is  as  imperial  as  the  power  of 
the  sword ;  and  I  may  as  well  depend  upon 
another  for  my  head,  as  for  my  bread.  The 
day  is  sure  to  come,  when  men  will  look  back 
upon  the  prerogatives  of  Capital,  at  the  present 
time,  with  as  severe  and  as  just  a  condemnation 
as  we  now  look  back  upon  the  predatory  Chief- 
tains of  the  Dark  Ages.  Weighed  in  the  bal- 
ances of  the  sanctuary,  or  even  in  the  clumsy 
scales  of  human  justice,  there  is  no  equity  in 
the  allotments  which  assign  to  one  man  but  a 
dollar  a  day,  with  working,  while  another  has 
an  income  of  a  dollar  a  minute,  without  work- 
ing. Under  the  reign  of  Force,  or  under  the 
reign  of  Money,  there  may  be  here  and  there 
a  good  man  who  uses  his  power  for  blessing  and 
not  for  oppressing  his  race ;  but  all  their  nat- 
ural tendencies  are  exclusively  bad.  In  Eng- 
land,\ve  see  the  feudalism  of  Capital  approaching 
its  catastrophe.  In  Ireland,  we  see  the  catas- 
trophe consummated.  Unhappy  Ireland  !  where 
the  objects  of  human  existence  and  the  pur- 
poses of  human  government  have  all  been  re- 
versed ;  where  rulers,  for  centuries,  have  ruled 
for  the  aggrandizement  of  themselves,  and  not 
for  the  happiness  of  their  subjects  ;  where  mis- 
government  has  reigned  so  long,  so  supremely, 
and  so  atrociously,  that  at  the  present  time,  the 
a  Three  Estates  n  of  the  realm  are  Crime,  Fam- 
ine, and  Death  !  —  From  w  A  Few  Thoughts  for 
a  Young  Manfi    t8jo. 

MARCELLINUS,  AMMIANUS  (Syria,  330-395 
A.D.) 

Apothegms  from  His  History. —  But  in  the 
midst  of  thorns  roses  spring  up,  and  amidst 
savage  beasts  some  are  tame. —  Hist.  xvi.  7. 

Almost  all  difficulties  may  be  got  the  better 
of  by  prudent  thought,  revolving  and  ponder- 
ing much  in  the  mind. — Hist.  xvii.  8. 


3982 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


It  is  not  wonderful  that  men  sometimes  are 
able  to  discern  what  is  profitable  and  what  is 
hurtful  to  them,  since  we  regard  their  minds 
to  be  related  to  the  heavenly  beings. —  Hist. 
xviii.  3. 

Yet  the  success  of  plans  and  the  advantage 
to  be  derived  from  them  do  not  at  all  times 
agree,  seeing  the  Gods  claim  to  themselves  the 
right  to  decide  as  to  the  final  result. —  Hist. 
xxv.  3. 

MARGARET  OF  NAVARRE  (France,  1492- 
1549) 
Love  and  Jealousy. —  It  is  said  that  jealousy 
is  love,  but  I  deny  it;  for  though  jealousy  be 
procured  by  love,  as  ashes  are  by  fire,  yet 
jealousy  extinguishes  love  as  ashes  smother 
the  flame. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN    (America,  1755-1835) 

The  Character  of  Washington.  —  No  man 
has  ever  appeared  upon  the  theater  of  public 
action  whose  integrity  was  more  incorruptible, 
or  whose  principles  were  more  perfectly  free 
from  the  contamination  of  those  selfish  and  un- 
worthy passions  which  find  their  nourishment  in 
the  conflicts  of  party.  Having  no  views  which 
required  concealment,  his  real  and  avowed  mo- 
tives were  the  same  ;  and  the  whole  correspond- 
ence does  not  furnish  a  single  case  from  which 
even  an  enemy  would  infer  that  he  was  capable, 
under  any  circumstances,  of  stooping  to  the  em- 
ployment of  duplicity. 

No  truth  can  be  uttered  with  more  confidence 
than  that  his  ends  were  always  upright,  and  his 
means  always  pure.  He  exhibits  the  rare  exam- 
ple of  a  politician  to  whom  wiles  were  abso- 
lutely unknown,  and  whose  professions  to 
foreign  governments  and  to  his  own  country- 
men were  always  sincere.  In  him  was  fully  ex- 
emplified the  real  distinction  which  forever 
exists  between  wisdom  and  cunning,  and  the 
importance  as  well  as  the  truth  of  the  maxim, 
that  (<  honesty  is  the  best  policy.w 

If  Washington  possessed  ambition,  that  pas- 
sion was,  in  his  bosom,  so  regulated  by  prin- 
ciples, or  controlled  by  circumstances,  that  it 
was  neither  vicious  nor  turbulent.  Intrigue  was 
never  employed  as  the  means  of  its  gratification, 
nor  was  personal  aggrandizement  its  object. 
The  various  high  and  important  stations  to 
which  he  was  called  by  the  public  voice  were 
unsought  by  himself  ;  and  in  consenting  to  fill 
them,  he  seems  rather  to  have  yielded  to  a  gen- 
eral conviction  that  the  interests  of  his  country 
would  be  thereby  promoted,  than  to  his  particu- 
lar inclination.  —  From  aThe  Life  of  Washing- 
ton ?> 

MARTINEAU,    JAMES  (England,  1805-1000) 

Life  and  Immortality. —  The  corporeal  frame 
is  but  the  mechanism  for  making  thoughts  and 
affections  apparent,  the  signal  house  with  which 
God  has  covered  us,  the  electric  telegraph  by 
which  quickest  intimation  flies  abroad  of  the 
spiritual  force  within  us.  The  instrument  may 
be  broken,  the  dial  plate  effaced ;  and,  though 


the  hidden  artist  can  make  no  more  signs,  he 
may  be  rich  as  ever  in  the  things  to  be  signi- 
fied. Fever  may  fire  the  pulses  of  the  body  ; 
but  wisdom  and  sanctity  cannot  sicken,  be  in- 
flamed, and  die.  Neither  consumption  can 
waste,  nor  fracture  mutilate,  nor  gunpowder 
scatter  away,  thought,  and  fidelity,  and  love,  but 
only  that  organization  which  the  spirit  seques- 
tered therein  renders  so  fair  and  noble.  To  sup- 
pose such  a  thing  would  be  to  invert  the  order  of 
rank,  which  God  has  visibly  established  among 
the  forces  of  our  world,  and  to  give  a  downright 
ascendency  to  the  brute  energies  of  matter  above 
the  vitality  of  the  mind,  which,  up  to  that  point, 
discovers,  subdues,  and  rules  them  ;  to  proclaim 
the  triumph  of  the  sword,  the  casualty,  the  pest- 
ilence, over  virtue,  truth,  and  faith  ;  to  set  the 
cross  above  the  crucified  ;  to  surrender  the  holy 
things  of  this  world  to  corruption,  and  shroud  its 
heaven  with  darkness,  and  turn  its  moon  into 
blood. — From  <*■  Endeavors  After  the  Christian 
Life* 

MARTYN,  HENRY     (England,  1781-1812) 
On  the  Father  of   Ten   Children.— If  the 

people  only  make  the  riches,  the  father  of  ten 
children  is  a  greater  benefactor  to  his  country, 
than  he  who  has  added  to  it  ten  thousand  acres 
of  land,  and  no  people. —  From  number  200  of  the 
Spectator. 

MASSILLON,  JEAN  BAPTISTE      ( France,  1663- 

1742) 

Marriage. —  Every  effort  is  made  in  forming 
matrimonial  alliances  to  reconcile  matters  re- 
lating to  fortune,  but  very  little  is  paid  to  the 
congeniality  of  dispositions,  or  to  the  accordance 
of  hearts. 

MATHER,  COTTON     (America,  1663-1728) 

(<An  Army  of  Devils  Broke  Loose.w  —  An 
army  of  devils  is  horribly  broke  in  upon  the 
place  which  is  the  center,  and,  after  a  sort,  the 
firstborn  of  our  English  settlements ;  and  the 
houses  of  the  good  people  there  are  filled  with 
the  doleful  shrieks  of  their  children  and 
servants,  tormented  by  invisible  hands,  with 
tortures  altogether  preternatural.  After  the 
mischiefs  there  endeavored,  and  since  in  part 
conquered,  the  terrible  plague,  of  evil  angels, 
hath  made  its  progress  into  some  other  places, 
where  other  persons  have  been  in  like  manner 
diabolically  handled.  These  our  poor  afflicted 
neighbors,  quickly  after  they  become  infected 
and  infested  with  these  demons,  arrive  to  a 
capacity  of  discerning  those  which  they  conceive 
the  shapes  of  their  troubles  ;  and  notwithstanding 
the  great  and  just  suspicion,  that  the  demons 
might  impose  the  shapes  of  innocent  persons  in 
their  spectral  exhibitions  upon  the  sufferers 
(which  may,  perhaps,  prove  no  small  part  of 
the  witch  plot  in  the  issue),  yet  many  of  the 
persons  thus  represented  being  examined,  several 
of  them  have  been  convicted  of  a  very  dam- 
nable witchcraft.  Yea,  more  than  one,  twenty 
have  confessed  that  they  have  signed  unto  a 
book  which  the  devil   showed  them,  and   en- 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


398- 


gaged  in  his  hellish  design  of  bewitching  and 
ruining  our  land. —  From  the  (<  Wonders  of  the 
Invisible  World."11*     f6gj. 

MATHER,  INCREASE  (America,  1639-1723) 
Bargains  with  the  Devil.  —  There  may  have 
been  many  in  the  world  who  have,  upon  con- 
viction, confessed  themselves  guilty  of  familiai- 
ity  with  the  devil.  A  multitude  of  instances 
this  way  are  mentioned  by  Bodinus,  Codron- 
chus,  Delrio,  Jacquerius,  Remigius,  and  others. 
Some  in  this  country  have  affirmed  that  they 
knew  a  man  in  another  part  of  the  world, 
above  fifty  years  ago,  who  having  an  ambi- 
tious desire  to  be  thought  a  wise  man,  whilst 
he  was  tormented  with  the  itch  of  his  wicked 
ambition,  the  devil  came  to  him  with  promises 
that  he  should  quickly  be  in  great  reputation 
for  his  wisdom,  in  case  he  would  make  a 
covenant  with  him ;  the  conditions  whereof 
were,  that  when  men  came  to  him  for  his  coun- 
sel, he  should  labor  to  persuade  them  that  there 
is  no  God,  nor  devil,  nor  heaven,  nor  hell ;  and 
that,  such  a  term  of  years  being  expired,  the 
devil  should  have  his  soul.  The  articles  were 
consented  to:  the  man  continuing  after  this  to  be 
of  a  very  civil  conversation,  doing  hurt  to  none, 
but  good  to  many  ;  and  by  degrees  began  to 
have  a  name  to  be  a  person  of  extraordinary 
sagacity,  and  was  sought  unto  far  and  near 
for  counsel,  his  words  being  esteemed  oracles 
by  the  vulgar.  And  he  did  according  to  his 
covenant  upon  all  occasions  secretly  dissemi- 
nate principles  of  atheism,  not  being  suspected 
for  a  wizard.  But  a  few  weeks  before  the 
time  indented  with  the  devil  was  fulfilled,  in- 
expressible horror  of  conscience  surprised  him, 
so  that  he  revealed  the  secret  transactions 
which  had  passed  betwixt  himself  and  the  devil. 
He  would  sometimes,  with  hideous  roarings, 
tell  those  that  came  to  visit  him,  that  now  he 
knew  there  was  a  God,  and  a  devil,  and  a 
heaven,  and  a  hell.  So  did  he  die  a  miserable 
spectacle  of  the  righteous  and  fearful  judgment 
of  God.  And  every  age  does  produce  new 
examples  of  those  that  have  by  their  own  con- 
fession made  the  like  cursed  covenants  with  the 
prince  of  darkness.  —  From  an  essay  for  the 
Recording  of  Illustrious  Providences,  1684. 

METASTASIO,  PIETRO     (Italy,  1698-1782) 
Death  as  a  Release. —  It  is  by  no  means  a 

fact,  that  death  is  the  worst  of  all  evils ;  when 

it  comes,  it  is   an   alleviation   to  mortals  who 

are  worn  out  with  sufferings. 
Secret  Grief.— If  the  internal  griefs  of  every 

man  could   be  read,  written  on  his  forehead, 

how  many  who  now  excite  envy,  would  appear 

to  be  the  objects  of  pity  ? 

MIDDLETON,  THOMAS  FANSHAW    (England, 
1769-1822) 
When  Virtue'  Is  Odious.— Virtue   itself   of- 
fends, when  coupled  with  forbidding  manners. 

MILTON,  JOHN     (England,  1608-1674) 

The   Crime   of  Killing    Good    Books.— As 
good  almost  kill  a  man  as  kill   a  good  book. 


Many  a  man  lives  a  burden  to  the  earth;  but 
a  good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a 
master  spirit,  embalmed  and  treasured  up  on 
purpose,  to  a  life  beyond  life. 

The  Whole  Art  of  Government.— To  make 
the  people  fittest  to  choose,  and  the  chosen  fit- 
test to  govern,  will  be  to  mend  our  corrupt 
and  faulty  education,  to  teach  the  people  faith, 
not  without  virtue,  temperance,  modesty,  so- 
briety, parsimony,  justice  ;  not  to  admire  wealth 
or  honor ;  to  hate  turbulence  and  ambition ;  to 
place  every  one  his  private  welfare  and  happi- 
ness in  the  public  peace,  liberty,  and  safety. 
They  shall  not  then  need  to  be  much  mis- 
trustful of  their  chosen  patriots  in  the  grand 
council ;  who  will  be  then  rightly  called  the 
true  keepers  of  our  liberty,  though  the  most  of 
their  business  will  be  in  foreign  affairs. —  From 
aA  Ready  Way  to  Establish  a  Free  Common- 
wealth y> 

MONTAIGNE,  MICHEL  EYQUEM  DE  (France, 
1533-1592) 

The  Education  of  Children. —  It  is  a  thing 
worthy  of  notice  that,  in  that  excellent  form  of 
civil  polity  laid  down  by  Lycurgus,  which,  from 
its  perfection,  may  be  truly  called  wonderful, 
while  he  dwells  with  much  emphasis  on  the 
necessity  of  attending  to  the  education  of  the 
young,  he  makes  little  mention  of  learning ;  as 
if  his  noble-minded  youth,  disdaining  to  submit 
to  any  other  yoke  except  that  of  virtue,  ought 
to  be  furnished,  instead  of  our  teachers  of  arts 
and  sciences,  with  such  masters  as  should  train 
them  in  valor,  prudence,  and  justice  ;  a  prece- 
dent followed  by  Plato  in  his  laws.  The  method 
which  he  suggested  was  to  propound  questions 
relating  to  men  and  their  actions,  and  if  they 
condemned  or  commended  this  or  that  person 
or  action,  they  were  to  give  a  reason  for  so  do- 
ing; and  in  this  way,  while  they  sharpened 
their  understandings,  they  became  skillful  in 
distinguishing  right  and  wrong. —  From  his  Es- 
says, i.  c.  24. 

The  Soul  Makes  Its  Own  Fortune.— For- 
tune does  us  neither  good  nor  hurt ;  she  only 
presents  us  the  matter  and  the  seed,  which 
our  soul,  more  powerful  than  she,  turns  and 
applies  as  she  best  pleases,  being  the  sole 
cause  and  sovereign  mistress  of  her  own  happy 
or  unhappy  condition.  All  external  acces- 
sions receive  taste  and  color  from  the  internal 
constitution,  as  clothes  warm  us  not  with  their 
heat,  but  our  own,  which  they  are  adapted  to 
cover  and  keep  in. 

MONTESQUIEU,    BARON    DE     (France,  1689- 

1755) 
The  Law  of  Nations. —  Men  considered  as  in- 
habitants of  so  large  a  planet,  where  there 
must  of  necessity  be  many  nations,  have  laws 
referring  to  the  relation  which  these  nations 
bear  to  one  another,  and  this  is  called  "inter- 
national law.'*  Considered  as  living  in  a  soci- 
ety, which  must  be  maintained,  they  have  laws 
in  regard  to  the  relation  which  the  governors 
bear  to  the  governed,  and  these   are  (<  political 


3984 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


rights."  They  have  also  some  in  regard 
to  the  relation  which  citizens  bear  to  one 
another,  and  these  are  <(  civil  rights."  — De 
V Esprit,  i.  c,  j. 

MORE,  SIR  THOMAS  (England,  1478-1535) 
Those  Who  Most  Long  for  Change. —  Who 
quarrel  more  than  beggars  ?  Who  does  more 
earnestly  long  for  a  change  than  he  that  is 
uneasy  in  his  present  circumstances  ?  And 
who  run  to  create  confusions  with  so  desperate 
a  boldness,  as  those  who,  having  nothing  to 
lose,  hope  to  gain  by  them  ? 

NEAL,  JOHN     (America,  1793-1876) 

Poetry  and  Power. —  Poetry  is  the  naked  ex- 
pression of  power  and  eloquence.  But  for  many 
hundred  years  poetry  has  been  confounded  with 
false  music,  measure,  and  cadence ;  the  soul 
with  the  body,  the  thought  with  the  lauguage, 
the  manner  of  speaking  with  the  mode  of  think-' 
ing.  The  secondary  qualities  of  poetry  have 
been  mistaken  for  the  primary  ones. 

What  I  call  poetry  has  nothing  to  do  with 
art  or  learning.  It  is  a  natural  music- — the 
music  of  woods  and  waters ;  not  that  of  the  or- 
chestra. It  is  a  fine  volatile  essence,  which  can- 
not be  extinguished  or  confined  while  there  is 
one  drop  of  blood  in  the  human  heart,  or  any 
sense  of  Almighty  God  among  the  children  of 
men.  I  do  not  mean  this  irreverently  —  I  mean 
precisely  what  I  say  —  that  poetry  is  a  religion 
as  well  as  a  music.  Nay,  it  is  eloquence.  It  is 
whatever  affects,  touches,  or  disturbs  the  animal 
or  moral  sense  of  man.  I  care  not  how  poetry 
may  be  expressed  nor  in  what  language,  it  is 
still  poetry ;  as  the  melody  of  the  waters,  wherever 
they  may  run,  in  the  desert  or  the  wilderness, 
among  the  rocks  or  the  grass,  will  always  be 
melody.  It  is  not  artificial  music,  the  music  of 
the  head,  of  learning,  or  of  science,  but  it  is  one 
continual  voluntary  of  the  heart ;  to  be  heard 
everywhere  at  all  times,  by  day  and  by  night, 
whenever  men  will  stay  their  hands,  for  a  mo- 
ment, or  lift  up  their  heads  and  listen.  It  is 
not  the  composition  of  a  master ;  the  language 
of  art,  painfully  and  entirely  exact ;  but  is  the 
wild,  capricious  melody  of  nature,  pathetic  or 
brilliant,  like  the  roundelay  of  innumerable  birds 
whistling  all  about  you,  in  the  wind  and  water, 
sky  and  air ;  or  the  coquetting  of  a  river  breeze 
over  the  fine  strings  of  an  Eolian  harp,  con- 
cealed among  green  leaves  and  apple  blossoms. 
From  M  Randolphs 

NEPOS,    CORNELIUS      (Italy,   First     Century 
B.  C.) 
On  Ruling   by   Force.  —  The  power  is  de- 
tested, and   miserable    is   the   life,  of   him   who 
wishes  rather  to  be  feared  than  to  be  loved. 

NEWMAN,  JOHN  HENRY  (England,  1801-1890) 
«Vita  Militia. »—  The  whole  Church,  all 
elect  souls,  each  in  its  turn  is  called  to  this  nec- 
essary work.  Once  it  was  the  turn  of  others, 
now  it  is  our  turn.    Once  it  was  the   Apostles' 


turn.  It  was  St.  Paul's  turn  once.  He  had  all 
cares  on  him  all  at  once  ;  covered  from  head  to 
foot  with  cares,  as  Job  with  sores.  And,  as  if 
all  this  were  not  enough,  he  had  a  thorn  in  the 
flesh  added,  —  some  personal  discomfort  ever 
with  him.  Yet  he  did  his  part  well,  —  he  was  as 
a  strong  and  bold  wrestler  in  his  day,  and  at 
the  close  of  it  was  able  to  say,  (<  I  have  fought 
a  good  fight,  I  have  finished  my  course,  I  have 
kept  the  faith."  And,  after  him,  the  excellent 
of  the  earth,  the  white-robed  army  of  martyrs, 
and  the  cheerful  company  of  confessors,  each 
in  his  turn,  each  in  his  day,  have  likewise 
played  the  man.  And  so  down  to  this  very 
time,  when  faith  has  well-nigh  failed,  first  one 
and  then  another  have  been  called  out  to  ex- 
hibit before  the  Great  King.  It  is  as  though 
all  of  us  were  allowed  to  stand  around  His 
throne  at  once,  and  He  called  on  first  this  man, 
and  then  that,  to  take  up  the  chant  by  him- 
self, each  in  his  turn  having  to  repeat  the 
melody  which  his  brethren  have  before  gone 
through. — From  ^University  Sermons? 

NORTON,  ANDREWS     (America,  1786-1853) 

Van  Leaders  of  Humanity. —  It  is  delightful 
to  remember  that  there  have  been  men,  who,  in 
the  cause  of  truth  and  virtue,  have  made  no 
compromises  for  their  own  advantage  or  safety  ; 
who  have  recognized  <(  the  hardest  duty  as  the 
highest w  ;  who,  conscious  of  the  possession  of 
great  talents,  have  relinquished  all  the  praise 
that  was  within  their  grasp,  all  the  applause 
which  they  might  have  so  liberally  received,  if 
they  had  not  thrown  themselves  in  opposition 
to  the  errors  and  vices  of  their  fellow-men,  and 
have  been  content  to  take  obloquy  and  insult 
instead ;  who  have  approached  to  lay  on  the 
altar  of  God  "their  last  infirmity.0  They, 
without  doubt,  have  felt  that  deep  conviction 
of  having  acted  right,  which  supported  the 
martyred  philosopher  of  Athens,  when  he 
asked,  «What  disgrace  is  it  to  me  if  others 
are  unable  to  judge  of  me,  or  to  treat  me  as 
they  ought  ?  w  There  is  something  very  solemn 
and  sublime  in  the  feeling  produced  by  con- 
sidering how  differently  these  men  have  been 
estimated  by  their  contemporaries,  from  the 
manner  in  which  they  are  regarded  by  God. 
We  perceive  the  appeal  which  lies  from  the  igno- 
rance, the  folly,  and  the  iniquity  of  man,  to  the 
throne  of  Eternal  Justice.  A  storm  of  calumny 
and  reviling  has  too  often  pursued  them  through 
life,  and  continued,  when  they  could  no  longer 
feel  it,  to  beat  upon  their  graves.  But  it  is  no 
matter.  They  had  gone  where  all  who  have 
suffered,  and  all  who  have  triumphed  in  the 
same  noble  cause,  receive  their  reward;  but 
where  the  wreath  of  the  martyr  is  more  glo- 
rious than  that  of  the  conqueror.—  From 
«  Thoughts   on    True   and  False   Religion? 

NORTON,  JOHN  (England,  1606-1663) 

The  Meaning  of  Justice. —  Relative  or  moral 
justice  is  an  external  work  of  God,  whereby  He 
proceeds  with  man  according  to  the  law  of 
righteousness  freely  constituted   between    Him 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3985 


and  them ;  rendering  to  every  one  what  is  due 
unto  them,  thereby,  either  by  way  of  recom- 
pense, in  case  of  obedience,  or  by  way  of  pun- 
ishment, in  case  of  disobedience.—  From  the 
Orthodox  Evangelist. 

NOVALIS  (FRIEDRICH   VON   HARDENBERG) 

(Germany,  1772-1801) 
Things    Too    Delicate    to    Be    Thought.— 

Shame  is  a  feeling  of  profanation,  friendship, 
love,  and  piety  ought  to  be  handled  with  a  sort 
of  mysterious  secrecy  ;  they  ought  to  be  spoken 
of  only  in  the  rare  moments  of  perfect  confi- 
dence—  to  be  mutually  understood  in  silence. 
Many  things  are  too  delicate  to  be  thought : 
many  more,  to  be  spoken. 

OEHLENSCHLAGER,  ADAM  GOTTLOB  (Den- 
mark, 1779-1S50) 
Children's  Play  and  Art.  —The  plays  of 
natural  lively  children  are  the  infancy  of  art. 
Children  live  in  the  world  of  imagination  and 
feeling.  They  invest  the  most  insignificant  ob- 
ject with  any  form  they  please,  and  see  in  it 
whatever  they  wish  to  see. 

OSSOLI,  SARAH  MARGARET  FULLER  (Amer- 
ica, 1810-1850) 
Free  Play  for  Woman's  Activities.  —  We 
would  have  every  path  laid  open  to  woman  as 
freely  as  to  man.  Were  this  done,  and  a  slight 
temporary  fermentation  allowed  to  subside,  we 
should  see  crystallizations  more  pure  and  of 
more  various  beauty.  We  believe  the  divine 
energy  would  pervade  nature  to  a  degree  un- 
known in  the  history  of  former  ages,  and  that  no 
discordant  collision,  but  a  ravishing  harmony  of 
the  spheres,  would  ensue.  —  Wotnan  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century. 

How    to    Find    the    Right  Friends.  —  Our 

friends  should  be  our  incentives  to  right ;  but 
not  only  our  guiding,  but  our  prophetic  stars. 
To  love  by  right  is  much,  to  love  by  faith  is 
more ;  both  are  the  entire  love,  without  which 
heart,  mind,  and  soul  cannot  be  alike  satisfied. 
We  love  and  ought  to  love  one  another,  not 
merely  for  the  absolute  worth  of  each,  but  on 
account  of  a  mutual  fitness  of  temporary  char- 
acter.—  Finding  a  Friend,  Chap.   V. 

OTIS,  JAMES     (America,  1725-1783) 

A  Question  of  Permanent  Interest.  — Should 
the  British  empire  one  day  be  extended  round 
the  whole  world,  would  it  be  reasonable  that  all 
mankind  should  have  their  concerns  managed 
by  the  electors  of  Old  Sarum  and  the  (<  occu- 
pants of  the  Cornish  barns  and  alehouses  n  we 
sometimes  read  of  ?  —  From  Considerations  on 
Behalf  of  the  Colonists,  1763. 

OVERBURY,    SIR   THOMAS     (England,    1581- 

1613) 
Wit    and    Judgment. —  Wit    is    brushwood, 
judgment  timber:    the  one  gives  the  greatest 
flame,  the  other  yields  the  most  durable  heat; 
and  both  meeting  make  the  best  fire. 
x — 250 


PARKER,  THEODORE     (America,  1810-1860) 

The  American  Idea.— There  is  what  I  call 
the  American  idea.  .  .  .  This  idea  demands, 
as  the  proximate  organization  thereof,  a  democ- 
racy, that  is,  a  government  of  all  the  people, 
by  all  the  people,  for  all  the  people  ;  of  course, 
a  government  of  the  principles  of  eternal  jus- 
tice, the  unchanging  law  of  God ;  for  short- 
ness' sake  I  will  call  it  the  idea  of  freedom. — 
Speech  at  the  New  England  anti-Slavery  Con- 
vention, Boston,  May  2qth,  1830. 

PARNELL,  THOMAS     (Ireland,  1679-1718) 

On  Taking  a  Man's  Measure. —  What  coun- 
try linen-draper,  or  pot-house  politician,  when 
the  merits  of  a  statesman  are  discussed,  but  will 
undertake  to  estimate  his  ability  to  a  T  ?  What 
young  templar,  as  yet  inexperienced  in  the  sensa- 
tion derived  from  a  touch  of  a  confiding  client's 
handsel-guinea,  but  will  exactly  tell  you  the 
capabilities  and  deficiencies  of  the  several 
judges,  assign  to  each  of  them  his  relative  merits 
at  law  and  equity,  and  supplement  his  inform- 
ation, if  you  will,  by  cataloguing  every  silk 
gown  according  to  its  worth  ?  We  might  find 
examples  of  this  arrogance  in  every  profession. 
In  literature  it  is  offensively  prominent ;  but 
whether  he  confesses  it  or  not,  almost  every 
human  being  fancies  himself  able  to  measure, 
if  only  by  rule  of  thumb,  those  with  whom  he  is 
brought  in  contact,  or  to  whom  he  thinks  it 
worth  while  to  apply  his  attention.  Every  one 
may  be  candid  enough  to  own  his  practical  in- 
feriority to  him  whom  he  thus  unhesitatingly 
criticizes.  He  is  free  to  confess  he  cannot 
write  poems  like  A,  or  novels  like  B,  or  paint 
like  C,  or  lead  the  House  of  Commons  like 
D  ;  yet,  by  some  peculiar  process,  inexplicable, 
I  believe,  even  to  himself,  he  is  firmly  con- 
vinced that  whatever  judgment  he  has  formed 
of  the  intellectual  rank  of  these  persons,  and 
consequently  of  their  performances,  is  invariably 
and  unassailably  correct.  Indeed,  the  very 
readiness  with  which  he  recognizes  his  own  in- 
feriority is  an  incentive  to  self-esteem,  and  tends 
to  make  him  set  a  higher  value  on  the  dis- 
crimination he  has  exhibited  in  thus  discover- 
ing their  superiority  to  himself.  Strange  as  it 
may  appear,  he  possesses  a  sort  of  inner  judg- 
ment which  applauds  the  insight  he  has  dis- 
played in  the  decision.  His  favorite  axiom  is 
slightly  varied  from  that  of  the  elder  Shandy's  — 
<(  An  ounce  of  one  man's  judgment  is  worth  a 
ton  of  other  people's.'5 

PASCAL,  BLAISE     (France,  1623-1662) 

Against  Helping  God  by  the  Devil's  Meth- 
ods.—  We  must  not  do  the  least  evil  even  to 
bring  about  the  greatest  good,  for  (<  the  truth  of 
God  requires  not  the  assistance  of  our  untruths,0 
as  the  Scripture  says. —  From  the  Provincial 
Letters. 

The  Contradictions  of   Human    Nature. — 

What  a  chimera  is  man  !  what  a  confused  chaos  ! 
what  a  subject  of  contradiction!  —  a  professed 
judge  of  all  things,  and  yet  a  feeble  worm  of  the 
earth  !   the  great   depository   and    guardian  of 


;986 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


truth,  and  yet  a  mere  huddle  of  uncertainty  !  the 
glory  and  the  scandal  of  the  universe  ! 

PAULDING,  JAMES    KIRKE     (America,  1779- 

1860) 

The  Character  of  John  Bull. —John  Bull 
was  a  choleric  old  fellow,  who  held  a  good 
manor  in  the  middle  of  a  great  mill-pond,  and 
which,  by  reason  of  its  being  quite  surrounded 
by  water,  was  generally  called  Bullock  Island. 
Bull  was  an  ingenious  man,  an  exceedingly  good 
blacksmith,  a  dexterous  cutler,  and  a  notable 
weaver  and  pot  baker  besides.  He  also  brewed 
capital  porter,  ale,  and  small  beer,  and  was  in 
fact  a  sort  of  jack  of  all  trades,  and  good  at 
each.  In  addition  to  these,  he  was  a  hearty 
fellow,  an  excellent  bottle-companion,  and  pass- 
ably honest,  as  times  go. 

But  what  tarnished  all  these  qualities  was  a 
devilish  quarrelsome,  overbearing  disposition, 
which  was  always  getting  him  into  some  scrape 
or  other.  The  truth  is,  he  never  heard  of  a 
quarrel  going  on  among  his  neighbors,  but  his 
fingers  itched  to  be  in  the  thickest  of  them ; 
so  that  he  was  hardly  ever  seen  without  a 
broken  head,  a  black  eye,  or  a  bloody  nose. 
Such  was  Squire  Bull,  as  he  was  commonly 
called  by  the  country  people  his  neighbors  — 
one  of  those  odd,  testy,  grumbling,  boasting  old 
codgers,  that  never  get  credit  for  what  they 
are,  because  they  are  always  pretending  to  be 
what  they  are  not. — From  <(  John  Bull  and 
Brother  Jonathan?* 

PENN,  WILLIAM     (England,  1644-1718) 

The  Eternal  Law. —  There  is  a  Great  God 
and  Power,  that  hath  made  the  world  and  all 
things  therein,  to  whom  you  and  I  and  all 
people  owe  their  being  and  well-being ;  and  to 
whom  you  and  I  must  one  day  give  an  account 
for  all  that  we  do  in  the  world.  This  Great 
God  hath  written  his  Law  in  our  hearts,  by 
which  we  are  taught  and  commanded  to  love 
and  help,  and  do  good  to  one  another,  and  not 
to  do  harm  and  mischief  unto  one  another. — 
From  the  Select  Works  of  William  Penn,  1782. 

PHELPS,  AUSTIN     (America,  1820-1890) 

The  Final  Test  of  Success.— The  Na- 
poleonic test  of  character  is  success,  and  the 
final  test  of  success  is  permanence. 

PHILLIPS,  WENDELL     (America,  1811-1884) 

What  the  Masses  Can  Do. — Give  to  the 
masses  nothing  to  do,  and  they  will  topple 
down  thrones  and  cut  throats  ;  give  them  the 
government  here  and  they  will  make  pulpits  use- 
less, and  colleges  an  impertinence. —  Speech,  Bos- 
ton, October  4,  185Q. 

God  and  His  Man. —  One  on  God's  side  is  a 
majority. —  Speech,  Brooklyn,  November  /,  /8jg. 

Revolutions. —  Revolutions  are  not  made,  they 
come. —  Speech,  Boston,  January  28,  1852. 

Revolutions  never  go  backward. —  Speech, 
Boston,  February  ij,  1861. 


PINKNEY,  WILLIAM     (America,  1764-1822) 

Oppression. —  Oppression  is  but  another  name 
for  irresponsible  power,  if  history  is  to  be 
trusted. —  Speech,  "The  Missouri  Question?*  Feb- 
ruary /j,  1820. 

PLATO     (Greece,  429-347  B.C.) 

Justice  and  the  Courts. —  For  a  judge  sits 
on  the  judgment  seat,  not  to  administer  laws 
by  favor,  but  to  decide  with  fairness ;  and  he 
has  taken  an  oath  that  he  will  not  gratify  his 
friends,  but  determine  with  a  strict  regard  to 
law. — Apolog.  Socr.  24. 

Why  Men  Hate  Each  Other. —  For  misan- 
thropy arises  from  a  man  trusting  another 
without  having  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  his 
character,  and,  thinking  him  to  be  truthful, 
sincere,  and  honorable,  finds  a  little  afterwards 
that  he  is  wicked,  faithless ;  and  then  he  meets 
with  another  of  the  same  character.  When  a 
man  experiences  this  often,  and,  more  particu- 
larly, from  those  whom  he  considered  his  most 
dear  and  best  friends, —  at  last,  having  fre- 
quently made  a  slip,  he  hates  the  whole  world, 
and  thinks  that  there  is  nothing  sound  at  all 
in  any  of  them. —  Phcedo.  39. 

«  Fear  Not  Them  That  Kill  the  Body.»—  For 

neither  Meletus  nor  Anytus  can  injure  me.  It 
is  not  in  their  power;  for  I  do  not  think  that 
it  is  possible  for  a  better  man  to  be  injured 
by  a  worse. —  Apolog.  Socr.  18. 

The  Cause  of  All  Quarrels. —  For  nothing 
else  but  the  body  and  its  desires  cause  wars, 
seditions,  and  fightings. — Phcedo.  //. 

«  Return  Not  Evil  for  Evil. »  —Neither ought 
a  man  to  return  evil  for  evil,  as  many  think ; 
since  at  no  time  ought  we  to  do  an  injury  to 
our  neighbors. —  Crit.  10. 

Truth  and  Sensuality. — Those  wretches  who 
never  have  experienced  the  sweets  of  wisdom 
and  virtue,  but  spend  all  their  time  in  revels 
and  debauches,  sink  downwards  day  after  day, 
and  make  their  whole  life  one  continued  series 
of  errors.  They  never  have  the  courage  to  lift 
the  eye  upward  toward  truth,  they  never  feel 
the  least  inclination  to  it.  They  taste  no 
real  or  substantial  pleasure ;  but,  resembling  so 
many  brutes,  with  eyes  always  fixed  on  the 
earth,  and  intent  upon  their  loaden  tables,  they 
pamper  themselves  up  in  luxury  and  excess. 

The  Life  After  Death.—  Is  it  possible,  then, 
that  the  soul,  which  is  invisible,  and  proceeding 
to  another  place,  spotless,  pure,  and  invisible 
(and,  therefore,  truly  called  Hades  —  ?',  e.  invisi- 
ble), to  dwell  with  the  good  and  wise  God 
(where,  if  God  so  wills  it,  my  soul  must  imme- 
diately go),— can  this  soul  of  ours,  I  say,  being 
such  and  of  such  an  essence,  when  it  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  body,  be  at  once  dissipated  and 
utterly  destroyed,  as  many  men  say  ?  It  is  im- 
possible to  think  so,  beloved  Cebes  and  Sim- 
mias;  but  it  is  much  rather  thus — if  it  is 
severed  in  a  state  of  purity,  carrying  with  it 
none  of  the  pollutions  of  the  body,  inasmuch  as 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3987 


it  did  not  willingly  unite  with  the  body  in  this 
present  life,  but  fled  from  it,  and  gathered  it- 
self within  itself,  as  always  meditating  this  — 
would  this  be  anything  else  than  studying  phi- 
losophy in  a  proper  spirit,  and  pondering  how 
one  might  die  easily?  would  not  this  be  a  med- 
itation on  death  ?  —  Phiedo.  2q. 

PLINY  THE  ELDER     (Rome,  23-79  A.  D.) 

Concerning  Religion. —  It  is  advantageous 
that  the  gods  should  be  believed  to  attend  to  the 
affairs  of  man,  and  the  punishment  for  evil 
deeds,  though  sometimes  late,  is  never  fruitless. 
— H.  N.  II.  5,  10. 

a  Mother  Earth. » — The  earth  receives  us  at 
our  birth,  nourishes  and  always  continues  to  sup- 
port us  during  our  life,  embracing  us  at  last  in 
her  bosom. — H.  N.  II.  63. 

The  Most  Savage  Animal. — Other  animals 
live  affectionately  with  their  like  ;  we  see  them 
crowd  together  and  stand  against  those  that  are 
dissimilar  ;  fierce  lions  do  not  fight  each  other ; 
serpents  do  not  attack  serpents,  nor  do  the  wild 
monsters  of  the  deep  rage  against  their  like. 
But,  by  Hercules,  very  many  calamities  arise  to 
man  from  his  fellow-men. — H.  N.  VII.  /,  6. 

The  Might  of  Nature.—  The  power  and  maj- 
esty of  the  nature  of  things  fail  to  receive 
credit  at  all  times,  if  we  merely  look  at  its 
parts  and  do  not  embrace  the  vast  whole  in  our 
conceptions. — H.  N.  VII.  1,  7. 

PLINY  THE  YOUNGER  (Rome,  62-II3A.D.) 
Rectitude  in  Small  Things.  — I  hold  it  par- 
ticularly worthy  of  a  man  of  honor  to  be 
governed  by  the  principles  of  strict  equity  in 
his  domestic  as  well  as  public  conduct ;  in  small, 
as  in  great  affairs  ;  in  his  own  concerns,  as  well 
as  in  those  of  others ;  and  if  every  deviation 
from  rectitude  is  equally  criminal,  every  ap- 
proach to  it  must  be  equally  laudable. — 
viii.  2. 

The  Highest  Virtue.  —  The  highest  of 
characters,  in  my  estimation,  is  his  who  is  as 
ready  to  pardon  the  moral  errors  of  mankind, 
as  if  he  were  every  day  guilty  of  some  himself  ; 
and  at  the  same  time  as  cautious  of  committing 
a  fault  as  if  he  never  forgave  one. —  viii.  22. 

PLUTARCH     (Greece,  c.  46  A.  D.  -?) 

An  Evil  Habit  of  the  Soul. — The  continu- 
ance and  frequent  fits  of  anger  produce  an 
evil  habit  in  the  soul,  called  wrathfulness,  or  a 
propensity  to  be  angry ;  which  ofttimes  ends  in 
choler,  bitterness,  and  morosity ;  when  the 
mind  becomes  ulcerated,  peevish,  and  queru- 
lous, and  like  a  thin,  weak  plate  of  iron,  re- 
ceives impression,  and  is  wounded  by  the  least 
occurrence. 

Our  Contempt  for  Those  Who  Serve  Us.— 
Often  while  we  are  delighted  with  the  work,  we 
regard  the  workman  with  contempt.  Thus  we 
are  pleased  with  perfumes  and  purple,  while 
dyers  and  perfumers  are  considered  by  us  as 
low,  vulgar  mechanics. —  Pericl.  1. 


Principles  the  Soul  of  Political  Recti- 
tude.—  Lycurgus  thought  that  what  tended 
most  to  secure  the  happiness  and  virtue  of  a 
people  was  the  interweaving  of  right  principles 
with  their  habits  and  training.  These  remained 
firm  and  steadfast  when  they  were  the  result  of 
the  bent  of  the  disposition,  a  tie  stronger  even 
than  necessity  ;  and  the  habits  instilled  by  edu- 
cation into  youth  would  answer  in  each  the 
purpose  of  a  lawgiver. —  Lycurg.  /j. 

Written  Laws  Like  Spiders'  Webs.— When 
Anacharsis  heard  what  Solon  was  doing,  he 
laughed  at  the  folly  of  thinking  that  he  could 
restrain  the  unjust  proceedings  and  avarice  ot 
his  citizens  by  written  laws,  which,  he  said,  re- 
sembled in  every  way  spiders'  webs,  and  would, 
like  them,  catch  and  hold  only  the  poor  and 
weak,  while  the  rich  and  powerful  would  easily 
break  through  them. —  Sol.  5. 

POLYBIUS     (Greece,  204-125  B.  C.) 

The  Lamp  of  Experience. —  The  knowledge 
of  what  has  gone  before  affords  the  best  instruc- 
tion for  the  direction  and  guidance  of  human  life. 
—  i.  1. 

The  Lessons  of  History. —  History  furnishes 
the  only  proper  discipline  to  educate  and  train 
the  minds  of  those  who  wish  to  take  part  in  pub- 
lic affairs ;  and  the  unfortunate  events  which  it 
hands  down  for  our  instruction  contain  the  wisest 
and  most  convincing  lessons  for  enabling  us  to 
bear  our  own  calamities  with  dignity  and  cour- 
age.—  i.  1. 

PRENTICE,  GEORGE  DENISON  (America, 
1802-1870) 
Prenticeana. —  You  may  wish  to  get  a  wife 
without  a  failing ;  but  what  if  the  lady,  after  you 
find  her,  happens  to  be  in  want  of  a  husband  of 
the  same  character. — Prenticeana,  i860. 

The  editor  of  the Star  says  that  he  has 

never  murdered  the  truth.    He  never  gets  near 
enough  to  do  it  any  bodily  harm. — Prenticeana. 

About  the  only  person  that  we  ever  heard  of 
that  wasn't  spoiled  by  being  lionized,  was  a  Jew 
named  Daniel. — Prenticeana. 

A  woman  always  keeps  secret  what  she  does 
not  know. — Exchange. 

It  is  a  pity  that  all  men  do  not  imitate  her  dis- 
cretion.— Prenticeana. 

PRIME,  SAMUEL  IREN.EUS  (America,  1812- 
1885) 
The  Simplest  Book  in  the  World.— The 
Bible  is  the  simplest  book  in  the  world,  and 
there  is  no  work  of  its  size  treating  so  great  a 
variety  of  subjects  which  is  more  intelligible  to 
the  common  mind.  Errors,  heresies,  and  corrup- 
tions in  doctrine  and  practice  do  not  arise  from 
the  misconceptions  which  the  <(  common  peo- 
ple" get  from  reading  the  Bible,  with  the  Spirit 
of  God  alone  to  guide  them.  The  fundamental 
truths  which  all  evangelical  Christians  love  to 
believe  are  on  the  surface  as  well  as  in  the 
depths  of  holy  Scripture.     He  who  runs  may 


3988 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


read.  The  Bible  is  a  revelation.  The  author  did 
not  employ  language  to  conceal  his  thoughts. 
The  entrance  of  his  words  gives  light.  They 
make  wise  the  simple.  And  that  preacher  is  the 
best  who  is  the  most  scriptural,  bringing  the 
truth  as  therein  revealed  directly  to  the  con- 
science and  the  heart. —  Irenmus's  Letters.  Sec- 
ond Series,  1885. 

PYTHAGORAS    (Greece,  582-500  B.  C.) 

That  We  Ought  to  Judge  Our  Own  Ac- 
tions.—Let  not  sleep  fall  upon  thy  eyes  till 
thou  hast  thrice  reviewed  the  transactions  of 
the  past  day.  Where  have  I  turned  aside  from 
rectitude  ?  What  have  I  been  doing  ?  What 
have  I  left  undone,  which  I  ought  to  have 
done  ?  Begin  thus  from  the  first  act,  and  pro- 
ceed ;  and,  in  conclusion,  at  the  ill  which  thou 
hast  done,  be  troubled,  and  rejoice  for  the 
good. 

QUINTILIAN   (Rome,  35-95  A.  D.) 

«  Mind  of  Divine  Original. »  —  As  birds  are 
provided  by  nature  with  a  propensity  to  fly, 
horses  to  run,  and  wild  beasts  to  be  savage, 
so  the  working  and  the  sagacity  of  the  brain 
is  peculiar  to  men ;  and  hence  it  is  that  his 
mind  is  supposed  to  be  of  divine  original. — 
Lib.  i.  1. 

Dullness  Not  Natural.  —  The  dull  and  the 
indocile  are  in  no  other  sense  the  productions 
of  nature  than  are  monstrous  shapes  and  ex- 
traordinary objects,  which  are  very  rare.—?'.  /. 

QUINTUS  CTJRTIUS     (First  Century  A. D.) 

On  Fortune. —  Those  whom  fortune  has  in- 
duced to  trust  to  her,  she  makes  in  a  great 
measure  rather  desirous  of  glory  than  able  to 
seize  it. —  iv.  7,29. 

Superstition  of  the  Uneducated. —  Nothing 
has  more  power  over  the  multitude  than  super- 
stition ;  in  other  respects  powerless,  ferocious, 
fickle,  when  it  is  once  captivated  by  supersti- 
tious notions,  it  obeys  its  priests  better  than  its 
leaders. —  iv.  10,  7. 

The  Country  of  the  Brave.— Wherever  the 
brave  man  chooses  his  abode,  that  is  his  coun- 
try.— vi.  4,  13. 

RABELAIS,  FRANQOIS     (France,  1495-1553) 

The  Dotage  of  Habit.—  Can  there  be  any 
greater  dotage  in  the  world,  than  for  one  to 
guide  and  direct  his  courses  by  the  sound  of 
a  bell,  and  not  by  his  own  judgment  and  dis- 
cretion ? 

The  Cut  of  the  Coat  and  Character.— It  is 

not  the  dress  that  makes  the  monk.  Many 
are  dressed  like  monks  who  are  inwardly  any- 
thing but  monks :  and  some  wear  Spanish 
caps  who  have  but  little  of  the  valor  of  the 
Spaniard  in  them — Prologue  Livre  i. 


Learn  Where  You  Can.  —  What  harm  is 
there  in  getting  knowledge  and  learning,  were 
it  from  a  sot,  a  pot,  a  fool,  a  winter  mitten,  or 
old  slipper? — Pantagruel,  Hi.  ib. 

The  Heaven  or  Hell  of  Matrimony.  —  We 
see  many  people  so  fortunate  in  their  mar- 
riage that  we  might  say  that  their  life  gave 
some  idea  or  representation  of  the  joys  of  Para- 
dise. Others  again  are  so  unluckily  matched, 
that  those  devils  who  tempt  the  hermits  that 
dwell  in  the  deserts  of  Thebais  and  Montser- 
rat  are  not  so  wretched  as  they.  — «Pantagruel,n 
Hi.  5. 

Opportunity's  Forelock.  —  For  opportunity 
has  all  her  hair  on  her  forehead  ;  but  when  she 
has  passed,  you  cannot  call  her  back.  She  has 
no  tuft  whereby  you  can.  lay  hold  on  her,  for 
she  is  bald  on  the  back  part  of  her  head,  and 
never  returns. — <(  Gargantua?  i.  37. 

The  Country  of  the  Soul.  —  In  this  way  our 
soul,  when  our  body  is  at  rest,  and  the  digestion 
is  everywhere  accomplished,  lacking  nothing 
till  it  awakes,  delights  to  disport  itself,  and  take 
a  view  of  its  native  country,  which  is  heaven. 
Thence  it  receives  a  notable  participation  of 
its  primeval  source  and  divine  origin  ;  and  con- 
templates that  infinite  and  intellectual  sphere, 
whereof  the  centre  is  everywhere  and  the  cir- 
cumference in  no  place  of  the  universal  world. 
—  <(  Pantagruel?  Hi.  13. 

RALEIGH,  SIR  WALTER  (England,  1552- 
1618) 
On  the  Keeping  of  the  Mouth.— Jest  not 
openly  at  those  that  are  simple,  but  remember 
how  much  thou  art  bound  to  God,  who  hath 
made  thee  wiser.  Defame  not  any  woman  pub- 
licly, though  thou  know  her  to  be  evil ;  for  those 
that  are  faulty  cannot  endure  to  be  taxed,  but 
will  seek  to  be  avenged  of  thee  ;  and  those  that 
are  not  guilty  cannot  endure  unjust  reproach. 
As  there  is  nothing  more  shameful  and  dis- 
honest than  to  do  wrong,  so  truth  itself  cutteth 
his  throat  that  carrieth  her  publicly  in  every 
place.  Remember  the  divine  saying,  (( he  that 
keepeth  his  mouth,  keepeth  his  life. w 

The  Worm  in  the  Nut's  Kernel.— It  were 
better  for  a  man  to  be  subject  to  any  vice  than 
to  drunkenness :  for  all  other  vanities  and  sins 
are  recovered,  but  a  drunkard  will  never  shake 
off  the  delight  of  beastliness;  for  the  longer  it 
possesseth  a  man,  the  more  he  will  delight  in 
it,  and  the  elder  he  groweth  the  more  he  shall 
be  subject  to  it;  for  it  dulleth  the  spirits,  and 
destroyeth  the  body  as  ivy  doth  the  old  tree  ; 
or  as  the  worm  that  engendereth  in  the  kernel 
of  the  nut. 

We  Are  Judged  by  Our  Friends.— There  is 
nothing  more  becoming  any  wise  man  than  to 
make  choice  of  friends,  for  by  them  thou  shalt 
be  judged  what  thou  art :  let  them  therefore  be 
wise  and  virtuous,  and  none  of  those  that  fol- 
low thee  for  gain ;  but  make  election  rather  of 
thy  betters  than  thy  inferiors,  shunning  always 
such   as    are  needy;   for  if  thou  givest   twenty 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3989 


gifts,  and  refuse  to  do  the  like  but  once,  all  that 
thou  hast  done  will  be  lost,  and  such  men  will 
become  thy  mortal  enemies. 

The  Test  of  Love. —  Have  ever  more  care 
that  thou  be  beloved  of  thy  wife,  rather  than 
thyself  besotted  on  her;  and  thou  shalt  judge 
of  her  love  by  these  two  observations :  First, 
if  thou  perceive  she  have  a  care  of  thy  estate, 
and  exercise  herself  therein :  the  other,  if  she 
study  to  please  thee,  and  be  sweet  unto  thee  in 
conversation,  without  thy  instruction ;  for  Love 
needs  no  teaching,  nor  precept    .    .    . 

RANDOLPH,  JOHN     ( America,  1773-1831) 

On  the  Conduct  of  Life. —  This  independ- 
ence, which  is  so  much  vaunted,  and  which 
young  people  think  consists  in  doing  what  they 
please,  when  they  grow  to  man's  estate  (with  as 
much  justice  as  the  poor  negro  thinks  liberty 
consists  in  being  supported  in  idleness  by  other 
people's  labor) — this  independence  is  but  a 
name.  Place  us  where  you  will,  along  with  our 
rights  there  must  exist  correlative  duties  ;  and 
the  more  exalted  the  station,  the  more  arduous 
are  these  last.    .    .    . 

Lay  down  this  as  a  principle,  that  truth  is  to 
the  other  virtues  what  vital  air  is  to  the  human 
system.  They  cannot  exist  at  all  without  it ; 
and  as  the  body  may  live  under  many  diseases, 
if  supplied  with  pure  air  for  its  consumption,  so 
may  the  character  survive  many  defects  where 
there  is  a  rigid  attachment  to  truth.  All  equivo- 
cation and  subterfuge  belong  to  falsehood, 
which  consists  not  in  using  false  words  only, 
but  in  conveying  false  impressions,  no  matter 
how ;  and  if  a  person  deceive  himseH,  and  I,  by 
my  silence,  suffer  him  to  remain  in  error,  I  am 
implicated  in  the  deception,  unless  he  be  one 
who  has  no  right  to  rely  upon  me  for  informa- 
tion; and  in  that  case  it  is  plain  I  could  not  be 
instrumental  in  deceiving  him.    .    .    . 

Remember  that  labor  is  necessary  to  excel- 
lence. This  is  an  eternal  truth,  although  vanity 
cannot  be  taught  to  believe  or  indolence  to 
heed  it.  I  am  deeply  interested  in  seeing  you 
turn  out  a  respectable  man,  in  every  point  of 
view ;  and,  as  far  as  I  could,  have  endeavored 
to  furnish  you  with  the  means  of  acquiring 
knowledge,  and  correct  principles  and  manners 
at  the  same  time.  Self-conceit  and  indifference 
are  unfriendly,  in  an  equal  degree,  to  the  at- 
tainment of  knowledge,  or  the  forming  of  an 
admirable  character.  The  first  is  more  offen- 
sive, but  does  not  more  completely  mar  all 
excellence  than  the  last.    .    .    . 

Do  not  through  false  shame,  through  a  vi- 
cious modesty,  entrap  yourself  into  a  situation 
which  may'dye  your  cheek  with  real  shame. 
Say,  (<No,  it  will  not  be  in  my  power  —  I  can- 
not w;  or,  if  it  be  a  thing. which  you  would 
willingly  do,  but  doubt  your  ability,  take  care 
to  say,  (<  I  cannot  promise,  but  if  it  be  in  my 
power,  I  will  do  it.w  Remember,  too,  that  no 
good  man  will  ever  exact  a  promise  of  a  boy, 
or  a  very  young  person,  but  for  their  good  ; 
never  for  his  own  benefit.     In  short,  a  promise 


is  always  a  serious  evil  to  him  who  gives  it  — 
often  to  him  who  receives  it.     .    .     . 

When  the  Persian  youths  were  taught  to 
draw  the  bow,  to  speak  the  truth,  and  to  keep 
a  secret  ( which,  in  fact,  is  nothing  but  ad- 
hering to  the  truth,  the  divulger  being  at  once 
a  liar  and  a  traitor),  they  overran  all  Western 
Asia ;  but  when  they  became  corrupt  and  un- 
faithful to  their  word,  a  handful  of  Greeks  was 
an  overmatch  for  millions  of  them.  A  liar  is 
always  a  coward. —  From  (<  Letters  to  a  Young 
Relative?  1834. 

RAWLINSON,  GEORGE     (England,  1S15-) 

The  Spirit  of  the  Nineteenth  Century. — 
It  is  the  fashion  of  the  day  to  speculate  on 
the  origins  of  things.  Not  content  with  observ- 
ing the  mechanism  of  the  heavens,  astrono- 
mers discuss  the  formation  of  the  material 
universe,  and  seek  in  the  phenomena  which 
constitute  the  subject-matter  of  their  science 
for  (<  Vestiges  of  Creation.0  Natural  philoso- 
phers propound  theories  of  the  "Origin  of 
Species  »  and  the  primitive  condition  of  man. 
Comparative  philologists  are  no  longer  satisfied 
to  dissect  languages,  compare  roots,  or  contrast 
systems  of  grammar,  but  regard  it  as  incumbent 
upon  them  to  put  forward  views  respecting  the 
first  beginnings  of  language  itself. 

To  deal  with  facts  is  thought  to  be  a  humdrum 
and  commonplace  employment  of  the  intellect, 
one  fitted  for  the  dull  ages  when  men  were 
content  to  plod,  and  when  progress,  develop- 
ment, ((the  higher  criticism,8  were  unknown. 
The  intellect  now  takes  loftier  flights.  Con- 
jecture is  found  to  be  more  amusing  than  in- 
duction, and  an  ingenious  hypothesis  to  be  more 
attractive  than  a  proved  law.  Our  <(  advanced 
thinkers  n  advance  to  the  furthest  limits  of  hu- 
man knowledge,  sometimes  even  beyond  them  ; 
and  bewitch  us  with  speculations,  which  are  as 
beautiful,  and  as  unsubstantial,  as  the  bubbles 
which  a  child  produces  with  a  little  soap  and 
water  and  a  tobacco  pipe. —  From  ^Religions  of 
the  Ancient  World? 

RECLUS,   JEAN  JACQUES  ELISEE      (France, 

1830-) 

Is  Humanity  Progressing?  — Has  humanity 
made  real  progress  ?  It  would  be  absurd  to 
deny  it.  That  which  one  calls  "the  democratic 
tidew  is  nothing  else  but  this  growing  senti- 
ment of  equality  between  the  representatives 
of  the  different  castes,  until  recently  hostile  one 
to  the  other.  Under  a  thousand  apparent 
changes  in  the  surface,  the  work  is  being 
accomplished  in  the  depths  of  the  nations. 
Thanks  to  the  increasing  knowledge  men  are 
gaining  of  themselves  and  others,  they  are  ar- 
riving by  degrees  at  the  discovery  of  the  com- 
mon ground  upon  which  we  all  resemble  each 
other,  and  at  getting  rid  of  superficial  opinions 
which  keep  us  apart.  We  are,  then,  steadily 
advancing  toward  future  reconciliation,  and,  by 
this  very  fact,  toward  a  form  of  happiness 
very  different  in  extent  to  that  which  sufficed 
our  forefathers  —  the  animals  and  the  primitive 


399° 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


men.  Our  material  and  moral  world  becomes 
more  vast,  and  this  in  itself  increases  our  con- 
ception of  happiness,  which  henceforward  will 
only  be  held  to  be  such  on  condition  of  its 
being  shared  by  all ;  of  its  being  made  con- 
scious and  rational,  and  of  its  embracing  in 
its  scope  the  earnest  researches  of  science  and 
the  possessions  of  art. 

It  is,  then,  with  all  confidence  that  we  reply 
to  the  question  which  every  man  asks  him- 
self :  Yes,  humanity  has  really  progressed,  from 
crisis  to  crisis  and  from  relapse  to  relapse, 
since  the  beginning  of  those  millions  of  years 
which  constitute  the  short  conscious  period  of 
our  life. —  From  the  Contet?iporary  Review. 

RED  JACKET    (America,  1752-1830) 

The  Test  of  Proselyting  Zeal.  —  Brother: 
The  Great  Spirit  has  made  us  all,  but  he 
has  made  a  great  difference  between  his  white 
and  red  children.  He  has  given  us  different 
complexions  and  different  customs.  To  you 
he  has  given  the  arts.  To  these  he  has  not 
opened  our  eyes.  We  know  these  things  to  be 
true.  Since  he  has  made  so  great  a  difference 
between  us  in  other  things,  why  may  we  not 
conclude  that  he  has  given  us  a  different  re- 
ligion according  to  our  understanding  ?  The 
Great  Spirit  does  right.  He  knows  what  is 
best  for  his  children ;  we  are  satisfied.  .  .  . 
Brother:  We  are  told  that  you  have  been 
preaching  to  the  white  people  in  this  place. 
Those  people  are  our  neighbors.  We  are  ac- 
quainted with  them.  We  will  wait  a  little 
while,  and  see  what  effect  your  preaching  has 
upon  them.  If  we  find  it  does  them  good, 
makes  them  honest,  and  less  disposed  to  cheat 
Indians,  we  will  then  consider  again  of  what 
you  have  said.  —  Speech  against  the  Foundation 
of  a  Mission  among  the  Senecas,  /805. 

REYNOLDS,    SIR   JOSHUA     (England,    1723- 
1792) 

On  Genius. — Genius  is  supposed  to  be  a  power 
of  producing  excellencies  which  are  out  of  the 
reach  of  the  rules  of  Art ;  a  power  which  no 
precepts  can  teach,  and  which  no  industry  can 
acquire. 

RICHTER,    JEAN    PAUL    FRIEDRICH      (Ger- 
many, 1763-1825) 

The  Last,  Best  Fruit  of  Life.  —The  last, 
best  fruit  which  comes  to  late  perfection,  even 
in  the  kindliest  soul,  is  tenderness  toward  the 
hard,  forbearance  toward  the  unforbearing, 
warmth  of  heart  toward  the  cold,  philanthropy 
toward  the  misanthropic. 

Why  Poetry  Was  Invented.  —  There  are  so 
many  tender  and  holy  emotions  flying  about 
in  our  inward  world,  which,  like  angels,  can 
never  assume  the  body  of  an  outward  act ;  so 
many  rich  and  lovely  flowers  spring  up  which 
bear  no  seed,  that  it  is  a  happiness  poetry  was 
invented,  which  receives  into  its  limbus  all 
these  incorporeal  spirits,  and  the  perfume  of  all 
these  flowers. 


Fallen  Souls. —  There  are  souls  which  fall 
from  heaven  like  flowers ;  but  ere  the  pure 
and  fresh  buds  can  open,  they  are  trodden  in 
the  dust  of  the  earth,  and  lie  soiled  and  crushed 
under  the  foul  tread  of  some  brutal  hoof. 

ROCHEFOUCAULD,  FRANCOIS  LA  (France, 
1613-1680) 
Why  We  Seek  New  Friends.  —  What  makes 
us  like  new  acquaintances  is  not  so  much  any 
weariness  of  our  old  ones,  or  the  pleasure 
of  change,  as  disgust  at  not  being  sufficiently 
admired  by  those  who  know  us  too  well,  and  the 
hope  of  being  more  so  by  those  who  do  not 
know  so  much  of  us. 

Appearances.  —  In  all  the  professions  every 
one  affects  a  particular  look  and  exterior,  in 
order  to  appear  what  he  wishes  to  be  thought ; 
so  that  it  may  be  said  the  world  is  made  up  of 
appearances. 

The  Futility  of  Deceit.  —  The  ordinary  em- 
ployment of  artifice  is  the  mark  of  a  petty  mind  ; 
and  it  almost  always  happens  that  he  who  uses 
it  to  cover  himself  in  one  place  uncovers  him- 
self in  another. 

Avarice. —  Avarice  often  produces  opposite 
effects :  there  is  an  infinite  number  of  people 
who  sacrifice  all  their  property  to  doubtful  and 
distant  expectations ;  others  despise  great  fu- 
ture advantages  to  obtain  present  interests  of  a 
trifling  nature.  .  .  .  Extreme  avarice  almost 
always  mistakes  itself ;  there  is  no  passion  which 
more  often  deprives  itself  of  its  object,  nor  on 
which  the  present  exercises  so  much  power  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  future. 

Maxims  and  Reflections.— The  generality  of 
men  have,  like  plants,  latent  properties,  which 
chance  brings  to  light. 

The  extreme  pleasure  we  take  in  talking  of 
ourselves  should  make  us  fear  that  we  give  very 
little  to  those  who  listen  to  us. 

For  the  credit  of  virtue  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  greatest  evils  which  befall  mankind 
are  caused  by  their  crimes. 

When  our  vices  quit  us,  we  flatter  ourselves 
with  the  belief  that  it  is  we  who  quit  them. 

He  who  thinks  he  can  find  in  himself  the 
means  of  doing  without  others  is  much  mis- 
taken;  but  he  who  thinks  that  others  cannot  do 
without  him  is  still  more  mistaken. 

True  eloquence  consists  in  saying  all  that  is 
necessary,  and  nothing  but  what  is  necessary. 

Grace  is  to  the  body  what  good  sense  is  to  the 
mind.  .  .  .  Nothing  so  much  prevents  our 
being  natural  as  the  desire  of  appearing  so. 

We  should  often  have  reason  to  be  ashamed 
of  our  most  brilliant  actions,  if  the  world  could 
see  the  motives  from  which  they  spring. 

ROCHESTER,  EARL  OF     (England,  1647-1680) 

Sacrifices  to   Moloch. —  Mothers  who  force 

their   daughters   into   interested    marriages   are 

worse  than  the  Ammonites  who  sacrificed  their 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3991 


children  to  Moloch  —  the  latter  undergoing  a 
speedy  death,  the  former  suffering  years  of  tor- 
ture, but  too  frequently  leading  to  the  same  re- 
sult. 

ROUSSEAU,  JEAN    JACQUES    (France,    1712- 

1778) 
Brains    as    Monuments. —  Brains  well  pre- 
pared are  the  monuments  where  human   knowl- 
edge is  most  surely  engraved. — ^EmileP  i.  3. 

Job's  Comforters. —  Consolation  indiscreetly 
pressed  upon  us,  when  we  are  suffering  under 
affliction,  only  serves  to  increase  our  pain,  and 
to  render  our  grief  more  poignant. 

Taste  the  Motive  for  Learning. —  The  time 
for  acquiring  knowledge  is  so  short,  it  passes 
away  so  rapidly,  there  are  so  many  matters  nec- 
essary to  be  acquired,  that  it  is  folly  to  expect  it 
should  be  sufficient  to  make  a  child  learned. 
The  question  ought  not  to  be  to  teach  it  the 
sciences,  but  to  give  it  a  taste  for  them,  and 
methods  to  acquire  them  when  the  taste  shall  be 
better  developed. — «£mile,n  i.  3. 

How  a  Child  Ought  to  Be  Taught  to  Read 
and  Speak. — Do  not  give  him  pieces  to  recite 
from  tragedies  or  comedies,  nor  teach  him,  as 
they  say,  to  declaim.  Teach  him  to  speak  with- 
out stammering,  distinctly,  to  articulate  clearly, 
to  pronounce  with  precision  and  without  affec- 
tation, to  understand  and  follow  grammatical 
accent  and  prosody,  to  speak  with  sufficient 
loudness  to  be  heard,  but  never  more  than  is 
necessary  ;  a  defect  generally  found  in  children 
brought  up  in  schools;  in  short,  nothing  too 
much. — ((Emile?>  i.  2. 

^  Literary  Girls  as  Old  Maids.— Every  literary 
girl  will  remain  a  maid  all  her  life,  as  long  as 
there  shall  be  sensible  men  on  the  earth:  (( You 
ask  why  I  am  unwilling  to  marry  you,  Galla ; 
you  are  learned." — ^Emile?  i.  5. 

The  Highest  Dignity  of  Womanhood.  —  Her 
dignity  consists  in  being  unknown  to  the  world  ; 
her  glory  is  in  the  esteem  of  her  husband ;  her 
pleasures  in  the  happiness  of  her  family  — 
«Emile,n  i.5. 

RUMFORD,  BENJAMIN  THOMPSON,  COUNT 
(America,  1753-1814) 
Happiness  for  the  Vicious. —  To  make 
vicious  and  abandoned  people  happy,  it  has 
generally  been  supposed  necessary,  first,  to 
make  them  virtuous.  But  why  not  reverse  this 
order  ?  Why  not  make  them  first  happy,  and 
then  virtuous  ?  If  happiness  and  virtue  be  in- 
separable, the  end  will  be  as  certainly  obtained  by 
the  one  method  as  by  the  other ;  and  it  is  most 
undoubtedly  much  easier  to  contribute  to  the 
happiness  and  comfort  of  persons  in  a  state  of 
poverty  and  misery,  than,  by  admonitions  and 
punishments,  to  reform  their  morals.—  From 
"Essays,  Political,  Economical,  and  Philosoph- 
ical.^    ijgb. 

RUSH,  BENJAMIN     (America.  1745-1813) 
Seed  that  Never  Perish.— No  one  seed  of 
truth  or  virtue  ever  perished.    Wherever  it  may 


be  sowed,  or  even  scattered,  it  will  preserve  and 
carry  with  it  the  principle  of  life.  Some  of 
these  seeds  will  produce  their  fruits  in  a  short 
time,  but  the  most  valuable  of  them,  like  the 
venerable  oak,  are  centuries  in  growing;  but 
they  are  unlike  the  pride  of  the  forest,  as  well 
as  all  other  vegetable  productions,  in  being 
incapable  of  a  decay.  They  exist  and  bloom 
forever. —  From  (<  Biographical  Anecdotes  of  Ben- 
jamin Lay.n     1798. 

SADI     (Persia,  1190-1291  A.  D.) 

The  Blockhead  and  the  Scholar.— The  phy- 
sician Galen  saw  a  blockhead  of  a  fellow  who 
had  laid  hold  of  a  learned  man  by  the  collar, 
and  was  treating  him  most  disrespectfully. 
He  said:  Had  this  been  a  wise  man  he  would 
never  have  permitted  his  concerns  with 
an  ignoramus  to  come  rto  this  pass. — (( Strife 
and  malignity  occur  not  between  two  men 
of  sense.  A  wise  man  will  not  dispute  with 
one  that  is  hasty.  If  an  ignoramus  is  harsh 
in  his  rude  brutality,  a  prudent  man  will  soothe 
him  with  mild  urbanity.  A  hair  can  keep  two 
good  and  holy  men  together,  notwithstanding 
they  are  arguing  a  difference  of  opinion ;  but 
if  both  sides  are  contentious  and  brutal,  though 
it  were  an  iron  chain,  they  would  tear  it 
asunder. " — From  the  <c  GulistanP 

Life  and  Wealth. — Riches  are  intended  for 
the  comfort  of  life,  and  not  life  for  the  pur- 
pose of  hoarding  riches.  I  asked  a  wise  man, 
saying :  Who  is  the  fortunate  man,  and  who  is 
the  unfortunate  ?  He  said  :  That  man  was  for- 
tunate who  spent  and  gave  away,  and  that 
man  unfortunate  who  died  and  left  behind  :  — 
((Pray  not  for  that  good-for-nothing  man  who 
did  nothing,  for  he  passed  his  life  in  hoarding 
riches,  and  did  not  spend  them." — From  the 
«  Gulistan.v 

Two  Who  Labored  in  Vain. — Two  persons 
labored  to  a  vain,  and  studied  to  an  unprofitable 
end:  he  who  hoarded  wealth  and  did  not  spend 
it,  and  he  who  acquired  science  and  did  not 
practice  it :  — (<  However  much  thou  art  read  in 
theory,  if  thou  hast  no  practice  thou  art  igno- 
rant. He  is  neither  a  sage  philosopher  nor  an 
acute  divine,  but  a  beast  of  burden  with  a  load 
of  books.  How  can  that  brainless  head  know 
or  comprehend  whether  he  carries  on  his  back 
a  library  or  a  bundle  of  f agots  ?  »  —  From  the 
M  Gulis/an.n 

The  Man  Who  Fired  His  Harvest. —Learn- 
ing is  intended  to  fortify  religious  practice,  and 
not  to  gratify  worldly  traffic  :  —  Whoever  pros- 
tituted his  temperance,  piety,  and  science, 
gathered  his  harvest  into  a  heap  and  set  fire  to 
it.  —  From  the  «Gnlistan.n 

The  Learned  Fool.  —  An  intemperate  man  of 
learning  is  like  a  blind  linkboy :  he  shows 
the  road  to  others,  but  sees  it  not  himself :  — 
«  Whoever  ventured  his  life  on  an  unproduc- 
tive hazard  gained  nothing  by  the  risk,  and 
lost    his    own   stake."  —From  the  "Gulistan.^ 


3992 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


Against  Pardoning  Oppressors.— To  com- 
passionate the  wicked  is  to  tyrannize  over  the 
good;  and  to  pardon  the  oppressor  is  to  deal 
harshly  with  the  oppressed :  — (( When  thou 
patronizest  and  succorest  the  base-born  man,  he 
looks  to  be  made  the  partner  of  thy  fortune."  — 
From  the  (<  Gulistan .w 

The  Wisdom  of  Old  Time.—  Reveal  not  every 
secret  you  have  to  a  friend,  for  how  can  you  tell 
but  that  friend  may  hereafter  become  an  enemy. 
And  bring  not  all  the  mischief  you  are  able  to 
do  upon  an  enemy,  for  he  may  one  day  become 
your  friend.  And  any  private  affair  that  you 
wish  to  keep  secret,  do  not  divulge  to  anybody  ; 
for,  though  such  a  person  has  your  confidence, 
none  can  be  so  true  to  your  secret  as  yourself : 
— <(  Silence  is  safer  than  to  communicate  the 
thought  of  thy  mind  to  anybody,  and  to  warn 
him,  saying :  Do  not  divulge  it,  O  silly  man ! 
confine  the  water  at  the  dam-head,  for  once  it 
has  a  vent  thou  canst  not  stop  it.  Thoushouldst 
not  utter  a  word  in  secret  which  thou  wouldst 
not  have  spoken  in  the  face  of  the  public. M  — 
From  the  (< Gulistan?^ 

SALLUST     (Rome,  86-34  B.C.) 

Mind  and  Body. — Our  whole  strength  re- 
sides in  the  powers  of  the  mind  and  body ; 
while  we  are  willing  to  submit  to  the  direc- 
tions of  the  former,  we  are  anxious  to  render 
the  body  subservient  to  our  will.  The  one  is 
common  to  us  with  the  gods ;  the  other  with 
the  lower  animals. —  Cat.  i. 

Be  Sure  You're  Right.— Before  one  begins, 
there  is  need  of  forethought,  and  after  we  have 
carefully  considered,  there  is  need  of  speedy 
execution. —  Cat.  i. 

Efficiency. —  He  and  he  alone  seems  to  me 
to  have  the  full  enjoyment  of  his  existence, 
who,  in  whatever  employment  he  may  be  en- 
gaged, seeks  for  the  reputation  arising  from 
some  praiseworthy  deed,  or  the  exercise  of 
some  useful  talent.  But  in  the  great  variety 
of  employments,  nature  points  out  different 
paths  to  different  individuals. —  Cat.  ii. 

The  Intoxication  of  Prosperity. —  The  truth 
is,  prosperity  unhinges  the  minds  of  the  wise ; 
much  less  could  they,  with  their  corrupt  habits, 
be  expected  to  refrain  from  abusing  their  vic- 
tory.—  Cat.  ii. 

The  Low  and  the  High.— Those  who  pass  their 
lives  sunk  in  obscurity,  if  they  have  committed 
any  offense  through  the  impulse  of  passion,  few 
know  of  it;  their  reputation  and  fortune  are 
alike ;  those  who  are  in  great  command  and  in 
an  exalted  station,  have  their  deeds  known  to 
all  men.  Thus,  in  the  highest  condition  of  life, 
there  is  the  least  freedom  of  action.  They 
ought  to  show  neither  partiality  nor  hatred,  but 
least  of  all  resentment ;  what  in  others  is  called 
hastiness  of  temper  is  in  those  invested  with 
power  styled  haughtiness  and  cruelty. —  Cat.  ii. 

SANDERSON,  JOHN     (America,  1783-1844) 

Dining  in  Paris.— The  English  are  before 
all  nations    in  bulldogs ;  perhaps    also  in  mor- 


als ;  but  for  the  art  of  dressing  themselves  and 
their  dinners  the  first  honors  are  due  by  gen- 
eral acknowledgment  to  the  French.  The 
French  are  therefore  entitled  to  our  first  and 
most  serious  consideration. 

The  Revolution  having  broken  up  the  French 
clerical  nobility,  cookery  was  brought  out  from 
the  cloisters,  and  made  to  breathe  the  free  and 
ventilated  air  of  common  life,  and  talents  no 
longer  engrossed  by  the  few  were  forced  into 
the  service  of  the  community.  A  taste  was 
spread  abroad,  and  a  proper  sense  of  gastron- 
omy impressed  upon  the  public  mind.  Eat- 
ing houses,  or  restaurans  and  cafes,  multiplied, 
and  skill  was  brought  out  by  competition  to 
the  highest  degree  of  cultivation  and  develop- 
ment. The  number  of  such  houses  now  in 
Paris  alone  exceeds  six  thousand.  But  the 
shortest  way  to  give  value  to  a  professionals  to 
bestow  honor  and  reward  upon  those  who  ad- 
minister its  duties,  and  to  this  policy,  nowhere 
so  well  understood  as  in  Paris,  the  French 
kitchen  chiefly  owes  its  celebrity. —  From 
<(  The  French  and  English  Kitchen* 

SAVONAROLA     (Italy,  1452-1498) 

Deed  and  Word.  — One  only  knows  that 
which  he  practices. 

Elegance  of  language  must  give  way  before 
simplicity  in  preaching  sound  doctrine. 

SCHAFF,  PHILIP  (Germany-America,  1819- 
1893) 

Religion  and  Liberty.  —  Religion  and  liberty 
are  inseparable.  Religion  is  voluntary,  and 
cannot  and  ought  not  to  be  forced. 

This  is  a  fundamental  article  of  the  Ameri- 
can creed,  without  distinction  of  sect  or  party. 
Liberty,  both  civil  and  religious,  is  an  American 
instinct.  All  natives  suck  it  in  with  the  mother's 
milk  ;  all  immigrants  accept  it  as  a  happy  boon, 
especially  those  who  flee  from  oppression  and 
persecution  abroad.  Even  those  who  reject  the 
modern  theory  of  liberty  enjoy  the  practice, 
and  would  defend  it  in  their  own  interest  against 
any  attempt  to  overthrow  it.  — ^Church  and 
State  in  the_ United  States*     1888. 

SCHURZ,  CARL  (Germany-America,  1829-) 

The  Greatest  Task  for  Education.  — The 
great  war  that  education  has  to  carry  on  in  so- 
ciety is  a  war  against  the  brutal  self-assertion  of 
vulgar  wealth,  with  no  quarter  for  the  pleasure- 
hunting  idler,  and  merciless  contempt  and  ridi- 
cule for  the  snob.  The  prize  of  this  contest  is 
that  the  rich  man  shall  gain  his  social  position 
not  by  the  mere  fact  of  his  possessing  wealth, 
but  by  the  manner  in  which  he  employs  his 
wealth  for  worthy  ends  ;  and  when  that  prize  is 
won  by  the  influence  of  educational  and  intel- 
lectual superiority,  wealth  itself  will  be  subju- 
gated for  the  promotion  of  true  culture  and  all 
its  elevating  influences. 

SEDGWICK,  CATHERINE  M.     (America,  1789- 
1867) 
The  Sabbath  in  New  England. —  The  observ- 
ance of  the  Sabbath  began  with  the  Puritans,  as 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3993 


it  still  does  with  a  great  portion  of  their  descend- 
ants, on  Saturday  night.  At  the  going  down 
of  the  sun  on  Saturday,  all  temporal  affairs 
were  suspended ;  and  so  zealously  did  our 
fathers  maintain  the  letter,  as  well  as  the  spirit 
of  the  law,  that,  according  to  a  vulgar  tradi- 
tion in  Connecticut,  no  beer  was  brewed  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  week,  lest  it  should  presume 
to  (<  work w  on  Sunday. 

It  must  be  confessed  that  the  tendency  of 
the  age  is  to  laxity;  and  so  rapidly  is  the 
wholesome  strictness  of  primitive  times  abating, 
that,  should  some  antiquary,  fifty  years  hence, 
in  exploring  his  garret  rubbish,  chance  to  cast 
his  eye  on  our  humble  pages,  he  may  be  sur- 
prised to  learn  that  even  now  the  Sabbath  is 
observed,  in  the  interior  of  New  England,  with 
an  almost  Judaical  severity. 

The  Sabbath  morning  is  as  peaceful  as  the 
first  hallowed  day.  Not  a  human  sound  is 
heard  without  the  dwellings,  and  but  for  the 
lowing  of  the  herds,  the  crowing  of  the  cocks, 
and  the  gossiping  of  the  birds,  animal  life 
would  seem  to  be  extinct,  till,  at  the  bidding 
of  the  church-going  bell,  the  old  and  young 
issue  from  their  habitations,  and,  with  solemn 
demeanor,  bend  their  measured  steps  to  the 
meetinghouse;  —  the  families  of  the  minister, 
the  squire,  the  doctor,  the  merchant,  the  modest 
gentry  of  the  village,  and  the  mechanic  and 
laborer,  all  arrayed  in  their  best,  all  meeting 
on  even  ground,  and  all  with  that  conscious- 
ness of  independence  and  equality,  which 
breaks  down  the  pride  of  the  rich,  and  rescues 
the  poor  from  servility,  envy,  and  discontent. 
If  a  morning  salutation  is  reciprocated,  it  is  in 
a  suppressed  voice ;  and  if,  perchance,  nature, 
in  some  reckless  urchin,  burst  forth  in  laughter 
— (<  My  dear,  you  forget  it's  Sunday,0  is  the 
ever  ready  reproof.    .    .    . 

Towards  the  close  of  the  day  (or  to  borrow 
a  phrase  descriptive  of  his  feelings,  who  first 
used  it),  wwhen  the  Sabbath  begins  to  abate," 
the  children  cluster  about  the  windows.  Their 
eyes  wander  from  their  catechism  to  the  western 
sky,  and,  though  it  seems  to  them  as  if  the  sun 
would  never  disappear,  his  broad  disk  does 
slowly  sink  behind  the  mountain ;  and,  while 
his  last  ray  still  lingers  on  the  eastern  summits, 
merry  voices  break  forth,  and  the  ground  re- 
sounds with  bounding  footsteps.  The  village 
belle  arrays  herself  for  her  twilight  walk  ;  the 
boys  gather  on  (<  the  green  »  ;  the  lads  and  girls 
throng  to  the  (<  singing  school n  ;  while  some 
coy  maiden  lingers  at  home,  awaiting  her  ex- 
pected suitor;  and  all  enter  upon  the  pleasures 
of  the  evening  with  as  keen  a  relish  as  if  the 
day  had  been  a  preparatory  penance. —  From 
«  Hope  Leslie? 

SELDEN,  JOHN     (England,  1584-1654) 

Ceremony. —  Ceremony  keeps  up  things; 'tis 
like  a  penny  glass  to  a  rich  spirit,  or  some  ex- 
cellent water;  without  it  the  water  were  spilt, 
and  the  spirit  lost.  \ 


Profession  and  Practice.— They  that  cry 
down  moral  honesty  cry  down  that  which  is  a 
great  part  of  my  religion — my  duty  toward 
God  and  my  duty  toward  man.  What  care  I 
to  see  a  man  run  after  a  sermon,  if  he  cozen 
and  cheat  as  soon  as  he  comes  home  ?  On 
the  other  side,  morality  must  not  be  without 
religion ;  for  if  so,  it  may  change,  as  I  see  con- 
venience.    Religion  must  govern  it. 

SENECA,  LUCIUS  ANNffiUS  (Rome,  4  B.  C- 
65  A.D.) 
Patience  with  Error. —  A  physician  is  not 
angry  at  the  intemperance  of  a  mad  patient, 
nor  does  he  take  it  ill  to  be  railed  at  by  a 
man  in  a  fever.  Just  so  should  a  wise  man 
treat  all  mankind,  as  a  physician  does  his 
patient,  and  look  upon  them  only  as  sick  and 
extravagant. 

Joy  as  Serenity. —  True  joy  is  a  serene  and 
sober  motion :  and  they  are  miserably  out,  that 
take  laughing  for  rejoicing  :  the  seat  of  it  is 
within,  and  there  is  no  cheerfulness  like  the  reso- 
lutions of  a  brave  mind. 

Self-Control. —  I  will  have  a  care  of  being  a 
slave  to  myself,  for  it  is  a  perpetual,  a  shame- 
ful, and  the  heaviest  of  all  servitudes  ;  and  this 
may  be  done  by  moderate  desires. 

Perseverance. —  An  obstinate  resolution  gets 
the  better  of  every  obstacle,  and  shows  that 
there  is  no  difficulty  to  him  who  has  resolved  to 
be  patient. — De  Ira  ii.  12. 

The  Path  to  a  Happy  Life. —  The  path  lead- 
ing to  a  happy  life  is  easy  ;  only  enter  upon  it 
boldly  with  the  favor  of  the  gods. — De  Ira  ii.  13. 

The  Education  of  the  Young.— Education 
requires  great  diligence,  which  will  be  very 
profitable.  For  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  fashion 
tender  minds;  evil  habits  are  with  difficulty 
rooted  out,  which  have  grown  up  with  our  growth. 
— De  Ira.  ii.  18. 

«We  Are  All  Wicked."— We  are  all  wicked. 
Therefore,  whatever  we  blame  in  another,  we 
shall  find  in  our  own  bosom.  Let  us  then  be  for- 
giving to  one  another,  for,  being  of  evil  inclina- 
tions ourselves,  we  live  in  an  evil  world.  One 
thing  alone  can  enable  us  to  live  at  peace,  mu- 
tual forgiveness. — De  Ira  Hi.  26. 

The  Irrevocable  Past.— No  one  will  restore 
the  years  gone  past,  no  one  will  return  thee  to 
thyself.  Thy  days  will  go  on  as  they  have  done 
hitherto,  nor  canst  thou  recall  nor  cause  them  to 
halt ;  they  will  move  on  without  noise  and  with- 
out warning  these  of  their  speed  ;  they  will  glide 
on  with  silent  step.—  De  Brevit.  Vit.  8. 

The  Error  of  One  Man  Causes  Another  to 
Err.— As  often  happens  in  a  great  crowd  of 
men,  when  the  people  press  against  each  other, 
no  one  falls  without  drawing  another  after  him, 
and  the  foremost  are  the  cause  of  the  ruin  of 
those  that  follow  ;  so  it  is  in  common  life  ;  there 
is  no  man  that  erreth  to  himself,  but  is  the  cause 
and  author  of  other  men's  error.—  De  Vit. 
Beat.  1. 


3994 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


SEVIGNE,  MARIE  DE     (France,  1626-1696) 

Tlie  Blessing  of  Good  Nature. —  I  cannot 
tell  how  much  I  esteem  and  admire  your  good 
and  happy  temperament.  What  folly  not  to 
take  advantage  of  circumstances,  and  enjoy 
gratefully  the  consolations  which  God  sends  us 
after  the  afflictive  dispensations  which  he  some- 
times sees  proper  to  make  us  feel !  It  seems  to 
me  to  be  a  proof  of  great  wisdom  to  submit 
with  resignation  to  the  storm,  and  enjoy  the 
calm  when  it  pleases  him  to  give  it  us  again : 
that  is,  to  follow  the  established  order  of  Provi- 
dence. Life  is  too  short  to  rest  too  long  on  the 
same  feeling;  we  must  take  circumstances  as 
they  come,  and  I  feel  that  I  am  of  this  happy 
temperament :  «And  I  pride  myself  on  it,M  as 
the  Italians  say. —  Lettre  a  Bussy,  77. 

Talking  of  Ourselves. — We  like  so  much 
to  talk  of  ourselves  that  we  are  never  weary  of 
those  private  interviews  with  a  lover  during  the 
course  of  whole  years,  and  for  the  same  reason 
the  devout  like  to  spend  much  time  with  their 
confessor  :  it  is  the  pleasure  of  talking  of  them- 
selves, even  though  it  be  to  talk  ill. —  Lettre  a 
safille,  95. 

SEWARD,  WILLIAM  H.  (America,  1801-1872) 
War  and  Democracy.  —  Democracies  are 
prone  to  war,  and  war  consumes  them.  —  Eulogy 
on  John  Quincv  Adams,  Delivered  before  the, 
Legislature  of  New  York. 

SHAFTESBURY,    EARL    OF      (England,    1671- 

1713) 
Doing  Good.  —  Never  did  any  soul  do  good, 
but  it  became  readier  to  do  the  same  again,  with 
more  enjoyment.  Never  was  love,  or  gratitude, 
or  bounty  practiced  but  with  increasing  joy, 
which  made  the  practicer  still  more  in  love  with 
the  fair  act. 

One  Grain  of  Honesty  Worth  the  World. 

—  A  right  mind  and  generous  affection  hath 
more  beauty  and  charms  than  all  other  symme- 
tries in  the  world  besides ;  and  a  grain  of  hon- 
esty and  native  worth  is  of  more  value  than  all 
the  adventitious  ornaments,  estates,  or  prefer- 
ments for  the  sake  of  which  some  of  the  better 
sort  so  oft  turn  knaves. 

The  Sum  of  Philosophy. —  To  philosophize 
in  a  just  signification  is  but  to  carry  good  breed- 
ing a  step  higher.  For  the  accomplishment  of 
breeding  is,  to  learn  what  is  decent  in  company, 
or  beautiful  in  arts  ;  and  the  sum  of  philosophy 
is,  to  learn  what  is  just  in  society,  and  beautiful 
in  nature  and  the  order  of  the  world. 

Freedom  as  the  Origin  of  Politeness.— All 
politeness  is  owing  to  liberty.  We  polish  one 
another,  and  rub  off  our  corners  and  rough  sides 
by  a  sort  of  amicable  collision.  To  restrain  this 
is  inevitably  to  bring  a  rust  upon  men's  under- 
standings. 

The  Gentleman. —  The  taste  of  beauty,  and 
the  relish  of  what  is  decent,  just,  and  amiable, 
perfects  the  character  of  the  gentleman  and 
the    philosopher.     And   the   study   of    such    a 


taste  or  relish  will,  as  we  suppose,  be  ever  the 
great  employment  and  concern  of  him  who 
covets  as  well  to  be  wise  and  good,  as  agree- 
able and  polite. 

SHENSTONE,  WILLIAM  (England,  1714-1763) 
Envy  and  Fine  Weather. —  There  is  nothing 
more  universally  commended  than  a  fine  day ; 
the  reason  is,  that  people  can  commend  it 
without  envy. 

Servants. —  The  trouble  occasioned  by  want 
of  a  servant  is  so  much  less  than  the  plague 
of  a  bad  one,  as  it  is  less  painful  to  clean  a 
pair  of  shoes  than  undergo  an  excess  of  anger. 

SIDNEY,  SIR  PHILIP     (England,  1534-1586) 

Four  Wise  Sayings. —  The  only  disadvantage 
of  an  honest  heart  is  credulity. 

It  many  times  falls  out,  that  we  deem  our- 
selves much  deceived  in  others,  because  we  first 
deceived  ourselves. 

The  lightsome  countenance  of  a  friend  giveth 
such  an  inward  decking  to  the  house  where  it 
lodgeth,  as  proudest  palaces  have  cause  to  envy 
the  gilding. 

True  love  can  no  more  be  diminished  by 
showers  of  evil  than  flowers  are  marred  by  timely 
rains. 

SIMMS,  WILLIAM  GILMORE  (America,  1806- 
1870) 

Reality  and  Romance. —  The  world  has  be- 
come monstrous  matter-of-fact  in  latter  days. 
We  can  no  longer  get  a  ghost  story  either  for  love 
or  money.  The  materialists  have  it  all  their  own 
way ;  and  even  the  little  urchin,  eight  years  old, 
instead  of  deferring  with  decent  reverence  to 
the  opinions  of  his  grandmamma,  now  stands 
up  stoutly  for  his  own.  He  believes  in  every 
(<  ology  M  but  pneumatology.  tt  Faust w  and  the 
(<  Old  Woman  of  Berkeley  M  move  his  derision 
only,  and  he  would  laugh  incredulously,  if  he 
dared,  at  the  Witch  of  Endor.  The  whole 
armory  of  modern  reasoning  is  on  his  side  ;  and, 
however  he  may  admit  at  seasons  that  belief 
can  scarcely  be  counted  a  matter  of  will,  he 
yet  puts  his  veto  on  all  sorts  of  credulity.  That 
cold-blooded  demon  called  Science  has  taken 
the  place  of  all  the  other  demons.  He  has 
certainly  cast  out  innumerable  devils,  however 
he  may  still  spare  the  principal.  Whether  we 
are  the  better  for  his  intervention  is  another 
question.  There  is  reason  to  apprehend  that 
in  disturbing  our  human  faith  in  shadows,  we 
have  lost  some  of  those  wholesome  moral  re- 
straints which  might  have  kept  many  of  us 
virtuous,  where  the  laws  could  not. 

The  effect,  however,  is  much  the  more  se- 
riously evil  in  all  that  concerns  the  romantic. 
Our  story-tellers  are  so  resolute  to  deal  in  the 
real,  the  actual  only,  that  they  venture  on  no  sub- 
jects the  details  of  which  are  not  equally  vul- 
gar and  susceptible  of  proof.  With  this  end 
in  view,  indeed,  they  too  commonly  choose 
their  subjects  among  convicted  felons,  in  order 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


3995 


that  they  may  avail  themselves  of  the  evidence 
which  led  to  their  conviction ;  and,  to  prove 
more  conclusively  their  devoted  adherence  to 
nature  and  the  truth,  they  depict  the  former 
not  only  in  her  condition  of  nakedness,  but 
long  before  she  has  found  out  the  springs  of 
running  water.  It  is  to  be  feared  that  some 
of  the  coarseness  of  modern  taste  arises  from  the 
too  great  lack  of  that  veneration  which  be- 
longed to,  and  elevated  to  dignity,  even  the 
errors  of  preceding  ages.  A  love  of  the  mar- 
velous belongs,  it  appears  to  me,  to  all  those 
who  love  and  cultivate  either  of  the  fine  arts.  I 
very  much  doubt  whether  the  poet,  the  painter, 
the  sculptor,  or  the  romancer,  ever  yet  lived, 
who  had  not  some  strong  bias, —  a  leaning,  at 
least, —  to  a  belief  in  the  wonders  of  the  in- 
visible world.  Certainly,  the  higher  orders  of 
poets  and  painters,  those  who  create  and  in- 
vent, must  have  a  strong  taint  of  the  super- 
stitious in  their  composition. —  From  <(  The 
Wigwam  and  the  Cabin. n 

SMITH,  GOLDWIN     (England,  1823-) 

The  Christian  Ideal  and  Science. —  Is  the 
Christian  Ideal  anti-scientific  ?  Why  should  it 
be  so  ?  What  is  there  in  it  opposed  to  the  love 
of  any  kind  of  truth  ?  Is  not  its  self-devotion 
favorable,  on  the  contrary,  to  earnest  and  con- 
scientious investigation,  and  has  not  this 
appeared  in  the  characters  of  eminent  discov- 
erers ?  In  Monotheism  there  can  be  nothing 
at  variance  with  the  conception  or  with  the 
study  of  general  law.  Mr.  Spencer  tenders  us 
an  equivalent  for  the  Divine  Will,  the  Will  of 
the  Power  manifested  throughout  Evolution, 
and  it  can  make  no  difference  to  the  scientific 
inquirer  which  of  the  two  equivalents  is  chosen 
so  long  as  observation  is  free.  That  belief  in 
miracle  has  practically  interfered  with  the 
formation  of  the  scientific  habit  of  mind,  and 
thus  retarded  the  progress  of  science,  is  true ; 
though  it  need  not  have  done  anything  of  the 
kind,  inasmuch  as  miracle,  instead  of  denying, 
assumes  the  general  law,  and  Newton  was  a 
firm  believer  in  miracle ;  but  the  Moral  Ideal 
is  a  thing  apart  from  miracle.  In  the  only 
prayer  dictated  by  Christ,  the  physical  petition 
implies  no  more  than  that  the  course  of  Nature 
to  which  we  owe  our  daily  bread  is  sustained 
by  God,  as  sustained  by  some  power  it  must 
be.  Prayer  for  spiritual  help,  however  irra- 
tional it  may  be  deemed,  cannot  possibly  in- 
terfere with  physical  investigation.  That  the 
character  of  Christ  should  be  scientific  was  of 
course  impossible ;  so  it  is  that  the  characters 
of  Christians  who  lived  before  science  or  re- 
mote from  it  should  be  scientific ;  but  surely 
there  are  enough  men  who  are  scientific  and 
at  the  same  time  believers  in  the  Christian 
Ideal  to  repel  the  assumption  of  an  inherent 
antagonism. —  From  the  Contemporary  Review. 

SMITH,    CAPTAIN   JOHN    (England-Virginia, 
IS79-1631) 
On    Colonizing. —  What  so   truly  sutes  with 
honour  and  honestie,  as  the  discovering  things 


unknowne  ?  erecting  Townes,  peopling  Coun- 
tries, informing  the  ignorant,  reforming  things 
unjust,  teaching  vertue ;  and  gaine  to  our  Na- 
tive mother-countrie  a  kingdom  to  attend  her ; 
finde  employment  for  those  that  are  idle,  be- 
cause they  know  not  what  to  doe:  so  farre 
from  wronging  any,  as  to  cause  Posteritie  to 
remember  thee;  and  remembering  thee,  ever 
honour  that  remembrance  with  praise  ?  Con- 
sider :  What  were  the  beginnings  and  endings 
of  the  Monarkies  of  the  Chaldeans,  the  Syrians, 
the  Grecians,  and  Romanes,  but  this  one  rule  ; 
What  was  it  they  would  not  doe,  for  the  good 
of  the  common-wealth,  or  their  Mother-citie  ? 
For  example  :  Rome,  What  made  her  such  a 
Monarchesse,  but  only  the  adventures  of  her 
youth,  not  in  riots  at  home ;  but  in  dangers 
abroade  ?  and  the  justice  and  judgment  out  of 
their  experience,  when  they  grewe  aged.  What 
was  their  mine  and  hurt,  but  this ;  The  excesse 
of  idlenesse,  the  fondnesse  of  Parents,  the  want 
of  experience  in  Magistrates,  the  admiration  of 
their  undeserved  honors,  the  contempt  of  true 
merit,  their  unjust  jealousies,  their  politicke  in- 
credulities, their  hypocriticall  seeming  good- 
nesse,  and  their  deeds  of  secret  lewdnesse  ? 
finally,  in  fine,  growing  only  formall  temporists, 
all  that  their  predecessors  got  in  many  years, 
they  lost  in  few  daies.  Those  by  their  pains 
and  vertues  became  Lords  of  the  world  ;  they 
by  their  ease  and  vices  became  slaves  to  their 
servants. —  From  a  Description  of  New  England. 

«Bagges  as  a  Defence.')— I  would  be  sorry 
to  offend,  or  that  any  one  should  mistake  my 
honest  meaning ;  for  I  wish  good  to  all,  hurt  to 
none.  But  rich  men  for  the  most  part  are  growne 
to  that  dotage,  through  their  pride  in  their 
wealth,  as  though  there  were  no  accident  could 
end  it,  or  their  life.  And  what  hellish  care 
do  such  take  to  make  it  their  owne  miserie,  and 
their  Countries'  spoile,  especially  when  there  is 
most  neede  of  their  employment  ?  drawing  by  all 
manner  of  inventions,  from  the  Prince  and  his 
honest  subjects,  even  the  vitall  spirits  of  their 
powers  and  estates  ;  as  if  their  Bagges  or  Brag- 
ges  were  so  powerfull  a  defence,  the  malicious 
could  not  assault  them ;  when  they  are  the 
only  baite,  to  cause  us  not  to  be  only  assaulted, 
but  betrayed  and  murdered  in  our  owne  security, 
ere  we  well  perceive  it. —  From  a  Description  of 
New  England. 

SMOLLETT,  TOBIAS     (Scotland,  1721-1771) 

The  Dullness  of  Great  Wits. —  In  my  last  I 
mentioned  my  having  spent  an  evening  with  a 
society  of  authors,  who  seemed  to  be  jealous 
and  afraid  of  one  another.  My  uncle  was  not 
at  all  surprised  to  hear  me  say  I  was  disap- 
pointed in  their  conversation.  <(  A  man  may 
be  very  entertaining  and  instructive  upon  pa- 
per,w  said  he,  c<  and  exceedingly  dull  in  com- 
mon discourse.  I  have  observed  that  those 
who  shine  most  in  private  company  are  but 
secondary  stars  in  the  constellation  of  genius. 
A  small  stock  of  ideas  is  more  easily  managed 
and  sooner  displayed     than    a   great    quantity 


3996 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


crowded  together. w — From  K  Humphrey  Clin- 
ker* 

SOCRATES     (Greece,  470-399  B.  C.) 

Against  Disputing. — If  thou  continuest  to 
take  delight  in  idle  argumentation,  thou  mayst 
be  qualified  to  combat  with  the  sophists,  but 
wilt  never  know  how  to  live  with  men. 

The  Reality  of  Ignorance. — There  is  no  dif- 
ference between  knowledge  and  temperance;  for 
he  who  knows  what  is  good  and  embraces  it, 
who  knows  what  is  bad  and  avoids  it,  is  learned 
and  temperate.  But  they  who  know  very  well 
what  ought  to  be  done,  and  yet  do  quite  other- 
wise, are  ignorant  and  stupid. 

SOUTH,  ROBERT  (England,  1633-1716) 
The  Revenges  and  Rewards  of  Conscience. 

— No  man  ever  offended  his  own  conscience, 
but  first  or  last  it  was  revenged  upon  him  for  it. 
.  .  .  A  palsy  may  as  well  shake  an  oak,  or 
a  fever  dry  up  a  fountain,  as  either  of  them 
shake,  dry  up,  or  impair  the  delight  of  con- 
science. For  it  lies  within,  it  centres  in  the 
heart,  it  grows  into  the  very  substance  of  the 
soul,  so  that  it  accompanies  a  man  to  his  grave  ; 
he  never  outlives  it,  and  that  for  this  cause  only 
because  he  cannot  outlive  himself. 

«An  Easy  and  Portable   Pleasure. w— The 

pleasure  of  the  religious  man  is  an  easy  and  port- 
able pleasure,  such  an  one  as  he  carries  about 
in  his  bosom,  without  alarming  either  the  eye  or 
the  envy  of  the  world.  A  man  putting  all  his 
pleasures  into  this  one  is  like  a  traveler's  put- 
ting all  his  goods  into  one  jewel ;  the  value  is 
the  same,  and  the  convenience  greater. 

SPARKS,  JARED     (America,  1789-1866) 

Indian  Eloquence.  —  With  a  strength  of 
character  and  a  reach  of  intellect,  unknown  in 
any  other  race  of  absolute  savages,  the  Indian 
united  many  traits,  some  of  them  honorable  and 
some  degrading  to  humanity,  which  made  him 
formidable  in  his  enmity,  faithless  in  his  friend- 
ship, and  at  all  times  a  dangerous  neighbor  : 
cruel,  implacable,  treacherous,  yet  not  without 
a  few  of  the  better  qualities  of  the  heart  and 
the  head ;  a  being  of  contrasts,  violent  in  his 
passions,  hasty  in  his  anger,  fixed  in  his  revenge, 
yet  cool  in  counsel,  seldom  betraying  his 
plighted  honor,  hospitable,  sometimes  generous. 
A  few  names  have  stood  out  among  them, 
which,  with  the  culture  of  civilization,  might 
have  been  shining  stars  on  the  lists  of  recorded 
fame.  Philip,  Pontiac,  Sassacus,  if  the  genius 
of  another  Homer  were  to  embalm  their  mem- 
ory, might  rival  the  Hectors  and  Agamemnons 
of  heroic  renown,  scarcely  less  savage,  not  less 
sagacious  or  brave. 

Indian  eloquence,  if  it  did  not  flow  with  the 
richness  of  Nestor's  wisdom  or  burn  with  Achil- 
les' fire,  spoke  in  the  deep  strong  tones  of  nature, 
and  resounded  from  the  chords  of  truth.  The 
answer  of  the  Iroquois  chief  to  the  French,  who 
wished  to  purchase  his  lands,  and  push  him 
further  into  the  wilderness,  Voltaire   has  pro- 


nounced superior  to  any  sayings  of  the  great 
men  commemorated  by  Plutarch.  H  We  were 
born  on  this  spot ;  our  fathers  were  buried  here. 
Shall  we  say  to  the  bones  of  our  fathers,  arise, 
and  go  with  us  into  a  strange  land  ?  * 

But  more  has  been  said  of  their  figurative 
language  than  seems  to  be  justified  by  modern 
experience.  Writers  of  fiction  have  distorted 
the  Indian  character,  and  given  us  anything  but 
originals.  Their  fancy  has  produced  sentimental 
Indians,  a  kind  of  beings  that  never  existed  in 
reality  ;  and  Indians  clothing  their  ideas  in  the 
gorgeous  imagery  of  external  nature,  which  they 
had  neither  the  refinement  to  conceive,  nor 
words  to  express.  In  truth,  when  we  have 
lighted  the  pipe  of  concord,  kindled  or  extin- 
guished a  council  fire,  buried  the  bloody  hatchet, 
sat  down  under  the  tree  of  peace  with  its  spread- 
ing branches,  and  brightened  the  chain  of  friend- 
ship, we  have  nearly  exhausted  their  flowers  of 
rhetoric.  But  the  imagery  prompted  by  internal 
emotion,  and  not  by  the  visible  world,  the  elo- 
quence of  condensed  thought  and  pointed  ex- 
pression, the  eloquence  of  a  diction  extremely 
limited  in  its  forms,  but  nervous  and  direct,  the 
eloquence  of  truth  unadorned  and  of  justice  un- 
disguised, these  are  often  found  in  Indian 
speeches,  and  constitute  their  chief  character- 
istic. 

Washington. —  Happy  was  it  for  America, 
happy  for  the  world,  that  a  great  name,  a 
guardian  genius,  presided  over  her  destinies  in 
war,  combining  more  than  the  virtues  of  the 
Roman  Fabius  and  the  Theban  Epaminondas, 
and  compared  with  whom  the  conquerors  of 
the  world,  the  Alexanders  and  Caesars,  are  but 
pageants  crimsoned  with  blood  and  decked 
with  the  trophies  of  slaughter,  objects  equally  of 
the  wonder  and  the  execration  of  mankind. 
The  hero  of  America  was  the  conqueror  only 
of  his  country's  foes,  and  the  hearts  of  his 
countrymen.  To  the  one  he  was  a  terror,  and 
in  the  other  he  gained  an  ascendency,  supreme, 
unrivaled,  the  tribute  of  admiring  gratitude,  the 
reward  of  a  nation's  love. — "Remarks  on  Amer- 
ican History.*    1837. 

STANTON,    ELIZABETH    CADY        (America, 
1815-) 
The  Enfranchisement  of  Woman. — We  ask 

woman's  enfranchisement,  as  the  first  step  toward 
the  recognition  of  that  essential  element  in 
government  that  can  only  secure  the  health, 
strength,  and  prosperity  of  the  nation.  What- 
ever is  done  to  lift  woman  to  her  true  position 
will  help  to  usher  in  a  new  day  of  peace  and 
perfection  for  the  race.—  Address  on  "Woman 
Suffrage*  Washington.    1868. 

STEELE,  SIR  RICHARD  (Ireland,  1672-1729) 
The  Happiest  Creature  Living.  —  An 
healthy  old  fellow,  that  is  not  a  fool,  is  the 
happiest  creature  living.  It  is  at  that  time  of 
life  only  men  enjoy  their  faculties  with  pleas- 
ure and  satisfaction.  It  is  then  we  have  noth- 
ing to  manage,  as  the  phrase  is ;  we  speak  the 
downright  truth,  and  whether   the  rest  of  the 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3997 


world  will  give  us  the  privilege  or  not,  we  have 
so  little  to  ask  of  them,  that  we  can  take  it. 

What  Will  Tranquilize  the  World. —  The 
world  will  never  be  in  any  manner  of  order  or 
tranquillity,  until  men  are  firmly  convinced  that 
conscience,  honor,  and  credit  are  all  in  one  in- 
terest ;  and  that  without  the  concurrence  of  the 
former,  the  latter  are  but  impositions  upon  our- 
selves and  others. 

The  Man  Makes  Manners. — I  take  it  for  a 
rule,  that  the  natural,  and  not  the  acquired  man, 
is  the  companion.  Learning,  wit,  gallantry,  and 
good  breeding,  are  all  but  subordinate  qualities 
in  society,  and  are  of  no  value,  but  as  they  are 
subservient  to  benevolence,  and  tend  to  a  cer- 
tain manner  of  being  or  appearing  equal  to  the 
rest  of  the  company. 

STEPHENS,  ALEXANDER  H.     (America,  1812- 
1883) 

The  Object  of  Society.  —  Many  writers 
maintain  that  individuals  upon  entering  into 
society,  give  up  or  surrender  a  portion  of  their 
natural  rights.  This  seems  to  be  a  manifest 
error.  No  person  has  any  natural  right  what- 
ever to  hurt  or  injure  another.  The  object  of 
society  and  government  is  to  prevent  and  re- 
dress injuries  of  this  sort ;  for,  in  a  state  of 
nature,  without  a  restraining  power  of  govern- 
ment, the  strong  would  viciously  impose  upon 
the  weak. 

Another  erroneous  dogma  pretty  generally 
taught  is  that  the  object  of  governments  should 
be  to  confer  the  greatest  benefit  upon  the 
greatest  number  of  its  constituent  members. 
The  true  doctrine  is,  the  object  should  be  to 
confer  the  greatest  possible  good  upon  every 
member,  without  any  detriment  or  injury  to  a 
single  one.  —  Fro?)i  the  Introduction  to  the  <( His- 
tory of  the  United  States?* 

STERNE,  LAURENCE     (England,  1713-1768) 

Eloquence  and  Nature. — Great  is  the  power 
of  eloquence  :  but  never  is  it  so  great  as  when 
it  pleads  along  with  nature,  and  the  culprit  is  a 
child  strayed  from  his  duty,  and  returned  to  it 
again  with  tears. 

The  Power  of  Trifles. — A  Word — a  Look, 
which  at  one  time  would  make  no  impression  — 
at  another  time  wounds  the  heart;  and  like  a 
shaft  flying  with  the  wind,  pierces  deep,  which, 
with  its  own  natural  force,  would  scarce  have 
reached  the  object  aimed  at. 

Misers  of  Health. —  People  who  are  always 
taking  care  of  their  health  are  like  misers,  who 
are  hoarding  up  a  treasure  which  they  have 
never  spirit  enough  to  enjoy. 

STEWART,  DUGALD     (Scotland,  1753-1828) 

Imitation  as  a  Governing  Power.— The  in- 
fluence of  this  principle  of  imitation  on  the  out- 
ward appearance  is  much  more  extensive  than 
we  are  commonly  disposed  to  suspect.  It  oper- 
ates, indeed,  chiefly  on  the  air  and  movements, 
without  producing  any  very  striking  effect  on 
the  material   form   in  its   quiescent   state.    So 


difficult,  however,  is  it  to  abstract  this  form  from 
its  habitual  accompaniments,  that  the  members 
of  the  same  community,  by  being  accustomed 
to  associate  from  their  infancy  in  the  intercourse 
of  private  life,  appear,  to  a  careless  observer, 
to  bear  a  much  closer  resemblance  to  each 
other  than  they  do  in  reality ;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  physical  diversities  which  are 
characteristical  of  different  nations  are  in  his 
estimation,  proportionally  magnified. 

The  Few  Who  Think.— There  are  very  few 
original  thinkers  in  the  world,  or  ever  have 
been ;  the  greatest  part  of  those  who  are  called 
philosophers,  have  adopted  the  opinions  of 
some  who  went  before  them. 

STORRS,  RICHARD  SALTER  (America,  1821-) 
Masterful  Courage.—  A  thorough  consent  of 
judgment,  conscience,  imagination,  affection, 
all  vitalized  and  active,  with  a  certain  invincible 
firmness  of  will,  as  the  effect  of  such  a  con- 
sent—  this  is  implied  in  a  really  abounding 
and  masterful  courage.  It  is  not  impatient. 
It  is  not  imperious.  It  is  not  the  creature  of 
fractious  and  vehement  will  power  in  man. 
It  is  never  allied  with  a  passionate  selfishness. 
It  is  associated  with  great  convictions,  has  its 
roots  in  profound  moral  experience,  is  nour- 
ished by  thoughts  of  God  and  the  hereafter. 
It  is  as  sensitive  and  gentle  in  spirit  as  it  is 
persistent  and  highly  resolved. —  Chance/tor's 
Oration  delivered  at  Union  College,  1883. 

STORY,  JOSEPH     (America,  1770-1845) 

Indian  Summer  in  New  England. —  It  is 
now  the  early  advance  of  autumn.  What  can 
be  more  beautiful  or  more  attractive  than  this 
season  in  New  England  ?  The  sultry  heat  of 
summer  has  passed  away ;  and  a  delicious 
coolness  at  evening  succeeds  the  genial  warmth 
of  the  day.  The  labors  of  the  husbandman  ap- 
proach their  natural  termination  :  and  he  glad- 
dens with  the  near  prospect  of  his  promised 
reward.  The  earth  swells  with  the  increase  of 
vegetation.  The  fields  wave  with  their  yellow 
and  luxuriant  harvests.  The  trees  put  forth  the 
darkest  foliage,  half  shading  and  half  revealing 
their  ripened  fruits,  to  tempt  the  appetite  of 
man,  and  proclaim  the  goodness  of  his  Creator 
Even  in  scenes  of  another  sort,  where  nature 
reigns  alone  in  her  own  majesty,  there  is  much 
to  awaken  religious  enthusiasm.  As  yet,  the 
forests  stand  clothed  in  their  dress  of  unde- 
cayed  magnificence.  The  winds,  that  rustle 
through  their  tops,  scarcely  disturb  the  silence 
of  the  shades  below.  The  mountains  and  the 
valleys  glow  in  warm  green,  of  lively  russet. 
The  rivulets  flow  on  with  a  noiseless  current, 
reflecting  back  the  images  of  many  a  glossy 
insect,  that  dips  his  wings  in  their  cooling 
waters.  The  mornings  and  evenings  are  still 
vocal  with  the  notes  of  a  thousand  warblers, 
which  plume  their  wings  for  a  later  flight. 
Above  all,  the  clear  blue  sky,  the  long  and 
sunny  calms,  the  scarcely  whispering  breezes, 
the  brilliant  sunsets,  lit  up  with  all  the  won- 
drous magnificence   of   light,  and    shade,    and 


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CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


color,  and  slowly  settling  down  into  a  pure  and 
transparent  twilight.  These,  these  are  days 
and  scenes,  which  even  the  cold  cannot  behold 
without  emotion  ;  but  on  which  the  meditative 
and  pious  gaze  with  profound  admiration ;  for 
they  breathe  of  holier  and  happier  regions  be- 
yond the  grave. —  From  his  Centennial  Discourse 
at  Salem. 

SUMNER,  CHARLES     (America,  1811-1874) 

Fame  and  Human  Happiness. —  Whatever 
may  be  the  temporary  applause  of  men,  or  the 
expressions  of  public  opinion,  it  may  be  asserted 
without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  no  true  and 
permanent  fame  can  be  founded,  except  in 
labors  which  promise  the  happiness  of  man- 
kind.—  True  Glory. 

SWIFT,  JONATHAN     (Ireland,  1667-1745) 

On  Repentance  in  Old  Age. —  When  men 
grow  virtuous  in  their  old  age  they  are  merely 
making  a  sacrifice  to  God  of  the  devil's  leavings 

Politeness  in  Conversation. — One  of  the 
best  rules  in  conversation  is,  never  to  say  a  thing 
which  any  of  the  company  can  reasonably  wish 
we  had  rather  left  unsaid  :  nor  can  there  any- 
thing be  well  more  contrary  to  the  ends  for 
which  people  meet  together,  than  to  part  un- 
satisfied with  each  other  or  themselves. 

Latent  Energy  in  Ordinary  People. —  Al- 
though men  are  accused  for  not  knowing  their 
own  weakness,  yet  perhaps  as  few  know  their 
own  strength.  It  is  in  men  as  in  soils,  where 
sometimes  there  is  a  vein  of  gold,  which  the 
owner  knows  not  of. 

TACITUS,  CORNELIUS  (Rome,  c.  55-117  A.  D.) 
How  Precedent  Comes.— All  those  things 
which  are  now  held  to  be  of  the  greatest  an- 
tiquity, were,  at  one  time,  new ;  and  what  we 
to-day  hold  up  by  example,  will  rank  hereafter 
as  a  precedent. 

Pliability  and  Liberality.— Vitellius  pos- 
sessed all  that  pliability  and  liberality,  which, 
when  not  restrained  within  due  bounds,  must 
ever  turn  to  the  ruin  of  their  possessor. 

Distempers  of  the  Heart. —  Chronic  dis- 
eases of  the  body  thou  canst  not  cure  except 
by  harsh  and  violent  remedies  ;  the  heart,  too, 
sick  to  the  very  core  with  vice,  corrupted  and 
corrupting,  requires  an  antidote  as  strong  as 
the  poison  that  inflames  our  passions. —  Ann. 
in.  S4- 

When  Gratitude  Is  Possible. —  Obligations 
are  only  acknowledged  when  it  seems  in  our 
power  to  requite  them ;  if  they  exceed  our  abil- 
ity, gratitude  gives  way  to  our  hatred. —  Ann. 
iv.  18. 

Tbe  Little  Causes  of  Great  Results.— It 
would  not  be  without  advantage  to  examine 
these  things,  slight  indeed  in  appearance,  but 
which  are  often  the  secret  springs  of  the  most 
important  events. —  Ann.  iv.  32. 

Life's  Great  Reward. —  Piles  of  stones  when 
the  judgment   of   posterity  rises    to   execration 


are  mere  charnel  houses.  I  now,  therefore,  ad- 
dress myself  to  thy  allies  of  the  empire,  the 
citizens  of  Rome,  and  the  immortal  gods ;  to 
the  gods  it  is  my  prayer  that,  to  the  end  of 
life,  they  may  grant  the  blessing  of  an  undis- 
turbed, clear,  collected  mind,  with  a  due  sense 
of  laws,  both  human  and  divine.  Of  mankind 
I  request  that,  when  I  am  no  more,  they  will 
do  justice  to  my  memory,  and  with  kind  ac- 
knowledgments, record  my  name  and  the  actions 
of  my  life. —  Ann.  iv.  38. 

TALLEYRAND     (France,  1754-1838) 

Tbe  Liar's  Idea. —  Language  is  often  but  a 
medium  for  concealing  thought. 

TAYLOR,  BAYARD     (America,  1825-1878) 

Crossing  the  Arctic  Circle.— We  started 
from  Haparanda  at  noon,  on  the  fifth  of  January. 
The  day  was  magnificent ;  the  sky  cloudless, 
and  resplendent  as  polished  steel ;  and  the  mer- 
cury 310  below  zero.  The  sun,  scarcely  more 
than  the  breadth  of  his  disk  above  the  horizon, 
shed  a  faint  orange  light  over  the  broad,  level 
snow  plains,  and  the  bluish-white  hemisphere  of 
the  Bothnian  Gulf,  visible  beyond  Tornea.  The 
air  was  perfectly  still,  and  exquisitely  cold  and 
bracing,  despite  the  sharp  grip  it  took  upon  my 
nose  and  ears. 

These  Arctic  days,  short  as  they  are,  have  a 
majesty  of  their  own  —  a  splendor,  subdued 
though  it  be ;  a  breadth  and  permanence  of 
hue,  imparted  alike  to  the  sky  and  to  the  snowy 
earth,  as  if  tinted  glass  were  held  before  your 
eyes.  I  find  myself  at  a  loss  how  to  describe 
these  effects,  or  the  impression  they  produced 
upon  the  traveler's  mood.  Certainly,  it  is  the 
very  reverse  of  that  depression  which  accom- 
panies the  Polar  night,  and  which  even  the 
absence  of  any  real  daylight  might  be  consid- 
ered sufficient  to  produce. 

Our  road  led  up  the  left  bank  of  the  river, 
both  sides  of  which  were  studded  with  neat 
little  villages.  The  country  was  well  cleared 
and  cultivated,  and  appeared  so  populous  and 
flourishing  that  I  could  scarcely  realize  in  what 
part  of  the  world  we  were.  The  sun  set  at  a 
quarter  past  one,  but  for  two  hours  the  whole 
southern  heaven  was  superb  in  its  hues  of  rose 
and  orange.  At  three  o'clock,  when  we  reached 
Kuckula,  the  first  station,  the  northern  sky  was 
one  broad  flush  of  the  purest  violet,  melting  into 
lilac  at  the  zenith,  where  it  met  the  fiery  skirts 
of  sunset.  At  four  o'clock  it  was  bright  and 
moonlight,  with  the  stillest  air.  We  got  on 
bravely  over  the  level,  beaten  road,  and  in  two 
hours  reached  Korpikyla,  a  large  new  inn,  where 
we  found  very  tolerable  accommodations. 

The  next  day  was  a  day  to  be  remembered  : 
such  a  glory  of  twilight  splendors  for  six  full 
hours  was  beyond  all  the  charms  of  daylight  at 
any  zone.  We  started  at  seven,  with  a  temper- 
ature of  200  below  zero,  still  keeping  up  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tornea.  The  country  now  rose  into 
bold  hills,  and  the  features  of  the  scenery 
became  broad  and  majestic.  The  northern  sky 
was  again  pure  violet,  and  a  pale  red  tinge  from 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


3999 


the  dawn  rested  on  the  tops  of  the  snowy  hills. 
The  prevailing  color  of  the  sky  slowly  bright- 
ened into  lilac,  then  into  pink,  then  rose  color, 
which  again  gave  way  to  a  flood  of  splendid 
orange  when  the  sun  appeared.  Every  change 
of  color  affected  the  tone  of  the  landscape. 

The  woods,  so  wrapped  in  snow  that  not  a 
single  green  needle  was  to  be  seen,  took  by 
turns  the  hues  of  the  sky,  and  seemed  to  give 
out,  rather  than  to  reflect,  the  opalescent,  lustre 
of  the  morning.  The  sunshine  brightened  in- 
stead of  dispelling  these  effects.  At  noon  the 
sun's  disk  was  not  more  than  i°  above  the  hori- 
zon, throwing  a  level  golden  light  on  the  hills. 
The  north,  before  us,  was  as  blue  as  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  the  vault  of  heaven  overhead 
canopied  us  with  pink.  Every  object  was  glo- 
rified and  transfigured  in  the  magic  glow. 

We  kept  a  sharp  lookout  for  the  mountain  of 
Avasaxa,  one  of  the  stations  of  Celsius,  Mau- 
pertius,  and  the  French  Academicians,  who 
came  here  in  1736,  to  make  observations  de- 
termining the  exact  form  of  the  earth.  Through 
this  mountain,  it  is  said,  the  Arctic  Circle 
passes,  and  as  Matarengi  lies  due  west  of 
Avasaxa,  across  the  river,  we  decided  to  stop 
there,  and  take  dinner  on  the  Arctic  Circle. 
Here  we  were,  at  last,  entering  the  Arctic  Zone  in 
the  dead  of  winter  —  the  realization  of  a  dream 
which  had  often  flashed  across  my  mind,  when 
lounging  under  the  tropical  palms  ;  so  natural  is 
it  for  one  extreme  to  suggest  the  opposite.  I 
took  our  bearings  with  a  compass  ring,  as  we 
drove  forward,  and  as  the  summit  of  Avasaxa 
bore  due  east,  we  both  gave  a  shout  which 
startled  our  postilion,  and  notably  quickened  the 
gait  of  our  horses.  It  was  impossible  to  toss 
our  caps,  for  they  were  not  only  tied  upon  our 
heads,  but  frozen  fast  to  our  beards. 

Our  road  now  crossed  the  river  and  kept  up 
the  Russian  side  to  a  place  with  the  charming 
name  of  Torakankorwa.  The  afternoon  twi- 
light was  even  more  wonderful  than  that  of 
the  forenoon.  There  were  broad  bands  of  pur- 
ple, pure  crimson,  and  intense  yellow,  all  fus- 
ing together  into  fiery  orange  at  the  south, 
while^the  north  became  a  semi-vault  of  pink, 
then  lilac,  and  the  softest  violet.  The  dazzling 
Arctic  hills  participated  in  this  play  of  colors, 
which  did  not  fade  as  in  the  south,  but  stayed 
and  stayed,  as  if  God  wished  to  compensate 
by  this  twilight  glory  for  the  loss  of  the  day. 
Nothing  in  Italy,  nothing  in  the  Tropics,  equals 
the  magnificence  of  the  Polar  skies.  The  twi- 
light gave  place  to  a  moonlight  scarcely  less 
brilliant.  Our  road  was  hardly  broken,  leading 
through  deep  snow,  sometimes  on  the  river, 
sometimes  through  close  little  glens,  hedged  in 
with  firs 'drooping  with  snow  —  fairy  Arctic  soli- 
tudes, white,  silent,  and  mysterious. 

A  Day  without  a  Sun.— Our  stay  at  Muon- 
iovara  had  given  the  sun  time  to  increase  his 
altitude  somewhat,  and  I  had  some  doubts 
whether  we  should  succeed  in  beholding  a  day 
of  the  Polar  winter.  The  Lansman,  however, 
encouraged  us    by  the  assurance   that   the  sun 


had  not  yet  risen  upon  his  residence ;  though 
nearly  six  weeks  had  elapsed  since  his  disap- 
pearance, but  that  his  return  was  now  looked 
for  every  day,  since  he  had  already  begun  to 
shine  upon  the  northern  hills.  By  ten  o'clock 
it  was  light  enough  to  read ;  the  southern  sky 
was  a  broad  sea  of  golden  orange,  dotted  with 
a  few  crimson  cloud-islands,  and  we  set  our- 
selves to  watch,  with  some  anxiety,  the  grad- 
ual approach  of  the  exiled  god. 

The  sky  increased  in  brightness  as  we 
watched.  The  orange  flushed  into  rose,  and 
the  pale  white  hills  looked  even  more  ghastly 
against  the  bar  of  glowing  carmine  which 
fringed  the  horizon.  A  few  long  purple  streaks 
of  cloud  hung  over  the  sun's  place,  and  higher 
up  in  the  vault  floated  some  loose  masses, 
tinged  with  fiery  crimson  on  their  lower  edges. 
About  half-past  eleven,  a  pencil  of  bright-red 
light  shot  up — a  signal  which  the  sun  uplifted 
to  herald  his  coming.  As  it  slowly  moved  west- 
ward along  the  hills,  increasing  in  height  and 
brilliancy  until  it  became  a  long  tongue  of 
flame,  playing  against  the  streaks  of  cloud, 
we  were  apprehensive  that  the  near  disk  would 
rise  to  view. 

When  the  Lansman's  clock  pointed  to  twelve, 
its  face  had  become  so  bright  as  to  shine  al- 
most like  the  sun  itself  ;  but  after  a  few  breath- 
less moments  the  unwelcome  glow  began  to 
fade.  We  took  its  bearing  with  a  compass,  and 
after  making  allowance  for  the  variation  (which 
is  here  very  slight),  were  convinced  that  it  was 
really  past  meridian,  and  the  radiance,  which 
was  that  of  morning  a  few  minutes  before,  be- 
longed to  the  splendors  of  evening  now.  The 
colors  of  the  firmament  began  to  change  in 
reverse  order,  and  the  dawn,  which  had  almost 
ripened  to  sunrise  now  withered  away  to  night 
without  a  sunset.  We  had  at  last  seen  a  day 
without  a  sun. 

The  snowy  hills  to  the  north,  it  is  true,  were 
tinged  with  a  flood  of  rosy  flame,  and  the  very 
next  day  would  probably  bring  down  the  tide 
mark  of  sunshine  to  the  tops  of  the  houses. 
One  day,  however,  was  enough  to  satisfy  me. 
The  South  is  a  cup  which  one  may  drink  to 
inebriation  ;  but  one  taste  from  the  icy  goblet 
of  the  North  is  enough  to  allay  the  curiosity, 
and  quench  all  further  desire. 

TAYLOR,    JEREMY  (England,  1613-1667) 

On  Marriage. —  They  that  enter  into  the  state 
of  marriage  cast  a  die  of  the  greatest  contin- 
gency, and  yet  of  the  greatest  interest  in  the 
world,  next  to  the  last  throw  for  eternity.  Life 
or  death,  felicity  or  a  lasting  sorrow,  are  in  the 
power  of  marriage.  A  woman,  indeed,  ventures 
most,  for  she  hath  no  sanctuary  to  retire  to  from 
an  evil  husband  ;  she  must  dwell  upon  her  sor- 
row, and  hatch  the  eggs  which  her  own  folly  or 
infelicity  hath  produced  ;  and  she  is  more  under 
it,  because  her  tormentor  hath  a  warrant  of  pre- 
rogative, and  the  woman  may  complain  to  God, 
as  subjects  do  of  tyrant  princes  ;  but  otherwise 
she  hath  no  appeal  in  the  causes  of  unkindness. 
And  though  the  man  can   run  from  many  hours 


4000 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


of  his  sadness,  yet  he  must  return  to  it  again ; 
and  when  he  sits  among  his  neighbors,  he  re- 
members the  objection  that  is  in  his  bosom,  and 
he  sighs  deeply.  The  boys,  and  the  peddlers, 
and  the  fruiterers,  shall  tell  of  this  man  when  he 
is  carried  to  his  grave,  that  he  lived  and  died  a 
poor  wretched  person. 

The  stags  in  the  Greek  epigram,  whose  knees 
were  clogged  with  frozen  snow  upon  the  moun- 
tains, came  down  to  the  brooks  of  the  valleys, 
hoping  to  thaw  their  joints  with  the  waters  of 
the  stream  ;  but  there  the  frost  overtook  them, 
and  bound  them  fast  in  ice,  till  the  young 
herdsmen  took  them  in  their  stranger  snare.  It 
is  the  unhappy  chance  of  many  men,  finding 
many  inconveniences  upon  the  mountains  of  sin- 
gle life,  they  descend  into  the  valleys  of  marriage 
to  refresh  their  troubles ;  and  there  they  enter 
into  fetters,  and  are  bound  to  sorrow  by  the 
cords  of  a  man's  or  woman's  peevishness.    .     .    . 

Man  and  wife  are  equally  concerned  to  avoid 
all  offenses  of  each  other  in  the  beginning  of 
their  conversation ;  every  little  thing  can  blast 
an  infant  blossom ;  and  the  breath  of  the  south 
can  shake  the  little  rings  of  the  vine,  when  first 
they  begin  to  curl  like  the  locks  of  a  new- 
weaned  boy ;  but  when  by  age  and  consolida- 
tion they  stiffen  into  the  hardness  of  a  stem,  and 
have,  by  the  warm  embraces  of  the  sun  and 
the  kisses  of  heaven,  brought  forth  their  clusters, 
they  can  endure  the  storms  of  the  north,  and  the 
loud  noises  of  a  tempest,  and  yet  never  be 
broken :  so  are  rthe  early  unions  of  an  unfixed 
marriage ;  watchful  and  observant,  jealous  and 
busy,  inquisitive  and  careful,  and  apt  to  take 
alarm  at  every  unkind  word.  After  the  hearts 
of  the  man  and  the  wife  are  endeared  and 
hardened  by  a  mutual  confidence  and  experi- 
ence, longer  than  artifice  and  pretense  can  last, 
there  are  a  great  many  remembrances,  and 
some  things  present,  that  dash  all  little  unkind- 
nesses  in  pieces.    .    .    . 

TEMPLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (England,  1628-1699) 
The  Worst  Curse. — There  cannot  live 
a  more  unhappy  creature  than  an  ill-natured 
old  man  who  is  neither  capable  of  receiving 
pleasures,  nor  sensible  of  doing  them  t  to 
others. 

The  Best  Rules  for  Young  Men.  —The  best 
rules  to  form  a  young  man  are,  to  talk  little,  to 
hear  much,  to  reflect  alone  upon  what  has 
passed  in  company,  to  distrust  one's  own  opin- 
ions, and  value  others  that  deserve  it. 

How  to  Talk  Well.  —  The  first  ingredient  in 
conversation  is  truth,  the  next  good  sense,  the 
third  good  humor,  and  the  fourth  wit. 

THOREAU,  HENRY  D.     (America,  1817-1862) 

The  Obligation  of  Duty.  —  Duty  is  one  and 
invariable  ;  it  requires  no  impossibilities,  nor  can 
it  ever  be  disregarded  with  impunity  ;  so  far  as 
it  exists,  it  is  binding  so  as  on  no  account  to  be 
neglected.  How  can  one  bind  stronger  than 
another  ?  —  Essay,  1837. 


THUCYDIDES    (Greece,  471-401  B.  C.) 

A   Great  Man's   Assurance  of  Himself. — 

My  history  is  presented  to  the  public  as  a  pos- 
session for  all  times,  and  not  merely  as  a  rhe- 
torical display  to  catch  the  applause  of  my 
contemporaries.  —  i.  22. 

Expostulation  and  Accusation.  —  Expostu- 
lation is  just  toward  friends  who  have  failed  in 
their  duty ;  accusation  is  to  be  used  against  ene- 
mies guilty  of  injustice.  —  i.  6g. 

The  Best  Security  of  Power.  —  For  power 
is  more  firmly  secured  by  treating  our  equals 
with  justice  than  if,  elated  by  present  prosperity, 
we  attempt  to  enlarge  it  at  every  risk.  —  i.  42. 

TICKNOR,  GEORGE     (America,  1791-1871) 

The  Spanish  Drama.  —  Calderon  has  added 
to  the  stage  no  new  form  of  dramatic  composi- 
tion. Nor  has  he  much  modified  those  forms 
which  had  been  already  arranged  and  settled  by 
Lope  de  Vega.  But  he  has  shown  more  tech- 
nical exactness  in  combining  his  incidents,  and 
adjusted  everything  more  skillfully  for  stage 
effect.  He  has  given  to  the  whole  a  new  color- 
ing, and,  in  some  respects,  a  new  physiognomy. 
His  drama  is  more  poetical  in  its  tone  and  tend- 
encies, and  has  less  the  air  of  truth  and  reality, 
than  that  of  his  great  predecessor.  —  History  of 
Spanish  Literature,  184Q. 

TILLOTSON,  JOHN     (England,  1630-1694) 

The  Difficulties  of  Hypocrisy. —  It  is  hard  to 
personate  and  act  a  part  long ;  for  where  truth 
is  not  at  the  bottom,  nature  will  always  be  en- 
deavoring to  return,  and  will  peep  out  and  be- 
tray herself  one  time  or  another. 

A  Glorious  Victory. —  A  more  glorious  vic- 
tory cannot  be  gained  over  another  man  than 
this,  that  when  the  injury  began  on  his  part, 
the  kindness  should  begin  on  ours. 

Impudence  the  Sister  of  Vice. — Shame  is  a 
great  restraint  upon  sinners  at  first;  but  that 
soon  falls  off :  and  when  men  have  once  lost 
their  innocence,  their  modesty  is  not  like  to  be 
long  troublesome  to  them.  For  impudence 
comes  on  with  vice,  and  grows  up  with  it. 
Lesser  vices  do  not  banish  all  shame  and 
modesty;  but  great  and  abominable  crimes 
harden  men's  foreheads,  and  make  them  shame- 
less. When  men  have  the  heart  to  do  a  very 
bad  thing,  they  seldom  want  the  face  to  bear 
it  out. 

TSE-SZE     (Chinese,  c.  500  B.  C-  ?) 

The  Doctrine  of  the  Mean.— Let  the  state  of 
equilibrium  and  harmony  exist  in  perfection, 
and  a  happy  order  will  prevail  throughout 
heaven  and  earth,  and  all  things  will  be  nour- 
ished and  flourish. 

The  way  of  heaven  and  earth  may  be  com- 
pletely declared  in  one  sentence.  They  are 
without  any  doubleness,  and  so  they  produce 
things  in  a  manner  which  is  unfathomable. 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


4001 


The  way  of  heaven  and  earth  is  large  and 
substantial,  high  and  brilliant,  far  reaching  and 
long  enduring. 

The  heaven  now  before  us  is  only  this  bright 
shining  spot;  but  when  viewed  in  its  inex- 
haustible extent,  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  and  con- 
stellations of  the  zodiac  are  suspended  in  it, 
and  all  things  are  overspread  by  it.  The  earth 
before  us  is  but  a  handful  of  soil ;  but  when 
regarded  in  its  breadth  and  thickness,  it  sus- 
tains mountains  like  the  Hiva  and  Yoh,  without 
feeling  their  weight,  and  contains  the  rivers  and 
seas,  without  their  leaking  away.  The  moun- 
tain now  before  us  appears  only  a  stone;  but 
when  contemplated  in  all  the  vastness  of  its 
size,  we  see  how  the  grass  and  trees  are  pro- 
duced on  it,  and  birds  and  beasts  dwell  on  it, 
and  precious  things  which  men  treasure  up  are 
found  on  it.  The  water  now  before  us  appears 
but  a  ladleful ;  yet  extending  our  view  to  its  un- 
fathomable depths,  the  largest  tortoise,  iguanas, 
iguanadons,  dragons,  fishes,  and  turtles  are  pro- 
duced in  them  ;  articles  of  value  and  sources  of 
wealth  abound  in  them.     .     .     . 

It  is  only  he,  possessed  of  all  sagely  qualities 
that  can  exist  under  heaven,  who  shows 
himself  quick  in  apprehension,  clear  in  dis- 
cernment, of  far-reaching  intelligence  and  all- 
embracing  knowledge,  fitted  to  exercise  rule ; 
magnanimous,  generous,  benign,  and  mild,  fit- 
ted to  exercise  forbearance  ;  impulsive,  ener- 
getic, firm,  and  enduring,  fitted  to  maintain  a 
firm  hold ;  self-adjusted,  grave,  never  swerving 
from  the  Mean,  and  correct,  fitted  to  com- 
mand reverence  ;  accomplished,  distinctive,  con- 
centrative,  and  searching,  fitted  to  exercise 
discrimination. 

All-embracing  is  he  and  vast,  deep  and  active 
as  a  fountain,  sending  forth  in  their  due  seasons 
his  virtue. 

All-embracing  and  vast,  he  is  like  heaven. 
Deep  and  active  as  a  fountain,  he  is  like  the 
abyss.  He  is  seen,  and  the  people  all  believe 
him ;  he  acts,  and  the  people  are  all  pleased  with 
him. 

Therefore,  his  fame  overspreads  the  Middle 
Kingdom  (China),  and  extends  to  all  barba- 
rous tribes.  Wherever  ships  and  carriages  reach, 
wherever  the  strength  of  man  penetrates ; 
wherever  the  heavens  overshadow  and  the 
earth  sustains;  wherever  the  sun  and  moon 
shine  ;  wherever  frost  and  dews  fall  —  all  who 
have  blood  and  breath  unfeignedly  honor  and 
love  him.  Hence  it  is  said  —  «  He  is  the  equal 
of  Heaven.w 
TUCKER,  NATHANIEL  BEVERLEY  (America, 

1784-1851) 
Deception   and  Abuses   in  Politics.— It  is 

owing  to  deception,  played  off  on  the  unthink- 
ing multitude,  that  in  the  two  freest  countries 
in  the  world,  the  most  important  interests  are 
taxed  for  the  benefit  of  lesser  interests.  In 
England,  a  country  of  manufactures,  they 
have  been  starved  that  agriculture  may  thrive. 
In  this,  a  country  of  farmers  and  planters, 
they  have  been  taxed  that  manufactures  may 
thrive.—  The  Partisan  Leader. 
x— 251 


"MARK    TWAIN »     (SAMUEL    L.  CLEMENS) 

(America,  1835-) 
On  Babies. — ((  The  Babies  —  as  they  comfort 
us  in  our  sorrows,  let  us  not  forget  them  in  our 
festivities."    I  like  that.    We  haven't  all  had  the 
good  fortune  to  be  ladies ;  we  haven't  all  been 
generals,  or  poets,  or  statesmen ;  but  when  the 
toast  works  down  to   the  babies,  we  stand  on 
common  ground,  for  we  have   all  been  babies. 
It   is   a   shame  that  for   a  thousand   years   the 
world's  banquets  have  utterly  ignored  the  baby 
—  as  if  he  didn't  amount  to   anything!     If  you 
gentlemen    will    stop   and    think   a  minute,— if 
you  will  go   back   fifty  or  a  hundred  years,  to 
your  early  married  life,  and  recontemplate  your 
first  baby,  you  will  remember  that  he  amounted 
to  a  good  deal,  and  even  something  over.    You 
soldiers  all  know  that  when  that  little  fellow 
arrived  at  the  family  headquarters  you  had  to 
hand  in  your  resignation.     He  took  entire  com- 
mand.   You  became  his  lackey,  his  mere  body- 
servant,  and  you  had  to  stand  around  too.    He 
was   not  a  commander  who   made   allowances 
for   time,    distance,   weather,  or  anything  else. 
You  had   to  execute  his  order  whether  it  was 
possible  or  not.     And  there  was  only  one  form 
of  marching  in  his  manual  of  tactics,  and  that 
was    the    doublequick.      He  treated   you  with 
every  sort  of  insolence  and  disrespect,  and  the 
bravest  of  you  didn't  say  a  word.    .    .    .    The 
idea  that  a  baby  doesn't  amount  to  anything ! 
Why,  one  baby  is  just  a  house  and  a  front  yard 
full  by  itself.    One  baby  can  furnish  more  busi- 
ness than  you  and  your  whole  interior  depart- 
ment can  attend  to.     He   is  enterprising,  irre- 
pressible, brimful  of  lawless  activities.    Do  what 
you  please,  you  can't  make  him  stay  on  the 
reservation.    Sufficient  unto  the  day  is  one  baby ; 
as  long  as  you  are  in  your  right  mind  don't  you 
ever  pray  for  twins.    Yes,  it  was  high  time  for 
a  toastmaster  to  recognize  the  importance  of  the 
babies.    Think  what  is  in  store  for  the  present 
crop.     Fifty  years  hence  we  shall  all  be  dead, 
I  trust,  and  then  this  flag,  if  it  still  survive,—  let 
us  hope  it  may,— will  be  floating  over  a  republic 
numbering  two  hundred  million  souls,  according 
to  the  settled  laws  of  our  increase  ;  our  present 
schooner  of  state  will  have  grown  into  a  political 
leviathan  — a  Great  Eastern  — and  the  cradled 
babies  of  to-day  will  be  on  deck.    Let  them  be 
well  trained,  for  we  are  going  to  leave   a  big 
contract  on  their  hands.    Among  the  three  or 
four  million    cradles   now  rocking   in   the  land 
are  some  which  this  nation  would  preserve  as 
sacred  things,  if   we   could  know  which  ones 
they  are.     In  one  of  these  cradles  the   uncon- 
scious Farragut  of  the  future  is  at  this  moment 
teething  — think  of  it!  — and  putting  in  a  world 
of  dead-earnest,  unarticulated,  but  perfectly  justi- 
fiable profanity  over  it  too  ;  in  another  the  future 
great  historian  is  .lying  — and  doubtless  he  will 
continue  to  lie  until  his  earthly  mission  is  ended  ; 
in  another  the  future  President  is  busying  him- 
self with  no  profounder  problem  of  state  than 
what  the  mischief   has  become  of  his  hair  so 
early  ;  and  in  a  mighty  array  of  other  cradles  there 
are  now  some  sixty  thousand  future  office-seekers 


4002 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


getting  ready  to  furnish  him  occasion  to  grapple 
with  that  same  old  problem  a  second  time ;  and 
in  still  one  more  cradle,  somewhere  under  the 
flag,  the  future  illustrious  commander-in-chief  of 
the  American  armies  is  so  little  burdened  with 
his  approaching  grandeurs  and  responsibilities 
as  to  be  giving  his  whole  strategic  mind,  at  this 
moment,  to  trying  to  find  out  some  way  to  get 
his  own  big  toe  in  his  mouth,— an  achievement 
which  (meaning  no  disrespect)  the  illustrious 
guest  of  this  evening  turned  his  whole  attention 
to  some  fifty-six  years  ago.  And  if  the  child  is 
but  the  prophecy  of  the  man,  there  are  mighty 
few  will  doubt  that  he  succeeded.—  From  a 
Speech  at  the  Banquet  in  Honor  of  General  Grant, 
by  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  at  the  Palmer 
House,  Chicago,  November  14,  1879. 

VAUVENARGUES,    MARQUIS    DE       (France, 

I7I5-I747) 

The  Law  of  the  Strongest.—  Among  kings, 
nations,  individuals,  the  strongest  assume  rights 
over  the  weakest,  and  the  same  rule  is  followed 
by  animate  and  inanimate  beings :  so  that 
everything  in  the  universe  is  ruled  by  violence : 
and  this  system,  which  we  blame  with  some 
appearance  of  justice,  is  the  law  the  most  gen- 
eral, and  most  unchangeable,  and  the  most 
important  in  nature.— (( Reflexions.^ 

Discovering  Old  Things  over  Again.— When 
a  thought  presents  itself  to  our  minds  as  a  pro- 
found discovery,  and  when  we  take  the  trouble 
to  examine  it,  we  often  find  it  to  be  a  truth 
that  all  the  world  V.nQWi.—^Riflexions^ 

VERPLANCK,    GULIAN   C.       (America,    1786- 

1870) 

The  Future  of  America.— Foreign  criticism 
has  contemptuously  told  us  that  the  national 
pride  of  Americans  rests  more  upon  the  antici- 
pation of  the  future  than  on  the  recollections 
of  the  past.  Allowing  for  a  little  malicious 
exaggeration,  this  is  not  far  from  the  truth.  It 
is  so.  It  ought  to  be  so.  Why  should  it  not 
be  so  ? 

Our  national  existence  has  been  quite  long 
enough,  and  its  events  sufficiently  various,  to 
prove  the  value  and  permanence  of  our  civil 
and  political  establishments,  to  dissipate  the 
doubts  of  their  friends,  and  to  disappoint  the 
hopes  of  their  enemies.  Our  past  history  is  to 
us  the  pledge,  the  earnest,  the  type  of  the 
greater  future.  We  may  read  in  it  the  fortunes 
of  our  descendants,  and  with  an  assured  con- 
fidence look  forward  to  a  long  and  continued 
advance  in  all  that  can  make  a  people  great. 
—  From  an  Address  on  the  Fine  Arts. 

VOLTAIRE,    FRANQOIS  MARIE  AROUET  DE 

(France,  1694-1778) 

Tne  Secret  of  Boring  People.— The  secret 
of  tiring  is  to  say  everything  that  can  be  said 
on  the  subject. 

Literary  Fame.— The  path  to  literary  fame 
is  more  difficult  than  that  which  leads  to  for- 
tune. If  you  are  so  unfortunate  as  not  to  soar 
above  mediocrity,  remorse  is  your  portion ;   if 


you  succeed  in  your  object,  a  host  of  enemies 
spring  up  around  you  :  thus  you  find  yourself  on 
the  brink  of  an  abyss  between  contempt  and 
hatred. 

«  WARD,  ARTEMUS  »  (CHARLES  F.  BROWNE) 

(America,  1834-1867) 
What  Preachers  Do  for  Us. —  Show  me  a 
place  where  there  isn't  any  Meetin'  Houses  and 
where  preachers  is  never  seen,  and  I'll  show  you 
a  place  where  old  hats  air  stuffed  into  broken 
winders,  where  the  children  are  dirty  and  ragged, 
where  gates  have  no  hinges,  where  the  wimmen 
air  slipshod,  and  where  maps  of  the'devil's  wild 
land  air  painted  upon  men's  shirt  bosums  with 
tobacco  jooce  !  That's  what  I'll  show  you.  Let 
us  consider  what  the  preachers  do  for  us  before 
we  aboose  'em. 

WASHINGTON,      GEORGE      (America,      1732- 

1799) 

On  Friendship. —  A  slender  acquaintance  with 
the  world  must  convince  every  man  that  actions, 
not  words,  are  the  true  criterion  of  the  attach- 
ment of  friends ;  and  that  the  most  liberal  pro- 
fessions of  good  will  are  very  far  from  being  the 
surest  marks  of  it.  .  .  .  True  friendship  is  a 
plant  of  slow  growth,  and  must  undergo  and 
withstand  the  shocks  of  adversity  before  it  is  en- 
titled to  the  appellation. —  Social  Maxims: 
Friendship. 

How  to  Live  Well. —  Be  courteous  to  all,  but 
intimate  with  few;  and  let  those  few  be  well 
tried  before  you  give  them  your  confidence. 
True  friendship  is  a  plant  of  slow  growth,  and 
must  undergo  and  withstand  the  shocks  of  ad- 
versity before  it  is  entitled  to  the  appellation. 
Let  your  heart  feel  for  the  afflictions  and  dis- 
tresses of  every  one,  and  let  your  hand  give  in 
proportion  to  your  purse  ;  remembering  always 
the  estimation  of  the  widow's  mite,  that  it  is 
not  every  one  who  asketh  that  deserveth  char- 
ity; all,  however,  are  worthy  of  the  inquiry,  or 
the  deserving  may  suffer.  Do  not  conceive 
that  fine  clothes  make  fine  men,  any  more 
than  fine  feathers  make  fine  birds.  A  plain, 
genteel  dress  is  more  admired,  and  obtains 
more  credit,  than  lace  and  embroidery,  in  the 
eyes  of  the  judicious  and  sensible. —  From  a 
Letter  to  Bushrod  Washington,  1783. 

WATTS,  ISAAC     (England,  1674-1748) 

Rules  for  Convincing  Others.— The  softest 
and  gentlest  address  to  the  erroneous  is  the 
best  way  to  convince  them  of  their  mistake. 
Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  represent  to  your 
opponent  that  he  is  not  far  off  from  the  truth, 
and  that  you  would  fain  draw  him  a  little 
nearer  to  it.  Commend  and  establish  whatever 
he  says  that  is  just  and  true,  as  our  blessed 
Savior  treated  the  young  scribe  when  he 
answered  well  concerning  the  two  great  com- 
mandments; «Thou  art  not  far,»  says  our 
Lord,  «from  the  kingdom  of  heaven,»  Mark 
xii.  34.  Imitate  the  mildness  and  conduct  of 
the  blessed  Jesus. 

Come  as  near  to  your  opponent  as  you  can 
in  all  your  propositions,   and  yield  to  him  as 


CELEBRATED   PASSAGES 


4003 


much  as  you  dare  in  a  consistence  with  truth 
and  justice. 

It  is  a  very  great  and  fatal  mistake  in  per- 
sons who  attempt  to  convince  and  reconcile 
others  to  their  party,  when  they  make  the  dif- 
ference appear  as  wide  as  possible ;  this  is  shock- 
ing to  any  person  who  is  to  be  convinced ;  he  will 
choose  rather  to  keep  and  maintain  his  own 
opinions,  if  he  cannot  come  into  yours  without 
renouncing  and  abandoning  everything  that  he 
believed  before.  —  From  ((  The  Improvement  of 
the  Mind.n 

WEBSTER,  DANIEL     (America,  1782-1852) 

The  Sense  of  Duty.  —  There  is  no  evil  that 
we  cannot  either  face  or  fly  from,  but  the  con- 
sciousness of  duty  disregarded. 

A  sense  of  duty  pursues  us  ever.  It  is  omni- 
present, like  the  Deity.  —  Argument  on  the 
Trial  of  John  F.  Knapp. 

Pride  of  Ancestry.  —  There  may  be,  and 
there  often  is,  indeed,  a  regard  for  ancestry, 
which  nourishes  only  a  weak  pride  ;  as  there  is 
also  a  care  for  posterity,  which  only  disguises  an 
habitual  avarice,  or  hides  the  workings  of  a  low 
and  groveling  vanity.  But  there  is  also  a  moral 
and  philosophical  respect  for  our  ancestors, 
which  elevates  the  character  and  improves  the 
heart.  Next  to  the  sense  of  religious  duty  and 
moral  feeling,  I  hardly  know  what  should  bear 
with  stronger  obligation  on  a  liberal  and  en- 
lightened mind,  than  a  consciousness  of  alli- 
ance with  excellence  which  is  departed  ;  and  a 
consciousness,  too,  that  in  its  acts  and  conduct, 
and  even  in  its  sentiments,  it  may  be  actively 
operating  on  the  happiness  of  those  who  come 
after  it.  Poetry  is  found  to  have  few  stronger 
conceptions,  by  which  it  would  affect  or  over- 
whelm the  mind,  than  those  in  which  it  presents 
the  moving  and  speaking  image  of  the  departed 
dead  to  the  senses  of  the  living.  This  belongs 
to  poetry  only  because  it  is  congenial  to  our 
nature.  Poetry  is,  in  this  respect,  but  the  hand- 
maid of  true  philosophy  and  morality.  It  deals 
with  us  as  human  beings,  naturally  reverencing 
those  whose  visible  connection  with  this  state  of 
being  is  severed,  and  who  may  yet  exercise  we 
know  not  what  sympathy  with  ourselves  ;  —  and 
when  it  carries  us  forward,  also,  and  shows  us 
the  long-continued  result  of  all  the  good  we  do 
in  the  prosperity  of  those  who  follow  us,  till  it 
bears  us  from  ourselves,  and  absorbs  us  in  an 
intense  interest  for  what  shall  happen  to  the 
generations  after  us,  it  speaks  only  in  the  lan- 
guage of  our  nature,  and  affects  us  with  senti- 
ments which  belong  to  us  as  human  beings.  — 
From  a  Discourse  in  Commemoration  of  the 
First  Settlement  of  FTsw  England. 

WEBSTER,  NOAH     (America,  1758-1843) 

A  Dandy  Defined. — A  dandy,  in  modern 
usage,  is  a  male  of  the  human  species  who 
dresses  himself  like  a  doll  and  who  carries  his 
character  on  his  back. 

On  Novels  for  Girls.  — With  respect  to  novels 
so  much  admired  by  the  young,  and  so  generally 
condemned  by  the  old,  what  shall  I  say  ?    Per- 


haps it  may  be  said  with  truth,  that  some  of 
them  are  useful,  many  of  them  pernicious,  and 
most  of  them  trifling.  A  hundred  volumes  of 
modern  novels  may  be  read,  without  acquiring 
a  new  idea.  Some  of  them  contain  entertain- 
ing stories,  and  where  the  descriptions  are 
drawn  from  nature,  and  from  characters  and 
events  in  themselves  innocent,  the  perusal  of 
them  may  be  harmless.  —  Woman's  Education 
in  the  Last  Century. 

WHITMAN,  WALT     (America,  1819-1892) 

The  Only  Valuable  Investments.  —  Nothing 
endures  but  personal  qualities  ;  charity  and  per- 
sonal force  are  the  only  investments  worth 
anything. 

WHITTIER,    JOHN    GREENLEAF     (America, 
1807-1892) 

The  Voice  of  the  Pines. — A  faint,  low  mur- 
mur, rising  and  falling  on  the  wind.  Now  it 
comes  rolling  in  upon  me  wave  after  wave  of 
sweet,  solemn  music.  There  was  a  grand  organ 
swell :  and  now  it  dies  away  as  into  the  infi- 
nite distance  ;  but  I  still  hear  it  —  whether  with 
ear  or  spirit  I  know  not  — the  very  ghost  of 
sound.  ...  It  is  the  voice  of  the  pines 
yonder  —  a  sort  of  morning  song  of  praise  to 
the  Giver  of  life  and  Maker  of  beauty. —  My 
Summer  with  Dr.  Singletary,  Chap.  V. 

WILLIAMS,  ROGER     (England,  c.  1600-1684) 

Bigotry  in  Religion.— A  tenent  that  fights 
against  the  common  principles  of  all  civility, 
and  the  very  civil  being  and  combinations  of 
men  in  nations,  cities,  etc.,  by  commixing  (ex- 
plicitly or  implicitly)  a  spiritual  and  civil  state 
together,  and  so  confounding  and  overthrowing 
the  purity  and  strength  of  both.    .    .    . 

A  tenent  of  high  blasphemy  against  the  God 
of  Peace,  the  God  of  Order,  who  hath  of  one 
blood  made  all  mankind,  to  dwell  upon  the 
face  of  the  earth,  now  all  confounded  and  de- 
stroyed in  their  civil  beings  and  subsistences 
by  mutual  flames  of  war  from  their  several 
respective  religions  and  consciences. 

A  tenent  that  stunts  the  growth  and  flourish- 
ing of  the  most  likely  and  most  hopeful  com- 
monweals and  countries,  while  consciences,  the 
best,  and  the  best  deserving  subjects  are  forced 
to  fly  (by  enforced  or  voluntary  banishment) 
from  their  native  countries  ;  the  lamentable  proof 
whereof  England  hath  felt  in  the  flight  of  so 
many  worthy  English  into  the  Low  Countries 
and  New  England,  and  from  New  England  into 
old  again  and  other  foreign  parts. —  From  the 
^-Bloody  Tenent  Made  Yet  More  Bloody. .» 

WILLIS,  N.  P.     (America,  1806-1867) 

On  the  Death  of  Poe.—  Our  first  knowledge  of 
Mr.  Poe's  removal  to  this  city  was  by  a  call 
which  we  received  from  a  lady  who  introduced 
herself  to  us  as  the  mother  of  his  wife.  She 
was  in  search  of  employment  for  him,  and  she 
excused  her  errand  by  mentioning  that  he  was 
ill,  that  her  daughter  was  a  confirmed  invalid, 
and  that  their  circumstances  were  such  as  com- 
pelled her  taking  it  upon  herself.    The  coun- 


4004 


CELEBRATED    PASSAGES 


tenance  of  this  lady,  made  beautiful  and  saintly 
with  an  evidently  complete  giving  up  of  her 
life  to  privation  and  sorrowful  tenderness,  her 
gentle  and  mournful  voice  urging  its  plea, 
her  long  forgotten  but  habitually  and  uncon- 
sciously refined  manners,  and  her  appealing  and 
yet  appreciative  mention  of  the  claims  and  abil- 
ities of  her  son,  disclosed  at  once  the  presence 
of  one  of  those  angels  upon  earth  that  women 
in  adversity  can  be.  It  was  a  hard  fate  that 
she  was  watching  over.  Mr.  Poe  wrote  with  fas- 
tidious difficulty,  and  in  a  style  too  much  above 
the  popular  level  to  be  well  paid.  He  was  al- 
ways in  pecuniary  difficulty,  and,  with  his  sick 
wife,  frequently  in  want  of  the  merest  neces- 
saries of  life.  Winter  after  winter,  for  years 
the  most  touching  sight  to  us,  in  this  whole  city, 
has  been  that  tireless  minister  to  genius,  thinly 
and  insufficiently  clad,  going  from  office  to  of- 
fice with  a  poem,  or  an  article  on  some  literary 
subject,  to  sell  —  sometimes  simply  pleading  in 
a  broken  voice  that  he  was  ill,  and  begging  for 
him — mentioning  nothing  but  that  (( he  was 
ill,®  whatever  might  be  the  reason  for  his  writ- 
ing nothing  —  and  never,  amid  all  her  tears  and 
recitals  of  distress,  suffering  one  syllable  to  es- 
cape her  lips  that  could  convey  a  doubt  of  him, 
or  a  complaint,  or  a  lessening  of  pride  in  his 
genius  and  good  intentions.  Her  daughter  died, 
a  year  and  a  half  since,  but  she  did  not  desert 
him.  She  continued  his  ministering  angel  — 
living  with  him  —  caring  for  him — guarding 
him  against  exposure,  and,  when  he  was  carried 
away  by  temptation,  amid  grief  and  the  lone- 
liness of  feelings  unreplied  to,  and  awoke  from 
his  self-abandonment  prostrated  in  destitution 
and  suffering,  begging  for  him  still.  If  woman's 
devotion,  born  with  a  first  love  and  fed  with 
human  passion,  hallow  its  object,  as  it  is  al- 
lowed to  do,  what  does  not  a  devotion  like  this 
—  pure,  disinterested  and  holy  as  the  watch  of 
an  invisible  spirit  —  say  for  him  who  inspired  it  ? 

WINTER,  WILLIAM     (America,  1836-) 

Character. —  It  is  of  little  traits  that  the 
greatest  human  character  is  composed. —  (< Eng- 
lish Rambles?  Pari  II,  Chap.  II. 

Noble  Friendship. —  As  often  as  I  came  back 
to  his  door,  his  love  met  me  on  the  threshold, 
and  his  noble  serenity  gave  me  comfort  and 
peace. — ^English  Rambles?  Part  II,  Chap.  II, 

The  Reserve  of  Greatness.— There  is  a 
better  thing  than  the  great  man  who  is  always 
speaking,  and  that  is  the  great  man  who  only 
speaks  when  he  has  a  great  word  to  say. — ^Eng- 
lish Rambles?  Part  I,  Chap.  V. 

WINTHROP,  JOHN  (New  England,  1587-1649) 
The  Twofold  Liberty.— There  is  a  twofold 
liberty,  natural  (I  mean  as  our  nature  is  now 
corrupt)  and  civil  or  federal.  The  first  is 
common  to  man  with  beasts  and  other  creatures. 
By  this,  man,  as  he  stands  in  relation  to  man 
simply,  hath  liberty  to  do  what  he  lists  ;  it  is  a 
"liberty  to  evil  as  well  as  to  good.  This  liberty 
is  incompatible  and  inconsistent  with  authority, 
and  cannot  endure  the  least  restraint  of  the  most 


just  authority.  The  exercise  and  maintaining  of 
this  liberty  makes  men  grow  more  evil,  and  in 
time  to  be  worse  than  brute  beasts  :  omnes  sumus 
licentia  deteriores.  This  is  that  great  enemy  of 
truth  and  peace,  that  wild  beast,  which  all  the 
ordinances  of  God  are  bent  against,  to  restrain 
and  subdue  it.  The  other  kind  of  liberty  I  call 
civil  or  federal,  it  may  also  be  termed  moral,  in 
reference  to  the  covenant  between  God  and  man, 
in  the  moral  law,  and  the  politic  covenants  and 
constitutions,  amongst  men  themselves.  This 
liberty  is  the  proper  end  and  object  of  author- 
ity, and  cannot  subsist  without  it ;  and  it  is  a 
liberty  you  are  to  stand  for,  with  the  hazard 
(not  only  of  your  goods,  but)  of  your  lives,  if 
need  be.  Whatsoever  crosseth  this  is  not  au- 
thority, but  a  distemper  thereof. —  From  an  Ad- 
dress in  the  Massachusetts  Assembly  of  1645. 

XENOPHON     (Greece,  430-357  B.C.) 

On  Trusting  the  Gods. —  Socrates  prayed  to 
the  gods  simply  that  they  would  give  him 
what  was  good,  inasmuch  as  the  gods  knew 
best  what  things  are  good  for  man.  Those 
who  prayed  for  gold,  or  silver,  or  high  power, 
or  anything  of  that  kind,  he  regarded  as  doing 
the  same  as  if  they  prayed  that  they  might 
play  at  dice,  or  fight,  or  anything  of  that  kind, 
of  which  the  result  was  dependent  on  chance. 
—  ^Memorabilia?  i.  ,?. 

The  Low  Minded  and  the  Honorable. — The 

low  minded  thou  canst  not  gain  otherwise  than 
by  giving  them  something ;  whereas  the  hon- 
orable and  the  good  thou  mayst  best  attract 
by  treating  them  in  a  kindly  manner. — ^Mem- 
orabilia? ii.  3. 

ZIMMERMANN,  JOHANN  GEORG        (Switzer- 
land, 1728-1795) 
Where  the  Polite  Fool  Fails. —  In  the  sallies 
of  badinage  a  polite  fool  shines ;  but  in  grav- 
ity he  is  as  awkward  as  an  elephant  disporting. 

Wit  that  Perishes. —  Many  species  of  wit 
are  quite  mechanical :  these  are  the  favorites  of 
witlings,  whose  fame  in  words  scarce  outlives 
the  remembrance  of  their  funeral  ceremonies. 

ZOLA,  Emile     (France,  1840-) 

Life  and  Labor. —  Labor  !  remember  that  it 
is  the  unique  natural  law  of  the  world,  the  reg- 
ulator which  leads  organized  matter  to  its  un- 
known goal.  Life  has  no  other  meaning,  no 
other  raison  d'  etre ;  we  only  appear  on  this 
earth  in  order  that  we  each  may  contribute  our 
share  of  labor  and  disappear.  One  can  only 
define  life  by  that  motion  which  is  communi- 
cated to  it  and  which  it  transmits,  and  which 
after  all  is  but  so  much  labor  toward  the  great 
final  work  to  be  accomplished  in  the  depths  of 
the  ages.  Why,  then,  should  we  not  be  mod- 
est, why  should  we  not  accept  the  respective 
tasks  that  each  of  us  comes  here  to  fulfill 
without  rebellion,  without  giving  way  to  the 
pride  of  egotism  which  prompts  men  to 
consider  themselves  centres  of  gravity,  and 
deters  them  from  falling  into  the  ranks  with 
their  fellows  ?  —  From  the  New  Review. 


4°°5 


PREFACE  TO   THE   INDEXES 


Ihe  text  of  the  World's  Best  Essays  extends  to  4004  pages; 
and  to  make  its  almost  inexhaustible  information  readily- 
available  for  the  student  and  general  reader,  the  indexes 
which  follow  have  been  modeled  on  the  modern  system  used 
in  indexing  the  great  public  libraries.  The  text  has  been  so 
analyzed  that  not  only  the  titles  of  essays,  the  names  of  authors, 
and  the  names  of  persons  and  places  mentioned  in  the  text  will 
guide  the  reader  in  research,  but  the  subjects  treated  and  the 
ideas  underlying  them  have  been  subjected  to  such  analysis  that 
it  is  hoped  the  great  resources  of  the  work  can  be  focused  on 
the  given  point  on  which  the  indexes  are  consulted.  The  cross- 
references  are  extensive — perhaps  more  extensive  than  have 
been  attempted  in  any  similar  index;  but  the  chief  usefulness 
of  the  General  Index  will  come,  no  doubt,  from  its  attempt  at 
a  severe  analysis  of  the  forms  of  expression  taken  in  different 
countries  and  ages  by  the  master  ideas  which  have  shaped  the 
course  of  civilization.  In  literature,  art,  religion,  science,  ethics, 
and  philosophy,  law  and  the  science  of  government,  political 
economy,  education,  history,  music,  and  musical  criticism,  the 
conduct  of  life  and  the  topics  which  most  nearly  affect  the  home 
and  family,  the  General  Index  gives  citations  with  cross-refer- 
ences intended  to  make  the  work  constantly  helpful  in  the 
solution  of  those  difficulties,  which,  though  they  come  to  all 
classes,  are  apt  to  be  most  numerous  with  the  greatest  readers. 
Nine  thousand  separate  slips  were  used  in  making  the  general 
index  alone,  while  the  distinct  citations  in  it  will  run  well  over 
10.000  and  will  probably  come  near  averaging  with  the  cross- 
references  in  all  the  indexes  three  or  more  to   each  text  page. 


4006  PREFACE  TO  THE  INDEXES 

The  General  Index  should  be  used  in  connection  with  the  Chrono- 
logical and  other  indexes  named  below :  — 

PAGE 

General  Index  of  Essayists 4009 

Index  of  Subjects  of  Essays      -  4019 

Chronological  Index  of  Essayists  and  Subjects       -  4046 

Chronological  Index  of  Literature        - 4069 

Chronological  Index  of  Law,  Government,  and  Economics    -        -  4076 

Chronological  Index  of  Religion,  Morals,  and  Philosophy        -  4078 

Chronological  Index  of  Periods  and  Events 4080 

General  Index      -  4083 

Important  Sub-Indexes  in  the  General  Index:  — 

American  Essayists 4084 

American  Literature 4086 

Anecdotes    ----- 4087 

Apothegms 4088 

Art        .--- 4089 

Art  and  Art  Criticisms,  Essays  on 4090 

The  Bible    --.         -  4092 

Biography  and  Characterization 4093 

Books  and  Booksellers        -        - 4096 

British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 4097 

Chinese  Literature 4103 

Christianity - 4103 

Conduct  of  Life,  Essays  on 4105 

Education 41 12 

England 41 15 

English  Literature 4115 

Epigrams     - -  4117 

Ethics  and  Philosophy 41 17 

Fiction  -- 4120 

French  Literature --4123 

France,  Essayists  of -  4122 

Germany,  Essayists  of -         -         -         -  4125 

German  Literature 4125 

Greece       -- 4127 

Greece,  Essayists  of 4127 

Hebrew  Literature 4129 

Historical  and  Political  Essays 4130 

History -  4132 

Humorous  Essays 4135 

Icelandic  Literature         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -  4136 

Ireland,  Essayists  of 4137 

Italian  Essayists      ----------  4138 

Italy  and  Italian  Literature       -  -  -  4X38 

Latin  Literature -----  4141 

Law  and  the  Science  of  Government,  Essays  on   -        -        -        -  4142 

Literary  and  Critical  Essays 4*44 


PREFACE   TO   THE   INDEXES 


4007 


PAGE 

Literature,  General 4I47 

Marriage 4I5I 

Medical  Science 4It2 

Music 4155 

Mythology 4I55 

Natural  History 4Ig6 

Periodical  Essayists 4Igg 

Philology           -         - 4l6o 

Poets  and  Poetry        - 4I62 

Political  Economy 4I63 

Printing  and  Printers         ---......  4Igg 

Proverbs 4I66 

Religion - 4I67 

Religious  and  Moral  Essays  --------  4I68 

Rome,  Essayists  of-        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        .        -41 71 

Scandinavian  Literature 4173 

Science -        -4173 

Scotland            ----_____        -        -  4175 

Shakespeare  and  Shakesperean  Literature      -----  ^77 

Sociology 4I78 

Spanish  Literature 4179 

Theology 4182 

United  States,  The 4184 

Universities  and  Colleges 4185 

War 4186 

Wit  and  Humor 4188 

Woman  and  the  Home 4188 

A  feature  of  the  General  Index  likely  to  prove  helpful  to  the 
reader  is  the  analysis  of  the  essays  by  subject,  which  classifies 
every  essay  in  the  work  by  the  idea  to  which  its  governing- 
thought  belongs.  The  citations  to  incidental  references  to  a 
subject  can  thus  be  re-enforced  by  essays  which  are  wholly  or 
chiefly  devoted  to  it.  The  Chronological  Indexes  of  Essayists,  of 
Literature,  and  of  Periods  and  Events  will  be  found  specially 
helpful  in  the  use  of  the  General  Index. 


4009 


GENERAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS 


A'Beckett  —  Zola 


A'Beckett,  Gilbert  A.  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3949 

Abercrombie,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 1  1 

Adam,  Madame 

Biography  and  Essfiy 1        13 

Adams,  John  Quincy 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3949 

Addison,  Joseph 

Biography  and  Essays 1        17 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3949 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe 

Biography  and  Essays 1      110 

Aikin,  Lucy 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3950 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronpon 

Biography  and  Essays 1      117 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3950 

Alexander,  Archibald 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3950 

Alfred  the  Great 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3950 

Alger,  William  Rounseville 

Biography  and  Essay 1      125 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald 

Biography  and  Essays 1      135 

Allen,  Grant 

Biography  and  Essay 1      142 

Allston,  Washington 

Biography  and  Essays 1       149 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de 

Biography  and  Essay 1      157 

Amiel,  Henri  Fr6d6ric 

Biography  and  Essays 1      165 

Anthony,  Susan  B. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3950 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 1      173 

Arago,  Francois  Jean  Dominique 

Biography  and  Essay 1      179 

Arbuthnot,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3950 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of 

Biography  and  Essay 1      183 

Aristotle 

Biography  and  Essays  1      188 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3951 

Arnold,  Benedict 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3951 

Arnold,  Matthew 

Biography  and  Essays 1      230 

Arrian 

Biography  and  Essay 1      243 

Ascham,  Roger 

Biography  and  Essays 1      264 


Athenseus  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay 1      272 

Atterbury,  Francis 

Biography  and  Essay 1      276 

Audubon,  John  James 

Biography  and  Essays 1      279 

Augustine,  Saint 

Biography  and  Essays 1      286 

Aurelius,  Marcus 

Biography  and  Essay 1      290 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3951 

Austen,  Jane 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3951 

Austin,  Alfred 

Biography  and  Essay 1      302 


B 


Bacon,  Francis 

Biography  and  Essays 1      308 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3951 

Eagehot,  Walter 

Biography  and  Essay 1      372 

Bain,  Alexander 

Biography  and  Essay 1      375 

Ball,  Sir  Robert 

Biography  and  Essay 1      381 

Ballou,  Hosea 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3952 

Balzac,  Honors  de 

Biography  and  Essays 1      385 

Bancroft,  George 

Biography  and  Essay 1      389 

Barrington,  Sir  J. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3952 

Barrow,  Isaac 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3952 

Bartol,  C.  A. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3952 

Bathurst,  Richard 

Biography  and  Essay 1      399 

Baudelaire,  Charles 

Biography  and  Essays 1      404 

Baxter,  Richard 

Celebrated  Passages 10     3952 

Bayle,  Pierre 

Biography  and  Essay 1      408 

Beaconsfield,  Lord 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3952 

Beattie,  James 

Biography  and  Essay 1      413 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of 

Biography  and  Essays 2      419 

Bede,  The  Venerable 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3953 


4oio 


GENERAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS 


Beecher,  Henry  Ward  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay 2      430 

Celebrated  Passages. 10    3954 

Beecher,  layman 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3954 

Belzoni,  John  Baptist 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3954 

Bentham,  Jeremy 

Biography  and  Essays 2      435 

Berkeley,  George 

Biography  and  Essay 2      440 

Besant,  Sir  Walter 

Biography  and  Essays 2      445 

Bigelow,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3954 

Birrell,  Augustine 

Biography  and  Essays 2      454 

Boileau-Despreaux 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3955 

Blackie,  John  Stuart 

Biography  and  Essay 2       463 

Blackstone,  Sir  William 

Biography  and  Essay 2      477 

Blair,  Hugh 

Biography  and  Essay 2      483 

Blaserna,  Pietro 

Biography  and  Essay 2      491 

Blind,  Karl 

Biography  and  Essay 2      498 

Boethius,  Anicius  Manlius  Severinus 

Biography  and  Essay 2      504 

Bohme,  Jacob 

Biography  and  Essays 2      508 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  Viscount 

Biography  and  Essay 2      513 

Bosanquet,  Bernard 

Biography  and  Essay 2      517 

Botta,  Vincenzo 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3955 

Bourget,  Paul 

Biography  and  Essay 2      523 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson 

Biography  and  Essay 2      527 

Boyle,  Robert 

Biography  and  Essays 2      535 

Bradford,  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10     8955 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme 

Biography  and   Essays 2      540 

Brooke,  Henry 

Biography  and  Essay 2      548 

Brooks,  Phillips 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3955 

Brougham,  Henry,   Baron    Brougham  and 
Vaux 

Biography  and  Essay 2      553 

Brown,  Charles  Brockden 

Celebrated  Passages 10     3955 

Brown,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 2      561 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 2      574 

Browning,  Robert 

Biography  and  Essay 2      646 

Brownson,  Orestes  A. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3955 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand 

Biography  and  Essay 2      651 

Bryant,  William  Cullen 

Biography  and  Essays 2      659 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3956 


Bryce,  James  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay 2      666 

Biichner,  Ludwig 

Biography  and  Essay 2      671 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 2      677 

Buckminster,  Joseph  Stevens 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3956 

Budgell,  Eustace 

Biography  and  Essays 2      685 

Bunsen,  Christian  Karl  Josias,  Baron  von 

Biography  and  Essay 2      698 

Burdette,  Robert  J. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3956 

Burke,  Edmund 

Biography  and  Essays 2      705 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3956 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques 

Biography  and  Essay 2      747 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Baron 

Biography  and  Essay 2      752 

Burnet,  Thomas 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3957 

Burritt,  Elihu 

Biography  and  Essays 2      757 

Burroughs,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 2      768 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 

Biography  and  Essay 2      777 

Burton,  Robert 

Biography  and  Essays 2      784 

Celebrated   Passages 10    3957 

Bury,  Richard  de 

Biography  and  Essay 2      790 

Butler,  Joseph 

Biography  and   Essay 2      793 

Butler,  Samuel 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3957 

Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  L,ord 

Biography  and  Essay 2      800 


Caesar,  Caius  Julius 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3957 

Caine,  Hall 

Biography  and  Essay 2      806 

Calhoun,  John  C. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3957 

Campbell,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 2      814 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3957 

Carleton,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 2      821 

Carlyle,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays »..    3      827 

Carpenter,  Edward 

Biography  and  Essay 3      887 

Carpenter,  William  Benjamin 

Biography  and  Essay 3      891 

Carter,  Elizabeth 

Biography  and  Essay 3      895 

Casaubon,  Meric 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3958 

Castelar,  Emilio 

Biography  and  Essays 3      899 

Catlin,  George 

Biography  and  Essay 3      906 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3958 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


4011 


«  Cavendish  »  (Henry  Jones)  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essays 3      911 

Caxton,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 3      918 

Cecil,  Richard 

Biography  and  Essay 3      922 

Cervantes 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3958 

Cesaresco,  Countess  Evelyn  Martinengo 

Biography  and  Essay 3      926 

Chalmers,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 3      930 

Chambers,  Robert 

Biography  and  Essays 3      937 

Channing,  William  Ellery 

Biography  and  Essays 3      945 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3958 

Chapone,  Hester 

Biography  and  Essay 3      954 

Charron,  Pierre 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Rene1  Auguste,  Vis- 
count de 

Biography  and  Essays 3      958 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

Biography  and  Essay 3      970 

Cheke,  Sir  John 

Biography  and  Essay 3      975 

Cherbuliez,  Victor 

Biography  and  Essay 3      977 

Chesterfield,  Lord 

Biography  and  Essays 3      981 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Child,  Lydia  Maria 

Biography  and  Essay 3      991 

Choate,  Rufus 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 

Biography  and  Essays 3      998 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1021 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3973 

Claretie,  Jules 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1030 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1036 

Clarke,  James  Freeman 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Claudian 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Claudius,  Matthias 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1043 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh 

Biography  and  Essays 3     1048 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1055 

Cobbett,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1061 

Coleridge,  Hartley 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1066 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 

Biography  and  Essays 3     1082 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Collins,  Mortimer 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1093 

Collyer,  Robert 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1100 

Colman  and  Thornton 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1105 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1111 


Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus        vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Colvin,  Sidney 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3959 

Combe,  George 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1116 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1122 

Comte,  Auguste 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1129 

Condorcet 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1132 

Confucius 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1136 

Constantinides,  Michael 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3960 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel 

•  Biography  and  Essay 3    1142 

Cook, Joseph 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3960 

Cooke,  John  Esten 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3960 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1148 

Corais,  Adamantius 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3961 

Cork,  The  Earl  of 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1154 

Coverdale,  Miles 

Biography  and  Essay 3    1159 

Cowley,  Abraham 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1163 

Cowper,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1171 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1176 

Cranmer,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1186 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3963 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1188 

Crevecceur,  J.  Hector  St.  John  de 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3963 

Croker,  John  Wilson 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1193 

Cumberland,  Richard 

Biography  and  Essays 3     1198 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3963 

Cunningham,  Allan 

Biography  and  Essays 3    1206 

Curtis,  George  William 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1212 

Cushman,  Charlotte 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3963 

Cust,  Robert  Needham 

Biography  and  Essays 3     1222 


D 


Dana,  Charles  Anderson 

Biography  and  Essay 3     1227 

Dana,  Richard  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3963 

Dante,  Alighieri 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1233 

Darmesteter,  James 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1251 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1258 

D'Aubigne,  Jean  Henri  Merle 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3963 


4012 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


Davy,  Sir  Humphrey  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1271 

Decker,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1280 

Defoe,  Daniel 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1283 

Delolme,  Jean  I,ouis 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1291 

Demosthenes 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3964 

Dennie,  Joseph 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1298 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1301 

Descartes,  Ren$ 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1352 

Dewey,  Orville 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3964 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1360 

Dickens,  Charles 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1376 

Dickinson,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3964 

Diderot,  Denis 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1386 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1391 

Diogenes,  Eaertius 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3964 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3964 

DTsraeli,  Isaac 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1394 

Dobson,  Austin 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1420 

Doddridge,  Philip 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1431 

Donne,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 4     1435 

Doran,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 4     1439 

Doumic,  Ren6 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1442 

Dowden,  Edward 

Biography  and  Essays 4     1451 

Draper,  John  W. 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1461 

Drummond,  Henry 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1474 

Drummond,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1478 

Dryden,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1482 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavau 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1495 

Duncombe,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1499 

Dwight,  Timothy 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3964 


E 

Earle,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1504 

Edgewoith,  Maria 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1526 

Edwards,  Jonathan 

Biography  and  Essay 4    1535 


"  Eliot,  George  »  Vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1541 

Elliott,  Stephen 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3965 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1569 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 

Biography  and  Essays 4    1574 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3965 

Epictetus 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1689 

Epicurus 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1646 

Erasmus,  Desiderius 

Biography  and  Essay 5    1651 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3965 

Evelyn,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 5    1654 

Everett,  Alexander  H. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3965 

Everett,  Edward 

Celebrated  Passages 10    8966 


Farrar,  Frederic  William 

Biography  and  Essay (J    1664 

Felltham,  Owen 

Biography  and  Essays 5    1670 

Fgnelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la  Mothe 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1699 

Feyjoo,  Benito 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3966 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb 

Biography  and  Essays 5    1712 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3967 

Fielding,  Henry 

Biography  and  Essays 5    1724 

Fischer,  Kuno 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1734 

Flammarion,  Camille 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1739 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1744 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la 

Celebrated  Passages ' 10     3967 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3967 

Foster,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1750 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1760 

Franklin,  Benjamin 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1769 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3967 

Freeman,  Edward  A. 

Biography  and  Essay 5    1789 

Freytag,  Gustav 

Biography  and  Essay 6     1798 

Frobel,  Friedrich 

Biography  and  Essays 5    1802 

Froissart,  Jean 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3967 

Frothingham,  O.  B. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3967 

Froude,  James  Anthony 

Biography  and  Essay 5    1809 

Fuller,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1817 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3967 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


40I3 


Galton,  Francis  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay 5    1855 

Garfield,  James  A. 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1861 

Celebrated  Passages 10    39C8 

Garrison,  William  LJoyd 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3968 

Gay,  John 

Biography  and  Essay "    5    1866 

Gayarre,  Charles 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3968 

Gellius,  Aulus 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1873 

George,  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3968 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1882 

Gibbon,  Edward 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1888 

Giraldus  Cambrensis 

Biography  and  Essay 5    1902 

Gladden,  Washington 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3968 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1906 

Godwin,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 5     1911 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1915 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3968 

Goldoni,  Carlo 

Celebrated  Passages 10    8968 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1936 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3969 

Gosse,  William  Edmund 

Biography  and  Essay 6     1976 

Granada,  Luis  de 

Celebrated  Passages 10     3969 

Grand,  Sarah 

Biography  and  Essay 5    1981 

Greeley,  Horace 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1985 

Green,  John  Richard 

Biography  and  Essays 5     1993 

Greene,  Robert 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3969 

Greville,  Fulke 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3969 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 

Biography  and  Essays 5    2008 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3970 

Grote,  George 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2018 

Grotius,  Hugo 

Biography  and  Essays 5    2025 

Guicciardini,  Francis 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3970 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume 

Biography  and  Essay 5    2034 


H 


Hale,  Sir  Matthew 

Biography  and  Essay 5    2040 

Hall,  Robert 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3970 

Hallam,  Henry 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2045 


Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3970 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2056 

Hamilton,  Alexander 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2062 

Hamilton,  Gail 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3970 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W. 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2070 

Hare,  Julius  Charles 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3970 

Harrington,  James 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2077 

Harrison,  Frederic 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2080 

Hawkesworth,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2105 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2110 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3971 

Hazlitt,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2128 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3971 

Headley,  J.  T. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3971 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2145 

Heine,  Heinrich 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2153 

Helmholtz,  Herman  Ludwig  Ferdinand  von 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2164 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2170 

Herbert,  Edward 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3971 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2180 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3971 

Herodotus 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3972 

Herschel,  Sir  John 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2186 

Hildreth,  Richard 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3972 

Hillebrand,  Karl 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2193 

Hobbes,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2197 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3972 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 

Biography  and   Essays 6     2201 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3972 

Hood,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2218 

Hook,  Theodore 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2224 

Hooker,  Richard 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2229 

Hopkins,  Mark 

Celebrated   Passages 10    3973 

Hopkinson,  Francis 

Celebrated   Passages 10    3973 

Hughes,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2234 

Hugo,  Victor 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2239 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2251 

Hume,  David 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2258 


4014 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


Hunt,  Leigh                                                    vol.  page 
Biography  and  Essays 6    2269 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2276 

I 

Ingalls,  John  James 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2291 

Irving,  Washington 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2301 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3973 


Jacobi,  Friedrich  Heinrich 

Celebrated  Passages 10    8974 

James  I. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3974 

James,  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3974 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2330 

Jay,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2337 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2342 

Jefferies,  Richard 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2350 

Jefferson,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2354 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2360 

Jerome,  Jerome  K. 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2369 

Jerrold,  Douglas 

Biography  and  Essay 6     2375 

Jevons,  \V.  Stanley 

Celebrated   Passages 10    3974 

Johnson,  Samuel 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2382 

Celebrated   Passages 10    3975 

Jonson,  Ben 

Biography  and  Essays 6    2401 

Junius  (Sir  Philip  Francis?) 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2408 

K 

Karnes,  Lord 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3975 

Kant,  Immanuel 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2414 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3975 

Keightley,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2422 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2428 

Kent,  James 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3975 

King,  Thomas  Starr 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3975 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3975 

Kingsley,  Charles 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2434 

Knox,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3976 

Krapotkin,  Prince 

Biography  and  Essay 6    2441 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3976 


La  Bruyere,  Jean  de  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essays 6     2443 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3976 

Lamartine,  Alphonse  Marie  Louis 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3976 

Lamb,  Charles 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2451 

Landor,  Walter  Savage 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2485 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3977 

Lang,  Andrew 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2490 

Lanier,  Sidney 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2496 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2511 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3977 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole 

Biography  and  Essays 7     2516 

Ledyard,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3977 

Lee,  Robert  E. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3977 

Legar6,  Hugh  Swinton 

Biography  and  Essays 7     2523 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wilhelm  von 

Biography  and  Essay 7     2528 

Leland,  Charles  Godfrey 

Celebrated  Passages 10    8978 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 

Biography  and  Essays 7     2536 

Celebrated  Passages 10    8978 

L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3978 

Le  Vert,  Madame  Octavia  Walton 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3978 

Lewes,  George  Henry 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2546 

Lieber,  Francis 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Liebig,  Justus  von 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2554 

Lincoln,  Abraham 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Lingard.  John 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2563 

Livingston,  Robert  R. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Livy  (Titus  Livius) 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2567 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Locke,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2571 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2595 

Lodge,  Thomas 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Lombroso,  Cesare 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2600 

Long,  George 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3979 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

Biography  and  Essays 7     2604 

Longinus 

Biography  and  Essays 7     2636 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3980 

Lowell,  James  Russell 

Biography  and  Essays 7     2657 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3980 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


40I5 


I,ubbock,  Sir  John  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2677 

L,ucian 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2687 

IyUther,  Martin 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2690 

L,yell,  Sir  Charles 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2695 

I<yly,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2698 

Lyttelton,  Eord 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3980 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  I,ytton  Bul- 
wer,  Baron 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2702 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3980 


M 

McCarthy,  Justin 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2711 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2717 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2775 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3980 

Mackenzie,  Henry 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2781 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2785 

Madison,  James 

Biography  and  Essay 7     2794 

Mahaffy,  John  P. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3980 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2799 

Malebranche,  Nicolas 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3981 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2803 

Mallock,  William  Hurrell 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3981 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2809 

Mandeville,  Sir  John 

Biography  and  Essays 7    2816 

Mann,  Horace 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3981 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2820 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3981 

Margaret  of  Navarre 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3982 

Marshall,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3982 

Martineau,  Harriet 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2826 

Martineau,  James 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3982 

Martyn,  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3982 

Marx,  Karl 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2831 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3982 

Mather,  Cotton 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3982 

Mather,  Increase 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3983 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2835 


Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay 7    2854 

Mazziui,  Giuseppe 

Biography  and  Essay 8    2859 

Mencius 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2870 

Mendelssohn,  Moses 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2875 

Metastasio,  Pietro 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3983 

Michelet,  Jules 

Biography  and  Essay 8    2881 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3983 

Mill,  John  Stuart 

Biography  and  Essay 8    2888 

Milton,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2902 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3983 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2910 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell 

Biography  and  Essay 8    2915 

Mivart,  St.  George 

Biography  and  Essay 8    2921 

Montagu,  l,ady  Mary  Wortley 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2930 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2936 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3983 

Montesquieu 

Biography  and  Essays 8    2990 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3983 

More,  Hannah 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3001 

More,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3010 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3984 

Morley,  John 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3015 

Morris,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3021 

Motley,  John  Lothrop 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3025 

Moulton,  I,ouise  Chandler 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3034 

Miiller,  Max 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3044 


N 


Neal,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3984 

Nepos,  Cornelius 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3984 

Newman,  Cardinal 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3049 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3984 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3053 

Nizami 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3056 

Norton,  Andrews 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3984 

Norton,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3984 

«  Novalis  » 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3060 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3985 


4016 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


o 

Oehlenschlager,  Adam  Gottlob                  vol.  page 
Celebrated  Passages 10    3985 

O'Rell,  Max 

Biography  and  Essays 8    o070 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3076 

Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3985 

Otis,  James 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3985 

«  Ouida  '• 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3081 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3087 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3985 


Paine,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 8 

Parker,  Theodore 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Parnell,  Thomas 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Pascal,  Blaise 

Biography  and  Essays 8 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Pater,  Walter 

Biography  and  Essay 8 

Paulding,  James  Kirke 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Penn,  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10 


3094 
3985 
39S5 

3101 

3985 

3111 
3986 

3986 


Petrarch 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3117 

Phelps,  Austin 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3986 

Phillips,  Wendell 

Celebrated  Passages 10 


Piukney,  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Plato 


Biography  and  Essays 8 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Pliny  the  Elder 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Pliny  the  Younger 

Biography  and  Essays 8 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Plutarch 

Biography  and  Essays 8     olbi 

Celebrated  Passages 10 

Edgar  Allan 


3986 

3986 

3122 
3986 

3987 

3146 
3987 


3987 


Poe, 


Biography  and  Essays 8 


3160 


Polybius 

Celebrated 


Passages 

Pope,  Alexander 

Biography  and  Essays 

Prentice,  George  Denison 

Celebrated   Passages 

Prescott,  William  Hickling 

Biography  and  Essays 8 

Prime,  Samuel  Irenajus 

Celebrated   Passages 10 

Proctor,  Richard  A. 

Biography  and  Essays 8 

«  Prout,  Father  " 

Biography  and  Essay 8 

Pythagoras 

Celebrated  Passages s , 10 


10    3987 


8    3168 


10     3987 


3184 


3987 


3193 


3202 


3988 


Q 

Quintilian  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essay > 8    3214 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3988 

Quintus  Curtius 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3988 


Rabelais,  Francois 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3988 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3988 

Randolph,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3989 

Rawlinson,  George 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3989 

Reel  us,  Jean  Jacques  Elisee 

Celebrated   Passages 10    3989 

Red  Jacket 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3990 

Remusat,  Madame  de 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3219 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3224 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3233 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3990 

Ricardo,  David 

Biography  and  Essay 8    3240 

Richardson,  Samuel 

Biography  and  Essay 8     3244 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 

Biography  and  Essays 8    3250 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3990 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  de  la 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3990 

Rochester,  Earl  of 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3990 

Roland,  Madame  (Manon  Jeanne  Phlipon) 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3265 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3275 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3991 

Rumford,  Benjamin  Thompson,  Count 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3991 

Rush,  Benjamin 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3991 

Ruskin,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3285 


Sadi 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3991 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3320 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3336 

Sallust 

Celebrated  Passages 10     3992 

Sanderson,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3992 

Savonarola 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3992 

Schaff,  Philip 

Celebrated  Passages 10     3992 

Schelling,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph  von 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3340 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


4017 


VOL.  PAGE 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von 

Biography  and  Essays 9     3348 

Schlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3358 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3365 

Schreiner,  Olive 

Biography  and  Essays 9     3379 

Schurz,  Carl 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3992 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 

Biography  and  Essays 9     3388 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  M. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3992 

Selden,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3398 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3993 

Seneca,  Eucius  Annseus 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3403 

Celebrated  Passages. .   10    3993 

Sevigne,  Madame  de 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3410 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3994 

Seward,  William  H. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3994 

Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3415 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3994 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe 

Biography  and  Essays 9     3419 

Shenstone,  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3994 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3426 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3994 

Sigourney,  Eydia  H. 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3433 

Simms,  William  Gilmore 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3994 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de 

Biography  and  Essay 9     3436 

Smiles,  Samuel 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3439 

Smith,  Adam 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3449 

Smith,  Goldwin 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3995 

Smith,  Horace 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3455 

Smith,  Captain  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3995 

Smith,  Sydney 

Biography  and  Essays 9     3468 

Smollett,  Tobias 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3995 

Socrates 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3996 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3479 

South,  Robert 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3996 

Southey,  Robert 

Biography  and  Essays' 9     3488 

Souvestre,  Emile 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3497 

Sparks,  Jared 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3996 

Spencer,  Herbert 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3505 

Spinoza,  Baruch 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3525 

x— 252 


Stael,  Madame  de  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3534 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3996 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3549 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3996 

Stephen,  Sir  James 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3599 

Stephens,  Alexander  H. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3997 

Sterne,  Eawrence 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3603 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3997 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3608 

Stewart,  Balfour 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3621 

Stewart,  Dugald 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3997 

Storrs.  Richard  Salter 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3997 

Story,  Joseph 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3997 

Sturleson,  Snorre 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3629 

Sumner,  Charles 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3998 

Swift,  Jonathan 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3640 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3998 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles 

Biography  and  Essays 9    3659 

Symonds,  John  Addington 

Biography  and  Essay 9    3666 


Tacitus,  Cornelius 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3673 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3998 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3703 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3726 

Talleyrand 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3998 

Taylor,  Bayard 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3998 

Taylor,  Jeremy 

Celebrated  Passages 10    3999 

Temple,  Sir  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4000 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3735 

Theophrastus 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3753 

Thoreau,  Henry  David 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3776 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4000 

Thucydides 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4000 

Tickell,  Thomas 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3787 

Ticknor,  George 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3791 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4000 

Tillotsou,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4000 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri  Cl£rel  de 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3798 


401S 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS 


Tolstoi,  Count  layoff  Nikolaievich  vol.  page 

Biography  and  Essays 10     8809 

Tseng,  The  Marquis 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3819 

Tse-sze 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4000 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4001 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3823 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3833 

■  Twain,  Mark  »  (Samuel  L,.  Clemens) 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3842 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4001 

Tyndall,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3849 


Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4002 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4002 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3858 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4002 


w 


Wagner,  Richard 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3867 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3872 

Walpole,  Horace 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3876 

Walton,  Izaak 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3881 

«  Ward,  Artemus  » 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4002 

Warton,  Joseph 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3886 

Washington,  George 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4002 


Watts,  Isaac  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4002 

Webster,  Daniel 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4003 

Webster,  Noah 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4003 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3893 

Whitman,  Walt 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4008 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf 

Biography  and  Essay 10     3899 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4003 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3906 

Williams,  Roger 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4003 

Willis,  N.  P. 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4003 

Wilson,  John 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3913 

Winter,  William 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4004 

Winthrop,  John 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4004 

Wirt,  William 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3925 

Wordsworth,  William 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3929 


X 

Xenophon 

Biography  and  Essays 10    3937 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4004 


Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 

Biography  and  Essay 10    3942 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4004 

Zola,  Emile 

Celebrated  Passages 10    4004 


4019 


INDEX   OF  SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


A 


A  Bachelor's  Complaint  vol.  page 

Cowper,  William 3    1172 

A  Banquet  at  Aspasia's 

Child,  Lydia  Maria 3      991 

A  Bit  of  Parisian  Gossip 

S6vigne\  Madame  de 9    3410 

A  Chapter  on  Sleep 

Sterne,  Lawrence 9    3604 

A  Charm  of  Birds 

Kingsley,  Charles 6    2434 

A  Child's  Dream  of  a  Star 

Dickens,  Charles 4    1376 

A  Chinese  View  of  London 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1940 

A    Choice    for    Every    Man  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Lodge,  Thomas 10    3979 

A  Clear  Mind  and  Dignity  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Greene,  Robert 10    3969 

A  Complaint  of  the  Decay  of  Beggars  in 
the  Metropolis 

Lamb,  Charles 7    2453 

A  Conclusion  by  Parepidemus 

Clough,  Hugh  Arthur 3    1049 

A  Cooling  Card  for  All  Fond  Lovers 

Lyly,  John 7    2698 

A  Dandy  Defined  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Webster,  Noah 10    4003 

A  Day  in  Florence 

Bryant,  William  Cullen 2      660 

A  Day  without   a  Sun — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Taylor,  Bayard 10    3999 

A  Defense  of  Enthusiasm 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore 10    3823 

A  Dinner  Party 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3476 

A  Dispute  with  Carlyle 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan 4    1495 

A  Dissertation  upon  Roast  Pig 

Lamb,  Charles 7    2461 

A  Dream  upon  the  Universe 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3253 

A  Final  Word  on  America 

Arnold,  Matthew 1      231 

«A  Fine  Excess  »  —  Feeling  Is  Energy 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1552 

A  Franklin 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8    3092 

A  Friend  and  Enemy, —  When  Most  Dan- 
gerous 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1693 

A  Glimpse  of  Irish  Life 

Carleton,  Will 2      821 

A  Glorious  Victory  — ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Tillotson,  John 10    4000 

A  Good  Wife 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8    3087 


VOL.  PAGE 

A  Government  of  Leagued  States  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Livingston,  Robert  R 10    3979 

A  Great  Man's  Assurance  of  Himself  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Thucydides 10    4000 

A  Meditation  upon  a  Broomstick 

Swift,  Jonathan 9    3644 

A  Miraculous  People 

Legar<§,  Hugh  Swinton 7    2526 

A  Mohammedan  on  Christian  Vices 

Mandeville,  Sir  John 7    2816 

A  Mystery  of  Good  and  Evil 

Chalmers,  Thomas 3      930 

A  Nation  Improved  by  Suffering  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 10    3964 

A  Nursery  Lecture  Delivered  by  an  Old 
Bachelor 

Coleridge,  Hartley 3     1077 

A  Paradox  of  Mr.  Bayle 

Montesquieu 8    2997 

A  Peasant's  Philosophy 

Sterne,  Lawrence 9    8005 

A  Poet's  Haughty  Patience 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles 9    3662 

A  Point  of  Space 

Burritt,  EHhu 2      757 

A  Preacher  of  the  Old  School 

Wirt,  William 10    3925 

A  Question  of  Permanent  Interest  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Otis,  James 10    3985 

A  "  Rambler  »  Essay 

Carter,  Elizabeth 3      895 

A  Rambler  Essay  on  Woman 

Richardson,  Samuel 8    3244 

A  Retrospect 

Hugo,  Victor 6     2245 

A  Reverie  of  Home 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant 8     2912 

A  Reverie  on  Death 

Drummond,  William 4    1478 

A  Rill  from  the  Town  Pump 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 6    2121 

A  Roman  Brook 

Jeff eries,  Richard ' "6     2350 

A  Roman  Fountain 

Pliny  the  Younger 8    3150 

A  Rule  for  Happiness  — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Aurelius,  Marcus 10    3951 

A  Rule  for  Husbands 

Gellius,  Aulus 5     1873 

A  Rule  of  Life 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10     3835 

A  Self-Satisfied  Man 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10    3834 

A  Small  Thing,  but  Mine  Own 

Cowley,  Abraham 3     1169 


4020 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS  OF   ESSAYS 


A  Soap  Bubble  Hanging  from  a  Reed      vol.  page 
Amiel,  Henri  Frederic 1      166 

A  Song  of  Books 

Lubbock,  Sir  John 7    2678 

A  Typical  Man  of  the  World 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin 9    3320 

A  Usurer 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8    3088 

A  Vision  of  Progress 

Davy,  Sir  Humphrey 4    1271 

A  Walk  in  Pere  Lachaise 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7    2619 

Accept  the  Verdict  of  Fools 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10    3833 

Accomplishments 

More,   Hannah 8    3001 

Acknowledgment  of  Error 

Pope,  Alexander 8     3183 

Acting  as  a  Fine  Art  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages 

Cushman,  Charlotte 10    3963 

Addison 

Thackera}',  William  Makepeace 10    3747 

Addison  and  His  Friends 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7    2746 

Addison  and  Swift  in  Hades  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Lyttelton,  Lord 10    3980 

Addison  Meets  Sir  Roger 

Addison,  Joseph 1        77 

Addison  Visits  Steele 

Laudor,  Walter  Savage 7    2486 

Advantages   of    Reading    History    and 
Speeches 

Quintilian 8    3214 

Against   Abolishing  Christianity  in   Eng- 
land 

Swift,  Jonathan 9    3653 

Against  Bad  English 

Swift,  Jonathan 9    3655 

Against  Capital  Punishment 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of 2      427 

Against  Disputing — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Socrates 10    3996 

Against  Helping  God  by  the  Devil's  Meth- 
ods —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Pascal,  Blaise 10    3985 

Against     Pardoning    Oppressors  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Sadi 10    3992 

Against  Radicals   and  Socialists  —  (Cele- 
brated  Passages) 

Krapotkin,  Prince 10    3976 

Aims  and  Duties — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Kant,   Immanuel 10    3975 

All  Carving  and  No  Meat 

Ruskin,  John 9    3311 

All  for    the   Present 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1846 

All  Men  of  the   Same   Clay — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de 10    3967 

Along  the  Avon 

Collins,  Mortimer 3     1098 

American  and  Swiss  Democracy  Compared 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore 3     1151 

Americans  of  the  Golden  Age 

Cobbett,  William 3     1061 

An  Army  of  Devils  Broke  Loose  »  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Mather,  Cotton 10    3982 


An  Artistic  Funeral                                      vol.  pagb 
Sevign6,  Madame  de 9    3411 

An  Eastern  Legend 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10    3838 

*  An  Easy  and  Portable  Pleasure  " —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

South,  Robert 10    3996 

An  Essay  on  Epigrams 

Collins,  Mortimer 3     1093 

An  Essay  on  Laughter 

Beattie,  James 1      413 

An  Essay  on  Pins 

Coleridge,  Hartley 3    1074 

An  Ethical  Pig's  Catechism 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      886 

An  Evil  Habit  of  the  Soul  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Plutarch 10    3987 

An  Exhortation  to  Teachers —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Corais,  Adamantius 10    3961 

An  Ingrosser  of  Corn 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8    3089 

An  Old  Countryhouse  and  an  Old  Lady 

Mackenzie,  Henry 7     2781 

An  Opinionater  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Butler,  Samuel 10     3957 

An  Undertaker 

Hood,  Thomas 6     2218 

Ancient  and  Modern  Art 

Warton,  Joseph 10    3886 

Ancient  Languages  and  Modern   Pedantry 

Garfield,  James  A 5    1861 

Ancient  Literature  and  Modern  Progress 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe 9     3424 

Anecdotage 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1S25 

Anglo-Saxon  Language  and  Poetry 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7     2605 

Anglo-Saxon  Origins — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Bede,  The  Venerable 10    3953 

Apishness 

Decker,  Thomas 4    1280 

Apothegms  from  His  History  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus' 10    3981 

Appearances  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 10    3990 

Applause 

More,  Hannah 8     3002 

Arabian  Romance 

Keightley,  Thomas 6     2424 

Are  Men  Growing  Better? 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian 8     3076 

Aristocracy  in  England 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1634 

Art 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo  4    1599 

Art  and  Decadence 

Ruskin,  John 9     3310 

Art  and  Nature 

Byron,  George  Gordon  Noel,  Lord. . .    2      800 
Art  and  Nature —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Colvin,  Sidney 10    3959 

Art  and  Religion 

Allston,  Washington 1      155 

Art   Born   of   Religion  —  (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Clarke,  James  Freeman 10    3959 

Aspects  of  Shakespeare's  Art 

Caine,  Hall 2      806 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4021 


VOL.  PAGE 

"Assuaging   the    Female    Mind  » — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Livy 10    3979 

Atrabilious  Reflections  upon  Melancholy 

Coleridge,  Hartley 3      1070 

Attentions  to  Ladies 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      985 

At  the  Castle  of  Blonay 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore 3    1148 

At  Twilight 

Baudelaire,  Charles 1      405 

Authors 

More,  Hannah 8    3003 

Avarice 

Pope,  Alexander 8    3183 

Avarice  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 10    3990 


B 


«  Bagges  as  a  Defence  »  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Smith,  Captain  John 10    3995 

Barbarism  in  Birdcage  Walk 

Jerrcld,  Douglas 6    2375 

Bargains  with  the  Devil  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Mather,  Increase 10    3983 

Base  Criticism 

Ruskin,  John 9    3318 

Beast   and    Angel    in    Man  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 10    3959 

Beauty  as    a    Compelling    Power — .(Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Hyde,  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon ...  10    3973 
Behavior  to    Inferiors — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Fuller,  Thomas 10    3968 

Benevolence 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe 9    3419 

Benignity 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3582 

Be  Sure  You're  Right  —  (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Sallust 10    3992 

«  Beware,  Wanton  Wit » 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1851 

Bickerstaff  and  Maria 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3556 

Bigotry    in    Religion  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Williams,  Roger 10    4003 

Blockhead   Writers  and  Readers — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of 10    3959 

Blue  Grass 

Ingalls,  John  James 6    2292 

Book-Buying 

Birrell,  Augustine 2      459 

Book  Madness 

Southey,  Robert 9    3496 

Book  Making — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Everett,  Alexander  H 10    3965 

Books 

More,  Hannah 8    3005 

Books  and  Authorship 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3366 

Books  and  Tombstones 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 9    3612 


VOL.  PAGE 

Books  as  a   Nepenthe — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Fuller,  Thomas 10    3967 

Books,   Old  and    New  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 10    3972 

Borrowed  Ideas 

Roland,  Madame 9    3271 

Bracebridge  Hall 

Irving,  Washington 6    2303 

Brahman  Ethics 

Cust,  Robert  Needham 3    1225 

Brains  as  Monuments — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 10    3991 

British  Novels  and  Romances 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon 10    3726 

Brutality  in  Human  Nature 

Hobbes,  Thomas 6    2199 

Buddha  and  His  Creed 

Cust,  Robert  Needham 3    1222 

Burns  and  the  Pundits  of  Edinburgh 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson 7    2598 

Byron  and  the  Growth  of  History  from 
Myth 

Grote,  George 5    2018 


Calamities 

More,  Hannah 8    3006 

Captains  of  Industry 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      848 

Carlyle's   Cromwell  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Lamartine,  Alphonse  Marie  Louis.. .  10    3976 
Causes  of  Good  Government —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 10    3964 

Causes  of  the  Most  Enormous  Crimes  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Herodotus 10    3972 

Celebrated  Literary  Forgeries 

Lang,  Andrew 7    2492 

Censorious  People 

Pope,  Alexander 8    3183 

Ceremony  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Selden,  John 10    3993 

Ceremony  with   Fools  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of 10    3959 

Change  in  All  Things — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Aurelius,  Marcus 10    3951 

Changing  Sides 

Selden,  John 9    3398 

Character — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 10    3954 

Character 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4     1575 

Character  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 10    3965 

Character — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Winter,  William 10    4004 

Character  and  Association 

Roland,  Madame 9    3273 

Character  of  the  North  American  Indians 

Catliu,  George 3      906 

Characteristics 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      838 


4022 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Characteristics  of  European  Civilization 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume  . .    5 

Characteristics  of  the  French  and  English 

Tseng,  The  Marquis 10 

Charity  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Ballou,  Hosea 10 


2034 


3819 


3952 


Charity,  Charity 

Fuller,  Thomas 

Charles  Lamb 

Hunt,  Leigh 

Chatterton's  Life  Tragedy 

Campbell,  Thomas * 

Chaucer  and  the  Italian  Poets 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles 9 

Chevy  Chase 

Addison,  Joseph *■ 

Children's  Play  and  Art  -  (Celebrated  Pas- 

SQ.2CS ) 

Oehlenschlager,  Adam  Gottlob 10 

Christ  and  Socrates 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 9 


5    1849 


6    2271 


814 


3G59 


47 


3985 


3283 


8    3007 


.10    3970 


Christianity 

More,  Hannah 

Christianity  and  Civilization—  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Hare,  Julius  Charles 

Christianity  and  Music 

Chateaubriand,  Viscount  de 3 

Christianity  and  Progress 

Stephen,  Sir  James 9 

Civilization  and  the  Earliest  Literature 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri 7 

Civilization  — Its  Cure 

Carpenter,  Edward 3 

Claiming  Divine  Right- (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) _ 

Casaubon,  Menc lu 

Classical  Glory 

Smith,  Sydney 8    61" 

Coarse  Arts  and  Fine- (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Hamilton,  Gail 

Comparison  the  Secret  of   Knowledge  — 
( Celebrated  Passages ) 

Herodotus 1° 

Compassion  a  Law  of  the  Survival  of  Spe- 
cies 

Diderot,  Denis 

Compensation 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 

Complaint  of  a  Bird  in  a  Darkened  Cage 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8 

Concerning  Certain  Horrible  Infirmities 

Dante,  Alighieri 4    1247 

Concerning  Dangers  from  Foreign  Force 
and  Influence 

Jay,  John 6 

Concerning  Friendship 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 3 

Concerning  Good  and  Bad  Fortune 

Petrarch 

Concerning  Imperial  Power  and  the  King- 
dom of  God 

Augustine,  Saint 1 

Concerning  Nobility  and  True  Chivalry 

Caxton,  William 3 

Concerning    Religion— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Pliny  the  Elder 10 

Concerning    Rouge,   Whist,    and    Female 
Beauty 

Duucombe,  John 4 


962 


3599 


2803 


887 


3958 


.  10  3970 


3972 


4  1386 


4  1625 


3258 


2337 


1008 


8  3118 


2S6 


918 


3987 


1499 


Concerning  the  Delay  of  the  Deity  vol.  page 

Plutarch 8    ol&d 

Concerning  Toleration  and  Politics  in  the 
Churches 

Locke,  John ' 

Conquests  Made  by  a  Republic 

Montesquieu 

Conscience  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Ballou,  Hosea 

Conscience  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 

Conscience  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Cook,  Joseph 10 

Conscience    and    the    Soul— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Cook,  Joseph lu 

Contracts 

Selden,  John 

Conversation  in  Confidence  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Addison,  Joseph 10 

Conversation      in      Crowds  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Addison,  Joseph 10 

Conversion  and  Friendship  with  Heaven 
—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von. 
Co-operation  among  Porcupines 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3377 

«  Cooper's  Hill  " 

Goldsmith.  Oliver 

Courtesy  Gaineth 

Fuller,  Thomas 5 

Courtship  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Addison,  Joseph 10 

Credit  from  Trifling  Things— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Franklin,  Benjamin 

Crito  :  —  «  Of  What  We  Ought  to  Do  » 

Plato 

Cromwell  and  His  Men 

Green,  John  Richard 

Cromwell's  Government  by  the  ''Mailed 
Hand" 

Lingard,  John 

Crossing   the    Arctic    Circle  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Taylor,  Bayard 

Cruelty  and  Carnivorous  Habits 

Pope,  Alexander 8 

Cultivation  and  Society— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Irving,  Washington 1W 


2586 


8    2995 


.  10    3952 


.10    3959 


3960 


3960 


9     3399 


3949 


3949 


.10     3968 


5     1969 


1847 


3950 


.10    3967 


8    3123 


5    2001 


7    2563 


.  10     3998 


3173 


3973 


D 


Dante  and  Shakespeare 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3 

Darwin's  Conclusion  on  His  Theory  and 
Religion 

Darwin,  Charles 

Darwin's    Summary    of     His    Theory    of 
Natural  Selection 

Darwin,  Charles 

«  Dear  Religious  Love  » 

«  Eliot,  George  » 

Death 

Donne,  John 

Death    as    a    Release  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Metastasio, 


860 


4    1268 


4    1260 


4    1567 


4    1437 


pietro 10    3983 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OP   ESSAYS 


4023 


Death  of  Sir  Roger  vol.  page 

Addison,  Joseph 1      107 

Debasing  the  Moral  Currency 

« Eliot,  George" 4    1555 

Deception  and  Abuses  in  Politics — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley 10    4001 

Decision  of  Character 

Foster,  John 5    1750 

Decline  of  the  Civilized  Order 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles. ...     5    1764 
Deed  and  Word—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Savonarola 10     3992 

Degeneracy  and  the  Passions 

Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of 9    3415 

Degradation  in  London 

O'Rell,  Max 8    3072 

Delight  in  Self-Denial  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Brooks,  Phillips 10    3955 

Democracy  and  Civic  Duty 

Bryce,  James 2      666 

De  Officiis 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 3    1006 

Dialogue  in  a  Vulture's  Nest 

Johnson,  Samuel 6    2386 

Dialogue  on  the  Thames 

Heine,  Heinrich 6    2154 

Dining  in  Paris  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sanderson,  John 10    3992 

Discovering    Old    Things    Over    Again  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de 10    4002 

Disputation 

Pope,  Alexander 8    3183 

Dissectors  and  Dreamers 

Ruskin,  John 9    3316 

Distempers    of    the     Heart— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10    3998 

Divine  Grace  a  Real  Emanation 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1566 

Does  Fortune  Favor  Fools? 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 3    1083 

Does  God  Put  Men  to  the  Test 

Butler,  Joseph 2      793 

Doing  Good 

Roland,  Madame 9    3271 

Doing  Good  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of 10    3994 

Doing  Good  to  Others— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Kant,  Immanuel 10    3975 

Domestic    Manifestations  of    the  Roman 
Spirit  of  Conquest 

Augustine,  Saint 1      288 

"Dominus  Regit  Me  " 

Addison,  Joseph 1        60 

Don  Quixote  and  His  Times 

Prescott,  William  Hickling 8    3184 

Dream-Culture 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 2      430 

Dreaming 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8     3263 

Dress  and  Address —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Barrington,  Sir  J 10    3952 

Drowned    in    Their  Own    Honey — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 10    3971 

Dullness  Not    Natural  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Quintilian 10     3988 

Duty 

More,  Hannah 8    3008 


Early  Printing  vol.  page 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 4    1404 

Easy  Poetry 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 8     3233 

Eccentricities  of  Famous  Men 

Lombroso,  Cesare 7    2600 

Edgeworth  on  Bulls 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3471 

Education 

More,  Hannah 8    3009 

Education 

Ruskin,  John 9    3319 

Education    and   the    State  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Aristotle 10    3951 

Education  as  a  Development  of  the  Soul 

Hooker,  Richard 6    2232 

Education  in  a  Republican  Government 

Montesquieu 8    2994 

Education  —  What   Knowledge  Is  of  Most 
Worth  ? 

Spencer,  Herbert 9    3518 

Efficiency  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sallust 10    3992 

Egotists  in  Monologue —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Alcott,  A.  Bronson 10    3950 

Eighteenth-Century    England  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Hopkinson,  Francis 10    3973 

El  Dorado 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 9    3610 

«  Elegy  Written  in  a  Country  Churchyard  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1969 

«  Eloisa  to  Ab61ard  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1970 

Eloquence  and  Nature —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages 

Sterne,  Lawrence 10    3997 

Enduring  and  Doing  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Bartol,  C.  A 10    3952 

Engaged  and  Married  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Burdette,  Robert  J 10    3956 

Engagements 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler 8    3041 

England  in  Shakespeare's  Youth 

Dowden,  Edward £    1451 

Enlightened  Rationalists 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3377 

Enthusiasm    and    Liberty  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 10    3959 

Environment  and  Character 

Taine,  Hippoly te  Adolph 10    8704 

Envy   and    Fine   Weather  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Shenstone,  William 10    3994 

Epitaphs 

Wordsworth,  William 10     3934 

Epitaphs  and  Anagrams  of  the  Puritans 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 5     2012 

Equality    and    Civilization  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Corais,  Adamantius 10    3961 

Esse  Quam  Videri  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Garfield,  James  A 10    3968 

Eternity 

(<  Novalis  » 8    3062 


4024 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


Europe  under  the  Baj'onet  vol.  page 

Bryant,  William  Cullen 2      662 

Evil 

Plato 8    3144 

Evil  Speaking 

Selden,  John 9    3400 

Evolution  of  the  Professions 

Spencer,  Herbert 9    3506 

Experience 

Plato 8    3145 

Expostulation    and    Accusation  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Thucydides 10    4000 

Extracts  from  My  Private  Journal 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 6    2207 


Fallen  Souls  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Richter,  Jean  Paul 10    3990 

Falstaff  and  His  Friends 

Cumberland,  Richard 3    1135 

Fame 

Southey,  Robert 9    3488 

Fame   and   Human   Happiness  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Sumner,  Charles 10    3998 

Familiarity  Breeds  Contempt —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Uvy 10    3979 

Family  Heredity 

Plutarch 8    3157 

Fatted  for  Destruction  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Fuller,   Thomas 10    3968 

«  Fear  Not  Them  that  Kill  the  Body  »  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Plato 10    3986 

Felix  Qui  Non  Potuit 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1567 

Female  Beauty  and  Ornament 

D'Israeli,  Isaac , 4    1411 

Female  Tongues 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3261 

Finis  Coronat  Opus  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Herodotus 10    3972 

"  Flying  Leaves  » —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Jacobi,  Friedrich  Heinrich 10    3974 

Following  the  Leader  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Greville,  Fulke 10    3969 

Forethought    and     Failure  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Herodotus 10    3972 

Forgiveness 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3261 

Forgiveness    and    Amendment — (Cele- 
brated Passages 

Guicciardini,  Francis 10     3970 

For  the  Beauty  of  an  Ideal 

Fogazzario,  Antonio 5     1744 

Fortune  Telling 

Irving,  Washington 6    2312 

Four  Wise   Sayings — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 10    3994 

Franklin's  Character  and  Religion  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Bigelow,  John 10    3954 


VOL.  PAGE 

Freedom  as  the  Origin  of  Politeness  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of 10    3994 

Free  Play  for  Woman's  Activities  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller 10    3985 

Friends  and  Friendship  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Franklin,  Benjamin 10    3967 

Friends    that  Are  Always    True — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Irving,  Washington 10    3973 

Friendship —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Brooks,  Phillips 10    3955 

Friendship  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Hazlitt,  William 10    3971 


G 

Garrulity 

Plutarch 8    3158 

Gastronomy  and  the  Other  Sciences 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme 2      541 

«  Gedenke  Zu  Leben  " 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      846 

Gefjon's  Ploughing 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3630 

"  General  Recapitulation  »  of  "  The  Genius 
of  Christianity  » 

Chateaubriand,    Francois   Rene1   Au- 

guste,  Viscount  de 3      959 

General  View  of  the   Powers  Proposed  to 
Be  Vested  in  the  Union 

Madison,  James 7    2794 

Genius  and  Clothes 

Gay,  John 5     1866 

Genius  and  Rules 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 8    3236 

Gentility 

Irving,  Washington 6     2309 

George  Eliot  and  Her  Times 

Morley,  John 8    3015 

Getting  On  in  the  World 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchison. .    2      527 
God  and  His  Man  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Phillips,  Wendell 10    3986 

God  and  Man 

Plato 8    3144 

«God  is  the  All- Fair  »—  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 10    3965 

Goethe's  View  of  Art  and  Nature 

Hillebrand,  Karl 6     2193 

Goldmakers  and  the  Philosopher's  Stone 

Liebig,  Justus  von 7    2554 

Goldsmith 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 10    3751 

Good   Nature  as  the  Greatest   Blessing  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Hyde,  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon. .  .10    3973 
Good  Sense  in  literature 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      990 

Grandeur  of  Character — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Channing,  William  E 10    3958 

Gratitude  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Charron,  Pierre 10    3959 

Great   Forgers,  Chatterton,  Walpole,  and 
'<  Junius  " 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4     1347 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4025 


Great  Masters  of  Eloquence                       vol.  page 
Longinus    7     2651 

Great  Minds  in  Misfortune  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Irving,  Washington 10    3973 

Greatness 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur 6    2174 

Greatness  in  Books  and  Men  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Beaconsfield,  Lord 10     3952 

Great  Souls  and  Mean  Fortunes  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Greville,  Fulke 10    3969 

Growth  by  Exchange  of  Ideas 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 5    1931 

Gylfi's  Journey  to  Asgard 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3631 


H 


Hacho  of  Lapland 

Warton,  Joseph 10    8890 

«  Half- Way  Men  »—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Bacon,  Francis 10    3951 

«  Hamlet  » 

Dowden,  Edward 4    1457 

Hands  and  Hearts  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Bartol,  C.  A 10    3952 

Happiness  and  Good-Nature 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1971 

Happiness  and  Goodness — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Eandor,  Walter  Savage 10    3977 

Happiness    as    an   Incident  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 10     3971 

Happiness    for  the  Vicious — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Rumford,    Benjamin    Thompson, 

Count 10    3991 

Happiness  in  Hell 

Mivart,  St.  George 8    2922 

Happiness,   the    Gift  of    Heaven  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Aristotle 10    3951 

Harmony  and  the  Passions 

Atterbury,  Francis 1      276 

Hawthorne 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson 1      120 

«  Heads  or  Tails  »  in  Dublin 

Edgeworth,  Maria 4     1531 

Heaven  Our  Fatherland —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Diogenes  Eaertius 10    3964 

Heavenly  and  Earthly  Love 

Plato  8    3142 

Heaven's  Perfect  Gifts 

Plato  8    3144 

"He  Is  Good   that    Does    Good »—  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 10    3976 

He  Who  Has  Much  Must  Necessarily  Want 
Much 

Gellius,  Aulus 5     1876 

Higher  Education  for  Women 

Defoe,  Daniel 4    1286 

Higher  Laws 

Thoreau,  Henry  David 10    3777 

Historians  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Cervantes 10    3958 


VOL.  PAGE 

History  as  a  Divine  Poem  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Garfield,  James  A 10    3968 

History  as  an  Evolution 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7     2755 

History  as  the  Manifestation  of  Spirit 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhdm  Friedrich 6     2146 

History  of  the  Federal  Constitution 

Tocqueville,    Alexis    Charles    Henri 
Clerel  de 10    3798 

His  View  of  Goethe 

Heine,  Heinrich 6     2159 

His  View  of  Goethe 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3252 

Homer  and  Milton 

Addison,  Joseph 1        63 

Homer  and  the  Epic 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse 6    2342 

Homer,  Dante,  and  Michael  Angelo 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald 1      138 

Homer  on  the  Methods  of  the  Gods 

Plutarch 8    3157 

Honesty  and  Pretense  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar 10    3977 

Hope  as  a  Traveling  Companion  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler 10    3970 

Horace's  Sabine  Farm 

Cesaresco,  Countess  Evelyn  Martin- 
engo 3      926 

How  a  Child  Ought  to  Be  Taught  to  Read 
and  Speak — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 10    3991 

How  Everything  May  Be  Done  Acceptably 
to  the  Gods 

Epictetus 5    1645 

How  Far  Fortune  Influences  the  Things  of 
This  World,  and  How  Far  She  May  Be 
Resisted 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 7    2778 

How  History  Should  Be  Read 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur 6    2177 

How  Merit  Has  Been  Rewarded 

DTsraeli,  Isaac 4    1408 

How  Peoples  Are  Punished  for  National 
Sins 

Combe,  George 3     1116 

How  Precedent  Comes  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages ) 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10    8998 

How  the  Life  of  a  Young  Man  Should  Be 
I,ed 

Lyly,  John 7    2700 

How  to  Become  Famous —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  Le  Bovier  de  . .  .10    3967 
How  to  Be  Happy  though  Married 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9     3569 

How  to  Be  Reputed  a  Wise  Man 

Pope,  Alexander 8    3183 

How  to  Find  the  Right  Friends — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller 10    39S5 

How  to  Grow  Great  Men 

Freeman,  Edward  A 5    1789 

How  to  Live  Well —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Washington,  George 10    4002 

How  to  Make  an  Epic  Poem 

Pope,  Alexander 8    8109 


4026 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


VOL.  PAGE 

How  to  Secure  Quiet  in  Cities  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 10    3976 

How  to  Talk  to  Heaven 

Claudius,  Matthias 3     1044 

How  to  Talk  Well  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Temple,  Sir  William 10    4000 

Human  Art  and  Infinite  Truth 

Allston,  Washington 1      149 

Human  Automatism 

Carpenter,  Sir  William  Benjamin....    3      891 


I 

111  Done,  Undone 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1851 

Imagination 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 8    3163 

Imagination  Untamed  by  Realities 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8     3260 

Imitation  as  a  Governing  Power  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Stewart,  Dugald 10    3997 

«  Imitation  of  the  Third  Satire  of  Juvenal  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1969 

Immortality  of  the  Bible 

Ruskin,  John 9    3315 

Impertinence  of  Opinion 

Smith,    Sydney 9    3478 

Impudence  the  Sister   of  Vice  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Tillotson,  John 10     4000 

In  a  Far-Off  World 

Schreiner,  Olive 9    3385 

In  a  Ruined  Chapel 

Schreiner,  Olive 9     3379 

In  and  Around  Naples 

Evelyn,  John 5    1654 

Indian  Eloquence  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sparks,  Jared 10    3996 

Indian  Summer  in  New  England —(Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Story,  Joseph 10    3997 

Industrial  Development  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century 

Comte,  Auguste  3     1130 

Infinity 

Ruskin,  John 9    3310 

Influence  of  Foreign  Literature  —(Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Brown, . Charles  Brockden 10     3955 

In  Praise  of  Oriental  Life 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 8     2930 

Inspiration  and  Higher  Criticism 

Newman,  Cardinal 8    3049 

Intellect 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1588 

Intellect  and  Progress 

Roland,  Madame 9     3273 

In  the  Desert  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William 10    3975 

In  the  Yosemite  Valley 

Greeley,  Horace 5    1989 

Inventions  and  Discoveries  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Calhoun,  John  C 10    3957 

In  Westminster  Abbey 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1947 

In  What  Manner  Socrates  Dissnaded  Men 
from  Self-Conceit  and  Ostentation 

Xenophou 10    3939 


Isabella  and  Elizabeth  vol.  page 

Prescott,  William  Hickling 8    3190 

Is  Humanity   Progressing? — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Reclus,  Jean  Jacques  Elisee 10    3989 


Jefferson's  Changes  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Hildreth,  Richard 10    3972 

Job's  Comforters  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 10    3991 

John  Bull  and  His  Moral  Motives 

O'Rell,  Max 8    3070 

John  Bunyan  and  the  "  Pilgrim's  Progress" 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7    2719 

"John  Halifax,  Gentleman" 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic 1      169 

Joy  and  Sorrow  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 10    3954 

Joy  as  Serenity  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annteus 10    3993 

Judging  Others  by  Ourselves 

Smith,  Adam 9    3449 

Judgments  on  Authors 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1550 

Justice  and  the  Courts  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Plato 10    3986 


K 


Kingdoms    without    Justice     Like    unto 
Thievish   Purchases 

Augustine,  Saint 1      288 


Lacon 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb 3    1111 

Lamb's  Good  Nature 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7    2670 

Land  Monopoly  —  (Celebrated    Passages) 

George,   Henry 10    3968 

Language,  Science,  and  History 

Miiller,  Max 8    3044 

«  Laocoon  »  —  Art's  Highest  Law 

Leasing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 7    2537 

Latent  Energy  in  Ordinary  People—  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Swift,  Jonathan 10    3998 

Law  and  Liberty 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich 6    2150 

Laws  and  Human  Happiness 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of 2      425 

Laws  and  Manners—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 10    3980 

Leaders  of  Humanity 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7    2630 

Lear  as  a  Victim  of  Passion  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Dana,  Richard  Henry 10    3963 

Learn  Where  You  Can  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Rabelais,  Francois 10    3988 

Learning    and    Philosophy— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert 10    3957 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4027 


learning  and  Politeness                             vol.  page 
Chesterfield,  Lord 3      987 

Liberty  and  Eloquence  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Adams,  John  Quincy 10     3949 

Liberty  and  Greatness 

Legare,  Hugh  Swinton 7     2523 

liberty  and  Greatness 

Longinus 7    2654 

Liberty    and    Justice  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Livy 10    3979 

Liberty  a  Supreme  Good 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas 2      678 

Liberty  in  England 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1952 

Liberty  —  Its  Meaning  and  Its  Cost 

Roland,  Madame 9    3266 

Liberty  Necessary  for  Good  Order —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 10    3980 

Life  and  Immortality — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Martineau,  James 10    3982 

Life  and  Labor  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Zola,  Emile 10    4004 

Life  and  Wealth —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sadi 10    3991 

Life  as  an  Apprenticeship 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 5    1933 

Life  as  a  Test  of  Fitness 

Allston,  Washington 1       155 

"  Life  but  a  Circulation  of  Little  Mean  Ac- 
tions »  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Burnet,  Thomas 10    3957 

Life  in  Old-Time  London 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 10    3745 

Life  in  Other  Worlds 

Ball,  Sir  Robert 1      381 

Life  in  the  Woods 

Audubon,  John  James 1      281 

Life,  Science,  and  Art 

Wagner,  Richard 10    3869 

Life's  Great    Reward  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10    3998 

Light  and  Color 

Hunt,  Leigh 6    2272 

Lincoln  and  the  Civil  War 

«  Twain,  Mark  » 10    3846 

Literary    Characteristics    of    Democratic 
Ages 

Tocqueville,    Alexis    Charles    Henri 

C16rel  de 10    3803 

Literary  Fame  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de.  .10    4002 
Literary  Girls  as  Old  Maids  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 10    3991 

Literature  aud  Liberty  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Everett,  Edward 10    3966 

Literature  and  the  Reformation  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

D' Aubigne,  Jean  Henri  Merle 10    3963 

Lord  Byron 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 9    3393 

Love 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1608 

Love  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Erasmus,  Desideriui 10    3965 

Love  after  Marriage 

Budgell,  Eustace 2      6i»8 


VOL.  PAGE 

Love  and  Jealousy  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Margaret  of  Navarre   10    3982 

Love  and  Marriage 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8     3250 

Love  and  Ridicule —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Addison,  Joseph 10    3949 

Love  Charms 

Irving,  Washington 6     2316 

Lo  ve  in  Its  Fullness  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 10    3954 

Love  Is  to  Be  Led  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Fuller,  Thomas 10     3967 

Love  Poetry 

Coleridge,  Hartley 3    1073 

Lovers  of  Literature 

Southey,  Robert 9    3494 

Love  Songs  of  the  Afghans 

Darmesteter,  James 4    1251 

Loving  and  Singing 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7    2673 

Luther  at  Worms 

Bunsen,  Christian  Karl  Josias,  Baron 

von 2      698 

Luxury  of  Roman  Decadence 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus 7     2820 


M 


Macaulay  as  an  Essayist  and  Historian 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart 5     1906 

Machiavelli 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7     2771 

Making  Sacrifices   for    Fashion  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Malebranche,  Nicolas 10    3981 

Making  the  Best  of  It  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Cumberland,  Richard 10    3963 

Man 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von 6    2252 

Man 

Plutarch 8    3159 

Man  and  the  Universe 

Schiller,    Johann     Christoph    Fried- 
rich  von 9     3349 

Man  as  a  Condensed  Gas 

Liebig,  Justus  von 7     2561 

Manhood  and  Its  Incidents  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert 10    3972 

Manners 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1627 

Manners    and    Civilization  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Addison,  Joseph 10    3950 

Man  the  Highest,  the  Most  Absolute,  and 
the  Most  Excellent  of  Things  Created 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos 3     1122 

Marriage —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste 10    3982 

Marriage  as  a  Temporary  Arrangement 

Grand,  Sarah 6     1981 

Marriage  as  the  Highest  Friendship 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 6     2184 

Martyrdom 

'Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3263 

Mary  Duff's  Last  Half-Crown 

Brown,  John 2      568 

Masterful  Courage  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter 10    3997 


4028 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS   OF    ESSAYS 


Materialism  and  Ghosts  vol.  page 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 3     1089 

Maxims  and  Reflections  — (Celebrate  d 
Passages) 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 10    3990 

Mean  Things  and  Men's  «  Ways  »  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert 10    3972 

Meddlesome  and  Coddling  Paternalism 

Spencer,  Herbert 9    3613 

Meditations  on  the  Highest  Usefulness 

Aurelius,  Marcus 1      291 

Memorabilia  of  Diogenes 

Fenelon,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume.   5    1699 

Men  of  Books 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7     2628 

Men  Who  Cannot  Be  Bought 

Smiles,  Samuel 9     3439 

Mercantile  Panics 

Ruskin,  John 9    8314 

Metempsychosis 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 4    1415 

Michael  Angelo,  «  The  Homer  of  Painting  » 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 8    3237 

Milton  and  Dante 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7    2750 

Milton's  Love  of  Liberty 

Channing,  William  FUery 3      945 

Mind  and  Body  —  (Celebrated  Passages)  . . 

Sallust 10    3992 

Mind  Made  for  Growth— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Channing,  William  E 10     3958 

«  Mind  of  Divine  Original  »  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Quintilian 10     3988 

«  Mind  Your  own  Business  »  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Herodotus 10    3972 

Miracles  with  Figures 

Proctor,  Richard  A 8    3196 

Misanthropy 

Plato 8    3143 

Misanthropy  and  Repentance 

Souvestre,  Emile 9    3497 

Miserere 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1846 

Misers  of  Health  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sterne,  Lawrence 10    3997 

Mr.  Rigadoon's  Dancing  School 

Budgell,  Eustace 2      691 

Modern  Gallantry 

Lamb,  Charles 7    2473 

Modern  Greatness 

Ruskin,  John 9    3311 

Modern   Greek   Love-Songs— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Constantinides,  Michael 10    3960 

Modesty  a  Guard  against  the  Devil  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Baxter,  Richard 10    3952 

Modesty  and  Assurance 

Budgell,  Eustace 2      694 

Monk  Lewis's  Tragedy  of  "Alfonso  » 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3476 

Montaigne  and  Middle-Age  Superstition 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole. . .    7     2516 
Montaigne  ;  or,  the  Skeptic 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1631 

Montaigne's  Method  as  an  Essayist 

Besant,  Sir  Walter 2      449 


Montgomery's  Satan                                       vol.  page 
Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7     2760 

Moral  and  Personal  Courage 

Hunt,  Leigh 6    2275 

Moral  Swindlers 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1543 

Moralizing  in  Fiction 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 10    3723 

Morals  from  iEsop —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger 10    3978 

Morning  Rambles  in  Venice 

Symonds,  John  Addington 9     3666 

Moroseness  and  Dignity  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Bacon,  Francis 10    3951 

«  Mother  Earth  "  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Pliny  the  Elder 10    3987 

Mother  Love  and  Children  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried 10     3971 

Mothers  and  Children 

Plutarch 8     3158 

Motives  for  Marriage 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler 8     3038 

Mozart  and  Beethoven 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic 1       171 

Music,  Ancient  and  Modern 

Blaserna,  Pietro 2      491 

Music  and  Musicians 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1&52 

Mutual    Dependence   of  the   Animal   and 
Vegetable  Kingdoms 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe 1      115 

My  First  Walk  with  the  Schoolmistress 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 6     2202 

My  Last  Walk  with  the  Schoolmistress 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 6    2208 


N 


Nameless  Heroes 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8     3261 

Naples    and   Vesuvius— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Headley,  J.  T 10     3971 

Napoleon 

Heine,  Heinrich 6     2160 

Napoleon  and  Cromwell 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      865 

Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual  World 

Drummond,  Henry 4     1474 

Natural  Scenery  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Alexander,  Archibald 10     3950 

Nature  a  Hieroglyphic — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

King,  Thomas  Starr 10     3975 

Nature  and  Art 

Schelling,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph 

von 9     3340 

Nature  and  Education 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 9     3279 

Nature,  Learning,  and  Training 

Plutarch 8    3157 

Nature,  Man,  and  Art 

Wagner,  Richard 10     3867 

Necessary  Hints  to  Those  that  Would  Be 
Rich 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5     1780 

Newspapers  and  Modern  Life 

Collyer,  Robert 3     1100 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4029 


VOL.  PAGE 

Newton's  Place  in    Science — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Arbuthnot,  John 10    3950 

New  Year  Greetings 

Claudius,  Matthias 3    1043 

New  Year's  Eve 

I,amb,  Charles 7    2467 

Night 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3262 

Night  in  the  City 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1974 

*  Nitor  in  Adversum  » 

Dryden,  John 4     1493 

Nobility  the  True  Rule  of  Public  Policy  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Guicciardini,  Francis 10     3370 

Noble  Friendship— (Celebrated  Passages) 

Winter,  William 10    4004 

Norsemen  and  Normans 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1636 


o 


Objects  of  Pity  as  a  Diet 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1958 

Observations  on  War 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5     1779 

Of  a   Base  and   Frivolous    Affectation   of 
Praise 

Theophrastus 10     3770 

Of  a  Free  State 

Harrington,  James 6    2077 

Of  Adversity 

Bacon,  Francis 1      315 

Of  Anger 

Bacon,  Francis 1      843 

Of  Anger 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1842 

Of  an  Oligarchy,  or  the   Manners  of  the 
Principal  Sort,  which  Sway  in  a  State 

Theophrastus 10    3773 

Of  Apparel 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1844 

Of  Atheism 

Bacon,  Francis 1      333 

Of  Avoiding  Rash  Judgment 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6     2430 

Of  Base  Avarice  or  Parsimony 

Theophrastus 10    3762 

Of  Bearing  with  the  Defects  of  Others 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6     2431 

Of  Beauty 

Bacon,  Francis 1      356 

Of  Block ishness,  Dullness,  or  Stupidity 

Theophrastus 10    3765 

Of  Boldness 

Bacon,  Francis 1      329 

Of  Books 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8     2937 

Of  Causeless  Complaining 

Theophrastus 10     3767 

Of  Cavilling 

Theophrastus 10     3754 

«  Of  Civil  Government  "  —  Its  Purposes 

Locke,  John 7    2573 

Of  Critical  Objections,  and  the  Principles 
en  which  They  Are  to  Be  Answered 

Aristotle 1      221 

Of  Cunning 

Bacon,  Francis 1      857 


Of  Custom  and  Education  vol.  page 

Bacon,  Francis 1      348 

Of  Death 

Bacon,  Francis 1      313 

Of  Delays 

Bacon,  Francis 1      357 

Of  Detraction 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1677 

Of  Detraction  or  Backbiting 

Theophrastus 10    3774 

Of  Diffidence  or  Distrust 

Theophrastus 10    3768 

Of  Discontents 

Burton,  Robert 2      787 

Of  Envy 

Bacon,  Francis 1      321 

Of  Fear  and  Cowardice 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1687 

Of  Flattery 

Theophrastus 10    3754 

Of  Fortune 

Bacon,  Francis 1      350 

Of  Foulness 

Theophrastus 10    3768 

Of  Friendship  and  Love 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2986 

Of  Garrulitie 

Theophrastus 10    3756 

Of  Glory  and  the  Love  of  Praise 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem 8     2980 

Of  Good  and  Evil 

Jonson,  Ben 6     2406 

Of  Goodness,  and  Goodness  of  Nature 

Bacon,  Francis 1      331 

Of  Great  Place 

Bacon,  Francis 1      327 

Of  Hatred 

Aquinas,  St.  Thomas 1      175 

Of  Honor  and  Reputation 

Bacon,  Francis 1      841 

Of  Ideas  in  General,  and  Their  Original 

Locke,  John 7    2592 

Of  Idle  Books 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1672 

Of  Idleness 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8     2964 

Of  111  Company 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1688 

Of  Illiberality  or  Servility 

Theophrastus 10    3770 

Of    Impertinent    Diligence   or   Over-Offi- 
ciousness 

Theophrastus 10    3765 

Of  Impudency 

Theophrastus 10    3761 

Of  Innovations 

Bacon,  Francis 1      362 

Of  Interest 

Hume,  David 6    2267 

Of  Jesting 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1833 

Of  Judging  Charitably 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1682 

Of  Late  Learning 

Theophrastus 10    3774 

Of  Liberty  of  Conscience 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2953 

Of  Loki  and  His  Progeny 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3638 

Of  Loquacity  and  Tediousness  in  Discourse 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1671 


4030 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS  OP   ESSAYS 


Of  loquacity  or  Overspeaking  vol.  page 

Theophrastus 10     3759 

Of  Love 

Bacon,  Francis 1      325 

Of  «  Lyars  » 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2965 

Of  Marriage 

Fuller,  Thomas 6    1826 

Of  Marriage  and  Single  Life 

Bacon,  Francis 1      320 

Of  Memory 

Fuller,  Thomas  5    1834 

Of  Men  Who  Are  Not  Their  Own  Masters 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3595 

Of  Natural  Fools 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1836 

Of  Nature  in  Men 

Bacon,  Francis 1      347 

Of  Negotiating 

Bacon,  Francis 1      336 

Of  News  Forging,  or  Rumour  Spreading 

Theophrastus 10    8760 

Of  Obscenity  and  Ribaldry 

Theophrastus 10    3763 

Of  Ostentation 

Theophrastus 10    3771 

Of  Parents  and  Children 

Bacon,  Francis 1      319 

Of  Patriotism  and  Public  Spirit 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3591 

Of  Poets  and  Poetry 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1678 

Of  Praise 

Bacon,  Francis 1      338 

Of  Prayers  and  the  Justice  of  God 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2988 

Of  Preaching 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1693 

Of    Presumption    and    Montaigne's    Own 
Modesty 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2983 

Of  Pride 

Theophrastus 10    3772 

Of  Progress  or  Improvement 

Epictetus 5    1640 

Of  Public  Debts 

Montesquieu 8    2996 

Of  Quick  or  Slow  Speech 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2971 

Of  Revenge 

Bacon,  Francis 1      314 

Of  a  Retired  Life 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6    2132 

Of  Riches 

Bacon,  Francis 1      344 

Of  Riches  and  Their  Dangerous  Increase 

Dante,  Alighieri 4     1237 

Of  Rusticity  or  Clownishness 

Theophrastus 10    3756 

Of  Self-Praising 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1843 

Of  Senselessness,  or  Desperate  Boldness 

Theophrastus 10    3758 

Of  Simulation  and  Dissimulation 

Bacon,  Francis 1      316 

Of  Spanish  and  Italian  Literature 

Stael,  Madame  de 9    3540 

Of  Stubbornness,  Obstinacy,  or  Fierceness 

Theophrastus 10    3766 

Of  Studies 

Bacon,  Francis 1      337 


Of  Superstition  vol.  page 

Bacon ,  Francis 1      335 

Of  Superstition 

Theophrastus 10    3766 

Of  Suspicion 

Felltham,  Owen 5      1685 

Of  the  Conduct  of  the  Understanding 

Locke,  John 7    2582 

Of  the  Dignity  or  Meanness  of  Human 
Nature 

Hume,  David 6    2259 

Of  the  First  Principles  of  Government 

Hume,  David 6     2264 

Of  the  Epic  Poem 

Aristotle 1      217 

Of  the  General  Spirit  of  Modern  Litera- 
ture 

Stael,  Madame  de 9    3535 

Of  the  Inequality  amongst  Us 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2975 

Of  the  Joys  of  Valhalla 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3638 

Of  the  Liberties  and  Privileges  of  Euro- 
pean Women 

Montesquieu 8    2991 

Of  the  Primordial  State  of  the  Universe 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3633 

Of  the  Profit  of  Adversity 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6    2429 

Of  the  Soul 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1692 

Of  the  Superiority  of  Tragic  to  Epic  Poetry 

Aristotle 1      225 

Of  the  Supreme  Deity 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3632 

Of  the  Temper  of  Affections 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1689 

Of  the  Vanity  of  Words 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    29C0 

Of  the  Way  that  Leads  to  Heaven 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3633 

Of  Their  Trades  and  Manner  of  Life  in 
Utopia 

More,  Sir  Thomas 8    3010 

Of  Thumbs  and  Poltroons 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2959 

Of  Timidity  or  Fearefulness 

Theophrastus 10    3772 

Of  Tragedy 

Aristotle 1      195 

Of  Truth 

Bacon,  Francis 1      311 

Of  Tyranny 

Locke,  John 7    2576 

Of  Unpleasantness  or  Tediousness 

Theophrastus 10    8769 

Of  Unseasonableness  or  Ignorance  of  Due 
Convenient  Times 

Theophrastus 10    3764 

Of  Usury 

Bacon,  Francis 1      351 

Of  Vainglory 

Bacon,  Francis 1      340 

Of  Violence  and  Eagerness 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1675 

Of  Wisdom  and  Providence  in  Our  Actions 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6     2428 

Of  Wisdom  and  Science 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1680 

Of  Wisdom  for  a  Man's  Self 

Bacon.  Francis 1      360 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4031 


Of  Works  Done  in  Charity  vol.  page 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6    2430 

Of  Youth  and  Age 

Bacon,  Francis 1      354 

Official  Dress 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3477 

Old  Age  and  Immortality 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 3    1012 

Omar,  the  Son  of  Hassan 

Johnson,  Samuel <5    2384 

On  a  Child 

Earle,  John 4    1605 

On  a  Classical  Education 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas 4    1570 

On  a  Critic 

Earle,  John 4    1517 

On  a  Glow  Worm  in  a  Phial 

Boyle,  Robert 2      536 

On  a  Habitual  Bore 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3475 

On  a  Joke  I  Once  Heard  from  the  Late 
Thomas  Hood 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 10    3736 

On  a  Man's  Writing  Memoirs  of  Himself 

Foster,  John 5    1755 

On  a  Man's  Writing  of  Himself 

Cowley,  Abraham 3    1163 

On  a  Mere  Great  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1524 

On  a  Shop-Keeper 

Earle,  John 4    1516 

On  a  Vulgar-Spirited  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1513 

On  a  Young  Raw  Preacher 

Earle,  John 4    1506 

On  an  Ordinary  Honest  Fellow 

Earle,  John 4    1525 

On    "American    Rudeness" — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Beecher,  Lyman 10    3954 

On  Anger 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus 9     3403 

On  Asking  Advice  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Guicciardini,  Francis 10    3970 

On  Babies — (Celebrated  Passages) 

«  Twain,  Mark  » 10     4001 

On  Bad  Breeding 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      983 

On  Black  Cats 

Coleridge,  Hartley 3    1066 

On  Browne's  Religio  Medici 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm 4    1391 

On  Certain  Atrocities  of  Humor 

Hook,  Theodore 6     2224 

On  Certain  Symptoms  of  Greatness 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9     3566 

On  Certain  Venerable  Jokes 

Cumberland,  Richard 3    1203 

On  Character 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      989 

On  ■  Chryso-Aristocracy  " 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 6    2215 

On  Church  Choirs 

Earle,  John 4    1515 

On  Colonizing —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Smith,  Captain  John 10    3995 

On  Dandies 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 6    2214 

On  Death 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme 2      545 

On  Death 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3259 


On  Detractors  vol.  page 

Earle,  John 4    1509 

On  Doctor  Brown's  Dog-Story 

Birrell,  Augustine 2      455 

On  Early  Marriages 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5    1769 

On  English  Physiology 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1340 

On  Epic  Poetry 

Dryden,  John 4    1483 

On  Fortune —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Quintus,  Curtius 10    3988 

On  Friendship — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Washington,  George 10    4002 

On  Genius  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 10    3990 

On  Getting  and  Using  Riches 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey  3      971 

On  Getting  On  in  the  World 

Jerome,  Jerome  K 6     2369 

On  Giving  Despots  a  Fair  Trial 

Milton,  John 8    2906 

On  Gladstone's  «  Church  and  State  » 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7     2763 

On  Good  and  Bad  Actions 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe 9    3421 

On  Good  and  Bad  Taste 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis 6     2365 

On  Good  Breeding 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      983 

On  Good  Luck  in  Sneezing 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 4    1417 

On  Gossip  and  Tattling 

Hawkesworth,  John 6     2105 

On  Happiness 

Roland,  Madame ...    9    3270 

On  High-Spirited  Men 

Earle,  John 4    1521 

On  His  Reading  in  Youth 

Milton,  John 8     2905 

On  Human  Nature  in  Womankind 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 6    2449 

On  Insult 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1697 

On  Jefferson  and  French  Philosophy 

Dennie,  Joseph 4    1298 

On  Ladies  Who  Laugh 

Cork,  The  Earl  of 3    1154 

On  Liberty 

Mill,  John  Stuart 8     2888 

On  Lord  Bacon 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de.  .10    3859 
On  Lying  as  a  Fine  Art 

Clark,  Willis  Gay  lord 3     1036 

On  Madness 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1339 

On  Malignancy  in  Studies 

Jonson,  Ben 6     2405 

On  Man's  Self 

Felltham.fOwen 5    1695 

On  Marriage  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Taylor,  Jeremy 10    3999 

On  Matrimonial  Happiness 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 8    2933 

On  Men,  Common  and  Uncommon 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1633 

On  Men,  Educated  and  Uneducated 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 3     1087 

On  Middle-Age  Romance 

Keightley,  Thomas 6     2422 

On  Novels  for  Girls—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Webster,  Noah 10    4C03- 


4032 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS   OF    ESSAYS 


On  Order,  Beauty,  and  Harmony              vol.  page 
Edwards,  Jonathan 4    1536 

On  Paradisaical  Fashions  for  Women 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7     2665 

On  Parton's  «  Voltaire  » 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman   9     3336 

On   Poets  and   Their   Inspiration  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 10    3959 

On  Pretenders  to  learning 

Earle,  John 4    1514 

On  Profane  Men 

Earle,  John 4    1523 

On  Projects  and  Projectors 

Defoe,  Daniel 4    1284 

On  Providence 

Epictetus 5     1643 

On  Rash  Men 

Earle,  John 4    1522 

On  Reading  Character 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar 7    2511 

On  Reading  for  Amusement 

Fielding,  Henry 6     1725 

On  Repentance  in  Old  Age  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Swift,  Jonathan 10    3998 

On  Reviewers 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3260 

On    Ruling   by  Force  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Nepos,  Cornelius 10    8984 

On  Samuel  Johnson 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      879 

On  Shakespeare 

Pope,  Alexander 8    3178 

On  Shakespeare  —  On    the    Difference  of 
Wits 

Jonson,  Ben 6    2402 

On  Sordid  Rich  Men 

Earle.  John 4    1523 

On  Superficial  Knowledge 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1342 

On  Taking  a  Man's  Measure  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Parnell,  Thomas 10    3985 

On  the  Abuses  of  False  Philosophy 

Gellius,  Aulus 5    1878 

On  the  Advantages  of  Living  in  a  Garret 

Johnson,  Samuel 6     2389 

On  the  American  War 

Walpole,  Horace 10    3880 

On  the  Art  of  Living  with  Others 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur 6    2170 

On  the  Beneficial  Effects  of  Music 

Giraldus  Cambrensis 5     1902 

On  the  Blunt  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1516 

On  the  Character  of  Mankind 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 6     2444 

On   the   Character  of  Spike  — A   Political 
Molecule 

«  Eliot,  George  " 4    1563 

On  the  Choice  of  Books 

Harrison,  Frederic 6    2080 

On  the  «  College  Man  » 

Earle,  John 4    1510 

On  the  Commonwealth 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 3     1016 

On  the  Conduct  of  Life  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Randolph,  John 10    3989 


On  the  Contemplative  Man                         vol.  page 
Earle,  John 4    1512 

On  the  Contempt  of  Death 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 3      999 

On  the  Death  of  Elder  Brewster  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Bradford,  William 10    3955 

On  the  Death  of  Goethe 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      830 

On  the  Death  of  Poe  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Willis,  N.  P 10    4003 

On  the  Death  of  Roscoe  Conkling 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson 3     1227 

«  On  the  Death  of  the  Lord  Protector  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1970 

On  the  Death  of  Victor  Hugo 

Bourget,  Paul 2      523 

On  the  Death  of  Young  Children 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3258 

On   the   Father  of  Ten   Children  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Marty n,  Henry 10    8982 

On  the  French  Revolution 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe 8    2860 

On  the  Genius  of  Bacon 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James 7  ~  2785 

On  the  Honorable  Old  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1520 

On  the  Insolent  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1519 

On  the   Keeping  of  the  Mouth  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 10    3988 

On  the  Knocking  at  the  Gate  in  «  Mac- 
beth » 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1302 

On  the  Making  of  History 

Livy 7    2568 

On  the  Method  of  Zadig 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry 6    2276 

On  the  Modest  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1518 

On  the  Nature  of    Women  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Greville,  Fulke 10    3969 

On  the  Ocklawaha  in  May 

Lanier,  Sidney 7    2498 

On  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-Six  Va- 
rieties of  New  England  Weather 

«  Twain,  Mark  » 10    3843 

On  the  Periodical  Essayists 

Hazlitt,  William 6    2128 

On  the  Poverty  of  the  Learned 

D' Israeli,  Isaac 4    1398 

On    the   Power  and    Beauty  of  the   New 
Testament 

Doddridge,  Philip 4    1431 

On  the  Pride  of  Wealth 

Nizami 8    3057 

On  the  Regard  that  Ought  to  Be  Shown  to 
Men  of  Letters 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de.  .10    3863 
On  the  Relation  of  the  Agreeable  and  the 
Beautiful  to  the  Useful 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin 10     3906 

On  the  Self-Conceited  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1507 

On  the  Study  of  History 

Bolingbroke,  Lord 2      513 

On  the  Study  of  Literature 

Gibbon,  Edward 5     1889 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OP   ESSAYS 


4°33 


On  the  Sublime  vol.  page 

Longinus 7     2637 

On  the  Too  Idly  Reserved  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1508 

On  the  Ultimate  Origin  of  Things 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wilhelm  von 7    2528 

On  the  Weak  Man 

Earle,  John 4     loll 

On  the  Young  Man 

Earle,  John 4    1508 

On  Training  Young  Girls 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley f,    2934 

On  Translating  the  Bible 

Coverdale,  Miles 3     1159 

On  "True  and  Permanent   Happiness"  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Arnold,  Benedict 10     3951 

On  Trusting  the  Gods  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Xenophon 10    4004 

On  Truth 

Nizami 8    3056 

On  War 

Ruskin,  John 9    3318 

On  War  between  the  States  of  the  Union 

Hamilton,  Alexander 6     2065 

On  Whist  and  Chess 

"Cavendish"  (Henry  Jones) 3      914 

One  Grain  of  Honesty  Worth  the  World  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of 10    3994 

One   Swallow   Does   Not   Make    Spring  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Aristotle 10    3951 

«  Only  a  Novel  "—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Austen,  Jane 10    3951 

Ophelia,  Poor  Ophelia 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell 6     2330 

Opinions 

Ruskin,  John 9    3317 

Opportunity's  Forelock  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Rabelais,  Francois 10    3988 

Oppression  —(Celebrated  Passages) 

Pinkney,  William 10    3986 

Oppression  under  the  Sun 

Ruskin,  John 9     3313 

«  Originality  "  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 10    3969 

Our  Best  Society 

Curtis,  George  William 3     1212 

Our  Contempt  for  Those  Who  Serve  Us  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Plutarch 10    3987 


P 

Psetus  and  Arria 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3573 

Paradise 

Bohme,  Jacob 2      508 

Parallel  between  Pope  and  Dryden 

Johnson,  Samuel 6    2398 

Parasites 

Smith,  Sydney 9    8478 

Parliamentary  Jokes 

Southey,  Robert 9    3496 

Particular  Cause  of  the  Corruption  of  the 
People 

Montesquieu 8     3000 

Party  Zeal 

Pope,  Alexander 8    3182 

x— 253 


VOL.  PAGE 

Patience    with    Error  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus 10    3993 

Peace  and  Progress 

Condorcet 3    1133 

«  Peace  of  All  God's  Gifts  the  Best  » 

Channing,  William  Ellery 3      952 

Perseverance  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus 10    3993 

Petrarch  and  Laura 

Hunt,  Leigh 6    2273 

Photographic  Ghosts 

Proctor,  Richard  A 8    3194 

Pictures 

Chateaubriand,  Viscount  de 3      964 

Pleasures    of   the    Eye    and   Ear— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Kames,  Lord 10     3975 

Pleasures  of  Spring 

Tickell,  Thomas 10    3787 

Pleasures  Natural  and  Fantastical 

Berkeley,  George 2      440 

Pliability     and     Liberality  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10    3998 

Poetry  and  Painting  Compared 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 7     2541 

Poetry  and  Power  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Neal,  John 10    3984 

Poetry  and  Religion 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7     2675 

Poets  Who  Made  Shakespeare  Possible 

Hallam,  Henry 6     2050 

Politeness  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Cumberland,  Richard 10    3963 

Politeness  in   Conversation  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Swift,  Jonathan 10    3998 

Political  Justice  and  Individual  Growth 

Godwin,  William 5     1911 

Poor  Richard's  Philosophy 

Franklin,  Benjamin 6    1771 

Power  of  Public  Opinion 

Delolme,  Jean  Louis 4    1291 

Praise  as  a  Duty 

Allston,  Washington 1      154 

Preaching  to  the  Poor 

Southey,  Robert 9    3495 

Prefaces  to  «  The  Beauties  of  English  Po- 
etry »» 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1968 

Prenticeana  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Prentice,  George  Denison 10    3987 

Preparative 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1848 

Pride  of  Ancestry—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Charron,  Pierre 10     3959 

Pride  of  Ancestry— (Celebrated  Passages) 

Webster,  Daniel 10    4003 

Principles  of  Art 

Ruskin,  John 9    3299 

Principles    in    Politics  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Adams,  John  Quincy 10     3949 

Principles  the  Soul  of  Political  Rectitude  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Plutarch 10    3987 

Prof ession  and  Practice  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Selden,  John 10     3993 

Property  and  Poverty 

Beutham,  Jeremy 2      438 


4034 


INDEX    OF    SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


Prophets  of  the  New  Dispensation  vol.  page 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7    2670 

Prosperity    as   a    Penalty    of    the    Worst 
Wickedness — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Caesar,  Caius  Julius 10    3957 

Publicity  and    Bad  Politics — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Kent,  James 10    8975 

Publicity  the  Sole  Remedy  for  Misrule 

Bentham,  Jeremy 2      435 

Pulpit  Eloquence 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3477 


Queen    Elizabeth's 
Passages) 

Aikin,   Lucy   . 


Q 

Court  —  (Celebrated 


.10    3950 


Rab  and  the  Game  Chicken 

Brown,  John 2      570 

Ragged  Notions  and  Babblements  in  Edu- 
cation 

Milton,  John 8    2907 

Ratios  of  the  Increase  of  Population  and 
Food 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert 7    2810 

Readers  and  Writers 

Lytton,  Lord 7     2708 

Reality  and    Romance  —  (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Simms,  William  Gilmore 10     3994 

Reason  the  Same  in  All  Men,  of  All  Ages 
and  Countries 

F6nelon,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume.    5     1706 
Rectitude  in   Small  Things— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Pliny  the  Younger 10    3987 

Relations  between  Animals  and  Plants  and 
the  Surrounding  World 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe 1       111 

Relations  of  Individuals  to  One  Another 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe 1      112 

Relations  of  Laws  to  Different  Beings 

Montesquieu 8     2992 

Religio  Medici 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas 2      675 

Religion    and    Government  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 10     3980 

Religion    and    Liberty — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Schaff,  Philip 10     3992 

Religion,  Art,  and  Philosophy 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich 6     2151 

Religion  at  Your  Rope's  End  —  ( Celebrated 
Passages) 

Baxter,  Richard 10    3952 

Religion,  Science,  and  Morality 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich..    .10    3810 
Reputation  for  Small  Perfections  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Lytton,  Lord 10    3980 

Restraints  Respecting  Conquest 

Grotius,  Hugo 5    2028 

Respectability  of  Art 

Ruskin,  John 9    3317 

Retirement 

Southey,  Robert 9    3495 


VOL.  PAGE 

"Return  Not  Evil  for  Evil  >»—  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Plato 10    3986 

Revolutions —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Phillips,  Wendell 10    3986 

Right   Makes   M  ight  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Lincoln,  Abraham 10    3979 

«  Rights  of  War  »  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Caesar,  Caius  Julius 10    3957 

Roger  Williams  and  His  Controversies 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 5    2008 

Romantic  Love  and  Arab  Poetry 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 2      777 

Romantic  Love  and  Petrarch's  Poetry 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de. .    9    3436 
Romeo  and  Juliet 

Dowden,  Edward 4    1453 

Rousseau,   Robespierre,   and   the    French 
Revolution 

Lewes,  George  Henry 7    2547 

Rules  for  Governing  Others  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Watts,  Isaac 10    4002 


Sacred  Poetry 

Wilson^  John 10    3920 

Sacrifices  that  Make  Ashamed 

Ruskin,  John 9    3312 

Sacrifices    to    Moloch — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Rochester,  Earl  of 10    3990 

Saint  Paul  as  a  Prophet  of  Progress 

Balzac,  Honors  de 1      385 

Samuel  Johnson  in  Grub  Street 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7    2740 

Scholars    Who    «  Go  a   Sopping  »  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Cervantes 10    3958 

School  Learning 

Southey,  Robert 9    3494 

Science  and  Spirits 

Tyndall,  John 10    8849 

Science  as  a  Civilizer 

Herschel,  Sir  John 6     2186 

Science  as  an  Evolution 

Chalmers,  Thomas 3      933 

Scientific  Aspects  of  Falling  in  Love 

Allen,  Grant 1      142 

Sculpture 

Chateaubriand,  Viscount  de  3      966 

Secret  Grief —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Metastasio,  Pietro 10    3983 

Seed  that  Never  Perish  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Rush,  Benjamin 10    3991 

Selfishness 

Pascal,  Blaise 8     3103 

Self-Control —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus 10    3993 

Self-Denial  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Frothingham.  O.  B 10     3967 

Self-Reliance 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1619 

Self  the  only  Thing  Givable  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 10    3965 


INDEX   OF  SUBJECTS  OF   ESSAYS 


4035 


VOL.  PAGE 

Sentiment  of  the  Philosopher  Pansetius 

Gellius,  Aulus 5    1881 

Serenity  and  Strength  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Kant,  Imrnanuel 10    3975 

Servants —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Shenstone,  William 10    3994 

Seventy- Year    Clocks  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 10    3972 

Several  Apothegms  of  Socrates 

Xenophon 10    3940 

Sex  and  Moral  Character 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole. . .    7    2518 
Shakespeare  and  His  Contemporaries 

Dryden,  John 4    1491 

Shakespeare  and  Moliere 

Claretie,  Jules 3     1030 

Shakespeare  as  a  Master  of  the  Sublime 

Mendelssohn,  Moses 8    2878 

Shakespeare's  Deer-Steahng 

Dowden,  Edward 4     1452 

Shakespeare's  Love  Plays 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried 5     1882 

Shelley's  Spiritual  Life 

Browning,  Robert 2      C46 

Silence    the   Virtue  of    the    Gods  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius 10    3958 

Sin  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Barrow,  Isaac 10    3952 

Sin  as  Self-Murder  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Baxter,  Richard 10    3952 

Sir  Charles  and  Lady  Worthy 

Chapone,  Hester 3      954 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  His  Friends 

Cunningham,  Allan 3     1210 

Sir  Roger  Again  in  London 

Addison,  Joseph 1        95 

Sir  Roger  and  the  Widow 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3559 

Sir  Roger  at  Home 

Addison,  Joseph 1        80 

Sir  Roger  at  the  Play 

Addison,  Joseph 1      103 

Sir  Roger  in  Westminster  Abbey 

Addison,  Joseph 1        98 

Sir  Roger's  Views  on  Beards 

Addison,  Joseph 1      101 

Skepticism 

Pascal,  Blaise 8    3105 

Sleep 

«  Novalis  » 8    3062 

Sleep  and  Dreams 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson 1      122 

Small  Things  and  Great  Results— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Greville,  Fulke 10     3969 

Socrates'    Dispute    with    Aristippus    Con- 
cerning the  Good  and  Beautiful 

Xenophon 10    3937 

Socrates  Drinks  the  Hemlock 

Plato 8    3136 

Some  Advantages  of  Poverty 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7     2660 

Some  Famous  Daughters 

Farrar,  Frederick  William 5    1664 

Some  Jokes  of  Douglas  Jerrold 

Chambers,  Robert 3      940 

Some  Observations  on  Shy  People 

Lytton,  Lord 7    2706 


Some  of  Shakespeare's  Faults  vol.  page 

Johnson,  Samuel 6     2394 

Some  Realities  of  Chivalry 

Doran,  John 4    1439 

Some  Recent  Social  Theories 

Clough,  Hugh  Arthur 3     1051 

Spanish  Heroic  Ballads  of  the  Cid 

Ticknor,  George 10    3791 

Spoliation  of  the  Social  Body 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles 5     1761 

Spring 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant 8     2910 

Star  Dust 

«  Novalis  » 8    3065 

State  of  the  World  at  the  Time  of  Christ 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest 8    3224 

Steele 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 10    3749 

Steele  Introduces  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley 

Addison,  Joseph 1        72 

"  Stonewall "  Jackson  at  Lexington  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Cooke,  John  Esten 10    3960 

Stopping  the  Strings  of  the  Heart  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 10     3972 

Story-Telling 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4     1561 

Stratford-on-Avon 

Irving,  Washington 6     2324 

Sublimity  in  the  Great  Poets 

Longinus 7    2644 

Sumptuary  Laws  in  a  Democracy 

Montesquieu 8     2999 

Sunday  with  Sir  Roger 

Addison,  Joseph 1        89 

Superstition    of    the    Uneducated — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Quintus  Curtius 10    3988 

«  Sweetness  and  Light  " 

Arnold,  Matthew 1      239 

Swift  and  His  Stella 

Dobson,  Austin 4    1420 

Swift  and  Steele 

Chateaubriand,  Viscount  de 3      968 


Talking  of  Ourselves — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Sevigne,  Madame  de 10    3994 

Taste  and  Genius 

Blair,  Hugh 2      487 

Taste    the    Motive    for    Learning  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 10    3991 

Teachers  and  Their  Pupils 

Plutarch 8    3158 

Temperance  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Claudian 10    3959 

Teufelsdrockh  on  *  The  Omnivorous  Biped 
in  Breeches  " 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      870 

Thackeray's  Great  Satires 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 10    3718 

That  a  Wise  Man  May  Gain  by  Any  Com- 
pany 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1683 

That   Bibliomaniacs  Should    Read    Their 
Own  Books 

Lucian 7    2687 


4036 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS   OF    ESSAYS 


That  Desires  Are  Celestial  or  Infernal     vol.  page 

Dante,  Alighieri 4    1241 

That  Enough  Is  as  Good  as  a  Feast 

Lamb,  Charles 7     2477 

« That  in  a  Free  State  Every  Man  May 
Think  What  He  Likes  and  Say  What  He 
Thinks  » 

Spinoza,  Baruch 9    3525 

That  It  Is  Better  to  Laugh  than  to  Cry 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W 6     2070 

That  Long- Descent  Maketh  No  Man  Noble 

Dante,  Alighieri 4    1244 

That  Man  Ought  to  Be  Extensively  Good 

Felltham,  Owen 5    1681 

That  Men  Are  Born  Free 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 9    3277 

That  Men  Are  Not  to  Judge  of  Our  Happi- 
ness till  after  Our  Death 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8     2950 

That  Money  Begets  Money  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Franklin,  Benjamin 10    3967 

That  Religion  Is  the  Best  Guide 

Felltham,  Owen 5     1691 

That  Sufferance  Causeth  Love 

Felltham,  Owen 5     167G 

That  the  Intention  Is  Judge  of  Our  Actions 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2963 

That  the  Soul  Discharges  Her  Passions 
upon  False  Objects  where  the  True  Are 
Wanting 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8    2973 

That  the  Worst  Puns  Are  the  Best 

Lamb,  Charles 7     2478 

That  Unnecessary  Ignorance  Is  Criminal 

Luther,  Martin 7    2690 

That  Virtue  Alone  Is  Delightful— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Feyjoo,  Benito 10    3966 

That  We  May  Do  Great  Things  without 
Knowing  How —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  Le  Bovier  de 10    3967 

That  We  Ought  Not  to  Be  Disturbed  by 
Any  News 

Epictetus 5    1643 

That  We  Ought  to  Judge  Our  Own  Actions 
—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Pythagoras 10    3988 

That  We  Should  Lie  Down  with  the  Lamb 

Lamb,  Charles  (Popular  Fallacies) .  . .    7    2182 
That  We  Should  Rise  with  the  Lark 

Lamb.  Charles  (Popular  Fallacies)..      7    2480 
That  We  Taste  Nothing  Pure 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8     2957 

The  Advancement  of  Learning 

Bacon,  Francis 1      363 

The  Age  of  Iron  and  Bronze 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson 1      117 

The  Angler's  Philosophy  of  Life 

Walton,  Izaak   10    3881 

«  The  Almighty  Dollar  »  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Irving,  Washington 10    3973 

The  American  Idea  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Parker,  Theodore 10    3985 

The  Animal  that  Laughs — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Goldoni,  Carlo 10    3968 

The  Apostle  of  Culture 

Austin,  Alfred 1      302 

The  Apple  Tree  and  the  Fir 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3375 


The  Arithmetic  of  Sin  vol.  page 

Donne,  John 4    1435 

The  Art  of  Conversation 

Fielding,  Henry 5     1729 

The  Art  of  Conversing  Well 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 8    3164 

The  Art  of  Pleasing 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3579 

The  Art  of  Political  Lying 

Swift,  Jonathan 9    3641 

The  Art  of  Seeing  Things 

Burroughs,  John 2      764 

The  Art  of  the  Future 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich 10    3813 

The  Artist's  Secret 

Schreiner,  Olive 9    3386 

The  Ash  Yggdrasill,  Mimir's  Well,  and  the 
Norns  or  Destinies,  Of 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3635 

The  Balloon  Mystery 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3375 

The  Beauty  of  Life 

Morris,  William 8     3021 

The  Beauty  of   Nature  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Dwight,  Timothy 10    3964 

The   Benefit  of  Sound   Teaching  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Cranmer,  Thomas 10     3963 

The  Beresford  Ghost  Story 

Lang,  Andrew 7     2490 

The  Best  Books  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Channing,  William  E 10    3958 

The    Best-Loved    Subj  ect —(Celebrated 
Passages) 

La  Bruy6re,  Jean  de 10    3976 

The  Best  of  All  Companions  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Lessiug,  Gotthold  Ephraim 10    3978 

The  Best  Rules  for  Young  Men  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Temple,  Sir  William 10    4000 

The  Best  Security  of  Power  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Thucydides 10    4000 

The  Bible—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Brownson,  Orestes  A 10     3955 

The  Bible 

More,  Hannah 8    3004 

The  Bibliomania 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall 4     1360 

The  Blessedness  of  True  Life 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb 5    1713 

The  Blessing  of  Good  Nature  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Sevigne\  Marie  de 10    3994 

The  Blessing  of  Peace 

Cheke,  Sir  John 3      975 

The  Blockhead 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10     3837 

The  Blockhead  and  the  Scholar —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Sadi 10    3991 

The  Book  of  the  World  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Goldoni,  Carlo 10    3968 

The  Broken  Heart 

Irving,  Washington 6    2319 

The   Burden   of    Fools  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 10     3968 

The  Busy  Man 

Irving,  Washington 6     2305 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4037 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Buying  and  Saving  of  Labor  Power 

Marx,  Karl 7     2831 

The  Canon  of  Pure  Reason 

Kant,  Immanuel 6    2415 

The  Cathedral  in  Mayence 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3376 

The  Cause  of  All  Quarrels  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Plato 10    3986 

The  Central  Fires  of  the  Earth 

Arago,  Francois  Jeaa  Dominique.  ...    1      179 
The  Central  Problem  of  the  World's  Life 

Fischer,  Kuno 6     1734 

The  Central  Thought  of  the  "  Novum  Or- 
ganum  " 

Bacon,  Francis 1      865 

The  Character  and  Habits  of  Swift 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 9    3388 

The   Character  of  a  Tyrannicide — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Long,  George. 10    3979 

The    Character    of    Cavour — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Botta,  Vincenzo 10    8955 

The  Character  of  Cromwell 

Clarendon,  Lord 3    1024 

The  Character  of  Danton 

Brougham,  Lord 2      554 

The  Character  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3552 

The  Character  of  John  Bull— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Paulding,  James  Kirke 10    3986 

The  Character  of  John  Hampden 

Clarendon,  Lord 3    1022 

The  Character  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte 

R6musat,  Madame  de 8     3219 

The  Character  of  Othello 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 3     1089 

The  Character  of  Queen  Elizabeth 

Green,  John  Richard 5     1993 

The  Character  of  Robert  Burns 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      854 

The  Character  of  Sir  Walter  Scott 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson 7     2595 

The  Character  of  Washington — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Marshall,  John 10    3982 

The  Chinese  Language 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 4    1413 

« The  Choicest    Thing   in    the    World"  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert 10     8972 

The  Christian  Ideal  and  Science — (Cele- 
brated Passages 

Smith,  Goldwin 10    3995 

The  Circulation  of  Matter 

Burritt,  Elihu 2      758 

The  Clock 

Baudelaire,  Charles 1      406 

The  Coliseum  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Le  Vert,  Madame  Octavia 10    3978 

The  Common  Barrator 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1840 

The  Conservation  of  Energy 

Stewart,  Balfour 9    3621 

The  Contagion  of  Love 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power 3     1059 

The   Contradictions  of   Human   Nature  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Pascal,  Blaise 10    3985 


The  Coronation  of  the  Whirlwind             vol.  page 
Ruskin,  John 9    3312 

The   Country  of  the   Brave  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Quintus  Curtius 10    3988 

The    Country    of   the    Soul— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Rabelais,  Francois 10    3988 

The  Course  of  Civilization 

Krapotkin,  Prince 6    2441 

The  Coverley  Family  Portraits 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3563 

The  Coverley  Ghosts 

Addison,  Joseph 1        86 

The  Crime  of  Killing  Good  Books  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Milton,  John 10    3983 

The    Cut    of    the    Coat    and    Character  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Rabelais,  Francois 10    3988 

The    Danger  of  Foolish    Friends  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la 10    3967 

The  Danger  of  Riches  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Dewey,   Orville 10    3964 

The  Danger  of  Subserviency  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Calhoun,  John  C 10    3957 

The  Death  of  Balzac 

Hugo,  Victor 6     2241 

The  Death  of  Jeanne  D'Arc 

Michelet,  Jules 8    2881 

The  Death  of  Thackeray 

Brown,  John 2      562 

«  The  Desire  and  Will  to  Hurt  " 

Hobbes,  Thomas 6     2197 

The  Destiny  of  Man 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb 5     1718 

The  Destiny  of  the  United  States 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 3     1090 

The  Destruction  of  Pompeii 

Pliny  the  Younger 8     3146 

The   Development  of   Civilization  in   Eu- 
rope 

Draper,  John  W 4    1461 

The  Devil's  Bait  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Burton,  Robert 10    3957 

The  Devil's  Doings  in  the  Middle  Ages 

Freytag,  Gustav 5     1798 

The  Devil's  Head  in  the  Valley  Perilous 

Mandeville,  Sir  John 7     2818 

The  Difficulties  of  Hypocrisy  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Tillotson,  John 10    4000 

The  Dignity  of  a  True  Joke 

Smith,  Horace 9     3455 

The  Dignity  of  Man  in  Self-Sacrifice 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3264 

The  Disposition  of  Men  in  Power,  and  of 
the  Fortunate. 

Aristotle 1      228 

The  Dispositions  Consequent  on  Wealth 

Aristotle 1      227 

The  Division  of  Labor 

Smith,  Adam 9    3453 

The  Doctrine  of  the  Mean  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Tse-Sze 10    4000 

The  Door  of  Immortality 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 9    3619 


4°38 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Dotage  of    Habit— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Rabelais,  Francois 10    3988 

The  Dream  of  Fame 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3585 

The  Duffer's  Whist  Maxims 

"Cavendish  "(Henry  Jones) 3      911 

The  Dullness  of  Great   Wits  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Smollett,  Tobias 10    3995 

The  Dust  We  Breathe 

Proctor,    Richard  A 8    3193 

The  Duty  of  Freedom — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Dickinson,  John 10    3964 

The  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 

Tseng,  The  Marquis 10    3821 

The  Education  of  a  Gentleman 

Ascham,  Roger 1      264 

The  Education  of    Children  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 10    3983 

The  Education  of  the  Human  Race 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 7     2544 

The  Education  of  the  Young —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Seneca,   Lucius  Annoeus 10    3993 

The  Education    of    Women  —  ( Celebrated 
Passages ) 

Corais.  Adamantius 10    3962 

The  Effect  of  Love 

Plato 8    3143 

The  Effects  of  Love 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas 1       173 

The   Efficient   Cause   of  the   Sublime   and 
Beautiful 

Burke,  Edmund 2      720 

The  «  Enchiridion  » 

Arrian 1      243 

«  The  End  of  All  Perfection" 

Sigourney,  Lydia  II 9    3433 

The  End  of  Talleyrand's  Brain 

Hugo,    Victor 6     2240 

The  End  of  the  World 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10    3835 

The  Enfranchisement  of  Woman  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Stanton,  Elizabeth   Cady 10     3996 

The  Ephemera  —  An  Emblem  of  Human 
Life 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5    1787 

The    Equal    Nobility  of   Original  Human 
Nature — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Alfred  the  Great 10     3950 

The  Error  of  One  Man  Causes  Another  to 
Err  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus 10    3993 

The  Essential  Characteristic  of  French  Lit- 
erature 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand 2      651 

The  Eternal  Law  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Penn,  William 10    3986 

The  Evil  Deeds  of  Parents 

Plutarch 8    3157 

The  Extension  of  the  Female  Neck 

Addison,  Joseph 1        27 

The    Eye    of     the    Master     Fattens     the 
Horse 

Plutarch 8    3158 

The  Fair  and  Happy  Milkmaid 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8     3091 


The  Fall  of  the  Kingdom  of  Lao  vol.  page 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1944 

The  Falsehoods  of  Sense 

plato 8    3141 

The  Family  and  the  School 

Frobel,  Friedrich 5     1804 

The  Fate  of  Samson 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3377 

The  Fate  of  the  Very  Greatest 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 8     3154 

The  Feudalism  of  English  Capital  —(Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Mann,  Horace 10     3931 

The  Few  Who  Think— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Stewart,  Dugald 10    3997 

The  Fifth  «  Meditation  »— «  Of  the  Essence 
of  Material  Things  ;  and,  Again,  of  God, 
—  That  He  Exists  » 

Descartes,    Ren6 4    1353 

The  Final  Test  of  Success— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Phelps,  Austin 10    3986 

The  First  Bloom  of  Summer 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7     2627 

The  First  Books  Printed  in  Europe 

Hallam,  Henry 6     2046 

The  Force  of  Gravity  in  the  Moral  World 

Burritt,  EHhu.   2      760 

The  Formation  of  Character—  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Garfield,  James  A 10    3968 

The  Friendship  of  Books 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 7     2835 

The  Futility  of  Deceit  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 10    3990 

The  Future  of  America 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald 1      135 

The  Future  of  America  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C 10    4002 

The  Future  of  Education  —  (Celebrated 
Passages ) 

Mahaffy,  John  P 10    3980 

The  Gallant  Marksman 

Baudelaire,  Charles 1      404 

The  Gardens  of  Pleasure 

Schreiner,  Olive 9     3334 

The  General  Nature  and  Objects  of  Sci- 
ence 

Abercrombie,  John J  3 

The  Genius  and  Passion  of  Byron 

Castelar,  Emilio 3      902 

The  Genius  of  Mirabeau 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7    2754 

The  Genius  of  Moses  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Longinus 10    3980 

The  Genius  of  Plato 

Pater,  Walter 8    3111 

The  Genius  of  Poe  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 10    3970 

The  Genius  of  Shelley 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 8    3165 

The  Gentleman  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of 10    3994 

The  Germania 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10    3674 

The  Gift  of  Silence 

Roland,  Madame 9     3272 

The  Grandeur  of  Man  in  His  Littleness 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3262 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS  OF   ESSAYS 


4039 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Glory  and  Beauty  of  the  Supernatural 

Fichte,  Johann  Oottlieb 5     1714 

The  Goddess  of  Folly  on  the  Luck  of  Fools 

Erasmus,  Desiderius 5     1652 

The  Good  Advocate 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1839 

The  Good  Child 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1831 

The  Good  Husband 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1829 

The  Good  Wife 

Fuller,  Thomas    5    1827 

The    Goodness    of    Women  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Ledyard,  John 10    3977 

The  Gospel  of  Work 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      876 

The  Great  Earthquake  of  Lisbon 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles 7     2695 

The  "  Great  Learning  * 

Confucius 3    1137 

The  Greatest  of  Philosophers 

Bayle,  Pierre 1      408 

The  Greatest  Task  for  Education — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Schurz,  Carl 10    3992 

The  Greatest  Thoughts  of   the   Greatest 
Souls —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Longinus 10    3980 

The  Greatness  of  Common   Men  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Channing,  William  E 10    3958 

The  Greatness  of  Little  Men  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Johnson,  Samuel 10    3975 

The  Greek  Theatre 

Schlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von 9    8358 

The  Guillotine  in  France 

Croker,  John  Wilson 3     1194 

The  Habits  of  Hogarth 

Cunningham,  Allan 3     1206 

The  Hall  of  Fantasy 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 6    2111 

The  Happiest  Creature  giving — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 10    3996 

The  Happiness  of  Duty 

Lubbock,  Sir  John 7    2684 

The    Harmony    of    Instinct  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Crevecceur,  J.  Hector  St.  John  de.  .  .  .10    3963 
The  Harvest  of  a  Large  Heart 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1850 

The  Haunter  of  Graves 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 9    3616 

The  Heart's  Low  Tide  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 10    3972 

The  Heaven  of  Noble  Failure 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 9    3617 

The  Heaven  or  Hell  of  Matrimony  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Rabelais,  Francois 10    3988 

The  Heroic  in  Modern  Journalism 

Castelar,  Emilio 3      899 

The   Highest    Dignity   of    Womanhood  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 10     3991 

The  Highest  Human  Quality  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 10    3965 


VOL.  PAGE 

The    Highest    Virtue  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Pliny  the  Younger 10    3987 

The  Historic  Imagination 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1553 

The  Historical  Attitude  of  Judaism 

Mendelssohn,  Moses 8     2875 

The  History  of  a  Half-Penny 

Bathurst,  Richard 1      399 

The  Holy  Mystery  of  Night 

«  Novalis  » 8    3060 

The   Humming    Bird    and    the    Poetry  of 
Spring 

Audubon,  John  James 1      279 

The  Ideas  of  the  Mind  Are  Universal,  Eter- 
nal, and  Immutable 

Fenelon,  Francois  De  Salignac  De  la 

Mothe 5    1709 

The  Immortality  of  the  Soul 

Plato 8    3138 

The  Impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington 7    2731 

The  Importance  of  Roman  History 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg 8     3053 

The  Impulse  to  Play  as  the  Cause  of  Prog- 
ress 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich 

von 9    3353 

The  Ineffable  Sublimity  of  Nature  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Elliott,  Stephen 10    3965 

The  Influence  of  Demand  and   Supply  on 
Prices 

Ricardo,  David 8    3240 

The  Influence  of  Solitude 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 10    3942 

The  Influence  of  the  Parental  Character 

Cecil,  Richard 3      922 

The    Intoxication    of     Prosperity  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Sallust 10    3992 

The  Irrevocable    Past  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus 10    3993 

The  Knowledge  of  Nature 

Boyle,  Robert 2      538 

The    Lamp    of    Experience  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Polybius 10    3987 

The  Last,  Best  Fruit  of  Life  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Richter,  Jean  Paul 10    3990 

The  Last  of  the  Napoleons 

McCarthy,  Justin 7    2711 

The  Last  Word  of  the  Confederacy  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Lee,  Robert  E 10    3977 

The  Law  of  Nations 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner.  .    .    7     2799 
The    Law  of   Nations — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Montesquieu,  Baron  de 10    3983 

The   Law  of  the   Strongest  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de 10    4002 

The  Law  which  Angels  Do  Work  by 

Hooker,  Richard 6     2229 

The  Laws  of  Music 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax 9    3479 

The  Learned  Fool — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sadi 10     3991 


4040 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Lessons  of  History —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Polybius 10    3987 

The  Liar's  Idea— (Celebrated  Passages) 

Talleyrand 10    3998 

The  Life  after  Death  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Plato 10    3986 

The  Life  of  Trees 

Evelyn,  John 5    1662 

The  Life  of  Women  in  Cuba 

Bryant,  William  Cullen 2      664 

The  Likeness  of  Monkeys  to  Men 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel 10    3872 

The  Limit  of  Responsibility —  (Celebrated 
Passages ) 

Hamilton,  Gail 10    3970 

The  Literature  of  Chivalry 

Ascham,  Roger 1      269 

The  Literature  of  Mirth 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy 10    S893 

The  Literature  of  Queen  Anne's  Reign 

Chateaubriand,  Viscount  de 3      967 

The    Little    Causes    of    Great    Results  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10     3998 

The  Loom  of  Life 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7     2631 

The  Love  Affairs  of  Will  Honeycomb 

Budgell,  Eustace 2      685 

The  Love  of  «  Freaks  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 6    1955 

The  Love  of  Quack  Medicines 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1966 

The  Love  Songs  of  Scotland 

Blackie,  John  Stuart 2      464 

The  Loveliest  Sight  for  Woman's  Eyes 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1345 

The  Low  and  the  High  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Sallust 10    3992 

The  Low  Minded  and  the  Honorable  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Xenophon 10    4004 

The  Lyric  Poetry  of  Persia 

Alger,  William  Rounseville 1       125 

The  Man  Is  What  He  Thinks  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Aurelius,  Marcus 10     3951 

The    Man    Makes   Manners — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 10    3997 

The  Man  of  One  Book 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 4     1395 

The  Man  Who  Fired  His  Harvest— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Sadi 10    3991 

The   Manners   of  the    Scots  — (Celebrated 
Passages ) 

Froissart,  Jean 10    3967 

The  March  of  De  Soto— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Gayarre,  Charles 10    3968 

The     Meaning    of    Destiny  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Hall,  Robert 10    3970 

The  Meaning  of  Good  Taste  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 10    3976 

The     Meaning    of     History  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

James,  Henry 10    3974 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Meaning  of  Justice  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Norton,  John 10    3984 

The  Meaning  of  Liberty  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Lieber,  Francis 10    3979 

The  Measure  of  Science  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Locke,  John 10    3979 

The  Measure  of  Things 

Selden,  John 9    3400 

The  Message  of  the  Stars 

Addison ,  Joseph 1        23 

The  Might  of  Nature— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Pliny  the  Elder 10    3987 

The  Mind  as  a  Picture  Maker 

Galton ,  Francis 5     1855 

The  Mind  in  Books 

Bury,  Richard  de 2      790 

The  Mind  in  History 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4    1623 

The  Miracle  of  Color  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

King,  Thomas  Starr 10     3975 

The  Miracle  of  Human  Cruelty 

Chalmers,  Thomas 3      934 

The     Miraculous    Human     Body  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages  ) 

Herbert,  Edward 10    3971 

The  Mocking  Bird 

Audubon,  John  James 1       282 

The  Modern  Romans 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7    2632 

The  Modern  Sphinx 

Cherbuliez,  Victor 3      977 

R  The  Money  Question  "  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Jevons,  W.  Stanley 10     3974 

The  Morals  of  Chess 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5     1784 

The  Morning  Call 

Hood,  Thomas 6     2221 

The  Most  Difficult  Thing  in  the  World 

Mencius 8     2873 

«  The  Most  Extraordinary  and  Wonderful 
of  All  Writers  » 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 5     1927 

The    Most    Savage    Animal  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Pliny  the  Elder 10    8987 

The  Mote  and  the  Beam— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Greville,  Fulke 10    3969 

The  Mountain  of  Miseries 

Addison,  Joseph 1        67 

"The    Multitude  of    Fools »— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Cervantes 10     3958 

The  Mystery  of  Death  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Granada,  Luis  de 10     3969 

The  Natural  History  of  the  Devil 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel 3     1142 

The  Natural  Mind  in  Man 

Bagehot,  Walter 1      372 

The    Nature    of   Spirits,   Bad    Angels,   or 
Devils 

Burton,  Robert 2      785 

The   Necessity   for    Schools — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Knox,  John 10    3976 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4041 


The  Necessity  for  Work  vol.  page 

Ruskin,  John 9    3317 

<"  The   Noble  Man   Does   Noble  Deeds  "  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Goldoni,  Carlo 10    3969 

The  Noble  Savage 

Dickens,  Charles 4    1379 

The  Norns  and  the  Urdar  Fount,  Of 

Sturleson,  Snorre 9    3637 

The  Novel  of  Manners 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 7.0    3717 

The   Object     of    Life  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Mallock,  William    Hurrell 10     3981 

The  Object  of  Society  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Stephens,  Alexander  H 10    3997 

The  Obligation  of  Duty  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Thoreau,  Henry  David 10    4000 

The  Ocean  of  Ink 

Colman  and  Thornton 3    1106 

The  Oddities  of  Odd  People 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock 3     1176 

The  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd 3    1188 

The  Only  Reality— (Celebrated  Passages) 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 10     3971 

The    Only    Valuable    Investment  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Whitman,  Walt 10    4003 

The  Origin  of  the  Modern  World 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 10    3711 

The  Originality  of  Irish  Bulls  Examined 

Edgeworth,  Maria   4     1526 

The  Pains  of  Opium 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4    1307 

The  Pangs  of  Approaching  the  Gods 

Landor,  Walter  Savage 7     2488 

The    Passions   as    Motive    Power  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de 10     3967 

The  Path  to    a   Happy  Life  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Seneca,  Eucius  Annreus 10     3993 

The    Perils     of     Life  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

Bryant,  William  Cullen 10     3956 

The  Philosopher 

Plato 8    3144 

The  Philosophy  of  Puns 

Addison,  Joseph 1        30 

«  The   Picture  of  Thought  »  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Hopkins,  Mark 10    3973 

The  Pious  Editor's  Creed 

Eowell,  James  Russell 7     2659 

The  Pleasures  of  Rhyme 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 8    3161 

The  Poet  and  the   Historian  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Cervantes 10    3958 

The  Poetics  of  Aristotle 

Aristotle 1      190 

The  Poetry  of  the  Common  People 

Addison ,  Joseph 1        42 

The  Poetry  of  the  Hebrews 

Blair,  Hugh 2      483 

The  Possibility  of  the  Resurrection 

Boyle,  Robert 2      537 

The    Power    of  Trifles  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Sterne,  Lawrence 10    3997 


The  Power  of  Words  vol.  page 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy 10    3896 

The  Present  Age 

Channing,  William  Ellery 3      947 

The  Prevention  of  Crimes 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of  2      420 

The    Price  of   Liberty  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Demosthenes 10    3964 

The  Principles  of  a  Happy  Life 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew 6     2041 

The  Principles  of  Good  Taste 

Burke,  Edmund 2      706 

The  Principles  of  Government 

Harrington,  James 6    2079 

The  Principles  of  Natural  Right 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques 2      747 

The  Professional  Soldier  in  Free  Countries 

Blackstone,  Sir  William 2      477 

The  Progress  of  Art 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 5    1925 

The  Prophetic  Dewdrops 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3259 

The  Prophetic  Quality  of  Genius 

Diderot,  Denis 4    1389 

The  Quality  of  Leadership  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Demosthenes 10    3964 

The  Qualitv  of  Mercy 

«  Ouida  » 8    3083 

The  Quarrels  of  Friends 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3263 

The    Quiet  Things  of    Life— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Buckminster,  Joseph  Stevens 10    3956 

«  The  Rape  of  the  Lock  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1969 

The  Rare  Old  Town  of  Nuremberg —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Leland,  Charles  Godfrey 10    3978 

The  Real  Burns 

Arnold,  Matthew 1      233 

The    Reality    of    Ignorance — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Socrates 10    3996 

The  Reason  Democritus  Deprived  Himself 
of  Sight 

Gellius,  Aulus 5     1877 

The  Refining  Influence  of  Music — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Corais,  Adamantius 10    3962 

The  Relation  of  Individuals  to  the  World's 
History 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  ....    6     2148 
The   Religion  of   Love  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Hazlitt,  William 10    3971 

The  Reply  of  Chrysippus  to  Those  Who 
Denied  a  Providence 

Gellius,  Aulus 6    1874 

The    Reserve    of    Greatness— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Winter,  William 10    4004 

The  Responsibility  of  a  Rich  Man 

Ruskin,  John 9     3309 

The  Revelations  of  Night 

Flammarion,  Camille 5     1739 

The  Revenges  and  Rewards  of  Conscience 
—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

South,  Robert 10     3996 

The  Rhetorical  Ability  of  Socrates—  (Cele- 
brated Passages! 

Corais,  Adamantius 10     8961 


4042 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Right  to  liberty— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Garrison,  William  L,loyd 10    3968 

The  Rights  of  Man 

Paine,  Thomas 8    3094 

The  Ring  of  Gyges 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9    3575 

The  Rogueries  of  Tom  Moore 

«  Prout,  Father  » 8    3202 

The  Ruins  at  Thebes— (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages) 

Belzoni,  John  Baptist 10     3954 

The  Ruling  Passion  in  Death 

Bancroft,  George 1      390 

,rThe  Rust  of  the  Soul  »—  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Johnson,  Samuel 10     3975 

The   Sabbath   in   New   England—  (C el  e- 
brated  Passages) 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  M 10    3992 

The  Sagacity  of  Some  Insects 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1937 

The  Sanguine  Temperament 

I,ytton,   Edward  George  Earle  Lit- 
ton Bulwer,  Baron 7     2702 

«  The  Schoolmistress  " 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1969 

The  Science  of  History 

Froude,  James  Anthony 5     1809 

The  Scientific  Spirit  of  the  Age 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power 3    ]  055 

The  Sea  and  Its  Sublime  Laws 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine 7    2854 

The  Secret  of  Boring  People  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de. .  10    4002 
The  Sense  of  Beauty 

Channing,  William  Ellery 3      950 

The  Sense  of  Duty  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) 

Webster,  Daniel 10    4003 

The  Shams,  Shamelessness,  and  Delights 
of  Paris 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de 1      157 

The  Shortness  of  L,ife  and  Uncertainty  of 
Riches 

Cowley,  Abraham 3     1167 

The  Simplest  Book  in  the  World  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Prime,  Samuel  Irenseus 10    3987 

The  Simplicity  of  Greatness —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 10    3965 

The  Six  Follies  of  Science 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 4     1403 

The  Skulls 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergey evich 10    3841 

The  Sky 

Ruskin,  John 9    3287 

The  Slave  of  Many  Masters — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

X,a  Bruy6re,  Jean  de 10    S976 

The  Social  Contract 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 9    3277 

The  Society  of  Nature 

Ruskin,  John 9     3310 

The  Soul  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 10     3959 

The  Soul  Makes  Its  Own  Fortune  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 10     3983 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  Soul  Never  Sleeps  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 10    3954 

The    Spanish    Drama— (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages) 

Ticknor,  George 10    4000 

The  Sparrow 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10    3840 

The  Spectator  Introduces  Himself 

Addison,  Joseph 1        20 

The  Spectator  Returns  to  London 

Addison,  Joseph 1        92 

The  Spirit  of  the   Nineteenth   Century  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Rawlinson,  George 10    3989 

The    Starlight    of    History  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Choate,  Rufus 10    3959 

The  Stars 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3262 

The  Strongest  Thing  in  the  World 

Milton,  John 8     2902 

The  Sublimity  of  Primitive  Poetry 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 6     2180 

The  Sum  of  Philosophy  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of 10    3994 

The  Sun  as  the  Source  of  Earthly  Forces 

Tyndall,  John 10    3855 

The  Supersensual  L,ife 

Bbhme,  Jacob 2      511 

The  Supreme  I,aw  of  Justice 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3      878 

The  Survival  of  the  Fittest 

Darwin,  Charles  4    1262 

The  Talking  l,ady 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell 8    2915 

The  Taste  for  Reading 

Herschel,  Sir  John 6     2191 

«  The  Tears  of  Scotland  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1970 

The  Test  of  I^ove  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 10    3989 

The  Test  of  Proselyting  Zeal  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Red  Jacket 10    3990 

The  Test  of  Worth  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb 10    3967 

The  Theatre 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3478 

The   Theologian's    Problem  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Gladden,  Washington 10    3968 

The  Tinker 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8    3090 

The    Touchstone    of     Merit— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Greville,  Fulke 10    3969 

The    Training    of    Children —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Aristotle 10    3951 

The  Transport  of  Death 

«  Novalis  » 8     3063 

The  True  Conception  of  Another  World 

Bosanquet,  Bernard 2       517 

The  True  Gentleman 

Fuller,  Thomas 5     1818 

The  True  Principles  of  I,aw  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

A'Becket,  Gilbert  A 10    3949 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS  OF   ESSAYS 


4°43 


VOL.  PAGE 

The  True  Signification  of  Temperance  as  a 
Moral  Virtue 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas 4    1572 

«  The  Truest  Thing  in  the  World  »  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Irving,  "Washington 10     3973 

The    Twofold  Liberty  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Winthrop,  John 10    4004 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Majority 

Tocqueville,    Alexis    Charles    Henri 

Clerel  de 10    3800 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Novel 

Gosse,  Edmund  William 5    1976 

The  Ugliness  of  Modern  Life 

«  Ouida  » 8    3081 

The  Ultimate  End  of  Man  beyond  This 
Life 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos 3    1123 

The  Unaccountable  Humor  in  Womankind 

Addison,  Joseph 1        57 

The    Uncertainties  of   Life— (Celebrated 

P3SS3.2TCS^ 

Granada,  Luis  de 10    3969 

The  Uncertainty  of  Things  — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Granada,  Luis  de 10    3969 

The  Unity  of  Nature 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of 1      183 

The  Universe  No  Chance  Medley 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 9    3429 

The  Use  of  Beauty 

Ruskin,  John 9    3316 

The  Use  of  Failure  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus.10    3959 
The  Uselessness  of  Rank 

Channing,  William  Ellery 3    949 

The  Uses  of  Poetry 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 9    3426 

The  Vanity  of  Existence 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3370 

The  Varnish  of  Nature 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3376 

The  Vicar  of  Wakefield 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 5    1934 

The  Vinegar  and  Oil  of  Human  Nature  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar 10    3977 

The  Virgin  Muse  of  Poetry— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Cervantes 10    3958 

The  Virtuous  Lady 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1821 

The  Vision  of  Mirza 

Addison,  Joseph 1        53 

The  Voice  of  the  Pines  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf 10    4003 

The  Way  to  Make  Money  Plenty  in  Every 
Man's  Pocket 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5    17S1 

The  Well  Ordering  of  a  Man's  Life 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Lord 2    752 

The  Whistle 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5     1782 

The    Whole  Art  of    Government  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Milton,  John 10     3983 

The  Wickedness  of  Early  Rising 

Wilson,  John 10    3913 

The  Wisdom  of    Old  Time  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Sadi 10    3992 


«  The  Wittiest  of  English  Poets  "               vol.  page 
Hunt,  Leigh 6    2269 

The  Wonderful  Nature  of  Excellent  Minds 

Hughes,  Thomas 6    2234 

The  Wonders  of  the  Heavens 

Flammarion,  Camille 6     1742 

The  Wood  Thrush 

Audubon,  John  James 1      284 

The  World  Not  to    Be    Despised  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Hyde,  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon..  .10    3973 
The  Worm  in  the  Nut's  Kernel  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 10    3988 

The  Worship  of  Pinchbeck  Heroes 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5     1961 

The  Worst  Curse  — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Temple,  Sir  William 10    4000 

The  Wrong  Side  of  the  Arras 

Fuller,  Thomas 6    1849 

The  Yankee  Zincali 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf 10    3899 

The  Young  Oak 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9    3375 

They  Are  Mistaken  Who  Commit  Sins  with 
the  Hope  of  Remaining  Concealed 

Gellius,  Aulus 5     1880 

Things  Too  Delicate  to  Be  Thought— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

«  Novalis  » 10    3985 

This  Troublesome  World 

Cranmer,  Thomas 3     1186 

Thoroughness  in  Teaching  and  Learning 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos 3     1127 

Those  Who  Most  Long  for  Change  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

More,  Sir  Thomas 10    3984 

Thoughts  on  Style 

Pascal,  Blaise 8    3106 

Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects 

Swift,  Jonathan 9    3645 

Three  Reasons  Assigned  by  Philosophers 
for  the  Punishment  of  Crimes 

Gellius,  Aulus 6     1875 

To  a  Lady  of  High  Culture 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert 6    20GO 

Tobacco  as  a  «  Stinking  Torment  "  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

James  1 10    3974 

To  Madame  de  Grignan 

S6vigne\  Madame  de 9    3413 

Too  Much  Honey  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Knox,  John 10    3976 

Too  Ready  Friends 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      988 

To  the  Duke  of  Grafton 

"Junius"  (Sir  Philip  Francis?) 6    2409 

To  the  Prosaic  All  Things  Are  Prosaic 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1568 

Traits  of  the  Saxon 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 10    3706 

Truth  and  Sensuality  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Plato 10    3986 

Truth  and  Toleration  against  Error 

Jefferson,  Thomas 6     2354 

Truth  as    Oil   upon   Water— (Celebrated 
Passages 

Cervantes 10    3958 

Truth  the  Foundation  of  All  Goodness  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Casaubou,  Meric 10    3958 


4°44 


INDEX    OF    SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Truth's    Brave      Simplicity  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Lowell,  James  Russell 10    8980 

Turbulence  and  Ignorance  in  Republics  — 
(Celebrated  Passages) 

Guicciardini,  Francis 10    3970 

Two  Divisions  of  Philosophic  Minds 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8    3263 

Two  Who  labored  in  Vain  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Sadi 10    3991 


u 


Ugly  Women 

Smith,  Horace 9    3461 

Universal  Love 

Mencius 8    2870 

Universities,    English,  French,   and  Ger- 
man 

Helmholtz,  Herman  Ludwig  Ferdi- 
nand von 6     2164 

Unlucky  Days 

Chambers,  Robert 3      937 

Upon  the  Laocoon 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 6    1916 

«  Upwards,  Upwards  " 

Fuller,  Thomas 5    1850 


Value  in  Originality 

«  Eliot,  George  » 4    1555 

Vanity  of  Human  Fame 

Southey,  Robert 9     3494 

Van   Leaders  of   Humanity  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Norton,  Andrews 10     3984 

Virtue  an  Inspiration 

Roland,  Madame 9    3272 

Virtue  as  Grace  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Hopkins,  Mark 10    3973 

«  Vita  Militia  »  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Newman,  John  Henry 10    3984 

Vocations 

Pascal,  Blaise 8    3102 

Voluminous  Trifling 

Southey,  Robert 9     3496 

«  Vox  Populi  »—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert 10    3957 

"Vox    Populi!    Vox    Dei !»— ( Celebrated 
Passages) 

Lieber,  Francis 10    3979 

Vulgarism 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      981 


w 


Walter  Savage  Landor 

Martineau,  Harriet 7     2827 

Walter  Scott  and  Fenimore  Cooper 

Balzac,  Honore  de 1      387 

Want  of  Self-Knowledge 

Ruskin,  John 9    3809 

War   and    Democracy  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Seward,  William  H 10    3994 


VOL.  PAGE 

War   as  the  Cause  of  Corruption  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Burke,  Edmund 10    3956 

Washington  —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Sparks,   Jared 10     3996 

Waterloo  —  "  Quot  Libras  in  Duce  » 

Hugo,  Victor 6    2246 

Watt  and  the  Work  of  Steam 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis 6     2360 

Weakness  of  Man's  Mind 

F6nelon,  Francois  De  Salignac  De  la 

Mothe 6    1710 

Wealth  and  Education  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Corais,  Adamantius 10    3962 

Wealth  and  Generosity  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Mann,  Horace 10     3981 

"  We  Are  All  Wicked  »  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus 10    3993 

We   Are  Judged   by   Our  Friends  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 10    3988 

«  Wei  Ching  "  —  The  Superior  Man 

Confucius 3    1138 

We  Make  Our  Own  Precedents 

«  Eliot,  George  " 4    1567 

Western    Arts    and    Civilization     Derived 
from  China 

Tseng,  The  Marquis 10    3820 

Whang  and  His  Dream  of  Diamonds 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1963 

What  Eloquence  Means —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Hare,  Julius  Charles 10    3970 

What  Is  a  Gentleman  ? 

Brooke,  Henry 2      548 

What  Is  a  Poet  ? 

Wordsworth,  William 10     3930 

What  Is  Happiness? 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas 1      176 

What  Is  Law  ? 

Grotius,  Hugo 5     2025 

What  Is  Most  Important  in  Any  Business 
—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus.10     3959 
What  Is  the  Condition  of  a  Common  Kind 
of  Man  and  of  a  Philosopher 

Epictetus 5    1644 

What  Is  the  Highest  Happiness? 

Boethius,  Anicius  Manlius  Severinus.    2      504 
What  Is  Wit?—  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Barrow,  Isaac 10    3952 

What  It  Costs  to  Feel  and  Think 

Bain,  Alexander 1      375 

What  Men  Fight  about  Most 

Athenseus 1      272 

What   Preachers   Do  for  Us  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

«  Ward,  Artemus  » 10     4002 

What  Shall  Be  Taught  in  the  Schools? 

Frobel,  Friedrich 5     1806 

What   the  Masses  Can    Do— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Phillips,  Wendell 10    3986 

What  Will  Tranquilize  the  World—  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 10    3997 

When  a  Woman  Is  Always  Right — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler 10    3970 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS   OF   ESSAYS 


4045 


•VOL.  PAGE 

When  Gratitude  Is  Possible  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10    3998 

When  the  Swallows  Come 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7    2625 

When  True  Life  Begins  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 10    3959 

When  Virtue  Is  Odious  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw 10    3983 

Where  the  Polite  Fool  Fails—  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 10    4004 

"Where  Truth  Is  God  Is  »— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Cervantes 10    3958 

Whether  Princes  Ought  to  Be  Faithful  to 
Their  Engagements 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 7    2776 

Whether  Virtue  Alone  Be  Sufficient 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius 3    1001 

Who    Is    the    Wisest    Man?— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Boileau-Despreaux 10    3955 

Why  Governments  Fall —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages) 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 10    3964 

Why  Men  Hate  Fach  Other  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Plato 10    3986 

Why  Poetry  Was  Invented — (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 10    3990 

Why     Politicians     Are     Pleasant  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Livy 10    3979 

Why  We  Seek  New  Friends —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 10    3990 

Wild  Oats  as  a  Crop— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages) 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 10    3976 

Wilhelm  Meister  on  Hamlet 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 6    1929 

Will  Wimble  Is  Introduced 

Addison,  Joseph 1        83 

William  Hogarth 

Walpole,  Horace 10    3876 

William  Penn  and  John  Locke 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 6    2011 

William  the  Silent 

Motley,  John  Lothrop 8    3025 

Wisdom 

Plato 8    3141 


Wisdom  vol.  page 

Selden,  John 9    3401 

Wit 

Selden,  John 9     3401 

Wit  and  Humor 

Smith,  Sydney 9    3469 

Wit  and  Judgment —  (Celebrated  Passages) 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 10    3985 

Wit  and  Wisdom  in  Literature 

Addison,  Joseph 1        33 

Wit  that.  Perishes — (Celebrated  Passages) 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 10    4004 

With  the  Wits  of  the  Thirties 

Besant,  Sir  Walter 2      446 

Wodan  and  the  Wandering  Jew 

Blind,  Karl 2      498 

Woman    and    Her    Talents— (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Anthony,  Susan  B 10    3950 

Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 

Adam,  Madame 1        13 

Woman's  Brain  and  Rights 

Biichner,  Ludwig 2      671 

Women 

Selden,  John 9    3402 

Women  and  Marriage 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert 6    2056 

Women  during  the  Renaissance 

Doumic,  Rene 4    1442 

Women  in  Mohammed's  Paradise 

Miiller,  Max 8    3046 

Women,  Vanity,  and  Love 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3      987 

Women's  Men  and  Their  Ways 

Addison,  Joseph 1      39 

Wonders  of  the  Memory  and  Brain 

FSnelon,  Francois  De  Salignac  De  la 

Mothe 5    1708 

Words  the  Materials  of  Art  —  (Celebrated 
Passages) 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert 10    3972 

Wordsworth,  Byron,  and  Scott 

Clough,  Hugh  Arthur 3     1052 

Work 

Ruskin,  John 9    3303 

Written  Laws  Like  Spiders'  Webs—  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 

Plutarch 10    3987 


Young  Beaux  and  Old  Bachelors 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler 8     3034 

Young's  «  Night  Thoughts  "  and  «  Satires  » 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5    1970 


4046 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND 

SUBJECTS 


ANCIENT   AND  CLASSICAL 


(582  B.C.  to  525  A.  D.) 


VOL.  PAGE 

Pythagoras  582-500  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

That  We  Ought  to  Judge  Our  Own 

Actions 10    3988 

Confucius  c.  550-478  B.  C. 

Essays: 

The  «  Great  Learning  " 3    1137 

"Wei  Ching  »  —  The  Superior  Man .    3    1138 
Tse-Sze  c.  500  B.C.-? 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Doctrine  of  the  Mean 10    4000 

Herodotus  c.  484-424  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages : 

"  Mind  Your  own  Business  » 10    3972 

Comparison  the   Secret  of   Knowl- 
edge   10    3972 

Cause    of     the     Most     Enormous 

Crimes 10    3972 

Forethought  and  Failure 10    3972 

Finis  Coronat  Opus 10    3972 

Thucydides  471-401  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Great  Man's  Assurance  of  Him- 
self   10    4000 

Expostulation  and  Accusation 10     4000 

The  Best  Security  of  Power 10    4000 

Socrates  47°~399  B-  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Against  Disputing 10    3996 

The  Reality  of  Ignorance 10    3996 

Xenophon  c.  430-357  B.  C. 

Essays: 

Socrates'  Dispute  with  Aristippus 
Concerning  the  Good  and  Beauti- 
ful   10    3937 

In  What  Manner  Socrates  Dissuaded 
Men  from  Self-Conceit  and  Osten- 
tation   10    3939 

Several  Apothegms  of  Socrates  ....  10    3940 
Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Trusting  the  Gods 10    4004 

The  Low  Minded  and  the  Honor- 
able  10    4004 

Plato  c.  429-347  B.  C. 

Essays: 

Crito:  — "Of  What    We    Ought    to 

Do" 8  3123 

Socrates  Drinks  the  Hemlock 8  3136 

The  Immortality  of  the  Soul 8  3138 

Wisdom 8  3141 

The  Falsehoods  of  Sense 8  3141 

Heavenly  and  Earthly  Love 8  3142 

Misanthropy 8  3143 

The  Effect  of  Love 8  3143 

The   Philosopher 8  3144 


Plato  —  Contin  ued  vol.  page 

Essays:  —  Continued 

Evil 8    3144 

God  and  Man 8    3144 

Heaven's  Perfect  Gifts 8    3144 

Experience 8    3145 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Justice  and  the  Courts 10    3986 

Why  Men  Hate  Each  Other 10    3986 

« Fear  Not    Them    That    Kill  the 

Body  » 10    3986 

The  Cause  of  All  Quarrels 10    8986 

■  Return  Not  Evil  for  Evil  « 10    3986 

Truth  and  Sensuality 10    3986 

The  Life  after  Death 10    3986 

Aristotle  384-322  B.  C. 

Essays : 

The  Poetics  of  Aristotle 1      190 

The    Dispositions    Consequent   on 

Wealth 1      227 

The  Dispositions  of  Men  in  Power, 

and  of  the  Fortunate ,..    1      228 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Education  and  the  State 10    3951 

The  Training  of  Children 10    3951 

Happiness,  the  Gift  of  Heaven 10    3951 

One    Swallow    Does     Not     Make 

Spring  10    3951 

Demosthenes  384-322  B.  C 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Price  of  liberty 10    3964 

The  Quality  of  Leadership 10    3964 

Theophrastus  c.  373-288  B.  C. 

Essays: 

"  The  Characters  »  of  Theophrastus 

Of  Cavilling 10    3754 

Of  Flattery 10    3754 

Of  Garrulity 10    3756 

Of  Rusticity  or  Clownishness. . .  .10  3756 
Of  Fair  Speech  or  Smoothness.  .10  3757 
Of    Senselessness    or    Desperate 

Boldness 10    3758 

Of  Loquacity  or  Overspeaking.  .10  3759 
Of    News    Forging    or    Rumour 

Spreading 10    3760 

Oflmpudency 10    3761 

Of  Base  Avarice  or  Parsimony. .  .10    3762 

Of  Obscenity  or  Ribaldry 10    3763 

Of  Unseasonableness,    or  Ignor- 
ance of  Due  Convenient  Times .  10    3764 
Of  Impertinent  Diligence  or  Over- 

Officiousness 10    3765 

Of  Blockishness,  Dullness,  or  Stu- 
pidity  10    3765 

Of    Stubbornness,   Obstinacy,  or 
Fierceness 10    3766 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


4047 


Theophrastus  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays :  —  Continued 

Of  Superstition 10  3766 

Of  Causeless  Complaining 10  3767 

Of  Diffidence,  or  Distrust 10  3768 

Of  Foulness 10  3768 

Of  Unpleasantness,  or   Tedious- 

ness 10  3769 

Of  a  Base  and  Frivolous  Affecta- 
tion of  Praise 10  3770 

Of  Illiberality  or  Servility 10  3770 

Of  Ostentation 10  3771 

Of  Pride 10  3772 

Of  Timidity  or  Fearefulness 10  3772 

Of  an  Oligarchy,  or  the  Manners 
of    the     Principal    Sort    which 

Sway  in  a  State 10  3773 

Of  Late  ^earning 10  3774 

Of  Detraction  or  Backbiting 10  3774 

Mencius  c.  372-289  B.  C. 

Essays: 

Universal  Love 8    2870 

The  Most    Difficult  Thing  in  the 
World 8    2873 

Epicurus  c.  341-270  B.  C. 

Essay: 

Of  Modesty,  Opposed  to  Ambition.   5    1647 

Polybius  204-125  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Lamp  of  Experience 10    3987 

The  Lessons  of  History 10    3987 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius  106-43  B.  C. 

Essays: 

On  the  Contempt  of  Death 3  999 

Whether  Virtue  Alone  Be  Sufficient   3  1001 

De  Officiis 3  1006 

Concerning  Friendship 3  1008 

Old  Age  and  Immortality 3  1012 

On  the  Commonwealth 3  1016 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Poets  and  Their  Inspiration. .  .10  3959 

When  True  Life  Begins 10  3959 

Caesar,  Caius  Julius  100-44  B-  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Prosperity   as    a   Penalty    for  the 

Worst  Wickedness 10    3957 

«  Rights  of  War  " 10    3957 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius  95-46  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Silence  the  Virtue  of  the  Gods 10    3958 

Sallust  86-34  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Mind  and  Body 10    3992 

Be  Sure  You're  Right 10    3992 

Efficiency 10    3992 

The  Intoxication  of  Prosperity 10    3992 

The  Low  and  the  High 10    3992 

Livy  (Titus  Livius)         c.  59  B.  C.  -  17  A.  D. 
Essay: 

On  the  Making  of  History 7     2568 

Celebrated  Passages: 

"  Assuaging  the  Female  Mind  » 10    3979 

Liberty  and  Justice 10    3979 

Why  Politicians  Are  Pleasant 10    3979 

Familiarity  Breeds  Contempt 10    3979 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus      4  B.  C.  -  65  A.  D. 
Essay: 

On  Anger 9    3403 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Patience  with  Error 10    8993 

Joy  as  Serenity 10     3993 

Self-Control 10     3993 

Perseverance 10    3993 

The  Path  to  a  Happy  Life 10    3993 

The  Education  of  the  Young 10    3993 


Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus  —  Continued        vol.  page 
Celebrated  Passages:  —  Continued 

"  We  Are  All  Wicked  » 10    3993 

The  Irrevocable  Past 10    3993 

The  Error  of  One  Man  Causes  An- 
other to  Err 10    3993 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 

First  Century  B.  C. 
Celebrated  Passages 

A  Nation  Improved  by  Sufferings  10    3964 

Causes  of  Good  Government 10    3964 

Why  Governments  Fall 10    3964 

Nepos,  Cornelius  First  Century  B.  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Ruling  by  Force 10    3984 

Pliny  the  Elder  23-79  A.  D. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Concerning  Religion 10  3987 

"  Mother  Earth  » 10  3987 

The  Most  Savage  Animal 10  3987 

The  Might  of  Nature 10  3987 

Quintilian  c.  35-95  A.  D. 

Essay: 

Advantages  of  Reading  History  and 

Speeches 8    3214 

Celebrated  Passages; 

«  Mind  of  Divine  Original  " 10    3988 

Dullness  Not  Natural 10    3988 

Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus 

c.  40  A.  D.  -? 
Celebrated  Passages: 

What   Is  Most   Important   in  Any 

Business 10    3959 

The  Use  of  Failure 10    3959 

Plutarch  c.  46  A.  D. -? 

Essays: 

Concerning  the  Delay  of  the  Deity.    8     3153 
Homer  on  the  Methods  of  the  Gods  8    3157 

Family  Heredity 8    3157 

The  Evil  Deeds  of  Parents 8    3157 

Nature,  Learning,  and  Training.  . .    8    3157 

Mothers  and  Children 8    3158 

Teachers  and  Their  Pupils 8    3158 

The  Eye  of  the  Master  Fattens  the 

Horse 8    3158 

Garrulity 8    3158 

Man 8    3159 

Celebrated  Passages-. 

An  Evil  Habit  of  the  Soul 10    3987 

Our  Contempt  for  Those  Who  Serve 

Us 10    3987 

Principles    the    Soul    of    Political 

Rectitude 10    3987 

Written  Laws  like  Spiders'  Webs  . .  10    3987 
Tacitus,  Cornelius  c.  55-117  A.  D. 

Essay: 

The  Germania 10    3674 

Celebrated  Passages: 

How  Freedom  Comes 10    3998 

Pliability  and  Liberality 10    3998 

Distempers  of  the  Heart 10    3998 

When  Gratitude  Is  Possible 10    3998 

The  Little  Causes  of  Great  Results  10    3998 
Life's  Great  Reward 10    3998 

Pliny  the  Younger  62-113  A.  D. 

Essays  : 

The  Destruction  of  Pompeii 8     3146 

A  Roman  Fountain 8    3150 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Rectitude  in  Small  Things 10    3987 

The  Highest  Virtue 10    3987 

Arrian  c.  95-c.  180  A.  D. 

Essay  : 

The  «  Enchiridion  » 1      243 


4048 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Quintus  Curtius  First  Century  A.  D. 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

On  Fortune 10    3988 

Superstition  of  the  Uneducated ....  10    3988 
The  Country  of  the  Brave 10    3988 

Epictetus        First  to  Second  Century  A.  D. 
Essays  : 

Of  Progress  or  Improvement 5     1640 

On  Providence 5    1643 

That  We  Ought  Not  to  Be  Disturbed 

by  Any  News 5     1643 

What  Is  the  Condition  of  a  Common 

Kind  of  Man  and  of  a  Philosopher  5     1644 
How  Everything  May  Be  Done  Ac- 
ceptably to  the  Gods 5    1645 

Aurelius,  Marcus  c.  1 21-180  A.  D. 

Essay  : 

Meditations  on  the  Highest  Useful- 
ness     1      291 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

A  Rule  for  Happiness 10    3951 

Change  in  All  Things 10    3951 

The  Man  Is  What  He  Thinks 10    3951 

Gellius,  Aulus  Second  Century  A.  D. 

Essays  : 

A  Rule  for  Husbands 5     1873 

The  Reply  of  Chrysippus  to  Those 

Who  Denied  a  Providence 6     1874 

Three  Reasons  Assigned  by   Phi- 
losophers for  the  Punishment  of 

Crimes 5     1875 

He  Who  Has  Much  Must  Necessa- 
rily Want  Much 5    1876 

The  Reason  Democritus  Deprived 

Himself  of  Sight 5     1877 

On  the  Abuses  of  False  Philosophy   5     1878 
They  Are   Mistaken  Who  Commit 
Sins  with  the  Hope  of  Remain- 
ing Concealed 5    1880 

Sentiment  of  the   Philosopher  Pa- 
nsetius 5    1881 


VOL.  PAGE 

Diogenes  Laertius       Second  Century  A.  D. 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

Heaven  Our  Fatherland 10    3964 

Lucian  c.  120-200  A.  D. 

Essay  : 

That  Bibliomaniacs  Should   Read 
Their  Own  Books 7    2687 

Longinus  c.  210-273  A.  D. 

Essays  : 

On  the  Sublime 7    2637 

Sublimity  in  the  Great  Poets 7    2644 

Great  Masters  of  Eloquence 7    2651 

Liberty  and  Greatness 7    2654 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The    Greatest    Thoughts    of    the 

Greatest  Souls 10    3980 

The  Genius  of  Moses 10    3980 

Athenaeus  Third  Century  A.  D. 

Essay  .• 

What  Men  Fight  about  Most 1      272 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus         c.  330-395  A.  D. 
Essay : 

Luxury  of  Roman  Decadence 7    2820 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Apothegms  from  His  History 10    3981 

Augustine,  Saint  354~430  A.  D. 

Essays  : 

Concerning    Imperial    Power  and 

the  Kingdom  of  God 1      286 

Kingdoms  without  Justice  like  unto 

Thievish  Purchases 1      288 

Domestic  Manifestations  of  the  Ro- 
man Spirit  of  Conquest 1      288 

Claudian  c.  365-408  A.  D. 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Temperance 10    3959 

Boethius,  Anicius  Manlius  Severinus 

c  475-525  A.  D. 
Essay  : 

What  Is  the  Highest  Happiness  ?. . .    2      504 


MIDDLE   AGES   AND   RENAISSANCE 


(67a  A.D.   to   1553  A.  D.) 


Bede,  the  Venerable  673-735 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Anglo-Saxon  Origins 10    3953 

Alfred  the  Great  849-901 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Equal  Nobility  of  Original  Hu- 
man Nature 10    3950 

Nizami  1141-1202 

Essays: 

On  Truth 8    3056 

On  the  Pride  of  Wealth 8     3057 

Giraldus  Cambrensis  c.  1 146-  c.  1220 

Essay: 

On  the  Beneficial  Effects  of  Music.    5    1902 
Sturleson,  Snorre  1179-1241 

Essays: 

Gef jon's  Ploughing 9    3630 

Gylfi's  Journey  to  Asgard 9    3631 

Of  the  Supreme  Deity 9     3632 

Of  the  Primordial  State  of  the  Uni- 
verse     9    3633 

Of  the  Way  that  Leads  to  Heaven .    9     3633 
Of    the    Ash    Yggdrasill,    Mimir's 
Well,  and  the  Norns  or  Destinies.   9    3635 


Sturleson,  Snorre  —  Continued 
Essays: —  Continued 

Of  the  Norns  and  the  Urdar  Fount .    9    3637 

Of  Loki  and  His  Progeny 9    3638 

Of  the  Joys  of  Valhalla 9    3638 

Sadi  1190-1291 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Blockhead  and  the  Scholar. ...  10  3991 

Life  and  Wealth 10  3991 

Two  Who  Labored  in  Vain 10  3991 

The  Man  Who  Fired  His  Harvest.  .10  3991 

The  Learned  Fool 10  3991 

Against  Pardoning  Oppressors 10  3992 

The  Wisdom  of  Old  Time 10  3992 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas  c.  1 225-1274 

Essays: 

The  Effects  of  Love 1      173 

Of  Hatred 1      175 

What  Is  Happiness? 1      176 

Dante,  Alighieri  1265-1321 

Essays: 

Of  Riches  and  Their  Dangerous  In- 
crease     4    1237 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


4049 


Dante,  Alighieri  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays :  —  Continued 

That  Desires  Are  Celestial  or  Infer- 
nal      4    1241 

That    Long    Descent    Maketh    No 

Man   Noble 4    1244 

Concerning  Certain    Horrible  In- 
firmities     4    1247 

Bury,  Richard  de  1281-1345 

Essay: 

The  Mind  in  Books 2      790 

Petrarch  c  1304-1374 

Essay: 

Concerning  Good  and  Bad  Fortune  8    55118 
Froissart,  Jean  1337-1410 

Celebrated  Passages : 

The  Manners  of  the  Scots 10    3967 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey  c.  1340-1400 

Essay: 

On  Getting  and  Using  Riches 3      971 

Kempis,  Thomas  &  c.  1380-1471 

Essays: 

Of  Wisdom  and  Providence  in  Our 

Actions 6    2428 

Of  the  Profit  of  Adversity 6     2429 

Of  Avoiding  Rash  Judgment 6     2430 

Of  Works  Done  in  Charity 6     2430 

Of  Bearing  with    the    Defects    of 

Others 6    2431 

Of  a  Retired  Life 6    2432 

Mandeville,  Sir  John    Fourteenth  Century 
Essays : 

A  Mohammedan  on  Christian  Vices  7    2816 
The  Devil's    Head    in    the  Valley 

Perilous 7     2818 

Caxton,  William  c.  1422-1491 

Essay  : 

Concerning  Nobility  and  True  Chiv- 
alry     3      918 

Savonarola  1452-1498 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Deed  and  Word 10    3992 

Erasmus,  Desiderius  c.  1465-1536 

Essay: 

The  Goddess  of  Folly  on  the  Luck 

of  Fools 5    1652 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Love 10    8965 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo  1469-1527 

Essays: 

Whether    Princes    Ought    to    Be 
Faithful  to  Their  Engagements  .    7    2776 


Machiavelli,  Niccolo — Continued  vol.  page 

Essays:  —  Continued 

How  far  Fortune    Influences    the 
Things  of  the  World  and  How 

Far  She  May  Be  Resisted 7    2778 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Laws  and  Manners 10    3980 

Religion  and  Government 10    3980 

Liberty  Necessary  for  Good  Order. 10    3980 
More,  Sir  Thomas  1478-1535 

Essay: 

Of  Their  Trades  and  Manner  of 

Life  in  Utopia 8    3010 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Those  Who  Most  Long  for  Change  10    3984 
Guicciardini,  Francis  1483-1540 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Forgiveness  and  Amendment 10    3970 

Nobility  the  True  Rule  of  Public 

Policy 10    8970 

Turbulence  and  Ignorance  in  Re- 
publics  10    3970 

On  Asking  Advice 10    8970 

Luther,  Martin  1483-1546 

Essay: 

That    Unnecessary    Ignorance    Is 

Criminal 7    2690 

Coverdale,  Miles  1488-1568 

Essay: 

On  Translating  the  Bible 3    1159 

Cranmer,  Thomas  1489-1556 

Essay: 

This  Troublesome  World 3    1186 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Benefit  of  Sound  Teaching. ...  10    3963 
Elyot,  Sir  Thomas  c.  1490-1546 

Essays: 

On  a  Classical  Education 4     1570 

The  True  Signification  of  Temper- 
ance as  a  Moral  Virtue 4    1572 

Margaret  of  Navarre  1492-1549 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Love  and  Jealousy 10    3982 

Rabelais,  Francois  M95-I553 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Dotage  of  Habit 10    3988 

The  Cut  of  the  Coat  and  the  Char- 
acter  10    3988 

Learn  Where  You  Can 10    3988 

The  Heaven  or  Hell  of  Matrimony.10    3988 

Opportunity's  Forelock 10    0988 

The  Country  of  the  Soul 10    3988 


MODERN 


(1500  to    1900) 


Granada,  Luis  de  1504-1588 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Uncertainty  of  Things 10    3969 

The  Uncertainties  of  Life 10    3969 

The  Mystery  of  Death 10    3969 

Knox,  John  1505-1572 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Too  Much  Honey 10    3976 

The  Necessity  of  Schools 10    3976 

Cheke,  Sir  John  I5M-I557 

Essay: 

The  Blessings  of  Peace 3      975 

X— 254 


Ascham,  Roger  1515-1568 

Essays  : 

The  Education  of  a  Gentleman 1      264 

The  Literature  of  Chivalry 1      269 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Lord  1520-1598 
Essay: 

The  Well  Ordering  of  a  Man's  Life  2      752 
Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de  1533-1592 
Essays : 

Of  Books 8     2937 

That  Men  Are  Not  to  Judge  of  Our 

Happiness  till  after  Death 8     2950 

Of  Liberty  of  Conscience 8    2953 


4°5° 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


Montaigne  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays: —  Continued 

That  We  Taste  Nothing  Pure 8    2957 

Of  Thumbs  and  Poltroons 8    2959 

Of  the  Vanity  of  Words 8    2960 

That  the  Intention  Is  Judge  of  Our 

Actions 8    2963 

Of  Idleness 8    2964 

OfLyars" 8    2965 

Of  Quick  or  Slow  Speech 8    2971 

That  the  Soul  Discharges  Her  Pas- 
sions upon  False  Objects  Where 

the  True  Are  Wanting 8    2973 

Of  the  Inequality  amongst  Us 8     2975 

Of  Glory  and  the  Love  of  Praise...    8    2980 
Of  Presumption  and  Montaigne's 

Own  Modesty 8    2983 

Of  Friendship  and  Love 8    2986 

Of  Prayers  and  the  Justice  of  God.    8    2988 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Education  of  Children 10    3983 

The  Soul  Makes  Its  Own  Fortune. .  10    3983 
Charron,  Pierre  1541-1603 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Pride  of  Ancestry 10    3959 

Gratitude 10    3959 

Cervantes  1547-1616 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Historians 10    3958 

Scholars  Who  «  Go  a  Sopping  » 10    3958 

«  The  Multitude  of  Fools  » 10    3958 

The  Poet  and  the  Historian 10    3958 

«  Where  Truth  Is  God  Is  » 10    3958 

Truth  as  Oil  upon  Water 10    3958 

The  Virgin  Muse  of  Poetry 10    3958 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter  1552-1618 

Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  s sages  : 

On  the  Keeping  of  the  Mouth 10    3988 

The  Worm  in  the  Nut's  Kernel. ...  10    3988 
We  Are  Judged  by  Our  Friends. ...  10    3988 

The  Test  of  Love 10    3988 

Hooker,  Richard  c.  1553-1600 

Essays: 

The  Law  which  Angels  Do  Work  by  6    2229 
Education  as  the  Development  of 

the  Soul 6    2232 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip  1554-1586 

Essays; 

The  Uses  of  Poetry 9    3426 

The  Universe  No  Chance  Medley. .    9    3429 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Four  Wise  Sayings 10    8994 

Lyly,  John  c.  1554-1606 

Essays: 

A  Cooling  Card  for  All  Fond  Lovers   7     2698 
How    the    Life   of    a   Young    Man 

Should  Be  Led 7    2700 

Greville,  Fulke  1554-1628 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Touchstone  of  Merit 10    3969 

Following  the  Leader 10    3969 

Small  Things  and  Great  Results. . .  10    3969 

The  Mote  and  the  Beam 10    3969 

Great  Souls  and  Mean  Fortunes. . .  10    3969 

On  the  Nature  of  Women 10    3969 

Lodge,  Thomas  1556-1625 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Choice  for  Every  Man 10    3979 

Greene,  Robert  1560-1592 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Clear  Mind  and  Dignity 10    3969 

Bacon,  Francis  1561-1626 

Essays: 

Of  Truth 1      311 

Of  Death 1      313 

Of  Revenge 1      314 


Bacon,  Francis — Continued  vol.  page 

Essays:  —  Continued 

Of  Adversity 

Of  Simulation  and  Dissimulation.. 

Of  Parents  and  Children 

Of  Marriage  and  Single  Life 

Of  Envy 

Of  Love 

Of  Great  Place 

Of  Boldness 

Of  Goodness,  and  Goodness  of  Na- 
ture  

Of  Atheism 

Of  Superstition 

Of  Negotiating 

Of  Studies 

Of  Praise 

Of  Vainglory 

Of  Honor  and  Reputation 

Of  Anger 

Of  Riches 

Of  Nature  in  Men 

Of  Custom  and  Education 

Of  Fortune 

Of  Usury 

Of  Youth  and  Age 

Of  Beauty 

Of  Delays 

Of  Cunning 

Of  Wisdom  for  a  Man's  Self 

Of  Innovations 

The  Advancement  of  Learning. . . . 

The  Central  Thought  of  the  «  No- 
vum Organum  » 1 

Celebrated  Passages: 

"Half- Way  Men  » 10 

Moroseness  and  Dignity 10 

James  I.  1566-1625 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Tobacco  as  a  «  Stinking  Torment  "10 
Decker,  Thomas  c.  1570-1637 

Essay: 

Apishness 4 

Donne,  John  1573-1631 

Essays: 

The  Arithmetic  of  Sin 4 

Death 4 

Jonson,  Ben  c.  1573-1637 

Essays: 

On  Shakespeare  —  On   the  Differ- 
ence of  Wits 6 

On  Malignancy  in  Studies 6 

Of  Good  and  Evil 6 

Bohme,  Jacob  1575-1624 

Essays: 

Paradise 2 

The  Supersensual  Life 2 

Burton,  Robert  1577-1640 

Essays: 

The  Nature  of  Spirits,  Bad  Angels, 
or  Devils 2 

Of  Discontents 2 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Devil's  Bait 10 

Smith,  Captain  John  1579-1631 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Colonizing 10 

*  Bagges  as  a  Defence  " 10 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas  1581-1613 

Essays: 

A  Good  Wife 8     3087 

A  Usurer 8    3088 

An  Ingrosser  of  Corn 8     3089 

The  Tinker 8    3090 

The  Fair  and  Happy  Milkmaid 8     3091 

A  Franklin 8     3092 


315 
316 
319 
320 
821 
325 
327 
329 

331 
333 
335 
336 
337 
338 
340 
341 
843 
344 
347 
348 
350 
351 
354 
356 
357 
357 
360 
362 
363 

365 

3951 
3951 


3974 


1280 


1435 
1437 


2402 
2405 
2406 


508 
511 


785 
787 

3957 


3995 
3995 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


4051 


Overbury,  Sir  Thomas — Continued  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Wit  and  Judgment 10    3985 

Herbert,  Edward  1582-1648 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Miraculous  Human  Body 10     3971 

Grotius,  Hugo  1583-1645 

Essays: 

What  Is  Law  ? 5    2025 

Restraints  Respecting  Conquest  ...    5     2028 

Selden,  John  1584-1654 

Essays: 

Table  Talk 

Changing  Sides 9    3398 

Contracts 9    3399 

Evil  Speaking 9     3400 

The  Measure  of  Things 9    3400 

Wisdom 9    8401 

Wit 9    3401 

Women 9    3402 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Ceremony 10    3993 

Profession  and  Practice 10    3993 

Drummond,  William  15S5-1649 

Essay: 

A  Reverie  on  Death 4    1478 

Winthrop,  John  1587-1649 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Twofold  liberty 10    4004 

Hobbes,  Thomas  1588-1679 

Essays: 

"The  Desire  and  Will  to  Hurt".  .  ..    6    2197 

Brutality  in  Human  Nature 6    2199 

Bradford,  William  1590-1657 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Death  of  Elder  Brewster. .  .10    3955 
Comenius,  Johann  Amos  1592-1671 

Essays: 

Man  the  Highest,  the  Most  Abso- 
lute, and  the  Most  Excellent  of 

Things  Created 3    1122 

The  Ultimate  End  of  Man  beyond 

This  Life 3    1123 

Thoroughness  in  Teaching  and 

Learning 3     1127 

Walton,  Izaak  1593-1683 

Essay: 

The  Angler's  Philosophy  of  Life. . .  10    3881 
Descartes,  Ren6  1596-1650 

Essay: 

The  Fifth  «  Meditation  »  — «  Of  the 
Essence  of  Material  Things  ;  and, 
Again,  of  God,—  That  He  Exists  »  4    1353 
Casaubon,  Meric  1599-1671 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Claiming  Divine  Right 10    3958 

Truth  the  Foundation  of  All  Good- 
ness  10    3958 

Williams,  Roger  c.  1600-1684 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Bigotry  in  Religion 10     4003 

Earle,  John  c.  1601-1665 

Essays: 

On  a  Child 4    1505 

On  a  Young  Raw  Preacher 4    1506 

On  the  Self-Conceited  Man 4    1507 

On  the  Too  Idly  Reserved  Man 4    1508 

On  the  Young  Man 4    1508 

On  Detractors 4    1509 

On  the  «  College  Man  » 4    1510 

On  the  Weak  Man 4    1511 

On  the  Contemplative  Man 4    1512 

On  a  Vulgar-Spirited  Man 4    1513 

On  Pretenders  to  Learning 4    1514 

On  Church  Choirs 4     1515 


Earle,  John  —  Continued                               vol.  page 
Essays:  —  Continued 

On  a  Shop-Keeper 4    1516 

On  the  Blunt  Man 4  1516 

On  a  Critic 4  1517 

On  the  Modest  Man 4  1518 

On  the  Insolent  Man 4  1519 

On  the  Honorable  Old  Man 4  1520 

On  High-Spirited  Men 4  1521 

On  Rash  Men 4  1522 

On  Profane  Men 4  1523 

On  Sordid  Rich  Men 4  1523 

On  a  Mere  Great  Man 4  1524 

On  an  Ordinary  Honest  Fellow 4  1525 

Felltham,  Owen  c.  1602-1668 

Essays: 

Of  Loquacity  and   Tediousness  in 

Discourse 5  1671 

Of  Idle  Books 5  1672 

Of  Violence  and  Eagerness 5  1675 

That  Sufferance  Causeth  Love 5  1676 

Of  Detraction 5  1677 

Of  Poets  and  Poetry 5  1678 

Of  Wisdom  and  Science 5  1680 

That  Man  Ought  to  Be  Extensively 

Good 5  1681 

Of  Judging  Charitably 5  1682 

That  a  Wise  Man  May  Gain  by  Any 

Company 5  1683 

Of  Suspicion 5  1685 

Of  Fear  and  Cowardice 5  1687 

Of  111  Company 5  1688 

Of  the  Temper  of  the  Affections. . .    5  1689 

That  Religion  Is  the  Best  Guide. . .    5  1691 

Of  the  Soul 5  1692 

A   Friend  and    Enemy, —  When 

Most  Dangerous 5  1693 

Of  Preaching 5  1693 

On  Man's  Self 5  1695 

On  Insult 5  1697 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm  1603-1665 

Essay: 

On  Browne's  Religio  Medici 4  1391 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas  1605-16S2 

Essay: 

Religio  Medici 2  575 

Norton,  John  1606-1663 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  Justice 10  3984 

Fuller,  Thomas  1608-1661 

Essays: 

The  True  Gentleman 5  1818 

The  Virtuous  Lady 5  1821 

Of  Marriage 5  1826 

The  Good  Wife 5  1827 

The  Good  Husband 5  1829 

The  Good  Child 5  1831 

Of  Jesting 5  1833 

Of  Memory 5  1834 

Of  Natural  Fools 5  1836 

The  Good  Advocate 5  1839 

The  Common  Barrator 5  1840 

Of  Anger 5  1842 

Of  Self-Praising 5  1843 

Of  Apparel 5  1844 

Miserere 5  1846 

All  for  the  Present 5  1846 

Courtesy  Gaineth 5  1847 

Preparative 5  1848 

The  Wrong  Side  of  the  Arras 5  1849 

Charity,  Charity 5  1849 

The  Harvest  of  a  Large  Heart 5  1850 

"Upwards,  Upwards" 5  1850 

«  Beware,  Wanton  Wit  » 5  1851 

111  Done,  Undone 5  1851 

Music  and  Musicians 5  1852 


4°52 


CHRONOLOGICAL    INDEX   OF    ESSAYISTS   AND    SUBJECTS 


Fuller,  Thomas — Continued  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Books  as  a  Nepenthe 10    3967 

Love  Is  to  Be  Led 10    3967 

Behavior  to  Inferiors 10    3968 

Fatted  for  Destruction 10    3968 

Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of 

1608-1674 
Essays: 

The  Character  of  John  Hampden..    3    1022 

The  Character  of  Cromwell 3    1024 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Good  Nature  as  the  Greatest  Bless- 
ing  10    3973 

Beauty  as  a  Compelling  Power 10    3973 

The  World  Not  to  Be  Despised 10    3973 

Milton,  John  1608-1674 

Essays: 

The  Strongest  Thing  in  the  World  8    2902 

On  His  Reading  in  Youth 8     2905 

On  Giving  Despots  a  Fair  Trial..  ..    8     2906 
Ragged  Notions  and  Babblements 
in  Education 8    2907 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Crime  of  Killing  Good  Books.  10    3983 
The  Whole  Art  of  Government ....  10    3983 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew  1609-1676 

Essay: 

The  Principles  of  a  Happy  Life ... .    5    2041 

Harrington,  James  1611-1677 

Essays: 

Of  a  Free  State 6    2077 

The  Principles  of  Government 6    2079 

Butler,  Samuel  161 2-1680 

Celebrated  Passages: 

An  Opinionater 10    3957 

Taylor,  Jeremy  1613-1667 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Marriage 10    3999 

Rochefoucauld,  Francis  de  la  1613-1680 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Why  We  Seek  New  Friends 10  3990 

Appearances 10  3990 

The  Futility  of  Deceit 10  3990 

Avarice 10  3990 

Maxims  and  Reflections 10  3990 

Baxter,  Richard  1615-1691 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Modesty  a  Guard  against  the  Devil.  10    3952 

Religion  at  Your  Rope's  End 10    3952 

Sin  as  Self  Murder 10    3952 

L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger  1616-1704 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Morals  from  .Esop 10    3978 

Cowley,  Abraham  1618-1667 

Essays: 

On  a  Man's  Writing  of  Himself .  .. .    3     1163 
The  Shortness  of  Life  and  Uncer- 
tainty of  Riches 3    1167 

A  Small  Thing,  but  Mine  Own 3     1169 

Evelyn,  John  1620-1706 

Essays: 

In  and  around  Naples 5     1654 

The  Life  of  Trees 5    1662 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la  1621-1695 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Danger  of  Foolish  Friends 10    3967 

Pascal,  Blaise  1623-1662 

Essays: 

Vocations 8  S102 

Selfishness 8  3103 

Skepticism 8  3105 

Thoughts  on  Style 8  3106 


Pascal,  Blaise — Continued  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages-. 

Against  Helping  God  by  the  Devil's 

Methods 10    3985 

The  Contradictions  of  Human  Na- 
ture  10    3985 

Sevigne,  Madame  de  1626-1696 

Essays: 

A  Bit  of  Parisian  Gossip 9    3410 

An  Artistic  Funeral 9    3411 

To  Madame  de  Grignau ,9    3413 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Blessing  of  Good  Nature 10    3994 

Talking  of  Ourselves 10     3994 

Boyle,  Robert  1627-1691 

Essays: 

On  a  Glow  Worm  in  a  Phial 2      536 

The  Possibility  of  the  Resurrection   2      537 
The  Knowledge  of  Nature 2      538 

Temple,  Sir  William  1628-1699 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Worst  Curse 10    4000 

The  Best  Rules  for  Young  Men 10    4000 

How  to  Talk  Well 10    4000 

Barrow,  Isaac  1630-1677 

Celebrated  Passages: 

What  Is  Wit  ? 10     3952 

Sin 10    3952 

Tillotson,  John  1630-1694 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Difficulties  of  Hypocrisy 10    4000 

A  Glorious  Victory 10    4000 

Impudence  the  Sister  of  Vice 10    4000 

Dryden,  John  1631-1700 

Essays: 

On  Epic  Poetry 4    1483 

Shakespeare  and  His  Contempo- 
raries     4    1491 

«  Nitor  in  Adversum  " 4    1493 

Cumberland,  Richard  1631-1718 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Making  the  Best  of  It 10    3963 

Politeness 10    8963 

Spinoza,  Baruch  1632-1677 

Essay: 

"  That  in  a  Free  State  Every  Man 
May  Think  what  He  Likes  and 
Say  what  He  Thinks  » 9     3525 

Locke,  John  1632-1704 

Essays: 

«  Of  Civil  Government  »  —  Its  Pur- 
poses      7    2573 

Of  Tyranny 7    2576 

Of  the  Conduct  of  the  Understand- 
ing     7    2582 

Concerning  Toleration  and  Politics 

in  the  Churches 7    2586 

Of   Ideas   in    General   and    Their 

Original 7    2592 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Measure  of  Science 10    3979 

South,  Robert  1633-1716 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The    Revenges    and    Rewards    of 

Conscience 10    3996 

•'  An  Easy  and  Portable  Pleasure  ".10    3996 

Burnet,  Thomas  1635-1715 

Celebrated  Passages: 

"'  Life    but   a   Circulation  of  Little 

Mean  Actions  » 10    3957 

Boileau-Despreaux  1636-1711 

Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  ssages : 

Who  Is  the  Wisest  Man? 10    3955 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF  ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


40S3 


VOL.  PAGE 

Malebranche,  Nicolas  1638-1715 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Making  Sacrifices  for  Fashion 10    3981 

Mather,  Increase  1639-1723 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Bargains  with  the  Devil 10    3983 

Penn,  William  1644-1718 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Eternal  Uw 10    3986 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de  1645-1696 

Essays: 

On  the  Character  of  Mankind...  ...    6     2444 

On  Human  Nature  in  Womankind.   6    2449 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Slave  of  Many  Masters 10    3976 

«  He  Is  Good  That  Does  Good  » 10    3976 

The  Best-Loved  Subject 10    3976 

Wild  Oats  as  a  Crop 10    3976 

How  to  Secure  Quiet  in  Cities 10    3976 

The  Meaning  of  Good  Taste  10    3976 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wilhelm  von 

1646-1716 

Essay: 

On  the  Ultimate  Origin  of  Things.    7    2528 

Rochester,  The  Earl  of  1647-1680 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Sacrifices  to  Moloch 10    3990 

Bayle,  Pierre  1647-1706 

Essay: 

The  Greatest  of  Philosophers 1      408 

Fenelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la  Mothe 

1651-1715 
Essays: 

Memorabilia  of  Diogenes 5     1699 

Reason    the    Same    in  All  Men,  of 

All  Ages  and  Countries 5    1706 

Wonders  of  the  Memory  and  Brain   5     1708 
The  Ideas  of  the  Mind  Are  Univer- 
sal, Eternal,  and  Immutable 5     1709 

Weakness  of  Man's  Mind 5     1710 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert  de     1656-1723 
Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Vox  Populi  » 10    3957 

Learning  and  Philosophy 10     3957 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  Le  Bovier  de 

1657-1757 
Celebrated  Passages: 

All  Men  of  the  Same  Clay 10    3967 

How  to  Become  Famous 10    3967 

The  Passions  as  Motive  Power 10    3967 

That    We  May  Do    Great    Things 

without  Knowing   How 10    3967 

Defoe,  Daniel  1661-1731 

Essays: 

On  Projects  and  Projectors 4    1284 

Higher  Education  for  Women 4    1286 

Atterbury,  Francis  1662-1732 

Essay: 

Harmony  and  the  Passions 1      276 

Mather,  Cotton  1663-1728 

Celebrated  Passages: 

« An      Army      of      Devils      Broke 

Loose  » 10    3982 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste  1663-1742 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Marriage 10    3982 

Arbuthuot,  John  1667-1735 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Newton's  Place  in  Science 10    3950 

vSwift,  Jonathan  1667-1745 

Essays: 

The  Art  of  Political  Lying 9    3641 

A  Meditation  upon  a  Broomstick. .    9    3644    ( 


Swift,  Jonathan  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays: —  Continued 

Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects 9    3645 

Against  Abolishing  Christianity  in 

England 9     3653 

Against  Bad  English 9    3655 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Repentance  in  Old  Age 10    3998 

Politeness  in  Conversation 10     3998 

Latent    Energy   in   Ordinary   Peo- 
ple  10     3998 

Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of  1671-1713 

Essay: 

Degeneracy  and  the  Passions 9    3415 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Doing  Good 10    3994 

One  Grain  of  Honesty  Worth  the 

World 10    3994 

The  Sum  of  Philosophy 10    3994 

Freedom  as  the  Origin  of    Polite- 
ness  10    3994 

The  Gentleman 10    3994 

Addison,  Joseph  1672-1719 

Essays  : 

The     Spectator     Introduces    Him- 
self     1  20 

The  Message  of  the  Stars 1  23 

The    Extension    of     the    Female 

Neck 1  27 

The  Philosophy  of  Puns 1  30 

Wit  and  Wisdom  in  Literature 1  83 

Women's  Men  and  Their  Ways. ...    1  39 
The   Poetry  of  the  Common   Peo- 
ple     1  42 

Chevy  Chase 1  47 

The  Vision  of  Mirza 1  53 

The      Unaccountable    Humor     in 

Womankind 1  57 

«  Dominus  Regit  Me  » 1  60 

Horner  and  Milton 1  63 

The  Mountain  of  Miseries 1  67 

Steele    Introduces     Sir    Roger    de 

Coverley 1  72 

Addison  Meets  Sir  Roger 1  77 

Sir  Roger  at  Home 1  80 

Will  Wimble  Is  Introduced 1  83 

The  Coverley  Ghosts 1  86 

Sunday  with  Sir  Roger 1  89 

The  Spectator  Returns  to  London.    1  92 

Sir  Roger  Again  in  London  1  95 

Sir  Roger  in  Westminster  Abbey..    1  98 

Sir  Roger's  Views  on  Beards 1  101 

Sir  Roger  at  the  Play 1  103 

Death  of  Sir  Roger 1  107 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Conversation  in  Confidence 10  3949 

Conversation  in  Crowds 10  3949 

Love  and  Ridicule 10  3949 

Courtship 10  3950 

Manners  and  Civilization 10  3950 

Steele,  Sir  Richard  1672-1729 

Essays: 

The    Character    of    Isaac    Bicker- 
staff 9  3552 

Bickerstaff  and  Maria 9  3556 

Sir  Roger  and  the  Widow 9  3559 

The  Coverley  Family  Portraits 9  3563 

On    Certain    Symptoms    of  Great- 
ness     9  8566 

How     to   Be   Happy    though   Mar- 
ried      9  3569 

Pretus  and  Arria 9  3573 

The  Ring  of  Gyges 9  3575 

The  Art  of  Pleasing 9  3579 

Benignity 9  8582 

The  Dream  of  Fame 9  3585 


4054 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


9    3591 


3595 


3996 
3997 
3997 


4002 


10    3966 


2234 


Steele,  Sir  Richard—  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays :  —  Continued 

Of  Patriotism  and  Public  Spirit. ... 
Of  Men  Who  Are  Not  Their  Own 

Masters 9 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Happiest  Creature  Living 10 

What  Will  Tranquilize  the  World  .  10 
The  Man  Makes  Manners 10 

Watts,  Isaac  1674-1748 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Rules  for  Convincing  Others 10 

Feyjoo,  Benito  1676-1764 

Celebrated  Passages: 

That  Virtue  Alone  Is  Delightful 

Hughes,  John  1677-1720 

Essay: 

The  Wonderful  Nature  of  Excel- 
lent Minds 6 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  Lord 

1678-1751 

Essay: 

On  the  Study  of  History 2      513 

Parnell,  Thomas  1679-1718 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Taking  a  Man's  Measure 10    3985 

Gay,  John  1685- 1732 

Essay: 

Genius  and  Clothes 5 

Berkeley,  George  1685-1753 

Essay: 

Pleasures  Natural  and  Fantastical.    2 

Budgell,  Eustace  1686-1737 

Essays: 

The  Love  Affairs  of  Will   Honey- 
comb      2 

Love  after  Marriage 2 

Mr.  Rigadoon's  Dancing  School. . .    2 

Modesty  and  Assurance     2 

Tickell,  Thomas  1686-1740 

Essay : 

Pleasures  of  Spring 10 

Pope,  Alexander  1688-1744 

Essays: 

How  to  Make  an  Epic  Poem 8 

Cruelty  and  Carnivorous  Habits. . .  8 

On  Shakespeare 8 

Party  Zeal 8 

Acknowledgments  of  Error 8 

Disputation 8 

Censorious  People        8 

How  to  Be  Reputed  a  Wise  Man. ..  8 

Avarice 8 

Montesquieu,  Baron  de  1689-1755 

Essays: 

Of  the  Liberties  and   Privileges  of 

European  Women 8 

Relation   of  Laws  to  Different   Be- 


1866 


440 


685 
688 
691 
694 


3787 


3169 
3173 
3178 
3182 
3183 
3183 
3183 
3183 
3183 


2991 


ings. 


8    2992 


Education  in  a  Republican  Govern- 
ment     8 

Conquests  Made  by  a  Republic 8 

Of  Public  Debts 8 

A  Paradox  of  Mr.  Bayle 8 

Sumptuary  Laws  in  a  Democracy..    8 
Particular  Cause  of  the  Corruption 

of  the  People 8 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Law  of  Nations 10 

Richardson,  Samuel  1689-1761 

Essay: 

A  Rambler  Essay  on  Woman 8 


2994 
2995 
2996 
2997 
2999 

3000 

3983 


3244 


Montagu,    Lady   Mary  Wortley  vol.  page 

1689-1762 
Essays: 

In  Praise  of  Oriental  Life 8    2930 

On  Matrimonial  Happiness 8    2933 

On  Training  Young  Girls 8    2934 

Butler,  Joseph  1692-1752 

Essay: 

Does  God  Put  Men  to  the  Test?. ...    2      793 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques  1694-1748 

Essay: 

The  Principles  of  Natural  Right. . .    2      747 

Chesterfield,  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  Lord 

1694-1773 
Essays: 

Vulgarism 3  981 

On  Good  Breeding 3  983 

On  Bad  Breeding 3  983 

Attentions  to  Ladies 3  985 

Learning  and  Politeness 3  987 

Women,  Vanity,  and  Love 3  987 

Too  Ready  Friends 3  988 

On  Character 3  989 

Good  Sense  in  Literature 3  990 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Blockhead  Writers  and  Readers. .  .10  3959 

Ceremony  with  Fools 10  3959 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de 

1694-1778 
Essays  .• 

On  Lord  Bacon 10    3859 

On  the  Regard  that  Ought  to  Be 

Shown  to  Men  of  Letters 10    3863 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Secret  of  Boring  People 10    4002 

Literary  Fame 10    4002 

Kames,  Lord  1696-1782 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Pleasures  of  the  Eye  and  Ear 10    3975 

Metastasio,  Pietro  1698-1782 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Death  and  Release 10    3983 

Secret  Grief 10    3983 

Doddridge,  Philip  1702-1751 

Essay: 

On  the  Power  and  Beauty  of  the 

New  Testament 4     1431 

Edwards,  Jonathan  1703-1758 

Essay: 

On  Order,  Beauty,  and  Harmony. .    4     1536 
Brooke,  Henry  1703-1783 

Essay: 

What  Is  a  Gentleman  ? 2      548 

Franklin,  Benjamin  1706-1790 

Essays: 

On  Early  Marriages 6    1769 

Poor  Richard's  Philosophy 5     1771 

Observations  on  War 5     1779 

Necessary    Hints    to    Those     that 

Would  Be  Rich 5    1780 

The  Way   to   Make  Money   Plenty 

in  Every  Man's  Pocket 5     1781 

The  Whistle 5     1782 

The  Morals  of  Chess 5     1784 

The    Ephemera  —  An    Emblem  of 

Human  Life 5    1787 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Credit  from  Trifling  Things 10    3967 

Friends  and  Friendship 10    3967 

That  Money  Begets  Money 10    3967 

Fielding,  Henry  1707-1754 

Essays: 

On  Reading  for  Amusement 5     1725 

The  Art  of  Conversation 5     1729 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


4055 


VOL.  PAGE 

Cork,  The  Earl  of  1707-1762 

Essay: 

On  Ladies  Who  Laugh 3    1154 

Bathurst,  Richard  1 -1762 

Essay: 

The  History  of  a  Half-Penny 1      399 

Goldoni,  Carlo  I707_I793 

Celebrated  Passages. 

The  Book  of  the  World 10    3968 

The  Animal  that  Laughs 10    3968 

« The  Noble    Man    Does    Noble 
Deeds  » 10    3969 

Lyttelton,  Lord  I709~i773 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Addison  and  Swift  in  Hades 10    3980 

Johnson,  Samuel  1709-1784 

Essays: 

Omar,  the  Son  of  Hassan 6    2384 

Dialogue  in  a  Vulture's  Nest 6    2386 

On  the  Advantages  of  Living  in  a 

Garret 6     2389 

Some  of  Shakespeare's  Faults 6    2394 

Parallel  between  Pope  and  Dryden  6    2398 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Greatness  of  Little  Men 10    3975 

«  The  Rust  of  the  Soul  » 10    3975 

Hume,  David  1711-1776 

Essays: 

Of  the  Dignity  or  Meanness  of  Hu- 
man Nature 6    2259 

Of  the  First  Principles  of  Govern- 
ment    6    2264 

Of  Interest 6    2267 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques  1712-1778 

Essays: 

That  Men  Are  Born  Free 9  3277 

The  Social  Contract 9  3277 

Nature  and  Education 9  3279 

Christ  and  Socrates 9  3283 

Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  s sages  : 

Brains  as  Monuments 10  3991 

Job's  Comforters 10  3991 

Taste  the  Motive  for  Learning 10  8991 

How  a  Child  Ought  to  Be  Taught 

to  Read  and  Speak 10  3991 

Literary  Girls  as  Old  Maids 10  3991 

The   Highest   Dignity  of  Woman- 
hood   10  3991 

Sterne,  Lawrence  1713-1768 

Essays: 

A  Chapter  on  Sleep 9    3604 

A  Peasant's  Philosophy 9     3605 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Eloquence  and  Nature 10    3997 

The  Power  of  Trifles 10     3997 

Misers  of  Health 10    3997 

Diderot,  Denis  1713-1784 

Essays: 

Compassion  a  Law  of  the  Survival 

of  Species 4     1386 

The  Prophetic  Quality  of  Genius  . .    4    1389 

Shenstone,  William  1714-1763 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Envv  and  Fine  Weather 10    3994 

Servants 10    3994 

Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de        1715-1747 
Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  ssages : 

The  Law  of  the  Strongest 10    4002 

Discovering  Old  Things  Over 

Again 10    4002 

Hawkesworth,  John  c.  1715-1773 

Essay: 

On  Gossip  and  Tattling 6    2105 


VOL.  PAGE 

Walpole,  Horace  1717-1797 

Essays: 

William  Hogarth 10    3876 

On  the  American  War 10    3880 

Carter,  Elizabeth  1717-1806 

Essay: 

A  «  Rambler  »  Essay 3      895 

Blair,  Hugh  1718-1800 

Essays: 

The  Poetry  of  the  Hebrews 2      483 

Taste  and  Genius 2      487 

Smollett,  Tobias  1721-1771 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Dullness  of  Great  Wits 10    3995 

Warton,  Joseph  1722-1800 

Essays : 

Ancient  and  Modern  Art 10    3886 

Hacho  of  Lapland 10    3890 

Blackstone,  Sir  William  1723-1780 

Essay: 

The   Professional  Soldier  in  Free 
Countries 2      477 

Otis,  James  1723-1783 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Question  of  Permanent  Interest.  10    3985 
Smith,  Adam  1723-1790 

Essays: 

Judging  Others  by  Ourselves 9    3449 

The  Division  of  Labor 9    3453 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua  1723-1792 

Essays: 

Easy  Poetry 8    3233 

Genius  and  Rules 8    3236 

Michael   Angelo  « The    Homer  of 

Painting" 8     3237 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Genius 10    3990 

Kant,  Immanuel  1724-1804 

Essay: 

The  Canon  of  Pure  Reason 6  2415 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Aims  and  Duties 10  3975 

Doing  Good  to  Others 10  3975 

Serenity  and  Strength 10  3975 

Chapone,  Hester  1727-1801 

Essay: 

Sir  Charles  and  Lady  Worthy 3  954 

Goldsmith,  Oliver  1728-1774 

Essays  : 

The  Sagacity  of  Some  Insects 5  1937 

A  Chinese  View  of  London 5  1940 

The  Fall  of  the  Kingdom  of  Lao...  5  1944 

In  Westminster  Abbey 5  1947 

Liberty  in  England 5  1952 

The  Love  of  «  Freaks  » 5  1955 

Objects  of  Pity  as  a  Diet 5  1958 

The  Worship  of  Pinchbeck  Heroes  5  1961 
Whang  and   His   Dream   of    Dia- 
monds    5  1963 

The  Love  of  Quack  Medicines 5  1966 

Prefaces  to  "  The  Beauties  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry  » 5  1968 

«  The  Rape  of  the  Lock  » 5  1969 

"Elegy  Written   in   a  Country 

Churchyard  » 5  1969 

« Imitation  of  the  Third  Satire  of 

Juvenal  » 5  1969 

*  The  Schoolmistress  » 5  1969 

«  Cooper's  Hill  » 5  1969 

«  Eloisa  to  Abelard  » 5  1970 

«  The  Tears  of  Scotland  » 5  1970 

« On  the  Death  of  the  Lord  Pro- 
tector » 5  1970 


4056 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


Goldsmith,  Oliver  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays:  —  Continued 

Young's  "Night  Thoughts*  and 

«  Satires  » 5    1970 

Happiness  and  Good- Nature 5    1971 

Night  in  the  City 5     1974 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Originality  » 10    3969 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg  1728-1795 

Essay: 

The  Influence  of  Solitude 10    3942 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Where  the  Polite  Fool  Fails 10    4004 

Wit  that  Perishes 10    4004 

jessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim      1729-1781 

Essays: 

«  Laocoon  »  -  Art's  Highest  Law. . .  7  2537 
Poetry  and  Painting  Compared. ...  7  2541 
The  Education  of  the  Human  Race   7     2544 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Best  of  All  Companions 10    3978 

Duncombe,  John  1729-1786 

Essay: 

Concerning  Rouge,  Whist,  and  Fe- 
male Beauty 4    1499 

Mendelssohn,  Moses  1729-1786 

Essays: 

The  Historical  Attitude  of  Judaism  8    2875 
Shakespeare   as  a   Master   of  the 
Sublime 8    2878 

Burke,  Edmund  c.  1729-1797 

Essays: 

The  Principles  of  Good  Taste 2      706 

The  Efficient  Cause  of  the  Sublime 

and  Beautiful 2      720 

Celebrated  Passages: 

War  as  the  Cause  of  Corruption 10    3956 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri  1 730-1807 

Essay: 

Civilization  and  the  Earliest  litera- 
ture      7    2803 

Cowper,  William  1731-1800 

Essay: 

A  Bachelor's  Complaint 3    1172 

Crevecceur,  J.  Hector  St.  John  de 

1731-1813 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Harmony  of  Instinct 10    3963 

Washington,  George  1732-1799 

Celebrated  Passages : 

On  Friendship  10    4002 

How  to  Live  Well 10    4002 

Dickinson,  John  1732-1808 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Duty  of  Freedom 10    3964 

Cumberland,  Richard  1732-1811 

Essays: 

Falstaff  and  His  Friends 3     1198 

On  Certain  Venerable  Jokes 3    1203 

Colman  and  Thornton 

1733-1794 ;  1724-1768 
Essay: 

The  Ocean  of  Ink 3    1106 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin 

1733-1813 
Essay: 

On  the  Relation  of  the  Agreeable 
and  the  Beautiful  to  the  Useful.  .10    3906 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of  1735-1793 

Essays: 

The  Prevention  of  Crimes 2      420 

Laws  and  Human  Happiness 2      425 

Against  Capital  Punishment 2      427 


VOL.  PAGE 

Beattie,  James  1 735-1803 

Essay: 

An  Essay  on  Laughter 1      413 

Hopkinson,  Francis  T737_i79i 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Eighteenth-Century  England 10    3973 

Gibbon,  Edward  1737-1794 

Essay. 

On  the  Study  of  Literature 5    1889 

Paine,  Thomas  c.  1737-1809 

Essay: 

The  Rights  of  Man 8    3094 

Delolme,  Jean  Louis  1740-1806 

Essay. 

Power  of  Public  Opinion 4    1291 

Claudius,  Matthias  1740-1815 

Essays: 

New  Year  Greetings 3    1043 

How  to  Talk  to  Heaven 3     1044 

"  Junius  "  (Sir  Philip  Francis?) 

1740-1818 
Essay: 

To  the  Duke  of  Grafton 6    2409 

Arnold,  Benedict  1741-1801 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  *  True  and  Permanent  Happi- 
ness »' 10    3951 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar  1741-1801 

Essay: 

On  Reading  Character 7    2511 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The   Vinegar  and   Oil   of    Human 

Nature  10     8977 

Honesty  and  Pretense 10    3977 

Condorcet  1743-1794 

Essay: 

Peace  and  Progress 3    1133 

Jacobi,  Friedrich  Heinrich        1 743-1819 
Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Flying  Leaves  » 10    3974 

Jefferson,  Thomas  1743-1826 

Essay: 

Truth  and  Toleration  against  Error  6    2354 
Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 

1 744-1 803 
Essays: 

The  Sublimity  of  Primitive  Poetry.    6     2180 
Marriage  as  the   Highest    Friend- 
ship     6     2184 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Mother  Love  and  Children 10     3971 

Rush,  Benjamin  1745-1813 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Seed  that  Never  Perish 10    3991 

Jay,  John  1745-1829 

Essay: 

Concerning  Dangers  from  Foreign 

Force  and  Influence 6     2337 

Mackenzie,  Henry  1745-1831 

Essay: 

An  Old  Countrvhouse  and  an  Old 

Lady 7    2781 

More.  Hannah  1745-1833 

Essays: 

Accomplishments 8    3001 

Applause 8     3002 

Authors 8    3003 

The  Bible 8     3004 

Books 8     3005 

Calamities 8     3006 

Christianity 8     3007 

Duty 8    3008 

Education 8     3009 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND    SUBJECTS 


4°57 


VOL.  PAGE 

Livingston,  Robert  R.  1746-1813 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Government  of  Leagued  States.  .10    3979 

Cecil,  Richard  1 748-1810 

Essay: 

The  Influence  of    Parental    Char- 
acter     3      922 

Bentham,  Jeremy  1748-1832 

Essays: 

Publicity  the  Sole  Remedy  for  Mis- 
rule     2      435 

Property  and  Poverty 2      438 

Corais,  Adamantius  1 748-1833 

Celebrated  Passages: 

An  Exhortation  to  Teachers 10    3961 

Equality  and  Civilization   10     3961 

The  Rhetorical  Ability  of  Socrates.10     3961 

Wealth  and  Education 10    3962 

The  Education  of  Women 10    3962 

The  Refining  Influence  of  Music. . .  10    3962 
Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 

1749-1832 
Essays: 

Upon  the  Laocoon 5    1916 

The  Progress  of  Art 5    1925 

'<  The     Most     Extraordinary     and 

Wonderful  of  All  Writers  " 5     1927 

Wilhelm  Meister  on  Hamlet 5     1929 

Growth  by  Exchange  of  Ideas 6     1931 

Life  as  an  Apprenticeship 5     1933 

The  Vicar  of  Wakefield 6    1934 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Conversion    and    Friendship    with 

Heaven 10    3968 

The  Burden  of  Fools 10    3968 

Ledyard,  John  1751-1780 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Goodness  of  Women 10    3977 

Madison,  James  1751-1836 

Essay: 

General  View  of  the  Powers  Pro- 
posed to  Be  Vested  in  the  Union.    7    2794 
Dwight,  Timothy  1 752-1817 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Beauty  of  Nature 10    3964 

Red  Jacket  1752-1830 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Test  of  Proselyting  Zeal 10     3990 

Rumford,  Benjamin  Thompson,  Count 

1753-1814 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Happiness  for  the  Vicious 10    3991 

Stewart,  Dugald  1753-1828 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Imitation  as  a  Governing  Power. .  .10     3997 

The  Few  Who  Think 10    3997 

Roland,  Madame  (Manon  Jeanne  Phlipon) 

1 754-1 793 
Essays: 

Liberty  — Its  Meaning  and  Its  Cost  9    3266 

On  Happiness 9     3270 

Doing  Good 9    3271 

Borrowed  Ideas 9     3271 

The  Gift  of  Silence 9     3272 

Virtue  an  Inspiration 9    3272 

Character  and  Association 9     3273 

Intellect  and  Progress 9    3273 

Talleyrand  1754-1838 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Liar's  Idea 10    3998 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme        1 755-1826 
Essays: 

Gastronomy  and  the  Other  Sciences  2      541 
On  Death 2      545 


VOL.  PAGE 

Marshall,  John  1755-1835 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  Washington 10    3982 

Godwin,  William  1756-1836 

Essay: 

Political    Justice     and     Individual 
Growth 5    1911 

Hamilton,  Alexander  1757-1804 

Essay: 

On  War  between  the  States  of  the 
Union 6    2065 

Webster,  Noah  1758-1843 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Dandy  Defined 10    4003 

On  Novels  for  Girls 10    4003 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von 

1 759-1805 
Essays: 

Man  and  the  Universe 9    3349 

The  Impulse  to  Play  as  the  Cause 

of  Progress 9    3353 

Barrington,  Sir  J.  1760-1834 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Dress  and  Address 10    3952 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb  1 762-1814 

Essays: 

The  Blessedness  of  True  Life 5    1713 

The  Glory  and  Beautv  of  the  Super- 
natural     5     1714 

The  Destiny  of  Man 5    1718 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Test  of  Worth 10    8967 

Cobbett,  William  1762-1835 

Essay: 

Americans  of  the  Golden  Age 3    1061 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich    1763-1825 
Essays: 

Love  and  Marriage 8  3250 

His  View  of  Goethe 8  3252 

A  Dream  upon  the  Universe 8  3253 

Complaint  of  the  Bird  in  a  Dark- 
ened Cage 8  3258 

On  the  Death  of  Young  Children..  8  3258 

The  Prophetic  Dewdrops 8  3259 

On  Death 8  3259 

Imagination  Untamed  by  Realities  8  3260 

On  Reviewers 8  3260 

Female  Tongues 8  3261 

Forgiveness 8  3261 

Nameless  Heroes 8  3261 

The  Grandeur  of  Man  in  His  Little- 
ness   8  3262 

Night 8  3262 

The  Stars 8  3262 

Martyrdom 8  3263 

The  Quarrels  of  Friends 8  3263 

Dreaming 8  3263 

Two  Divisions  of  Philosophic  Minds  8  3263 
The  Dignity  of  Man  in  Self-Sacri- 

fice 8  3264 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Last,  Best  Fruit  of  Life 10  3990 

Whv  Poetry  Was  Invented 10  3990 

Fallen  Souls 10  3990 

Kent,  James  1763-1847 

Celebrated  Passages : 

Publicity  and  Bad  Politics 10  3975 

Pinkney,  William  1764-1822 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Oppression 10    3986 

Hall.  Robert  1764-1831 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  Destiny 10    3970 


4058 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James  1765-1832 

Essay: 

On  the  Genius  of  Bacon 7    2785 

Stael,  Madame  de  1766-1817 

Essays: 

Of  the  General  Spirit  of  Modern 

Literature 9    3535 

Of  Spanish  and  Italian  Literature .    9    3540 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert  1766-1834 

Essay: 

Ratios  of  the  Increase  of   Popula- 
tion and  Food 7    2810 

D'Israeli,  Isaac  1766-1848 

Essays: 

The  Man  of  One  Book 4  1395 

On  the  Poverty  of  the  Learned 4  1398 

The  Six  Follies  of  Science 4  1403 

Early  Printing 4  1404 

How  Merit  Has  Been  Rewarded  ...  4  1408 

Female  Beauty  and  Ornament 4  1411 

The  Chinese  Language 4  1413 

Metempsychosis 4  1415 

On  Good  Luck  in  Sneezing 4  1417 

Schlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von 

1 767-1 845 
Essay: 

The  Greek  Theatre 9    3358 

Adams,  John  Quincy  1767-1848 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Principles  in  Politics 10    3949 

Liberty  and  Eloquence 10    3949 

Edge  worth,  Maria  1 767-1849 

Essays: 

The  Originality  of  Irish  Bulls  Ex- 
amined      4    1526 

«  Heads  or  Tails  '»  in  Dublin 4    1531 

Dennie,  Joseph  1768-1812 

Essay: 

On  Jefferson  and  French  Philoso- 
phy    4    1298 

Chateaubriand,    Francois    Ren6    Auguste, 
Viscount  de  1768-1848 

Essays; 

*  General  Recapitulation  "  of  «  The 

Genius  of  Christianity  >' 3      959 

Christianity  and  Music 3      962 

Pictures 3      964 

Sculpture 3      966 

The    Literature   of  Queen    Anne's 

Reign 3      967 

Swift  and  Steele 3      968 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw 

1769-1822 
Celebrated  Passages: 

When  Virtue  Is  Odious 10    3983 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von         1769-1859 
Essay: 

Man 6    2252 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich 

1770-1831 
Essays: 

History    as    the    Manifestation   of 

Spirit 6    2146 

The  Relation  of  Individuals  to  the 

World's  History 6     2118 

Law  and  Liberty 6     2150 

Religion,  Art,  and  Philosophy 6     2151 

Foster,  John  1770-1843 

Essays: 

Decision  of  Character 5     1750 

On  a   Man's  Writing   Memoirs  of 
Himself 5     1755 


VOL.  PAGE 

Wordsworth,  William  1770-1850 

Essays: 

What  Is  a  Poet? 10    8930 

Epitaphs 10    3934 

Brown,  Charles  Brockden  1771-1810 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Influence  of  Foreign  Literature 10    3955 

Elliott,  Stephen  1771-1830 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Ineffable  Sublimity  of  Nature  .10  3965 
Scott,  Sir  Walter  1771-1832 

Essays: 

The  Character  and  Habits  of  Swift  9    3388 
Lord  Byron 9    3393 

Smith,  Sydney  1771-1845 

Essays: 

Wit  and  Humor 9  3469 

Edgeworth  on  Bulls 9  3471 

Table-Talk 

On  a  Habitual  Bore 9  3475 

Monk  Lewis's   Tragedy  of   « Al- 
fonso » 9  3476 

A  Dinner  Party 9  3476 

Classical  Glory 9  3477 

Official  Dress 9  3477 

Pulpit  Eloquence 9  3477 

Impertinence  of  Opinion 9  3478 

Parasites 9  3478 

The  Theatre 9  3478 

Lingard,  John  1771-1851 

Essay: 

Cromwell's    Government    by    the 
«  Mailed  Hand  » 7     2563 

«  Novalis  *  (Friedrich  von  Hardenburg) 

1772-1801 
Essays: 

The  Holy  Mystery  of  Night 8    3060 

Sleep 8    3062 

Eternity 8    3062 

The  Transports  of  Death 8    3063 

Star  Dust 8    3065 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Things  Too  Delicate  to  Be  Thought.  10     3985 
Ricardo,  David  1772-1823 

Essay: 

Of  the  Influence  of  Demand  and 
Supply  on  Prices 8    3240 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor         1 772-1834 
Essays: 

Does  Fortune  Favor  Fools  ? 3     1083 

On  Men,  Educated  and  Uneducated   3     1087 

The  Character  of  Othello 3     1089 

Materialism  and  Ghosts 3    1089 

The  Destiny  of  the  United  States. .    3     1090 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Conscience 10    3959 

Enthusiasm  and  Liberty 10    3959 

Beast  and  Angel  in  Man 10    3959 

The  Soul 10    3959 

Wirt,  William  1772-1834 

Essay: 

A  Preacher  of  the  Old  School 10    3925 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles 

1772-1837 
Essays: 

Spoliation  of  the  Social  Body 5     1761 

Decline  of  the  Civilized  Order 5     1764 

Alexander,  Archibald  1772-1851 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Natural  Scenery 10    3950 

Randolph,  John  1773-1831 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Conduct  of  Life 10    3989 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


4059 


VOL.  PAGE 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de 

1773-1842 
Essay: 

Romantic  Love  and  Petrarch's  Po- 
etry     9    3436 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis  1773-1850 

Essays: 

Watt  and  the  Work  of  Steam 6    2360 

On  Good  and  Bad  Taste 6    2365 

Southey,  Robert  1774-1843 

Essays: 

Fame 9  3488 

The  Doctor's  Wise  Sayings 

School  Learning 9  3494 

Lovers  of  Literature 9  3494 

Vanity  of  Human  Fame 9  3494 

Retirement 9  3495 

Preaching  to  the  Poor 9  3495 

Voluminous  Trifling 9  3496 

Parliamentary  Jokes 9  3496 

Book  Madness 9  3496 

Austen,  Jane  1775-1817 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Only  a  Novel  » 10    3951 

Lamb,  Charles  1775-1834 

Essays: 

A  Complaint  of  the  Decay  of  Beg- 
gars in  the  Metropolis 7    2453 

A  Dissertation   upon  Roast  Pig....    7     2461 

New  Year's  Eve 7     2467 

Modern  Gallantry 7     2473 

Popular  Fallacies: 
That  Enough  Is  as  Good  [as  a 

Feast 7    2477 

That    the    Worst   Puns  Are  the 

Best 7    2478 

That    We  Should  Rise  with  the 

Lark 7    2480 

That  We  Should  Lie  Down  with 
the  Lamb 7    2482 

Schelling,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph  von 

1775-1854 
Essay: 

Nature  and  Art 9    3340 

Beecher,  Lyman  1775-1863 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  «  American  Rudeness. » 10    3954 

Landor,  Walter  Savage  1775-1864 

Essays: 

Addison  Visits  Steele 7    2486 

The    Pangs    of    Approaching    the 

Gods 7    2488 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Happiness  and  Goodness 10    3977 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg  1776-1831 

Essay: 

The    Importance    of    Roman   His- 
tory     8    3053 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall  1776-1847 

Essay: 

The  Bibliomania 4    1360 

Campbell,  Thomas  1777-1844 

Essay: 

Chatterton's  Life  Tragedy 2      814 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian  1777-1851 

Essay: 

Are  Men  Growing  Better  ? 8    3076 

Hallam,  Henry  1777-1859 

Essays: 

The  First  Books  Printed  in  Europe  6    2046 
Poets  Who  Made  Shakespeare  Pos- 
sible      6    2050 


VOL.  PAGE 

Belzoni,  John  Baptist  1778-1S23 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Ruins  at  Thebes 10     3954 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry  1778-1829 

Essay: 

A  Vision  of  Progress 4    1271 

Hazlitt,  William  1778-1830 

Essay: 

On  the  Periodical  Essayists 6    2128 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Friendship 10    3971 

The  Religion  of  Love 10    3971 

Brougham,   Henry,  Baron  Brougham  and 
Vaux  1778-1868 

Essay: 

The  Character  of  Danton 2      554 

Allston,  Washington  1779-1843 

Essays: 

Human  Art  and  Infinite  Truth 1      149 

Praise  as  a  Duty 1      154 

Life  as  a  Test  of  Fitness 1      155 

Art  and  Religion 1      155 

Story,  Joseph  1779-1845 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Indian  Summer  in  New  England.  .10    3997 
Oehlenschlager,    Adam    Gottlob 

1779-1850 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Children's  Play  and  Art 10    3985 

Paulding,  James  Kirke  1 779-1860 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  John  Bull 10    3986 

R6musat,  Madame  de  1780-1821 

Essay: 

The  Character  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte    8    3219 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb  c.  1780-1832 

Essay: 

Lacon 3    1111 

Channing,  William  Ellery  1780-1842 

Essays: 

Milton's  Love  of  Liberty 3      945 

The  Present  Age 3      947 

The  Uselessness  of  Rank 3      949 

The  Sense  of  Beauty 3      950 

« Peace    of    All    God's     Gifts     the 

Best" 3      952 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Best  Books 10    3958 

Grandeur  of  Character  10    3958 

The  Greatness  of  Common  Men. .  .10    3958 

Mind  Made  for  Growth 10    3958 

Abercrombie,  John  1780-1844 

Essay: 

The  General  Nature   and  Object  of 

Science 1  3 

Chalmers,  Thomas  1780-1847 

Essays: 

A  Mystery  of  Good  and  Evil 3      930 

Science  as  an  Evolution 3      933 

The  Miracle  of  Human  Cruelty 3      934 

Audubon,  John  James  1780-1851 

Essays: 

The  Humming  Bird  and  the  Poetry 

of  Spring 1      279 

Life  in  the  Woods 1      281 

The  Mocking  Bird   1      282 

The  Wood  Thrush 1      284 

Croker,  John  Wilson  17S0-1857 

Essay: 

The  Guillotine  in  France 3    1194 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax  1780-1872 

Essay: 

The  Laws  of  Music 9    3479 


4060  CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Martyn,  Henry  17S1-1812 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Father  of  Ten  Children ....  10    3982 
Aikin,  Lucy  1781-1S64 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Court 10    3950 

Calhoun,  John  C.  1782-1850 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Inventions  and  Discoveries 10    3957 

The  Danger  of  Subserviency 10    3957 

Webster,  Daniel  17S2-1S52 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Sense  of  Duty 10    4003 

Pride  of  Ancestry 10    4008 

Frobel,  Friedrich  1782-1852 

Essays: 

The  Family  and  the  School 5    1804 

What    Shall    Be    Taught    in     the 

Schools? 5    1806 

Sanderson,  John  1783-1844 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Dining  in  Paris 10    3992 

Irving,  Washington  17S3-1859 

Essays: 

Bracebridge  Hall 6     2303 

The  Busy  Man 6     2305 

Gentility 6     2309 

Fortune  Telling g    2312 

Love  Charms 6    2316 

The  Broken  Heart g     2319 

Stratford-on-Avon g     2324 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Friends  that  Are  Always  True 10    3973 

Great  Minds  in  Misfortune 10    3973 

■  The  Almighty  Dollar  » 10    3973 

Cultivation  and  Society 10    3973 

"  The  Truest  Thing  in  the  World".. 10    3973 
Buckminster,    Joseph    Stevens 

1784-1812 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Quiet  Things  of  Life 10    3956 

Cunningham,  Allan  1784-1842 

Essays: 

The  Habits  of  Hogarth 3    1206 

Sir    Joshua     Reynolds     and     His 

Friends 3    12io 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley      1784-1851 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

Deception  and  Abuses  in  Politics. .  10    4001 
Hunt,  Leigh  1784-1859 

Essays: 

»  The  Wittiest  of  English  Poets  "...    6     2269 

Charles  Lamb 6    2271 

Light  and  Color 6     3272 

Petrarch  and  Laura 6     2273 

Moral  and  Personal  Courage 6     2275 

Wilson,  John  («  Christopher  North  ») 

1 785-1854 
Essays: 

The  Wickedness  of  Early  Rising  . .  10    3913 

Sacred  Poetry 10    3920 

De  Quincey,  Thomas  1785-1859 

Essays: 

On  the  Knocking  at  the  Gate  in 

"  Macbeth  * 4    1302 

The  Pains  of  Opium 4    1307 

Anecdotage 4    1305 

On  Madness 4    1339 

On  English  Physiology 4    1340 

On  Superficial  Knowledge 4    1342 

The  Loveliest  Sight  for  Woman's 

E>'es 4    1345 

Great    Forgers:    Chatterton,    Wal- 
pole,  and  «  Junius  » 4    1347 


„  .  VOL.  PAGE 

Arago,  Francois  Jean  Dominique 

17S6-1S53 
Essay: 

The  Central  Fires  of  the  Earth  ....    1      179 
Norton,  Andrews  1786-1853 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Van  Leaders  of  Humanity 10    3984 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell  1786-1855 

Essay: 

The  Talking  Lady 8    2915 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C.  17S6-1S70 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Future  of  America iq    4002 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume 

1 787-1874 
Essay: 

Characteristics  of  European  Civili- 
zation     5    2034 

Dana,  Richard  Henry  1 787-1879 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Lear  as  a  Victim  of  Passion 10    3963 

Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord 

17S8-1824 
Essay: 

Art  and  Nature 2      SCO 

Hook,  Theodore  1 788-1841 

Essay: 

On  Certain  Atrocities  of  Humor  ...    6    2224 
Combe,  George  1788-1858 

Essay  : 

How  Peoples  Are  Punished  for 

National  Sins 3    mg 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur  17S8-1860 

Essays: 

Books  and  Authorship 9    33^^ 

The  Vanity  of  Existence 9    3370 

Parables 

The  Apple  Tree  and  the  Fir 9    3375 

The  Young  Oak 9    3375 

The  Balloon  Mystery 9    3375 

The  Varnish  of  Nature 9    3375 

The  Cathedral  in  Mayence 9    3376 

The  Fate  of  Samson 9    3377 

Enlightened  Rationalists 9    3377 

Co-operation  among  Porcupines..   9    3377 
Legar6,  Hugh  Swinton  1789-1843 

Essays: 

Liberty  and  Greatness 7    2523 

A  Miraculous  People 7    2526 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore  1 789-1851 

Essays: 

At  the  Castle  of  Blonay 3     njg 

American    and    Swiss   Democracy 

Compared 3     1151 

Stephen,  Sir  James  1789-1859 

Essay: 

Christianity  and  Progress 9    3599 

Sparks,  Jared  17S9-1866 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Indian  Eloquence 10    3996 

Washington 10    3996 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  M.  1789-1867 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Sabbath  in  New  England 10    3992 

Keightley,  Thomas  1 789-1872 

Essays: 

On  Middle- Age  Romance 6    2422 

Arabian  Romance g     2424 

How  to  Read  Old-English  Poetry. .    6     2427 
Lamartine,  Alphonse  Marie  Louis 

1790-1869 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Carlyle's  Cromwell 10    3976 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


4061 


VOL.  PAGE 

Bunsen,  Christian  Karl  Josias,  Baron  von 

1791-1860 
Essay: 

Luther  at  Worms 2      698 

Sigourney,  Lydia  H.  1791-1865 

Essay: 

«  The  End  of  All  Perfection  » 9    3433 

Ticknor,  George  1791-1871 

Essay : 

Spanish  Heroic  Ballads  of  the  Cid.10    3791 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Spanish  Drama 10    4000 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe  1 792-1822 

Essays: 

Benevolence 9    3419 

On  Good  and  Bad  Actions 9     3421 

Ancient    Literature    and    Modern 

Progress 9    3424 

Everett,  Alexander  1792-1847 

Celebrated  Passages^ 

Book  Making 10    3965 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald  1792-1867 

Essays: 

The  Future  of  America 1      135 

Homer,   Dante,   and    Michael  An- 

gelo 1      138 

Herschel,  Sir  John  1792-1S71 

Essays: 

Science  as  a  Civiltzer 6    2186 

The  Taste  for  Reading 6    2191 

Neal,  John  1793-1876 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Poetry  and  Power 10    3984 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson  1 794-1854 

Essays: 

The  Character  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  .    7    2595 
Burns   and    the   Pundits  of    Edin- 
burgh      7    2598 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell  1 794-1860 

Essay: 

Ophelia,  Poor  Ophelia 6    2330 

Everett,  Edward  1 794-1865 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Literature  and  Liberty 10    3966 

Carleton,  William  1794-1869 

Essay: 

A  Glimpse  of  Irish  Life 2      821 

Grote,  George  1794-1871 

Essay: 

Bvron  and  the  Growth  of  History 

"from  Myth 5    2018 

D'AubignS,  Jean  Henri  Merle  1794-1872 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Literature  and  the  Reformation  . .  .10     3963 
Bryant,  William  Cullen  1794-1878 

Essays: 

A  Day  in  Florence 2      660 

Europe  under  the  Bayonet 2      662 

The  Life  of  Women  in  Cuba 2      664 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Perils  of  Life 10    3956 

Dewey,  Orville  1 794-1882 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Danger  of  Riches 10     3964 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon      1 795-1854 
Essay: 

British  Novels  and  Romances 10    3726 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W. 

1795-1855;    i792"I834 
Essay: 

That  It  Is  Better  to  Laugh  than  to 
Cry 6     2070 


Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W.—  Continued  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Christianity  and  Civilization 10     3970 

What  Eloquence  Means 10    3970 

Carlyle,  Thomas  1795-1881 

Essays: 

On  the  Death  of  Goethe 3  830 

Characteristics 3  838 

«  Gedenke  Zu  Leben  » 3  846 

Captains  of  Industry  3  848 

The  Character  of  Robert  Burns 3  854 

Dante  and  Shakespeare 3  860 

Napoleon  and  Cromwell 3  865 

Teufelsdrockh   on    *  The   Omnivo- 
rous Biped  in  Breeches  " 3  870 

"Anarchy     Plus     the     Street-Con- 
stable" in  America 3  873 

The  Gospel  of  Work    3  876 

The  Supreme  Law  of  Justice 3  878 

On  Samuel  Johnson 3  879 

An  Ethical  Pig's  Catechism 3  885 

Coleridge,  Hartley  1796-1849 

Essays: 

On  Black  Cats 3    1066 

Atrabilious  Reflections  upon   Mel- 
ancholy     3    1070 

Love  Poetry 3     1073 

An  Essay  on  Pins 3     1074 

A  Nursery  Lecture  Delivered  by  an 
Old  Bachelor  .". 3     1077 

Mann,  Horace  1796-1859 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Wealth  and  Generosity 10    3981 

The  Feudalism  of  English  Capital. .  10    3981 

Prescott,  William  Hickling       1796-1859 
Essays: 

Don  Quixote  and  His  Time 8    3184 

Isabella  and  Elizabeth 8    3190 

Ballou,  Hosea  1796-1861 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Charity 10    3952 

Conscience 10    3952 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler 

1796-1865 
Celebrated  Passages: 

When  a  Woman  Is  Always  Right.  .10    3970 
Hope  as  a  Traveling  Companion ...  10    3970 

Catlin,  George  1796-1872 

Essay: 

Character  of  the  North  American 
Indians 3      906 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles  1797-1875 

Essay: 

The  Great  Earthquake  of  Lisbon. .    7    2695 

Hood,  Thomas  179S-1S45 

Essays: 

An  Undertaker 6     2218 

The  Morning  Call 6     2'2"21 

Comte,  Auguste  1798-1857 

Essay: 

Industrial     Development     in     the 
Nineteenth  Century 3     1130 

Michelet,  Jules  179S-1874 

Essar: 

The  Death  of  Jeanne  D'Arc 8    2SS1 

Smith.  Horace  1799-1849 

Essays: 

The  Dignity  of  a  True  Joke 9    3455 

Ugly  Women 9     3461 

Balzac.  Honore  de  1799-1850 

Essays: 

Saint  Paul  as  a  Prophet  of  Progress  1      3S5 
Walter  Scott  and  Fenimore  Cooper  1      387 


4062 


CHRONOLOGICAL    INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND    SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Heine,  Heinrich  1799-1856 

Essays: 

Dialogue  on  the  Thames 6     2154 

His  View  of  Goethe 6    2159 

Napoleon 6    2160 

Choate,  Rufus  1799-1S59 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Starlight  of  History 10    3959 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson  1 799-1888 

Essays: 

The  Age  of  Iron  and  Bronze 1      117 

Hawthorne 1      120 

Sleep  and  Dreams 1      122 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Egotists  in  Monologue 10    3950 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron 

1 800- 1 859 
Essays: 

John  Bunyan    and    the   "  Pilgrim's 

Progress » 7    2719 

The  Impeachment  of  Warren  Hast- 
ings     7    2731 

Samuel  Johnson  in  Grub  Street.. . .    7     2740 

Addison  and  His  Friends 7     2746 

Milton  and  Dante 7     2750 

The  Genius  of  Mirabeau 7    2754 

History  as  an  Evolution 7     2755 

Montgomery's  Satan 7    2760 

On  Gladstone's  Church  and  State. .    7    2763 

Machiavelli 7    2771 

Lieber,  Francis  1800-1872 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  Liberty 10    3979 

«  Vox  Populi !  Vox  Dei !» 10    3979 

Long,  George  1S00-1879 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  a  Tyrannicide  ...  10    3979 
Bancroft,  George  1800-1891 

Essay: 

The  Ruling  Passion  in  Death 1      390 

Seward,  William  H.  1801-1872 

Celebrated  Passages: 

War  and  Democracy 10    3994 

Newman,  Cardinal  1801-1890 

Essay: 

Inspiration  and  Higher  Criticism. .    8     3049 
Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Vita  Militia  » 10    3984 

Prentice,  George  Denison  1S02-1870 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Prenticeana 10    3987 

Chambers,  Robert  1S02-1871 

Essays: 

Unlucky  Days 3      937 

Some  Jokes  of  Douglas  Jerrold. .. .    3      940 
Martineau,  Harriet  1S02-1S76 

Essay: 

Walter  Savage  Candor 7    2827 

Child,  Lydia  Maria  1S02-1S80 

Essay: 

A  Banquet  at  Aspasia's 3      991 

Hugo,  Victor  1802-1S85 

Essays: 

The  End  of  Talleyrand's  Brain.  ..    6     2240 

The  Death  of  Balzac 6     2241 

A  Retrospect 6     2245 

Waterloo  —  «  Quot  Libras  in  Duce  »   6     2246 
Hopkins,  Mark  1802-1887 

Celebrated  Passages: 

"  The  Picture  of  Thought  » 10    3973 

Virtue  as  Grace 10    3973 

Jerrold,  Douglas  1S03-1857 

Essay: 

Barbarism  in  Birdcage  Walk 6    2375 


VOL.  PAGE 

Liebig,  Justus  von  1803-1873 

Essays: 

Goldmakers  and  the  Philosopher's 

Stone 7    2554 

Man  as  a  Condensed  Gas 7     2561 

Lytton,  Lord  1803-1873 

Essays: 

The  Sanguine  Temperament 7    2702 

Some  Observations  on  Shy  People.    7    2706 
Readers  and  Writers 7    2708 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Reputation  for  Small  Perfections.  .10    3980 
Brownson,  Orestes  A.  1803-1S76 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Bible 10    3955 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo  1803-1882 

Essays: 

Character 4  1575 

Intellect 4  1588 

Art 4  1599 

Love 4  1608 

Self-Reliance 4  1619 

The  Mind  in  History 4  1623 

Compensation 4  1625 

Manners 4  1627 

Montaigne  ;  or,  the  Skeptic 4  1631 

On  Men,  Common  and  Uncommon   4  1633 

Aristocracy  in  England 4  1634 

Norsemen  and  Normans 4  1636 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  God  Is  the  All- Fair  » 10  3965 

Character 10  3965 

The  Highest  Human  Quality 10  3965 

Self  the  Only  Thing  Givable 10  3965 

The  Simplicity  of  Greatness 10  3965 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel  1804-1864 

Essays: 

The  Hall  of  Fantasy 6     2111 

A  Rill  from  the  Town  Pump 6    2121 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Drowned  in  Their  Own  Honey 10    3971 

Happiness  an  Incident 10    3971 

The  Only  Reality 10    3971 

«  Prout,  Father  "  1804-1866 

Essay: 

The  Rogueries  of  Tom  Moore 8    3202 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin 

1 804- 1 869 
Essay: 

A  Typical  Man  of  the  World 9    3320 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd  1804-1S79 

Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  ssages  : 

The  Right  to  Liberty 10    3968 

Beaconsfield,  Lord  1804-1881 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Greatness  in  Books  and  Men 10    3952 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri  C16rel  de 

1805-1859 
Essays: 

History  of   the   Federal   Constitu- 
tion  10    3798 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Majority 10    3800 

Literary  Characteristics  of   Demo- 
cratic Ages 10    3S03 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried        1805-1871 
Essay: 

Shakespeare's  Love  Plays 5    1882 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison     1805-1872 
Essay: 

The  Friendship  of  Books 7    2835 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe  1805-1872 

Essay: 

On  the  French  Revolution 8     2860 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


4063 


VOL.  PAGE 

Gayarre,  Charles  1805-1895 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  March  of  De  Soto 10    3968 

Martineau,  James  1805-1900 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Life  and  Immortality 10    3982 

Souvestre,  Emile  1806-1854 

Essay: 

Misanthropy  and  Repentance 9    3497 

Willis,  N.  P.  1806-1867 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Death  of  Poe 10    4003 

Simms,  William  Gilmore  1806-1870 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Reality  and  Romance 10    3994 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine        1806-1873 
Essay: 

The  Sea  and  Its  Sublime  Laws 7    2854 

Mill,  John  Stuart  1806-1873 

Essay: 

On  Liberty 8    2888 

Hildreth,  Richard  1807-1865 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Jefferson's  Changes 10    3972 

Lee,  Robert  E.  1807-1870 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Last  Word  of  the  Confederacy.  10    3977 
Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe  1807-1873 
Essays: 

Relations    between     Animals    and 
Plants     and      the     Surrounding 

World 1      111 

Relations  of  Individuals  to  One  An- 
other     1      112 

Mutual  Dependence  of  the  Animal 
and  Vegetable  Kingdoms 1      115 

Doran,  John  1807-1878 

Essay: 

Some  Realities  of  Chivalry 4    1439 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

1807-1882 
Essays: 

Anglo-Saxon  Language  and  Poetry   7     2605 

A  Walk  in  Pere  Lachaise 7    2619 

When  the  Swallows  Come 7     2625 

The  First  Bloom  of  Summer 7    2627 

Men  of  Books 7     2628 

Leaders  of  Humanity 7     2630 

The  Loom  of  Life    7     2631 

The  Modern  Romans 7    2632 

Whittier,  John  G.  1807-1892 

Essay: 

The  Yankee  Zincali 10    3899 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Voice  of  the  Pines 10    4003 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan  1S09-1849 

Essays: 

The  Pleasures  of  Rhyme 8    3161 

Imagination 8     3163 

The  Fate  of  the  Very  Greatest 8    3164 

The  Art  of  Conversing  Well 8    3164 

The  Genius  of  Shelley 8    3165 

Lincoln,  Abraham  1S09-1865 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Right  Makes  Might 10     3979 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert  1809-1882 

Essays: 

Darwin's  Summary  of  His  Theory 

of  Natural  Selection 4    1260 

The  Survival  of  the  Fittest 4     1262 

Darwin's  Conclusion  on  His  Theory 
and  Religion 4    1268 


VOL.  PAGE 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William  1809-1891 
Celebrated  Passages: 

In  the  Desert 10    3975 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell  1809-1894 

Essays: 

My   First   Walk  with  the  School- 
mistress     6    2202 

Extracts  from  My  Private  Journal.    6     2207 
My    Last  Walk  with  the    School- 
mistress     6    2208 

On  Dandies 6    2214 

On  «  Chryso-Aristocracy  » 6     2215 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Books  Old  and  New.: 10    3972 

The  Heart's  Low  Tide 10    3972 

Stopping  the  Strings  of  the  Heart.  10     3972 

Seventy- Year  Clocks 10    3972 

Blackie,  John  Stuart  1809-1895 

Essay: 

The  Love  Songs  of  Scotland 2      464 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart        1809-1898 
Essay: 

Macaulay  as  an  Essayist  and  His- 
torian     5    1986 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord  1810-1841 

Essay: 

On  Lying  as  a  Fine  Art 3    1036 

Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller  1810-1850 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Free  Play  for  Woman's  Activities  .10    3985 
How  to  Find  the  Right  Friends. ...  10     3985 
Parker,  Theodore  1810-1860 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  American  Idea 10    3985 

Brown,  John  1810-1882 

Essays: 

The  Death  of  Thackeray 2      562 

Mary  Duff's  Last  Half-Crown 2      568 

Rab  and  the  Game  Chicken 2      570 

Clarke,  James  Freeman  1810-1888 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Art  Born  of  Religion 10    3959 

A'Becket,  Gilbert  A.  1811-1856 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  True  Principles  of  Law 10    3949 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 

1811-1863 
Essays: 

On  a  Joke  I  Once  Heard  from  the 

Late  Thomas  Hood 10    3736 

Life  in  Old-Time  London 10    3745 

Addison 10    3747 

Steele 10    3749 

Goldsmith 10    3751 

Greeley,  Horace  1811-1872 

Essays: 

Newspapers  and  Their  Influence  . .    5     1985 

In  the  Yosemite  Valley 5    1989 

Sumner,  Charles  1811-1874 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Fame   and   Human  Happiness.  ..  .10     3998 
Burritt,  EHhu  1811-1879 

Essays: 

A  Point  of  Space 2      757 

The  Circulation  of  Matter 2      758 

The  Force  of  Gravity  in  the  Moral 

World 2      760 

Draper,  John  W.  1811-1882 

Essay: 

The   Development  of    Civilization 

in  Europe 4    1461 

James,  Henry  1811-1882 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  History 10    3974 


4064  CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Phillips,  Wendeil  1811-1884 

Celebrated  Passages: 

What  the  Masses  Can  Do 10    3986 

God  and  His  Man 10    3986 

Revolutions 10    3986 

Dickens,  Charles  1812-1870 

Essays: 

A  Child's  Dream  of  a  Star 4    1376 

The  Noble  Savage 4    1379 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd 

1812-1878 

Essay. 

The  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo 3    1188 

Stephens,  Alexander  H.  1812-1883 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Object  of  Society 10    3997 

Prime,  Samuel  Irenseus  1812-1885 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Simplest  Book  in  the  World.  ..10    3987 
Browning,  Robert  1812-1889 

Essay: 

Shelley's  Spiritual  Life 2      646 

Smiles,  Samuel  1812- 

Essct  y  • 

Men  Who  Cannot  Be  Bought 9    3439 

Tuckerman,    Henry    Theodore 

1813-1871 

Essay: 

A  Defense  of  Enthusiasm 10    3823 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur  1813-1875 

Essays: 

On  the  Art  of  Living  with  Others.    6     2170 

Greatness 6    2174 

How  History  Should  Be  Read 6     2177 

Wagner,  Richard  1813-1883 

Essays: 

Nature,  Men,  and  Art 10    3867 

Life,  Science,  and  Art 10    3869 

Carpenter,  Sir  William  Benjamin 

1813-1885 
Essay: 

Human  Automatism 3      891 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward  1813-1887 

Essay: 

Dream-Culture 2      430 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Character 10    3954 

Joy  and  Sorrow 10    3954 

Love  in  Its  Fullness 10    3954 

The  Soul  Never  Sleeps 10    3954 

Bartol,  C.  A.  1813- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Hands  and  Hearts 10     3952 

Enduring  and  Doing 10     3952 

Headley,  J.  T.  1813- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Naples  and  Vesuvius 10     3971 

Motley,  John  Lothrop                  1814-1877 
Essa  v.- 
William  the  Silent 8    3025 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot  1815-1857 

Essays: 

Roger  Williams   and    His  Contro- 
versies      5     200^ 

William  Penn  and  John  Locke 5    2011 

Epitaphs    and    Anagrams    of    the 

Puritans 5    2012 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Genius  of  Poe 10    3970 

Rawlinson,  George  1815- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Spirit  of  the   Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury  10    3989 


VOL.  PAGE 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady  1815- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Enfranchisement  of  Woman. .10    3996 

Cushman,  Charlotte  1816-1876 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Acting  as  a  Fine  Art 10    3963 

Freytag,  Gustav  1S16-1895 

Essay: 

The  Devil's  Doings  in  the   Middle 
Ages 6    1798 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan  1816- 

Essay: 

A  Dispute  with  Carlyle 4    1495 

Thoreau,  Henry  David  1817-1862 

Essay: 

Higher  Laws 10    3777 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Obligation  of  Duty 10    4000 

Lewes,  George  Henry  1817-1878 

Essay: 

Rousseau,    Robespierre,    and     the 

French  Revolution 7    2547 

Bigelow,  John  181 7- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Franklin's  Character  and  Religion  10    3954 
Marx,  Karl  1818-1883 

Essay: 

The  Buying  and  Selling  of  Labor- 
Power 7    2831 

Turgenieff,    Ivan    Sergeyevich 

1818-1883 
Essays: 

Prose  Poems 

Accept  the  Verdict  of  Fools 10    3833 

A  Self-Satisfied  Man 10    3834 

A  Rule  of  Life 10    3835 

The  End  of  the  World 10    3835 

The  Blockhead 10    3837 

An  Eastern  Legend 10    3838 

The  Sparrow 10    3840 

The  Skulls 10    3841 

Froude,  James  Anthony  1818-1894 

Essay: 

The  Science  of  History 5    1809 

Bain,  Alexander  1818- 

Essay: 

What  It  Costs  to  Feel  and  Think  . .    1      375 
Botta,  Vincenzo  1818- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  Cavour 10    3955 

Clough,  Hugh  Arthur  1819-1861 

Essays: 

A  Conclusion  by  Parepidemus 3     1049 

Some  Recent  Social  Theories  3     1051 

Wordsworth,  Byron,  and  S.cott 3     1052 

Kingsley,  Charles  1819-1875 

Essay: 

A  Charm  of  Birds 6    2434 

«  Eliot,  George  "  1819-1880 

Essays: 

Moral  Swindlers 4    1543 

Judgments  on  Authors 4    1550 

«  A  Fine   Excess  "—Feeling  is  En- 
ergy     4    1552 

The  Historic  Imagination 4    1553 

Value  in  Originality 4    1555 

Debasing  the  Moral  Currency 4    1555 

Story-Telling 4     1561 

On  the  Character  of  Spike  —  A  Po- 
litical Molecule 4    1563 

"  Leaves  from  a  Note  Book  » 

Divine  Grace  a  Real  Emanation. .      4    1566 

Felix  Qui  Non  Potuit 4    1567 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   ESSAYISTS  AND    SUBJECTS 


4065 


■  Eliot,  George  *  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays —  Continued 

"■  I,eaves  from  a  Note  Book  "  — Cont'd 

«  Dear  Religious  Love  " 4    1567 

We  Make  Our  Own  Precedents..    4    1567 
To    the    Prosaic  All  Things  Are 

Prosaic 4    1568 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert  1819-1881 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Manhood  and  Its  Incidents   10    3972 

Words  the  Materials  of  Art 10    3972 

«  The  Choicest  Thing  in  the  World  »  10    3972 
Mean  Things  and  Men's"  Way  "...  10    3972 
Whipple,  Edwin  Percy  1819-1886 

Essays: 

The  Literature  of  Mirth 10    3893 

The  Power  of  Words  10    3896 

Lowell,  James  Russell  1819-1891 

Essays: 

The  Pious  Editor's  Creed 7  2659 

On  Paradisaical  Fashions   for   Wo- 
men   7  2665 

Some  Advantages  of  Poverty 7  2666 

Lamb's  Good  Nature 7  2670 

Prophets  of  the  New  Dispensation.  7  2670 

Loving  and  Sinning 7  2673 

Poetry  and  Religion 7  2675 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Truth's  Brave  Simplicity 10  3980 

Whitman,  Walt  1819-1892 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Only  Valuable  Investments. .  .10    4003 

Schaff,  Philip  1819-1893 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Religion  and  Liberty 10    3992 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson  1819-1897 

Essay: 

On  the  Death  of  Roscoe  Conkling. .    3    1227 

Ruskin,  John  1819-1900 

Essays: 

The  Sky 9  3287 

Principles  of  Art 9  3299 

Work 9  3303 

Want  of  Self-Knowledge 9  3309 

The  Responsibility  of  a  Rich  Man .  9  3309 

Art  and  Decadence 9  3310 

Infinity 9  3310 

The  Society  of  Nature 9  3310 

All  Carving  and  No  Meat 9  3311 

Modern  Greatness 9  3311 

The  Coronation  of  the  Whirlwind.  9  3312 

Sacrifices  that  Make  Ashamed 9  3312 

Oppression  under  the  Sun 9  3313 

Mercantile  Panics 9  3314 

Immortality  of  the  Bible 9  3315 

Dissectors  and  Dreamers 9  3316 

The  Use  of  Beauty 9  3316 

Respectability  of  Art 9  3317 

Opinions 9  3317 

The  Necessity  of  Work 9  3317 

On  War 9  3318 

Base  Criticism 9  3318 

Education 9  3319 

Phelps,  Austin  1820-1890 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Final  Test  of  Success 10    3986 

Tyndall,  John  1820-1893 

Essays: 

Science  and  Spirits 10    3849 

The  Sun  as  the  Source  of  Earthly 

Forces 10    3855 

Anthony,  .Susan  B.  1820- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Woman  and  Her  Talents 10    3950 

x— 255 


VOL.  PAGE 

Blind,  Karl  1820- 

Essay  : 

Wodan  and  the  Wandering  Jew. ...    2      498 

Spencer,  Herbert  1820- 

Essays: 

Evolution  of  the  Professions 9    3506 

Meddlesome  and   Coddling   Pater- 
nalism     9    3513 

Education  —  What    Knowledge    Is 
of  Most  Worth  ? 9    3518 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas  1821-1862 

Essay: 

Liberty  a  Supreme  Good 2      678 

Baudelaire,  Charles  1821-1867 

Essays: 

The  Gallant  Marksman 1      404 

At  Twilight 1      405 

The  Clock 1      406 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic  1821-1881 

Essays: 

A  Soap  Bubble   Hanging    from  a 

Reed 1      166 

«  John  Halifax,  Gentleman  » 1      169 

Mozart  and  Beethoven 1      171 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis     1821-1890 
Essay: 

Romantic  Love  and  Arab  Poetry. . .    2      777 

Helmholtz,    Herman    Ludwig    Ferdinand 
von  1821-1894 

Essay: 

Universities,  English,   French,  and 
German 6     2164 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter  1821-1900 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Masterful  Courage 10    3997 

Cust,  Robert  Needham  1821- 

Essays: 

Buddha  and  His  Creed 3     1222 

Brahman  Ethics 3     1225 

Arnold,  Matthew  1822-1888 

Essays: 

A  Final  Word  on  America 1      231 

The  Real  Burns 1      233 

«  Sweetness  and  Light  » 1      239 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

1822-1888 
Essay: 

The  Law  of  Nations 7    2799 

Alger,  William  Rounseville      1822- 
Essay: 

The  Lyric  Poetry  of  Persia 1      125 

Cobbe,  Francis  Power  1822- 

Essays: 

The  Scientific  Spirit  of  the  Age....    3     1055 
The  Contagion  of  Love 3    1059 

Frothingham,  O.  B.  1822- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Self-Denial 10    3907 

Galton,  Francis  1822- 

Essay: 

The  Mind  as  a  Picture  Maker 5    1855 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant  1822- 

Essays: 

Spring 8     2910 

A  Reverie  of  Home 8    2912 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel  1822- 

Essay: 

The  Likeness  of  Monkeys  to  Men.  10    3872 

Freeman,  Edward  A.  1823-1892 

Essay: 

How  to  Grow  Great  Men 6     1789 


4066 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND   SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest  1823-1892 

Essay: 

State  of  the  World  at  the  Time  of 

Christ 8    3224 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of  1823-1900 

Essav: 

The  Unity  of  Nature 1      183 

Miiller,  Max  1823-1900 

Essays: 

Language  Science  and  History 8    3044 

Women  in  Mohammed's  Paradise.    8    3046 
Collyer,  Robert  1S23- 

Essay: 

Newspapers  and  Modern  Life 3     1100 

Smith,  Goldwin  1823- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Christian  Ideal  and  Science. . .  10    3995 
King,  Thomas  Starr  1824-1864 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Miracle  of  Color 10    3975 

Nature  a  Hieroglyphic 10    3975 

Curtis,  George  William  1824-1892 

Essay: 

Our  Best  Society 3     1212 

Biichner,  Ludwig  1824- 

Essay: 

Woman's  Brain  and  Rights 2    671 

Fischer,  Kuno  1824- 

Essay. 

The  Central  Problem  of  the  World's 

Life 5    1734 

Leland,  Charles  Godfrey  1824- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Rare  Old  Town  of  Nuremberg.10    3978 
Taylor,  Bayard  1825-1878 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Crossing  the  Arctic  Circle 10    3998 

A  Day  without  a  Sun 10     3999 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry  1825-1895 

Essay: 

On  the  Method  of  Zadig 6    2276 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson 

1825- 
Essay: 

Getting  On  in  the  World 2    527 

Bagehot,  Walter  1826-1877 

Essay: 

The  Natural  Mind  in  Man 1      372 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock  1826-1887 

Essay: 

The  Oddities  of  Odd  People 3    1176 

Collins,  Mortimer  1827-1876 

Essays: 

An  Essay  on  Epigrams 3    1093 

Along  the  Avon 3     1098 

Mivart,  Sir  George  1827-1900 

Essay: 

Happiness  in  Hell 8    2922 

Stewart,  Balfour  1828-1887 

Essay: 

The  Conservation  of  Energy 9    3621 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph  1828-1893  

Essays: 

The  Saxons  as  the  Source  of  Eng- 
lish literature 

1.  Environment  and  Character  .  .10    3704 

2.  Traits  of  the  Saxon 10    3706 

3.  The     Origin    of    the     Modern 
World 10     3711 

The  Character  and  Work  of  Thack- 
eray 

1.  The  Novel  of  Manners 10    3717 

2.  Thackeray's  Great  Satires 10    3718 

3.  Moralizing  in  Fiction 10    3723 


VOL.  PAGE 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich 

1828- 
Essays: 

Religion,  Science,  and  Morality  . .  .10    3810 

The  Art  of  the  Future 10    3813 

Hillebrand,  Karl  1829-1884 

Essay: 

Goethe's  View  of  Art  and  Nature..    6    2193 

Cherbuliez,  Victor  1829- 

Essay: 

The  Modern  Sphinx 3      977 

Schurz,  Carl  1829- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Greatest  Task  for  Education. .  10    3992 
Cooke,  John  Esten  1830-1886 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Stonewall  »  Jackson  at'.Lexington.lO    3960 
McCarthy,  Justin  1830- 

Essay: 

The  Last  of  the  Napoleons 7    2711 

Reclus,  Jean  Jacques  Elis£e      1830- 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Is  Humanity  Progressing? 10    3989 

Garfield,  James  A.  1831-1881 

Essay: 

Ancient    Languages    and    Modern 

Pedantry 5    1861 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Esse  Quam  Videri 10    3968 

The  Formation  of  Character 10    3968 

History  as  a  Divine  Poem 10    3968 

"  Cavendish  »  (Henry  Jones)      1831-1899 
Essays: 

The  Duffer's  Whist  Maxims 3      911 

On  Whist  and  Chess 3      914 

Farrar,  Frederic  William  1S31- 

Essay: 

Some  Famous  Daughters 5     1664 

Harrison,  Frederic  1831- 

Essay: 

On  the  Choice  of  Books 6     2080 

Castelar,  Emilio  1832-1899 

Essays: 

The  Heroic  in  Modern  Journalism    3      899 
The  Genius  and  Passion  of  Byron.    3      902 
Conway,  Moncure  Daniel  1832- 

Essay: 

The  Natural  History  of  the  Devil..    3    1142 

Ingalls,  John  James  1833-1900 

Essay: 

Blue  Grass 6     2292 

<•  Ward,  Artemus  »  1834-1S67 

Celebrated  Passages: 

What  Preachers  Do  for  Us 10    4002 

Proctor,  Richard  A.  1834-1888 

Essays: 

The  Dust  We  Breathe 8    3193 

Photographic  Ghosts 8    3194 

Miracles  with  Figures 8    3196 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert  1834-1894 

Essays: 

Women  and  Marriage 6    2056 

To  a  Lady  of  High  Culture 6     2060 

Morris,!,  William  1834-1896 

Essay: 

The  Beauty  of  Life 8     3021 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  1834- 

Essays: 

A  Song  of  Books 7     2678 

The  Happiness  of  Duty ,  7     2684 

Jevons,  W.  Stanley  1835-1882 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  The  Money  Question" 10    3974 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS   AND -SUBJECTS 


4067 


VOL.  PAGE 

Brooks,  Phillips  1835-1893 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Friendship 10     3955 

Delight  in  Self-Denial 10    3955 

Austin,  Alfred  1835- 

Essay: 

The  Apostle  of  Culture 1      302 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler  1835- 

Essays  : 

Young  Beaux  and  Old  Bachelors. .  .  8    3034 

Motives  for  Marriage 8    3038 

Engagements 8    3041 

«  Twain,  Mark  »  (Samuel  Langhorne  Clem- 
ens) 1835- 
Essays: 

On  the  One  Hundred   and   Thirty- 
Six    Varieties  of    New   England 

Weather 10     3843 

Lincoln  and  the  Civil  War 10    3846 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Babies 10    4001 

Adam,  Madame  1836- 

Essay: 

Woman    in    the    Nineteenth    Cen- 
tury     1        13 

Blaserna,  Pietro  1836- 

Essay: 

Music,  Ancient  and  Modern 2      491 

Gladden,  Washington  1836- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Theologian's  Problem 10    3968 

Lombroso,  Cesare  1836- 

Essay: 

Eccentricities  of  Famous  Men 7    2600 

Winter,  William  1836- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Character 10    4004 

Noble  Friendship 10     4004 

The  Reserve  of  Greatness 10  _4004 

Green,  John  Richard  1837-1883 

Essays: 

The  Character  of  Queen  Elizabeth.    5    1993 

Cromwell  and  His  Men 5     2001 

Burroughs,  John  1837- 

Essay. 

The  Art  of  Seeing  Things 2      764 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles  1837- 
Essays: 

Chaucer  and  the  Italian  Poets 9    3659 

A  Poet's  Haughty  Patience 9     3662 

Besant,  Sir  Walter  1838- 

Essays: 

With  the  Wits  of  the  Thirties 2      446 

Montaigne's  Method  as  an  Essayist   2      449 
Bryce,  James  1838- 

Essay: 

Democracy  and  Civic  Duty 2        666 

Cook,  Joseph  1838- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Conscience 10    3960 

Conscience  and  the  Soul 10    3960 

Hamilton,  Gail  1838- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Limit  of  Responsibility 10    3970 

Coarse  Arts  and  Fine 10    3970 

Lecky,  William  Hartpole  1838- 

Essays: 

Montaigne  and  Middle-Age  Super- 
stition     7    2516 

Sex  and  Moral  Character 7    2518 

Morley,  John  1838- 

Essay: 

George  Eliot  and  Her  Times 8    3015 


VOL.  PAGE 

Tseng,  The  Marquis  1839-1890 

Essays: 

Characteristics  of  the  French  and 

English 10    3819 

Western  Arts  and  Civilization  De- 
rived from  China 10    3820 

The  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 10    3821 

Pater,  Walter  1839-1894 

Essay: 

The  Genius  of  Plato 8    3111 

George,  Henry  1839-1897 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Land  Monopoly 10    3968 

Mahaffy,  John  P.  1S39- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Future  of  Education 10    3980 

Symonds,  John  Addington        1840-1893 
Essay: 

Morning  Rambles  in  Venice 9    3666 

Ball,  Sir  Robert  1840- 

Essay: 

Life  in  Other  Worlds 1      381 

Claretie,  Jules  1840- 

Essay: 

Shakespeare  and  Moliere 3    1030 

Dobson,  Austin  1840- 

Essay: 

Swift  and  His  Stella 4    1420 

«  Ouida  »  (Louise  de  la  Ramee)  1840- 
Essays: 

The  Ugliness  of  Modern  Life 8    3081 

The  Quality  of  Mercy 8    3083 

Zola,  Emile  1840- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Eife  and  Eabor 10    4004 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse        1841- 
Essay: 

Homer  and  the  Epic 6    2342 

Lanier,  Sidney  1842-1881 

Essay; 

On  the  Ocklawaha  in  May 7    2498 

Flammarion,  Camille  1842- 

Essays : 

The  Revelations  of  Night 5     1739 

The  Wonders  of  the  Heavens 5     1742 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio  1842- 

Essay: 

For  the  Beauty  of  an  Ideal 5    1744 

Krapotkin,  Prince  1842- 

Essay: 

The  Course  of  Civilization 6     2441 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Against  Radicals  and  Socialists. ...  10    3976 
Dowden,  Edward  1843- 

Essays: 

England  in  .Shakespeare's  Youth. .    4    1451 

Shakespeare's  Deer-Stealing 4    1452 

Romeo  and  Juliet 4    1453 

"Hamlet" 4    1457 

Burdette,  Robert  J.  1844- 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Engaged  and  Married 10    3956 

Carpenter,  Edward  1844- 

Essay: 

Civilization  —  Its  Cure 3      887 

Eang,  Andrew  1S44- 

Essays: 

The  Beresford  Ghost  Story 7    2490 

Celebrated  Literary  Forgeries 7     2492 

Colvin,  Sidney  1845- 

Celeb rated  Passages: 

Art  and  Nature 10    3959 


4068 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   ESSAYISTS  AND   SUBJECTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Baternan 

1845- 
Essay: 

On  Parton's  «  Voltaire  " 9    3336 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de  1846- 

Essay: 

The    Shams,    Shamelessness,    and 

Delights  of  Paris 1      157 

Allen,  Grant  1848-1899 

Essay: 

Scientific    Aspects    of     Falling    in 

Love 1    142 

Jefferies,  Richard  1848-1887 

Essay: 

A  Roman  Brook 6    2350 

Bosanquet,  Bernard  1848- 

Essay: 

The  True  Conception  of  Another 

World 2      517 

"O'Rell,  Max"  (Paul  Blouet)  1848- 
Essays  : 

John  Bull  and  His  Moral  Motives. .    8    3070 

Degradation  in  London 8     3072 

Dartnesteter,  James  1849-1894 

Essay: 

Love  Songs  of  the  Afghans 4    1251 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand  1849- 

Essay: 

The    Essential     Characteristic    of 

French  Literature 2      651 

Gosse,  Edmund  1849- 

Essay: 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Novel 6    1976 

Mallock,  William  Hurrell  1849- 

Celebraled  Passages: 

The  Object  of  Life 10    3981 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  1850-1894 

Essays  : 

El  Dorado 9    3610 

Old  Mortality 

Books  and  Tombstones 9    3612 

The  Haunter  of  Graves 9    3616 

The  Heaven  of  Noble  Failure 9    3617 

The  Door  of  Immortality 9    3619 


VOL.  PAGE 

Birrell,  Augustine  1850- 

Essays: 

On  Doctor  Brown's  Dog-Story 2      455 

Book-Buying 2      459 

Drummond,  Henry  1851-1897 

Essay: 

Natural   Law   in   the    Spiritual 
World 4    1474 

Bourget,  Paul  1852- 

Essay: 

On  the  Death  of  Victor  Hugo    2      523 

Caine,  Hall  1853- 

Essay: 

Aspects  of  Shakespeare's  Art 2      806 

Jerome,  Jerome  K.  1859- 

Essay: 

On  Getting  On  in  the  World 6    2369 

Doumic,  Ren6  1860- 

Essay: 

Woman  during  the  Renaissance  ...   4    1442 
Schreiner,  Olive  1863- 

Essays: 

In  a  Ruined  Chapel 9    3379 

The  Gardens  of  Pleasure 9    3384 

In  a  Far-Off  World 9    3385 

The  Artist's  Secret 9    3386 

Le  Vert,  Madame  Octavia 

Nineteenth  Century 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Coliseum 10    3978 

Constantinides,  Michael 

Contemporary 
Celebrated  Passages: 
Modern  Greek  Love-Songs 10    3960 

Grand,  Sarah  Contemporary 

Essay  : 

Marriage  as  a  Temporary  Arrange- 
ment    5    1981 

Cesaresco,  Countess  Evelyn  Martinengo 
Contemporary 
Essay: 

Horace's  Sabine  Farm 3      926 


4069 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LITERATURE 


2000  B.  C.  to  1901  A.  D. 


Primitive  and  Classical  Periods— aooo  B.C. 
to  525  A.  D. 

VOL.  PAGE 

C.  2000-1500    B.  C.  —  Ancient     Sanskrit 
literature;  Period  of  the  Vedas. 
Cust  on  Brahman  ethics,  3  :  1225  ;  Miil- 
ler     on     Aryan     language,    8 :  3044; 

Thoreau  on  the  Vedas 10    3782 

C.  1300    B.  C.-700     B.C. —Ancient     He- 
brew literature,  the  Bible,  etc. 

Herder  on 6    2180 

(See  General  Index.) 
C.  800-700  B.C.  — Homer  and  the  Ho- 
meric cycle. 
Addison  on  Homer  and  Milton,  1 :  63; 
Heroic  poetry  and  morality,  1:37; 
Byron  on  Homeric  art,  2  :  802;  Ho- 
mer's plan  in  the  «  Iliad,"  1:43;  Al- 
lison on,  1 :  138;  Harrison  on 6 


2091 
2645 
2180 
2651 
2649 


C.  735  B.C.  —  Hesiod's  didactic  verse 7 

C.  722  B.  C.  —  Book  of  Job 2  :  486;  6 

c.  700  B.  C.  —  Archilochus  in  Iambic  verse   7 
600  B.C.  —  Sappho  and  the  lyrics  of  love  7 
600-500  B.  C.  —  JEsop  and  the  Greek  fa- 
ble  1: 331,  340,  348,  364;  10    3978 

C.  582-500B.C.  —  Pythagoras  in  Greece..  .10    3988 
525-456  B.  C.  —  .Eschylus  :    Compared  to 
Milton  by  Macaulay,    7:2751;   "  Jgs- 
chylus,  Dante,  and  Shakespeare,"  4: 

1583;  Dialogue  of 1      194 

525-380  B.  C  — Great  Greek   dramatists: 
.fljschylus,  Euripides,  Sophocles,  and 

Aristophanes 1 :  190;  8: 3163  ;  9    3358 

(See  General  Index.) 
C.  500-289  B.C.  — The  Chinese  Classics. 
Confucius,   3  :  1137  ;  Tse-Sze,    10  :  4000 ; 

Mencius 8     2870-4 

500-400  B.  C.  —  Age  of  Pericles  at  Athens   3      991 
C.  484-125     B.  C.  —  Herodotus    and     his 
school  in  Greece. 
Herodotus,  10  :  3972  ;  Thucydides,   10  : 

4000 ;  Polybius 10    3987 

C.  470-399  B.  C  — Life  and  teachings  of 
Socrates  in  Greece. 

Socrates,  10  :  3996  ;  Xenophon 10    3937 

436-338  B.  C.  —  Isocrates 5    1671 

C.  430-c.  357   B.  C.  —  Xenophon   and    his 

work 10    3937 

C.  429-347  B.  C.  —  Plato  at  Athens 8    3123-45 

C.  412-323   B.C.  — Diogenes    founds    the 

Cynic  school 5     1699 

C.  384-322  B.  C.  —Aristotle  and  the  Peri- 
patetics      1     190-228 

«  The  Poetics  »  of  Aristotle 1      190 


VOL.  page 
384-322  B.  C.  —Demosthenes  at  Athens. 
Demosthenes,   10  :  3964  ;  Longinus   on 
Demosthenes  and  the  masters  of  elo- 
quence     7     2651 

C.  373-288  B.  C  — Theophrastus  and  his 

«  Characters  » 10    3754-75 

c.  341-270  B.  C.  —  Epicurus  and  his  school  5    1647 
Third  Century  B.  C— Theocritus   (Ma- 
caulay ) 7    2724 

Second  Century  B.  C. — Aristarchus  as  a 

Homeric  critic 6    2347 

185-159  B.  C—  Terence  in  comedy 8    2940 

116-27  B.  C—  Varro 5     1873 

106-43  B.C.—  Cicero  as  an  essayist ...    3     998-1020 
First  Century  B.  C. —  Dionysius  of  Hali- 
carnassus  in  language  criticism  and 

rhetoric 10    3964 

First  Century   B.  C—  Cornelius  Nepos 

on  history 10    3984 

100-44  B.  C— Julius  Caesar  as  an  historianlO    3957 

95-46  B.  C—  Marcus  Porcius  Cato 10    3958 

90  B.  C.-200  A.  B-.—  Golden  age  of  Latin 

literature 7:2608;  8:2940,3224 

C.  87-54   B.  C— Catullus    and    the    Latin 

lyric 4    1418 

86-34  B.  C—  Sallust  in  historical  essays. .  10  3992 
70-19  B.  C—  Virgil.. .  .5  :  1656,  1924;  6:2053;  8  2940 
65-8    B.C.— Horace,    1:17;   2:540;   3:926; 

5  :  1677;  6  :  2153;  7  :  2702; 9    3327 

c.  59    B.  C.-17   A.  D.— Livy   as    an    his- 
torian   7  :  2568;  10    3979 

54-18  B.  C— Tibullus 6    2390 

43  B.  C.-18  A.  D.— Ovid. . .  .1:  37;  7  :  2542;  8  3176 
27  B.  C.-500  A.  D. — Literature  under  the 

Csesars 8    3224 

4  B.  C.-65  A.  D.— Lucius  Annaeus. 

Seneca  as  a  moralist 9:  3403;  10    3993 

23-79  A-  D.— Natural  history  and  philoso- 
phy.    Pliny  the  Elder 10    3987 

34-63  A.  D.— Persius 3      895 

c.  35-96  A.  D. —  Oratory  and  rhetoric. 

Quintilian 8     3214 

37  A.  D.-95   A.  D.— Josephus  lives  and 

writes 1        88 

43-104  A.  B\— Martial 2:688;  8    2941 

45-96  A.  D.—  Statius 1:44;  4    1484 

c.  46  A.  D.—  Plutarch's  morals  and  "Lives" 

8:3153;  10    3987 

C.  55-117   A.  D.— Tacitus   as    an   essayist 

and  historian 10  :  3674,  3^98 

c.  60-140  A.  D. — Juvenal  in  satire 5    1909 


4°7° 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OF   LITERATURE 


VOL.  PAGE 

62-113  A.  D.  —Pliny  the  Younger,  essayist 

and  orator 8:3146;  10    3987 

c.  95-c.  180  A.  D.  -  Arrian  (The  «  Enchir- 

idion») 1      *i6 

First  to  Second  Century  A.  D.  — Epic- 

tetus  in  philosophy °    lbdy 

C.  120-200  A.  D.  —  Lucian  in  satire 7    2687 

C.  121-180    A.  D.- Marcus    Aurelius     in 

philosophy 1      Jy* 

Second  Century  A.  D.- Julius  Florus. .   5    1732 
Second  Century  A.  D.  —  Aulus  Gellius 

in  literary  criticism,  etc 5    18/d 

c.  210-273  A.  D.  —  Longinus  in  aesthetics 

and  criticism 7    ib61 

c.  320-370  A.  D.  —  Eutropius 8    2954 

330-395  A.  D.  —  Ammianus   Marcellinus, 

historian  and  moralist 7    ASM 

354-430   A.D.-St.   Augustine,    moralist 

and  theologian 1      £6b 

c.  365-408  A.D.-Claudian 8:2974;  10    3959 

Third  Century  A.  D.—Athenasus  in  lit- 
erary criticism 1      2 ' " 

c.  475-525    A.  D.  -  Ending    of    classical 

Latin  period  in  Boethius 2      o04 


2610 


3704 


3953 


3950 


9     3629 


126 


Mediaeval  and  Modern  literature  —  500  A.  D. 
to  1901  A.  D. 

Mallet  on  the  earliest  literature 7    2803 

500-1300  A.  D.- The    «  Nibelungenlied  » 

and  early  Teutonic  literature 10    3714 

600-650  A.D.— Beowulf  — Earliest  poem 

in  any  English  dialect 7 

600-1250  A.  D.— Anglo-Saxon   language 
and  poetry:  Longfellow  on,  7:2605; 

Taine  on 10 

673-735  A.  D.— The  Venerable  Bede  and 

Anglo-Saxon  origins ...  10 

849-901  A.  D.—  Alfred  the  Great  in  Saxon 

prose 10 

900-950  A.  D.—  Earliest  Scandinavian 

literature 7:2803; 

940-1020  — Firdousi    and  Persian  epic 

poetry 

Eleventh  to  Twelfth  Century  A.  D.— 
Omar  Khayyam,   Persian   poet  and 

philosopher 

1100-1400  — Classical  poets  of  Persia  Al- 
ger  ;•■■ 

1141-1202— Persian    literature:    Nizami 

as  a  moralist 8 

c.  1146-1220  —  Giraldus  Cambrensis 

1179-1241  — Icelandic    literature: 
Snorre  Sturleson  and  the  «  Younger 

Edda  * •• 

1190-1291  — Persian    literature:  Sadi's 

poetry *■*' 

1200-1250  —The  «  Ormulum  » 4 

1200-1500  — Romances  of    the    Middle 

Ages :  Keightley  on 

c.  1225-1274  — Theology,   St.   Thom; 

Aquinas 

1265-1321— Italian     literature,     Dante's 

poetry  and  prose 4 

1281-1345  —  Richard  de  Bury's  «  Philobib- 

lon  » 2 

c.  1304-1374  — Petrarch's  verse    and  the 

beginning  of  the  Renaissance 8 

1337-1410  —  Froissart  and  his  « Annals  » . .  10 


125 


125 


3056-7 
5    1902 


3629 

3991-2 
1570 


6     2422 


1    173-8 


1237-47 


4    1443 


918 


3992 


1569 


1651 
2776 


VOL.  PAGE 

c.  1340-1400  —  Chaucer    and   the  Italian 

influence  in  England 3      971 

C.  1380-1471-  Christian     essay    writing: 
Thomas  a  Kempis  and  the  Imitation 

of  Christ 6    2428-33 

1400-1468  — Gutenberg's  life  and  work: 

First  books  printed  in  Europe 6    2046 

1400-1500  — Amadis  of  Gaul 8    2962 

1400-1500  — Early    English    travels:  Sir 

John  Mandeville 7    2816-9 

1400-1500  —  Renaissance  in  Italy:  Doumic 

on 

c.  1422-1491—  Caxton's    work   in    Eng- 
land      3 

1452-1498  —  Theological    agitation:     Sa- 
vonarola      10 

1453  — Fall    of    Constantinople    and    re- 
vival of  Greek  learning 4 

c.  1465-1536  — Erasmus  as  a  theologian 

and  essayist 5 

1469-1527  —  Machiavelli  in  the  «  Prince  ».  7 
1478-1535  — Sir  Thomas  More   lives  and 

writes  «Utopia  >' 

1483-1546  —Martin  Luther  as  a  reformer 

and  theological  writer 7 

1488-1568  — Miles  Coverdaleandthe  Cov- 

erdale  Bible 3 

1489-1556  — Craumer  in    English   theol- 
ogy  

c.  1490-1546  —  Revival  of    Greek    learn- 
ing in  England:  Sir  Thomas  Elyot. .   4 

1492-1549  —  Margaret  of  Navarre 10 

1495-1553  —  Rabelais  as  a  humorist 10 

1501-1576  —  Cardan's  life  and  work 2 

1504-1588  —  Spanish  literature:   Luis   de 

Granada 10 

1505-1572— John     Knox:     Scottish     re- 
former and  theologian  10 

1515-1568— Roger   Ascham   and 

«  Schoolmaster  >' 

1520-1598  — Lord    Burleigh,    statesman 

and  moralist 2 

1533-1592  — Beginning    of    the    modern 

essay:  Montaigne's  life  and  work.    8     2937-89 
1541-1603  — Charron,    philosopher    and 

theologian 1° 

1547-1616  — Cervantes:    The    first    great 

work  of  prose  fiction 10 

c.  1552-1599  — Edmund  Spenser  and  the 

«  Faerie  Queene  " 4:  1402;  7 

1552-1618  — Sir  Walter  Raleigh,   histor- 
ian, poet,  and  moralist 10 

c   1553-1600  — Richard  Hooker  in  theol- 
ogy     6    2229'32 

1554-1586  — Sir    Philip  Sidney  in    essay 

writing 9    3426-9 

c.  1554-1606— John  Lyly  and  the  humor- 
ous essay 7    2698 

1554-1628  —  Fulke  Greville,  moralist  ....  10    3969 

1556-1625  — Thomas  Lodge 10    3979 

1561-1626  — Francis  Bacon,  essayist, 
philosopher,  jurist,  and  scientist ...  1 
1564-1616— Shakespeare,  and  the  .Shakes- 
pearian cycle  of  dramatists  in  Eng- 
land 1:302;  2:806;  3 :  861,  1033;  4: 
1302;    5:1882,    1929;    6:2324,    2394;    7: 


8    3010 


2690 


1159 


3    1186 


1570 

3982 

3988 

785 

3969 

3976 


1  254-9 


752 


S959 


3958 


2845 


3988 


790 

3118 
3967 


311-65 


2451;  8  :  3178  ;  9     3665 
(See  General  Index.) 
-James   I.  and   the    counter- 


1566-1625 

blast  against  tobacco 10 


3974 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LITERATURE 


4071 


VOL.  PAGE 

c.  1570-1637  —  Thomas  Decker 4    1280 

1573-1631  — John  Donne,  poet  and  theo- 
logian    4    1435-37 

C.  1573-1637  —  Ben    Jonson,     essayist, 

dramatist,  and  poet 6    2402-6 

1575-1624  — Jacob  Bohme,  German  mys- 
tic     2    508-11 

1577-1640  —  Robert  Burton,  humorist  and 
scholar:  *  The  Anatomy  of  Mel- 
ancholy » 2    785-7 

1579-1631  —  Captain  John  Smith,  ex- 
plorer and  colonist,  author  of  first 
literature  which  can  be  claimed  as 
American 10    3995 

1581-1613  —  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  and  the 

modern  school  of  Theophrastus. .    8    3087-92 

1582-1648  — Edward  Herbert,  philoso- 
pher and  historian 10    3971 

1583-1645  —  Hugo  Grotius,  Dutch  philoso- 
pher and  jurist 6    2025-8 

1584-1654  — John  Selden,  wit  and  mor- 
alist     9    3398-402 

1585-1649  —  William  Drummond,  Scot- 
tish essayist  and  poet 4    1478 

1587-1649— John  Winthrop:  Beginnings 

of  New  England  literature 10    4004 

1588-1679  — Thomas     Hobbes,     English 

philosopher 6     2197-9 

1590-1657— William    Bradford,    Pilgrim 

father  and  governor  of  Plymouth. .  .10    3955 

1592-1671 — Johann  Amos  Comenius: 
Modern  science  of  pedagogy  founded 
3    1122-7 

1593-1683  —  Izaak  Walton  and  the  «  Com- 
plete Angler  » 10    3881 

1596-1650  — Descartes  and  his  system  of 

philosophy 4    1353 

1599-1671  —  Meric  Casaubon,  philosopher 

and  theologian 10    3958 

C.  1600-1684  —  Roger  Williams,  philan- 
thropist and  reformer 10    4003 

1600-1753 — English  philosophers  and 
scientists. 
Robert  Boyle,  2  :  536  ;  John  Locke,  7  : 
2573;  Francis  Atterbury,  1:276;  The 
Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  9:3415;  Lord 
Bolingbroke,  2  :  513  ;  George  Berke- 
ley     2      440 

c.  1601-1665  —  John  Earle  as  an  imitator 

of  Theophrastus 4    1505-25 

c.  1602-1668  — Owen   Felltham,  moralist 

and  philosopher 5    1671-97 

1605-1682  — Sir  Thomas  Browne  and  the 

«  Religio  Medici  » 2      575 

1608-1661  — Thomas  Fuller,  English  wit 

and  theologian 5    1818-52 

1608-1674— Uohn  Milton 8    2902-7 

1608-1674  —  The  Earl  of  Clarendon,  Eng- 
lish historian 3    1022-4 

1609-1676  —  Sir'Matthew  Hale,  jurist  and 

moralist 5    2041 

1611-1677— James    Harrington,    political 

essayist 6     2077-9 

1612-1680— Samuel  Butler,  poet,  satirist, 

and  essayist 10    3957 

1613-1667  —  Jeremy  Taylor,  English  the- 
ologian   10    3999 

1613-1680—  Francois  de  la  Rochefou- 
cauld, French  moralist  and  maxim 
writer 10    3990 


VOL.  PAGE 

1615-1691  — Richard    Baxter,    English 

moralist  and  theologian 10    3952 

1618-1667  — Abraham  Cowley,  poet  and 

essayist 3    1163-9 

1620-1706— John    Evelyn,    essayist    and 

diary  writer 5    1654 

1621-1695  —  Jean  de  la    Fontaine,   poet 

and  moralist 10    3967 

1623-1662  —  Blaise    Pascal,    philosopher 

and  epigrammatist 8    3102-6 

1626-1696  —  Madame  de  S6vign6  and  her 

letters 9    3410-3 

1628-1688  — John  Bunyan 7    2719 

1628-1755  —  Essayists :  Theologians  and 
moralists. 
Isaac  Barrow,  10  :  3952 ;  Sir  William 
Temple,  10:  4000;  John  Tillotson, 
10 :  4000;  Robert  South,  10 :  3996; 
Thomas  Burnet,  10 :  3957;  In- 
crease Mather,  10 :  3983;  William 
Penn,  10  :  3986;  La  Bruyere,  6  :  2444; 
The  Earl  of  Rochester,  10:  3990; 
Massillon,  10:  3982;  Jonathan  Swift, 

9  :  3641;  Isaac  Watts,  10  :  4002;  Cotton 
Mather,  10  :  3982;  Fenelon 5     1699 

1631-1700— John  Dryden,  poet,  drama- 
tist and  critic 4    1483-93 

1632-1704  — John  Locke  :  Essay  on  «  Civil 

Government,"  "Toleration,"  etc..    7    2573-92 

1632-1755  — Philosophers    and  scientists 

of  continental  Europe. 

Spinoza,    9:  3525;    Malebranche,    10: 

3981;  Leibnitz,  7:2528;  Bayle,  1:408; 

Campistron,    10:    3957;    Fontenelle, 

10  :  3967;  Montesquieu,  8  :  2991. 

1636-1711  —  Boileau-Despreaux 10    3955 

1645-1696  — Ea  Bruyere  and  the  French 

school  of  Theophrastus 6    2444-50 

1646-1716  — Eeibnitz  in  philosophy 7    2528 

1647-1706  — |Bayle  and  his  dictionary 1      408 

1651-1715  —  Fenelon's    life   and   work: 

«  Telemachus  » 5    1699-711 

1661-1731— Daniel  Defoe  and  the  begin- 
nings of  modern  English  fiction 4    1284 

1663-1673  — "Hudibras"  by  Samuel  But- 
ler  6  :  2269  ;  10    3957 

1667-1745  —  Jonathan  Swift  as  an  essay- 
ist and  satirist ;  «  Gulliver's  Trav- 
els," etc 9    3641-5 

1672-1719  — Joseph     Addison     and     the 

Spectator 1    20-109 

1672-1729  — Sir    Richard   Steele   in    the 

Spectator,  Guardian,  etc 9    3552-95 

1678-84  —  «  Pilgrim's  Progress  »  published  7    2719 

1681-1765  —  Edward     Young    and     his 

«  Night  Thoughts  » 5     1970 

1688-1744  — Alexander  Pope  and  the  Di- 
dactic school  of  verse 8    3169-83 

1689-1755  — Montesquieu's      life      and 

works ;  «  Spirit  of  the  Laws, »  etc . .  8    2991-3000 

1689-1761  — Samuel  Richardson:  Foun- 
dations of  modern  English  fiction ...    8    3244 

1689-1762— Eady  Mary  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu :  Letter  writer  and  essayist. . .    8    2930-4 

1694-1748  — Burlamaqui  and  the  philos- 
ophy of  law 2      747 

1694-1773  — Chesterfield  and  his  "Let- 
ters"     3      981 

1694-1778  — Voltaire's   Life:   Beginnings 

of  French  revolutionary  literature. . .  10    3859 

1698-1782  — Metastasio  in  Italian  poetry.  10    3983 


4072 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LITERATURE 


VOL.  PAGE 

1700-1800  — Great  French  writers  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 
Voltaire,  10:3859;  Rousseau,  9:3277; 
Diderot,  4:1386;  Vauvenargues,  10: 
4002;  Condorcet,  3:1133;  Madame 
Roland,  9  :  3266;  Talleyrand,  10  :  3998; 
Madame  De  Stael 9    3535 

1700-1800  — Periodical  essayists:  Hazlitt 

on 6    2128 

1700-1825  — English  philosophical  es- 
sayists. 
Lord  Karnes,  10:3976;  Doddridge,  4: 
1431;  Hume,  6:2259;  Johnson,  6: 
2384;  Blair,  2:483;  Warton,  10:3886; 
Blackstone,  2:477;  Adam  Smith,  9: 
3449;  Edmund  Burke,  2  :  706;  Beattie, 
1:413;  Gibbon,  5:1889;  Cecil,  3:922; 
Bentham,  2 :  435;  Dugald  Stewart, 
10:3997;  William  Godwin,  5:1911; 
William  Cobbett,  3:1061;  Sir  James 
Mackintosh 7    2786 

1702-1714  —  Age  of  Queen  Anne  in  Eng- 
lish literature. 
Defoe,  4:1284;  Swift,  9  :  3641;  Arbuth- 
not,  10:3950;  Shaftesbury,  9:3415; 
Addison,  1 :  20;  Steele,  9  :  3552;  Watts, 
10:4002;  Hughes,  6:3234;  Boling- 
broke,  2:513;  Parnell,  10:3985;  Gay, 
5:1866;  Berkeley,  2:440;  Budgell, 
2:685;  Tickell,  10  :  3787;   Pope 8    3169 

1703-1835  — Noted  American  writers. 
Jonathan  Edwards,  4:1536;  Benjamin 
Franklin,  5  :  1769;  James  Otis,  10 : 
3985;  Crevecceur,  10:3963;  George 
Washington,  10:4002;  John  Dickin- 
son, 10 :  3964;  Francis  Hopkinson, 
10:3973;  Thomas  Paine,  8:3094; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  6:2354;  Benjamin 
Rush,  10:3991;  John  Jay,  6:2337; 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  10 :  3979;  John 
Ledyard,  10:3977;  James  Madison, 
7:2794;  Timothy  Dwight,  10:3964; 
John  Marshall,  10:3982;  Alexander 
Hamilton,  6  :  2065;  Count  Rumford  . .  10    3991 

1706-1790  — Benjamin    Franklin,    first 

great  essayist  of  America 5    1769-88 

1707-1754  —  Henry  Fielding  and  the  mod- 
ern novel 5    1725-29 

1707-1762  —  Cork  and  Bathurst,  imitators 

of  Addison 1 :  399;  3    1154 

1709-1784 — Samuel     Johnson,     essayist, 

philologist,  and  philosopher 6    2384-98 

1711-1776  — Hume     and    the     skeptical 

school  in  English  philosophy 6     2259 

1712-1778  —  Rousseau  and  beginnings  of 

eighteenth-century  revolutions 9    3277 

1713-1768  — Sterne  in  humor  and  fiction.    9    8604 

1715-1801 — Later  essayists  of  the  Queen 
Anne  School. 
Hawkesworth,  6:2105;  Walpole,  10: 
3876;  Elizabeth  Carter,  3  :  895;  Smol- 
lett, 10:3995;  Warton,  10:3S86;  Hes- 
ter Chapone,  3: 954;  Oliver  Goldsmith, 
5:1937;  Duncombe,  4:1499;  Cowper, 
3:1172;  Cumberland,  3:1198;  Col- 
man  and  Thornton,  3:1106;  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds 8    3233 

1716-1771  —  Thomas  Gray  and  the  «  Elegy 

in  a  Country  Churchyard  " 5    1969 

1723-1780  —  William  Blackstone 2      477 

1725-1825  — Great  writers  of  Germany. 
Immanuel     Kant,     6:2415;     Zimmer- 
mann,    10:3942;     Lessing,      7:2537; 


1725-1825  — Great  writers  of  Germany.— 

Continued                                                   vol  page 
Mendelssohn,    8:2875;    Jacobi,     10: 
3974;     Herder,    6:2180;     Schiller,    9: 
3349;  Fichte,5:1713;  Richter,  8  :3250; 
Wieland 10    3906 

1728-1774  —  Oliver  Goldsmith 5    1937-74 

1729-1781  — Lessing  in  poetry  and  criti- 
cism, ■  Nathan,  the  Wise,"  and  «  Lao- 
coon  " 7    2537 

C.  1729-1797  — Edmund    Burke    and    the 

philosophy  of  the  beautiful 2    706-20 

1735-1793  —  Beccaria    on    crimes   and 

punishments 2    420-7 

1737-1794  —  Edward  Gibbon  in  historical 

writing 5    1889 

C.1737-1809  — Thomas  Paine,  "The 
Rights  of  Man,"  "The  Age  of  Rea- 
son/etc 8    3094 

1740-1806— Jean  Louis  Delolme  on  the 

English  constitution 4    1291 

1740-1818  — "Junius'  (Sir  Philip  Fran- 
cis?)      6    2409 

1741-1801  —  Lavater  and  the  science  of 

physiognomy 7     2511 

1743-1826  —  Thomas  Jefferson,  statesman 

and  publicist 6     2354 

1744-1803— Herder  as  the  precursor  of 

Goethe 6    2180 

1745-1829  — John   Jay,  jurist  and  writer 

in  the  Federalist 6     2337 

1745-1833  —  Hannah  More  in  moral  tales 

and  essays 8    3001-9 

1748-1832— Jeremy  Bentham  in  political 
economy  and  the  philosophy  of  gov- 
ernment     2      435 

1748-1833  — Adamantius  Corais  in  mod- 
ern Greece;  Revival  of  old  Greek 
learning 10    3961-2 

1749-1832  —  Goethe  in  Germany:  Revi- 
val of  German  national  spirit  in  lit- 
erature  5     1916-35 

1750-1860  — Advance  from  medievalism 
in  philosophy  of  law,  political  econ- 
omy, science  of  government  and 
ethics. 
Beccaria,  2  :  420;  Paine,  8  :  3094 ,  De- 
lolme, 4  :  1291;  «  Junius,"  6  :  2409  ; 
Condorcet,  3:1133;  Jefferson,  6  :  2354; 
Rush,  10:3991;  Jay,  6:  2337;  Living- 
ston, 10:  3979;  Bentham,  2:  435; 
Madison,  7 :  2794 ;  Marshall,  10  : 
3982,;  Godwin,  5:  1911;  Hamilton,  6: 
2065:  Madame  Roland,  9:  3266; 
Fichte,  5:  1718;  Kent,  10:  3975: 
Pinkney,  10  :  3986  ;  Hegel,  6  :  2150  ; 
Ricardo,  8  :  3240 :  Fourier,  5 :  1761 ; 
Hallam 6     2046 

1751-1836  —  James  Madison,  publicist 

and  statesman 7     2794 

1754-1793  —  Madame  Roland:  «  New-Wo- 
man »  movement  in  France 9    3266-74 

1755-1826  — Brillat-Savarin  and  the  phil- 
osophy of  taste 2      541 

1755-1835  —  John    Marshal,     jurist     and 

essayist 10    3982 

1757-1804  —  Alexander  Hamilton  and  the 

Federalist 6     2065 

1759-1796  —  Robert  Burns  and  the  resto- 
ration of  [classical  art  in   lyric  verse. 

1:233;  3      854 

1759-1805  — Schiller    and     the     classical 

school  in  German  poetry 9    3349 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LITERATURE 


4°73 


VOL.  PAGE 

1762-1814  — Johann  Gottlieb  Fichte 5    1713 

1763-1825  — Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter.  8    3250 

1766-1817  — Madam  de  Stael :  «  Corinne," 

etc 9    3535 

1766-1834  —  Malthus   and    his   theory  of 

population 7     2810 

1766-1848— Isaac    D'Israeli  :    Curiosities 

of  literature,  etc 4    1395 

1768-1848  —  Chateaubriand :  «  The  Genius 

of  Christianity,"  etc 3      959 

1769-1859  — Humboldt  and  his  "Cosmos*  6    2251 

1770-1831  — Hegel    and    the     Hegelian 

philosophy 6    2146 

1770-1850  —  William  Wordsworth  and  the 

Lake  School  in  England 10    3930 

1771-1810  — Charles    Brockden     Brown; 

First  notable  American  novelist 10    3955 

1771-1832— Sir   Walter    Scott    and    the 

«  Waverley  Novels  » 9    3388 

1771-1845  — Sydney    Smith,    theologian, 

publicist,  wit,  and  essayist 9     3469 

1772-1801  — «  Novalis"  in  Germany 8    3060 

1772-1834  — Samuel    Taylor  Coleridge: 

«  The  Ancient  Mariner,"  etc 3    1083 

1772-1837  —  Fourier  and  his  writings  on 

socialism 5    1761 

1773-1842  — Sismondi   on  the    literature 

of  Southern  Furope 9    3436 

1774-1843  —  Robert  Southey,  poet  and  es- 
sayist      9    3488 

1775-1817  — Jane  Austen  in  English  fic- 
tion  10    3951 

1775-1834  — Charles  Lamb:  «  The  Essays 

of  Elia,»  etc 7    2453 

1775-1854  —  Schelling  in  German  philos- 
ophy    9    3340 

1775-1864  — Walter  Savage  Landor,  poet 

and  essayist 7    2486 

1776-1831—  Niebuhr  and  his  history  of 

Rome 8    3053 

1776-1847  — Dibdin    and    his     work    in 

bibliography 4    1360 

1777-1844  —  Thomas  Campbell :    «  The 

Pleasures  of  Hope,"  etc 2      814 

1777-1859  — Henry  Hallam:  ''Introduc- 
tion to  the  literature  of  Europe," 
etc 6    2046 

1782-1852  — Calhoun  and  Webster. .  .10:3957,  4003 

1783-1859  — Washington  Irving,  the  first 
American  writer  of  international 
reputation 6     2303 

1784-1859  —Leigh  Hunt  and  De  Quincey 

in  English  essay  writing 4  :  1302;   6    2269 

1787-1874  — Guizot  and  the  French  philo- 
sophical method  in  history 5    2034 

1788-1824  — Lord  Byron  and  the  revolu- 
tion in  English  poetry 2      800 

1788-1860  — Schopenhauer  and  the  phi- 
losophy of  pessimism 9    3366 

1789-1851  —  James  Fenimore  Cooper  in 

American  fiction 3     1148 

1792-1822  — Shelley    and   the   poetry    of 

metaphysics 9     3419 

1794-1871— George     Grote,    history     of 

Greece,  etc 5    2018 

1794-1872  — D'Aubigne  and  the   history 

of  the  Reformation 10    3963 

1794-1878  —  William  Cullen  Bryant 2      660 

1795-1881  —  Thomas  Carlyle 3      830 


VOL.  PAGE 

1796-1849  — Hartley  Coleridge,  poet  and 

humorist 3    1066 

1798-1845 —Thomas  Hood 6    2218 

1798-1857  — Auguste  Comte  and  the  posi- 

tivist  philosophy 3     1130 

1799-1850  — Balzac    and    "The    Human 

Comedy  " 1      385 

1799-1856  — Heinrich  Heine  and  the  Ger- 
man lyric 6    2153 

1800-1850  — Modern  movement  in 
science. 
Humboldt,  6 :  2252;  Orsted,  8  :  3076;  Sir 
Humphry  Davy,  4:1271;  Arago,  1: 
179;  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  7  :  2695;  Comte 
3:  1130  ;  Baron  Liebig,  7:  2554  ;  Maury 
7:2854;   Agassiz,  1:  111;    Darwin 4    1260 

1800-1859  — Thomas    Babington    Macau- 
lay 7    2717 

1800-1860  —  American  literature. 

Washington  Allston,  1  :  149 ;  Joseph 
Story,  10  :  3997;  James  Kirke  Pauld- 
ing, 10  :  3986;  William  Ellery  Chan- 
ning,  3  :  945;  Audubon,  1:  279;  Cal- 
houn, 10:  3957;  Webster,  10:4003; 
John  Sanderson,  10  :  3992;  Washing- 
ton Irving,  6:2303;  Buckminster,  10: 
3956 ;  Beverley  Tucker,  10  :  4001 ; 
Verplanck,  10  :  4002;  Richard  Henry 
Dana,  10  :  3963;  Andrews  Norton,  10: 
3984 ;  Hugh  Swinton  Legare\  7 : 
2523 ;  James  Fenimore  Cooper,  3 : 
1148;  Jared  Sparks,  10 :  3996;  Lydia 
H.  Sigourney,  9  :  3433:  Ticknor,  10  : 
3791 ;  Alexander  Everett,  10  :  3965 ; 
Edward  Everett,  10  :  39G6 ;  William 
Cullen  Bryant,  2:  660;  Orville  Dewey, 
10 :  3964;  Horace  Mann,  10  :  3981 ; 
Prescott,  8  :  3184;  Hosea  Ballou,  10  : 
3952;  Halliburton,  10 :  3970;  Catlin, 
3  :  906  ;  Rufus  Choate,  10  :  3959  ;  Amos 
Bronson  Alcott,  1:117;  Francis  Lieber, 
10:3979;  Bancroft,  1:390;  Seward, 
10:  3994;  George  D.  Prentice,  10: 
3987;  Lydia  Maria  Child,  3  :  991;  Mark 
Hopkins,  10  :  3973;  Orestes  A.  Brown- 
son,  10:  3955;  Emerson,  4:  1575; 
Hawthorne,  6  :  2111;  William  Lloyd 
Garrison,  10:3968;  Charles  Gayarre, 
10:  3968;  N.  P.  Willis,  10:  4003;  Wil- 
liam Gilmore  Simms,  10:3994;  Mat- 
thew Fontaine  Maury,  7  :  2854;  Agas- 
siz, 1:  111;  Longfellow,  7:  2605; 
Whittier,  10:  3899;  Poe,  8:  3161; 
Holmes,  6:  2202;  Willis  Gaylord 
Clark,  3 :  1036;  Sarah  Margaret  Ful- 
ler Ossoli,  10:  39*5;  Theodore  Parker, 
10:  3985;  Horace  Greeley,  5:  1985; 
Elihu  Burritt,  2  :  757  ;  Wendell  Phil- 
lips, 10 :  3986;  C.  A.  Bartol,  10  :  3952 ; 
J.  T.  Headley,  10  :  3971;  R.  W.  Gris- 
wold,  5 :  2008 ;  Henry  Theodore 
Tuckerman,  10 :  3823;  John  Lothrop 
Motley,  8  :  3025;  Richard  Hildreth. .  .10    3972 

1800-1860  — Liberal  movement  in  litera- 
ture and  art. 
Hazlitt,  6 :  2128  ;  Brougham,  2  :  554; 
Channing,  3:  945;  Abercrombie,  1:  3; 
Chalmers,  3:930;  Calhoun,  10: 3957; 
Webster,  10 :  4003;  Frobel,  5  :  1804; 
Leigh  Hunt,  6:  2275;  Verplanck,  10: 
4002,  Guizot,  5:2034;  Byron,  2:800; 
Lamartine,  10  :  3976  ;  Shelley,  9 : 
3419;  Alison,  1:  135;  Herschel,  6: 
2186;  Edward  Everett 10    3966 


4°74 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LITERATURE 


VOL.  PAGE 

1800-1891  — George  Bancroft  founds  the 

American  historical  school 1      390 

1800-1900  — Celebrated  poets  of  the  nine- 
teenth century. 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  9:3388;  Lord  Byron, 
2:800;  Wordsworth,  10  :  3929;  Cole- 
ridge,' 3:  1082;  Shelley,  9:  3419;  Hugo, 
6  :  2239;  Heine,  6:  2153;  Goethe,  5  : 
1915;  Robert  Browning,  2:  646;  Long- 
fellow,  7:2604;  William  Cullen  Bry- 
ant, 2:  659;  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
6:  2201;  James  Russell  Lowell,  7: 
2657;  Sidney  Lanier,  7:2496;  Walter 
Savage  Landor,  7:  2485;  Baudelaire, 
1:404;  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  8 :  3160; 
Whittier,  10:  3899;  Ralph  Waldo 
Emerson,  4: 1574;  Thomas  Hood,  10: 
3738;  Montgomery,  7  :  2760;  Southey, 
9:  3488;  Tennyson,  7:2496,  2604;  Swin- 
burne,   9:3659;    William    Morris,    8: 

3021;  Alfred  Austin 1      302 

1800-1900— Famous  prose  writers  of  con- 
tinental Europe. 
(See  Hugo,  Goethe,  Tocqueville,  Ger- 
vinus,  Mazzini,  Balzac,  Comte, 
Schopenhauer,  Schlegel .  Marx,  Tur- 
genieff,  Helmholtz,  Renan,  Taine, 
Tolstoi,  Hillebrand,  Cherbuliez,  Rec- 
lus,  Lombroso,  Blaserna,  Claretie, 
Flammarion,  Krapotkin,  Amicis, 
Brunetiere,  Doumic,  etc.,  in  the 
General  Index.) 
1800-1900— Nineteenth-century  novelists 
of  international  reputation. 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  9:3388;  James  Feni- 
more  Cooper,  3:1148;  Honore  de  Bal- 
zac, 1:385;  Victor  Hugo,  6:  2240; 
Lord  Lytton,  7:  2702;  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne, 6:  2111;  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  8: 
3161;  William  Makepeace  Thackeray, 
10:  3736;  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  9: 
3608;  Charles  Dickens,  4 :  1376;  George 
Eliot, 4: 1541;  «  Ouida,"  8:  3081;  Emile 
Zola,  10:4004;  Tolstoi,  10:3809;  Tur- 
genieff,  10  :  3833;  Charles  Kingsley, 
6:2434;  George  Sand,  8:3017;  Sir 
Walter   Besant,   2:445;  "Mark 

Twain" 10    3842 

1801-1890— Cardinal    Newman    and    the 

Oxford  movement 8    3049 

1802-1885— Victor  Hugo 6    2239 

1803-1873— Lord  Lvtton  in  English  fic- 
tion     7    2702 

1803-1882— Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 4    1575 

1804-1864— Nathaniel  Hawthorne 6     2111 

1804-1869  —  Sainte-Beuve  in  French  criti- 
cism     9     3320 

1805-1859  —  De      Tocqueville     and     his 

«  Democracy  in  America  * 10    8798 

1805-1871— Gervinus     in     Shakespeare 

criticism 5     1882 

1805-1872  — Giuseppe    Mazzini  as    an 

apostle  of  progress 8    2860 

1806-1873  —  Matthew   Fontaine   Maury  : 

«  Physical  Geography, »  etc 7    2854 

1807-1873  —  Agassiz    and     his    scientific 

work 1      HI 

1807-1882— Henrv  Wadsworth  Longfel- 
low      7    2605 

1807-1892  — John  Greenleaf  Whittier. ..  .10    3899 

1809-1849— Edgar  Allan  Poe 8    3161 

1809-1865  — Abraham  Lincoln 10    3979 


VOL.  PAGE 
1809-1882  — Darwin    and    the   theory   of 

Evolution 4    1260 

1809-1892  — Tennyson  compared  to  Lan- 
ier      7     2496 

Longfellow  and  Tennyson 7    2604 

1809-1894  —  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 6    2202 

1809-1898  — William  Ewart  Gladstone...    5    1906 
1811-1863  — William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray   10    3736 

1811-1872  —  Horace  Greeley 5    1985 

1811-1882  — John  W.  Draper 4    1461 

1812-1870  — Charles  Dickens 4    1376 

1812-1889  — Robert  Browning 2      646 

1813-1883  — Richard  Wagner 10    3867 

1813-1887  — Henry  Ward  Beecher 2      430 

1814-1877— John  Lothrop  Motley 8    3025 

1815—  George  Rawlinson 10    3989 

1816-1895  — Gustav  Freytag  in  German 

fiction 5    1798 

1817-1862  —  Henry  David  Thoreau 10    3777 

1818-1883  — Turgenieff    in    Russian    fic- 
tion  10    3833 

1819-1880  — George  Eliot  in  English  fic- 
tion and  essay  writing 4    1543 

1819-1891  — James  Russell  Lowell,  poet 

and  critic 7     2659 

1819-1892  — Walt  Whitman 10    4003 

1819-1900  — John  Ruskin,  art  critic  and 

philanthropist 9    3287 

1820-1893  — John  Tyndall,  scientist 10    3849 

1820  — Herbert  Spencer  and  the  philoso- 
phy of  evolution 9     3506 

1821-1881— Amiel  and  his  «  Journal  >' 1      166 

1821-1894  — Helmholtz  in  German  sci- 
ence      6    2164 

1822-1888  — Matthew  Arnold  in    poetry 

and  criticism 1      231 

1822— Alfred  Russel  Wallace,  naturalist 

and  evolutionist 10    3872 

1823-1892— Joseph     Ernest     Renan     in 

theological  criticism 8    3224 

1823-1900— Max    Miiller  and    language 

science 8    3044 

1824-1892  —George  William  Curtis: «  Poti- 

phar  Papers,"  etc 3    1212 

1825-1870  — Golden  Age  of  New  England 
literature. 
(See  Emerson,  Longfellow,  Hawthorne, 
Lowell,  etc.,  in  General  Index.) 
1825-1895  — Huxley  in  natural  science...    6     2276 
1828-1893  — Taine  and  his  school  of  phi- 
losophical criticism 10    3704 

1828— Count  Tolstoi,  political  and  re- 
ligious reformer,  in  fiction,  the- 
ology, and  philosophy 10     3810 

1832-1899  — Emilio    Castelar,   statesman 

and  essayist 3      899 

1833-1900  — John  James  Ingalls,   orator 

and  essayist 6     2292 

1834-1888  —  Richard  A.  Proctor  in  popu- 
lar science 8    3193 

1834-1896— William    Morris,    poet    and 

essayist 8    3021 

1834  —  Sir  John  Lubbock,  statesman,  sci- 
entist, and  essayist 7    2678 

1835-1893  — Phillips  Brooks,  pulpit  ora- 
tor   10    3955 

1835—  Alfred  Austin,  poet  laureate 1      302 

1835  — Mrs.    Louise    Chandler     Moulton, 

poet,  essayist,  and  novelist 8    3034 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LITERATURE 


4075 


VOL.  PAGE 

1836  —  Lombroso  and  the  science  of  de- 
generacy     7    2600 

1837-1883  — John  Richard  Green,  histo- 
rian      5     1993 

1837  —  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne,  poet 

and  essayist 9     3659 

1837  —  John  Burroughs  and  the  poetry  of 
nature 2      763 

1838  —  James  Bryce  :  "The  American 
Commonwealth" 2      666 

1838  —  John  Morley,  essayist  and  biog- 
rapher     8    3015 

1838  —  Lecky  and  his  "History  of  Euro- 
pean Morals  >' 7     2516 

1838  — Sir  Walter  Besant   in   fiction  and 

essay 2      446 

1839-1890  — The  Marquis  Tseng,  Chinese 

essayist 10    3819 

1839-1897  —  Henry     George:    "Progress 

and  Poverty  " 10    3968 

1840  —  Emile  Zola  and  French  realism 10    4004 

1842  —  Prince  Krapotkin,  Russian  nihilist 

and  scientist 6    2441 

1843  —  Edward  Dowden,   Shakespearean 

critic 4  1451 

1844  —  Andrew  Lang,  poet  and  scholar. . .    7  2490 

1845  —  Saintsbury  in  English  criticism  ...    9  3336 

1846  —  Edmondo  de  Amicis,  Italian  es- 
sayist     1  157 

1848-1887  — Richard     Jefferies,     word 

painter 6     2350 

1848  — "Max  O'Rell":    « John    Bull    and 

His  Island  » 8    3070 

1850-1894  — Robert  Louis  Stevenson, 

poet,  essayist,  and  novelist 9    3610 

1850-1900  —  American  literature  in  the 
second  half  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury. 
(See  General  Index,  Holmes,  Long- 
fellow,  Lowell,  Whipple,  Walt  Whit- 
man, Dana,  Donald  Grant  Mitchell, 
George  William  Curtis,  John  Esten 
Cooke,  Moncure  Daniel  Conway, 
John  James  Ingalls,  Richard  A. 
Proctor,  Phillips  Brooks,  Louise 
Chandler  Moulton,  «  Mark  Twain," 
John  Burroughs,  Joseph  Cook,  Henry 
George,  etc.) 

1850-1900  — Close  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury in  English  literature. 
(See  General  Index,  Froude,  Kings- 
ley,  George  Eliot,  Ruskin,  Carlyle, 
Arnold,  Farrar,  Harrison,  Hamer- 
ton,  Morris,  Lubbock,  Austin,  Green, 


VOL.  PAGE 

1850-1900— Close  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury in  English  literature  —  Cont'd 
Swinburne,  Besant,  Lecky,  Morley, 
Pater,  Mahaffy,  Symonds,  "Ouida," 
Jebb,  Dowden,  Lang,  Grant  Allen, 
Saintsbury,  Stevenson,  Birrell,  Hall 
Caine,  etc.) 

1850-1900  — Prose  literature  of  conti- 
nental Europe. 
(See  General  Index:  Marx,  Turge- 
nieff,  Blind,  Baudelaire,  Amiel, 
Helmholtz,  Renan,  Taine,  Tolstoi, 
Hillebrand,  Cherbuliez,  Reclus,  Cas- 
telar,  Blaserna,  Lombroso,  Claretie, 
Zola,  Flammarion,  Fogazarro,  Kra- 
potkin, Darmesteter,  Brunetiere, 
Bourget,  Doumic,  etc. ) 

1859  —  "Origin  of  Species,"  by  Darwin   .  ..    4    1258 

1864-1865  — "History  of  English  Litera- 
ture,»  by  Taine 10    3704 

1875  — "On  the  Ocklawaha  in  May,"  by 

Sidney  Lanier 7    2498 

1877  —  Helmholtz  on  higher  education 6    2164 

1879— "Data  of  Ethics,"  by  Spencer 9    3505 

1883  — "Natural    Law    in    the    Spiritual 

World,"  by  Drummond 4     1474 

1884-1887  —  "Obiter    Dicta,"  by   Augus- 
tine Birrell 2      454 

1885—  Paul  Bourget  on  the  death  of  Vic- 
tor Hugo 2      523 

1886— Dr.  Jekyl  and  Mr.  Hyde 9    3608 

1888—"  On  the  Death  of  Roscoe  Conk  ling, » 

Charles  Anderson  Dana 3     1227 

1839—"  Idle  Thoughts  of  an  Idle  Fellow," 

by  Jerome  K.  Jerome 6    2369 

1890-1900  —  Classical  essays  of  Countess 

Martinengo  Casaresco 3      926 

1890  — «  Dreams,"  by  Olive  Schreiner 9    3379 

1890  —  "  The  World's  Desire,"  by  Andrew 

Lang 7    2490 

1891-1900  —  Bosanquet's    ethical    ad- 
dresses    2      517 

1892  —  "  Happiness  in  Hell, »  by  St.  George 

Mivart 8     2922 

1892— "The   Tyranny  of   the   Novel,"  by 

Edmund  Gosse 6    1976 

1893— "Swift  and  His  Stella,"  by  Austin 

Dobson 4    1420 

1899  —  Claretie  on  Shakespeare  and  Mo- 

liere 3    1030 

1900  — "Ouida's"  essays 8    3081 

1901 — "Mark   Twain"   on    Lincoln    and 

the  Civil  War 10    3846 


4076 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   LAW,  GOVERNMENT, 

AND   ECONOMICS 


c.  1472  B.  C.  to  1900    A.  D. 


VOL.  PAGE 

1472  (?)- 700  (?)  B.C.  — Mosaic    law    of 

homicide 8    2904 

c.  550-478  B.  C  — Confucius  :  Officehold- 
ers and  their  duty,  3:  1140  ;  On  law 
and,  punishment 3    1138 

470-399  B.  C.  —  Socrates   on  respect   for 

law 8    3132 

c.  429-347  B.  C.  — Plato  on  the  inconven- 
iences of  law 8    2958 

384-322  B.  C.  — Aristotle  on  the  disposi- 
tion of  office  holders 1      228 

c.  372-289  B.  C.  —  Mencius :  International 

co-operation 8    2873 

106-43  B.  C.  —  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  :  On 

the  commonwealth 3    1016 

C.  59  B.C.-C.  17  A.  D.—  Iyivy:  Why  poli- 
ticians are  pleasant 10    3979 

C.  55-117  A.  35.— Tacitus  :  Law  and  lib- 
erty in  ancient  Germany 10    3681 

C.  46(?)  A.  D.  —  Plutarch  :  Principle  the 
soul  of  political  rectitude,  10 :  3987 ; 
Written  laws  spider  webs 10    3987 

Second  Century  A.  D.  —  AulusGellius  : 
Three  reasons  assigned  by  philoso- 
phers for  the  punishment  of  crimes.    5     1875 

500-1500  A.  D.  —  Roman   law,  Justinian 

code,  etc 2:750;  5    2025-33 

1265-1321  — Dante  :  Civil   and  canonical 

law 4    1238 

1362 —English  in  courts  of  justice 5    1862 

c.  1422-1640  —  Court  of  Star  Chamber  ...    4    1293 

1469-1527  —  Machiavelli  —  Whet  her 
princes  ought  to  be  faithful  to 
their  engagements 7    2776 

1478-1535  — Sir  Thomas  More:  Of  their 
trades  and  manners  of  life  in 
Utopia 8    3010 

1520-1598 — Burleigh  on  suits  against  the 

poor 2      755 

1533-1592  — Montaigne  :  Of  Liberty  of 
conscience,  8  :  2953 ;  Of  the  inequal- 
ity amongst  us 8    2975 

1552-1634  —  Coke  on  servitude  under 
precarious  legislation,  2  :  481 ;  Coke's 
notions  of  liberty 4    1293 

1561-1626  — Bacon:  Bribery 1      328 

1581-1613  — Sir    Thomas     Overbury  :    A 

usurer,  8:3088  ;  An  ingrosser  of  corn   8    3089 

1583-1645  — Hugo  Grotius:  What  is 
law  ?  5  :  2025  ;  Restraints  respecting 
conquest,  5.2028;  The  Roman  law. 5    2025-33 

1589-1610  — Henry  IV.  of  France  — In- 
ternational arbitration  proposed  by   8    3099 


VOL.  PAGE 

1608-1661  — Thomas  Fuller  — The  good 
advocate,  5  :  1839  ;  The  common  bar- 
rator     5    1840 

1608-1674— John     Milton:     On    giving 

despots  a  fair  trial 8     2906 

1609-1676  — Sir   Matthew   Hale,  and   his 

work 5    2040 

1811-1677  — Harrington:  «  Of  a  free 
state,"  6:2077;  Principle  of  govern- 
ment     6    2079 

1632-1677—  Spinoza  ;  Free  speech 9    3525 

1632-1704  — John  Locke:  Of  civil  gov- 
ernment; Its  Purposes,  7:2573;  Of 
tyranny,  7:2576;  Concerning  tolera- 
tion  and   politics    in   the  churches, 

7  :  2586  ;  The  origin  of  law 7    2574 

1661-1731  — Daniel  Defoe:  On    Projects 

and  projectors 4     1284 

1688-1744  — Pope:   Party  zeal 8    3182 

1689-1755  —  Montesquieu:  —  Conquests 
made  by  a  republic,  8  :  2995  ;  Of  pub- 
lic debts,  8:2996;  Sumptuary  laws 
in  a  democracy,  8  :  2999  ;  Particular 
cause  of  the  corruption  of  the  peo- 
ple, 8:3000;  Spirit  of  the  laws,  8: 
2990;  The  law  of  nations,  10:3983; 
Relation  of  laws  to  different  beings, 

8  :  2992  ;    Credit      currency,     8  :  2996  ; 
Public  debt 8     2996 

1694-1748 — Jean  Jacques  Burlamaqui: 
The  principles  of  natural  right,  2 : 
747  ;  Tolerations  of  law,  2  :  748  ;  The 
Roman  law 2      750 

1700-1800—  Eighteenth-century    ideals 

of  liberty 8    2888 

1706-1790  — Benjamin  Franklin:  Obser- 
vations on  war 5    1779 

1711-1776  —  Hume:  On  balance  of  power 
and  balance  of  property,  6 :  2266 ; 
The  first  principles  of  government.    6     2264 

1712-1778  — Rousseau:  "The  Social  Con- 
tract"     9    3277 

1723-1780  —  Blackstone  —  The  'profes- 
sional soldier  in  free  countries,  2  : 
477  ;  Courts  martial 2      481 

1723-1790  —  Adam  Smith  :  «  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions » 9    3449 

1728-1774  — Oliver  Goldsmith;  The  fall 
of  the  kingdom  of  Lao,  5  :  1944  ;  Lib- 
erty in  England 5     1952 

1735-1793  —  Marquis  of  Beccaria  ;  On  the 
prevention  of  crimes  ;  Laws  and  hu- 
man happiness ;  Against  capital 
punishment 2    420-9 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX  OP   LAW,  GOVERNMENT,  ECONOMICS       4077 


1737-1809  — Paine: 
Man  » 


VOL.  PAGE 

The     Rights    of 
8    3094 

1740-1806  — Jean  Louis  Delolme  :  Power 
of  public  opinion,  4:1291;  The  law 
of  libel 4    1294 

1740-1818— "Junius"  fetters 6    2408 

1743-1794— Condorcet:  Peace  and  prog- 
ress     3    1133 

1743-1826— Thomas  Jefferson:  Truth  and 
toleration  against  error,  6  :  2354;  On 
Hamilton's  financial  system 6     2064 

1745-1829— Jay  :  On  «  Dangers   from  For- 

eignism  "  in  the  Federalist 6     2337 

1748-1832— Bentham:  Publicity  the  sole 
remedy  for  misrule,  2  :435;  Property 
and  poverty 2      438 

1751-1836 — James  Madison:  General  view 
of  the  power  proposed  to  be  vested 
in  the  union 7    2794 

1756-1836— Godwin:  Political  justice  and 

individual  growth 5    1911 

1757-1804  — Hamilton  :  War  between  the 

States  and  the  Union 6     2065 

1762-1814  —  Fichte:  Laws  of  nature 5    1719 

1766-1834  — Thomas  Robert  Malthus : 
Ratios  of  the  increase  of  population 
and  food 7    2810 

1767-1832— Jean  Baptiste   Say:   On  cost 

and  price 8    3241 

1767-1848  — John  Quincy  Adams  :  Prin- 
ciples in  politics 10    3949 

1770-1831  —  Georg    Wilhelm     Friedrich 

Hegel :  Law  and  liberty 6    2150 

1772-1823  — Ricardo:     The    influence  of 

demand  and  supply  on  prices 8    3240 

1772-1837— Francois  Marie  Charles  Four- 
ier: Decline  of  the  civilized  order, 
5: 1764;  Spoliation  of  the  social  body.   5     1761 

1776-1901— English  national  debt  due  to 

war 3    1121 

1780-1842  — William    Ellery    Channing: 

The  uselessness  of  rank 3      949 

1787-1788— The  Federalist 6    2337-41 


VOL.  PAGE 

1795-1881— Carlyle  :  «  Captains  of  Indus- 
try » 3      848 

«  Anarchy  Plus  the  Street  Constable  " 
in  America 3      873 

1798-1857— Comte  :  Industrial  develop- 
ment of  the  nineteenth  century 3     1130 

1799-1888— Alcott :  The  age  of  iron  and 

bronze 1      117 

1800-1859— Macaulay  :    «  Machiavelli  ». . .    7     2771 
Gladstone's  «  Church  and  State  » 7    2763 

1800-1900— Destruction  of  wealth  to  in- 
crease prices 5     1760 

1803-1882— Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  :  Aris- 
tocracy in  England 4    1634 

1805-1859— Tocqueville:  Resistance  to 
unjust  laws,  10  :  3800;  Tyranny  of  the 
majority,  10  : 3800;  Democracy  in 
America 10    3798-808 

1806-1873— Mill :  On  liberty,  8  :  2888;  Self- 
government,  8  :  2891;  The  dispositions 
to  oppress,  8  :2901;  Socialistic  tenden- 
cies      8    2900 

1818-1883— Karl  Marx:  The  buying  and 

selling  of  labor  power 7    2831 

1819-1861— Hugh  Arthur  Clough :   Some 

recent  social  theories 3     1051 

1819-1897— Dana  on  Conkling's  habits  as 

a  lawyer 3    1230 

1819-1900— Ruskin:    Mercantile   panics.    9    3314 

1820 — Herbert  Spencer :  Meddlesome  and 

coddling  paternalism 9    3513 

1821-1862— Henry  Thomas  Buckle:  Lib- 
erty a  supreme  good 2      678 

1822-1888— Sir     Henry     James     Sumner 

Maine :  The  law  of  nations 7     2799 

1824 — Ludwig   Biichner:   Woman's  brain 

and  rights 2      671 

1833-1900— Ingalls:    Climatic    influences 

in   politics 6     2294 

1838 — James  Bryce  :  Democracy  and  civic 

duty 2      666 

1844 — Edward    Carpenter:    Civilization — 

its  cure 3      887 


4°/S 


CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  OF  RELIGION    MORALS,  AND 

PHILOSOPHY 


c.  4004  B.  C.  to  1900  A.  D. 


VOL.  PAGE 

4004  B.  C.  (?)— Creation  of  Adam  and  Eve 

(Browne) 2      594 

2000  B.  C.  (?)— Beginnings  of  Brahman- 
ism  in  India 3    1225 

C.  1472  B.  C.  (?)  Moses,  Song  of —  2  :484; 
as  the  type  of  the  greatest  genius, 
6  :  2153;  Newman  on.  8  :  3051. 
1452  B.  C.    (?)-800   B.  C.  (?)  — Genesis 

(Coleridge),  3  :  1089;  (Ruskin) 9    3294 

c.  1200  B.  C— Song  of  Deborah 2      484 

c.  1050— (?)  B.  C— Book  of  Proverbs. ...    2      483 
1033-993  B.  C— David's  Psalms. .  .2  :483;  10    3924 

1015-975  B.  C— Book  of  Ecclesiastes 2      483 

1000— (? )  B.  C— Song  of  Solomon 2      484 

c.  800  B.  C— Homer  on  the  methods  of 

God 8    3157 

740-701  B.  C— Isaiah:  Byron  on 2      804 

722  B.  C.  (?)— Book  of  Job 6    2180 

629-580  B.C.— Jeremiah's  Lamentations.    2      484 
c.  620-572   B.  C— Ezekiel :   Compared  to 

^Eschylus 2      485 

c.  560  B.  C— Buddha  and  his  creed 3    1222 

c.  429-347  B.  C— Plato:  The  immortal- 
ity of  the  soul,  8:3138;  Platonic  ana- 
lects     8    3141 

c.  372-289  B.C.— Mencius:  Universal  love   8    2870 
C.  341-270  B.  C— Epicurus:    Of  modesty, 

opposed  to  ambition 5     1647 

106-43  B.  C—  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  :  On 

the  contempt  of  death 3      999 

c.  4    B.  C.-65    A.  D. —  Lucius    Annseus 

Seneca  :  On  anger 9     3403 

c.  34-67  A.  D.— St.  Paul  as  a  prophet  of 

progress 1      385 

c.  46  A.  D.-(?)— Plutarch  :  Concerning  the 

delay  of  the  Deity 8     3153 

c.  85  A.  D. — Ignatius  on   music,  cited   by 

Atterbury 1      278 

c.  95-c.  180  A.  D.— Arrian  :  The  «  Enchi- 
ridion » 1      243 

c.  121-180  A. D.— Marcus  Aurelius:  Medi- 
tations on  the  highest  usefulness 1      291 

c.  155  A.  D. — Polycarp   martyred    under 

Aurelius 1      290 

First  to  Second  Century  A.  D.— Epic- 
tetus:  On  Providence,  5:1643;  How 
everything  may  be  done  acceptably 
to  the  gods 5    1645 

Second  Century  A.  D.— Aulus  Gellius: 
They  are  mistaken  who  commit  sins 
with  the  hope  of  remaining  con- 
cealed      5     1880 


VOL.  PAGE 

354-430  A.  D.— Saint  Augustine:  Con- 
cerning imperial  power  and  the 
kingdom  of  God,  1:286;  Kingdoms 
without  justice  like  unto  thievish 
purchases,  1:288;  Domestic  manifes- 
tations of  the  Roman  spirit  of  con- 
quest     1      288 

570-632— Mohammed :    His    theories    of 

paradise 8    3046 

597-600— Anglo-Saxons  converted    to 

Christianity 7     2608 

c.  656  A.  D.— The  Koran  on  a  future  life  .    8    3046 

1000-1500   A.  D.— Persian  mysticism. 

Sufi  poetry 1      129 

C.  1225-1274— St.  Thomas  Aquinas  :  The 
effects  of  love,  1 :  173;  Of  hatred,  1 : 
175;  What  is  happiness? 1       176 

1265-1321— Dante,  Alighieri :  Concerning 

certain  horrible  infirmities 4    1247 

c.  1340-1400— Geoffrey  Chaucer:  On  get- 
ting and  using  riches 3      971 

1371— Sir  John  Mandeville:  A  Mohamme- 
dan on  Christian  vices 7     2816 

C.  1380-1471— Thomas  a  Kempis:  Of  wis- 
dom and  providence  in  our  actions,  6  : 
2428;  Of  works  done  in  charity,  6  : 
2430;  Of  a  retired  life 6    2432 

1414 — Huss  condemned  by  the  council  of 

Constance 2      598 

c.  1422-1491 — Caxton:  Concerning  nobil- 
ity and  true  chivalry 3      918 

1431— Jeanne  d' Arc  burned 8    2881 

1450-1455— Mazarin    Bible     (first    book 

printed) 6     2048 

1488-1568— Miles  Coverdale-  On  translat- 
ing the  Bible 3    1159 

1489-1556— Thomas  Cranmer:  This  trou- 
blesome world 3    1186 

1500-1901 — Religious  war  as  a  sequence 

of  sensuality  (Doumic) 4    1449 

1509-1547— Henry  VIII.  and  the  Church 

of  England 2      578 

1517— Beginnings  of  the  Reformation 10    3963 

1532— Luther  translates  the  Bible 7    2690 

1533-1592  — Michel  Eyquem  de  Mon- 
taigne: Of  prayers  and  the  justice  of 
God 8     2983 

1535— Coverdale  in  his  translation  of  the 

Bible 3    1160 

c.  1553-1600— Hooker  on  the  laws  an- 
gels do  work  by 6     2229 

1554— Latimer  on  trial 1       25 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   RELIGION,  MORALS,  PHILOSOPHY      4079 


VOL.  PAGE 

1554-1586— Sir  Philip  Sidney:  The  uni- 
verse no  chance  medley 9    3429 

1556— Cranmer  burned 3    1186 

1571-1630— Kepler:    On  thinking    God's 

thoughts 3     1055 

1575-1624— Jacob  Bohme:  Paradise 2      508 

1584-1654 — John  Selden:  Evil  speaking, 
9:3400;  The  measure  of  things,  9: 
3400;  Wisdom 9    3401 

1592-1671— Comenius:  "The  Ultimate 

End  of  Man  beyond  This  L,ife  » 3    1123 

1596-1650— Descartes:  On  the  existence 

of  God 4    1353 

1605-1682— Sir  Thomas  Browne:  «  Religio 

Medici  » 2      575 

1608-1661— Thomas    Fuller:     « Upwards, 

Upwards » 5    1850 

1623-1662— Pascal:  On  selfishness 8    3103 

1630— Roger    Williams    arrives    in    New 

England 5    2008 

1632-1704— John  I<ocke:  Concerning  tol- 
eration and  politics  in  the  churches  .    7    2586 

1641-1698— Puritans,  Revelers,  and  other 

sects  under  Cromwell 5     2003 

1651-1715— Francois  de  Salignac  de  la 
Mothe  F6nelon  :  The  ideas  of  the 
mind  are  universal,  eternal,  and  im- 
mutable     5    1700 

1667-1745— Swift:       Against    abolishing 

Christianity  in  England 9    3653 

1672-1729— Sir  Richard  Steele:  Benig- 
nity     9    3582 

1678-1684— Bunyan  publishes  «  Pilgrim's 

Progress » 7    2719 

1689-1755— Montesquieu:    A  paradox  of 

Mr.  Bayle 8    2997 

1692-1752— Joseph  Butler  :     «  Does  God 

Put  Men  to  the  Test  ?  » 2      793 

1702-1751— Philip  Doddridge:  On  the 
power  and  beauty  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment    4    1431 

1703-1758— Jonathan  Edwards:  On  order, 

beauty,  and  harmony 4    1536 

1704 — John  I,ocke:  On  toleration  and  poli- 
tics in  the  churches 7     2586 

1712-1778— Jean    Jacques    Rousseau: 

Christ  and  Socrates 9    3283 

1723-1790— Adam  Smith:   Judging  others 

by  ourselves 9    3449 

1728-1774—  Oliver     Goldsmith:      Objects 

of  pity  as  a  diet 5     1958 

1743-1826— Jefferson  :  On  heresy  and  tol- 
eration      6    2356 

1744-1803— Johann  Gottfried  von  Herder: 

The  sublimity  of  primitive  poetry. .  .    6     2180 

1745-1833— Hannah  More:    "Moriana".    8    3001 

1754-1793 — Madame  Roland:  On  happi- 
ness, 9:3270;  Doing  good,  9:3271; 
Virtue  an  inspiration,  9:  3272;  The 
gift  of  silence,  9  :  3272;  Character  and 
association 9    3273 

1762-1814— Johann  Gottlieb   Fichte:  The 

blessedness  of  true  life 5    1713 

1763-1825— Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter: 

On  death 8    3259 

1763-1848— Francois  Ren6  Auguste,  Vis- 
count de  Chateaubriand:  "  The  Gen- 
ius of  Christianity  » 3      959 


VOL.  PACK 

1770-1831— Georg      Wilhelm     Friedrich 

Hegel :  Religion,  art,  and  philosophy   6     2151 

1770-1850— William  Wordsworth  .  Epi- 
taphs  10    3934 

1772-1801—"  Novalis  '»:    Eternity,  8  :  3062; 

The  transports  of  death 8    3063 

1772-1834— William   Wirt:    A  preacher  of 

the  old  school 10    3925 

1779-1843— Washington  Allston  :  Art  and 

religion 1      155 

1780-1847— Thomas  Chalmers :  A  mys- 
tery of  good  and  evil 3      930 

1782-1854— l,amennais:  On  atheism 3     1059 

1785-1854— Wilson  :  On  sacred  poetry... 10    3920 

1789-1859— Sir  James  Stephen  :  Chris- 
tianity and  progress 9    3599 

1791-1865— L,ydia  H.  Sigourney:    The 

end  of  all  perfection 9    3433 

1792-1822— Percy  Bysshe  Shelley:    On 

good  and  bad  actions 9    3421 

1801-1890— Cardinal  Newman  :  Inspira- 
tion and  higher  criticism 8     3049 

1803-1857— Douglas  Jerrold  :    Barbarism 

in  Birdcage  Walk 6    2375 

1803-1882— Ralph    Waldo     Emerson: 

Character,  4  :  1575;  I^ove 4    1608 

1805-1872— Mazzini:     On     religion     and 

revolution 8    2860 

1806-1854— Emile  Souvestre:  Misan- 
thropy and  repentance 9    3497 

1806-1873— Mill  on  intolerance 8    2895 

1809-1882— Charles  Robert  Darwin  :  The 
survival  of  the  fittest,  4  :  1262  ;  Re- 
ligion and  evolution 4    1268 

1812 — Samuel    Smiles:   Men  who  cannot 

be  bought 9    3439 

1815-1857— Rufus  Wilmot  Gr  is  wold: 
Roger  Williams  and  his  controver- 
sies      5     2008 

1819-1891— James  Russell  IyOwell  :  Po- 
etry and  religion 7    2675 

1819-1900— John  Ruskin:  Infinity,  9  :  3310; 
The  society  of  nature,  9:3310;  Im- 
mortality of  the  Bible 9    3315 

1821-1881— Amiel:  Worldliness  of  preach- 
ing     1       168 

1822-1888— Matthew  Arnold:   Sweetness 

and  Ljght 1      239 

1827— Keble  :  «  The  Christian  Year  » 10    3922 

1827-1900— St.  George  Mivart :  Happi- 
ness in  hell 8     2922 

1828— Tolstoi:  Religion,  science  and  mo- 
rality  10    3810 

1850-1894— Robert  I^ouis  Stevenson  :  The 
heaven  of  noble  failure,  9  :  3617;  The 
door  of  immortality 9     3619 

1852 — Kuno  Fischer  :  The  central  prob- 
lem of  the  world's  life 5     1734 

1859 — Moncure     Daniel     Conway:      The 

natural  history  of  the  Devil 3     1142 

1880— Robert     Needham     Cust :     Buddha 

and  his  creed,  3:  1222;  Brahman  ethics   3     1225 

1888 — Frances  Power  Cobbe:  The  scien- 
tific spirit  of  the  age 3    1055 

1890—"  Dreams  »  by  Olive  Schreiner :  In  a 
ruined  chapel,  9  :  3379;  The  gardens  of 
pleasure,  9:  3384;  In  a  far-off  world, 
9,  3385;  The  artist's  secret 9    3386 


4080 


CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX  OF  PERIODS  AND   EVENTS 


3000  B.  C. — 1901  A.  D. 


From  the  First  Dynasty  in  Fgypt  to    the 
Birth  of  Christ,  c.  3000  B.  C*  to  1  A.  D. 

VOL.  PAGE 

c.  3000  B.  C— Beginning  of  Egyptian  civi- 
lization     6     2442 

C.  3000-c.  2000    B.  C— Aryan    origin    of 

European  languages  and  history. ...    8     3044 

2000-608    B.  C— The    Assyrian    Empire 

(Krapotkin) 6     2442 

1183-700  B.  C. — Trojan  war  and  the  Ho- 
meric age  (Jebb) 6     2343 

1033-993  B.  C— David   lives  and    writes 

the  Psalms 2: 483;  10    3924 

993-953  B.  C. — Solomon  founds  a  school 
of  singers  in  the  temple,  2  :  491;  writes 
Ecclesiastes 2      483 

975-750  B.  C— Egypt  under  the  twelfth 

dynasty 3      979 

549-331  B.  C— Persian  Empire 6    2442 

546    B.  C. — Croesus    taken    prisoner    by 

Cyrus 8    2950 

c.  440  B.C. — Aspasia's  influence  at  Athens  1        15 

401  B.C. — Xenophon's  march  to  the  sea..    4    1581 

399  B.C.— Socrates  drinks  the  hemlock  . .    8    3136 

c.  342  B.C.— Alexander  the  Great  taught 

by  Aristotle 1      189 

325-4  B.  C— Harpalus  bribes  Demosthe- 
nes     9    3443 

C.  325-4  B.  C. — Phocian's  refusal  of  Alex- 
ander's bribe 5     1695 

C.  250  B.  C— Regulus  put  to  death 9    3594 

218-183   B.C.— Hannibal    and    his    wars 

with  the  Romans 8    2996 

113-101  B.  C— Cimbrian  war  with  Rome: 

Tacitus  on 10    3695 

102-101  B.  C— Marius  defeats  the  Ger- 
mans   10    3695 

100  B.  C.-400  A. D.— Domestic  manifesta- 
tions of  the  Roman  spirit  of  conquest   1      288 

88-82  B.  C— Sylla  and  Marius,  wars  of . . .    1      289 

58  B.C.— Caesar  defeats  the  Germans 10    3695 

27  B.C. -14  A. D.— Augustus    Caesar   and 

his  courtiers 3     1204 


From  the  Birth  of  Christ  to  the  Invention  of 
Printing— 1  A.  D.  to  c.  1450  A.  D. 

1-33— State  of  the  world  at  the  time  of 

Christ 8  3224 

9— Varus  defeated  by  the  Germans,  8: 2975;  10  3695 

42— Nero's  murder  of  Paetus  and  Arria 9  3573 


*3892  B.  C.f  according  to  Lepsius. 


VOL.  PAGE 

c.  50-400 — Euxury  of  Roman  decadence. . .    7  2820 

c.  55-117 — Germany  in  the  time  of  Tacitus  10  3674 

79— The  destruction  of  Pompeii 8  3146 

177 — Persecutions  under  Aurelius 1  290 

180-192 — Commodus  as  a  monster 5  1669 

284-476— Decadence  of  the  Roman  Empire  7  2820 

300-1100— Gothic  civilization  in  Europe..    6  2442 

321-400 — Arian  heresy:  Browne  on   2  581 

363 — Julian's  Persian  expedition 7  2820 

363— Death  of  Julian  the  Apostate 8  2956 

449 — Anglo-Saxons  settle  in  England 10  3706 

450-1200— Anglo-Saxon  habits 7  2007 

465-584— Heptarchy,  The,  in  England. . .  .10  3709 
465-1066 — Saxon  kings  reign  for  six  cen- 
turies     7  2606 

476— Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic  (Gib- 
bon)     5  1900 

500-900 — The  origin  of  the  modern  world 

(Taine) 10  3711 

500-1500— The    Middle    Ages:    Hallam's 

view  of 6  2045 

510— Boethius,  consul  at  Rome 2  504 

597-(?) — Anglo-Saxons  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity     7  2608 

732 — Charles   Martel   saves   Europe   from 

the  Moors 4  1462 

786-1042— Danes  in  England 10  3705 

800-900— Danes  in  England 10  3705 

800-1400— Norsemen  and  Normans 4  1636 

894-97 — Alfred    the    Great    originates   na- 
tional militia 2  478 

1000-1500 — Aristotle's    influence    on    me- 
diaeval thought 1  188 

1042 — Hardicanute  dies  in  a  revel 7  2609 

1042-1066— Edward  the   Confessor,   mili- 
tary system  of 2  478 

1046-1099— The  Cid  and  the  Moorish  wars.  10  3792 

1066-1750 — Norman  conquest  and  feudal 

law 2  479 

1070(?l — Founders  of  the  house  of  lords 

as  thieves  and  pirates  (Emerson) ...    4  1637 

1070-87— William  the   Conqueror's  mili- 
tary system 2  478 

1100-1200— Universities    in    the     twelfth 

century 5  1862 

1170— Paper  made  from  linen  rags 4  1462 

1171 — Henry  II.  of  England  and  the  con- 
quest of  Ireland 5  1902 

1200-1650 — Mediaeval  goldmakers  and  the 

philosopher's  stone 7  2554 

1265— First  English  Parliament  called  by 

De  Montfort 3  1099 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   PERIODS   AND   EVENTS 


4081 


VOL.  PAGE 

1265— Battle  of  Evesham  lost  by  De  Mont- 
fort  3    1099 

1274— Difference    between    Eastern    and 

Western  churches 1       173 

1281-1345— Richard  De  Bury,  Chancellor 

of  England 2      790 

1300-1800— Army  in  England,  Blackstone 

on 2      478 

1304-74 — Petrarch  begins  the  Renaissance  8    3117 

c.  1325-1345— library  of  Durham  College 

founded  by  De  Bury  and  others 2      790 

1340 — Gunpowder  as  the  beginning  of  a 

great  epoch 4     1463 

1350-1900 — Development  of  modern  civili- 
zation in  Europe 4    1461 

1356 — Edward  the  Black  Prince  and  John 

of  France 2      551 

1362— English    introduced    in    courts   of 

England 5    1862 

1374 — Chaucer  as  comptroller  of  customs.    3      970 

1400-1500— Fortesque  on  English   life  in 

the  fifteenth  century 3    1062 

1414 — Huss  condemned  by  council  of  Con- 
stance      2      598 

1422-1461 — Standing    armies    introduced 

by  Charles  VII.  of  France 2      479 

1431— Death  of  Jeanne  D' Arc 8    2881 

1450-1500— Early  printing 4    1404 


Modern  Times  —  From  the  Invention  of 
Printing  to  the  Twentieth  Century  — 
c. 1450-1901. 

1450-1600 — Women    during   the    Renais- 
sance      4    1442 

1451-1504— Isabella  of  Spain 8    3190 

1453— Constantinople  falls 4    1569 

1469-1527  —  Machiavelli     and     his     time 

(Macaulay) 7    2771 

c.  1476— First  book  printed  in  England. . .    3      918 
1485-1509— Henry    VII.  introduces    body 

guards  in  England 2      478 

1492— Discovery  of  America  as  it  affected 

civilization 4    1464 

1497 — Vasco  de  Gama  doubles  the  Cape. . .    4    1464 
1500-1600— Sensuality    of    the    sixteenth 

century 4     1449 

1509-1547— Henry  VIII.  and  the  Church  of 

England 2      578 

1519-1521 — Magellan  circumnavigates  the 

world 4    1464 

1521— Luther  at  Worms 2      698 

1532— Luther  translates  the  Bible 7     2690 

1533-1584— William  the  Silent   8    3025 

1533-1592— Montaigne  and  his  time 2      452 

1535 — Execution  of  Sir  Thomas  More 5    1668 

1545-1563 -Council  of  Trent  (Bacon) 1      335 

1553-1558— Religion  under  Mary  in  Eng- 
land      1        25 

1553— Queen  Mary  imprisons  Coverdale. .    3     1159 
1554— Latimer's  behavior  when  on  trial.  .    1        25 

1556— Cranmer  burned 3     1186 

1558-1603— Elizabethan   era,  Carlyle   on, 
3  :  861;  Elizabeth  s  reign  and  its  great 

men 5    1993-2001 

1567-1579— Philip  of  Spain  in  the  Nether- 
lands      8    3026 

X — 256 


VOL.  PAGE 

1578-1657— Harvey  and  the  discovery  of 

the  circulation  of  the  blood 4  1465 

1586— The  battle  of  Zutphen 9  3426 

1587— Mary  Queen  of  Scots  executed 8  2951 

c.  1589— Martin  Marprelate  controversies.   7  2698 

1594-1643— John  Hampden:  Clarendon  on  3  1022 

1603-1625— Morals  under  James  1 8  3087 

1620-1700— The    Puritans  in    New  Eng- 
land     5  2012 

1631-1684— Roger  Williams  and  his  con- 
troversies      5  2008 

1633— Galileo  in  prison 4  1465 

1633— Prynne  before  the  Star  Chamber. . .  10  3866 
1642-1658— Cromwell    and    his   Ironsides 

(Green) 5  2001 

1644-1718— William  Penn 5  2011 

1649-1658 — Cromwell's     government     by 

the  «  Mailed  Hand  » 7  2563 

1649-1660— Milton's  work  as  a  political 

pamphleteer 8  2902 

1653 — Cromwell  dissolves  Parliament 7  2563 

1660— Stuart  Restoration  in  England 5  1818 

1665-1689— Locke's  public  career 7  2572 

1689-1702— William  of  Orange  and  Eng- 
lish literature 3  967 

1694-1778— Voltaire  and  his  work 9  3336 

1700-1800— Eighteenth-century   England 

(Francis  Hopkinson) 10  3973 

1701-1714— Bolingbroke's  rise  and  fall  ...    2  513 
1702-1714— Queen  Anne's  reign  and  its 

literature 3  967 

1703— Defoe  pilloried 4  1283 

1705 — Virginia    law    disfranchises    here- 
tics     6  2356 

1712-1800— Rousseau,    Robespierre,     and 

the  French  Revolution 7  2547 

1714-1727— Addison  and  the  Whigs  under 

George  1 1  19 

1714— House  of  Hanover  in  England 9  3323 

1744— Chesterfield  in  public  life 3  981 

1748-1832— Bentham  and  his  influence...    2  435 
1751-1772— Condorcet  and  the  French  En- 
cyclopaedia      3  1132 

1757-1804— Hamilton's  life  and  work 6  2062 

1760-1820— Corruption  under  George  III..   4  1634 
1764-1783— James  Otis  and  the  beginning 

of  the  American  Revolution 6  2062 

1764 — Death  of  Madame  de  Pompadour...    1  391 
1765-1901— Watt  and  the  age  of  steam. . .    6  2360 
1769-1821— Career    of    Napoleon     Bona- 
parte      8  3219 

1769— "Junius"  to  the  Duke  of  Grafton..    6  2409 
1771-1772— Delolme   on   the  constitution 

of  England 4    1291-7 

1774— Jay  on  the  Congress  of  1774 6  2340 

1774-1783 — Paine  and  the  American  Revo- 
lution     8  3094 

1775— The    American    Revolution :    Wal- 

pole  on 10  3880 

1776-1812— Jefferson  and  the  influence  of 

French  philosophy  in  America 4  1298 

1776-1820— England  demoralized  by  the 

Revolutionary  War 3  1119 

1776-1828— Americans  of  the  Golden  Age 

(Cobbett) 3  1061 

1776-1901— English  national  debt  due  to 

war  in  America 3  1120 

1776 — Government  salaries  to  clergy  abol- 
ished in  Virginia 6  2355 


4082 


CHRONOLOGICAL   INDEX   OF   PERIODS  AND   EVENTS 


VOL.  PAGE 

1776— "  Wealth  of   Nations,"  written   by 

Adam  Smith 9    3449 

1780— Arnold  and  Andre  :  Bancroft  on 1      396 

1784 — Jefferson  writes  in  favor  of  tolera- 
tion     6    2354 

1787-1788— Federalist  essays  written 6    2062 

1787-1789— The  Federal  Constitution  in 

the  United  States 10    3803 

1787— Impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings.    7     2731 

1788— Warren  Hastings  tried 7    2731 

1788— Locke's  influence  on  the  American 

Constitution 7    2571 

1789-1795— Jay     first      Chief-Justice     of 

United  States 6    2337 

1789-1797 — Life  of  the  American  people 

under  Washington 3     1062 

1789-1797— Washington's  administration: 

Jefferson  on 6    2063 

1789-1800 — French   Revolutionary  period 

(Brougham) 2      554 

1789-1802— The  guillotine  in  France 3    1194 

1792-1800— Cobbett's  visit  to  America 3    1061 

1793— Madame  Roland  executed 9    3266 

1793 — Republican  constitution  in  France.    7    2547 
1796-1810 — Nineteenth-century  ideas  and 

«  The  Career  Open  to  Talent  » 3      867 

1797-1835— Cobbett  as  a  reformer 3    1061 

1798-1803— Malthus  on  births  and  deaths 

in  United  States 7    2812 

1798 — Virginia  Resolutions  in  America. . .    7     2794 
1800— Presidential  election  of  1800  and  its 

issues 6    2064 

1800-1850— Industrial   development    first 

half  of  nineteenth  century  (Comte). .    3     1130 
1800-1900— Destruction  of  the  Indians  — 

prophesied  by  Malthus 7    2813 

1800-1900— Nineteenth-century  progress.    6     2299 
1803 — Louisiana  Purchase  and  Jefferson's 

ideal 6    2064 

1806-1809— Embargo  on  the  United  States  6    2064 

1808-1830— Carbonari  societies 8    2859 

1809-1817— Madison,  fourth  president  of 

United  States 7    2794 

1809-1898— Gladstone's  career 5    1906 

1815— Battle  of  Waterloo 3    1188 

1815— The  old  guard  at  Waterloo 3     1188 

1820— Trial  of  Queen  Caroline  (Brougham)   2      553 

1821— Napoleon's  death  (Bancroft) 1      392 

1822-1891— Plon-Plon,  the  last  of  the  Na- 
poleons     7    2711 

1830 — Arago  in  the  French  Chamber  of 

Deputies 1      179 

1830-1834—  Brougham,    Lord    Chancellor 

of  England 2      553 

1830-1859— Macaulay's  public  life 7    2718 

1831-1872—  Horace   Greeley,  in  journal- 
ism and  politics 5     1985 

1832 — Anti-Masonic     campaign     in     the 

United  States 10    3925 

1833— Newman  and  the  Oxford  tracts.  ...    8    3049 
1834 — Mazzini   organizes  the  Young  Eu- 
rope Association 8    2859 

1834 — Visit  of  Harriet  Martineau  to  Amer- 
ica      7     2826 


VOL.  PAGE 

1844 — Bunsen  recommends  concessions  to 

German  Constitutionalists 2      698 

1845-1855 — Turgenieff  and  emancipation 

in  Russia 10    3833 

1846-1848— Mexican  War  as  a  war  of  con- 
quest      7    2657 

1847-1897— Charles    Anderson    Dana,    in 

politics  and  journalism 3     1227 

1848— Louis  Philippe's  fall 1      179 

1848-1849— German  Revolution:  Blind  im- 
prisoned      2      498 

1849— Roman    Republic     established     by 

Mazzini 8    2859 

1849-1850 — Germany  after  the  revolution 

of  1848 2      662 

1850-1860— Curtis  on  New  York  society 

before  the  civil  war 3     1212-21 

1850-1860— English  aristocracy:  Emerson 

on 4    1634 

1850-1900— O'Rell  on  recent  English  con- 
quests    8    3070 

1853-1856— The    Crimean    War,    and    its 

causes 4    1541 

1855 — Tolstoi  at  the  storming  of  Sebasto- 

pol 10    3809 

1859-1888— Conkling's  career  in  politics: 

Dana  on 3    1227 

1861— Italian  unity  under  Cavour 8     2859 

1861-1865— Lincoln    and    the    civil    war 

(''Mark  Twain  ») 10    3846 

1861-1870— Motley  in  American  diplo- 
macy    8    3025 

1861-1881— Civil  War  and  Garfield's  ca- 
reer     5    1861 

1862— Maury  in  the  Confederate  navy 7    2854 

1863-1867— French  imperialism  in  Mexico  7    2714 

1866 — Castelar  in  the  Spanish  rising  of 

1866 3      899 

1866-1876 — Reconstruction  and  corrup- 
tion :  Dana  on 3     1229 

1866 — The  last  word  of  the   Confederacy 

(Robert  E.  Lee) 10    3977 

1868-1876— Office  selling  in  America 3    1229 

1870-1901 — Influence  of  nineteenth  cen- 
tury reaction  on  literature  of  Eng- 
land      3     1048 

1872-1876— The  second  Grant  adminis- 
tration :  Smiles  on 9    3442 

1874-1880 — Beaconsfield  premier  of  Eng- 
land   10    3821 

1876 — President's     private     secretary     a 

dealer  in  whisky 3     1229 

1880-1901 — Lubbock's  public  services  in 

England 7    2677 

1881— Garfield  assassinated  July  2d 5    1861 

1881 — Garfield's  administration  and  Conk- 
ling's attitude 3    1228 

1883-1901— John  Morley  in  Parliament..    8    3015 

1888 — Bryce  on  American  democracy 2      668 

1888— Death  of  Roscoe  Conkling  (Charles 

Anderson  Dana) 3    1227 

1899-1901— Boer  war  in  South  Africa 9    3659 

1901—"  Mark  Twain  »  on  Lincoln  and  the 

Civil  War 10    3846 


4083 


GENERAL  INDEX 


1 

3 

1 

7 

10 

4001 

1 

246 

8 

3001 

10 

4000 

5 

1688 

1 

372 

1 

177 

VOL.  PAGE 

Abbotsford,  home  of  Sir  Walter  Scott 3    1054 

Abbott,  John  S.  C. 

A  classmate  of  Hawthorne 6     2110 

A'Becket,  Gilbert  A. 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  True  Principles  of  Law 10    3949 

Abelard  and  H616ise 

Tomb  in  Pere  Lachaise 7    2621 

as  an  example  of  culture 1      241 

Abercrombie,  John 

Biography 1  1 

Essay  : 

The  General  Nature  and  Objects  of 

Science 

His  scientific  definition  of  art 

Abuses  in  Politics,  Tucker  on 10 

Accidents  and  the  Mind 

Accomplishments,  Hannah  More  on 8 

Accusation  and  expostulation,  Thucydides 

on 

Achates 

Achilles,  «  A  splendid  savage." 

Action,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  on 

Adam,  Madame 

Biography 1        13 

Essay  : 

Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century   1        13 

Adam  and  Eve,  Sir  Thomas  Brown  on 2      594 

Adam  to  Eve  in  Milton 

Quoted  by  Budgell 2      687 

Adams,  John 

His  relations  with  Hamilton  and  Jef- 
ferson      6    2064 

Adams,  John  Quincy 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Principles  in  Politics 10    3949 

Liberty  and  Eloquence 10     3949 

Addison,  Joseph 

Biography 1        17 

Essays  : 

The  Spectator  Introduces  Himself.    1        20 

The  Message  of  the  Stars 1        23 

The     Extension    of    the    Female 

Neck 1        27 

The  Philosophy  of  Puns 1        30 

Wit  and  Wisdom  in  Literature....    1        33 

Women's  Men  and  Their  Ways 1        39 

The  Poetry  of  the  Common  People  1        42 

Chevy  Chase 1        47 

The  Vision  of  Mirza 1        53 

The     Unaccountable      Humor     in 

Womankind 1        57 

"  Dominus  Regit  Me  " 1        60 

Homer  and  Milton 1        63 

The  Mountain  of  Miseries 1        67 

Steele  Introduces  Sir  Roger  deCov- 

erley 1        72 

Addison  Meets  Sir  Roger 1        77 

Sir  Roger  at  Home 1        80 


Addison,  Joseph  —  Continued 

Essays  —  Continued                                  vol.  page 

Will  Wimble  Is  Introduced 1  83 

The  Coverley  Ghosts 1  86 

Sunday  with  Sir  Roger 1  89 

The  Spectator  Returns  to  London.    1  92 

Sir  Roger  again  in  London 1  95 

Sir  Roger  in  Westminster  Abbey. .    1  98 

Sir  Roger's  Views  on  Beards 1  101 

Sir  Roger  at  the  Play 1  103 

Death  of  Sir  Roger 1  107 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Conversation  in  Confidence 10  3949 

Conversation  in  Crowds 10  3949 

Love  and  Ridicule 10  3949 

Courtship 10  3950 

Manners  and  Civilization 10  3950 

and  his  friends,  by  Macaulay 7  2746 

characterized  by  Taine 1  17 

his  love  of  classical  verse 1  19 

his  syntax  sometimes  slovenly 1  18 

Landor  on,  and  Steele 7  2486 

Lord  Ly ttelton  on 10  3980 

on  English  taste  as  Gothic 1  37 

Thackeray  on  his  vanities  and  virtues .  10  3747 

Admiration    not    excited    by  the  greatest 

art 1  308 

A  dream  upon  the  universe,  by  Richter 8  3253 

Adventurer,  The 

Bathurst,  a  writer  for 1  399 

Hawkesworth  in 6  2105 

Hester  Chapone,  a  contribution  to 3  954 

Adversity  as  a  blessing  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment     1  316 

Thomas  a  Kempis  on 6  2429 

Advice 

Colton  on  giving  advice 3  1115 

Francis  Guicciardini  on 10  3970 

iEgir,  the  sea  demon 3  853 

iElfric's  colloquies 7  2618 

vElian 

His  account  of  Zoilus  cited 1  101 

.Eschylus 

Compared  to  Milton  by  Macaulay 7  2751 

Dante  and  Shakespeare 4  1583 

makes  dialogue  important  in  tragedy.    1  194 

-<Esop 

Cited  by  Bacon 1  331 

Morals  from  (Sir  Roger  l'Estrange)  ..10  3978 

The  cat  who  became  a  woman  (Bacon)    1  348 

The  cock  and  the  barleycorn  (cited).    1  364 

The  fly  on  the  wheel 1  340 

-Esthetics 

(See  Art,  Beauty,  etc.) 

Burke  on  the  sublime  and  beautiful.. . .    2  720 

Ruskin«s  work  in  art 9  3285 

Schelling  on  nature  and  art 9  3340 

Schiller  on  beauty 9  3351 

Uses  of  beauty 9  3316 

Wieland  on  beauty  and  use 10  3906 


4084 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Afghan  literature                                  vol.  page 
«  Love  Songs  of  the  Afghans,"  by  Dar- 
mesteter 4    1251 

Africa 

African  standard  of  female  beauty —  4  1412 

Bedouin  poetry 2  782 

Burton  and  Speke  expedition 2  777 

Olive  Schreiner,  born  in  Cape  Town. . .  9  3379 

Africa,  Ancient 

St.  Augustine  born  in  Numidia 1      286 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe 

Biography 1      HO 

Essays  : 

Relations    between    Animals    and 
Plants     and     the     Surrounding 

World 1      HI 

Relations    of    Individuals    to   One 

Another 1      H2 

Mutual  Dependence  of  the  Animal 
and  Vegetable  Kingdoms 1      115 

Age  of  Miracles 

Carlyle  on 3  845 

"Age  of  Reason,"  by  Thomas  Paine  (cited)    8  3094 

« A  Glorious  Victory, »  by  John  Tillotson  ...  10  4000 

Agnosticism 

Abercrombie    and    Huxley:    How   re- 
lated to  scientific  agnosticism 1  1 

Agriculture 

Clover  and  bees,  Darwin  on 4  1267 

Industry  and  manufacture,  Comte  on .  3  1130 

Agrippina,  Farrar  on  her  heredity 5  1669 

"Ahasver,"  the  Wandering  Jew 2  503 

Ahriman,  the  Persian  Satan 3  1143 

Aicard,  M.  Jean 

Translator  of  «  Othello" 3     1034 

Aikin,  Lucy 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Court 10    3950 

( Besant ) 2      447 

Aims,  Immanuel  Kant  on 10    3975 

Akenside 

■  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination, »  quoted   2      490 
Albertus  Magnus,  teacher  of  St.  Thomas 

Aquinas 1      173 

Alchemists  and  their  work 7     2554 

Alcibiades  and  Socrates 5     1873 

as  a  dandy 6    2214 

Alcoran,  as  an  «  Ill-Composed  Piece  » 2      596 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson 

Biography 1      H' 

Essays: 

The  Age  of  Iron  and  Bronze 1      117 

Hawthorne 1      I'20 

Sleep  and  Dreams 1      122 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Egotists  in  Monologue 10    3950 

Aldus  and  Caxton 4    1373 

Alexander,  Archibald 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Natural  Scenery 10    3950 

Alexander  the  Great 

Caxton  on  his  counselors 3      919 

Taught  by  Aristotle 1      189 

Alexander's  Empire  ( Krapotkin) 6     2442 

Alfred  the  Great 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Equal  Nobility  of  Original  Hu- 
man Nature 10    3950 

Compared  to  Washington  by  Freeman   5     1795 

His  work  eulogized  by  Longfellow 7    2617 

Longfellow  on  his  education  and  char- 
acter     7     2605 


Alfred  the  Great  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Originates  national  militia 2  478 

Translation  from  Boethius 0  2    504-7 

Alger,  William  Rounseville 

Biography 1  125 

Essays  : 

The  Lyric  Poetry  of  Persia 1  125 

Algiers,  Jerrold  on  the  war  in 6  2379 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald 

Biography 1  135 

Essays: 

The  Future  of  America 1  135 

Homer,  Dante,  and  Michael  Angelo   1  138 

Allan,  John,  adopts  Edgar  Allan  Poe 8  3160 

Allegory 

Hacho  of  Lapland,  by  Joseph  Warton.10  3890 

Hawthorne  a  master  of 6  2110 

Macaulay  on  Bunyan's  work  in  alle- 
gory      7  2721 

Omar,  the  son  of  Hassan 6  2384 

«  Prose  Poems, »  by  Turgenieff 10  3833 

«  The  Dream  of  Fame, »  by  Steele 9  3585 

"The  Hall  of  Fantasy,"  Hawthorne...    6  2111 

«  The  Ring  of  Gyges,"  by  Steele 9  3575 

Zadig  and  his  method 6  2276 

Allen,  Grant 

Biography 1  142 

Essay: 

Scientific    Aspects   of    Falling   in 

Love 1  142 

Alleyn,  John,  a  correspondent  of  Frank- 
lin     5  1771 

Alliteration  in  Saxon  poetry 7  2510 

All   men   of  the   same   clay  — Bernard    le 

Bovier  de  Fontenelle 10  3967 

Allston,  Washington 

Biography 1  149 

Essays : 

Human  Art  and  Infinite  Truth 1  149 

Praise  as  a  Duty 1  154 

Life  as  a  Test  of  Fitness 1  155 

Art  and  Religion 1  155 

The  Apollo  Belvedere 1  153 

"Almagest"   of  Ptolemy  quoted 2  791 

«  Almanac,  Poor  Richard's  » 5  1771 

«  Almighty  Dollar,  The  »  (Washington  Irv- 
ing)  10  3973 

Alric  and  Eric,  Duel  of 4  1636 

Alva,  The  Duke  of 8  2963 

« Amadis  de  Gaul  »  cited  by  Montaigne 8  2962 

Ambition  and  modesty,  Epicurus  on 5  1647 

Amendment.  Francis  Guicciardini  on 10  3970 

America  (See  United  States.) 

A  final  word  on,  by  Matthew  Arnold. .    1  231 

The  future  of  (Gulian  C.  Verplanck).  .10  4002 
American  character 

Cobbett  on 3  1065 

"American     Commonwealth,"     The,      by 

James  Bryce 2  666 

American  Essayists 

Adams, John  Ouincy  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3949 

Agassiz,  Louis— (Essays) 1  HO 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson  —  ( Essays) 1  117 

(Celebrated  Passages)..  10  3950 

Alger,  William  Rounseville— (Essay).    1  125 

Allston,  Washington  —  ( Essays) .' 1  149 

Anthony,  Susan  B.— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3950 

Arnold,    Benedict  —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3951 

Audubon,  John  James  —  (Essays) 1  279 

Ballou,  Hosea  —  (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3952 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4085 


American  Essayists—  Continued        vol.  page 

Bancroft.  George— (Essay) 1      389 

Bartol,  C.  A  -•  (Celebrated  Passages) ..  10  3952 
Beecher,  Henry  Ward  —  (Essays)  ....    2      430 

— (Celebrated  Passages)..  10    3954 

Beecher,    I,yman  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages). . . . .' 10    3954 

Bigelow  John  —  (Celebrated  Passages). 10    3954 
Bradford,  William  —  (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages)  10    3955 

Brewer,   Justice    David    J — (Essay  — 

Preface) 1    xiii 

Brooks,  Phillips—  (Ce  le  bra  ted  Pas- 
sages)  10    3955 

Brown,    Charles   Erockden — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10    3955 

Brownson,    Orestes  A. — (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3955 

Bryant,  William  Cullen— (Essays) 2      659 

■ — (Celebrated  Passages)...  .10    3956 

Buckminster,  Joseph    Stevens — C  e  1  e- 

brated  Passages) .10    3956 

Burdette,  Robert  J.— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10    3956 

Burritt,  Elihu— (Essays) 2      757 

Burroughs,  John — (Essay) 2      763 

Calhoun,   John    C— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10    3957 

Catlin,  George— (Essay)   3      906 

Channing,  William  Ellery— ( Essays). .    3      945 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10    3958 

Child,  Lydia  Maria— ( Essay ) 3      991 

Choate,  Rufus— (Celebrated  Passages). 10    3959 

Clark,  Willis  Gay  lord— ( Essay) 3    1036 

Clarke,   James   Freeman — (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3959 

Collyer,  Robert— (Essay) 3     1100 

Cook,  Joseph— (Celebrated  Passages). .10    3960 
Cooke,   John  Esten  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10    3960 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel — (Essay).  ...  3  1142 
Cooper.  James  Fenimore — (Essays)...  3  1148 
Crevecoeur,  J.   Hector  St.    John    de — 

(Celebrated    Passages) 10    3963 

Curtis,  George  William—  (Essay) 3     1212 

Cushman,  Charlotte —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10    3963 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson  —  (Essay)....  3  1227 
Dana.,    Richard     Henry  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    8963 

Dennie,  Joseph  (Essay) 4    1298 

Dewey,  Orville — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages)    10    3964 

Dickinson,     John —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages). .    .  . 10    3964 

Draper.  John  W.— (Essay) 4    1461 

Dwight,    Timothy  —  (  Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10    3964 

Edwards,  Jonathan  —  (Essay) 4    1535 

Elliott,    Stephen— (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10    3965 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo  —  (Essays) 4    1574 

(Celebrated  Passages)...  10    3965 

Everett,    Alexander    H. —  (  Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3965 

Everett,     Edward  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10    3966 

Franklin,  Benjamin  — (Essays) 5     1769 

(Celebrated  Passages)   10    3967 

Frothingham  O   B.— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)    10    3967 

Garfield,  James  A  — (Essay) 5     1861 

(Celebrated  Passages)  ..10    3968 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3968 

Gayarre,     Charles  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10     3968 


American  Essayists—  Continued       vol. page 
George,  Henry  — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages)    10  3968 

Gladden,  Washington  —  (Celebrated 

Passages ) 10  3968 

Greeley,  Horace— (Essays) 5  1985 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot— (Essays). . .    5  2008 

(Celebrated  Passages) ...  .10  3970 

Hamilton,  Alexander  (Essay) 6  2062 

Hamilton,    Gail— (Ce  lebr  a  t  ed  Pas- 
sages)  10  3970 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 6  2110 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3971 

Headley,  J.  T.— (Celebrated  Passages) .  10  3971 
Hildreth,     Richard — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3972 

Holland,    Josiah   Gilbert — (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3972 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell— (Essays) 6  2201 

(Celebrated  Passages). .  ..10  3972 

Hopkins,   Mark — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)    10  3973 

Hopkinson,  Francis— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3973 

Ingalls,  John  James— (  Essay ) 6  2291 

Irving,  Washington—!  Essays ) 6  2301 

( Celebrated  Passages) 10  3973 

James,  Henry— (Celebrated  Passages). 10  3974 

Jay,  John— (Essay) 6  2337 

Jefferson,  Thomas — (Essay) 6  2354 

Kent,  James— (Celebrated  Passages).  .10  3975 
King,  Thomas  Starr — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3975 

Lanier,  Sidney — (Essay) 7  2496 

Ledyard,  John— (Celebrated  Passages.  10  3977 

Lee,  Robert  E-— (Celebrated  Passages). 10  3977 

Legare,  Hugh  Swinton— ( Essays) 7  2523 

Leland,  Charles  Godfrey— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3978 

Le   Vert,    Madame    Octavia    Walton— 

(Celebrated  Passages ) 10  3978 

Lieber,    Fran  c  is— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3979 

Lincoln,    Abraham— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3979 

Livingston,    Robert   R.— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3979 

Longfellow,    Henry   Wadsworth — (Es- 
says)     7  2604 

Lowell,  James  Russell — (Essays) 7  2657 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3980 

Madison,  James — ( Essay ) 7  2794 

Mann,  Horace — (Celebrated  Passages). 10  3981 
Marshall,  John— (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3982 
Mather,  Cotton— (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3982 
Mather,  Increase — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3983 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine — (Essay)...    7  2854 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant — (Essays) 8  2910 

Motley,  John  Lothrop — (Essay) 8  3025 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler — (Essays)..    8  3044 

Neal,  John — (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3984 

Norton,    Andrews — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3984 

Norton,  John— (Celebrated  Passages).  10  3984 
Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret   Fuller — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3985 

Otis,  James— (Celebrated  Passages). .  .10  3985 

Paine,  Thomas— ( Essay) 8  3094 

Parker,     Theodore — (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3985 

Paulding,    James     Kirke— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3986 

Penn,  William— (Celebrated  Passages).10  3986 
Phelps,  Austin— (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3986 
Phillips,     Wendell— (^Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3986 


40S6 


GENERAL   INDEX 


American  Essayists  —  Continued        vol.  page 
Pinkney,   William  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10    3986 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan— (Essays) 8    3160 

Prentice,  George  Denison — (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3987 

Prescott,  William  Hickling— ( Essays) .    8    3184 
Prime,   Samuel    Irenseus—  (Celebrated 

Passages ) 10    3987 

Proctor,  Richard  A.— (Essays) 8    3193 

Randolph,  John— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10     3989 

Red  Jacket  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) ...  10    3990 
Rumford,     Benjamin,     Count  — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10    3991 

Rush,     Benjamin  — (Celebrated      Pas- 
sages)  10    3991 

Sanderson,    John  —  ( Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)   10    3992 

Schaff,      Philip  — (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)   10    3992 

Schurz,  Carl  —  (Celebrated  Passages) . .  10    3992 
Sedgwick,    Catherine  M.—  (Celebrated 

Passages ) 10    3992 

Seward,  William  H.—  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10    3994 

Simms,  William  Gilmore—  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10     3994 

Smith,  Captain  John  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3995 

Sparks,  Jared  —  (Celebrated  Passages). 10    3996 
Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3996 

Stephen,    Alexander    H.— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3997 

Storrs,    Richard     Salter— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3997 

Story,    Joseph  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10    3997 

Sumner,     Charles— (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10    3998 

Taylor,     Bay  a rd  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10     3998 

Thoreau,  Henry  David—  (Essay) 10    3776 

( Celebrated  Passages) ...  10    4000 

Tickuor,  George  —  (  Essay ) 10    3791 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10    4000 

Tucker,    Nathaniel    Beverley  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10    4001 

Tuckerman,    Henry    Theodore  —  (Es- 
say)  10    3823 

«  Twain,  Mark  "—(Samuel  Langhorne 

Clemens)  (Essays) 10    3842 

( Celebrated  Passages) 10    4001 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C— (C  elebrated 

Passages) 10    4002 

«  Ward,    Artemus  "—  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10    4002 

Washington,  George—  (C  e  1  eb  rated 

Passages) 10    4002 

Webster,    Daniel— (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10    4003 

Webster,     Noah— (Celebrated      Pas- 
sages)  10     4003 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy  —  ( Essays) 10     3893 

Whitman,   W  a  It  — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10     4003 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf—  (Essay) 10    3899 

( Celebrated  Passages) ....  10    4003 

Williams,     Roger  —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)   10    4003 

Willis,  N.  P.—  (Celebrated  Passages) .  .10    4003 
Winter,     William  —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10    4004 

Winthrop,  John  — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   ' 10    4004 

Wirt,  William  —  (Essay) 10    3925 


VOL.  PAGE 

American  Idea,  The  (Theodore  Parker)..  .10    3985 

American  Indians,  The,  Dickens  on 4    1380 

American  literature 

(See  American  Essayists,   The  United 

States,   etc.) 
"Age   of  Reason,"  by  Thomas   Paine, 

cited 8    3094 

"American     Note     Books,"    by    Haw- 
thorne, quoted 10     3971 

« Autocrat    of   the    Breakfast    Table," 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 6    2202-17 

tt  Biglow    Papers, "    by   James    Russell 

Lowell 7    2657 

"Conquest  of   Mexico,"  etc.,  by  Pres- 
cott, cited 8    3184 

H  Conversations  on  the  Poets,"  by  Lo- 
well     7    2605-70 

Curtis,  George  William,  and  the  "  Poti- 

phar   Papers" 3     1212 

« Dreams    of    Boyhood,"     by    Donald 

Grant  Mitchell 8    2910-2 

"  Essays  and  Reviews, "  by  Edwin  Percy 

Whipple 10    3893 

" Every    Man    Great, "    by    Channing, 

quoted 10     3958 

«  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,"  by  Prescott, 

extracted  from 8    3192 

Franklin's  style  and  genius 5    1769 

Garfield's  apothegms 10    3968 

« History   of    Spanish   Literature,"   by 

Ticknor,  extracted  from 10    3791 

«  History  of  the  Intellectual  Develop- 
ment of  Europe,"  by  Draper 4     1461 

Influence  of  foreign  literature  (Charles 

Brockden  Brown) 10    3955 

« Innocents   Abroad, "  etc.,   by  «  Mark 

Twain  » 10    3842 

Irving's  birth  and  education 6     2301 

Lanier's  "  Hymns  of  the  Marshes  ». . . .    7     2496 
Letters  from  Italy,  by  J.  T.  Headley, 

quoted 10     3971 

«  Letters  of  the  British  Spy, »  by  Wil- 
liam Wirt 10     3925 

Longfellow  in  prose  and  verse 7    2604-5 

Lowell's  life  and  work 7     2657 

"  Marginalia,"  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  ex- 
tracted from 8    3161-7 

Maury's  work  as  a  scientist 7     2854 

« Meister    Karl's    Sketch    Book,"    by 

Charles  Godfrey  Leland 10    3978 

«  Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse  " 6     2121 

Motley  on  the  rise  of  the   Dutch  Re- 
public     8    3033 

New  England  epitaphs 5    2012-7 

New  England  philosophy  by  Tucker- 
man, extracted  from 10    3823-32 

«  Notes  on  Virginia, »  by  Jefferson 6    2354 

«  On  the  Freedom  of  the  Will,"  by  Jona- 
than Edwards,  cited 4    1536 

«  Ourselves  and  Our    Neighbors, "  by 

Mrs.  Moulton 8     3034 

«  Outre-Mer,"  by  Longfellow,  extract- 
ed from 7     2619-24 

Parton's  «  Voltaire,"  Saintsbury  on 9    3336 

Poe's  theory  of  verse 8     3160 

■  Poets    and     Poetry    of    America  »  — 

(Griswold) 5    2008 

«  Poor  Richard's  Almanac  »  quoted 10    3967 

Poor  Richard's  philosophy 5     1771 

«  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor, »  by  Ik  Mar- 
vel     8    2912-4 

Sigourney,  Lydia  H.,«  Letters  to  Young 

Ladies,"  cited 9    3433 

"Tales  of   Glauber-Spa,"   by   William 
Culleu  Bryant 10    3956 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4087 


American  literature  —  Continued       vol.  page 
Tocqueville  on    foreign    influence    in 

America 10  3803 

«  Twice-Told  Tales  » 6  2127 

«  Walden,  or  Life  in  the  .Woods,*  by 

Thoreau 10  3776 

Whipple's  «  Age  of  Elizabeth  » 10  3893 

Whittier  in  prose  and  verse 10  3899 

"American   Note   Books,"  by  Hawthorne, 

quoted 10  3971 

American    Revolution,    the   first   distinct 

assertion  of  human  rights 3  948 

American  rudeness 

Lyman  Beecher  on 10  3954 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de 

Biography 1  157 

Essay: 

The    Shams,    Shamelessness,    and 

Delights  of  Paris 1  157 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic 

Biography 1  165 

Essays: 

A  Soap  Bubble    Harging  from  a 

Reed 1  166 

«  John  Halifax,  Gentleman  » 1  169 

Mozart  and  Beethoven 1  171 

Ampere's  absence  of  mind 7  2601 

Amusements  of  the  ancient  Germans,  Tac- 
itus on 10  3688 

Anacharsis 

On  the  best  government,  cited 8  2979 

Anacreon 

On  his  mistress,  quoted 7  2543 

Anagrams  and  acrostics,  Addison  on 1  34 

Anagrams 

Of  the  Puritans 5     2012-7 

•Analects  ot  Confucius,"  The 3  1136 

Analogy,  Aristotle  on 1  214 

Analysis  of  the  epic  poem,  by  Aristotle  ...    1  217 

«  Anas  »  of  Jefferson,  quoted 6  2062 

«  Anatomy  of  Melancholy, "  by  Burton. .. .    2  784 

Ancestry,  pride  of  (Daniel  Webster) 10  4003 

«  Ancient  and  Modern  Times  »  (Orsted) ...    8  3080 

literature  and  modern  progress 9  3424 

« Mariner  of  Coleridge,"  cited 3  1082 

Anecdotes 

Alexander  and  Diogenes 5  1702 

Alexander  and  Leonidas 5  1850 

Anecdotage  of  Miss  Hawkins  reviewed 

by  De  Ouincey 4  1325 

Antistheues  on  the  pride  of  Socrates. .    5  1845 

Archelaus  and  his  barber 5  1671 

Augustus  and  the  peasant  boy 5  1698 

Bolmgbroke  and  Marlborough 10  3860 

Brillat-Savarin  and  his  aunt 2  546 

Brillat-Savarin  on  the  Prince  de  Sou- 

bise  and  his  cook 2  544 

Brougham  on    the   trial  and  death  of 

Danton 2  557 

Burroughs  on  Queen  Victoria  and  Em- 
press Eugenie 2  767 

Csesar  and  his  fortunes 5  1687 

Caxton's  story  of  Porus  and  Alexan- 
der    3  920 

Chambers  on   Douglas   Jerrold 3  941 

Chrysippus  and  his  friend 5  1686 

Cicero  the  Younger  and  Casstius 8  2945 

Crcesus  and  Solon 8  2950 

Cunningham  on  Hogarth 3  1206 

Cumberland's  anecdotes 3  1203 

Curacoa  as  a  substitute  for  cod-liver 

oil 6  2060 

Cuthbert's  shoes 7  2608 

Damocles  and  Dionysius 3  1003 


Anecdotes  —  Continued                             vol.  page 

Death  of  Corneille 4  1400 

Dickens  and.Hood  dine  together 10  3743 

Diderot  and  Rousseau 7  2549 

Dionysius  and  the  Oracle 8  2985 

DTsraeli    on    the    poverty    of    the 

learned 4  1398 

Dr.  Johnson  and  Miss  Knight 4  1328 

Dr.  Johnson's  «  frisk  » 6  2141 

Dry  den  and  Rowe 9  3459 

Dumont  on  Mirabeau 7  2754 

(<  Eccentricities  of  Famous  Men  » 7  2600 

Edgeworth  on  Irish  bulls 4  1526 

Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  and  John  of 

France 2  551 

Egmont  and  Home 8  2963 

Foster  on  Howard 5  1753 

Franklin  and  his  whistle 5  1782 

Frederick  the  Great  and  "Old  Mary  ».    9  3494 

Fuller  on  Fools 5  1838 

Gallantry  of  Joseph  Paice 7  2475 

Gout  and  salt  meat 8  2973 

Herschel  on  reading  "  Pamela  » 7  2679 

Hood  and  Sir  Robert  Peel 10  3741 

Hood's  deathbed  puns 10  3742 

How  Fuller  read  the  Bible 3  1104 

Hugh  Miller  and  Mary  Duff 2  568 

Hugo  on  Talleyrand's  brain 6  2240 

Isocrates  and  his  pupil 5  1671 

Jeffrey  on  James  Watt 6  2362 

Joe  Miller  on  an  Irish  Bull 9  3472 

John  Brown's  dog-story 2  455 

Lamb's  tender  conscience 7  2466 

Lanier  on  Florida  "  Crackers  " 7  2507 

Lycurgus  and  his  dogs 7  2701 

Macaulay  on  Samuel  Johnson 7  2740 

Mary  of  Medici   and  the   wife  of  Con- 

cini 4  1578 

Memorabilia  of  Diogenes  (Fenelon)  ..    5  1699 

Metternich  as  a  good  liar 8  3222 

Milton  on  Zorababel 8  2902 

Montaigne  on  Julian  the  Apostate 8  2953 

Moses  and  the  shepherd 3  978 

Napoleon  and  the  atheists 3  866 

New  England  epitaphs 5     2012-7 

Newton's  pipe 7  2600 

Opening  of  Shakespeare's  grave 6  2329 

Parmenio  and  Alexander 7  2645 

Pyrrhus  and  Cyneas 8  2979 

Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  maimed  Puri- 
tan     5  1998 

Reynolds  and  his  friends 3  1210 

Richter  visits  Goethe 8  3252 

Robert  Emmett  and  his  betrothed 6  2321 

Selden's  table-talk 9  3398 

Siward  dies  in  his  boots 10  3711 

Smiles  on  men  who  cannot  be  bought.    9  3439 

Socrates  owes  a  cock  to  ^Esculapius. ...    8  3138 

Southey  on  preaching  to  the  poor 9  3495 

Spon  on  Campanella 2  723 

Steele  and  Addison,  by  Macaulay 7  2749 

Swift  and  Lady  Burlington 9  3393 

Talleyrand  and  Napoleon 8  8222 

Thackeray  and  Dr.  Brown 2  561 

The  Beresford  ghost  story 7  2490 

The  great  Twalmley 9  3490 

The  old  man  to  his  son 3  1147 

The  Oxford  scholar  and  the  hare 7  2479 

The  revenge  of  Kurdi  Usman   2  779 

The  silence  of  Francis  1 8  2969 

The  Sultan  of  Turkey  as  an  art  critic. .    2  714 

The  vow  of  Caliph  El  Mutasem 2  781 

Tostig's  salt  meat 10  3710 

Tuckerman's  anecdotes  of  enthusiasts .  10  3823 

Voltaire  and  Frederick  the  Great 10  3858 

Vossius  and  his  masterpiece 2  463 

Waller  and  Charles  II 5  1970 


4oS8 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Anecdotes —  Continued                               vol.  page 
Walpole's  anecdotes  of  Hogarth  . .  .10    3876-80 
Xantippe,  Alcibiades,  and  Socrates. ...    5  1873 
Xenophon's  *  Memorabilia  "  of   Socra- 
tes  10    3937-41 

Angels 

As  guardians  of  persons  and  countries   2  603 

Hooker  on  the  laws  they  do  work  by . .    6  2229 

Anger,  Bacon  on 1  343 

Fuller  on  evils  and  benefits  of 5  1842 

Seneca  on 9  3403 

Angling,  Walton  on 10  3881 

Anglo-Saxon    language    and    poetry,    by 

Longfellow 7  2605 

origins 

The  Venerable  Bede  on 10  3953 

sources  of  English  literature  by 

Taine 10  8704 

Anglo-Saxons  (See  England) 

Settle  in  England 10  3706 

Siward  dies  in  his  boots 10  3711 

Taine  on  Anglo-Saxon  swinishness 10  3708 

Tostig's  salt  meat 10  3710 

Animal  and    vegetable   kingdoms,    Agas- 

siz  on 1  115 

that  laughs,  The  (Carlo  Goldoni) 10  3968 

The  most  savage   (Pliny   the  Elder)10  3987 

An  opinionater  (Samuel  Butler) 10  3957 

Antagonisms,   world    exists     by   the    bal- 
ance of 3  879 

Anthony,  Susan  B. 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Woman  and  Her  Talents 10  3950 

Anthropology 

Bushmen  and  their  drawings 5  1858 

Catlin  on  primitive  races 3  907 

Cruelty  and  carnivorous   habits,  Pope 

on 8  3173 

Cruelty  as  a  human  quality 8  3083 

Dickens  on  savage  habits 4    1380-1 

D'Israeli    on     curious    customs  of  wo- 
men      4  1411 

Goldsmith    on    objects    of    pity    as    a 

diet 5  1958 

Humboldt  on  man's  place  in  nature.. .    6  2252 
Primitive  and  civilized  man  compared 

by  Emerson 4  1620 

Spencer  on  the  origin  of  culture 9  3509 

Wallace  on  the  likeness  of  monkeys 

to  men 10  3872 

Antichrist  and  the  Devil 2  601 

Antimachus  and  Plato 5  1678 

Antisthenes  and  Diogenes 5  1705 

on  the  coat  of  Socrates  5  1845 

Apelles  and  Albert  Durer,  Bacon  on 1  356 

His  Venus  Anadyomene 3  964 

«  Apishness,"  by  Thomas  Decker 4  1280 

Apocrypha  and  the  Bible 6  1691 

Apollo  Belvedere,  The,  and  Venus  of  Milo.    1  19 

,   its  supernal  being,   Allston 

on 1  153 

"  Apologv  for   Smectymnuus,"  by   Milton, 

cited 8    2905-6 

Apothegms 

Analects  from  Plutarch 8  3157 

Arab  sayings 2  780 

Caliph  Ali  on  life 4  1621 

Colton's  laconics 3  1111 

In  La  Bruyere's  «  Characters  >' 6     2444-50 

"  Leaves  from  a  Note  Book,  >»  by  "George 

Eliot » 4  1566 

Minutius  Felix  to  Coriolanus 2  788 

Mohammed  Damiri  on  wisdom 2  783 

Nizami's  sayings 8  3056 

Pascal's  thoughts 8    3102-10 


Apothegms  —  Continued                            vol.  page 

Poor  Richard's  sayings 5  1771-83 

Pope's  thoughts  on  various  subjects. . .  8  3182 

Richter's  analects 8  3258-64 

Socrates  on  the  penalty  of  injustice...  7  2685 

Solon  to  Croesus 8  2950 

«  Star  Dust, »  by  «  Novalis  » 8  3065 

Thoughts  on  various   subjects  (Swift)  9  3645 
Thseng-tseu    on   the     soul,    quoted  by 

Thoreau 10  3783 

*  Apparitions, )>  by  Grant  Allen 1  142 

Appearances — (Francois     la     Rochefou- 
cauld)   10  3990 

Applause 

Goethe  on  the  desire  for 5  1932 

Hannah  More  on 8  3002 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas 

Biography 1  173 

Essays: 

The  Effects  of  Love 1  173 

Of  Hatred 1  175 

What  Is  Happiness? 1  176 

Arabia 

Keightley  on  Arabian  romance 6  2424 

Arabian  Literature 

Alcoran,  The,  Browne  on 2  596 

Arab  poetry,  Burton  on 2  777 

El  Mutanabbi,  cited 2  781 

«  Scented  Garden  "  of  Burton  burned. .  2  777 

"  The  Songs  of  Antar,  »  cited 2  780 

Arago,  Francois  Jean  Dominique 

Biography 1  179 

Essay: 

The  Central  Fires  of  the  Earth....  1  179 

Forgets  his  own  name 7  2601 

Arber's  reprints 7  2700-1 

Arbitration 

International  arbitration  proposed  by 

Henry  IV.  of  France 8  3099 

Arbuthnot,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Newton's  Place  in  Science 10  3950 

"Arcadia,"  The,  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney 9  3429 

Archaeology,  Huxley  on  its  basis 6  2282 

Archelaus  and  his  barber 5  1671 

Archilochus  cited  by  Longinus 7  2651 

Archimedes 

Cicero  discovers  his  tomb 3  1004 

Herschel  on 6  2189 

Arctic  Circle,   Crossing  the  (Bayard  Tay- 
lor)   10  3998 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of 

Biography 1  183 

Essay: 

The  Unity  of  Nature 1  183 

Arian  heresy,  Browne  on 2  581 

Ariosto 

Lessing  on  his  metaphors 7  2543 

and  Virgil,  Montaigne  on 8  2941 

Aristarchus  as  a  Homeric  critic 6  2347 

Aristides,  The  Just 9  3443 

Aristocracy  of  Nature,  Emerson  on 4  1630 

Aristotelean  society  of  England 2  517 

Aristotle 

Biography 1  188 

Essays: 

The  Poetics  of  Aristotle 1  190 

The    Dispositions    Consequent   on 

Wealth 1  227 

The  Dispositions  of  Men  in  Power 

and  of  the  Fortunate 1  228 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Education  and  the  State 10  3951 

The  Training  of  Children 10  3951 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4089 


Aristotle  —  Continued 

Celebrated  Passages —  Continued  vol.  page 

Happiness,  the  Gift  of  Heaven 10  3951 

One     Swallow     Does      Not    Make 

Spring 10  3951 

Characterized  by  Professor  Morley.. . .    1  1^9 

Compared  with  Lord  Bacon 1  188 

Described  as  a  dandy  by  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes 6  2214 

Greatest  of  philosophers  (Bayle) 1  408 

On  design  in  nature 1  26 

On  the  three  kinds  of  puns 1  30 

Taught  by  Plato 1  188 

Arithmetic 

Arabic  system  introduced  by  the  Sara- 
cens     4    1462 

Bidder,  Colburn,  and  others 8     3198-9 

Proctor  on  miracles  with  figures 8    3196 

Armies 

Mediaeval  organization  of 2      479 

Jerrold  on  war  as  a  profession 6    2376 

Arnold,  Benedict 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  True   and    Permanent   Happi- 
ness  10 

Arnold,  Matthew 

Biography 1 

Essays  : 

A  Final  Word  on  America 1 

The  Real  Burns 1 

Sweetness  and  Light 1 

Apostle  of  Culture,  The 1 

Criticized  by  Austin 1 

In  Memory  of  "  Obermann  " 1 

A  Roman  Brook,  by  Jefferies 6 

Arria  and  Paetus 9 


Arnan 

Biography 1 

Essay: 

The  «  Enchiridion  » 1 

Art 

Acting   as  a   fine  art  (Charlotte  Cush- 

man) 10 

Antagonism  of  science  to  art 3 

Apelles  and  Albert  Durer,  Bacon  on   . .    1 

Apelles  and  his  Venus 3 

Apollo  Belvedere,  Allston  on 1 

Aristotle  on  portrait  painters 1 

«  Belshazzar's     Feast,"      "The     Angel 

Uriel, »  etc.,  by  Allston 1 

Blair  on  taste  and  genius 2 

Byron  on  the  poetry  of  sculpture 2 

Catlin's  pictures  of  American  Indians.  3 
Channing  on  aspiration  in  Greek  art  .  3 
Children's  play  and   art  (Adam  Gott- 

lob  Oehlenschlager) 10 

Christianity  and  art  (Chateaubriand) .  3 
Clough  on  art  as  an  evolution  from 

suffering 3 

Coarse  arts  and  fine  (Gail  Hamilton)  10 

Color,  Burke  on  the  principles  of 2 

Condorcet  on  art  in  Greece  and  Italy. .  3 
Copley's  picture  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  . .  4 
Couture's  (<  Decadence  of  the  Romans  »  3 
Cunningham's  "  Lives  of  the  Painters  »   3 

Dryden  on  the  warts  of  Achilles 4 

Effects  of  the  love  of  money  on  art. . .    1 

Emerson  on  landscape  painting 4 

On  painting  and  sculpture 4 

On  sculpture  as  history 4 

On  the  art  treasures  of  the  Vatican  4 

On  the  ideal  of  art 4 

Flowering  times  of  art,  Arnold  on 1 

Genius  of    painting  changed    by  the 

New  Testament 3 


3951 
230 

231 
233 
239 
303 
305 
303 
2350 
3573 

243 

243 


3963 
1055 
356 
964 
153 
207 

149 

487 
801 
906 
952 

3985 
964 

1050 
3970 

745 
1133 
1364 
1221 
1206 
1487 

140 
1596 
1602 
1584 
1603 
1594 

241 

965 


Art —  Continued  vol.  page 

Gibbon  on  luxury  and  art 5  1901 

Glycon's  «  Farnese  Hercules  " 1  152 

Goethe  on  the  Laocoon 5  1916 

Great  art,  its  highest  characteristic 1  308 

Greek  worship  of  art  and  beauty 3  901 

Habits  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 3  1210 

Hamerton  and  his  works 6  2056 

Hegel's  «  Philosophy  of  Art,"  cited  by 

Bosanquet 2  518 

Hegel's  theory  of  the  origin  of  art 6  2151 

Herschel's  definition  of  art 6  2188 

Historical  subjects  as  inspiration  for 

painters 1  140 

Hogarth's     genius     characterized     by 

Walpole 10  3876 

Hughes  on  the  genius  of  Da  Vinci.. .    6     2235-6 

Inspiration  for  art  in  moral  beauty. ...    5  1748 
Intended    to    make   the   divine    more 

clear  (Hegel) 6  2152 

In  the  Bible,  Ruskin  on 9  3302 

Italian    inspiration    of    English    and 

French  art 2  653 

James  Freeman  Clarke  on  art 10  3959 

"Laocoon,"    art's    highest    law     (Les- 

sing) 7  2537 

Loraine,    Claude,    inspired    by    Chris- 
tianity      3  965 

Magic  of  expression  in  classical  mas- 
terpieces     1  19 

Michael  Angelo,  Alison  on 1  139 

Michael  Angelo's  defects 1  139 

Michael  Angelo's  failures  in  Christian 

art 7  2521 

Mivart  on  religious  art 8  2926 

Morning    rambles  in  Venice,   by  Sy- 

monds 9  3666 

Morris  on  art 8  3021 

Pater  on  Raphael's  work 8  3115 

Perugino  and  classical  ideals 7  2521 

Pleasure  as  the  end  of  art 7  2538 

Principles  of  art,  by  Ruskin 9  3299 

«  Puck,"  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 1  152 

Raphael,  paintings  in  Vatican 1  150 

Rectitude  of  judgment   in  art,  Burke 

on 2  718 

Relations  of  art  to  science,    Abercrom- 

bie  on 1  7 

Respectability  of  art  (Ruskin) 9  3317 

Ruskin's  work  in  art 9  3285 

Schelling  on  nature  and  art 9  3340 

Schlegel  on  Greek  scene  painting 9  3361 

Sculpture  and  Christianity 3  966 

Sculpture,  Byron  on 2  803 

Sidney  Colvin  on  art 10  3959 

Spencer    on    primitive    painting    and 

sculpture 9  3510 

Sultan  of  Turkey  as  a  critic 2  714 

The  artist's  secret,  by  Olive  Schreiner.    9  3386 

The  "Rake's  Progress,  "etc., by  Hogarth   3  1206 

The  world  as  material  for  art 1  149 

Tintoretto's  house  in  Venice 9  3666 

Tolstoi  on  the  art  of  the  future 10  3813 

Unities  disregarded  by  Shakespeare. ..    6  2397 

Unity  and  vastness,  Burke  on 2  728 

Venus  de  Medici,  Byron  on 2  803 

Visualization  in  drawing 6  1858 

Wallace  on  beauty  as  efficiency 1  144 

«  What  Is  Art?"  by  Tolstoi,  extracted 

from 10     3813-8 

Wieland  on  beauty  and  use 10  3906 

Words  as  the  material    of  art    (Josiah 

Gilbert  Holland) 10  3972 

Zeuxis  and  his  favorite  subjects 3  964 

As    a    master  of  expression,   Aris- 
totle on 1  196 


4090 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Art  and  Aft  Criticisms,  Essays  on 

Allston,  Washington:     Human  art  and 

infinite  truth,  1 :  149;  Art  and  religion   1      155 

Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  Dord: 
Art  and  nature 2      800 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Reng  Auguste, 
Viscount  de:  Pictures,  3  :  964;  Sculp- 
ture     3      966 

Cunningham,  Allan:  The  habits  of 
Hogarth,  3  :  1206 ;  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds and  his  friends 3     1210 

Emerson,  Ralph   Waldo:   Art  4    1599 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von:  Upon 
the  Daocoon,  5  :  1916  ;  The  progress 
of  art 5    1925 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich :  Re- 
ligion,'art,  and  philosophy 6    2151 

Hillebrand,  Karl:  Goethe's  view  of  art 
and  nature 6     2193 

Dessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim: «  Daocoon" 
—  art's  highest  law,  7:2537;  Poetry 
and  painting  compared 7     2541 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua:  Genius  and 
rules,  8  :  3236;  Michael  Angelo,  »  The 
Homer  of  Painting  » 8    3237 

Ruskin,  John:  The  sky,  9:  3287;  Prin- 
ciples of  art,  9  :  3299;  Art  and  decad- 
ence, 9:3310;  The  use  of  beauty,  9: 
3316;  Respectability  of  art 9     3317 

Schelling,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph 
von:    Nature  and  art 9    3340 

Tolstoi,  Count  layoff  Nikolaievich:  The 
art  of  the  future 10    3813 

Wagner,  Richard  :  Nature,  man,  and 
art,  10:3867;  Dife,  science,  and   art.  10    3869 

Walpole,  Horace:     William  Hogarth.  10    3876 

Warton,  Joseph :  Ancient  and  modern 
art 10    3886 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin:  On  the 
relation  of  the  agreeable  and  the 
beautiful  to  the  useful 10    3906 

and  Decadence  by  Ruskin 9  3310 

Articles,  The,  defined  by  Aristotle 1  212 

Ascham,  Roger 

Biography 1  264 

Essays: 

The  Education  of  a  Gentleman. ...    1  264 

The  literature  of  Chivalry 1  269 

Asgard,  Sturleson  on 9  3631 

Ashhadu — Afghan  formula  for  the  dying  4  1256 

"Asinus  "  (See  Claudius  Matthias.) 3  1043 

Asparagus  and  sucking  pigs,  Brillat-Sav- 

arin  on 2  543 

Aspasia,  her  influence  in  Athens 1  15 

Association  and  morals 5  1689 

Association  of  ideas,  Burke  on 2  722 

Assuaging  the  female  mind  (Divy) 10  3979 

Assurance 

A  great   man's   assurance  of  himself 

(Thucydides) 10  4000 

Assyria,  Persia,  and  Palestine 6  2442 

Astrology 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  on  his  own  nativ- 
ity    2  641 

Orsted  on  horoscopes 8  3078 

Astronomy 

Celestial   distances 5  1742 

Chalmers  on  the  Bridgewater  treatises  3  930 

Draper  on  Chaldean  discoveries 4  1464 

Draper  on  the  tables  of  King  Alphonso  4  1462 

Gibbon  on  Caffine's  studies 5  1892 

Herschel  and  his  work 6  2186 

Herschel  on  the  number  of  suns 2  758 


Astronomy  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Huxley  on  its  retrospective  prophecy.    6     2282 

Newton's  discoveries 5     1746 

Place  among  the  sciences 5     1740 

Planets,  The,  possibly  inhabited 1      851 

Proctor  and  his  work 8     3193 

«  Wonders  of  the  Heavens,8  by  Flam- 

marion 5    1739-41 

"Athalie,  The,"  of  Racine 4    1396 

Atheism,  Bacon  on 1      333 

Biou,    Diagoras,   and    Ducian,    Greek 
atheists 1      334 

and  idolatry,  Bayle  on 8    2997 

Athenaeus 

Biography 1      272 

Essay: 

What  Men  Fight  about  Most 1      272 

Athletics  in  Greek  education 1      266 

Atlantic  cable  laid 7     2854 

storms,  Maury  on 7     2856 

Atli  and  Hogni's  heart 10    3716 

Atomic  Theory 

As  taught  by  Democritus 5  :  1647  ;  9     3622 

Atterbury,  Francis 

Biography 1      276 

Essay  .- 

Harmony  and  the  Passions 1      276 

« Attic  Nights, »  The,  of  Aulus  Gellius 5     1873 

Attraction  of  gravitation,    Theory  of,  at- 
tacked by  Deibnitz 4     1268 

Aubrey's  «  Miscellanies  »  (cited) 3      939 

Audubon,  John  James 

Biography 1      279 

Essays : 

The  Humming  Bird  and  the  Poetry 

of  Spring 1      279 

Dife  in  the  Woods 1      281 

The  Mocking  Bird 1      282 

The  Wood  Thrush 1      284 

Augustan  age,  Steele  on 9    3590 

"Auguste  Comte  and  Positivism,"  by  John 

Stuart  Mill 8     2888 

Augustine,  Saint 

Biography 1      286 

Essays  : 

Concerning   Imperial    Power    and 

the  Kingdom  of  God  1      286 

Kingdoms    without    Justice    Dike 

unto  Thievish  Purchases 1      288 

Domestic     Manifestations     of    the 

Roman  Spirit  of  Conquest 1      288 

Augustine,  St.,  the  Younger  in  England. .    7    2608 
Augustus  Cffisar 

Anecdote  of,  by  Felltham 5     1698 

Anecdotes  of,  by  Cumberland 3     1204 

His  defiance  of  Neptune 8    2975 

«  Auld  Dang  Syne  » 1      238 

Aurelius,  Marcus 

Biography 1      290 

Essay: 

Meditations  on  the  Highest   Use- 
fulness     1      291 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Rule  for  Happiness 10    3951 

■  Change  in  All  Things 10    3951 

The  Man  Is  What  He  Thinks 10    3951 

Austen,  Jane 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

«  Only  a  Novel  » 10     3951 

Gosse  on  her  works 5     1978 

Austin,  Alfred 

Biography 1      302 

Essay  : 

The  Apostle  of  Culture 1      302 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4091 


Australia  vol.  page 

O'Rell  on  its  relation  to  England 8  3071 

Sir  Charles  Gavan  Duffy,  premier  in. . .    4  1495 

Austro-Hungary,  Essayists  of 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos 3  1122 

Authority,  its  chief  vices 1  328 

Authors 

Hannah  More  on 8  3003 

Their  first  duty  to  be  agreeable 2  457 

Avarice 

Francois  la  Rochefoucauld  on 10  3990 

Theophrastus  on 10  3762 

Avon,  The 

Described  by  Collins 3  1098 

Garrick  on  its  beauty 6  2324 

Axioms,  Fenelon  on  their  nature 5  1709 

B 

Babies— («  Mark  Twain  ») 10  4001 

Bacchanalian  poetry  of  Burns 1  234 

Backbiting,  Theophrastus    on  detraction 

or  backbiting 10  3774 

«  Back  to  Nature, "  as  Rousseau's  remedy. .    7  2550 
Bacon,  Francis 

Biography 1  308 

Essays: 

Of  Truth 1  311 

Of  Death 1  313 

Of  Revenge 1  314 

Of  Adversity 1  315 

Of  Simulation  and  Dissimulation. .    1  316 

Of  Parents  and  Children 1  319 

Of  Marriage  and  Single  Life 1  320 

Of  Envy 1  321 

Of  Love 1  325 

Of  Great  Place 1  327 

Of  Boldness 1  329 

Of  Goodness  and  Goodness  of  Na- 
ture     1  331 

Of  Atheism 1  333 

Of  Superstition 1  335 

Of  Negotiating 1  336 

Of  Studies 1  337 

Of  Praise 1  338 

Of  Vainglory 1  340 

Of  Honor  and  Reputation 1  341 

Of  Auger  ....." 1  343 

Of  Riches 1  344 

Of  Nature  in  Men 1  347 

Of  Custom  and  Education 1  348 

Of  Fortune 1  350 

Of  Usury 1  351 

Of  Youth  and  Age 1  354 

Of  Beauty 1  356 

Of  Delays 1  357 

Of  Cunning 1  357 

Of  Wisdom  for  a  Man's  Self 1  360 

Of  Innovations 1  362 

The  Advancement  of  Learning.  .. .    1  363 
The  Central   Thought  of  the  «  No- 
vum Organum  » 1  365 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Half- Way  Men 10  3951 

Moroseness  and  Dignity 10  3951 

As  a  giver  of  bad  advice 1  309 

Characterized  by  David  J.  Brewer  as 

"  the  prince  of  essayists  " 1  xv 

Foundation  principle  of  modern  sci- 
ence stated  by  him 1  2 

Mackintosh  on  his  life  and  genius 7  2785 

"Novum  Organum,"  the    inspiration 

of 1  309 

On  religion,  cited  by  Amiel 1  168 

Voltaire  on  his  character 10  3859 


VOL.  PAGE 

Baconian  philosophy  compared  with  Pla- 
tonic     1      310 

Bagehot,  Walter 

Biography 1      372 

Essay: 

The  Natural  Mind  in  Man 1      372 

*  Bagges    as  a  Defence"    (Captain  John 

Smith) 10    3995 

Bain,   Alexander 

Biography 1      375 

Essay : 

What  It  Costs  to  Feel  and  Think..    1      375 
Balance  of  power  and  balance  of  property, 

Hume  on 6     2266 

Ball,  Sir  Robert 

Biography 1      381 

Essay: 

Life  in  Other  Worlds 1      381 

Ballads  of  Scotland  admired  by  Herder. . .    6    2180 
Ballou,  Hosea 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Charity 10    3952 

Conscience 10    3951 

Baltimore,  Lanier's  work  in 7    2497 

Balzac,  Honore  de 

Biography 1      385 

Essays: 

Saint  Paul  as  a  Prophet  of  Progress  1      335 
Walter  Scott  and  Fenimore  Cooper  1      387 

Hugo  on  his  death 6    2241 

"Bamberg  Bible,"  The 6     2049 

Bancroft,  George 

Biography  1      389 

Essay: 

The  Ruling  Passion  in  Death 1      390 

Ridicule  of,  by  Sir  Henry  Maine 1      231 

*  Bangs, "  Biichner  on 2      671 

Banks  and  Banking 

Abolition  of  usury  Utopian 1  353 

Bacon  on  licensed  lending 1  354 

Bacon  on  usury 1  346 

Hume  on  the  interest  rate 6  2267 

Interest  rate,  how  conceded 1  351 

Montesquieu  on  credit  currency 8  2996 

«  Banquet  »  of  Plato  quoted 8  3143 

Barbarism  in  birdcage  walk  ( Jerrold) ....    6  2375 

Barbarism  in  language,  Aristotle  on 1  215 

Bards  of  ancient  Germany 

Tacitus  on 10  3676 

Barrators,  Fuller  on 5  1840 

Barrington,  Sir  J. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Dress  and  Address 10  3952 

Barrow,  Isaac 

Celebrated  Passages: 

What  Is  Wit? 10  3952 

Sin 10  3952 

On  the  love  of  books 7  2679 

Bartol,  C.  A. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Hand  and  Hearts 10  3952 

Enduring  and  Doing 10  3952 

Bathurst,  Richard 

Biography 1  399 

Essay: 

The  History  of  a  Half  Penny 1  399 

Baudelaire,  Charles 

Biography 1  404 

Essays: 

The  Gallant  Marksman 1  404 

At  Twilight 1  405 

The  Clock 1  406 


4092 


GENERAL    INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Baudelaire  and  Madam  Adam 1  13 

Baxter,  Richard 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Modesty  a  Guard  against  the  Devil  10  3952 

Religion  at  Your  Rope's  End 10  3952 

Sin  as  Self-Murder 10  3952 

Bayle,  Pierre 

Biography 1  408 

Essay: 

The  Greatest  of  Philosophers 1  408 

A  paradox  of  Mr.  Bayle  (Montesquieu)    8  2997 
Beaconsfield,  Lord 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Greatness  in  Books  and  Men 10  3952 

Marquis  Tseng  on  his  character 10  3821 

Beards  discussed  by  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley    1  101 

Beatific  vision,  The 3  2925 

Beattie,  James 

Biography 1  413 

Essay  : 

An  Essay  on  daughter 1  413 

Beau  Tibbs 6  2143 

Beauty 

a  compelling  power  (Edward  Hyde)  ..10  3973 

and  taste,  Jeffrey  on 6  2368 

,  Channing  on  its  meaning 3  950 

,  Ruskin  on  its  uses 9  3316 

,  Spencer,  Herbert,  on 1  145 

Beauvais,  Bishop  of,  and  Jeanne  D'Arc 8  2884 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of 

Biography 2  419 

Essays; 

The  Prevention  of  Crimes 2  420 

Laws  and  Human  Happiness 2  425 

Against  Capital  Punishment 2  427 

Lombroso's  anecdotes  of 7  2601 

Beckford,  author  of  «Vathek  » 2  447 

Bede  on  St.  Cuthbert 7  2608 

Bede,  The  Venerable 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

Anglo-Saxon  Origins 10  3953 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward 

Biography 2  430 

Essay  : 

Dream-Culture 2  430 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Character 10  3954 

Joy  and  Sorrow 10  3954 

Love  in  Its  Fullness 10  3954 

The  Soul  Never  Sleeps 10  3954 

Beecher,  Lyman 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

On  «  American  Rudeness  » 10  3954 

Bees,  Burroughs  on 2  771 

Beethoven  and  Mozart,  Amiel  on 1  171 

Beethoven's  «  Fidelio  »  hissed 7  2602 

Beggars,  Lamb  on  London 7  2453 

"Beggar's  Opera/  The 5  1866 

Behavior  to  inferiors  (Thomas  Fuller) 10  3968 

Belemnites,  Huxley  on 6  2285 

Belief 

Doctrinal  and  Moral  (Kant) 6  2419 

Doubled  when  shared 3  841 

«  Bells  of  Shandon,"  by  «  Father  Prout  ». .  .    8  3209 
Belzoni,  John  Baptist 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Ruins  at  Thebes 10  3954 

Bembo  on  beauty  as  divinity 4  1445 

Beneficence,  Madame  Roland  on 9  3271 

Benefit  of  Sound  Teaching  (Thomas  Cran- 

mer) 10  3963 


Benevolence  vol.  page 

Politeness  an  expression  of 4  1629 

Shelley  on 9  3419 

Bentham,  Jeremy 

Biography 2  435 

Essays  : 

Publicity  the  Sole  Remedy  for  Mis- 
rule     2  435 

Property  and  Poverty 2  438 

Bentivoglio,  Cardinal,  D' Israeli  on 4  1399 

Bentley,    Richard,  Controversy    over    the 

«  Epistles  of  Phalaris  " 1  276 

Beowulf,  The,  Longfellow  on 7  2610 

Berkeley,  George 

Biography 2  440 

Essay  : 

Pleasures  Natural  and  Fantastical .    2  440 
Bernard,  St. 

Priests  and  People  (quoted) 1  334 

Besant,  Sir  Walter 

Biography 2  445 

Essays  : 

With  the  Wits  of  the  'Thirties 2  446 

Montaigne's  Method  as  an  Essay- 
ist     2  449 

Best-Loved    Subject,    The    (Jean    de    La 

Bruyere) 10  3976 

«  Be  Sure  You're  Right  «  (Sallust) 10  3992 

Bettinelli  on  genius  (cited) 7  2602 

Betting  as  an  argument,  Kant  on 6  2417 

Bias  and  his  treasures 9  8414 

Bible,  The 

Adam  and  Eve,  Creation  of 2  594 

Art  in  the  Bible,  Ruskin  on 9  3302 

Bible  and  encyclopedia  in  politics 3  865 

Byron  on  sublimity  of  Isaiah 2  804 

Coleridge  on  Genesis 3  1089 

Coverdale  on  its  translations 3  1160 

Cranmer  on  the  use  of  Scripture 3  1187 

Cranmer's  Bible 3  1186 

Felltham  on  the  Apocrypha 5  1691 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  on  reading  Scrip- 
ture     5  2043 

Herder  on  the  Book  of  Job 6  2180 

Immortality  of,  by  Ruskin 9  3315 

Interpretation,  Browne  on 2  595 

Lyric  poetry  of 2  484 

Mazarin     Bible     as      the    first    book 

printed 6  2048 

More,  Hannah,  on  its  value 8  3004 

Newman  on  its  inspiration 8  3049 

Orestes  A.  Bronson  on  the  Bible 10  3955 

»  Poor  Man's  Bible  » 4  1405 

Power  and  Beauty  of  the    New  Testa- 
ment by  Doddridge 4  1431 

Puns  in  the  Bible  (Horace  Smith) 9  3457 

Rabbinical  interpretation  of 2  597 

Ruskin  on  Genesis 9  3294 

Superior  to  Homer  (Chateaubriand).. .    3  960 

Translation  of  Coverdale 3  1159 

Wilson  on  sacred  poetry 10  3920 

Bibliography,  Dibdin  on 4  1374 

Bibliomania 

(See  Books  and  Booksellers,  Libraries,  etc.) 

Dibdin  on 4  1360 

Harrison  on   collecting    books,  china, 

and  beetles 6  2101 

Haslewood's  «  Chatterton  » 4  1369 

Laneham  letter  cited 4  1364 

Southey  on  book  madness 9  3496 

Symptoms  of,  defined  by  Dibdin 4  1362 

"  That     Bibliomaniacs    Should     Read 

Their  Own  Books, »  by  Lucian 7  2687 

Vellum  copies 4  1370 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4093 


Bickerstaff  (See  Steele.) 9 

"  Bickerstaff  and  Maria, "  by  Steele 9 

as  a  reporter 6 

Bidder's  work  in  mental  arithmetic 8 

Bigelow,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Franklin's  Character  and  Religion  10 
Bigotry,  Roger  Williams  on 10 

Biography  and  Characterization 

Abercrombie,  John 1 

Adam,  Madame 

Addison,  Joseph 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson 

Alger,  William  Rounseville 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald 

Allen,  Grant 

Allston,  Washington 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas 

Arago,  Francois  Jean  Dominique 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of 

Aristotle 

Arnold,  Matthew 

Arrian 

Ascham,  Roger 

Athenseus 

Atterbury,  Francis 

Audubon,  John  James 

Augustine,  Saint 

Aurelius,  Marcus 

Austin,  Alfred 

Bacon,  Francis       

Bagehot,  Walter 

Bain,  Alexander 

Ball,  Sir  Robert 

Balzac,  Honor6  de 

Bancroft,  George 

Bathurst,  Richard 

Baudelaire,  Charles 

Bayle,  Pierre 

Beattie.  James 

Beccaria.  The  Marquis  of 2 

Beecher.,  Henry  Ward 2 

Bentham    Jeremy 2 

Berkeley,  George 2 

Besant  Sir  Walter 2 

Birrell,  Augustine 2 

Blackie,  John  Stuart 2 

Blackstone,  Sir  William 2 

Blair,  Hugh . .    2 

Biaserna,  Pietro 2 

Blind,  Kail         2 

Boethius,  Anicius  Maulius  Severinus. .    2 

Bohme,  Jacob 2 

Bolingbroke,    Henry     St.     John,    Vis- 
count         2 

Bosanquet,  Bernard 2 

Bourget    Paul 2 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson. .    2 

Poyle,    Robert 2 

BrillatSavarin,  Anthelme 2 

Brooke,  Henry   2 

Brougham,  Henry,    Baron    Brougham 

and  Vaux 2 

Brown,  John 2 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas 2 

Browning,  Robert   2 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand 2 

Bryant,  William  Cullen 2 

Bryce,  James     2 

Biichner,  Ludwig 2 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas 2 

Budgell,  Eustace 2 


PAGE 

3552 
3556 
2133 
3198 


3954 
4003 

1 
13 
17 
110 
117 
125 
135 
142 
149 
157 
165 
173 
179 
183 
188 
230 
243 
264 
272 
276 
279 
286 
290 
302 
308 
372 
375 
381 
385 
389 
399 
404 
408 
413 
419 
430 
435 
440 
445 
454 
463 
477 
483 
491 
498 
504 
508 

513 
517 
523 
52? 
535 
540 
548 

553 
561 
574 
646 
651 
659 
666 
671 
677 
685 


Biography    and    Characterization  — 

Continued  VOL.  PAGE 

Bunsen,  Christian  Karl  Josias,  Baron 

von 2  698 

Burke,  Edmund 2  705 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques 2  747 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Baron 2  752 

Burritt,  Elihu. .    2  757 

Burroughs,  John 2  763 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 2  777 

Burton,  Robert 2  784 

Bury,  Richard  de 2  790 

Butler,  Joseph 2  793 

Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  L,ord....  2  800 

Caine,  Hall 2  806 

Campbell,  Thomas 2  814 

Carleton,  William 2  821 

Carlyle,  Thomas 3  827 

Carpenter,  Edward 3  887 

Carpenter,  William  Benjamin 3  891 

Carter,  Elizabeth 3  895 

Castelar,  Emilio 3  899 

Catlin,  George 3  906 

«  Cavendish  »  (Henry  Jones) 3  911 

Caxton,  William 3  918 

Cecil,  Richard 3  922 

Cesaresco,    Countess    Evelyn    Martin- 

engo 3  926 

Chalmers,  Thomas 3  930 

Chambers,  Robert 3  937 

Channing,  William  Ellery 3  945 

Chapone,  Hester 3  954 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Rene  Auguste, 

Viscount  de 3  958 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey 3  970 

Cheke,  Sir  John 3  975 

Cherbuliez,  Victor 3  977 

Chesterfield,  Lord 3  981 

Child,  Lydia  Maria 3  991 

Cicero.  Marcus  Tullius 3  998 

Clarendon,  Lord 3  1021 

Claretie,  Jules 3  1030 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord 3  1036 

Claudius,  Matthias 3  1043 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh 3  1048 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power 3  1055 

Cobbett,  William 3  1061 

Coleridge,  Hartley 3  1066 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 3  1082 

Collins,  Mortimer 3  1093 

Collyer,  Robert 3  1100 

Colman  and  Thornton 3  1105 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb 3  1111 

Combe,  George 3  1116 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos 3  1122 

Comte,  Auguste 3  1129 

Condorcet    3  1132 

Confucius 3  1136 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel 3  1142 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore 3  1148 

Cork,  The  Earl  of 3  1154 

Coverdale,  Miles 3  1159 

Cowley,  Abraham 3  1163 

Cowper,  William 3  1171 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock 3  1176 

Cranmer,  Thomas 3  1186 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd 3  1188 

Croker,  John  Wilson 3  1193 

Cumberland,  Richard 3  1198 

Cunningham,  Allan 3  1206 

Curtis,  George  William 3  1212 

Cust,  Robert  Needham 3  1222 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson 3  1227 

Dante,  Alighieri 4  1233 

Darmesteter,  James 4  1251 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert 4  1258 

Davy,  Sir  Humphrey 4  1271 


4°94 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Biography    and    Characterisation  — 

Continued  vol.  page 

Decker,  Thomas 4  1280 

Defoe,  Daniel 4  1283 

Delolme,  Jean  Louis 4  1291 

Dennie,  Joseph 4  1298 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 4  1301 

Descartes,  Rene 4  1352 

Dibdiu,  Thomas  Frognall 4  1360 

Dickens,  Charles 4  1376 

Diderot,  Denis 4  1386 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm 4  1391 

DTsraeli,  Isaac 4  1394 

Dobson,  Austin 4  1420 

Doddridge,  Philip 4  1431 

Donne,  John 4  1435 

Doran,  John 4  1439 

Doumic,  Rene 4  1442 

Dowden,  Edward 4  1451 

Draper,  John  W 4  1461 

Drummond,  Henry 4  1474 

Drummond,  William 4  1478 

Dryden,  John 4  1482 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan 4  1495 

Duncombe,  John 4  1499 

Earle,  John 4  150,4 

Edgeworth,  Maria 4  1526 

Edwards,  Jonathan 4  1535 

"  Eliot,  George  » 4  1541 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas 4  1569 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 4  1574 

Epictetus 5  1639 

Epicurus 5  1646 

Erasmus,  Desiderius 5  1651 

Evelyn,  John 5  1654 

Farrar,  Frederic  William 5  1664 

Felltham,  Owen 5  1670 

Fenelon,   Francois  de  Salignac  de  la 

Mothe 5  1699 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb 5  1712 

Fielding,  Henry 5  1724 

Fischer,  Kuno 5  1734 

Flammarion,  Camille 5  1739 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio 5  1744 

Foster,  John 5  1750 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles 5  1760 

Franklin,  Benjamin 5  1769 

Freeman,  Edward  A 5  1789 

Freytag,  Gustav 5  1798 

Frobel,  Friedrich 5  1802 

Froude,  James  Anthony 5  1809 

Fuller,  Thomas 5  1817 

Galton,  Francis 6  1855 

Garfield,  James  A 5  1861 

Gay,  John   5  1866 

Gellius,  Aulus 5  1873 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried 5  1882 

Gibbon,  Edward 5  1888 

Giraldus,  Cambrensis 5  1902 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart 5  1906 

Godwin,  William 5  1911 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 5  1915 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 5  1936 

Gosse,  William  Edmund 5  1976 

Grand,  Sarah 5  1981 

Greelev,  Horace 5  1985 

Green,"  John  Richard 5  1993 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 5  2008 

Grote,  George 5  2018 

Grotius,  Hugo 5  2025 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume 5  2034 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew 5  2040 

Hallam,  Henry 6  2045 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert 6  2056 

Hamilton,  Alexander 6  2062 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W 6  2070 

Harrington,  James 6  2077 


Biography    and    Characterisation  — 

Continued  vol.  page 

Harrison,  Frederic 6  2080 

Hawkesworth,  John 6  2105 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 6  2110 

Hazlitt,  William 6  2128 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich 6  2145 

Heine,  Heinrich 6  2153 

Helmholtz,    Herman    Ludwig    Ferdi- 
nand von 6  2164 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur 6  2170 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 6  2180 

Herschel,  Sir  John 6  2186 

Hillebrand,  Karl 6  2193 

Hobbes,  Thomas 6  2197 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 6  2201 

Hood,  Thomas 6  2218 

Hook,  Theodore 6  2224 

Hooker,  Richard 6  2229 

Hughes,  John 6  2234 

Hugo,  Victor 6  2239 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von 6  2251 

Hume,  David 6  2258 

Hunt,  Leigh 6  2269 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry 6  2276 

Ingalls,  John  James 6  2291 

living,  Washington 6  2301 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell 6  2330 

Jay,  John 6  2337 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse 6  2342 

Jefferies,  Richard 6  2350 

Jefferson,  Thomas 6  2354 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis 6  2360 

Jerome,  Jerome  K 6  2369 

Jerrold,  Douglas 6  2375 

Johnson,  Samuel 6  2382 

Jonson,  Ben 6  2401 

«  Junius  »  ( Sir  Philip  Francis  ?  ) 6  2408 

Kant,  Immanuel 6  2414 

Keightley,  Thomas 6  2422 

Kempis,  Thomas  a 6  2428 

Kingsley ,  Charles 6  2434 

Krapotkin,  Prince 6  2441 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de 6  2443 

Lamb,  Charles 7  2451 

Landor,  Walter  Savage 7  2485 

Lang,  Andrew 7  2490 

Lanier,  Sidney 7  2496 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar 7  2511 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole 7  2516 

Legare\  Hugh  Swinton 7  2523 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wilhelm  von 7  2528 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 7  2536 

Lewes,  George  Henry 7  2546 

Liebig,  Justus  von 7  2554 

Lingard,  John 7  2563 

Livy  (Titus  Livius) 7  2567 

Locke,  John 7  2571 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson 7  2595 

Lombroso,  Cesare 7  2600 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 7  2604 

Longinus 7  2636 

Lowell,  James  Russell 7  2657 

Lubbock,  Sir  John 7  2677 

Lucian 7  2687 

Luther,  Martin 7  2690 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles 7  2695 

Lyly,  John 7  2698 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 

Bulwer,  Baron 7  2702 

McCarthy,  Justin 7  2711 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron. .    7  2717 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo 7  2775 

Mackenzie,  Henry 7  2781 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James 7  2785 

Madison,  James 7  2794 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 7  2799 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4095 


Biography    and    Characterization  — 

Continued  vol.  page 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri  7  2803 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert 7  2809 

Mandeville,  Sir  John 7  2816 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus 7  2820 

Martineau,  Harriet 7  2826 

Marx,  Karl 7  2831 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 7  2835 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine 7  2854 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe 3  2859 

Mencius 8  2870 

Mendelssohn,  Moses 8  2875 

Michelet,  Jules 8  2881 

Mill,  Tohn  Stuart 8  2888 

Milton/John 8  2902 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant 8  2910 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell 8  2915 

Mivart,  St.  George 8  2921 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 8  2930 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 8  2936 

Montesquieu 8  2990 

More,  Hannah 8  3001 

More,  Sir  Thomas 8  3010 

Morley,  John 8  3015 

Morris,  William 8  3021 

Motley,  John  Lothrop 8  3025 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler 8  3034 

Miiller,  Max 8  3044 

Newman,  Cardinal 8  3049 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg 8  3053 

Nizami S  3056 

«  Novalis  » 8  3060 

«  O'Rell,  Max  » 8  3070 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian 8  3076 

«  Ouida  » 8  3081 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 8  3087 

Paine,  Thomas 8  3094 

Pascal,  Blaise 8  3101 

Pater,  Walter 8  3111 

Petrarch 8  3117 

Plato 8  3122 

Pliny  the  Younger 8  3146 

Plutarch 8  3152 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 8  3160 

Pope,  Alexander 8  3168 

Prescott,  William  Hickling 8  3184 

Proctor,  Richard  A 8  3193 

«  Prout,  Father  >' 8  3202 

Quintilian 8  3214 

Remusat,  Madame  de 8  3219 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest 8  3224 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 8  3233 

Ricardo,  David 8  3240 

Richardson,  Samuel 8  3244 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 8  3250 

Roland,  Madame 9  3265 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 9  3275 

Ruskin,  John 9  3285 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin 9  3320 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman.  9  3336 
Schelling,  Friedrich   Wilhelm   Joseph 

von 9  3340 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich 

von 9  3348 

Schlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von 9  3358 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 9  3365 

Schreiner,  Olive 9  3379 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 9  3388 

Selden,  John 9  3398 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus 9  3403 

Sevigue,  Madame  de 9  3410 

Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of 9  3415 

Shellev,  Percy  Bysshe 9  3419 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 9  3426 

Sigourney,  Lydia  H 9  3433 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de. . . .  9  3436 


Biography    and    Characterization  — 

Continued  vol.  page 

Smiles,  Samuel 9  3439 

Smith,  Adam 9  3449 

Smith,  Horace 9  3455 

Smith,  Sydney 9  3468 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax 9  3479 

Southey,  Robert 9  3488 

Souvestre,  Emile 9  3497 

Spencer,  Herbert 9  3505 

Spinoza,  Baruch 9  3525 

Stael,  Madame  de 9  3534 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 9  3549 

Stephen,  Sir  James 9  3599 

Sterne,  Lawrence 9  3603 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 9  3G08 

Stewart,  Balfour 9  3621 

Sturleson,   Snorre 9  3629 

Swift,  Jonathan 9  3640 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles 9  3659 

Symonds,  John  Addington 9  3666 

Tacitus,  Cornelius 10  3673 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 10  3703 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon 10  3726 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 10  3735 

Theophrastus 10  3753 

Thoreau,  Henry  David 10  3776 

Tickell,  Thomas 10  3787 

Ticknor,  George 10  3791 

Tocqueville,     Alexis     Charles     Henri 

Clerel  de 10  3798 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich 10  3809 

Tseng,  The  Marquis 10  3819 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore 10  3823 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 10  3833 

«  Twain,   Mark  >»   (Samuel  Langhorne 

Clemens) 10  3842 

Tyndall,  John 10  3849 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de.. .  .10  3858 

Wagner,  Richard 10  3867 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel 10  3872 

Walpole,   Horace 10  3876 

Walton,  Izaak 10  3881 

Warton,  Joseph 10  3886 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy 10  3893 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf 10  3899 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin 10  3906 

Wilson,  John 10  3913 

Wirt,  William 10  8925 

Wordsworth,  William 10  3929 

Xenophon 10  3937 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 10  3942 

Biology 

Huxley's  work  as  an  evolutionist 6  2276 

Bion,  Diogoras,  and   Lucian,   Greek   athe- 
ists     1  334 

Biped  in  breeches,  The 3  870 

Bird  songs  imitated  in  verse 6  2438 

Birds 

«  Birds  and  Poets,"  by  John  Burroughs 

(cited) 2  763 

Burroughs  on 2  769 

Kingsley  on  English  bird  life 6  2434 

Tacitus  on  augury  from  birds 10  3680 

« of  America,"  by  Audubon 1  279 

Birrell,  Augustine 

Biography 2  454 

Essays  : 

On  Doctor  Brown's  Dog-Story 2  455 

Book-Buying 2  459 

Birth,  a  result  of  death 5  1716 

Biscuit,    Edward,   tells    the    death   of    Sir 

Roger  de  Coverley 1  109 

«  Bits  of  Oak  Bark,  "by  Jeff  eries 6    2350-3 

«  Black- Eyed  Susan  »  (Douglas  Jerrold) ...    6  2375 


4096 


GENERAL    INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Black  Friday,  Dana  on 3    1229 

Blackie,   John  Stuart 

Biography 2      463 

Essay : 

The  Love  Songs  of  Scotland 2      464 

Blacksmith,  The  Learned  (See  Burritt.).    2      757 
Blackstone,  Sir  William 

Biography 2      477 

Essay  : 

The   Professional  Soldier  in  Free 

Countries 2      477 

Blair,  Hugh 

Biography 2      483 

Essays  : 

The  Poetry  of  the  Hebrews 2      483 

Taste  and  Genius 2      487 

Blank  verse,  Felltham  on 5     1679 

introduced  in  England 6    2053 

Blaserna,  Pietro 

Biography 2      491 

Essay  : 

Music,  Ancient  and  Modern 2      491 

Blessing  of  good  nature,  The   (Marie  de 

Sevigng) 10    3994 

Blind,  Karl 

Biography 2      498 

Essay  : 

Wodan  and  the  Wandering  Jew  ...    2      498 

Blockhead,  The,  Sadi  on 10  3991 

Blockhead  writers  and  readers   (Earl  of 

Chesterfield) 10  3959 

Blockheads,  Turgenieff  on 10  3837 

Blonay,  and  other  Swiss  castles 3  1148 

Blue  Grass,  by  John  James  Ingalls 6  2292 

region  of  Kentucky,  Ingalls  on. . .    6  2295 

Body,  Sallust  on  the 10  3992 

Boer  literature  (Olive  Schreiner) 9  3379 

Boers  in  South  Africa  attacked  by  Eng- 
land     9  3659 

Boethius,  Anicius  Manlius  Severinus 

Biography 2  504 

Essay: 

What  Is  the  Highest  Happiness?. .    2  504 

Called  «  holy  »  by  De  Bury 2  792 

His  definition  of  happiness 1  177 

Bohme,  Jacob 

Biography 2  508 

Essays: 

Paradise 2  508 

The  Supersensual  Life 2  511 

On  the  philosopher's  atone  (cited) 7  2556 

Boileau-Despreaux 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Who  Is  the  Wisest  Man  ? 10  3955 

On  truth  as  the  basis  of  wit 1  37 

Bojardo,  Pulci,  and  Ariosto 8  3186 

Bolingbroke,  Lord 

Biography 2  513 

Essay: 

On  the  Study  of  History 2  513 

Bonaparte,  Jerome 

Marries  Miss  Patterson 7  2712 

Book  madness  by  Southey 9  3496 

making  (Alexander  H.  Everett) 10  3965 

Books  and  Booksellers 

(See  Libraries,  Literature,  etc.) 

Ben  Jonson  on  malignancy  in  studies. .    6  2405 

Black-letter  books 4  1371 

Books  as  a  Nepenthe  (Thomas  Fuller). 10  3967 

Butler  on  the  best  possible  book 5  1815 

Chambers,  Robert,  and  his  work 3  937 

Channing  on  the  best  books 10  3958 


Books  and  Booksellers  —  Continued  vol.  page 

De  Bury  on  the  mind  in  books 2  790 

Dibdin  on  bibliomania 4  1360 

DTsraeli  on  mediaeval  illuminations. .    4  1405 

Felltham  on  idle  books 5  1672 

Fielding  on  bad  books 5  1729 

On  reading  for  amusement 5  1725 

First  book  printed  in  England 3  918 

First  book  printed  in  Europe 6  2046 

First  edition  of  Homer,  Florence,  1488   6  2348 

First  editions 4  1370 

Granger  and  grangerizing 4  1368 

Harrison  on  the  choice  of  books 6  2080 

Holmes  on  books  and  libraries 6  2212 

Illustrated  copies 4  1368 

Libraries,  their  growth  and  cost 2  461 

Literary  forgeries  (Lang) 7  2492 

London  book  auctions 2  460 

«  Lovers  of  Literature,"  by  Southey 9  3494 

Lubbock  on  happiness  from  books ... .    7  2678 

Mazarin  Bible  as  the  first  book  printed   6  2048 

«  Men  of  Books,"  by  Longfellow.    7  2628 

Milton  on  his  reading  in  youth 8  2905 

Milton   on  the   crime  of  killing  good 

books 10  3983 

Paper   invented 4  1462 

Prices    paid    for    *  Torn    Jones "    and 

«  Amelia  » 5  1725 

Rymer  to  the  Earl  of  Oxford 4  1401 

The  book  of  the  world  (Carlo  Goldoni)  10  3968 

The  man  of  one  book 4  1395 

Tottel' s«  Miscellanies"  (1557) 6  2051 

Uncut  copies 4  1368 

Vellum  copies 4  1370 

Vossius  and  his  masterpiece 2  463 

Books  and  authorship  (Schopenhauer) 9  3366 

"  Books  and  Tombstones, "  by  Robert  Louis 

Stevenson 9  3612 

Books    Old    and    New     (Oliver     Wendell 

Holmes) 10  3972 

Boileau  against  Perrault 5  1895 

Bordeaux,  Montaigne  mayor  of 8  2936 

Borrow,  George,  Birrell  on 2  456 

Bosanquet,  Bernard 

Biography 2  517 

Essay: 

The  True  Conception  of  Another 

World 2  517 

Bossuet 

On  Greek  poets,  quoted  by  Brunetifire   2  655 
Boston 

Biichner  on  old  maids  in 2  675 

Channing,   pastor   of    Federal    Street 

Church 3  945 

Emerson,  Rev.  William,  pastor  of  the 

First  Church 4  1574 

Joseph  Dennie  born  in 4  1298 

Boswell's  «  Life  of  Johnson,"  Hazlitt  on  . .    6  2140 
Botany 

Evelyn  on  the  seed  of  trees 6  1662 

Humble      bees     and     fertilization     of 

clover 4  1267 

Natural  selection  in  plants,  Darwin  on   4  1265 

Nectar  of  plants  and  insects,  Darwin  on   4  1265 
Pollen    of     plant.    Transportation    of, 

Darwin  on 4  1265 

Sex  in  plants 4  1266 

Botta,  Vincenzo 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Character  of  Cavour 10  3955 

Bouhours    as    « the    most    penetrating  of 

French  critics  " 1  37 

Bourdaloue 

Reader  of  St.  Paul,  Cicero,  and  Chrys- 

ostom 4  1397 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4097 


Bourget,  Paul  vol.  page 

Biography 2      523 

Essay. 

On  the  Death  of  Victor  Hugo 2      523 

Bourne,  Vincent 

•  Epitaphium  in  Canetn  " 7    2456 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson 

Biography 2      527 

Essay- 

Getting  On  in  the  World 2      527 

Bovle,  John 

See  Cork,  the  Earl  of 3    1154 

Boyle,  Robert 

Biography 2      535 

Essays: 

On  a  Glow  Worm  in  a  Phial 2      536 

The  Possibility  of    the    Resurrec- 
tion    2      537 

The  Knowledge  of  Nature 2      538 

Bracebridge  Hall 

Described  by  Washington  Irving 6    2303 

Bracebridge,  Master  Simon .   6    2305 

Bradford,  William 

Celebrated  Passages. 

On  the  Death  of  Elder  Brewster  .  .10    3955 
Bradshaw,  John 

Milton  on  his  character 4    1585 

Brahms,   Strauss,    and    Wagner,     Tolstoi 

on 10    3817 

Brain  in  man  and  woman 2      672 

Brains  (Jean  Jacques  Rousseau) 10    3991 

Brewer,  David  J. 

On  the  essay —  Its  scope  and  purpose 
defined  ;  Lord  Bacon  the  prince  of 
essayists ;  literary  style  in  essay 
writing  ;  Alexander  Smith  and  his 
essay  on  essays ;  Charles  Lamb  as 
an  example  of  tenderness  ,  Purpose 

of  the  World's  Best  Essays 1     xiii 

"Bridge  of  Sighs,"  by  Hood 6    2218 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme 

Biography  2      540 

Essays  : 

Gastronomy    and    the    other    sci- 
ences      2      541 

On  Death 2      545 

British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 

A'Beckett,      Gilbert    A.  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3949 

Abercrombie,  John  —  (Essay) 1  1 

Addison,  Joseph  —  (Essays). 1  17 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3949 

Aikin,  Lucy  —  (Celebrated  Passages) . .  10  3950 
Alexander,      Archibald  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3950 

Alfred  the  Great— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10  3950 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald—  (Essays) 1  135 

Allen,  Grant  — (Essay) 1  142 

Arbuthnot,  John  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3950 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of  —  ( Essay) 1  183 

Arnold,  Matthew— (Essays) 1  230 

Ascham,  Roger  —  (Essays) 1  264 

Atterbury,  Francis — (Essay) 1  276 

Austen,  Jane  —  (Celebrated  Passages) .  10  3951 

Austin,  Alfred  —  (Essay) 1  302 

Bacon,  Francis  —  (Essays) 1  808 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3951 

Bagehot,  Walter  —  (Essay) 1  372 

Bain,  Alexander— (Essay) 1  375 

Ball,  Sir  Robert— (Essay) 1  381 

Barrington,  Sir  J.— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3952 

x— 257 


British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 

—  Continued                                                   vol.  page 

Barrow,  Isaac  —  (Celebrated  Passages)10  3952 

Bathurst,  Richard  —  (Essay) 1  399 

Baxter,     Richard  —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3952 

Beaconsfield,  Lord — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3952 

Beattie,  James — (Essay) 1  413 

Bede,  The  Venerable  —(Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3953 

Bentham,  Jeremy  —  (Essays) 2  435 

Berkeley,  George  —  ( Essay) 2  440 

Besant,  Sir  Walter—  (Essays) 2  445 

Birrell,  Augustine  —  (Essays) 2  454 

Blackie,  John  Stuart  —  (Essay) 2  463 

Blackstone,  Sir  William  —  (Essay) 2  477 

Blair,  Hugh  — (Essays) 2  483 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  Viscount 

—  (Essay) 2  513 

Bosanquet,  Bernard  —  (Essay) 2  517 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson  — 

(Essay) 2  527 

Boyle,  Robert  — (Essays) 2  535 

Brooke,  Henry— (Essay) 2  548 

Brougham,    Henry,   Baron    Brougham 

and  Vaux  — ( Essay) 2  553 

Brown,  John  —  (Essays) 2  561 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas—  (Essay) 2  574 

Browning,  Robert  —  (Essay) 2  646 

Bryce,  James  —  ( Essay) 2  666 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas— (Essay) 2  677 

Budgell,  Eustace— (Essays) 2  685 

Burke,  Edmund  —  ( Essays) 2  705 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3956 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Baron  — (Es- 
say)     2  752 

Burnet,     Thomas  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3957 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis— (Essay)   2  777 

Burton,  Robert  —  (Essays) 2  784 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3957 

Bury,  Richard  de—(  Essay) 2  790 

Butler,  Joseph— (Essay) 2  793 

Butler,  Samuel— (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3957 
Byron,   George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord — J 

(Essay) 2  800 

Caine,  Hall— (Essay) 2  806 

Campbell,  Thomas— (Essay) 2  814 

Carleton,  William— (Essay) 2  821 

Carlyle,  Thomas— (Essays) 3  827 

Carpenter,  Edward— (Essay) 3  887 

Carpenter, William  Benjamin— (Essay)   3  891 

Carter,  Elizabeth— (Essay) 3  895 

«  Cavendish  »  (Henry  Jones)— (Essays)   3  911 

Caxton,  William— (Essay) 3  918 

Cecil,  Richard— (Essay) 3  922 

Cesaresco,    Countess   Evelyn    Martin- 

engo— (Essay) 3  926 

Chalmers,  Thomas—  (Essays) 3  930 

Chambers,  Robert  —  (Essays) 3  937 

Chapone,  Hester  — (Essay) 3  954 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey  — (Essay) 3  970 

Cheke,  Sir  John  — (Essay) 3  975 

Chesterfield,  Lord  —  (Essays) 3  981 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3959 

Clarendon,  Lord  — (Essays) 3  1021 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3973 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh—  (Essays) 3  1018 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power—  (  Essays) 3  1055 

Cobbett,  William  — (Essay) 3  1061 

Coleridge,  Hartley— (Essays) 3  1066 

Coleridge.  Samuel  Taylor— (Essays)..    3  1082 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3959 

Collins,  Mortimer  — (Essays) 3  1093 

Collyer,  Robert  —  (Essay) 3  1100 

Colman  and  Thornton  — (Essay) 3  1105 


4098 


GENERAL   INDEX 


British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 

—  Continued  vol.  page 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb— (Essay) 3  1111 

Colvin,   Sidney — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3959 

Combe,  George  — (Essay) 3  1116 

Cork,  The  Earl  of  —  (Essay) 3  1154 

Coverdale,  Miles  —  ( Essay) 3  1159 

Cowley,  Abraham— (Essays)..  . 3  1163 

Cowper,  William  —  (Essay) 3  1171 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock—  (Essay) 3  1176 

Cranmer,  Thomas— (Essay) 3  1186 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3963 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd— (Essay)   3  1188 

Croker,  John  Wilson  — (Essay) 3  1193 

Cumberland,  Richard  — (Essays) 3  1198 

( Celebrated  Passages) 10  3963 

Cunningham,  Allan  —  (Essays) 3  1206 

Cust,  Robert  Needham  —  ( Essays) ....    3  1222 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert  —  (Essays) ...   4  1258 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry— (Essay) 4  1271 

Decker,  Thomas— (Essay) 4  1280 

Defoe,   Daniel— (Essays) 4  1283 

De  Quincey,  Thomas— (Essays) 4  1301 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Froguall—( Essay)...    4  1360 

Dickens,  Charles— (Essays) 4  1376 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm— (Essay) 4  1391 

D'Israeli,  Isaac — (Essays) 4  1394 

Dobson,  Austin— (Essay) 4  1420 

Doddridge,  Philip— (Essay) 4  1431 

Donne,  John— (Essays) 4  1435 

Doran,  John — (Essay) 4  1439 

Dowden,  Edward— ( Essays) 4  1451 

Draper,  John  W.—( Essay) 4  1461 

Drummond,  Henry— (Essay) 4  1474 

Drummond,  William—  (Essay) 4  1478 

Dryden,  John — (Essays) 4  1482 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan— (Essay) 4  1495 

Duncombe,  John — (Essay) 4  1499 

Earle,  John— (Essays) 4  1504 

Edgeworth,  Maria — ( Essays ) 4  1526 

«  Eliot,  George  "—(Essays)" 4  1541 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas— (Essays) 4  1569 

Evelyn,  John — ( Essays) 5  1654 

Farrar,  Frederic  William— (Essay) 5  1664 

Felltham,  Owen— (Essays) 5  1670 

Fielding,  Henry — ( Essays) 5  1724 

Foster,  John— (Essays) 5  1750 

Freeman,  Edward  A. — (Essay) 5  1789 

Froude,  James  Anthony— (Essay) 5  1809 

Fuller,  Thomas—  (Essays) 5  1817 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3967 

Galton,  Francis— (Essay) 5  1855 

Gay,  John— (Essay) 5  1866 

Gibbon,  Edward— (Essay) 5  1888 

Giraldus  Cambrensis— (Essay) 5  1902 

Gladstone,  William   Ewart— (Essay). .    5  1906 

Godwin,  William— (Essay) 5  1911 

Goldsmith,  Oliver— (Essays)  5  1936 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3969 

Gosse,  William  Edmund— (Essay) 5  1976 

Grand,  Sarah— (Essay) 5  1981 

Green,  John  Richard— (Essays) 5  1993 

Greene,  Robert — (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3969 

Greville,  Fulke— (Celebrated  Passages)10  3969 

Grote,  George— (Essay) 5  2018 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew— (Essay) 5  2040 

Hall,  Robert— (Celebrated  Passages).  .10  3970 

Hallam,  Henry  —  (Essays) 6  2045 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler —(Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3970 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert  — (Essays)   .    6  2056 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W.— (Essay) 6  2070 

Hare,  Julius  Charles— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10  3970 

Harrington,  James— (Essays) 6  2077 

Harrison,  Frederic  —  ( Essay ) 6  2080 


British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 
—  Continued  vol.  page 

Hawkesworth,  John  — (Essay) 6  2105 

Hazlitt,  William  — (Essay) 6  2128 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3971 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur  —  (Essays) 6  2170 

Herbert,    Edward— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)   10  3971 

Herschel,  Sir  John — (Essays) 6  2186 

Hobbes,  Thomas  —  ( Essays) 6  2197 

Hood,  Thomas— (Essays) 6  2218 

Hook,    Theodore  — (Essay) 6  2224 

Hooker,  Richard  —  (Essays) 6  2229 

Hughes,  John  —  (Essay) 6  2234 

Hume,   David  —  (Essays) 6  2258 

Hunt,  Leigh  — (Essays) 6  2269 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry —  (Essay) 6  2276 

James  I. —  (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3974 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell  —  (Essay)- ••    6  2330 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse  — (Essay) .    6  2342 

Jefferies,  Richard  —  (Essay) 6  2350 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis  —  Essays) 6  2360 

Jerome,  Jerome  K.—  (Essay) 6  2369 

Jerro Id,  Douglas  — (Essay) 6  2375 

Jevons,  W.  Stanley — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3974 

Johnson,  Samuel— (Essays) 6  2382 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3975 

Jonson,  Ben  —  (Essays) 6  2401 

"Junius"   (Sir    Philip  Francis?)— (Es- 
say)     6  2408 

Karnes,  Lord  —  ( Celebrated  Passages) .  10  3975 

Keightley,   Thomas  —  ( Essays) 6  2422 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3975 

Kingsley,  Charles  —  ( Essay) 6  2434 

Knox,  John  —  (Celebrated  Passages). . .  10  3976 

Lamb,  Charles — (Essays) 7  2451 

Landor,  Walter  Savage  — (Essays) 7  2485 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3977 

Lang,  Andrew  —  (Essays) 7  2490 

Lecky,   William   Edward    Hartpole  — 

(Essays) 7  2516 

L'Estrange,    Sir    Roger  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3978 

Lewes,  George  Henry  —  (Essay) 7  2536 

Lingard,  John  — (Essay) 7  2563 

Locke,  John — (Essays) 7  2571 

(Celebrated  Passages); 10  3979 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson  —  (Essays) 7  2595 

Lodge,  Thomas — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3979 

Long,  George — (Celebrated  Passages).  10  3979 

Lubbock,  Sir  John—  (Essays) 7  2677 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles 7  2G95 

Lyly,  John— (Essays) 7  2698 

Lyttelton,  Lord  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3980 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 

Bulwer,  Baron  —  (Essays) 7  2702 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3980 

McCarthy,  Justin  — (Essay) 7  2711 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,   Baron 

—  (Essays) 7  2717 

Mackenzie,  Henry  —  (Essay) 7  2781 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James— (Essay) 7  2785 

Mahaffy,  John  P. (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3980 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner — (Es- 
say)     7  2799 

Mallock,     William     Hurrell  —  (Ce  le- 

brated  Passages) 10  3981 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert  —  ( Essay) ...    7  2809 

Mandeville,  Sir  John  — (Essays) 7  2816 

Martineau,   Harriet  —  (Essay) 7  2826- 

Martineau,    James  —  (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages)  10  39S2' 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4099 


British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 

—  Continued                                                   vol.  page 
Martyn,  Henry  —  (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3982 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison — (Essay)    7  2835 
Middleton,  Thomas   Fanshaw — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3983 

Mill,  John  Stuart  — (Essay) 6  2888 

Milton,  John  —  (Essays) 8  2902 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3983 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell  —  (Essay) 8  2915 

Mivart,  St.  George  — (Essay) 8  2921 

Montagu,    Lady   Mary  Wortley — (Es- 
says)....     8  2930 

More,   Hannah  —  (Essays) 8  3001 

More,  Sir  Thomas  —  ( Essay) 8  3010 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3984 

Mori ey,  John  — (Essay) 8  3015 

Morris,   William  —  (Essay) 8  3021 

Miiller,  Max— (Essays) 8  3044 

Newman,  Cardinal— (Essay) 8  3049 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3984 

Norton,  John— (Celebrated  Passages)  .10  3984 

«  Ouida  "—(Essays)  8  3081 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas— (Essays) 8  30S7 

(Celebrated  Passages)  ....  10  3985 

Parnell,   Thomas — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages)   10  3985 

Pater,  Walter— (Essay) 8  3111 

Penn,  William— (Celebrated  Passages)10  3986 

Pope,  Alexander— (Essays) 8  31G8 

Proctor,  Richard  A.-  ( Essays) 8  3193 

"Prout,  Father  "—(Essay) 8  3202 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10  3988 

Rawlinson,  George — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10  3989 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua— (Essays) 8  3233 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3990 

Ricardo,  David— (Essay ) 8  3240 

Richardson,  Samuel— (Essay) 8  3244 

Rochester,   Earl  of— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3990 

Ruskin,  John— (Essays) 9  3285 

Saintsbury,  George   Edward   Bateman 

—(Essay) 9  3336 

Schreiner,  Olive— (Essays)  9  3379 

Scott,  Sir  Walter— (Essays) 9  3388 

Selden,  John— ( Essays) 9  3398 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3993 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of— (Essay) 9  3415 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3994 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe— (Essays) 9  3419 

Shenstone,  William — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10  3994 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip— (Essays)  9  3426 

(Celebrated  Passages)...  .10  3994 

Sigourney,  Lydia  H.— (Essay) 9  3433 

Smiles,  Samuel— ( Essay) 9  3439 

Smith,  Adam— (Essays) 9  3449 

Smith,    Goldwin  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)   10  3995 

Smith,  Horace— (Essays) 9  3455 

Smith,  Captain  John— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10  3995 

Smith,  Sydney— (Essays) 9  3468 

Smollett,  Tobias— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)   10  3995 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax— (Essay)  .. .    9  3479 

South,  Robert— (Celebrated  Passages). 10  3996 

Southey, Robert— (Essays) 9  3488 

Spencer,  Herbert— ( Essays) 9  3505 

Steele,  Sir  Richard— (Essays) 9  3549 

(Celebrated  Passages) ....  10  3996 

Stephen,  Sir  James—  ( Essay) 9  3599 

Sterne,  Lawrence— (Essays) 9  3603 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3997 


British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists 

—  Continued  VOL.  PAGE 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  —  (Essays). . .    9  3608 

Stewart,  Balfour  —  (Essay) 9  3621 

Stewart,    Dugald— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages  10  3997 

Swift,  Jonathan  — (Essays) 9  3640 

( Celebrated    Passages) 10  3998 

Swinburne,    Algernon    Charles —  (Es- 
says)     9  3659 

Symonds,  John  Addington  — (Essay)..    9  3666 
Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon  —  (Essay). 10  3726 
Taylor,    Jeremy — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)   10  3999 

Temple,     Sir    William  — (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  4000 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace  — 

(Essays) 10  3735 

Tickell,  Thomas— (Essay) 10  3787 

Tillotson,     John  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  4000 

Tyndall,  John— (Essays) 10  3849 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel—  (Essay) 10  3872 

Walpole,  Horace  —  (Essays) 10  3876 

Walton,  Izaak—  (Essay) 10  3881 

Warton,  Joseph  —  ( Essays) 10  3886 

Watts,  Isaac  —  (Celebrated  Passages) . .  10  4002 
Wilson,  John  («  Christopher  North"  )  — 

( Essays) 10  3913 

Wordsworth,  William—  (Essays) 10  3929 

Brooke,  Henry 

Biography 2      548 

Essay: 

What  Is  a  Gentleman  ? 2      548 

Brooke,  Sir  Philip 

On  the  Gulf  Stream 7    2856 

Brooks,  Phillips 

Celebrated  Passages : 

Friendship 10    3956 

Delight  in  Self-Denial 10    3955 

Brougham,  Lord 

Biography 2      553 

Essay: 

The  Character  of  Danton 2      554 

Brown,  Charles  Brockden 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Influence  of  Foreign  Literature. .  .10    3955 
Brown,  John 

Biography 2      561 

Essays: 

The  Death  of  Thackeray 2      562 

Mary  Duff's  Last  Half-Crown 2      568 

Rab  and  the  Game  Chicken 2      570 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography 2      574 

Essay: 

Religio  Medici 2      575 

His  faith  in  God 2      574 

Browning,  Robert 

Biography 2      646- 

Essay: 

Shelley's  Spiritual  Life 2      646. 

Douglass    Jerrold      alarmed      by    his 
depth 3      942 

Brownson,  Orestes  A. 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Bible 10    3955 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand 

Biography , 2      651 

Essay: 

The    Essential    Characteristic    of 

French  Literature 2      651 

Brutality  in  human  nature,  Hobbes  on 6    2190. 


4ioo 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Bryant,  William  Cullen 

Biography 

Essays:  - 

A  Day  in  Florence    * 

Europe  under  the  Bayonet 2 

The  Life  of  Women  in  Cuba 2 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Perils  of  Life 


VOL   PAGE 

..2      659 


660 
662 
664 


10    3956 


Burning  at  the  stake 


7    2598 


233 
855 


.    2 
.10 


066 

666 
3714 

849 

671 
671 
677 

678 


3956 
1222 

685 


2 

685 

2 

688 

2 

691 

2 

694 

7 

2748 

6 

2196 

1 

180 

7 

2601 

Bryce,  James 

Biography 

Essay: 

Democracy  and  Civic  Duty  . . . 

Brynhild  and  siSurd 

«  Bubble  periods  »  and  panics 3 

Biichner,  Ludwig 

Biography 

Essay:  . 

Woman's  Brain  and  Rights J 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas 

Biography 

Essay: 

Liberty  a  Supreme  Good ^ 

Buckminster,  Joseph  Stevens 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Quiet  Things  of  Life ll» 

Buddha  and  his  creed,  by  Cust 3 

Budgell,  Eustace 

Biography 

Essays: 

The  Love  Affairs  of  Will  Honey- 
comb   

Love  after  Marriage •  ■  • 

Mr.  Rigadoon's  Dancing  School.. 

Modesty  and  Assurance 

Macaulay  on  his  character  

Bttffon 

and  Goethe •  • 

Cited  by  Arago  on  the  earth's  heat. . . 
His  absence  of  mind 

Bulls,  Irish 

Edgeworth  on 

Bunsen,  Baron  von 

Biography 

Essay : 

Luther  at  Worms 

Bunyan, John  fi 

His  early  life ■    \ 

Macaulay  on  the  «  Pilgrim's  Progress      7 

Burden  of  fools,  The  (Goethe) 10 

Burdette,  Robert  J. 

Celebrated  Passages : 

Engaged  and  Married 10 

Burke,  Edmund 

Biography 

Essays : 

The  Principles  of  Good  Taste. .....    a 

The  Efficient  Cause  of  the  Sublime 

and  Beautiful 2 

Celebrated  Passages : 

War  as  the  Cause  of  Corruption. ...  10 

Goldsmith  on  his  eloquence 6     2141 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques 

Biography 

Essay : 

The  Principles  of  Natural  Right.. . 

Burleigh,    Lord 

Biography 

Essay  : 

The  Well  Ordering  of  a  Man's  Life 

Burnet,  Thomas 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Life  but   a  Circulation   of  Little 


VOL.  PAGE 

Formula  of  su-rrender  for 8    2884 

Bums    and    the     Pundits    of    Edinburgh 
(Lockhart) 

Burns,  Robert 

Arnold  on  his  verse * 

His  morals,  Carlyle  on 3 

Burritt,  EHhu 

Biography z 

Essays  : 

A  Point  of  Space 2 

The  Circulation  of  Matter 2 

The  Force  of  Gravity  in  the  Moral 

World 2 

Burroughs,  John 

Biography z 


4  1526 
2  698 
2      698 


2719 

3968 


757 


757 
758 


60 


763 


3956 


705 


706 


30 


3956 


47 


Essay  : 

The  Art  of  Seeing  Things 2 

Burton,  Sir  Richard 

Biography 2 

Essay  : 

Romantic  Love  and  Arab  Poetry. . .    2 

Burton,  Robert 

Biography z 

Essays: 

The  Nature  of  Spirits,  Bad  Angels, 

or  Devils 2 

Of  Discontents 2 

Celebrated  Pa  ssages  : 

The  Devil's  Bait 10 

Bun,',  Richard  de 

Biography 2 

Essay: 

The  Mind  in  Books * 

Business 

Most  important  thing  in   ( Lucius  Ju- 
nius Moderatus  Columella ) 10 

Butler,  Joseph 

Biography 

Essay: 

Does  God  Put  Men  to  the  Test  ?. ...    2 

Butler,  Bishop,  on  books  and  papers 6 

Butler,  Samuel 

Celebrated  Passages  • 

An  Opinionater 

Butterfly,  the    birth    of   described  by  Bur- 
roughs   

Buzzards,   Proctor  investigates  the  flight 

of 

Byron,  Lord 

Biography 

Essay: 

Art  and  Nature « 

Byron  and  the   growth   of   history   from 

Myth,  Grote  on 5 

Castelar  on  his  genius 3 

Goethe  on  his  «  Manfred  " 5 

His  obituary  by  Walter  Scott 9 

His  prose  style - 

Byron,  Lady 

Castelar  on  her  character a 


764 


777 


784 


785 
787 

3957 

790 

790 


3959 
793 

793 

2103 


10    3957 


2      772 


8    3193 


800 


800 

2018 

902 

2019 

3393 

800 

903 


47 


752 


2      752 


Mean  Actions' 


.  10    3957 


Cads 

«  Ouida  "on 

Csedmon 

As  Milton's  precursor ' 

His  work  as  a  poet " 

Caesar,  Caius  Julius 

Celebrated  Passages; 

Prosperity    as    a  Penalty    for  t 
Worst  Wickedness 


8    3082 


2613 
2613 


10     3957 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4101 


Ccesar,  Caius  Julius —  Continued 

Celebrated  Passages —  Continued  vol.  page 

«  Rights  of  War  » 10     3957 

At  the  house  of  Amyclas 4    1243 

Felltham  on  his  courage 5    1687 

Caine,  Hall 

Biography 2      806 

Essay: 

Aspects  of  Shakespeare's  Art 2      806 

Calamities 

Hannah  More  on 8    3006 

Calamity,    Emerson   on    its    natural    his- 
tory     4    1626 

Calcedon  visited 8    2931 

Calderon  and  Lopez  de  Vega  (Madame  de 

Stael) 9    3544 

Calhoun,  John  C. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Inventions  and  Discoveries 10    3957 

The  Danger  of  Subserviency 10    3957 

Caliban  as  a  reality,  Allston  on 1      151 

Caligula  demolishes  a  palace 8    2974 

Cambrensis,  Giraldus 

Biography 5     1902 

Essay: 

On  the  Beneficial  Effects  of  Music.    5    1902 

Cambyses  and  Nitetis 1      273 

Camoens 

Dies  in  a  hospital 4    1398 

Campanella 

Anecdote  of,  by  Spon 2      723 

Campbell,  Sir  George,   against  falling  in 

love 1      142 

Campbell,  Thomas 

Biography 2      814 

Essay: 

Cbatterton's  Life  Tragedy 2      814 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert  de 
Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Vox  Populi  » 10     3957 

Learning  and  Philosophy 10    3957 

Canada,  Essayists  of 

Allen,  Grant— (Essay) 1  142 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3970 

Smith,  Goldwin  (Celebrated  Passages)  10  3995 

«  Candide,  The,"  of  Voltaire,  cited 4  1234 

Canon  law,  Dante  on 4  1238 

Cant 

Clear  your  mind  of  cant  (Johnson) 3  883 

Canterbury  Tales,  Keightley  on 6  2427 

Capacity,  a  test  of 1  259 

Capital 

Capitalistic  production,  by  Karl  Marx, 

extracted  from 7  2831 

Comte  on   hostility   of  ernploj'er  and 

employed 3  1130 

Wealth  in  the  kingdom  of  Lao 5  1946 

Capital  and  Labor 5  1764 

Hume  on  money  and  the  price  of  la- 
bor   6  2267 

Caquisseitan,  The,  seen  by  Mandeville 3  1037 

Carbonari  societies 8  2859 

Cardan 

On  the  nature  of  devils,  cited 2  785 

Card  playing  on  Sunday,  Mrs.  Carter  on. .  3  897 
Carleton,  William 

Biography 2  821 

Essay: 

A  Glimpse  of  Irish  Life 2  821 

Describes  the  village  of  Findamore. . .  2  821 


Carlyle,  Thomas                                            vol.  page 

Biography 3  827 

Essays: 

On  the  Death  of  Goethe 3  830 

Characteristics 3  838 

"  Gedenke  Zu  Leben  » 3  846 

Captains  of  Industry 3  848 

The  Character  of  Robert  Burns 3  854 

Dante  and  Shakespeare 3  860 

Napoleon  and  Cromwell 3  865 

Teufelsdrockh    on    « The    Omniv- 
orous Biped  in  Breeches »     3  870 

«  Anarchy  Plus  the  Street-Consta- 
ble "  in  America 3  873 

The  Gospel  of  Work 3  876 

The  Supreme  Law  of  Justice 3  878 

On  Samuel  Johnson 3  879 

An  Ethical  Pig's  Catechism 3  885 

A  dispute    with    Carlyle,  by    Charles 

Gavan   Duffy 4  1495 

His  political  creed  aristocratic 3  828 

Taine  on  his  character 3  829 

Carnivora,  The,  and  human  habits 5  1958 

Carpenter,  Edward 

Biography 3  887 

Essay: 

Civilization— Its  Cure 3  887 

Carpenter,  Sir  William  Benjamin 

Biography 3  891 

Essay: 

Human  Automatism 3  891 

Carter,  Elizabeth 

Biography 3  895 

Essay : 

A  «  Rambler  »  Essay 3  895 

Hannah  More  on 8  3002 

Casaubon,  Meric 

Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  s sages  : 

Claiming  Divine  Right 10  3958 

Truth  the  Foundation  of  All  Good- 
ness  10  3958 

Caste,  social  preferences  not  a  part  of 3  949 

Castelar,  Emilio 

Biography 3  899 

Essays: 

The  Heroic  in  Modern  Journalism.   3  899 

The  Genius  and  Passion  of  Byron.    3  902 

Castiglione  Baldassare 

On  pastimes  in  education 1  267 

Catherine  of  Russia  patronizes  Diderot 4  1386 

Catlin,  George 

Biography 3  906 

Essay: 

Character  of  the  North  American 

Indians 3  906 

Dickens  on  his  lectures 4  13S0 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Silence  the  Virtue  of  the  Gods 10  3958 

On  the  best  king  (cited) 5  1690 

Cats 

Black  cats  and  the  devil 3  1067 

Hartley  Coleridge  on 3  1066 

Pope  on  cruelty  to 8  3174 

Cattians,  The,  and  their  customs 10  3692 

Catullus 

On  Acme  and  Septimus ...   4  1418 

Cause  and  effect 1  5-6 

Cause  of  all  quarrels,  The  (Plato) 10  3986 

Cave  and  Johnson 1  2742 

Cave  dwellers  of  Tarkonet,  Mandeville  on   3  1039 
"  Cavendish  "  (Henry  Jones) 

Biography 3  911 


4102 


GENERAL   INDEX 


«  Cavendish  »  (Henry  Jones)— Cont  'd       vol.  page 
Essays; 

The  Duffer's  Whist  Maxims 3  911 

On  Whist  and  Chess 3  914 

Cavilling,  Theophrastus  on 10  3754 

Cavour  and  Italian  unity 8  2859 

The  character  of  (Viucenzo  Botta) 10  3955 

Caxton,  William 

Biography 3  918 

Essay: 

Concerning     Nobility     and     True 

Chivalry 3  918 

*  Caxtoniana, »      by      Bulwer,       extracted 

from 7    2702-10 

Cecil,  Richard 

Biography 3  922 

Essay: 

The  Influence  of  the  Parental  Char- 
acter     3  922 

Cecil.  William    (See  Burleigh,  Lord)..  .    2  752 

Cerebral  intensity  and  feeling 1  377 

Ceremony  (John  Selden) 10  3993 

Ceremony  with  fools     (Earl    of   Chester- 
field)  10  3959 

Cervantes 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Historians 10  3958 

Scholars  Who  «  Go  a  Sopping  >'....  10  3958 

«  The  Multitude  of  Fools  » 10  3958 

The  Poet  and  the  Historian 10  3958 

«  Where  Truth  Is  God  Is  »• 10  3958 

Truth  as  Oil  upon  Water 10  3958 

The  Virgin  Muse  of  Poetry 10  3958 

His  work  in  prison 3  854 

Prescott  on  his  genius 8  3186 

Cesaresco,  Countess  Evelyn  Martinengo 

Biography 3  926 

Essay; 

Horace's  Sabine  Farm 3  926 

Chaldean  discoveries,  Draper  on 4  1464 

Chalmers,  Thomas 

Biography 3  930 

Essays: 

A  Mystery  of  Good  and  Evil 3  930 

Science  as  an  Evolution 3  933 

The  Miracle  of  Human  Cruelty 3  934 

Chambers,  Robert 

Biography 3  937 

Essays  : 

Unlucky  Days 3  937 

Some  Jokes  of  Douglas  Jerrold. ...    3  910 

His  «  Book  of  Days, »  etc 3  937 

Chamloe,   Sir  Roger:   Ascham's  anecdote 

of 1  264 

Change  in  all   things,  Marcus  Aurelius  on.  10  3951 
Channing,  William  Ellery 

Biography 3  945 

Essays  : 

Milton's  Love  of  Liberty 3  945 

The  Present  Age 3  947 

The  Uselessness  of  Rank 3  949 

The  Sense  of  Beauty 3  950 

«  Peace  of  all  God's  gifts  the  best  "  3  952 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Best  Books 10  3958 

Grandeur  of  Character 10  3958 

The  Greatness  of  Common  Men. . .  10  3958 

Mind  Made  for  Growth 10  3958 

Chapone,  Hester 

Biography 3  954 

Essay  : 

Sir  Charles  and  Lady  Worthy 3  954 

Character 

Emerson  on 4  1575 


Character  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Foster  on  decision  of 5    1750 

Henry  Ward  Beecher  on 10    3954 

Long  on  the  character  of   a  tyranni- 
cide  10    3979 

Marshall  on  the  character  of  Washing- 
ton    10    3982 

Of  a  gentleman,  Amiel  on 1      169 

Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  on 10    3965 

The    character   of    John   Bull   (James 

Kirk   Paulding) 10    3986 

The  cut  of   the    coat    and    character 

(Francois  Rabelais) 10    3988 

The  formation  of  (James  A.  Garfield). .10    3968 
The    grandeur    of     (William    Ellery 

Channing) 10    3958 

William  Winter  on 10    4004 

Character  and  association 

Madame  Roland  on 9    3273 

Character  Sketches 

Earle's  Microcostnography 4    1504 

"  Characteristics  of   the  American  Revolu- 
tion "  (Legare) 7     2525 

"Characteristics    of     Women,"    by    Anna 

Brownell  Jameson    6    2330-6 

"Characters,"  The,  of  La  Bruyere  extracted 

from 6    2444-50 

Charity  and  Works,  Thomas  a  Kempis  on.   6    2430 
Charity 

As  the  chief  of  virtues  (Browne) 2      626 

Fuller  on 5    1849 

Hosea  Ballou  on 10    3952 

Lamb  on  giving 7     2-160 

Mencius  on  universal  love 8    2870 

Charlemagne 

Collects  German  poems 7    2806 

Charles  I. 

Accompanied  to  the  block  by  Harring- 
ton     6    2077 

Charon's  cave  near  Naples 5     1657 

Charron,  Pierre 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Pride  of  Ancestry 10    3959 

Gratitude 10    3959 

Chastity 

Epictetus  on 1      256 

Thoreau  on 10    3785 

Chateaubriand,   Francois    Ren£    Auguste, 
Viscount  de 

Biography 3      958 

Essays: 

"  General  Recapitulation  "  of  "  The 

Genius  of  Christianity  » 3      959 

Christianity  and  Music 3      962 

Pictures 3      964 

Sculpture 3      966 

The   Literature  of    Queen  Anne's 

Reign 3      967 

Swift  and  Steele 3      968 

Chatterton  and  Ireland  as  «  forgers  » 7    2492 

Chatterton,  Thomas 

Biography  of,  by  Thomas  Campbell. .      2      814 
De   Quincey   on   Chatterton,  Walpole, 

and  "Junius" 4    1347 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

Biography 3      970 

Essay: 

On  Getting  and  Using  Riches 3      971 

« and   the    Italian    Poets,"  by   Swin- 
burne        9    3659 

Gascoyne  on  his  metre ...    6     2054 

Keightley  on  his  metres ....    6     2427 

On  «  Delyte  from  Bokes  » 7     ?681 

Tyrwhitt    on    his    versification   (Hal- 
lam) 6     2053 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4I03 


Cheke,  Sir  John  vol.  page 

Biography 3  975 

Essay: 

The  Blessings  of  Peace 3  975 

Cheke,  Sir  John,  cited  by  Roger  Ascharu, 

1:268;   Teacher  of  Roger  Ascharn 3  975 

Chemistry 

Draper  on  its  civilizing  influence 4  1469 

Lavoisier's  experiments 7  2559 

Liebig  and  his  work 7  2554 

Nitrogen  and  oxygen  in  their  relation 

to  history 2  677 

Work  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy 4  1271 

Cherbuliez,  Victor 

Biography 3  977 

Essay: 

The  Modern  Sphinx 3  977 

Chess 

«  Cavendish  »  on 3  914 

Franklin  on  the  morals  of  chess 5  1784 

Chesterfield,    Philip    Dormer     Stanhope, 
Lord 

Biography 3  981 

Essays: 

Vulgarism 3  981 

On  Good  Breeding 3  983 

On  Bad  Breeding 3  983 

Attentions  to  Ladies 3  985 

Learning  and  Politeness 3  987 

Women,  Vanity,  and  Love 3  987 

Too  Ready  Friends 3  988 

On  Character 3  989 

Good  Sense  in  Literature 3  990 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Blockhead  Writers  and  Readers. . .  10  3959 

Ceremony  with  Fools 10  3959 

Saint e-Beuve  on  his  character 9  3320 

Chevy  Chase,  Addison  on 1  47 

Child,  Lydia  Maria 

Biography 3  991 

Essay: 

A  Banquet  at  Aspasia's 3  991 

Childhood 

Ruskin  on 9  3306 

Children 

As  punishment  for  selfish  parents 3  924 

How  to   be   taught  to  read  and  speak 

(Jean  Jacques  Rousseau) 10  3991 

Oehlenschager  on  their  play  and  art  . .  10  3985 
Richter  on    the  death   of  young  chil- 
dren      8  3258 

The  Education  of  (Michel  Eyquem  de 

Montaigne) 10  3983 

The  training  of  (Aristotle)   10  3951 

and  parents,  Fuller  on 5  1831 

China 

Castelar  on  Chinese  historians 3  900 

Chinese  classics,  The 3  1136 

Chinese  language,  The 4  1413 

Confucius    born    under  the  Chow 

dynasty  3  1136 

Confucius  (Essays) 3  1136 

Mandarins  and  their  finger  nails 2  549 

Mandeville's  travels  in 3  1036 

Marquis  Tseng  in  diplomacy 10  3819 

Mencius  (Essays) 8  2870 

Printing  originates  in 4  1404 

The  book  of  poetry 3  1138 

T'Sang,  editor  of  the  «  Great    Learn- 
ing »>  3  1136 

Tseng,  The  Marquis  (Essays) 10  3819 

Tse-Sze  ( Celebrated  Passages) 10  4000 

Chinese  Literature 

Hager  on  Chinese  satires 4  1414 

Legge's  translation  of  Mencius 8  2870 


Chinese  Literature  —  Continued           vol.  page 
Mih,  the  philosopher,  quoted  by  Men- 
cius    8  2872 

Thseng-Tseu   on  the  soul   quoted  by 

Thoreau 10  3783 

(<  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop  "   (Max 

Miiller)  cited 8  3044 

Chivalry 

Ascham  condemns  its  literature 1  269 

Caxton  interprets  its  spirit 3  918 

Women  under  mediaeval  customs 4  14-30 

Chivalry  and  industrialism 5  1765 

Choate,  Rufus 

Celebrated  Passages; 

The  Starlight  of  History 10  3959 

Choice  for  every  man  (Thomas  Lodge) ..  .10  3979 
Choicest  thing  in  the  world,  The   (Josiah 

Gilbert  Holland) 10  3972 

«  Choses  Vues, "  by  Victor  Hugo 6  2239 

Christ  and  Socrates,  by  Rousseau 9  3283 

Christianity 

(See  Religion,  etc.) 

Amiel  on 1  167 

Argyle  on  Pagan  worship  and  Chris- 
tianity      1  187 

As  the  germ  of  democracy,  "  Novalis  " 

on 8  3066 

Chateaubriand  on  its  genius 3  959 

Christ  and  Socrates,  by  Rousseau 9  3283 

Coltou  on  the  Gospels  and  Isms 3  1113 

Compared    with    Paganism     (Hannah 

More) 8  3007 

Debt  of  art  to 3  960 

Does  it  make  Christians?  Emerson ... .    4  1620 

Felltham  on  its  nature 5  1681 

Fischer  on  the  philosophy  of   salva- 
tion     5  1737 

Jewish  idea  of  the  Messiah 5  1737 

Julius  Charles  Hare  on 10  3970 

Mivart  on  literalism 8  2922 

Orsted  on  Christianity  and  civilization  8  3079 

Plato  paves  the  way  for  it 8  3122 

Swift    against    its    abolition   in    Eng- 
land      9  3653 

Tolstoi  on  Christianity  and  science 10  3812 

and  courtesy,  Helps  on 6  2173 

progress,  by  Sir  James  Stephen  . .    9  3599 

slavery  (Hegel) 6  2147 

Christmas 

Reflections  on,  by  Sir  Roger  de  Cov- 

erley 1  96 

Yule  Tide  feast  and  Teutonic  mythol- 
ogy      2  502 

Chrysippus  and  his  friend 6  1686 

On  Providence 5  1874 

Chrysostom,  St. 

On  suspicion  (quoted) 5  1685 

«  Church  and  State  »  of  Gladstone  reviewed 

by  Macaulay 7    2763-71 

Church  choirs,  Earle  on 4  1515 

Church,  The 

(See   Religion,  etc.) 

Carlyle  on  its  loss  of  vitality 3  844 

Dante's  view  of  the  Church  universal  4  1235 

Death  sentence  for  heresy 8  2884 

Formula  of  surrender  for  the  stake  ...    8  2884 

Geographical  limitation  of,  condemned   2  613 

Henry  VIII.  as  Defender  of  the  Faith.   8  3010 

Locke  on  politics  in 7  2586 

Mediaeval  church  and  heathen  super- 
stition ( Freytag) 5  1800 

Mill  on  the  church  and  politics 8  2S95 

Ciampolo  in  hell 4  1233 


4104 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius  vol.  page 

Biography 3  998 

Essays: 

On  the  Contempt  of  Death 3  999 

Whether    Virtue    Alone    Be    Suffi- 
cient     3  1001 

De  Officiis 3  1006 

Concerning  Friendship 3  1008 

Old  Age  and  Immortality 3  1012 

On  the  Commonwealth 3  1016 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Poets  and  Their  Inspiration. ...  10  3959 

When  True  Life  Begins 10  3959 

Compared  to  Demosthenes  by  Longi- 

nus 7  2651 

Montaigne  on  his  ability 8  2945 

On     impertinence      in      conversation 

quoted  by  Addison 1  92 

on  puns 1  30 

Cimbrian     war  with  Rome,  Tacitus  on. ..  .10  3695 

Cipher  used  by  Swift 4  1421 

Cities 

How  to  secure    quiet  in  (Jean  de  La 

Bruyere) 10  3976 

Citizen  of  the  World,  The  (Goldsmith)....    5  1936 

Civil  government,  Locke  on 7  2573 

Civil  War  in  America,  Carlyle  on 8  3017 

Civil  War,  The,  in  American  literature. ...    6  2291 
Civilization 

Adamantius  Corais  on 10  3961 

Cure    recommended    by  Edward  Car- 
penter      3  887 

Joseph  Addison  on 10  3950 

Julius  Charles  Hare  on 10  3970 

Krapotkin  on  the  course  of 6  2441 

Mill  on  liberty  and  civilization 8  2897 

Relation  of  books  to 6  2104 

in  Europe,  Draper  on 4  1461 

Clarendon,  Lord  (Edward  Hyde) 

Biography 3  1021 

Essays: 

The  Character  of  John  Hampden. .    3  1022 

The  Character  of  Cromwell 3  1024 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Good  Nature  as  the  Greatest  Bless- 
ing  10  3973 

Beauty  as  a  Compelling  Power 10  3973 

The  World  Not  to  Be  Despised 10  3973 

Claretie,  Jules 

Biography 3  1030 

Essay: 

Shakespeare  and  Moliere 3  1030 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord 

Biography 3  1036 

Essay: 

On  Lying  as  a  Fine  Art 3  1036 

Clarke,  James  Freeman 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Art  Born  of  Religion 10  3959 

Clarke,  Rev.  William 

Epigram  on  the  Duke  of  Richmond. . .    3  1096 

Class  interest,  Mill  on 8  2894 

Classical  learning  as  an  inspiration 3  1186 

Classics  in  education,  Milton  on 8  2908 

Claudian 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Temperance 10  3959 

Quoted  by  Montaigne 8  2974 

Claudius,  Matthias 

Biography 3  1043 

Essays: 

New  Year  Greetings 3  1043 

How  to  Talk  to  Heaven 3  1044 


VOL.  PAGE 

Clemens,  Samuel  Langhorne  (See  «  Mark 

Twain  ») 10    3842 

Cleopatra's  nose,  Pascal  on 8    3102 

Clermont-Ferrand,    France,  Dirthpiace  of 

Pascal 8    3101 

Climate 

Arago  on  the  theory  of  1      181 

Effects  of  the  Gulf  Stream  on 7    2857 

Clitumnus,  The,  described  by  Pliny  8     3150 

Clothes,  philosophy  of  (Carlyle)  3      827 

Clough,  Hugh  Arthur 

Biography 3     1048 

Essays  : 

A  Conclusion  by  Parepidemus 3    1049 

Some  Recent  Social  Theories 3    1051 

Wordsworth,  Byron,  and  Scott 3    1052 

Taught  by  Dr.  Arnold 3     1048 

Clownishness,  Theophrastus  on 10    3756 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power 

Biography 3     1055 

Essays: 

The  Scientific  Spirit  of  the  Age.. ..    3    1055 

The  Contagion  of  Love 3    1059 

Cobbett,  William 

Biography 3    1061 

Essay: 

Americans  of  the  Golden  Age 3     1061 

Codex,  Alexandrinus,  Origin  of 2      516 

Coke,  Sir  Edward 

On  servitude  and   the  uncertainty   of 

law 2      481 

Coleridge,   Hartley 

Biography 3    1066 

Essays: 

On  Black  Cats 3    1006 

Atrabilious  Reflections  upon  Mel- 
ancholy     3    1070 

Love  Poetry 3    1073 

An  Essay  on  Pins 3    1074 

A    Nursery    Lecture  Delivered  by 

an  old  Bachelor 3    1077 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 

Biography 3     1082 

Essays: 

Does  Fortune  Favor  Fools? 3    1083 

On    Men,    Educated    and    Unedu- 
cated     3    1087 

The  Character  of  Othello 3     1089 

Materialism  and  Ghosts 3     1089 

The  Destiny  of  the  United  States..    3    1090 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Conscience 10    3959 

Enthusiasm  and  Liberty 10    3959 

Beast  and  Angel  in  Man 10    3959 

The  Soul 10    3959 

Coliseum,  The 

Longfellow  on 7     2633 

Madame  Octavia  Walton  le  Vert  on. . .  10    3978 

Collectivism,  Fourier  on 5    1762 

Collier,  Jeremy 

On  happiness  from  books 7    2679 

Collins,  Mortimer 

Biography 3     1093 

Essays: 

An  Essay  on  Epigrams 3    1093 

Along  the  Avon 3    1098 

Collyer,  Robert 

Biography 3     1100 

Essay: 

Newspapers  and  Modern  Life 3    1100 

Colman  and  Thornton 

Biography 3    1105 

Essay: 

The  Ocean  of  Ink 3     1106 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4I05 


VOL.  PAGE 

Colonial  system  of  England 8    3071 

Colonizing,  Captain  John  Smith  on 10    3995 

Color 

Hunt  on  its  relations  to  light 6    2272 

The  miracle  of  (Thomas  Starr  King) .  .10    3975 

The  principles  of 2      745 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb 

Biography 3     1111 

Essay: 

Lacon S    1111 

Commits  suicide  in  Paris 3    1111 

Columbus,  Christopher 

Draper  on  his  discovery  of  America. . .    4    1464 
Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus 
Celebrated  Passages: 

What  Is   Most   Important   in  Any 

Business 10    3959 

The  Use  of  Failure 10    3959 

Colvin,  Sidney 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Art  and  Nature 10    3959 

Combe,  George 

Biography 3    1116 

Essay: 

How  Peoples  Are  Punished  for  Na- 
tional Sins 3    1116 

Comedy  as  an  imitation  of  bad  characters  1      194 
Comenius,  Johann  Amos 

Biography 3    1122 

Essays: 

Man    the  Highest,   the    Most  Ab- 
solute,  and  the  Most  Excellent 

of  Things  Created 3    1122 

The  Ultimate  End  of  Man  beyond 

This  Life 3     1123 

Thoroughness    in    Teaching   and 

Learning 3     1127 

Commentaries,  The,  of  Blackstone 2      477 

Commercial  ambition 5    1762 

Com  modus  as  a  monster 5     1669 

Companions 

The  Best  of  (Gotthold    Ephraim  Les- 

sing) 10    3978 

Comparison,    The    Secret    of    Knowledge 

(Herodotus) 10    3972 

and  survival,  Diderot  on 4     1386 

Compensation,  Emerson  on 4    1625 

Competition 

Abatement  of,  prophesied 3      849 

Fourier  on  competition  in  France 5     1761 

Complaining,  Theophrastus  on 10    3767 

Comte,  Auguste 

Biography 3     1129 

Essay: 

Industrial     Development     in     the 

Nineteenth  Century 3     1130 

Translated  by  Harriet  Martineau 7    2826 

Concord,  Massachusetts,  and  its  great  men   6     2110 
Home  of  Emerson,  Thoreau,  and  Haw- 
thorne  10    3776 

school  of  philosophy 1      117 

Condorcet 

Biography 3     1132 

Essay: 

Peace  and  Progress 3    1133 

His  work  on  the  French  Encyclopaedia   3    1132 
Conduct  of  life 

Association  and  morals 5    16S9 

Emerson   on    the    quietness    of    good 

breeding 4    1628 

Epictetus  and  his  philosophy 5     1639 

Epictetus  on 1      244 


Conduct  of  Life —  Continued  vol.  page 

Excellence,  a  recovery  after  lapses. ...  2  551 

Fielding  on  good  breeding 5  1730 

Getting  on   in   the   world,  by  A.  K.  H. 

Boyd 2  527 

Helps  on  how  to  be  loved 6  2172 

Self-control,  Horace  on 5  1696 

Conduct  of  I«ife,  Essays  on 

Chesterfield,  Lord:  Too  ready  friends   3      988 

Felltham,  Owen:  Of  suspicion,  5:1685; 
Of  fear  and  cowardice,  5 :  1687;  A 
friend  and  enemy, — when  most 
dangerous,  5:1693;  Of  preaching,  5: 
1693;  On  man's  self,  5  :  1695;  On  insult   5     1697 

Fielding,  Henry:  The  art  of  conversa- 
tion     5    1729 

Foster,  John:  Decision  of  character,  5: 
1750;  On  a  man's  writing  memoirs  of 
himself 5    1755 

Franklin.  Benjamin :  On  early  mar- 
riages, 5  :  1769;  Poor  Richard's  philos- 
ophy, 5:1771;  Necessary  hints  to 
those  that  would  be  rich,  5  :  1780;  The 
way  to  make  money  plenty  in  every 
man's  pocket,  5  :  1781;  The  morals  of 
chess,  5  :  1784;  The  ephemera — an  em- 
blem of  human  life 5    1787 

Frobel,  Friedrich  :  The  family  and  the 
school 5    1804 

Fuller,  Thomas:  The  true  gentleman, 
5  :  1818;  The  virtuous  lady,  5  :  1821;  Of 
marriage,  5  :  1826;  The  good  wife,  5  : 
1827;  The  good  husband,  5  :  1829;  The 
good  child,  5:1831;  Of  natural  fools, 
5  :  1836;  Of  anger,  5  :  1842;  Of  self- 
praising,  5  :  1843;  Of  apparel,  5  :1844; 
Courtesy  gaineth,  5  :  1847;  Prepara- 
tive, 5  :  1848;  The  wrong  side  of  the 
Arras,  5:1849:  Charity,  charity,  5: 
1849;  The  harvest  of  a  large  heart, 
5  :  1850;  111  done,  undone 5    1851 

Gay,  John  :  Genius  and  clothes 5     1866 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart  :  Macaulay 
as  an  essayist  and  historian 5     1906 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von:  Growth 
by  exchange  of  ideas,  5  :  1931;  Life  as 
an  apprenticeship 5     1933 

Goldsmith,  Oliver :  Whang  and  his 
dream  of  diamonds,  5  :  1963;  Happi- 
ness and  good  nature 5    1971 

Grand,  Sarah :  Marriage  as  a  tempo- 
rary arrangement 5     1981 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew  :  The  principles  of 
a  happy  life 5    2041 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert :  Women 
and  marriage 6     2056 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W. :  That  it  is  better 
to  laugh  than  to  cry 6     2070 

Hawkesworth,  John  :  On  gossip  and 
tattling 6    2105 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur  :  On  the  art  of  living 
with  others,  6  :  2170;  Greatness 6     2174 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von:  Mar- 
riage as  the  highest  friendship 6    2184 

Hooker,  Richard:  The  law  which  an- 
gels do  work  by 6    2229 

Hughes,  John  :  The  wonderful  nature 
of  excellent  minds 6    2234 

Hunt,  Leigh :  Moral  and  personal 
courage 6    2275 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis :  On  good  and 
bad  taste 6    2365 

Jerome,  Jerome  K.:  On  getting  on  in 
the  world    6    2369 

Johnson,  Samuel  :  Omar,  the  son  of 
Hassan 6    2384 


4106 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Conduct  of  Life,  Essays  on— Cont'd  vol. page 
Kernpis,   Thomas  a:   Of  the  profit    of 
adversity,  6  :  2429  ;  Of  avoiding  rash 
judgment,  6  :  2430 ;  Of  bearing  with 

the  defects  of  others 6     2431 

Lamb,  Charles:  Modern  gallantry 7     2473 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  :  The  happiness  of 

duty 7     2684 

Lyly,  John  :  How  the  life  of  a  young 

man  should  be  led 7    2700 

Montagu,    Lady    Mary    Wortley  :    On 

matrimonial  happiness 8    2933 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de  :  That 
men  are  not  to  judge  of  our  happi- 
ness till  after  death,  8  :  2950  ;  Of  the 
vanity  of  words,  8  :  2600  ;  That  the 
intention  is  judge  of  our  action,  8 : 
2963 ;  Of  idleness,  8  :  3964 ;  Of 
"lyars,"  8:  2965;  Of  quick  or  slow 
speech,  8 :  2971 ;  Of  glory  and  the 
love  of  praise,  8  :  2980  ;  Of  presump- 
tion and  Montaigne's  own  modesty, 

8  :  2983 ;  Of  friendship  and  love 8    2986 

More,  Hannah  :  Accomplishments,  8  : 
3001 ;  Applause,  8  :  3002  ;  Authors,  8  : 
3003 ;  The  Bible,  8  :  3004 ;  Books,  8  : 
3005  ;  Calamities,  8  :  3006  ;  Christian- 
ity, 8  :  3007  ;  Duty,  8  :  3008  ;  Educa- 
tion     8    3009 

Morris,  William  :  The  beauty  of  life ...    8    3021 
Nizami :    On  truth,  8  .  3056 ;    On    the 

pride  of  wealth 8    3057 

«  Novalis  » :  star  dust 8    3063 

«  Ouida  » :  The  ugliness  of  modern  life, 

8  :  3081  ;  The  quality  of  mercy 8    3083 

Pascal,     Blaise :     Vocations,     8  :    3102 ; 

Selfishness 8    3103 

Petrarch :  Concerning  good  and   bad 

fortune 8    3118 

Plato  :  Crito  ;  — «  Of  what  we  ought  to 
do,"    8:  3123;    Socrates    drinks    the 

hemlock 8    3136 

Plutarch  :  Concerning  the  delay  of  the 
Deity,  8  :  3153  ;  The  eye  of  the  master 
fattens  the  horse,  8  :  3158  ;  Garrulity.    8    3158 
Poe,  Edgar  Allan :  The  fate  of  the  very 

greatest 8    3164 

Pope,  Alexander :  Cruelty  and  car- 
nivorous habits,  8  :  3173 ;  Acknowl- 
edgment of  error,  8  :  3183  ;  Disputa- 
tion, 8  :  3183  ;  Censorious  people,  8  : 
3183  ;  How  to  be  reputed  a  wise  man, 

8  :  3183  ;  Avarice 8    3183 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  :  Com- 
plaint of  the  bird  in  a  darkened 
cage,  8  :  3258  ;  Forgiveness,  8  :  3261 ; 
The  grandeur  of  man  in  his  little- 
ness, 8  :  3262  ;  The  dignity  of  man  in 

self-sacrifice 8    3264 

Richter  on  gossip 8    3261 

Ruskin,  John  :  Work 9    3303 

Theophrastus :  Of  cavilling,  10:3754; 
Of  flattery,  10 :  3754;  Of  garrulity,  10  : 
3756;  Of  rusticity  or  clownishness, 
10:3756;  Of  fair  speech  or  smooth- 
ness, 10  3757;  Of  senselessness  or 
desperate  boldness,  10  :  3758;  Of  lo- 
quacity or  overspeaking,  10  :  3759;  Of 
news  forging  or  rumor  spreading, 
10  3760;  Of  impudency,  10:3761;  Of 
hase  avarice  or  parsimony,  10  :  3762; 
Of  obscenity  or  ribaldry,  10  : 3763;  Of 
unseasonableness;  or  ignorance  of 
due  convenient  times,  10.3764;  Of 
impertinent  diligence,  or  over-offi- 
ciousness,  10:3765;  Of  blockishness, 
dullness,  or    stupidity,    10:3765;    Of 


Conduct  of  Life,  Essays  on— Cont'd 

Theophrastus  —  Continued  vol.  page 

stubbornness,  obstinacy,  or  fierce- 
ness, 10  .  8766;  Of  superstition,  10  : 
3766;  Of  causeless  complaining,  10  : 
3767;  Of  diffidence  or  distrust,  10: 
3768;  Of  foulness,  10-3768;  Of  un- 
pleasantness or  tediousness,  10 : 
3769;  Of  a  base  and  frivolous  affecta- 
tion of  praise,  10  :3770,  Of  illiberal- 
ity,  or  servility,  10  :  3770;  Of  ostenta- 
tion, 10:3771;  Of  pride,  10:3772;  Of 
timidity,  or  fearfulness,  10  •  3772;  Of 
an  oligarchy,  or  the  manners  of 
the  principal  sort,  which  sway  in  a 
State,  10:3773;  Of  late  learning,  10  : 
3774;  Of  detraction,  or  backbiting. ..  10 
Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich:  Accept 
the  verdict  of  fools,  10  .  3833;  A  self- 
satisfied  man,  10:3834;  A  rule  of  life, 
10;  3835;  The  blockhead,  10:3837; 
An    eastern    legend,    10 :  3838;    The 

sparrow,  10  :  3840;  The  skulls 10 

Warton,  Joseph:  Hacho  of  Lapland  . .  .10 
Xenophon:  In  what  manner  Socrates 
dissuaded  men  from  self-conceit  and 
ostentation 10 

Conduct  of  the  understanding 

Locke  on  the 7 

Confederate  States,  The 

Maury  a  commodore  in  the  Confeder- 
ate navy 7 

*  Confessions  "  of  Rousseau,  Lewes  on 7 

Confidence,  Burleigh  on  limits  of 2 

Confucius 

Biography 3 

Essays: 

The  «  Great  Learning  " 3 

«  Wei  Ching»  — The  Superior  Man  3 

Congress  of  1774,  Jay  on 6 

Conjunctions,  defined  by  Aristotle 1 

Conkling,  Roscoe,  Dana's  obituary  of  . . .    .    3 
Connecticut 

Henry  Ward  Beecher   born  at  Litch- 
field   

Ik  Marvel  born  at  Norwich     

Jonathan  Edwards  born  at  East  Wind- 
sor  

Lydia  H.  Sigourney,  born  at  Norwich. 
New  Britain,  birthplace  of  EHhu   Bur- 

ritt 

Connoisseur,  The 

Edited  by  Colman  and  Thornton 3 

Conquest  and  authority,  Mill  on 8 

Conquest,  Grotius  on 5 

Conquests  made  by  a  republic,    Montes- 
quieu on 8 

Conscience 

As  ■  capitalized  experience  » 3 

Divine  in  its  character 5 

Hosea  Ballou  on   10 

Joseph  Cook  on 10 

Lamb's  story  of  his  own  remorse 7 

Montaigne  on  liberty  of 8 

Plutarch  on  its  power  to  punish 8 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  on 10 

The    revenges    and     rewards  of    con- 
science (Robert  South) 10 

Conservation      of      energy,     by     Balfour 

Stewart 9     3621 

Consolations  of  philosophy,  Boethius  on. .    2      504 

,  cited  by  Dante 4     1238 

« in  Travel,"  by  Sir  Humphry  Davy. .    4    1279 


3774 


3841 
3890 


3939 
2582 

2854 

2549 

756 

1136 

1137 
1138 
2340 
212 
1227 


2 
8 

4 
9 


430 
2910 

1535 
3433 


2      757 


1105 
2889 
2028 

2995 

1056 
1692 
3952 
3960 
2466 
2953 
3154 
3959 

3996 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4107 


Constantinides,  Michael  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Modern  Greek  Love  Songs 10    3960 

Constantinople 

Effects  of  its  fall 5    1890 

Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  in 8     2930 

Constantinople  falls  (1453) 4    1569 

Constitution     of     England,    The,    by     De- 

lolme 4    1291-7 

Constitution  of  the  United  States 

Discussed  and  adopted 6     2062 

Tocqueville  on 10     3798 

Constitutional  convention  at  Philadelphia 

Jay  on 6    2339 

Contempt 

Familiarity  breeds  contempt  (Livy)..  .10    3979 

for  those  who  serve  us  (Plutarch) 10    3987 

Contentment,  Epictetus  on 1      246 

Jerome    K.  Jerome  on  its    disadvan- 
tages     6    2374 

Continence  and  temperance,  Sir  Thomas 

Elyot  on 4    1572 

Contracts,  by  Selden 9    3399 

"  Contrat  Social,"  as  the  Bible  of  revolu- 
tion        7    2548 

Conversation 

Burleigh's  rules  of 2      756 

Fielding  on  the  art  of 5     1729 

Montaigne  on  quick  or  slow  speech. . .    8     2971 

Poe  on  conversing  well 8    3164 

Politeness  in  (Jonathan  Swift) 10    3998 

Talent  for  silence 8    2919 

in  confidence,  Joseph  Addison  on 10    3949 

in  crowds,  Joseph  Addison  on 10     3949 

on  the  poets,  by   James   Russell   Low- 
ell    7    2665-70 

Convito,  The,  of  Dante 4    1237 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel 

Biography 3     1142 

Essay: 

The  Natural  History  of  the  Devil. .    3    1142 
Cook, Joseph 

Celebrated  Passages:  ' 

Conscience 10    3960 

Conscience  and  the  soul 10     3960 

Cooke,  John  Esten 

Celebrated  Passages: 

« Stonewall  »    Jackson    at    Lexing- 
ton  10    3960 

Cooper,  Anthony    Ashley  (See  Shaftes- 
bury)     9     3415 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore 

Biography 3     1148 

Essays: 

At  the  Castle  of  Blonay 3     1148 

American   and   Swiss     Democracy 

Compared 3    1151 

Co-operation  among  porcupines  by  Schop- 
enhauer      9    3377 

Co-operation,  International,  Meucius  on. .    8     2873 

Copley's  picture  of  Lady  Jane  Grey 4     1364 

Coquettes  defined  by  La  Bruyere. .  -. 6     2450 

Corais,  Adamantius 
Celebrated  Passages: 

An  Exhortation  to  Teachers 10    3961 

Equality  and  Civilization 10    3961 

The    Rhetorical    Ability   of    Socra- 
tes  ". 10    3961 

Wealth  and  Education 10    3962 

The  Education  of  Women 10    3962 

The  Refining  Influence  of  Music.  .10     3962 
Cork,  The  Earl  of 

Biography 3     1154 


Cork,  The  Earl  of—  Continued  vol.  page 

Essay: 

On  Ladies  Who  Laugh 3  1154 

Corneille  dies  without  food 4  1400 

Corporations  and  monopoly 5  1765 

,  centralization      o  f,     prophesied     b  y 

Fourier 5  1765 

Corruption  in  Politics 

Montesquieu  on 8     3000 

Remedied  by  publicity 2      435 

Smiles  on 9    3441 

of  American  politics,  Dana  on 3     1229 

War  the  cause  of  (Edmund  Burke) ....  10    3956 

8  Cosette, »  of  Hugo,  extracted  from 6    2246-50 

Cosmos,  Duke  of  Florence 

On   forgiving    friends,  quoted    by  Ba- 
con      1      315 

"Cosmos,   The,"  of    Humboldt,   extracted 

from 6     2232-7 

Costar,   Lawrence,    and   the   invention   of 

printing 6     2047 

■  Cotter's  Saturday  Night,"  Arnold  on 1      234 

Cotton,  Charles 

Translator  of  Montaigne 6     2131 

Cotton's  translations  of  Montaigne 8     2937-89 

«  Count  Julian,"  by  Landor,  cited 7     2485 

Countries  rich,  then  poor  (Carlyle) 3      842 

Country  of  the   brave,   The  (Quintus  Cur- 

tius) 10    3988 

Courage 

Johnson's  brave  life 3      880 

Leigh   Hunt    on  moral   and  personal 

courage 6    2275 

Richard  Salter  Storrs  on 10    3997 

Courage  and  liberty  (Madame  Roland)   9    3267 

Courtship,  Joseph  Addison  on 10    3950 

Courts,  The,  Plato  on 10    3986 

Couture's  «  Decadence  of  the  Romans  » 3    1221 

Covent  Garden  Journal,  Fielding  in 5    1724 

Coverdale,  Miles 

Biography 3    1159 

Essay: 

On  Translating  the  Bible 3    1159 

Coverley  essays,  by  Addison 1     77-109 

papers  originated  by  Steele 1        19 

Coverley,  Sir  Roger  de,  Hazlitt  on  his  char- 
acter     6    2135 

(See   Addison,   Steele,  etc.) 

Cowardice  (Felltham) 5     1687 

Cowley,  Abraham 

Biography 3     1153 

Essays: 

On  a  Man's  Writing  of  Himself 3     1163 

The  Shortness  of  Life  and  Uncer- 
tainty of  Riches 3     1167 

A  Small  Thing,  but  Mine  Own 3     1169 

Cowley's  wit  characterized  by  Addison..  .  .    1        35 
Cowper,  William 

Biography 3     1171 

Essay: 

A  Bachelor's  Complaint 3     1172 

His  sensitiveness  and  attempted  sui- 
cide    3    n7! 

Crabbe,  George 

"  The  Frank  Courtship  »  quoted 2      458 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock 

Biography 3    n76 

Essay: 

The  Oddities  of  Odd  People 3    1176 

Craniology 

English  and  African  skulls  compared.   4    1341 


4108 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Cranmer,  Thomas  vol.  page 

Biography 3     1186 

Essay: 

This  Troublesome  World 3     1186 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Benefit  of  Sound  Teaching. ...  10    3963 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd 

Biography 3     1188 

Essay: 

The  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo 3    1188 

Creation,  The 

A  mystery 2  606 

,  Literal  view  of  Mosaic  account  of  . . .    2  594 

,  Mosaic  account  of,  Coleridge  on 3  1089 

of  the  world,  Scandinavian  account  of.  10  3713 

Crecy,  The  battle  of 4  1552 

Credit    from     trifling    things    (Benjamin 

Franklin) 10  3967 

Credit  system,  The  (Franklin) 5  1781 

Creeds  and  carrots,  Ingalls  on 6  2294 

Crevecceur,  J.  Hector  St.  John  de 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Harmony  of  Instinct 10  3963 

Crime 

Cause  of  the  most  enormous  (Herod- 
otus)  10  3972 

Its  mischiefs  infectious 6  2336 

Crimean  war,  The,  and  its  causes 4  1541 

Crimes  and  punishments,  Beccaria  on  .    2     419-29 

Crisssean  war,  Athenseus  on 1  272 

Critical  objections  to  Aristotle's  theory.  .  .    1  221 
Critical    reviews    and    the    cut-and-slash 

style 3  1193 

Critics  and  criticism 

Goldsmith  on  critics  as  wretches 5    1950 

Critical     studies     by    l<  Ouida  »    extracted 

from 8     3081-6 

Criticism 

Higher    criticism    as    represented    by 

Zoilus 1      101 

Richter  on  reviewers 8     3260 

Ruskin  on  base  criticism 9     3318 

Crito;  — "Of  what  we   ought    to    do,"  by 

Plato  8    3123 

Croesus  and  Solon 8     2950 

Croker,  John  Wilson 

Biography 3     1193 

Essay; 

The  Guillotine  in  France 3    1194 

Cromwell,  Oliver 

As  «  a  brave,  bad  man  * 3  1029 

Clarendon  on  his  character 3  1024 

Deathbed  of 1  396 

His  birth  and  family 5  2001 

Cromwell  and  his  men  (Green)  5     2001 

Lamartine  on  Carlyle's  Cromwell 10    3976 

L,ingard  on  his  usurpation 7     2563 

Cross,  J.  W. 

His  life  of  "George  Eliot  »  reviewed  by 
Morley 8     3015-20 

«  Crown  of  Wild  Olives,"  by  Ruskin,  ex- 
tracted from 9     3303-8 

Croyland,  the  monastery  of 7     2609 

Cruelty  and  carnivorous  habits,  by  Pope  . .    8     3173 
Human   cruelty  considered  as  a  mira- 
cle      3      934 

to  animals 

Goldsmith  on  objects  of  pity  as  a  diet  5    1958 
"Ouida  "on 8    3083 

Cruserius,  Hermann 

His  version  of  Plutarch  cited 8     3156 


Crusoe,  Robinson                                          vol.  page 
Questioned  about  the  Devil 3    1146 

Cuba 

The  American  might  sell  his  soul  for 

(Conway) 3 

Women  in  Cuba,  Bryant  on 2 

Culture 

As  represented  by  Matthew  Arnold. ...    1 

Fichte  on  its  diffusion 5 

Hamerton  on 6 

Cumberland,  Richard 

Biography 3 

Essays: 

Falstaff  and  His  Friends 3 

On  Certain  Venerable  Jokes. . 3 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Making  the  Best  of  It 10 

Politeness 10 

Cunning  in  Business 

Bacon  on 1 

Cunningham,  Allan 

Biography 3 

Essays: 

The  Habits  of  Hogarth 3 

Sir    Joshua     Reynolds    and    His 

Friends 3 

Cupping  in  Greece 1 

Curiosities  of  literature,  by  DTsraeli 4 

Curiosity  as  a  motive  of  culture 1 

Curse,  The  worst  (Sir  William  Temple)...  10 
Curtis,  George  William 

Biography 3 

Essay: 

Our  Best  Society 3 

Cushman,  Charlotte 
Celebrated  Passages; 

Acting  as  a  Fine  Art 10 

Cust,  Robert  Needham 

Biography 3 

Essays: 

Buddha  and  His  Creed 3 

Brahman  Ethics 3 

Cuthbert  St.,  Sanctity  of 7 

Cuvier 

Bancroft  on  his  death 1 


1143 
664 

230 
1721 
2060 

1198 

1198 
1203 

3963 
3963 

358 

1206 

1206 

1210 
215 

1394 
239 

4000 

1212 

1212 


3963 
1222 

1222 
1225 
2608 


Cyclops 

Seen  by  Mandeville 3 


D 


Dalton  and  the  atomic  theory 9 

Dame  Quickly  and  Falstaff  3 

Damnation,  Oxeuham  on 8 

Damocles,  The  Sword  of  (Cicero) 3 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson 

Biography 3 

Essay  : 

On  the  Death  of  Roscoe  Conkling.  3 

His  book  of  household  poetry 3 

Dana,  Richard  Henry 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Eear  as  a  Victim  of  Passion 10 

Dancing,  Budgell  on 2 

Dandies 

Brummel,  D'Orsay,  and  Byron 6 

Noah  Webster  defines 10 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  on 6 

Danes  in  England,  ninth  century 10 

Danger     of     foolish     friends     (Fontaine, 
Jean  de  la ) 10 


97 


1040 


3622 
1201 
2923 
1003 

1227 

1227 
1227 


3963 
691 

2214 
4003 
2214 
3705 

3967 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4109 


Danger  of  subserviency  vol.  page 

John  C.  Calhoun  on 10  3957 

Daniel,  Newman  on  the  book  of 8  3051 

Daniel's  translation  from  Seneca  on  man.    3  1053 

Danish  Literature 

(See  Denmark,  Essayists  of.) 

Ancient  and  modern  times  by  Orsted.    8  3080 

Niebuhr  born  at  Copenhagen 8  3053 

Dante  Alighieri 

Biography 4    1233 

Essays  : 

Of  Riches  and    Their    Dangerous 

Increase 4    1237 

That  Desires  Are  Celestial  or  In- 

rnal 4    1241 

Th^.    Long    Descent    Maketh    No 

Man  Noble 4    1244 

Concerning    Certain    Horrible   In- 
firmities     4    1247 

As  an  exponent  of  mediaeval  religious 

ideals 3      860 

Compared  to   Milton,  by  Macaulay. ...    7    2750 

Mivart  on  his  theory  of  hell 8    2922 

«  The  most  profound  of  poets  » 6    2097 

Danton 

Brougham  on  his  character 2      554 

Darius,  Anecdote  of 8    2902 

Darkness,  Locke's  opinion  of 2      732 

Darmesteter,  James 

Biography 4    1251 

Essay: 

I,ove  Songs  of  the  Afghans 4    1251 

Darmstadt,  birthplace  of  Ludwig  Biichner  2      671 
Darwin,  Charles  Robert 

Biography 4     1258 

Essays: 

Darwin's  Summary  of  His  Theory 

of  Natural  Selection 4    1260 

The  Survival  of  the  Fittest 4    1262 

Darwin's  Conclusion  on  His  Theory 

and  Religion 4     1268 

On  falling  in  love,  cited  by  Grant  Al- 
len     1      144 

,  Erasmus — His  «  Loves  of  the  Plants  " 

cited 4    1258 

D'Aubigne,  Jean  Henri  Merle 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Literature  and  the  Reformation. .  .10  3963 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry 

Biography 4  1271 

Essay: 

A  Vision  of  Progress 4  1271 

Described  as  a  dandy  by  Holmes 6  2215 

Day  without  a  sun  (Bayard  Taylor) 10  3999 

Death 

A  continual  process  of  birth 5  1716 

As  a  release  (Pietro  Metastasio) 10  3983 

As  infinite  rest  in  Persian  poetry 1  133 

Bacon  on,  as  fear  of  darkness 1  313 

Deborah  and  Sisera 2  805 

Elder  Brewster's  death  (William  Brad- 
ford)  10  3955 

Epictetus  on  the  dread  of 1  250 

Fichte  on  its  effects 5  1714 

Hood's  deathbed 10  3742 

«  Novalis  »  on  the  transports  of  death . .    8  3063 

Of  friends,   Stoic  view  of 1  247 

Plato  on 10  3986 

Richter  on  death  and  eternal  growth.    8  3259 

The  mystery  of  (Luis  de  Granada) 10  3969 

Debt 

Montesquieu  on  national  debts 8  2996 

Decadence  of  French  Empire  (1745-64) 7  2549 


VOL.  PAGE 

Decadence  of  French  Literature,  George 

Eliot  on 4  1549 

Deceit,  The  futility  of  (Francois  la  Roche- 
foucauld)   10  3990 

Tucker  on  deception  in  politics 10  4001 

Decimal  arithmetic  invented 4  1465 

Decision  of  character  (Foster) 5  1750 

Decker,  Thomas 

Biography 4  1280 

Essay. 

Apishness 4  1280 

Declaration    of    Independence,    Matthew 

Arnold  on 1  232 

«  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  " 

(Gibbon) 5  18S9 

Deed  and  word  (Savonarola) 10  3992 

Defects  of  great  qualities  (Castelar) 3  904 

Defender  of  the  Faith  as  a  title 8  3010 

Defence,    Bagges    as    a     (  Captain    John 

Smith) 10  3995 

«  Defense  of  good  women,"  by  Elyot 4  1570 

Defoe,  Daniel 

Biography 4  1283 

Essays: 

On  Projects  and  Projectors 4  1284 

Higher  Education  for  Women 4  1286 

as  a  writer  of  fiction  (Talfourd) 10  3732 

His  work  as  a  journalist 4  1283 

His  work  as  a  preparation  for  Fielding  5  1725 
Degeneracy  and  the  passions  by  The  Earl 

of   Shaftesbury 9  3415 

Degradation,  its  scientific  aspects 1  185 

Deipnosophists,  The,  of  Athenseus 1  272 

Dekker,  Thomas  (See  Thomas  Decker)..   4  1280 

Delay  of  the  Deity,   Plutarch  on 8  3153 

Delilah  of  bad  company,  The 5  1688 

Delolme,  Jean  Louis 

Biography 4  1291 

Essay: 

Power  of  Public  Opinion 4  1291 

Delphic  Oracle,  The,  on  Dionysius 8  2985 

Democracy  as  a  source  of  vigor 1  136 

,  William  H.  Seward  on 10  3994 

Democratic  ages,  Literary  characteristics 

of 10  3803 

Democritus 

Formulates  the  atomic  theory 9  3622 

His  scientific  theory  of  atoms 5  1647 

Not  an  atheist 1  333 

Why  he  blinded  himself 5  1877 

De  Montfort,  Simon 

Gives  England  its  first  Parliament  .. .    3    1099 

Demosthenes 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Price  of  Liberty 10  3964 

The  Quality  of  Leadership 10  3964 

Compared  to  Cicero  by  Longinus 7  2651 

Hides  from  Diogenes 5  1702 

On  the  chief  part  of  oratory,  quoted  by 

Bacon 1  329 

Serves  on  both  sides 5  1839 

Denham  praised  by  Goldsmith 5  1969 

Denmark,  Essayists  of 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri  — (Essay) 7  2803 

,    professor  of    literature     in    Co- 
penhagen     7  2803 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg— (  Essay)...    8  3053 
Oehlenschlager,  Adam  Gottlob  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3985 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian  — (Essay) 8  3076 

Rudkjobing,  birthplace  of  Orsted 8  3076 


4i  i o 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

...  '4    1293 


1298 


1301 


Dennie,  Joseph 

Biography 

Essay: 

On  Jefferson  and  French  Philoso- 
phy    * 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 

Biography 4 

Essays : 

On  the  Knocking  at  the  Gate  in 

«  Macbeth" 4    1302 

The  Pains  of  Opium 4     1307 

Anecdotage 4    1325 

On  Madness 4    1339 

On  English  Physiology 4    1340 

On  Superficial  Knowledge 4    1342 

The  loveliest  Sight  for  Woman's 

Eyes 4    1345 

Great    Forgers:    Chatterton,  Wal- 

pole,  and  «  Junius  " 4    1347 

«  De  Republica  »  of  Cicero 3    1016 

Descartes,  Rene 

Biography 4    1352 

Essay: 

The  Fifth  «  Meditation  »— «  Of  the 
Essence  of  Material  Things;  and, 
Again,  of  God  — That  He  Ex- 
ists » 4    1353 

The  Earth  an  Incrusted  Sun 1      180 

Descent  maketh  no  man  noble  (Dante). . .    4    1244 

«  Descent  of  Man, »  Cobbe  on 3     1056 

«  De  Senectute  »  of  Cicero,  translated  by 

Melmoth 3    1015 

«  Deserted  Village,  The,"  characterized...    5    1936 

Design  in  nature 1        26 

Desire,  Epictetus  on 1      244 

De  Soto 

The  march  of  (Charles  Gayarre) 10  3968 

Despotism,  Milton  on 8  2906 

Destiny  and  work 3  877 

of  man,  Fichte  on 5  1718 

The  meaning  of  (Robert  Hall) 10  3970 

Destruction    of    Pompeii,    by    Pliny    the 

Younger 8  3146 

Destruction  of  the  world,  Icelandic  account 

of 10  3713 

Detraction,  Felltham  on 5  1677 

Detraction   or    backbiting,    Theophrastus 

on 10  3774 

Devil,  The 

Against   helping  God   by  the   Devil's 

methods  (Blaise  Pascal ) 10    3985 

Ahriman,  the  Persian  Satan 3     1143 

An  army  of  devils  broke  loose  (Cotton 

Mather) 10    3982 

Author  of  oracles 2      601 

Bargains    with     the    Devil     (Increase 

Mather) 10    3983 

Burton  on  nature  of  devils  and  bad  an- 

o-els 2      785 

Conway  on  his  natural  history 3     1142 

Faust  and  Mephistopheles 3    1146 

Freytag  on  the  mediaeval  Devil 5     1798 

His  relations  with  black  cats 3     1067 

His  views  as  quoted  by  Montgomery. .    7     2762 

IvOki  and  his  progeny 9    3638 

Macaulay  on  Milton's  Satan 7     2751 

Milton's  Devil,  an  English  aristocrat..    3     1143 
Richard  Baxter  on   modesty  and   the 

Devil 10    3952 

Dewey,  Orville 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Danger  of  Riches 10    3964 

Dialogue   in   a  vulture's  nest,  by  Samuel 

Johnson 6     2386 


VOL.  PAGE 

«  Dialogues  »  of  Plato  extracted  from.. . .    8    3123-45 

«  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,"  by  I,ucian 7    2687 

8  Diary  "of  John  Evelyn 5     1654 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall 

Biography 4     1360 

Essay: 

The  Bibliomania 4    1360 

On  books  printed  on  vellum 4    1370 

Riveted    to    his    seat   by   Haslewood's 

«  Chatterton  » 4    1369 

Dickens,  Charles 

Biography 4     1376 

Essays: 

A  Child's  Dream  of  a  Star 4    1376 

The  Noble  Savage 4    1379 

Besant  on 2      446 

Hood  dines  with  Dickens 10    3742 

Dickinson,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Duty  of  Freedom 10    3964 

Diction  of  epic  poetry,  Aristotle  on 1      220 

of  tragedy,  Aristotle  on 1      211 

Diderot,  Denis 

Biography 4     1386 

Essays: 

Compassion  a  L,aw  of  the  Survival 

of  Species 4    1386 

The  Prophetic  Quality  of  Genius. .    4    1389 

Diffidence,  Theophrastus  on 10  3768 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm 

Biography 4  1391 

Essay: 

On  Browne's  Religio  Medici 4  1391 

Banished  as  a  Royalist  1643 *  1891 

Dignity,  Francis  Bacon  on 10  3951 

of  a  true  joke  by  Horace  Smith 9  3455 

of  man  in  self-sacrifice,  Richter 8  3264 

Dijon,  the  academy  prize  of 7  2549 

Dimock,  Sir  John  and  his  wife 5  1822 

Dining  in  Paris  (John  Sanderson) 10  3992 

Diodati  and  Milton 6  2086 

Diogenes,  L,aertius 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Heaven  Our  Fatherland 10  3964 

Diogenes,  the  Cynic 

Alexander  the  Great  visits  him 5  1702 

Memorabilia  of  ( F6nelon) 5  1699 

Dionysius  and  the  Oracle 8  2985 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 
Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Nation  Improved  by  Suffering.  .10  3964 

Causes  of  Good  Government 10  3964 

Why  Governments  Fall 10  3964 

Attacks  Thucydides 4  1410 

Dionysius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse 3  1001 

Dis,  The  castle  of,  in  Dante's  Hell 4  1233 

Discontent,  Horace  on 1  67 

Discontents  and  grievances,  Burton  on. .  .    2  787 

«  Discourse  on  Inequality,"  by  Rousseau, 
cited 4    1386;  7    2551 

«  Discourse  on  Method,"  by  Descartes 4    1352 

«  Discourse  on  the  Study  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy," by  Herschel.  > 6     2186-91 

Discourses  on  art,  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
extracted  from 8    3236-7 

Discoveries 

Draper   on   civilization  and  great  dis- 
coveries      *     1464 

John  C.  Calhoun  on 10    3957 

Nineteenth-century    discoveries,    Dra- 
per      *     1467 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4111 


VOL.  PAGE 

Discovering  old   things  over  again  (Mar- 
quis de  Vauvenargues) 10  4002 

Discovery  of  America,  The 

Draper  on 4  1464 

Disease  and  the  will 1  246 

germs  in  dust 8  3193 

the  beginning  of  inquiry  (Carlyle)  ...    3  839 

Diseases,  Contagion  of  intellectual 6  2154 

Disposition  of  the  lately  rich 1  228 

Disputing,  Socrates  on 10  3996 

D'Israeli,  Isaac 

Biography 4  1394 

Essays: 

The  Man  of  One  Book 4  1395 

On  the  Poverty  of  the  Learned 4  1398 

The  Six  Follies  of  Science 4  1403 

Early  Printing 4  1404 

How  Merit  Has  Been  Rewarded. . .    4  1408 

Female  Beauty  and  Ornament  ....    4  1411 

The  Chinese  language 4  1413 

Metempsychosis 4  1415 

On  Good  Luck  in  Sneezing 4  1417 

Dissimulation,  Tacitus  on,  quoted  by  Ba- 
con      1  316 

Distempers  of  the  heart  (Cornelius  Taci- 
tus)   10  3998 

Divination,  Epictetus  on 1  255 

"  Divine  Comedy,  The,"  of  Dante  (Macau- 
lay)  7  2752 

Divine  right,  Meric  Casaubon  on 10  3958 

Divorce,  Sarah  Grand  on 5  1982 

Djaff ar  in  Bagdad 10  3838 

Dobson,  Austin 

Biography 4  1420 

Essay: 

Swift  and  His  Stella 4  1420 

Doctrine  of  the  Mean  (Tse-Sze) 10  4000 

Doddridge,  Philip 

Biography 4  1431 

Essay: 

On  the  Power  and  Beauty  of  the 

New  Testament 4  1431 

Dogma  and  toleration,  Mendelssohn  on. . .    8  2877 

Doing  good  (Earl  of  Shaftesbury) 10  3994 

Doing  good  to  others  (Immanuel  Kant) ...  10  3975 

Dominion,  The  desire  for,  as  beastly 2  215 

Donne,  John 

Biography 4  1435 

Essays  : 

The  Arithmetic  of  Sin 4  1435 

Death 4  1437 

Don  Quixote  and  human  life 6  2099 

as  a  gentleman 2  550 

Doran,  John 

Biography 4  1439 

Essay  : 

Some  Realities  of  Chivalry 4  1439 

Dorset,  The  Earl  of 

Addressed  by  Sir  Kenelm  Digby 4  1393 

Doumic,  Ren6 

Biography 4  1442 

Essay  : 

Women  during  the  Renaissance..    4  1442 

Dowden,  Edward 

Biography 4  1451 

Essays  : 

England  in  Shakespeare's  Youth. .    4  1451 

Shakespeare's  Deer-Stealing 4  1452 

Romeo  and  Juliet 4  1453 

Hamlet 4  1457 


Drama,  The  vol.  page 

(See  Theatres  and  the  Drama.) 

,  English,  purified  by  Steele 3      9C9 

,  language  of,  Aristotle  on 1      212 

,  The  Spanish  (George  Ticknor) 10    4000 

Draper,  John  W. 

Biography 4     1461 

Essay  : 

The    Development  of  Civilization 

in  Europe 4    1461 

Drapier  letters  by  Swift  cited 9    3040 

Drawing,  Vizualization  in 5     1858 

Dreams 

Alcott  on  their  significance 1      123 

Caused  by  opium,  De  Quincey  on 4    1314 

Homer  on 1      123 

Richter  on  dreaming 8    3263 

Thoreau  on  the  mind's  operation  in 

sleep 1      123 

«  Dreams,"  by  Olive  Schreiner 9    3379 

Dress  and  address,  Sir  J.  Barrington  on..  10    3952 
Drowned  in  their  own  honey  (Nathaniel 

Hawthorne) 10     3971 

Druids  and  ninepins 3     1077 

Drummond,  Henry 

Biography 4     1474 

Essay: 

Natural     Law     in     the     Spiritual 

World 4    1474 

Drummond,  William 

Biography 4    1478 

Essay: 

A  Reverie  on  Death 4    1478 

Drunkenness 

In  ancient  Germany,  Tacitus  on 10     3688 

In  London 8    3072 

Thoreau  on  water  drinking 10    3782 

Dr3'den,  John 

Biography 4    1482 

Essays: 

On  Epic  Poetry 4    1483 

Shakespeare  and  his  Contempora- 
ries      4    1491 

«  Nitor  in  Adversum  » 4    1493 

His  definition  of  wit  condemned  by 

Addison 1        36 

Johnson's  parallel  of  Dryden  and 

Pope 6    2398 

Persius,  translation  by 1        30 

Dryden's  wit,  Addison  on 1        35 

Duels 

Sevignfi,   The  Marquis  of,  killed  in  a 

duel 9    3410 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan 

Biography 4    1495 

Essay: 

A  Dispute  with  Carlyle   '. 4     1495 

Duke,  the  title  of  military  origin 2      478 

Dullness  not  natural  (Quintilian) 10     3988 

Dumont's   recollections    of    Mirabeau    re- 
viewed by  Macaulay 7    2754 

Dunbar  and  Chaucer 6     2054 

Duncan,    George     Martin,    translator    of 

Leibnitz 7    2535 

Duncombe,  John 

Biography 4    1499 

Essay: 

Concerning  Rouge,  Whist,  and  Fe- 
male Beauty 4    1499 

Dunstan  and  Elgiva 10  3710 

Durer,  Albert,  Bacon  ou 1  355 

Diisseldorf 

Napoleon's  visit  to,  described  by  Heine   6  2161' 


4H2 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Shakes- 
4 


.10 
1 

8 


Dutch  literature 

Vondel    called    "the    Dutch 

peare  " 

Duties  and  relations,  Epictetus  on. . 

(  immanuel  Kant  on 

to  parents,  Epictetus  on . . 

Duty,  Hannah  More  on 

|  Hegel  on,  as  a  second  nature 6 

,  Lubbock  on  the  happiness  of 7 

of  man   to  himself  and  his   neighbor 

(Carlyle) 3 

,  Socrates  on,  in  the  «  Crito» •  •  •    8 

superior  to  environment  or  heredity 

as  a  motive 3 

t  The  obligation  of  (Henry  D.Thoreau)10 

The  sense  of  (Daniel  Webster) 10 

,  Whole,  of  pigs 3 

Dwight,  Timothy 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Beauty  of  Nature 10 


1399 
254 
3975 
254 
3008 
2151 
2684 

841 
3123 

894 

4000 

4003 

885 


3964 


Education 


Earle,  John 

Biography 

Essays: 

On  a  Child  

On  a  Young  Raw  Preacher 

On  the  Self-Conceited  Man 

On  the  Too  Idly  Reserved  Man. 


4    1504 


On  the  Young  Man 4 


On  Detractors * 

On  the  «  College  Man  » 4 

On  the  Weak  Man 4 

On  the  Contemplative  Man 4 


1505 
1506 
1507 
1508 
1508 
1509 
1510 
1511 
1512 


1514 
1515 
1516 


On  a  Vulgar-Spirited  Man 4    1513 

On  Pretenders  to  Learning 4 

On  Church  Choirs * 

On  a  Shop-Keeper 4 

On  the  Blunt  Man *    l^ib 

On  a  Critic * 

On  the  Modest  Man 4 

On  the  Insolent  Man 4 

On  the  Honorable  Old  Man 4 

On  High-Spirited  Men. . 
On  Rash  Men. 


On  Profane  Men 4 

On  Sordid  Rich  Men 4 

On  a  Mere  Great  Man 4 

On  an  Ordinary  Honest  Fellow....  4 

Early  rising,  Wilson  on  its  wickedness  .  .10 

Earth,  The,  an  incrusted  sun 1 

Earthly  Paradise,  The,  of  William  Morris.   8 

Earthquakes 

As  symptoms  of  progress O 

Eyell  on  the  Lisbon  earthquake 7 

East,  the,  «  simple  and  violent  » 1 

Easy    and     portable    pleasures     Robert 

South)  . . . 
Eblis,  The  hall 


10 

of,  in  «  Vathek" 6 


«  Ecclesiastical  Polity,"  by  Hooker 6 

Eckermann,  on  Goethe's  charity 

Eden,  the  Garden  of,  Bohme  on 

Edgeworth,  Maria 

Biography 

Essa  vs  : 

The  Originality  of  Irish  Bulls 

amined * 

«  Heads  or  Tails  »  in  Dublin 4 

Edinburgh,  Pundits  of,  and  Burns 7 

Edinburgh    Review,   Jeffrey    one    of    the 
founders  of 


1517 
1518 
1519 
1520 
1521 
1522 
1523 
1523 
1524 
1525 
3913 
180 
3021 

1720 

2695 

373 

3996 

2208 

2229-31 


1582 
509 


4    1526 


Ex- 


1526 
1531 
2598 


VOL.  PAGE 
1-12 

3962 
1721 

117 
3951 
1741 

266 
2785 

424 


6     2360 


Abercrombie  on  the  mind 1 

Adamantius  Corais  on     ....     10 

^Esthetic  education  (Fichte) 5 

Alcott  and  Froebel 1 

Aristotle  on  education  and  the  State.  .10 

Astronomy,  its  uses  in  education 5 

Athletics  in  Greek  education 1 

Bacon  on  the  uses  of  history 7 

Beccaria  on  education  and  crime 2 

Beginning,  middle,  and  end  in  compo- 
sition :  Aristotle  on 1 

Bible  in  home  education 3 

Bolingbroke  on  how  to  read 2 

Bosanquet  on  the  difficulty  of  believ- 
ing great  men 2 

Boyle  on  the  study  of  nature 2 

Bulwer  on  regularity  in  study 7 

Burroughs  on  the  use  of  the  faculties. .    2 

Burleigh  on  managing  children 2 

Classics  in  education,  Milton  on 8 

Coleridge  on  men  educated  and  unedu- 
cated  

Confucius  on  gaining  and  imparting 

knowledge 3 

Coverdale  on  education  and  the  fam- 
ily      I 

«  Cramming, »  Max  Miiller  on 8 

Cultivation  of  the  individual  mind  as 

the  cause  of  progress 3 

Dante  on  obstinacy  as  a  horrible  in- 


firmity. 


5 
4 

3 

1 


De  Bury  on  the  mind  in  books 2 

De  Quincey  on  superficial  knowledge .    4 

Diction  in  literature,  Aristotle  on 1 

Diogenes   as   tutor  to  the  children  of 

Xeniades *> 

D' Israeli  on  how  to  read 4 

Draper    on    intellectual    development 

as  a  duty 

Drawing,  Visualization  in  . . 

Earle  on  pretenders  to  learning 

Education  and  Christianity  (Chateau- 
briand)   

Education  and  custom,  Bacon  on 

Education    for    the   masses,    Matthew 

Arnold  on * 

Elementary  books  too  numerous 8 

Elvot  on  the  Classics 4 

Emerson  on  education  as  an  instinct. .   4 

on  intellect 4 

on  the  mind  in  history 4 

on  the  quietness  of  good  breeding  4 

on  use  the  measure  of  greatness. 

«  Emile,"  the,  of  Rousseau _. 

English  prose  school  created  by  Addi- 
son   ; 

Expression  as  the  end  of  education. . . . 
Failure     as     a    step    toward   success, 

Aurelius  on 

Felltham  on  the  unknowable 


198 
923 
514 

519 

538 

2709 
769 

754 
2908 

3  1087 

1139 

1162 
3046 


1138 

1249 
790 

1342 
211 

1703 
1396 


4  1471-3 


1858 
1514 

961 

348 

241 
3006 
1570 
1589 
1588 
1623 
1628 
1592 
3277 

19 
1807 

294 
1692 
1706 
1699 
1730 


Fenelon  on  the  nature  of  reason 6 

F6nelon's  style jj 

Fielding  on  politeness •    0 

Fogazzaro     on     the     development    of 

ideas l 

Franklin  on  chess  as  an  education. . . . 

Frobel  and  his  school 

Froude  on  the  uses  of  historical  study. 
Galton  on  the  physiology  of  the  imagi- 
nation 


1784 
1802 
1814 


5     1857 


«  George  Eliot '»  on  parodies 4  1558 

Gibbon  on  the  study  of  literature 6  1889 

Goethe  on  making  memoranda 5  193- 

Goodness  as  enlightenment 6  lb»l 

Grammar,  its  elements  defined  by  Aris- 


totle. 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4113 


Education —  Continued  vol.  page 

Greeley  on    education    as  a  parental 

duty 5  1987 

Greek  revived  by  the  fall  of  Constan- 
tinople (1453) 4  1569 

Hamerton  on  the  education  of  women  6  2059 

Harrison  on  education  and  philosophy   6  2089 

Healthiness  of  soul  as  heaven 1  308 

Helmholtz  on  European  universities. .    6  2164 
Higher  education  for  women,  by  De- 
foe     4  1286 

Horner's  poems  in  Greek  education. . .    6  2347 
Horace  on  the  first  principle  of   good 

writing,  quoted  by  Addison 1  33 

How  to  read  history,  Emerson  on 4  1625 

How     to     read    Old-English     poetry 

(Keightley) 6  2427 

Imitation  in  education 3  1127 

Insight  the  real  force  (Carlyle) 3  833 

Intelligence  of  the  universe  social 1  299 

Kepler  on  thinking  God's  thoughts. ...    3  1055 
Knowledge  ever  begun  in   love  (Car- 
lyle)     3  836 

L,axity,  Cecil  on 3  925 

Learning  and  wisdom  (Felltham)....    6  1680 
Learning,  Bacon  on  the  advancement 

of 1  863 

«Levana,»  by  Richter,  cited 8  3250 

Literary  education,  Taine  on 1  18 

Locke  on    the  conduct  of  the  under- 
standing     7  2582 

Long  sentences 5  1693 

Lycurgus  and  his  dogs 7  2701 

Macaulay  on  the  study  of  history 7  2756 

Malignancy  in  studies  (Ben  Jonson). .    6  2405 

Maurice  on  reading 7  2836 

Max  Miiller  on  *  cut   and  dry  knowl- 
edge »» 8  3046 

Memory  in  the  uneducated 3  1087 

Mencius  on  scholars  in  politics 8  2874 

Mendelssohn  on  teaching  as  a  duty...    8  2877 

Method  in  arrangement  of  studies 3  1127 

Montaigne  on    the  education   of  chil- 
dren   10  3983 

Nature  and  education,  by  Rousseau  ...    9  3279 

<•  Novum  Organum" :  its  central  thought   1  365 
Object    teaching  as  a  method  of  Co- 

menius 3  1122 

Observation  dependent  on  thought ....    2  775 
Parental     consistency     and    childish 

character 3  922 

Parental  duty  in  education   (Ascham)   1  265 

Pascal  on  style 8  3106 

Pastimes  and  exercises  in  education. . .   1  265 

Pedantry,  Garfield  on 5  1861 

Politeness  as  benevolence 4  1629 

Quintilian  on  memory  in   education...    3  1127 

Reading,  Bacon  on 1  338 

Reading  for   amusement,  by  Fielding   5  1725 

Rousseau's  work  as  a  reformer 9  3276 

Rules,  The  Stoic  theory  of 1  253 

Ruskin  on  childhood 9  3306 

Ruskin  on  teaching 9  3319 

Sarah  Grand  on  children 5  1982 

Schiller  on  play  and  progress 9  3353 

Scholar  and  saint  equal  in  self-denial. .    4  1596 

«  School  learning, "by  Southey 9  3492 

Seneca  on  education  of  the  young 10  3993 

Severity  dangerous 3  924 

Smiles  and  his  worn 9  3439 

Sources  of  education  universal 5  1683 

Spencer,  Herbert,  on  classical  educa- 
tion      9  3519 

Stoic  rule  ol  improvement 1  247 

Study  and  its  uses,  Bacon  on 1  337 

Sturleson  on  the  laws  of  melody 9  3629 

Swift  against  bad  English 9  3655 

x— 258 


Education  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Syntax  of  the  Spectator 1        17 

«  The  Great  Didactic  »  of  Comenius 3     1122 

The  greatest  task  for  education  (Carl 
Schurz ) 10    3992 

*  The  Schoolmaster, »  by  Roger  Ascham 

1     264-71 

Theophrastus  on  late  learning 10    3774 

Through  beauty 4    1601 

«  Tractate  of  Education, »  Milton  on. .    8    2907-9 

Tuckerman  on  enthusiasm 10    3823 

Universities  in  the  twelfth  century. .. .    5    1862 

War  debt  withdrawn  from  educational 
fund 3    1121 

Zumpt  and  Kiihner  as  pedants 5    1865 

Educational  Essay9 

Ascham,  Roger:  The  education  of  a 
gentleman 1      264 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson: 
Getting  on  in  the  world 2      527 

Brooke,  Henry:   What  is  a  gentleman?  2      548 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Baron:  The 
well  ordering  of  a  man's  life 2      752 

Burroughs,  John :  The  art  of  seeing 
things 2      764 

Carlyle,  Thomas  :  The  gospel  of  work.    3      876 

Cecil,  Richard  :  The  influence  of  the 
parental  character 3      922 

Chesterfield,  Lord  :  On  good  breeding, 
3  :  983  ;  On  bad  breeding,  3 :  983  ; 
Learning  and  politeness 3      987 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor :  On  men, 
educated  and  uneducated 3    1087 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos:  Man,  the 
highest,  the  most  absolute,  and  the 
most  excellent  of  things  created, 
3  :  1122  ;  The  ultimate  end  of  man 
beyond  this  life,  3  :  1123  ;  Thorough- 
ness in  teaching  and  learning 3     1127 

Confucius:  "The  Great  Learning," 
3:  1137;"  Wei  Ching"  —  The  supe- 
rior man 3    1138 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry:  A  vision  of 
progress 4    1271 

De  Foe,  Daniel :  Higher  education  for 
women 4    12S6 

De  Quincey,  Thomas :  On  superficial 
knowledge 4    1342 

Earle,  John  :  On  the  "  college  man, »  4 : 
1510  ;  On  pretenders  to  learning 4    1514 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas  :  On  a  classical 
education,  4  :  1570 ;  The  true  signifi- 
cance of  temperance  as  a  moral 
virtue 4    1572 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo :  Intellect,  4 : 
1588;  Manners 4     1627 

Felltham,  Owen :  Of  loquacity  and 
tediousness  in  discourse,  5  :  1671 ;  Of 
idle  books,  5 :  1672  ;  Of  wisdom  and 
science 5    1680 

Fielding,  Henry  :  On  reading  for 
amusement 6    1725 

Frobel,  Friedrich  :  The  family  and 
the  school,  5  :  1804  ;  What  shall  be 
taught  in  the  schools? 5     1806 

Fuller,  Thomas :  Of  memory 5    1834 

Garfield,  James  A.:  Ancient  languages 
and  modern  pedantry 5     1861 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von  :  Growth 
by  exchange  of  ideas 5     1931 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert:  To  a  lady 
of  high  culture 6     2060 

Harrison,  Frederic  :  On  the  choice  of 
books 6    2080 

Helmholtz,  Herman  Ludwig  Ferdi- 
nand von :  Universities,  English, 
French,  and  German 6    2164 


4H4 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Educational  Essays  —  Continued        vol.  page 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur:  How  history 
should  be  read 6    2177 

Herschel,  Sir  John:  The  taste  for 
reading 6    2191 

Hooker,  Richard:  Education  as  a 
development  of  the  soul 6     2232 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry:  On  the  meth- 
od of  Zadig 6    2276 

Johnson,  Ben:  On  malignancy  in  stu- 
dies      6    2405 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim:  The  edu- 
cation of  the  human  race 7     2544 

Longinus :  On  the  sublime 7     2637 

L,ubbock,  Sir  John:  A  song  of  books. .    7    2678 

Luther,  Martin:  That  unnecessary  ig- 
norance is  criminal 7     2690 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 

Bulwer,  Baron:  Readers  and  writers   7    2708 

Maurice,      Frederick     Denison:      The 

friendship  of  books 7    2835 

Milton,  John:  On  his  reading  in  youth, 
8:2905;  Ragged  notions  and  babble- 
ments in  education 8     2907 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley :  On 
training  young  girls 8    2934 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de:  Of 
books 8    2937 

Montesquieu:  Education  in  a  Repub- 
lican government 8    2994 

Pascal,  Blaise:  Thoughts  on  style 8    3106 

Plutarch:  Concerning  the  delay  of  the 
Deity,  8  :  3153;  Nature,  learning,  and 
training,  8:3157;  Teachers  and  their 

pupils 8    3158 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan:  The  art  of  convers- 
ing well 8    3164 

Roland,  Madame:  Borrowed  ideas,  9: 

3271;  Intellect  and  progress 9    3273 

Rousseau,  Jean   Jacques:    Nature   and 

education 9    3279 

Ruskin,  John:  Want  of  self-knowl- 
edge, 9  :  3309;  Education 9     3319 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich 
von:    The    impulse    to    play   as   the 

cause  of  progress 9    3353 

Southey,  Robert:  School  learning 9    3494 

Spencer,    Herbert:    Education  —  What 

knowledge  is  of  most  worth  ? 9    3518 

Swift,  Jonathan:  Against  bad  English.    9    3655 
Theophrastus:  Of  late  learning 10    3774 

Edward  the  Confessor,  Sir  Roger  de  Cov- 

erley  at  the  tomb  of 1      100 

Edwards,  Jonathan 

Biography 4     1535 

Essay: 

On  Order,  Beauty,  and  Harmony. .    4    1536 

Efficiency,  Sallust  on 10    3992 

Egmont  and  Home 8    2963 

Egotists  in  monologue 

A.  Bronson  Alcott  on 10     3950 

Egypt 

Life  under  the  twelfth  dynasty 3      979 

Plato  on  Egyptian  embalming 8    3139 

Egypt,  Essayists  of 

Claudian— (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3959 

«  Eikonoklastes  »  of  Milton  cited 8  2905 

Einhardt  on  Charlemagne 7  2806 

Elder  Brewster 

Death  of  (William  Bradford) 10    3955 

«  El  Dorado, »  by  Robert  Louis  Stevenson. .    9  3610 
«  Elegy  in  a  Country  Churchyard, »  Gold- 
smith on 5  1969 

Elgiva  and  Dunstan 10  3710 


Elia.    (See  Lamb.)  vol.  page 

Hunt  on  the  «  Essays  of  Elia" 6    2272 

«  Eliot,  George  » 

Biography 4    1541 

Essays: 

Moral  Swindlers 4    1543 

Judgments  on  Authors 4     1550 

*  A     Fine    Excess  "  —  Feeling     Is 

Energy 4    1552 

The  Historic  Imagination 4    1553 

Value  in  Originality 4     1555 

Debasing  the  Moral  Currency 4    1555 

Story  Telling 4    1561 

On  the  Character  of  Spike— A  Po- 
litical Molecule 4    1563 

«  Leaves  from  a  Note  Book  " 

Divine  Grace  a  Real  Emanation   4    1566 

Felix  Qui  Non  Potuit 4     1567 

«  Dear  Religious  Love  * 4    1567 

We  Make  Our  Own  Precedents  4    1567 
To  the  Prosaic  All  Things  Are 

Prosaic 4    1568 

Elizabethan     dramatists     and     Decker's 

work 4     1280 

Elizabeth's  character  and  reign 5    1993 

Elliott,  Ebenezer  (Besant) 2      447 

Elliott,  Stephen 

Celeb  ra  ted  Pa  ssages : 

The  Ineffable  Sublimity  of  Nature.  10    3965 

«  Eloisa  to  AbSlard, »  Goldsmith  on 5     1970 

Eloquence 

Defined 5    1670 

in  Rome,  Montaigne  on 8    2961 

John  Quincy  Adams  on 10    3949 

Lawrence  Sterne  on. 10    3997 

The  Meaning  of  (Julius  Charles  Hare)10    3970 
Elyot,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography 4     1569 

Essays: 

On  a  Classical  Education 4    1570 

The  True  Signification  of  Temper- 
ance as  a  Moral  Virtue 4    1572 

Elysian  Fields,  The 

Near  Naples 5    1 662 

Emeralds,  Lucan  on 8    2978 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 

Biography 4  1574 

Essays: 

Character 4  1575 

Intellect 4  1588 

Art 4  1599 

Love 4  1608 

Self-Reliance 4  1619 

The  Mind  in  History 4  1623 

Compensation 4  1625 

Manners 4  1627 

Montaigne;  or,  The  Skeptic 4  1631 

On  Men,  Common  and  Uncommon   4  1633 

Aristocracy  in  England 4  1634 

Norsemen  and  Normans 4  1636 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  God  Is  the  All-Fair  » 10  3965 

Character 10  3965 

The  Highest  Human  Quality 10  3965 

Self  the  Only  Thing  Givable 10  3965 

The  Simplicity  of  Greatness  10  3965 

«  Emile  »  of  Rousseau  extracted  from 9  3283 

Emmett,  Robert,  and  his  betrothed 6  2321 

Empedocles    as    a    writer    of    science    n'n 

rhyme 1  191 

quoted  by  Aristotle 1  224 

Employes,  Bacon  on  choice  of 1  336 

Enduring  and  doing  (C.  A.  Bartol) 10  3952 

Energy,  God  the  source  of 3  953 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4115 


Engagements  vol.  page 

Love  as  selfishness  for  two 8  3043 

Mrs.  Moulton  on 8  3041 

England 

Anglo-Saxon  habits 7  2607 

Anglo-Saxons  converted  to  Christianity  7  2608 

settle  in  England 10  3706 

Army  in,  Blackstone  on 2  478 

Battle  of   Evesham   lost   by  De  Mont- 
fort  3  1099 

Bentham  and  his  influence 2  435 

Bolingbroke's  rise  and  fall 2  513 

Brougham,  Lord,  Chancellor 2  553 

Burning  of  Jeanne  D' Arc 8  2885 

Characteristics  of  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish, by  the  Marquis  Tseng 10  3819 

Chaucer  a  Member  of  Parliament 3  970 

Chesterfield  in  the  House  of  Commons  3  981 

Church  of,  not  founded  by  Henry  VIII.  2  578 

Clarendon  on  Hampden 3  1022 

Cobbett  as  a  reformer 3  1061 

Cranmer  burned 3  1186 

Cromwell  and  his  men  (Green) 5  2001 

Danes  in  England  in  the    ninth    cen- 
tury  10  3705 

Debt  due  to  war  on  America 3  1120 

Defoe  pilloried 4  1284 

Eighteenth-century  England  (Francis 

Hopkinson) 10  3973 

Elizabethan  era,  Carlyle  on 3  861 

Elizabeth's    reign    and    its    great 

men 5     1993-2001 

Emerson  on  English  aristocracy 4  1634 

on  «  English  Traits  » 4  1634-5 

on  the  Selwyn  correspondence...  4  1634 

English   society  of  authors,  Sir  Walter 

Besant,  president  of 2  446 

First  book  printed  in  England 3  918 

Parliament  given  by    De   Mont- 
fort  3  1099 

Fortesque  on  English  life  in  the  fif- 
teenth century 3  1062 

Founders  of  the  House  of  Lords    as 

thieves  and  pirates  (Emerson) 4  1637 

Gladstone  in  politics  and  literature. ...  5  1906 

Harriet  and  James  Martineau 7  2826 

Heine  on  English  liberty 6  2155 

Hume  on  the  House  of  Commons 6  2266 

Hutchinson  on  Butler 2  793 

Huxley's  work  as  a  biologist 6  2276 

Influence  of  nineteenth-century  Tory- 
ism on  literature  of 3  1048 

London  fashions  in  Goldsmith's  time. .  5  1942 
Library   of   Durham    College   founded 

by  De  Bury  and  others 2  790 

Literary     movement     from    Lamb    to 

Birrell 2  454 

Literature  of  Queen  Anne's  reign 3  967 

Locke's  career 7  2572 

Lubbock's  public  services 7  2677 

Macaulay's  influence  as  a  liberal 7  2718 

Milton's  work  as  a  pamphleteer 8  2902 

More,  Sir  Thomas,  decapitated  1535...  8  3010 

Morley,  John,  in  Parliament 8  3015 

Newman  and  the  Oxford  Tracts 8  3049 

Norman  Conquest  and  feudal  law 2  479 

«  O'Rell,  Max  »  on  English  conquests.  8  3070 

«Ouida»  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds....  8  3081 

Queen  Caroline's  fondness  for  Butler.  2  793 
Retention  of  American  colonies  as  a 

misfortune 3  1120 

Ruskin's  work  as  an  art  critic 9  3285 

Siward  dies  in  his  boots 10  3711 

Spiritualism  in  (Carlyle) 3  845 

Taine  on  Saxon  swinishness 10  3708 

The  Avon  described  by  Collins 3  1098 

The  Constitution  of,  by  Delolme 4  1291-7 


England  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Whiggery  and  Liberalism 6  2046 

William  of  Orange  and  English  litera- 
ture    3  967 

English    capital,    Feudalism    of    (Horace 

Mann) 10  3981 

English  country  squires,  Addison  on 1  78 

English  History 

(See  England.) 

Execution  of  Sir  Thomas  More 5  1668 

Martin  Marprelate  controversy,  The. .    7  2698 

Morals  under  James  1 8  3087 

"  English    humorists »    of    Thackeray   ex- 
tracted from  10    3747-52 

English,  Language,  The 

Caxton's  influence  on 3  918 

Swift  against  bad  English 9  3655 

English  Literature 

(See  British  and  Anglo-Saxon  Essayists, 
England,   etc.) 
A  counterblast  to  tobacco  by  James  I. 

quoted 10  3974 

Alfred  the  Great  in  English  literature  7  2605 

Alfred's  colloquies 7  2618 

Alfred's  meters  of  Boethius 7  2616 

'<  Anglo-Saxon  Language  and  Poetry," 

by  Longfellow 7  2605 

Anglo-Saxon  sources  of  English  litera- 
ture, by  Taine 10  3704 

"Apology  for  Smectymnuus,"  by  Mil- 
ton cited 8     2905-6 

"  Appreciations, »     by     Walter     Pater, 

cited 8  3111 

Arcadia,  The,  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney 9  3429 

Bede's  «  Ecclesiastical  History  "  quoted  10  3953 

«  Bells  of  Shandon, '»  by  «  Father  Prout  »   8  3209 

Ben  Jonson  as  a  poet  and  essayist 6  2401 

Beowulf,  Longfellow  on  the 7  2611 

Bulwer  as  a  novelist  and  poet 7  2702 

Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress  " 7  2719 

Burke  characterized  by  Johnson 7  2850 

Byron's  obituary,  by  WTalter  Scott 9  3393 

Caedmon  as  the  father  of  Anglo-Saxon 

poetry 7  2613 

«  Canterbury  Tales, »  how  read 6  2427 

«  Caxtoniana,"     by   Bulwer,    extracted 

from 7     2702-10 

"  Characteristics,"  by  Shaftesbury 9  3415 

Chaucer's  debt  to  Italy 3  970 

Chaucer's  syntax  illustrated 3  972 

Chaucer's  versification  discussed 6  2053 

"Clarissa    Harlowe, *    by    Richardson, 

cited 8  3244 

«  Connection  of  the  physical  sciences,9 

by  Mrs.    Somerville 9  3479 

Controversy  over  Mivart's  «  Happiness 

in  Hell  » 8  2921 

Coverdale's  Bible 3  1159 

Cowley's  works  and  his  place  in  litera- 
ture     3  1163 

Cowper's  poetry    Maurice  on 7  2851 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock  and  her  works. .    3  1176 
"  Critical  studies  by  Ouida  »  extracted 

from 8     3081-6 

"Crown   of  Wild  Olives,"   by  Ruskin, 

extracted  from 9  3308 

Cumberland    on     Falstaff    and     his 

Friends 3  1198 

«  Defense  of  Poesy,"  by  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney, quoted  from 9  3426 

Defoe  and  Fielding 5  1725 

Defoe    as    a    writer    of    fiction,    Tal- 

fourd 10  3732 

Denham  praised  by  Goldsmith 5  1969 

De  Quincey's  work  as  an  essayist 4  1301 


4ii6 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Unglish  Literature  —  Continued  vol.  page 

«  Diary  »  of  John  Evelyn 5  1654 

Discourses  on  art  by  Sir  Joshua  Reyn- 
olds extracted  from 8     3236-7 

«  Dr.  Jekylland  Mr.  Hyde,"  by  Steven- 
son cited 9  3608 

Dowden  as  a  Shakespearean  critic. ...    4  1451 

«  Dreams,"  by  Olive  Schreiner 9  3379 

Drummond's  «  Cyprus  Grove  » 4  1478 

Dryden  on  epic  poetry 4  1483 

Dryden's  style,  Maurice  on 7  2846 

Dryden's  work  as  a  satirist  and  poet. .    4  1482 
"  Duty,"  by  Samuel   Smiles,  extracted 

from 9     3439-18 

Earle's  *  microcosmography  " 4  1504 

"Earthly  Paradise,   The,"  of  William 

Morris 8  3021 

«  Eikonoklastes  »  of  Milton  cited 8  2905 

« English    Humorists    of    Thackeray" 

extracted  from 10    3747-52 

«  Eothen  »  by  William  Kinglake  quoted  10  3975 
«  Euphues  and  His  England,"  by  John 

Lyly 7  2698 

Felltham's  relation  to  Shakespeare 5  1671 

Fielding  as  an  essayist  and  novelist. . .    5  1724 
Fielding's    strength    in    fiction,    Tal- 

fourd 10  3730 

Foster's  «  Letters  » 5  1750 

«  Fragments  of  Science, »  by  Tyndall  . .  10  3849 

Freeman's  "  Essays  " 5  1789 

"Friends  in  Council,"  by  Sir  Arthur 

Helps 6  2170 

■  Frondes    Agrestes »    by  Ruskin    ex- 
tracted from 9  3299 

Froude  on  the  science  of  history 5  1809 

Fuller  as  a  disciple  of  Theophrastus. . .    5  1817 

«  Fuller's  Worthies  »    5  1854 

Gascoyne  on  Chaucer's  metres  (1575). .    6  2054 

Gay  and  the  ■  Beggar's  Opera  » 5  1866 

«  Gayeties  and  Gravities, "    by  Horace 

Smith 9  3455 

*  George  Eliot »  as    an    essayist    and 

novelist 4  1541 

on  the  «  Vicar  of  Wakefield  ». .    4  1563 

Giraldus  Cambrensis  and  his  works. . .    5  1902 

Goethe  on  the  «  Vicar  of  Wakefield  "...   5  1934 

Grote  as  a  historian 5  2018 

«  Gulliver's  Travels  "  characterized 9  3640 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  and  his  works 5  2040 

Harrison  on  Scott 6  2092 

Hazlitt  as  a  critic 6  2128 

Herbert's  poetry 7  2842 

Hobbes  and  his  leviathan 6  2197 

Hood's  own,  Thackeray  on 10  3741 

Hood's  work  as  a  humorist  and  poet. .    6  2218 

Hooker  as  a  model  of  style 6  2229 

Hopes  and  fears  for  art  (William  Mor- 
ris)     8  3021 

How  to  read  Old-English  poetry 6  2427 

Hughes  and   the   literature   of   Queen 

Anne's  reign 6  2234 

Hume's  essays   and    history  of    Eng- 
land  6  2258 

Hunt  and  his  associates 6  2269 

■  Ion  »  and  other  works  by  Talfourd. . .  10  3726 

Jebb  on  the  Attic  orators,  etc 6  2342 

Jeff eries  as  a  master  of  melody 6  2350 

Jerome  K.  Jerome  as  a  humorist 6  2369 

Jerrold,  Douglas,  and  his  work 6  2375 

Johnson,  Samuel,  and  his  meaning  in 

literature 6  2382 

Johnson's  work  as  a  publisher's  hack.    7  2740 

0  Junius  »  letters 6  2408 

Kingsley  as  a  prose  writer 6  2434 

Lamb's  life  and  work 7  2451 

Landor's  poems  and  essays 7  2485 

Lang  in  «  Old  French  »  verse 7  2490 


English  Literature  —  Continued  vol.  page 

"Lead,    Kindly    Light,"     by   Cardinal 

Newman 8  3049 

Letters  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu   8  2930 

Literature  under   Henry  VIII.,  Putten- 

ham  on 6  2050 

Macaulay's  work  as  a  reviewer 7  2718 

Maurice  on  Fuller's  wit    7  2845 

on  Spenser's  "  Faery  Queene  " 7  2845 

*  Memories  and  Portraits, »  by  Robert 

Louis  Stevenson,  extracted  from..  9  3616-20 
Middle    English     as     represented    by 

Mandeville 7  2816 

of  Mandeville,  Specimen  of..  3  1040 

Montgomery's  Satan,  reviewed  by  Ma- 

caulay 7  2760 

Moral  Action  by  Hannah  More 8  3001 

Mrs.  Caudle's  «  Curtain  Lectures  " 6  2375 

*  Oceana, "  The,  of  Harrington 6  2077 

Ossian  and   Macpherson's  forgeries...  7  2492 
«  Our   Village, "  by  Mary  Russell  Mit- 

ford 8  2915-20 

Parallel  between    Pope    and    Dryden 

(Johnson )    6  2398 

*  Parlor  poetry "    of    the    nineteenth 

century 6  1976 

«  Paston  »  letters  cited 8  3185 

•Pleasures  of  Life,"  by  Sir  John  Lub- 
bock, extracted  from 7  2678-86 

*  Poet's  Corner  "  and  Pope's  critics 5  1949 

Pope  as  a  prose  writer 8  3168 

Pride  of  Byron,  Carlyle  on 3  857 

"Recreations  of  Christopher  North," 

etc.,  by  Wilson 10  3913 

"Rejected  Addresses,"  by  Horace  and 

James  Smith  cited 9  3455 

«  Reliques  of  Father  Prout  » 8  3202 

"  Resolves  Divine,  Moral,  and  Politi- 
cal »  (Felltham) 5  1670 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  as  an  essayist.. .  8  3233 

Richardson's  novels,  Talfourd  on 10  3728 

«  Robinson  Crusoe,"  the  philosophy  of  .10  3732 
Ruskin's      "Modern     Painters,"      ex- 
tracted from 9  3287 

Scott  as  a  novelist  and  essayist 9  3388 

Selden's  table-talk 9  3398 

"  Sentimental    Journey,"     by    Sterne, 

quoted 9  3605 

"Seven  Deadly  Sins  of  London,"  by 

Thomas  Decker 4  1282 

Shakespeare  and  Homer  compared  by 

Pope 8  3178 

Shakespeare,   Bacon,  and   Milton,  its 

greatest  names 7  2844 

Shelley  and  his  work 9  3419 

Shenstone's  «  Schoolmistress  » 5  1969 

Smith,  Sydney,  and  the  Edinburgh  Re- 
view    9  3468 

Smollett's  «  Tears  of  Scotland  » 6  1970 

*  Speculation  on  Morals  »  by  Shelley. .  9  3421 

Spencer's  work  and  influence 9  3505 

Swift  in  the  Examiner 9  3644 

Swinburne's  work  as  a  poet 9  3659 

Symonds's  «  Italian  By- Ways,  "etc 9  3666 

Taine  on  «  Pendennis  » 10  3718 

Taine's  «  History  of  English  Litera- 
ture » 10  3704 

«  Tenure  of  Kings, »  by  Milton 8     2906-7 

"The   Doctor,"  by  Southey,  extracted 

from 9  3488 

The  «  Ormulum"  and  "  Piers  Plow- 
man » 4  1570 

"The  Silent  Woman,"  by  Ben  Jonson, 

Mitford  on 8  2915 

"  Theory    of    Moral     Sentiment, »    by 

Adam  Smith 9  3449 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4117 


English  literature  —  Continued           vol.  page 

Tickell  in  the  Guardian 10  3787 

«  Tom  Jones, »  Talfourd  on 10  3730 

l<  Treasure  Island,  *  by  Stevenson,  char- 
acterized     9  3608 

"  Tristram  Shandy  »  and  Sterne's  meth- 
ods     9  3603 

« Utopia "  of   Sir   Thomas    More,    ex- 
tracted  from 8     3010-4 

"  Vanity  Fair, »  Taine  on 10  3718 

« Virginibus    Puerisque, "    by    Steven- 
son    9    3610-2 

Walpole's  «  Castle  of  Otranto  » 10  3876 

Walton's     "Complete     Angler,"     etc., 

7 :  2845;  10  3881 

Wordsworth's  sonnets,  etc 10  3929 

Wyatt  and  Surrey  compared 6     2050-1 

Young's  «  Night  Thoughts  »  and  «  Sat- 
ires » 5  1970 

Englishman  when  drunk 8  3073 

English  traits,  by  Emerson 4    1634-5 

Enigmas  denned  by  Aristotle 1  215 

Enjoyment,  Natural,  Berkeley  on 2  442 

Enlightenment  and  liberty,  Beccaria  on. .    2  421 
Enthusiasm 

A  defense  of,  by  Tuckerman 10  3823 

As  to  the  highest  state  possible  for  man   5  1736 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  on 10  3959 

Entomology 

Insects  and  the  nectar  of  plants,  Dar- 
win on 4  1265 

Envy 

William  Shenstone  on 10  3994 

A  gadding  passion 1  322 

and     fine     weather    (William    Shen- 
stone)  10  3994 

«  Eothen,"  by  William  Kinglake,  quoted.  .10  3975 

Epaminondas  on  greatness 8  2952 

Ephemera,  The  (Franklin) 5  1787 

Epic  Poetry 

and  tragedy  compared  by  Aris- 
totle      1  218 

Aristotle  on 1  190 

Dryden  on 4  1483 

Jebb  on  Homer  and  the  epic 6  2342 

Epictetus 

Biography 5  1639 

Essays: 

Of  Progress  or  Improvement 5  1640 

On  Providence 5  1643 

That  We  Ought  Not  to  Be  Dis- 
turbed by  Any  News 5  1643 

What  Is  the  Condition  of  a  Com- 
mon Kind  of  Man  and  of  a  Phi- 
losopher     5  1644 

How  Everything  May  Be  Done  Ac- 
ceptably to  the  Gods 5  1645 

Arrian's  «  Enchiridion  »  of   his  teach- 
ings     1  243 

Epicurus 

Biography 5  1646 

Essay: 

Of  Modesty,  Opposed  to  Ambition.    5  1647 

On  the  highest  good,  cited  by  Boethius.    2  506 
Epigrams 

Augustine,  St.,  on  Cicero  and  Aristotle  5  1694 

Augustus  and  the  peasant  boy 5  1698 

Caesar  and  his  fortunes 5  1687 

Chrysippus  and  his  friend 5  1686 

Clarke  on  the  Duke  of  Richmond 3  1096 

Diogenes  and  the  Sophist 5  1701 

on  the  auction  block 5  1703 

Felltham  on  geese  and  poets 5  1679 

Harrington  on  fortune 3  1095 


Epigrams  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Heine  on  Professor  Saalfeld 6    2163 

Ignatius  to  Julian 5     1698 

In  La  Bruyere's  «  Characters  » 6     2444-50 

Jonson,  Ben,  on  Inigo  Jones 3     1095 

Kendall  on  Garrick 3    1097 

lamb  to  Coleridge 7     2453 

Martial  imitated  by  Harrington 3     1095 

Mortimer  Collins  on 3     1093 

Napoleon  on  history 5     1809 

On  Lady  Moria's  infant 4    1338 

Paetus  and  Arria  ( Martial) 9     3573 

Parrott  on  the  Welsh 3    1095 

Pascal's  «  Thoughts  » 8     3102-10 

Rogers  on  easy  reading 3     1094 

Simonides  on  gratitude 8    3155 

Sir  Thomas  More  on  a  bad  book 7    2761 

Star  Dust  by  «  Novalis  » 8    3065 

Syrus  on  Mucius 3    1203 

Thoughts  on  various  subjects,  Swift. ..   9    3645 

Townsend  on  his  own  sermons 3     1098 

Townsend  on  the  Lake  Poets 3     1098 

Voltaire  on  human  stupidity 7    2603 

Waller  on  a  girdle 3    1095 

Walpole  on  Archbishop  Seeker 3     1097 

«  Epistles  »  of  Phalaris 1      276 

of  Pliny  the  Younger 8    3146 

Epitaphs 

Ben    Johnson's  epitaph    in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey 6     2401 

Of  the  Puritans 5    2012-7 

Swift's  epitaph 9    3640 

« Under    the  Wide    and    Starry  Sky,» 

Stevenson 9     8609 

Wordsworth  on  English  epitaphs 10    3934 

Equality 

Adamantius  Corais  on 10    3961 

Hugo  on 6     2246 

Erasmus,  Desiderius 

Biography 5     1651 

Essay: 

The  Goddess  of  Folly  on  the  Luck 

of  Fools 5    1652 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Ivove 10    3965 

On  experience,  quoted  by  Ascham 1      265 

His  birth  and  education 5    1651 

Error 

of    one    man    causes   another  to  err 

(Lucius  Annseus  Seneca) 10    3993 

Patience  with    (Lucius  Annseus  Sen- 
eca)  10    3993 

The  mother  of  knowledge  ( Wagner) . .  10    3868 

Erskine  and  Paine 8    3094 

Eschatology 

Balfour  Stewart  on    the  end  of    the 

universe 9    3628 

Lucan  on  destruction  of  the  world  by 

fire 2      614 

Mivart  on  happiness  in  Hell 8    292£ 

Esdras  and  Josephus  cited 8    2902 

«  Essay  on  Projects,"  by  Daniel  Defoe 4    1284 

Essay  writing 

Aristotle,  Plato,  and  Theophrastus  as 
founders  of  modern  schools 8    3122" 

Esse  Quam  Videri  (James  A.  Garfield) 10    3968 

Eternal  punishment 

Mivart  on 8     2927 

Eternity 

*  Novalis  "on 8    3062 

Without  clocks 3      834 

Ethics  and  Philosophy 

Abercrombie  and  Huxley  in  their  rela- 
tions to  Agnosticism 1        1 


4ii8 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Ethics  and  Philosophy  —  Cont  'd         vol.  page 

Action  and  perfection,  Aquinas  on.  .  . .    1  177 

Amicis  on  Parisian  morals 1  158 

Amiel  on  life  as  a  bubble 1  166 

Argyle  on  the  tendencies  of  the  human 

mind 1  184 

Aristotle  on  design  in  nature 1  26 

Arrian's  H  Enchiridion  "  of  Epictetus  . .    1  243 
AureHus,  Marcus,  called  the  flower  of 

Stoicism 1  290 

Bacon's  «  Essays  » 1    311-62 

Birth  and  death  in  nature 5  1716 

Browning   on    Shelley's   poetry    as  a 

presentiment  of  God 2  649 

Causes  of  pain  and  fear,  Burke   on....    2  722 

Chalmers  on  cruelty  as  a  miracle 3  934 

Character  of  a  gentleman,  Amiel  on. .  .    1  169 
Christianity     and     progress,     by     Sir 

James  Stephen 9  3599 

Clough  on  the  conduct  of  public  life. . .    3  1052 

Combe  on  retribution  for  national  sins   3  1117 
Concord  school   of  philosophy  aud  Al- 

cott 1  117 

Confucius  on    law  and    the  sense  of 

shame 3  1138 

Contradiction  of  visible  phenomena. . .    3  1072 

Courtesans,  their  influence  at  Athens. .    1  15 

Cust  on  Brahman  ethics 3  1225 

Dante    on  desires,    celestial   or  infer- 
nal     4  1241 

Davy's  theory  of  progress 4    1271-9 

Death,  Epictetus  on  the  dread  of 1  250 

Degradation    of    woman    imputed    to 

man 1  16 

Democritus  formulates  the  atomic  the- 
ory  „ 9  3622 

Descartes's  system  defined 4  1352 

Diderot  on  compassion  and  survival ...    4  1386 
Diogenes,  Fenelon  on  the  philosophy  of   5  1699 
Disposition   of    the   lately   rich,    Aris- 
totle on 1  228 

Divorce,  Sarah  Grand  on 5  1982 

Dominion,  The  desire  for,  as  beastly. .    2  512 
Duty  to  God  and  our  neighbor,  Stoic 

view  of 1  254 

Effect  of  the  Renaissance  on  women. .    4  1442 
Effects  of  love  defined  by  St.  Thomas 

Aquinas 1  174 

Emerson     on    impurity    and   wrong 

opinions 4  1579 

on  intellect 4  1588 

Epictetus  and  his  philosophy 5  1639 

Epicurus  and  his  school 5  1646 

Evil  as  arrested  development 3  1147 

,  its  reality  denied  by  the  Sufis.  ...    1  132 

Evolution  and  religion,  Darwin  on. .. .    4  1268 

as  an  ethical  ideal 5  1744 

Excellence,  Contempt  of,  Epictetus  on   1  251 

Fenelon  on  the  nature  of  reason 5  1707 

Fichte  and  Kant 5  1712 

Fischer's  "  History  of  Modern  Philoso- 
phy » 6     1734-8 

Gellius  on  the  abuse  of  philosophy 5  1878 

Gibbon  on  free  will  and  fate 5  1896 

Good  and  evil  (Jonson) 6  2406 

Good  nature  and  wit 1  17 

Goodness  as  enlightenment 5  1681 

Guizot  on  European   civilization 5  2034 

Harrington    on  the  principles  of  gov- 
ernment      6  2079 

Harrison    on  masterpieces   of   ethical 

writing 6  2097 

Hatred,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  on 1  175 

Hedonism  defined 5  1646 

Hegel's  place  in  philosophy 6  2145 

Ileraclitus  on  fire   and  the  perpetual 

flux 9  3622 


Ethics  and  Philosophy  —  Cont'd         vol. page 
Hobbes  on  « The   Desire   and  Will   to 

Hurt » 6  2197 

Humboldt   on    superior    and    inferior 

races 6  2256 

Hume  on    the   dignity  and  meanness" 

of  human  nature 6  2259 

Individuality  the  basis  of  good  order. .  3  1138 

Infinity,  Fenelon  on 5  1711 

Intellect  as  understood  by  Abercrom- 

bie 1  1 

Intellect,  its  nature 1  7 

Intelligence  of  the  universe  social 1  299 

Intolerable,  The,  and   how   to  bear  it, 

Epictetus  on 1  200 

Jefferson  on  opinion  and  coercion 6  2357 

Job  on  wickedness  as  a  negative  qual- 
ity    2  486 

Jonathan    Edwards  on   order,  beauty, 

and  harmony 4  1536 

Kant  on  the  "Canon  of  Pure  Reason  ».  6  2415 

La  Bruyere  on  human  nature 6  2444-50 

Lamb  on  pauperism 7  2400 

on  the  savor  of  sin 7  2465 

Laughter,  The  philosophy  of 1  413-7 

Eaw  and  justice  at  the  hog  trough 3  886 

Laws  of  nature  as  tendencies  towards 

improvement 1  1 

Lecky  on  skepticism  and  superstition.  7  2516 

Leibnitz  on  the  origin  of  things 7  2528 

Eessing  and  the  philosophy  of  art 7  2536 

Lewes  on  the  influence  of  Rousseau. . .  7  2547 

Liberty,  Moral 1  248 

Life  of  the  world,  its  central  problem.  5  1734 

Locke's  theory  of  "  white  paper  » 7  2572 

Logos,  The 5  1737 

Love  of  country,  Socrates  on 8  3132 

Lubbock  on  the  happiness  of  duty. ...  7  2684 
Macaulay   on   Baconian  and   Platonic 

philosophy 1  310 

Madame  Roland  on  happiness 9  3270 

Materialistic  view  of  conscience 3  1056 

Maternal  influence,  Burleigh  on 2  752 

Melancholy  and  despair,  Cure  for 2  725 

Memory  in  the  uneducated 3  1087 

Mendelssohn  on  error  and  toleration. .  8  2878 

Mill  on  liberty 8  2888 

Montaigne  on  liberty  of  conscience. ...  8  2958 

Montaigne,  the  skeptic,  by  Emerson. .  4  1631 

Moral  origin  of  physical  law 2  761 

National    debt   as   a   punishment    for 

war 3  1121 

Natural  tendency  of  the  mind  to  infer 

causation 1  4 

Nature  of  emotion,  active  and  passive  1  7 

No  time  to  make  money  (Agassiz) 1  110 

« Novum     Organum  " :      its    central 

thought 1  365 

Obstinacy  and  vanity  as   horrible   in- 
firmities    4  1249 

Oriental    and    European  ideals  com- 
pared   1  167 

Over  wisdom  criminal 8  2934 

Pater  on  the  genius  of  Plato 8  3111 

Perfection  as  an  activity,  Aquinas  on.  1  178 
Peripatetic    school    founded    by   Aris- 
totle    1  189 

Pessimism,   Schopenhauer 9  3370 

Pope  on  eating  dead  animals 8  3175 

Positive  philosophy  of  Auguste  Comte  3  1129 

Poverty,  its  moral  effects 1  24 

Progress,  Madame  Adam  on  its  law    . .  1  14 

Property  and  progress,  Emerson  on. . .  4  1621 

Public  opinion  as  tyranny 8  2892 

Realities  of  life,  Epictetus  on 1  245 

Right  defined  by  Burlamaqui 2  747 

Seneca  on  anger 9  3403 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4119 


Ethics  and  Philosophy  —  Cont  'd        vol.  page 

Selfishness  the  only  evil 5  1695 

Self-love  as  a  motive  for  virtue,  Hume 

on 6  2262 

Sensuality  of  the  sixteenth  century. . .    4  1449 

Servility  and  morality 8  2894 

Shelley  on  good  and  bad  actions 9  3421 

Socrates  on  love  of  country 8  3132 

Spencer  on  beauty 1  145 

on  the  «  essential  question  » 9  3523 

Spiritual  essence  of  history  (Hegel)  . .    6  2146 

Sufi  theories  and  hopes 1  129 

The  law  of  the   strongest  (Marquis  de 

Vauvenargues) 10  4002 

The  spiritual  ego,  Alcott  on 1  123-4 

The  universe  no  chance  medley,  by  Sir 

Philip  Sidney 9  3429 

«  The  Vision  of  Mirza  » 1  53 

The  world  as  will  and  idea,  Schopen- 
hauer     9  3365 

Theory  of  moral  sentiments  by  Adam 

Smith 9  3449 

Thoreau  on  the  reptile  in  man 10  3783 

Thseng-Tseu  on    the    soul,  quoted   by 

Thoreau 10  3783 

Time  the  measure  of  the  difficulty  of  a 

conception    1  166 

Tolstoi's  replies  to  the  German  ethical 

society 10  3810 

Truth  and  inference 1  4 

Tuckerman  on  enthusiasm 10  3823 

Two  divisions  of  philosophic  minds. . .    8  3263 
Unity  of  human  nature,  Emerson  on. .    4  1624 
Violence    and     eagerness    in    acquisi- 
tion     5  1675 

Virtue  defined    by  Aurelius 1  293 

Weakness  of  the  intellect  (Fenelon). .    5  1710 

Wealth  as  a  disease  (Carlyle) 3  842 

Women,  their  oppression  by  man 1  14 

Xenophon's  «  Memorabilia  "  extracted 

from 10  3937 

*  Your  creeds  are  dead,"  by  Matthew 

Arnold 1  303 

«  Ethics  »  of  Aristotle  read  in  Middle  Age 

churches 1  411 

Ethnographical  studies 

Humboldt  on 6  2255 

Ethnology 

Arts  in  the  time  of  Homer 6  2344 

Cattians,  The,  and  their  customs 10  3692 

Germanic  tribes  in   the  time   of  Taci- 
tus   10  3690 

Goldsmith  on  savage  customs 5  1941 

Ingalls  on  climate  and  race  variation. .    6  2294 
Spencer  on  the  evolution  of  the  pro- 
fessions     9  3506 

The  «  Germania  »  of  Tacitus 10  3674 

Euclid  on  versification 1  216 

Eudes  de  Shirton's  ghost  story 7  2491 

Euler  on  mortality 7  2812 

« Euphues  and    His   England,8    by    John 

Lyly 7  2698 

Euripides 

Defended  against  critics  by  Aristotle.    1  203 

Love  and  wisdom 1  273-4 

On  death  as  a  blessing  (quoted) 3  999 

Eurydice  and  Olympias 1  273 

Eusebius 

Cited  by  Bolingbroke 2  516 

"  Euthyphron  »  of  Plato  quoted 8  3145 

Eutropius 

On  Julian  the  Apostate 8  2954 

Evans,  Mary  Ann  (See  George  Eliot.)..  4  1541 
Evelyn,  John 

Biography 5  1654 


Evelyn,  John  — Continued  vol.  page 

Essays: 

In  and  Around  Naples 5  1654 

The  Life  of  Trees 5  1602 

Everett,  Alexander  H. 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Book  Making 10  3965 

Everett,  Edward 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Literature  and  Liberty 10  3966 

Evil 

As  arrested  development 3  1147 

Its  reality  denied  by  the  Sufis.    1  130 

Nonexistence  of,  Epictetus  on 1  252 

Selfishness  the  sole  evil 5  1695 

speaking,  Selden  on 9  3400 

Evils,  Good  in 3  1115 

Evolution 

Chalmers  on  scientific  progress 3  933 

Cobbe  on  Darwin  and  Spencer 3  1056 

Darwin's   life  and  work  as  an  evolu- 
tionist      4  1258 

Fogazzaro  on  the  ideal  of  evolution ...    5  1744 

Wivart's  work  as  an  evolutionist 8  2921 

Miiller  on  modifications  of  type 6  2253 

Variation  in  species,  Darwin  on 4  1264 

Wallace  on  the  likeness  of  monkeys  to 

men 10  3872 

and  religion,  Darwin  on 4  1268 

of  the  professions,  by  Herbert  Spen- 
cer     9  3506 

Excellence,  contempt  of,  Epictetus  on 1  251 

Excess  (Felltham) 5  1675 

Execution  of  Robespierre 3  1195 

Exercises  and  pastimes  in  education 1  265 

Exhortation  to  teachers  (Adamantius  Co- 

rais) 10  3961 

Existence  of  God,  Fenelon  on  the 5  1708 

Fichte  on  the  object  of 5  1722 

«  Expansion  »  and  the  Bible 8  3070 

Experience,  The  lamp  of  (  Polybius) 10  3987 

Experiments,  the  two  kinds  in  science. ...    1  368 
Expostulation  and  accusation,  Thucydides 

on 10  4000 

Expression  as  the  end  of  education 5  1807 

Ezekiel:  Donne  on  the  vision  of  dry  bones  4  1438 


Faculty,  the  ruling,  Epictetus  on 1  259 

Failure  (Herodotus) 10  3972 

As  a  step  toward  success 1  294 

The  use  of  (Lucius  Junius  Moderatus 

Columella) 10  3959 

«  Fairy  My thology, »  Keightley,  quoted . .    6     2422-7 

tales,  Hans  Christian  Andersen  as  a 

thinker 6  2153 

Falconer,  William 

Byron  on  his  «  Shipwreck  » 2  805 

Fall  of  man,  Bohme  on 2  509 

Fallen  souls  (Jean  Paul    Friedrich   Rich- 

ter) 10  3990 

Fallibility  and  vanity,  Stevenson  on 9  3615 

Falls  of  the  Yosemite,  «  a  humbug  » 5  1990 

Falsehood 

Lie  a  «  No-thing  »  (Carlyle) 3  866 

Montaigne  on   8  2968 

False  syntax  in  the  Spectator 1  17 

Falstaff 

On  Justice  Shallow 7  2839 


4120 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Falstaff  and  his  friends,  by  Cumberland. .    3  1198 

as  a  type,  Caine  on 2  806 

Fallacies,  Lamb  on 7  2477 

Fame,  by  Southey 9  3488 

Charles  Sumner  on 10  3998 

Literary   (Francois    Marie    Arouet  de 

Voltaire) 10  4002 

Familiarity,  Livy  on 10  3979 

and  courtesy 6  2172 

Family  and  school,  Frobel  on 5  1804 

and  state,  Confucius  on 3  1137 

life,  Sir  Charles  and  Lady  Worthy. ...    3  954 

Fanaticism,  Mendelssohn  on 8  2877 

Farming,  Beecher  on 2  433 

Burleigh  on  success  in 2  754 

Farrar,  Frederic  William 

Biography 5  1664 

Essay: 

Some  Famous  Daughters 5  1664 

on  Milton's  daughters 5  1664 

Fashions 

Fuller  on  apparel 5  1844 

Gay  on  genius  in  dress 5  1870 

Goldsmith  on  fashions  in  Europe  and 

Asia 5  1941 

In  beards 1  102 

In  ruffs  and  tuckers 1  28 

Lowell  on  low-necked  dresses 7  2665 

Making  sacrifices  for  fashion  (Nicolas 

Malebranche) 10  3981 

Official  dress,  by  Sydney  Smith 9  3477 

Patches  and  powder 5  1942 

Tacitus  on  German  fashions 10  3684 

Woman's  fashions  effected  by  the  Re- 
naissance      4  1446 

Father  of  ten  children,  The  (Henry  Mar- 

tyn) 10  3982 

Fatted  for  destruction  (Thomas  Fuller)..  10  3968 

Faust  and  Mephistopheles 3  1146 

« »  (Goethe's)  compared  to  «  Hamlet  »    5  1915 

,  The  melody  of 3  835 

Fear,  Burke  on  the  nature  of 2  723 

« not    them    that    kill     the     body" 

(Plato) 10  3986 

Federalist 

Essays  written  1787-8 6  2062 

Jay's  contributions  to 6  2337 

Madison's  contributions  to 7  2794 

Fell'.ham,  Owen 

Biography 5  1670 

Essays: 

Of  Loquacity  and   Tediousness  in 

Discourse 5  1671 

Of  Idle  Books 5  1672 

Of  Violence  and  Eagerness 6  1675 

That  Sufferance  Causeth  Love 5  1676 

Of  Detraction 5  1677 

Of  Poets  and  Poetry 5  1678 

Of  Wisdom  and  Science 5  1680 

That  Men  Ought  to  Be  Extensively 

Good 5  1681 

Of  Judging  Charitably 5  1682 

That  a  Wise  Man  May  Gain  by  Any 

Company 5  1683 

Of  Suspicion 5  1685 

Of  Fear  and  Cowardice 5  1687 

Of  111  Company 5  1688 

Of  the  Temper  of  Affections 5  1689 

That  Religion  Is  the  Best  Guide...    5  1691 

Of  the  Soul 5  1692 

A  Friend  and  Enemy — When  Most 

Dangerous 5  1693 


Felltham,  Owen  —  Continued 

Essays:  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Of  Preaching 5  1693 

On  Man's  Self 5  1695 

On  Insult 5  1697 

A  pupil  of  Bacon  in  essay  writing 5  1670 

F6nelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la  Mothe 

Biography 5  1699 

Essays: 

Memorabilia  of  Diogenes 5  1699 

Reason  the  Same  in  All  Men,  of  All 

Ages  and  Countries 5  1706 

Wonders  of  the  Memory  and  Brain   5  1708 
The  Ideas  of  the  Mind  are  Univer- 
sal, Eternal,  and  Immutable 5  1709 

Weakness  of  Man's  Mind 5  1710 

Ferriar  on  bibliomania 4  1360 

F6te  of  the  Supreme  Being  in  Paris 3  1194 

Feudalism 

Commercial  feudalism 5  1765 

Horace  Mann  on  feudalism  of  English 

capital 10  3981 

Few  who  think  (Dugald  Stewart) 10  3997 

Feyjoo,  Benito 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

That  Virtue  Alone  Is  Delightful. . .  10  3966 
Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb 

Biography 5  1712 

Essays : 

The  Blessedness  of  True  Life 5  1713 

The  Glory  and  Beauty  of  the  Su- 
pernatural     5  1714 

The  Destiny  of  Man 5  1718 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Test  of  Worth 10  3967 

His  relations  with  Kant 5  1712 

Fiction 

«  Adam  Bede, »  by  «  George  Eliot » 4  1542 

"Adventures  of  Tom  Sawyer,"  etc.,  by 

«  Mark  Twain  » 10  3842 

Arab  influence  on  romance 2  778 

Balzac  as  a  novelist 1  385 

British  novels  and  romances,  by  Tal- 

fourd 10  3726 

Bulwer's   novels  characterized 7  2702 

«  Caleb  Williams,"  Gosse  on 5  1978 

Clough  on  the  «  Waverley  Novels  » 3  1054 

Cooper  and  Scott,  Balzac  on 1  387 

«  Corinne, »  by  Madame  de  Stael 9  3534 

Defoe  as  a  writer  of  fiction,  Talfourd. .  10  3732 
Dickens,  Charles,  compared  to  Addi- 
son     4  1376 

«  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,"  by  Steven- 
son, cited 9  3608 

Don  Quixote  as  a  gentleman . .    2  550 

F6nelon's  «  Telemachus  » 5  1699 

Fenimore  Cooper  and  his  work 3  1148 

Fielding  as  the  inventor  of  the   mod- 
ern novel 5  1725 

Fielding's     strength    in    fiction    (Tal- 
fourd)   10  3730 

Freytag's  novels 5  1798 

Froude  on  English  novelists  5  1813 

"George    Eliot    and    Her   Times,"  by 

John  Morley 8  3015 

(<  George  Eliot  "  and  her  work 4  1542 

Gosse  on  the  tyranny  of  the  novel 5  1976 

"  Hajji     Baba, "    "  Frankenstein, "    and 

«  Anastatius  » 5  1978 

Harrison  on  Scott's  prose  style 6  2092 

Hugo  on  the  death  of  Balzac 6  2241 

Kingsley's  novels 6  2434 

Leather  Stockings,  Balzac  on 1  388 

Macaulay  on  history  and  fiction 7  2758 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4121 


Fiction  —  Continued  vol.  page 

"  Marius  the     Epicurean  "   by    "Walter 

Pater,  cited 8  Sill 

Middle-age  romances,  Keightley  on.. .    6  2422 

Moralizing  in  fiction,  Taine  on 10  3723 

Morley  on  George  Sand 8  3017 

"  Mysteries  of  Udolpho, »  Talfourd  on. .  10  3734 

Object  of  fiction  (Fielding) 5  1726 

Ouida's  novels 8  30S1 

Price  of  novels,  Besant  on 2  448 

«  Rab  and  His  Friends  » 2  570 

Richardson  and  the  modern  novel 3  3244 

Richardson's  novels,  Talfourd   on 10  3728 

«  Robinson  Crusoe  »  and  Defoe's  minor 

works 4  1284 

"  Robinson  Crusoe, "  The  philosophy  of  10  3732 

«  Roderick  Random, »  Talfourd  on 10  3731 

Romance  in  Italy 9  3546 

Scott  as  a  novelist  and  essayist 9  3388 

Stevenson  and  Scott 9  3608 

Story-Telling,  «  George  Eliot  "on 4  1561 

Taine  on  «  Pendennis  » 10  3718 

on  the  novel  of  manners 10  3717 

on  «  Vanity  Fair  » 10  3718 

Talfourd  on  «  The  Fool  of  Quality  "...  10  3733 
"Tess  of  the   D'Urbervilles,"    «  David 

Grieve,"  and  «  The  kittle  Minister  ».  5  1978 
Thackeray     characterized      by     John 

Brown 2  563 

"Thackeray's    Great    Satires,8    by 

Taine 10  3718 

«The  Golden   Butterfly,"  etc.,   by  Sir 

Walter  Besant 2  445 

«  The   Man  of   Feeling  »   (Mackenzie) 

cited 7  2781 

The  «  Romany  Rye, "  by  Barrow  cited.    2  457 

Tolstoi's  «  Kreutzer  Sonata  » 10  3809 

«  Tom  Tones  "  and  "  Amelia,"  prices  of.    5  1725 

-,  Talfourd  on 10  3730 

"  Treasure  Island, »  by  Stevenson,  char- 
acterized     9  3608 

«  Twice-Told  Tales  » 6  2127 

Fielding,  Henry 

Biography 5  1724 

Essays; 

On  Reading  for  Amusement 5  1725 

The  Art  of  Conversation 5  1729 

*  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World,"  by 

Creasy 3  1192 

Fighting,  Norse  love  of 4  1636 

Filial  piety 

Confucius  on 3  1139 

Filth  of  the  ancient  Germans,  Tacitus  on.  10  3686 
Finance 

(See  Banks  and  Banking;  Political 
Economy,  etc. ) 

Foreign  ownership  of  public  debt 8  2997 

«  Finis  Coronat  Opus  »  (Herodotus) 10  3972 

Firdousi 

Jemschid's  cup 1  127 

Fire  worship  in  Persia 3  994 

Firmament,  Ruskin  on  the 9  3298 

Fischer,  Kuno 

Biography 5  1734 

Essay: 

The      Central      Problem     of     the 

World's  Life 5  1734 

Fishing 

Anglers  born  not  made 2  764 

and  fishermen,  Thoreau  at  Walden. .  .10  3778 

Fittest,  The  survival  of  the 

Darwin  on   4  1262 

Flammarion,  Camille 

Biography 5  1739 


Flammarion,  Camille  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Essays : 

The  Revelations  of  Night 5  1739 

The  Wonders  of  the  Heavens 5  1742 

Flattery 

Chesterfield  on  female  love  of 3  985 

Sir  Matthew  Hale  on 5  2042 

Theophrastus  on 10  3754 

Flaubert,  Gustave 

Bourget  on 2  525 

Florida 

«  On  the  Ocklawaha  in  May  »  (Lanier).   7  2498 
Floras,  Julius 

On  Tarquin  (quoted) 5  1732 

"  Flower,    Fruit,   and    Thorn    Pieces, "   by 

Richter  extracted  from 8     3250-2 

"  Flowers  of  Evil,"  by  Baudelaire 1  404 

,    their  colors  literally  from   Heaven  6  2273 

«  Flying  I,eaves  "    (Friedrich  Heinrich 

Jacobi) 10  3974 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio 

Biography 6  1744 

Essay: 

For  the  Beauty  of  an  Ideal 5  1744 

Folk-I^ore 

(See  also  Mythology.) 

Black  cats,  Coleridge  on 3  1066 

Blind  on  Wodan    and   the  Wandering 

Jew 2  498 

Demonology  and  devil  lore 3  1142 

«  Fairy  Mythology,"  by  Keightley 6  2422 

German  myths  and  the  Devil 5  1799 

Ghosts  and  materialism 3  1089 

Hungarian  stork  song 7  2625 

L,ang  on  the  Beresford  ghost  story 7  2490 

Origin  of  Yule-Tide  customs 2  502 

Rhodian  swallow  song 7  2625 

Sneezing  and  its  omens 4  1417 

Southey  on  Old  King  Cole 9  3492 

Tacitus  on  German  fortune  tellers 10  3680 

Unlucky  days  (Chambers) 3  937 

Wild  huntsman,  The 2  500 

Following  the  leader  (Fulke  Greville) 10  3969 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Danger  of  Foolish  Friends 10  3967 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de 
Celebrated  Passages: 

All  Men  of  the  Same  Clay 10  3967 

How  to  Become  Famous 10  3967 

The  Passions  as  Motive  Power 10  3967 

That  We  May  Do   Great    Things 

without  Knowing  How 10  3967 

Food  and  Population 

Malthus  on  7  2810 

«  Fool  of  Quality,  The  » 

Talfourd  on 10  3733 

Fools,  Erasmus  on  the  luck  of 5  1652 

Fuller  on  natural  fools 5  1836 

«  For  a' that  and  a' that,"  Arnold  on 1  235 

Force 

On  ruling  by  force  (Cornelius  Nepos)..10  3984 

and  fraud  as  virtues  of  war 6  2200 

Foreign  ownership  of  public  debt 8  2997 

Forethought  ( Herodotus) 10  3972 

Forgiveness 

A  metaphor  of  forgiveness  (Richter)..    8  3261 

Francis  Guicciardini  on 10  3970 

Solomon  on 1  314 

of  sins,   Heine  on 6  2153 

Fortune 

Favor  of,  for  fools 3  1083 

Quintus  Curtius  on 10  3988 


4122 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Fortune  and  accidents.  Bacon  on 1      350 

tellers  of  Germany,  Tacitus  on 10     3680 

telling,  by  Washington  Irving 6     2312 

Foster,  John 

Biography 5     1750 

Essays: 

Decision  of  Character 5     1750 

On  a   Man's   Writing   Memoirs  of 

Himself 5     1755 

Foulness,  Theophrastus  on 10    3768 

«  Four    Georges,"    The,  of  Thackeray  ex- 
tracted from 10    3745-7 

Four  wise  sayings  ( Sir  Philip  Sidney) 10    3991 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles 

Biography 5     1760 

Essays: 

Spoliation  of  the  Social  Eody 5     1761 

Decline  of  the  Civilized  Order 5     1764 

France 

Amicis  on  Paris 1  157 

Auguste  Comte,  and  his  work 3  1129 

Brougham  on  Danton  and  the  Revolu- 
tion      2  554 

"Characteristics    of    the    French    and 

English, »  by  the  Marquis  Tseng 10  3819 

Chateaubriand's  masterpieces 3  958 

Chesterfield  on  the  age  of  Louis  XIV..    3  990 
Clermont-Ferrand,  birthplace  of   Pas- 
cal     8  3101 

Croker  on  the  guillotine 3  1194 

Darmesteter's  work  as  an  Orientalist..    4  1251 

Descartes's  work  in  philosophy 4  1352 

Doumic,    Rene,  editor  of  the   Journal 

Des  Debats 4  1442 

Encyclopedists,  The 4  1386 

Fin  de  Siecle  essays  ( Baudelaire) 1  404-7 

French  philosophy  in  America 4  1299 

Hugo  as  the  greatest   Frenchman   of 

the  nineteenth  century 6  2239 

Hugo's  death,  Bourget  on 2  523 

La  Bruyere  and  his  friends 6  2443 

Longfellow  in  Pere  Lachaise 7  2619 

Macaulay  on  the  genius  of  Mirabeau.   .    7  2754 
Madame   de   Remusat    at    Napoleon's 

court 8  3219 

Mazzini    on    Voltaire,    Rousseau,    and 

Montesquieu 8  2861 

Michelet's  «  History  of  France  » 8  2881 

Montaigne  as  Mayor  of  Bordeaux 8  2936 

Robespierre  and  Rousseau 7  2547 

Roland,  Madame,  executed 9  3266 

Rousseau  and  the  Revolution 9  3275 

Sainte-Beuve  and  his  work 9  3320 

Sevigne,  Madame  de,  and  her  letters. .    9  3410 
Talleyrand's  brain    thrown  into    the 

sewer "  2-41 

The  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo 3  1188 

France,  Essayists  of 

Adam,  Madame— (Essay) 1        13 

Arago,    Francois    Jean    Dominique  — 

(Essay) 1      179 

Balzac,  Honore  de  —(Essay) 1      385 

Baudelaire,  Charles— (Essays) 1      404 

Bayle,  Pierre  —(Essay) 1      408 

Boileau-Despreaux  —( Celebrated   Pas- 


sages). 


.  10     3955 


Bourget,  Paul  — (Essay) 2  523 

Brillat-Savariu,  Anthelme— (Essays).    2  540 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand — (Essay) 2  651 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3957 

Charron,     Pierre  —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3959 


France,  Essayists  of—  Continued       vol.  page 
Chateaubriand,    Francois     Rene     Au- 
guste, Viscount  de  — (Essa3"S) 3      958 

Cherbuliez,  Victor  —(Essay) 3      977 

Claretie,  Jules  —(Essay) 3     1030 

Comte,  Auguste  —(Essay) 3     1129 

Condorcet  —(Essay) 3    1132 

Darmesteter,  James— (Essay) 4    1251 

Descartes,  Rene— ( Essay) 4    1352 

Diderot,  Denis— (Essays) 4    1386 

Doumic,  Rene— ( Essay) 4    1442 

Fenelon,  Francois  de   Salignac   de   la 

Mothe— (Essays) 5     1699 

Flammarion,  Camille— (Essays) 5     1739 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10    3967 

Fontenelle,    Bernard    Le    Bovier    de— 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10     3967 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles— (Es- 
says)     5    1760 

Froissart,  Jean— (Celebrated  Passages)  10    3967 
Guizot,    Francois    Pierre    Guillaurne— 

( Essay) 5    2034 

Hugo,  Victor— (Essays) 6    2239 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de  ( Essay) 6     2443 

(Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10    3976 

Lamartine,    Alphonse    Marie    Louis— 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10     3976 

Malebranche,        Nicolas— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3981 

Margaret  of  Navarre— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10    3982 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste— (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3982 

Michelet,  Jules— (Essay) 8     2881 

Montaigne,  Michel   Eyquem  de— (Es- 
says)      8    2936 

( Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10    39S3 

Montesquieu— ( Essays) 8    2990 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10    3983 

«  O'Rell,  Max  "—(Essays) 8    3070 

Pascal,  Blaise— ( Essays) 8    3101 

1  Celebrated  Passages) 10     3985 

Rabelais,  Francois— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10    3988 

Reclus,    Jean     Jacques    Elisee— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10    3989 

Remusat,  Madame  de—(  Essay) 8     3219 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest— (Essay) 8    3224 

Rochefoucauld,    Francois    La  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10    3990 

Roland,  Madame— (Essays) 9    3265 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques— (Essays) 9     3275 

(Celebrated  Passages)..  10    3991 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin—  (Es- 
say)     9     3320 

Sevigne,  Madame  de— (Essays) 9     3410 

(Celebrated  Passages).    10    3994 

Souvestre,   Emile— (Essay) 9    3497 

Stael,  Madame  de— (Essays) 9    3534 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph— ( Essays) ...  10  3703 
Talleyrand— ( Celebrated  Passages). . . .  10  3998 
Tocqueville,     Alexis     Charles     Henri 

Clerel  de— (Essays) 10    3798 

Vauvenargues,    Marquis     de— ( C  e  1  e  - 

brated  Passages) 10    4002 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de— 

( Essays) 10    3858 

(Celebrated 

Passages) 10    4002 

Zola,  Emile— (Celebrated  Passages). .  .10    4004 

8     2969 


Francis  I.  and  Taverna 

,  Sir  Philip 

As  author  of  "  Junius  ». 


6     2408 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4123 


Franklin,  Benjamin  vol.  page 

Biography 5  1769 

Essays: 

On  Early  Marriages 5  1769 

Poor  Richard's  Philosophy 5  1771 

Observations  on  War 5  1779 

Necessary    Hints    to    Those    that 

Would  Be  Rich 5  1780 

The  Way  to  Make   Money  Plenty 

in  Every  Man's  Pocket 5  1781 

The  Whistle 5  1782 

The  Morals  of  Chess 5  1784 

The    Ephemera— An    Emblem    of 

Human  Life 5  1787 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Credit  from  Trifling  Things 10  3967 

Friends  and  Friendship 10  3967 

That  Money  Begets  Money 10  3967 

Bigelow  on  Franklin's  character 10  3954 

Freedom 

As  the  origin  of  politeness   (Earl  of 

Shaftesbury) 10  3994 

The  duty  of  (John  Dickinson) 10  3964 

Freeman,  Edward  A. 

Biography 5  1789 

Essay: 

How  to  Grow  Great  Men 5  1789 

Freeport,  Sir  Andrew,  in  Coverley  essays.   1  77 

Free  will  and  fate  (Gibbon) 5  1896 

French  literature 

(See  French  Essayists,  France,  etc.) 

Brunetidre  on  its  characteristics 2  C51 

«  Candide  »  of  Voltaire,  cited 4  1234 

«  Choses  Vues,"  by  Victor  Hugo 6  2239 

Chronicles    of    France,  England,  and 

Spain   (Froissart) 10  3967 

«  Contrat  Social, »  by  Rousseau 9  3277 

"Democracy  in  America,"  by  Tocque- 

ville 10  3798 

«  Eliot,  George, "  on  the  decadent  litera- 
ture of  Paris 4  1549 

Fenelon  and  the  age  of  Louis  XIV 5  1699 

Flammarion's  scientific  method 5  1739 

"History  of  Civilization,"  by  Guizot.. .    5  2034 
«  History  of  the   Origins  of  Christian- 
ity," by  Renan,  extracted  from. . .    8    3224-32 
Influence  of  literature  upon  society, 

by  Madame  de  Stael 9    353.5-48 

La  Bruyere's  «  Characters  » 6    2444-50 

«  La  Princesse  de  Cloves  »  as  the   first 

modern  novel 5  1977 

Eecky  on  Montaigne's  work 7  2516 

«  Ees  Miserables  "  as  the  greatest  novel 

ever  written 6  2239 

Eewes  on  the  works  of  Rousseau 7  2549 

«  Literary  portraits,"  by  Sainte-Beuve..    9  3320 
Macaulay  on    Dumont's    recollections 

of  Mirabeau 7  2754 

«  Memoirs  »  of  Madame  de  Remusat. . .    8  3219 

Moliere  compared  to  Shakespeare 3  1030 

Pascal,  the  father  of  French  prose 5  1862 

"  Pensees  »  of  Pascal  quoted 8    3102-10 

«  Persian  Letters  "  of  Montesquieu 8  2990 

Philip  de  Comines  characterized 8  2949 

«  Provincial  Letters  »  of  Pascal  quoted.    8  3101 

St.  Aubain  and  Rousseau 7  2551 

«  Spirit  of  the  Laws,"  by  Montesquieu.    8  2990 

Taine's  historical  method 10  3703 

«TJn    Philosophe    sous    les    Toits,"  by 

Emile  Souvestre 9  349? 

Vaugelas's  style 4  1400 

Voltaire's  influence  on  French  litera- 
ture  10  3858 

French  Revolution 

Mazzini  on 8  2860 


Freytag,  Gustav  vol.  page 

Biography 5  1798 

Essay: 

The  Devil's  Doings  in  the  Middle 

Ages 5  1798 

Friday  as  an  unlucky  day 3  939 

Friends 

Benjamin  Franklin  on 10  3967 

How  to  find  the  right  friends  (Sarah 

Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli) 10  3985 

Washington  Irving  on 10  3973 

We  are  judged  by  our  friends  (Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh) 10  3988 

Why  we  seek  new  friends  (Francois  la 

Rochefoucauld) 10  3990 

« in  Council, »  by  Sir  Arthur  Helps 6  2170 

Friendship 

Herder  on  marriage  as  the  highest.  .. .    6  2184 

George  Washington  on 10  4002 

Goethe  on 10  3968 

Made  possible  only  by  virtue 3  1010 

Montaigne  on   8  2987 

Phillips  Brooks  on 10  3955 

William  Hazlitt  on 10  3971 

William  Winter  on 10  4004 

and  love 

Montaigne  on 8  29S6 

Frobel,  Friedrich 

Biography   5  1802 

Essays: 

The  Family  and  the  School 5  1804 

What     Shall    Be     Taught    in    the 

Schools? 5  1806 

Froissart,  Jean 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Manners  of  the  Scots 10  3967 

Montaigne  on  his  frankness 8  2947 

*  Frondes  Agrestes,"  by  Ruskin,  extracted 

from 9  3299 

Frothingham,  O.  B. 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Self-Denial 10  3967 

Froude,  James  Anthony 

Biography 5  1809 

Essay: 

The  Science  of  History 5  1809 

Frugality 

Poor  Richard  on 5    1780-1 

Fuller,  Thomas 

Biography 5  1817 

Essays: 

The  True  Gentleman 5  1818 

The  Virtuous  Lady 5  1821 

Of  Marriage 5  1826 

The  Good  Wife 5  1827 

The  Good  Husband 5  1829 

The  Good  Child 5  1831 

Of  Jesting 5  1833 

Of  Memory 5  1834 

Of  Natural  Fools 5  1836 

The  Good  Ad%-ocate 5  1839 

The  Common  Barrator 5  1840 

Of  Anger 5  1842 

Of  Self-Praising 5  1843 

Of  Apparel 5  1844 

Miserere 5  1846 

All  for  the  Present 5  1846 

Courtesy  Gaineth 5  1847 

Preparative 5  1848 

The  Wrong  Side  of  the  Arras 5  1849 

Charity,  Charity 5  1849 

The  Harvest  of  a  Large  Heart 5  1850 

"  Upwards,  Upwards  » 5  1850 

«  Beware,  Wautou  Wit  » 5  1851 


4124 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Fuller,  Thomas—  Continued 

Essays :  -  Continued  VOL.  page 

111  Done,  Undone 5  1851 

Music  and  Musicians 5  1852 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Books  as  a  Nepenthe 10  3967 

Love  Is  to  Be  Led 10  39G7 

Behavior  to  Inferiors 10  3968 

Fatted  for  Destruction 10  3968 

Maurice  on  his  wit 1  2845 

« Fum     Hoam »     in    the    Citizen    of    the 

World 5  1936 

Funerals  of  the  ancient  Germans,  Taci- 
tus on 10  3689 

Fust  and  Gutenberg 6  2047 

«  Future  Progress  of  the  Human  Mind,"  by 

Condorcet 3  1135 


Q 


Galen 

Cited  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne 2 

Galileo  in  prison 4 

Gallantry,  Lamb  on 7 

Galton,  Francis 

Biography 5    1855 

Essay: 

The  Mind  as  a  Picture  Maker 5 

Gambling  in  Ancient   Germany,  Tacitus 


586 
1465 
2473 


1855 


.10     3688 


Games 

Cavendish  on  chess 3 

on  whist 3 

Duncombe  on  whist 4 

Franklin  on  chess 5 

Origin  of  short  whist 3 

Pole  on  whist 3 

Garfield,  James  A. 

Biography " 

Essay: 

Ancient    Languages   and    Modern 

Pedantry 6 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Esse  Ouam  Videri 10 

The  Formation  of  Character 10 

History  as  a  Divine  Poem 10 

Assassinated  July  2d,  1881 5 

Garibaldi  and  Cavour 8 

Garnett,  Richard 

On  Hazlitt's  books,  quoted 6 

Garrets  and  literature 6 

Garrick  on  the  Avon 6 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Right  to  Liberty 10 

Garrulitie,  Theophrastus  on 10 

Gascoyne  on  Chaucer's  metres 6 

Gastronomy 

Brillat-Savarin  on 2 

Capers,   asparagus,  sucking  pigs,  and 

squabs,  when  to  be  eaten 2 

Lamb  on  roast  pig ■  •  •  •    7 

Onions  not  to  be  eaten  with  roast  pig. .    7 

Pope  on  blood-smeared  kitchens 8 

Rats  as  diet,  Thoreau  on 10 

Gay,  John 

Biography 

Essay: 

Genius  and  Clothes 5 

Gayarre,  Charles 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  March  of  De  Soto 10 


914 
911 
1499 
1784 
917 
914 

1861 


1861 

3968 
3968 
3968 
1861 

2859 

2128 
2392 
2324 


3968 
3756 
2054 

540 

543 
2465 
2467 
3175 
3782 

5    1866 

1866 


3968 


VOL.  PAGE 

«  Gebir  »  of  Landor,  written  at  Swansea ...    7    2828 
«  Gefyon's  Ploughing,"  by  Sturleson 9    3630 

Gellius,  Aulus 

Biography 5    1873 

Essays: 

A  Rule  for  Husbands 5     1873 

The  Reply  of  Chrysippus  to  Those 

Who  Denied  a  Providence 5     1874 

Three  Reasons    Assigned  by   Phi- 
losophers for  the  Punishment  of 

Crimes 5    1875 

He  Who  Has  Much  Must   Neces- 
sarily Want  Much 5    1876 

The  Reason  Democritus  Deprived 

Himself  of  Sight 5    1877 

Of  the  Abuses  of  False  Philosophy.   5    1878 
They  Are  Mistaken  Who  Commit 
Sins  with  the  Hope  of  Remaining 

Concealed 6    1880 

Sentiment     of     the     Philosopher 

Panastius 5    1881 

Generosity,  Horace  Mann  on 10    3981 

Genesis,  Ruskin  on 9    3294 

Genius 

A  Divine  infirmity 3  905 

All  men  of  genius  melancholy 3  1071 

and  clothes  (Gay) 5  1866 

and  rules  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 8  8236 

as  constructive  intellect 4  1593 

as  intense  intellectual  activity 6  2153 

Blair  on 2  488 

By  Sir  John  Reynolds 10  3990 

Diderot  on 4  1389 

Griswold  on  the  genius  of  Poe 10  3970 

Hughes  on   the   wonderful  nature   of 

excellent  minds 6  2234 

Its  power  of  divination 7  2602 

Lombroso  on  its  eccentricities 7  2600 

Longinus  on  the  genius  of  Moses 10  3980 

Genius  of  Christianity 

Chateaubriand's  masterpiece 3      958 

Gentility,  by  Washington  Irving 6  2809 

Gentleman,  The  (Earl  of  Shaftesbury) ....  10  3994 
Gentleman's    Magazine,    Dr.    Johnson    a 

writer  for 6  2105 

Genuineness,  the  supreme  excellence  of 

Goethe 3  837 

Geology 

Cuvier's  sagacity 6  2287 

Grotto  del  Cane,  The 5  1657 

Huxley  on  Belemnites 6  2284 

Lyell  and  his  works 7  2695 

Lyell's  views  of  changes  of  the  earth 

(Darwin) 4  1268 

Mesozoic  age,  The 6  2286 

Perturbation  as  preparation  in  geolog- 
ical periods 1  1* 

The   four-toed  horse    of  the    Tertiary 

series <*  2289 

Watson  on  geological  theory 7  2755 

«  George  Eliot  and  Her  Times,8  by  John 

Morley 8    3015 

George,  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Land  Monopoly xu    <5ao° 


George  Sand 

Morley  on 


8     3017 


Lanier's  birth  and  education 7    2497 

«  Georgics  »  of  Virgil,  Montaigne  on 8     2940 

«  Germania, »  The,  of  Tacitus 10    3674 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4125 


German  literature 

(See    Literature,  German    Essayists, 

Germany,  etc.)  vol.  page 

Atli  and  Hogni's  heart 10    3716 

«  Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces,"  by 

Richter.  extracted  from 8     3250-2 

Freytag's  fiction  and  essays  5    1798 

German  as  a  literary  language,  Begin- 
ning of 6    1862 

Heine  and  his  work 6    2154 

Herder   as    a    cultivator  of     German 

taste 6    2180 

Hillebrand  on  Goethe 6    2193 

.    "'History  of  Rome,"  by  Niebuhr 8    3053 

«  Hymns  to  the  Night,"  by  «  Novalis  »..    8     3060 
«  Man  and  Art,"  by  Wagner,  extracted 

from 10     3867-71 

Minnelieder  quoted 6    2437 

«  Moral  Letters, »  etc.,  by  Wieland 10    3906 

«  Nathan  the  Wise  » 1    2536 

Nibelungenlied,  The,  Taine  on 10    3714 

«  Pictures  of  Travel  "  (Heine) 6    2154-8 

Schelling's   '<  Relations  of    the  Plastic 

Arts  to  Nature  » 9    3340-7 

Schiller's  work  as  an  essayist 9    3348 

Schlegel's  lecture  on  dramatic  litera- 
ture     9    3358-64 

Solitude,  etc.,  by  Zimmermann 10    3942 

Wilhelm  Meister 5    1927-31 

Germany 

Arnold  on  services  of  Lessingand  Her- 
der     1      241 

Bohme  as     « The     Teutonic     Philoso- 
pher » 2      508 

Conway  on  the  German  character  and 

German  devil 3    1143 

Darmstadt,  the  birthplace  of  Liebig...    7     2554 

«  Das  Kapital, »  by  Karl  Marx 7    2831 

Dessau,  birthplace  of  Max  Miiller 8    3044 

Filth  of  the  ancient  Germans,  Tacitus 

on 10    3686 

Freedom  and  Teutonic  consciousness.    6    2147 

Freytag's  fiction 5    1798 

Frobel's  birth  and  education  5    1802 

German  influence  in  English  literature 

(Carlyle) 3      827 

Goethe's  works  characterized  by  Car- 
lyle     3      835 

Hegel's  birth  and  education 6    2145 

Humboldt's  «  Cosmos  » 6     2251 

Idealists,  Germans  as 6    2156 

In  the  time  of  Tacitus  (c.  55-117  A.  D.).10     3673 

Kamenz,  the  birthplace  of  Lessing 7     2536 

Kant  and  Fichte  in  German  philosophy   5     1712 
Kant's  influence  on  German  thought  .    6    2415 

Leibnitz  born  at  Leipsic 7    2528 

Luther's  translation  of  the  Bible  (1532)   7     2690 
Mendelssohn,  the  German  Socrates...   8    2875 

Militarism  in 2      662 

Niebuhr,    Prussian    ambassador    at 

Rome 8    3053 

Prussians  at  Waterloo 3    1192 

Revolution  of  1848  and  1849,  Blind  in. .    2      498 

Richter  born  in  Bavaria 8    3250 

Shakesperean  studies  of  Gervinus 5    1882 

Schelling  born  in  Wurtemberg 9    3340 

Schiller  born  at  Marbach 9    3349 

Schopenhauer  born  at  Dantzic 9    3365 

Thomas  a  Kempis  born  in  Prussia  ...      6     2428 
Tolstoi's    replies    to  German  Ethical 

Society 10     3810 

«  Weltschmerz  » 6    2154 

Germany,  Essayists  of 

Blind,  Karl— (Essay)  •  2  498 

Bohme,  Jacob— (Essays)   2  508 

Buchuer,  Ludwig— (Essay) 2  671 


Germany,  Essayists  of—  Cont'd        vol.  page 
Bunsen,   Christian  Karl  Josias,  Baron 

von— (Essay) 2  698 

Claudius,  Matthias 3  1043 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos— (Essays) 3  1122 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb— (Essays)  .. ..    5  1712 

(Celebrated  Passages). .  10  3967 

Fischer,  Kuno— (Essay) 5  1734 

Freytag,  Gustav— (Essay) 5  1798 

Fro bel,  Friedrich— ( Essays) 5  1802 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried— (Essay) ...    5  1882 
Goethe,   Johann   Wolfgang  von— (Es- 
says)     5  1915 

(Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3968 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich— (Es- 
says)     6  2145 

Heine,  Heinrich— ( Essays) 6  2153 

Helmholtz,    Herman    Ludwig    Ferdi- 
nand von— ( Essay) 6  2164 

Herder,   Johann    Gottfried   von— (Es- 
says)     6  2180 

(Celebrated   Pas- 
sages^  10  3971 

Hillebrand,  Karl— ( Essay) 6  2193 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von— ( Essay ) . . .    6  2251 
Jacobi,     Friedrich     Heinrich  —  (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3974 

Kant,  Immanuel— (Essay) 6  2414 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3975 

Kempis,  Thomas  a— (Essays) 6  2428 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wilhelm  von— (Es- 
say)      7  2528 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim— ( Essays).   7  2536 

(Celebrated  Passages).  10  3978 

Lieber,  Francis— (Celebrated  Passages)10  3979 

Liebig,  Justus  von— (Essays) 7  2554 

Luther,  Martin— ( Essay) 7  2690 

Marx,  Karl— (Essay) 7  2831 

Mendelssohn,  Moses— (Essays) 8  2875 

Miiller,  Max— (Essays) 8  3044 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg— (Essay) ....    8  3053 

«  Novalis  »— ( Essays) 8  3060 

(Celebrated  Passages)   10  3985 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich— (Essays)   8  3250 
(Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3990 

Schelling,   Friedrich   Wilhelm  Joseph 

von— (Essay) 9  3340 

Schiller,   Johann  Christoph  Friedrich 

von— (Essays) 9  3348 

Schlegel,   August  Wilhelm    von— (Es- 
say)      9  3358 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur— (Essays) 9  3365 

Schurz,  Carl— (Celebrated  Passages) ...  10  3992 

Wagner,  Richard  (Essays) 10  3867 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin  (Essay).  10  3906 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried 

Biography 5     1882 

Essay: 

Shakespeare's  Love  Plays 5     1882 

Getting  on   in   the   World,  by  Jerome  K. 

Jerome 6    2369 

Ghent  taken  by  Parma 8    3028 

Ghost  stories 

Lang  on  their  study 7    2492 

Ghosts  of  the  Coverley  family 1  86 

,  Photographs  of,  by  Proctor 8  3194 

Gibbon,  Edward 

Biography 5  1888 

Essay: 

On  the  Study  of  Literature 5  1889 

«  Gil  Bias,"  cited  by  Birrell 2  457 

Gipsy  encampment,   described   by  Wash- 
ington Irving 6  2312 


4126 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Girardin,  Emil  de,  Castelar  on 3    899-902 

Girondists,  The 9    3265 

Giving  despots  a  fair  trial,  by  Milton 8    2906 

Gladden,  Washington 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Theologian's  Problem 10    3968 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart 

Biography 5     1906 

Essay: 

Macaulay  as  an  Essayist  and  His- 
torian     5    1906 

His  «  Church  and  State, »  reviewed  bv 

Macaulay 7     2763-71 

Homeric    men,    His  view  of,  cited  by 

Bagehot 1      372 

On  English  bookbuying 2      459 

Glauco  quoted  by  Aristotle 1  224 

Gleig's  "Life  of  Hastings,"  reviewed  by 

Macaulay 7  2740 

Glory  and  the  love  of  praise,  Montaigne 

on 8  2980 

Glory,  Jerrold  on 6  2380 

Glycon's  «  Farnese  Hercules  » 1  152 

God  and  his  man  (Wendell  Phillips) 10  3986 

is  the  All-Fair  (Ralph  Waldo  Emer- 
son)  10  3965 

Gods  and  saints 

Emerson  on 4  1587 

Godwin,  William 

Biography 5     1911 

Essay: 

Political     Justice    and    Individual 
Growth 6    1911 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von 

Biography 6  1915 

Essays: 

Upon  the  Laocoon 5  1916 

The  Progress  of  Art 5  1925 

« The     Most     Extraordinary    and 

Wonderful  of  All  Writers  » 5  1927 

Wilhelm  Meister  on  Hamlet 5  1929 

Growth  by  Exchange   of  Ideas 5  1931 

Life  as  an  Apprenticeship 5  1933 

The  Vicar  of  Wakefield 5  1934 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Conversion   and    Friendship    with 

Heaven 10  3968 

The  Burden  of  Fools 10  3968 

Autobiography 5  1934 

Carlyle  on  the  Death  of  Goethe 3  830 

«  Faust  »  compared  to  "  Hamlet  » 5  1915 

Frobel  and  «  Faust  » 5  1802 

Influence  on  Carlyle 3  827 

On  Byron's  «  Manfred  » 5  2019 

Richter  visits  him 8  3252 

Stieler's  portrait  of  a   theme   for  Car- 
lyle     3  846 

«  Goldmakers  and  the  Philosopher's 

Stone"  (Liebig) 7  2554 

Goldoni,  Carlo 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Book  of  the  World  10    3968 

The  Animal  that  Laughs 10    3968 

« The    Noble     Man     Does     Noble 

Deeds  » 10    3969 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 

Biography 5     1936 

Essays  ■ 

The  Sagacity  of  Some  Insects 5     1937 

A  Chinese  View  of  Loudon 5     1940 

The  Fall  of  the  Kingdom  of  Lao. .    5     1944 
In  Westminster  Abbey 5     1947 


Goldsmith,  Oliver  —  Continued 

Essays:  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Liberty  in  England 5  1952 

The  Love  of  «  Freaks  » 5  1955 

Objects  of  Pity  as  a  Diet 5  1958 

The     Worship     of      Pinchbeck 

Heroes 5  1961 

Whang    and    His   Dream    of    Dia- 
monds      5  1963 

The  Love  of  Quack  Medicines 5  1966 

Prefaces  to  «  The  Beauties  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry  »   5  1968 

«  The  Rape  of  the  Lock  » 5  1969 

"  Elegy  Written   in   a    Country 

Churchyard  » 5  1969 

■  Imitation  of  the   Third  Satire 

of  Juvenal  » 5  1969 

«  The  Schoolmistress  » 5  1969 

«  Cooper's  Hill  » 5  1969 

«  Eloisa  to  Abelard  » 5  1970 

«  The  Tears  of  Scotland  » 5  1970 

Jl  On    the    Death    of   the    Lord 

Protector » 5  1970 

Young's  «  Night  Thoughts  "  and 

"Satires" 5  1970 

Happiness  and  Good-Nature 5  1971 

Night  in  the  City 6  1974 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Originality  » 10  3969 

Goethe  on  the  «  Vicar  of  Wakefield  ». .    5  1934 

Thackeray  on  his  character 10  3751 

Good  and  bad  taste,  by  Jeffrey 6  2365 

breeding,  Fielding  on 5  1730 

manners  as  what  helps  fellowship. ...    4  1629 

nature  as    the  greatest  blessing  (Ed- 
ward Hyde) 10  3973 

nature  the  foundation  of  religion 1  278 

taste,  The    meaning  of    (Jean    de    la 

Bruyere) 10    3976 

Goodness 

As  enlightenment 5    1681 

Truth  the  foundation  of  (Meric  Casau- 

bon) 10    3958 

Walter  Savage  Landor  on 10    3977 

«  Gorgias  »  of  Plato  quoted 8    3145 

Gospel  of  work  (Carlyle) 3      876 

Gosse,  Edmund  William 

Biography 5     1976 

Essay: 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Novel 5    1976 

Gossip  and  tattling,  Hawkesworth  on 6     2105 

Gothic  civilization  (fourth  to  twelfth  cen- 
turies)     6     2442 

Gout  and  salt  meat 8    2973 

Government 

Causes  of  good  government  (Dionys- 

ius  of  Halicarnassus) 10    3964 

Hume  on  the  first  principles  of 6     2264 

Livingston    on     a    government    of 

leagued  States 10    3979 

Machiavelli   on   religion   and   govern- 
ment  10    3980 

The  philosophy  of   Mencius  on  inter- 
national co-operation 8     2873 

The  science  of,  Fichte  on 5     1722 

The  whole  art  of  government — (John 

Milton ) 10     S9S3 

Why  governments  fall — (Dionysius  of 

Halicarnassus ) 10    3964 

Grafton,     The      Duke    of,     attacked    by 

«  Junius  » 6     2409 

Grammar 

Garfield  on  pedantry  of  grammarians.   5    1865 


GENERAL  INDEX 


4127 


Granada,  Luis  de 

Celebrated  Passages:  vol.  page 

The  Uncertainty  of  Things 10  3969 

The  Uncertainties  of  Life 10  3969 

The  Mystery  of  Death 10  3969 

Grand,  Sarah 

Biography 5  1981 

Essay: 

Marriage  as  a  Temporary  Arrange- 
ment     5  1981 

Grandees  of  the  intellect,  Emerson  on 4  1599 

Grandeur  as  it  affects  vision 2  727 

Grant,  U.  S. 

His  defeat  at  Chicago  in  1880 3  1228 

Smiles  on  his  administration 9  3442 

Grasmere,  home  of  Wordsworth 3  1054 

Grass,  as  the  forgiveness  of  Nature 6  2293 

Gratitude 

Pierre  Charron  on 10  3959 

When  possible  (Cornelius  Tacitus) 10  3998 

Grave  diggers,  Stevenson  on 9  3615 

Gravitation,  the  law  of 2  761 

Gray,  Thomas 

Goldsmith's    criticism  of   the  « Elegy 

in  a  Country  Churchyard  » 5     1969 

«  Great  learning, »  The,  of  Confucius 3    1137 

men,  Bosanquet  on 2      519 

poets  as  great  thinkers 6    2153 

Greatest   thoughts  of   the   greatest   souls 

( Longinus) 10    3980 

Greatness 

Beecher  on 2      433 

By  Sir  Arthur  Helps 6     2174 

in  books  and  men, Lord  Beaconsfield  on  10    3952 

of  common  men,  William  Ellery  Chan- 

ning  on 10    3958 

of  little  men,  The  (Samuel  Johnson)..  10    3975 

,  The  simplicity  of  (Ralph  Waldo  Em- 
erson ) 10    3965 

Greatness  and  Calmness 

Carlyle  on 3      833 

Greece 

Aspasia's  house  described 3  991 

Athens  pictured  by  Castelar 3  901 

Blaserna  on  Greek  music 2  491 

Byron  on  its  beauty 2  800 

Cypriots'  sculpture 9  3461 

«Deipnosophists,»  The,  of  Athenaeus..    1  272 
Democritus  formulates  the  atomic  the- 
ory     9  3622 

Epicurus  and  his  school 5  1646 

R  Epistles  »  of  Phalaris 1  276 

Helen's  beauty  described  by  Homer.  .  .    1  275 
Heraclitus  on  fire  and   the  perpetual 

flux 9  3622 

Hesiod,   works    and    days    quoted    by 

Marcus  Aurelius 1  300 

Jebb  on  the  Homeric  age 6  2343 

«  Mysteries  "  and  myths 3  996 

Schlegel  on  the  Greek  theatre 9  3358 

Scourging  in  Sparta  (Bacon) 1  349 

Slavery  in  Sparta 9  3268 

Socrates  drinks  the  hemlock 8  3136 

Xenophon  on  Socrates 10  3937 

Greece,  Essayists  of 

Aristotle— (Essays) 1  188 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3951 

Arrian— (Essay) 1  243 

Athenaeus— (Essay) 1  272 

Demosthenes— (Celebrated  Passages)  .10  3964 
Diogenes    Laertius— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3964 

Dionysius      of     Halicarnassus— (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3964 


Greece,  Essayists  of—  Continued        vol.  page 

Epictetus— (Essays) 5  1639 

Epicurus— (Essay) 5  1646 

Herodotus— ( Celebrated  Passages ) 10  3972 

Longinus— ( Essays) 7  2636 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3980 

Lucian— (Essay) 7  2687 

Plato— (Essays) 8  3121 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3986 

Plutarch— (Essays) 8  3152 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  39S7 

Polybius— (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3987 

Pythagoras— (Celebrated  Passages) 10  39S8 

Socrates— (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3996 

Theophrastus— (Essays) 10  3753 

Thucydides— (Celebrated  Passages) ...  10  4000 

Xenophon— (Essays) 10  3937 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  4004 

Greek  language 

Garfield  on 5    1863 

Greece,  Modern 

Constantinides,  Michael  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10    3960 

Corais,  Adamantius — (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)   10    3961 

Greek  Literature 

(See  Literature,  Greece,   Greek  Essayists, 
etc.) 

«  Almagest »  of  Ptolemy  (quoted) 2      791 

"Anabasis,"     « Cyropaedia,"     etc.,     by 

Xenophon 10    3937 

Anacreon  on  his  mistress 7    2543 

Antimachus  and  Plato 5     1678 

Archilochus  cited  by  Longinus 7    2651 

Aristarchus  as  a  Homeric  critic 6    2347 

Aristophanes  as  a  rhymester 8    3163 

«  Dialogues  "  of  Plato  extracted  from. 8  3123-45 
Diogenes,  Anecdotes  of,  by  Fehelon. . .  5  1699 
Elyot  on  the  method  of  studying  Greek 

classics 4    1570 

Epictetus  and  his  philosophy   5    1639 

Greek  prose  as  written  by  Plato. 8    3123 

Hercules  of  Sophocles,  The 7    2541 

Hesiod  in  Greek  literature 7     2645 

«  History  of  Plants,"  by  Theophrastus 

cited 10    3753 

Isocrates  and  his  pupil  (Felltham) 5     1671 

Jebb  on  Homer  and  the  epic 6    2342 

Legare  on  Greek  genius 7    2526 

Longinus  on  Hesiod  and  Homer 7     2645-7 

Lucian's  •  Dialogues  of  the  Dead  » 7     2687 

Menander  quoted  by  St.  Paul 5     1729 

Montaigne  on  Plutarch's  style 8    2943 

«  Morals  »  and  «  Lives  "  of  Plutarch 8    3152 

"Phaido,"  The,  of  Plato  cited 8     3141 

Philippics  of  Demosthenes,  quoted 10    3964 

Plato's  *  Gorgias,  *  quoted 5     1878 

Poets  of  Greece,  Bossuet  on 2      655 

Sappho's  poetry 7    2649 

Shelley  on  Athenian  literature 9    3424 

Steele  on  the  Classics 9     3589 

Sturleson  on  the  laws  of  melody 9    3629 

Symonds'  work  and  scholarship 9    3666 

Xenophon's  "  Memorabilia  »  extracted 

from 10    3937-11 

Greeley,  Horace 

Biography 5    19S5 

Essays: 

Newspapers  and  Their  Influence..    5    1985 
In  the  Yosemite  Valley .   5    1989 

Green,  John  Richard 

Biography 5    1993 

Essays: 

The  Character  of  Queen  Elizabeth.   5    1993 
Cromwell  and  His  Men 5    2001 


4128 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Greene,  Robert  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Clear  Mind  and  Dignity 10    3969 

Greenland  discovered  by  the  Venetians...   4  1463 

Gregorian  chants  (See  Music. ) 2  495 

Gregorius    Tholsanos    on    the    nature  of 

devils 2  786 

Gregory  and  the  angels 7  2608 

Gregory  the  Great 

Revises  Greek  scales 2  495 

Gregory's  «  Pastoral  Care  " 7  2618 

Greville,  Fulke 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Touchstone  of  Merit 10  3969 

Following  the  Leader 10  3969 

Small  Things  and  Great  Results  . .  10  3969 

The  Mote  and  the  Beam 10  3969 

Great  Souls  and  Mean  Fortunes. .  .10  3969 

On  the  Nature  of  Women 10  3969 

Grey,  Lady  Jane 

Her  study  of  Plato 5  1666 

Taught  by  Roger  Ascham 4  1363 

Grief 

Landor  on  tears  as  a  remedy 7    2489 

Metastasio  on  secret  grief 10    3983 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot 

Biography 5    2008 

Essays: 

Roger  Williams  and  His  Contro- 
versies      5    2008 

William  Penn  and  John  Locke 5     2011 

Epitaphs    and    Anagrams    of    the 

Puritans 5    2012 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Genius  of  Poe 10    3970 

Grote,  George 

Biography 5     2018 

Essay: 

Byron  and  the  Growth  of  History 

from  Myth 5    2018 

His  «  History  of  Greece  » 5    2018 

Grotius,  Hugo 

Biography 5    2025 

Essays: 

What  Is  Law? 5     2025 

Restraints  Respecting  Conquest. . .    5     2028 

Grotto  del  Cane,  The 5    1657 

Grouchy  fails  to  come  up  at  Waterloo 6    2247 

Grub  Street 

Samuel  Johnson  in 7    2740 

Guardian,  The 

Berkeley  in 2     440-4 

Steele  founds  it 1        I9 

Gudrun  and  Sigurd 10    3715 

«  Guesses  at  Truth  " 6    2070 

Guicciardini,  Francis 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Forgiveness  and  Amendment 10    3970 

Nobility  the  True  Rule   of  Public 

Policy 10    3970 

Turbulence  and  Ignorance  in  Re- 
publics  10    3970 

On  Asking  Advice 10    3970 

Guido  d'Arezzo  invents  musical  notation..    2      495 

Guillotine  in  France,  Croker  on 3     1194 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume 

Biography 5     2034 

Essay: 

Characteristics  of  European  Civili- 
zation     5     2034 

Gulf  Stream  and  climate 7    2857 

Gunpowder  as  the  beginning  of  a  great 

epoch 4    1463 


VOL.  PAGE 

Gushtasp  and  Zertusht 4    1585 

Gutenberg  as  the  inventor  of  printing 6    2047 

Gylfi's  journey  to  Asgard 9    3631 


H 


Habit,  The  Dotage  of  (Francois  Rabelais)  10  3988 
Hades,  Addison  and  Swift  in  (Lord  Lyttel- 

ton) 10  3980 

Hager  on  Chinese  satires 4  1414 

Hake,  King  of  Sweden  burns  himself 4  1636 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew 

Biography 5  2040 

Essay: 

The  Principles  of  a  Happy  Life 5  2041 

Against  sorcery 3  1066 

«  Half- Way  Men  »  (Francis  Bacon) 10  3951 

Halifax,  Lord,  on  Cotton's  "  Montaigne  ». .  6  2131 
Hall,  Basil,  on  the  United  States  reviewed.  3  1091 
,  Robert 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  Destiny 10  3970 

Hallam,  Henry 

Biography 6     2045 

Essays: 

The  First  Books  Printed  in  Europe  6    2046 
Poets  Who  Made  Shakespeare  Pos- 
sible     6    2050 

Halliburton,  Thomas  Chandler 
Celebrated  Passages: 

When  a  Woman  Is  Always  Right.  10    3970 
Hope  as  a  Traveling  Companion. . .  10    3970 
Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert 

Biography 6     2056 

Essays: 

Women  and  Marriage 6    2056 

To  a  Lady  of  High  Culture 6    2060 

Hamilton,  Alexander 

Biography 6    2062 

Essay : 

On  War  between  the  States  of  the 

Union 6     2005 

,  Gail 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Limit  of  Responsibility 10    3970 

Coarse  Arts  and  Fine 10    3970 

Hamlet 

Caine  on 2      808 

Mendelssohn  on 8    2880 

Mrs.  Jameson  on  his  genius 6    2333 

Hampden,  John 

Clarendon  on  his  character 3  1022 

Handel  as  a  giant  in  music 3  1207 

Hands  and  hearts  (C.  A.  Bartol) 10  3952 

Hannibal  and  his  wars  with  the  Romans. .    8  2996 

Hanno  and  Hannibal 8  2996 

Happiness 

and  good-nature,  Goldsmith  on 5  1971 

and  law  (Beccaria) 2  425 

as  an  object  of  life 1  176 

A  rule  for  (Marcus  Aurelius) 10  3951 

Aristotle  on 10  3951 

Benedict  Arnold  on 10  3951 

Fame  and  human  happiness  (Charles 

Sumner) 10  3998 

for  the  vicious  (Count  Rumford) 10  3991 

Helps  on  the  art  of  living  with  others.    6  2170 
How  to  be  happy  though  married,  by 

Steele 9  3569 

Lubbock  on  happiness  from  duty 7  2684 


GENERAL    INDEX 


4129 


Happiness  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Marcus  Aurelius  ou  the  possibility  of.  .    1      300 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne  on 10    3971 

not  the  object  of  life 4    1449 

The     happiest     creature     living    (Sir 

Richard  Steele) 10    3996 

Walter  Savage  Candor  on 10    3977 

Hardenberg,  Friedrichvon  (See  Novalis.)    8     3060 

Hardicanute  dies  in  a  revel 7    2609 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W. 

Biography 6     2070 

Essay: 

That  It  Is  Better  to  Laugh  than  to 

Cry 6    2070 

— ,  Julius  Charles 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Christianity  and  Civilization 10    3970 

What  Eloquence  Means 10     3970 

Harmodius  and  Aristogiton 3     1000 

Harmonics  and  harmony 9     3481 

Harmony  of  instinct  (J.   Hector  St.  John 

de  Crevecceur) 10    3963 

Harpalus  bribes  Demosthenes 9    3443 

Harrington,  James 

Biography 6     2077 

Essays: 

Of  a  Free  State 6    2077 

The  Principles  of  Government 6    2079 

Harrison,  Frederic 

Biography 6     2080 

Essay: 

On  the  Choice  of  Books 6    2080 

Harvey   and  the   circulation  of  the  blood 

1:  6;  4    1465 

Hastings,  The  battle  of 4    1637 

Haunted  houses,  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  on   1        87 
Hawkesworth,  John 

Biography 6    2105 

Essay: 

On  Gossip  and  Tattling 6    2105 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

Biography 6  2110 

Essays: 

The  Hall  of  Fantasy 6  2111 

A  Rill  from  the  Town  Pump 6  2121 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Drowned  in  Their  Own  Honey. .  .  .10  3971 

Happiness  as  an  Incident 10  3971 

The  Only  Reality 10  3971 

«  American  Note  Books, »  quoted 10  3971 

His  character  described  by  Alcott 1  120 

Hazlitt,  William 

Biography 6  2128 

Essay: 

On  the  Periodical  Essayists 6  2128 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Friendship 10  3971 

The  Religion  of  Love 10  3971 

Headdresses  of  women 4    1412 

Headley,  J.  T. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Naples  and  Vesuvius 10    3971 

Health  unconscious  of  itself 3      838 

Heart's  low    tide,    The   (Oliver    Wendell 

Holmes) 10    3972 

Heat  and  force 10    3855 

Heaven 

Conversion       and       friendship      with 

( Johann  Wolfgang  von  Goethe) 10    3968 

Its  glories  discussed 2      617 

Location  of,  discussed 2      618 

Mivart  on  Hell  and  Heaven 8     2926 

our  Fatherland  (Diogenes  Laertius) ...  10    3964 

x— 259 


VOL.  PAGE 

Heavenly  and  earthly  love  (Socrates) 8  3142 

Hebrew  I/iterature 

(See  The  Bible,  Religion,  etc.) 

Byron  on  sublimity  in 2  804 

Darmesteter,     James,     his     life      and 

work 4  1251 

David  as  a  poet 2  485 

David's     Psalms     songs     as     well     as 

poems 5  1678 

Ezekiel's  vision  of  dry  bones 4  1438 

GiraldusCambrensis  on  Hebrew  lyrics.    5  1903 

Hannah  More  on  the  Old  Testament. .    8  3004 

Herder  on  the  Book  of  Job 6  2180 

Jeremiah  as  an  elegist 5  1678 

Lyric  poetry  of  the  Old  Testament 2  484 

Mendelssohn,  Moses,  and  his  work. . .    8  2875 

Metaphors  of  Solomon's  Song 2  805 

Milton  on  Zorababel 8  2902 

Moses  as  a  great  genius 6  2153 

Moses,  Job,  and  Solomon 5  1694 

Newman  on  David's  Psalms 8  3052 

Poetry  of  the  Book  of  Job 2  486 

Poetry  of  the  Hebrews,  Blair  on 2  483 

Song  of  Solomon,  The 2  484 

Wilson  on  sacred  poetry  10  3920 

Hector,    the    finest    gentleman    in     clas- 
sical literature 2  550 

Hecuba  in  «  Hamlet  » 8  2879 

Hedonism  denned 5  1646 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich 

Biography 6  2145 

Essays: 

History  as    the    Manifestation    of 

Spirit 6  2146 

The  Relation  of  Individuals  to  the 

World's  History 6  2148 

Law  and  Liberty 6  2150 

Religion,  Art,  and  Philosophy....    6  2151 

His  logic  quoted  by  Bosanquet 2  517 

Heine,    Heinrich 

Biography 6  2153 

Essays: 

Dialogue  on  the  Thames 6  2154 

His  View  of  Goethe 6  2159 

Napoleon 6  2160 

His  meeting  with  Goethe 6  2159 

He  is  good  that  does    good  (Jean   de   La 

Bruyere ) 10  3976 

Helen,  her  beauty  described  by  Homer  ...    1  275 
Hell 

Conway  on  devils  and  devil-lore 3  1142 

Dante's  discovery  at  the  gates  of  hell. .    3  828 

Dante's  view  of 4  1233 

Fire  and  the  soul 2  618 

Inscription  over  the  gate  of  . . .    4  :  1234;  8  2922 

Mivart  on  happiness  in  hell 8  2922 

Origen  on  salvation  in 2  580 

Plutarch  on  the  delay  of  the  Deity  ....    8  3153 
Purgatory  and   paradise  as  every-day 

reality 4  1233 

Hellanicus  on  Homer 6  2348 

Helmholtz,    Herman    Ludwig    Ferdinand 
von 

Biography 6  2164 

Essay: 

Universities,  English,  French,  and 

German 6  2164 

Helpfulness,  The  Stoic  rule  of 1  301 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur 

Biography 6  2170 

Essays: 

On  the  Art  of  Living  with  Others. .    6  2170 

Greatness 6  2174 

How  History  Should  Be  Read 6  2177 


4i3° 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Helvetius    on    the    Philosopher's    Stone, 

cited 7  2556 

Henry  IV.  of  France  on  the   abolition   of 

war 8  3099 

Henry  VIII. — His  defense  of  the  papacy. .    8  3010 

*  Heptameron, »  The,  quoted 4  1445 

Heptarchy,  The,  in  England 10  3709 

Heraclides  on  Spartan  love  of  beauty 1  275 

Heraclitus  (500  B.  C.)  on  fire  and  the  per- 
petual flux 9  3622 

Herbert,  Edward 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Miraculous  Human  Body 10  3971 

,  George 

Devils  as  sins  in  perspective 3  1144 

Maurice  on  his  poetry 7  2842 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von 

Biography 6  2180 

Essays: 

The  Sublimity  of  Primitive  Poetry   6  2180 
Marriage   as  the   Highest    Friend- 
ship     6  2184 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Mother  Eove  and  Children 10  3971 

Heredity,  Curtis  on 3  1215 

Moral  nature  of  man  superior  to 3  894 

Heresy  defined  by  St.  Augustin 5  1674 

Formula  of  death  sentence  in 8  2884 

Jefferson  on 6  2356 

To  be  tolerated  (Eocke) 7  2591 

Hermes  Trismegistus  cited  by  Sir  Thomas 

Browne 2  582 

Hermetic  philosophy  on  spirits 2  602 

Herodotus 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Mind  Your  Own  Business  » 10  3972 

Comparison  the  Secret  of  Knowl- 
edge   10  3972 

Cause  of   the    Most   Enormous 

Crimes 10  3972 

Forethought  and  Failure 10  3972 

Finis  Coronat  Opus 10  3972 

—  as  the  imitator  of  Homer 7  2652 

Heroes,  Goldsmith  on  the  worship  of 5  1961 

Heroic  metre,  Aristotle  on 1  219 

Heroism,  Richter  on  the  highest 8  3261 

Herrick,  Robert,  and  Robert  Burton 2  784 

Herschel,  Sir  John 

Biography 6  2186 

Essays: 

Science  as  a  Civilizer 6  2186 

The  Taste  for  Reading 6  2191 

Herth,  as  a  German  goddess 10  3697 

Hervey,  Henry,  his  generosity  to  Johnson   7  2741 
Hesiod 

On  Melancholy,  quoted  by  Eonginus. . .    7  2645 

Seek  virtue  first  and  after  virtue  coin    1  118 
"  Works  and  Days,"  quoted  by  Marcus 

Aurelius 1  300 

Higher  criticism 

Newman  on 8  3049 

Renan's  work  in  theology 8  3224 

" laws, »  by  Thoreau 10  3777 

senses,  exercise  necessary  for 2  726 

Highest      human     quality,     The     (Ralph 

Waldo  Emerson ) 10  3965 

Hildreth,  Richard 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Jefferson's  Changes 10  3972 

Hillebrand,  Karl 

Biography 6  2193 


Hillebrand,  Karl  —  Continued 

Essay:  vol.  page 

Goethe's  View  of  Art  and  Nature. .    6    2193 

Hippocrates,  cited  by  Samuel  Johnson. ...    6    2392 

Hippolitus  and  Venus 5    1897 

Hiram  College  addressed  by  Garfield 6     1865 

Historians,  Cervantes  on 10    3958 

Historical  and  Political  Essays 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald:  The  future  of 
America 1      135 

Aristotle:  The  dispositions  consequent 
on  wealth,  1:227;  The  dispositions 
of  men  in  power,  and  of  the  fortu- 
nate     1      228 

Arnold,  Matthew :  A  final  word  on 
America 1      231 

Augustine,  Saint:  Concerning  imperial 
power  and  the  kingdom  of  God,  1 : 
286;  Kingdoms  without  justice  like 
unto  thievish  purchases,  1  :  288; 
Domestic  manifestations  of  the  Ro- 
man spirit  of  conquest 1      288 

Bagehot,  Walter:  The  natural  mind  in 
man 1      372 

Bayle,  Pierre  :  The  greatest  of  philoso- 
phers      1      408 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  Vis- 
count :  On  the  study  of  history 2      513 

Brougham,  Henry,  Baron  Brougham 
and  Vaux :  The  character  of  Danton.   2      554 

Bunsen,  Christian  Karl  Josias,  Baron 
von  :  Euther  at  Worms  2      698 

Carlyle,    Thomas :    The    character    of 

Robert  Burns 3      854 

Catlin,  George:  Character  of  the  North 
American  Indians 3      906 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Ren6  Au- 
guste,  Viscount  de :  The  literature 
of  Queen  Anne's  reign 3      967 

Child,  Lydia  Maria :  A  banquet  at  As- 
pasia's 3      991 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius :  On  the  com- 
monwealth      3    1016 

Clarendon,  Eord  :  The  character  of 
John  Hampden,  3  :  1022;  The  charac- 
ter of  Cromwell 3    1024 

Cobbett,  William  :    Americans  of   the 

Golden  Age 3     1061 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor:  The  destiny 
of  the  United  States 3    1090 

Collyer,  Robert :  Newspapers  and  mod- 
ern life 3    1100 

Combe,  George  :  How  peoples  are  pun- 
ished for  national  sins 3     1116 

Comte,  Auguste  :  Industrial  develop- 
ment in  the  nineteenth  century 3     1130 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore  :  At  the  cas- 
tle of  Blonay,  3  :1148;  American  and 
Swiss  democracy  compared 3     1151 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd  :  The  Old 
Guard  at  Waterloo 3    1188 

Croker,  John  Wilson :  The  guillotine 
in  France 3     1194 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson  :  On  the  death 
of  Roscoe  Conkling 3     1227 

Dante,  Alighieri :  That  long  descent 
maketh  no  man  noble 4    1244 

Dennie,  Joseph  :  On  Jefferson  and 
French  philosophy 4    1298 

D'Israeli,  Isaac:  Early  printing 4    1404 

Doran,  John :  Some  realities  of  chiv- 
alry     4    1439 

Doumic,  Rene.  Women  during  the 
Renaissance 4     1442 

Draper,  John  W .  Development  of 
civilization  in  Europe 4     1461 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4I31 


Historical  and  Political  Essays  — 
Continued  vol.  page 

"  Eliot,  George  "  :  The  historic  imag- 
ination, 4  :  1553;  On  the  character  of 
Spike — a  political  molecule 4    1563 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo  :  The  mind  in 
history,  4  :  1623;  Norsemen  and  Nor- 
mans      4    1636 

Fenelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la 
Mothe:  Memorabilia  of  Diogenes. .. .    5     1699 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles : 
Spoliation  of  the  social  body,  5  :  1761; 
Decline  of  the  civilized  order 5     1764 

Franklin,  Benjamin  :  Observations  on 
war 5    1779 

Freeman,  Edward  A. :  How  to  grow 
great  men 5    1789 

Freytag,  Gustav :  The  Devil's  doings 
in  the  Middle  Ages 5    1798 

Froude,  James  Anthony  :  The  science 
of  history 5    1809 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart :  Macaulay 
as  an  essayist  and  historian 5     1906 

Goldsmith,  Oliver :  The  worship  of 
Pinchbeck  heroes 5    1961 

Greeley,  Horace :  Newspapers  and 
their  influence 5     1985 

Green,  John  Richard :  The  character 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  5  :  1993  ;  Crom- 
well and  his  men 5    2001 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot :  Roger  Wil- 
liams and  his  controversies,  5  :  2008  ; 
William  Penn  and  John  Locke,  5, 
2011 ;  Epitaphs  and  anagrams  of 
the  Puritans 5    2012 

Grote,  George :  Byron  and  the  growth 
of  history  from  myth 6    2018 

Grotius,  Hugo :  What  is  law? 5    2025 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaume : 
Characteristics  of  European  civiliza- 
tion     5    2034 

Hamilton,  Alexander:  On  war  be- 
tween the  States  of  the  Union 6    2065 

Harrington,  James :  Of  a  free  State. . .    6     2077 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  :  The 
Relation  of  individuals  to  the 
world's  history 6    2148 

Heine,  Heinrich:  Dialogue  on  the 
Thames,  6  :  2154  ;  Napoleon 6     2160 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur:  How  history  should 
be  read 6    2177 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell :  On  «  chryso- 
aristocracy  " 6    2215 

Hugo,  Victor:  The  end  of  Talleyrand's 
brain,  6:2240;  Waterloo  — "  Quot 
Libras  in  Duce  »   6     2246 

Hume,  David  :  Of  interest 6     2207 

Jay,  John:  Concerning   dangers  from 

foreign  force  and  influence 6     2337 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis :  Watt  and  the 
work  of  steam 6    2360 

Jerrold,  Douglas:  Barbarism  in  Bird- 
cage Walk 6     2375 

Johnson,  Samuel :  Dialogue  in  a  vul- 
ture's nest 6    2386 

«  Junius  »  (Sir  Philip  Francis  ?) :  To  the 
Duke  of  Grafton 6    2409 

Krapotkin,  Prince :  The  course  of 
civilization 6     2441 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole : 
Montaigne  and  Middle-Age  super- 
stition      7    2516 

Legare\  Hugh  Swinton :  Liberty  and 
greatness,  7 :  2523 ;  A  miraculous 
people 7    2526 

Lewes,  George  Henry :  Rousseau,  Ro- 
bespierre, and  the  French  Revolution   7    2547 


Historical    and    Political    Essays  — 

Continued  vol.  page 

Liebig,  Justus  von:  Goldmakers  and 
the  Philosopher's  Stone 7    2554 

Lingard,  John :  Cromwell's  govern- 
ment by  the  «  Mailed  Hand  » 7    2563 

Livy  :  On  the  making  of  history 7     2568 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth:  Lead- 
ers of  humanity;  7:2630;  The  mod- 
ern Romans 7    2632 

Longinus:  Great  Masters  of  eloquence, 
7  :  2651 ;  Liberty  and  greatness 7    2654 

Lowell,  James  Russell:  The  pious  edi- 
tor's creed 7    2659 

McCarthy,  Justin  :  The  last  of  the  Na- 
poleons      7    2711 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron: 
The  impeachment  of  Warren  Hast- 
ings, 7  :  2731;  The  genius  of  Mirabeau, 
7:2754;  History  as  an  evolution,  7: 
2755;  On  Gladstone's  "Church  and 
State, »  7: 2763;  Machiavelli 7    2771 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James:  On  the  genius 
of  Bacon   7     2785 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri:  Civilization  and 
the  earliest  literature 7    2803 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus:  Luxury  of 
Roman  decadence 7     2820 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe  :  On  the  French  Rev- 
olution      8     2860 

Mencius:  The  most  difficult  thing  in 
the  world 8     2873 

Mendelssohn,  Moses:  The  historical 
attitude  of  Judaism 8    2875 

Michelet,  Jules:  The  death  of  Jeanne 
d'Arc 8     2881 

Milton,  John:  The  strongest  thing  in 
the  world 8    2902 

Montesquieu:  Of  the  liberties  and  priv- 
ileges of  European  women 8     2991 

Motley,  John  Lothrop:  William  the 
silent 8    3025 

Muller,  Max:  Language  science  and 
history 8     3044 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg:  The  impor- 
tance of  Roman  history 8    3053 

"O'Rell,  Max":  John  Bull  and  his 
moral  motives,  8:3070;  Degradation 
in  London 8    3072 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian:  Are  men 
growing  better? 8    3076 

Paine,  Thomas:  The  rights  of  man 8     3094 

Plato:  Socrates  drinks  the  hemlock. . .    8     3136 

Pliny  the  Younger:  The  destruction  of 
Pompeii 8    3146 

Pope,  Alexander:  Party  zeal 8    3182 

Prescott,  William  Hickling:  Don  Quix- 
ote and  his  times,  8  :  3184;  Isabella 
and  Elizabeth 8    3190 

Quiutilian:  Advantages  of  reading 
history  and  speeches 8     3214 

Remusat,  Madame  de:  The  character 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte 8     3219 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest :  State  of  the 
world  at  the  time  of  Christ 8    3224 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich:  Name- 
less heroes 8    3261 

Roland,  Madame:  Liberty  —  its  mean- 
ing and  its  cost 9     3260 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques:  That  men  are 
born  free,  9  :  3277;  The  social  con- 
tract      9    8277 

Ruskin,  John :  The  responsibility  of  a 
rich  man,  9:3309;  Modern  greatness, 
9:8311;  The  coronation  of  the  whirl- 
wind, 9:3312;  Sacrifices  that  make 
ashamed,  9:3312;    Oppression  under 


4i32 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Historical    and    Political    Essays  — 
Continued 

Ruskin,  John  —  Continued                    vol.  page 
the  sun,  9:3313;  Mercantile  panics,  9: 
3314;  The  necessity  of  work,    9  :  3317; 
On  ■war 9    3318 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman: 
On  Parton's  «  Voltaire  » 9     3336 

Selden,  John:  Changing  sides,  9:3398; 

Contracts 9     3899 

Smiles,  Samuel:  Men  who  cannot  be 
bought 9    3439 

Smith,  Adam:  The  division  of  labor.  . .    9     3453 

Spencer,  Herbert:  Meddlesome  and 
coddling  paternalism 9    3513 

Spinoza,  Baruch:  That  in  a  free  state 
every  man  may  think  what  he  likes 
and  say  what  he  thinks 9     3525 

Steele,  Sir  Richard:  Of  patriotism  and 
public  spirit 9     3591 

Swift,  Jonathan:  The  art  of  political 
lying,  9:  3641;  Against  abolishing 
Christianity  in  England 9     3653 

Tacitus,  Cornelius:  The  «  Germania".  .10    3674 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph  :  The  Saxons 
as  the  source  of  English  literature, 
10  :  3704  ;  Traits  of  the  Saxons,  10  : 
3706 ;  The  origin  of  the  modern 
world 10    3711 

Theophrastus :  Of  an  oligarchy,  or 
the  manners  of  the  principal  sort, 
which  sway  in  a  state 10    3773 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri 
Clerel  de  :  History  of  the  Federal 
Constitution,  10  :  3798  ;  The  tyranny 
of  the  majority,  10  :  3800  ;  Literary 
characteristics  of  democratic  ages — 10    3803 

Tseng,  The  Marquis :  Characteristics 
of  the  French  and  English,  10  :  3819  ; 
"Western  arts  and  civilization  de- 
rived from  China,  10:  3820;  The 
Earl  of  Beaconsfield 10    3821 

« Twain,    Mark »  :     Lincoln     and     the 

Civil  War 10    3846 

Walpole,    Horace  :   On   the    American 

War 10    3880 

Xenophon :  Socrates'  dispute  with 
Aristippus  concerning  the  good  and 
beautiful 10    3937 

History 

A  record  of  mind 4  1623 

Ammianus  Marcellinus  on 10  3981 

As  a  conflict  of  individuals 6  2150 

As  a  divine  poem  (James  A.  Garfield).  10  3968 

As  a  manifestation  of  spirit  (Hegel)  .  .    6  2146 

As  a  mean,  Emerson  on 4  1587 

As  an  evolution,  by  Macaulay 7  2755 

Bacon  on  the  use  of 1  838 

Epochs  of  (Beccaria) 2  422-3 

Fichte  on  its  scope  and  purpose 5  1721 

Froude  on  the  science  of  history 5  1809 

Grote  on  its  growth  from  myth 6  2018 

How  it  should  be  read,  by  Helps 6  2177 

Huxley  on  the  study  of 6  2282 

The  lessons  of  history  (Polybius) 10  3987 

The  meaning  of  history  (Henry  James)10  3974 

The  starlight  of  ( Ruf us  Choate ) 10  3959 

and  art,  Emerson  on 4  1606 

and  language  science,  by  Max  Miiller  8  3044 

« of    Civilization    in     England,"    by 

Buckle,  cited 2  677 

of  England, »  by  Hume 6  2258 

« of    European    Morals,"    by    Eecky, 

quoted 7  2522 

« of    Modern    Philosophy,"  by    Kuno 

Fischer 5     1734 


VOL.  PAGE 

"  History  of  Our  Own  Times, "  by  McCarthy 

cited 7     2711 

« of  the  Guillotine,"  by  Croker 3     1194-7 

« of  the   Intellectual   Development  of 

Europe, "  by  Draper 4    1461 

History,  Ancient 

Alexander  the  Great  taught  by  Aris- 
totle      1      189 

Alexander's  empire  (Krapotkin) 6     2442 

Ancient    civilization  and   Christianity 

(Fischer) 5     1738 

Arian  heresy,  Browne  on 2      581 

Aspasia's  influence  at  Athens 1        15 

Assvria,  Persia,  and  Palestine  (Krapot- 
kin)     6     2442 

Augustus  Csesar  and  his  courtiers 3     1204 

Boethius,  Consul  at  Rome  510  A.  D 2      504 

Csesar  defeats  the  Germans 10    3695 

Cimbrian  war  with  Rome,  Tacitus  on..  10    3695 

Commodus  as  a  monster 5    1669 

Crissaean  war,  The  :  its  cause 1      272 

Croesus  taken  prisoner  by  Cyrus 8     2950 

Death  of  Julian  the  Apostate 8    2956 

Decadence  of  the  Roman  Empire 7     2820 

Egypt  under  the  twelfth  dynasty 3      979 

Egyptian  civilization 6    2442 

Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic  (Gibbon).    5     1900 

Founders  of  ancient  empires 1      342 

Germany  in  the  time  of  Tacitus  (c.  55- 

117  A.  D.) 10    3674 

Greece    and    the    •  Consciousness    of 

Freedom" 6     2147 

Hannibal  and  his  wars  with  the  Ro- 
mans     8     2996 

Harpalus  bribes  Demosthenes 9    3443 

Jebb  on  the  Homeric  age 6    2343 

Julian's  Persian  expedition  7     2820 

Eivy  on  «  The  Making  of  History  » 7    2568 

Eucan  on  Roman  corruption 1      288 

Marius  defeats  the  Germans 10    3695 

Nero's  murder  of  Psetus  and  Arria 9    3573 

Persecutions  under  Aurelius 1      290 

Pompeii  destroyed 8     3146 

Phocion's  refusal  of  Alexander's  bribe.    5     1695 

Regulus  put  to  death 9    3594 

Rome,  Morals  of 1        15 

Socrates  drinks  the  hemlock 8    3136 

Solomon  founds  a  school  of  singers  in 

the  Temple 2      491 

State  of   the  world    at    the    time   of 

Christ,  by  Renan 8     3224 

Sylla  and  Marius,  Wars  of 1      289 

Varus  defeated   by   the   Germans,    8  : 

2975;  10    3695 

Xenophon's  march   to  the  sea,  Emer- 
son on 4    1581 

History,  Mediaeval 

Alfred  the    Great  originates    national 

militia 2      478 

Ansrlo-Saxons  converted  to  Christian- 
ity      7     2008 

Anglo-Saxons  settle  in  England 10    3706 

Aristotle's     influence      on     mediaeval 

thought 1      188 

Battle  of  Evesham,  De  Montfort  in. . . .    3     1099 

Bull  of  Innocent  VIII 5     1801 

Caxton  prints   the  first    book  printed 

in  England 3      918 

Chivalry  and  women 4    1440 

Constantinople  falls  (1453) 4    1569 

Danes  in  England  in  the  ninth    cen- 
tury  10     3705 

De  Bury,  Richard,  Chancellor  of  Eng- 
land      2      790 

Difference  between  Eastern  and  West- 
ern Churches,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  in   1       173 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4133 


History,  Mediaeval —  Continued           vol.  page 

Dunstan  and  Elgiva 10  3710 

Edward  the  Black  Prince  and  John  of 

France 2  551 

Edward   the    Confessor,   Military   sys- 
tem of 2  478 

English  introduced  in  courts  of  Eng- 
land 1362 5  18G2 

Feudal    system,    The,    as    it    affected 

woman 1  15 

Gibbon  on  the  fall  of  Constantinople.    5  1890 
Gothic  civilization   (fourth  to  twelfth 

centuries) 6  2442 

Hallam's  view  of  the  Middle  Ages. ...    6  2045 

Hardicanute  dies  in  a  revel 7  2609 

Henry  II.  of  England  and  the  conquest 

of  Ireland 5  1902 

Heptarchy,  The,  in  England 10  3709 

Huss  condemned   by  Council  of  Con- 
stance     2  598 

Joan  of  Arc's  death  (Michelet) 8  2881 

Landing  of  the  Normans  at  Hastings. .    4  1637 

Machiavelli  and  his  time  (Macaulay)..    7  2771 

Martel  saves  Europe  from  the  Moors. .    4  1462 
Norman  Conquest  and    feudalism   in 

England 2  479 

Saxon  kings  reign  for  six  centuries. ...    7  2606 
Saxons   arrive    in  England  middle  of 

sixth  century 7  2007 

Standing     armies     introduced    by 

Charles  VII.  of  France 2  479 

The  Cid  and  the  Moorish   wars  (1046- 

1099) 10  3792 

Trent,  The  council  of  (Bacon) 1  335 

Universities  in  the  twelfth  century.  .. .    5  1862 
William  the  Conqueror's  military  sys- 
tem     2  479 

Women  during  the  Renaissance 4  1442 

History,  Modern 

Addison  and  the  Whigs  under  George  I.   1  19 
Anti-Masonic  campaign  in  the  United 

States  (1832) 10  3925 

Aragointhe  French  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties     1  179 

Battle  of  Waterloo 3  1188 

Boer  war  in   South  Africa  (1899-1901). .    9  3659 
Bolingbroke's       administration      and 

fall  in  England 2  513 

Borgia  and  Vitelli  (Bancroft) 1  396 

Bunsen     recommends    concessions    to 

German  constitutionalists  (1S44) 2  698 

Carbonari  societies 8  2859 

Castelar  in  the  Spanish  rising  of  1S66. .    3  899 
Condorcet   and   the   French    Encyclo- 
paedia     3  1132 

Corruption  under  George  III 4  1634 

Cranmer  burned 3  1186 

Crimean  War,  The,  and  its  causes 4  1541 

Cromwell  dissolves  Parliament  (1653).    7  2563 
Cromwell's    usurpation   of  the  power 

of  Parliament 1  394 

Defoe  pilloried 4  1283 

Discovery   of    America    as    it   affected 

civilization 4  1464 

Elizabethan  era  in  England 3  861 

Elizabeth's      character     and      reign 

(Green) 5  1993 

England  in  India  under  Hastings 6  2408 

Execution  of  Sir  Thomas  More 5  1668 

French   Revolution  and  the    status  of 

women 1  14 

French   Revolutionary   period,  Broug- 
ham on 2  554 

Galileo  in  prison 4  1465 

Garfield  assassinated  July  2d,  1881 5  1861 

German    revolution    of   1848-49,  Blind 

imprisoned 2  498 


History,  Modern  —  Continued                vol.  page 

Germany  after  the  revolution  of  1849. .    2  662 

Guizot  on  European  civilization 5  2034 

Gunpowder  as  the  beginning  of  a  great 

epoch 4  1463 

Henry  VII.  introduces  body  guards  in 

England 2  478 

House  of  Hanover  in  England 9  3323 

Hugo  on  Waterloo  as  an  enigma 6  2246 

Italian  unity  under  Cavour 8  2859 

James  I.  as  a  punster 1  31 

"  Junius  »  in  English  politics 6  2408 

Latimer's  behavior  when  on  trial 1  25 

Lincoln  birthday  celebration  at  New 

York  (February  nth,  1901) 10  3846 

Long  Parliament,  The   (Bancroft) 1  393 

Louis  Philippe,  his  fall  in  1848 1  179 

Luther  at  Worms 2  698 

Luther  translates  the  Bible,  1532 7  2690 

Madame  Roland  executed 9  3266 

Magellan  circumnavigates  the  world. .    4  1464 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots  executed 8  2951 

Mazarin  confines  De  Retz 5  1972 

Mazzini  organizes  the  Young  Europe 

Association,  1834 8  2859 

Montaigne  and  his  time 2  452 

Montrose's  last  speech 1  393 

More,  Sir  Thomas,  decapitated  1535 8  3010 

Napoleon's  death,  Bancroft   on 1  392 

Nineteenth-century   ideas    and    « The 

career  open  to  talent  " 3  867 

Paine  and  the  American  Revolution..    8  3094 
Petrarch  begins  the  Renaissance  (1304- 

1374) 8  3117 

Philip  of  Spain  in  the  Netherlands 8  3026 

Pompadour,  Death  of  Madame  de 1  391 

Prynne  before  the  Star  Chamber 10  3866 

Queen  Mary  imprisons  Coverdale 3  1159 

Religion  under  Mary  in  England 1  25 

Republican     Constitution     in     France 

(1793) 7  2547 

Restoration,  The,  in  England 6  1818 

Roman   Republic  established  by  Maz- 
zini 1849 8  2859 

Sensuality  of  the  sixteenth  century. .. .    4  1449 

The  guillotine  in  France 3  1194 

The   last    of    the    Napoleons,   by    Mc- 
Carthy     7  2711 

Tolstoi  in  the  Crimean  War 10  3809 

Trial  of  Queen  Caroline,  Brougham  in   2  553 
Turgenieff  and  emancipation  in   Rus- 
sia   10  3833 

Vasco  de  Gama  doubles  the  Cape 4  1464 

Walpole  on  the  American  Revolution.  10  3880 

Warren  Hastings  impeached  (1788)....    7  2731 
M  Wealth  of  Nations,"  written  by  Adam 

Smith,  1776 9  3449 

William  the  Silent  and  his  work 8  3025 

Zutphen,  The  battle  of,  1586 9  3426 

Hobbes,  Thomas 

Biography 6  2197 

Essays: 

«  The  Desire  and  Will  to  Hurt  " 6  2197 

Brutality  in  Human  Nature 6  2199 

Hogarth,  William 

Cunningham  on  his  work  and  habits. .    3  1206 

Walpole  on  his  life  and  work 10  3876 

H°gg  James  (Besaut) 2  447 

Blackie  on  his  songs 2  467 

Holland,  Essayists  of 

Erasmus,  Desiderius — ( Essay) 5  1651 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3965 

Grotius,  Hugo — (Essays) 5  2025 

sentenced    to  life    imprison- 
ment     5  2025 

Spinoza,  Baruch — (Essay) 9  3525 

Spinoza's  work  as  a  philosopher 9  3525 


4134 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert  vol.  page 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Manhood  and  Its  Incidents 10  3972 

Words  the  Materials  of  Art 10  3972 

«  The  Choicest  Thing  in  the  World  »10  3972 

Mean  Things  and  Men's  «  Way  ».  ..10  3972 

Hollandus,  Isaacus 

On  the  Philosopher's  Stone  (cited) 7  2555 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 

Biography 6  2201 

Essays: 

My   First   Walk  with   the   School- 
mistress     6  2202 

Extracts  from  My  Private  Journal .    6  2207 
My   Last   Walk   with   the    School- 
mistress      6  2208 

On  Dandies 6  2214 

On  B  Chryso-Aristocracy  » 6  2215 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Books  Old  and  New 10  3972 

The  Heart's  Low  Tide 10  3972 

Stopping  the  Strings  of  the  Heart .  10  3972 

Seventy- Year  Clocks 10  2972 

«The     Professor     at     the    Breakfast- 
Table  »  quoted 10  3972 

Holy  and  profane   states  (Fuller) 5     1818-54 

Home,  a  reverie  of,  by  «  Ik  Marvel  » 8  2912 

Cowley's  ideal  home 3  1169 

life 

Helpson 6  2172 

Homer 

Alison  on  Homer,  Dante,  and  Michael 

Angelo 1  138 

Aristarchus  as  a  Homeric  critic 6  2347 

Beauty  of  Helen  described 1  275 

Byron  on  his  art 2  801 

Harrison  on  his  ease  and  artlessness. .    6  2091 

Hector,  the  typical  gentleman 2  550 

His  plan  in  the  «  Iliad  » 1  44 

Oldest  and  best  manuscript  of 6  2348 

Quintilian's  opinion  of,  quoted  by  As- 

cham 1  267 

Wolf  on  Homeric  study 6  2349 

« and  Milton, "  by  Addison 1  63 

and  the  epic,  Jebb  on 6  2342 

as  a  teacher  of  other  poets,  Aristotle  on    1  220 

draws  men  superior  to  what  they  are .    1  191 

Virgil  and  Milton   easy  to   be   under- 
stood     1  42 

Homeric  influence  in  English  literature. .    4  1569 

Homicide,  Jerrold  on  the  instinct  of 6  2377 

Honesty,  Johann  Caspar  Lavater  on 10  3977 

One  grain  of,  worth  the    world  (Earl 

of  Shaftesbury) 10  3994 

Honeycomb,  Will  (See  Addison,  Steele, 
etc.) 

Hazlitt  on 6  2135 

His  love  affairs 2  685 

Honors,  Contempt  of   (Epictetus) 1  250 

Hood,  Thomas 

Biography 6  2218 

Essays: 

An  Undertaker 6  2218 

The  Morning  Call 6  2221 

Thackeray  on  one  of  his  jokes 10  3736 

«  Hood's  Own  » 6  2218 

Hook,  Theodore 

Biography 6  2224 

Essay: 

On  Certain  Atrocities  of  Humor...    6  2224 

Besant  on 2  447 

Hooker,  Richard 

Biography 6  2229 


Hooker,   Richard  —  Continued 

Essays:  vol.  page 

The  Law  which  Angels  Do  Work  by   6  2229 
Education  as  a  Development  of  the 

Soul "...    6  2232 

Hope 

Halliburton    on   Hope  as   a    traveling 

companion 10  3970 

"Hopes  and  Fears  for  Art,"  by  William 

Morris 8  3021 

Hopkins,  Mark 

Celebrated  Passages.- 

«  The  Picture  of  Thought  » 10  3973 

Virtue  as  Grace 10  3973 

Hopkinson,  Francis 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Eighteenth-Century  England 10  3973 

Horace 

and  Heine  as  lyric  poets 6  2153 

Art  of  poetry  quoted  by  Addison 1  20 

Bulwer's  failure  as  a  translator 7  2702 

Chesterfield  on  his  elegance 9  3327 

Loved  by  Queen  Anne  «  Wits  » 1  17 

On  discontent,  quoted 1  67 

On  female  inconstancy,  quoted  by  Dry- 
den  1  39 

On  friendship  and  detraction   (quoted)   5  1677 

On  leaving  life  cheerfully  (quoted). .. .    2  540 

On  Malherbe's  pillow 4  1397 

On  the  first  principle  of  writing  well. .    1  33 

On  the  golden  mean  (quoted) 1  25 

On     truth    and    decency,     quoted    by 

Fielding 5  1727 

"Sapiens  Sibique  Imperiosus,"  quoted 

by  Montaigne 8  2977 

The  poet  of  moderation 3  927 

Translated  by  Rev.  Philip  Francis 6  2408 

Horneck,  translation  from  Horace 1  67 

Horoscopes,  Orsted  on 8  3078 

Horrible  infirmities,  Dante  on 4  1247 

Horticulture  affected  by  Darwin's  theories  4  1259 

Hospitality,  Burleigh  on 2  755 

House  of  Commons,  Hume  on 6  2266 

House  of  Lords,  its  founders  thieves  and 

pirates  (Emerson) 4  1637 

How  precedent  comes  (Cornelius  Tacitus)  10  3998 
How  to  become    famous   (Bernard   le   Bo- 

vier  de  Fontenelle) 10  3967 

How  to  live  well  (George  Washington) 10  4002 

How  to  talk  well  (Sir  William  Temple)...  10  4000 

"Hudibras,"  The,  of  Butler 6  2269 

Hugh  Miller  and  Mary  Duff 2  568 

Hughes,  John 

Biography 6  2234 

Essay: 

The  Wonderful  Nature  of  Excel- 
lent Minds 6  2234 

Hugo,  Victor 

Biography 6  2239 

Essays: 

The  End  of  Talleyrand's  Brain...    6  2240 

The  Death  of  Balzac 6  2241 

A  Retrospect 6  2245 

Waterloo—"  Quot  Libras  in  Duce  ".    6  2246 

On  Shakespeare 3  1031 

On  the  great  men  he  had  known 6  2245 

«  Human  Comedy,"  The,  of  Balzac 1  385 

Humanity 

Fichte  on  the  goal  of 5  1723 

Its  first  goal 5  1721 

Human  nature,  Bacon  on 1  347 

How  to  judge  it 5  1682 

Hume  on  its  dignity  and  meanness.. .    fi  2259 

The  contradictions  of  (Blaise  Pascal). .10  3985 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4135 


Humboldt,  Alexander  von  vol.  page 

Biography 6     2251 

Essay: 

Man 6     2252 

Hume,  David 

Biography 6     2258 

Essays: 

Of  the  Dignity  or  Meanness  of  Hu- 
man Nature 6 

Of  the  First  Principles  of  Govern- 
ment     6 

Of  Interest 8 


2259 

2264 
2267 

279 


Hummingbird,  Audubon  on  the 1 

Humor 

(See  Wit  and  Humor.) 

Humor  of  Fa  1  staff 3     1200 

Playfulness  of  truth 6     2075 

Humorous  Essays 

Addison,  Joseph  :  The  extension  of  the 
female  neck,  1:  27;  The  philosophy 
of  puns,  1 :  30;  Wit  and  wisdom  in 
literature,  1 :  33;  Women's  men  and 
their  ways,  1 :  39,  The  unaccount- 
able humor  of  womankind,  1 :  57; 
Will  Wimble  is  introduced,  1:  83; 
The  Coverley  ghosts,  1:  86;  Sunday 
with  Sir  Roger,  1 :  89;  The  Spectator 
returns  to  London,  1 :  92;  Sir 
Roger's  views  on   beards 1      101 

Allen,  Grant :  Scientific  aspect  of  fall- 
ing in  love 1      142 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de  :  The  shams, 
shamelessness,  and  delights  of  Paris   1      157 

Bathurst,  Richard:  The  history  of  a 
half-penny 1      399 

Baudelaire,  Charles:  The  Gallant 
Marksman,  1 :  404;  At  twilight,  1 : 
405;  The  clock 1      406 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward :  Dream-Cul- 
ture     2      430 

Birrell,  Augustine:  On  Doctor  Browne's 
dog-story,  2  :  455;  Book-Buying 2      459 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme :  Gastron- 
omy and  the  other  sciences 2      541 

Brown,  John:  Rab  and  the  Game 
Chicken 2      570 

Budgell,  Eustace :  The  love  affairs  of 
Will  Honeycomb,  2 :  685;  Love  after 
marriage,  2  :  688;  M.  Rigadoon's 
dancing  school 2      691 

Burton,  Robert:  The  nature  of  spirits, 
bad  angels,  or  devils 2      785 

Carleton,  William  :  A  glimpse  of  Irish 
life 2      821 

«  Cavendish  "  (Henry  Jones) :  The  Duf- 
fer's whist  maxims. 3      911 

Chambers,  Robert:  Some  jokes  of 
Douglas  Jerrold 3      940 

Clark,  Willis  Gay  lord:  On  lying  as    a 

fine  art 3     1036 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh  :  A.  conclusion  by 

Parepidemus 3     1049 

Coleridge,  Hartley :  On  black  cats, 
3  1060;  Atrabilious  reflections  upon 
melancholy,  3:  1070;  An  essay  on 
pins,  3 :  1074;  A  nursery  lecture  de- 
livered by  an  old  bachelor 3     1077 

,   Samuel     Taylor:    Does    fortune 

favor  fools  ? 3    1083 

Collins,  Mortimer:  An  essay  on  epi- 
grams     3     1093 

Colman  and  Thornton:  The  ocean  of 
ink 3     1106 

Cork,  The  Earl  of:  On  ladies  who 
laugh 3     1154 


Humorous  Essays  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Cowper,  William :  A  bachelor's  com- 
plaint     3    1172 

Cumberland,  Richard :  On  certain 
venerable  jokes 3     1203 

Curtis,  George  William  :  Our  best  so- 
ciety     3    1212 

Decker,  Thomas :  Apishness 4    1280 

De  Quincey,  Thomas:  Anecdotage 4    1325 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall:  The  biblio- 
mania      4     1360 

Dickens,  Charles  :  The  noble  savage. . .    4    1379 

DTsraeli,  Isaac:  On  good  luck  in 
sneezing  4    1417 

Duncombe,  John:  Concerning  rouge, 
whist,  and  female  beauty 4     1499 

Earle,  John:  On  the  young  man,  4: 
1508;  On  the  «  college  man  » 4    1510 

Edgeworth,  Maria:  The  originality  of 
Irish  bulls  examined,  4:  1526;  "  Heads 
or  Tails  "  in  Dublin 4    1531 

Erasmus,  Desiderius :  The  goddess  of 
folly  on  the  luck  of  fools 5     1652 

Fuller,  Thomas:  Of  jesting,  5: 1833;  «  Be- 
ware, wanton  wit  " 5     1851 

Goldsmith,  Oliver:  The  love  of  quack 
medicines 5     1966 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel :  A  rill  from  the 
town  pump 6     2121 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell:  My  first  walk 
with  the  schoolmistress,  6:2202;  My 
last  walk  with  the  schoolmistress  ...    6     2208 

Hood,  Thomas:  An  undertaker,  6:2218; 
The  morning  call 6     2221 

Hook,  Theodore:  On  certain  atrocities 
of  humor 6     2224 

Irving,  Washington  :  Bracebridge  Hall, 

6  :  2303  ;     Fortune     telling,     6  :  2312  ; 

Love  charms 6     2316 

Johnson,  Samuel :  On  the  advantages 

of  living  in  a  garret 6     2389 

Lamb,    Charles:   A   complaint   of    the 

decay  of  beggars  in  the  Metropolis, 

7  :  2453  ;    A    dissertation   upon   roast 

pig,  7  :  2461  ;   Popular  fallacies 7    2477 

Eandor,  Walter  Savage  :  Addison  visits 

Steele 7     2486 

Lanier,  Sidney :  On  the  Ocklawaha 
in  May 7     2498 

Lucian  :  That  bibliomaniacs  should 
read  their  own  books 7     2687 

Lyly,  John  :  A  cooling  card  for  all 
fond  lovers 7     2698 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 
Bulwer,  Baron :  The  sanguine  tem- 
perament, 7  :  2702  ;  Some  observa- 
tions on  shy  people 7    2706 

Mackenzie,  Henry:  An  old  country- 
house  and  an  old  lady 7     2781 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant  :  Spring,  8: 
2910 ;  A  reverie  of  home 8     2912 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell:  The  talking 
lady 8     2915 

«0'Rell,  Max":  John  Bull  and  his 
moral  motives 8     3070 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas :  The  tinker, 
8:3090;  The  fair  and  happy  milk- 
maid, 8  :  3091 ;  A  Franklin 8    3092 

"  Prout,  Father":  The  rogueries  of 
Tom  Moore 8     3202 

Selden,  John  :  Wit 9     3401 

Smith,  Horace :  The  dignity  of  a  true 
joke,  9  :  3455  ;  Ugly  women 9     3461 

Smith,  Sydney  :  Wit  and  humor,  9  : 
3469  ;  Edgeworth  on  bulls,  9  :  3471  ; 
On  a  habitual  bore 9     3475 

Southey,  Robert :  Parliamentary  jokes  9    3496 


4*36 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Humorous  Essays —  Continued  vol.  page 

Steele,  Sir  Richard  :  The  character  of 
Isaac  Bickerstaff,  9  :  3552  ;  Bickerstaff 
and  Maria,  9 :  3556  ;  Sir  Roger  and 
the  widow,  9  :  3559 ;  The  Coverley 
family  portraits,  9  :  3563  ;  How  to  be 

happy  though  married 9     3569 

Sterne,  Laurence  :  A  chapter  on  sleep   9     3604 
Swift,  Jonathan  :   A   meditation   upon 

a  broomstick 9    3644 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace  :  On  a 
joke  I    once    heard    from    the  late 

Thomas  Hood 10    3736 

a  Twain,  Mark  »  :  On  the  one  hundred 
and  thirty-six  varieties  of  New 
England  weather,  10  :  3843  ;  Lincoln 

and  the  Civil  War 10    3846 

Walton,  Izaak  :  The  angler's  philoso- 
phy of  life 10    3881 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy :  The  litera- 
ture of  mirth 10    3893 

Wilson,     John  :     The    wickedness    of 

early  rising 10     3913 

«  Humphrey  Clinker,"  Gosse  on 5    1977 

Hungarian  stork  song 7     2625 

Hunt,  Leigh 

Biography 6     2269 

Essays: 

"The  Wittiest  of  English  Poets  »  . .    6    2269 

Charles  Lamb 6    2271 

Eight  and  Color 6    2272 

Petrarch  and  Eaura 6    2273 

Moral  and  Personal  Courage 6     2275 

Husbands 

Fuller  on 5     1829 

Varro  on  their  duty 5     1873 

Huss,    John,    condemned    by    Council    of 

Constance 2      598 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry 

Biography 6     2276 

Essay: 

On  the  Method  of  Zadig 6    2276 

Abercrombie  and  Huxley  in  their  rela- 
tions to  agnosticism 1  1 

Huygens  invents  the  pendulum  clock 4     1465 

Hyde,  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Good  Nature  as  the  Greatest  Bless- 
ing   10    3973 

Beauty  as  a  Compelling  Power  ...  10    3973 
The  World  Not  to  be  Despised  ....  10    3973 

Park 8    3072 

Hymns  of  Cowper 3     1171 

« of  the  Marshes,"  by  Eanier 7    2496 

Hyperesthesia,  De  Quincey  on 4    1312 

"  Hyperion, "     by     Longfellow,     extracted 

from 7     2625-6 

Hypocrisy,  The  difficulties   of   (John   Til- 

lotson) 10    4000 


I 


Iago,  Caine  on  his  character 2  811 

Iceland,  essayists  of 

Sturleson,   Snorre 9  3629 

Icelandic  Literature 

Mallet  on  Icelandic  poetry 7  2806 

Mimir's  Well 9  3635 

Norns,  The,  and  the  Urdar- Fount 9  3637 

Odin's  wolves  and  ravens 9  3639 

Sturleson  as  an  interpreter  of  the  »  Ed- 
das  »  9  3629 

Thiodolf  of  Hvina  quoted 9  3631 


Icelandic  Literature  —  Continued        vol.  page 

«  Voluspa, »  The,  quoted 9  3633 

Yggdrasill,  the  World  Ash 9  3635 

Idealism,  Carlyle  on 3  843 

Fogazzaro  on  idealism  and  science....  5  1747 

Idealists  in  politics 4  1541 

Ideas,  Fenelon  on 5  1709 

Idleness,  Montaigne  on 8  2964 

Ignatius 

His  epistles  cited  by  Atterbury 1  278 

His  reply  to  Julian 5  1698 

Ignorance,  The  reality  of  ( Socrates) 10  3996 

"Ik   Marvel"      (See    Donald    Grant 

Mitchell.) 8  2910 

"Iliad, "  The,  an  Ionian  poem  ( See  Homer.  )  6  2345 
Compared  with  Raphael's  "  Transfigu- 
ration » 4  1605 

"  Imaginary     Conversations,"  by  Landor  7  2485 
Imagination 

As  a  source  of  pleasure 2  712 

Galton  on  its  visual  powers 5  1856 

Pleasures  of  (Berkeley) 2  443 

Poe  on 8  3163 

The  life  of  poetry 5  1678 

Imitation  and  self-reliance,  Emerson  on. .  4  1619 
as  a  governing  power  (Dugald  Stew- 
art)  10  3997 

instinctive  in  man 1  192 

« of  Christ,"  by  Thomas  a  Kempis 6  2428 

Immortality 

Bosanquet  on 2  520 

Cicero  on 3  1012 

James  Martineau  on 10  3982 

Plato  on  8  3138 

The  door  of,  by  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son   9  3619 

of  the  Bible  (Ruskin) 9  3315 

of  the  soul  (Cicero) 5  1692 

Impeachment    of    Warren     Hastings,    by 

Macaulay 7  2731 

Imperial  power,  St.  Augustine  on 1  286 

Imperialism 

Army  system  in  the  Middle  Ages 2  479 

Blackstone  on   soldiers   in  free   coun- 
tries    2  477 

Dominion,  Bohme  on 2  512 

England  in  India 6  2408 

Freeman  on  small  states  and  the  Eng- 
lish press 5  1791 

Gibbon  on  Roman  corruption 5  1900-1 

Goldsmith  on  the  fall  of  Lao 5  1944 

Grotius  on  conquest 5  2028 

Hamilton    on  "extensive   military    es- 
tablishments » 6  2069 

Krapotkin  on  the  ruins  of  empire. ...  6  2442 

Lowell  on  the  Mexican  war 7  2657 

Mazzini  against  imperialism 8  2859 

Montesquieu  on  military  oppression.. .  2  480 

Montesquieu  on  Roman  luxury 8  2999 

«  O'Rell  »  on  expansion  and  the  Bible  .  8  3070 

Paine  on  war  as  government  policy...  8  3100 

Renan  on  Roman  corruption 8  3224 

Standing  armies  introduced  by  Charles 

VII 2  479 

Impossible,  The,  in  poetry,  Aristotle  on. . .  1  225 

"Impressions  of  Theophrastus  Such,"  by 

«  George  Eliot  » 4  1541 

Improvement 

Caused  by  the  few 2  429 

The  stoic  rule  of 1  247 

Impudence 

Theophrastus  on 10  3761 

Tillotson  on 10  4000 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4137 


Impurity  vol.  page 

Montaigne  on 8     29S9 

and  wrong  opinions 

Emerson  on 4    1579 

In  memory  of  "  Obermann,"  Matthew  Ar- 
nold     1      303 

In  the  desert   (Alexander  William  King- 
lake)  10    3975 

India 

Brahmin  ethics,  by  Cust 3  1225 

Cust  on  Buddha  and  his  creed 3  1222 

England's  robbery  of  the  Hindoos 6  2408 

Indian  Mythology 

Thoreau  on  theVedas 10  3782 

summer,  Joseph  Story  on  10  3997 

Indians,  North    American,  their    destruc- 
tion prophesied  by  Malthus 7  2813 

Individuality 

Confucius  on 3  1138 

and  oddity     3  1185 

necessary  for  social  progress 2  684 

Individual  liberty  defined  by  Mill 2  680 

Individuals    and     the    world's     history 

(Hegel) 6  2148 

Induction,  Bacon  on  1  370 

Inequality,  Diderot  and  Rousseau  on 4  1386 

Inertia  not  tolerated  by  Providence 2  725 

«  Inferno,  "The,  of  Dante  quoted  by  Mivart   8  2922 
(See  Dante.) 

Infinity,  Artificial 2  729 

F6nelon  on 5  1711 

Ruskin  on 9  3310 

Ingalls,  John  James 

Biography 6  2291 

Essay: 

Blue  Grass 6  2292 

Ingleby  in  «  Shakespeare  Fabrications".  .    7  2495 

Inigo  Jones,  Jonson's  epigram  on 3  1095 

Innocent  VIII.,  his  «  Fatal  Bull  » 5  1801 

Innovations,  Bacon  on 1  362 

Insanity,  De  Quincey  on 4  1339 

Insects  in  summer,  Beecher  on 2  433 

Insight,  the  real  force  (Carlyle) 3  833 

Insolence,  Caesar's  fear  of 3  1087 

Inspiration 

Emerson  on 4  1575 

« and  Higher  Criticism,"  by  Cardinal 

Newman 8  3049 

Instinct  and  experience 1  4 

as  genius 8  3068 

Insult,  Epictetus  on 1  249 

Insurance  tables,  Draper  on 4  1470 

Intellect  and  emotion  opposed 1  380 

and  progress 

Emerson  on 4  1588 

Fenelon  on  its  weakness 5  1710 

Madame    Roland 9  3273 

"  Intellectual  Iyife,"  by  Hamerton 6     2056-61 

powers,  Abercrombie  on  the 1  1? 

Intelligence  of  the  universe  social 1  299 

Intention  as  judge  of  action 8  2963 

Interest  in  small  things  a  source  of  happi- 
ness     2  455 

rate    not    governed    by  quantity    of 

money  (Hume ) 6  2267 

Intolerable,  The,  and  how  to  bear  it 1  260 

Intoxication  of  prosperity,  The  (Sallust) . .  10  3992 

Inventions 

Draper  on  great  inventions  of  modern 

times 4    1465 

John  C.  Calhoun  on 10    3957 


VOL.  PAGE 

Invincibility,  Arrian  on 1  249 

«  Ion  »  and  other  works  of  Talfourd 10  3726 

"  Iphigenia,"  The,  Aristotle  on 1  207 

Irascibility,  Seneca  on 9  3405 

Ireland 

Belfast,  birthplace  of  James  Bryce 2  666 

Berkeley,  Swift,  and  Vanessa 2  440 

Burke  born  in  Dublin 2  706 

Carlyle  on  Ireland  and  the  Reforma- 
tion     4  1495 

Charles  Gavan   Duffy  born   at   Mona- 

ghan 4  1495 

Cork,  the  birthplace  of  Justin  McCar- 
thy     7  2711 

County    Cavan,    birthplace    of    Henry 

Brooke 2  548 

County    Iyongford,    the    birthplace    of 

Goldsmith 5  1936 

Croker,  John  Wilson,  born  at  Galway.    3  1193 
Dublin,  birthplace  of   Frances  Power 

Cobbe 3  1055 

Edgeworth  on  Irish  bulls 4  1526 

Galway,    birthplace    of     Sir     Richard 

Francis  Burton 2  777 

Hedge  school  in,  described  by  Carle- 
ton 2  824 

Irish  peasantry  described  by  Carleton.    2  821 

Lecky's  birthplace 7  2516 

Lismore  Castle,  birthplace  of   Robert 

Boyle 2  535 

Moore  and  the  Blarney  Stone 8  3202 

«  Prout, »  born  at  Cork 8  3202 

Steele,  born  at  Dublin 9  3551 

Swift,  born  at  Dublin,  1667 9  3640 

Topography  of,  by  Giraldus  Cambren- 

sis 5  1905 

Ireland,  Essayists  of 

Ball,  Sir  Robert— (Essay) 1  381 

Barrington,  Sir   J.— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3952 

Berkeley,  George — (Essay) 2  440 

Boyle,  Robert— (Essays) 2  535 

Brooke,  Henry — (Essay) 2  548 

Burke,  Edmund— (Essays) 2  705 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3956 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis— (Essay).    2  777 

Carleton,  William— (Essay) 2  821 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power— (Essays) 3  1055 

Cork,  The  Earl  of— (Essay) 3  1154 

Croker,  John  Wilson— (Essay) 3  1193 

Doran,  John— (Essay) 4  1439 

Dowden,  Edward— ( Essays) 4  1451 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan— (Essay ) 4  1495 

Goldsmith,  Oliver  (Essays) 5  1936 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3969 

Grand,  Sarah— ( Essay) 5  1981 

Jameson,  Anna  Browuell — (Essay)....    6  2330 
Lecky,    William    Edward     Hartpole— 

(Essays) 7  2516 

McCarthy,  Justin— (Essay) 7  2711 

Mahaffv,'   John    P.— (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3980 

Steele,  Sir  Richard—*  Essays) 9  3549 

(Celebrated"  Passages).  .10  3996 

Sterne,  Laurence— (Essays) 9  3603 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3997 

Swift,  Jonathan— (Essays) 9  3640 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3998 

Ireland,  W.  H.— His  Shakespeare  forgeries  7  2493 

Irish  bulls 

Edgeworth  on 4  1526 

Sydney  Smith  on 9  3471 

"Ironside,    Christopher,"     pseudonym    of 

Cowper 3  1175 


4133 


GENERAL    INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Ironsides,  The,  of  Cromwell 5  2002 

Irving,  Washington 

Biography 6  2301 

Essays: 

Bracebridge  Hall 6  2303 

The  Busy  Man 6  2305 

Gentility 6  2309 

Fortune  Telling 6  2312 

Love  Charms 6  2316 

The  Broken  Heart 6  2319 

Stratford-on-Avon 6  2324 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Friends  that  Are  Always  True 10  3973 

Great  Minds  in  Misfortune 10  3973 

«  The  Almighty  Dollar  » 10  3973 

Cultivation  and  Society 10  3973 

«  The  Truest  Thing  in  the  World  MO  3973 

As  a  pupil  of  Addison 6  2301 

"  Isabella  of  Spain  and  Elizabeth,"  by  Pres- 

cott 8  3190 

Isaiah 

And  Jeremiah 2  485 

Byron  on  his  sublimity 2  804 

Compared  to  Homer 2  485 

Ischia,  View  of,  from  Naples 5  1655 

Isecius,  father  of  Diogenes 5  1699 

Isidore  on  music 5  1904 

Isocrates  on  loquacity  and  eloquence 5  1671 

Italian  Essayists 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de— (Essay) 1  157 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas — (Essays) 1  173 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of — (Essays). .  .    2  419 
Belzoni,     John     Baptist  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3954 

Blaserna,  Pietro— ( Essay) 2  491 

Botta,Vincenzo — (Celebrated  Passages)10  3955 
Cesaresco,    Countess    Evelyn    Martin- 

engo— ( Essay) 3  926 

Dante,  Alighieri— (Essays) 4  1233 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio — (Essay) 5  1744 

Goldoni,  Carlo— (Celebrated  Passages)10  3968 
Guicciardini,    Francis  —  ( Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3970 

Lombroso,  Cesare— (Essay) 7  2600 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo — (Essays) 7  2775 

( Celebrated  Passages) 10  3980 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe— ( Essay ) 8  2859 

Metastasio,    Pietro — (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3983 

Petrarch— (Essay) 8  3117 

Savonarola — ( Celebrated  Passages) ....  10  3992 

Italian  influence  on  English  literature   1  271 

Italian  literature 

(See  Literature,  Italian  Essayists,  Italy, 
etc.) 

Ariosto  and  Virgil,  Montaigne  on 8  2941 

Bojardo  Pulci  and  Ariosto 8  3186 

Chaucer  and  the  Italian  poets,    Swin- 

burn   on 9  3659 

«  Con vito,"  The,  of  Dante 4  1237 

DTsraeli  on  Cardinal  Bentivoglio 4  1399 

Doumic  on  the  Italian  Renaissance. ...    4  1443 

Fogazzaro  as  a  poet  and  scientist 5  1744 

"  Inferno,"  The,  of  Dante  quoted  by  Mi- 

vart 8  2922 

Lessing  on  Ariosto 7  2543 

Madame    de    Stael    on    Spanish    and 

Italian  literature 9  3540 

Metastasio  and  Alfieri 9  3546 

Romance  in  Italy 9  3546 

Sismondi   on   romantic   love   and  Pe- 
trarch's poetry 9  3436 

"  Storia      d'ltalia,"      by     Guicciardini, 

quoted 10  3970 


Italian  Literature  —  Continued            vol.  page 

Tasso's  "  Dialogue  on  Virtue  "  quoted.  4  1444 

"  The  Prince, »  extracted  from 7  2776-80 

Treatise  on  the  remedies  of  good  and 

bad  fortune,  by  Petrarch,  quoted..    8  3118-21 

Vico  on  the  Homeric  poems 6  2348 

Italy 

Ascham   on  Italian  influence  in  Eng- 
lish literature 1  271 

Borgia  and  Vitelli  (Bancroft) jl  396 

Carlyle  on  Dante  as  a  typical  Italian..  3  860 

Cavour,  Character  of  (VincenzoBotta)..  10  3955 

Coliseum,  The,  Longfellow  on 7  2633 

Dante's  place  in  literature 4  1233 

Evelyn  at  Naples 5  1654 

Florence  described  by  Bryant 2  660 

Fogazzaro  as  an  evolutionist 5  1744 

Garibaldi  and  Cavour 8  2859 

Genoa,  birthplace  of  Mazzini 8  2859 

Hughes  on  the  genius  of  Da  Vinci.. . .    6  2235-6 

Italian  code  reformed  by  Beccaria 2  420 

Latin  a  dead  language  tenth  century. .  5  1861 

Lombroso's  studies 7  2600 

Macaulay    on    Machiavelli's    life    and 

work 7  2771 

Modern  Romans  by  Longfellow 7  2632 

Morning      rambles      in      Venice     by 

Symonds 9  3666 

Petrarch  begins  the  Renaissance 8  3117 

Roman   republic  established  by  Maz- 
zini 1849 8  2859 

Savonarola  and  Lorenzo  de  Medici .. ..  1  395 

Tasso's  "  Dialogue  on  Virtue  "  quoted. .  4  1444 

The  Ely sian  Fields  near  Naples 5  1662 

Tibur  and  Horace's  country 3  927 

Tintoretto  and  his  work 9  3667 

«  United  Italy  »  and  Dante 2  652 


Jacobi,  Friedrich  Heinrich 
Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Flying  Leaves  » 10    3974 

Jamblichus  cited  by  Burton 2      786 

James  I. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Tobacco  as  a  «  Stinking  Torment  »  10    3974 

Formality  of  literature  under 6     2132 

,  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  History 10    3974 

Jameson.  Anna  Brownell 

Biography 6     2330 

'  Essay: 

Ophelia,  Poor  Ophelia 6    2330 

Japan 

Teeth  of  Japanese  women  gilded 4    1411 

Jay,  John 

Biography 6     2337 

Essay: 

Concerning  Dangers  from  Foreign 

Force  and  Influence 6     2337 

Jealousy 

As  a  trap  for  serpents 5     1686 

Margaret  of  Navarre  on 10    3982 

Jeanne  D' Arc  (See  Joan  of  Arc.) 8    2881 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse 

Biography 6     2342 

Essay  ■ 

Homer  and  the  Epic 6    2342 

Jefferies,  Richard 

Biography 6     2350 

Essay: 

A  Roman  Brook 6    2350 


GENERAL    INDEX 


4139 


Jefferson,  Thomas  vol.  page 

Biography 6    2354 

Essay: 

Truth  and  Toleration   against  Er- 
ror     6     2354 

and  French  philosophy,  Dennie  on. . .    4     1298 

Jeffersonian,  The 

Edited  by  Horace  Greeley 5     1989 

Jefferson's  changes  (Richard  Hildreth)  . .  .10    3972 
Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis 

Biography 6     2360 

Essays: 

Watt  and  the  Work  of  Steam 6    2300 

On  Good  and  Bad  Taste 6    -2365 

Jeremiah 

His  lamentations  as  a  sapphic  elegy..  5  1678 
Jeremy  Taylor  on  ease  of  birth  and  death.  4  1324 
Jerome,  Jerome  K. 

Biography 6    2369 

Essay: 

On  Getting  On  in  the  World 6    2369 

Jerrold,  Douglas 

Biography 6     2375 

Essay: 

Barbarism  in  Birdcage  Walk 6     2375 

Jerusalem  visited  by  Mandeville 3     1040 

Jesting,  Fuller  on 5    1833 

Jesus  Christ 

As  a  Savior  from  the  world 5     1737 

Felltham  on  his  eloquence 5     1694 

Greatness    and    humility  of  (Chateau- 
briand)      3      963 

Personification  of  the  logos 5    1737 

Jevons,  W.  Stanley 

Celebrated  Passages : 

«  The  Money  Question  » 10     3974 

Jew,  The  Wandering 

Blind  on 2      498 

Jewish  idea  of  the  Messiah 5    1737 

Joan  of  Arc 

Freeman  on  her  work 5     1796 

Michelet  on  her  death  8    2881 

Job,  The  Book  of 

Blair  on 2      486 

Herder  on 6    2180 

Job's    comforters    ( Jean     Jacques     Rous- 
seau)   10    3991 

Joe  Miller  quoted 9     3472 

John  Bull 

His  moral  motives  ("O'Rell") 8     3070 

The  character  of  (  James  Kirke  Pauld- 
ing)   10     3986 

"John    Halifax,    Gentleman,"    by    Dinah 

Mulock  Craik 3     1176 

John  of  Bohemia  at  Crecy 4    1552 

Johnson,  Esther  (See  «  Stella.  >») 4    1421 

and  Dean  Swift 9    3640 

,  Samuel 

Biography 6     2382 

Essays: 

Omar,  the  Son  of  Hassan 6    2384 

Dialogue  in  a  Vulture's  Nest 6     2386 

On  the  Advantages  of  giving   in  a 

Garret 6     2389 

Some  of  Shakespeare's  Faults 6     2394 

Parallel    between    Pope    and  Dry- 
den  6    2398 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Greatness  of  Little  Men 10    3975 

«  The  Rust  of  the  Soul  » 10    3975 

Excellence  the  reward  of  labor 1      140 

Goldsmith   on    his   imitation   of  Juve- 
nal      5     1969 


Johnson,  Samuel  —  Continued  vol.  page 

His  greediness  in  eating 7  2742 

His  meaning  in  English  literature.  .. .    6  2382 

Macaulay  on  his  work  in  Grub  Street  .    7  2740 

and  Addison  (Hazlitt) 6  2139 

"  Jolly  Beggars, "  The 1  237 

Jonah,  The  Book  of,  quoted  by  Pope 8  3177 

Jones,  Henry  (See  "  Cavendish.") 3  911 

,  Sir  William 

His  favorite  book 4  1397 

Jonson,  Ben 

Biography 6  2401 

Essays: 

On  .Shakespeare — On  the  Difference 

of  Wits 6  2402 

On  Malignancy  in  Studies 6  2405 

Of  Good  and  Evil 6  2406 

Epigram  on  Inigo  Jones 3  1095 

His  work  as  a  lyric  poet 6  2401 

On  melancholy  (quoted) 3  1070 

«  The  Silent  Woman  » 8  2915 

Josephus 

The  story  of  Glaphyra 1  88 

Josephus  and  Esdras  cited  by  Milton 8  2902 

Joule  on  force  and  heat 9  8627 

"  Journal  Intime  *  of  Amiel 1  165 

Journalism 

Castelar  on  heroism  in 3  899 

Colman  and  Thornton  on  the  ocean  of 

ink 3  1106 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson,  and  the  New 

York  Tribune 3  1227 

and  his  work 3  1227 

Defoe's  work  as  a  journalist 4  1283 

Delolme  on  publicity  and  the  Press.. . .    4  1296 

Hazlitt  on  Steele  as  journalist 6  2133 

Liberty  of  the    Press    defined  by  De- 
lolme      4  1293 

Robert    Collyer    on    newspapers    and 

modern  life 3  1100 

Theophrastus  on  newsforging 10  3760 

Joy 

Henry  Ward  Beecher  on 10  3954 

Seneca  on  joy  as  serenity 10  3993 

Jubal,  inventor  of  music 6  1852 

Judaism,  Historical  attitude  of 8  2875 

"Judging    Others    by    Ourselves,"    Adam 

Smith 9  3449 

Judgment,  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  on 10  3985 

Day  discussed  in  "  Religio  Medici  ". .  . .    2  615 

Judicial  astrology  (See  Astrology.) 

D'Israeli  on 4  1403 

Judiciary,  Beccaria  on  the 2  424 

Julian  the  Apostate 

Mocks  the  blind  Ignatius 6  1698 

Montaigne  on  his  character 8  2953 

Persian  expedition  of 7  2820 

Julius  Africanus 

Cited  by  Bolingbroke 2  516 

Julius  II.  invades  Bologna 7  2779 

"Junius"  (Sir  Philip  Francis?) 

Biography 6  2408 

Essay: 

To  the  Duke  of  Grafton 6  2409 

De    Quincey  on   Chatterton,   Walpole, 

and  "  Junius  » 4  1347 

Justice 

Carlyle  on  its  supreme  law 3  878 

Livy  on 10  3979 

Plato  on 10  3986 

The  meaning  of  justice  (John  Norton)  10  3984 

The  strongest  thing  in  the  world 8  2903 


4M° 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Juvenal  vol.  page 
Johnson's  imitation  of  his  Third  Satire  5  1969 
Quoted  by  Montaigne 8     2976 


K 


Kames,  Eord 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Pleasures  of  the  Eye  and  Ear 10    3975 

Kansas 

As  a  land  of  extremes 6     2296 

Ingalls,  John  James,  on  Blue-Grass 6     2291 

Kant,  Immanuel 

Biography 6     2414 

Essay: 

The  Canon  of  Pure  Reason 6     2415 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Aims  and  Duties 10    3975 

Doing  Good  to  Others 10    3975 

Serenity  and  Strength 10    3975 

Bets  as  arguments 6     2417 

His  relations  with  Fichte 5     1712 

Keble,  John  (Besant) 2      448 

Keeping    of    the   Mouth   (Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh ) 10    3986 

Keightley,  Thomas 

Biography 6     2422 

Essays: 

On  Middle-Age  Romance 6     2422 

Arabian  Romance 6     2424 

How  to  Read  Old  English  Poetry. .    6     2427 
Kempis,  Thomas  a 

Biography 6     2428 

Essays: 

Of  Wisdom  and  Providence  in  Our 

Actions 6     2428 

Of  the  Profit  of  Adversity 6     2429 

Of  Avoiding  Rash  Judgment 6     2430 

Of  Works  Done  in  Charity 6     2430 

Of    Bearing    with     the    Defects  of 

Others 6     2431 

Of  a  Retired  Life 6     2432 

Kendal,  Rev.    Richard:    His   epigram   on 

Garrick 3     1097 

Kent,  James 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Publicity  and  Bad  Politics 10    3975 

Kentucky 

Ingalls  on  the  Blue-Grass  Region 6     2295 

Kepler  on  thinking  God's  thoughts 3     1055 

Kindergarten  Science 

Comenius  on  the  beginning  of  child- 
ish perception 3     1124 

Frobel's  theories  of 5     1803 

King,  Thomas  Starr 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Miracle  of  Color 10    3975 

Nature  a  Hieroglyphic 10    3975 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William 
Celebrated  Passages: 

In  the  Desert 10     3975 

Kingsley   Charles 

Biography 6     2434 

Essay: 

A  Charm  of  Birds 6     2434 

Kipling,  Rudyard 

Tom  linsonian  culture 1      231 

Knavery 

Talent  and  knavery,  Colton  on 3    1113 

Kneller,  Sir  Godfrey,  in  Addison's  poem. .    1      415 
Knowledge 

Comparison,  The  secret  of  (Herodotus)  10    3972 
of  facts  as  science 1        12 


Knox,  John 

Celebrated  Passages:  vol.  page 

Too  Much  Money 10    3976 

The  Necessity  of  Schools 10    3976 

Kopp's  «  History  of  Chemistry  »  cited 7    2556 

Koran,  The 

On  a  future  life 8    3046 

Krapotkin,  Prince 

Biography 6     2441 

Essay: 

The  Course  of  Civilization 6     2141 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Against  Radicals  and  Socialists 10    3976 

■  Kritik  der  Reinen  Vernunft  »   (Kant)...    6     2414 


Eaberius  on  the  blindness  of  Democritus. .    6  1877 

Eabor 

Adam  Smith  on  the  division  of  labor. .    9  3453 

Carlyle  on 3  844 

Comte   on  hostility   of   employer   and 

employed 3  1130 

Fourier  on  the  right  to  labor 5  1764 

Industrialism,  Carlyle  on 3  849 

Eear  on  the  masses 3  1033 

Eife  and  labor  (Emile  Zola) 10  4004 

Marx    on    buying    and    selling    labor 

power 7  2831 

Organization  and  chivalry 3  851 

Work,  by  Ruskin 9  3303 

Ea  Bruyere,  Jean  de 

Biography 6  2443 

Essay : 

On  the  Character  of  Mankind 6  2444 

On  Human  Nature  in  Womankind   6  2449 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Slave  of  Many  Masters 10  3976 

«  He  is  Good  that  Does  Good  » 10  3976 

The  Best-Eoved  Subject 10  3B76 

Wild  Oats  as  a  Crop 10  3976 

How  to  Secure  Quiet  in  Cities 10  3976 

The  Meaning  of  Good  Taste 10  8976 

Translates  Theophrastus 6  2443 

Eacedaemonians,  The,  erect  a  temple    to 

Fear 8  2998 

"Eacon,"  by  Colton 3  1111 

Ladies  who  laugh,  by  the  Earl  of  Cork. ...    3  1154 
"  Laelius, "  of    Cicero,  translated    by    Mel- 
moth 3  1012 

Ea  Fontaine,  his  favorite  books 4  1397 

"  Eaila  and  Majnun,"  cited  by  Nizami 8  S05€ 

Eake  school  of  poets 3  1082 

l,amartine,  Alphonse  Marie  Eouis 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Carlyle's  Cromwell 10  3976 

Eanib,  Charles 

Biography 7  2451 

Essays: 

A  Complaint  of  the  Decay   of  Beg- 
gars in  the  Metropolis 7  2453 

A  Dissertation  upon  Roast  Pig 7  2461 

New  Year's  Eve 7  2467 

Modern  Gallantry 7  2473 

Popular  Fallacies 

That  Enough  Is  as  Good    as   a 

Feast 7  2477 

That   the  Worst   Puns  Are  the 

Best 7  2478 

That  We  Should  Rise  with  the 

Eark 7  2480 

That    We    Should     Eie     Down 

with  the  lamb 7  2482 


GENERAL    INDEX 


4141 


Lamb,  Charles—  Continued  vol.  page 

His  style   characterized    by    David    J. 

Brewer 1  xvi 

Hunt  on  his  methods  and  genius 6  2271 

,  Mary 

Kills  her  mother 7  2451 

On  a  boy  at  a  bookstall 7  2682 

Lainber,  Juliette,  maiden  name  of  Madame 

Adam 1  13 

lamb's  good  nature,  by    James    Russell 

Lowell 7  2670 

Lamennais,  on  atheism  and    indifference 

(quoted) 3  1059 

Land  monopoly  (Henry  George) 10  3968 

Landor,  Walter  Savage 

Biography 7  2485 

Essays: 

Addison  Visits  Steele 7  2486 

The    Pangs    of    Approaching   the 

Gods 7  2488 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Happiness  and  Goodness 10  3977 

Obituary  of ,  by  Harriet  Martineau 7  2827 

Landscape  painting,  Emerson  on 4  1599 

Lang,  Andrew 

Biography 7  2490 

Essays: 

The  Beresford  Ghost  Story 7  2490 

Celebrated  Literary  Forgeries 7  2492 

His  «  Old  French  »  verse 7  2490 

Langobards,  Tacitus  on 10  3697 

Language  of  art  universal  (Emerson) 4  1603 

,  science,  and  history,  by  Max  Miiller. .    8  3044 

Languages 

(See  Philology.) 

Garfield  on  Greek 5  1863 

on  the  ancient  languages 5  1861 

Pascal's  thoughts  on  languages 8  3108 

Lanier,  Sidney 

Biography 7  2496 

Essay: 

On  the  Ocklawaha  in  May 7  2498 

«  La  Nouvelle  Heloise, "  Lewes  on 7  2549 

"  Laocoon,"  by  Lessing 7  2537 

,  The  group 

Goethe  on  its  character  and  objects —    5  1919 

Las  Casas 

On  Napoleon's  methods 4  1621 

Latent  energy   in  ordinary  people  (Jona- 
than Swift) 10  3998 

Latimer's  behavior  on  trial 1  25 

Latin  Literature 

(See  Literature,  Rome,  etc.) 

«  Annals  of  Tacitus  »  cited 10  3674 

«  Attic  Nights,"  The,  of  Aulus  Gellius.    5  1873 

Brevity  of  the  wittiest  poets 5  1679 

Brunetiere  on  Horace 2  656 

Catullus  on  Acme  and  Septimus 4  1418 

Cicero  as  an  essayist 3  998 

Claudian  quoted  by  Montaigne 8  2974 

De  Officiis  of  Cicero 3     1006-8 

Dialogue  on  oratory,  by  Tacitus,  cited. 10  3674 

Eutropius  on  Julian  the  Apostate  cited   8  2954 

Florus  on  Tarquin  (quoted) 5  1732 

Friendship  and  detraction  (Horace).. .    5  1677 

Goethe  on  Virgil's  "  Laocoon  " 5  1924 

"History  of  Rome,"  by  Marcellinus 7  2820 

«  Institutes  of  Oratory,"  by  Quintilian, 

quoted 8     3214-8 

Laberius  on  the  blindness  of  Democ- 

ritus 5  1877 

Laws    of     classical    verse    misappre- 
hended      8  3118 


Latin  Literature  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Letters  of  Pliny  the  Younger 8  3146 

Livy's  work  and  style 7  2567 

Martial  on  a  happy  marriage 2  688 

Martial's  epigrams,  Montaigne  on 8  2941 

Martinengo,    Countess    Cesaresco,    on 

Horace 3  926 

Montaigne  on  the  greatest  Latin  poets   8  2940 

Ovid  on  Lesbia 7  2542 

Ovid's  "  Quid  meruistis,  oves  * 8  3176 

Psetus  and  Arria  (Martial) 9  3575 

Panaetius  imitated  by  Cicero 5  1881 

Persius  on  the  art  of  Horace  (quoted).    3  895 
Renan   on    literature  and  philosophy 

under  the  Caesars 8  3224 

Seneca  as  a  moralist 5  :  1727;  9  3403 

Statius  characterized  by  Dryden 4  1484 

Steele  on  the  classics 9  3589 

Tacitus  and  his  work 10  3673 

Taurus  on  Plato  ( cited) 5  1876 

Terence,  grace  and  beauty  of 8  2940 

Tibullus,  «  Quern  juvat  immites  » 6  2390 

Varro  on  the  duty  of  a  husband  (cited)    5  1873 

Lauder's  and  Chatterton's  impostures 2  819 

Laughter,  Beattie  on 1  413 

Laura  de  Sade,  the  beloved  of  Petrarch 8  3117 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar 

Biography 7  2511 

Essay: 

On  Reading  Character 7  2511 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Vinegar  and  Oil  of  Human  Na- 
ture  10  3977 

Honesty  and  Pretense 10  3977 

Mendelssohn  to  Lavater 8  2878 

Lavoisier's  experiments 7  2559 

Law 

As  a  triumph  for  humanity 2  439 

Blackstone's  «  Commentaries  * 2  477 

Burleigh  on  suits  against  the  poor 2  755 

Civil  and  canonical,  Dante  on  the  ob- 
jects of 4  1238 

Coke    on    servitude    under  precarious 

legislation 2  482 

Coke's  notions  of  liberty 4  1293 

Confucius  on  law  and  punishment 3  1138 

Considered    as    freedom    determining 

itself  (Hegel) 6  2150 

Court  of  Star  Chamber,  Delolme  on. . .    4  1293 

Dana  on  Conkling's  habits  as  a  lawyer   3  1230 

Delolme  on  the  law  of  libel 4  1294 

English,  in  courts  of  justice  in  1362. ...    5  1862 

General  nature  of  law 8  2992 

Laws  as  instruments  of  passion  for  the 

few 2  425 

Legislation    by    representatives,    Mill 

on 8  2890 

Mill  on  self-defense  in  government.  .. .    8  2889 

Mosaic  law  and  homicide 8  2904 

Plato  on  inconveniences  of  law 8  2958 

Simplicity  needed  in  law 2  421 

Socrates  on  respect  for  law 8  3132 

Spirit  of  the  laws,  by  Montesquieu 8  2990 

The  eternal  law  (William  Penn) 10  3986 

The     law     of     nations    (Montesquieu, 

Baron  de) 10  3983 

The      orinciples      of,    by   Gilbert     A. 

A'Becket 10  3949 

Written  laws  like  spiders'  webs  (Plu- 
tarch)  10  3987 

,  American  Constitutional 

Democracy    in    America,    by   Tocque- 

ville 10    3798-808 

Eighteenth-century  ideals  of  liberty. . .    8  2888 
K  General   welfare"  in   American  con- 
stitutional interpretation 6  2064 


4142 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Law,  American  Constitutional  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Hamilton  and  Jefferson 6     2062-4 

Jay  in  the  Federalist 6     2337-41 

Jefferson  on  toleration 6  2354 

Locke's  influence 7  2571 

Madison  on  the  constitution 7  2794 

Rousseau  and  Locke,  their  influence. .    9  3275 
Tyranny  of  the  majority,  by  Tocque- 

ville 10  3800 

War  between  the  States  and  the  Union, 

Hamilton   on 6  2065 

,  Constitutional  and  General 

Delolme   on   the  constitution  of   Eng- 
land      4  1291 

Fichte  on  polity 5  1722 

Hume   on   balance   of  power  and  bal- 
ance of  property 6  2266 

Hume  on  the  first  principles  of  govern- 
ment     6  2264 

Indulgence  of  English  laws 5  1953 

Locke  and  his  influence  7  2571 

Macaulay  on  Gladstone's  "  Church  and 

State  » 7  2763 

Mencius  on  principles  of  politics 8  2872 

Paine'S  analysis  of  government 8  3095 

Principles    of   government    (Harring- 
ton)     6  2079 

Rights  and  obligations  correlative 2  749 

Rights  of  man  as  defined  by  Thomas 

Paine 8  3098 

The  four  classes  of  rights 2  751 

,  Criminal 

Beccaria  on  the  prevention  of  crime. . .    2  419 

Crimes  and  punishment  (Gellius) 5  1875 

,  Military 

Court's  Martial,  Blackstone  on 2  481 

,  The  Roman  (Civil) 

Burlamaqui  on  2  750-1 

Grotius  on 5     2025-33 

,  The  Philosophy  of 

Burlamaqui  on  foundations  of  law. ...    2  748 

Gellius  on  the  reasons  for  punishment   5  1875 

Godwin  on  political  justice 5  1911 

Grotius  on  «  What  is  law  ?  » 5  2025 

Harrington  on  a  free  State 6  2077 

Locke  on  the  origin  of  law 7  2574 

Meddlesome  and  coddling  paternalism 

by  Spencer 9  3513 

Mill  on  liberty 8  2888 

Mill  on  the  disposition  to  oppress 8  2901 

Resistance  to  unjust  laws  (Tocqueville)lO  3800 

Rousseau  on  the  social  contract 9  3277 

Spinoza  on  free  speech 9  3525 

Tacitus  on  law  and  liberty  in  ancient 

Germany 10  3681 

Submission  to  law,  Confucius  on 3  1140 

and  lawyers 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  and  his  works 5  2040 

Irish  and  Scottish  barristers 7  2599 

and  the  Science  of  Government 

Goldsmith  on  liberty  in  England 5     1952 

Liberty    a     necessity    of     order    and 

growth 2      678 

,Essays  on 

Beccaria,  The  Marquis  of:  The  Pre- 
vention of  Crime,  2  :  420  ;  Laws 
and   Human    Happiness,    2  :  425  ; 

Against  Capital  Punishment 2      427 

Bentham,  Jeremy :  Publicity  the 
Sole  Remedy  for  Misrule,  2  :435  ; 

Property  and  Poverty 2      438 

Blackstone,  Sir  William :  The  Pro- 
fessional Soldier  in  Free  Coun- 
tries      2      477 


Law,  Essays  on —  Continued  vol.  page 

Bryant,  William  Cullen :  Europe 
under  the  Bayonet 2      662 

Bryce,  James:  Democracy  and 
Civic  Duty 2      666 

Biichner,  Ludwig:  Woman's  Brain 
and  Rights 2      671 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas:  Liberty  a 
Supreme  Good 2      678 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques:  The 
Principles  of  Natural  Right 2      747 

Carlyle,  Thomas:  Captains  of  In- 
dustry, 3  :  848  ;  «  Anarchy  Plus 
the  Street-Constable  »  in  America   3      873 

Carpenter,  Edward  :  Civilization  — 
Its  Cure 3      887 

Channing,    William    Ellery :    The 

Uselessness  of  Rank 3      949 

Cicero,    Marcus    Tullius :    On    the 

Commonwealth 3    1016 

Clough,  Hugh  Arthur:  Some  Re- 
cent Social  Theories 3     1051 

Comte,  Auguste :  Industrial  Devel- 
opment in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury     3    1130 

Condorcet :  Peace  and  Progress. ...    3    1133 

Defoe,  Daniel:  On  Projects  and 
Projectors 4    1284 

Delolme,    Jean    Louis :    Power    of 

Public  Opinion 4     1291 

Earle,  John  :  On  Sordid  Rich  Men, 
4 :  1523;  On  a  Mere  Great  Man. ...   4    1524 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo :  Aristoc- 
racy in  England 4     1634 

Fourier,  Francois  Marie  Charles : 
Spoliation  of  the  Social  Body,  5: 
1761;  Decline  of  the  Civilized  Or- 
der     5    1764 

Franklin,  Benjamin:  Observations 
on  War 5    1779 

Fuller,  Thomas:  The  Good  Advo- 
cate, 6  :  1839;  The  Common  Bar- 
rator     5    1840 

Gellius,  Aulus:  Three  Reasons  As- 
signed by  Philosophers  for  the 
Punishment  of  Crimes 5     1875 

Godwin,  William  :  Political  Justice 
and  Individual  Growth. 5     1911 

Goldsmith,  Oliver:  The  Fall  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Lao,  5  :  1944;  Liberty 
in  England 5     1952 

Grotius,  Hugo:  What  Is  Law?  5: 
2025;  Restraints  Respecting  Con- 
quest     5    2028 

Harrington,  James :  The  Principles 
of  Government 6     2079 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  : 
Law  and  Liberty 6    2150 

Hume,  David:  Of  the  First  Prin- 
ciples of  Government 6     2264 

Jefferson,  Thomas  :  Truth  and  Tol- 
eration against  Error 6     2854 

Locke,  John  :  « Of  Civil  Govern- 
ment »— Its  Purposes,  7  :2573;  Of 
Tyranny,  7:2576;  Concerning 
Toleration  and  Politics  in  the 
Churches 7     2586 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington, 
Baron  :  On  Gladstone's  "  Church 
and  State, »  7  :  2763;  Machiavelli . .    7     2771 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo  :  Whether 
Princes  Ought  to  Be  Faithful  to 
Their  Engagements 7    2776 

Madison,  James:  General  View  of 
the  Powers  Proposed  to  Be  Vested 
in  the  Union 7     2794 


GENERAL    INDEX 


4143 


law,  Essays  on  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner: 
The  Uw  of  Nations 7     2799 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert :  Ratios 
of  the  Increase  of  Population  and 
Food 7    2810 

Marx,  Karl :  The  Buying  and  Sell- 
ing of  Labor- Power 7    2831 

Mencius  :  The  Most  Difficult  Thing 
in  the  World 8    2873 

Mill,  John  Stuart :  On  liberty 8     2888 

Milton,  John  :  On  Giving  Despots 
a  Fair  Trial 8     2906 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de:  Of 
Liberty  of  Conscience,  8  :  2953;  Of 
the  Inequality  amongst  Us 8     2975 

Montesquieu:  Relation  of  Laws  to 
Different  Beings,  8  :  2992;  Con- 
quests Made  by  a  Republic,  8 : 
2995;  Of  Public  Debts,  8:2996; 
Sumptuary  Laws  in  a  Democ- 
racy, 8  :  2999;  Particular  Cause  of 
the  Corruption  of  the  People 8     3000 

More,  Sir  Thomas:  Of  Their  Trades 
and  Manner  of  Life  in  Utopia. ...    8    3010 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas:  A  Usurer, 
8  :  3088;  An  Ingrosser  of  Corn ....    8    3089 

Paine,  Thomas:  The  Rights  of 
Man 8     3094 

Ricardo,   David:    The  Influence  of 
Demand  and  Supply  on  Prices. . .    8    3240 
Law  of  Nations 

Grotius  on 5     2028 

Maine  on 7     2799 

Laws  of  Nature 

Evolution  of  higher  types  a  moral  law  5  1748 

Fichte  on 5  1719 

Moral  Origin  of 2  761 

Their  relations  to  luck 3  1085 

Lawyers 

Demosthenes  serves  on  both  sides 5  1839 

Fuller  on  the  good  advocate 5  1839 

The  common  barrator,  Fuller  on 5  1840 

"Lead,  Kindly   Light,"  by  Cardinal  New- 
man      8     3049 

"  Leaders  of  Humanity,"  by  Longfellow. .  .    7     2630 

Leadership,     The     Quality     of     (Demos- 
thenes)   10     3964 

Lear 

A  great  and  familiar  type 2      812 

A  victim  of   passion   (Richard   Henry 

Dana) 10     3963 

Learn    where    you     can     ( Francois     Ra- 
belais)  10     3988 

Learned  Fool,  The  (Sadi) 10    3991 

Learning 

Jean  Galbert  de  Campistron  on 10    3957 

Taste   the    motive   for    (Jean    Jacques 
Rousseau) 10     3991 

and  wisdom  ( Felltham) 5     1680 

without    thought     dangerous     (Con- 
fucius)     3    1140 

Leather  Stockings,  Balzac  on 1      388 

«  Leaves  from  a  Note   Book, "  by  «  George 

Eliot  » 4    1566 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole 

Biography 7     2516 

Essays: 

Montaigne  and  Middle-Age  Super- 
stition      7     2516 

Sex  and  Moral  Character 7     2518 

"  Lectures  on  English  Poetry,"  by  Hazlitt, 

cited 6    2128 


Ledyard,  John 

Celebrated  Passages:  vol.  page 

The  Goodness  of  Women 10    3977 

Lee,  Harriet 

Besant  on 2      447 

Lee,  Robert  E. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Last  Word  of  the  Confederacy  10    3977 
Legare\  Hugh  Swinton 

Biography 7     2523 

Essays: 

Liberty  and  Greatness 7    2523 

A  Miraculous  People 7     2526 

"Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow,"  by  Washing- 
ton Irving 6     2301 

Legge,  James,  translator  of  Confucius,   3  : 

1138  ;  Of  Mencius 8    2872 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wilhelm  von 

Biography 7     2528 

Essay: 

On  the  Ultimate  Origin  of  Things.    7    2528 
Leland,  Charles  Godfrey 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Rare  Old  Town  of  Nuremberg  10    3978 

Lesbia  described  by  Ovid 7     2542 

"  Les    Miserables »  as    the  greatest  novel 

ever  written 6     2239 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim 

Biography 7     2536 

Essays: 

«  Laocoon  "—Art's  Highest  Law 7    2537 

Poetry  and  Painting  Compared. ...    7     2541 
The  Education  of  the  Human  Race   7     2544 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Best  of  All  Companions 10    3978 

Lessing  and  Herder,  Matthew  Arnold  on  .    1      241 
L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Morals  from  iEsop 10    3978 

Translator  of  Cicero 3     1008 

"  Letters  Concerning  Toleration  »  (Locke) 

7     2571-86 

of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu 8     2930 

of  «  Junius  " 

De  Quincey  on  their  authorship 4     1350 

* on  Chemistry,"  by  Liebig,  extracted 

from 7     2554-60 

Le  Vert,  Madame  Octavia  Walton 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Coliseum 10    8978 

L-viathan,  The,  of  Thomas  Hobbes 6    2197 

Lewes,  George  Henry 

Biography 7     2546 

Essay: 

Rousseau,    Robespierre,    and     the 

French  Revolution   7    2547 

His    relations    with    "George     Eliot," 

7:2546 4    1542 

Lewis,    Sir    George,  politics    as   a    game 

(quoted) 3      915 

Liar's  idea,  The  (Talleyrand) 10  3998 

Libel,  Delolme  on  the  law  of 4  1294 

Liberality,  Tacitus  on 10  3998 

Liberty 

Edward  Everett  on 10  3966 

Its  meaning  and  its  cost  (Madame  Ro- 
land)     9  3266 

John  Quincy  Adams  on  10  3949 

John  Stuart  Mill  on 8  2888 

Livy  on 10  3979 

Machiavelli  on  liberty  as  necessary  for 

good  order 10  3980 

Milton  made  great  by  love  of  liberty.   3  945 


4144 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Liberty  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Of  thought  and  speech  (Spiuoza) 9  3532 

Philip  Schaff  on 10  3992 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  on 10  3959 

The  meaning  of  (Francis  Lieber ) 10  3979 

The  price  of  (Demosthenes) 10  3964 

The  right  to  (William  Lloyd  Garrison). 10  3968 

The  twofold  liberty  (John  Winthrop)  .10  4004 

" and  Greatness,  "  H.  S.  Legare 7  2523 

« ,»  by  Longinus 7  2654 

right,  Burlamaqui  on 2  747 

Defined  by  Epictetus 1  248 

essential  to  development 2  678 

in   England  (Goldsmith) 5  1952 

of  conscience,  Montaigne  on 8  2953 

of  the  Press 

Defined  by  Delolme 4  1293 

Long  Parliament  against 4  1293 

I/ibraries 

(See  Books  and  Booksellers.) 

Dibdin  on  bibliomania 4  1360 

Harrison  on  the  principles  of  collect- 
ing     6  2104 

Opinion  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne  on ....    2  596 
Sale  of  the  Fletewode   library,  Dibdin 

on 4  1365 

License  in  poetry,  Aristotle  on 1  216 

Lieber,  Francis 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  Liberty 10  3979 

«  Vox  Populi,  Vox  Dei  » 10  3979 

Liebig,  Justus  von 

Biography 7  2554 

Essays: 

Goldmakers  and  the  Philosopher's 

Stone 7  2554 

Man  as  a  Condensed  Gas 7  2561 

Light  and  color,  by  Leigh  Hunt 6  2272 

as  a  vibration 

Aristotle  on 9  3623 

Life 

A  disease  of  activity  and  passion 3  839 

Cicero  on  when  true  life  begins 10  3959 

Circulation   of   little   mean     actions 

(Thomas  Burnet ) 10  3957 

Considered  as  an  inn,  by  Cicero 3  1014 

Emerson  on 4  1633 

James  Martiueau   on   life  and  immor- 
tality   10  3982 

«  Life  and  Labor, »  Emile  Zola  on 10  4004 

Life's    great    reward  (Cornelius  Taci- 
tus)   10  3998 

Path     to    a   happy     (Lucius     Annsus 

Seneca) 10  3993 

Sadi  on 10  3991 

The  conduct  of,  Epictetus  on 1  244 

The  conduct  of  (John  Randolph) 10  3989 

The  last,  best  fruit  of  (Jean  Paul  Fried- 
rich  Richter ) 10  3990 

The  life  after  death  (Plato) 10  3986 

The  object  of  (William   Hurrell  Mal- 

lock) 10  3981 

The  perils  of   (William  Cullen  Bryant)10  3956 
The  quiet   things  of  (Joseph  Stevens 

Buckminster) 10  3956 

Uncertainties  of   (Luis  de  Granada).  .10  3969 

as  a  dancing'balloon,  Emerson  on 4  1632 

Pestalozzian  school 

" of  Jesus, »  by  Renan,  cited 8  3224 

* with  the  Gods, »  Aurelius  on 1  299 

Limitations  of  knowledge 5  1692 

Lincoln,  Abraham 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Right  Makes  Might 10  3979 


VOL.  PAGE 

Lincoln  and  the  Civil  War,  "  Mark  Twain  » 

on 10     3846 

Lingard,  John 

Biography 7     2563 

Essay: 

Cromwell's    Government     by    the 

«  Mailed  Hand  » 7     2563 

Ordained  a  priest 7     2563 

Lippincott's  Magazine,  Lanier  in 7     2497 

Literalism  in  religion,  Mivart  on 8     2922 

Literary  and  Critical  Assays 

Addison,  Joseph  :  The  Spectator  intro- 
duces himself,  1 :  20;  Wit  and  wisdom 
in  literature,  1:  33;  The  poetry  of  the 
common  people,  1 :  42;  Chevy  Chase, 
1 :  47;  Homer  and  Milton,  1 :  63; 
Steele  introduces  Sir  Roger  de  Cov- 
erly,  1 :  72;  Addison  meets  Sir  Roger, 
1 :  77;  Sir  Roger  at  home,  1 :  80;  Sir 
Roger  again  in  London,  1 :  95:  Sir 
Roger  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1 : 
98;  Sir  Roger  at  the  play,  1: 103;  Death 
of  Sir  Roger 1      107 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson  :  Hawthorne. .. .    1      120 

Alger,  William  Rounseville  :  The  lyric 
poetry  of  Persia 1      125 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald :  Homer,  Dante, 
and  Michael  Angelo 1      138 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic:  K  John  Halifax, 
Gentleman" 1      169 

Aristotle:  The  «  Poetics  »  of  Aristotle..   1      190 

Arnold,  Matthew  :  The  real  Burns 1      233 

Ascham,  Roger:   The    literature    of 
chivalry 1      269 

Athemeus:  What  men  fight  about  most   1      272 

Audubon,  John  James:  The  humming- 
bird and  the  poetry  of  spring,  1 : 
279;  Life  in  the  woods,  1:  281;  The 
mocking  bird,  1 :  282;  The  wood 
thrush 1      284 

Austin,  Alfred:  The  apostle  of  culture.    1      302 

Balzac,  Honore  de:  Walter  Scott  and 
Fenimore  Cooper 1       387 

Bancroft,  George :  The  ruling  passion 
in   death 1      390 

Berkeley,  George :  Pleasures,  natural 
and  fantastical 2      440 

Besant,  Sir  Walter:  With  the  wits  of 
the  'thirties,  2 :  446;  Montaigne's 
method  as  an  essayist 2      449 

Birrell,  Augustine :  Book-Buying 2      459 

Blackie,  John  Stuart :  The  love  songs 
of  Scotland 2      464 

Blair,  Hugh  :  The  poetry  of  the  He- 
brews, 2  :  483  ;  Taste  and  genius 2      487 

Bourget,  Paul :  On  the  death  of  Victor 

Hugo 2      523 

Boyle,  Robert:  On  a  glowworm  in  a 
phial 2      536 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme :  Gastron- 
omy and  the  other  sciences  2      541 

Brown,  John  :  The  death  of  Thackeray, 
2  :  502  ;  Mary  Duff's  last  half-crown. .    2      568 

Browning,  Robert :  Shelley's  spiritual 
life 2      646 

Brunetiere,  Ferdinand:  The  essential 
characteristic  of  French  literature  .  .    2      651 

Bryant,  William  Cullen  :  A  day  in 
Florence,  2  :  660  ;  Europe  under  the 
bayonet,  2  : 662  ;  The  life  of  women 
in  Cuba 2      664 

Burke,  Edmund :  The  principles  of 
good  taste,  2  :  706  ;  The  efficient  cause 
of  the  sublime  and  beautiful 2      720 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4145 


literary  and  Critical   Essays  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Burroughs,  John :  The  art  of  seeing 
things 2      764 

Bvirton,  Sir  Richard  Francis  :  Roman- 
tic love  and  Arab  poetry 2      777 

Burton,  Robert :  The  nature  of  spirits, 
bad  angels,  or  devils,  2  :  785  ;  Of  dis- 
contents      2      787 

Bury,  Richard  de  :  The  rnind  in  books.    2      790 

Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord: 
Art  and  nature 2      800 

Caine,  Hall :  Aspects  of  Shakespeare's 

art 2      806 

Campbell,  Thomas  :  Chatterton's  life 
tragedy 2      814 

Carleton,  William  :  A  glimpse  of  Irish 
life.     .   2      821 

Carlyle,  Thomas:  On  the  deatlCof 
Goethe,  3  :  830  ;  Characteristics,  3  : 
838;  «Gedenke  Zu  Leben,"  3:846; 
The  character  of  Robert  Burns,  3 : 
854  ;  Dante  and  Shakespeare,  3 : 
860  ;  Napoleon  and  Cromwell,  3  :  865 ; 
Teufelsdrockh  on  "  The  omnivorous 
biped  in  breeches,"  3:870;  On  Sam- 
uel Johnson,  3  :879  ;  An  ethical  pig's 
catechism 3      885 

Carter,  Elizabeth  :  A  '<  Rambler  »  essay   3      895 

Castelar,  Emilio  :  The  heroic  in  mod- 
ern journalism,  3  :  899  ;  The  genius 
and  passion  of  Byron 3      902 

Cesaresco,  Countess  Evelyn  Marti- 
nengo:  Horace  Sabine's  farm 3      926 

Chambers,  Robert  :  Unlucky  days 3      937 

Channing,  William  Ellery  :  Milton's 
love  of  liberty 3      945 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Ren£ 
Auguste,  Viscount  de  :  "  General  re- 
capitulation »  of  «  The  Genius  of 
Christianity, »  3  :  959  ;  The  literature 
of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  3  :  967  ;  Swift 
and  Steele [3      968 

Cherbuliez,  Victor  :  The  modern 
sphinx 3      977 

Chesterfield,  Lord :  Good  sense  in 
literature 3      990 

Child,  Lydia  Maria :  A  banquet  at 
Aspasia's 3      991 

Claretie,  Jules :  Shakespeare  and  Mo- 
Here 3     1030 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord  :  On  lying  as  a 
fine  art 3    1036 

Claudius,  Matthias :  New  Year  greet- 
ings     3     1043 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh :  A  conclusion 
by  Parepidemus,  3  :  1049 ;  Words- 
worth, Byron,  and  Scott 3     1052 

Coleridge,  Hartley  :  Love  poetry 3     1073 

,  Samuel  Taylor :  On  men,  edu- 
cated and  uneducated,  3  :  1087  ;  The 
character  of  Othello 3     1089 

Collins,  Mortimer  :  Along  the  Avon ...    3     1098 

Colman  and  Thornton :  The  ocean  of 
ink 3     1106 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel:  The  natural 
history  of  the  devil 3     1142 

Cowley,  Abraham  :  On  a  man's  writing 
of  himself,  3 :  1163  ;  A  small  thing, 
but  mine  own 3     1169 

Craik,  Dinah  Mulock  :  The  oddities  of 
odd  people 3     1176 

Cumberland,  Richard  :  Falstaff  and 
his  friends 3     1198 

Curtis,     George     William  :     Our    best 

society 3    1212 

X — 260 


literary   and   Critical   Essays—  Con- 
tinued VOL. PAGE 

Darmesteter,  James :  Love  songs  of 
the  Afghans 4    1251 

De  Quincey,  Thomas  :  On  the  knock- 
ing at  the  gate  in  "  Macbeth, »  4 : 
1302  ;  The  pains  of  opium,  4 :  1307  ; 
On  madness,  4 :  1339  ;  The  loveliest 
sight  for  woman's  eyes,  4 :  1345 ; 
Great  forgers  :  Chatterton,  Walpole, 
and  "Junius" 4    1347 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall :  The  biblio- 
mania    4    1360 

Dickens,  Charles  :  A  child's  dream  of 
a  star 4    1376 

Diderot,  Denis :  The  prophetic  quality 
of  genius 4    1389 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm  :  On  Browne's  «  Re- 
ligio  Medici  » 4    1391 

D'Israeli,  Isaac:  The  man  of  one  book, 
4 :  1395  ;  On  the  poverty  of  the 
learned,  4 :  1398 ;  How  merit  has 
been  rewarded 4    1408 

Dobson,  Austin  :  Swift  and  his  Stella..    4     1420 

Doran,  John  :  Some  realities  of  chiv- 
alry    4    1439 

Dowden,  Edward :  England  in  Shakes- 
peare's youth,  4  :  1451;  Shakespeare's 
deer-stealing,  4 :  1452;  «  Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  4  :  1453;  «  Hamlet  » 4    1457 

Dryden,  John  :  On  epic  poetry,  4  :  1483; 
Shakespeare    and    his    contempora- 
ries, 4  :  1491 ;  «  Nitor  in  Adversum  ».    4    1493 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan  :  A  dispute 
with  Carlyle 4    1495 

Earle,  John  :  On  a  critic 4    1517 

Edgeworth,  Maria  :  The  originality  of 
Irish  bulls  examined 4    1526 

"  Eliot,  George  " :  Judgments  on  au- 
thors, 4 :  1550;  Story-telling 4    1561 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo :  Montaigne, 
or  the  skeptic 4    1631 

Evelyn,  John:  In  and  around  Naples, 
5  :  1654;  The  life  of  trees 5     1662 

Felltham,  Owen  :  Of  idle  books 5    1672 

Fielding,  Henry :  On  reading  for 
amusement,  5  :1725;  The  art  of  con- 
versation      5    1729 

Foster,  John :  On  a  man's  writing 
memoirs  of  himself 5     1755 

Franklin,  Benjamin  :  The  whistle,  5  : 
1782;  The  morals  of  chess,  5 :  1784; 
The  ephemera — an  emblem  of  hu- 
man life 5    1787 

Gay,  John  :  Genius  and  clothes 5     1866 

Gervinus.  Georg  Gottfried :  Shakes- 
peare's love  plays 5    18S2 

Gibbon,  Edward  :  On  the  study  of  lit- 
erature      5    1889 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  von :  The 
most  extraordinary  and  wonderful 
of  all  writers,  5  :  1927;  Wilhelm  Meis- 
ter  on  «  Hamlet, »  5  :  1929;  The  «  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  » 5     1934 

Goldsmith,  Oliver :  A  Chinese  view  of 
London,  5  :  1940;  In  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, 5:1947;  The  love  of  "freaks," 
5  :  1955;  Prefaces  to  "  The  Beauties  of 
English  Poetry, »  5  :  1968;  Night  in  the 
city 5     1974 

Gosse,  William  Edmund  :  The  tyranny 
of  the  novel 5     1976 

Greeley,  Horace:  In  the  Yosemite  Val- 
ley     5     1989 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot :  Epitaphs  and 
anagrams  of  the  Puritans 5    2012 


4146 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Iaterary  and  Critical  Essays  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Hallam,  Henry  :  The  first  books  printed 
in  Europe,  6  :  2046;  Poets  who  made 
Shakespeare  possible 6    2050 

Harrison,  Frederic :  On  the  choice  of 
books 6    2080 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel:  The  hall  of 
fantasy,  6:2111;  A  rill  from  the 
town  pump 6    2121 

Hazlitt,  William :  On  the  periodical 
essayists 6     2128 

Heine.  Heiurich :  Dialogue  on  the 
Thames,  6  :  2154;  His  view  of  Goethe  6    2159 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur  :  How  history  should 
be  read 6    2177 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von :  The 
sublimity  of  primitive  poetry 6     2180 

Herschel,  Sir  John  :  The  taste  for  read- 
ing    6    2191 

Hillebrand,  Karl :  Goethe's  view  of  art 
and  nature 6    2193 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell :  My  first  walk 
with  the  schoolmistress,  6  :  2202;  Ex- 
tracts from  my  private  journal,  6  : 
2207;  My  last  walk  with  the  school- 
mistress, 6  :  2208;  On  dandies 6    2214 

Hugo,  Victor  :  The  death  of  Balzac 6     2241 

Hunt,  Leigh  :  «  The  wittiest  of  English 
poets,"  6  :  2269;  Charles  I,amb,  6: 2271; 
Petrarch  and  Laura 6    2273 

Ingalls,  John  James :  Blue  grass 6    2292 

Irving,  Washington  :  Bracebridge  Hall, 
6  :  2303;  The  busy  man,  6  :  2305;  Gen- 
tility, 6:2309;  Fortune  telling,  6: 
2312;  Love  charms,  6  :  2316;  The 
broken  heart,  6  :  2319;  Stratford-on- 
Avon 6    2324 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell:  Ophelia, 
poor  Ophelia 6    2330 

Jebb,    Richard    Claverhouse:     Homer 

and  the  epic 6     2342 

Jefferies,  Richard  :  A  Roman  brook  ...    6     2350 

Johnson,  Samuel :  Some  of  Shakes- 
peare's faults,  6  :  2394;  Parallel  be- 
tween Pope  and  Dryden 6     2398 

Jonson,   Ben:    On   Shakespeare  —  On 

the  difference  of  wits 6  '  2402 

Keightley,  Thomas :  On  middle-age  ro- 
mance, 6  :  2422;  Arabian  romance,  6  : 
2424;  How  to  read  Old-English  poetry   6     2427 

Kingsley,  Charles:  A  charm  of  birds. . .   6    2434 

Lamb,  Charles :  New  Year's  eve 7     2467 

Lang,  Andrew:  Celebrated  literary 
forgeries 7     2492 

Lanier,  Sidney:  On  the  Ocklawaha  in 
May  ...., 7     2498 

Lessiug,  Gotthold  Ephraim :  Poetry 
and  painting  compared 7     2541 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson  :  The  character 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  7 :  2595;   Burns 
and  the  pundits  of  Edinburgh 7    2598 

Lombroso,    Cesare :    Eccentricities   of 

famous  men 7    2600 

Longfellow,  HenryWadsworth  :  Anglo- 
Saxon  language  and  poetry,  7:  2605; 
A  walk  in  Pere  Lachaise,  7:2619; 
When  the  swallows  come,  7:2625; 
The  first  bloom  of  summer,  7 :  2627; 
Men  of  books 7     2628 

Longinus :  Sublimity  in  the  great  poets   7     2644 

Lowell,  James  Russell :  Lamb's  good- 
nature, 7:  2670;  Prophets  of  the  new 
dispensation 7    2670 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  :  A  song  of  books. . .    7     2678 

Lytton,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 
Bulwer,  Baron:  Readers  and  writers   7    2708 


I,iterary   and   Critical    Essays  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron: 
John  Bunyan  and  the  "Pilgrim's  Prog- 
ress," 7:  2719;  Samuel  Johnson  in 
Grub  Street,  7:  2740;  Addison  and 
his  friends,  7:2746;  Milton  and 
Dante,  7:  2750;  Montgomery's  Satan.    7    2760 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri:  Civilization  and 
the  earliest  literature 7    2803 

Mandeville,  Sir  John:  The  Devil's 
head  in  the  Valley  Perilous 7    2818 

Martineau,  Harriet:  Walter  Savage 
Landor 7    2827 

Mendelssohn,  Moses:  Shakespeare  as  a 
master  of  the  sublime 8    2878 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley:  In 
praise  of  Oriental  life 8     2930 

Morley,  John:  «  George  Eliot  *  and  her 
times 8    3015 

"  Novalis  "  :  The  holy  mystery  of  night, 
8:3060;    Sleep 8    3062 

Pliny  the  Younger:  A  Roman  fountain   8    3150 

Plutarch :  Homer  on  the  methods  of  God   8    3157 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan :  The  pleasures  of 
rhyme,  8:3161;  The  genius  of  Shel- 
ley     8    3165 

Pope,  Alexander:  How  to  make  an 
epic  poem,  8:3169;  On  Shakespeare..    8    3178 

Prescott,  William  Hickling:  Don  Quix- 
ote and  his  times 8    8184 

■  Prout,  Father":  The  rogueries  of  Tom 

Moore 8    3202 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua:  Easy  poetry. .. .    8    3233 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich :  His 
view  of  Goethe,  8  :  3252;  On  review- 
ers     8    3260 

Ruskin,  John  :  Dissectors  and  dream- 
ers, 9  :  3316;  Opinions,  9  :  3317;  Base 
criticism 9     3318 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin :  A 
typical  man  of  the  world 9    3320 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman : 
On  Parton's  «  Voltaire  » 9    3336 

Schlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von :  The 
Greek  theatre 9    3358 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur:  Books  and  au- 
thorship      9     3366 

Schreiner,  Olive :  In  a  ruined  chapel, 
9:  3379;  The  gardens  of  pleasure,  9  : 
3384;  In  a  far-off  world,  9:3385;  The 
artist's  secret 9    3386 

Scott,  Sir  Walter :  The  character  and 
habits  of  Swift,  9:3388;  Lord  By- 
ron      9    3393 

Selden,  John  :  Table-talk 9    3398 

S£vigne\  Madame  de :  A  bit  of  Parisian 
gossip,  9  :  3410;  An  artistic  funeral,  9  : 
3411;  To  Madame  de  Grignan 9    3413 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe  :  Ancient  litera- 
ture and  modern  progress 9     3424 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip :  The  uses  of  poetry   9     3426 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de: 
Romantic  love  and  P  e  t  r  a  r  c  h's 
poetry 9     3436 

Smith,  Sidney:  Table-talk,  9:  3475; 
Monk  Lewis's  tragedy  of  "Alfonso," 
9  :  3476;  A  dinner  party,  9  :  3476;  Clas- 
sical glory,  9:3477;  Official  dress,  9: 
3477;  Pulpit  eloquence,  9:3477;  Im- 
pertinence of  opinion,  9  :  3478;  Para- 
sites, 9  :  3478;  The  theatre 9     3478 

Southey,  Robert :  Fame,  9  :  3488;  Lovers 
of  literature,  9 :  3494;  Voluminous 
trifling,  9  :  3496;  Book  madness 9    3496 

Souvestre,  Emile :  Misanthropy  and 
repentance 9     3497 


GENERAL    INDEX 


4147 


Literary  and  Critical  Essays— Con- 
tinued  vol.  page 

Stael,  Madame  de:  Of  the  general 
spirit  of  modern  literature,  9  :  3535; 
Of  Spanish  and  Italian  literature.    .  .    9    3540 

Steele,  Sir  Richard :  The  character  of 
Isaac  Bickerstaff,  9  :  3552;  Bickerstaff 
and  Maria,  9  :  3556;  Sir  Roger  and 
the  widow,  9:  3559;  The  Coverley 
family  portraits,  9:  3563;  On  certain 
symptoms  of  greatness,  9  :  3566;  How 
to  be  happy  though  married,  9  :  3569; 
Psetus  and  Arria 9    3573 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis:  El  Dorado,  9: 
3610;  Old  mortality 9    3612 

Sturleson,  Snorre:  Gefjon's  ploughing, 
9:3630;  Gylfi's  journey  to  Asgard,  9: 
3631;  Of  the  supreme  deity,  9: 3632;  Of 
the  primordial  state  of  the  universe, 

9  :3633;  Of  the  way  that  leads  to 
heaven,9:  3633;  Of  the  Ash  Yggdrasill, 
Mimir's  Well,  and  the  Norns  or  Des- 
tinies, 9:3635;  Of  the  Norns  and  the 
Urdar- Fount,  9:3637;  Of  Loki  and 
his  progeny,  9:  3638;  Of  the  joys  of 
Valhalla 9    3633 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles: 
Chaucer  and  the  Italian  poets,  9:3659; 
A  poet's  haughty  patience 9    3662 

Symonds,  John  Addington:  Morning 
rambles  in  Venice 9    3666 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolphe:  The  Saxons 
as  the  source  of  English  literature, 
10:3704;  The  character  and  work  of 
Thackeray,  10 :  3717;  The  novel  of 
manners,  10:3717;  Thackeray's  great 
satires,  10:  3718;  Moralizing  in  fic- 
tion   10    3723 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon :  British 
novels  and  romances 10    3726 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace:  Life 
in  old-time  London,  10 :  3745;  Addi- 
son, 10:3747;  Steele,  10:3749;  Gold- 
smith   10    3751 

Tickell,  Thomas :  Pleasures  of  spring.  10    3787 

Ticknor,  George:  Spanish  heroic  bal- 
lads of  the  Cid 10    3791 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri 
Cllrel  de:  Literary  characteristics  of 
democratic  ages 10    3803 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore:  A  de- 
fense of  enthusiasm 10    3823 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de:  On 
Lord  Bacon,  10  :  3859;  On  the  regard 
that  ought  to  be  shown  to  men  of 
letters 10    3863 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf :  The  Yankee 
Zincali.    10    3899 

Wilson,  John  :  Sacred  poetry 10    3920 

Wirt,  William  :  A  preacher  of  the  old 
school 10    3925 

Wordsworth,  William  :  What  is  a  poet? 

10  :  3930  ;  Epitaphs 10     3929 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg:  The  in- 
fluence of  solitude 10    3934 

literature,  General 

(See    Essayists    by    Country,  Literature  by 
Country,  etc.) 

Addison  characterized  by  Taine 1  17 

JElian  on  Zoilus 1  101 

Affectation  in    poetry  condemned   hy 

Addison 1  35 

Alcott  on  Hawthorne's  temperament. .    1  120 

Allegories  in  Persian  poetry 1  127 

«  Almagest,"  of  Ptolemy,  quoted 2  791 

Analogy  and  poetry,  Aristotle  on 1  214 


Literature,  General—  Continued  vol.  page 

Anglo-Saxon  glee-men 7     2610 

"  Anglo-Saxon  Language  and  Poetry," 

by  Longfellow 7 

Anglo-Saxon  sources  of  English  litera- 
ture, by  Taine 10 

«  Antar,  The  Songs  of  »  (cited) 2 

Arab  influence  on  romantic  literature   2 

Arabian  romances 6 

Arago  on  Fourier   before  the    French 

Academy 1     179-82 

Atli  and  Hogni's  heart 10    3716 

Balzac  as  a  novelist 1      385 

Barbarism  of    English  taste,  Addison 

on 

Baudelaire,    Swinburne,  and    Madame 

Adam 

Beginning,  middle,  and  end  in  compo- 
sition, Aristotle  on 

«  Birds  of  America,"  by  Audubon 

Books  as  an  intellectual  titillation 

Burns  and  Chaucer,  Matthew   Arnold 

on 

Caliban  as  a  reality 

Characteristics   of  literature  in  demo- 
cratic ages  (Tocqueville ) 10 

Chevy  Chase ,  Addison  on 

Chivalry,  Ascham  condemns  its  litera- 
ture  

Comedy  as  an  imitation  of  bad  charac- 
ters, Aristotle  on 

*  Consolations  of  Philosophy,"  by  Boe- 

thius 

«Convito,»  The,  of  Dante 

Coverley  papers  originated  by  Steele. . 

Cowley,  Waller,  and  Dryden 

Critical  reviews  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury     1 

Croker  and  the  Quarterly  Review  style    3 
«  Culture  and  Anarchy,"  essay  from,  by 

Matthew  Arnold 1     239-41 

Curtis,  George  William,  and  his  work..    3     1212 
«  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire » 5    1889 

De  Coverley,  Sir  Roger,   as  described 

by  Steele 1        72 

«  Deipnosophists,"  The,    of   Athenceus   1      272 

Diction  in  tragedy,  Aristotle  on 1      211 

"  DTsraeli's  Curiosities  of  Literature," 

etc 4    1394 

Don  Quixote  and  his  times  (Prescott).   8     3184 

Don  Quixote  and  human  life 6     2099 

Doumic  on  the  Italian  Renaissance.  .. .    4    1443 

Drapier  Letters,  by  Swift,  cited 9    3640 

Early  Scandinavian  Sagas 4    1636 

«  Eddas, "  The,  Icelandic 9    3629 

Edward  Everett  on  literature 10    3966 

Elegiac    and    hexameter    verse,  Aris- 
totle on 1      190 

«  Epistles  "  of  Phalaris 1      276 

«  Ethics,"  The,  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas.    1      173 
Excellence  of  Homer,  Aristotle  on. . . .    1      219 
Falconer's    "Shipwreck,"    why    supe- 
rior      2      805 

Fame    in    literature    (Francois   Marie 

Arouet  de  Voltaire) 10    4002 

Faults  of  poetry   considered  by  Aris- 
totle      1      221 

Firdousi  and  Persian  epic  poetry 1      126 

First  books  printed  in  Europe 6     2046 

General  spirit  of    modern   literature, 

by  Madame  de  Stael 9    3535 

Gibbon  on  the  study  of  literature 5     1889 

Girls  in  literature  as  old  maids  (Jean 

Jacques  Rousseau) 10    3991 

Greek  revived  by  the  fall  of  Constanti- 
nople      4    1569 


2605 

3704 
780 
778 

2424 


37 

13 

198 

279 

2102 

236 
151 

3803 
47 

269 

194 

504 

1237 

19 

35 

17 
1193 


4148 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Literature,  General  —  Continued         vol.  page 
Guardian,    The,    Steele    and   Addison 

contributors  to 1  19 

Hallam's    «  History  of   European  lit- 
erature » 6  2045 

Hannah  More  on  the  use  of  books 8  3005 

Harrison  on  the  choice  of  books 6  2080 

on  the  greatest  poets 6  2099 

Hegel's  greatest  works 6  2146 

Helen's  beauty  described  by  Homer.. .    1  275 

Heroic  poetry  and  morality 1  37 

Homer  and  Milton,  Addison  on 1  63 

Homer's  art,  Byron  on 2  802 

plan  in  the  «  Iliad  » 1  43 

Hook's  work  in  jail 6  2224 

How  history  should  be  read,  by  Helps.    6  2177 

Hudibras  on  beards 1  102 

«  Human  Comedy, »  The 1  385 

Hungarian  stork  song 7  2625 

«  Iliad,"  ",Eneid,»  and  «  Paradise  Lost  »   1  63 

Imposture  in  literature,  De  Quincey  on   4  1347 
Improbable     and    incredible,   the,    in 

poetry,  Aristotle  on 1  219 

Italian  influence  on  English  literature   1  271 

Jean  Henri  Merle  D'Aubigne  on 10  3963 

Josephus,  The  story  of  Glaphyra  by. . .    1  88 
Literary   culture  without  moral  fibre, 

Clough  on 3  1049 

forgeries,  Lang  on 7  2492 

gossip,  The  love  for 1  20 

Longinus  on  sublimity  in  poetry 7  2647 

Macaulay    on    the   divine    comedy    of 

Dante 7  2752 

Mallet  on  the  earliest  literature 7  2803 

Melody   and  meter  distinguished    by 

Aristotle 1  195 

Mewlana  Dschelaleddin  Rumi,  Persian 

mystic  poet 1  130 

Milton's  devil,  an  English  aristocrat. .    3  1143 

Mirza  Schaffy  cited 1  126 

Montaigne  on  books 8  2937 

Morley  on  the  "  Poetics  »  of  Aristotle. .    1  188 

"  Nibelungenlied, "  The,  Taine  on 10  3714 

«  Novum   Organum,"   The,  its  inspira- 
tion      1  309 

"Odyssey,"      The,     Aristotle     on      its 

method 1  199 

Omar  Khayyam 1  125 

Ovid  compared  to  Virgil,  by  Dryden  . .    1  37 

"Pains  of  Opium,"  by  De  Quincey 4  1307 

Pascal  on  style 8  3106 

Pathos  in  poetry  popular 1  238 

Persia  and  Persian  poetry 1  125 

Persius  on  lofty  trifles 1  30 

Petrarch  begins  the  Renaissance  (1304- 

74) 8  3117 

«  Philobiblon  »  of  De  Bury 2  790 

Plato's  influence  on  literature 8  3122 

Poetry  of  the  common  people,  Addison 

on 1  42 

Poet's  province  defined  by  Aristotle. .  .    1  199 
Positivist  philosophy  and  the  choice  of 

books 6  2103 

Prometheus  as  human  nature 1  315 

Quotations  from  the  classics,  Addison 

on 1  23 

Renan  on  literature    and    philosophy 

under  the  Ccesars 8  3224 

«  Rhetoric  »  of  Aristotle 1  227-9 

Rhodian  swallow  song 7  2625 

Romances  of  the  Middle  Ages  (Keight- 

ley) 6  2422 

Romantic  fiction,  The  reaction  to 1  13 

Segrais  on  the  three  classes  of  readers   1  38 

Shakespeare's  puns 1  30 

Sophocles  compared  to  Homer  by  Aris- 
totle      1  192 


Literature.  General — Continued         vol.  page 
Spanish  and  Italian  literature,  by  Ma- 
dame de  Stael 9  3540 

Spectator  essays  on  Sir  Roger  de  Cov- 

erley  (Addison) 1     72-109 

Spectator's  first  number 1  19 

Spectator,  The,  gives  his  own  life  and 

character 1  20 

«  Spirit  of  the  Laws,"  by  Montesquieu.    8  2990 

Sturleson  and  the  «  Eddas  » 9  8629 

Sufi  poetry  of  Persia 1  127 

Superiority   of  tragic   to   epic   poetry, 

Aristotle  on    1  225 

Tacitus  as  a  historical  essayist 10  3674 

«  Tarn  Glenn  »    and  the    (<  Prometheus 

Unbound" 1  238 

The  heroic    ballad    compared    to    the 

epic 1  46 

Theognis  on  virtue  and  wealth 1  23 

Theophrastus  and  his  influence 10  3753 

The  school  of  Theophrastus 5  1670 

"The    Schoolmaster,"    by     Roger    As- 

cham 1    264-71 

"  The    spacious    firmament   on   high," 

(Addison) 1  27 

Tocqueville  on  the   literary  character- 
istics of  democratic  ages 10  3803 

Tragedy  and  comedy  as  related  to  the 

epic 1  193 

Truth  as  the  basis  of  literary  wit 1  37 

Valerius  Flaccus  and  Statins  as  poets.    1  44 

Vedas,  The,  Thoreau  on 10  3782 

Whipple  on  the  power  of  words 10  3896 

Will  Wimble  as  drawn  by  Addison. ...    1  83 

World  literature  and  literary  schools  .    6  2095 

of    the     south     of     Europe    by     Sis- 

mondi 9  3436 

Little  causes  of  great    results    (Cornelius 

Tacitus) 10  3998 

"Little  Iliad,"  The,  Aristotle  on 1  218 

Livingston,  Robert  R. 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

A  Government  of  Leagued  States  10  3979 

Livy    (Titus  Livius) 

Biography 7  2567 

Essay: 

On  the  Making  of  History 7  2568 

Celebrated  Passages: 

"Assuaging  the  Female  Mind  » 10  3979 

Liberty  and  Justice  10  3979 

Why  Politicians  Are  Pleasant 10  3979 

Familiarity  Breeds  Contempt 10  3979 

On  Cato  Major,  cited  by  Bacon 1  350 

Philosophical  motive  of  his  work 7  2567 

Locke,  John 

Biography 7     2671 

Essays : 

«  Of  Civil   Government  "  —  Its  Pur- 
poses      7    2573 

Of  Tyranny 7     2576 

Of  the  Conduct  of  the  Understand- 
ing     7     2582 

Concerning  Toleration  and  Politics 

in  the  Churches 7     2586 

Of  Ideas    in    General,    and    Their 

Original 7     2592 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Measure  of  Science 10    3979 

Essay    on    "  The  Human  Understand- 
ing "  written  in  a  garret 3      854 

On  abuse  of  words,  cited 2      694 

On  association  of  ideas,  cited   by   Ad- 
dison      1        87 

On    the   difference    between    wit   and 
judgment 1        33 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4149 


Lockhart,  John  Gibson  vol.  page 

Biography 7     2595 

Essays: 

The  Character  of  Sir  Walter  Scott .    7    2595 
Burns  and  the    Pundits  of    Edin- 
burgh    7    2598 

Lockyer,   Mrs.   Norman,   translator  of 

Flammarion 5    1743 

Lodbrog's  sword  song 10    3707 

Lodge,  Thomas 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Choice  for  Every  Man 10    3979 

Logarithms  invented 4    1465 

Logos,  The 5    1737 

Loki  and  his  progeny 9    3638 

Lombroso,  Cesare 

Biography 7    2600 

Essay: 

Eccentricities  of  Famous  Men 7    2600 

London 

A  Chinese  view  of 5     1940 

Goldsmith's  work  in 5     1936 

Heine  on  London  streets 6    2156 

Lamb  on  London  beggars 7     2453 

on  London  taverns 7     2451 

Life  in  old-time    London,  by    Thack- 
eray   10    3745 

Lincoln's  Inn  Garden   and  its  blind 

Tobits 7     2456 

«  O'Rell  •»  on  degradation  in 8    3072 

The  mart  of  the  world  under  Eliza- 
beth      5    1999 

Long,  George 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  a  Tyrannicide. . .  10    3979 
Translation  of  Arrian 1       243 

Parliament,  The 

Against  freedom  of  the  press 4    1293 

Bancroft  on 1      393 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

Biography 7  2604 

Essays: 

Anglo-Saxon  Language  and  Poetry  7  2605 

A  Walk  in  Pere  Lachaise 7  2619 

When  the  Swallows  Come 7  2625 

The  First  Bloom  of  Summer 7  2627 

Men  of  Books 7  2628 

Leaders  of  Humanity 7  2630 

The  Loom  of  Life  7  2631 

The  Modern  Romans 7  2632 

Longinus 

Biography 7  2636 

Essays: 

On  the  Sublime 7  2637 

Sublimity  in  the  Great  Poets 7  2644 

Great  Masters  of  Eloquence 7  2651 

Liberty  and  Greatness 7  2654 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The     Greatest     Thoughts    of    the 

Greatest  Souls 10  3980 

The  Genius  of  Moses 10  3980 

Loquacity 

Epictetus  against 1  257 

Felltham  on 5  1670 

Theophrastus  on 10  3759 

in  literature 5  1671 

Lorenzo  de  Medici,  Deathbed  of 1  395 

Louis  XIV. 

His  age  in  literature 5  1699 

Louis  XVIII. 

«  Rotted  away  on  his  throne  » 6  2163 

Louis  Philippe  and  the  guillotine 3  1197 

His  fall  in  1848 1  179 


Louisiana                                                   vol.  page 
Audubon,  John  James,  born  near  New 

Orleans ' 1  279 

Purchase,  The 6  2064 

Lounger,  The 6  2143 

,  The,  edited  by  Mackenzie 7  2781 

Love 

Addison  on 10  3949 

Burke  on  its  physical  cause 2  737 

Burroughs  on  love  as  the  measure  of 

life 2  765 

Erasmus  on 10  3965 

Coleridge  on  love  poetry 3  1073 

Contagious  influence  of  (Cobbe) 3  1059 

in  its  fullness  ( Henry  Ward  Beecher).10  3954 

Margaret  of  Navarre  on 10  3982 

Mother    love    and    children    (Johann 

Gottfried  von  Herder) 10  3971 

Platonic  love  among  the  Arabs 2  779 

Statue    of    love    in    the    academy     at 

Athens 1  274 

Sufferance  as  a  cause  of 5  1676 

The  religion  of  (William  Hazlitt) 10  3971 

The  test  of  (Sir  Walter  Raleigh) 10  3989 

Thomas  Fuller  on 10  3967 

and  evolution,  Grant  Allen  on 1  142 

and  marriage,  by  Richter 8  3250 

" and  Self, "  by  Herder 6     2184-5 

after  marriage,  Budgell  on 2  688 

charms,  by  Washington  Irving 6  2316 

songs,   Modern   Greek   (Michael  Con- 

stantinides) 10  3960 

"Loving  and  Singing,"  by  James  Russell 

Lowell 7  2673 

Lowell,  James  Russell 

Biography 7  2657 

Essays: 

The  Pious  Editor's  Creed 7  2659 

On    Paradisaical     Fashions    for 

Women 7  2665 

Some  Advantages  of  Poverty 7  2666 

Lamb's  Good  Nature 7  2670 

Prophets  of  the  New  Dispensation   7  2670 

Loving  and  Singing 7  2673 

Poetry  and  Religion 7  2675 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Truth's  Brave  Simplicity 10  3980 

The  chief  duty  of  a  nation  (quoted) ....    5  1789 
Low  minded  and  the  honorable,  The  (Xen- 

ophon) 10  4004 

Lubbock,  Sir  John 

Biography 7  2677 

Essays: 

A  Song  of  Books 7  2678 

The  Happiness  of  Duty 7  2684 

Lucan 

Montaigne  on  his  style 8  2940 

On  eloquence  (quoted) 5  1695 

On  Roman  corruption 1  288 

On  wearing  emeralds 8  2978 

Quoted    by    Sir    Thomas   Browne,   on 

delusions 2  575 

'<  Victurosque  Dei  celant  " 2  612 

Lucian 

Biography 7  2687 

Essay: 

That    Bibliomaniacs   Should   Read 

Their  Own  Books 7  2687 

Luck 

A  reality  in  human  affairs 3  1085 

and  duty,  Epictetus  on 1  256 

Lucretius 

On  the  pleasures  of  superiority,  quoted 

by  Bacon 1  363 

On  viewing  another's  labor  (quoted)..  3  1100 


4i5° 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Lullaby  of  an  Afghan  mother 4     1255 

Luther,  Martin 

Biography 7     2690 

Essay: 

That     Unnecessary    Ignorance    Is 

Criminal 7    2690 

Speaks  to  the  Diet  of  "Worms 2      702 

Enters  "Worms  (April  i6th,  1521) 2      701 

Luxury  of  Roman  decadence,  by  Marcel- 

linus 7     2820 

«  Lyars, "  Montaigne  on 8    2965 

Lycurgus  encourages  marriage 1        29 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles 

Biography 7     2695 

Essay: 

The  Great  Earthquake  of  Lisbon..    7    2695 

On  geology  cited  by  Darwin 4     1268 

Lying 

Political  lying  as  an  art 9    3641 

as  a  fine  art,  W.  G.  Clark  on 3    1036 

Lyly,  John 

Biography 7     2698 

Essays: 

A     Cooling     Card     for     All    Fond 

Lovers 7    2698 

How   the    Life    of  a  Young  Man 

Should  Be  Led 7    2700 

Lyric  poets 

(See  Poets  and  Poetry.) 

Horace  and  Heine  compared 6    2153 

Lyttelton,  Lord 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Addison  and  Swift  in  Hades 10     3980 

Lytton,    Edward    George    Earle    Lytton 
Bulwer,  Lord 

Biography 7     2702 

Essays: 

The  Sanguine  Temperament 7    2702 

Some  Observations  on  Shy  People.    7     2706 

Readers  and  Writers 7     2708 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Reputation  for  Small  Perfections . .  10    3980 


M 


McCarthy,  Justin 

Biography 7  2711 

Essay: 

The  Last  of  the  Napoleons 7  2711 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron 

Biography 7  2717 

Essays: 

John    Bunyan   and  the  «  Pilgrim's 

Progress  » 7  2719 

The  Impeachment  of  Warren  Hast- 
ings   7  2731 

Samuel  Johnson  in  Grub  Street. ...  7  2740 

Addison  and  His  Friends 7  2746 

Milton  and  Dante 7  2750 

The  Genius  of  Mirabeau 7  2754 

History  as  an  Evolution 7  2755 

Montgomery's  Satan 7  2760 

On  Gladstone's  "  Church  and  State"  7  2763 

Machiavelli 7  2771 

Baconian     and     Platonic    philosophy 

compared 1  310 

Criticized  by  Gladstone 5  1906 

His  controversy  with  Croker 3  1193 

Lubbock  on  his  habits  as  a  reader 7  2681 

Macbeth 

Caine  on 2  808 

De  Quincey  on 4  1302 


Machiavelli,  Niccolo  vol.  page 

Biography 7     2775 

Essays: 

Whether  Princes  Ought  to  Be  Faith- 
ful to  Their  Engagements 7    2776 

How  Far  Fortune    Influences    the 
Things  of  This  World,  and  How 

Far  She  May  Be  Resisted 7    2778 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Laws  and  Manners 10    3980 

Religion  and  Government 10    3980 

Liberty    Necessary   for   Good    Or- 
der  10    3980 

Macaulay  on  his  life  and  work 7     2771 

On  nature  and  custom  (Bacon) 1      348 

Mackenzie,  Henry 

Biography 7     2781 

Essay: 

An  Old  Countryhouse  and  an  Old 

Lady 7     2781 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James 

Biography 7     2785 

Essay: 

On  the  Genius  of  Bacon 7     2785 

His  reply  to  Burke  on  the  French  Revo- 
lution      7    2785 

Macleod,    Norman,  an    epitaph  in    Holy- 
rood  9    3440 

Macpherson,  James 

De  Quince}'  on  his  «  Ossian  » 4    1348 

The  Ossianic  legend 7    2492 

Macrobius  quoted 8     2951 

Madison,  James 

Biography 7    2794 

Essay  : 

General  View  of  the  Powers  Pro- 
posed to  be  Vested  in  the  Union.    7     2794 

Madness,  De  Quincey  on 4    1339 

Magellan  circumnavigates  the  world 4     1464 

Magic  in  the  Middle  Ages 8     3078 

Mahaffy,  John  P. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Future  of  Education 10    3980 

Mahomet 

Bacon  on  Mahomet  and  the  mountain   1      330 

Carlyle  on  Mahomet  as  a  prophet 3      865 

"  Maid  of  the  Black   Locks  "  by   Moham- 

madji 4    1253 

Maine 

Longfellow  born  at  Portland 7    2605 

,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

Biography 7     2799 

Essay: 

The  Law  of  Nations 7    2799 

Cited  by  Matthew  Arnold 1      231 

Professor  of  law  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge      7    2799 

Maison  Dorge,  The 1      161 

Making  the  best  of  it  (Richard  Cumber- 
land)   10    8963 

Malay,  The,  of  De  Quincey's  dream 4    1317 

Maldon,  The  battle  of,  in  Saxon  poetry. ...   7     2615 
Malebranche,  Nicolas 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Making  Sacrifices  for  Fashion 10    3981 

Quoted  by  Lecky 7    2516 

Malignity,  The  lighter  sort 1      332 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri 

Biography 7     2808 

Essay: 

Civilization  and  the  Earliest  Litera- 
ture     7    2803 


GENERAL    INDEX 


4I51 


Mallock,  William  Hurrell 

Celebrated  Passages:  vol.  page 

The  Object  of  Lif e 10     3981 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert 

Biography 7     2809 

Essay: 

Ratios  of  the  Increase  of   Popula- 
tion and  Food 7    2810 

A  curate  of  the  Church  of  England 7     2809 

Malthusian    Theory,  The,  and   Darwin's 

work 4     1259 

Mammon  and  Molock,  Ruskin  on 9     3315 

"  Marnmonism,»Carlyle  on 3      848 

Man 

Beast  and  angel  in    (Samuel  Taylor 

Coleridge) 10    3959 

Marcus  Aurelius  on 10    3951 

The  nobleman  does  noble  deeds 10     3969 

Who   is   the   wisest    man?      (Boileau- 

Despreaux) 10    3955 

as  a  condensed  gas  (Liebig) 7    2561 

makes  manners  (Sir  Richard  Steele)  .10    3997 

of  fashion,  Chesterfield  on  the 3      982 

who  fired  his  harvest,  The  (Sadi) 10    3991 

Mandeville,  Sir  John 

Biography 7     2816 

Essays: 

A  Mohammedan  on  Christian  Vices  7    2816 
The    Devil's   Head  in    the   Valley 

Perilous 7    2818 

His  reputation  for  veracity 7     2816 

Mendacity  of 3     1036 

Paradise  described  3    1011 

Manhood 

Channing  on  the  worth  of 3      950 

Incidents  of  (Josiah  Gilbert  Holland)  .10    3972 
Mann,  Horace 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Wealth  and  Generosity 10    3981 

The  Feudalism  of  English  Capital .  10    3981 
Manners 

Addison  on 10    3950 

Burleigh  on 2      756 

Chesterfield  on  manners  and  morals. .    3      983 

Emerson  on 4     1627 

In  tragedy,  Aristotle  on 1      206 

Machiavelli  on 10    3980 

Manufacturing  and  agriculture,  Comte  on   3     1130 
Marcellinus,  Animianus 

Biography 7     2820 

Essay: 

Luxury  of  Roman  Decadence 7     2820 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Apothegms  from  His  History 10    3981 

Margaret  of  Navarre 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Love  and  Jealousy 10    3982 

Her  «  Mirror  of  the  Sinful  Soul  »  trans- 
lated by  Queen  Elizabeth 4    1447 

«  Perfect  lovers  »  defined 4    1445 

"Marginalia,"    by  Edgar    Allan    Poe,  ex- 
tracted from 8    3161-7 

,  The,  of  Hartley  Coleridge 3     1069 

«  Margites  »  attributed  to  Homer  by  Aris- 
totle     1      193 

■  Marius  the  Epicurean,"  by  Walter  Pater, 

cited 8    3111 

Marlborough,  The  Duke  of 

His  objections  to  obscenity 6     2107 

Marmontel  cited  by  Mendelssohn 8     2876 

Marriage 

Ancient    German    marriages,    Tacitus 

on 10    3685 

An  impediment  to  great  enterprises. . .    1      320 


Marriage  —  Continued  vol.  page 

As     a    temporary    arrangement,     by 

Sarah  Grand 5     1981 

Franklin  on  early  marriages 5     1769 

Fuller  on 5     1826 

on  the  good  wife 5     1827 

Hamerton  on  women  and  marriage  ...    6    2056 
Herder   on   marriage    as    the    highest 

friendship 6     2184 

Jeremy  Taylor  on 10    3999 

I,ady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  on  mat- 
rimonial happiness 8    2933 

laws,  American,  Arnold  on 1      232 

Malthus  on  early  marriages 7    2811 

Massillon  on \q     3932 

Mrs.  Moulton  on 8    3038 

Overbury  on  a  good  wife 8    3087 

Purity  of  Saxon  marriages,  Taine  on.  .10    3712 

question  in  modern  fiction,   by  Miss 

Chapman,  reviewed 5     1981-4 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  on   second  mar- 
riages     2      637 

The  good  husband  ( Fuller) 5     1829 

The     heaven    or    hell    of    matrimony 

(Rabelais) 10    3988 

Marshall,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  Washington 10    3982 

Martel,  Charles 

Saved  Europe  from  the  Moors 4    1462 

Martial,  Montaigne  on  his  epigrams 8     2941 

Martin  Marprelate  Controversy,  The 7    2698 

Martineau,  Harriet 

Biography 7    2826 

Essay: 

Walter  Savage  Landor 7    2827 

Translation  of  Auguste  Comte 3    1131 

Martineau,  James 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Life  and  Immortality 10    3982 

Martyn,  Henry 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Father  of  Ten  Children. ...  10    3982 

Martyrdom,  Joan  of  Arc 8     2886 

Richter  on  sacrifices  for  truth 8    3263 

Marvell,  Andrew 

Compared  to  Butler 6    2271 

Smiles  on  his  incorruptibility 9    3445 

Marx,  Karl 

Biography 7     2831 

Essay: 

The  Buying  and  Selling  of  Labor- 
Power  7    2831 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots 

Montaigne  on , 8     2951 

Maryland 

Lanier's  residence  in  Baltimore 7    2497 

Massachusetts 

Bancroft  born  at  Worcester 1      389 

Bryant,  William  Cullen,  born  at  Cum- 

mington 2      659 

Biichner  on  old  maids  in  Boston 2      675 

Child,  Lydia  Maria,  born  at  Medford. .    3      991 

Concord  and  its  great  men 6    2110 

Dennie,  Joseph,  born  in  Boston 4    1298 

Dorchester,  birthplace  of  John  Lothrop 

Motley 8     3025 

Freetown,  birthplace  of  W.  R.  Alger. .    1      125 
Gloucester,   the   birthplace  of    Edwin 

Percy  Whipple 10    3893 

Haverhill,  birthplace  of  Whittier 10    3899 

Hawthorne,  born  at  Salem 6    2110 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  a  native  of . . .    6     2201 
Ingalls,  John  James,  born  at  Middle- 
ton 6     2291 


4*52 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Massachusetts  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Longfellow  at  Harvard 7  2605 

Lowell,  born  at  Cambridge 7  2658 

Thoreau,  born  at  Concord 10  8776 

Tuckerman,  born  in  Boston 10  8823 

Masses,  The 

Intellectual  food  for 1  241 

What    the    masses    can    do    (Wendell 

Phillips ) 10  8986 

Why  food  for  knives  and  powder 4  1633 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Marriage 10  3982 

Masterful  courage  (Richard  Salter  Storrs)  10  3997 

Materialism  —  Cobbe    on    materialism    of 

English  scientists 3  1056 

Mathematics 

Arabic  system  introduced  by  the  Sara- 
cens     4  1462 

Axioms,  their  nature 5  1709 

Bidder's  work  in  mental  arithmetic. . .    8  3198 

Colburn's  feats  in  mental  arithmetic. .    8  3199 

Decimal  arithmetic  invented 4  1465 

Herschel  on  the  love  of  numbers 6  2189 

Leibnitz  and  his  work 7  2528 

Logarithms  invented 4  1465 

Magic  numbers  of  Pythagoras 2  584 

Miracles  with  figures  by  Proctor 8  8196 

Nine  as  a  mvsterious  number 3  1077 

Ratios  of  Malthus 7  2815 

Regiomontanus  and  his  powers 8  3199 

Mather,  Cotton 

Celebrated  Passages: 

"  An  Army  of  Devils  Broke  Loose  "  10  3982 

,  Increase 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Bargains  with  the  Devil 10  3983 

Matrimonial    happiness    by    Lady    Mary 

Wortley  Montagu 8  2833 

Matter 

Compared  with  spirit  by  Hegel 6  2146 

The  circulation  of 2  758 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

Biography 7  2835 

Essay  : 

The  Friendship  of  Books 7  2835 

Professor  of  theology  at   King's    Col- 
lege      7  2835 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine 

Biography 7  2854 

Essay: 

The  Sea  and  Its  Sublime  Laws 7  2854 

"  Maxims,"  Francois  la  Rochefoucauld. . .  .10  3990 

Mazarin  Bible  as  the  first  book  printed. . .    6  2048 

Mazarin,  Cardinal,  confines  De  Retz 5  1972 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe 

Biography 8  2859 

Essav: 

On  the  French  Revolution 8  2860 

Mean  things  and    men's  "  way  »  ( Josiah 

Gilbert  Holland) 10  3972 

Measure  or  proportion  in  manners 4  1629 

Medical  Science 

Abercrombie  on  researches  in 1  8 

on  the  uncertainty  of  remedies. ...    1  11 

Balzac's  remarkable  symptoms 6  2241-4 

Brain  lesion  in  insanity 4  1339 

Browne,  author  of  "  Religio    Medici," 

a  physician 2  575 

Cheselden  on  cure  of  blindness 2  733 

Curacoa   as  a  substitute  for  cod  liver 

oil 6  2000 

Disease  germs  in  dust 8  3193 

Doctors  and  their  creeds 2  593 


Medical  Science — Continued  vol.  page 

Effect  of  opium  on  the  intellect 4  1313 

Galen  cited  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne 2  586 

Harvey   discovers    the    circulation    of 

the  blood 4  1465 

Healthiness  unconscious  of  itself 3  838 

Hippocrates  cited  by  Samuel  Johnson.    6  2392 

Hyperesthesia,  De  Quincey  on 4  1312 

Lombroso  on  the  pathology  of  genius.  7  2600 
Medicine    and    political     economy    as 

uncertain  sciences 1  H 

Memory  in  the  uneducated 3  1087 

Nervous  strain,  Bain  on 1  375 

Quack  medicines,  Goldsmith  on 6  1966 

Richeraud  on  failure  of  the  faculties. . .    2  546 

Spon  on  Campanella 2  723 

Stepkins's  operation  for  cataract,  Bayle 

on 2  539 

Mediocrity  and  increasing  power 2  682 

Meditation  on  a  broomstick,  by  Swift 9  3644 

«  Meditations,"  by  Descartes 4  1353 

Mediums  and  their  habits,  Tyndall  on. ...  10  3851 

Melancholy,  the  complexion  of  the  ass  ...    3  1070 

and  despair,  Cure  for 2  725 

Melibeus,  Chaucer's  tale  of 3  974 

Melmoth's  translation  from  Cicero 3  1012 

Melody 

and  meter  distinguished  by  Aristotle.    1  195 

and  rhythm  as  natural  qualities 1  193 

Heine  and  Horace  as  illustrations  of 

its  laws 6  2154 

Memoirs  of  Madame  de  Remusat 8  3219 

Memory 

Fenelon  on  its  wonders 5  1708 

Fuller  on  mind  and  memory 5  1834 

"  Memories    and     Portraits,"    by     Robert 

Louis  Stevenson,  extracted  from 9  3616-20 

Men,  common  and  uncommon,  by  Emer- 
son    4  1633 

Menander,  quoted  by  St.  Paul 5  1729 

Mencius 

Biography 8  2870 

Essay: 

Universal  Love 8  2870 

The  Most    Difficult  Thing  in  the 

World 8  2873 

Mendelssohn,  Moses 

Biography 8  2875 

Essays: 

The  Historical  Attitude  of  Judaism   8  2875 
Shakespeare   as  a   Master    of    the 

Sublime 8  2878 

Meng-Tse  ( See  Mencius.  ) 8  2870 

Mercantile  panics  (Ruskin) 9  3314 

Merchandizing  decreased  by  interest  rate.    1  352 

Mercury  in  ancient  Germany 10  3679 

Mercy,  «  Ouida  »  on  the  quality  of 8  3083 

Merit,  the  touchstone  of  (Fulke  Greville)  .10  3969 

Messalina  to  Silio 1  161 

Messiah,  The 

(See  Religion,  etc.) 

As  a  Savior  from  the  world 5  1737 

,  Jewish  idea  of 5  1737 

Metaphorical  language,  Aristotle  on 1  213 

Metastasio,  Pietro 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Death  and  Release 10  3983 

Secret  Grief 10  3983 

andAlfieri 9  3546 

Metempsychosis 

D' Israeli  on 4  1415 

Pythagorean  theory  of ...    2  607 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4153 


Meteorology                                               vol.  page 

Coleridge  on 3  1085 

Maury's  work  in  founding  societies. . .  7  2854 

Metrodorus  on  sorrow  and  pleasure 8  2957 

Metternich  as  a  good  liar 8  3222 

Mewlana  Dschelaleddin 

Rumi,  Persian  poet 1  130 

Mexican  War,  Lowell  on  the 7  2657 

Michael  Angelo 

and  the  Christian  ideal 7  2521 

as  the  Homer  of  painting 8  3237 

,  «  Last  Judgment  »  of 1  139 

Michelet,  Jules 

Biography 8  2881 

Essay: 

The  Death  of  Jeanne  D'Arc 8  2881 

Microbes,  Enierson  on  the  growth  of 4  1633 

Microcosmography  of  John  Earle 4  1504 

Middle  Ages,  The 

(See  History,  etc.) 

Alchemists  and  their  work 7  2554 

Anglo-Saxon  literature 7  2605 

Begin  with  sixth  century 5  1861 

Carlyle  on  their  virtues 3  844 

Formula  of  surrender  for  the  stake 8  2884 

Freytag  on  the  mediaeval  Devil 5  1798 

Lecky  on  their  superstition 7  2516 

Orsted  on  magic 8  3078 

Schoolmen,  The,  Bacon  on 1  335 

Thought  of,  influenced  by  Aristotle  ...  1  188 
Middle  Ages,  literature  of  the 

Cardan,  cited  by  Burton 2  786 

Gregorius  Tholsanus,  cited  by  Burton.  2  786 

«  Imitation  of  Christ,"  The 6  2428 

literature  of  chivalry,  condemned  by 

Ascham   1  269 

Minnesongs  of  Germany 6  2437 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw 
Celebrated  Passages: 

When  Virtue  Is  Odious 10  3983 

Might,  Abraham  Lincoln  on 10  3979 

Mih  the  philosopher,  quoted  by  Mencius. .  8  2872 

Military  oppression,  Montesquieu  on 2  480 

Mill,  John  Stuart 

Biography 8  2888 

Essay: 

On  Liberty 8  2888 

Mill's  theory  of  liberty  stated  by  Buckle. . .  2  680 

Miller  and  the  end  of  the  world 6  2119 

Milton,  John 

Biography 8  2902 

Essays  : 

The  Strongest  Thing  in  the  World.  8  2902 

On  His  Reading  in  Youth 8  2905 

On  Giving  Despots  a  Fair  Trial 8  2906 

Ragged  Notions  and  Babblements 

in  Education 8  2907 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Crime  of  Killing  Good  Books.  10  3983 

The  Whole  Art  of  Government. ...  10  3983 

and  Homer,  Addison  on 1  63 

and  Shakespeare,  Swinburne  on 9  3662 

compared  to  Dante,  by  Macaulay 7  2750 

His  devil,  an  English  aristocrat 3  1143 

His  genius  above  wit 1  35 

His  place  as  a  prose  writer 8  2902 

The  most  learned  of  English  poets 7  2843 

Milton's  family  life,  Farrar  on 5  1664 

Mimir's  Well  and  the  Norns 9  3635 

Mind  and  dignity  (Robert  Greene) 10  3969 

made    for     growth    (William    Ellery 

Channing 10  3958 

Sallust  on 10  3992 


VOL.  PAGE 

Mind  of  divine  original  (Quintilian) 10  3988 

your  own  business  (Herodotus) 10  3972 

«  Minna  von  Barnhelm  "  (Lessing)  cited  . .    7  2536 

Minnesongs  quoted  by  Kingsley 6  2437 

Mirabeau,  Macaulay  on  the  genius  of 7  2754 

Miracles 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  on 2  599 

The  age  of,  still  existent 3  845 

Miraculous    human    body,    The    (Edward 

Herbert 10  3971 

Mira  of  Peshawer,  Afghan  poet  quoted 4  1252 

His  «  Zakhme  »  translated 4  1252 

Mirror,  The 6  2143 

Mirza  SchafFy 

On  Persian  love  of  beauty 1  126 

Misanthropy    and    repentance,   by  Emile 

Souvestre 9  3497 

Misers  of  health  (Laurence  Sterne) 10  3997 

Misfortune,  Great  minds  in  (Washington 

Irving) 10  3973 

Missions  and  Missionaries 

Foster  on  missionary  devotion 5  1755 

Mendelssohn  on  proselyting 8  2876 

Missouri 

(<  Mark  Twain  »  born  at  Florida,  Mis- 
souri  10  3842 

St.  Joseph,   the  home    of    Richard  A. 

Proctor 8  3193 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant 

Biography 8  2910 

Essays: 

Spring 8  2910 

A  Reverie  of  Home 8  2912 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell 

Biography 8  2915 

Essay: 

The  Talking  Lady 8  2915 

Mivart,  St.  George 

Biography 8  2921 

Essay: 

Happiness  in  Hell 8  2922 

«  Mixed  Contemplations"  (Fuller) 5  1847 

Mockingbird,  Audubon  on  the 1  282 

Moderation  as  liberty 1  248 

Modern  Greece 

Constantinides  on  modern  Greek  mel- 
odies  10  3960 

Greek  literature 

Beccaria  translated  by  Constantinides. 10  3961 
improvements  («  Ouida  ») 8  3081 

Modesty 

and  ambition  Epicurus  on 5  1647 

and  assurance,  Budgell  on 2  694 

,  Bulweron 7  2708 

,  Richard  Baxter  on 10  3952 

Mohammedanism 

Miiller  on  Mohammed's  paradise   8  3046 

Mohammadji,  Afghan  poet 4  1253 

«  Maid  of  the  Black  Locks,"  by 4  1253 

Moliere    tests    his    comedies    on    an    old 

woman 1  42 

Moloch,  Sacrifices  to  (Earl  of  Rochester)..  10  3990 

Monboddo  and  Darwin's  theories 4  1258 

Money 

(See  Political  Economy,  Banks  and  Banking.) 

Franklin  on  how  to  make  it  plenty. ...    5  1781 

Hume   on   interest   rate  not  governed 

by  quantity  of 6  2267 

Hume  on  money  and  prices 6  2267 

Karl  Marx  on  money  and  labor  power   7  2832 


4154 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Money  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Money     begets     money      (Benjamin 

Franklin) 10  3967 

Montesquieu  on  credit  currency 8  2996 

The     money    question     (\V.     Stanley 

Jevons) 10  S974 

Monkeys,  Wallace  on  the  likeness  of,  to 

men 10  3872 

Monopolies 

An  ingrosser  of  corn,  by  Overbury  ....  8  3089 

and  corruption 1  346 

corporations 5  1765 

Henry  George  on  land  monopoly 10  3968 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 

Biography '..  8  2930 

Essays: 

In  Praise  of  Oriental  Life 8  2930 

On  Matrimonial  Happiness 8  2933 

On  Training  Young  Girls 8  2934 

Edward  Wortley 8  2930 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de 

Biography 8  2936 

Essays  : 

Of   Books 8  2937 

That  Men  Are  Not  to  Judge  of  Our 

Happiness  Till  After  Death 8  2950 

Of  Liberty  of  Conscience 8  2953 

That  We  Taste  Nothing  Pure 8  2957 

Of  Thumbs  and  Poltroons :  8  2959 

Of  the  Vanity  of  Words 8  2960 

That  the  Intention  Is  Judge  of  Our 

Actions 8  2963 

Of  Idleness 8  2964 

Of"  Lyars" 8  2965 

Of  Quick  or  Slow  Speech 8  2971 

That  the  Soul  Discharges  Her  Pas- 
sions upon  False  Objects  Where 

the  True  Are  Wanting 8  2973 

Of  the  Inequality  amongst  Us 8  2975 

Of  Glory  and  the  Love  of  Praise.  . .  8  2980 
Of  Presumption  and  Montaigne's 

Own  Modesty 8  2983 

Of  Friendship  and  Love 8  2986 

Of  Prayers  and  the  Justice  of  God.  8  2988 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Education  of  Children 10  3983 

The  Soul  Makes  Its  Own  Fortune.  10  3983 

Appearance  and  Habits  (Besant) 2  451 

As  a  master  of  digression 8  2936 

Besant  on  his  method 2  449 

Emerson  on  Montaigne,  the  skeptic. .  4  1631 

Halifax  on  Cotton's  translation 6  2131 

Hazlitt  on  his  greatest  merit, 6  2130 

Lecky  on  his  mental  disposition 7  2516 

Montesquieu 

Biography 8  2990 

Essays: 

Of  the  Liberties  and  Privileges  of 

European  Women 8  2991 

Relation  of  Laws   to  Different  Be- 
ings   8  2992 

Education    in  a  Republican    Gov- 
ernment   8  2994 

Conquests  Made  by  a  Republic. ...  8  2995 

Of  Public  Debts 8  2996 

A  Paradox  of  Mr.  Bayle 8  2997 

Sumptuary  Laws  in  a  Democracy.  8  2999 
Particular  Cause  of  the  Corruption 

of  the  People 8  3000 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Law  of  Nations 10  3983 

Bancroft  on  his  death 1  397 

Characterized  by  Beccaria 2  426 

Mazzini  on  his  influence 8  2863 

■ on  the  motive  for  study,  cited  by  Ar- 
nold    1  240 


VOL.  PAGE 

Montgomery,  James,  his  Satan  reviewed 

by  Macaulay 7  2760 

Montrose,  last  speech  of  the  Marquis  of. . .    1  393 

Monuments,  Rousseau  on  brains  as 10  3991 

Moorish  wars  in  Spain 10  3792 

Moore,  Thomas 

«  Go  where  glory  waits  thee  » 8  3204 

«  Lesbia  hath  a  beaming  eye  " 8  3206 

On  life  and>,duty,  quoted  by  Draper. . .    4  1471 
K  She  is  far  from  the  land  where  her 

young  hero  sleeps" 6  2323 

"The    rogueries  of    Tom    Moore,"  by 

«  Father  Prout  » 8  3202 

Moralizing  in  fiction,  by  Taine 10  3723 

"Morals,"  The,  of  Plutarch 8  3152 

Moravia 

Comenius  born  in 3  1122 

More,    Cresacre,   on   Sir   Thomas    More's 

last  hours 5  1667 

,  Hannah 

Biography 8  3001 

Essays: 

"  Moriana  » 

Accomplishments 8  3001 

Applause 8  3002 

Authors 8  3003 

The  Bible 8  3004 

Books 8  3005 

Calamities 8  3006 

Christianity 8  3007 

Duty 8  3008 

Education 8  3009 

,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography 8  3010 

Essay: 

Of  Their  Trades  and   Manner  of 

Life  in  Utopia 8  3010 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Those  Who  Most  Long  for  Change.  10  8984 

Decapitated  (1535) 8  3010 

His  parting  with  his  daughter 5  1667 

Margaret  Roper,  his  favorite  daughter   5  1666 

«  Moriana, »  by  Hannah  More 8  3001 

Morley,  John 

Biography 8  3015 

Essay: 

«  George  Eliot  »  and  Her  Times 8  3015 

On  Auguste  Comte 3  1129 

On  the  «  Poetics  »  of  Aristotle 1  188 

Moroseness,  Francis  Bacon  on 10  3951 

Morris,  William 

Biography 8  3021 

Essay: 

The  Beauty  of  Life 8  3021 

on  a  well-furnished  home 8  3021 

«  Morte  D'Arthur  »  condemned  by  Ascham   1  270 

Moses 

As  a  type  of  the  greatest  genius 6  2153 

Newman  on  his  authorities 8  3051 

Skilled  in  Egyptian  mysteries 2  605 

The  law  of  homicide  (Mosaic) 8  2904 

«  Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse  » 6  2121 

«  Mother  Earth"  (Pliny  the  Elder) 10  3987 

Mother  Goose 

As  an  educator 3  1078 

Latin  version  of  «  One  a  penny,  two  a 

penny » 4  1337 

Southey  on  Old  King  Cole 9  3492 

Motherhood,  De  Quincey  on   4  1346 

Motives  for  marriage,  by  Mrs.  Moulton. . .    8  3038 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4155 


Motley.  John  Lothrop  vol.  page 

Biography 8  3025 

Essay: 

William  the  Silent 8  3025 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler 

Biography 8  3034 

Essays; 

Young  Beaux  and  Old  Bachelors. . .  8  3034 

Motives  for  Marriage 8  3038 

Engagements 8  3041 

Mozart  and  Beethoven,  Amiel  on 1  171 

Miiller,  Johannes 6  2169 

Miiller,  Max 

Biography 8  3044 

Essays  : 

Language  Science  and  History 8  3044 

Women  in  Mohammed's  Paradise.  8  3046 

Editor  of  the  sacred  books  of  the  East.  3  1138 
On    faith    and    knowledge,  quoted  by 

Abercrombie 1  1 

Mulock,  Miss 

Amiel  on 1  169 

«  Multitude  of  Fools,  The"  ( Cervantes) ....  10  3958 

Munchausen  as  a  liar 3  1036 

Murder 

De  Quincey  on 4  1304 

Draper  on  wholesale  homicide 4  1464 

Murphy's     translations     of    Tacitus 

(credit) 10  3702 

Music 

A  necessary  element  of  poetry 6  2153 

Ambrosian  and  Gregorian  chants 2  495 

Amiel  on  Mozart  and  Beethoven 1  171 

Beethoven's  «  Fidelio's  »  hissed 7  2602 

Bird  songs  imitated 6  2438 

Blaserna's  theory   of  sound  in  relation 

to  music 2  491-7 

Boito's  «  Mefistof ele  » 7  2602 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  on  church  music  2  637 

Cassiodorus  on  the  harp 5  1905 

Chateaubriand  011  Christian  inspiration 

for  music 3  962 

Cunningham's  songs  of  Scotland 3  1206 

De  Ouincey's  opium  dream  of  music. .  4  1321 
Diogenes  on  music  and  the  minds  of 

musicians 5  1701 

Earle  on  church  choirs  and  their  hab- 
its    4  11515 

German  influence  felt  in  Italy 2  496 

Grandeur  of  Beethoven,  Amiel  on  .    . .  1  172 

Greek  melody 2  491 

Grieg  of  Copenhagen   7  2505 

Handel  as  a  giant  in 3  1207 

Harmonics  and  harmony 9  3481 

Harmony,  The  origin  of 2  496 

Hebrew  music 2  491 

*  Interlaced   singing  *    in   the    Middle 

Ages 2  497 

Isidore  on  harmony 5  1904 

Isochronous  vibration  as  music 9  3479 

Lanier  on  a  deck  hand's  whistling.  ...  7  2505 

Lombroso  on  Rossini 7  2601 

«  Man  and  Art,"  by  Wagner,  extracted 

from 10  3867-71 

Modern  music,  Fundamental  note  in. .  2  497 

Music  and  articulation 9  3487 

Musical   notation   invented  by   Guido 

d' Arezzo 2  495 

Organ  a  Christian  invention  (Chateau- 
briand)    3  963 

Palestrina's  influence 2  496 

Polyphonic  music  in  the  Middle  Ages.  2  495 

Primitive  music 2  491 

Purity  of  Mozart,  Amiel  on 1  172 

Pythagorean  scale,  The 2  494 


Music  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Refining  influence  of  music  (Adaman- 

tius  Corais) 10  3962 

Reformation  affects  music 2  496 

Richter  on,  quoted  by  Emerson 4  1614 

Scale  used  by  the  Greeks 2  492 

Scientific  aspects  of  pitch 9  3485 

Scottish  songs 2    464-76 

Smith,  Robert  Archibald,  Blackie  on. .    2  471 
Tasso,    Orlando,  and    Josquino,    com- 
posers     2  496 

Tolstoi  on  Brahms,  Strauss,  and  Wag- 
ner  10  3817 

Wagner's  life  and  work 10  3867 

«  Lohengrin;"  at  Milan 7  2602 

Wheatstone's  symphonion 9  3482 

Musical  Criticism,  Essays  in 

Amiel,    Henri    Frederic:    Mozart    and 

Beethoven 1  171 

Atterbury,  Francis:  Harmony  and  the 

passions 1  276 

Blaserna,  Pietro:   Music,  ancient  and 

modern 2  491 

Chateaubriand,    Francois     Ren6     Au- 
guste,  Viscount  de  :  Christianity  and 

music 3  962 

Earle,  John  :  On  church  choirs 4  1515 

Fuller,  Thomas :  Music  and  musicians.    5  1852 
Giraldus    Cambrensis :    On    the  bene- 
ficial effects  of  music 5  1902 

Musset,  Alfred  de  ( Besant) 2  448 

"  Mysteries  »  of  Greece 3  996 

« Mysteries  of  Udolpho,"  Talfourd  on 10  3734 

Mysticism.  Bohme  in 2  508 

Myth  and  history  (Grote)  5  2018 

Mythology 

Adam's  age  at  creation 2  609 

^Egir,  the  sea  demon 3  853 

Ahriman,  the  Persian  Satan 3  1143 

Antichrist  and  the  Devil 2  601 

Arabian  mythology  (  Keightley)  6  2425 

Balder  and  Hela 3  1146 

Beccaria  on  primitive  delusions 2  422 

Bifrost,  the  bridge  to  heaven 9  3634 

Black  cats,  Coleridge  on 3  1066 

Creation  and  destruction  of  the  world 

in  the  «  Eddas  » 10  3713 

Damayantis  and  the  gods 6  2159 

Deucalion's  flood  (Browne) 2  594 

Egyptian  myths  in  De  Quincey's  dream  4  1318 

Emerson  on  the  death  of  Odin 4  1636 

Freya  and  Friday  luck 3  940 

German  myths  and  the  Devil 5  1799 

Gibbon  on  Greek  myths 5  1898 

Gladsheim,  the  hall  of  the  gods 9  3634 

Herth  as  a  German  goddess 10  3697 

Legends  of  the  Devil,  Conway  on 3  1142 

Metempsychosis 4  1415 

Midas  and  Apollo 1  364 

Mimir's  Well  and  the  Norns 9  3635 

Norns,  The,  and  the  Urdar-fount 9  3637 

Odin's  wolves  and  ravens 9  3639 

Oriental  religions  by  Cust 3     1222-6 

Persian  myths  and  free  worship 3  994 

Poetry  and  myth,  Gibbon  on 5  1895 

Plutarch   on   the  cessation  of  oracles 

(cited) 2  600 

Pluto,  the  dignified  Greek  devil 3  1143 

Ragnar  Lodbrog  Saga 2  499 

Saturn  and  his  children 1  335 

Scandinavian  mythology  from  Sturle- 

son's  «  Edda  » 9  3630 

Sigurd  and  Fafnir 10  3714 

Tacitus  on  German  mythology 10  3675 

Valhalla  and  the  wild  huntsman 2  500 

roofed  with  shields 9  3631 


4i56 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Mythology  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Valhalla,  The  joys  of 9  3638 

«  Voluspa  »  quoted 9  3683 

Wieland  and  Wate 2  499 

Wodan  and  the  Wandering  Jew 2  498 

Worship  of  the  American  Indians 3  910 

Yggdrasill,  the  World  Ash 9  3635 


N 

Naples 

Essay  on,  by  Evelyn 5  1654 

J.  T.Headley  on 10  3971 

Napoleon  Bonaparte 

Carlyle  on  Napoleon  and  Goethe 3  847 

Confesses  his  own  baseness 8  3223 

Death  of,  Bancroft  on 1  392 

Heine  on  his  eyes 6  2159 

His  conduct  at  Waterloo,  Creasy  on. . .    3  1189 

on  Metternich  as  a  good  liar 8  3222 

Naseby,  Battle  of 5  2005 

«  Nathan  the  Wise, »  by  Lessing 7  2536 

National  debts,  war,  and  taxation,  Paine 

on 8  3099 

Nations 

As  mobs,  Emerson  on 4  1587 

Improved  by  sufferings  (Dionysius  of 

Halicarnassus) 10  3964 

The  law  of  (Baron  de  Montesquieu)...  .10  3983 

Natural  History 

Burroughs  as  a  student  of  nature 2  763 

Butterfly,  Burroughs  on  birth  of 2  772 

Evelyn  on  the  seed  of  trees 5  1663 

Goldsmith  on  the  sagacity  of  insects. .  5  1937 

Huxley  on  the  opossum 6  2287 

Jefferies  as  an  observer  of  nature 6  2352 

Kingsley  on  bird  life 6  2434 

Lubbock's  work  as  a  naturalist 7  2677 

Mandeville  on  the  Caquisseitan 3  1037 

Orioles  and  grapes 2  775 

Woodpeckers,  Habits  of 2  774 

law,  Grotius  on 5  2025 

rights  as  a  figment,  Matthew  Arnold 

on 1  232 

selection ,  Darwin's  theory  of 4  1260 

Nature 

A  hieroglyphic  (Thomas  Starr  King). .10  3975 

and  love,  Emerson  on 4  1612 

,  Bacon  on  human 1  346 

Evidence  of  God 1  26 

Sidney  Colvin  on 10  3959 

Sterne  on  eloquence  and  nature 10  3997 

The  beauty  of  ( Timothy  Dwight) 10  3964 

The  might  of  ( Pliny  the  Elder) 10  3987 

The  sublimity  of  (Stephen  Elliott) ....  10  3965 

Thoreau  at  Walden 10  3777 

Nausicaa  in  the  «  Odyssey  " 6  2343 

Nautilus,  resemblance  of  its  shells  to  be- 

leinuites 6  2285 

Neal,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Poetry  and  Power 10  3984 

Necessities,  The  six  great 2  545 

Necessity,  and  destiny.  Aurelius  on 1  294 

The  divine  law  of 4  1586 

Necker,  Madame,  and  Gibbon 5  1889 

Neele's  "Romance  of  History,"  reviewed 

by  Macaulay 7     2755-60 

Negotiating,  Bacon  on 1  336 

Neo  Latin  Literature 

Bourne's  «  Epitaphium  in  Canem  »  . . . .    7  2456 

Landor  as  a  Latiuist 7  2485 

8  Lesbia  semper  hinc  et  inde  " 8  3206 


Nepos,  Cornelius 

Celebrated  Passages :  VOL.  page 

On  Ruling  by  Force 10    3984 

Nero's  murder  of  Partus 9    3573 

New  England 

Coleridge  on   New   England  «  Protec- 
tion » 3  1091 

Emerson  on  New  England  character.. "4  1576 

Indian  summer  in  (Joseph  Story) 10  3997 

Roger  Williams  arrives  ( 1630) 5  2008 

The   Sabbath   in   (Catherine   M.  Sedg- 
wick)  10  3992 

Transcendentalists  and  Come  Outers. .   4  1536 

Whittier  on  the  Yankee  Zincali 10  3899 

weather,  «  Mark  Twain  »on 10  3843 

New  Hampshire 

Charles  Anderson  Dana  born  at  Hins- 
dale     3    1227 

Horace  Greeley,  a  native  of 5     1985 

New  Jersey 

Fenimore  Cooper  born  at  Burlington. .    3    1148 
Newman,  Cardinal 

Biography 8    3049 

Essay: 

Inspiration  and  Higher   Criticism.    8     3049 
Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Vita  Militia  » 10    3984 

On  economies  in  stating   facts 8    2925 

News  forging,  Theophrastus  on 10    3760 

Newspapers 

(See  Journalism.) 
Brewer,  David  J.  on  newspaper  editori- 
als as  essays 1     xiv 

Castelar  on  the  newspaper  as  a  work 

of  art 3      901 

and     their     influence      by     Horace 

Greeley 5     1985 

Pictures  in  newspapers 3    1101 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac 

His  forgetfulness 7  2600 

Parker  on  his  «  Principia  » 3  1055 

«  New  Year's  Eve,"  by  Charles  Lamb 7  2467 

New  York 

Charles  Anderson  Dana  in  New  York 

journalism 3    1227 

Curtis  on  society  in 3    1216 

Fenimore  Cooper  a  citizen  of 3     1148 

Henry  Ward  Beecher   dies  at   Brook- 
lyn     2      430 

Irving's  birth  and  education 6     2301 

Jay,  governor  from  1795  to  1801 6    2337 

Otisco,    birthplace  of    Willis    Gaylord 

Clark 3    1036 

Roxbury,  birthplace  of  John  Burroughs   2      763 

«  Nibelungenlied,"  The,  quoted 10    3714 

Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg 

Biography 8     3053 

Essay: 

The    Importance    of  Roman    His- 
tory      8    3053 

«  Night  in  the  City, »  by  Goldsmith 5    1974 

«  Night    Thoughts  »      and     «  Satires  »     of 

Young  criticized  by  Pope 5     1970 

Nihilism,  Godwin's  radicalism 5     1911 

Nineteenth  Century,  The 

Its  critical  style 5     1670 

The  spirit  of  (George  Rawlinsoo) 10    3989 

Nizami 

Biography 8    3056 

Essays ; 

On  Truth 8    3056 

On  the  Pride  of  Wealth 8    3057 

Nobility 

Alfred  the  Great  on 10    3950 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4157 


Nobility  and  long  descent  VOL.  page 

Dante  on 4  1244 

of  character  defined 4  1236 

The  true  rule  of  public  policy  (Francis 

Guicciardini ) 10  3970 

Noble  friendship  ( William  Winter) 10  4004 

Normans  and  beards 1  102 

Noras,  The,  and  Urdar- Fount 9  3637 

Norris,  translation  from  Horace 1  23 

Norsemen  and  Normans 

Their  love  of  homicide 4  1636 

Northern  antiquities,  Mallet  on 7  2803 

Norton,  Andrews 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Van  Readers  of  Humanity 10  3984 

Norton,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Meaning  of  Justice 10  3984 

Norway 

Olaf  and  the  poets 7  2806 

Noserings,  D'Israeli  on 4  1412 

Notes  on  Virginia  by  Jefferson 6  2354 

Nott  on  Chaucer's  versification 6  2053 

Nouvelle     Revue     founded     by    Madame 

Adam 1  13 

•  Novalis  »  (Friedrich  von  Hardenberg) 

Biography 8  3000 

Essays: 

The  Holy  Mystery  of  Night 8  3060 

Sleep 8  3062 

Eternity 8  3062 

The  Transports  of  Death 8  3063 

Star  Dust 8  3065 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Things  too  Delicate  to  Be  Thought.  10  3985 

His  «  Hymns  to  the  Night  » 8  3060 

Novels 

(See  Fiction.) 

Hall  Caine  and  his  works 2  806 

Price  of  (Besant) 2  448 

«  Novum  Organum, "  Inspiration  of 1  309 

Its  central  thought 1  365 

Numidia,  St.  Augustine  a  native  of 1  286 

"  Nunc  Dimittis  "  called  the  sweetest  canti- 
cle     1  314 

Nuremberg 

The   town    of    (Charles    Godfrey    Ice- 
land)  10  3978 

Nursery  rhymes  of  the  Afghans 4  1256 


o 


Oaths,  Epictetus  against 1  256 

«  Obiter  Dieter,  >»  by  Birrell 2  454 

Obligation  and  right 

Burlamaqui  on 2  749 

Obscenity,  Theophrastus  on 10  3763 

Observation 

Burroughs  on 2  767 

Dependent  on  thought 2  775 

Observer,  the,  Cumberland  in 3  1198 

Obstinacy,  «  A  Horrible  Infirmity  » 4  1249 

Oceana,  The,  of  Harrington 6  2077 

Ockley,  Simon,  Oriental  studies  of 4  1401 

«  Oddities  of  Odd  People,"  by  Dinah  Mu- 

lock  Craik 3  1176 

Odin's  wolves  and  ravens 9  3639 

<(  Odyssey,"  the,  Aristotle  on  its  method. . .  1  199 

CEdipus  and  the  sphynx 5  1691 


Oehlenschlager,  Adam  Gottlob 

Celebrated  Passages:  vol.  page 

Children's  Play  and  Art 10  3985 

Ofellus,  Contempt  of,  for  cities 3  928 

Officiousness,  Theophrastus  on 10  3765 

Ohio 

James  A.  Garfield's  apothegms 10  3968 

Olaf  and  the  poets 7  2806 

Olaus  Magnus 

On  spring,  cited  by  Kingsley 6  2434 

Old  age,  Brillat-Savarin  on 2  547 

"Old  Mortality,"  by  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son     9  3612 

Oligarchies,  Theophrastus  on 10  3773 

Oligarchy  in  England 5  1954 

Omar   Khayyam,  Fitzgerald's  translation 

referred  to 1  125 

,  the  son  of  Hassan  (Johnson) 6  2384 

Omens  among  the  ancient,  Arrian  on 1  249 

'<  One  Hoss  Shay, »  by  Holmes 6  2201 

«  Only  a  Novel  »  (Jane  Austen) 10  3951 

Openness  of  action,  Epictetus  on 1  258 

Ophelia,  Poor  Ophelia,  by  Mrs.  Jameson. .    6  2330 

Opinion  and  coercion,  Jefferson  on 6  2357 

Opinion  defined  by  Kant 6  2415 

Opinions,  Effect  of,  011  impure  men 4  1579 

Opium 

Coleridge  an  eater  of 3  1082 

Its  effect  on  the  intellect 4  1313 

Opossum,  Huxley  on  the 6  2287 

Opportunities  for  education  universal 5  1683 

Opportunity,    Rabelais    on    opportunity's 

forelock 10  3988 

Oppression 

Against  pardoning  oppressors  (Sadi)..10  3992 

Bentham  on 2  435 

William  Pinkney  on 10  39S6 

under  the  sun  by  Ruskin 9  3313 

Orang-outang  compared  to  man 10  3872 

Oratory 

Christ  as  a  public  speaker 5  1694 

Compared  to  poetry 5  1678 

Danton's  eloquence 2  555 

Demosthenes  and  Cicero  compared  by 

Eonginus 7  2651 

Demosthenes  on  the  chief  part  of 1  329 

«  Dialogues  on  Eloquence,"  by  Fenelon 

(cited)   5  1699 

Diogenes  on  orators  and  oratory 5  1701 

Indian  eloquence  (Jared  Sparks) 10  3996 

Longinus  on  eloquence 7  2651 

Eucan  on  eloquence 5  1695 

Macaulay  on  English  orators 7  2734 

Montaigne  on  eloquence 8  2960 

Pascal  on  eloquence 8  3107 

Preaching  good  and  bad  (Felltham) ...    5  1693 
Pulpit  eloquence,  by  .Sidney  Smith. ...    9  3477 
Quintilian  on  the  advantages  of  read- 
ing history  and  speeches 8  3214 

Saint  Paul's  eloquence 5  1694 

Seneca  on  good  oratory,  quoted 5  1694 

When  most  powerful 5  1693 

«  O'Rell,  Max  »  (Paul  Blouet) 

Biography 8  3070 

Essays: 

John  Bull  and  His  Moral  Motives. .    8  3070 

Degradation  in  Eondon   8  3072 

Orestes  and  Hamlet 6  2335 

Orford,  Eord  (Walpole,  Horace) 

De  Quincey  on 4  1349 

«  Oriental  Essays, »  by  Cust 3  1222 

life 

Eady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  on 8  2930 


4158 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Oriental  literature                               vol.  page 
Darrnesteter  on  love  songs  of  the  Af- 
ghans     4  1251 

Lullaby  of  an  Afghan  mother 4  1255 

The  «  Maid  of  the  Black  Locks, »  by  Mo- 

hammadji 4  1253 

The  «  Zakhme  "  of  Mira,  translated  ...    4  1252 

—  religions,  Cust  on 3  1222 

Origen 

On  the  salvation  of  the  damned 2  580 

Ormulurn,  The 4  1570 

«  Ornithological  Biography,"  by  Audubon   1  284-5 
Ornithology 

Burroughs  on  the  study  of  nature 2  769 

Orosius  translated  by  Alfred 7  2618 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian 

Biography 8  3076 

Essay: 

Are  Men  Growing  Better? 8  3076 

Ossian,  Lang  on  Macpherson  as  a  forger. .    7  2492 
Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Free  Play  for  Woman's  Activities.  .10  3985 

How  to  Find  the  Right  Friends. ...  10  3985 

Ostentation,  Theophrastus  on 10  3771 

Othello,  Caine  on 2  810 

Otis,  James 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Question  of  Permanent  Interest.  10  3985 

and  individual  sovereignty 6  2062 

"  Ouida  "  (Louise  de  la  Rarnee) 

Biography 8  3081 

Essays: 

The  Ugliness  of  Modern  Life 8  3081 

The  Quality  of  Mercy 8  3083 

"Our    Best    Society,"  by  George   William 

Curtis 3  1212 

•Ourselves  and  Our  Neighbors,"  by  Mrs. 

Moulton 8  3034 

«  Our  Village, »  by  Maty  Russell  Mitf ord .    8    2915-2() 
*  Outre-Mer, "    by    Longfellow,    extracted 

from 7     2619-24 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas 

Biography 8  3087 

Essays: 

A  Good  Wife 8  3087 

A  Usurer 8  3088 

An  Ingrosser  of  Corn 8  3089 

The  Tinker 8  3090 

The  Fair  and  Happy  Milkmaid 8  3091 

A  Franklin 8  3092 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Wit  and  Judgment 10  3985 

Overrighteousness,  Bacon  on 1  331 

Ovid 

"Art  of  Love, "  quoted  by  Addison 1  27 

Compared  to  Virgil  by  Dryden 1  37 

On  himself  in  love,  quoted 2  719 

On  Lesbia's  shoulders 7  2542 

"  Quid  Meruistis,  Oves,"  quoted 8  3176 

Oxenham  on  damnation 8  2923 


Paetius  and  Arria,  by  Steele 9    3573 

Paget,  Sir  James 

On  science,  quoted 3     1059 

Pain 

Fichte  on  its  nature 5     1714 

Fogazzaro  on  its  scientific  meaning. . .  5  1748 
Paine,  Thomas 

Biography 8    3094 


Paine,  Thomas  —  Continued 

Essay:  vol.  page 

The  Rights  of  Man 8  3094 

«  Pains  of  Opium,"  by  De  Quincey 4  1301 

«  Painters,  Lives  of  the,"  by  Cunningham.    3  1211 
Painting 

Compared  with  poetry  (Lessing) 7  2541 

Emerson  on  painting  and  sculpture. .  .    4  1602 

Tintoretto  and  his  work 9  3667 

Palaeontology,  Huxley  on 6  2284 

Palamedes  and  Ulysses 5  1691 

Palestrina:  his  influence  on  music 2  496 

Pansetius:  his  "  Offices  »  imitated  by  Cicero  5  1881 
Panics 

Carlyle  on 3  849 

Ruskin  on 9  3314 

Paper  invented 4  1462 

Parables  by  Schopenhauer 9  3375 

Paracelsus 

On  astrology,  cited 2  602 

Paradise 

Described  by  Mandeville 3  1041 

In  the  Pig's  Catechism 3  885 

Miiller  on  Mohammed's  paradise 8  3046 

,  The  seat  of 6  2254 

Paranomasia 1  31 

Parental  duty,  Greeley  on 5  1987 

Parents,  Duty  of,  in  education 1  265 

Paris,  Amicis  on 1  157 

Parker,  Theodore 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  American  Idea 10  3985 

Parliament  of  England 

Delolme  on  publicity  in 4  1295 

Parlor  poetry,  Harrison  on 6  2100 

"  Parlor  Poets  » 5  1976 

Parma  takes  Ghent 8  3028 

Parnell,  Thomas 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Taking  a  Man's  Measure 10  3985 

Parodies,  «  George  Eliot  "on 4  1558 

Parrott,  Henry, epigram  on  the  Welsh. ...    3  1095 

«  Parton's  Voltaire,"  Saintsbury  on 9  3336 

Pascal,  Blaise 

Biography 8  3101 

Essays: 

Vocations 8  3102 

Selfishness 8  3103 

Skepticism 8  3105 

Thoughts  on  Style 8  3106 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Against  Helping  God  by  the  Devil's 

Methods 10  3985 

The  Contradictious  of  Human  Na- 
ture  10  3985 

on  Milton's  selfishness 8  3103 

Passions  as  motive  power     ( Bernard  Le 

Bovier  de  Foutenelle ) 10  3967 

Passions  soothed  by  music 1     276-8 

Past,  Seneca  on  the  irrevocable 10  3993 

«  Paston  Letters, »  cited 8  3185 

Pater,  Walter 

Biography 8  3111 

Essay: 

The  Genius  of  Plato 8  3111 

Paternalism 

Mill  on  individual  liberty 8  2899 

in  government,  Spencer  against 9  3513 

Pathos  in  poetry  popular 1  238 

Patience 

Carlyle  on  waiting  the  issue 3  879 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4159 


Patience,  Epictetus  on 5    1643 

Eucius  Annaeus  Seneca  on 10   3993 

Patrick  and  Swift 4     1425 

Patriotism 

Heine  on ;  6    2157 

Joan  of  Arc  at  the  stake 8    2886 

Socrates  on  love  of  country 8     3132 

Steele  on  pa  trotism  and  public  spirit. .    9    3591 
Pattison,  Mark 

Birrell  on  his  library 2      459 

Paulding,  James  Kirke 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Character  of  John  Bull 10    3986 

Pauperism 

Eamb  on 7    2455 

O'Rell  on  London  poverty 8    3073 

Whittier  on  the  Yankee  Zincali 10    3899 

Pawnbrokers  in  London 8    3074 

Paying  for  the  whistle  (Franklin) 5    1782 

Peace  and  liberty 

Epicurus  on 5    1649 

and  progress  by  Condorcet 3     1133 

«  Of  All  God's  Gifts  the  Best  » 3      952 

congress  proposed  by  Henry  IV.   of 

France 8    3099 

Peacock,  Thomas  Eove  ( Besant ) 2      447 

Pedagogy    ( See  Education.  ) 

Burroughs  on  the  art  of  seeing  things.    2      764 
Comenius  on  the  science  of  teaching. .    3    1122 

Fenelon  on  the  nature  of  reason 5     1707 

Frobel's  philosophy  of  education 5     1802 

Method  in  the  arrangement  of  studies.    3     1127 
Object  teaching  as  a  method  of  Comen- 
ius      3     1122 

Pestalozzi  and  Frobel 5     1802 

The  theories  of  Pob6donostzeff 3      978 

Pedantry,  Garfield  on   5    1861 

Pedants,  Goethe's  definition  of 5    1933 

Peel,  Sir  Robert 

His  letter  to  Hood 10    3741 

On  free  trade,  quoted 9    3517 

«  Pendennis  » 

Taine  on 10    3718 

Penelope,  preferred  by  Ulysses  to  immor- 
tality     1      321 

Penn,  William 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Eternal  Law 10    3986 

His  relations  with  Eoeke 5     2011 

Pennsylvania 

Wilkesbarre,  birthplace  of  George  Cat- 

lia 3      906 

*■  Pensees  "  of  Pascal  quoted 8     3102-10 

Peregrinus  on  sin,  quoted 5     1880 

P6re  Eachaise,  Burial  of  Balzac  in 6     2244 

Perfection  as  an  activity,  Aquinas  on 1      178 

Periodical  Essayists 

Addison,  Joseph 1        17 

Bathurst,  Richard 1      399 

Berkeley,  George,  a  contributor  to  the 

Guardian 2      440 

Budgell,  Eustace  (Spectator) 2      685 

Carter,  Elizabeth,  in  the  Rambler 3      895 

Chapone,  Hester,   contributor    to    the 

Rambler  and  Adventurer 3      954 

Colman  and  Thornton 3     1105 

Cowper  in  the  Connoisseur 3     1171 

Cumberland,  Richard,  in  the  Observer.  3  1198 
Duncombe,  John,  in  the  Connoisseur. .  4  1499 
«  Father  Prout  "  in  Fraser's  Magazine.  8  3202 
Fielding  in  the  Covent  Garden  Journal   5     1724 

Gay,  John,  on  the  Guardian 5     1866-72 

Goldsmith  in  the  Bee  and  Citizen  of 
the  World 5    1937-67 


Periodical  Essayists  —  Continued       vol.  page 

Hazlitt's  criticism  of 6     2128 

Hamilton,    Alexander,   contributor    to 

the  Federalist 6     2062 

Hawkesworth,   John,    in    the    Adven- 
turer      e    2105 

Hughes,  John,  in  the  Spectator 6     2234 

Jay  in  the  Federalist 6    2337 

Johnson  in  the  Idler  and  Rambler 6     2383 

Eounger  and  Mirror,  Hazlitt  on 6     2143 

Eowell  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly 7     2658 

Mackenzie  in  the  Eounger 7     2781 

Madison  in  the  Federalist 7     2794 

Maurice    on    the    Spectator    and    the 

Guardian 7     2847 

Pope  in  the  Guardian 8    3169-78 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  in  the  Idler 8    3233 

Richardson  in  the  Rambler 8     3244 

Steele  in  the  Spectator,  Tatler,  Guar- 
dian, etc 9    3549 

Swift  in  the  Examiner 9    3641 

The  Earl  of  Cork  in  the  Connoisseur. .    3     1154 

Tickell  in  the  Guardian 10    3787 

Warton,   Joseph,    in    the   Adventurer 

and  Idler 10    3886-92 

World,  The,  and  Connoisseur 6     2142 

Peripatetic  school  founded  by  Aristotle. . .    1      189 

Perpetual  motion 4    1403 

Perrault 

His  objections  to  the  classics 5     1895 

Perseverance  (Eucius  Annseus  Seneca) 10    3993 

Persia 

Ahriman,  the  Persian  Satan 3    1143 

Allegories  and  metaphors  of  Persian 

poetry 1      127 

Eyrie  poetry  of  Persia,  Alger  on 1      125 

Mewlana    Dschelaleddin    Rumi,    the 

mystic 1      130 

Mirza  Schaff y  cited 1      126 

Religion  of  ancient  Persia 3      994 

Firdousi  as  an  epic  poet 1      126 

Sufi  poetry 1      ]  28 

«  Persian  Eetters  »  of  Montesquieu 8    2990 

"  Persian  Eetters, »  Hazlitt  on  the 6    2142 

Persian  Eiterature 

Eaila  and  Majnun,  cited  by  Nizami. . .    8     3056 

Nizarni  — ( Essays) 8    3056 

Sadi — (Celebrated  Passages) 10    3991 

Sir  William  Jones  translates  Nizami. .    8    3056 

Zend-Avesta,  The,  cited 5    1959 

Zoroaster  cited  by  Burton 2      786 

Persius 

On  the  art  of  Horace,  quoted 3      895 

Quoted  by  Addison 1        30 

■  Personal  Meditations  >'  of  Fuller 5     1846 

Perugino  and  classical  ideals 7    2521 

Pescara,The  Marchesa  di,  loved  by  Michael 

Angelo 4    1447 

Pessimism  —  Schopenhauer  on  the  vanity 

of  existence 9    3370 

Pestalozzi  and  Frobel 5     1802 

Peter  Plymley  Eetters 

Quoted  by  Birrell 2      455 

Petrarch 

Biography 8    3117 

Essay: 

Concerning   Good   and    Bad    For- 
tune      8    3118 

His  love  for  Eaura  pla tonic 8    3117 

Eeigh  Hunt  on  his  relations  to  Eaura. .    6     2273 

On  happiness  from  books 7     2678 

Romantic  love  and  Petrarch's  poetry. .    9    3436 
Zimmermann  on  his  love  of  solitude. .  10    3942 

Petty,  Sir  William,  on  population 7    2812 

K  Phaedo  »  of  Plato  extracted  from 8    3136 


4160 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 


1760 
276 


Phalansteries  of  Fourier,  The & 

Phalaris,  Controversy  over  the  epistles  of.    1 

Phelps,  Austin 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Final  Test  of  Success 10 

Phidias  at  Aspasia's  banquet 3 

Philip  of  Macedon,  Atheneeus  on 1 

rebuked  by  Diogenes 5 

Phillips,  Wendell 

Celebrated  Passages: 

What  the  Masses  Can  Do 10 

God  and  His  Man 10 

Revolutions 1° 

«  Philobiblon,"  The,  of  De  Bury 2 

Philology 

(See  LANGUAGE.) 

Aristophanes  as  a  rhymester 8     3163 

Caxton's  influence  on  the  English  lan- 


3986 
993 
273 

1702 


3986 

3986 

3986 

790 


guage 

Cicero's  influence  on  syntax o 

DTsraeli  on  the  Chinese  language 4 

Fundamental  laws  of  melody  in  lan- 


918 

998 

1413 


guage. 


6    2154 


1862 
2252 


8     3044 


Garfield  on  the  ancient  languages 5     1861 

beginnings  of  English. . .    » 

Humboldt  on  language 

Language  science  and  history,  by  Max 

Miiller ■. 

Laws    of    classical    verse    misappre- 
hended   

Legare  on  the  Greek  language 

London  slang 

Longfellow  on  Anglo-Saxon 

Middle    English    as    represented    by 

Mandeville 

Milton  on  learning  languages.  . 
Music  and  articulation 


8 
7 
8 
7 

7 
8 
9 


3118 
2526 
3075 
2600 


Pascal's  thoughts  on  languages 8 

Spanish  first  written  in  1200  A.  D 5 

Street  slang  of  Dublin. 


in  the  nine- 


of 


Sturleson  and  the  laws  of  melody 9 

Swift  against  bad  English 9 

Philosophical  elements  of  a  true  citizen,  by 

Hobbes,  quoted 6 

Philosophical  Essays 

Adam,  Madame  :  Woman 

teenth  century 

Addison,  Joseph  :  The  vision  of  Mirza 
Alcott     Amos    Bronson  :    The    age 
iron  and  bronze,  1:  117;   Sleep  and 

dreams 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas  :  What  is  hap- 

piness  ? 

Aristotle  :  The  dispositions  consequent 
on  wealth,  1:227;  The  dispositions  of 
men  in  power,  and  of  the  fortunate.    1 
Arnold,    Matthew:     « Sweetness     and 

light" •. ■■■    1 

Aurelius,  Marcus :  Meditations  on  the 

highest  usefulness -  ■  -    1 

Bagehot,   Walter:    The   natural   mind 

in  man ■■•■    ••         .. 

Beattie,  James:  An  essay  on  laughter  .    1 
Boethius,  Anicius  Manlius  Severinus: 

What  is  the  highest  happiness? 2 

Bosanquet,  Bernard :  The  true  concep- 

tion  of  another  world 2 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas:  Religio  Medici. .    2 
Browning,  Robert :  Shelley's  spiritual 

life ■. :    2 

Biichner,  Ludwig:  Woman's  brain  and  ^ 

rights 

Buckle,    Henry 
supreme  good 


2816 
2908 
3487 
3108 
1861 
1531 
3629 
3655 

2197-8 


13 
53 


122 


176 


Thomas:    Liberty    a 


228 
239 
291 

372 

413 

504 

517 
575 

646 

671 
678 


870 

934 

950 

1083 
1111 

1116 


3  1138 


4  1247 
4  1271 


4  1353 


4  1386 


4  1415 
4  1525 


4  1566 


Of 


Philosophical  Essays  —  Continued     vol.  page 
Carlyle,   Thomas:    Teufelsdrockh    on 

«  The  omnivorous  biped  in  breeches  >'   3 
Chalmers,    Thomas  :   The    miracle    of 

human  cruelty 3 

Channing,  William  Ellery  :  The  pres- 
ent age,  3  :947;  The  sense  of  beauty.    3 
Coleridge,   Samuel  Taylor :    Does   for- 
tune favor  fools  ? 3 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb  :  Lacon 3 

Combe,  George  :  How  peoples  are  pun- 
ished for  national  sins 3 

Confucius  :  «  The  Great  Learning,"  3  : 
1137;  "Wei  Ching  "—The  superior  man 
Dante,  Alighieri  :  Of  riches  and  their 
dangerous  increase,  4  :  1237;  That  de- 
sires are  celestial  or  infernal,  4  :  1241; 
That  long  descent  maketh  no  man 
noble,   4:1244;    Concerning    certain 

horrible  infirmities 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry:  A  vision  of  prog- 
ress  

Descartes,  Rene:     The    fifth    «  Medita- 
tion"—Of  the    essence   of  material 
things;  and,  again,  of  God  — that  h 

exists 

Diderot,  Denis:     Compassion  a 

the  survival  of  species 

DTsraeli,   Isaac:     Female    beauty  and 

ornament,  4:1411;  Metempsychosis. 

Earle,    John:    On  an  ordinary  honest 

fellow 

«  Eliot,  George  »  :    "A  Fine  Excess  •>  — 
Feeling    is    energy,  4: 1552;  «  Leaves 
from  a  Note-Book  » 
Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo:  Self-reliance, 
4:1619;    Compensation,    4:  1625; 
men,  common  and  uncommon. . . 
Epictetus:    Of    progress    or    improve- 
ment, 5  :  1640;  That  we  ought   not   to 
be  disturbed    by    any    news,    5:1643; 
What  is  the  condition   of  a   common 
kind  of  man  and  of  a  philosopher. 
Epicurus :  Of  modesty,  opposed  to  am- 
bition   

Fenelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la 
Mothe  :  Reason  the  same  in  all  men, 

of  all  ages  and  countries 

Fichte  Johann  Gottlieb:  The  blessed- 
ness of  true  life,  5:  1713;  The  glory 
and  beauty  of  the   supernatural,    £ 

1714;  The  destiny  of  man 

Fischer,  Kuno:     The  central  problem 

of  the  world's  life • 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio :  For  the  beauty  of 

an  ideal 

Fuller,  Thomas:  Of  memory 5 

Galton,  Francis :  The  mind  as  a  picture 
maker 

Gellius,  Aulns:  The  reply  of  Chrysip- 
pus  to  those  who  denied  a  Provi- 
dence, 5: 1874;  He  who  has  much  must 
necessarily  want  much,  5:1876;  The 
reason  Democritus  deprived  himself 
of  sio-ht,  5:1877;  On  the  abuses  of 
false  philosophy,  5:1878;  Sentiment 
of  the  philosopher  Pansetius. 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  :  His- 
tory'as  the  manifestation  of  spirit,  6: 
°146-  The  relation  of  individuals  to 
the 'world's  history,  6  :  2148;  Religion, 
art,  and  philosophy ■    6     2151 

Hobbes,    Thomas:     «  The    desire 
will  to  hurt,"    6:2197;     Brutality 
human  nature 

Hughes,  John:    The  wonderful 
of  excellent 


4     1633 


5     1644 


5     1647 


5    1706 


5    1718 


5 


1734 

1744 

1834 

1855 


5    1881 


and 
in 


6     2199 


nature 
minds 6 


2234 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4161 


Philosophical  Essays  —  Continued     vol. 

Hugo,  Victor :  A  retrospect 6 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von:  Man 6 

Hume,  David  :  Of  the  dignity  or  mean- 
ness of  human  nature 6 

Huxley,     Thomas     Henry:      On     the 

method  of  Zadig 6 

Jefferson,  Thomas :  Truth  and  tolera- 
tion against  error 6 

Kant,  Immanuel :  The  canon  of  pure 

reason 6 

La  Bruy6re,  Jean  de  :  On  the  character 

of  mankind 6 

Landor,  Walter  Savage:    The  pangs  of 

approaching  the  gods 7 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried   Wilhelm   von :  On 

the  ultimate  origin  of  things 7 

Liebig,  Justus  von :    Man  as    a    con- 
densed gas 7 

Locke,   John:  Of  the  conduct  of  the 
understanding,  7:  2582;  Of  ideas   in 

general,  and  their  original 7 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth :    The 

loom  of  life 7 

Longinus:  On  the  sublime 7 

Lowell,  James  Russell:  Some  advan- 
tages of  poverty 7 

Machiavelli,  Niccolo :  How  far  fortune 
influences  the  things  of  this  world, 
and  how  far  she  may  be  resisted. ...    7 
Mivart,  St.  George  :  Happiness  in  hell  8 
Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem   de:   That 
we  taste  nothing  pure,  8:  2957;  That 
the  soul  discharges  her  passions  upon 
false  objects  where  the  true  are  want- 
ing      8 

Montesquieu :   A  paradox  of  Mr.  Bayle   8 

«  Novalis  »  :  Star  dust "  . .    8 

Orsted,  Hans    Christian :    Are    men 

growing  better? 8 

Pater,  Walter:    The  genius  of  Plato. . .    8 
Plato :  Crito;—  «  Of  what  we  ought  to 
do,»  8  :  3123;  The  immortality  of  the 

soul    (See  Plato.) 8 

Plutarch:  Concerning  the  delay  of  the 

Deity,  8:3153;    Man 8 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan :   Imagination 8 

Richterjean  Paul  Friedrich  :  A  dream 

upon  the  universe 8 

Roland,  Madame:  Pensees 9 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques:  That  men  are 
born  free,  9:3277;  Nature  and  edu- 
cation     9 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich 

von:   Man  and  the  universe 9 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur:  The  vanity  of 

existence,  9:  3370;  Parables 9 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annsus:  On   anger. . .    9 
Taine,   Hippolyte  Adolphe:    Environ- 
ment and  character 10 

Thoreau,  Henry  David:   Higher  laws.  10 
Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore:   A  de- 
fense of  enthusiasm 10 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de : 

On  Lord  Bacon 10 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin:  On  the 
relation   of  the   agreeable   and   the 

beautiful  to  the  useful 10 

Xenophon:  Socrates'  dispute  with 
Aristippus  concerning  the  good  and 
beautiful,  10  :  3937;  In  what  manner 
Socrates  dissuaded  men  from  self- 
conceit    and  ostentation,    10:  3939; 

Several  apothegms  of  Socrates 10 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg  :  The  in- 
fluence of  solitude 10 

Philosopher's  Stone,  The 4:1403;  7 

X — 261 


PAGE 

2245 
2252 

2259 

2276 

2354 

2415 

2444 

2488 

2528 

2561 

2592 

2631 
2637 

2666 


2778 
2922 


2973 
2997 
3065 

3076 
Sill 


3138 

3159 
3163 

3253 
3270 


3279 

3349 

3375 
3403 

3704 

3777 

3823 
3859 

3006 


3940 

3942 
2554 


Philosophy  VOL.  PAGE 

(See  Ethics  and  Philosophy.) 

B6hme  on  the  supersensual  life 2      511 

Boethius'    "Consolations    of    Philoso- 
phy " 2    504-7 

Hermetic  philosophy  of  spirits 2      602 

Its  characteristics  defined 1      261 

Jean  Galbert  de  Campistron  on 10    3957 

"  Povera  e  nuda  " 6     2380 

The  sum  of  (Earl  of  Shaftesbury) 10    3994 

of  Government 

(See  Law,  etc.) 

Mazzini  on  Rousseau's  influence 8    2868 

Milton  on  despotism 8    2906 

Paine  on  the  rights  of  man 8    3094 

" History ,»  by  Hegel 6     2146 

«  Philothea, »  by  Lydia  Maria  Child 3      997 

Philip  de  Comines,  Montaigne's  criticism 

of  his  style 8    2949 

Phlipon,   Gratien,   father  of  Madame  Ro- 
land      9    3265 

Phocion 

Alexander  and  Phocion 9    3443 

His  refusal  of  Alexander's  bribe 5     1695 

Phonograph,    The,    prophesied    by    Mrs. 

Somerville ; . .    9    3437 

Photographic  ghosts,  by  Proctor 8    3194 

"Physical    Geography    of    the    Sea,"    by 

Maury 7    2854 

Physiognomy 

Beauty    of    countenance    a    result    of 

goodness 10  3785 

La vater  on  reading  character 7  2511 

Physiology 

(See  Medical  Science.) 

Automatism,  Carpenter  on 3  891 

Burke  on  cause  of  the  fear  of  dark- 
ness     2  734 

on  the  physical  cause  of  love 2  737 

Burritt  on  the  circulation  of  matter 2  758 

Coleridge's  theory  of  ghosts 3  1090 

De  Quincey  on  English  physiology 4  1340 

Goethe  on  the  physiology  of  suffering.    5  1923 

Helmholtz's  work  in 6  2164 

Hyperesthesia,  De  Quincey  on 4  1312 

Lombroso's  theories 7  2600 

Memory  in  the  uneducated 3  1087 

Miiller  on  modifications  of  type 6  2253 

Nervous  strain  of  thought  and  feeling.    1  375 

" of  Taste,  The, »  by  Brillat-Savarin . .    2    541-7 

Pain,  The  lesion  from 1      376 

Smallness,  The  sensation  of 2      743 

Sweetness,  Burke  on  the  nature  of . . . .    2      739 
The  mind  as  a  picture  maker  (Galton)   5    1855 

Picture  of  thought  ( Mark  Hopkins) 10    3973 

"  Pictures  of  German  Life,"  by  Freytag...    5     1801 

« of  the  Chase, »  by  Chalmers 3      936 

"  Pictures  of  Travel,"  by  Heine 6    2154-8 

Pigmies  told  of  by  Mandeville 3     1039 

Pig's  philosophy  (Carlyle) 3      885 

Pillory,  Defoe  in  the 4    1283 

Pindar 

On  love,  quoted  by  Athenseus 1      274 

Pines,  Voice  of  the  (John  Greenleaf  Whit- 
tier) 10    4003 

Pinkney,  William 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Oppression 10    3986 

Pins,  The  heads  of,  compared  to  English 

rulers 3     1076 

Planets  possibly  inhabited  (Ball) 1      381 


4162 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Plastic  Art 

(See  Art.)  vol. page 

Lessing  on 7    2538 

Schelling  on 9    3341 

Plato 

Biography 8    3122 

Essays: 

Crito :— "Of  What  We  Ought  to  Do8.   8    3123 

Socrates  Drinks  the  Hemlock 8    3136 

The  Immortality  of  the  Soul 8    3138 

Platonic  Analects 

Wisdom 8     3141 

The  Falsehoods  of  Sense 8    3141 

Heavenly  and  Earthly  Love. ..    8    3142 

Misanthropy 8     3143 

The  Effect  of  Love 8    3143 

The  Philosopher 8    3144 

Evil 8    3144 

God  and  Man 8    3144 

Heaven's  Perfect  Gift 8    3144 

Experience 8    3145 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Justice  and  the  Courts 10    3986 

Why  Men  Hate  Each  Other 10    3986 

« Fear    Not    Them    that    Kill    the 

Body  » 10    3986 

The  Cause  of  All  Quarrels 10    3986 

«  Return  Not  Evil  for  Evil  " 10    3986 

Truth  and  Sensuality 10    3986 

The  Life  after  Death 10    3986 

and  the  regiment  of  women 4    1445 

considered  as  a  man  of  fashion 2      549 

His  aristocratic  views,  cited  by  Cicero .    3    1017 

His  style  as  a  prose  poet 8    3123 

Longinus  on  his  eloquence 7    2652 

Philosophy  as  a  waste  of  time 5    1878 

Teacher  of  Aristotle 1      188 

The  genius  of  Plato,  by  Walter  Pater. .    8    3111 

Play  and  progress,  Schiller 9    3353 

Pleasures,  natural  and  sensual  (Berkeley)   2      441 
« of  Life,"  by  Sir  John  Lubbock,  ex- 
tracted from 7    2678-86 

Pleasures  of  the  eye  and  ear  ( Lord  Kames)  10    3975 

Pliability,  Tacitus  on 10    3998 

Pliny  the  Elder 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Concerning  Religion 10    3987 

'•Mother  Earth  » 10    3987 

The  Most  Savage  Animal 10    3987 

The  Might  of  Nature 10    3987 

His  death  at  Pompeii 8    3146 

Pliny  the  Younger 

Biography 8     3146 

Essays: 

The  Destruction  of  Pompeii 8    3146 

A  Roman  Fountain 8    3150 

Celebrated  Passages : 

Rectitude  in  Small  things 10    3987 

The  Highest  Virtue 10    3987 

Cited  by  Bacon 1      341 

Plums  between  poets 6    2160 

Plutarch 

Biography 8     3152 

Essay  : 

Concerning  the  Delay  of  the  Deity  8    3153 
Apothegms 

Homer  on  the  Methods  of  God.   8    3157 

Family  Heredity 8    3157 

The  Evil  Deeds  of  Parents 8    3157 

Nature,  Learning,    and  Train- 
ing     8    315/ 

Mothers  and  Children 8     3158 

Teachers  and  Their  Pupils 8    3158 

The  Eye  of  the  Master  Fattens 
the  Horse 8    3158 


Plutarch  —  Continued 

Apothegms —  Continued  vol.  page 

Garrulity 8  3158 

Man 8  3159 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

An  Evil  Habit  of  the  Soul 10  3987 

Our     Contempt    for    Those     Who 

Serve  Us 10  3987 

Principles  the  Soul  of  Political  Rec- 
titude  10  3987 

Written  Laws  Like  Spiders'  Webs .  10  3987 

His  versatility  as  a  writer 8  3152 

Montaigne  on  his  style 8  2943 

On  the  cessation  of  oracles,  cited 2  600 

Pluto,  the  most  dignified  devil 3  1143 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan 

Biography 8  3160 

Essays  : 

The  Pleasures  of  Rhyme 8  3161 

Imagination 8  3163 

The  Fate  of  the  Very  Greatest 8  3164 

The  Art  of  Conversing  Well 8  3164 

The  Genius  of  Shelley 8  3165 

Poetic  license,  Aristotle  on 1      216 

«  Poetics  "  of  Aristotle,  Morley  on 1      188 

Poets  and  Poetry 

(See  also  Literature.) 

Abbotsford  and  Grasmere 3  1054 

Adam  to  Eve  (Milton)  quoted 2  687 

Akenside's  «  Pleasures  of  the  Imagina- 
tion »  quoted 2  490 

Anacreon  on  his  mistress 7  2543 

Anglo-Saxon  glee-men 7  2610 

odes 7  2616 

Arnold,  Matthew,  as  a  lyric  poet 1     230-1 

on  the  real  Burns 1  233 

Aristotle  on  the  origin  of  poetry 1  192 

«  A  Southern  Night  » 1  304 

Beattie     on     Milton's    description    of 

death 1  416 

Bedouin  poetry,  Burton  on 2  782 

«  Bells  of  Shandon," by  «  Father  Prout  »   8  3209 

Blank  verse,  Its  origin 6  2053 

«Bothie      of      Tober-na-Vuolich,»     by 

Clough 3  1048 

Bowles  criticized  by  Byron 2  801 

Browning  as  a  writer  of  prose 2  646 

Bryant,  William   Cullen,  sublimity  of 

«  Thanatopsis  » 2  659 

Burton  on  Arab  poetry 2  777 

Butler  as  the  wittiest  English  poet 6  2269 

Byron's  «  Et  ceteras  » 2  800 

Camoens  dies  in  a  hospital 4  1398 

Campbell  and  his  works 2  814 

Castelar  on  the  genius  of  Byron 3  902 

Catullus  on  (< Acme  and  Septimus" 4  1418 

Cervantes  on  poets  and  historians 10  3958 

Chatterton's  biography  by  Campbell. .    2  814 

Confucius  on  the  book  of  poetry 3  1138 

Corneille  dies  without  food 4  1400 

Cotter's  «  Saturday  Night, »  Arnold  on .    1  234 

Cotton's  «  New  Year  » 7  2472 

Cowley  and  the  affected  style 3  1163 

Cowper's  life  and  works 3  1171 

Cunningham's  faculty  of  melody 3  1206 

Dante's  meaning  as  a  poet 4  1233 

seriousness 1  236 

Dobson's  "Proverbs  in  Porcelain,"  etc.    4  1420 

Drummond  visited  by  Ben  Jonson 4  1478 

Easy  poetry,  by  Sir  Joshua  Re3^nolds. .    8  3233 
"  Elegy  Written  in  a  Country  Church- 
yard," Goldsmith  on 5  1969 

El  Mutanabbi  cited 2  781 

Emerson  as  a  poet  and  preacher 4  1574 

English  poets  under  Henry  VIII 6  2050 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4163 


Poets  and  Poetry  —  Continued              vol.  page 

Felltham  on  poets  and  poetry 5     1678 

Fogazzaro  on  poetical  idealism 5     1747 

Gay  and  "  Black-Eyed  Susan  » 5    1866 

«  Go  where  glory  waits  thee  » 8    3204 

Goethe,  beginner  of  a  new  era 3      832 

Goldsmith  and  his  work 5  1936 

on  the  «  Poet's  Corner  » 5  1949 

Goldsmith's  «  Prefaces  » 5    1968 

Gosse  as  a  parlor  poet 5  1976 

Great  poets  long  lived 2  471 

Greatest  poets,  The 6  2099 

*  Had  we  never  loved  sae  kindly  » 1  236 

Hebrew  poetry,  Blair  on 2  483 

Herbert  on  the  Devil 3  1144 

Herder  on  primitive  poetry 6  2180 

Hood's  «  Bridge  of  Sighs  » 10  3738 

Horace  on  leaving  life  cheerfully 2  540 

In  memory  of  "  Obermann,"  by  Mat- 
thew Arnold 1  303 

Intellect  the  inspiration  of  poetry 3  863 

Jebb  on  the  epic 6  2342 

Jeremiah  and  Isaiah,  Genius  of 2  485 

Johnson  on  poets  and  poetry 6  2398 

«  Jolly  Beggars,"  The,  of  Burns 1  237 

Laberius  quoted 5  1877 

Lake  Poets  and  Hartley  Coleridge 3  1066 

Lanier's  genius  and  methods 7  2496 

I,aws    of    classical     verse     misappre- 
hended      8  3118 

*  Leeze  me  on  drink  !  it  gies  us  mair". .    1  234 

Lessing  as  a  poet 7  2536 

Longfellow  and  his  contemporaries. . .    7  2604 

Longinus  on  sublimity  in  poetry 7  2647 

Lowell  s  "Vision  of  Sir  Launfal,"  etc. .    7  2658 

Lullaby  of  an  Afghan  mother 4  1255 

Macaulay  on  Milton  and  Dante 7  2750 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  on  the  inspira- 
tion of  poets 10  3959 

Melancholy  as  an   inspiration   for  po- 
etry     3  1071 

Melody    and    metre    distinguished  by 

Aristotle 1  195 

Milton's  sonnet  to  Cyriac  .Skinner 3  946 

Minnesongs  quoted 6  2437 

Mira  of  Peshawer,  Afghan  poet 4  1252 

Montgomery's  Satan  reviewed  by  Ma- 
caulay      7  2760 

Mother  Goose  and  Milton 3  1078 

Mother  Goose  in  Latin 4  1337 

Neal  on  poetry 10  3984 

Odyssey,  Aristotle  on  the 1  199 

Old-English  poetry,  How  to  read 6  2427 

Painting    and    poetry    compared     by 

Lessing 7  2541 

Pascal  on  poetical  beauty 8  3109 

Pathos  in  poetry  popular 1  238 

Persius  on  the  art  of  Horace 3  895 

Poe  on  the  pleasures  of  rhyme 8  3161 

Poetry  as  a  form  of  religion 3  855 

called  «  Vinum  dsmonum  »  (Wine 

of  devils) 1  311 

disdained  ;in  a  commercial  age. ...    5  1766 

more   philosophical  than    history 

(Aristotle) 1  199 

not  read  in  England 2  449 

Poets    as    prophets     (James    Russell 

Lowell) 7  2670 

«  Poet's  Corner, '»  The 5  1949 

Poet's  province  defined  by  Aristotle. .    1  199 

Pope  on  how  to  make  an  epic  poem  ...    8  3169 

Religion  and  poetry,  by  Lowell 7  2675 

Rogers  on  easy  writing  (quoted) 3  1093 

Ronsard  —  Brunetiere  on  his  songs.  ...    2  654 

Rowley  poems,  The,  by  Chatterton 4  1347 

Sanskrit  verses  translated  by  Cust 3  1226 

Sappho  to  her  lover 7  2649 


Poets  and  Poetry  —  Continued              vol.  page 
Shakespeare   praised   and  blamed  by 

Ben  Jonson 6  2401 

Shelley  and  his  work 9  3419 

Shelley's  tendencies  Christian 2  646 

Skalds  and  their  work 7  2805 

Southey  as  poet  laureate 9  3488 

«  Stranger  from  the  Grand  Chartreuse  » 

(Arnold) 1  303 

Sturleson  and  the  «  Eddas  » 9  3629 

and  the  laws  of  melody 9  3629 

Symbolism  as  the  essence  of  poetical 

expression 3  1072 

Tacitus    on    bards    of    ancient    Ger- 
many   10  3676 

Taliessin  of  Wales 4  1416 

Taylor,  the  water  poet 9  3492 

Tarn  Glenn  and  the  "  Prometheus  Un- 
bound » 1  238 

« Tarn    o'    Shanter "  characterized    by 

Arnold 1  237 

Tennyson    compared    to    Lanier,    7  : 

2496;  Tennyson  and  Longfellow 7  2604 

Thackeray  on    the  death  of   Charles 

Buller  quoted 2  567 

Thackeray's  "Bouillabaisse  "quoted. . .    2  564 
■  The    Choir    Invisible, »    by    «  George 

Eliot, »  cited 4  1542 

The  death  of  Poe  (N.  P.  Willis) 10  4003 

«The  Maid  of  the  Black  Locks,"  by 

Mohammadji 4  1253 

«  The  Scholar  Gipsy, »  by  Arnold 1  304 

«  The  Songs  of  Antar  »tcited 2  780 

The  virgin  muse  of  (Cervantes) 10  3958 

Tibur  and  Horace's  country 3  927 

Tickell  on  spring 10  3787 

Ticknor  on  Spanish  historic  ballads..  .10  3791 

«  To  make  a  happy  fireside  clime  » 1  235 

Unity  of  epic  inferior  to  tragedy 1  226 

Uses  of  poetry,  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney. .    9  3426 

«  Who  made  the  heart,  'tis  He  alone  ». .    1  235 
Why  invented   (Jean    Paul  Friedrich 

Richter) 10  3990 

Wordsworth, Byron,  and  Scott(Clough)    3  1052 

on  What  is  a  poet  ? 10  3930 

Pole  on  whist 3  914 

Politeness 

As  benevolence 4  1629 

,    Courtesy gaineth  (Fuller) 5  1847 

Cumberland,  Richard,  on 10  3963 

Freedom    as   the    origin  of   (Earl  of 

Shaftesbury) 10  3994 

Fuller  on  the  true  gentleman 5  1818 

Immoral  and  disagreeable  men  com- 
pared     3  983 

Pleasing  as  many  as  possible 5  1733 

conversation ,  Fielding  on 5  1730 

Steele  on  the  art  of  pleasing 9  3579 

Swift,  Jonathan,  on 10  3998 

Tuckerman  on  courtesy  in  New  Eng- 
land   10  3827 

Where  the    polite    fool    fails    (Johann 

Georg  Zimmermann) 10  4004 

Political  Economy 

Adam  Smith  on  the  division  of  labor. .    9  3453 

Alcott  on  the  age  of  iron  and  bronze.  .    1  117 
Alison,  Sir  A., author  of  «  Principles  of 

Population" 1  135 

An  uncertain  science 1  11 

Balance  of  power  and  balance  of  prop- 
erty, Hume  on 6  2266 

Bentham  and  Beccaria  on  government   2  435 

"  Captains  of  Industry, »  Carlyle  on 3  848 

Civilization  and  individual  deprivation   3  842 

Class  interest,  Mill  on 8  2894 

Clough  on  co-operation 3  1051 


pf).l 


CKNKK  Al,    INDIAN 


Politics,!  ir,i- imv      Coniinuid  vol  page 

c  i, mgh  "ii  i hi    fundamental  ueedi  ol 

Industry        :t  L069 

c.iri  Ldge  on  protei  tioa  In  New  B)ng 

i. in. i  :i    

Competition       ft  1761 

Comte  1 1 •  1  ■  i - .1 1 mi  cii  v  lop i   "i 

the  nineteen!  ii  centui  v                       :i  1 180 

Corporal ■•  -""i nopoly                   ft  1708 

Credit  currency,  Montesquieu  on            h  B990 

ckiIii  system,  ill'-                                  ft  1781 

i  »c|ii en aused  by  public  debt           h  8007 

i  teal  i  hi  i  Mm    oi    win  nil    to    Increasi 

prlcei  ft    i 

Bmerson atureand  tradi                4  1677 

BJnjoyment  thedesire  for,  Bi  nth in  2  180 

Felltham  on  vn  alth                                ft  L676 

Foreign  ownership  oi  publii  debl           h  8007 

Franklin'!  hints  ft  Vi  " 
< . < >i< i ■ . 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■  on  the  traded  Cao  ft  1044  7 
1 1 nun  i hi  mil  i '   i  i .iii  in ii  >■,! ivi-i  in  ii  by 

quanl  ii  v  oi  in 'v                                 8  8267 

iii.  qualil  v.  Colei  Idgi  mi  :i  L092 
i Mi'i  ii. ii n m.i i  iii  i •  •  1 1  ai Mm  proposed  by 

Hem  v  [V  ol  I'i.iim  e                           B  B080 

ii ■  |>i  mi  Ipli  i  .i nil  i  all                       0  9100 

I < - 1 1 •- 1  sun  on  i  [amilton'i  flnani  lal  lyi 

i.  in                          0  9004 

Lamb  mi  paupei  [am 7  9460 

i.iiini  pricei  i  ad  I  be  Intel  eil  rate            l  :">:t 

i,i  ii  i  i  mi  propei  ty                  7  '•'  "  : 

Miiiiini'.  on  population  and  f i             7  9810 

M.l  l   v    '  Ml    l.i  I  «'l     |"  ivvrl               7  0881 

Mini  in.  on  mil  i  niii  iini.ii .  I.  opei  •'•  Ion  h 

Men  anl  He  panii  i,  Rusl !>  8 II I 

Merchandising  decreaaed  by  Inten  it 

on  money       1  869 

Mill',  w.n  i.  ai  .in  •' -in  i.i                    h  9888 

Monopoly,  nut  accumulation,  the  dan 

ger,                                                     i  m;i 

Montesquieu  on  public  debl                   h  9000 

National  debt  due  to  wai  •(  I  IS  J 

"  <  )'i<rii  "nil  English  paupi  i  lam             h  801 1 

Panics,  Cai  lyle  on,                 :i  840 

Peel  on  free  trade           '.)  8617 

Pi  ices  as  Influenced  by  supply  and  de 

tnand                                  h  8940 

Property  and  progress,  Bmersonon       4  L091 

,  Benthai i      2  480 

Ricardo  "ii  pi  Ices h  8940 

Riches  and  theii  dangerous  Increase      4  L987 

Rights  ol  property,  Beccaria  on  2  489 

Bay  on  cosl  and  price                H  8941 

Socialism  and  Fourier's  world         ....  ft  L700 

■ alistic  tendem  les,  Mill  ""                h  1001 

Bpeculal and  monopoly                     ft  L706 

Bpencei  on  evolution  in  tnanufactui 

[ng                                                       i»  8611 

on  i  in-  <ii  sire  i"i  ex<  ellence             it  8691 
spoliniioii  "i    iii'-   ■•"' :la1    body   (Fou 

ii.-,)                                                     ft  1761 
Supply  and  demand,  Carlyle  ""  iiir 

law  of.                  .'t  858 

Tales  "ii   political  economy,  by   iim 

i  i<-i    Miii  tineau                             7  9890 

Taxation  and  debl  (Monteiquieu),         h  9007 

War  and  taxation,  Paine  on       8  8000 

Wrniiii  as  i  'ii si  aae  (Cai lyle)                 :i  849 

«  Wealth  of  Nations,  *  Adam  Smith          i)  8440 

Women  in  excess  oi  men  2  078 

Justice  (Godwin)       ft  1014 

Political  ivniK  as  iin  mi      9  8041 

Political  sciences,  Condorcet  on  the 3  unti 

Polltica 

Analytical  faculty,  The,  in 4  L641 

Authority  of  society,  Buckle  on 2  088 


Politic!     Continutd  vol  faoi 

Burleigh  on  political  influence,  2  786 
Cause   and    remedy    Poi    bad   gov<  i  a 

mm  Mt  (  Mencius)                                   H  W2 

Changes  impending,  Carlyle  on             3  848 

i  n  liberty  and  licensi                   :t  huh 

Clough  on  iin-  "iiiy  possible  modeol 

reform,                                               :t  L069 

Colei  Idge  "ii  polil "  i  and  pin  :i  1070 
1 1. 1 1  ption   and   abuses  In  (  N;ii haniel 

Bevei  ley  Tucki  i )                io  4001 

Delolme  on  the  powei  "f  public  opin 

4  1901 

De i.iln      fi  rectum     iim    ii    Moll  roc    "I 

energy     1  L86 

i.ii  le  "ii  .i  mm  H  grea!  man      4  i:..m 

Felltham  on  oppression  B  Ki7fv 

in  hi,-  on  polity                                      ft  1799 

ii. ii  *  hi  i.i  n  Mini  i  ci  1 1- 1  -.on  i.i  n  theories  <•  8064 

i limn-  on  i in  in  .1  pi  Incipli  soi  gorai n 

iin  i.i      o  9964 

i miIii.i i mi  evolution  In  the  nineteenth 

century                                            .   :i  1180 

i agall  .on  ■  iini.ii H  i ii n io  ii,  1 1  in            o  B904 

in  i  in  '  I  lurches,  L,ocke  on    7  9888 

Jay  on  dangers  I i  foreigniim        ..   o  9887 

Jeffers <  truth  and  toll  ration            <i  8864 

■  funius  "  letters  <;  9408 
i , 1 1 ><•  1 1 v,    i'11    meaning    and    >i  ■    cosl 

(Roland)  '.»  B906 
Mai  biavelll's  "  Pi  Im  t "  and    model  o 

politics  7  II  ■ 
Mi  iii  ii,  ,i  hi  i<  .in,!  coddling  paternalism 

by  Spencer,                      i)  B518 

Mm  who  cannol   be  i ><>■■>< i ■ '  (Samuel 

Smiles) '.)  8489 

Mill  on  representative  government         h  9800 

Montesquieu  on  c ption  in                h  8000 

Nui li ins i  in  .,  bow  punished  ;i  1 1 n> 
Officeholder!  and  theii  duty,  Confucius 

on                                                                                  3  till) 

—  ,  Aristotli their  disposition,         l  098 

( iligarchy  and  iiU-iiy             ft  1984 

Oppression  undei  the  sun,  by  Ruskin  u  8818 
Oppressors  oppressed    by  their  own 

act  ioiih i  is 

Paine  on  the  i  Ights  ol  man                    h  8004 

Political  lying  as  an  art u  8641 

Pope  on  pari  y  sea  i                                h  'MH'2 

Principles  in  (John  Quincy  Adams)  L0  B040 
_^-tiii-    soul    "I     political    rectitude 

(Plutarch)                         i<>  8087 

Property  and  progress,  Ftmersonon,  4  L0B1 
I'liiiin  ii  v    and    bad    polil  les    (Jami  i 

Kent)                            10  BO"  • 

Publico] as  tyranny       8  9899 

Religious  win  as  a  sequent  e  oi  n  n 

malltj                 4  L449 

Revolutions  sure  to  come  when  needed  :t  881 

Rousseau  on  the  social  contract,             y  8977 

s<-iii.- i  changing  lides '.»  8808 

:  ..ii  gove ''Hi,  m  ill  on      h  2801 

Bpike,  ii  polil  leal  lei  ule     4  160 1 

Bplnosa  on  free  speech u  i  I  > 

State  Mini  church   organisation  com 

pared  :>  1009 
i  be  Pall  ol  i  he  i  Ingdora  oi  r*ao  l  <  (old 

smith)       0  1044 

Theophrastui illgarchies          10  8778 

Truth  and  repose,  The  choice  between,  4  L600 

w 1 1 \  politii  1. 1"''  are  pleasant  (Ijivy)  io  8070 
Pollen  "i  plants,  Transportation  "i  (Dai 

win)  .                                          4  1966 

Poltroons  and  thumbs,  Montaigne  on          8  9060 

Polyblus 

i  tlebratid  Passagiti 

The  i ,m in i>  ol  Experience 10  8087 

The  i,'  ■  ions  ol  rllstoi  v     10  »i>«7 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4165 


Polycarp  vol.  page 

Martyred  under  Aurelius 1  290 

Pompadour,  Madame  de 

Bancroft  on  the  death  of 1  391 

Pompeii,   Pliny   the    Younger    on    its   de- 
struction     8  3146 

Pompey,  his   own    lover   without    a   rival 

(Cicero) 1  361 

Poor  Man's  Bible,  The 4  1405 

Richard's  philosophy 5  1771 

Pope,  Alexander 

Biography 8  3168 

Essays: 

How  to  Make  an  Epic  Poem 8  3169 

Cruelty  and  Carnivorous  Habits. . .    8  3173 

On  Shakespeare 8  3178 

Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects 

Party  Zeal   8  3182 

Acknowledgment  of  Error 8  3183 

Disputation 8  3183 

Censorious  People 8  3183 

How    to    Be    Reputed    a  Wise 

Man 8  3183 

Avarice 8  3183 

His  translation  of  the  "  Iliad  » 8  3168 

and  Dryden,  Johnson  on 6  2398 

Goldsmith  on  Pope's  place  in  «  Poet's 

Corner » 5  1949 

Popular  government,  Temporary 5  1954 

Population 

Malthus  on 7  2810 

Petty  on  possibilities  of 7  2812 

Porphyry 

Accuses  Plato 4  1409 

On  truth,  cited  by  Alcott 1  123 

Porter,  Jane  (Besant) 2  447 

Porteus,  Bishop,  as  a  toady  (Boyd) 2  530 

Portugal 

Camoens  cited  by  Eongfellow  7  2629 

Lyell  on  the  Eisbon  earthquake 7  2695 

Portuguese  literature 

Camoens,  first  edition  of  his  «  Eusiad  »  4  1398 

Positive  philosophy,  Comte  Auguste 3  1129 

"  Potiphar  Papers,  The,"  of  George  William 

Curtis 3  1212 

Poverty 

And  pride,  Fuller  on 5  1845 

property,  Bentham  on 2  438 

as  the  making  of  poets 3  856 

Eowell  on  its  advantages 7  2666 

War  as  a  cause  of 3  1120-1 

Power 

Burlamaqui  on 2  748 

John  Neal  on 10  3984 

of  trifles  (Eaurence  Sterne) 10  3997 

The  best  security  of  (Thucydides) 10  4000 

Practice  and  profession,  John  Selden  on.  .10  3993 
Praise  for  the  vain  rather  than  the  virtu- 
ous     1  338 

from  the  praiseworthy,  Steele  on 9  3553 

Montaigne  on  the  love  of 8  2980 

"  Praises  of  Folly,  »  by  Erasmus 5  1652 

Prayer 

And  the  justice  of  God,  Montaigne  on.    8  2988 
Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  and  his  prayer 

at  night 2  642 

Claudius  on  prayer  as  talk  with  God. .    3  1041 

Sir  Matthew  Hale  on  private  prayer  . .    5  2043 

the  Eord's,  Claudius  on 3  1045 

Preachers 

Coverdale's  advice  to 3  1101 

What  they    do    for    us    ("Artemus 

Ward  » ) 10  4002 


VOL.  PAGE 

<"  Prelude »    of  Wordsworth    dedicated    to 

Coleridge 3  1082 

Prentice,  George  Denison 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Prenticeana 10  3987 

Prescott,  William  Hickling 

Biography 8  3184 

Essays: 

Don  Quixote  and  His  Times 8  3184 

Isabella  and  Elizabeth 8  3190 

Presidential  term,  Arnold  on 1  232 

Prester  Iohn 

His  kingdom  visited  by  Mandeville  ...    3  1038 

Presumption  and  modesty,  Montaigne  on.    8  2983 

Pretense,  Johann  Caspar  Eavater  on 10  3977 

Prevention  of  crime 2  420 

Prices 

(See  Political  Economy.) 
Destruction     of    wealth     to     increase 

prices 5  1760 

Hume  on  money  and  supply 6  2267 

Pride 

A  foe  to  politeness 5  1732 

as  the  contempt  of  all   others,  Theo- 

phrastus  on 10  3772 

Daniel  Webster  on 10  4003 

Distinct  from  vanity 3  1114 

of  Byron  and  Burns 3  857 

of  culture,  Epictetus  on 1  262 

of  philosophy,  Epictetus  on 1  261 

*  On  Certain  Symptoms  of  Greatness  » 

(Sir  Richard  Steele) 9  3566 

Pierre  Charron  on  pride  of  ancestry..  .10  3959 

"  Principia  "  of  Newton  written  in  Eatin.. .    5  1862 

Principles  of  art,  by  Ruskin 9  3299 

of  government,  Harrington  on 6  2079 

of  natural  law  (Burlamaqui) 2     747-51 

Prime,  Samuel  Irenaeus 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Simplest  Book  in  the  World  .  .10  3987 
Printing  and  Printers 

Aldus  and  Caxton 4  1373 

Carved  initials 4  1405 

Chinese  origin  of  printing 4  1404 

First  book  printed  in  Europe 6  2046 

Fust  and  Gutenberg  as  partners 6  2047 

Gutenberg  and  Eawrence  Costar  as  in- 
ventors of 6  2047 

Mazarin    Bible    and    (<  Speculum    Hu- 
mana; Salvationis  "  as  the  first  books 

printed 6     2047-8 

Schaeffer  invents  casting  of  type 6  2048 

Wynkin  de  Worde 4  1370 

Proclus  cited  by  Burton 2  786 

Procrastination,  Epictetus  on 1  262 

Proctor,  Richard  A. 

Biography 8  3193 

Essays: 

The.  Dust  We  Breathe 8  3193 

Photographic  Ghosts 8  3194 

Miracles  with  Figures 8  3196 

Profanity,  Sir  Matthew  Hale  on 5  2043 

Profession  and  practice,  John  Selden  on.  .10  3993 
Progress 

As  a  result  of  science,  Condorcet  on . . .   3  1133 

Epictetus  on  the  principles  of 5  1640 

K  Is     humanity    progressing?"     (Jean 

Jacques  Elisee  Reclus) 10  3989 

Madame  Adam  on  its  law 1  14 

of  art,  by  Goethe 5  1925 

of  the  world  (Orsted> 8  3076 

Through  infinite  change 5  1716 


4166 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Prometheus  and  the  Devil 7 

as  human  nature 1 

Property  and  progress,  Emerson  on 4 

rights,  Hume  on  the  opinion  of 6 

Prophecy 

Fourier's  prophecy  of  trusts 5 

and  genius  (Diderot) 4 

"Propylaeum,"  Goethe's  introduction  to  the   5 


VOL.  PAGE 

2751 

315 

1621 

2265 


1765 
1389 
1933 


"Prose  Idyls, "  by  Kingsley 6  2434-40 

Poems,"  by.Turgenieff 10    3833 

Prosperity 

Caius  Julius  Caesar  on 10    3957 

The  intoxication  of  ( Sallust) 10    3992 

Protection  for  home  products,  Coleridge  on  3    1091 

Proverbs 

Erasmus  on  the  luck  of  fools 5    1652 

«  Heros  nascitur  » 5     1797 

Menander  quoted  by  St.  Paul 5     1729 

On  a  good  life  (Epicurus) 5    1647 

Poor  Richard's  proverbs 5  1771-9 

Vulgarity  of  (Chesterfield) 3      982 

«  Prout,  Father  "  (Francis  Mahony) 

Biography 8 

Essay: 

The  Rogueries  of  Torn  Moore 8 

Providence 

Bishop  Butler  on 2 

Chrysippus  on  its  work 5 

Epictetus  on  providence  and  human 

life 5 

Provincial  Letters  of  Pascal  quoted 8 

Prussia 

Thomas  3  Kempis  a  native  of 6 

Psalms,  The 

Songs  as  well  as  poems 5 

Ptolemy,  the  *  Almagest  "  of  (quoted) 2 

Public  debts,  Montesquieu  on 8 

Public  Opinion 

A  tyrant 2 

Delolme  on  the  power  of 4 

The  tribunal  of 2 

Tyranny  of 8 

Publicity  as  a  remedy  for  corruption 2 

«  Puck,  *  by  Reynolds 1 

Pulteney  and  the  government  guinea 9 

Punch,  Douglas  Jerrold  a  contributor  to. .  6 
Punishment 

Beccaria  on  capital 2 

Moral  philosophy  of  retribution 3 

Plutarch  on  conscience 8 

Puns 

Aristotle  on 1 

Hood  the  most  inveterate  of  all  pun- 
sters   6 

Hook,  Theodore,  on  the  worst  puns. 


Jerrold  on  a  cook's  wife 3 

Smith,  Horace,  on  puns 9 

Swift's  Virgilian  pun 7 

Pure  reason,  Kant  on 6 

Purgatory,  Dante 4 

Puritans,  The 

Butler's  ridicule  of  their  eccentricities   6 
Controversies  with  Roger  Williams  ...    5 

Influence  of,  on  Wordsworth 3 

Puritan  epitaphs  and  anagrams 5 

Witch-finder  among  Hawthorne's  an- 
cestors      6 

Pyrrho  on  the  end  of  life 8 

Pyrrhus  and  Cyneas 8 


3202 
3202 

798 
1874 

1643 
3101 

2428 

1678 

791 

2996 

681 

1291 
438 

2892 
437 
152 

3447 

2375 

427 
1116 
3154 

30 

2218 

2224-8 

941 

3457 

2480 

2415 
1233 

2270 
2008 
1053 
2012 

2110 
2957 
2979 


Pythagoras 

Celebrated  Passages:  vol.  page 

That  We  Ought  to  Judge  Our  Own 

Actions 10     3988 

On  magic  numbers,  cited 2      584 


Quack  medicines,  Goldsmith  on 5    I960 

Quadrature  of  the  circle 4    1403 

Queen  Anne's  Reign 

Bibliomania  in 4    1364 

literature  of 3      967 

Elizabeth's  court,  Eucy  Aikin  on 10    3950 

Question    of    permanent    interest  (James 

Otis) 10    3985 

Quietness  of  good  breeding,  Emerson  on. .    4    1628 
Quintilian 

Biography 8    3214 

Essay: 

Advantages    of     Reading    History 

and  Speeches 8     3214 

Celebrated  Passages: 

«  Mind  of  Divine  Original  » 10     3988 

Dullness  Not  Natural 10    3988 

His  K  Institutes  of  Oratory  "  quoted . .    8    3214-8 
His  opinion  of   Homer  quoted  by  As- 
cham 1      267 

Quintus,  Curtius 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Fortune 10  3988 

Superstition  of  the  Uneducated 10  3988 

The  Country  of  the  Brave 10  3988 

Quotations  in  Athenseus 1  272 


«  Rab   and    His    Friends,"    by    Dr.    John 

Brown 2 

Rabelais,  Francois 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Dotage  of  Habit 10 

The  Cut  of  the  Coat  and  Character.10 

Eearn  Where  You  Can 10 

The  Heaven  or  Hell  of  Matrimony  10 

Opportunity's  Forelock 10 

The  Country  of  the  Soul 10 

His  estimate  of  women 4 

Races  of  men,  Humboldt  on 6 

Racine 

Supports  Ea  Bruyere  for  the  academy.    6 

Voltaire's  love  of  his  «  Athalie  " 4 

Radcliffe,  Mrs.  Ann 

Talfourd  on  her  tales 10 

Radenhausen,  author  of  «  Isis,»  equality  of 

women  (quoted ) 2 

Radicals,  Prince  Krapotkin  on 10 

Ragnar  Eodbrog 

His  skill  in  poetry 7 

Saga  of,  cited 2 

Railroads 

Draper  on  civilizing  influence  of 4 

Herbert  Spencer  on  railroad  enterprise   9 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 
Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Keeping  of  the  Mouth 10 

The  Worm  in  the  Nut's  Kernel  . .  .10 
We  Are  Judged  by  Our  Friends.  ...  10 
The  Test  of  I,ove 10 


570 


3988 
3988 
3988 
3988 
3988 
3988 
1443 
2253 

2444 
1396 

3733 

676 
3976 

2805 
499 

1469 
3515 


3988 
3988 
3988 
3989 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4167 


Rambler,  The  vol.  page 

Characterized  by  Hazlitt 6  2137 

Hester  Chapone  a  contributor  to 3  954 

Mrs.  Carter  in 3  895 

Ramee,  Louise  de  la  (See  «  Ouida  ») 8  3081 

Rammenau,  Birthplace  of  Fichte 5  1712 

Randolph,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Conduct  of  Life 10  3989 

Rank,  Channing  on  its  uselessness ^3  949 

«  Rape  of  the  Lock, »  The 

Praised  by  Goldsmith 5  1969 

Raphael 

Emerson  on  his  «  Transfiguration  ". . . .    4  1605 

Paintings  of  in  the  Vatican 1  150 

Rash  judgment,  Thomas  a  Kempis  on 6  2430 

Rats  as  diet,  Thoreau  on 10  3782 

«  Raven,  The,"  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  cited. .    8  3162 

Rawlinson,  George 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Spirit  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury   10  3989 

Readers  and  writers  by  Bulwer 7  2708 

Reading 

Bacon  on 1  338 

Herschel  on  the  taste  for 6  2191 

Reality,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne  on 10  3971 

of  things  to  be  remembered 1  245 

William  Gilmore  Simms  on 10  3994 

Reason  and  the  art  of  reason,  Aurelius  on.   1  296 

Rebirth,  Eessing  on 7  2544 

Reclus,  Jean  Jacques  Elisee 
Celebrated  Passages : 

Is  Humanity  Progressing  ? 10  3989 

Recognizing  the  gods,  Emerson  on 4  1576 

«  Recollections  of  Byron,"  by  Leigh  Hunt  .    6  2269 
Rectitude     in     small     things    (Pliny    the 

Younger) 10  3987 

the  source  of  happiness 3  930 

Redeemers  and  thinkers 3  834 

Red  Jacket 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Test  of  Proselyting  Zeal 10  3990 

Reflections,    Francois    la    Rochefoucauld 

on 10  3990 

Reform  in  politics,  Beccaria  on 2  425 

Reformation,  The 

Influence  of,  on  music 2  496 

Jean  Henri  Merle  D'Aubigne'  on 10  3963 

Regiomontanus     and     his     mathematical 

powers 8  3199 

Cited  by  Sir  T.  Browne 2  587 

Regularity  in  study,  Bulwer  on 7  2709 

Regulus,  Steele  on  his  death 9  3594 

«  Rejected    Addresses,"    by    Horace    and 

James  Smith,  cited 9  3455 

Relics,  Goldsmith  on  English  love  for 5  1951 

of  the  Crucifixion 3  1040 

«  Religio  Eaici,"  by  Dryden,  Maurice  on  . .    7  2846 

« Medici  » 

As  a  biography  of  its  author 2  574 

Religion 

Adversity,  a  Christian  blessing 1  316 

Agassiz  on  science  and  the  soul 1  110 

All  men  believers  in  spiritual  things. .    1  124 
Amiel  on  debt  of  Europe  to  Christian- 
ity     1  167 

Analects  from  Richter 8  3258 

Angels  (in  «  Religio  Medici") 2  603 

Annihilation,  Browne  on 2  620 

Aquinas,  St.  Thomas,  on  the  effects  of 

love 1  173 


Religion  —  Continued                                vol.  page 
Art  born  of  religion  (James  Freeman 

Clarke) 10  3959 

Atheism,  Bacon  on 1  333 

Balfour  Stewart  on  the  end  of  the  uni- 
verse   9  3628 

Balzac  on  St.  Paul 1  385 

Bayle  on  Aristotle's  influence 1  408 

Belief,  doctrinal  and  moral  (Kant) 6  2419 

Best  guide  in  life,  The 5  1091 

Bigotry  in  ( Roger  Williams) 10  4003 

Bohme  as  a  mystic 2  508 

Bosanquet  on  this  world  and  the  next.  2  520 
Character   and    religion   of   Franklin 

(John  Bigelow) 10  3954 

Chinese  view  of  religion  and  politics. .  8  2870 

Christ  and  Socrates,  by  Rousseau 9  3283 

Christian  warriors,  Jerrold  on 6  2377 

Church    of  England    not    founded  by 

Henry  VIII 2  578 

Cicero  on  immortality 5  1692 

Claudius  on  the  Lord's  Prayer 3  1045 

Colton  on  isms 3  1113 

Confucius  on  parents  and  children 3  1139 

Conscience  divine  in  its  character 5  1692 

Conway  on  legends  of  the  Devil 3  1142 

Coverdale   on  the  translations  of  the 

Bible  3  1160 

Cowley  on  the  shortness  of  life 3  1167 

Cranmer  burned 3  1186 

on  this  troublesome  world 3  1186 

Davy's  theory  of  progress 4  1271-9 

Descartes  on  the  existence  of  God 4  1353 

Devils  as  a  necessity  of  thought 3  1145 

Doddridge  on  the  New  Testament 4  1431 

"  Dominus  regit  me,"  by  Addison 1  60 

Duty  to  God  and  our  neighbor,  Epicte- 

tuson 1  254 

Education   as    a    development  of  the 

soul 6  2232 

Emerson  on  impurity  and  wrong  opin- 
ions   4  1579 

Emerson's  character  and  essays 4  1574 

Epictetus  on  pleasing  the  gods 5  1645 

Evil,  its  reality  denied  by  the  Sufis. .. .  1  132 

Excellence,  contempt  of,  Epictetus  on  1  251 

Faith,  its  defense  in  morality 1  25 

Fall  of  man,  Bohme  on 2  509 

Fenelon  on  «  The  Existence  of  God"..  5  1708 

Fichte  on  blessedness 5  1713 

on  pain  and  death 5  1714 

Fischer  on  the  central  problem  of  life.  5  1734 

Fogazzaro  on  religion  and  evolution. .  5  1744 

Force  and  fraud  as  virtues  in  war 6  2200 

Forgiveness  of  sins,  Heine  on 6  2153 

God    as    the    essence    of    happiness, 

Aquinas  on 1  178 

God's  compassion 8  3177 

Good   nature   the   foundation   of   reli- 
gion   1  278 

Grace,  Growth  in 2  534 

Healthiness  of  soul  as  heaven 1  308 

Heaven,  its  glories 2  617 

,  The  location  of 2  618 

Hegel   on    the   spiritual    meaning   of 

history 6  2146 

Hell  as  a  law 8  2922 

,  Purgatory,  and  Paradise  as  every- 
day reality 4  1233 

Helplessness  of  man,  Addison  on 1  60 

Heresy  defined  by  Augustin 5  1674 

Homer  on  the  methods  of  God 8  3157 

Hooker  on  the  laws  angels  do  work  by  6  2229 

Ignatius  on  music,  cited  by  Atterbury.  1  278 
Immortality    and    utilitarianism,  Car- 

lyle  on 3  827 

Inspiration  and  higher  criticism 8  3049 


4168 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Religion  —  Contin  ued  vol.  page 

Inspiration  of  religion  in  art 1  153 

Intolerable,  The,  and  how  to  bear  it, 

Epictetus  on 1  260 

Intolerance,  Mill  on 8  2895 

Jefferson  on  heresy  and  toleration 6  2356 

Joan  of  Arc  burned 8  2883 

Judgment    Day    discussed   by    Sir    T. 

Browne 2  615 

Kepler  on  thinking  God's  thoughts 3  1055 

Koran,  The,  on  a  future  life 8  3046 

Lamb  on  helping  the  helpless 7  2460 

Lamennais  on  atheism 3  1059 

Last  words  of  celebrated  men 1  313 

Latimer  on  trial 1  25 

Law  of  cause  and  effect  as  the  will  of 

God 1  3 

Lessing  on  divine  education 7  2544 

Life  as  a  Vale  of  Misery  in  the  «  Vision 

of  Mirza  " 1  54 

in  its  two  meanings,  Aquinas  on  . .    1  177 

Locke  on  toleration  and  politics  in  the 

churches 7  2586 

Love's  contagious  influence  (Cobbe) ...    3  1059 

Luther  translates  the  Bible,  1532 7  2690 

Macaulay  on  church  establishment. .. .    7  2767 

Materialistic  view  of  conscience 3  1056 

Maury  on  the  unity  of  nature 7  2855 

Max  Miiller  on  faith  and  knowledge. .    1  1 

Mazzini  on  religion  and  revolution. ...    8  2860 

Mendelssohn  on  proselyting 8  2876 

toleration 8  2876 

Miracles,  Browne  on 2  600 

Misfortune  as  education  (Fuller) 5  1848 

Mohammed's  Paradise 8  3046 

Montaigne  as  a  Christian 2  453 

on  liberty  of  conscience 8  2953 

the  Lord's  Prayer 8  2988 

Music  in  religion,  Atterbury  on 1  277 

Natural   religion   and  the   first  cause, 

Abercrombie  on 1  6 

Nature  and  religion,  by  the  Duke  of 

Argyle 1  183-7 

an  evidence  of  God 1  26 

Niccolo,  Machiavelli  on 10  3980 

«  Novalis  "  on  inspiration 8  3066 

Nunc  dimittis, — *  The  sweetest  canti- 
cle » 1  314 

Origen  on  salvation  in  hell 2  580 

Pascal  on  selfishness 8  3103 

Persecution,  Locke  on 7  2589 

Persian  mysticism 1  129 

Petrarch  on  good  and  bad  fortunes. ...    8  3118 

Philosophy,  The,  of  salvation 5  1737 

Plato  on  immortality 8  3138 

Pliny  the  Elder  on 10  3987 

Plutarch  on  the  power  of  conscience. .    8  3154 

Politics  in  the  churches,  Locke  on 7  2586 

Polycarp  martyred  under  Aurelius. ...    1  290 

Prayer  (in  «  Religio  Medici  ») 2  642 

,  Montaigne  on 8  2988 

Preaching  to  the  poor,  by  Southey. ...    9  3495 

Present  state  of  being  imperfect 1  12 

Providence,  general  conduct  toward  us   2  798 
Relation   of  Book  of  Job   to   modern 

science 1  2 

Resurrection  of  the  body  (in  "  Religio 

Medici") 2  616 

Reverence  the   best  thing  in  the  uni- 
verse     1  298 

St.  Paul  on  the  knowledge  which  puff- 

ethup 1  17 

Schaff,  Philip,  on 10  3992 

Sects  under  Cromwell 5  2003 

Selfishness  the  only  real  evil 5  1695 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  at  church 1  89 

Soul  in  animals,  Agassiz  on 1  114 


Religion  —  Continued  vol.  page 

makes  the  brutal  human 3    1089 

Stevenson  on  the  door  of  immortality.    9    3619 

Steele  on  benignity 9    3582 

Swift  against  abolishing   Christianity 

in  England 9    3653 

Symbolism  in  religion 8     2926 

Temptation,  Butler  on 2      793 

The  body  as  a  temple,  Thoreau  on 10    3785 

heaven  of  noble  failure,  by  Steven- 
son     9    3617 

rust  of  the  soul  (Samuel  Johnson)  10    3975 

Thomas  a  Kempis  and  his  work 6    2428 

Tiele  on  primitive  religion 1      185 

Tuckerman  on  enthusiasm 10    3823 

Virtue  defined  by  Aurelius 1      293 

War  as  a  result  of  sensuality 4    1449 

Wilson  on  sacred  poetry 10    3920 

Worldliness  of  preaching,  Amiel  on. . .    1      168 

Zeal  as  intensity  of  love 1      174 

and  evolution,  Darwin  on 4    1268 

of  love  (William  Hazlitt) 10    3971 

,  science,  and  morality,  by  Tolstoi 10    3810 

Religions  and  Moral  Essays 

Addison,  Joseph :  The  message  of  the 
stars,  1:23;  *  Dominus  regit  me,"  1  : 
60;  The  mountain  of  miseries,  1:67; 

Sunday  with  Sir  Roger 1        89 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe  :  Rela- 
tions between  animals   and    plants 

and  the  surrounding  world 1      ill 

Allston,  Washington  :  Art  and  religion, 
1 :  155 :  Life  as  a  test  of  fitness,  1 :  155; 

Praise  as  a  duty 1      154 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic  :  A  soap  bubble 

hanging  from  a  reed 1      166 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas :  The  effects  of 
love,  1  :  173;  Of  hatred,  1 :  175;  What 

is  happiness? 1      176 

Arnold,      Matthew  :     Sweetness     and 

light 1      239 

Arrian  :  The  "  Enchiridion  » 1      243 

Augustine,  Saint :  Concerning  impe- 
rial power  and]  the  kingdom  of  God, 
1 :  286;  Kingdoms  without  justice 
like  unto  thievish  purchases,  1:288; 
Domestic  manifestations  of  the  Ro- 
man spirit  of  conquest 1      288 

Aurelius,  Marcus :  Meditations  on  the 

highest  usefulness 1      291 

Bacon,  Francis;  Of  truth,  1:311;  Of 
death,  1 :  313;  Of  revenge,  1  :  314;  Of 
adversity,  1 :  315;  Of  simulation  and 
dissimulation,  1  :  316;  Of  parents  and 
children,  1  :  319;  Of  marriage  and 
single  life,  1 :320;  Of  envy,  1 :321;  Of 
love,  1 :  325;  Of  great  place,  1  :  327;  Of 
boldness,  1 :  329;  Of  goodness  and 
goodness  of  nature,  1:331;  Of  athe- 
ism, 1 :  333;  Of  superstition,  1 :  335; 
Of  negotiating,  1  :  336;  Of  studies,  1 : 
337;  Of  praise,  1 :  338;  Of  vainglory, 
1:340;  Of  honor  and  reputation,  1: 
341;  Of  anger,  1:343;  Of  riches,  1: 
344;  Of  nature  in  men,  1:347;  Of  cus- 
tom and  education,  1 :  348;  Of  for- 
tune, 1:350;  Of  usury,  1:351;  Of 
youth  and  age,  1 :  354;  Of  beauty,  1 : 
356;  Of  delays,  1 :  357;  Of  cunning,  1 : 
357;  Of  wisdom  for  a  man's  self,  1 : 
360;  Of  innovations,  1 :  362;  The  ad- 
vancement of  learning,  1 :  363;  The 
central  thought  of  the  «  Novum  Or- 

ganum  » 1      365 

Balzac,  Honors  de :  Saint  Paul  as  a 
prophet  of  progress 1      385 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4169 


Religious  and  Moral  Essays—  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Bohme,  Jacob  :  «  Paradise,"  2  :  508;  The 
supersensual  life 2      511 

Bosanquet,  Bernard  :  The  true  concep- 
tion of  another  world 2      517 

Boyle,  Robert:  The  possibility  of  the 
Resurrection 2      537 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme :  On  death..    2      545 

Brooke,  Henry :  What  is  a  gentleman  ?  2      548 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas:  Religio  Medici. .    2      575 

Budgell,  Eustace:  Modesty  and  assur- 
ance      2      694 

Burleigh,  William  Cecil,  Baron:  The 
well  ordering  of  a  man's  life 2      752 

Burritt,  EHhu:  The  force  of  gravity  in 
the  moral  world 2      760 

Burton,  Robert :  Of  discontents 2      787 

Butler.  Joseph :  Does  God  put  men  to 
the  test? 2      793 

Carlyle,  Thomas:  Characteristics,  3: 
838;  «  Gedenke  zu  Leben,"  3  :  846;  On 
Samuel  Johnson,  3 :  879;  An  ethical 
pig's  catechism 3      885 

Caxton,  William  :  Concerning  nobility 
and  true  chivalry 3      918 

Chalmers,  Thomas :  A  mystery  of  good 
and  evil,  3 :  930;  The  miracle  of  hu- 
man cruelty 3      934 

Channing,  William  Ellery  :  «  Peace  of 
all  God's  gifts  the  best  » 3      952 

Chapone,  Hester:  Sir  Charles  and  Lady 

Worthy 3      954 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Ren6  Au- 
guste,  Viscount  de:  "  General  Re- 
capitulation »  of  « The  Genius  of 
Christianity" 3      959 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey  :  On  getting  and  us- 
ing riches 3      971 

Cheke,  Sir  John :  The  blessings  of 
peace 3      975 

Chesterfield,  Lord:  On  character 3      989 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius:  On  the  con- 
tempt of  death,  3:999;  Whether  vir- 
tue alone  be  sufficient,  3:  1001;  De 
Officiis,  3 :  1006;  Concerning  friend- 
ship, 3:1008;  Old  age  and  immortal- 
ity     3    1012 

Claudius,  Matthias:  How  to  talk  to 
heaven 3    1044 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power:  The  scientific 
spirit  of  the  age,  3  :  1055;  The  conta- 
gion of  love 3    1059 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos  :  The  ultimate 
end  of  man  beyond  this  life 3     1123 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel:  The  natural 

history  of  the  Devil 3    1142 

Coverdale,  Miles :  On  translating  the 
Bible 3    1159 

Cowley,  Abraham :  The  shortness  of 
life  and  uncertainty  of  riches 3     1167 

Cranmer,  Thomas:  This  troublesome 
world 3    1186 

Cust,  Robert  Needham :  Buddha  and 
his  creed,  3  :  1222;  Brahman  ethics. . .    3    1225 

Dante,  Alighieri :  Of  riches  and  their 
dangerous  increase,  4 :  1237;  That  de- 
sires are  celestial  or  infernal,  4 : 
1241;  Concerning  certain  horrible  in- 
firmities      4    1247 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert :  The  survival 
of  the  fittest 4    1262 

Doddridge,  Philip :  On  the  power  and 
beauty  of  the  New  Testament 4    1431 

Donne,  John  :  The  arithmetic  of  sin, 
4:1435;    Death 4    1437 


Religious  and  Moral  Essays  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Drummond,  William :  A  reverie  on 
death 4     1478 

Earle,  John  :  On  a  child,  4 :  1505;  On 
a  young  raw  preacher,  4: 1506;  On 
the  self-conceited  man,  4:1507;  On 
the  too  idly  reserved  man,  4 :  1508; 
On  detractors,  4:[1509;  On  the  weak 
man,  4:1511;  On  the  contemplative 
man,  4  :  1512;  On  a  vulgar-spirited 
man,  4:1513;  On  a  shop-keeper,  4: 
1516;  On  the  blunt  man,  4: 1516;  On 
the  modest  man,  4 :  1518;  On  the  in- 
solent man,  4: 1519;  On  the  honorable 
old  man,  4 :  1520;  On  high-spirited 
men,  4:1521;  On  rash  men,  4:1522; 
On  profane  men 4    1523 

Edwards,  Jonathan  :  On  order,  beauty, 
and  harmony 4     1536 

"Eliot,  George":  Moral  swindlers,  4: 
1543;  Value  in  originality,  4:1555; 
Debasing  the  moral  currency,  4: 
1555;  Leaves  from  a  note-book 4    1566 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo:  Character,  4: 
1575;  Love 4    1608 

Epictetus:  On  Providence,  5:1643;  How 
everything  may  be  done  acceptably 
to  the  gods 5     1645 

Epicurus :  Of  modesty  opposed  to  am- 
bition      5    1647 

Farrar,  Frederic  William :  Some  fa- 
mous daughters 5     1664 

Felltham,  Owen  :  Of  violence  and  eager- 
ness, 5:1675;  That  sufferance  caus- 
eth  love,  5:1676;  Of  detraction,  5: 
1677;  That  man  ought  to  be  exten- 
sively good,  5  :  1681;  Of  judging  char- 
itably, 5: 1682;  That  a  wise  man  may 
gain  by  any  company,  5:1683;  Of 
suspicion,  5:1685;  Of  fear  and  cow- 
ardice, 5  :  1687;  Of  ill  company,  5  : 
1688;  Of  the  temper  of  affections,  5: 
1689;  That  religion  is  the  best  guide, 
5 :  1691;  Of  the  soul,  5 :  1692;  Of  preach- 
ing     5     1693 

F€nelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la 
Mothe :  The  ideas  of  the  mind  are 
universal,  eternal,  and  immutable. . .    5     1709 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb:  The  blessed- 
ness of  true  life,  5  :  1713;  The  glory 
and  beauty  of  the  supernatural,  5 : 
1714;  The  destiny  of  man 5    1718 

Fischer,  Kuno :  The  central  problem 
of  the  world's  life 5    1734 

Fuller,  Thomas :  Miserere,  5  :  1846;  All 
for  the  present,  5 :  1846;  Upwards, 
upwards 5     1850 

Gellius,  Aulus:  The  reply  of  Chrysip- 
pus  to  those  who  denied  a  Provi- 
dence, 5:1874;  They  are  mistaken 
who  commit  sins  with  the  hope  of 
remaining  concealed 5     1880 

Goldsmith,  Oliver:  Objects  of  pity  as 
a  diet 5    1958 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot :  Roger  Wil- 
liams and  his  controversies 5     2008 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew:  The  principles  of 
a  happy  life 5    2041 

Hare,  J.  C.  and  A.  W. :  That  it  is  better 
to  laugh  than  to  cry 6     2070 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  :  Re- 
ligion, art,  and  philosophy 6     2151 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von :  The 
sublimity  of  primitive  poetry 6     2180 

Hobbes,  Thomas :  "  The  desire  and 
will  to  hurt  » 6    2197 


4170 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Religions   and  Moral   Essays  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Hooker,  Richard:  The  law  which  an- 
gels do  work  by 6     2229 

Jerrold,  Douglas:  Barbarism  in  bird- 
cage walk 6    2375 

Jonson,  Ben:  Of  good  and  evil 6    2406 

Kempis,  Thomas  a:  Of  wisdom  and 
providence  in  our  actions,  6  :  2428;  Of 
works  done  in  charity,  6  :  2430;  Of  a 
retired  lif e 6    2432 

Locke,  John:  Concerning  toleration 
and  politics  in  the  churches 7    2586 

Lowell,  James  Russell:  Loving  and 
singing,  7:2673;  Poetry  and  religion.    7     2675 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron : 
John  Bunyan  and  the  "  Pilgrim's 
Progress  » 7    2719 

Mandeville,  Sir  John:  A  Mohamme- 
dan on  Christian  vices 7    2816 

Mencius:   Universal  love 8    2870 

Mivart,  St.  George  :  Happiness  in  hell.   8    2922 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de:  Of 
prayers  and  the  justice  of  God 8     2988 

Montesquieu;  A  paradox  of  Mr.  Bayle   8     2997 

More,  Hannah:   «  Moriana  » 8     3001 

Newman,  Cardinal :  Inspiration  and 
higher  criticism 8     3049 

«Novalis»:  Eternity,  8:  3062;  The 
transports  of  death 8    3063 

Plato:  The  immortality  of  the  soul,  8  : 
3138;  Platonic  analects 8    3141 

Plutarch  :  Concerning  the  delay  of  the 
Deity 8    3153 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich :  On 
death 8     3259 

Roland,  Madame :  On  happiness,  9 : 
3270  ;  Doing  good,  9  :  3271 ;  The  gift 
of  silence,  9:  3272;  Virtue  an  inspira- 
tion, 9  :  3272;  Character  and  associa- 
tion      9     3273 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques:  Christ  and 
Socrates 9     3283 

Ruskin,  John:  Infinity,  9:  3310;  The 
society  of  nature,  9:  3310;  Immor- 
tality of  the  Bible 9    3315 

Schreiner,  Olive :  In  a  ruined  chapel, 
9:  3379;  The  gardens  of  pleasure,  9: 
3384;  In  a  far-off  world,  9:33S5;  The 
artist's  secret 9    3386 

Selden,  John:  Evil  speaking,  9:  3400; 
The  measure  of  things,  9:  3400;  Wis- 
dom      9    3401 

Seneca,  Lucius  An  nseus:   On  anger...    9    3403 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe:  Benevolence, 
9:3419;   On  good  and  bad  actions 9    3421 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip:  The  universe  no 
chance  medley 9    3429 

Sigourney,  Lydia  H:  The  end  of  all 
perfection 9    3433 

Smiles,  Samuel:  Men  who  cannot  be 
bought 9    3439 

Smith,  Adam :  Judging  others  by  our- 
selves      9    3449 

Southey,  Robert:  The  doctor's  wise 
sayings,  9:  3494;  Vanity  of  human 
fame,  9:3494;  Retirement,  9:3495; 
Preaching  to  the  poor 9     3495 

Souvestre,  Emile:  Misanthropy  and 
repentance 9     3497 

Steele,  Sir  Richard:  On  certain  symp- 
toms of  greatness,  9:  3566;  Partus  and 
Arria,  9:3573;  The  ring  of  Gyges,  9: 
3575;  The  art  of  pleasing,  9:  3579; 
Benignity,  9:  3582;  The  dream  of 
fame,  9:  3585:  Of  men  who  are  not 
their  own  masters 9     3595 


Religious   and   Moral  Essays  —  Con- 
tinued VOL.  PAGE 

Stephen,  Sir  James:  Christianity  and 
progress 9     3599 

Sterne,  Laurence:  A  peasant's  philos- 
ophy      9    3605 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis:  Books  and 
tombstones,  9:3612;  The  haunter  of 
graves,  9  :  3616;  The  heaven  of  noble 
failure,  9:8617;  The  door  of  immor- 
tality     9    3619 

Swift,  Jonathan:  Thoughts  on  various 
subjects 9    3645 

Theophrastus:  «  Characters  »  of  Theo- 
phrastus,  10:3754;  Of  cavilling,  10: 
3754;  Of  flattery,  10:3754;  Of  detrac- 
tion or  backbiting 10    3774 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich:  Re- 
ligion, science,  and  morality 10    3810 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich:  The  end 
of  the  world 10    3835 

Warton,  Joseph:  Hacho  of  Lapland. .  .10    3890 

Wirt,  William:  A  preacher  of  the  Old 
school 10    3925 

Wordsworth,  William:  Epitaphs 10    3934 

Religious  war  as  a  sequence  of  sensuality 

(Douinic) 4     1449 

Remusat,  Madame  de 

Biography 8     3219 

Essay: 

The  Character  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte     8    3219 

Renaissance,  The 

Begun  by  Petrarch 8     3117 

Its  influence  on  women 4    1442 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest 

Biography 8  3224 

Essay: 

State  of  the  World  at  the  Time  of 

Christ 8  3224 

Repentance,  Swift  on,  in  old  age 10  3998 

Republican  institutions,  Paine  on 8  3095 

Republics,  Turbulence   and   ignorance  in 

(Francis  Guicciardini) 10  3970 

Reputation,  Boethius  on 2  505 

Felltham  on 5  1682 

for  small  perfections  (Lord  Lytton)..10  3980 

«  Representative  Men, »  by  Emerson 4    1631-2 

Reserve  of  greatness  (William  Winter)...  .10  4004 

Resignation,  Epictetus  on 1  263 

Resolution  in  genuine  living  (Carlyle)  ....  3  838 
"Resolves    Divine,  Moral   and    Political," 

(Felltham) 5  1670 

Respectability  of  art  (Ruskin) 9  3317 

Responsibility 

Basis  of  the  idea  of 3  892 

The  limit  of  ( Gail  Hamilton ) 10  3970 

Resurrection,  The 

Boyle  on  its  scientific  aspects 2  537 

Reunion  of  our  dust  and  ashes  dis- 
cussed      2  616 

Retribution,  Combe  on  the  philosophy  of 

punishment 3  1116 

Return  not  evil  for  evil  (Plato) 10  3986 

Revelation,  Fichte's  critique  of 5  1712 

Revenge  (Felltham) 5  1686 

Reverence  the  best  thing  in  the  universe. .  1  298 
«  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor, »  by  «  Ik  Marvel  '  8  2912-4 
Revolutions 

Wendell  Phillipson 10  3986 

sure  to  come  when  needed 3  851 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua 

Biography 8  3233 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4171 


Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua —  Continued            vol.  page 
Essays : 

Easy  Poetry 8  3233 

Genius  and  Rules 8  3236 

Michael  Angelo,   « The  Homer  of 

Painting  » 8  3237 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Genius 10  3990 

Allston  on  his  «  Puck  » 1  152 

Defects  borrowed  from   Michael    An- 
gelo     1  139 

Rhetoric,  classical  definitions  of 8  2960 

Pascal  on  style 8  3106 

of  Aristotle 1  227-9 

of  Hugh  Blair 2  483 

Rhode  Island 

Roger  Williams  and  his  controversies.    5  2008 

Ricardo,  David 

Biography 8  3240 

Essay : 

The  Influence  of  Demand  and  Sup- 
ply on  Prices 8  3240 

Richardson,  Samuel 

Biography 8  3244 

Essay: 

A  Rambler  Essay  on  Woman 8  3244 

Richardson's  novels,  Talfourd  on 10  3728 

Richeraud  on  failure  of  the  mind 2  546 

Riches  the  baggage  of  virtue 1  344 

The  danger  of  (Orville  Dewey) 10  3964 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich 

Biography 3  3250 

Essays: 

Love  and  Marriage 8  3250 

His  View  of  Goethe 8  3252 

A  Dream  upon  the  Universe 8  3253 

Analects 

Complaint    of    the    Bird    in   a 

Darkened  Cage 8  3258 

On  the   Death  of  Young  Chil- 
dren      8  3258 

The  Prophetic  Dewdrops 8  3259 

On  Death 8  3259 

Imagination  Untamed  by  Real- 
ities    8  3200 

On  Reviewers 8  3260 

Female  Tongues 8  32G1 

Forgiveness 8  3261 

Nameless  Heroes 8  3261 

The  Grandeur  of  Man   in  His 

littleness 8  3262 

Night 8  3262 

The  Stars 8  3262 

Martyrdom 8  3263 

The  Quarrels  of  Friends 8  3263 

Dreaming 8  3263 

Two   Divisions  of   Philosophic 

Minds 8  3263 

The  Dignity  of    Man   in   Self- 

Sacrifice 8  3264 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Last,  Best  Fruit  of  Life 10  3990 

Why  Poetry  Was  Invented 10  3990 

Fallen  Souls 10  3990 

on  music,  quoted  by  Emerson 4  1614 

Rejoices  in  his  poverty 3  856 

Ridicule,  Joseph  Addison  on 10  3949 

Riemer's  memoirs  of  Goethe 4  1582 

«  Rienzi,"  by  Mary  Russell  Mitford 8  2915 

Right,  Abraham  Lincoln  on 10  3979 

of  property,  Beccaria  on 2  439 

"  Rights  of  Man, »  by  Thomas  Paine 8  3094 

0  Rip  Van  Winkle,"  by  Washington  Irving  6  2301 


VOL.  PAGE 

"Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic,"  by  John 

Lothrop  Motley 8  3033 

Rituals,  Afghan  death 4  1256 

Roast  pig,  Lamb  on 7  2461 

"  Robinson  Crusoe  " 

As  a  book  for  men 6  2100 

The  philosophy  of 10  3732 

Rochefoucauld,  Francois  la 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Why  We  Seek  New  Friends 10  3990 

Appearance 10  3990 

The  Futility  of  Deceit 10  3990 

Avarice 10  3990 

Maxims  and  Reflections 10  3990 

Rochester,  Earl  of 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Sacrifices  to  Moloch 10  3990 

,  Lord,  as  an  acquaintance  of  Sir  Roger 

de  Coverley 1  72 

«  Roderick  Random, "  Talfourd  on 10  3731 

Roger,  Samuel 

Epigram  on  easy  writing 3  1094 

Roland,  Madame 

Biography 9  3265 

Essays: 

Liberty— Its  Meaning  and  Its  Cost.   9  3266 
Pensees 

On  Happiness 9  3270 

Doing  Good 9  3271 

Borrowed  Ideas 9  3271 

The  Gift  of  Silence 9  3272 

Virtue  an  Inspiration 9  3272 

Character  and  Association 9  3273 

Intellect  and  Progress 9  3273 

Roman  civil  law,  Maine  on    7  2802 

Romance,  William  Gilmore  Simms  on  ....  10  3994 
Romances,  Medieeval 

Arab  influence  on 2  778 

Bruneti£re  on 2  653 

«  Don  Bellianis  "  and  Virgil 2  714 

Doumic  on  «  Amadis  of  Gaul  " 4  1445 

of  the   Round   Table  condemned   by 

Ascham 1  270 

Romantic  love  and  Arab  poetry 2  777 

Petrarch's  poetry  (Sismondi)    9  3436 

Romanus,  Epistle  to,  by  Pliny 8  3150 

<(  Romany  Rye,"  by  Borrow,  cited 2  457 

Rome 

Commodus,  a  monster 5  1669 

«  De  Civitate  Dei,"  by  St.  Augustine. ..    1  286 
Destroyed   by   its   own   spirit  of    con- 
quest     1  288 

Gibbon  on  the  fall  of  the  republic 5  1900 

Importance  of  Roman  history,  by  Nie- 

buhr 8  3053 

Longfellow  on  modern  Rome 7  2632 

Lucan  on  Roman  corruption 1  288 

Quintilian's  work  as  a  teacher  of  ora- 
tory     8  3214 

Sibyl  the  Cumean,  Evelyn  on 5  1660 

Wars  of  Sylla  and  Marius 1  289 

,  Essayists  of    (See  also  Latin  Lit- 
erature) 

Augustine,  Saint  — ( Essays) 1  286 

Aurelius,  Marcus — (Essay) 1  290 

( Celebrated  Passages) 10  3951 

Boethius,    Anicius  Manlius  Severinus 

—(Essay) 2  504 

Caesar,  Caius  Julius— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3957 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius— (Celebrated  Pas- 
sages)  10  3958 


4172 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Rome,  Essayists  of—  Continued         vol.  page 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius— (Essays) 3  998 

(Celebrated  Passages). .  10  3959 

Claudian— (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3959 

Columella,  Lucius    Junius    Moderatus 

—(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3959 

Gellius,  Aulus — (Essays) 5  1873 

Livy  (Titus  Livius)— (Essay) 7  2567 

(Celebrated  Passages ) . .  10  3979 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus — (Essay) 7  2820 

(Celebrated  Passages ) 10  3981 

Nepos,    Cornelius — (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3984 

Pliny    the    Elder  —  (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10  3987 

Younger— (Essays) 8  3146 

(Celebrated  Passages).  .10  3987 

Quintilian— (Essay) 8  3214 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3988 

Quintus  Curtius— (Celebrated  Passages)10  3988 

Sallust— (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3992 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus — (Essay) 9  3403 

(Celebrated  Passages)  .10  3993 

Tacitus,  Cornelius— (Essay) 10  3673 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3998 

Romeo  and  Juliet 

Dowden  on 4  1453 

Emerson  on 4  1617 

Ronsard 

Brunetiere  on  his  songs 2  654 

Roper,  Margaret,  her  elegant  Latin 5  1666 

Roscommon,    translation    from    Horace's 

«  Ars  Poetica  » 1  33 

Rossini,  Lombroso  on  his  absence  of  mind   7  2601 

Rouelle's  eccentricities 7  2600 

Rouen,  Joan  of  Arc  burned  at 8  2883 

Rouge,  La  Bruyere  on 6  2450 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques 

Biography 9  3275 

Essays  : 

That  Men  Are  Born  Free 9  3277 

The  Social  Contract 9  3277 

Nature  and  Education 9  3279 

Christ  and  Socrates 9  3283 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Brains  as  Monuments 10  3991 

Job's  Comforters 10  3991 

Taste  the  Motive  for  Learning 10  3991 

How  a  Child  Ought  to  Be  Taught 

to  Read  and  Speak 10  3991 

Literary  Girls  as  Old  Maids 10  3991 

The   Highest   Dignity   of  Woman- 
hood  10  3991 

Mazzini  on  his  character  and  work. ...    8  2866 

and  Montaigne,  compared  by  Besant.    2  451 

Lewes  on  his  character 7  2548 

Rousseau's  «  Emile  " 9  3279 

Rowley  poems,  The,  by  Chatterton 4  1347 

Ruins  at  Thebes  (John  Baptist  Belzoni)  . .  .10  3954 
Rules  for  convincing  others  (Isaac  Watts)  10  4002 
of  life,  Stoic  theory  of 1  253 

The  best  for  young  men  (Sir  William 

Temple) 10  4000 

Ruling  faculty,  how  preserved 1  259 

Rumford,  Benjamin,  Count 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Happiness  for  the  Vicious 10  3991 

Runnymede 8  2888 

Rush,  Benjamin 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Seeds  that  Never  Perish 10  3991 

Rushworth's  collections 4  1401 

Ruskin,  John 

Biography 9  3285 


Ruskin,  John  —  Continued                            vol.  page 
Essays: 

The  Sky 9  3287 

Principles  of  Art 9  3299 

Work 9  3303 

Sibylline  Leaves 

Want  of  Self-Knowledge 9  3309 

The   Responsibility   of  a   Rich 

Man 9  3309 

Art  and  Decadence 9  3310 

Infinity 9  3310 

The  Society  of  Nature 9  3310 

All  Carving  and  No  Meat 9  3311 

Modern  Greatness 9  3311 

The  Coronation  of  the  Whirl- 
wind     9  3312 

Sacrifices  that  Make  Ashamed.    9  3312 

Oppression  under  the  Sun 9  3313 

Mercantile  Panics  9  3314 

Immortality  of  the  Bible 9  3315 

Dissectors  and  Dreamers 9  3316 

The  Use  of  Beauty 9  3316 

Respectability  of  Art 9  3317 

Opinions 9  3317 

The  Necessity  of  Work 9  3317 

On  War 9  3318 

Base  Criticism 9  3318 

Education 9  3319 

Russia 

Annals  of  a  sportsman  by  Turgenieff, 

cited 10  3833 

Causes  of  Krapotkin's  exile 6  2441 

«  My  Religion,8  by  Tolstoi 10  3809 

«  Resurrection,"  by  Tolstoi 10  3809 

Tolstoi  and  the  Crimean  War 10  3809 

Turgenieff  and    the   emancipation   of 

the  serfs 10  3833 

«What  Is  Art?"  by  Tolstoi,  extracted 

from 10    3813-8 

,  essayists  of 

Krapotkin,  Prince — (Essay) 6  2441 

(Celebrated  Passages) 10  3976 

Tolstoi,    Count    Lyoff    Nikolaievich  — 

( Essays) 10  3809 

Turgenieff,   Ivan     Sergeyevich  —  (Es- 
says)  10  3833 

Rymer  to  the  Earl  of  Oxford 4  1401 


Saalfeld,  professor  in  Gottingen  (Heine)..    6  2163 

Sabbath,  The,  Catherine  M.  Sedgwick  on.  10  3992 

«  Sacred  Books  of  the  East  » 3  1138 

poetry,  Wilson  on 10  3920 

Sacrifices  that  make  ashamed,  by  Ruskin.    9  3312 

to  Moloch  (Earl  of  Rochester) 10  3990 

Sadi 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Blockhead  and  the  Scholar  . .  .10  3991 

Life  and  Wealth 10  3991 

Two  Who  Labored  in  Vain 10  3991 

The  Man  Who  Fired  His  Harvest. .  10  3991 

The  Learned  Fool 10  3991 

Against  Pardoning  Oppressors. ..  .10  3992 

The  Wisdom  of  Old  Time 10  3992 

quoted  by  Alger 1  126 

Safety   lamp  invented    by    Sir    Humphry 

Davy 4  1271 

St.  Aubain 

His  K  Traite  de  l'Opinion  »  cited 7  2551 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augustin 

Biography 9  3320 

Essay: 

A  Typical  Man  of  the  World 9  3320 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4173 


VOL.  PAGE 

Sainte-Beuve,   Charles   Augustin,   charac- 
terized by  Matthew  Arnold 1  239 

St.  Helena,  Heine  on  the  «  Holy  Grave  "  at  6  2162 

St.  Luke's  Gospel,  Newman  on 8  3050 

St.  Paul 

Bacon  on  his  character 1  332 

His  prophecies  and  evolution 5  1747 

On  spirit  and  flesh,  cited  by  Bosanquet   2  521 

Sublimity  of  his  teachings  ( Balzac) 1  386 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman 

Biography 9  3336 

Essa  v  : 

On  Parton's  «  Voltaire  " 9  3336 

His  work  as  an  editor  and  essayist. ...    9  3336 

on  Montesquieu 8  2990 

Saladin,  The  death  of 1  390 

Sallust 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Mind  and  Body 10  3992 

Be  Sure  You're  Right 10  3992 

Efficiency 10  3992 

The  Intoxication  of  Prosperity 10  3992 

The  Low  and  the  High 10  3992 

Salvation 

Heathen  desire  for 5  1735 

Origen  on  universal 2  580 

Problem  demanded  personal  solution . .  5  1737 

Sancho  Panza  on  sleep 9  3605 

Sanderson,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Dining  in  Paris 10  3992 

Sanskrit,  Cust's  translation  from 3  1226 

literature 

Thoreau  on  the  Vedas 10  3782 

Sappho 

«  Blessed  as  the  immortal  gods  is  he  " . .    7  2649 

Satan,  Foster  on  Milton's 5  1751 

«Satira  Menippea,"  The,  of  Varro,  cited...    5  1873 

Satire 

«  Junius  »  on  the  Duke  of  Grafton 6  2409 

I<a  Bruyere's  «  Characters  " 6     2444-50 

Lucian's  «  Dialogues  of  the  Dead  » 7  2687 

Savages,  Bagehot  on  their  character 1  372 

Savonarola 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Deed  and  Word 10  3992 

and  Lorenzo  de  Medici 1  395 

Saxo  Grammaticus 

As  the  originator  of  «  Hamlet  >'  (John- 
son)     6  2397 

On  Odin,  quoted  by  Blind 2  499 

Saxons  arrive  in  England 7  2607 

Scandinavian  Literature 

Mallet  on  the  northern  skalds 7  2805 

Mimir's  Well  and  the  Norns 9  3635 

Norns,  The,  and  the  Urdar- fount 9  3637 

Odin's  wolves  and  ravens 9  3639 

Olaus  Magnus,  on  spring,  cited 6  2434 

Ragnar  Lodbrog  as  a  poet 7  2805 

Lodbrog  Saga  (cited) 2  499 

Saxo  Grammaticus  on  Odin  (cited)  ...    2  499 

Spirit  of  the  early  Sagas 4  1636 

Sturleson    as    an    interpreter    of   the 

«Eddas» 9  3629 

Sword    song    of     Ragnar    Lodbrog 

quoted 10  3707 

Thiodolf  of  Hvina  quoted 9  3631 

"  Voluspa  "  quoted 9  3633 

Yggdrasill,  the  World  Ash 9  3635 

mythology 

Balder  and  Hela 3  1146 

Scenery,  Archibald  Alexander  on 10  3950 


VOL.  PAGE 

«  Scented    Garden  "  of    Burton  burned  by 

Lady  Burton 2      777 

Schaff,  Philip 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Religion  and  Liberty 10    3992 

Schelliug,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph  von 

Biography 9     3340 

Essay: 

Nature  and  Art 9    3340 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von 

Biography 9     3348 

Essays: 

Man  and  the  Universe 9    3349 

The  Impulse  to  Play  as  the  Cause 

of  Progress 9     3353 

Goethe  on  the  happiness  of  his  early 

death 3      837 

Life  as  a  work  of  art 6    2194 

To  Goethe  cited,  by  Amicis 1      161 

Schlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von 

Biography 9    3358 

Essay: 

The  Greek  Theatre 9    3358 

Schliemann's  recovery  of  Troy 7  2603 

Scholar  and  saint  equal  in  self-denial 4  1596 

Scholars  —  who  «  go  a-sopping, »  Cervantes 

on 10  3958 

Sadi  on 10  3991 

School  learning,  by  Southey 9  3492 

«  Schoolmaster,  The,"  by  Roger  Ascham  . .    1  264 
Schoolmistress,  The 

In    the    « Autocrat    of    the    Breakfast 

Table  » 6  2202 

Schools 

(See  Education.) 

School  and  family  (Frobel) 5     1804 

The  necessity  of  (  John  Knox) 10     3976 

What  should  be  taught 5    1806 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur 

Biography 9  3365 

Essays: 

Books  and  Authorship 9  3366 

The  Vanity  of  Existence   9  3370 

Parables 

The  Apple  Tree  and  the  Fir. . .  9  3375 

The  Young  Oak 9  3375 

The  Balloon  Mystery 9  3375 

The  Varnish  of  Nature 9  3376 

The  Cathedral  in  Mayence 9  3376 

The  Fate  of  Samson 9  3377 

Enlightened  Rationalists 9  3377 

Co-operation      among     Porcu- 
pines    9  3377 

Schreiuer,  Olive 

Biography 9    3379 

Essays: 

In  a  Ruined  Chapel 9     3379 

The  Gardens  of  Pleasure 9    3384 

In  a  Far-Off  World 9     3385 

The  Artist's  Secret 9    3386 

Schurz,  Carl 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Greatest  Task  for  Education. .  10    3992 

Science 

Agassiz  on  science  and  the  soul 1  110 

Alchemy  and  science 7  2554 

Alcott  and  Thoreau  on  dreams 1  123 

Arago  on  the  theory  of  climate 1  181 

Aristotle  on  imitation  as  instinctive  in 

man 1  192 

on  light  as  a  vibration 9  3623 

Atomic  theory  as  taught  by  Democritus  5  1647 


4174 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Science  —  Contimied                                 vol.  page 
Attraction  of  gravitation,  Theory  of,  at- 
tacked by  Leibnitz 4  1268 

Audubon  on  the  hummingbird 1  279 

Axioms,  their  nature 5  1709 

Bacon  as  the  father  of  experimentalist 

philosophy 10  3861 

Bancroft  on  the  death  of  Cuvier 1  397 

Books   of  astronomy  and  geography 

burned  in  England 4  1465 

Boyle,  Robert,  improves  the  air  pump.  2  535 

Burritt  on  law  of  gravitation 2  761 

Carnivorous  diet  and  sentiment 5  1958 

Carpenter's  «  Mental  Physiology  " 3  891 

Catlin  in  anthropology 3  907 

Causes  in  their  origin  unknowable. . .  1  4 

Channing  on  the  source  of  energy 3  953 

Classification,  Bosanquet  on 2  520 

Color  discussed  by  Burke 2  745 

Connection  of  the  physical  sciences  by 

Mrs.  Somerville 9  3479 

Conservation   of  energy  by  Balfour 

Stewart 9  3621 

Dalton  and  the  atomic  theory 9  3622 

Darwin's  life  and  work 4  1258 

theory  of  natural  selection 4  1260 

Davy's  theory  of  progress 4  1271-9 

work  in  chemistry 4  1271 

Degradation,  Aspects  of 1  185 

Democritus  formulates  the  atomic  the- 
ory   9  3622 

Diderot  on  the  survival  of  species 4  1386 

Difference  between  beast  and  man.  .. .  3  1089 

D'Israeli  on  its  six  follies 4  1403 

Draper  on  Chaldean  discoveries 4  1464 

Earthquakes,  volcanoes,  etc.,  as  symp- 
toms of  progress 5  1720 

Emerson  the  growth  of  a  microbe 4  1633 

Empedocles  as  a  writer  of  science  in 

rhyme 1  191 

Evelyn  on  the  seed  of  trees 5  1663 

Evolution  and  religion,  Darwin  on...,  4  1268 
Experimental  method  outlined  by  Ba- 
con    1  367 

Experiment  and  dogma 1  366 

Felltham  on  the  unknowable 5  1692 

Fogazzaro  as  an  evolutionist 5  1744 

Foundation   principle   of  modern  sci- 
ence as  stated  by  Bacon 1  2 

Froude  on  the  science  of  history 5  1809 

Calton's  physiological  essays 5  1855 

Gastronomy  the   science    of    man    as 

a  feeding  animal 2  542 

Goethe's  work  as  a  scientist 6  2195 

Habits  of  animals,  Agassiz  on 1  111 

Harvey    and    the    circulation    of    the 

blood 1  6 

Helmholtz  and  his  work 6  2164 

Heraclitus  on   fire  and  the  perpetual 

flux 9  3622 

Herschel's  work  as  an  astronomer  ....  6  2186 

Humboldt's  life  and  work 6  2251 

on  the  races  of  man 6  2255 

Hunt  on  light  and  color 6  2272 

Huxley's  work  as  a  biologist 6  2276 

Ideas  of  causation  not  the  result  of  ex- 
perience   1  4 

Individuality  in  turtles,  Agassiz  on.. . .  1  112 

Induction,  Bacon  on 1  370 

Ingalls  on  climate  and  race  variation  .  6  2294 

Intellect  in  a  squirrel 2  773 

Joule  on  energy  and  heat 9  3627 

Kepler  on  thinking  God's  thoughts. . .  3  1055 

Lang  on  the  Beresford  ghost  story 7  2490 

Lavoisier's  chemical  experiments 7  2559 

Law  as  the  will  of  God 2  701 

of  relation  stated 1  3 


Science  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Leibnitz  on  the  origin  of  things 7  2528 

Liebig  and  his  work 7  2554 

Lombroso  on  genius 7  2600 

Lubbock's  work  as  a  naturalist 7  2677 

Luck  and  law 3  1085 

Lyell's  work  as  a  geologist 7  2695 

Mackintosh  on  the  work  of  Bacon 7  2785 

Malthusian  theory  and  Darwin's  work   4  1259 

Materialism,  Cobbe  against 3  1056 

Mathematical  prodigies.  Proctor  on...    8  3196 

Matter  and  spirit  compared  by  Hegel.    6  2146 

Medical  science 1  8 

Medicine  and  political  economy  as  un- 
certain sciences 1  11 

Melody  in  language 6  2154 

Memory  in  the  uneducated 3  1087 

Meteorology  and  Maury's  work 7  2854 

Mivart  in  science  and  religion 8  2921 

Montesquieu  on  physical  law 8  2993 

Morals  of  animals,  Agassiz  on 1  114 

Music  and  its  laws,  Mrs.  Somerville. .  .    9  3479 
Natural  law  in  the  spiritual  world,  by 

Drummond 4  1474 

Natural  philosophy  corrupted  by  Aris- 
totle      1  366 

Nature,  The  unity  of 1  183 

Newton's  place  in  ( Arbuthnot) 10  3950 

Not  injurious  (Beccaria) 2  422 

"  Novum  Organum,"  its  central  thought   1  366 

Object  of  science  to  ascertain  relations   1  7 
Objects   of   science   defined   by  Aber- 

crombie 1  3 

Orang-outang  compared  to  man 10  3872 

*  Ornithological  Biography,"  by  Audu- 
bon     1     284-5 

Ornithology  (Burroughs  in  bird  study)    2  769 
Phonograph  prophesied  by  Mrs.  Som- 
erville      9  3487 

Physical  and  efficient  causes  distinct. .    1  5 

causes  and  phenomena 1  4 

geography  of  the  sea,  by  Maury. .    7  2854 

Play  and  progress,  Schiller  on 9  3353 

Primitive  human  habits 1  372 

Progress,  Madame  Adam  on  its  law...    1  14 

Relativity  of  our  ideas  of  space 5  1743 

Religion,  science,  and  morality  by  Tol- 
stoi   10  8810 

Sagacity  in  insects 5  1937 

Sciences  exact  and  inexact 1  9 

Scientific  spirit  opposed  to  art 3  1055 

Scientific  study  of  history 2  677 

Sex  in  plants 4  1266 

Spencer  as  an  evolutionist 9  3505 

"Studies   in   Animal   Life,"  by  Lewes 

(cited) 7  2546 

Syntax  of  the  Chinese  language 4  1413 

Temperature   of    the    interior  of    the 

earth 1  179 

The      Christian     ideal     of     (Gold  win 

Smith) 10  3995 

earth  an  incrusted  sun 1  180 

measure  of  science  (Locke) 10  3979 

Thought  and  nervous  strain 1  377 

Tiele  on  primitive  religion 1  185 

Uniformity  in  nature 1  3 

Variation  in  species,  Darwin  on 4    1264 

Visualization  in  drawing 5  1858 

Wallace  on  beauty  as  efficiency 1  144 

Wheatstone's  symphonion 9  3482 

"  Wonders  of  the  Heavens,"  by  Flam- 

marion 5     1739-41 

Zadig's  methods  in 6  2276 

Science  as  a  civilizer,  by  Herschel 6  2186 

Scientific  Essays 

Abercrombie,  John :    The  general  na- 
ture and  object  of  science 1  3 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4175 


Scientific  Essays — Continued  vol.  page 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe :  Rela- 
tions between  animals  and  plants 
and  the  surrounding  world,  1:  111; 
Relations  of  individuals  to  one  an- 
other, 1  :  112;  Mutual  dependence  of 
the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms.    1      115 

Allen,  Grant :  Scientific  aspects  of  fall- 
ing in  love 1      142 

Arago, Francois  Jean  Dominique:  The 
central  fires  of  the  earth 1      179 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of  :  The  unity  of  na- 
ture     1       183 

Bain,  Alexander:  What  it  costs  to  feel 
and  think 1      375 

Ball,  Sir  Robert:  Life  in  other  worlds.    1      381 

Blind,  Karl:  Wodan  and  the  Wander- 
ing Jew 2      498 

Boyle,  Robert :  On  a  glow  worm  in  a 
phial,  2  :  636;  The  knowledge  of  na- 
ture     2      538 

Burritt,  Elihu  :  A  point  of  space,  2  :  757; 
The  circulation  of  matter,  2  :  758;  The 
force  of  gravity  in  the  moral  world. .    2      760 

Carpenter,  William  Benjamin  :  Human 
automatism 3      891 

«  Cavendish  »  (Henry  Jones) :  On  whist 
and  chess ...   3      914 

Chalmers,  Thomas :  Science  as  an  evo- 
lution     3      933 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power:  The  scientific 
spirit  of  the  age 3    1055 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor:  Material- 
ism and  ghosts 3     1089 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert:  Darwin's 
summary  of  his  theory  of  natural  se- 
lection, 4:  1260;  The  survival  of  the 
fittest,  4:  1262;  Darwin's  conclusion 
on  his  theory  and  religion 4     1268 

Descartes,  Ren6 :  The  fifth  «  Medita- 
tion »  —  Of  the  essence  of  material 
things;  and,  again,  of  God, — that  he 
exists 4    1353 

Diderot,  Denis:  Compassion  a  law  of 
the  survival  of  species 4    1386 

D'Israeli,  Isaac:  The  six  follies  of  sci- 
ence, 4:  1403;   The  Chinese  language   4    1413 

Drummond,  Henry:  Natural  law  in 
the  spiritual  world 4    1474 

Fenelon,  Francois  de  Salignac  de  la 
Mothe:  Wonders  of  the  memory  and 
brain,  5:  1708;  The  ideas  of  the 
mind  are  universal,  eternal,  and  im- 
mutable, 5:  1709;  Weakness  of  man's 
mind 5    1710 

Flammarion,  Camille:  The  revela- 
tions of  night,  5 :  1739;  The  wonders 
of  the  heavens 5    1742 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio :  For  the  beauty 
of  an  ideal 5    1744 

Galton,  Francis:  The  mind  as  a  picture 
maker 5     1855 

Goldsmith,  Oliver:  The  sagacity  of 
some  insects 5    1937 

Grote,  George:  Byron  and  the  growth 
of  history  from  myth 5     2018 

Herschel,  Sir  John:  Science  as  a  civil- 
izer 6     2186 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von :    Man 6     2252 

Hunt,  Leigh  :  Light  and  color 6    2272 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry:  On  the 
method  of  Zadig 6     2276 

Jeffrey, 'Lord  Francis:  Watt  and  the 
work  of  steam 6    2360 

Lang,  Andrew:  The  Beresford  ghost 
story 7    2490 


Scientific  Essays  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar :  On  reading 
character 7    2511 

Lecky,  William  Hartpole:  Sex  and 
moral  character 7    2518 

Liebig,  Justus  von:  Goldmakers  and 
the  philosopher's  stone,  7:  2554;  Man 
as  a  condensed  gas 7    2561 

Lombroso,  Cesare :  Eccentricities  of 
famous  men 7    2600 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles:  The  great  earth- 
quake of  Lisbon 7     2695 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine:  The  sea 
and  its  sublime  laws 7    2854 

Miiller,  Max:  Language  science  and 
history 8    3044 

Pascal,  Blaise :  Skepticism 8    3105 

Plutarch :  Family  heredity 8    3157 

Proctor,  Richard  A. :  The  dust  we 
breathe,  8: 3193;  Photographic  ghosts, 
8  :  3194;  Miracles  with  figures 8    3196 

Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of:  Degener- 
acy and  the  passions 9    3415 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax:  The  laws 
of  music 9    3479 

Spencer,  Herbert :  Evolution  of  the 
professions 9    3506 

Stewart,  Balfour:  The  conservation  of 
energy 9    3621 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich :  Re- 
ligion, science,  and  morality 10    3810 

Tseng,  The  Marquis :  Western  arts  and 
civilization  derived  from  China 10    3820 

Tyndall,  John  :  Science  and  spirits,  10: 
3849;  The  sun  as  the  source  of  earthly 
forces 10    3855 

Wagner,  Wilhelm  Richard:  Life, 
science,  and  art 10    3869 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel :  The  likeness 
of  monkeys  to  men 10    3872 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy  :  The  power  of 

words 10     3896 

Scipio  and  the  Cid,  Emerson  on 4    1630 

Scotland 

Aldourie,  birthplace  of  Mackintosh. . .    7  2785 

Ben  Lomond,  Blackie  on 2  469 

Burns  at  Edinburgh 7  2598 

Cambusnethan,  the  birthplace  of 

Lockhart  ...   7  2595 

Dean  road  near  Edinburgh,  Brown  and 

Thackeray  on 2  561 

Edinburgh  Review,  founded  by  Broug- 
ham and  others 2  553 

Jeffrey's  life  in  Edinburgh 6  2360 

Mackenzie's  novels  and  essays 7  2781 

Melodies  of,  quoted  by  Kingsley 6  2438 

Songs  of  Scotland,  Blackie  on 2  463 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis,  and  the  Scot- 
tish tradition 9  3609 

Scotland,  Essayists  of 

Abercrombie,  John  —  (Essay) 1  1 

Alexander,  Archibald  — (Celebrated 

Passages) 10  3950 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald  —  (Essay) 1  135 

Argyle,  The  Duke  of— (Essays) 1  183 

Bain,  Alexander  —  (Essay) 1  375 

Beattie,  James — (Essay) 1  413 

Blackie,  John  Stuart  — (Essay) 2  463 

Blair,   Hugh  — (Essays) 2  483 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson  — 

(Essay) 2  527 

Brown,  John— (Essays) 2  561 

Bryce,  James  —  (Essay) 2  666 

Campbell,  Thomas  — (Essay) 2  814 

Carlyle,  Thomas  — (Essays) 3  827 

Chalmers,  Thomas— (Essays) 3  930 


4176 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Scotland,  Bssayists  of—  Cont  'd         vol.  page 

Chambers,  Robert  —  ( Essays) 3  937 

Combe,  George  — (Essay) 3  1116 

Cunningham,  Allan— (Essays) 3  1206 

Drummond,  Henry  —  (Essay) 4  1474 

,  William— (Essay) 4  1478 

Hume,  David— (Essays) 6  2258 

James  I.—  (Celebrated  Passages) 10  3974 

Jebb,  Richard  Claverhouse  —  ( Essay )  .    6  2342 

Jeffrey,  Lord  Francis  —  (Essays) 6  2360 

Knox,  John  —  ( Celebrated  Passages ) . .  10  3976 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson  —  (Essays) 7  2595 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles—  (Essay) 7  2695 

Mackenzie,  Henry  —  (Essay) 7  2781 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James  —  (Essay) 7  2785 

Scott,  Sir  Walter  —  ( Essays) 9  3388 

Smiles,   Samuel— (Essay) 9  3439 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax  — f Essay)  ..    9  3479 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis — (Essays)...    9  3608 

'  Stewart,  Balfour  —  ( Essay ) 9  3621 

,  Dugald— (Celebrated  Passages)..  10  3997 

Wilson,  John  ("  Christopher  North  »)— 

(Essays) 10  3913 

Scots,  The 

The  manners  of  (Jean  Froissart) 10  3967 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 

Biography 9  3388 

Essays  .- 

The  Character  and  Habits  of  Swift   9  3388 

Lord  Byron 9  3393 

Balzac  on  Scott  and  Fenimore  Cooper.    1  387 

Lockhart  on  his  character 7  2595 

Macaulay  on  his  fiction  as  history 7  2758 

On  the  observer  of  «  Chuckie-Stanes," 

quoted 2  768 

school  of  romantic  fiction,  reaction  to.    1  13 

Sculpture 

(See  Art.) 

Byron  on  poetry  of 2  804 

Cypriote  sculpture 9  3461 

Emerson  on  sculpture  as  history 4  1584 

Goethe  on  the  Laocoon 5  1916 

Its  debt  to  Christianity 3  966 

«  Laocoon,"  The  (Lessing) 7  2537 

Sea,  The,  and   its  sublime  laws 7  2854 

Sechelles,  Herault  de  (cited) 4  1396 

Secret  of   boring  people  (Francois  Marie 

Arouet  de  Voltaire) 10  4002 

Sectionalism 

Coleridge  on  American  taxation 3  1091 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  M. 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Sabbath  in  New  England 10  3992 

Seed  that  never  perish  (Benjamin  Rush).  .10  3991 

Selden,  John 

Biography 9  3398 

Essays: 

Table-Talk 

Changing  Sides 9  3398 

Contracts 9  3399 

Evil  Speaking 9  3400 

The  Measure  of  Things 9  3400 

Wisdom 9  3401 

Wit 9  3401 

Women 9  3402 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Ceremony 10  3993 

Profession  and  Practice 10  3993 

Self-consciousness  and  self-determination.   3  893 

Self-control  (Felltham) 5  1696 

,  Horace  on 5  1696 

,  Lucius  Annaeus  Seneca  on 10  3993 

Self-culture,  by  Channing 3  950 

Self-defense  in  government,  Mill  on 8  2889 


Self-denial  vol.  page 

Delight  in  (Phillips  Brooks) 10  3955 

O.  B.  Frothingham  on 10  3967 

Self-government,  Mill  on 8  2891 

Self-love  as  a  motive  for  virtue,  discussed 

by  Hume 6  2262 

Self-reliance,  Emerson  on 4  1619 

Self-renouncing  ordinance,  The 5  2004 

Self  the  only  thing  givable  (Ralph  Waldo 

Emerson) 10  3965 

Selfishness 

Only  thing  that  hurts  men 5  1695 

Pascal  on 8  3103 

and  sympathy,  Epictetus  on 1  252 

Selwyn  correspondence,  The,  Emerson  on  4  1634 
Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus 

Biography 9  3403 

Essay: 

On  Anger 9  3403 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Patience  with  Error 10  3993 

Joy  as  Serenity 10  3993 

Self-Control 10  3993 

Perseverance 10  3993 

The  Path  to  a  Happy  Life 10  3993 

The  Education  of  the  Young 10  3993 

«  We  Are  All  Wicked  » 10  3993 

The  Irrevocable  Past 10  3993 

The  Error  of  One  Man  Causes  An- 
other to  Err 10  3993 

and  Plutarch  as  moralists 5  1727 

On  death  as  a  relief  from  weariness. . .    1  313 

On  judgment  and  impartiality  (quoted)   5  1683 

Tacitus  on  his  character  (Bacon) 1  346 

Senselessness,  Theophrastus  on 10  3758 

Sensuality 

As  a  cause  of  war 4  1449 

Plato  on 10  3986 

and  purity,  Thoreau  on 10  3784 

<*  Sentimental  Journey,"  by  Sterne,  quoted   9  3605 
Serenity 

Immanuel  Kant  on 10  3975 

Joy  as  (Lucius  Annaeus  Seneca) 10  3993 

Servants  (William  Shenstone ) 10  3994 

Servility 

Theophrastus  on 10  3770 

and  morality 8  2894 

«  Seven  Deadly  Sins  of  London, "  by  Decker  4  1282 
Seventy-year      clocks      (Oliver      Wendell 

Holmes) 10  3972 

SevignS,  Madame  de 

Biography 9  3410 

Essays: 

A  Bit  of  Parisian  Gossip 9  3410 

An  Artistic  Funeral 9  3411 

To  Madame  de  Grignan 9  3413 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Blessing  of  Good  Nature 10  3994 

Talking  of  Ourselves 10  3994 

Seward,  William  H. 
Celebrated  Passages: 

War  and  Democracy 10  3994 

Sex  and  moral  character,  by  Lecky 7  2518 

in  plants 4  1266 

Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of 

Biography 9  3415 

Essay: 

Degeneracy  and  the  Passions 9  3415 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Doing  Good 10  3994 

One  Grain  of  Honesty  Worth  the 

World 10  3994 

The  Sum  of  Philosophy 10  3994 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4177 


Shaftesbury,  The  Earl  of — Continued 

Celebrated  Passages —  Continued          vol.  page 
Freedom  as  the  Origin  of  Polite- 
ness  10    3994 

The  Gentleman 10    3994 

On  a  beggar's  politeness,  quoted 5    1733 

Shakespeare  and  Shakesperean  lit- 
erature 

Addison  on  Shakespeare's  puns 1  31 

American    pioneers    as    Shakespeare 

students 10  3803 

Avon,  The,  described  by  Mortimer  Col- 
lins      3  1098 

Bain  on  his  profusion  of  images 1  379 

Birrell  on  his  "  infinite  variety  " 2  461 

Blair  on  Homer  and  Shakespeare    ....    2  488 

Caliban  as  a  reality 1  151 

Called  a  demigod  by  Hugo 3  1031 

Coleridge  on  Othello 3  1089 

Drydeu  on  Shakespeare    and  his  con- 
temporaries      4  1491 

Emerson  on  Romeo  and  Juliet 4  1617 

England  in  Shakespeare's  youth,  by 

Dowden 4  1451 

English    people    falsely    reputed    to 

t   know  him 4  1556 

Epitaph  of,  quoted  by  Irving 6  2328 

Falstaff  and   his    friends,   by  Richard 

Cumberland 3  1198 

Goethe  on  Shakespeare's  greatness  ...    5  1927 
Hallam  on  poets  who  made  Shakes- 
peare possible 6  2050 

Hare  on   the   playfulness   of   Shakes- 
peare's humor 6  2075 

His  birthplace  at  Stratford 6  2325 

grave  visited  by  Washington  Irv- 
ing     6  2326 

Ireland  and  his  Shakespeare  forgeries  7  2493 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell,  on  Ophelia.    6  2330 

Kendal's  epigram  on  Garrick's  "  Lear  "   3  1097 

jessing  on  "  Romeo  and  Juliet  " 5  1887 

Love  as  a  curse  ("  Venus  and  Adonis  »)    5  1885 

plays  of  ( Gervinus) 5  1882 

Maurice  on  his  life  and  genius 7  2838 

Mendelssohn  on  sublimity  of 8  2878 

Method  of,  as  a  dramatist 2  813 

On  the  knocking  at  the  gate  in   Mac- 
beth, De  Quincey 4  1302 

"Othello"  translated  by  Jean  Aicard. .    3  1034 

Prophet  as  well  as  poet 3  864 

Relics  of,  at  Stratford 6  2325 

Shakespeare  and  Homer  compared  by 

Pope 8  3178 

Shakespeare's  art,  Caine  on 2  806 

deer-stealing 4  1452 

Shallow  and  Silence  (Cumberland) 3  1200 

«  Smiles  and  is  free  »  (Arnold) 1  302 

Some  of  Shakespeare's  faults  (John- 
son)     6  2394 

Stratford-on-Avon  visited  by  Irving  . .    6  2324 
Swinburne  on  Shakespeare   and   Mil- 
ton     9  3665 

«  Tales  from  Shakespeare, "  by  Charles 

and  Mary  Lamb 7  2451 

The  chief  of  poets  (Carlyle) 3  861 

Was  he  a  democrat  ?  ( Claretie) 3  1033 

Wilhelm  Meister  on  «  Hamlet  » 5  1929 

«  Shandon  Bells  " 8    3209 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe 

Biography 9    3419 

Essays: 

Benevolence   9    3419 

On  Good  and  Bad  Actions 9    3421 

Ancient    literature    and     Modern 

Progress 9    3424 

X — 262 


VOL.  PAGE 

Shelly  and  Burns  compared  by  Matthew 

Arnold 1  238 

Browning  on  his  character 2  646 

Poe  on  his  genius 8  3165 

Subject  to  insane  delusions 2  648 

Shenstone,  William 
Celebrated  Passages : 

Envy  and  Fine  Weather 10  3994 

Servants 10  3994 

Shenstone's  «  Schoolmistress  » 5  1969 

Shippen  and  Montaigne  (Pope) 6  2131 

"  Short  History  of  the  English  People, »  by 

Green 5     1993-2007 

«  Short  Studies  of  Great  Subjects  » (Froude)  5    1816 
Shovel,  Sir  Cloudsley,  his  tomb  in  West- 
minster Abbey 1        99 

Sibyl,  The,  Evelyn  on 5     1660 

Siddhartha  (See  Buddha.) 3    1222 

Siddons,  Mrs.,  in  «  Hamlet  » 6    2334 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip 

Biography 9    3426 

Essays: 

The  Uses  of  Poetry 9     3426 

The  Universe  No  Chance  Medley. .    9    3429 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Four  Wise  Sayings 10     3994 

Signal  service,  The,  Maury's  work  in 7     2854 

Sigourney,  Lydia  H. 

Biography 9    3433 

Essay: 

The  End  of  All  Perfection 9    3433 

Sigurd  andFafnir 10    3714 

Silence  as  a  rebuke  to  improper  language  1      257 

Marcus  Porcius  Cato  on 10    3958 

Silio,  Messalina's  epigram  to 1      161 

Simms,  William  Gilmore 
Celebrated  Passages : 

Reality  and  Romance 10    3994 

Simplest  book  in  the  world,  The  (Samuel 

Irenoeus  Prime) 10    3987 

Simplicius,  St.  Augustine  on  his  memory.    5     1835 

iBimonides  and  Hiero 8    2958 

Sin 

Isaac  Barrow  on 10    3952 

Richard  Baxter  on  sin  as  self-murder.  10    3952 

The  arithmetic  of,  by  Donne 4    1435 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  adopted  by  Addison  1        77 

and  the  widow,  by  Steele.    9    3559 

is  introduced  by  Steele  . .    1        72 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de 

Biography 9     3436 

Essay: 

Romantic  Love  and  Petrarch's  Po- 
etry      9    3436 

Sistine  Chapel:  Michael  Angelo's  frescoes 

in 1      139 

Siward  dies  in  his  boots 10     3711 

Skepticism,  Emerson   on   Montaigne,  the 

skeptic 4     1631 

Pascal  on 8    3105 

"Sketchbook,  The,"  by  Washington  Irving, 

extracted  from 6    2319-29 

Skinner,  Cyriac,  Milton's  sonnet  to 3      946 

Slander  not  to  be  refuted 1      257 

Slave  of  many  masters,  The  (Jean  de  La 

Bruyere) 10    3976 

Slavery 

Among  ancient  Germans.  Tacitus  on.  .10    3688 

Hegel  on  slavery  in  Greece 6     2147 

Madame  Roland  on  slavery  in  Sparta.    9    3268 
Sale  of  children   by  their   parents  in 
England 4    1462 


4178 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Sleep  vol.  page 

A  chapter  on  sleep,  by  Sterne 9  3604 

<>  Novalis  »  on 8  3062 

Small  things  and  great  results  (Fulke  Gre- 

ville) 10  3969 

Smiles,  Samuel 

Biography 9  3439 

Essay  : 

Men  Who  Cannot  Be  Bought 9  3439 

Smith,  Adam 

Biography 9  3449 

Essays: 

Judging  Others  by  Ourselves 9  3449 

The  Division  of  Labor 9  3453 

,  Alexander 

His  essay  on  «  The  Writing  of  Essays  » 

quoted 1  xv 

,  Goldwin 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

The  Christian  Ideal  and  Science. .  .10  3995 

,  Horace 

Biography 9  3455 

Essays: 

The  Dignity  of  a  True  Joke 9  3455 

Ugly  Women 9  3461 

,  Captain  John 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

On  Colonizing 10  S995 

«  Bagges  as  a  Defence  » 10  3995 

,  Robert  Archibald  (Blackie) 2  471 

,  Sydney 

Biography 9  3468 

Essays: 

Wit  and  Humor 9  3469 

Edgeworth  on  Bulls 9  3471 

Table-Talk 

On  a  Habitual  Bore 9  3475 

Monk  .Lewis's  Tragedy  of  "Al- 
fonso » 9  3476 

A  Dinner  Party 9  3476 

Classical  Glory  9  3477 

Official  Dress 9  3477 

Pulpit  Eloquence 9  3477 

Impertinence  of  Opinion 9  3478 

Parasites 9  3478 

The  Theatre 9  3478 

Smollett,  Tobias 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Dullness  of  Great  Wits 10  3995 

characterized  by  Talfourd 10  3731 

on  «  Tears  of  Scotland  » 5  1970 

Smooth  speech,  Theophrastus  on 10  3757 

Smoothness,    Burke    on,    as    a    cause    of 

beauty 2  738 

Snakes  and  their  young 2  773 

Sneezing,  The  luck  of 4  1417 

Snubs  and  insult,  Toleration  of 1  257 

Soap  and  poetry 5  1706 

Social    idea,    The,    defined     by    Matthew 

Arnold 1  241 

Social  order,  Clough  on  the  bases  of 3  1052 

Socialism 

«  Das  Kapital,  >•  by  Karl  Marx 7  2831 

Fourier's  theories 5  1760 

Mill  on  individual  liberty 8  2899 

Prince  Krapotkin  against 10  3976 

Society 

Fielding  on  its  requirements 5  1730 

Irving  on  cultivation  and  society 10  3973 

The  object  of(  Alexander  H.  Stephens). 10  3997 

and  friendship,  Emerson  on 4  1586 

and  the  individual  (Carlyle) 3  840 

in  New  York,  Curtis  on 3  1216 


Sociology  vol.  page 

(See  Political  Economy,  Law,  etc.) 

Aristotle  on  the  effects  of  wealth 1 

Assassination  as  public  revenge,  Bacon 

on 

Augustine,  St.,  on  imperial  power 

Authority,  its  chief  vices  (Bacon) 

Force  in  government,  St.  Augustine  on 

Interest  on  money,  Bacon  on 

Marriage  laws,  American,  Arnold  on.. 

Men  in  great  place,  Bacon  on 

Monopoly  and  coemption 

Natural  rights  as  a  figment,  Matthew 

Arnold  on 

Riches,  Bacon  on 

Social  idea,  The,  defined  by  Matthew 

Arnold 

Statesmanship,    Abercrombie    on    its 

uncertainties 

Socrates 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Against  Disputing 10 

The  Reality  of  Ignorance 10 

Called  wisest  of  men  by  oracle 2 

Demon  or  guardian  angel  after  death.    8 

His  death  described  by  Plato 8 

On  divination  cited  by  Epictetus 1 

On  duty  (in  the  «  Crito  ») 8 

On  humor  and  tragedy,  cited 6 

On  superiority  to  death 1 

On  the  penalty  of  injustice,  cited 7 

Rousseau  on  Christ  and  Socrates 9 

The  rhetorical  ability  of  (Adamantius 

Corais) 10 

Who  is  most  like  God 1 

Xenophon's  "  Memorabilia  "  extracted 

from 10 

Sodom  and  Gomorrah,  Sir  Thomas  Browne 

on  their  destruction 2 

Solar  heat  and  earthly  forces 10 

Soldiers,  Blackstone  on  professional 2 

Solidarity  of  mankind,  Fichte  on 5 

Solitude,  Thomas  k  Kempis  on 6 

Solomon 

Founds  a  school  of  singers 2 

on  forgiveness 1 

Somerville,  Mary  Fairfax 

Biography 9 

Essay: 

The  Laws  of  Music 9 

Songs 
(See  Music,  Poets  and  Poetry,  and  Litera- 
ture) 
*  Annie  Laurie  »  (words  and  music). . .    2 
«  Gloomy  Winter's  Noo  Awa'  "  (words 

and  music) 2 

"Jessie,     the     Flow'r     o'     Dunblane" 

(words  and  music) 2 

Owre  the  Muir  amang  the  Heather " 

(words  and  music) 2 

<■  Sally  in  Our  Alley,"  Blackie  on 2 

Scottish  love  songs 2 

"  Songs  of  Scotland,"  by  Cunningham.    3 
"  When  the  Kye  Comes  Hame  "  (words 

and  music) 2 

Sophocles,  as  an  imitator,  Aristotle  on 1 

Tried  as  a  lunatic ...    4 

Sorrow,  Henry  Ward  Beecher  on 10 

Soul,  The 

An  evil  habit  of  the  soul  (Plutarch)  . .  .10 

Cicero  on  its  immortality  (quoted) 5 

Education  as  a  development  of 6 

Great  souls  and  mean  fortunes  (Fulke 

Greville) 10 

Henry  Ward  Beecher  on 10 


227 

315 

286 
328 
288 
346 
232 
327 
346 

232 
344 

241 

11 


3996 
3996 

692 
3140 
3136 

255 
3123 
2076 

263 
2685 
3283 

3961 
118 

3937 

592 
3855 

477 
1722 
2432 

491 
314 

3479 

8479 


473 

470 

468 

474 

466 

464 

1206 

465 
192 

1408 
3954 

3987 
1692 
2232 

3969 
3954 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4179 


Soul,  The  —  Continued  vol. 

Not  touched  by  things  themselves 1 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  on 10 

The    country    of    the    soul    (Francois 

Rabelais) 10 

The     soul     makes     its     own     fortune 

(Michel  Eyquem  de  Montaigne ) 10 

South  Africa,  Essayists  of 

Schreiner,  Olive— (Essays) 9 

South  Carolina 

Calhoun  on  inventions  and  discoveries.  10 
Georgetown,  S.  C,  birthplace  of  Wash- 
ington Allston 1 

Legare  born  at  Charleston 7 

South,  Robert 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Revenges  and  Rewards  of  Con- 
science  10 

"  An  Easy  and  Portable  Pleasure  ».10 

Sea  House,  Lamb  a  clerk  in 7 

Southern   literary   Messenger   edited    by 

Poe 8 

Southey,  Robert 

Biography 9 

Essay: 

Fame 9 

The  Doctor's  Wise  Sayings 

School  Learning 9 

Lovers  of  Literature 9 

Vanity  of  Human  Fame 9 

Retirement 9 

Preaching  to  the  Poor 9 

Voluminous  Trifling 9 

Parliamentary  Jokes 9 

Book  Madness 9 

On  the  love  of  books 7 

Souvestre,  Emile 

Biography 9 

Essay: 

Misanthropy  and  Repentance 9 

Sovereignty,  Tocqueville  on  individual. ...  10 

Space,  Relativity  of  our  ideas  of 5 

Spain 

Castelar  on  the  rising  of  1S66 3 

Cervantes,  Lope  de  Vega,  and  Calderon  7 
«  History  of  the  Reign  of  Philip   II., » 

by  Prescott,  cited    8 

Landor's  service  against  Napoleon. ...    7 

Philip  in  the  Netherlands 8 

■  Reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  "by 

Prescott.  cited 8 

Spanish  colonial  methods 8 

,  Essayists  of 

Castelar,  Emilio  —  (Essays) 3 

Cervantes —  (Celebrated  Passages) ...  .10 
Feyjoo,  Benito — (Celebrated   Pas- 
sages)  10 

Granada,  Luis    de— (Celebrated    Pas- 
sages)  10 

Margaret  of  Navarre  —  (Celebrated 

Passages) 10 

,  Ancient 

Columella,  Lucius    Junius    Moderatus 

—  (Celebrated  Passages) 10 

«  Spanish  Ballads  »  of  Lockhart 7 

Spanish  Literature 

Cervantes  in  prison 3 

Chivalry  as  its  essential  characteristic.  2 
Dinah  Mulock  Craik  on  Don  Quixote..  3 
Don  Quixote  and  his  times,  by  Prescott.  8 
Madame   de   Stael    on   Calderon   and 

Lope  de  Vega 9 

Moorish  influence  in.   9 

Spanish  and   Italian 

literature 9 


PAGE 

297 
3959 

3988 

3983 

3379 

3957 

119 

2523 


3996 
3996 
2453 

3160 

3488 

3488 

3494 
3494 
3494 
3495 
3495 
3496 
3496 
3496 
2679 

3497 

3497 
3800 
1743 


2629 

3184 
2828 
3026 

3184 
3071 

899 

3958 

3966 
3969 
3982 


3959 
2595 

854 

653 

1181 

3184 

3544 
3544 

3540  I 


Spanish  Literature  —  Continued         vol.  page 

Poverty  of  Cervantes 4    1398 

Purpose  of  Cervantes  in  «  Don  Quixote  »  8    3187 

Spanish  first  written  in  1200  A.  D 5     1861 

The  Cidin  ballad  literature 10    3791 

Sparks,  Jared 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Indian  Eloquence 10    3996 

Washington 10    3996 

Spartan  lads  scourged  (Bacon) 1      349 

Specialization  of  knowledge,  De  Quincey 

on 4    1343 

Spectator,  The 

Budgell  a  contributor  to 2      685 

First  number  issued 1        19 

Hazlitt  on  character   in    the    Specta- 
tor     6    2135 

Hughes,  John,  on  the  wonderful  nature 

of  excellent  minds 6     2234 

Syntax  of 1        17 

Speculation  and  politics,  Dana  on 3     1229 

"  Speculum  Humana?  Salvationis  » 

As  the  first  book  printed 6     2047 

Speech  defined  by  Aristotle 1      213 

Spencer,  Herbert 

Biography 9     3505 

Essays: 

Evolution  of  the  Professions 9     3506 

Meddlesome   and   Coddling  Pater- 
nalism     9    3513 

Education  —  What  Knowledge  Is  of 

the  Most  Worth  ? 9    3518 

Spenser  and  Lord  Burleigh 4     1402 

Spenser's  «  Faery  Queene,"  Maurice  on  . . .    7    2845 
Sphinx,  The 

Cherbuliez  on  the  ancient  and  mod- 
ern     3      977 

and  Oedipus 5     1691 

Spiders,  Goldsmith  on  the  sagacity  of 5     1937 

Spike,  a  political  molecule 4    1563 

Spinoza,  Baruch 

Biography 9    3525 

Essay: 

That  in  a  Free  State  Every  Man 
May  Think  What  He  Likes  and 

Say  What  He  Thinks 9     3525 

Spirit 

And  matter,  Agassiz  on 1      110 

Hegel  on  the  nature  of 6     2146 

« of  Hebrew  Poetry,"  by  Herder 6    2184 

« the  Laws,"  by  Montesquieu 8     2990 

Spirits 

Hermetic  philosophy  of 2      602 

Proctor  on  photographic  ghosts 8    3194 

Spiritualism  and  science,  by  Tyndall 10    3849 

Spon  on  Campanella 2      723 

Spring 

Aristotle  on 10    3951 

Mitchell  on 8    2910 

The  pleasures  of,  by  Tickell 10    3787 

Squirrel's  intellect,  Burroughs  on 2      773 

Stael,  Madame  de 

Biography 9    3534 

Essays: 

Of  the  General  Spirit  of   Modern 

Literature 9    3535 

Of  Spanish  and  Italian  Literature. .    9     3540 
Standing  armies  and  the  Greek  Republics   6     2067 
Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Enfranchisement  of  Women . .  10    3996 

Star  Chamber,  The,  Delolme  on 4    1293 

" Papers,"  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher  .. .    2      430 


4180 


GENERAL   INDEX 


VOL.  PAGE 

Statius  and  Valerius  Flaccus  as  poets 1  44 

Steam  and  electricity 

Effects  of,  on  literature 6  2102 

the  steam  engine 6  2360 

engines,  Draper  on  their  invention  ...    4  1469 

Steele,  Sir  Richard 

Biography 9  3549 

Essays: 

The  Character  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff.    9  3552 

Bickerstaff  and  Maria 9  3556 

Sir  Roger  and  the  Widow 9  3559 

The  Coverley  Family  Portraits 9  3563 

On  Certain  Symptoms    of    Great- 
ness     9  3566 

How  to  Be  Happy  though  Married .    9  3569 

Psetus  and  Arria 9  3573 

The  Ring  of  Gyges 9  3575 

The  Art  of  Pleasing 9  3579 

Benignity 9  3582 

The  Dream  of  Fame 9  3585 

Of  Patriotism  and  Public  Spirit 9  3591 

Of  Men  Who  Are  Not  Their  Own 

Masters 9  3595 

Celebrated  Passages : 

The  Happiest  Creature  Living 10  3996 

What  Will  Tranquilize  the  World  .  10  3997 

The  Man  Makes  Manners 10  3997 

Anecdotes  of,  by  Macaulay 7  2749 

His  arrest  for  debt 7  2486 

duel  and  "The  Christian  Hero"...    9  3550 

Introduces  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley 1  72 

Landor,  Addison,  and  Steele 7  2486 

Spectator  Club  his  invention 1  19 

Thackeray  on  his  character 10  3749 

Stendhal's  «  L,e  Rouge  et  le  Noir,"  cited  ...    2  524 

Stephen,  Sir  James 

Biography 9  3599 

Essay: 

Christianity  and  Progress 9  3599 

Stephens,  Alexander  H. 
Celebrated  Passages : 

The  Object  of  Society 10  3997 

Stereotypes  invented  by  the  Romans 4  1404 

Sterne,  Laurence 

Biography 9  3603 

Essays: 

Chapter  on  Sleep 9  3604 

A  Peasant's  Philosophy 9  3605 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Eloquence  and  Nature 10  3997 

The  Power  of  Trifles 10  3997 

Misers  of  Health   10  3997 

and  the  "Anatomy  of  Melancholy  "...    9  3603 

Debt  of,  to  Burton 2  784 

Story  of  his  death,  by  Cunningham...    3  1211 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 

Biography 9  3608 

Essays: 

El  Dorado 9  3610 

Old  Mortality 

Books  and  Tombstones 9  3612 

The  Haunter  of  Graves 9  3616 

The  Heaven  of  Noble  Failure .    9  3617 

The  Door  of  Immortality 9  3619 

Boyd  on  his  «  start  " 2  528 

Stewart,  Balfour 

Biography 9  3621 

Essay: 

The  Conservation  of  Energy 9  3621 

,  Dugald 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Imitation  as  a  Governing  Power  .  .10  3997 

The  Few  Who  Think 10  3997 


Stoic  philosophy  VOL.  page 

Arrian  on 1  243 

Stoicism 

Lecky  on  its  masculinity 7  2521 

Stopping  the  strings  of  the  heart    (Oliver 

Wendell  Holmes) 10  3972 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter 
Celebrated  Passages  : 

Masterful  Courage 10  3997 

Story,  Joseph 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

Indian  Summer  in  New  England  .10  3997 

«  Story  of  a  Feather  »  (Jerrold) 6  2375 

Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher 

Maurice  on  her  fiction 7  2853 

"  Stratford-on-Avon,  "by    Washington 

Irving 6  2324 

Strength,  Immanuel  Kant  on 10  3975 

Stubbornness,  Theophrastus  on 10  3766 

Stupidity,  Theophrastus  on 10  3765 

Sturleson,  Snorre 

Biography 9  3629 

Essays: 

Gef jon's  Ploughing 9  3630 

Gylfi's  Journey  to  Asgard 9  3631 

Of  the  Supreme  Deity 9  3632 

Of  the  Primordial  State  of  the  Uni- 
verse     9  3633 

Of  the  Way  that  Leads  to  Heaven . .    9  3033 
Of    the    Ash    Yggdrasill,    Mimir's 

Well,  and  the  Norns  or  Destinies   9  3635 

Of  the  Norms  and  the  Udar-fount..    9  3637 

Of  Loki  and  His  Progeny 9  3638 

Of  the  Joys  of  Valhalla 9  3638 

Sublime  and  beautiful,  Burke  on  the 2  706 

Sublimity,  The  idea  of,  how  produced 2  724 

Success,  The  test  of  (Austin  Phelps) 10  3986 

Suffering,  Sensations  excited  by 5  1923 

Sufi  poetry  of  Persia 1  128 

Suicide,  anguish  of  mind  as  a  cause 3  1113 

<(  Summum  Bonum  "  of  Aristotle,  Browne 

on 2  645 

Sumner,  Charles 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Fame  and  Human  Happiness 10  3998 

Sumptuary  laws  in  a  democracy  (Montes- 
quieu)      8  2999 

Superfetation  of  nature,  Emerson  on 4  1633 

Superiority  of  tragic  to  epic  poetry,  Aris- 
totle on 1  225 

Supernatural,  Alcott  on  the 1  124 

,  Fichte  on  the 5  1714 

Superstition 

Bacon  on 1  335 

Theophrastus  on 10  3766 

in  religion,  Argyle  on 1  187 

the  Middle  Ages 8  3078 

of  the  uneducated  (Quintus  Curtius)..10  3988 

Supply  and  demand,  Ricardo  on 8  3240 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  organ- 
ized 1789 6  2337 

Survival  of  species,  Diderot  on 4  1386 

of  the  fittest,  Darwin's  theory  of 4  1262 

Suspicion  (Felltham) 5  1685 

Sweden 

King  Hake's  self-cremation 4  1636 

Sturleson  on  King  Gylfi 9  3630 

Swedenborg,  Immanuel 

His  relations  to  Bohme 2  508 

Sweetness,  Burke  on  the  nature  of 2  739 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4181 


Swift,  Jonathan  vol.  page 

Biography 9  3640 

Essays  : 

The  Art  of  Political  Ikying 9  3641 

A  Meditation  upon  a  Broomstick. .    9  3644 

Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects 9  3645 

Against  Abolishing  Christianity  in 

England 9  3653 

Against  Bad  English 9  3655 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Repentance  in  Old  Age 10  3S98 

Politeness  in  Conversation 10  3998 

Latent  Energy  in   Ordinary  Peo- 
ple  10  3998 

Chateaubriand  on  «  Stella  »  and  «  Va- 
nessa » 3  968 

Dobson  on  Swift  and  Stella 4  1420 

His  Virgilian  pun 7  2480 

How  to  become  a  critic,  quoted 4  1483 

Lord  Lyttelton  on 10  3980 

The  character  and  habits  of  Swift,  by 

Scott 9  3388 

« English  Rabelais  » 3  968 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles 

Biography 9  3659 

Essays: 

Chaucer  and  the  Italian  Poets 9  3659 

A  Poet's  Haughty  Patience 9  3662 

Switzerland 

Bryce  on  Swiss  democracy 2  666 

Cherbuliez  born  at  Geneva 3  977 

Fenimore  Cooper  on  Swiss  castles 3  1148 

Sismondi  born  at  Geneva 9  3436 

Zurich  taken  by  the  French 7  2511 

,  Essayists  of 

Agassiz,  Louis — (Essays) 1  110 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic— (Essay) 1  165 

Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques — (Essay) . . .    2  747 
Casaubon,     Meric —  (Celebrated     Pas- 
sages)  10  3958 

D'Aubigne,  Jean   Henri    Merle — (Cele- 
brated Passages) 10  3963 

Delolme,  Jean  Louis — (Essay) 4  1291 

Lavater,  Johann  Caspar — (Essay) 7  2511 

(Celebrated  Passages) . .  10  3977 

Mallet,  Paul  Henri— (Essay) 7  2803 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  de — 

(Essay) 9  3436 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg — (Essay)lO  3942 
■(  Celebrated  Passages ) . .  10  4004 

Sword,  The  religion  of 6  2377 

Syagrus's    poem    on    the    seige    of    Troy 

(cited) 4  1408 

Sylla  and  Marius,  Wars  of 1  289 

Symbolism 

As  the  essence  of  poetry 3  1072 

of  religion 1  186 

Symonds,  John  Addington 

Biography 9  3666 

Essay  : 

Morning  Rambles  in  Venice 9  3666 

Syphogrants  in  Utopia 8  3011 

Syria 

Longinus  born  at  Emesa 7  2636 

Marcellinus  born  at  Antioch 7  2820 


Table-Talk 

Coleridge's  illustrated 3     1082 

Leigh  Hunt's  table-talk 6     2271-5 

Selden's  table-talk 9     3398 

Sydney  Smith's  table-talk 9    3475 


Tacitus,  Cornelius  vol.  page 

Biography 10  3673 

Essay : 

The  Germania 10  3674 

Celebrated  Passages  : 

How  Precedent  Comes 10  3998 

Pliability  and  Liberality 10  3998 

Distempers  of  the  Heart 10  3998 

When  Gratitude  Is  Possible 10  3998 

The  Little  Causes  of  Great  Results.  10  3998 

Life's  Great  Reward 10  3998 

Brodribb  on  Tacitus 10  3674 

On  dissimulation,  quoted  by  Bacon 1  316 

Taconic  Mountains,  Beecher  on 2      434 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolph 

Biography 10    3703 

Essays: 

The  Saxons  as  the  Source  of  Eng- 
lish Literature 

1.  Environment     and    Charac- 

ter  10    3704 

2.  Traits  of  the  Saxon 10    3706 

3.  The   Origin  of  the   Modern 

World 10  3711 

The  Character  and  Work  of  Thack- 
eray 

i,.  The  Novel  of  Manners 10  3717 

2.  Thackeray's  Great  Satires.  .10  3718 

3.  Moralizing  in  Fiction 10  3723 

Carlyle  and  Macaulay  compared 3  829 

Taking  a  man's   measure   (Thomas    Par- 

nell) 10    3985 

«  Tales  from  Shakespeare  » 7    2451 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon 

Biography 10    3726 

Essay: 

British  Novels  and  Romances 10    3726 

Taliessin  tells  of  his  transmigrations 4  1416 

Talking  of  ourselves  (Marie  de  Sevign6) . .  10  3994 
Talleyrand 

Celebrated  Passages; 

The  Liar's  Idea 10  3998 

Advises  Napoleon  on  the  Spanish  war   8  3222 

Hugo  on  the  end  of  his  brain 6  2240 

Tarn  Glen  and  the"  Prometheus  Unbound"  1  238 

Tannahill,  Blackie  on  his  genius 2  471 

Tariff  Taxation     (See  Protection,  etc.) 

Coleridge  on  American  tariffs 3  1091 

Tasso 

His  dialogue  on  virtue,  quoted 4     1444 

Taste 

Burke  on  its  meaning 2     707-8 

Fielding  on  popular  taste 5     1728 

Jeffrey  on  good  and  bad  taste 6     2365 

Tatler  and  Guardian,  Budgell  a  contribu- 
tor to  2      685 

Taurus 

His  commentaries  on  Plato  cited 5     1876 

Taxation  and  debt,  Montesquieu  on 8    2997 

Taylor,  Bayard 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Crossing  the  Arctic  Circle 10    3998 

A  Day  without  a  Sun 10    3999 

Taylor,  Jeremy 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Marriage 10    3999 

Tediousness,  Theophrastus  on 10    3769 

Telegraphs  and  civilization,  Draper  on.. . .    4    1469 

«  Telemachus, »  The,  of  Fenelon 5     1699 

Temperance 

A  rule  of 1      258 

« as  a  Moral  Virtue, "by  Sir  Thomas 

Elyot 4    1572 


4182 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Temperance  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Claudian  on 10  3959 

Thoreau  on  water  drinking 10  3782 

Temple,  Sir  William 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Worst  Curse 10  4000 

The  Best  Rules  for  Young  Men 10  4000 

How  to  Talk  Well 10  4000 

William  Hazlitt  on 6  2132 

Temptation,  Butler  on 2  793 

Tennyson 

Compared  to  Lanier 7  2496 

Longfellow  and  Tennyson 7  2604 

«  Tenure  of  Kings, "  by  Milton 8    2906-7 

Terence 

Grace  and  beauty  of 8  2940 

Montaigne  on  his  quaintness 8  2940 

Test  of  proselyting  zeal  (Red  Jacket) 10  3990 

Teufelsdrockh  style  in  literature 3  828 

Tewkesbury  battlefield 3  1099 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace 

Biography 10  3735 

Essays: 

On  a  Joke  I  Once  Heard  from  the 

Late  Thomas  Hood 10  3736 

Life  in  Old-Time  London 10  3745 

Addison 10  3747 

Steele 10  3749 

Goldsmith • 10  3751 

His  comment  on  Addison's  hymn 10  3735 

John  Brown  on  his  character 2  562 

<«Mr.  Wagg" 6  2224 

Taine    on   the    character  and  work  of 

Thackeray 10  3717 

«  Vanity  Fair  »  as  a  sermon,  Curtis  on.   3  1220 
«  Vanity  Fair  "  as  the  greatest  English 

novel 10  3735 

The    Broken    Heart,  by   Washington    Ir- 
ving    6  2319 

"The    Chambered    Nautilus,"    by    Oliver 

Wendell  Holmes 6  2201 

"  The  Descent  of  Man, »  of  Darwin 4  1258 

The  Devil's  Bait  (Robert  Burton) 10  3957 

"The  Education  of  the  Human  Race,"  by 

Lessing 7  2544 

«  The  Governour,"  by  Sir  Thomas  Elyot. . .    4  1572 
"The   Greatest    Thing  in  the  World,"  by 

Drummond 4  1474 

«  The  Heaven  of  Noble  Failure, "  by  Stev- 
enson      9  3617 

«  The  Lord  My  Pasture  Shall  Prepare  "...    1  62 

The  Lord's  Prayer,  Montaigne  on 8  2988 

«  The  Man  of  Genius,"  by  Lombroso,  ex- 
tracted from 7    2600-3 

«  Thesetetus  »  of  Plato,  quoted 8  3144 

Theatre,  The 

Charlotte  Cushman  on  acting  as  a  fine 

art 10  3963 

Heine  at  St.  James's 6  2156 

Jerrold's  plays 6  2375 

Mendelssohn    on    Shakespeare's    sub- 
limity    8  2878 

Prynne  on  stage  plays 10  3865 

Schlegel  on  the  Greek  theatre 9  3358 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  at  the  play 1  103 

Shakespeare's  faults  as  a  dramatist. . .    6  2394 

Sydney  Smith  on  the  theatre 9  3478 

The   Earl  of  Cork  on  modern  come- 
dies    3  1156 

Theatre-going,  Epictetus  on 1  257 

Theatrical  Art 

Complication     and     development    in 
tragedy 1      209 


Theatrical  Art  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Greek  tragedy  analyzed  by  Aristotle. .    1  202 

Plots  in  tragedy,  Aristotle  on 1  200 

Tragedy  as  an  imitation,  Aristotle  on . .    1  196 

Theism  of  Darwin  characterized  by  Cobbe  3  1058 

Themistocles  on  cowards  (cited) 5  1688 

Theocritus,  quoted  by  Macaulay 7  2724 

Theodectes  of  Phaselis,  quoted 6  2253 

Theognis  quoted 1  23 

Theology 

(See  Ethics  and  Philosophy.) 

Beatific  Vision,  The 8  2925 

Dante's  theology  of  heaven  and  hell. .    4  1235 

Descartes  on  the  existence  of  God 4  1353 

Fischer  on  the  concept  of  God 5  1735 

God's  existence,  Kant  on 6  2419 

Happiness  in  hell,  by  Mivart 8  2921 

Homer  on  the  methods  of  God 8  3157 

Hooker  on  the  fall  of  angels 6  2231 

Ideals  of  theology  as  affected  by  science  5  1745 

Inspiration  and  higher  criticism 8  3049 

Jonathan  Edwards  on  order,  beauty, 

and  harmony 4  1536 

Kant  on  belief,  doctrinal  and  moral  . .    6  2419 
Leibnitz    on    the    ultimate    origin    of 

things 7  2528 

Logos,  The,  and  Greek  philosophy. ...    5  1737 

Mortal  sins 8  2924 

«  Novalis  »  on  the  personal  God 8  3069 

Oxenham  on  damnation 8  2923 

Plato  on  the  divinity  of  the  soul 8  3138 

Plutarch  on  the  delay  of  the  deity 8  3153 

Problem,  The  theologian's  (Washing- 
ton Gladden ) 10  3968 

Renan  in  "  higher  criticism  » 8  3224 

Ruskin  on  the  conception  of  the  Deity  9  3297 

Venial  sins 8  2924 

Theophrastus 

Biography 10  3753 

Essays: 

«  Characters  »  of  Theophrastus 

Of  Cavilling 10  3754 

Of  Flattery 10  3754 

Of  Garrulitie 10  3756 

Of  Rusticity  or  Clownishness. .  10  3756 
Of  Fair  Speech  or  Smoothness.  10  3757 
Of  Senseless,  or  Desperate  Bold- 
ness  10  3758 

Of  Loquacity  or  Overspeaking.10  S759 
Of   News  Forging   or   Rumour 

Spreading 10  3760 

Of  Impudency 10  3761 

Of  Base  Avarice  or  Parsimony .  10  3762 

Of  Obscenity  or  Ribaldry 10  3763 

Of  Unseasonableness  or  Igno- 
rance   of     Due     Convenient 

Times 10  3764 

Of    Impertinent    Diligence   or 

Over-Officiousness 10  3765 

Of  Blockishness,    Dullness,   or 

Stupidity 10  3765 

Of  Stubbornness,  Obstinacy,  or 

Fierceness 10  3766 

Of  Superstition 10  3766 

Of  Causeless  Complaining 10  3767 

Of  Diffidence  or  Distrust 10  3768 

Of  Foulness 10  3768 

Of  Unpleasantness,  or  Tedious- 

ness 10  3769 

Of  a  Base  and  Frivolous  Affec- 
tion of  Praise 10  3770 

Of  Illiberality  or  Servility 10  3770 

Of  Ostentation 10  3771 

Of  Pride 10  3772 

Of  Timidity  or  Fearfulness 10  3772 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4183 


Theophrastus  —  Continued 
Essays  —  Continued 

"  Characters  »    of    Theophrastus  — 

Continued  VOL.  page 

Of  an  Oligarchy   or   the  Man- 
ners   of  the   Principal  Sort, 

which  Sway  in  a  State 10    3773 

Of  Late  Learning 10    3774 

Of  Detraction  or  Backbiting. .  .10    3774 

His  school  in  literature 5  :  1670;  8    3087 

Theopompus  accuses  Plato  of  lying 4    1409 

Theorems  in  philosophy,  Epictetus  on. . . .    1      263 
The  *  Ossian  "  of  Macpherson,  De  Quincey 

on 4    1348 

The  sublime  and  naive   in  belles-lettres, 

Mendelssohn 8    2880 

The  world  as  will  and  idea,  by  Schopen- 
hauer     9    3365 

Thibet,  Hue  on  the  grand  «  Lama  » 9    3510 

Things  too  delicate  to  be  thought  («No- 

valis  ») 10    3985 

Thinking  the  hardest  thing,  Emerson  on.    4     1591 
Thoreau,  Henry  David 

Biography 10     3776 

Essay: 

Higher  Laws 10    3777 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Obligation  of  Duty 10    4000 

On  work  done  in  dreams 1      123 

Thornton,  Bonnel,  contributes  to  the  Con- 
noisseur      3     1105 

Those  who  most  long  for  change  (Thomas 

More) 10    3984 

Thought  makes  the  man 1      297 

Thrush,  Audubon  on  the 1      284 

Thseng-Tseu  on  the  soul,  quoted  by  Tho- 
reau  10    3783 

Thucydides 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Great  Man's  Assurance  of  Him- 
self   10    4000 

Expostulation  and  Accusation 10    4000 

The  Best  Security  of  Power 10    4000 

Attacked  by  Dionysius 4     1410 

Thumbs  and  poltroons,  Montaigne  on  ... .    8     2959 

Tibullus,  quoted  by  Dr.  Johnson 6    2390 

Tickell,  Thomas 

Biography 10    3787 

Essay: 

Pleasures  of  Spring 10    3787 

Ticknor,  George 

Biography 10    3791 

Essay: 

Spanish  Heroic  Ballads  of  the  Cid.10    3791 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Spanish  Drama 10    4000 

Tiedemann  on  the  brain  of  negroes 6     2253 

Tiele  declares  religion  universal 1      185 

Tigellinus  and  Burrhus 1      359 

Tillotson,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Difficulties  of  Hypocrisy 10    4000 

A  Glorious  Victory 10    4000 

Impudence  the  Sister  of  Vice 10    4000 

«  Timber;  or,  Discoveries  Made  upon  Men 

and  Matter, »  Ben  Jonson 6     2406 

Time,  Amiel  upon  its  imaginary  character   1      166 

Timidity ,  Theophrastus  on 10    3772 

Timoleon's  fortune 1      351 

Tintoretto's  house  in  Venice 9     3666 

Tobacco 

James  I.  on 10     3974 

Lanier  on  the  love  for 7    2507 


VOL.  PAGE 

Tobit  and  his  dog,  Swift  on 9  3648 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri  C16rel  de 

Biography 10  3798 

Essays : 

History  of  the   Federal  Constitu- 
tion  10  3798 

The  Tyranny  of  the  Majority 10  3800 

Literary  Characteristics  of  Demo- 
cratic Ages 10  3803 

His  popularity  in  America 10  3798 

Toleration 

And  heresy,  Jefferson  on 6  2356 

Locke  on 7  2586 

Mendelssohn  on 8  2876 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyoff  Nikolaievich 

Biography 10  3809 

Essays: 

Religion,  Science,  and  Morality. .  .10  3810 

The  Art  of  the  Future 10  3813 

Baudelaire  condemned  by 1  404 

«  Tom  Jones, »  Talfourd  on 10  3730 

Tonkunst  illustrated  by  Jeff eries 6  2350 

Too  much  honey  (John  Knox) 10  3976 

Topham,  Beauclerc,and  Langton  visit  Doc- 
tor Johnson 6  2141 

Torricelli  invents  the  barometer 4  1465 

Torture  by  law 2  427 

Tostig's  salt  meat 10  3710 

«  Tottel's  Miscellanies  " 6  2051 

Townsend,  Rev.  Charles 

Epigrams  by 3  1097 

«  Tractate  of  Education,"  by  Milton 8    2907-9 

Tragedy 

And  comedy,  as  related  to  the  epic 1  193 

Defined  by  Aristotle 1  195 

Training  young  girls 

Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu 8  2934 

Tranquillity 

A  rule  of,  by  Aurelius 1  292 

Austin  on 1  304 

Berkeley  on 2  441 

Transcendentalism  inEnglish  politics.  .. .    4  1542 

Transcendentalists  and  Come  Outers 4  1536 

«  Transfiguration, »  The,  of  Raphael 4  1605 

Translations  of  the  Bible,  Coverdale  on. . .    3  1160 
Treatise  on  the  remedies  of  good  and  bad 

fortune,  by  Petrarch,  quoted 8     3118-21 

Trees,  Evelyn  on  the  life  of 5  1662 

Trent,  The  council  of 

Bacon  on 1  835 

«Tristam  Shandy  "  and  Sterne's  methods.    9  3603 

«  Sterne's  Wild  Way  of  Telling  It  "... .    4  1563 

Trithemius  on  early  printing,  cited 6     2047-8 

Trogus  Pompeius  quoted 8  2982 

«  Truest  Thing  in  the  World,  The  »  (Wash- 
ington Irving) 10  3973 

Trusting  the  gods  (Xenophon) 10  4004 

"  Trusts  " 

Fourier  on  «  Collective  Competition  ". .    5  1762 

Prophesied  as  inevitable  by  Fourier. . .    5  1765 
Truth 

And  poetry,  Aristotle  on 1  222 

and  repose,  The  choice  between 4  1596 

Cervantes  on 10  3958 

Meric  Casaubon  on 10  3958 

Plato  on 10  3986 

Truth's  brave  simplicity  (James    Russell 

Lowell) 10  3980 

T'Sang,  editor  of  the  «  Great  Learning  "...    3  1136 
T'Seng,  The  Marquis 

Biography 10  3819 


4184 


GENERAL   INDEX 


T'Seng,  The  Marquis—  Continued 

Essays:  vol.  page 

Characteristics  of  the  French  and 

English 10    3819 

Western  Arts  and  Civilization  De- 
rived from  China 10    3820 

The  Earl  of  Beaconsfield 10    3821 

Tse-Sze 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Doctrine  of  the  Mean 10    4000 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverly 
Celebrated  Passages: 

Deception  and  Abuses  in  Politics.  .10    4001 
Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore 

Biography 10    3823 

Essay: 

A  Defense  of  Enthusiasm 10    3823 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich 

Biography 10    3833 

Essays: 

Prose  Poems 

Accept  the  Verdict  of  Fools. ...  10    3833 

A  Self-Satisfied  Man 10    3834 

A  Rule  of  Life 10    3835 

The  End  of  the  World 10    3835 

The  Blockhead 10    3837 

An  Eastern  Legend 10    3838 

The  Sparrow 10    3840 

The  Skulls 10    3841 

Turkey 

History  of  Turkey,  by  Creasy,  cited. . .    3    1188 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  in  Con- 
stantinople      8     2930 

Tusculan  Disputations  of  Cicero 3     1001 

«  Twain,  Mark  »  (Samuel  Langhorne  Clem- 
ens) 

Biography 10    3842 

Essays: 

On  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
Six   Varieties  of    New   England 

Weather 10     3843 

Lincoln  and  the  Civil  War 10    3846 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Babies 10    4001 

«  Twice  Told  Tales  » 6  :  2110;  6    2127 

Twining,  Thomas,  translator  of  Aristotle's 

«  Poetics  » 1      227 

Two  who  labored  in  vain  (Sadi) 10    3991 

Tyndall,  John 

Biography 10    3849 

Essays: 

Science  and  Spirits 10    3849 

The  Sun  as  the  Source  of  Earthly 

Forces 10    3855 

Tyrannicide 

The  character  of  a  (George  Long) 10    3979 

Tyranny 

In  America,  Tocqueville  on 10    3802 

Locke  on 7    2574 


u 


Ugliness  of  Modern  Life,  by  «  Ouida  » 8  3081 

Ugly  women,  by  Horace  Smith 9  3461 

Ulysses 

His  discovery  by  a  scar,  Aristotle  on . .    1  207 
"Vetulam    suam    prsetulit    immortali- 

tati» 1  321 

Uncertainty  of  things  (Luis  de  Granada).  10  3969 

Understanding,  The,  Locke  on  its  conduct   7  2582 

Unitarians,  Coleridge  a  minister  of  the.  .. .    3  1082 

United  States,  The 

America  as  England  magnified 3  1090 


United  States,  The—  Continued           vol. page 
American  and  Swiss  democracy  com- 
pared      3     1151 

American    pioneers    as    Shakespeare 

students 10    3803 

Americans  as  the  greatest  bores  in  his- 
tory (Carlyle) 3      875 

Anti-Masonic  campaign  1832 10    3925 

Arnold  and  Andre,  Bancroft  on 1      396 

Birrell  on  American  literary  competi- 
tion     2      460 

'<  Booms  »  in  the  West 6     2299 

Bryce,  James, on  American  democracy.   2      668 
Capital  fact,  The,  of  American  institu- 
tions     1      233 

Carlyle  on  «  Anarchy  Plus  the  Street- 

Constable'," 3      828 

Catlin  on  the  North  American  Indians   3      906 

Central  government  of,  Arnold  on 1      232 

Civil  War  and  Garfield's  career 5    1861 

Cobbett's  visit  1792-1800 3    1061 

Combe's  «  Notes  on  the  United  States  » 

(cited) 3    1116 

Confederacy  or  union 6     2341 

Conkling's  life  and  work,  Dana  on 3     1227 

Constitution  discussed  and  adopted 6    2062 

Curtis  on  New  York  society  before  the 

Civil  War 3     1212-21 

Dana,  Charles    Anderson,   in    politics 

and  journalism 3     1227 

Dennie  and  the  post-colonial  essayists  4    1298 
Destruction  of  the  Indians  prophesied 

by  Malthus 7     2813 

Draper  on  their  independence  4    1466 

Election  of  1800  and  its  issues 6     2064 

Embargo,  The 6    2064 

Emerson  on  nature  and  democracy,  .t .    4    1583 
England  demoralized   by  the  Revolu- 
tionary War 3    1119 

Federalist  essays  written  1787-8 6     2062 

Friendship  of  Coleridge  for 3     1091 

Future  of  America,  The  (Gulian  C.  Ver- 

planck) 10    4002 

Garfield  assassinated,  July  2d,  1881 5     1861 

Government  salaries  to  clergy  abolished 

in  Virginia  1776 6     2355 

Grant's  administration  and  Conkling's 

attitude 3    1228 

Greeley,    Horace,   in    journalism    and 

politics 5    1985 

Hall,  Basil,  on,  reviewed  by  Coleridge.    3     1091 

Hamilton's  life  and  work 6     2062 

History  of  the  Federal  Constitution  by 

Tocqueville 10    3798 

Holmes     on     chryso-aristocracy    in 

America 6     2215 

Ingalls  on  Kansas  characteristics 6     2296 

Jay  as  the  first  chief-justice 6    2337 

Jay  on  the  congress  of  1774 6     2340 

Jefferson    and    French     philosophy 

(Dennie) 4     1298 

Jefferson  writes  in  favor  of  toleration  6  2354 
Life  of  the  people  under  Washington.  3  1062 
Locke's  influence  on  the  Constitution.  7  2571 
Louisiana    Purchase    and  Jefferson's 

ideal ;-    6     2064 

McCarthy  on  French    imperialism   in 

Mexico 7    2714 

Madison,  fourth  President 7     2794 

Malthus  on  births  and  deaths  in 7    2812 

"  Mark  Twain  "on  Lincoln  and  the 

Civil  War 10    3846 

Marriage  laws,  Arnold  on 1      232 

Maury,  a  commodore  in  the  Confeder- 
ate navy 7     2854 

Megatherions  on  the  future  of  America 
(Carlyle) 3      874 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4185 


United  States,  The  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Mexican  War  as  a  war  of  conquest. ...    7    2657 

Motley  in  diplomacy  1861-70 8    3025 

New  England  epitaphs 5     2012-17 

New  England  philosophy,  Tuckerman 

on 10 

Newspapers  and  their  influence 3 

Nineteenth-century  progress 6 

Office  selling  under  Grant 3 

Otis,  James,  and  the  beginning  of  the 

Revolution 6 

Overpowering  strength   their   danger 

(Tocqueville) 10 

Paine  on  republican  institutions 8 

Paine's  influence    in  American    poli- 
tics     8 

Penn  and  L,ocke 5 

Presidential  term,  Arnold  on 1 

President's  private  secretary,  a  dealer 

in  whisky 3 

Reconstruction  and  corruption,  Dana 

on      3 

Religion    disestablished    in    Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  York 6 

Revolution  of  1776,  Channing  on 3 

Roger    Williams    and    his    controver- 
sies      5 

Sectionalism    of   the  tariff,    Coleridge 

on 3 

Smiles  on  the  Grant  administration. . .    9 
Spencer  on  enterprise    and  paternal- 
ism      9 

The    last    word    of    the    Confederacy 

(Robert  E.  Lee) 10 

Tuckerman    on     the     money-making 

habit 10 

Tyranny  in  America,  Tocqueville  on.  .10 
Virginia    law    disfranchises    heretics 

1705 6 

resolutions  of  1798 7 

Visit  of  Harriet  Martineau  1834 7 

War  between  the  States  and  the  Union, 

Hamilton  on 6 

Walpole  on  the  Revolutionary  War 10 

Washington's    administration,    Jeffer- 
son on 6 

Women  of,  excel  men  in  culture 2 

Yosemite  Valley,  The 5 

Unities    of    art   disregarded    by     Shakes- 
peare      6 

Unity  and  vastness,  Burke  on 2 

of  art  in  tragedy,  Aristotle  on 1 

human  nature,  Emerson  on 4 

nature,  Maury  on 7 

Universe,  The 

Burritt  on  its  infinity 2 

Its  intelligence  social 1 

scientific  aspect 5 

"Universal  Love,"  by  Mencius,  extracted 

from 8    2873-4 

Universities  and  Colleges 

Agassiz,  a  professor  at  Harvard 1 

Bancroft  in   chair  of    Greek  at  Har- 
vard      1 

Bayle  at  Rotterdam 1 

Chateaubriand  on  their  debt  to  Chris- 
tianity      3 

Frederick  William  University  of  Berlin 

addressed  by  Helmholtz 6 

Freedom  of  German  student  life 6 

Garfield  before  Hiram  College 5 

German  universities,  Helmholtz  on...    6 
Helmholtz  on  European  universities. .    6 

Higher  education  in  France 6 

In  the  twelfth  century  (Garfield) 5 


3827 
1103 
2299 
1229 

2062 

3802 
3095 

3094 

2011 

232 

1229 

1229 

2358 
948 

2008 

1091 
3442 

3515 

3977 

3828 
3802 

2356 
2794 
2826 

2065 
3880 

2063 

673 

1989 

2397 

727 

198 
1624 
2855 

757 

299 

1743 


110 

389 
408 

961 

2169 
2168 
1865 
2167 
2164 
2166 
1862 


Universities  and  Colleges  —  Cont  >d  vol.  page 

I,anier  at  Johns' Hopkins 7  2497 

L/Ongfellow  at  Harvard 7  2605 

IyOwell  at  Harvard  College 7  2658 

Maury  at  the  Virginia  Military  insti- 
tute     7  2854 

Methods  of  English 6  2165 

Milton  on  teaching  the  Classics 8  2908 

Ragged   notions  and  babblements  in 

education s  2907 

Unknowable,  The 5  1692 

Unseasonableness,  Theophrastus  on 10  3764 

«  Urn-Burial, »  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne 7  2619 

Use,  the  measure  of  greatness  (Emerson).    4  1592 

Uses  of  great  men,  by  Emerson 4  1634 

Usurers  as  Sabbath  breakers 1  351 

Usury 

Overburyon 8  3088 

The  worst  means  of  gain 1  346 

«  Utopia  »  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  extracted 

fr°m 8  3010-4 


«  Valbert,  G.»  (See  Cherbuliez.) 3  977 

Valclusa  Fountain 3  85g 

Valerius  Flaccus  and  Statius  as  poets 1  44 

Valhalla  roofed  with  shields 9  3631 

The  joys  of  Valhalla 9  3638 

Valuable  investments,  Walt  Whitman  on.  10  4003 
Vane,  Sir  Henry 

Cromwell  on 1  394 

Opposes  Cromwell 7  2565 

Vanessa  and  Berkeley 2  440 

«  Vanilla  »  as  an  adulterant  for  tobacco 7  2507 

Vanity 

Obstinacy  and   levity   as   horrible   in- 
firmities      4  1249 

Pascal  on q  3102 

and  virtue g  2263 

As  a  sermon,  Curtis  on 3  1220 

of  philosophers,  Bacon  on 1  340 

words,  Montaigne  on 8  2960 

"  Vanity  Fair,  *  Taine  on 10  3718 

Van   leaders  of  humanity  (Andrews  Nor- 
ton)  10  3984 

Variation,  Burke  on 2  742 

in  species,  Darwin  on 4  1264 

Varro 

His  «  Satira'  Menippea  »  cited 5  1873 

Varus  defeated  by  the  Germans. .    8  :  2975;  10  3695 

Vasco  de  Gama  doubles  the  cape 4  1464 

«  Vasili,  Paul  » 

Pen  name  of  Madame  Adam 1  13 

"  Vathek  ■ 

By  Beckford  (Besant) 2  447 

Cited  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 6  2208 

Vatican,  The 

Emerson  on  its  art  treasures 4  1603 

Vaugelas  called  «  the  most  polished  writer 

of  French  » 4  1 400 

Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Law  of  the  Strongest 10  4002 

Discovering      Old      Things     over 

Again 10  4002 

Vedas,  Thoreau  on  the 10  3782 

Velleius  Paterculus,  on   the  character  of 

Cinna,  quoted 3  1024 


4i86 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Venice  vol.  page 

Lombroso's  birthplace 7  2600 

Morning  rambles  in,  by  Symonds 9  3666 

"Venus    and    Adonis,"    of    Shakespeare, 

quoted 5  1885 

Mars,  Conditions  in  (Ball) 1  384 

,  her  revenge  on  Hippolitus 5  1897 

de  Medici,  Byron  on  the 2  803 

Verbs  defined  by  Aristotle 1  212 

Vernet,  Madame,  conceals  Condorcet 3  1132 

Verplanck,  Gulian  C. 
Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Future  of  America 10  4002 

Vespasian's  jest  on  death 1  313 

Vesuvius 

Destruction  of  Pompeii  by 8  3146 

J.  T.  Headley  on 10  3971 

«  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  The  » 

«  George  Eliot  »  on 4  1563 

How  it  was  marketed 9  3447 

Talfourd  on  its  sweetness 10  3731 

Vice 

And  virtue  (Felltham) 5  1684 

the  sister  of  impudence 10  4000 

Vico  on  the  Homeric  poems 6  2348 

Vincennes,  De  Retz  confined  in 5  1972 

Vinci,  Leonardo  da 

Hughes  on  his  genius 6    2235-6 

«  Vindiciae  Gallica?, "  by  Sir  James  Mack- 
intosh    7  2785 

Vinegar    and   oil  of   human   nature,  The 

(Johann  Caspar  Lavater) 10  3977 

"Virgil 

Camilla's  death  described 1  46 

Goethe  on  his  story  of  Laocoon 5  1924 

In  Dryden's  essay  on  epic  poetry 4  1483 

Montaigne  on  the  "  Georgics  " 8  2940 

Surrey's  translation 6  2053 

Virgil's  sepulchre,  Evelyn  on 5  1656 

Virginia 

Declaration  of  Rights  1776 6  2355 

Draper,  John  W.,  in  Hampden-Sidney 

College 4  1461 

Jefferson  and  his  work 6  2354 

Maury,  born  in  Spottsylvania  County.    7  2854 

Poe's  life  at  Richmond 8  3160 

Port  Conway,  birthplace  of  Madison . .    7  2794 
Robert  E.  Lee's  last  word  of  the  Con- 
federacy quoted 10  3977 

« Stonewall »    Jackson    at    Lexington 

(John  Esten  Cooke) 10  3960 

Virginia  Resolutions  of  1798 7  2794 

Wirt's  services  in 10  3925 

«  Virginibus  Puerisque,  »  by  Stevenson,  ex- 
tracted from 9     3610-2 

Virtue 

A  cause  of  envy  ( Bacon ) 1  322 

alone  is  delightful  (Benito  Feyjoo) ...  10  3966 

0 an  Inspiration, »  Madame  Roland  on .    9  3272 

and  vice  (Felltham) 5  1684 

as  grace  (Mark  Hopkins) 10  3973 

Best  plain  set 1  356 

Defined  by  Aurelius 1  293 

The  highest  virtue  (Pliny  the  Younger)10  3987 
When  odious  (Thomas  Fanshaw  Mid- 

dleton) 10  3983 

Vishnu,  Purana  of,  quoted  by  Cust 3  1226 

«  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman  " 4  1570 

Visualizing  faculty,  The 5  1857 

«  Vita  Militia  »  (John  Henry  Newman) 10  3984 

Vittoria  Colonna,  her  beauty  and  purity  . .    4  1447 

Voland  and  the  Devil 5  1799 


VOL.  PAGE 

Volcanoes,  destruction  of  Pompeii 8  3146 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de 

Biography 10  3858 

Essays: 

On  Lord  Bacon 10  3859 

On  the  Regard  that  Ought  to  Be 

Shown  to  Men  of  Letters 10  3863 

Celebrated  Passages; 

The  Secret  of  Boring  People 10  4402 

Literary  Fame 10  4002 

His  English  associates 3  967 

His  letter  on  «  Billy  Shakespeare  »  cited  3  1030 

His  letter  to  Chesterfield  quoted 9  3334 

His  story  of  Zadig 6  2277 

Mazzini  on  his  influence 8  2861 

On  human  stupidity 7  2603 

Saintsbury  on  Parton's  Voltaire 9  3336 

Volumnius,  quoted  by  Montaigne 8  2961 

«  Voluspa, »  quoted 9  3633 

Vondel,  called  the  Dutch  Shakespeare 4  1399 

"  Vortigern  »  as  a  Shakespearian  forgery. .    7  2493 
«  Vox  Populi  M  (Jean   Galbert  de  Campis- 

tron) 10  3957 

«  Vox  Populi,  Vox  Dei »»  (Francis  Lieber) . .  10  3979 

Vulgarism,  Chesterfield  on 3  981 

Vulgarity  and  Impurity 

Earle's  vulgar-spirited  man 4  1513 

Epictetus  on 1  256 


w 


Wagering,  Kant  on 6    2417 

Wagner,  Richard 

Biography 10     3867 

Essays: 

Nature,  Man,  and  Art 10    3867 

Life,  Science,  and  Art 10     3869 

Brahms,  Strauss,  and  Wagner,  Tolstoi 

on 10    3817 

"  Walden,  or  Life  in  the  Woods, »  by  Thor- 

eau 10    3776 

Pond,  Thoreau  on 10    3778 

Wales 

Giraldus  Cambrensis  and  his  itinerary  5    1902 
Walhalla  and  the  wild  huntsman  (See  Val- 
halla Mythology,  etc.) 2      500 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel 

Biography 10    3872 

Essay : 

The  Likeness  of  Monkeys  to  Men .  10    3872 
Beauty  as  efficiency 1      144 

Walpole,  Horace 

Biography 10    3876 

Essays: 

William  Hogarth 10    3876 

On  the  American  War 10     3880 

De    Quincey  on   Chatterton,   Walpole, 

and  «  Junius  » 4    1347 

Epigram  on  Archbishop  Seeker 3     1097 

Walton,  Izaak 

Biography 10    3881 

Essay  : 

The  Angler's  Philosophy  of  Life.  .10     3881 

Wandering  Jew,  The 

His  shoes  at  Berne 2  501 

War 

And  taxation,  Thomas  Paine  on 8  3099 

Army  organization  in  the  Middle  Ages  2  479 

Barbarism  in  birdcage  walk  ( Jerrold) .  6  2375 

Blackstone  on  professional  soldiers.  . .  2  477 

Carlyle  on  chivalry  in  a  fighting  world  3  850 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4187 


War  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Condorcet  on  war  and  progress 3  1133 

Courts  martial,  Blackstone  on 2  481 

Dana  on  the  corruption  caused  by 3  1229 

Destructiveness  of  Middle  Age  wars ...    5  1824 
«  Dialogue  in  a  Vulture's  Nest  ■  (John- 
son)     6  2386 

Draper  on  military  greatness 4  1464 

Emerson  on  the  cheapness  of  life 4  1633 

English  law  of 2  481 

Fichte  on  war  and  progress 5  1722 

Fifteen  decisive  battles  of  the  world, 

by  Creasy 3  1192 

Grotius  on  war  and  peace 5  2025 

Hamilton  on  civil  war  in  America 6  2065 

Henry  IV.  of  France  on  the  abolition 

of 8  3099 

Hobbes  on  brutality  in  human  nature.    6  2199 

Las  Casas  on  Napoleon's  methods 4  1621 

Liebig  on  war  and  science 7  2551 

Lowell  on  the  Mexican  War 7  2657 

Mencius  on  how  to  avoid  war 8  2872 

Montaigne  on  military  glory 8  2982 

Murder  as  an  object  of  life   for  the 

Norsemen 4  1636 

Napoleon  and  Cromwell,  Carlyle  on. . .    3  865 

National  debt  of  England  due  to  war.    3  1120 

Observations  on  war  by  Franklin 5  1779 

O'Rell  on  English  aggression 8  3070 

Orsted  on  pugnacity 8  3077 

Paine  on  war  as  government  policy. . .    8  3100 

Poltroons  and  Thumbs 8  2959 

«  Rights  of  War  »  (Caius  Julius  Csesar)  10  3957 

Ruskin  on  war 9  3318 

Soldiers  given  to  love 1  326 

Tacitus  on  ancient  German  habits 10  3677 

The  battle  of  Waterloo 3  1188 

The    cause    of    corruption    (Edmund 

Burke) 10  3956 

The  Crimean  War  and  its  causes 4  1541 

Vanity  of  soldiers,  Bacon  on 1  340 

Violence    and    sensuality    in  the    six- 
teenth century 4  1449 

William  H.  Seward  on  war 10  3994 

William  the  Conqueror's  military  sys- 
tem      2  479 

Zulu  War 8  3070 

«  Ward,  Artemus  » 

Celebrated  Passages: 

What  Preachers  Do  for  Us 10  4002 

,  Mrs.  Humphry,  translator  of  Amiel..    1  166 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley 

On  Sir  Walter  Besant,  quoted 2  445 

Warton,  Joseph 

Biography 10  3886 

Essays : 

Ancient  and  Modern  Art 10  3886 

Hacho  of  Lapland 10  3890 

Warwick,  Sir  Philip,  describes  Cromwell.    5  2001 
Washington,  George 
Celebrated  Passages : 

On  Friendship 10  4002 

How  to  Live  Well 10  4002 

as  a  type  of  character 4  1575 

Compared  to  Alfred  the  Great  by  Free- 
man     5  1795 

Jefferson  on  his  administration 6  2063 

Sparks  on  his  character 10  3996 

The  character  of   Washington   (  John 

Marshall) 10  3982 

Waterloo,  The  battle  of,  Hugo  on 6  2246 

Watt,  James 

And  the  work  of  steam,  by  Jeffrey 6  2360 

Jeffrey  on  his  extraordinary  powers. ..   6  2362 


Watts,  Isaac 

Celebrated  Passages :  vol.  page 

Rules  for  Governing  Others 10  4002 

On  ants  (quoted) 5  1791 

Waverley  novels,  Clough  on  the 3  1054 

«  Way  towards  the  Blessed  Life  >'  of  Fichte   5  1714 
We     are    all     wicked    (Lucius     Annseus 

Seneca) 10  3993 

We  may  do  great  things  without  knowing 

how  (Fontenelle) 10  3967 

ought  to  j udge  our  own  actions( Pythag- 
oras)  10  3988 

Wealth 

Adamantius  Corais  on 10  3962 

Aristotle  on  its  effects 1  227 

Chaucer  on  getting  and  using  riches. .    3  971 

Destruction  of,  to  increase  prices 5  1760 

Earle  on  sordid  rich  men 4  1523 

Holmes  on  chryso-aristocracy 6  2215 

Horace  Mann  on  money 10  3981 

Ought     not    to    secure     consideration 

(Channing) 3  950 

Petrarch  on  wealth  and  character 8  3119 

Riches  and  their  dangerous  increase, 

Dante  on 4  1237 

Ruskin  on  its  responsibilities 9  3309 

Sadi  on 10  3991 

« of  Nations  "  by  Adam  Smith 9  3449 

Webster,  Daniel 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Sense  of  Duty 10  4003 

Pride  of  Ancestry 10  4003 

,  Noah 

Celebrated  Passages: 

A  Dandy  Defined 10  4003 

On  Novels  for  Girls 10  4003 

Wellington,  The  Duke  of 

Compared  with  Napoleon  by  Hugo 6  2247 

Order  to  the  Guards  at  Waterloo 3  1190 

Welsh  bards 

Taliessiu  and  his  transmigrations 4  1416 

«  Werther  •' 

Carlyle  on 3  835 

Hillebrandon 6  2196 

Westminster  Abbey 

Ben  Jouson's  epitaph 6  2401 

In  Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  World. . .    5  1947 

Visited  by  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley 1  98 

"What  Is  Art?  »  by  Tolstoi,  extracted  fromlO  3813-8 

Wheatstone's  symphonion 9  3482 

Whewell's  translation  from  Plato 8  3136 

Whigs,  Addison's  connection  with 1  19 

and  Liberals  in  England 6  2046 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy 

Biography 10  3893 

Essays: 

The  Literature  of  Mirth 10  3S:>3 

The  Power  of  Words 10  3896 

Whist 

Bulwer  on  whist  as  a  profession 7  2704 

«  Cavendish  "  on  the  duffer's  maxims. .    3  911 
Duncombe  on  rouge,  whist,  and  female 

beauty 4  1499 

Origin  of  short  whist 3  917 

Preferred  to  chess  by  «  Cavendish  » 3  917 

Whitefield,  George 

His  «  Decision  of  Character  » 5  1755 

Whitman,  Walt 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Only  Valuable  Investments. . .  10  4003 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf 

Biography 10  3899 


4iS8 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Whittier,  John  Greenleaf  —  Continued 

Essay:  vol.  page 

The  Yankee  Zincali 10    3899 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Voice  of  the  Pines 10    4003 

Why  men  hate  each  other  ( Plato) 10    3986 

Wickedness,  Prosperity  a  penalty  of  (Caius 

Julius  Caesar) 10    3957 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin 

Biography 10     3906 

Essay: 

On  the  Relation  of  the  Agreeable 
and  the  Beautiful  to  the  Useful . .  10     3906 

Wigglesworth,  Michael,  Epitaph  of 5     2017 

Wild  huntsman,  The 2      500 

oats  as  a  crop  (Jean  de  la  Bruyere).  .10    3976 

Wilde,    Sir    William,    on    Swift's    closing 

years  (cited) 4     1430 

«  Wilhelm  Meister  » 5    1927-31 

Will  and  chance,  Emerson  on 4    1622 

,  Honeycomb 

His  character 1        75 

On  diplomacy  with  women 1        40 

Wimble  is  introduced,  Addison 1        83 

William   of    Malmesbury 

On    a  certain  ghost  story 7     2491 

" the  Silent,8  by  Motley 8     3025 

Williams,  Roger 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Bigotry  in  Religion 10     4003 

Griswold  on  his  character  and  contro- 
versies      5     2008 

Willis,  N.  P. 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  the  Death  of  Poe 10    4003 

Wilson,  Bishop,  on  culture 1      240 

,  John  («  Christopher  North  ») 

Biography 10    3913 

Essays: 

The  Wickedness  of  Early  Rising.  .  10    3913 

Sacred  Poetry 10    3920 

Winter,  William 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Character 10    4004 

Noble  Friendship 10    4004 

The  Reserve  of  Greatness 10    4004 

Winthrop,  John 

Celebrated  Passages: 

The  Twofold  liberty 10    4004 

Wirt,  William 

Biography 10     3925 

Essay: 

A  Preacher  of  the  Old  School 10    3925 

Wisdom 

By  Selden 9    3401 

of  old  time,  The  (Sadi) 10     3992 

The  property  of  all  men 4    1592 

Wise,  The,  at  the  doors  of  the  wealthy 1      228 

Wit  and  Humor 

Advantages  of  good  humor 6     2070 

Anagrams  and  acrostics  as  false  wit ...    1        34 

Aristotle  on  puns 1        30 

"  Beware,  wanton  wit  »  ( Fuller) 5     1851 

Black  cats  and  witchcraft 3     1067 

Burdette  on  matrimony 10    3956 

Butler  as  the  wittiest  English  poet 6     2269 

Cicero's  table  jokes 3     1203 

Cowley,  Dryden,  and  Waller  as  wits  . .    1        35 

Dickens  on  the  noble  savage 4    1379 

Druids  and  ninepins,  Coleridge  on ... .    3     1077 
Engaged  and  married  (Robert  J.  Bur- 
dette)  10    3956 

"English  Humorists,"   of   Thackeray, 
extracted  from 10    3747-52 


Wit  and  Humor  —  Continued  vol.  page 

Expansion  and  the  Bible  («  O'Rell  »)  . .    8  3070 

Felltham  on  pulpit  jokes 5  1694 

Freaks,  fads,  and  curios 5     1955-8 

Fuller  on  jesting 5  1833 

*  Gayeties   and   Gravities, »  by   Horace 

Smith 9  3455 

"  George  Eliot  "on 4  1557 

Heine  on  Saalfeld 6  2163 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  as  a  humorist   6  2201 

Hood  on  his  own  methods 10  3740 

Hood's  deathbed  puns 10  3742 

Humor  the  result  of  a  reaction 7  2452 

under  James  1 1  31 

«  Ik  Marvel  "  on  spring 8  2910 

Isaac  Barrow  on  wit 10  3952 

Jerome  on  Rousseau's  ambition 6  2373 

Jerrold's  drollery 3  941 

Joseph  Miller  and  his  jokes 3  1203 

quoted 9  3472 

Lamb's  reply  to  Coleridge 7  2453 

"  Mark  Twain  "on   t  h  u  n  d  e  r  in  New 

England  10  3844 

Mixed  wit  not  in  classical  authors 1  35 

"Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain  lectures,  "cited   6  2375 

"  Novalis  *  on  wit  as  a  disturber 8  3067 

OfFalstaff 3  1200 

"  Ouida  »  on  cads 8  3081 

Paranomasia 1  31 

Pineapple,  sin,  and  roast  pig 7  2465 

Puns  considered  by  Charles  Lamb 7  2478 

,  philosophy  of 1  30 

Selden  on  wit  and  wisdom 9  3401 

Sir  Thomas  Overbury  on  wit 10  3985 

Smith,  Sydney,  on  Miss  Edgeworth's 

humor 9  3471 

Southey  on  book  madness 9  3496 

on  Old  King  Cole 9  3492 

Spice-cake  and  remorse  (Lamb) 7  2466 

Stoic  contempt  of 1  292 

Thackeray  on  *  Hood's  Own  » 10  3740 

Thoughts  on  various  subjects,  Swift. . .    9  3645 
Two  properties  of  wit  defined  by  Addi- 
son     1  33 

Wit  and  wisdom  in  literature,  Addison 

on 1  33 

Zimmermann  on  wit 10  4004 

Wit  that  perishes  ( Johann  Georg  Zimmer- 
mann)  10  4004 

Witchcraft 

Coleridge  on  black  cats 3  1066 

Freytag  on  German  witches 5  1800 

Montaigne's  disbelief  in 7  2517 

and  magic,  Sir  Thomas  Browne  on  . . .    2  601 

Witena  Gemot  of  Northumbria 7  2608 

Wives,  Fuller  on 6  1827 

Woden  and  the  Wandering  Jew 2  498 

Wolf,  F.  A.,  his  prolegomena 6  2348 

on  Homeric  study 6  2349 

Wollstonecraft,    Mary,    marries    William 

Godwin 5  1911 

Wolves    and    dogs   in   the    United   States, 

Darwin  on 4  1263 

Woman  and  the  Home 

Adam,  Madame,  as  a  "  New  Woman  ".    1  13 

American  women  excel  men  in  culture   2  673 

A  reverie  of  home  by  «  Ik  Marvel  "...    8  2912 

Art  in  the  home,  Morris  on 8  3021 

Bacon  on  when  to  marry 1  321 

Children,  and  how  they  are  spoiled 

(Bacon) 1  319 

Christianity  and  the  sanctity  of  mother- 
hood    2  777 

Consistency  of  parents  in  its  effects  on 

children 3  922 


GENERAL   INDEX 


4189 


Woman  and  the  Home  —  Continued   vol.  page 

Courting  in  its  scientific  aspects 1  145 

Cuban  women ,  Bryant  on 2  664 

Dean  Farrar  on  woman's  work  in  the 

home 6    1664-9 

Degradation  of  woman  imparted    to 

man 1  16 

De  Quincey  on  motherhood 4  1346 

Earle  on  the  happiness  of  children 4  1505 

Emerson  on  manners 4  1627 

Extension  of  the  female  neck,    Addi- 
son on 1  27 

Free  play  for  woman's  activities  (Sarah 

Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli) 10  3985 

Goldsmith  on  fashions 5  1942 

Good  nature   as   woman's   greatest 

charm 3  1064 

•Higher  Education  for  Women,"  by 

Daniel  Defoe 4  1286 

Joan  of  Arc  at  the  stake 8  2886 

La  Bruyere  on  paint  and  powder 6  2450 

Toadies  who  laugh,  by  the  Earl  of  Cork   3  1154 

Lamb  on  womanhood 7  2477 

Legitimate  sphere  of  woman,  Madame 

Adam  on 1  16 

Love  after  marriage 2  688 

Love  for  the  showy  and  superficial. ...    1  58 

Lowell  on  low-necked  dresses 7  2665 

Lullaby  of  an  Afghan  mother 4  1255 

Margaret  Roper  as  a  Latinist 5  1666 

Marriage  as  an  impediment  to  great 

enterprises 1  320 

Marriage  laws,  American,  Arnold  on. .    1  232 

Maternal  influence,  Burleigh  on 2  750 

Modesty  as  a  source  of  beauty 1  30 

Nursery  rhymes  of  the  Afghans 4  1256 

Public    duties    of    woman,     Madame 

Adam  on 1  16 

Publius  Syrus  on  a  good  wife 4  1440 

Rights  of  woman,  Biichner  on 2  671 

Selden  on  women 9  3402 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  on  widows 1  105 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  on  woman  and 

m  arriage 2  637 

Susan  B.  Anthony  on  woman 10  3950 

Tacitus  on  German  women 10  3679 

The  education  of  woman  (Adamantius 

Corais) 10  3962 

The  enfranchisement  of  woman  (Eliz- 
abeth Cady  Stanton) 10  3996 

The  goodness  of  (John  Ledyard) 10  3977 

The  nature  of  women  (Fulke  Greville).10  3969 
The  unaccountable  humor  in  woman- 
kind, by  Addison 1  57 

Thomas  Chandler  Halliburton  on 10  3970 

Tuckers,  Addison  on  their  absence 1  28 

Woman  in  the  nineteenth  century,  by 

Madame  Adam 1  13 

Woman  morally  superior  to  man 7  2518 

Woman,  when  a  disorganizing  influ- 
ence      1  15 

Women   bought  and   sold   among  the 

Afghans 4  1251 

Women  during  the  Renaissance 4  1442 

Women's  men  and  their  ways 1  39 

Woman  and  the  Home,  Essays  on 

Chesterfield,    Lord :     Women,    vanity, 

and  love 3  987 

Farrar,  Frederic  William :  Some  fa- 
mous daughters 5  1664 

Franklin,  Benjamin :  On  early  mar- 
riages     5  1769 

Fuller,  Thomas  :  Of  marriage,  5  :  1826  ; 
The    good  wife,    5  :  1827  ;   The    good 

husband,  5  :  1829  ;  The  good  child. ...    5  1831 

Gellius,  Aulus:  A  rule  for  husbands. .  .    5  1873 


Woman  and  the  Home,  Essays  on  — 

Continued  vol.  page 

Grand,  Sarah :  Marriage  as  a  tempo- 
rary arrangement 5     1981 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert:  Women 
and  marriage,  6  :  2056  ;  To  a  lady  of 
high  culture 6    2060 

Hawkesworth,  John :  On  gossip  and 
tattling 6     2105 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von:  Mar- 
riage as  the  highest  friendship 6     2184 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de :  On  human  na- 
ture in  womankind 6     2449 

Lowell,  James  Russell :  On  paradisia- 
cal fashions  for  women 7     2665 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler:  Young 
beaux  and  old  bachelors,  8 :  3034  ; 
Motives  for  marriage,  8  :  3038  ;  En- 
gagements     8    3041 

Miiller,  Max:  Women  in  Mohammed's 
paradise 8    3046 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas:  A  good  wife. . .    8    3087 

Plutarch  :  The  evil  deeds  of  parents, 
8  :  3157  ;  Mothers  and  children 8    3158 

Richardson  Samuel  :  A  Rambler  essay 
on  woman 8    3244 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  :  Love 
and  marriage,  8  :  3250  ;  On  the  death 
of  young  children,  8  :  3258  ;  Female 
tongues 8    3261 

Selden,  John :  Women   9     3402 

Womanhood,  the  highest  dignity  of  (Jean 

Jacques  Rousseau) 10    3991 

"Woman's  Work  in  the  Home,"  by  Dean 

Farrar 6     1664-9 

"Wonders  of  the  Heavens,"  by  Flamma- 

rion 5    1739-41 

Woodfall's  «  Junius  »  quoted   6     2409-13 

Woodville's  "  Sayings  of  the  Philosophers," 

first  book  printed  in  England 3      918 

Words,  Aristotle  on  qualities  of 1      213 

Wordsworth,  William 

Biography 10  3929 

Essays: 

What  Is  a  Poet? 10  3930 

Epitaphs 10  3934 

Fullness  of  his  expression  of  himself  .    3  1052 

«  The  Good  Die  First  »  quoted 8  2914 

Work 

Ruskinon 9  3303 

The  chivalry  of  (Carlyle) 3  828 

World,  The,  not  to  be  despised  (Edward 

Hyde)    10  3973 

,  What  will  tranquilize  the  (Sir  Richard 

Steele) 10  3997 

Worm  in  the  nut's  kernel,  The  (Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh) 10  3988 

Worms,  Diet  of  ( 1521) 2  700 

Worship  of  objects  of  nature 1  186 

of  the  American  Indians 3  910 

Worth,    The     test    of     (Johann     Gottlieb 

Fichte) 10  3967 

«  Worthies  of  England  »  (Fuller) 5  1854 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas 6  2050 

Wynkin  de  Worde,  his  reprint  of  Juliana 

Barnes 4  1370 


Xeniades  and  Diogenes 5     1703 

Xenocrates  teaches  Epicurus  philosophy      5     1647 
Xenon,  a  Greek  higher  critic 6     2348 


4X9° 


GENERAL   INDEX 


Xenophanes  vol.  page 

Earliest  mention  of  Homer  in 6    2345 

'  Quoted  by  Aristotle 1      222 

Xenophon 

Biography 10     3937 

Essays: 

Socrates'  Dispute  with  Aristippus 
concerning  the  Good  and  Beauti- 
ful  10    3937 

In    What    Manner    Socrates    Dis- 
suaded  Men    from    Self-Conceit 

and  Ostentation 10    3939 

Several  Apothegms  of  Socrates 10  _.  3940 

Celebrated  Passages: 

On  Trusting  the  Gods 10    4004 

The  IyOw-Minded  and  the  Honor- 
able  10    4004 

Cited  by  Cicero  on  immortality  3     1012 

His  description  of  Socrates 7    2685 

Xenophon's  march  to  the  sea 4    1581 

Xerxes  whips  the  sea 8    2974 

Xylander  sells  his  notes  for  a  dinner 4    1398 


Yellowplush  Papers,  The,  and  their  spel- 
ling  10    3736 

Yosemite  Valley,  Horace  Greeley  in  the. . .    5     1989 
"  Young  Beaux  and  Old  Bachelors, "  by  Mrs. 

Moulton 8    3034 

Europe  Association  organized  1834  ....    8    2859 

,    Sir   John,    author   of   Ben   Jonson's 

epitaph 6     2401 


VOL.  PAGE 

Young's  «  Night  Thoughts  »  and  "  Satires  »  5    1970 
Yggdrasill,  the  World  Ash 9    3635 


Zadig,  The  method  of,  by  Huxley 6  2276 

Zanga's  revenge 5  1752 

Zend-Avesta,  The,  cited  by  Goldsmith 6  1959 

2eno 

Cited  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne 2  612 

Zeuxis  as  a   master  of  expression,  Aris- 
totle on 1  196 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg 

Biography 10  3942 

Essay: 

The  Influence  of  Solitude 10  3942 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Where  the  Polite  Fool  Fails 10  4004 

Wit  that  Perishes 10  4004 

Zoilus  as  a  representative  of  higher  criti- 
cism      1  101 

Zola,  Emile 

Celebrated  Passages: 

Life  and  Labor 10  4004 

Zorobabel,  Milton  on 8  2902 

Zoroaster 

A  source  of  Socratic  ideas 2  786 

Zulu  war,  The 8  3070 

Zulus  and  Kaffirs,  Dickens  on 4  1381 

Zumpt  and  Kiihner  as  pedants 5  1865 

Zurich  taken  by  the  French  1799 7  2511 

Zutphen,  The  battle  of,  1586 9  3426 


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HON.  DESIRE  GIRONARD,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

HON.  A.  B.  SEAMAN,— Attorney,      Denver,  Col. 

HON.   WILLIAM   TELLER,— Attorney, 

Denver,  Col. 

HON.  C.  M.  BERNARD,— United   States  District 
Attorney,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

HON.    I.   W.    DWYER,— United    States    District 
Attorney,  Portland,  Maine. 

HON.   CHAS.   SWA  YNE— United  States  District 
Judge,  Pensacola,  Florida. 

HON.   WM.    WARNER,— United    States    District 
Judge,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

HON.  HY.  B.  BROWN,— Assistant  Justice  Supreme 
Court,  Washington,  D.  C. 

HON.  CHAS.  J.  HUGHES,  JR.  Denver,  Col. 

HON.  WM.  M.  SPRINGER,  District  Judge, 

Washington,  D.  C. 


HON.  EMORY  SPEER— District  Judge, 

Macon,  Ga 

HON.  ADAIR  WILSON,— Judge  Court  of  Appeals, 

Denver,  Col. 

HON.  J.  H.  WILKINS,— District  Attorney, 

South  McAlester,  I.  T. 

VICOMTE  E.  M.  DE  VOGUE,— French  Academy, 

Paris,  France. 

G.   AITCHISON,— President  Royal    Institute    of 
British  Architects,  London,  Eng. 

BRITON   RIVIERE,  — Royal    Academy   of   Arts, 

London,  Eng. 

CHARLES  FREDERIC    GOSS,  D.D.,— Author    of 
<(  The  Redemption  of  David  Corson," 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

JOHN  BURROUGHS— Essayist,  West  Park,  N.Y. 

MURAT  HALSTEAD,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

REV.   HENRY   VAN    DYKE,— Author  of    « The 
Christ  Child  in  Art,»  etc.,      New  York,  N.  Y. 

JOAQUIN  MILLER— Author  of  «  One  Fair  Wo- 
man," Oakland,  Cal. 

MR.  LUCIAN  L.  KNIGHT,—  Literary  editor  of  the 
Constitution,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

JOSEPH    MITCHELL     CHAPPLE— Editor    and 

publisher  of  National  Magazine,  Boston,  Mass. 

ERNEST  HOWARD  CROSBY— Author  of  «  Plain 
Talk  in   Psalm  and  Parable," 

Rhinebeck,  N.  Y. 

ARMISTEAD    C.    GARDEN,— Author  of    « Con- 
gressional Currency, "  Staunton,  Va. 

JAMES  MERCER  GARNETT— Author  of  «  Elene, 
and  Other  Anglo-Saxon  Poems," 

Baltimore,  Md. 

ROBERT  REID   HOWISON,  LL.   D.,— Author  of 
<(  A  History  of  Virginia,"  etc., 

Fredericksburg,  Va. 

OSCAR  FAY  ADAMS—  Author  of  «  Through  the 
Year  with  the  Poets,"  etc.,  Boston,  Mass. 

CHARLES  W.  SUPER,  Ph.   D.,  LL.  D.,— Author 
of  (<  Heathenism  and  Christianity,"  etc., 

Athens,  Ohio. 

"WILLIAM  ALLEN  DROMGOOLE,»— Author  of 
«  The  Heart  of  Old  Hickory,"  etc., 

Estill  Springs,  Tenn. 

HALE  HAMMOND  BULL— Editor  of  the  Chal- 
lenge, Clarksdale,  Miss. 


PROMINENT  WOMEN 


MRS.  HARRIET  PRESCOTT  SPOFFORD,— Au- 
thor of  wThe  Marquis  of  Carabas,"  etc., 

Newburyport,  Mass. 

MRS.  LILLIE  DEVEREUX  BLAKE,— Author  of 
&  Fettered  for  Life,»  New  York,  N.  Y. 

MRS.  ELIZABETH  CADY  STANTON,— Author 
of  «  The  Woman's  Bible,"     New  York,  N.  Y. 

MRS.  C.  P.  BARNES,— Auditor  of  the  General 
Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  Louisville,  Ky. 

MRS.  JESSIE  L.  CREAR,— State  Chairman  of 
General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 

Rutherford,  N.  J. 

MRS.  GARDENER  CHAPIN,— President  Wom- 
an's Club,  Melrose,  Mass. 

MRS.  HORACE  BETTS,  Wilmington,  Del. 

MRS.  L.  J.  BLAKE,  Spartanburg,  S.  C. 

MRS.  LEONORA  BECK  ELLIS,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

MRS.  EMMA  A.  FOX,— Recording^ Secretary  of 
Woman's  Club,  Detroit,  Mich. 

HELEN  L.  GRENFELL,— Superintendent  and  ex- 
Ofricio  State  Librarian,  Denver,  Col. 

MRS.  E.  W.  GORE,— State  Chairman  of  Corre- 
spondence, General  Federation  of  Woman's 
Club,  Tacoma,  Wash. 

MARTHA  M.  JACKSON,— President  Daughters 
of  Main  Club,  Summerville,  Mass. 

MRS.  HARRY  E.  KENT,— President  District  of 
Columbia  Federation  of  Woman's  Club, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

MRS.  CHARLES  M.  LANAHAN,— State  Chair- 
man of  Correspondence,  General  Federation 
of  Woman's  Club,  Baltimore,  Md. 

MRS.  MARGARET  PALSON  MURREY, 

Montreal,  Canada. 


MARY  HARRIET  NORRIS, 
MRS.  M.  A.  LIPSCOMB, 


New  York,  N.  Y. 
Athens,  Ga. 


MRS.  HARRIET  0.  NELSON,— President  Wom- 
an's Literary  Club,  Haverhill,  Mass. 

ALICE  FREEMAN  PALMER,       Cambridge,  Mass. 

MRS.  REBECCA  R.  PYLE,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

MAUD  SUMMERS,— Educational  Committee  of 
General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 

Chicago,  111. 

MRS.  L.  T.  M.  SLOCUM,— President  North  End 
Club,  Chicago,  111. 

MRS.  ANNA  D.  WEST,  Summerville,  Mass. 

ELIZA  S.  TURNER,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

BARONESS  VON  BULOW-WENDHAUSEN— Hon- 
orary Member  of  General  Federation  of 
Women's  Clubs,  Dresden,  Germany. 

HELEN  A.  WHITTIER,  Lowell,  Mass. 

MRS.  ABBA  GOOLD  W00LS0N,—  Author  and 
Lecturer  on  Literature,  Windham,  Me. 

MISS  ANNA  L.  WARD— Author, 

Waterbury,  Conn. 

MARY  W.  WHITNEY,—  Astronomer, 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

LYDIA  P.  WILLIAMS,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

MRS.  J.  H.  WINDSOR,  Des  Moines,  la. 

MRS.  SUSAN  A.  BALLOU,— President  State  Fed- 
eration Women's  Clubs,        Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

MRS.  FRANCES  M.  FORD,— Director  General 
Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,    Omaha,  Neb. 

MRS.  KATE  TUPPER  GALPIN—  President  Wom- 
en's Parliament  of  Southern  California, 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

FRAU  LINA  MORGENSTERN,—  Honorary  Mem- 
ber of  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 

Berlin,  Germany. 

MRS.  LIDA  CALVERT  OBENCHAIN, 

Bowling  Green,  Ky. 


LIBRARIANS 


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Francis  S.  Betten 

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Arthur  E.  Bostwick 

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Robert  E.  Rich 

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Mrs.  M.  J.   Warner 

Alice  McLean 

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E.  D.  Devol 

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Wm.  H.Brett 

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Davis  P.  Leach 

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J.  B.  Putman 

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Mrs.  Selwyn  Douglas.  . . 

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C.  W.  Smith 

Seattle,  Wash. 

And  many  others 


FACSIMILES  OF  A  FEW  OF  THE  MANY  ANSWERS  RECEIVED 


Address  an,oflcial  cvmtmtiicalltms  (0 
"Commissioner  of  Education." 


S.N. 

Department  of  the  Interior, 
BUREAU    OF    EDUCATION, 

Washington  o.  c.  July   28,    1900* 


Mr.  P.  P.  Kaiser,  Publisher 

St.   Louis,  Mo. 
Dear  Sir:- 

In  reply  to  your  letter  of  July  23, 
I  beg  to  say  that  according  to  your  request  I 
have  cheoked  twenty-five  of  the  foremost  "Essayists", 
and  I  have  also  added  the  names  of  Walter  Pater, 
Thos.  Huxley,  and  Robert  L.  Stevenson. 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  literary  of 
this  office  has  a  set  of  the  "World's  best  orations. 
I  find  it  a  work  of  great  value. 

Very  truly  yours, 


Librarian. 


JTTOSON  SMITH,  D.D.,  )rn™«™™^[n- 

CHARLES  H.  DANIELS.  DD,   > <.orrorp.in.3ins 


CHARLES  H.  DAN! 

JAMES  L.  BARTON,  _ 

fe.  E.  STRONG,  D.D..  Editorial  Secretary, 

FRANK  H.  WICC1N.  Treasurer. 

CHARLES  H.  6W1TT.  General  Ageot. 


ELS    D  D      (Corresponding  flf  ift  jtP  Jt  ffo 

.  Dp..    "  J  secretary.  jjmtriran   fjotml  ofl  ^onratissi  oners  Jot   foreign  Jjlissiona. 

t  Twniim  it  T  a  J  J 

Congregational  House,  No.  14  Beacon  Street. 

Sffcdfrn,       Aug.  4,   1900 
Mr.  Perd.   P.  Kaiser,   Publisher, 

St     Louis,  Mo, 
Dear  Sir:- 

Your  favor  of  July  25th  is  at  hand 
and  its  contents  noted  with  much  interest.  The  new 
collection  of  prose  masterpieces  soon  to  be  issued 
promises  to  fill  a  needed  place  in  the  literary  pro- 
ductions of  the  times,  and  under  the  judicious  man- 
agement which  has  the  matter  in  charge  it  can 
soarcely  fail  to  win  an  immediate  and  great  success, 
I  inclose  a  list  of  the  great  prose  writers  with  a 
check  beside  the  names  which  occur  to  me  as  specially 
deserving  a  place  in  the  collection,  and 
I  am, 

Faithfully  yours, 


^^^^f^lU^f 


>I?e  F&r»ee  £ifc>papy 

OF  PHILADELPHIA. 
JOHN  THOMSON,  Lttnriaa. 


13 1 7- 122 1  Chestnut  Street. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


July  5Qt,h,lfl0n«„ 


Mr.  Ferdinand  P.Kaiser, 

St.  Louis, 

Missouri. 

Dear  Sirz-- 

I  have  looked  through  your  preliminary  list  of  essayists, 

of  which  you  ask  me  to  eeleot  twenty-five  writers  suitable  for  a  ten 

volume  work  collecting  together  the  "World's  Best  Essays0*    I  would 

add  four  names  which  do  not  appear  upon  this  preliminary  list,  namely:- 

Huxley. 

Bagehot, Walter, 
Muller,  Max, 
Morley, John. 


and  of  the  other  names.  I  would  favor: 

Addis on, Joseph, 

Arnold, Matthew, 

Bacon, Francis, 

Car ly le^ Thomas , 

Chateauoriand, 

De   Qulncey, Thomas, 

D'Israeli, Isaac, 

Froude, James  Anthony, 

Hazlitt  .William, 

Lamb, Charles, 

Landor,  Walter  Savage, 

Locke, John, 

Maoau lay, Thomas  B., 

Mill, John  Stuart, 

Montaigne, 


Saint-Beuve,  Chas.A. , 
Schopenhauer, 
Steele, Sir  Richard, 
Swift , Jonathan, 
Thaskeray, William  M,, 
Wilson  (Christopher  North)  o 


C. 

J.T. 


Believe  me, 


Yours  truly, 


^^£_  O^&rvz^-^rv^ 


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