Yaggy's graphic record, giving the resources and conditions of nations

RDlllT 27^5

EQUATORIAL DIAM

PACIFIC SLOPE COAST MTS-

NEVADA

DESERT PLATEAU

COLORADO

ROCKY MTS.

CROSS SECTION OF THE UNIT]

C a r p a t

CROSS SECTION OF EUROPE

KANSAS

GREAT CENTRAL PLAIN

E N T U C

STATES ABOUT 40 TH PARALLEL

VIRGINIA

ALLEGHANY NITS.

■V a ■

ATLANTIC SLOPE

TWEEN PARALLELS 40 & 50

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy A West

EQUATORIAL DIAi

CALIFORNIA

"PACIFIC SLOPE COAST MTS

DESERT PLATEAU

COLORADO

ROCKY MTS.

CROSS SECTION OF THE UNIT

<%> $ e 3 <( \

CROSS SECTION OF EUROPE

YAGGY'S

3)0

GRAPHIC RECO

^

GIVING THE

RESOURCES AND CONDITIONS

OF

NATIONS.

L. W. YAGGY.

HOUSTON, TEXAS:
t

LONE STAB PUBLISHING HOUSE,

1887.

270812

COPTBIGHT, 1886,
BY

YAGGY & WEST.

IPrelpaqb,.

IT has been the aim in this work to collect all the important facts
relative to the formation, development, progress, and present con-
dition of our country, and of the principal contemporaneous countries.
The facts thus collated have been carefully analyzed and classified, in
the form most convenient for ready reference and practical use, so that
the entire subject is presented in the clearest and simplest form com-
patible with comprehensiveness of scope and accuracy of detail. To
reach this end, maps and diagrams have been extensively used, illus-
trative of the substantial facts treated.

Yaggy's Graphic Record embraces every subject relating to the
life of the country — the establishment, development, and continued
progress of the nation in its educational, religious, political, agricult-
ural, manufacturing and commercial interests and industries. In a
word, the work comprises the whole intellectual, moral and economic
history of the American Republic.

A special feature in this work is found in the clear and logical
arrangement of the various topics presented. A general and compre-
hensive classification gives the country itself, its geologic structure, its
topography and physical features, and its minerals and metals. The
country was first, the people came afterward. The ethnological history
is touched upon lightly, but sufficiently for the connection ; and the his-
tory of the American people proper is given with regard to their arts
and accomplishments. Following both country and people are the
resources of both, thus forming a complete whole. Much has necessa-
rily been left out ; but nothing essential to a complete presentation of
the subject is wanting.

A great deal of the most important matter of this book has never
before been published ; and by far the greater part of it has existed

(iii)

IV PREFACE.

nowhere outside the libraries of the favored few. The subject of "Labor
Wages and the Cost of Living," for example, contains matter of the
highest present interest and importance, but which has never been
known to the public generally. This, with the parts on " Education,"
" Population," etc., in foreign countries, has been collated after exten-
sive research and large expense from the official records of those coun-
tries.

Acknowledgment is hereby made of services rendered by A. G.
McCoy, Ph. D., associate editor of the Chicago Mail and a contributor
to the Encyclopedia Americana; also, to the Hon. John A. Logan, Sena-
tor from Illinois ; Hon. William R. Morrison, Congressman ; Genera
W. B. Hazen, Chief of the Signal Service Bureau; Hon. F. R. Powell,
Superintendent of the Government Geological Survey, and others.

CONT6NTS.

GEOLOGY.

America tlie "New World" in what Respect. — Geologically tlie Old World. — The First Land.
— Condition of Europe when the American Continent Appeared. — The Geologic Structure of
the United States. — The Government Surveys. — Private Explorations.— Valuable Eesultsof these
Surveys. — The Work Still Incomplete.— The Geologic Divisions. — Compass of the Formations.
— Favorable Opportunities for Geologic Study. — The Atlantic Plain Kegion. — The Rocky Mount-
ain District. — The Laurentian Hills. — Azoic Dei^osits. — The First Continent. — The Succession
of the Ages. — Later Formations.— Period Determined by Fossils.— Higher Mountains of Later
Periods. — Reasons Therefor. — Causes of Disturbed Strata. — Age of Appalachian and Cordilleran
Ranges. — Geological Table of North America 18-20.

TOPOGRAPHY.

General Shape of the Continent. — Position of the United States. — Area of the Country
with Latest Acquisitions. — The Purchases of 1867. — Position of Mountains and Plains.— Con-
trasted with Conformation of European Countries.— Framework of the United States.— The
Appalachian System. — Extent and Arrangement of the System. — Different Ranges in the Appa-
lachian System. — Mean Altitude. — Height of Noted Peaks — Variations in the Ranges. — Rock
Structure.- — The Potomac River Cut. — The Cordilleran System. — The Backbone of the Con-
tinent.—Great Length, Height and Bulk.— Three Distinct Ranges.— The Rocky Mountains. —
Lofty Peaks of the Rockies.— The Desert Plateau.— The Coast Ranges.— Colossal Peaks.— The
Three Great Plains.— The Atlantic Slope, Position and Extent.— The Central Plain. —General
Slope of the Mississippi Valley. — Prairies. — The Sandy Plain. — Movement of the Rainfall. — The
Three Sections of the Central Plain.— Comparison of Altitudes of Different Places in the Cen-
tral Plain.— Cross Section of the United States.— The Four River Systems of Drainage.— Rivers
of the Atlantic Slope.— The Gulf System of Rivers.— The Mississippi and its Tributaries.—
The Northern Lakes, Area and Importance.— The Mississippi Valley. — Chief Tributaries of the
Mississippi.— Rivers of the Pacific Slope.— Land Below the Sea Level.— Shore Line of the
United States. — Value of Extended Coast Line.— Prospects of the Country. 21-28.

CLIMATE.

Wide Climatic Range.— Influence of Seas and Mountains on Climate.— Variations in Climate.
— Prominent Characteristics.— Greatest Equability.— Atlantic Coast Climate.— Compared with
Same European Latitudes.— Influence of the Gulf Stream.— Compared with Other Portions of
the Country— Cimate of Central Plain.— The Lake Region.— Gulf Region.— Causes of Extreme
Cold.— The Mountain Climate.— Course of Isothermal Lines.— Altitude Does not Determine
Temperature.— Climate of Montana.— Northwest Compared with Eastern Climate.— The Pacific
Coast.— Causes of Mild Climate.— Sitka and Puget's Sound.— Oregon and Washington.— South-
ern California.— Southern Alaska.— Tables of Temperature.— Rainfall and Forestry.— Distribu-
tion of Rainfall.— Signal Service Observations.— Cost of Signal Service.— Tables of Average
Rainfall.— Rains of Atlantic Slope.— Rains of the Mississippi Valley.— Southern and Northern
Ends of the Valley.— Rainfall in Rocky Mountains.— Insufficient Rainfall.— Influence of Forests.
— The Supply of Forests.— Hard and Soft Woods.— Isolated Forests.— Forests of California.— Of

VI CONTENTS.

Oregon, Washington and Alaska.— Forest Planting.— Tables Showing Effect of Wind on Rain.
— ExTDlanation of Districts. — Amount of Eainfall for Sugar, Eice, etc. — For Wheat, Corn, etc. —
Healthfulness of the Climate 29-48-

POPULAR WEATHER PROVERBS.

How Collected. — Origin and Source of Common Proverbs. — Proverbs Eelating to Animals.
— Proverbs Eelating to Birds. — Proverbs Eelating to Clouds. — Proverbs Eelating to Dew. — Prov-
erbs Eelating to Fish. — Proverbs Eelating to Fog or Mist. — Proberbs Eelating to Frost. — Prov-
erbs Eelating to Insects. — Proverbs Eelating to the Moon. — Proverbs Eelating to Plants. —
Proverbs Eelating to Eain. — Proverbs Eelating to Eainbows. — Proverbs Eelating to Eeptiles. —
Proverbs Eelating to Stars or Meteors. — Proverbs Eelating to Snow. — Proverbs Eelating to the
Sun. — Proverbs Eelating to Thunder and Lightning. — Proverbs Eelating to Trees. — Proverbs
Eelating to Wind. — Instrumental and Other Local Indications of Approaching Storms. — Gen-
eral Phenomena Indicative of Approaching Storms 49-130

MINERALS AND METALS.

Abundance and Distribution. — Accessibility. — Kinds Found. — Coal. — Importance of Coal. —
Origin of Coal. — How Formed. — Vegetable Deposits and Coal Veins. — Time and Pressure
Eequired. — Position of the Coal Seams. — Eeasons for Divergence from Horizontal Position. —
Coal-Producing Area of England, France, Belgium, Europe. — Comparison with Area of United
States. — Thickness of Coal-Bedsin England and United States. — Four Kinds of Coal. — Anthra-
cite of Pennsylvania. — Anthracite iu Europe. — Other Places in United States.— Area and Depth
of Pennsylvania Beds. — The Southern, Middle, and Northern Fields. — Semi-Bituminous Coal. —
Area and Where Found. — Bituminous Coal. — The Allegheny Field. — Isolated Fields. — The Cen-
tral Field. — Other Fields: Area and Extent. — Lignite. — Where Found and Extent. — Annual Pro-
duction and Consumption of all Varieties of Coal. — Commercial Output of Coal for Five Years. —
Output including Local and Colliery Consumption in 1882, '83 and '84. — Total Coal Production
of the World for Latest Year. — Manufacture of Coke. — Statistics of Coke for Five Years. — Iron
Ore: where found. — First Discovery of Iron in America. — First Attempt to Manufacture Iron. —
Iron Manufacturing in 1643. — At the Beginning of the Eevolution. — Effect of the Morrill Tariff
on Iron.— Statistics of Iron Industry in 1810.— Statistics for 1870 and 18S0.— The World's
Production of Coal, Iron and Steel. — Gold and Silver. — The Two Gold Districts.— Gold Deposits
of the Cordilleras. — How Gold is Found. — The Silver Mines. — Number and Capital Stock of
Deep Mines. — Extent of Deep Mines. — Number of Men Employed in Deep Mining. — Labor in
Deep Mines. — Scale of Wages Paid Workmen. — Bullion Product in 1884. — Total Production of
Gold and Silver to December 31, 1884.— Eank of States in Production of Gold. — Profits of
Mining. — Statistics of Mining in 1883 and 1884.— Financial Showing of Mining Companies. —
Consumption of Gold and Silver in Trade. — Output of the World in Gold and Silver. — Employes
of Ontario Mill. — Scale of Wages Paid. — Scale of Comstock Mills. — Long Tunnels of the World.
—Petroleum. — Origin of. — Kinds of. — Greatest Production in Pennsylvania. — Production for
Fourteen Years. — Number of Wells in Thirteen Years. — Output of New York and Pennsylvania
Fields. — Lead: how found and where.— Production of Lead for Twelve Years. — Sources of Pro-
duction of Lead. — Copper: where found. — Lake Superior Eegion.— Development of Copper
Industry.— Statistics of Copper Industry from 1845 to 1884.— Specific Tables for 1882, 1883
and 1884. — Cost of Producing Copper. — Prices of Copper in 1884. — Copper Production of the
World from 1879 to 1884.— Mercury: where found.— Product of Mercury from 1875 to 1884.
—Price List of Mercury in San Francisco and London. — World's Production of Mercury.— Zinc:
where found. — Production in United States for Six Years. — Production by States for Four Years.
— World's Production of Zinc. — Graphite: where found. — Amount Produced. — Nickel. — Annual
Production from 1876 to 1884.— Tin: where found.— Grindstones.— Salt.— Product for 1883
and 1884. — Mica. — Output for Three Years. — Mineral Springs 131-172.

/

CONTENTS. VII

EARLIEST INHABITANTS.

Beginning of North American History. — A Pre Historic People. — What the Spaniards
Thougnt of the Natives. — How the Name "Indian" was Applied. — State of the Country when
Discovered.— The Indians not the First Inhabitants.— The Indications of Previous Occupancy.
A Higher Civilization.— The Mound Builders.— A Race Trior to the Mound Builders. — The Evi-
dences Isolated and Inconclusive. — Pre-Historic Animals. — Pre-Historic Belies Mentioned. —
Belies of the Mound Builders. — Their Abundance and Wide Distribution. — Where Found.— The
Mounds.— Shape and Size of the Largest.— The Ohio Mounds. — Peculiarity of Mounds in Wis-
consin.— The Purpose and Intention of the Mounds. — Evidence of Copper Mining.— The Belies
Found in Colorado.— The Investigation of the Mounds Incomplete.— General Facts Established
by the Belies Found 173-175.

THE INDIANS.

Distribution at the Time of the Discovery of America. — The Higher Civilization of the
Southern Indians.— Estimated Number on the Continent.— Number in the United States. —
Families and Tribes of Indians. — The Algonquin s — Number and Distribution of the Algonquin
Family.— The Country Occupied by the Algouquins.— Principal Tribes of the Algonquins. —
Historic Characters Among the Algonquins. — The Huron-Iroquois Family. — Territory of the

Huron-Iroquois.— Tribes of the Huron-Iroquois. — The "Six Nations." — Their Confederation.

Historic Iroquois. — Bemnants of the Six Nations. — The Mo'uilian Family.— Where Found and their
General Character.— Principal Tribes of the Mobilians.— The ^herokees and Seminoles. — The
Natchez. — The Dakota or Sioux Family. — Where Found.— Their Habits.— The Chief Tribes of
the Dakotas. — Present Population of the Indians. — Eatio not Decreasing. — The Indian Beserva.
tion. — The Most Highly Civilized Tribes. — The Government and the Indians. — A Perplexing
Problem 176-178.

THE DISCOVERY.

Columbus not the Original Discoverer. — The Norse in Greenland. — First White Man who
Saw America. — Colonization by the Norsemen. — Vinland. — First White Child Born in America.
—Last of the Norse Settlement.— The Beal Discovery.— V jyages and Discoveries of Columbus. —
The First Land.— First European Colony.— English Discovery of North America.— Error of the
Spaniards Eegarding the West Indies.— The Cabots.— Naming the New Continents.— Portuguese

Discoveries. — The Spaniards in North America. — Spanish Explorations. — Conquest of Mexico.

First Settlement Attempted in the United States. — Failure of the French Colonization. The

Oldest Towns in the United States.— First English Colonies.— English Land Grants.— The Lon-
don Company.— The Plymouth Company.— First Permanent Settlement in the United States.—
The Plymouth Council.— Puritans in New England.— Dutch Colonization.— New Netherlands. —
The Swedes and Finns. — New Sweden. — Conflicts Between Dutch and the Swedes. — Troubles of
the Puritans and Dutch. — English-Holland Treaty. — Positions of French. English and Spaniards
in America. — The Proportion of Territory Claimed by Each in 1737. — Eise of English Suprem-
acy.— Wars between the English and French Settlers.— The Treaty of Paris.— New Map of North
America. — National Traits of Character Exhibited in the Settlement of America. — Activity,
Foresight and Ingenuity of the French.— Eapacity, Cruelty and Intolerance of the Spaniaids. —
The Sturdy Briton. — America Certain to Become Wholly English. — What Stopped England's
Dominancy 179-186.

POPULATION.

Primary Object of the Census. — Cost of Taking Census. — Facts in this Work. — The Popula-
tion by States with Sex, Nativity and Bace. — Increase in Population from 1790 to 1880 by
Percentage. — Density of Population from 1790 to 1880. — Distribution in Elevation Above Sea
Level. — Distribution in Accordance with Topographical Features. —Distribution in Accordance

VIII CONTENTS.

■with Mean Annual Temperature. — Distribution with Mean Temperature (of July. — Distribution
with Mean Temperature of January. — Distribution in Accordance with Maximum Temperature.
— Distribution in Accordance with Minimum Temperature. — Distribution in Accordance with
the Eainfall of Spring and Summer. — With the Annual Rainfall. — Distribution in Latitude. — In
Longitude.— Population by States as Native and Foreign-born. — By Color.— Number of Chinese,
Japanese and Civilized Indians. — Population Distributed According to the State in which Born.
—The Country of Birth of the Foreign-born Population.— Population of Cities having 4,000 and
Over. — Population of Foreign Countries- Difficulty in Obtaining Reliable Statistics.— Foreign
Population of Great Britain and Ireland. — Large Towns of Great Britain. — Increase since 1871
in Great Britain. — Population of Great Britain According to Sex. — Emigration from Great
Britain and Ireland, Number and Destination. — Population of English Colonial Possessions. —
Population of British North America. — Australasia. — German Empire: Area and Population. —
Population by Sex and Households in Germany. — Nationalities of the German Empire. — Emigra-
tion from Germany. — Population of Chief Towns in Germany.— Population of the States of
Europe: Comparative Table. — Population of the Countries in America. — Number and Distribu-
tion of the Three Great Paces in Europe. — Area and Population of the Foreign Possessions of
each European Country. — France: Histoi-y of Changes in Territory and Population. — Present
Population by Districts and Sub -Districts. — Increase and Decrease in Population of France. —
Emigration, Number of Households and Nationality of France. — French Possessions. — Area and
Population of Algeria. — Possessions in America. — In Africa. — In Asia. — In Oceanica. — Austro-
Hungary: Area and Territorial History.— Area in 1795. — Losses and Gains. — States in Imperial
Council: Area and Population. — Countries of the Hungarian Crown: Area and Population. —
Population by Sex and Households. — Foreigners in Austro- Hungary. — Eussia. — History of Terri-
torial Changes. — Population by Governments.— Italy: Area and Population. —Population by Sex,
Households and Nationalities. — Changes in Territory with Population. — Switzerland: History of
Territorial Changes. — Area and Population by Cantons.- Foreigners in Switzerland.— Area of
Lakes. — Houses and Households. — Belgium: History of. — Area and Population by Provinces. —
Holland: Territorial History. — Area and Population by Provinces. — Nationality and Religion of
Population. — Denmark: History of. — Area and Population by Divisions.— Religion and Popula-
tion of Chief Towns. — Sweden: History. — Area and Population. — Religion of People. — Popula-
tion of Chief Cities. — Norway: Area, Population. Nationality and Chief Towns. — Spain: History
and Condition of. — Area, Religion, and Population. — Portugal: Area, Population and Chief
Towns. — Greece: History of. — Religious Creeds.— Chief Towns. — Area and Population by
Nomachies. — Roumania, Servia, and Montenegro: Area and Population. — Turkish Empire: Area
and Population by Sanjaks. — Roumelia and Anatolia. — Turkish Possessions in Europe and Asia:
Area and Population. — Mexico: Area and Population by States. — Republics of South America. —
United States of Colombia: Area and Population. — Venezuela. --Ecuador. — Peru. — Bolivia. —
Chili. — Argentine Confederation. — Paraguay. — Uruguay. — Brazil: Area and Population by Prov-
inces.— Population by Sex. — Religion and Principal Towns. — Japan: Area and Population. —
Nationalities, Principal Towns, etc. — China: Area and Population. — Foreign Population in China.
—Population of the Chief Towns in China , 187-292.

POLITICS.

The Commencement of American Politics. — The Magna Charta and Bill of Rights. — Effect
in Shaping American Politics. — Whigs and Tories of England. — The French and Indian Wars in
America. — Attitude of English Parties Toward These Wars.— Triumph of Whig Principles. — The
Imperialism of Parliament. — The Declaratory Act. — The Famous Stamp Act. — Effect on the
Colonies. — Whigs and Tories in America. — Revocation of the Stamp Act.— The Tyranny of Par-
liamentary Attitude. — The First Step Toward Independence. — First Continental Congress. — The
Spirit of England.— Lexington. — Beginning of the Revolut on. — The Constitutional Congress. —
Declaration of Independence. — Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. — The Conduct
of the War. — The Final Treaty with Eagland. — Complete Separation. — Difficulties of Transition
to a Nation. — The Annapolis Convention. — The Philadelphia Convention. — Adoption of the
Constitution. — Ratification by the States. — Development of American Parties. — Federalist and

CONTENTS. IX

Anti-Federalist. — The Choice of Presidential Electors. — Choosing a President and Vice-Presi-
dent.— Commencement of the First Administration. — Principal Acts of the First Administrations.
— The Officers of the Government in all Succeeding Administrations, with the Important Acts.

293-330.

EDUCATION.

Great Interest in General Education. — Early Establishment of Public Schools. Enlargement

of the System.— Ample Provisions for All. — High Estimate of the Common School. — The Control

of the Educational System. — Local Self- Government, the Basis of the Public School System. No

Federal Law. — Public Schools a State Institution. — Similarity Among the States. — Early Diver-
sity of Social and Educational Condition. — Free Schools of the North. — The Slave States. Mex-
ican Acquisitions. — General Similarity in Later Years. — The National Bureau of Education.— No
Interference with State Management.- -Aim and Purpose of the Bureau. — Indirectly Influences
the Conduct of the Schools. — The Actual Government of the Schools Local. — Compulsory Attend-
ance Laws.— The Functions of the States. — General Superintendence Only. — Duties of the Local
Municipal Authorities.— The First State School Laws.— The Model for all Later Systems.— The
Political School Unit.— Sub-Districts.— Local Officers and Duties. — County Superintendents.—
State Superintendent of Public Instruction. — Support of the Public Schools. — The Underlying
Principle of Support. — State School Funds. — The School Section. — Large Area of Public Lands
Given to Support the Schools.— United States Deposit Fund. — State Tax. — Local Taxation. —
Schools for Higher Instruction. — The Illustrations in this Work. — The Number, Nativity and
Bace of the Minor Males in the United States. — Females.— Number, Nativity and Bace of the
Legal School Population, by States. — Receipts and Expenditures for Schools. — Number of Teach-
ers, Average Salaries and Number of School Months. — School Attendance by Color and Sex.—
Annual Expenditure for Schools by States. — Per Capita of Expenditure. — School Population,
Enrollment, etc., from 1873 to 1883.— Comparative White and Colored Enrollment in the
Becent Slave States. — Table of Colored Schools. — Normal Schools, Business Colleges and Kin-
dergarten.—Public and Private Normal Schools. — Elementary and High Schools, Value of Prop-
erty, etc., by States. — Preparatory Schools, Colleges, Universities, etc. — Schools for Secondary
Instruction, by States. — Schools for Superior Instruction of Women. — Universities and Colleges
by States. — Number of Students in Higher Institutions, by States. — Schools of Science. — Schools
of Theology. — Schools of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy. — Illiteracy from Ten Years Old.—
Minors of Legal School Age.— Illiteracy by States in I860.— Hliteracy in 1870.— Illiteracy in
1880. — Number of Idiots, Blind and Insane, a Four Decades. — The Insane, with Sex, Nativity
and Bace, by States. — The Idiotic, with Sex, Nativity and Bace, by States. — The Blind, with Sex.
Nativity and Bace, by States. — Deaf Mutes, with Sex, Nativity and Bace, by States. — Paupers,
with Sex, Nativity and Bace, by States. — Newspapers and Periodicals of the World, by Countries,
■ — Number and Languages of Newspapers in the United States. — Newspapers of the United
States Classified. — Beligious Newspapers by Denominations.— Newspapers by Periods of Issue.
— Education in Great Britain. — Statistics of Schools in England for Ten Years. — Schools and
Scholars of England and Scotland by Beligious Creeds. — Illiteracy in England, Shown by Mar-
riage Becords. — Schools and Education in Scotland and Ireland. — Newspapers and Books in
Great Britain and Ireland. — Education in France. — Number of Schools, Enrollment and Expend-
itures.—Illiteracy in France. — Newspapers and Books in France.— Educational Statistics of
Germany. — Schools and Universities. — Books, Newspapers and Periodicals of the German Em-
pire 331-386.

RELIGION.

National Character.— Bule for Determining Character. — Early Settlers of America. — Their
Motives and Objects. — Early Colonists Protestants. — Beligious Character of the Different Colo-
nies.— Cause of their Emigration. — Beligious Asylums. — Two Civilizations. — Two Streams of
Influence. — Gradual Assimilations in Modern Times.— The Anglo-Saxon Colonist. — The Norman.
— Peculiar Character of American Colonies. — From the Middle Class of Society. — Their Intelli-
gence.—Their Uprightness.— Their Eeligioiis Life.— Some of their Faults.— Beligious Character

X CONTENTS.

of America Modeled after the Mother Countries. — History of the Change. — Union of Church and
State. — The Separation. — The Three Original Influences. — The Puritan. — The First Constitu-
tion.— Plymouth Colony. — Persecutions. — Their Virtues. —Second Influence. — Scotch-Irish
Presbyterians. — The Model of the American Constitution. — Third Influence. — The Huguenots. —
Distribution of the Colonies. — Eeligion in United States. — Outlines of Present Work. — -Religious
Population. — Percentage of Different Denominations. — Religious Trend. — Piincipal Religious
Denominations of the United States. — Increase in Churches and Membership in the United
States in 105 years. — The Unitarian, Universalist and Catholic Churches in the United States. —
Statistics of the Denominations in the United States. — Churches in British North America. —
Religious Statistics of Great Britain. — Ratio of Roman Catholic to Entire Population in Great
Britain. — Number of Clergymen by Churches and Countries in the World. — Number of Organi-
zations, Clergy, etc., of Every "Denomination in the United States. — Membership in Certain
Chief Churches of the World by Countries. — General Religious Divisions of the World. — Mem-
bership of the Principal Religious Bodies in Europe by Countries 387-402.

OCCUPATIONS.

Number of Persons Engaged in Gainful Occupations in the United States with Age and Sex.
— Distribution According to Sex. — Comparison of Sex in Occupations. — Comparative Increase in
Ten Years. — Statistics of Occupations in Cities. — Number and Sex Engaged in Agriculture by
States. — In Professional and Personal Services. — In Trade and Transportation. — In Manufactures
and Mechanical and Mining Industries. — Occupation, with Age, Sex and Nativity by States. —
Number Engaged in Professional and Personal Services with Age and Sex by States. — Same with
Nativity. — Engaged in Trade and Transportation with Age and Sex by States. — Same with
Nativity. — Engaged in Manufactures and the Mechanical and Mining Industries, with Age and
Sex by States. — Same with Nativity. — Persons of All Classes with Age and Sex in Fifty Principal
Cities. —Same with Nativity. — Number of all Persons with Sex and Nativity in the United States
by Classes of Occupations 403-426-

LABOR, WAGES AND LIVING.

Importance of Labor Question. — Cost of Living Intimately Associated with Wages. —
Scope and Aim of this Chapter. — Comparison of Trade Wages of Europe and Chicago and New
York. — European Cities Compared with Chicago. — Wages Paid in Seven European Countries in
1878 and 1884 Compared with Chicago to Show Increase. — Iron Trades of England Compared
with United States. — Wages of Railway Employes in Europe and United States. — Prices of
Provisions in Five Principal Countries in Europe by Specified Articles. — Wages Paid in the
General Trades in New York. — To Printers, etc., in Chicago. — In Foundries, Machine Shops,
etc. — Railway Employes in Chicago. — Clerks in Stores. — Household Servants.— England: Sta-
tistics of Industrial Classes. — Number of Females in Trades. — Wages Paid in the General Trades.
— In Certain Cities. — Cost of Living in England. — Wages Paid Railway Employes. — Character of
Working Classes. — Wages of Household Servants. — The Land Tenure System. — Wages of Agri-
cultural Hands. — Contrast of English and American Farmers. — Table of Prices of Provisions. —
Cost cf House Rent. — A Sample Case. — Scotland: Statistics of Wage Workers.— Wages Paid in
General Trades. — In Factories and Mills.— In Iron Works. — To Railway Employes. — To House-
hold Servants. — To Clerks in Stores. — To Farm Laborers. — Price of Provisions. Ireland:

Statistics of Laborers. — Condition of Laborers. — Causes of Emigration. — Wages Paid in Gen-
eral Trades. — Farm Wages. — Wages in Factories and Mills. — In Foundries and Iron Works. —
Sample Cases of Irish Laborers. — France: General Condition of Labor.— Wages Paid in the
General Trades. — To Household Servants. — In Stores.— Condition of the Working Classes. — A
Case in Illustration. — Germany: Number and Classification of Laborers. — Wages in the General
Trades by Districts. — Habits of the Working Classes.— Wages in Factories or Mills. — Of Rail-
way Employes. — Clerks in Stores. — In Foundries and Machine Shops. — Wages Paid Miners. —
To Household Servants. — Farm Wages by the States. — Prices of Provisions. — An Estimate of

, CONTENTS. XI

Wages and Living. — An Actual Case Presented. — Emigration and its Causes. — Belgium: Labor
and Laborers. — Wages Per Week in tlie General Trades. — Condition of Working Classes. — Food
Prices. — A Belgian Workman. — Switzerland: Character of Labor. — Habits of the Working
People. — Wages Paid in the General Trades. — Swiss Factory Laws. — Wages in Factories or
Mills. —To Household Servants. — To Farm Hands. — To Clerks in Stores. — Condition of the
Working Classes. — Prices of Provisions and Clothing. — Austro-Hungary, Labor Population. —
Character of Laboring Classes. — Wages in the General Trades. — Cost of Necessaries of Life. —
Political Condition of Laborers. — Holland: Wages in General Trades. — Character of Laboring
Classes. — Cost of Provisions. — Condition and Habits of the People. — An Example from Life.—
Causes of Emigration. — Denmark: General Facts. — Wages in General Trades.- -Wages to Farm
Laborers. — Wages Paid Women. — Cost of Necessaries of Life. — A Yearly Budget of Wages and
Living. — Spain: Character of Laboring Classes. — Wages Paid in General Trades. — Case of a
Spanish Workman. — Italy: Statistics of Labor Population. — Wages Paid to Women. — Wages
Paid in the General Trades.— Wages and Condition of Farm Laborers. — Household Ser-
vants.— Food Prices i 1 Enme. — Russia: General Condition of Working Classes. — Wages Paid in
General Trades. — Political Condition. — Farm Wages. — Character and Condition of Working
Classes. — Cost of Provisions. — Canada: General Condition of Labor. — Wages Paid in the Gen-
eral Trades. — Prices of Provisions. — Employment of Women.— Mexico: Character of Labor
Population. — Social and Political Status.— Wages Paid Farm Hands. — Of Household Servants.
— Wages in General Trades. — Intellectual Condition. — Cost of Living. — United States of Colom-
bia.— Wages Paid in General Trades. — Provisions and Rent. — Venezuela. — Wages in General
Trades. — Habits of Working Classes. — Food Prices.— Brazil. — Wages in General Trades. — Clas-
sification of Working People. — How they Live. — Prices of Provisions. — Turkey in Asia. — Con-
dition of Labor.— Women Laborers. — Wages in General Trades. — Difficulties Among Workmen.
— Palestine: Chai'acter of the People. — Different Nationalities, Class and Caste. — Wages Paid in
the General Trades in Jerusalem. — The Expense of Living. — Australasia. — The Workingman's
Paradise. — Wages Paid in the General Trades. — Wages Paid Farm Laborers. Cost of Living
and Table of Food Prices 427-540.

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

System of Registration. — Definition of Vital Statistics. — Purpose of Registration of Vital
Statistics. — Death Rate in the United States. — Death Rate in Colored Population. — Deaths by
Sex. — Deaths by Age. — Causes of Deaths.— Diphtheria. — Enteric Fever. — Malaria Fever. — Con-
sumption.— Deaths in each State with Distinction of Sex. — Deaths by States with Distinction of
Sex and Color. — Deaths in each State with Distinction of Sex and Certain Specified Ages. —
Number of Deaths from Measles in each State and Territory.— Scarlet Fever.— Diphtheria.—
Whooping Cough. — Enteric Fever. — Diarrheal Diseases. — Consumption. — Diseases of the Nervous
System.— Diseases of the Respiratory System.— Diseases of the Digestive System.— Excess of
Deaths in Males from Certain Causes— Number of Deaths in the United States from Causes Speci-
fied.— Number in Fifty Principal Cities.— Proportion of Male to 1,000 Female Deaths in the
United States from Specified Causes.— Proportion of Deaths of Children to 1.000 Total Birth-
in Cities and Rural Districts of the Unit3d States 541-554.

ARMY AND NAVY.

Military Power of the United States Peculiar.— No Standing Army.— Real Military Strengths
—American Patriolism and Defensive Power. -American Wars.— Number of Soldiers in the
Revolution.— War of 1812.— Number of Officers and Men Engaged.— Mexican War.— Number
Engaged.— Number Killed.— Number Wounded.— The Rebellion.— Troops Furnished.— Colored
Troops Furnished.— Number of Men Drafted.— Bounties Paid.— Extent of Casualties to Both
Sides.— Present Standing Army.— Number of Officers and Men Enlisted.— Military Departments.
- Commissioned and Non-Commissioned Officers.— Retired Army Officers.— Generals in Com-
mand.—Allowance to Officers.— Pay of Officers in Active Service.— Pay of Retired Officers.— List
of Generals since 1775.— Strength of Regular Army from 1789 to 1885.— The Armies of the

Xn CONTENTS.

"World. — Annual Cost. — Cost to Each Inhabitant. — The United States Navy. — Number of Vessels.
— Active List of the Navy. — Betired List. — Navy Yards. — Officers of the Navy.— Years of Service.
— Pay of All Connected With the Navy.— Navies of the World.— Number of Vessels and Men.—
Cost of Naval Service.— Pensions. — Troops Engaged in Wars Previous to the Bebellion.— Pensions
Allowed. — Comparison of Pensions Paid with Interest on Public Debt. — Pensions Paid Survivors
and Widows of the war of 1812.— Appropriations and Expenditures of Pension Office from 1862
*o 1886. — Number of Pension Agencies. — Pensioners on the Poll. — Pensions paid in each
State from 1861 to 1886.— Table of Pension Eates.— Summary of Pension Expenses from 1862
to 1886 555-578.

AGRICULTURE.

How the Statistics are Gathered.— What is a Farm?— Number of Farms in the United States
by States and Groups.— Proportion of Farms to Total Land Surface.— Table of Farms Tilled by
Owner and Renter. — Increase' in Farms in Thirty Years. — Classification of Farms by Size. — Dairy
Products.— Statistics of Cereal Productions. — Acreage and Yield of Cotton. — Tobacco. — Sugar
and Molasses.— The Grass Crop.— Poultry and Eggs.— Orchard Products. — Number of Oxen and
Farm Animals. — Fences and Cost of Fencing. — Number of Acres in Farms in 1860. 1870 and
1880, by States.— Improved Land in 1870 and 18S0 by States.— Value of Farms, Farm Imple-
ments and Machinery, by States.— Production of Barley and Buckwheat for Thirty Years, by
States.— Indian Corn and Oats. — Eye and Wheat.— Cotton and Wool.— Hay and Tobacco. — Pota-
toes.—Number of Live Stock by States. — Horses, Mules and Asses, Oxen, Milch Cows, Other
Cattle, Sheep and Swine. — Production of Butter and Cheese, by States.— Barley, Buckwheat,
Indian Corn, Oats, Eye, Wheat, Orchard Products, Hay, Hops, Sugar-Cane, Eice, Cotton,
Tobacco and Potatoes. — Tables Showing the Production of the Cereals, Grasses and Vegetables
in Each State in the Union, by Counties. — Table Showing the Number of Horses in the United
States by States.— Mules and Asses. — Milch Cows. — Other Cattle. — Sheep. — Swine. — Butter. —
The Average Yield Per Acre and Price Per Bushel of Corn by States. — Wheat. — Oats. — Eye. —
Barley. — Buckwheat. — Potatoes.— Hay .—Tobacco. — Cotton. — Eules for Inspection of Spring
Wheat at Chicago.— Corn.— Oats 579-676.

MANUFACTURES.

Method of Collecting Statistics. — Increase of Manufacturing Industry. — Value of Products.
— Capital Invested in Manufactures. — Increase of in Ten Years. — Agricultural Rank of the
States. — Manufacturing Bank of Each State. — Increase in Each State in Certain Manu-
facturing Eespects. — Statistics of Various Trades. — Value of Production of Certain Industries.
— Supply of Food. —Manufacture of Iron and Steel. — Saw-Mill Industry. — Lumber Industry. —
Foundries. — Machine Shops. — Cotton Goods. — Silk Manufacture.— Woolen Goods. — Manufac-
ture of Clothing. — Boots and Shoes. — Leather Tanning Industry of the United States. — Sta-
tistics of Carpentering and Blacksmithing in each State. — Manufacture of Furniture. — Agricul-
tural Implements. — Carriages and Wagons. — Distillation of Sjririts. — Malt Liquors. — Manufac-
turing Centers of the United States. — Population of the United States. — Increase of.— National,
ity in Manufacturing Industries. — Bank of the Seven Leading Cities in Each Industry Specified.
—Women and Children in Manufacturing Industry. — Statistics of Manufactures by States. —
Number Employed in Fifty Principal Cities by Age and Sex. — Eelation of Wages and Materials
to Products.— Statistics of Blast Furnaces. — Bank of Six Leading Industries in Thirty Cities
Specified. — Manufactures by Totals of States and Territories. — Power Used in Manufactures in
the United States.— The United States by Specified Industries in 1880. — Number of Establish-
ments.— Capital — Number of Hands Employed — Wages Paid— Materials and Products.677-716.

WEALTH, DEBT AND TAXATION.

Standing of the United States in the Commercial World. — Estimated Wealth of the World
by Countries. — Value of the Industrial Products of the World by Countries. — Balance Sheet of
the United States. — Eeceipts of the United States from all Sources from 1789 to 1884. — Expen-

CONTENTS. XIII

ditures of the Country for All Purposes from 1789 to 1884. — Assets and Liabilities of the
United States in 1885. — Assessed and True Valuation of the Country by States.— Amount of
Money in Circulation. — Form and Location of the Circulation. — History of the Fractional Cur-
rency by Periods of Issue and Value. — Deposits and Purchases. — Number of Banks, Capital,
Circulation, etc., by States. — Number and Denominations of Bank Notes with the Time of
y Issue. — Number of Outstanding Bank Notes at Three Periods. — Taxes Collected from National
Banks from 1S64 to 1885. — Amounts and Kinds of Outstanding Notes Each Year from 1865 to
1885. — Amount of Gold and Silver Mined in 1884, by States. — Annual Production from 1845
to 1885. — Coinage in 1885. — Number and Standard Value of Pieces Coined. — Gold Coinage Each
Year from _793. — Silver Coinage from 1793 with Denominations of Coins. — Minor Coinage by
Denominations from 1793. — Public Debt Each Year from 1791 to 1885.— Proportion of Taxes
Levied for School and for Other Purposes by Groups of States. — Analysis of Interest-Bearing
Debt.— Amounts and Kinds of Outstanding Bonds from 1865 to 1885.— Total and Per Capita
Taxes Levied by States.— Taxation of Cities Having a Population of 7,500, by States.

717-746

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Internal Commerce. — Material Resources of the United States. — Prices of Wheat Each
Month for Fifteen Years in Chicago. — Corn. — Oats. — Pork. — Prime Steam Lard. — Live Hogs. —
Average Price of Staple Articles for Fifty Years. — Weekly Price of Wheat in San Francisco.—
Internal Revenue. — Amount Collected from Specified Sources. — Receipts for 1885 by States. —
Statistics of Spirits for Five Years. — Taxes Collected from National Banks from 1864 to 1885 —
Taxes on Circulation, Deposits, etc., from 1864. — Production, Area and Value of the Tobacco
Crop from 1868.— Tobacco Used in Manufactures from 1872 to 1884. — Condition of Tobacco
Business in 1885 by States.— Value of Imports, Exports, etc., from 1791 to 1884.— Value of
Merchandise Imported by Countries.— Value of Domestic Merchandise Exported by Countries.
—Value of Merchandise Imported by Articles.— Value of Domestic Merchandise Exported by
Articles. — Total Value of Imports and Exports of Merchandise by Countries. — Raw Cotton
Exported from 1875 to 1884 by Countries.— Value of Imports and Exports with Method of
Carriage, etc., from 1856 to 1885.— Financial and Economic Transactions of the United States
from 1877.— Receipts and Expenditures for Last Fiscal Year.— Same Itemized.— Miles of Rail-
road Constructed Annually from 1830 to 1885.— Miles of Railway in Operation by States.—
Mileage, Capital, Cost, etc., of Railroads, by States.— Receipts and Expenses of Railroads by
States.— Number, Tonnage, etc., of Shipping, by States.— Tonnage of Vessels Built from 1857.
—Proportion of Steam and Sailing Vessels.— Merchant Marine Service.— The Fishing Trade.
Seaport Clearances from 1864.— Nationality of Foreign Tonnage, etc., Cleared from 1857.—
Schedule of Transportation Rates.— Joint Rates.— Railway Transportation by Articles.— Steam-
ship Rates by Articles.— Lake Freight Rates, Chicago to Buffalo.— Ocean Freight Rates by
Articles.— Postofflce Department.— Statistics from 1790 to 1885.— Cost of Railway Mail Service
from 1830 to 1885.— Number of Postofflces by States.— Receipts and Expenditures of Depart-
ment for 1885 — Classification of Mail Matter— Rates of Postage to Foreign Countries. 747-812

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

Distribution or Plants, etc., by Altitude. Comparative Heights of Principal Mountains.

Cross Sections of the United States Frontispiece.

Distribution of Animals, Reptiles, Fishes and Birds of the World 18

Growth of Vegetables of the World 24

Elevation of the United States, Starting from the Sea Level 28

Mean Annual Temperature of the World 30

Mean Annual Temperature of the United States 32

Minimum Temperature of the United States 36

Maximum Temperature of the United States 40

District Map of the Signal Service Bureau 44

Mean Temperature of July in the United States 54

Mean Temperature of January in the United States 64

Mean Cloudiness in Spring, in Summer, in Autumn and in Winter 74

Moisture in Spring, in Summer, in Autumn and in Winter 88

The Annual Rainfall of the United States 104

Distribution of Rainfall of the Spring and Summer 118

Density of Forests in the United States 134

Distribution of Pines in the United States 142

Distribution of Oaks in the United States 152

Walnut Distribution of the United States 160

Distribution of Ashes in the United States 168

Human Races of the World 178

Increase in Population in the States from 1800 to 1880 190

The Population by States, with Nativity, Color, Etc 198

Density of Population of the United States 204

Ratio of Colored to Total Population 214

Degrees of Density of Predominating Sex 222

Density of Population per Square Mile and per cent of Foreigners in each State 244

Ratio of Foreign to Total Population of the United States 280

Vote of each State for 1880: for 1884 318

School Interests in each State and Territory 342

Number of Insane, by Sex, Color, Etc 350

Number of Blind, by Sex, Color, Etc 358

Number of Deaf Mutes, by Sex, Color, Etc 368

Number of Newspapers compared with the Population 376

Progress of Education in Different Nations 380

School Population, Enrollment and Attendance 381

Religious Denominations of the United States 388

Church Accommodation, by States 394

Gainful Occupations, by States 418

Average Wages per Month by Group of States 432

Death Rate under One Year; from One to Five; From Consumption; Rheumatism among Troops — 542

Death Rate by Color and Race 544

Death Rate at Different Ages 545

Death Rate from Malarial Diseases 548

(xiv)

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. XV

Death Rate fkom Consumption 548

Death Rate from Certain Fevers 549

Death Rate from Intestinal Diseases 549

Death Rate among Irish and German-Americans 552

Death Rate among White and Colored Population 552

Death Rate in United States and Europe 552

Death Rate in Thirty-one Cities 552

Death Rate in North-Eastern States 552

Death Rate in Southern States 552

Death Rate from Rheumatism; from Catarrhs 553

Death Rate from Enteric Fever; from Typho-Malarial Fever 553

Death Rate from Pneumonia ; from Bronchitis 553

Death Rate from Diarrhcea ; from Malaria 553

Comparative Diagram of Nations 562

Farms and Farm Products by. States 578

Increase of Values of Agricultural Products 579

Consumption and Production of Sugar 579

Unimproved Land— Cereal Production 580

Cotton, Average Yield ; Total Production 581

Average Yield of Corn ; Wheat ; Oats ; Barley 584

Acreage of Cotton— Value of Farm Animals 585

Value of Live Stock— Yield of Hay 588

Number of Milch Cows ; other Cattle 588

Number of Horses; Mules; Swine; Sheep 589

Yield of Wheat per Acre; Product per capita 592

Progress of Wheat Production in Thirty Years 593

Product per Head, of Wheat, of Europe and United States 593

Average Yield of Rye; Buckwheat; Potatoes; Tobacco 598

Corn Production by States ; Annual Variation 602

Value of Farms— Farmer's Income— Farm Wages 603

Tobacco Interests in the United States 603

Value of Farm Products— Increase of Farm Animals 608

Increase of Production of Cereals 609

Proportion of Land in Farms to total Land Surface '--- 609

Product per Head, of Cereals in Europe and United states 614

Production and Export of Cotton 1841—1884 614

Product and Export of Cereals— Increase of Farm Area 615

Ratio of Yield of Grain to Area of Improved Land 620

Average Yield of Wheat per Acre, in bushels 624

Average Yield of Corn per Acre, in bushels 632

Average Yield of Oats per Acre, in bushels 638

Average Yield of Barley per Acre, in bushels 644

Production of Rye per Acre of Improved Land 650

Production of Buckwheat per Acre of Improved Land 658

Income per Acre from Cereal Products, by States 666

Product of Corn per Acre; per capita 670

Yield of Corn by Group of States 671

Effect of Varying Product on Price of Corn 671

Steam and Water Power used in United States 696

Taxation, per capita, by States 720

Valuation of Property, per capita, by States 721

Total net Indebtedness of the United States 730

Outstanding Bonded Debt of United States 731

National Debts of Different Countries 740

Product and Export of Corn and Wheat 748

Prices of Corn, Wheat, Oats, Rye, Timothy Seed, Cotton, Rice and Hops 756

Prices of Sugar, Hams, Mackerel, Codfish, Rio, Molasses, Lard, Leather and Flour 764

Prices of Tobacco, Wool, Cheese, Butter, Mess Pork, Mess Beef, Tallow and Hides 772

Pr.icES of Glass, Linseed Oil, Salt, Hard Coal, Tea, Iron, Nails, Clover Seed and Lead 780

Contents

The Country.

The People.

The Resources.

GEOLOGY.

When America is spoken of as the "New World," reference is to the
discovery, the settlement, and to the development of her natural resources.
In these regards the continent is much younger than those of the Eastern
hemisphere. When we come to consider the formation of the world from
chaos, the rise and configuration of the earth from all-pervading water,
America ranks all the continents in priority of existence. The "dry land"
was first made to appear in any considerable size in that portion of the
globe which is now a part of our own land. When the whole surface of
what now constitutes the continent of Europe was only a great sea of
boiling, seething flood, with here and there a small island rising above the
surface, America was a continent, stretching from Nova Scotia to almost
where the Mississippi Valley touches the base of the Rocky Mountains.

The geologic structure of the United States is not well known. For
more than twenty years, the government has had parties of experts en-
gaged in making surveys, and many private explorations in different por-
tions of the country have been made; the results thus attained, though
exceedingly valuable, are far from complete. The surveys have been
made by different parties and in different sections, and the reports as given
to the world are only of these distinct sections. Extremely valuable as
the result of these investigations is, both to the development of the mineral
resources of the country and also to the fuller understanding of the science
of geologic structure, much time must yet elapse before a complete and
trustworthy map of the geology of the country can be given. The
territory is vast and the difficulties to accurate investigation are many.

The geology of the United States is usually arranged in two divisions,
the first comprising the most ancient of all the geologic formations, and
denominated the "Atlantic Plain Region." The other comprises the com-
paratively recent formations, and is called the " Rocky Mountain District."
The latter includes the larger part of the country and is least known.
Nowhere in the world, so far as scientific research has extended, are the
conditions for the study of rock formations more favorable than in the
United States. The whole story of the rocks, from the earliest period of
lifeless history down to the very latest upheavals, is plainly written, and,
for the most part, easily accessible for those who can read it.

(17)

18 GEOLOGY.

The range of hills which lie partly in Canada and partly in the United
States, stretching from near the Gulf of St. Lawrence south and west into
the Upper Mississippi Valley, are of remarkable geological interest.
Though of insignificant height, never rising above 2,000 feet from
the level of the sea, and seldom reaching even that altitude, the Lauren-
tian Hills are the oldest land in America, and, indeed, in the world.* The
rocks are granitic and belong to the Azoic, or period of no life in the his-
tory of the earth. Along the base of these hills are strewn the deposits
of the Azoic age, the first stratified beds of which the geologist has any
record. This long stretch of country, almost continental in area, extend-
ing its greatest distance from northeast to southwest, was the first
appearance and shape of the Continent of America. The beginning of
the formation of the United States was from the north toward the south.

As the geologic periods succeeded, other parts of the land surface ap-
peared, some gently, some with tremendous force, leaving the surface
diversified with mountain, hill, valley and plain as we now see it. ^ The com.
position of the rocks, where these are sufficiently exposed for study, indi-
cate the time of the formation and the nature of the upheaval. Some of the
later formations, as in the Cordilleran Mountains, show a much greater
elevation than those which appeared earlier; the stratification of the rocks
is also much disturbed. This disturbance can be readily seen in the min-
erals which lie between strata, as coal, iron, lead, etc.; often the uniform
layer of mineral is interrupted only to appear at some other place, and the
dip of the seams often varies from the horizontal, the natural position, to
one almost vertical.

The fact of the higher elevations attaching to the rocks of later for-
mation is explained on a very simple principle. At the first formations, as
the Azoic of the Laurentian Hills, the crust of the earth was thin and soft ;
the force sufficient to break it was not great, and, consequently, the height
to which the broken crust would be carried would be correspondingly
small. But when ages had passed and the crust had become thicker and
harder, the force to break it must have been incalculably great. When
such force was accumulated, the height to which the burst crust would be
carried and the dislocation of the stratified rocks would be great. This
piling to immense altitudes and disarrangement of strata, we now see ex-
actly in the highest mountains of the world as correct reasoning would
lead us to expect.

From this general principle, we would expect that the rocks which
form the ribs of the high mountains of the Appalachian and Cordilleran

H—

'---' >.' '.* • * <-'

^vVs.u -»r

GEOLOGY. 19

systems, would indicate a much later geologic formation than those in the
plains and lower hills. This is indeed the case. The entire continent
almost from the southern base of the Azoic formations in the Laurentian
hills, belongs, generally, to the cretaceous and tertiary periods.

It is not possible in a work of this sort to enter into any exhaustive
discussion of the geology of our country ; nor is it desirable. Scientific
text-books abound in which such information can be readily obtained.
The aim here is to show, by the accompanying maps, something of the
various minerals which abound in our country and their distribution.
The surveys thus far made have had a practical importance in determin-
ing in what localities it is probable and possible for certain metals and
minerals to be obtained. In the state of New York, for example, much
labor and expense have been devoted to searching for coal ; geology has
determined that coal measures can not exist in the rocks which are
found within the area of that state. No intelligent man would now
think of searching for coal in that state.

Some of the states have prosecuted the geologic study of the territory
with great vigor and with satisfactory results. In the state of Ohio and
Illinois, for instance, the production of coal has increased largely since the
publication of the state reports. Prospectors have been aided and encour-
aged in their endeavors to open up new fields in localities where the geo-
logic survey had assured them coal could be found, and fruitless efforts,
outside the coal measures, have practically ceased. The surveys in the
states and territories where the precious metals are to be found, have
been most thorough and exhaustive ; and the results have contributed to
greatly aid intelligent search for gold and silver.

Nearly all the various states have their geological societies main-
tained at the public expense. They are engaged in the further prosecution
of the study of the formation of the different strata underlying the territory
of the state, verifying what is already comparatively well understood, and
in surveys and explorations of those parts less known. Where the rocks
are exposed, this study can be carried on readily and the results attained
are comprehensive and satisfactory. In the vast territories lying to the
west, the surveying is done under the immediate direction of the gen-
eral government. The results reached, both in the states and by the
government parties is published from time to time, and, ere long, a com-
plete and accurate map of the geology of our country can be prepared.

The annexed table exhibits the geology of North America according
to the latest arrangement and discoveries :

Albertson Public Library

ORLANDO, FLORIDA

20

GEOLOGY.

ERAS.

AGES.

PSYSCH0Z010.

Age of Man.

Age of
Mammals.

Age of
Reptiles.

PERIODS.

Human.

QUATERNARY.

Tertiary.

Cretaceous.

Jurassic.

Teiassic.

EPOCHS.

Historical.

Terrace.

Champlain.

Glacial.

STRATA.

Cave Deposits.
Peat. Alluvium.

Terraces. Loess.

Saxicava Sand.

Forest Bed.

Champlain Clay. Erie Clay.

Glacial Drift.

Pliocene.
Miocene.
Eocene.

Upper Cretaceous.
Middle Cretaceous.
Lower Cretaceous.
Wealden.

Oolitic.
Liassic.

Keuper.

Muschelkalk.

Bunter-Sandstein.

Sumter Beds.
Yorktown Beds,
c Vicksburg Beds.
I Jackson Beds.
( Claiborne Beds.

Fox Hill Group.
Pierre Group.
, Benton Group.
1 Dakota Group.

(Wanting?)
(Wanting?)

Jurassic Strata.
Nebraska, Colorado.
Utah, Nevada.
California, Sonora.

Triassic Sandstones.
Marl, Coal, &c.
Atlantic Coast. New Mexico
Arizona, California.
Sonora, &c.

Permian.

Permian.

Carboniferous,

or Age of

Coal Plants

and
Amphibians.

Permian Dolomites.
Kansas and Nebraska.

Carboniferous.

Upper Coal Measures.
Lower Coal Measures.
Garb. Conglomerate.

Sub-
Carboniferous.

Upper Sub-carboniferous
Lower Sub-carboniferous

Catskill.

Catskill.

PALEOZOIC.

Chemung

Chemung.
Portage.

Devonian,

or

Age of Fishes.

EOZOIC.

Silurian,

or

Age of

MoLLUSKS

Eozoic

Hamilton.

Genesee.

Hamilton.

Marcellus.

CORNIFEROUS.

Corniferous.

Schoharie.

Cauda-Galli.

Oriskany.

Oriskany.

Helderberg.

Helderberg.

Salina.

Saliferous.

Upper Coal Measures.
Lower Coal Measures.
Carb. Conglomerate.

Sub-carb. Limestone.

j Shales and
( Sandstone.

Sub-carb.

Catskill.

Chemung Group.
Portage Group.

Genesee Shale.

Tully Limestone.

Moscow Shale.

Encrinal Limestone.

Ludlowville Shale.
Marcellus Shale.

( Corniferous Limestone.
( Onondaga Limestone.
Schoharie Grit.
Cauda-Galli Grit.

Oriskany Sandstone.

f OpperPentamerus Limestone.

Ecrinal Limestone.
-j Delthyris Shaly Limestone.
| Lower Pantamerus Limestone
[ Water-Lime Group.

Onondaga Salt Group.

Niagara.

Hudson.

Trenton.

Calciferous.

Niagara.
Clinton.
Medina.

Primordial.

Eozoio.

Hudson.
Utica.

f Leclaire, Guelph and
•' Niagara Limestones.
( Niagara Shale.
Clinton Group.
Medina Sandstone.
Oneida Conglomerate.

Hudson River Shales.
Utica Shales.

Trenton.
Chazy.

Calciferous.

Potsdam.

Huronian.
Laurentian.

f Trenton Limestone.
] Black River Limestone.
( Bird's-eye Limestone.
Chazy Limestone.

( Quebec Group.

( Calciferous Sandrock.

( Potsdam Sandstone.
( St. John's Group.

Huronian System.
Laurentian System.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The entire Continent of North America, if viewed from a sufficient alti-
tude, would present an appearance not unlike a fan. If the observer were
placed above the Isthmus of Panama, the handle of the fan would be
beneath him. The extension would have one abrupt and somewhat irreg-
ular development, to fully satisfy the figure, when the tracing reaches the
northern boundary of the Gulf of Mexico. After this, however, the dis-
tension is nearly regular, reaching its greatest breadth, 2,862 miles, in the
northern part of the United States and at the 400 of north latitude.

The central, and by far the most valuable part of this Continent, is
occupied by the Republic of the United States. The territory belonging
to the Republic, exclusive of Alaska and the outlying islands of the
oceans, is extensive, reaching from the 49th parallel of latitude southward
almost to the tropic of Capricorn, and stretching from the Atlantic ocean
on the east to the Pacific on the west. The mean breadth of the country,
east and west, is over 2,600 miles, and the mean distance north and south,
over 1,100 miles. The area thus included is above 3,000,000 square miles.
In 1867 the territorial limits were enlarged over 500,000 square miles by
the purchase of Alaska from the Russians, and the transfer of the islands
of St. John and St. Thomas from Denmark. With these acquisitions —
the last that have been made — the United States has now an area of
3,602,990 square miles, or more than one-twentieth of the entire land sur-
face of the globe.

Throughout the continent, and most markedly within the United
States, the interior of the country consists of extensive plains, while the
territory adjoining the ocean coasts, both eastern and western, is broken
by mountain chains, vast in length and height, and of great breadth and
bulk. This configuration is in striking contrast with the Eastern hemi-
sphere generally and particularly with that of Europe, where the central
parts of the continent are, for the most part, occupied by regions of
greater or less altitude, while plains and low-lands stretch out in every
direction to the surrounding seas.

The natural framework of the United States consists of two great
mountain systems, both of which rise in the British Possessions to the
north, where they are widely separated, and extend southward, gradually

(21)

270812

22 TOPOGRAPHY.

converging as they near the Gulf. The one system extends along and
practically parallel with the Atlantic coast at distances varying from
fifty to 150 miles from it. The entire system is called the Appa-
lachian mountains, sometimes the Allegheny, from its principal range.
It extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence southwest until it terminates in
a series of peaks, more or less isolated, in the northern parts of Georgia
and Alabama, a distance of about 1,550 miles. The Appalachian range
is not continuous, being broken in several places by valley and rivers ; the
Hudson river and valley cut across the mountains at almost right angles.
These interruptions divide the system into various ranges of mountains
which are generally parallel to each other, thus maintaining the common
direction of the system. These different ranges have distinct local
names. In Vermont they are called the Green mountains, in New
Hampshire the White, and further south they are called the Allegheny,
the Blue Ridge, the Smoky Hill, the Cumberland, etc. The mean alti-
tude of the system does not reach beyond 2,500 or 3,000 feet; it is high-
est in the northern parts, where it rises beyond 6,000 feet above the level
of the sea, and lowest where the base line is broadest. Among the higher
peaks of the Appalachian system are Mount Washington, the culminating
point of the White mountains, which is 6,294 ^ee^ aDove the sea level;
Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks, 5,379 feet; the Peaks of Otter in Vir-
ginia, 4,260 feet; Mount Mitchell in North Carolina, which is the highest
point east of the Rocky mountains, 6,732 feet.

The Appalachian system is not a chain of mountains in the old world
use of the term. It is rather a continuous plateau with more or less reg-
ularity, crested with several ranges, as indicated above, and which are
separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. Northeast of
the Hudson river depression the mountains are chiefly of granitic forma-
tion, with the summits rounded and often covered with bogs and turf; the
group of mountain tops are distributed irregularly and lack any marked
direction. Going south and west of the Hudson valley, and the structure
of the mountains changes greatly. The rocks are of limestone and sand-
stone formations, or of others of less violent igneous production. In
Pennsylvania and Virginia the mountains take the shape of long, parallel
ridges, much higher above the level of the sea than are the tops above
the valleys. At Harper's Ferry in Maryland, where the Potomac river
cuts through, the mountains are from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the
river. In the northern part of Georgia, this regular continuity disap-
pears; the mountains are broken up into irregular ranges and cross

TOPOGRAPHY. 23

ranges, and into isolated peaks, some of which rise to considerable
heights.

The Cordilleran system of mountains extends along the western part
of the United States. It is sometimes called the Rocky mountain sys-
tem, the Rockies being the principal chain of the system, and the back-
bone of the American continent. The Cordilleran consists of a continu-
ous belt of lofty chains of mountains and high table lands, generally
parallel to each other. It comprises not only the greatest mountains of
North America, but one of the important ranges of the globe. It com-
mences with broken ridges near Behring's strait, and extends south and
southeast, nearly parallel with the Pacific coast. It seems to vanish from
mountains into the plateaus and Cordilleras of Mexico and Old California,
but re-appears in South America as the Andes range. It occupies the
whole western side of the United States, and the entire length of the sys-
tem is about 4,600 miles, the greater part of which lies within the United
States. In mean height and bulk, the Cordilleran mountains exceed the
Andes of South America, and in breadth are more than twice as great.

This western system consists of three distinct and separate belts.
The one farthest east, and in all respects except altitude, by far the most
important, is the grand double chain of the Rocky mountains. West of
this range lies a belt of high, wide and very much broken table lands,
from 300 to 500 miles across. These are lower than the Rocky
mountains on the east and the Pacific mountains on the west; but
they lie very high and are much disturbed. Bounding these table lands
on the west and overlooking the Pacific ocean, comes the third of the
component ranges. This is a lofty range for the most part, partially vol-
canic, and extremely rugged and convulsed. It comprises the Cascade
ranges of Oregon and Washington, the Sierra Nevada and the Coast
ranges of California.

The eastern range of the Cordilleran system is on a much grander
scale than the Alleghenies. The base of the Rocky mountains is about
300 miles across in the broadest places, and the height of the
range generally is from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the level of the
ocean, while the summits of many peaks rise beyond the timber line and
the clouds and are covered with everlasting snow. The Spanish, Long's,
Pike's and Laramie's peaks are from 10,000 to 14,000 feet above sea level.
Fremont's peak has a height of 13,568 feet, Mount Hooker of 15,700
feet, and Mount Brown of 15,990 feet. The central part of the Cordil-
leran system, the Great Western Desert plateau, is a wide, long and lofty

24 TOPOGRAPHY.

region, with a mean elevation above the sea of about 5,000 feet. It is
much lower than the two mountain ranges on either side, but considera-
bly above the level of the great valley east of the Rocky mountains, the
height of which varies from 300 to 700 feet above the sea level.

The western range of the system is loftier for the most part than the
Rocky mountains, but has not the breadth and bulk. Some of the loftiest
peaks of the continent are here found scattered from the extreme north-
ern end to the southern. Mount Jefferson, Hood, St. Helen's, in the
Cascade range near the Columbian river, rise 15,000 feet and higher
above the level of the sea. The last named and Mount Regnier are liv-
ing volcanoes though rather torpid. Mount Fairweather and Mount St.
Elias, 14,782 and 17,850 feet respectively, and the culminating points of
the range, are both living volcanoes.

The remaining area of the United States can be divided into three
plains, called the Atlantic or Eastern slope, the Central plain and the
Pacific or Western slope. The Atlantic slope comprises all the territory
lying east of the Appalachian mountains and reaches to the Atlantic
ocean. The Central plain is the largest and by far the most important
section of territory in the Republic, embraces all that lies between the
Appalachian and the Cordilleran mountains, and extends north and south
through the entire length of the country. The Pacific slope contains the
land between the Cordilleran mountains and the Pacific ocean. All the
arable land of the country is not contained in these three plains. Within
the limits of the mountain systems are many rich valleys and table lands,
some of them quite extensive, and are valuable for agricultural and graz-
ing purposes.

The Atlantic slope is a long and rather slender belt of territory
extending from the British possessions to the Gulf of Mexico. It varies
in width from fifty to 150 miles. It is high and rather rugged in Maine,
but sinks to a low, level and sandy plain in New Jersey and further south.

The Central plain comprises the basins of the Mississippi river and
its tributaries. Its greatest breadth — about the 47th degree of latitude —
is not less than 1,800 miles from east to west. The territory included in
this plain is now the most highly cultivated, fertile and productive of the
country, and is seldom excelled on the globe for agricultural purposes and
for grazing. It is generally hilly in the eastern parts, along the base of
the Appalachian mountains, as in Western New York, Western Pennsyl-
vania, Eastern Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. In general there is a
decline from the base of the mountains westward until a level of from 300

C T I

C E A

Antarctic Circle

E A JV

rJT

»./._._?

KEY OF SHADE8.

TORRID ZONE Tropical— Fruits

Cereals — Farming

TEMPERATE
FRIGID

BENEDICT & CO. ENGR'S CHICAGO

Snow — Hunting

160

140

TOPOGRAPHY. 25

to 500 feet above the sea level is reached ; thence the plain stretches west-
ward over the great prairies of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska
in the northern parts. These prairies are treeless for the most part, level
or gently rolling, rich and fruitful almost beyond exhaustion. After the
Mississippi river is passed, the lowest part of the plain, there is a con-
tinuation of the prairie level for a distance of from 700 to 1,000
miles; then an incline begins which continues to the base of the Rocky
mountains, which are abrupt on the eastern side. Until recent years
this more elevated part of the plain was considered a barren waste,
covered more or less with sand, and on which sufficient rain did not fall
to make it fitted for agricultural uses, and made grazing difficult and ex-
pensive. But it has been discovered that when the native buffalo grass
which covered the region was broken by the plow and tame grasses
grown, the effect of the rainfall was not to lie upon the thick masses
which form the roots of the buffalo grass until evaporated by the sun, but
to sink into the earth, fertilizing it. Another remarkable change, too, is
observed in the moving westward of the area of the rainfall. This has
been done gradually and somewhat evenly, the line of sufficient rainfall
running nearly north and south, and moving from five to ten miles annu-
ally. The arid lands of Western Kansas and Nebraska and of Eastern
Colorado are now largely farmed with great profit and with little or no
dependence on artificial irrigation.

Thus, the Great Central plain may be divided into three separate sec-
tions: The eastern part wooded, hilly, and with an altitude above sea
level of from 600 to 1,000 feet; the central part composed of extensive
prairies, treeless by nature, and ranging from 300 to 700 feet above the
ocean level; the western section is higher, rising sometimes to 1,500 feet
above the sea level, though the mean height is much less than this, is
nearly level and treeless. In time there is little doubt but it will become
as higlily cultivated and fruitful as the central part.

Aside from the general slope of the Central plain from the east and
west toward the center, it has also a general and gentle slope toward the
south. The elevation at the mouth of the Missouri at St. Louis is 388
feet, while at the falls of St. Anthony at Minneapolis it is only 856 feet.
From the two sides toward the center the descent is very gentle. At
Pittsburgh, 600 miles from the Mississippi in a straight line, the
elevation is 700 feet; at the mouth of the Republican river in Kansas, 350
miles in the opposite direction, it is 927 feet. Compare these altitudes
with that of the Mississippi at the point of intersection, which is about 390

26 TOPOGRAPHY.

feet, and we have from the north a descent .of 466 feet in about as many
miles; from the east, 310 feet in 600 miles: and from the west, 537 feet
in 350 miles. The descent from the west is much greater than from
other direction.

If a vertical plane were passed through the United States at its great-
est breadth, that is at the 40th parallel, it would pass in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia, Springfield in Illinois, Denver in Colorado, and touch
the Pacific at Cape Mendocino. If an observer could place himself at
sufficient height to see the entire cross section of the country thus laid
open, the appearance would be approximately like that indicated in the
diagram facing title page. The different topographical sections thus laid
open would be of the approximate lengths as follows:

1. The Pacific Slope about. . 100 miles.

2. Coast Mountains do . . . 150 do,

3. Desert Plateau do . . . 650 do,

4. Rocky Mountains do . . . 250 do,

5. Central Plain do. . . 1,250 do

6. Appalachian Mountains do . . . 300 do,

7. Atlantic Slope do ... . 150 do,

Total length of section ' 2,850 do,

Four systems of rivers drain the country of the United States. The
first system drains the Atlantic slope or all that portion of the country
lying east of the dividing ridge of the Appalachian mountains. These
rivers take their rise in the highlands of the mountains, flow eastward
generally and southeast and empty into the Atlantic ocean, either directly,
or through some arm of it. The principal of these rivers are : the Con-
necticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, James, and the
Savanna, and are all navigable for a considerable distance inland. Aside
from their utility in draining, they are of great commercial importance.

The second system of rivers are those which take their rise in the
southern part of the United States, and flow southward, emptying into
the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi is not included in this system. The
most important of the southern, or gulf system of rivers, are the Appalachi-
cola, Suanee and Mobile east of the Mississippi, and the Brazos and Rio
Grande west of it.

The third or central basin system, comprises the Mississippi and its
numerous and important tributaries. These, with the great lakes in the
north, drain the extensive and valuable Central plain of the continent. Of
the northern lakes, Michigan and Champlain alone lie wholly within the
United States, the others being boundary lines between it and the British

TOPOGRAPHY.

'27

possessions. The magnitude of these lakes is immense; they are in real-
ity inland seas, and navigation upon them is attended with all the difficul-
ties and dangers of the Baltic, the Black, or the Mediterranean seas of
Europe. The following exhibit presents the area, depth, etc., of these
fresh water seas :

Mean length.

Mean width.

Area in square
miles.

Height above
the sea.

Mean depth.

Superior

400 miles.
220 "
240 "
240 "
180 "

80 miles.
70 "
80 "
40 "
35 "

32,000

24,000

20,000

9,600

6,300

596 feet.
578 "
578 "
565 "

232 "

900 feet.

Michigan

Erie

1,000 "

1,000 •'

84 "

500 "

The united area of these five lakes is thus seen to be 91,900 square
miles ; to this must be added 360 square miles for Lake St. Clair, between
Lakes Huron and Erie, giving a total of 92,260 square miles, an area
nearly 10,000 square miles greater than the island of England. Lake
Champlain, between New York and Vermont, is 128 miles long and from
one to sixteen miles wide, and discharges its waters into the Gulf of St.
Lawrence through the Richelieu river. It has been computed that these
lakes, all told, contain 14,000 cubic miles of water, which is more than
five-sevenths of all the fresh water on the globe. The extent of country
they drain, counting from the northwest angle of Superior to the St. Law-
rence, and including the area covered by the waters of the lakes, is esti-
mated at upward of 335,000 square miles.

The larger part, however, of the Great Central plain of the United
States is drained by the Mississippi river and confluent streams. This
river rises in Northern Minnesota and is a comparatively insignificant
stream until it reaches Minneapolis. At this point there is a fall of from
fourteen to sixteen feet. The early French explorers say that the fall
was upward of fifty feet when visited by them in the last century. The
Present fall creates a great water-power which is now used extensively in
the manufacture of flour and lumber, some of the largest flouring-mills of
the country being located there. From a few miles below the falls the
river is navigable to its mouth. The general direction of the river is
south. Its chief tributaries on the east are the Wisconsin, the Illinois, the
Ohio, the Tennessee and the Yazoo. The Ohio is the most important of
these eastern branches and is 945 miles long in a direct line from its for-
mation at Pittsburgh, though more than 1,100 miles by its actual course.

28 TOPOGRAPHY.

On the west side the chief rivers which flow into the Mississippi are the
St. Peters, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and the Red river. The
most important of these is the Missouri, the entire length of which, count-
ing from its source to the Gulf, is nearly 5,000 miles, and the longest
river in the world.

The fourth and last system of rivers are those which drain the Pacific
slope. They take their rise at the dividing ridge of the Cordilleran
mountains and flow west and south, emptying into the Pacific ocean.
The principal of these rivers are the Yukon in Alaska, the Columbia, the
Sacramento, the San Joaquin and the Colorado.

The old American Desert or Soda Valley , which lies in the south part
of California, and through which the Southern Pacific railway runs, and
another smaller area in the eastern part of the same state, are the only
two places in the United States which lie below the level of the sea.
The depression in both cases is about 200 feet; the regions are arid and
barren.

The entire coast line of the United States available for commercial
purposes is about 30,000 miles. This includes both oceans with their
numerous bays and estuaries, the south sides of the boundary lakes, the
north line of the Gulf of Mexico and the navigable rivers. It does not
include Alaska, which has a coast line of from 2,000 to 3,000 miles of its
own, part of which will eventually become valuable in commerce ; at the
present it is not much used on account of the high latitudes and the
unsettled condition of the interior country. In round numbers, the shore
line of the oceans may be put at 18,500 miles, the lakes at 1,000, the rivers
at 10,500, making the total above named. The entire area of the United
States, exclusive of Alaska, is 3,014,459 square miles, which gives one
mile of coast line to every 100 square miles of territory.

It is worthy of remark in this connection, that the nations of the past
which attained the highest civilization as well as established the highest
commercial prosperity, were those countries which bordered on the sea
and whose coasts were indented with numerous bays, sounds, gulfs, etc.
Such position and configuration is peculiarly adapted to commerce. The
extensive natural advantages which the United States has for foreign and
internal commerce, taken in connection with the vastness of the area of
arable land — except a few mountains, the entire area is fitted for agricult-
ure— the abundance of the minerals found, both precious and useful, the
variety and excellence of the natural forestry ; these all give the country
opportunities for becoming great and prosperous.

CLIMATE.

In a country like the United States, having such a wide territorial
scope, the range of climatic condition is necessarily great. The position
of the country, its extensive sea environments, its topographical structure,
its numerous lofty and bulky- mountains, all these tend to influence the
climate. Here, as in other places, the climate is not strictly that of lati-
tude and season ; indeed, it is rarely so. The seas, mountains and valleys
exercise their influence upon wind-currents, upon the degree of moisture
and dryness, upon the rainfall and drought ; and these, in turn, condition
cold and heat.

• Hence, we find the climate varying from that of Northern Europe to
that of the tropics in kind, "and in quality from the humidity of the Low-
lands to the dryness of Castile. A prominent feature of the climate every-
where is its inconstancy, the sudden and wide variations in the atmos-
phere, its excessive humidity and droughtiness. Except in a few places,
as in Florida where the variation rarely exceeds 120, and in some parts
of California where the equability is about the same, the country is sub-
ject to inconstancy of climatic condition.

In the Atlantic coast regions, the presence of the ocean on one side
and of the Appalachian mountains on the other tends to give stability to
the climate, and it conforms more to regular seasonal changes and varia-
tions of latitude. The temperature, however, is lower by ten degrees
and more, than corresponding latitudes in Europe. New York City, for
instance, is about the same latitude as Madrid, in Spain, and has a much
lower temperature. The presence of the gulf stream, a warm ocean
current flowing northward, mitigates the severity of the atmosphere
greatly. It has been calculated, and with some show of reliability, that
if the gulf stream should change its course from the Atlantic coasts, the
temperature of the entire United States would be reduced to 30 below
zero. The Atlantic slope has a much more severe climate than places
within the same parallels on the western shores. The coid currents of the
ocean between the gulf stream and the shore, create cold winds which
blow over the region from the northeast, giving a raw, chilling and dis-
agreeable tinge to the atmosphere.

The climate of the Central plain between the Appalachian and Cordil-

leran mountains, lacking, as it does, the oceanic influences of both eastern

(29)

30 CLIMATE.

and western regions, has little to prevent a conformation to regular
changes of season, and to natural variations of latitude. The northern
part of this valley, called "the lake region," is influenced considerably
by the presence of these large bodies of water. The influence does not
extend far. The southern part of the valley is much modified by the Gulf
of Mexico, its currents, uninterrupted by any mountains or even consider-
able hills, sweep northward, carrying coolness, moisture and equability
over the regions which otherwise would be subject to great disadvantages
of heat and dryness. The influence of the gulf, both on the temperature
and on the humidity of the valley for a long distance inland, is very
marked. The climate of the valle}^ from one end to the other is rarely
oppressive. It being open at both ends, warm winds from the south in
winter and cool winds from the north in summer literally pour into the
basin, so suddenly and uninterruptedly that extreme changes are frequent ;
a variation of 200 or even of 400 within twenty-four hours is not rare.
The climate of the mountain regions which occupy so considerable a
portion of the western part of the country, has some peculiarities. The
natural course of the isothermal lines is directly east and west; but a
glance at the map shows that this is not the case in the United States.
We see a deflection from the direct line in passing from the Atlantic
regions into the Central plain, and when the region of the Cordilleras is
reached, still more deflection. This is caused by the presence of the
mountains; the isothermals bend toward the south immediately on reach-
ing the mountain regions. The common belief that the actual altitude of
a region above the level of the sea has much, if not everything, to do
with its temperature, is incorrect; such actual height has little to do with
determining the temperature. We see an illustration of this in. the cli-
mate of the central part of Montana, where, with a very great altitude, the
climate is comparatively soft and mild. Indeed, the climate of the entire
elevated plateau between the Rocky mountains and those of the Pacific
coast shows a regularity in the course of the isothermals equal to that of
the plain regions; there is even a bending toward the north, in Montana.
The temperature of Fort Benton, in Montana, for the spring season aver-
ages with that of Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, which is eight degrees south.
The average temperature of the summer season is about the same as that
of New York City, and for the winter, the same as New Haven, in Con-
necticut. The weather reports show that the average temperature in the
summer season on the Saskatchawan river, in the British possessions, is
the same as that of New Haven, io° further south, and the winter tem-

Xongitude West from Greenwich

4U "At

CO. ENGR'J CHICAGO

1 J? C T I

CLIMATE. 31

perature agrees with that of Plattsburgh, in New York, which is i6l/i°
south. The mildness of the regions north and east of the Cordilleran
mountains is caused by the gaps in the mountains through which the
warm winds of the Pacific penetrate without losing much of their heat.

The Pacific coast regions have a climate peculiarly mild and pleas-
ant. From the 49th parallel to San Diego, the winters are short and
mild, the summers are long and delightful. This is not caused alone by
the presence of so great a body of water as the Pacific ocean; but also to
the high and abrupt barricade of the coast ranges of mountains which
confine the warm wind currents and shut out colder ones from the north
or east. The winds which blow from the Pacific are kept continually
warm by the flow of the Gulf stream, just as the Japan current, flowing
through the Atlantic, moderates the climate of western Europe. Ice is
almost unknown in the northwest of Washington Territory. Sitka, in
Alaska has an average temperature nearly the same as Washington
City, 1 8° further south. On Puget sound the winters are as mild
as they are at Norfolk in Virginia; the latitude of the former is 480, of
the latter, 370 north. The temperature of the Gulf stream being about
the same along the entire Pacific coast, the climate does not increase in
temperature as we go south. On along the coast until San Francisco,
there is the same cool, mild, equable climate. The climate of Oregon
and Washington is very similar to that of Ireland, and for the same reasons.
The climate of southern California is semi-tropical though lacking the de-
pressing and debilitating consequences so generally associated with such
regions. The country produces almost every variety of tropical fruits
which grow to a remarkable degree of perfection. Much of Alaska, the
southern part being all that has been explored accurately, is adapted to the
production of the hardier fruits and cereals, and is especially adapted to
grazing and stock-raising. It is destined to be a very rich and productive
region in the future.

The climate of Southern California is remarkable for its equability.
Careful observations for ten years (from 1876 to 1885, both inclusive)
embracing 3,653 days, show that there were 3,533 days on which the
mercury did not rise above 8o°. The remaining 120 days were dis-
tributed as follows: In 1876, 8 days; in 1877, 12 days; in 1878, 10 days;
in 1879, 19 days; in 1880, 9 days; in 1881, 7 days; in 1882, 4 days; in
1883, 23 days; in 1884, 13 days; in 1885, 15 days. Only 120 days in
ten years in which the thermometer marked a higher temperature
than 8o°.

32

CLIMATE.

The following tables of temperature are compiled from the reports of
the Smithsonian Institute ; they show the location of the different points at
which the observations were taken, the temperature at different seasons
of the year and the mean for the entire year, while the last column shows
the number of years in which observations have been made.

Tables of temperature in the United States.

Places.

Alabama :

Green Springs

Huntsville

Mobile

Alaska:

Sitka

Akizona:

Camp Goodwin

Camp Tucson

Arkansas:

Little Kock

Washington

California:

Benicia Barracks

Fort Yuma

San Diego

San Francisco

Colorado:

Fort Garland

Connecticut:

Hartford

New Haven

Dakota:

Fort Abercrombie

Fort Randall

Delaware:

Fort Delaware ,

Wilmington

District of Columbia:

Washington

Florida:

Fort Barancas (near Pensacola)

St. Augustine

Jacksonville

Key West

Georgia:

Athens

Atlanta

Augusta

Savannah

Idaho:

Fort Boise

Latitude.

32 50
34 45
30 41

57 03

32 52

32 13

34 40

33 44

38 03
32 46

32 42
37 48

37 32

41 46
41 18

46 27
43 01

39 35
39 44

38 54

30 21

29 54

30 20
24 33

33 58
33 45
.33 29
32 05

43 40

Height
feet.

Spring.

500 63.18

600 59.96

15 66.87

20

660

64
200
150
130

39.91

65.52
67.49

60.76
62.26

57.73
73.40
60.14
54.96

Sum-
mer.

8365

42.93

60

47.89

45

46.76

38.66

1245

43.28

10

51.70

115

52.74

75

55.77

20

68.41

25

68.69

20

69.27

10

75.85

850

61.15

1050

58.27

150

64.25

42

67.06

52.03

78.45
75.62
79.00

53.09

84.50

85.52

81.57
78.19

67.00
92.07
69.67
58.04

64.39

69.75
69.63

70.94
74.61

75.23
73.56

76.33

81.60

Au-
tumn.

62.35
59.80
66.27

43.90

67.89
71.46

64.29
61.20

61.59
75.66
64.53
57.81

43.49

51.70
51.28

43.81
49.06

57.61
53.64

56.43

Winter

46.29
42.15
52.43

31.28

46.85
50.24

44.21
44.61

48.75
57.96
54.09
50.09

20.63

29.89
28.32

7.95
20.93

34.23
31.71

36.11

Year,
mean.

69.58 54.37
58.25
55.62
70.44

80.36

71.90

80.98

70.04

83.35

78.55

75.74

60.77

74.87

58.44

79.49

62.63

80.61

66.81

75.04

52.97

62.57
59.38
66.14

42.05

66.19

68.68

62.71
61.56

58.77
74.77
62.11
55.23

42.86

49.81
49.00

40.34
46.97

54.69
52.91

56.16

68.49
69.80
68.98
77.05

46.06 160.93
41.86 i 58.36

46.82
62.56

29.81

63.30
66.76

52.46

No. of

years

and

months

10 0
13 0
10 (l

16 11

3 10

4 0.

2 1
22 1

15 7

14 11
20 10

11 2

15 3

16 7
86 0

10 1

12 8

18 10
1 10

12 3

20

2

25

4

12

4

26

6

6

6

5

2

7

5

26

1

5 10

S>5' 03* 81" 89'

%$, 'Wk

tm,

§FSi»

css^

■A-K

,>wm

ffPih^^ViW^; ) ?

1w

!£.-!

£v \1

f ^ Ml fe^Wv

1 \

L.»su

MAP SHOWING

MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE.

(Drawn from the Smithsonian Temperature Tables-)

CLIMATE.
Tables of temperature in the United States. — Continued.

33

Places.

Latitude.

Height
feet.

Spring.

Sum-
mer.

Au-
tumn.

Winter.

Year
mean.

No. of
years
and

months

Illinois:

40 12

41 54

38 44

39 31
41 20

40 43
39 48

39 04
39 47

38 10

39 50

38 45

35 48

41 16
41 30

41 36

42 30

40 25

41 26

39 21

38 58

39 15

37 40

38 18

39 06
38 15

30 26
32 31
29 56

43 55
43 54
43 39

38 58

39 16
39 24

42 22
42 21
42 23
41 39

500
600
620
683
500
512
550

509
698
350
850
525

560

1327
737
780
680
600
586

896
850
896

900
450
500
810

41

100

25

50

74
50

20
36

274

267
82
60
90

50.33
43.55
56.55
51.16
47.07
50.63
48.37

51.98
49.34
54.85
50.02
54.46

61.08

50.84
45.86
49.99
47.33
50.09
47.03

53.69
53.43

50.87

56.28
55.71
53.82
51.54

68.90
71.53
69.37

41.96
42.26
40.11

52.33
53.01
51.10

44.17
45.61
44.93
44.80

72.83
66.76
77.69
73.90
72.05
74.46
74.02

75.61
72.64
75.92
71.79
76.41

79.13

75.48
71.60
71.80
71.71

74.77
69.08

75.24
75.82
74.24

75.58
73.96
75.06

72.75

81.36
80.95
81.08

65.36
65.11
63.73

75.71
75.08
73.40

67.58
68.68
69.47
66.95

52.66
48.32
56.60
53.34
51.22
52.94
48.94

53.90
51.96
55.87
52.52
55.38

61.44

51.46
49.46
48.59
49.16
54.05
48.81

54.35

53.08
52.02

58.56
55.79
56.09
53.06

68.13
59.30
69.80

47.62
47.59
46.49

57.53
57.04
54.76

47.99
51.04
50.45
52.27

27.67
24.78
34.13
28.88
25.32
27.40
27.62

30.88
28.71
34.25
29.16
32.48

40.25

22.06
22.42
25.39
22.55
29.37
22.99

29.35
31.64
28.69

37.84
37.34
34.14
32.45

54.20
43.87
56.00

23.88
22.63
21.69

35.95
34.50
33.11

24.15
28.08
26.96
30.21

50.87
45.85
56.24
51.82
48.92
51.36
49.74

53.09
50.66
55.22
50.87
54.68

60.48

49.96
47.33
48.94
47.69
52.07
46.98

53.16
53.49
51.45

57.07
55.70
54.78
52.45

68.15
63.91
69.06

44.71

44.40
43.00

55.38
54.91
53.09

45.97
48.35
47.95
48.56

26 9

17 3

15 1

15 6

18 9

Peoria

14 9

5 7

Indiana:

Aurora

5 9

Indianapolis

6 5

New Harmony

19 5

12 3
5 11

Indian Teekitory:
Fort Gibson

29 10

Iowa:
Council Bluffs

6 0

Davenport

9 3

3 10

Dubuque

18 10

Keokuk

2 5

27 6

Kansas :

39 11

Lawrence

7 9

Leavenworth City

7 6

Kentucky:
Danville

12 7

Louisville

4 6

Newport Barracks

23 0

Paris

4 0

Louisiana :

28 0

Monroe

10 0

New Orleans

32 9

Maine :
Bath

10 7

Brunswick

51 3

Portland

37 3

Maryland :

Annapolis

13 10

Baltimore

36 0

Frederick City

15 6

Massachusetts :
Amherst (College)

17 6

38 5

Cambridge

48 5

58 1

34

CLIMATE.
Tables of temperature in the United States. — Continued.

Places.

Massachusetts. — Continued.

Newburyport

Williamstown ( Williamstown College) . .

Worcester

Michigan:

Detroit

Fort Mackinac

Grand Rapids

Lansing

Minnesota :

Fort Snelling

Minneapolis

St. Paul

Mississippi:

Columbus

Jefferson Barracks

Natcbez

Vicksburg

Missouri :

St. Joseph

St. Louis

Montana :

Fort Shaw

Helena City

Nebraska :

Fort Kearney

Omaha

Nevada :

Fort Churchill

New Hampshire :

Concord

Hanover

Manchester

Portsmouth

New Jersey :

Burlington

Newark

Trenton

New Mexico :

Fort Craig

Santa Fe

New York :

Albany

Auburn

Buffalo

Ithaca

Kingston

Malone

Newburgh

Latitude.

Height
feet.

42 48

46

42 43

686

42 16

528

42 20

597

45 51

728

43 00

780

42 46

895

44 53

820

44 58

856

44 56

800

33 31

227

38 28

472

31 34

264

32 23

350

39 45

38 37

481

47 30

6000

46 37

4150

40 38

2360

41 15

1300

39 17

4284

43 12

374

43 42

530

42 59

300

43 05

38

40 04

60

40 44

35

40 14

60

33 36

4576

35 41

6846

42 39

130

42 55

650

42 53

600

42 25

417

41 55

188

44 50

703

41 31

74

Spring.

42.45
43.44
45.01

45.46
37.06
44.69
45.20

45.12
40.12
41.29

62.18
56.37
65.49
65.79

52.80
55.09

45.22
33.76

46.53
48.40

52.45

43.62
40.87
47.80
44,02

49.71
47.86
50.46

61.86
50.06

46.54
44.57
42.92
46.48
48.70
43.17
47.81

Sum-
mer.

66.69
67.25
68.16

68.05
62.26
69.75
68.43

71.05
68.34
68.03

78.90
76.82
79.81
80.52

74.74
76.12

67.50
70.28

72.41
74.26

75.18

67.52
65.15
70.02
66.99

72.01
70.35
73.03

80.10
70.50

70.43
68.43
67.73
68.29
70.30

Au-
tumn.

49.96
47.36
49.96

48.82
44.92
48.55
47.63

46.12
45.33
44.98

62.16
56.03
65.46
65.54

51.12

55.88

47.74
48.94

49.26
51.10

54.36

48.64
44.76
51.14

47.88

54.81
53.04
54.90

59.88
51.34

49.56
48.30
50.33
49.51
51.28
64.19 | 44.98
70.67 152.92

Winter.

24.91
23.28
25.67

26.61
19.84
24.62
24.96

15.79

12.87
15.09

45.50
33.96
50.43
50.45

34.32
32.90

25.41
19.16

21.91
23.36

34.55

22.81
19.17
25.90
25.15

31.22
30.75
32.66

39.62
30.28

25.26
25.88
26.58
28.86
28.29
21.31
28.57

Year
mean.

46.00
45.33
47.20

47,24
41.02
46.90
46.55

44.52
4167
42.32

62.19
55.79
65.30
65.57

53.24
55.00

46.47
43.04

47.53
49.28

54.13

45.65
42.49
48.72
46.01

51.94
50.50
52.76

60.37
50.54

47.95
46.80
43.89
48.29
49.64
43.41
49.99

No. of
years
and

months

6 1
36 8

31 9

30 3

27 6
11 3

7 3

42 2

6 2

8 5

15 9

32 11
15 5

8 11

2 1
41 0

3 4

1 7

15 11

4 0

7 10

22 2
20 0
14 1

9 11

13 3

24 5

11 0

13 10

18 6

45 11

28 0

12 7
20 10

19 10
3 0

27 1

CLIMATE.
Tables of temperature in the United States. — Continued.

35

Places.

Latitude

Height
feet.

Spring

Sum-
mer.

Au-
tumn.

Winter

Year
mean.

No. of

years

and

months

1

New York.— Continued.
New York

40 50
43 05

41 24

35 58
35 48

39 06
41 30
39 57
39 10
41 36

39 28
41 20

40 25

41 40

46 11
45 30

40 29

39 49

40 16

39 56

41 30
41 50

33 32
32 26
32 47

34 02

35 56
35 00

35 98

36 09

30 17

29 18
29 25

40 46

44 28
44 02
44 17

25
4"3
167

317

540
643
834
1150
587
670
800
670
604

52
45

704

624

375

36

25
155

565
14
20

315

1000

1626

262

533

650

30

600

4260

346

398
540 1

48.26
44.77
49.27

58.85
56.92

54.13

46.28
53.56
50.01
45.46
51.98
46.46
50.99
46.90

48.72
50.12

50.23
49.83
51.76
50.07

44.84
45.27

61.32
62.47
65.49
61.95

55.80
57.57
60.86
59.85

67.17
69.35
70.48

49.93

41.61

42.39
38.10

72.62
67.17
72.24

76.80

77.24

75.24
69.68
74.44
70.44
71.33
71.29
70.62
72.60
70.20

59.52
67.72

71.69
71.62
75.61
73.00

68.12
67.95

77.36
80.67
79.55

77.89

74.73
77.29
79.53
76.32

81.68
83.73
83.73

73.57

66.66
67.20
64.02

54.54
48.33
54.11

60.46
59.79

55.21
51.67
50.95
5] .64
53.24
52.85
51.59
52.52
50.83

52.41
54.85

51.99
51.19
55.38
54.00

53.42
51.01

61.96

65.63
62.79

58.62
59.73
60.32
57.42

66.88
70.92
71.56

53.56

47.26
47.66
47.61

0

31.93
24.71
30.26

42.92
40.14

34.28
28.32
34.22
30.52

28.52
32.84
27.52
31.22
28.88

39.35
40.23

30.87
29.88
32.18
30.05

31.16
27.41

45.82
48.47
51.46
45.48

37.82
41.10
42.12
39.67

51.16
53.51
52.74

30-38

20.97
21.01
21.32

51.83

46.25
51.47

59.76

58.52

54.72
49.99
53.29
50.65
49.64
52.24
49.05
51.83
49.20

50.00
53.23

51.19
50.63
53.73
52.01

49.39
47.91

61.61

65.53
62.03

56.74
58.92
60.71

58.32

66.72
69.38
69.29

51.86

44.12

44.57
42.76

21 8

Utica

27 2

West Point

46 5

Nobth Carolina:
Chapel Hill

20 0

Raleigh

2 11

Ohio:
Cincinnati

36 8

Cleveland

17 1

Columbus

3 0

Hillsboro

32 4

Kelley's Island

11 9

Marietta

49 10

Oberlin

8 5

39 11

Toledo

13 10

Oregon:
Astoria ,

18 3

Portland

2 0

Pennsylvania:

Alleghany

33 2

24 2

29 3

Philadelphia

57 0

Rhode Island:
Newport

40 0

Providence

34 8

South Carolina:
Aiken

8 8

Beaufort

1 5

Charleston

24 8

Columbia

4 11

Tennessee:
Knoxville

6 4

Lookout Mountain

4 5

11 3

Nashville

6 7

Texas:
Austin

19 0

Galveston

3 1

San Antonio

2 4

Utah:
Great Salt Lake City

9 0

Vermont: .

Burlington

29 6

10 1

2 5

36

CLIMATE.

Tables of temperature in the United States. — Continued.

Places.

Latitude.

Height
feet.

Spring.

Sum-
mer.

Au-
tumn.

Winter.

Year
mean.

No. of

years

and

months

Virginia:

38 48
37 00

36 51

37 32

38 09

47 11

38 53

39 20

44 29

42 41

43 05
43 04

41 20

42 12

56

8

20

172

1387

250

573

732

780

1088

604

6656
4472

o

52.42

57.34
56.50
56.51
51.08

49.20

54.38
51.05

40.46
44.75
43.47
43.04

38.75
46.93

76.57
77.07
76.53
75.56
73.60

63.42

71.40
73.30

68.10
70.43
69.11
67.02

62.98
72.59

56.20
61.92
61.43
58.03
52.93

51.83

54.65
53.79

47.43

48.25
48.20
48.96

42.56
49.39

34.23
41.77
41.57
40.03
37.56

38.78

36.66
29.65

18.62
20.84
20.84
24.00

20.81
29.31

54.86
59.52
59.01
57.53
53.79

50.81

54.27
51.95

43.65
46.07
45.40
45.75

41.27
49.56

6 8

Fortress Monroe

45 5

Norfolk

25 0

Richmond . .

7 2

2 3

Washington Territory:
Fort Steilacoom

17 7

West Virginia:

7 10

3 1

Wisconsin:

3 0

Janesville

8 6

Madison

9 3

26 7

Wyoming:
Fort Bridger

10 6

Fort Laramie

17 9

The amount and regularity of the rainfall, and the quantity and distribu-
tion of natural forestry, have much to do with conditioning the tempera-
ture and humidity of a region. For agriculture, rainfall is peculiarly essen-
tial; not alone the quantity but also the regularity and seasonableness of
its coming. There is wide divergence in the rainfall of the United States.
On the Atlantic coasts and the middle and eastern parts generally, there
is abundance and regularity sufficient for all requirements of the soil cult-
ure. Within the boundaries of the Cordilleran mountains, the supply is
inadequate; and for considerable distances east of the Rocky mountains,
there has always been an uncertainty with regard to the rain.

The government of the United States has established a weather
bureau which is conducted under the War Department. Stations are
established all over the country and all the conditions of the weather are
telegraphed, at a designated moment, to the department headquarters.
From these, daily bulletins are compiled and sent forth, which show the
state of the weather at every point and the prognostications for the
immediate future. A map of the section into which the Signal Service has
divided the country is presented opposite page 72.

sir 89 '

77 ' 75 •

W-V,

.%? \ (;

»!m ' I

■-t^rii""

-"v

1--rf

V'."erJ? ^/-

x^#^

a

4r

ri^foiM^i^

1 :;<Mi* ^

r-J^T','5,1'..

(I

4^-Kv *

H.

r,-,i \ "Mxrii*^ -fe^x'^S^ iv ££jj^y& ■ ' '■■ ->'"*"% '-p v. \. ^ > -■

#£-£

MM:

^

O

MAP SHOWING THE

LOWEST TEMPERATURE.

(Drawn from the Smithsonian Temperature Tables.)

,127' 12:

'23' ™' "*' "?• Ho' 113- 111- 109- m~- re

103' 101-

t/isa

m I

--.'/-' '•'•-'■' ''; ?*/' /4 ''-y /■ -V / V*<>X

*Q2£s*

-f~~-

>^

^'"'^

fO 'fill

£x^

\

/

,'/-

' r V; % o' .x, ;""'■-. --4 ~ — ¥%'- — — ^as ^r

"-~J, «■ "d ~:

r I

\3

BeZow 50°

40° to 50° below.

30° to 40° "

20° to 3u° "'

_£-_--+-

^.L

Sii

/

&»>' t'%4. I

50° and over.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

CLIMATE. 37

To show the extent of the operations of this bureau, hereto is appended
a statement of the amount appropriated by congress for its support. The
report is for a recent year:

Statement of amounts appropriated for the support of the Signal Service, U. S. Army,
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1 884.

LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL.

Regular clerks, messengers, etc , $ 10,660.00

Scientific experts, clerks, etc 40,000.00

Postage stamps, Postal Union countries, allotted by the Secretary of War 1,200.00

Stationery allotted by the Secretary of War 3,400.00

Rent of building for Signal Office 7,000.00

Official postage allotted by Secretary of War 40,000.00

Fuel and light allotted by Secretary of War ' 1,107.24

Total 103,367.24

SUNDRY CIVIL EXPENSES.

Observation and report of storms :

Manufacture, purchase, and repair of instruments $ 5,500.00

Telegraphing reports 136,000.00

Expenses storm signals 10,000.00

Cotton-belt reports ' 7,000.00

Connection life-saving stations 5,500.00

Instrument shelters 500.00

Rents, etc., of offices outside of Washington 40,000.00

Office furniture in Washington 1,000.00

River and flood reports 5,000.00

Maps and bulletins 25,000.00

Books, periodicals, and stationery 6,000.00

Incidental expenses 1,000.00

Total 242,500.00

Maintenance and repair of military telegraph lines 35,000.00

Observation and exploration in the Arctic seas 33,000.00

Pay, etc., of the Signal Corps :

Pay of officers .$ 19,500.00

Pay of enlisted men 200,000.00

Mileage to officers 5,000.00

Pay of contract surgeons • 3,600.00

Commutations of quarters to officers 7,000.00

Total 235,100.00

Subsistence Department :

Stores, Lady Franklin Bay if 5,000.00

Stores, Point Barrow 3,000.00

Subsistence and commutation rations, Signal Corps 148,727.72

Commutation of rations, men with expeditions 8,052.00

Total 164,779.72

38 CLIMATE.

Statement of amounts appropriated for the support of the Signal Service, U. S. Army,
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1 884. — Continued.

sundry civil expenses. — Continued.

Quartermaster's Department — Regular supplies :

Fuel $ 6,295.00

Commutation of fuel, at $9 per month 23,760.00

Commutation of fuel, at $8 per month 23,328.00

Forage for mules and horses • 3,100.00

Stationery 100.00

Stoves , 706.25

Lights 362.50

Total 57,651.75

Quartermaster's Department — Incidental expenses :

Horse and mule shoes $ 500.00

Blacksmiths' tools 550.00

Veterinary supplies 300.00

Fire-apparatus, disinfectants, etc 125.00

Total 1,475.00

Quartermaster's Department — Transportation :

Supplies, etc .$25,000.00

Officers and men 8,875.00

Means of, mules 700.00

Means of, spring- wagon 200.00

Means of, repairs to 500.00

Total 35,275.00

Quartermaster's Department — Barracks and quarters :

Commutation of quarters $84,108.00

Work and supplies at Fort Myer 1,800.00

Total 85,908.00

Quartermaster's Department — Clothing, camp, and garrison equipage :

For sergeants $ 6,937.50

For corporals 1,375.20

For privates 14,182.4o

For detailed men 990.00

Total 23,485.10

Medical Department :

Medical attendance and medicines, officers and men, Signal Corps $3,500.00

Medical attendance and medicines, officers with Signal Corps 100.00

Medical and hospital supplies, Fort Myer 900.00

Medicines from depots, etc 1,000.00

Material, repairs to hospital, Fort Myer 200.00

Total 5,700.00

Support of the Army :

Expenses Signal Service, United States Army $5,000.00

Grand total $1,028,241.81

CLIMATE.

39

Observations, running through a number of years, have been taken at
three separate points, namely, at 300, at 350 and at 420 north latitude to
determine the average yearly rainfall. The results are as follows: In
the Mississippi valley, nearly forty-five inches fall annually; on the Atlan-
tic slope, from thirty-five to forty inches; on the Pacific slope the varia-
tion is great, ranging from twenty-five to thirty inches at San Francisco
to about forty four inches in Northern Oregon. As much as 120 inches
of rain has been known to fall in Washington Territory in a single year.
During the spring season when rain is most needed to revive vegetation
and stimulate grains and fruits, the largest part of the rain falls in those
regions of sufficient rainfall; about ten inches on the Atlantic slope and
fourteen in the Mississippi valley. On the Pacific coasts the major part
of the rain falls during the budding months, establishing a distinct season,
called the "wet season."

The following- table shows the rainfall in inches as measured at differ-
ent places in the United States for a number of years:

Average annual rainfall of different sections of the United States.

Location.

NEW ENGLAND.

Eastport, Me

Portland, Me

Mount Washington, N. H

Boston, Mass

Block Island, R. I

New Haven, Conn

New London, Conn

MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES.

Albany, N. Y

New York City.N. Y

Philadelphia, Pa

Atlantic City, N. J

Barnegat City, N. J

Cape May, N. J

Sandy Hook, N. J

Delaware, Breakwater, Del. . . .

Baltimore, Md

Washington, D. C

Cape Henry, Va

Chincoteague, Va

Lynchburg, Va

Norfolk, Va

SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES.

Charlotte, N. C

Hatteras, N C

Rainfall.

Inches.

49.02
38.67
83.86
48.21
52.26
50.99
47.75

38.05
42.68
41.22
42.18
51.74
47.63
51.26
31.76
41.98
43.30
57.82
37.60
41.34
52.13

51.24
75.44

Location.

south Atlantic states.— Continued.

Kitty Hawk, N. C ..

Macon, Fort, N. C

Smithville, N. C ;..

Wilmington, N. C ? .

Charleston, S. C ? .

Augusta, Ga

Savannah, Ga

Jackson villle, Fla

Rainfall.

FLORIDA, PENINSULA.

Cedar Keys, Fla

Key West, Fla

Sanford, Fla

Punta Rasa, Fla

EASTERN GULF STATES.

Atlanta, Ga :

Pensacola, Fla . . .

Mobile, Ala

Montgomery, Ala.
Vicksburg, Miss. .
New Orleans, La .

WESTERN GULF STATES.

Shreveport, La. . .
Fort Smith, Ark. .
Little Rock, Ark .

Inches.

64.90
63.81
52.86
57.42
59.89
49.91
52.86
55.33

58.95
40.66
44.61
42.61

56.91

70.22
65.84
53.68
60.44
64.69

54.11
46.65

57.64

40 CLIMATE.

Average annual rainfall of different sections of the United States.

Location.

western gulf states.— Continued.

Galveston, Tex

Indianola, Tex

Inches.

51.43

38.22
Palestine, Tex I 43.49

Rainfall.

RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

Brownsville, Tex

Eio Grande City, Tex.

OHIO VALLEY AND TENNESSEE.

Chattanooga, Tenn.
Knoxville, Tenn
Memphis, Tenn

Nashville, Tenn

Louisville, Ky

Greencastle, Ind

Indianapolis, Ind. . .
Cincinnati, Ohio. . . .
Columbus, Ohio. . . .
Pittsburgh, Pa

LOWER LAKES.

Buffalo, N. Y. . . .
Oswego, N. Y . . .
Kochester, N. Y .

Erie, Pa

Cleveland, Ohio .
Sandusky, Ohio .
Toledo, Ohio. . . .
Detroit, Mich...

UPPER LAKES.

Alpena, Mich

Escanaba, Mich

Grand Haven, Mich. .
Mackinaw City, Mich.

Marquette, Mich

Port Huron, Mich

Chicago, 111

Milwaukee, Wis

Duluth, Minn

UPPEK MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.

Saint Paul, Minn

La Crosse, Wis

Davenport, Iowa

Des Moines, Iowa

Dubuque, Iowa

Keokuk, Iowa

Cairo, 111

Springfield, 111

Saint Louis, Mo

32.02
25.12

59.42
53.20
55.38
53.63

48.83

47.59
44.09
44.62
37.04

37.03
36.05
37.23
42.39
38.40
41.78
33.07
35.27

38.21
35.30
39.17
38.97
32.68
35.26
37.57
33.87
33.87

29.83
34.26
35.96
42.72
39.41
38.57
46.33
48.61
37.88

Location.

MISSOURI VALLEY.

Lamar, Mo

Leavenworth, Kan. .

Omaha, Neb

Bennett, Fort, Dak .

Huron, Dak

Yankton. Dak

EXTREME NORTHWEST.

Moorhead, Minn

Saint Vincent, Minn.

Bismarck, Dak

Buford, Fort, Dak...
Tofcten, Fort, Dak...

NORTHERN SLOPE.

Assiniboin, Fort, Mont.

Benton, Fort, Mont

Custer, Fort, Mont

Helena, Mont

Maginnis, Fort, Mont. . .

Poplar River, Mont

Shaw, Fort, Mont

Deadwood, Dak

Cheyenne, Wyo

North Platte, Neb

MIDDLE SLOPE.

Denver, Col

Pike's Peak, Col. . .
West Las Animas,
Dodge City, Kan . .
Elliott, Fort, Tex.

Col.

SOUTHERN SLOPE.

Sill, Fort, Ind. Ter.
Concho, Fort, Tex. .
Davis, Fort, Tex. . . .
Stockton, Fort, Tex.

SOUTHERN PLATEAU.

Santa Fe, N. M. Ter.

El Paso, Tex

Apache, Fort, Ariz . .

Grant, Fort, Ariz

Prescott, Ariz

Thomas, Camp, Ariz.
Yuma, Ariz

MIDDLE PLATEAU.

Winnemucca, Nev

Salt Lake City. Utah

Thornburgh, Fort, Utah.

Kainfall.

Inches.

38.97
36.45
18.17
25.68
28.21

29.48
18.62
21.27
16.08
17.36

13.93

12.50
14.36
15.13
13.29

8.24
13.87
26.47
10.72
19.97

14.98
31.60
13.41
20.09
21.48

33.38
29.18
19.83
19.43

13.89
12.11
22.75
15.71
14.51
10.31
2.04

9.62
16.91

--<—'■«■'

vj\.

\.An

\%s

) \r:

MAP SHOWING THE

HIGHEST TEMPERATURE

{Drawn from the Smithsonian Temperature Tables.)

I

\\'i)ili'»)

Zey 0/ Shades.

Below 90°

90° to 95o

95° to 100°

. 100° to 105°

105° to 110°

110° to 115°

115° and over.

V ■(

g^frf-aSy

|«S

----UX-.J

>^ iV^E

copyrighted

CLIMATE. 41

Average rainfall of different sections of the United States.— Continued.

Location.

Rainfall.

Location.

Rainfall.

NORTHERN PLATEAU

Inches.

13.30
17.85
28.11
20.31

45.71
59.72
75.18
54 64

north pacific ooast.— Continued.
Roseburg, Ore

Inches.
35.72

Lewiston, Idaho

MIDDLE PACIFIC OOAST.

Cape Mendocino, Cal

17.99

Spokane Falls, Wash

Red Bluff, Cal

28.27

NORTH PACIFIC COAST.

21.68

San Francisco, Cal

22.80

Canby, Fort, Wash

SOUTH PACIFIC COAST.

Los Angeles, Cal r

Olympia, Wash

Tatoosh Island, Wash

14.56

Portland, Ore

9.48

The average annual rainfall in other parts of America and in Europe
is seen from the subjoined tables:

Average annual rainfall in some other parts of America.

Inches.

Bermuda 55.34

Cayenne 116.00

Cordova, Mex 112.08

Havana 91.02

Inches.

Maranham 277.00

Rio Janeiro 59.02

San Domingo 107.06

St. John's, N. Brunswick, 51.12

Inches.
St. John's, Newfoundl'd, 58.30

Toronto, Canada 35.17

Vera Cruz, Mexico 183.20

Average annual rainfall in Europe.

Inches.

Aberdeen, Scotland 28.87

Armagh, Ireland 36.12

Bath, England 30.00

Bergen, Norway 88.61

Berlin, Prussia 23.56

Bordeaux, France 34.00

Borrowdale, England . . . 141.54

Brussels, Belgium 28.06

Cambridge, England 24.09

Cracow, Austria 13.03

Coimbra, Portugal 118.08

Inches.

Cork, Ireland 40.02

Copenhagen, Den 18.35

Dublin, Ireland 21.01

Geneva, Switzerland .... 31.07

Glasgow, Scotland 21.33

Limerick, Ireland 35.00

Lisbon, Portugal 27.01

Liverpool 34.05

London 24.04

Manchester, Eng 36.02

Mannheim, Ger 22.47

Inches.

Marseilles, France 23.04

Milan, Italy 38.01

Naples 29.64

Paris 22.64

Prague, Austria 14.01

Rome 30.86

Stockholm, Sweden 20.04

St. Petersburg 17.03

Truro, England 44.00

York, England 23.00

The rains for the Atlantic slope come from the ocean adjacent ; the pre-
vailing winds are from the northeast, and are generally cold, moist, chilly,
with frequent fogs. The rains for the Mississippi valley are largely from
the Gulf of Mexico. The warm currents of air from the water are cooled
in passing over the land. At first the cooling is more rapid and, conse-

42 CLIMATE.

quently, the condensation of the vapor with which these winds are sur-
charged, takes place with great rapidity; the result is a copiousness of
rainfall in the states adjoining the gulf greatly superior to the states which
lie in the interior. When these winds reach the states further north they
have been divested of much of their vapor ; the rainfall, however, is ample
for the entire valley, except in the vicinity of the Rocky mountains. Here
it has not exceeded twenty inches annually ; this is enough for most pur-
poses of agriculture did it come at proper times, which has not been the
case. In the higher altitudes of the Cordillei-as the fall of rain is sufficient
and the air seldom loses that degree of moisture required for comfort and
for the successful culture of the soil. But in the intervening valleys of
these ranges there is seldom sufficient moisture and rain. Irrigation has
to be resorted to — a process rendered comparatively easy by the number
and situation of the mountain streams. In Arizona and the southern
portions of Nevada and some parts of southern California, agricult-
ure can only be conducted by employing artificial irrigation. It is
worthy of remark that the region of lowest rainfall is that of highest
temperature.

The forests of the country affect the moisture of the climate, not by
increasing the amount of rainfall as is sometimes erroneously said, but by
retaining and economizing the quantity which does fall and would fall were
no trees growing. There is an indirect effect in the trees in retarding the
progress of moist winds thus causing a greater condensation of vapor than
would have occurred, had the passage of the current been more rapid. In
Washington Territory, for example, where the forests are massive and
the trees very lofty, is the record of the most remarkable rainfall. For-
ests require moisture in order to thrive well, and the shade afforded by
their foliage serves to prevent rapid evaporation, thus securing for them
the very effect desired and demanded for their vigorous growth.

It is to be observed, too, that in large deciduous forests, the leaves
catch much of the descending water and, in its evaporation, the air is
cooled for a considerable distance adjacent. The shade produced by the
foliage also prevents rapid evaporation from the earth underneath, thus
retaining the cooled atmosphere for a longer time than where there is no
shade and much more rapid evaporation. This difference of atmosphere
is perceptible to one approaching a forest. The conditions thus created
have their effect on each succeeding cloud, surcharged with vapor, and,
taken altogether, they account largely for the increased rainfall in the
forest regions.

CLIMATE. 43

The United States has an abundant supply of forestry. Those of
Maine have been culled for years for ship-building, domestic uses and for
export. The drain has been excessive, but the supply is far from ex-
hausted. The valleys and mountain sides of the White mountains are
covered with extensive and valuable trees. The same is true of the Cats-
kill, the Adirondack and the Allegheny mountain regions. In the south,
the forests of the Carolinas and Georgia contain soft woods which arc
practically inexhaustible and produce vast quantities of turpentine, tar,
pitch, resin, etc., being the world's supply of these commodities, while the
timber is being more and more utilized for ship-building and other uses.
These soft-wood forests extend through Florida and along the Gulf re-
gions generally, and consist of white pine, cedar of very fine grain, juni-
per, c}Tpress, etc. In portions of Texas, Tennessee, Alabama and Arkan-
sas are valuable and extensive forests of hard woods.

In general, the entire eastern portion of the country is wooded. If a
line were drawn in a south and southwestern direction from the western
part of Minnesota to the central parts of Texas, it would approximately
define the western limit of the natural forestry. On the western coasts,
the forests reappear in most remarkable conditions. In the Rocky mount-
ains are some forests; but the Sierras and the Cascade mountains are
clothed with forests of which the trees attain gigantic heights. There are
districts along the Coast ranges of forests of large trees. Oregon and
Washington and far into Alaska, contain the most wonderful forests of
the world. The trees stand so thickly together as almost to crowd each
other and attain sizes and heights that astonish; ioo, and 250 feet height
with proportionate diameter, is nothing unusual. It is a market that will
supply the Pacific coasts, South America, China and Japan, where a large
trade is already opened, for a great number of years to come. In addi-
tion to these great forest regions, there is a sufficient amount scattered
over the country in most places to supply the local demands, while through
the encouragement of the general government and through private enter-
prise, many of the former treeless regions, especially on the prairies, have
now abundance of timber, planted and grown.

The accompanying maps show the forestry distribution of the country
in various degrees of density. These maps have reference only to natural
forestry, and not to what has been produced by cultivation. Other maps
show the distribution and density of some of the trees of chief commercial
importance and practical use, as the oaks, ashes, walnuts, etc. From these
maps the wealth and convenience of the forestry of our country can be
seen at a glance.

44

CLIMATE.

The following table is the result of observations made in certain geo-
graphical districts and collated by the government. It contains valuable
information regarding the influence of winds on rain or snow. The fol-
lowing observations show the result of twelve years over the U. S.
Winds most likely to be followed by rain or snow.

Geogbaphical District.

January.

February.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Eastern Gulf States

Key West and Punta Rassa

Lower Lake Region

Lower Mississippi Valley . . .

Middle Atlantic States

Middle Eastern Rocky Moun -
tain Slope

Middle Pacific Coast Region

Middle Plateau District

Missouri Valley

New England States

Northern Rocky Mountain
Slope

North Pacific Coast Region .

Northern Plateau District . .

Ohio Valley

Rio Grande Valley

South Atlantic States

Southeastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slope

South Pacific Coast Region .

Southern Plateau District . .

Tennessee

Upper Lake Region

Upper Mississippi Valley.. .

Western Gulf States

StoE
SE to NE
SW to SE
SW to SE
SE to NE

NE to NW
SW to SE
SW to SE
NE to NW
SW to SE

NE to NW
SW to SE

Wto S
SW to SE
SE to NE

EtoN

EtoN

StoE

WtoS

SWtoSE

SW to SE

StoE

StoE

StoE
StoE
SW to SE
StoE
StoE

EtoN
SW to SE
SWtoSE

NE to NW
SW to SE

NE to NW

WtoS
SW to SE
SW to SE

SE to NE
SE to NE

StoE

WtoS

WtoS

SW to SE

SW to SE

StoE

StoE

SW to SE
StoE

SW to SE
StoE
StoE

EtoN

SW to SE

SW to SE

StoE

StoE

NE to NW
SWtoSE
SW to SE
SW to SE
SE to NE
WtoS

StoE

WtoS

SW to SE

SW to SE

SE to NE

StoE

StoE

SW to SE
StoE

SW to SE
StoE
StoE

EtoN
SW to SE
SW to SE
SE to NE

StoE

NE to NW
SW to SE
NW to SW
SW to SE
SE to NE
SW to SE

StoE

WtoS

WtoS

SW to SE

SE to NE

StoE

StoE

SW to SE
SE to NE

WtoS
SWtoSE
SW to SE

SE to NE
SW to SE
NW to SW

StoE
SW to SE

NE to NW

WtoS

WtoS

SW to SE

SE to NE

SE to NE

StoE

WtoS

SW to SE

SW to SE

StoE

StoE

StoE

SW to SE
SE to NE

WtoS
SWtoSE
SWtoSE

StoE

SW to SE
NE to NW

StoE
SW to SE

SE to NE

WtoS
NW to SW
SW to SE

StoE
SW to SE

StoE
SW to SE

StoE

WtoS

SW to SE

SWtoSE

StoE

Geogbaphical District.

Eastern Gulf States

Key West and Punta Rassa .

Lower Lake Region

Lower Mississippi Valley. . .

Middle Atlantic States

Middle Eastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slope

Middle Pacific Coast Region

Middle Plateau District

Missouri Valley

New England States

Northern Rocky Mountain
Slope

North Pacific Coast Region.

Northern Plateau District . .

Ohio Valley

Rio Grande Valley

South Atlantic States

Southeastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slope

South Pacific Coast Region .

Southern Plateau District . .

Tennessee

Upper Lake Region

Upper Mississippi Valley . . .

Western Gulf States

July.

SW to SE
SE to NE

WtoS
NWtoSW
SW to SE

StoE

SWtoSE

Nto W

StoE
SW to SE

StoE
WtoS
WtoS
WtoS

StoE
SW to SE

StoE

WtoS

SW to SE

WtoS

SWtoSE

SW to SE

StoE

August.

StoE

SE to NE

Wto 3

SW to SE

SW to SE

StoE

WtoS

SW to SE

StoE
SW to SE

September.

StoE
SE to NE

WtoS
SWtoSE

StoE

StoE
SW to SE
SW to SE

StoE
SW to SE

SE to NE >NE to NW
SW to SE : SW to SE
NW to SW NW to SW
W to S I SW to SE
SE to NE ' SE to NE
SWtoSE SEtoNE

October.

StoE
SE to NE
SW to SE
SW to SE
SW to SE

November. December.

StoE
SE to NE
SW to SE

StoE
SW to SE

StoE
SE to NE
SW to SE
SE to NE
SW to SE

SE to NE NE to NWj E to N

StoE
NW to SW

StoE

WtoS
SW to SE
SW to SE

StoE

StoE
N to W
SWtoSE
SW to SE
SW to SE
SWtoSE

StoE

SW to SE
SW to SE

StoE
SWtoSE

NE to NW
WtoS
WtoS
SW to SE
SE to NE
SE to NE

StoE
WtoS
SW to SE
SWtoSE
SW to SE
SW to SE
StoE

SW to SE
WtoS

NE to NW
SW to SE

NtoW

SWtoSE

SW to SE

SW to SE

EtoN

EtoN

EtoN
WtoS
StoE
SW to SE
WtoS
StoE
StoE

SW to SE
SW to SE

NE to NW
NE to NW

NE to NW

StoE
SW to SE
SW to SE
SE to NE
SW to SE

EtoN
StoE
WtoS
WtoS
WtoS
StoE
I StoE

<s^

o

*fy

><

V,

.9.

o

M

H

1-1

O

M

W

O

Pn
<*

H
O

H
«

H
CO

•*

iUno<

.*

(^si

pp>

*v

S

<$>

.A

z

a

o:

o

III

.-j

I/^V.

X

3»

*

/ £

» o

1 *

O

2

£

5 ^

// *

j?

p

in

to ^

// * •

n

/ £>

67

•4

// 8

<

lli

D

-r

l(f

-j

*^T

Q

^

(1 fr-

a. >

*£ /

/C^-

^

-i /

±>

fief

II

£*

0. J*

&

^^Ojy/ NOI03M
J/JIOVd 3TCU

CLIMATE.

45

The table below indicates the winds least likely to be followed by
rain or snow. The observations were taken in various sections of the
country by the signal service bureau for the years 187 1 to 188 1 inclu-
sive, and have, therefore, a degree of accuracy as high as can be obtained.

NW to SW

NW to SW

NE to NW

NtoW

NtoW

NWtoSW

EtoN
EtoN
WtoS

SE to NE

StoE

NE to NW
NE to NW

NtoW
NWtoSW
NW to SW

NW to SW
NE to NW
NE to NW
NtoW
EtoN
NW to SW
NW to SW

Geographical District

Eastern Gulf States

Key West and Punta Rassa

Lower Lake Region

Lower Mississippi Valley. . .

Middle Atlautic States

Middle Eastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slppe

Middle Pacific Coast Region

Middle Plateau District

Missouri Valley

New England States . . .

Northern Rocky Mountain
Slope

North Pacific Coast Region .

Northern Plateau District . .

Ohio Valley

Rio Grande Valley

South Atlantic States

Southeastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slope . .

South Pacific Coast Region .

Southern Plateau District . .

Tennessee

Upper Lake Region

Upper Mississippi Valley . . .

Western Gulf States

Geographical District.

Eastern Gulf States NE to N W

Key West and Punta Rassa. NE to NW

Lower Lake Region E to N

Lower Mississippi Valley ... E to N

Middle Atlantic States E to N

Middle Eastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slope NW to SW

Middle Pacific Coast Region NE to NW
Mdidle Plateau District. . . . SE to NE

Missouri Valley NW to SW

New England States N to W

Northern Rocky Mountain

Slope NW to SW

North Pacific Coast Region. SE to NE
Northern Plateau District. . SE to NE

Ohio Valley E to N

Rio Grande Valley N W to SW

South Atlantic States N to W

Southeastern Rocky Moun-
tain Slope N to W

South Pacific Coast Region. EtoN
Southern Plateau District. . NE to NW

Tennessee NE to NW

Upper Lake Region N to W

Upper Mississippi Valley. . . NtoW
Western Gulf States NE to NW

January. February.

NW to SW
NtoW

NE to NW
NtoW
NtoW

NW to SW
EtoN
NtoW
WtoS
NtoW

WtoS
NE to NW
NE to NW
NE to NW
NW to SW

NtoW

NW to SW

NE to NW
EtoN
NtoW
NtoW

NW to SW
NtoW

March.

NtoW
NtoW
NE to NW
NtoW
NtoW

NW to SW

NE to NW

EtoN

WtoS

NtoW

WtoS
EtoN
EtoN
NtoW
NW to SW
NtoW

NW to SW

NE to NW

EtoN

NtoW

NtoW

NWtoSW

NW to SW

April.

NtoW
NtoW
NtoW
NtoW
NtoW

NW to SW
EtoN
EtoN

NWtoSW
NtoW

WtoS
EtoN

NE to NW

NE to NW

NW to SW

Nto W

NWtoSW

EtoN
E toN
NtoW
NtoW
NtoW
NtoW

May. June.

N to W NE to NW
N to W N to W
E to N E to N
NE to NW E to N
N to W NE to NW

NWtoSW NWtoSW
E to N NE to NW
E to N W to S

NW to SW NW to SW
N to W N to W

W to S NW to SW
SEtoNE SEtoNE

E to N E to N
NE to NW E to N
NWtoSW, NWtoSW

N to W NE to NW

NtoW
EtoN
NE to NW
NtoW
NtoW
NtoW
NtoW

NtoW
EtoN
NtoW

NE to NW
NtoW

NE to NW
Nto W

July.

August. September. October. November. December.

NE to NW NW to SW NW to SW
N to W N to W NW to SW
E to N NE to NW NE to NW
E to N NW to SW N to W
N to W N to W N to W

WtoS NWtoSW NWtoSW

E to N E to N NE to NW

E to N E to N E to N

N to W NW to SW NW to SW

N to W N to W N to W

NW to SW SW to SE SW to SE

SE to NE E to N E to N

S to E S to E E to N

E to N N to W E to N

NW to S W N W to S W N W to S W

NtoW NtoW NWtoSW

NtoW NWtoSW NWtoSW

S to E S to E SE to NE

NE to NW

NtoW

EtoN

N to W

NtoW iNWtoSW^NWtoSW

NE to NWjNE to NW
EtoN I NtoW
NtoW I NtoW

NEtoNWI EtoN

NW to SW

NtoW

NE to NW

NW to SW

NtoW

NW to SW

SE to NE

EtoN

WtoS

NtoW

SE to NE
EtoN
EtoN
NtoW
WtoS

NW to SW

NW to SW
NE to NW
NE to NW
NtoW
EtoN
NWtoSW
NW to SW

NW to SW
NtoW

NE to NW
NtoW
NtoW

WtoS
EtoN
EtoN
WtoS
NW to SW

WtoS

NE to NW

NE to NW

NtoW

W to S

NtoW

NW to SW

NE to NW

EtoN

NtoW

EtoN

NW to SW

NW to SW

Eastern Gulf States. — Eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and Northwest-
ern Forida.

Lower Lake Region. — Lakes Erie and Ontario with adjacent territory.

46 CLIMATE.

Lower Mississippi Valley. — A belt of country 200 miles broad, from
Cairo to Vicksburg. Below Vicksburg the character of the country so
changes that it is no longer described as a valley.

Middle Atlantic States. — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia as the Middle
States, and that part of those States lying east of the Alleghanies as the
Middle Atlantic States.

Middle Eastern Rocky Mountain Slope. — Eastern Colorado, South-
ern Nebraska, Kansas, northwestern portion of Indian Territory, portion
of northern Texas, also a portion of Northeastern New Mexico.

Middle Pacific Coast Region. — Those portions of California west of
the Sierra Nevadas and north of the 37th parallel of latitude.

Middle Plateau District. — Western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, south-
western corner of Wyoming and the portions of California lying east of
the Sierra Nevadas.

Missouri Valley. — A belt of country 200 miles broad, from Fort
Sully, Dak., to Jefferson City, Mo.

New England States. — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

Northern Rocky Mountain Slope. — Those portions of Montana and
Wyoming lying east of the Rocky mountains, Southwestern Dakota, and
Northwestern Nebraska.

North Pacific Region. — Those portions of Oregon and Washington
Territory lying west of the Cascade range.

Northern Plateau District.— Portion of Western Wyoming, Western
Montana, Idaho, and the portions of Oregon and Washington Territory
lying east of the Cascade range.

Ohio Valley. — The belt of country, about 200 miles broad, from
Pittsburg, Pa., to Cairo, 111.

Rio Grande Valley. — Southwestern Texas below the junction of the
Rio Pecos with the Rio Grande.

South Atlantic States. — North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
and Northern and Eastern Florida.

Southeastern Rocky Mountain Slope. — Southeastern New Mexico,
Central and Western Texas.

South Pacific Coast Region. — Those portions of California west of
the Sierra Nevadas and south of the 37th parallel of latitude.

Southern Plateau District. — Western New Mexico, Arizona, and
Southeastern California.

Upper Lake Region.— Takes Superior, Huron, and Michigan with
adjacent country.

Upper Mississippi Valley. — The belt of country, about 200 miles
broad, from Saint Paul to Cairo.

Western Gulf States. — Western Louisiana, Western Arkansas, East-
ern Texas, Southern Missouri, and southeastern portion of Indian Terri-
tory.

CLIMATE. 47

Certain grains and berries require more moisture than others for their
profitable culture. Sugar, rice, etc., require a large amount of rain; and,
hence, we find that the regions where these are most profitably grown
have an annual rainfall of about fifty-five inches. Cotton will grow where
there is as great rainfall as this, but it has been demonstrated to do best
where the fall is about forty-five inches yearly. Wheat, corn, oats and
such cereals can be- successfully cultivated with one-half the rainfall that
cotton requires; indeed, wheat does well where there is no more than
twenty inches. The rain must be seasonable in localities of such limited
quantity.

Take it altogether, its inconstancy, its wide variations of temperature,
its abrupt changes^ its bitter cold and oppressive heat, and the climate of
the United States has as many advantages as that of almost any other
country. Vital statistics show that the mean healthfulness is as good as
most countries and the prevalence of virulent epidemics very rare. A
reference to the tables and diagrams in another part of the work will show
this clearly. Although the extent of the territory is great, so many
means of rapid transit are in operation that, in a few hours, any desired
degree of temperature may be reached.

POPULAR WEATHER PROVERBS.

Through the kind assistance of General Hazen, of the Signal Service,
of the Weather Bureau Of Washington, D. C, we are enabled to present,
for the first time, to the public, many hundred of the most valuable and
interesting weather proverbs and sayings which were gathered from all
sources of this country by the government.

Much valuable matter has also been obtained from the following
authorities :

"Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland," by Arthur Mitchell,
M. D., Edinburgh, Ne-w Philosophical Journal; "Weather Lore," by
Richard Inwards, F. M. S., London, 1869; "A Hand-book of Weather
Lore," by Rev. C. Swainson, M. A., Edinburgh, 1873.

The attempt to foretell the weather is not of recent date ; the ancients
carefully studied the sky and clouds, and endeavored to predict the kind
of weather that was likely to ensue; and a number of the popular prog-
nostics of the weather of his time are recorded by Aristotle in his work
on meteors. In later times, our forefathers studied the weather, and as they
had no instruments to guide them, they observed natural objects, and
noticed the appearances of the sky and clouds, and also the movements of
animals, birds, plants, etc. Shepherds and sailors, especially being exposed
to all kinds of weather, would naturally be on the lookout for any signs
of a ' coming change, and, after a time, would begin to associate certain
appearances with certain kinds of weather. A good deal of weather wis-
dom of the above character has been thrown into proverbs, trite sayings,
and popular verse.

The increase of aqueous vapor in the atmosphere is indicated by its
effect upon animal and vegetable organization. Animals are observed to
become restless before rain, and many prognostics are based upon the
action of birds, beasts, fish, reptiles, and insects. Plants and trees also
indicate change in the hygrometric condition of the surrounding atmos-
phere by the expansion and contraction of their leaves or flowers. The
increase of aqueous vapor is indicated by the expansion or contraction of
various substances, such as wood, whalebone, cat-gut, sponge, and hair,
which, when colder than the air, condenses the moisture upon them, and,
this being absorbed, increases the temperature, thus causing expansion or
contraction. This action of heat and vapor upon these various substances
has been utilized by meteorologists in the construction of hygrometers,
and a number of the prognostics herewith express the effect of moisture
on the articles named.

(49)

50 WEATHER PROVERBS.

PROVERBS RELATING TO ANIMALS.

Ass.

An old adage says:

When the ass begins to bray,
j Be sure we shall have rain that day.

Beaver.

In early and long winters, the beaver cuts his winter supply of wood
and prepares his house one month earlier than in mild late winters.

Bears.

When bears lay up food in the fall, it indicates a cold winter.

If the tracks of bear are seen after the first fall of snow, an open, mild
winter may be expected.

Bears and coons are always restless before rain.

The bear comes out on the 2d of February, and if he sees his shadow,
he returns for six weeks.

Expect rain when dogs eat grass.

Buck's Horn.

If dry be the buck's horn
On Holyrood morn,
'Tis worth a vest of gold;
But if wet it be seen
Ere Holyrood e'en,
Bad harvest is foretold.

Bull.

If the bull leads the van in going to the pasture, rain must be expected ;
but if he is careless and allows the cows to precede him, the weather will
be uncertain.

Cats.

When cats sneeze it is a sign of rain.

The cardinal point to which a cat turns and washes her face, after a
rain, shows the direction from which the wind will blow.

If the cat is basking in the sun of February, it must go again to the
stove in March. (German.)

When cats are snoring, foul weather follows.

When cats are washing themselves, fair weather follows.

Cats with their tails up and hair apparently electrified indicate approach-
ing wind.

It is a sign of rain if the cat washes her head behind her ear. (Old lady
on Cape Cod.)

Cats claw table-legs, tree-trunks, etc., before storms.

When a cat scratches itself, or scratches on a log or tree, it indicates
approaching rain.

\

WEATHER PROVERBS. 51

If sparks are seen when stroking a cat's back, expect a change of
weather soon.

When a cat washes her face with her back to the fire, expect a thaw
in winter.

When cats lie on their head with mouth turned up, expect a storm.

Cats purr and wash; dogs eat grass; sheep eagerly eat and turn in the .
direction of the wind-point ; oxen sniff the air, and swine are restless before
rain.

Cats have the reputation of being weather-wise, an old notion which
has given rise to a most extensive folk-lore. It is almost universally
believed that good weather may be expected when the cat washes her-
self, but bad when she licks her coat against the grain, or washes her face
over her ears, or sits with her tail to the fire. As, too, the cat is supposed
not only t ^ have a knowledge of the state of the weather, but a certain
share in the arrangement of it, it is considered by sailors to be most un-
wise to provoke a cat. Hence they do not much like to see a cat on board
at all, and when one happens to be more frisky than usual, they have a
popular saying, that the cat has a gale of wind in her tail. A charm
often resorted to for raising a storm is to throw a cat overboard; but,
according to an Hungarian proverb, as a cat does not die in water its
paws disturb the surface; hence the flaws on the surface of the water are
named, by sailors, "cat's-paws." In the same way, also, a large flurry on
the water is a "cat's-skin;"and, in some parts of England, a popular name
for the stormy northwest wind, is the "cat's-nose."

Chipmunk.

In cold and early winters, the chipmunk is very abundant on the south
shore of Lake Superior, and are always housed for the winter in October.
In short and mild winters, they are seen until the ist of December.

Cattle.

When a storm threatens, if cattle go under trees, it will be a shower;
if they continue to feed, it will probably be a continuous rain. (New
England.)

When cows fail their milk, expect stormy and cold weather.

When cows bellow in the evening, expect snow that night.

In Texas, when cattle hasten to timber, expect a "norther."

When a cow stops and shakes her foot,- it indicates that there is bad
weather behind her.

When cows refuse to go to pasture in the morning, it will rain before
night.

When cattle collect near the barn long before night, and remain near
the barn till late in the morning, expect a severe winter.

Expect rain when cattle low and gaze at the sky.

Cattle are also said to foreshow rain when they lick their forefeet, or

52 WEATHER PROVERBS.

lie on the right side, or scratch themselves more than they usually do
against posts or other objects.

When cattle go out to pasture and lie down early in the day, it indicates
early rain.

Deer.*

When deer are in gray coat in October, expect a severe winter.

Dogs.

Dogs digging or making deep holes in the ground are said to indicate
rain thereby.

If a dog howls when some one leaves the house, it indicates rain.

When a dog or cat eats grass in the morning it will certainly rain
before night.

When dogs eat grass, rain follows.

Dogs refusing meat, is an indication of rain.

Donkey.

When the donkey blows his horn,
'Tis time to house your hay and corn.

Domestic Animals.

Domestic animals stand with their heads from the coming storm.

Flying-Squirrels.

When the flying-squirrels sing in midwinter, it indicates an early spring.

Foxes.

Foxes barking at night, indicates storm.

Ground -Squirrel.

When the ground-squirrel is seen in winter, it is a sign that snow is
about over.

Ground-Hog.

If on Candlemas day (2d February) it is bright and clear, the ground
hog will stay in its den, thus indicating that more snow and cold are to
come ; but, if it snows or rains, he will creep out, as the winter has ended.
(German.)

Goat.

The goat will utter her peculiar cry before rain.

Hares.
Hares take to the open country, before a snow-storm.

Hogs.

Hogs pick, and store straws, leaves, etc., before cold weather.
Hogs rubbing themselves in winter, indicates an approaching thaw.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 53

Horse-Hair.

If the hair of the horse grows long early, expect an early winter.
The hair of a horse appears rough, just before rain.

Horses and Cattle.

When horses and cattle stretch out their necks, and sniff the air, it
will rain.

Horses, as well as some other domestic animals, foretell the coming of
rain, by starting more than ordinary, and appearing in other respects, rest-
less and uneasy on the road.

Horses and mules, very lively, without apparent cause, indicate cold.

When horses assemble in the corner of a field, with heads to leeward,
expect rain.

Kine, when they assemble at one end of a field, with their tails to
windward, often indicate rain or wind. During the dead calm before a
storm, we may often see them extending their nostrils, with the head
upwards, snuffing the air; this prognostic has been noticed of old, by
Virgil, and, after him, by Lord Bacon and others.

Mole.

If the mole dig his hole two-feet and a half deep, expect a very severe
winter; if two-feet deep, not so severe; if one-foot deep, a mild winter.
When the moles throw up the earth, rain follows soon.

Musk-Rat.

The musk-rats build their houses twenty inches higher, and very much
warmer, in early, and long winters, than in short ones.

Noise.

Animals making unusual noise, indicate change of weather.

Oxen and Sheep.

When oxen or sheep collect together, as if they were seeking shelter,
a storm may be expected. (Apache Indians.)

Pigs.

Pigs uneasy, grunting, and huddling together, indicate cold.

When pigs busy themselves, gathering leaves and straw, to make a
bed (in fall), expect a cold winter.

When, in winter, pigs rub against the side of their pen, it is a sure sign
of a thaw.

If the forward end of a pig's melt is thicker than the other end, the
first part of winter will be the colder. If the latter end is thicker, the
last part of winter will be the colder.

When pigs go about with sticks in their mouths, expect a "norther,"
in Texas.

54 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Prairie Dogs.

Prairie dogs bank up their holes with grass and dirt before a storm;
if they are playful, it is a sign of fair weather.

Partridges.

Partridges drum only in fall, when a mild and open winter follows.

Rabbits.

In cold, long winters, rabbits are fat in October and November; in
mild, and pleasant winters, they are poor in those months.
Rabbits seek the woods before a severe storm.

Rats and Mice.

Much noise made by rats and mice indicates rain.

Swine.

If swine be restless and grunt loudly ; if they squeal, and jerk up their
ears, there will be much wind. Whence the proverb, "Pigs can see the
wind.11

Swine make lairs on south side of shelter before cold weather.

Squirrels, etc.

When squirrels and small animals lay away a larger supply of food
than usual, it indicates that a long and severe winter will follow.

When squirrels lay in a winter supply of nuts, expect a cold winter.

When he eats them on the tree,

Weather as warm as warm can be.
When squirrels are scarce in the autumn it indicates a cold winter.

Sheep.

If sheep ascend hills and scatter, expect clear weather.
Sheep bleat and seek shelter, before snow.

You may shear your sheep,

When the elder blossoms peep.

Sand Mole.

The sand mole makes a mournful noise just before frost.

Spaniels.
When the spaniel sleeps, it indicates rain.

Wolves.

Wolves always howl more before a storm; deer and elk come down
from the mountains atjeast two days before a storm.

If the wolves howl and foxes bark during the winter, expect cold
weather.

If wolves howl in the evening, expect a "norther." (Texas.)

12'' "9' 117* 115" 113" 111" 109= 107' 105" 103' 101"

Key of

C'oiors.

1

BeZoui 60°

2
3

60" to 65°

65° to 70°

4

70° to 75°

IB 75" to 80°

jjJj 80° to 85°

H 85° io m°

■■■ .90° Utttf '"''-/•.

117 II..

Ip^^^^UlllJij"

- 1

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

MEAN TEMPERATURE OF

JULY

{Drawn from* the Smithsonian Temperature Tables.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 55

Mammals as Weather Prophets.

Dr. C. C. Abbott showed that the autumnal habits of certain animals,
that are popularly supposed to be indicative of the character of the com-
ing winter, could not be depended upon, although, by the majority of peo-
ple living in the country, they were considered as sure indications of what
the winter would prove to be. Dr. Abbott had kept a careful record,
extending over twenty years, regarding the building of winter houses
by musk-rats, the storing of nuts by squirrels, and other habits of these
mammals, and, had found that the habits referred to, or their omission in
certain autumns, bore no relation to the character of the coming winter.
(Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc, meeting February 13, 1883.)

PROVERBS RELATING TO BIRDS.

Birds of Passage.

When birds of passage arrive early in their southern passage, severe
weather may be looked for soon.

When birds cease to sing, rain and thunder will probably occur.

If birds, in general, pick their feathers, wash themselves, and fly to
their nests, expect rain.

A dry summer will follow when birds build their nests in exposed
places.

Birds flying in groups during rain or wind, indicate hail.

Birds and fowl oiling feathers, indicate rain.

Birds singing during rain, indicate fair weather.
If birds in the autumn grow tame,
The winter will be too cold for game.

Bats.

Bats flying late in the evening, indicate fair weather.

Bats that squeak flying, tell of rain to-morrow.

If bats flutter and beetles fly about, there will be a fine morrow.

Blackbirds.

Blackbirds' notes are very shrill in advance of rain.

Blackbirds flying south in autumn, indicate an approaching cold winter.

Blackbirds bring healthy weather.

Blackbirds flocking in the fall, indicate a spell of cold weather.

Buzzards.

A solitary turkey -buzzard at a great altitude, indicates rain.
Buzzards flying high, indicate fair weather.

Bluebirds.

When bluebirds twitter and sing, they call to each other of rain.

56 WEATHER PROVERBS.

i
Chickens.

Chickens, when they pick up small stones and pebbles and are more
noisy than usual, afford, according to Aratus, a sign of rain. Other
authors prognosticate the coming of rain from the habit fowls have of
rubbing in the dust and clapping their wings.

When chickens crow before sundown, it is a sign of rain next day.

Chickens are said to be very noisy just before rain, and cocks to crow
at unusual hours.

If chickens go out in the rain, it will rain all day.

When chickens come down from roost at night, rain will soon follow.

During rain, if chickens pay no attention to it, you may expect a con-
tinued rain; if they run to shelter, it won't last long.

When chickens light on fences during rain to plume themselves, it
will soon clear.

Chimney Swallows.

When chimney swallows circle and call, they speak of rain. (Zuni
Indians.)

Cocks.

Cocks are said to clap their wings in an unusual manner before rain,
and hens to rub in the dust and seem very uneasy.
If the cock moult before the hen,
We shall have weather thick and thin ;
But if the hen moult before the cock,
We shall have weather hard as a block.

If the cock crows more than usual, or earlier, expect rain.

Cormorants.

When cormorants fly from the sea, and sea fowls seek their prey in
pools or ponds, expect wind.

Cranes.

If cranes appear early in the autumn, expect a severe winter.
There will be no rain the day the crane flies down the creek.
When cranes make a great noise, or scream, expect rain.
Cranes follow the last frost.

If cranes come early in autumn, expect a severe winter.
If cranes place their bills under their wings, expect rain.
When the cranes early (in October) fly southward, it indicates a cold
winter.

Crows.

One crow flying alone, is a sign of foul weather; but, if crows fly in
pairs, expect fine weather.

If crows fly south, a severe winter may be expected ; if they fly north,
the reverse.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 57

If the crows make much noise, and fly round and round, expect rain.

Cuckoo.

If the cuckoo is heard long after St. John's day, it means harsh times.
(German.)

When the cuckoo comes to the bare shorn,
Sell your cow, and buy your corn;
But when he comes to the full bit,
Sell your corn, and buy your sheep.
In April he opens his bill;
In May he sings all day;
In June he alters his tune ;
Come August, go he must.
Cuckoos hallooing in low lands, indicate rain ; on high lands, indicate
fair weather.

Dove.

Don't plant your corn when the turtle-dove cries.

Domestic Fowl.

Domestic fowls dress their feathers when the storm is about to cease.
Domestic fowls look toward the sky before rain.
Domestic fowls stand on one leg before cold weather.
When fowls collect together and pick, or straighten their feathers,
expect a change of weather.

When fowls roost in day-time, expect rain.

February Birds.

If birds caught in February are fat and sleek, it is a sign of more cold
weather.

Finch.

When the finch chirps, rain follows.

Geese.

Wild geese fty high in pleasant weather, and low, in bad weather.
The whiteness of a goose's breast-bone, indicates the amount of snow
during winter.

If the November goose bone be thick,
So will the winter weather be ;
If the November goose bone be thin,
So will the winter weather be.
A very heavy plumage of geese in fall, indicates an approaching cold
winter.

Everything is lovely, and the goose hawks high (not hangs high, as is
usually stated). Geese flying high, is a sign of fair weather.

If the breast-bone of a goose is red, or has many red spots, expect a

58 WEATHER PROVERBS.

cold, and stormy winter; but if only a few spots are visible, the winter
will be mild.

When you see geese in water, washing themselves, expect rain.

Geese wash and sparrows fly in flocks before rain.

When geese fly at ten o'clock, or in the first part of the night, it is a
sign of cold weather.

If domestic geese walk east and fly west, expect cold weather.

When geese and ducks go into the water and flap their wings, throw-
ing the water over their backs, rain is approaching.

When geese or ducks stand on one leg, expect cold weather.

To read the winter of any year, take the breast-bone of a goose hatched
during the preceding spring. The bone is translucent and it will be found
to be colored and spotted. The dark color and heavy spots indicate cold.
If the spots are of light shade and transparent, wet weather, rain, or snow,
may be looked for.

Grouse.

When grouse drum at night, Indians predict a deep fall of snow.

Gulls.

Gulls will soar to lofty heights, and, circling round, utter shrill cries
before a storm.

Hawk.

When men-of-war-hawks fly high, it is a sign of a clear sky;
When they fly low, prepare for a blow.

Hedge Sparrow.

If the hedge sparrow is heard before the grape-vine is putting forth its
buds, it is said that a good crop is in store.

Heron.

When heron fly up and down as in doubt where to rest, expect rain.

Hen.
When the hen crows, expect a storm within and without.

Jackdaws.

These birds frequent the flocks of rooks, and with them go out to feed,
as if they were aware of the superior sagacity of the rook in finding out
the most productive pasture, and had learned to avail themselves of it.
Starlings sometimes do the same. Sometimes, before the change of
weather, the daws make a great noise in the chimneys wherein they build,
and the sound coming down the flue is distinctly heard in the chamber.

Jackdaws are unusually clamorous before rain.

Kites.

Kites flying unusually high are said to indicate fair weather.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 59

Larks.

Larks, when they sing long and fly high, forebode fine weather.
As long as the lark is heard before Candlemas day (in Europe), that
long will it be silent afterward on account of cold yet to come. (German.)
Field larks, congregating in flocks, indicate severe cold.

Loon.

Hunters say that the direction in which the loon flies in the morning
will be the direction of the wind next day.

Magpies.

Magpies, flying three or four together and uttering harsh cries, pre-
dict windy weather

Missel Thrush.

Missel thrush have been observed to sing particularly loud just before
a storm.

Martins.

When martins appear, winter has broken.

No killing frost after martins.

Martins fly low before and during rainy weather.

Migratory.

Migratory birds fly south from cold, and north from warm weather.
When a severe cyclone is near, they become puzzled and fly in circles,
dart in the air and can be easily decoyed. (Observer on North Carolina
coast.)

Owls.

Owls hooting indicate rain.

If owls scream in foul weather, it will change to fair.

If owls hoot at night, expect fair weather.

The various omens which vulgar credulity has attached to the hooting
and screaming of this bird deserve particular attention. When an owl
hoots Or screeches, sitting on the top of a house or by the side of a win-
dow, it is said to foretell death. The fact seems to be this : The owl, as
Virgil justly observes, is more noisy at the change of weather, and as
it often happens that patients with lingering diseases die at the change of
weather so the owl seems, by a mistaken association of ideas, to forebode
the calamity. Both the screech owl and the howlet seem to be alluded to
among the harmful fowls in Spenser's Fairy Queen.

Screech Owl.

A screeching owl indicates cold or storm.

60 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Parrots.

Parrots whistling indicate rain.

It is said that parrots and canaries dress their feathers and are wakeful
the evening before a storm.

Peacocks.

When the peacock's distant voice you hear,
Are you in want of rain? Rejoice, 'tis almost here.
When the peacock loudly bawls
Soon we'll have both rain and squalls.
If the peacock cries when he goes to roost, and, indeed, much at any
time, it is a sign of rain.

When peacocks and guinea fowls scream, and turkeys gobble, expect
rain.

The squalling of the peacock by night, often foretells a rainy day.
Peafowls utter loud cries before a storm, and select a low perch.

Petrels.

Petrels gathering under the stern of a ship, indicate bad weather.

The stormy petrel is found to be a sure token of stormy weather.
When these birds gather in numbers under the wake of a ship, the sailors
are sure of an impending tempest.

Pintado.

Before rain, the pintados, or guinea fowls called comebacks, squall more
than usual.

Pigeons.

Pigeons return home unusually early before rain.

It is a sign of rain, when pigeons return slowly to the dove-houses
before the usual time of day.

Prairie Chickens.

Prairie chickens, coming into the creeks and timber, indicate cold
weather

When the prairie chicken sits on the ground with all its feathers ruf-
fled, expect cold weather.

Quail.

When quails are heard in the evening, fair weather is indicated for
next day.

Quails are more abundant during an easterly wind.

Red Breasts.

Red breasts grow bolder, and perch against the window, in advance
of unusually severe weather.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 61

Robins.

First robins, indicate the approach of spring.

Long and loud singing of robins in the morning, denote rain.

Robins will perch on the topmost branches of trees, and whistle when

a storm is approaching.

Rooks.

If rooks fly irregularly and high, and seem to fall, expect rain.

Rooks dart and swoop through the air, sparrows group together and

keep up a discordant chirping before rain.

Rooster.

A crowing rooster during rain, indicates fair weather.
When the roosters go crowing to bed they will rise with watery head.
If a rooster crows on the ground, it is a sign of rain; if he crows on
the fence, it is a sign of fair weather.

Sea Birds.

If sea birds fly toward land and land birds toward the sea, expect

wind without rain. o«„ r»..u„

Sea-uulls.

If sea-gulls fly inland, expect storm.

When sea-gulls fly to land, a storm is at hand.

Snowbirds.

When snowbirds gather in flocks, and light on fences and hedges,
expect rain. Storks.

If storks and cranes fly high and steady, expect fair weather.

Summer Birds.

When summer birds take their flight, the summer goes with them.

Swallow.

When swallows, in evenings, fly high and chirp, fair weather follows;
when low, rain follows.

When the swallow's nest is high

The summer is very dry;

When the swallow buildeth low,

You can safely reap and sow.
When the swallows fly low, or when the geese fly, expect storm or cold.
Swallows skimming along the ground indicate rain.
Swallows flying low indicate rain.
Circling swallows indicate rain.

Swan.

The swan builds its nest high before high waters, but low when there
will not be unusual rains.

62 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Thrush.

When the thrush sings at sunset, a fair day will follow.

Turkeys.

Turkeys perched on trees and refusing to descend, indicates snow,
Water turkeys, flying against the wind, indicate falling weather.

Vultures.

Vultures are considered as evil omens, in consequence, probably, of their
following armies for the sake of carcasses of the slain, whereon they feed.
When they scent carrion at a great distance, they indicate that state of the
atmosphere which is favorable to the perception of smells, which often fore-
bodes rain.

Water Fowl.

If water fowl scream more than usual and plunge into water, expect
rain.

If water fowl make more noise than usual, also if robins approach nearer
houses than usual, expect frost soon.

Wild Ducks.

Wild ducks scattered around the lakes near Lake Superior, form in
large flocks and go south one month earlier in cold or early winters than in
mild or pleasant winters.

Wild Geese.

Wild geese flying over in great numbers, indicates approaching storm.
Wild geese, wild geese, going to the sea,
Good weather it will be ;
Wild geese, wild geese, going to the hill,
The weather it will spill.
Wild geese moving south, indicates approaching cold weather; moving
north, indicates that most of winter is over.

When wild geese fly to the southeast in the fall, in Kansas, expect a
blizzard.

Wild geese flying directly south and very high, indicates a very cold
winter. When flying low and remaining along the river they indicate a
warm winter in Idaho. For spring, just the reverse when flying north.
(Old settler.)

Wild geese flying past large bodies of water indicates change of
weather ; going south, cold ; going north, warm.

Woodcock.

An early appearance of woodcock indicates the approach of a severe
winter.

Woodpecker.

When the woodpecker leaves, expect a hard winter.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 63

When woodpeckers peck low on the trees, expect warm weather.

The ivory-billed woodpecker commencing at the bottom end of a tree
and going to the top, removing all the outer bark, indicates a hard winter
with deep snow. Wrens.

When wrens are seen in winter, expect snow.

PROVERBS RELATING TO CLOUDS.
Storm- Presaging Clouds.

[From the New York Herald.]

An English meteorologist, the Hon. F. A. R. Russell, who, for many
years, has been a cloud observer, has recently given his conclusions as to
the predictive value of the upper clouds. ' As a celebrated example of the
clews given by cirrus clouds to coming weather, he mentions that the Rev.
Mr. Ley, on a fine day, noticing certain indications of the upper clouds in
London, telegraphed from the Strand to the meteorological office, order-
ing warnings of a heavy thunder-storm for four o'clock that afternoon,
which, at the pre-announced hour, came crashing over the metropolis. Mr.
Russell's researches lead him to the conviction that the cirrus cloud is
often a more timely monitor of approaching storms than the barometer,
and that the "bar or ribbed cirrus," though somewhat uncommon, is "at
least equal in value to the falling barometer as a danger signal." He
finds also that "detached patches of cirrus, like little masses of wool or
knotted feathers, in a clear sky and of unusual figure, moving at more
than the average rate, precede disturbances of great magnitude."

From Aristotle's time, the value of cloud signs in storm and rain prog-
nostications has been recognized ; but their interpretation has only recently
become possible, since the movement of storm centers over wide areas has
been systematically traced. The irregular motions of the high clouds,
perhaps more than their forms (presenting the appearance of having been
divided and torn by uprushing currents), indicate dangerous cyclones. If
the equatorial air current, in which cyclones are borne along, is undisturbed
by a cyclonic vortex, the clouds floating in its higher strata would sail on it
at a uniform rate. But if we suppose that a storm is moving in the great
current, the ascending air in the storm's center is ceaselessly invading the
cloud stratum above. It is this uprushing air which divides the clouds.
But, as the interchange between the surface and upper air in the cyclone
center tends to retard the swift upper current which transports the cirri-
form clouds, the motion of these clouds both over the storm center and far
out in front of it, must often be retarded. The very rapidly moving cirrus
clouds which Mr. Russell says precede great disturbances must precede them
at great distances from their centers — a fact which enhances their predict-
ive value and shows the importance of observing them systematically. The
terrible loss of life and property in the British gale of October 14, 1881, this

64 WEATHER PROVERBS.

writer thinks, might have been less had the cloud portents been duly
watched and heeded, as the cirrus indications of the day previous gave
sufficient warning of the coming storm.

Anvil Clouds.

Anvil-shaped clouds are ver}^ likely to be followed by a gale of wind.

Appearances.

Soft-looking delicate clouds foretell fine weather with weak, moderate,
or light breezes. Hard edged, oily appearing clouds, wind. A dark,
gloomy, blue sky indicates wind. A bright blue sky, clear fine weather.
Generally, the softer the clouds the less wind. Small inky clouds foretell
rain.

Assemblage of Clouds.

If an assemblage of small clouds spread out or become thicker and
darker, expect rain.

Against the Wind.

If you see a cloud rise against the wind, when that cloud comes up to
you the wind will blow the same way that the cloud came, and the same
rule holds good of a clear place when all the sky is equally thick except
one clear edge. (Shepherd.)

Bull's Eye.

A small, fast-growing, black cloud in violent motion seen in the tropics,
is called the Bull's Eye, and precedes the most terrible hurricanes.

Black Clouds.

Black clouds in the north in winter indicate approaching snow.

Black Scuds.
Small black scuds (clouds), drifting from southwest, is a sign of rain.

Bright— Dark.

If clouds be bright,
'Twill clear to-night;
If clouds be dark,
'Twill rain, do you hark?

Blue Sky.

Enough blue sky in the northwest to make a Scotchman a jacket is a
sign of approaching clear v/eather.

Cirro-Cumuli.

When cirro-cumuli appear in winter, expect warm and wet weather.
When cirri threads are brushed back from a southerly direction, ex-
pect rain and wind.

i s «• tt«

^ " "II

||§g rV 4;£M4§tl

i?rw*H^ )J

s^k^ vA " ^ AA A -X$?-H~s^y- ■<(' '" ^ A 'J

d\

jr v^.'-fe-.s1-

r"rf3v.5«>"

PB^,lf

r >A AA-£-A%*

AA4

AA^JkP^-

MEAN TEMPERATURE OF

JANUARY.

(Drawn from the Smithsonian Temperature Table*.)

m m®4

"^ipr^

WEATHER PROVERBS. 65

Cirri and Cumulus.

When cirri merge into cirro-stratus, and when cumulus increase
towards evening and become lower clouds, expect wet weather.

Cumulus Clouds.

If a fair day, with cumulus clouds, expect rain before night.

Curdly Sky.

A curdly sky will not leave the earth long dry.
A curdly sky will not be twenty-four hours dry.

Cross-Wind Clouds.

If you see clouds going cross wind, there is a storm in the air.

Clouds— Wind.
Clouds flying against the wind indicate unsettled weather.

Dusky Clouds.

Dusky or tarnish-silver colored clouds indicate hail.

Disperse.

When clouds, after a rain, disperse during the night, the weather will
not remain clear.

Dark Sky.

If the sky becomes darker without much rain and divides into >wo
layers of clouds, expect sudden gusts of wind.

Dark clouds in the west at sunrise indicate rain on that day.

Equinox.

If it blows in the day, it generally hushes toward evening.
The vernal equinoctial gales are stronger than the autumnal.

East Wind.

If rain falls during an east wind, it will continue a full day.

East Clouds.

Clouds in the east, obscuring the sun, indicate fair weather.

Evening and Morning.

Evening red and morning gray will set the traveler on his way;

But evening gray and morning red will bring down rain upon his head.

Fair.

If the sky, beyond the clouds, is blue,
Be glad, there is a picnic for you.
When there is enough clear sky to patch a Dutchman's breeches,
expect fair weather.

66 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Fleecy Clouds.

If, in winter, the clouds appear fleecy with a very blue sky, expect
cold rain or snow.

If there be a fleecy sky, unless driving northwest, expect rain.
When the clouds are formed like fleeces but dense in the middle and
bright toward the edge, with the sky bright, they are signs of a frost,
with hail, snow, or rain.

If the woolly fleeces strew the heavenly way,
Be sure no rain disturb the summer day.

Fine Weather.

If clouds, ?t the same height, drive up with the wind, and gradually
become thinner and descend, expect fine weather.

Gusts.

If there be a cloudy sky and dark clouds driving fast under higher
clouds, expect violent gusts of wind.

General Cloudiness.

When a general cloudiness covers the sky and small, black fragments
of clouds fly underneath, they indicate rain, and probably it will be lasting.

Hen Scarts.

Hen scarts and filly tails
Make lofty ships wear low sails.

High, Dark Clouds.

If high, dark clouds are seen in spring, winter, or fall, expect cold
weather- Heavy Sky.

If the sky after fine weather becomes heavy with small clouds, expect

ram' High Clouds.

If clouds form high in air in their white trains like locks of wool, they
portend wind and probably rain.

Hues.

Clouds being soft, undefined, and feathery, will be fair. Generally,
any deep, unusual hue of clouds indicate rain and wind, while the more
quiet and moderate tints indicate fair weather.

Heavy Rains.

If clouds float at different heights and rates, but generally in opposite
directions, expect heavy rains.

Horizontal Clouds.

Narrow, horizontal red clouds after sunset in the west indicate rain
before thirty-six hours.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 67

Hills.

When clouds are on the hills
They'll come down by the mills.

Isolated Clouds.

When on clear days isolated clouds drive over the zenith from the
rain-wind side (see table on "Wet and Dry Wind") storm and rain follow
within twenty-four hours. i,,«c

It never clouds up in June nights for a rain.

Lookout Mountain.
When Lookout Mountain has its cap on, it will rain in six hours.

Low Clouds.
Clouds floating low enough to cast shadows on the ground are usually
followed by rain. Mackerel Sky.

Mackerel sky, mackerel sky,
Never long wet, never long dry.

Mackerel Clouds.

The mackerel clouds always indicate storm if the first appear about
1 5° north of west. (Kansas.)

Mackerel scales and mare's tails
Make lofty ships carry low sails.

Mackerel clouds in sky,
Expect more wet than dry.

Mackerel Scales.

Mackerel scales,

Furl your sails.

A mackerel sky,

Not twenty-four hours dry.

Mountain Clouds.

When the clouds hang on the mountain side after a rain and the sun
shines on the top of the mountain, the storm is over. When gray clouds
are seen for several days on the tops of high mountains, in the fall, they
indicate an early winter. (Apache Indians.)

Northwest Clouds.

If a layer of thin clouds drive up from the northwest, and under other
clouds moving more to the south, expect fine weather.

Opening.

If clouds open and close, rain will continue.

68 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Red Sky.

When it is evening, ye say it will be fair weather, for the sky is red;
and in the morning it will be foul weather to-day, for the sky is red and
lowering. (Matthew xvi. 2, 3.)

When clouds are gathered toward the sun at setting, with a rosy hue,
they foretell rain.

If there be red clouds in the west at sunset it will be fair ; if the clouds
have a tint of purple it will be very tine, or if red bordered with black in
the southeast.

Rounded Clouds.

A cloud with rounded top and flattened base carries rain-fall on its
face.

Red clouds at sunrise indicate storm.

Red clouds at sunrise indicate rain on the following day.

Storm.

Behold there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea like a man's hand.

Prepare thy chariot and get thee down that the rain stops thee not.
And it came to pass in the meanwhile, that the heaven was black with
clouds and wind and there was great rain. (Kings xviii. 44, 45.)

Stratus.

Stratus or fall cloud is a fog or mist, so called from being strewed
along the ground, and from its consisting of particular kinds of clouds,
which fall at night-time to the ground. A stratus in the morning, in
autumn, often ushers in some of the finest days we enjoy.

Sunday Sunset.

If Sunday sunset is obscured, expect rain before Wednesday.

Salt Lake Valley.

A horizontal streak or band of clouds immediately in front of the
mountains on the east side of Salt Lake valley is an indication of rain
within one or two days. When black clouds cover the western horizon,
rain will follow soon, and extend to the eastward over the valley. ( Ob-
server at Salt Lake.)

Storm.

If clouds look like they had been scratched by a hen,

Get ready to reef your topsails then.
If the clouds be of different heights, the sky being grayish or dirty
blue, with hardly any wind stirring, the wind, however, changing from
west to south, or sometimes to southeast, without perceptibly increasing
in force, expect a storm.

South Clouds.

If clouds appear suddenly in the south, expect rain.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 69

Sunrise.

If clouds fly to the west at sunrise, expect fine weather.
If, at sunrise, many clouds are seen in the west, and disappear, expect
fine weather for a short time.

Strips of Clouds.

If long strips of clouds drive at a slow rate high in the air, and grad-
ually become larger, the sky having been previously clear, expect rain.

Streamers.

When streamers point upward, the clouds are falling and rain is at
hand. When streamers point downward, the clouds are ascending and
drought is at hand. Salmon Clouds.

A long strip of clouds called a Salmon, or Noah's Ark, stretching east
and west, is a sign of stormy weather, but when it extends north and
south, it is a sign of dry weather.

North and south the sign of drought,

East and west the sign of blast.

Tints.

Light, delicate, quiet tints or colors, with soft, undefined forms of
clouds, indicate and accompany fair weather; but unusual or gaudy hues,
with hard, definitely-outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably stormy

weather- Thin Light Clouds.

If there be a light-blue sky with thin, light, flying clouds, whilst the
wind goes to the south without much increase in force, or a dirty-blue
sky when no clouds are to be seen, expect storm.

Tails or Feathers.

If there be long points, tails, or feathers hanging from thunder or rain
clouds, five or six or more degrees above the horizon, with little wind in
summer, thunder may be expected, but storm will be of short duration

Two Currents.

Two currents of clouds indicate approaching rain, and, in summer,

thunder. _,

Thunder.

Against much rain the clouds grow rapidly larger, especially before

thunder. ^_ . _,, .

Terraces of Clouds.

When the clouds rise in terraces of white, soon will the country of the
corn priests be pierced with the arrows of rain. (Zuni Indians.)

Variety.

The different kinds of clouds indicate rain.

70 WEATHER PROVERBS.

West Clouds.

When ye see a cloud rise out of the west, straightway ye say there
cometh a shower, and so it is. (Luke xii. 54.)

Brassy-colored clouds in the west at sunset indicate wind.

White Clouds.

If, on a fair day in winter, a white bank of clouds arises in the south,
expect snow.

If small white clouds are seen to collect together, their edges appear-
ing rough, expect wind. Wind.

If the wind blow between north and east or east, with clouds for some
days, and, if clouds be then seen driving from the south high up, rain will
follow plentifully, sometimes forty-eight hours after; if, after the rain, the
wind goes to the south or southwest, better weather will follow.

Yellow Sky.

A light yellow sky at sunset presages wind.
A pale yellow sky at sunset presages rain.

PROVERBS RELATING TO DEW.

Absence of Dew.

The absence of dew for three days indicates rain.
If nights three, dewless there be,
'Twill rain, you're sure to see.

Easter.

The number of dews before Easter, will indicate the number of hoar
frosts to occur after Easter, and the number of dews to occur in August.

Heavy Dew.

If there is a heavy dew and it soon dries, expect fine weather; if it
remains long on the grass, expect rain in twenty-four hours.
Heavy dew indicates fair weather.
Clouds without dew indicate rain.
If there is a heavy dew, it indicates fair weather; no dew indicates

rain" Haying Season.

In haying season, when there is no dew, it indicates rain.
Much dew after a fair day indicates another fair day. A calm and
a fair day followed by absence of dew indicates rain.

Midnight.

With dew before midnight,

The next day will sure be bright.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 71

Plentiful Dew.

If the dew lies on the grass plentifully after a fair day, it indicates that
the following day will be fair. If there is no dew, and no wind after a
fair day, rain will follow.

Southerly Winds.

A heavy dew in the middle latitudes is said to indicate southerly
winds.

A heavy dew with a south to east wind, fair — with a northwest wind,,
rain. (New England.)

Summer Dew.

During summer a heavy dew is sometimes followed by a southerly
wind in the afternoon.

Wet Feet.

If your feet you wet with the dew in the morning, you may keep them
dry for the rest of the day.

PROVERBS RELATING TO FISH.

General.

When fish bite readily and swim near the surface, rain may be ex-
pected.

Fish become inactive just before thunder showers, silent, and won't
bite.

Fish bite the least
With wind in the east.
Fishes in general, both in salt and fresh waters, are observed to sport
most and bite more eagerly against rain than at any other time.

Black-fish.

Black-fish in schools indicate an approaching gale.
Blue-fish, Pike, etc.

Blue-fish, pike and other fish jump with heads toward the point
where a storm is frowning.

The approach of blue-fish to the Middle Atlantic coast is a true indi-
cation of a shift of wind to the north within twenty-four or thirty-six
hours. The observer furnishing the above states that he has not known
this saying to have failed once in the past twenty-five years, and assigns,
as a reason, that in autumn all fish go south, and the blue-fish, it appears,
is able to anticipate this change and approaches the coast, where it may
strike the feed-fish on their way south.

72 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Clam-Beds.

Air-bubbles over the clam-beds indicate rain.
Porpoises in harbor indicate coming storm.

Cat-fish.

Fish swim up stream, and cat-hsh jump out of water before rain.
If the skin on the belly of the cat-fish is unusually thick, it indicates a
cold winter; if not, a mild winter will follow. (Negro.)

Cockles.

Cockles and most shell-fish are observed against a tempest to have
gravel sticking hard into their shells, as a providence of nature to stay or
poise themselves, and to help to weigh them down, if raised from the
bottom by surges.

Cod-fish.

The cod is said to take in ballast before a storm. It is said by Ser-
geant McGillivry, Signal Corps, U. S. A., that there is one instance of this
saying well authenticated, as follows : A number of cod were taken twelve
hours before a severe gale, and it was found that each had swallowed a
number of small stones, some of the stones weighing three or four ounces.

Crabs and Lobsters.

The appearance of crabs and lobsters indicates that spring has come,
and that there will be no more freezing weather. Lake Ontario black
bass leave shoal water just before a thunder-storm. This has been ob-
served twenty-four hours before a storm.

Cuttles.

Cuttles, with their many legs, swimming on the top of the water and
striving to be above the waves, presage a storm.

Cuttle-fish.

Cuttle-fish swimming on the surface of the water indicate the approach
of storm.

Dolphins.

Dolphins, as well as porpoises, when they come about a ship, and sport
and gambol on the surface of the water, betoken a storm; hence they are
regarded as unlucky omens by sailors.

Eels.

If eels are very lively, it is a sign of rain.

Equinox.
In equinoctial storms, fish bite the best before the sun crosses the line.

Fish— Flies.
When fish jump up after flies expect rain.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 73

Frog-fish.

Frog-fish crawling indicate rain.

Lake Trout.

In the northern lakes of the United States, white-fish and lake trout
leave reefs for deep water one month earlier in stormy falls than in mild,
calm falls, with little winds. (Chippewa Indians.)

Lobsters and Craw-fish.

When lobsters or craw-fish heighten their holes about the surface of
the ground, it is a sign of approaching rain.

( Moon.

Fish bite the best when the moon is in the tail.

Mullet.

Mullet run south on the approach of cold northerly wind and rain.

North Wind.

Fishermen, in anger, froth
When the wind is in the north;
For fish bite the best
When the wind is in the west.

Pike.

When pike lie on the bed of a stream quietly, expect rain or wind.

Porpoises.

Porpoises, when they sport about ships and chase one another as if in
play, and indeed their being numerous on the surface of the sea at any
time, is rather a stormy sign. The same may be said of dolphins and
grampus. That the cause of these motions is some electrical change in
the air seems probable. Wilsford, in his Secrets of Nature, tells us "Por-
poises or sea-hogs when observed to sport and chase one another about
ships, expect then some stormy weather."

Porpoises are said to swim in the direction from which the wind is
coming.

Porpoises run into bays and around islands before a storm.

Salmon and Trout.

Salmon and trout plentiful in river (Columbia) show an abundance of
rain in the surrounding country by which the river has risen.

Sea-urchins.

Sea-urchins thrusting themselves into the mud, or striving to cover
their bodies with sand, foreshow a storm.

74 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Shad.

Shad run south when the weather changes cold.

Shark.
Shark go to sea at the approach of a cold wave.

Skate.
Skate jump in the direction that the next wind will come from.

South Wind.
Wind in the south, catch fish in the mouth.

Trout.

Trout bite voraciously before rain.

When trout refuse bait or fly,
There ever is a storm nigh.

Trout and Salmon.

When the trout or salmon-trout jump late in the fall, the Indians of
Washington Territory predict an open winter and an open spring.

Trout and Herring.

Trout jump and herring schools more rapidly before rain.
Whales and Porpoises.

When porpoises and whales spout about ships at sea, storm may be
expected.

Winds.

The appearance of a great number of fish on the west Gulf coast indi-
cates bad weather and easterly winds.

PROVERBS RELATING TO FOG OR MIST.

August.

The number of August fogs indicate the number of winter mists.

In the Mississippi Valley, when fogs occur in August, expect fever and
ague in the following fall.

A fog in August indicates a severe winter and plenty of snow.

Observe on what day in August the first heavy fog occurs, and you
may expect a hard frost on the same day in October.

April Fog.

Fog in April foretells a failure of the wheat crop next year. (Alabama.)
If the first three ^.ays of April be foggy, there will be a flood in June.
(English.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 75

Continued Fog.

If there be continued fog, expect frost.

Dew.

When the dew is seen shining on the leaves, the mist rolled down
from the mountain last night. (Zuni Indians.)

Damp Fog.
If there be damp fog or mist, accompanied by wind, expect rain

Fog Clouds.

When light fog clouas on evenings are observed to rise from the val-
leys and hang around the summit of mountains, rain follows.

February Fog.

A fog in February indicates a frost in the following May.

Fog Frost.

He that would have a bad clay must go out in the fog after a frost.

Frost.

During frosty weather, the dissolution of mist, and the appearance of
small detached cirro-cumulus clouds in the elevated regions of the atmos-
phere are said to foretell that the termination of frost is at hand.

Fog and Rain.

When the fog goes up the hill, the rain comes down the mill.

Fog after Frost.

Fog after hard frosts and fog after mild weather indicate a change in
weather.

Falling Fog.

When the fog falls, fair weather follows; when it rises, rain follows.

Heavy Fog.

Heavy fog in winter, when it hangs below trees, is followed by rain.

Hunting and Fishing.

When the fog goes up the mountains, you may go hunting ; when it
comes down the mountain, you may go fishing. In the former case, it will
be fair ; in the latter, it will rain.

Light Fog.

Light fog passing under the sun from south t-o north in the morning
indicates rain in twenty-four or forty-eight hours.

76 WEATHER PROVERBS.

March, May and August.

So many mists in March we see,
So many frosts in May shall be;
So many fogs in August we see,
So many snows that year will be.

Mirage.

A mirage is followed by a rain. (New England.)

Mist— Sea.

When the mist takes to the sea,

Then good weather it will be. (English.)

Misty Mornings.
Three foggy or misty mornings indicate rain. (Oregon.)

Morning Fogs.

When a morning fog turns into clouds of different layers, the clouds
increasing in size, expect rain.

Mountain Mist.

When mountains extend north and south, if fog or mist comes from
the west, expect fair weather. If mist comes from the top of mountains,
expect rain in summer, snow in winter. (Apache Indians.)

October Fog.

For every fog in October there will be a snow during the winter; for
each heavy fog, a heavy snow, and for each light fog, a light snow.

Rising Fog.

A rising fog indicates fair weather. If the fog settles down, expect
stormy weather.

Seaward and Landward.

Fog from seaward, fair weather; fog from landward, rain. (New
England.)

Summer Fog.
A summer fog is a good indication of fair weather.

Southerly Wind.

In summer, when fog comes with a southerly wind, it indicates warm
weather; when it comes with a northerly wind, it is a sign of heavy rain.

Weather.

When the mist is on the hill,
Then good weather it doth spoil.

Winter Fog.

A winter's fog will freeze a dog.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 77

PROVERBS RELATING TO FROST.

Bearded- Frost.

Bearded-frost is a forerunner of snow.

Birds of Passage.
If birds of passage arrive early from the north, expect frost.

Corn Frost.
With the coming of frost grows the corn old. (Zuni Indians.)

Dark-moon Frost.

Frost occurring in the dark of the moon kills fruit, buds and blossoms;
but frost in the light of the moon will not.

Early Frosts.

Early frosts are generally followed by a long and hard winter. Light
or white frosts are always followed by wet weather, either the same day
or three days after.

Easter Frost.

Past the Easter frost the fruit is safe.

Fences— Trees.

In winter, if the fences and trees are covered with white frost, expect a
thaw.

Frosty Trees.

If the trees are frosty and the sun takes it away before noon, sign of
rain.

First Katydid.

The first frost of the season occurs six weeks after we hear the first
katydid.

Frosts.

Heavy white frost indicates warmer weather.

Black frost indicates dry cold weather.

Bearded frost indicates colder weather and snow.

Frost— Rain.

Hoar frost indicates rain.

Foul Weather.

Frosts end in foul weather.

First Frost.

If the first frost occurs late, the following winter will be mild, but
weather variable. If first frost occurs early, it indicates a severe winter

78 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Gray Sky.

If there be a dark, gray sky, with a south wind, expect frost.

Heavy Frosts.

Heavy frosts are generally followed by fine, clear weather.

Hoar Frost.

If there be an abundance of hoar frost, expect rain.

Ice.

If the ice crack much, expect frost to continue.

June Frosts.

There will be as many frosts in June as there are fogs in February.

Moonlight.

Moonlight nights have the hardest frosts.

Mist.

When the mist is on the hill,

Then good weather it doth spoil;

When the mist takes to the sea,

Then good weather it will be. (England.)

Rain— Frosts.

Heavy frosts bring heavy rains; no frosts, no rain. (California.)

Six Months.

Six months from last frost to next frost. (South.)

Spider Webs.

Spider webs floating at autumn sunset,
Bring a night frost, this you may bet.

Three Frosts.

Three frosts in succession are a sign of rain
Three white frosts and then a storm.

White Frost.

A very heavy white frost in winter is followed by a thaw.
White frost on three successive nights indicates a thaw or rain.

Water Snakes.

When small water snakes leave the sand in low, damp lands, frosts
may be expected in three days. (Apache Indians.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 79

Wind, Northwest.

Frosts will probably occur when the temperature is 400 and the wind
northwest.

A high wind prevents frost.

PROVERBS RELATING TO INSECTS.

Ants.

If ants their walls do frequent build,
Rain will from the clouds be spilled.
When ants are situated in low ground, their migration may be taken
as an indication of approaching heavy rains.

Expect stormy weather when ants travel in lines, and fair weather
when they scatter.

If, in the beginning of July, the ants are enlarging and building up their
piles, an early and cold winter is at hand.

An open ant-hole indicates clear weather; a closed one an approaching
storm.

Ants, Crickets, Gnats, etc.

Ants are very busy ; gnats bite ; crickets are lively ; spiders come out
of their nests, and flies gather in houses just before rain.

Butterflies.

The early appearance of butterflies is said to indicate fine weather.
When the white butterfly flies from the southwest, expect rain.
When the butterfly comes, comes also the summer. (Zuni Indians.)

Bees.

When bees remain in their hives or fly but a short distance, expect
rain.

Bees early at work will not perform a full day's work.
Bees will not swarm before a near storm.

Bees returning hastily and in large numbers are said to indicate
approaching rain, although the weather may be clear.
When bees to distance wing their flight,
Days are warm and skies are bright ;
But when their flight ends near their home,
Stormy weather is sure to come.
A bee was never caught in a shower.

If bees remain in the hive or fly but a short distance from it, expect
rain.

Black Insects.

When little black insects appear on the snow, expect a thaw.

80 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Cockroaches.

When cockroaches fly, it is a sign of approaching rain.

Crickets.

If the crickets sing louder than usual, expect rain.

Chrysalides.

When the chrysalides are found suspended from the under side of rails,
limbs, etc., as if to protect them from rain, expect much rain. If they are
found on slender branches, fair weather will last some time. (Western
Pennsylvania.)

Fleas.

When fleas do very many grow,
Then 'twill surely rain or snow.

When eager bites the thirsty flea,
Clouds and rain you sure shall see.

Flies.

A fly on your nose, you slap and it goes,

If it comes back again, it will bring a good rain.

When flies congregate in swarms, rain follows soon.

When flies bite greedily, expect rain.

Fall-bugs.

Fall-bugs begin to chirp six weeks before a frost in the fall.

Fire-flies.
Fire-flies in great number indicate fair weather.

Garden Spiders.

If the garden spiders break and destroy their webs and creep away,
expect continued rain.

Glow-worms.

Before rain:

Glow-worms numerous, clear and bright,

Illuminate the dewy hills at night.
When the glow-worm glows, dry hot weather follows.

Gossamer.

Gossamer (the fine web of certain species of spider) is said when
abundant in the air to afford a sign of a fine autumn.

Gnats.

Gnats flying in a vortex in the beams of the sun, fair weather will

WEATHER PROVERBS. 81

follow ; when they frisk about more wildly, increasing heat is indicated ;
when they seek the shade and bite more frequently, the signs are of coming
rain.

Gnats in October are a sign of long, fair weather.

Many gnats in spring indicate that the autumn will be warm.

If gnats fly in large numbers, the weather will be fine.

If gnats, flies, etc., bite sharper than usual, expect rain.

When gnats dance in February, the husbandman becomes a beggar.

If gnats fly in compact bodies in the beams of the setting sun, expect
tine weather.

If many gnats are seen in the spring, expect a warm autumn.

When gnats dance in March, it brings death to sheep. (Dutch.)

Hornets.

Hornets build nests high before warm summers.

When hornets build their nests near the ground, expect a cold and early
winter.

House Flies.

House flies coming into the house in great numbers indicate rain.

Harvest Flies.

When harvest flies sing, warm weather will follow.

Insects.

The early appearance of insects indicates an early spring and good crops.
(Apache Indians).

Insects, flying in numbers just at evening, show change of weather to
rain.

Katydids.

Katydids cry three months before frosts. (South.)

Locusts.

When locusts are heard, dry weather will follow, and frost will occur in
six weeks.

Spider Webs.

When spiders' webs in air do fly,
The spell will soon be very dry.

Spider webs scattered thickly over a field covered with dew glistening
in the morning sun, indicate rain.

When spiders work at their webs in the morning, expect a fair day.

Spiders strengthening their webs indicate rain.

Long, single, separate spider webs on grass is a sign of frost next night.
(Irish.)

Spiders in motion indicate rain.

82 WEATHER PROVERBS.

If spiders break off and remove their webs, the weather will be wet.

If spiders make new webs and ants build new hills, the weather will be
clear.

If the spider works during rain, it is an indication that the weather will
soon be clear.

When the spider cleans its web, fair weather is indicated.

If spider webs fly in the autumn with a south wind, expect east winds
and fine weather.

Spiders generally change their webs once every twenty-four hours. If
they make the change between 6 and 7 p. m., expect a fair night. If they
change their web in the morning, a fine day may be expected. If they
work during rain, expect fine weather soon, and the more active and bus)"
the spider the finer will be the weather.

Spiders, when they are seen crawling on the walls more than usual,
indicate that rain will probably ensue. This prognostic seldom fails. This
has been observed for many years, particularly in winter, but more or less
at all times of the year.

If spiders in spinning their webs make the terminating filaments
long, we may, in proportion to their lengths, expect rain.

When you see the ground covered with spider webs which are wet with
dew and there is no dew on the ground, it is a sign of rain before night,
for the spiders are putting up umbrellas; but others say when the spiders
put out their sunshades, it will be a hot day.

Scorpions.

When scorpions crawl, expect dry weather.

Tarantulas.

When tarantulas crawl by day, rain will surely come. (California.)

Wasps.

Wasps building nests in exposed places indicate a dry season.
Wasps in great numbers and busy indicate fair and warm weather.

Wood-lice.

If wood-lice run about in great numbers, expect rain.

Worms, Snails, etc.

Worms come forth more abundantly before rain, as do snails, slugs,
and almost all our limaceous reptiles.

Yellow Jackets.

Yellow jackets building nests on top of ground indicate an approach-
ing dry season.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 88

PROVERBS RELATING TO THE MOON.
April Full Moon.

Full moon in April brings frost.

A Saturday's Moon.

If it comes once in seven years, comes all too soon.

Bean.

Go plant the bean when the moon is light,
And you will find that this is right ;
Plant the potatoes when the moon is dark,
And to this line you always hark;
But if you vary from this rule,
You will find you are a fool;
If you always follow this rule to the end,
You will always have money to spend.

Beans.

Plant garden beans when the sign is in the scales they will hang full.

Cloudy Morning.

In the old of the moon, a cloudy morning bodes a fair afternoon.

Cool Weather.

When the moon runs high, expect cool or cold weather.

New moon far in north in summer, cool weather; in winter, cold.

Change.

If the moon changes (full or new) in fair or warm part of the day, it
indicates a warm moon, and if it changes in the cool part of the day, it
indicates that the weather will be cool during the moon.

If the moon is rainy throughout, it will be clear at the change, and
perhaps the rain will return a few days after.

If there be a change of weather at the time of the quarters (under the
same conditions as above), the new condition will probably last some
time.

Drought— Flood.

The further the moon is to the south, the greater the drought ; the
further west, the greater the flood, and the further northwest, the greater
the cold.

Dry Weather.

When the horns of the moon are sharp, it indicates dry weather.
New moon far in the south, indicates dry weather for a month.

Dry Moon,

A drv moon is far north and soon seen.

84 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Day Moon.

When the moon is visible in the day-time, the days are relatively
cool.

East Wind.

If the moon changes with the wind in the east, the weather during that
moon will be foul.

Fifth Day of Moon.

The fifth day of the new moon indicates the general character of the
weather until the full of the moon.

Full Moon.

In Western Kansas it is said that when the moon is near full it never
storms.

The full moon eats clouds. (Nautical.)

Fair Moon.

If the moon be fair throughout and rain at the close, the fair weather
will probably return on the fourth or fifth day.

Fair Weather.

Phases of the moon occurring in the evening, expect fair weather.

Five Changes.

Five changes of the moon in one month, denotes cool weather in sum-
mer and cold in winter.

Flood.

Two full moons in a calendar month bring on a flood.

Fine Weather.

If the full moon rises clear, expect fine weather.

Gale Moon.

If the moon is seen between the scud and broken clouds during a gale,
it is expected to scuff away the bad weather.

Halo.

The larger the halo about the moon, the nearer the rain clouds and the
sooner the rain may be expected.

A lunar halo indicates rain, and the number of stars inclosed, the num-
ber of days of rain.

The moon with a circle brings water in her beak.

Horns of Moon.

When Luna first her scattered fear recalls,

If, with blunt horns, she holds the dusky air,

Seamen and swain predict abundant showers. (Virgil.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 85

Moon-shield.

If the moon show a silver shield,
Be not afraid to reap your field;
But if she rises halved round,
Soon will tread on deluged ground.

Moon-ring.

Last night the moon had a golden ring,
But to-night no moon I see.

Moon, Wind-clouds, etc.

When first the moon appears, if then she shrouds

Her silver crescent, tipped with sable clouds,

Conclude she bodes a tempest on the main,

And brews for fields impetuous floods of rain.

Or, if her face with fiery flushings glow,

Expect the rattling wind aloft to blow;

But four nights old (for that is the best sign),

With sharpened horns, if glorious then she shine,

Next day, not only that, but all the moon,

Till her revolving race be wholly run,

Are void of tempests both by land and sea.

Moon Halo.

A large ring around the moon and low clouds, indicate rain in twenty-
four hours ; a small ring and high clouds, rain in several days.

Moon, Points of.

If the new moon appears with the points of the crescent turned up,
the month will be dry. If the points are turned down, it will be wet.

Note. — About one-third of the sailors believe in the direct opposite of
the above. The belief is explained as follows : ist. If the crescent will
hold water, the month will be dry; if not, it will be wet. 2nd. If the
Indian hunter could hang his powder-horn on the crescent, he did so and
staid at home, because he knew that the woods would be too dry to still
hunt. If he could not hang his powder-horn upon the crescent, he put it
on his shoulder and went hunting, because he knew that the woods would
be wet and that he could stalk game noiselessly.

Mist.

If there be a general mist before sunrise near the full of the moon, the
weather will be fine for some days.

New Moon.

New moon on its back, indicates wind; standing on its point, indicates
rain in summer and snow in winter. (Dr. John Menual.)

86 WEATHER PROVERBS.

North Wind.

A new moon with a north wind will hold until the full.

North and South Moon.

If the new moon is far north, it will be cold for two weeks, but
if far south, it will be warm.

October Moon.

Full moon in October without frost, no frost till full moon in
vember.

Old Moon.

No-

In the old of the moon,

A cloudy morning means a fair afternoon.

The old moon seen m the new moon's arms is a sign of fair weather.
If the new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter, occur between —
Summer: 12 and 2 a. m. Fair.

Winter :

2 and

4 a. m.

Cold and showers.

4 and

6 a. m.

Rain.

6 and

8 a. m.

Wind and rain.

8 and

10 a. m.

Changeable.

10 and

12 m.

Frequent showers.

12 and

2 p. m.

Very rainy.

2 and

4 p. m.

Changeable.

4 and

6 p. m.

Fair.

6 and

8 p. m.

Fair, if wind northwest.

8 and

10 p. m.

Rainy, if wind south or southwest.

10 and

12 p. m.

Fair.

12 and

2 a. m.

Frost, unless wind southwest.

2 and

4 a. m.

Snow and stormy.

4 and

6 a. m.

Rain.

6 and

8 a. m.

Stormy.

8 and

10 a. m.

Cold rain, if wind west.

10 and

1 2 m.

Cold and high wind.

12 and

2 p. m.

Snow and rain.

2 and

4 p.m.

Fair and mild.

4 and

6 p. m.

Fair.

6 and

8 p. m.

Fair and frosty, if wind northeast or north.

8 and

10 p. m.

Rain or snow, if wind south or southwest.

10 and

12 p. m.

Fair and frosty.

Points of Moon.

If the points of a new moon are up, then, as a rule, no rain will fall
that quarter of the moon ; a dull pale moon, dry, with halo, indicates poor
crops. In the planting season, no grain must be planted when halo is
around the moon. (Apache Indians.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 87

Pale Rise.

If the full moon rise pale, expect rain.

Rheumatic Diseases.

Therefore the moon, the governor of the floods,

Pale in her anger, washes all the air

That rheumatic diseases do abound. (Shakespeare.)

Red, Dim or Pale Moon.

A dim or pale moon indicates rain, a red moon indicates wind.

The moon, her face if red be,

Of water speaks she. (Zuni Indians.)

If the full moon rises red, expect wind.

When the moon rises red and appears large, with clouds, expect rain
in twelve hours.

Rain.

When the moon is darkest near the horizon, expect rain.
When phases of the moon occur in the morning, expect rain.
If the moon turns on its back in the third quarter, it is a sign of rain.
The moon, if in house be, cloud it will, rain soon will come. (Zuni
Indians.)

Ruddy.

If on her cheeks you see the maiden's blush,
The ruddy moon foreshows the winds will rush.

South Moon.

A south moon indicates bad weather.

Snow.

As many days old as the moon is at the first snow, there will be as
many snows before crop-planting time.

Snow coming two or three days after new moon will remain on the
ground some time, but that falling just after full moon will soon go off.

There will be as many snow-storms during the winter as the moon
is days old at the first snow-storm.

Stars in Halo.

Moon in a circle indicates storm, and number of stars in circle the
number of days before storm.

Sixth Day of Moon.

If the weather on the sixth day is the same as that of the fourth day
of the moon the same weather will continue during the whole moon. Said
to be correct nine times out of twelve. (Spanish.)

88 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Storm.

The rising or the setting of the sun or moon, especially the moon, will
be followed by a decrease of a storm which is then prevailing.

Saturday Moon.

A Saturday moon, if it comes once in seven years, it comes too soon.
A Friday's moon, come when it will, comes too soon.

Saturday Change.

One Saturday change in the moon is enough, as it is always fol-
lowed by a severe storm.

Stormy, Wet Weather.

If there be a change from continued stormy or wet to clear and dry
weather at the time of a new or full moon, and so remains until the second
day of the new or full moon, it will probably remain fine until the follow-
ing quarter; and if it changes not then, or only for a short time, it usually
lasts until the following new or full moon ; and if it does not change then,
or only for a very short time, it will probably remain fine and dry for
four or five weeks.

Threatening Clouds.

Threatening clouds, without rain, in old moon indicate drought.

Thursday.

Thursday before the moon changes rules the moon.

Way to Wane.

The three days of the change of the moon from the way to the wane
we get no rain.

Warm Weather.

When the moon runs low, expect warm weather.

Warm and Cold Weather.

If the moon changes in the morning, it indicates warm weather; if in
the evening, cold weather.

A change in the moon which occurs between sunrise and sunset will
be followed by warm weather; when the change occurs between sunset
and sunrise, it will be followed by cold weather.

PROVERBS RELATING TO PLANTS.

Ash Leaves.

When the ash leaves come out before the oak, expect a wet season.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 89

African Marigold.

If this plant does not open its petals by 7 o'clock in the morning, it
will rain or thunder that day. It also closes before a storm.

Aspen Leaf.

Trembling of the aspen leaf in calm weather indicates an approaching
storm.

Berries.

When the bushes are full of berries, a hard winter is on the way.

When berries are plentiful in the hedge, on the May-bush and black-
thorn, a hard winter may be expected.

Berries in the hedges often forebode a hard winter, and severe weather
frequently occurs in seasons when they are particularly plentiful on the
May-bush and blackthorn. This rule is not, however, without its excep-
tion. But, at all events, peculiarities of the seasons have a wonderful
influence on the quantities of berries, particularly those of holly. The
peculiarities of the seasons and their influence on plants constitute a very
curious subject of research ; it comprehends the whole doctrine of special
blights, whereby only certain tribes of plants are affected. Epidemics
and epizootics come under the same class and are referable to specific
conditions of the atmosphere.

Beech-nuts.

When beech-nuts are plenty, expect a mild winter.

Beans.

Be it weal or be it woe,

Beans must blow ere May doth go.

Convolvulus.

The convolvulus folds up its petals at the approach of rain.

Cherries.

As long as the cherries bloom in April, it is said that the grapevine
will be in bloom.

Chickweed.

The flowers of the chickweed contract before rain.

The chickweed, at 9 o'clock in the morning, if the weather is clear,
straightens its flowers, spreads its leaves, and keeps awake until noon. If,
however, there is rain in prospect, the plant droops and its flowers do not
open.

Corn-husk.

A double husk on corn indicates a severe winter.

Ears of corn are covered with thicker and stronger husks in cold
winters.

If corn is hard to husk, expect a hard winter. (Apache Indians.)

90 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Cockle-burrs.

When cockle-burrs mature brown, it indicates frost.

Clover Leaves.

Clover leaves turned up so as to show light under-side indicate ap-
proaching rain.

Clovers contract at the close of a storm.

Cottonwood— Quaking Asp.

Cottonwood and quaking asp trees turn up their leaves before rain.

Corn-fodder.

Corn-fodder, dry and crisp, indicates fair weather ; but damp and limp,
rain — very sensitive to hygrometric changes.

Dandelions.

The dandelions close their blossoms before a storm; the sensitive
plant its leaves. The leaves of the May trees bear up so that the under
side may be seen before a storm.

Dandelion and Daisy.

The flowers of the dandelion and daisy close before rain.
Dogwood Blossoms.

When the blooms of the dogwood tree are full, expect a cold winter.
When blooms of same are light, expect a warm winter.
Frost will not occur after the dogwood blossoms.

Dead Nettles.

Dead nettles blow early and all the year; the red or purple kind are
scarce all winter. They afford a sign of a mild season when they come
in winter in abundance.

Early Blossoms.

Early blossoms indicate a bad fruit year.

Flowers.

When the perfume of flowers is unusually perceptible, rain may he
expected.

Fox-fire.

Fox-fire seen at night indicates cold.

Frost— Cockle.

Frost has never been known to catch the cockle or blackberry in
bloom.

Fennel.

When fennel blooms, frost follows.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 91

Fall Apples.

If the fall apples are one-sided, with thick, rough skins, a severe winter
may be expected.

Grasses.

Grasses of all kinds are loaded with seeds before a severe winter.

Goat's-beard.

When goat's-beard closes its petals at mid-day, expect rain.

Hay.

Better it is to rise betimes
And make hay while the sun shines,
Than to believe in tales and lies
Which idle monks and friars devise.

(Robins's Almanac.)
Hog-thistle.

If the hog-thistle closes for the night, expect fair weather ; if it remains
open, expect rain.

Jonquils.

Jonquils, of which there are several sorts, blow in the open ground in
March and April. The great jonquil and the odorous jonquil blow about
the middle of March, the lesser or proper jonquil, somewhat later. When
they blow well and early, they forebode a fine season.

Leaves.

If, in the fall of the leaves, in October, many of them wither and hang
on the boughs, it betokens a frosty winter and much snow.

If the leaves are slow to fall, expect a cold winter.

If the falling leaves remain under the trees and are not blown away by
the wind, expect a fruitful year to follow.

When leaves of trees are thick, expect a cold winter.

Late Blossoms.

Late blossoms indicate a good fruit year.

Marigold.

The marigold opens between 6 and 7 in the morning and generally keeps
awake until 4 in the afternoon. In such cases, the weather will be steady.
If, on the other hand, it does not open by 7 o'clock in the morning, you may
expect rain that day.

Mi Ik -weed.

Milk-weed closing at night indicates rain.

92 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Mountain Moss.

When the mountain moss is soft and limpid, expect rain.
When mountain moss is dry and brittle, expect clear weather.

March Flowers.

" March flowers make no summer bowers," because if the spring is
very mild, vegetation becomes too far advanced and is liable to injury
from frost.

Mushrooms.

When mushrooms spring up during the night, expect rain.
Mushrooms and toad- stools are numerous before rain.

Nuts.

Nuts with a thick covering denote a hard winter.

Onion-skins.

Onion-skins very thin,
Mild winter coming in;
Onion-skins thick and tough,
Coming winter cold and rough.

Pitcher-plant.

The pitcher-plant opens its mouth before rain.

Pimpernel.

When this plant is seen in the morning, with its little red flowers widely
extended, we may generally expect a fine day; on the contrary, when the
petals are closed, rain will soon follow. This plant has been styled the
poor man's weather-glass.

Red Sandwort.

When the corona of red sandwort contracts, expect rain.

Sensitive Brier,

The sensitive brier closes up its leaves on the approach of rain.

Sycamore.

Sycamore tree, peeling off white in the fall, indicates a cold winter.

Sunflower.

Sunflower raising its head indicates rain.

Scotch Pimpernel.

When the corona of the Scotch pimpernel contracts, expect rain.

Speedwell.

When the corona of the speedwell and stitchwort contracts, expect
rain.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 93

Sea- weed.

Sea-weed becomes damp and expands before wet weather.

Sea Grape.

In the West Indies and along the coast of Florida, there grows a small
fruit-bearing tree called the sea grape, which, when its fruit is abundant
and ripens early, it is said by the Seminole Indians and natives of the
Bahama Islands to be a sign that there will be a hurricane before the end
of the season. The usual time of ripening of this fruit is during Septem-
ber, and the hurricane season extends from the first of August till the end
of October.

Silver Maple.

The silver maple shows the lining of its leaf before a storm.

Sea- weed.

A piece of kelp or sea-weed hung up will become damp previous
to rain.

Tulips and dandelions close just before rain.

Trefoil.

If the trefoil contracts its leaves, expect heavy rains.

Tree Limbs.
When tree limbs break off during calm, expect rain.

Tree Moss.
North side of trees covered with moss indicates cold weather.

Trees.

Trees grow dark before a storm.

Tree Leaves.

When the leaves of trees curl, with the wind from the south, it indi-
cates rain.

Wild Indigo.

Just before rain or heavy dew, the wild indigo closes or folds its leaves.

Wheat.

For wheat, a peck of dust in
March is worth a king's ransom;
Or wet and soddy, the land
Must go to oats and corn.

94 WEATHER PROVERBS.

PROVERBS RELATING TO RAIN.

Clearness.

Unusual clearness in the atmosphere, objects being seen very dis-
tinctly, indicates rain.

Evening and Morning.

Evening red and morning gray
Are sure signs of a tine day.

Evening gray and morning red,

Put on your hat or you'll wet your head.

Electricity.

Increasing atmospheric electricity oxidizes ammonia in the air and
forms nitric acid which affects milk, thus accounting for souring of milk
by thunder.

Hours of Commencing.

If rain commences before daylight, it will hold up before 8 a. m. ; if it
begins about noon, it will continue through the afternoon ; if it commences
after 9 p. m., it will rain the next day; if it clears off in the night, it will
rain the next day; if the wind is from the northwest or southwest, the
storm will be short; if from the northeast, it will be a hard one; if from
the northwest, a cold one, and from the southwest, a warm one.

If rain ceases after 12 m., it will rain next day.

If rain ceases before 12 m., it will be clear next day.

Morning Rain.

If rain commences before day, it will stop before 8 a. m. ; if it begins
about noon, it will continue through the afternoon; if not till 5 p. m., it
will rain through the night; if it clears off in the night, it will rain the
next day.

If it rains before seven,

It will clear before eleven.

If rain begins at early morning light,
'Twill end ere day at noon is bright.

North Rain.

With the north rain, leaves the harvest.

Northeast Rain.

With the rain of the northeast comes the ice fruit (hail). (Zuni
Indians.)

Rain from the northeast (in Germany region of dry winds) continues
three days.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 95

Notice.

Rain long foretold, long last;
Short notice, soon past.

October and November.

Plenty of rain in October and November on the North Pacific coast
indicates a mild winter; little rain in these months will be followed by a
severe winter.

Scalp-Locks.

When the locks of the Navajoes turn damp in the scalp-house, surely
it will rain.

South Thunder.

Rain with south or southwest thunder, squalls occur late each suc-
cessive day.

South Rain.

Rain from the south prevents the drought, but rain from the west is
always best.

South winds bring rain. (California.)

The south rain brings with it the beautiful odors of the land of ever-
lasting summer and brightens the leaves of growing things. (Zuni
Indians.)

Rain which sets in with a south wind on the north Pacific coast will
probably last.

September Rain.

Rain in September is good for the farmer, but poison to the vine
growers. (German.)

Seven and Eleven.

If it rains before seven,
It will cease before eleven.

Sunrise.

If it rains before sunrise, expect a fair afternoon.

Sunshiny Rain.

If it rains when the sun shines, it will rain the next day.

Swallows and Crickets.

Rain is indicated when — -

Low o'er the grass the swallows wing,
And crickets, too, how sharp they sing.

September.
Heavy September rains bring drought.

96 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Squalls.

When rain-squalls break to the westward, it is a sign of foul weather.
When they break to leeward, it is a sign of fair weather. ( North-
east coast.)

Tide.

Rain is likely to commence on the turn of the tide.
In threatening, it is more apt to rain at the turn of the tide, especially
at high water.

Toad -stools.

If toad-stools spring up in the night in dry weather, they indicate rain.

West Rain.

When rain comes from the west it will not continue long.
The west rain comes from the world of waters to moisten the home
of the She Wi. (Zuni Indians.)

Wind and Rain.

Marry the rain to the wind and you have a calm.

Wind.
With the rain before the wind, your topsail halyards you must mind.

PROVERBS RELATING TO RAINBOWS.

Clear.

The rainbow has but a bad character: she ever commands the rain
to cease.

Color.

If the green be large and bright in the rainbow, it is a sign of rain.
If red be the strongest color, there will be rain and wind together. After
a long drought the rainbow is a sign of rain. After much wet weather, it
indicates fair weather. If it breaks up all at once, there will follow severe
and settled weather. If the bow be in the morning, rain will follow; if at
noon, slight and heavy rain; if at night, fair weather. The appearance
of two or three rainbows indicates fair weather for the present, but set-
tled and heavy rains in a few days.

Evening- Rainbow.

If there is a rainbow at eve,
It will rain and leave.

East and West Rainbow.

Rainbow in the east indicates that the following day will be clear. A
rainbow in the west is usually followed by more rain the same day.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 97

Rainbow in the Sierras (Y. £., in the east) in evening indicates no more
rain. ( California.)

Fair Weather.

The boding shepherd heaves a sigh,
For see, a rainbow spans the sky.

High Rainbow.

When rainbow does not touch water, clear weather will follow.

Indications by Colors.

The predominance of dark red in the iris shows tempestuous weather;
green, rain; and if blue, that the air is clearing.

Low Rainbow.

A rainbow that comes near a camp-fire, or low down on the mountain
side, is a bad sign for crops. If seen at a great distance, it indicates fair
weather.

Morning and Evening Rainbow.

Rainbow in the morning, shepherds take warning ;
Rainbow at night, shepherds delight.
A morning rainbow indicates rain ; an evening rainbow, fair weather.
A rainbow in the morn, put your hook in the corn ;
A rainbow at eve, put your head in the sheave.

Night and Morning Rainbow.

Rainbow at night, sailors1 delight;
Rainbow in morning, sailors' warning.

Spring Rainbow.

A rainbow in spring indicates fair weather for next twenty-four to
forty-two hours.

Sudden Disappearance.

If a rainbow disappears suddenly, it indicates fair weather.
West and East Shower.

Rainbow in morning shows that shower is west of us, and that we will
probably get it. Rainbow in the evening shows that shower is east of us
and is passing off.

PROVERBS RELATING TO REPTILES.

Frogs.

Frogs singing in the evening indicate fair weather for next day.
Frogs croak more noisily, and come abroad in the evening in large
numbers, before rain.

98 WEATHER PROVERBS.

When frogs croak three times, it indicates that winter has broken.

As long as frogs are heard before Saint Mark's day, that long will they
keep quiet afterward.

Croaking frogs in spring will be three times frozen in.

When frogs warble, they herald rain. (Zuni Indians.)

Frogs must be frozen up three times in spring after they begin to
croak.

The louder the frogs, the more's the rain.

The color of a frog changing from yellow to reddish indicates rain.

Tree-frogs piping during rain indicates continued rain.

Tree-frogs crawl up to the branches of trees before a change of
weather.

Yellow Frogs.

Abundance of yellow frogs are accounted a good sign in a hay-field,
probably as indicating tine weather.

Glow-worms.

Glow-worms numerous and bright, indicate rain.

Worms.

If, after some days of dry weather, fresh earth is seen which has been
thrown up by worms, expect dry weather.

When worms creep out of the ground in great numbers, expect wet
weather.

Snails.

Snails moving on bushes or grass, are signs of rain.

When black snails cross your path,
Black clouds much moisture hath.

Leech.

A leech placed in a jar of water will remain at the bottom until rain
is approaching, when it will rise to the surface, and, if thunder is to follow,
will frequently crawl out of the water.

Leeches kept in glass jars move about more frequently just before rain.

Lizards.

When lizards chirrup, it is a sure indication of rain.

Snakes.

Hanging a dead snake on a tree will bring rain in a few hours.
(Negro.)

Note. — Snakes are out before rain, and are, therefore, more easily

killed.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 99

In Oregon the approach of snakes indicates that a spell of fine weather
will follow.

When snakes are hunting food, rain may be expected; after a rain,
they can not be found.

Hang up a snake skin and it will bring rain.

Snakes and snake-trails may be seen near houses, roads, etc., before
rain.

Snakes expose themselves on the approach of rain.

PROVERBS RELATING TO STARS OR METEORS.

Comets.

Comets bring cold weather.

After an unusual fall of meteors, dry weather is expected. All comets
evidence the approach of some calamity, such as drought, famine, war,
floods, etc. (Apache Indians.)

Comets are said to improve the grape crop, and wine produced in
years when comets appear is called comet wine. (French.)

Falling Stars.

If there be many falling stars during a clear evening in summer, ex-
pect thunder.

If there are no falling stars on a bright summer night, expect fine
weather.

Fair Weather.

When the stars set still, the times are to be pleasant. (Zuni Indians.)

Flickering.

When the stars flicker in a dark background, rain or snow follows
soon.

Huddling Stars.

When the stars begin to huddle,
The earth will soon become a puddle.

Many Stars.

When the sky is very full of stars, expect rain.

Many stars in winter indicate frost.

In summer, when many stars twinkle, clear weather is indicated.

Milky Way.

The edge of the Milky Way which is the brightest, indicates the di-
rection from which the approaching storm will come.

)

100 WEATHER PROVERBS.

North Star.

When the stars above 45 ° in altitude or the North Star flickers
strangely, or appears closer than usual, expect rain.

Numerous Stars.

When stars appear to be numerous, very large, and dull, and do not
twinkle, expect rain.

Snow.

Many meteors presage much snow next winter.

Shooting Stars.

If meteors shoot toward the north, expect a north wind next day.
Many shooting stars on summer nights indicate hot weather.

Tempest. ft

When a star tows the moon and another chases her astern, tempestu-
ous weather will follow. The phenomenon is probably styled a big star
chasing the moon. (Nautical.)

• Twinkling.

Excessive twinkling of stars indicates very heavy dews, rain, and
snow.

When the stars twinkle very brightly, expect stormy weather in the
near future.

The Maltese say, " The stars twinkle; we cry, ' wind.' "

Wind and Rain.

If the stars appear large and clear, expect rain or wind.

Thaw.

If shooting stars fall in the south in winter, there will be a thaw.

PROVERBS RELATING TO SNOW.

Animation.

Snow is generally preceded by a general animation of man and beast
which continues until after the snow-fall ends.

Corn.

Corn is as comfortable under snow as an old man is under his fur
cloak. (Russian.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 101

Christmas.

If it snows during Christmas night, the crops will do well.
So far as the sun shines on Christmas day,
So far will the snow blow in May. (German.)

Dry or Wet Snow.

When the snow falls dry it means to lie,
But flakes light and soft bring rain oft.

Ditch Snow.

When now in the ditch the snow doth lie,
'Tis waiting for more by and by.

Dry or Wet Snow.

If the snow that falls during the winter is dry and is blown about by
the wind, a dry summer will follow; very damp snow indicates rain in
the spring. (Apache Indians.)

First Snow.

There will be as many snow storms during the season as there are
days remaining in the month after the time of the first snow.

When the first snow remains on the ground some time, in places not
exposed to the sun, expect a hard winter.

Last Snow.

The number of days the last snow remains on the ground indicates
the number of snow storms which will occur during the following winter.

Heavy Snows.
Heavy snows in winter favor the crops of the following summer.

January Snow.

If there is no snow before January, there will be the more snow in
March and April.

Leaves.
When dry leaves rattle on the trees, expect snow.

Light and Heavy Snow.

A heavy fall of snow indicates a good year for crops, and a light fall
the reverse. (Dr. John Menaul.)

Mountain Snow.

If much snow be spread on the mountains in winter, the season of
planting will be made blue with verdure. (Indian.)

102 WEATHER PROVERBS.

March Snow.

In March much snow

To plants and trees much woe. (German.)

Mud.

When snow falls in the mud it remains all winter.

November.

A heavy November snow will last until April. (New England.)
If the snow remains on the trees in November, they will bring out but
few buds in the spring. (German.)

Popping Wood.

Burning wood in winter pops more before snow.

Snow Fertile.

Snow is the poor man's fertilizer, and good crops will follow a winter
of heavy snowfall. •

Snow Trees.

If the first snow sticks to the trees, it foretells a bountiful harvest.

Snowball.

Cut a snowball in halves ; if it is wet inside, the snow will pass off with
rain; if it is dry inside, the snow will be melted by the sun.

Snow-flakes.

If the snow-flakes increase in size, a thaw will follow.

Snow-moon.

If a snow-storm begins when the moon is young, the rising of the
moon will clear away the snow.

Snow-health.

The more snow the more healthy the season. (John Ayres, Santa Fe.)

Snow-year.

A snow year, a rich year.

As many days as the snow remains on the trees, just so many days
will it remain on the ground.

It takes three cloudy days to bring a heavy snow. (New England.)

White Christmas.

A white Christmas, a lean graveyard.

Sleet.

Much sleet in winter will be followed by a good fruit year.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 103

PROVERBS RELATING TO THE SUN.

Aurora.

Aurora borealis denotes cold.

If Aurora with half-open eyes
And a pale sickly cheek salutes the skies,
How shall the vines with tender leaves defend
Her teeming clusters when the storms descend.

(Virgil.)

Candlemas Day.

So far as the sun shines in on Candlemas day (2d of February)
So far the snow will blow in before the first of May.

Cloudy Sunset.

The sun sets weeping in the lowly west,
Witnessing storms to come woe and unrest.

(Shakespeare.)

When the sun sets unhappily (with a hazy veiled face) then will the
morning be angry with wind, storm, and sand. (Zuni Indians.)

Color.

Since the colors and duration of twilight, especially at evening, depend
upon the amount of condensed vapor which the atmosphere contains, these
appearances should afford some indications of the weather which may be
expected to succeed. The following are some of the rules which are relied
upon by seamen: When, after sunset, the western sky is of a whitish-
yellow, and this tint extends a great height, it is probable that it will rain
during the night or next day. Gaudy or unusual hues with hard, defin-
itely outlined clouds, foretell rain and probably wind. If the sun, before
setting, appears diffuse and of a brilliant white, it foretells storm. If it sets
in a sky slightly purple, the atmosphere near the zenith being of a bright
blue, we may rely upon fine weather.

Days.

As the days begin to shorten
The heat begins to scorch them.

Dark Clouds.

If the sun sets in dark, heavy clouds, expect rain next day.

If at sunrise there are many dark clouds seen in the west and remain
there, rain will fall on that day.

104 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Double Setting-.

Sun setting double indicates much rain. Red sun indicates fair
weather. Orange sun, usually foul weather. Mock suns in winter are
usually followed by intense cold.

Dull Color.

When the sun appears a pale or dull color, expect rain.

Drawing Water.

Rays of the sun appearing in a cloud forebode rain. This phenomenon
is, in fact, caused by the image of the sun being reflected in an interven-
ing cloud, the reflected image radiating in the cloud. It is noticed by
Aristotle.

When the sun draws water, rain follows soon.

Sun drawing water indicates rain.

If the sun draws water in the morning, it will rain before night.

Easter.

If sun shines on Easter, it will shine on Whit Sunday.

Fiery Red.

In fiery red the sun doth rise,

Then wades through clouds to mount the skies.

Friday.

If the sun sets clear Friday evening, it will rain before Monday night.

Golden Set.

The weary sun hath made a golden set,
And by the bright track of his fiery car
Gives token of a goodly day to-morrow.

(Richard III.)

Halo.

When the sun is in his house (in a halo or circle) it will rain soon.

(Zuni Indians.)
A solar halo indicates bad weather.

A halo around the sun indicates the approach of a storm, within three
days, from the side which is the more brilliant.

If there be a ring or halo around the sun in bad weather, expect fine
weather soon.

A bright circle around the sun denotes a storm, and cooler weather.

95 " 93 "

WEATHER PROVERBS. 105

Haze.
Haze and western sky purple indicate fair weather.

Haziness.

A blur or haziness about the sun indicates a storm.

Hot Sun.

If the sun burn more than usual, or there be a halo around the sun in
fine weather, "wet."

Looming Twilight.

Twilight looming indicates rain.

Low and High Dawn.

A low dawn indicates foul weather. A high dawn indicates wind.

Murky Clouds.

When the sun rises with dim, murky clouds, with black beams, clouds
in the west, or appears red or green, expect rain.

Pale Twilight.

Pale, yellow twilight, extending high up, indicates threatening weather.

Pale Set.

If the sun sets pale, it will rain to-morrow.

Pale Sunrise.

If the sun rises pale, a pale red, or even dark blue, there will be rain
during the day.

Pale Sunset.

A pale sunset, a golden sunset, or a green sunset, indicates rain.

Red Clouds.

If the clouds at sunrise be red, there will be rain the following day.

Red.

A red evening indicates fine weather; but if the red extends far
upwards, especially in the morning, it indicates wind or rain.

Red Morn.

"A red morn: that ever yet betokened
Wreck to the seamen, tempest to the field;
Sorrow to shepherds, woe unto the birds,
Gust and foul flaws to herdsmen and to herds."

(Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis.)

106 WEATHER PROVERBS,

Red Sky.

A very red sky in the east at sunset indicates stormy winds.

Red skies in the evening precede tine morrows.

In winter if the sun rises with a red sky, expect rain that day; in
summer, expect showers and wind.

If the sun set with very red sky in the east, expect wind ; in the south-
east, expect rain.

Sun Spots,

Wet seasons occur in years when sun-spots are frequent.

Red Sun.

A red sun has water in his eye.

Scorching- Sun,

When the sun in the morning (to 9 a. m.) is breaking through the
clouds and scorching, a thunder-storm follows in the afternoon.

When the sun is scorching (i. e., reflected from roofs and water sur-
face), rain follows soon.

Sea-green Sky.

When the sky during rain is tinged with sea-green, the rain will
increase; if with deep blue, the rain will be showery.

Spotted Clouds.

If the sun rises covered with a dark spotted cloud, expect rain on that
day.

Spring.

If the sun appears dead, not bright and clear in the early spring, ex-
pect poor crops and very little rain. This sign usually comes in April.
Dry winds may also be expected. (Apache Indians.)

Sun-dogs.

Sun-dogs indicate cold weather in winter or storm in summer.
A sun-dog at night is the sailor's delight;
A sun-dog in the morning is the sailor's warning.

Sunrise.

If de sun git up berry early and go to bed before he git up, it's a sign
it rains before noon. (Negro.)

If the sun rises clear, then shadowed by a cloud, and comes out again
clear, it will rain before night.

Sunshining Shower.

Sunshining shower won't last half an hour;
Sunshine and shower rain again to-morrow.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 107

Ten and Two.

Between the hours of ten and two,
Will show you what the day will do.

Yellow Streaks.

Red or yellow streaks from west to east indicate rain in forty-eight
hours.

Yellow Sunset.

A bright yellow sunset indicates wind; a pale yellow, wet; a neutral
gray is a favorable sign in the morning, and unfavorable in the evening.
The sun reveals the secrets of the sky,
And who dares give the source of light the lie.

(Virgil.)

PROVERBS RELATING TO THUNDER AND LIGHTNING.

Birds.

If the birds be silent, expect thunder.

Cattle.

If cattle run around and collect together in the meadows, expect
thunder.

Christmas Thunder.

Thunder during Christmas week indicates that there will be much
snow during the winter. (Kansas.)

Death — Plunder.

Winter thunder is to old folks death, and to young folks plunder.

Distant Thunder.

The distant thunder speaks of coming rain.

Early Thunder.

Early thunder, early spring.

Early and Late Thunder.

Thunder and lightning early in winter or late in fall indicates warm
weather.

East Thunder.

If the first thunder is in the east, aha ! the bear has stretched his right
arm and comes forth, and the winter is over. (Zuni Indians.)

East Wind.

If an east wind blows against a dark, heavy sky from the northwest,

108 WEATHER PROVERBS.

the wind decreasing in force as the clouds approach, expect thunder and
lightning.

Evening Thunder.

If there be thunder in the evening, there will be much rain and show-
ery weather.

Thunder in the evening indicates much rain.

Fall Thunder.

Thunder in the fall indicates a mild, open winter.

February Thunder.

Thunder and lightning in February or March, poor sugar (maple)
year.

First Thunder.

The thunder-storms of the season will come from the direction of the
first thunder-storm.

First thunder in winter or spring indicates rain and very cold weather.
(Dr. John Menual.)

With the first thunder the gods of rain open their portals. (Zuni.)

Forked Lightning.

Forked lightning at night,
The next day clear and bright.

Frogs and Snakes.

The first thunder of the year awakes the frogs and snakes from their
winter sleep.

Heat.

Lightning brings heat.

July Thunder.

Much thunder in July injures wheat and barley.

Lightning without Thunder.

If there be lightning without thunder after a clear day, there will be a
continuance of fair weather.

March Thunder.

Thunder in March betokens a fruitful year. (German.)

May Thunder.

If there is much thunder in May, the months of September and August
will be without it.

Morning Thunder.

Morning thunder is followed by a rain the same day.
When it thunders in the morning, it will rain before night.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 109

North Lightning.

Lightning in the north will be followed by rain in twenty-four hours.
Lightning in the north in summer is a sign of heat.

North — South.

Lightning in the north indicates rain in twenty-four hours. Lightning
in the south, low on the horizon, indicates dry weather. (Kansas.)

North Star.

Lightning under North Star will bring rain in three days.

NW. Thunder.

Thunder-storm from NW. is followed by fine, bracing weather; but
thunder and lightning from NE. indicates sultry, unsettled weather.
(Observer at Santa Fe.)

North Thunder.

Thunder in the north indicates cold weather and rain from the west.
If the first thunder is in the north, aha ! the bear has stretched his left
leg in his winter bed. (Zuni Indians.)

North Wind.

With a north wind it seldom thunders.

November Thunder.

Thunder and lightning on the northern lakes in November is an indica-
tion that the lakes will remain open until the middle of December or until
Christmas. (Said to be reliable.)

m Red and Pale Lightning.

When the flashes of lightning appear very pale, it argues the air to be
full of waterish meteors; and if red and hery, inclining to winds and
tempests.

September Thunder.

Thunder-storms in September mean plenty of snow in February and
March, and a large crop of grape wine. (German.)

If it thunders much at the beginning of September, much grain will be
raised the following year.

Spring Lightning.

Lightning in spring indicates a good fruit year.

Spring Thunder.

If there be showery weather, with sunshine and increase of heat in the
spring, a thunder-storm may be expected every day, or at least every
other day.

First thunder in the spring — if in the south it indicates a wet season,
i. in the north it indicates a dry season.

110 WEATHER PROVERBS.

South or Southeast Thunder.

Thunder from the south or southeast indicates foul weather, from the
north or northwest fair weather.

Sheet Lightning.

If there be sheet lightning with a clear sky on spring, summer, and
autumn evenings, expect heavy rains.

South Thunder.

If the first thunder is in the south, aha! the bear has stretched his right
leg in his winter bed. (Zuni Indians.)

Summer Lightning.

Lightning in summer indicates good healthy weather.

West Thunder.

If the first thunder is in the west, aha! the bear has stretched his left
arm in his winter bed. (Zuni Indians.)

Winter Thunder.

A winter's thunder
Is a summer's wonder.
When thunder is heard in winter, it indicates cold weather. Thunder
in the north indicates dry weather.

Thunder in winter means famine in summer.

Winter's thunder
Bodes summer hunger.

PROVERBS RELATING TO TREES.

Ash and Oak.

Ash before oak,

There'll be a smoke;
Oak before ash,

There'll be a smash.

(Meaning heat and wind.)
Dead Branches

Dead branches falling in calm weather indicate rain.

Leaves.

Early falling leaves indicate an early fall.

Logs.

An easy-splitting log indicates rain.

WEATHER PROVERBS. Ill

Leaves.
Leaves turned up so as to show the underside indicate rain.

Maple.

When the leaves of the sugar-maple tree are turned upside down,
expect rain.

PROVERBS RELATING TO WIND.

Aches and Pains.

As old sinners have all points

O1 the compass in their joints,
Can by their pangs and aches find

All turns and changes of the wind.

Blast.

The sharper the blast,
The sooner 'tis past.

Barometer.

When the glass is low,

Look out for a blow;
When it rises high,

Let all your kites fly.

Backing Wind.

If the wind backs against the sun,
Trust it not, for back it will run.

Brisk Wind.

A brisk wind generally precedes rain.

Changing Wind.

It is a sign of continued fine weather when the wind changes during
the day so as to follow the sun.

Winds changing from foul to fair during the night are not permanent.

Candlemas Day.

Where the wind is on Candlemas day
There it will stick till the end of May.

Clear Sunset.

When the sun sets in a clear —

An easterly wind you need not fear.

112 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Chenook Wind.

A Chenook wind is a warm wind which comes from the mouth of the
Columbia river or Chenook Point. A Walla Walla wind is a cold wind
which blows down the Columbia river. (Indian, North Pacific.)

Drought and Blast.

North and south the sign of drought,
East and west the sign o' blast.

East Wind.

In summer, if the wind changes to the east, expect cooler weather.

When the east wind toucheth it, it shall wither. (Ezekiel, chap,
xvii., 10.)

And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind came up.
(Genesis xli., 6.)

The east wind brought the locust. (Exodus x., 13.)

God prepared a vehement east wind. (Jonah, chap, iv., 8.)

The east wind hath broken thee in the midst of the seas. (Ezekiel,
chap, xvii., 26.)

An east wind brings no good to man or beast.

Easter Sunday.

As the wind blows on Easter Sunday from 8 a. m. to 12 m., the wind
will be from that direction for the next forty days. (Chippewa Indians. )

Equinox.

The wind being north-northeast and east three days before the sun-
crosses the line, then southeast by way of east, then calm on the 23d, will
bring rough and stormy winds from east and west all the winter.

East and West Wind.

When the wind is in the east,
The fish bite the least.
When the wind is in the west,
The fish bite the best.

Fixed East Wind.

If the wind becomes fixed in the east for the space of forty-eight
hours, expect steady and continuous rain, with driving winds in the south-
west during summer.

Gale.

A gale moderating at sunset will increase before midnight, but if it
moderates after midnight, the weather will improve.

Fognand Mist.

Fog and mist raise higher seas than wind.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 113

Heat.

If the wind be hushed with sudden heat, expect heavy rain.

Indiana Winds.

In Southern Indiana a southwest wind is said to bring rain in thirty-
six hours.

Indian Proverbs Relating to Winds.

Wind from the north, cold and snow.

Wind from the western river of the northland, snow (northwest wind).

Wind from the world of waters, clouds (west wind).

Wind from the southern river of the world of waters, rain (southwest
wind).

Wind from the land of the beautiful red, lovely odors and rain (south
wind).

Wind from the wooded canons, rain and moist clouds (southeast
wind).

Wind from the land of day, it is the breath of health and brings the
days of long life.

Winds from the lands of cold, the rain before which flees the harvest
(northeast wind).

Winds from the lands of cold, the fruit of ice (northeast wind).

Wind from the right hand of the west is the breath of the god of sand
clouds. (Zuni Indians.)

Increasing Winds.

If the wind increases during a rain, fair weather may be expected
soon.

Milk Cream.

Milk cream makes most freely with a north wind.

Northerly and Southerly Winds.

If the wind is from the northwest or southwest, the storm will be
short; if from the northeast, it will be a hard one; if from the northwest,
a cold one; and from the southwest a warm one. After it has been rain-
ing some time, a blue sky in the southeast indicates that there will be fair
weather soon.

North Wind.

If there be within four, five, or six days two or three changes of wind
from the north through without much rain and wind, and thence again
through the west to the north with rain or wind, expect continued show-
ery weather.

The north wind driveth away rain. (Proverbs xxv., 23.)

Northeast Rain.

As a rule northeast rains indicate cold and damp soil, poor prospects
for small seeds, melons, etc. (Apache Indians.)

114 WEATHER PROVERBS.

North, East, South, and West Winds.

When the wind is in the north,
The skillful fisher goes not forth;
When the wind is in the east,
'Tis good for neither man nor beast ;
When the wind is in the south,
It blows the flies in the fish's mouth;
But when the wind is in the west,
There it is the very best.

(Izaak Walton.)
Northeast Wind.

If the wind changes to the northeast or north, expect cold weather.

If there be northeast or east winds in the spring, after a strong
increase of heat, and small clouds appear in the different parts of the sky,
or if the wind changes from east to south at the appearance of clouds pre-
ceded by heat, expect heavy rains.

Northwest and East Winds.

When the wind is in the northwest
The weather is at its best ;
But if the rain comes out of the east
'Twill rain twenty-four hours at least.

Northwest and Northeast Winds.

Northwest wind brings a short storm;
A northeast wind brings a long storm.

New Year's Eve.

If New Year's Eve night wind blow from south,

It betokeneth warmth and drouth;

If west, much milk, and fish in sea;

If north, much cold and storm there'll be;

If east, the trees will bear much fruit;

If north, flee it man and beast.

Northwest Winds.

Northwest wind brings only rain showers.

If there be a change of wind from the northwest or west to the south-
west or south, or else from- the northeast or east to the southeast or south,
expect wet weather.

If the northwest or north winds blow with rain or snow during three
or four days in the winter and then the wind passes to the south through
the west, expect continued rain.

In summer if the wind changes to the northwest, expect cooler
weather.

If a northwest wind shifts to northeast, remaining there two or three

WEATHER PROVERBS. 115

days without rain, and then shifts to the south, and then back to the
northeast, with very little rain, fair weather may be expected during the
following month. , (Observer at Cape Mendocino.)

November— December.

As the wind is in the month of November, so will it be in the month
of December.

No Wind.

No weather is ill
If the wind is still.

Night Winds.

Winds at night are always bright,

But winds in the morning, sailors take warning.

Pigs.

When pigs carry straws to their sty, a wind-storm may be expected.

Rising Wind.

First rise after very low
Indicates a strong blow.
Fast rise after a low
Precedes a stormy blow.

Rain-Wind.

Wind before a rain, set your topsails fair again ;
Rain before the wind, keep your topsails snug as rind.

South Wind.

When ye see the south wind blow, ye say there will be heat; and it
cometh to pass. (Saint Luke xii., 55.)

A wind in the south
Is in the rain's mouth.

The rain comes south

When the wind is in the south. (Scotch.)

Brisk winds from the south for several days in Texas are generally
followed by a "norther."

If there be dry weather with a light south wind for five or six days,
it having previously blown strongly from the same direction, expect tine
weather. (Texas.)

The southern wind doth blow a trumpet to his purpose, and by his
hollow whistling in the leaves foretells a tempest and a blustering day.
(Shakespeare.)

116 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Southwest Wind.

In fall and winter if the wind holds a day or more in the southwest, a
severe storm is coming; in summer, same of northeast wind.

A southwest blow on ye

And blister ye all over. (Shakespeare.)

Three southwesters, then one heavy rain.

The third day of southwest wind will be a gale, and 'wind will veer to
northwest between i and 2 a. m. (in winter) with increasing force.
(From Fisherman on North Carolina coast.)

If the wind shifts around to the south and southwest, expect warm
weather.

Southeast Wind.

If the wind blows from the southeast during September 20th and 21st,
the weather from the middle of February to the middle of March will be
warm.

Shifting During Drought.

In Texas and the southwest when the wind shifts during a drought,
expect rain.

September Winds.

If the wind blows from the south on the 21st of September, it indicates
a warm autumn.

Sun.

Winds that change against the sun
Are always sure to backward run

Storm.

When a heavy cloud comes up in the southwest and seems to settle
back again, look out for a storm.

Wind-storms usually subside about sunset, but if they do not the storm
will probably continue during the following day.

Always a calm before a storm.

Squalls.

Squalls making up on the flood-tide will culminate about high-water;
those making on ebb-tide will culminate about low-water. (South Atlan-
tic coast.)

West Wind.

Wind in the west, weather at the best.

Wind in the east, neither good for man or beast.

A west wind north about

Never hangs lang out. (Scotch.)

WEATHER PROVERBS. 117

West, East, South, and North Wind.

The west wind always brings wet weather,

The east wind cold and wet together,

The south wind surely brings us rain,

The north wind blows it back again. (English.)

Veering Wind.

A veering wind indicates fair weather, a backing wind foul weather.

Unsteady Winds.

The whispering grove betrays the gathering elemental strife.
Unsteadiness of the wind is an indication of changeable weather.

Whirlwinds.

When numerous whirlwinds are observed, the rotation being opposite
to that of the sun, look for wind and rain.

Weather.

Every wind has its weather.

White Clouds.
Heavy, white, rolling clouds in front of a storm denote high wind.

INSTRUMENTAL AND OTHER LOCAL INDICATIONS OF
APPROACHING STORMS.

[Compiled from reports made to the Chief Signal Officer by observers
of the Signal Service, U. S. A.]

Albany, N. Y.

Storms set in with southerly winds, and are always preceded by falling
barometer, and usually by falling temperature, with nimbus or cumulo-
stratus clouds.

Alpena, Mich.

Cirrus, cirro-cumulus or cirro-stratus clouds in upper, and a dull haze
in lower atmosphere. Lower winds from westerly direction, falling barom-
eter and rising temperature.

Atlantic City, N. J,

Coronas and halos; prevalent haziness in lower atmosphere; cirro-
stratus clouds; unusual amount of humidity; stationary barometer occur-
ring after either a considerable rise or fall of the mercury ; backing winds.

118 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Augusta, Ga.

Slowly falling barometer, with rising temperature, and wind from the
east or southeast, usually indicates rain, which continues until wind veers
to the west or northwest; cirro-stratus clouds precede wind and rain, and
are frequently noted from one to three days in advance.

Baltimore, Md.

General storms by very high barometer, dense haze, light, variable
winds from east or northeast.

Southeast and southwest storms preceded by high temperature, low
barometer, and brisk northwest winds.

Local storms preceded by unusually high temperature, cumulus clouds,
and rapidly falling barometer.

Fort Benton, Montana Ter.

Wind storms, preceded by low barometer, low humidity, cirrus or
cumulus clouds, with wind from west or southwest, generally the latter.

Rain, preceded by cumulo-stratus clouds, with wind from west to north
and northeast, barometer moderately low, remaining stationary during
storm.

Snow-storm, same condition as rain, except that barometer falls and
stratus clouds prevail.

Bismarck, Dak.

Rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, and light southerly
winds indicate rain or snow, according to season of year.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, with wind from northeast or
east, indicate snow.

Fine cirrus and cirro-stratus, floating low, presage wind.

Haze in night or early morfnng, or cumulus clouds, sharp and well
defined, moving from west or southwest, indicate fair weather.

When snow is falling, and the wind backs from east to north, with
decreasing velocity, clear weather may be expected.

Breckenridge, Minn.

Sudden movement of barometer in either direction, rising temperature,
light cumulus clouds, with northwest wind, precede wind-storms.

Sudden depression of barometer, rising temperature, cumulus or
cumulo-stratus clouds, with southeast wind, precede rain or snow storms.

An approaching storm is indicated by unusual clearness of the atmos-
phere, and frequently by lunar halos.

Buffalo, N. Y.

Rising barometer, with comparatively clear sky, mild temperature
and light to fresh winds from west to southwest.

Light cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds move from the west, apparently

Key of Shades

Below 5 inches.
5 to 10 inches.
10 to 15 "
15 to 20 "
20 to 25 "
25 to 30 "
30 inches and ovei

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

WEATHER PROVERBS. 119

very high in the atmosphere, humidity and wind decrease, and, occa-
sionally, a calm ensues. This is followed by light winds from northeast,
east, or southeast. Barometer begins to fall, and temperature to rise
slowly; humidity increases steadily; cumulus clouds appear, moving slowly
from west or southwest, and are soon followed by cumulo-stratus; wind
increases in velocity, and shortly before precipitation occurs a dense white
vapor, resembling haze, and moving with the surface current, gradually
covers the sky.

Wind-storms are preceded by unusually rapid barometric depression,
increase in temperature and humidity, stratus or cumulo-stratus clouds,
with southwest winds. Water at the head of Lake Erie rises in advance
of the storm.

Burlington, Vt.

Rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, and cumulo-stratus or
stratus clouds, with wind from south or southwest.

Cairo, III.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, stratus or cumulo-stratus, with
wind from the south or southwest, precede rain; wind-storms are preceded
by rising barometer, falling temperature, and cirro-stratus clouds, with
brisk wind from west or northwest. Well defined lunar halos are followed
by rain.

Cape Henry, Va.

Northeast storms are preceded by rapidly rising barometer and upper
clouds (usually cirrus), moving rapidly from northeast in long white sheets
changing to stratus in short time, and covering the whole sky.

Southeast storms are preceded by rapidly falling barometer, unusually
low humidity and variable southwest winds. Heavy ocean-swell in
advance of storm and from same direction in which storm is advancing.

Cape Hatteras, N. C.

Winter rain storms preceded by rapidly falling barometer and heavy
cirro-stratus clouds, with wind from southeast or southwest.

Upper clouds moving from southwest indicate rain, but if from west
or northwest, fair weather.

Heavy ocean-swell from southeast indicates rain from that direction.
Wind storms preceded by dense haze, rapidly falling barometer, and ris-
ing temperature with southerly winds and with northerly winds, rising-
barometer, and falling temperature with low humidity.

Cape May, N. J.

Easterly storms are generally preceded from twelve to twenty-four
hours by an unusually clear atmosphere, with high barometer and tem-
perature. Light winds prevail and mirage in various forms, but more
particularly the variety known as "loom," which enlarges distant objects
in such a manner as to render distance very deceptive. The sea comes

120 WEATHER PROVERBS.

in with a long, heavy, easterly ground swell, and a decided increase
occurs in the rise of the tides. An unusual twinkling of stars is observed,
and a larger number of them are visible, extending nearly to the horizon.
The first clouds are generally cirrus, from the west or southwest, followed
often by haze, which gradually thickens and lowers into a stratus, forming
a heavy bank in the southwest, which gradually extends over and into the
northeast, the whole mass deepening and lowering until nimbus clouds
form and appear moving with the wind. Storms of the greatest severity
and duration are generally with the wind from north-northeast to east-
northeast, and rapidly increase in violence. They are attended with, or
preceded by, a rapid depression of the barometer. Temperature rises for
a veering, and falls for a backing wind.

Easterly storms, slowly forming, are attended by moderate winds.

Storms from the southeast are often violent, but of short duration, last-
ing only from six to twelve hours, and shifting suddenly to the opposite
direction.

Charleston, S. C.

During the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September,
storms are preceded by slowly diminishing pressure, rising temperature,
increasing humidity, and cumulus clouds, with wind from the west and
northwest.

Winter storms come from the northeast and southeast. Those from
the northeast are preceded, for several days, by brisk wind from that
direction, rapidly rising barometer, slowly falling temperature, increasing
humidity, with stratus clouds moving slowly from the northeast until the
whole sky is covered and a dense mist begins to fall, which soon becomes
rain as the clouds approach the earth. Storms from the southeast are the
most dangerous. They are preceded by light and variable southeast
winds, falling barometer, and rising temperature. The day immediately
preceding the storm is generally a fine one, with a few cirrus or cirro-
stratus clouds, increasing humidity, wind variable, and rising slowly.

Cheyenne, W. T.

Rain-storms are preceded by a low barometer from twenty-four to
forty-eight hours before their arrival, with wind from southeast, east, north-
east, and north.

Snow-storms strike the station from southwest, northwest, or north, all
storms of magnitude coming from the latter direction.

Wind-storms are preceded by a low barometer, with much briefer
warning than in the case of rain and snow storms, often occurring within
two or three hours after the first instrumental premonition. Tempera-
ture rises and humidity increases; cirrus clouds move from west to north-
west. _ _,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ordinary rain storms, preceded by falling barometer, increased tem-
perature, hazy atmosphere, cirrus clouds, and northeast wind.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 121

Corsicana, Tex.

Approach of norther indicated by bank of clouds in north or northwest
when the balance of sky is clear.

Gentle or brisk east wind precedes rain. Southwest or west wind
indicates the approach of clear, dry weather.

Davenport, Iowa.

Rain storms generally preceded by an east, southeast, or south wind.
Wind storms preceded by steadily falling barometer, with light wind
from southwest.

Denver, Colo.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, cirro-stratus clouds, with
westerly winds. Most reliable indications of storms are seen to the north
and west on the mountains. A cap of clouds on the high peaks, or low
cumuli below the summits, presage rain or snow. For wind, a black wall
of cloud generally forms between high peaks and the foot-hills, completely
hiding the peaks and extending only five or ten degrees above the horizon.

Detroit, Mich.

Falling barometer from twelve to twenty-four hours in advance of
storm, with wind from southeast or northeast.

Dodge City, Kans.

Falling barometer, with light southeast wind, hazy atmosphere, cirrus
clouds, and low humidity.

Dubuque, Iowa.

Wind storms preceded by rapid fall of barometer, with cirro-stratus
and stratus-clouds moving from the west ; wind changeable, backing from
southeast to west.

Rain-storms preceded by slowly falling barometer and large masses
of cirrus and cirro-cumulus moving from southeast. Surface winds south-
west, south, and southeast.

Duluth, Minn.

Northeast storms, preceded by hazy atmosphere and fog over the
lake, the former turning to stratus and the latter to nimbus cloud as
storm approaches. Falling barometer, increasing humidity, and falling
temperature.

Northwest storms by low and falling barometer, rising temperature,
high and increasing humidity, with cumulus and cumulo-stratus clouds.
This class of storms most frequent in winter and spring.

Northern storms by falling barometer, falling temperature, increasing
humidity, and cumulus clouds; most frequent in winter, and accompanied
by snow.

Southern storms by falling barometer, rising temperature, increasing
humidity, with hazy atmosphere.

122 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Eastern storms by high and rising barometer, rising temperature,
increasing humidity, with stratus clouds.

Western storms by falling barometer, high or rising temperature,
and humidity, with heavy banks of stratus clouds in western sky. Occur
at all seasons of year.

Fogs are usually followed by rain within twenty -four hours.

Eastport, Me.

Northeast storms are preceded by slowly falling barometer, falling
temperature, stratus clouds in the east, which spread over the entire sky.

Southeast storms are preceded by heavy fall of barometer, falling tem-
perature, increasing humidity, stratus clouds, and detached "scud," with
wind shifting from east to southeast.

In summer a continuance of southeast wind is followed by rain. Sea-
gulls gather together in flocks near the shore, uttering a peculiar cry.

Erie, Pa.

Storms from north, northwest, and west are preceded by falling barom-
eter, brisk to high southerly winds, rising temperature, and increasing
humidity.

Storms from the southwest to southeast are preceded by slowly falling
barometer, rising temperature. With steady south wind at any season
of the year rain is probable within twelve hours.

Fort Gibson, Indian Ter.

Falling barometer, rising temperature and low humidity, the latter
forming an important element. If wind veers suddenly from southwest
to west, rain follows; if this change occurs slowly, wind follows.

Cirro-stratus changing to cumulo-stratus twenty-four to forty-eight
hours in advance of storm.

Fort Sully, Dak.

Rapidly rising and very high barometer, low temperature, cirrus or
cirro-stratus clouds moving from the north or northwest, with surface
wind from southeast, backing to north and northwest. High summer
temperature, usually followed by brisk and high south and southeast
wind.

Galveston, Tex.

"Northers, "preceded by slowly falling barometer, decreasing humidity,
wind south or southeast, veering to north, with cirrus or cirro-cumulus
clouds moving from west or northwest.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Sudden storms, by sudden fall of barometer, increase of temperature,
high humidity, with haze in lower and cirrus clouds in upper atmosphere,
moving from the west.

Winter storms, by high and rising barometer, rising temperature, low

WEATHER PROVERBS, 123

humidity, cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds moving from tne west. These
followed by falling barometer, with wind veering to east and southeast,
and stratus clouds.

Indianola, Tex.

"Northers" are preceded by protracted southeast winds, rapid rise of
barometer from four to six hours in advance of storm, high humidity, with
cirrus clouds moving from the west.

Jacksonville, Fla.

Falling barometer and rising temperature from four to six days in
advance of storm. Hazy atmosphere, wind north to northeast, cirrus
clouds moving from west and southwest ; wind veering to east, southeast,
and southwest.

Keokuk, Iowa.

Falling barometer and cirrus clouds, with fresh easterly wind, precede
rain or snow, according to season.

Key West, Fla.

"Northers," from October to May, preceded by hazy atmosphere,
easterly winds veering to southerly, cirrus, cirro-stratus, and cirro-cumu-
lus clouds, moving slowly from the southwest and west, and finally a bank
of stratus clouds in the western horizon, apparently stationary. Falling
barometer, high and rising temperature and humidity.

Cyclones from July to November are preceded by northerly and east-
erly fresh and brisk winds, drizzling rains at intervals, for several days,
low and nearly stationary barometer, steady, high temperature, dark scud
flying low, with surface wind, and cirrus, cirro-stratus, and cirro-cumulus
clouds above, moving slowly from the south and west. The height and
action of barometer and state of weather are the most notable signs.

Rain storms prevail from May to November,* are preceded b}' hazy,
close atmosphere, average low barometer, high temperature, rising of
"thunder heads" in the horizon in the direction from which rain is to be
expected, with an almost imperceptible motion and an appreciable fall of
barometer, several hours before storm approaches.

Knoxville, Tenn.

Barometer moves rapidly for a storm of short duration, temperature
rises, wind from east-southeast, south and southwest, from eight to twenty-
four hours previously, with upper clouds moving from the west, wind
stronger and of greater duration, with rising rather than falling barom-
eter. Rapid movement of cirro-stratus clouds indicates wind, but is sel-
dom observed.

La Crosse, Wis.

Barometer falls steadily for twenty-four hours, with rising tempera-
ture, increased humidity, and cirro-stratus clouds before rain. Wind

124 WEATHER PROVERBS.

storms same as above, with addition of cirrus of great elevation moving
in opposite direction to surface wind, and apparently highly electrified.
Winter storms are preceded by gentle south or southwest wind, veering
to north or northeast.

Leavenworth, Kans.

Rain storms are preceded from twelve to forty-eight hours by barom-
eter falling steadily, increasing humidity, high temperature, with wind
east or south, cirro-stratus clouds in southern or western horizon, and
eastern horizon obscured by haze.

Red sky at sunrise indicates strong winds; if humidity is much below
the mean, the color is usually a brilliant scarlet; if humidity is high, the
color is more crimson, with a purple tinge and rain follows. When wind
backs from northwest to southwest, clear weather follows.

Lexington, Ky.

Local storms are preceded by falling barometer, unusually high tem-
perature, low humidity, and cumulus clouds; northwest storms, by falling
barometer, cirrus clouds and wind veering to east; southwest storms, by,
falling barometer, unusually high temperature with wind backing to east
and northeast.

Louisville, Ky.

Barometer falling slowly for forty-eight hours, unusually high tem-
perature and humidity, cirro-stratus clouds in morning for two or three
days in advance of storm, and light south wind.

Winter storms are generally from the northwest, with falling barom-
eter for twenty-four hours in advance.

Long Branch, N.J.

For northeast storm, falling barometer, rising temperature, cirro-
cumulus or cirro-stratus clouds, moving from west or southwest with
lower atmosphere hazy- If wind backs to northeast from southwest, pre-
cipitation is greater than when it veers to the same quarter. For eastern
storms, same conditions, except that upper clouds move from the west-
ward. For northwestern storms, the fall of barometer is most rapid.

Lynchburg, Va.

Long continued rain-storms are preceded from six to twelve hours by
rising barometer, cirrus-clouds moving from the southwest, with surface
wind for the northeast.

Hazy and smoky atmosphere indicates rain.. Before rain, especially
when wind is in the south, the leaves of the maple, aspen, poplar, and
willow trees curl up so as to show their under side. When cumulus clouds
drift over low enough to cast perceptible shadows, rain generally follows
within forty-eight hours.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 125

Marquette, Mich.

Falling barometer for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, rising tempera-
ture, southerly wind, with cirro-stratus clouds moving from a westerly or
southwesterly direction.

Memphis, Tenn.

Northwest storms are preceded by slow fall of barometer at first, fol-
lowed by a more rapid fall as storm approaches; fresh southwest winds,
backing to southeast, rising temperature and humidity, with slow forma-
tion of stratus clouds.

Greatest rainfall occurs with southeasterly winds.

Southwest and west storms are preceded by winds from the northeast
and east, with same instrumental indications as for northwest storms.

Mobile, Ala.

Barometer falls slowly ten or twelve hours, and more rapidly two or
three hours before storm ; stratus clouds with southeast wind.

Morgantown, W. Va.

Falling barometer, rising temperature and humidity, with southwest
or west winds, and cirrus-clouds moving from the westward.

In winter a storm usually follows a falling barometer, with south wind.
If barometer falls one-tenth of an inch between 7 a. m. and 12 m., bad
weather follows within thirty hours. In winter, high temperatures are
generally followed by bad weather, especially if accompanied by winds
varying from northwest to northeast.

Increase of humidity between 12 m. and 3 p. m. is usually followed by
rain before night on same day.

Backing of wind to southward, with falling barometer, nearly always
followed by bad weather.

All wavy forms of cirro-stratus are sure signs of an approaching storm.
In summer, when cirrus moves from northwest or north a storm follows
within thirty-eight hours.

Mount Washington, N. H.

Falling barometer, falling temperature, and cirro-stratus clouds mov-
ing from a northerly direction. When in small quantities these clouds
indicate wind, and when in large quantities, rain.

Nashville, Tenn.

Barometer falling slowly from twelve to forty-eight hours, increasing
temperature and humidity, cirro-stratus clouds moving from southwest,
with easterly surface wind from one to three days in advance of storm.

Crimson sky in morning is generally followed by rain within twelve
hours.

126 WEATHER PROVERBS.

New Haven, Conn.

(Furnished by Prof. E. Loomis.)

Great storms are frequently preceded by an unusually pleasant day, so
that a very transparent atmosphere may, perhaps, be regarded as an indica-
tion that a storm may be looked for within twenty-four hours.

One of the first indications that we are on the edge of a great storm
consists in a slight turbidness of the atmosphere which would scarcely
attract the attention of an ordinary observer, but which is sufficient to
cause solar halos during the day and lunar halos during the night, if there
is a moon. During the colder months of the year, our great storms are
usually preceded by a rise of the barometer above the mean and a veering
of the wind to the northeast. If the barometer rises considerably above
the mean, and is accompanied by a fresh wind from the northeast, a storm
is pretty sure to follow within twelve hours.

A considerable fall of snow is very frequently preceded for several
hours by the same signs (high barometer and northeast wind), together
with a feeling of extreme chilliness, much greater than is usually experi-
enced with the existing state of the thermometer.

During the warmer months a strong breeze from the south, accom-
panied by towering cumulus clouds, is pretty sure to be followed by rain
within a few hours, generally a thunder-storm. The phenomenon which
is most decidedly local in New Haven is the direction of the prevalent
wind, together with the diurnal change in the wind's direction. During
the six colder months of the year the prevalent wind is from the north-
northwest, and the diurnal change in the wind's direction is slight. Dur-
ing the six summer months the wind in the morning usually blows from
the north or northwest, but by noon, and sometimes by 10 a. m., it veers
to the south or southwest, and continues thus for the remainder of the day.

This peculiarity is supposed to be due to the difference of temperature
between the land and the neighboring water, and it modifies, very sensi-
bly, the direction of the New Haven wind in the neighborhood of the
storm center. During the passage of a great storm the wind at New
Haven is much more northerly than is experienced at interior stations
similarly situated with reference to a storm center.

New London, Conn.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds
moving from the westward, light scud over the sea horizon moving with
the surface wind, which is usually from the southwest, humidity increases,
and tides are of unusual height.

New Orleans, La.

Rapid movement of upper clouds, with little or no wind at surface.
Falling barometer for several days in advance of storm, with rising tem-
perature. Southerly winds precede rain, with cirro-stratus clouds moving
from the westward.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 127

New York, N. Y.

Rain-storms, preceded by falling barometer, rising temperature, increas-
ing humidity, cirrus-clouds in upper with stratus in lower atmosphere,
spreading gradually over the whole sky from the eastward.

Wind-storms from an easterly direction, preceded by rapidly falling
barometer, with frequent oscillations, rising temperature, increasing humid-
ity moving rapidly at a great height.

Westerly storms, by rapidly rising barometer, free from oscillations,
falling temperature, increasing humidity, changeable winds, with cirrus
clouds in upper and stratus in lower atmosphere.

Norfolk, Va.

High, and rapidly falling barometer, rising temperature, low humidity,
unusually clear atmosphere, with southeast and east winds.

North Platte, Neb.

Low, followed by rising barometer, cumulus and cumulo-stratus clouds
moving rapidly from northwest and west.

All storms approach from the northwest without reference to direc-
tion in" which wind may blow previously.

Rain-storms are preceded by north or northeast wind.

Omaha, Neb.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, high and increasing humidity,
and easterly winds. Oswego, N . Y.

Wind-storms are preceded by rapid fall of barometer, with wind Veer-
ing from southeast to southwest, west, and northwest.

Rain-storms, by oscillating barometer, with downward tendency, hazy
atmosphere, gradually changing to cirro-stratus or cirro-cumulus clouds
moving from the westward.

Northeast storms, by high barometer and low temperature.

Local storms, by sudden fall of barometer, rising temperature, low
humidity, cumulo-stratus clouds in west or southwest.

Pembina, Dak.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, with wind from south, south-
east, or southwest.

Philadelphia, Penn.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, easterly wind, haziness in
upper atmosphere, followed by cirro-stratus clouds moving from the north-

wesL Peck's Beach, N.J.

Rising barometer for two or three days, followed by sudden fall with
heavy ocean-swell from the eastward, six or eight hours in advance of
storm.

128 WEATHER PROVERBS.

Pittsburgh, Pa.

Falling barometer fifteen to thirty hours in advance, rising tempera-
ture, variable easterly to southerly wind, with cirro-stratus clouds moving
from southwest or west. A dense fog or haze indicates rain within
twenty-four hours.

Port Huron, Mich.

Thick heavy haze or clouds in northwest, with southeast wind, indicates
rain. Low and falling barometer, with wind from the west-northwest or
east-northeast, indicates wind.

Portland, Me.

Rain-storms are preceded by falling barometer, falling temperature,
and southwest wind.

Wind-storms by falling barometer, northwest wind veering to south-
east, cirro-stratus and cumulo-stratus clouds moving from the southeast.
Southeast storms are often preceded by hazy atmosphere in southeast.

Punta Rassa, Fla.

Falling barometer, west or southwest wind, cirrus clouds changing to
cirro-stratus with high humidity.

If the change to cirro-stratus occurs rapidly, rain will probably follow
within twenty-four hours.

Halos seen on successive nights indicate rain within twenty-four hours.
Birds fly about wildly a few hours before a storm occurs, and men-of-war
hawks, usually high fliers in clear weather, fly low in contracted circles.
Cyclones and tornadoes are preceded by hazy, slaty, and ominous appear-
ance of sky, atmosphere sultry, wind variable, and generally from east or
southeast, clouds bank up in the east, stratus clouds float unusually low
and move swiftly, detached inky-looking scuds still lower and swifter.

Rochester, N. Y.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, east or southeast wind, low
humidity, and clouds moving from the southwest. A northeast wind
backing to northwest or west, or veering to southwest in winter, indicates
rain or snow.

Sandy Hook, N. J.

Low and falling barometer, high and rising temperature, hazy atmos-
phere, with cumulo-stratus clouds moving from the west and southwest, and
roaring sea.

San Diego, Cal.

Wind-storms are of rare occui-rence, and are preceded by warm east
wind, with upper clouds moving from the west ; oscillating barometer,
with downward tendency, several days in advance of disturbance.

WEATHER PROVERBS. 129

San Francisco, Cal.

Rain-storms are preceded by falling barometer, low but rising tem-
perature, and west wind. During the rainy season if wind veers to south-
east, rain follows.

Santa Fe, N. Mex.

Slight fall of barometer and rise of temperature, with cirrus clouds in
their various formations, moving from the southwest.

Savannah, Ga.

Barometer above mean and rising slowly for twenty-four hours,
remaining nearly stationary for six or eight hours, and then falling slowly,
temperature opposite to movement of barometer, cirrus clouds forming
near zenith, and moving to northeast.

Shreveport, La.

High and falling barometer, low humidity, and cirrus clouds calm or
moving from the west.

Saint Louis, Mo.

Winter storms are preceded by falling barometer, southeast wind,
cirro-stratus clouds and haze if temperature is high, and by stratus clouds
if it is low. Summer storms, by stationary barometer, temperature above
the mean, with cumulus and cirro-stratus clouds, the former in large
masses.

Saint Mark's, Fla.

Barometer rises twenty-four hours before storm, with hazy atmosphere
and south wind, the barometer beginning about six hours before storm
to fall rapidly with rising temperature, and formation of cumulo-stratus
clouds.

The tide rises rapidly.

Saint Paul, Minn.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, low humidity, southeast wind,
with cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds.

Squan Beach, N. J.

Falling barometer, rising temperature, and dense haze; cirro-stratus
clouds indicate wind and rain.

Toledo, Ohio.

Barometer falling rapidly, rising temperature, low humidity, easterly
winds, cirrus clouds in western horizon moving eastward, followed by
stratus until sky is obscured.

Tybee Island, Ga.

Northeast storms are preceded by rising barometer, falling tempera-
ture, low humidity, light cirrus clouds in bands from northwest to south-

130 WEATHER PROVERBS.

east, and moving from north or west, with light to fresh surface wind
from the south, and heavy sea swell from the northeast.

Southern storms by falling barometer, rising temperature, high humid-
ity, heavy masses of cumulo-stratus clouds, moving from the southwest,
smoky sky, heavy rolling surf, and gentle, variable, and shifting north to
east winds.

When the wind backs from northeast to west a gale generally follows.

Vicksburg, Miss.

Slowly falling barometer, high and rising temperature, sky of dull,
whitish appearance, resembling haze near horizon; cirrus clouds followed
by dense masses of cumulus; wind in light puffs from an easterly direc-
tion.

Virginia City, Mont.

Winter-storms are preceded by low barometer, falling temperature,
winds shifting suddenly from some westerly quarter to an easterly one.

Summer storms by falling barometer and temperature, with westerly
winds and dense stratus clouds.

Wilmington, N. C.

Southeast storms are preceded by rapidly falling barometer, rising
temperature, increasing cloudiness and humidity, wind backing to an east-
erly direction from the southwest or west, and cirro-stratus clouds mov-
ing from the west or northwest.

Northeast storms by high and rising barometer, falling temperature,
increasing haziness, cirro-stratus clouds moving from the southwest, with
light winds veering to the northward and variable.

Southwest storms by falling barometer, high temperature, and fair
weather. Thunder-storms by low or falling barometer, unusually high
temperature, cumulus clouds in western horizon, wind shifting suddenly
from south or southwest to the northward.

GENERAL PHENOMENA

i. Sky becoming overcast with cirro-stratus clouds moving from the
southwest, west, or northwest.

2. Increasing haziness, especially in the upper atmosphere after a spell
of fair weather.

3. Halos and corona.

4. Variable light wind veering and backing frequently, with a tend-
ency to an easterly direction.

5. Sun setting red among threatening clouds or giving the horizon a
greenish tinge.

6. Heavy dews in summer.

7. Driving scud, with increasing humidity.

MINERALS AND METALS.

The minerals of the United States are exceedingly abundant, largely
distributed, easily accessible for the most part, of excellent quality where
found, and they have been, are, and will continue to be in increasing-
degree, a source of great wealth to the country. Almost every mineral
and metal of any commercial value, is found within the boundaries of this
country. Coal, iron, gold, silver, petroleum, lead, copper, mercury, graph-
ite, slate and building rock, gypsum, whetstones, kaolin, salt, marl, the
phosphates, etc., all are found, some in great abundance, and all in sufficient
quantities to make their development a matter of commercial importance.

COAL.

Among these minerals no one is more largely found nor of greater im-
portance than coal. The development of almost every other mineral is clue
to the existence of coal in such quantities and localities as made it easily
available. Coal is undoubtedly a vegetable product; no chemical process
nor mechanical appliance has been discovered by which it can be produced.
The creation of such vast beds as have been found, can be the result of noth-
ing but great pressure during a very long time. The geologist has discov-
ered, with indisputable accuracy, that during the long period denominated
the "Carboniferous Age," the surface of the earth was densely covered with
immense forests and luxuriant vegetation. By the falling of these trees
in the shallow water at their roots, age after age, were formed thick beds
from which have come the coal measures of to-day. The water and very
tropical atmosphere acted as an anti-septic in preventing the decomposi-
tion and decay which attack fallen vegetable matter now. By the cover
ing of these beds with the deposits of after ages, a pressure was created
which, in time, changed the vegetable matter into the shape we now find
it as coal. It has been calculated that it required a vegetable accretion
six times the depth of the present coal seam; that is, to have a coal vein
of six feet, required a deposit of no less than thirty-six feet of trees, flags,
leaves and other vegetable elements. To produce the great Anthracite
vein of Pennsylvania, which averages sixty feet, would require the enor-
mous aggregation of 360 feet of vegetation. It has further been estimated
that it required at least 7,500 years of pressure to produce a vein of coal

measuring three feet.

(131)

132 MINERALS AND METALS.

4

The layers or seams of coal are generally of even thickness and hori-
zontal position. This is true largely of the bituminous deposits. The
surface of the earth must necessarily have been nearly level at the time
of the rank vegetable growth; else the water would not have lain upon it
in such even depth as to stimulate and }'et not smother the growth. Some
indentations there were, possibly, and these may have been the cause of
the thick "pockets" of coal which are sometimes found, especially in the
lignite beds west of the Rocky mountains. In the anthracite veins, how-
ever, and sometimes in other kinds of coal, there is often a dip in the
position of the seams, and not infrequently a breakage. These variations
from the natural position are accounted for by the scientists as due to
upheavals of the earth's surface by internal force.

Outside the United States, the coal-producing area of the world is
comparatively small. England has an area of 12,00c square miles where
coal is found; many of the veins, however, counted in this area, are not
of sufficient thickness to be available for mining, so that the actual area
of coal measures is not more than half what has been named — one author-
ity placing it at 6,195 square miles, and another at 5,000. More than half
the coal area of the entire continent of Europe is found in England.
France has a coal field of 4,000 square miles, though no more than 1,000
square miles can be operated to advantage. Belgium has about 500
square miles of workable coal area. The entire coal field of the continent
is put at 10,000 square miles. This, compared with the area of the con-
tinent, 3,750,000 square miles, gives one square mile of coal to every 375
square miles of territory. The United States has an area of a little over
3,000,000 square miles of territory and has upward of 200,000 square miles
of workable coal area, or one square mile of coal for every fifteen of area.
The whole coal field of the United States is not yet fully known ; new
fields are being constantly discovered, and the ratio to the entire territory
is reduced accordingly. Extending the comparison further, we rind that
the estimated thickness of the coal measures of England is thirty-five feet ;
but many of the seams which make up this depth are very thin, ranging
from twelve inches to six feet, and the number of seams is great. In
Pennsylvania, the available coal bed is fully sixty feet, the seams are few
in number and all of sufficient depth to be operated to advantage. The
average thickness of the coal bed of the United States, counting only
seams which are thick enough to be worked, is safely put at twenty feet.

The coal found in the United States is of four kinds : Anthracite, or
hard coal; semi-bituminous, or the transition from anthracite to bitu-

MINERALS AND METALS. 133

minous coal; bituminous, or soft coal; and lignite, or brown coal. These
are found in the country in the order named, beginning from the east and
going- west.

Nearly all the anthracite of the United States, and, indeed, of the
world, is found in Pennsylvania and east of the Allegheny mountains. It
is found in Virginia in one place of small area. It is found in small
quantities and of inferior quality in Rhode Island. It is also found in
New Mexico, near Santa Fe, and on Queen Charlotte's Island. In Europe
it is found in the south of Wales, in the south of Ireland, in France, in
Saxony, and in Russia; but in all these places, the area is small and the
quality of the mineral very inferior to that of Pennsylvania. The whole
anthracite area of the Pennsylvania field is 472 square miles, with an
average thickness of sixty feet. At the lowest calculation, this wili pro-
duce 60,000 tons to the acre, and by taking additional care with regard
to supports, etc. in mining, the quantity per acre can be doubled. The
prominent places where the anthracite is mined are: Pottsville, Locust-
dale, Shamokin, Scranton, Pittston and Wilkesbarre. The distribution in
these fields is as follows:

Southern, or Schuylkill 146 square miles.

Middle, or Shamokin 50

Mahoning 41

Lehigh 37

Northern, Wyoming and Lackawanna 198

Total area 472

The semi-bituminous coal is a sort of mean between the anthracite of
Eastern Pennsylvania and the bituminous of Western Pennsylvania and
further west. It is found only in the Allegheny mountains, west or south
of the anthracite regions. It covers an area of about 550 square miles,
and is chiefly used in generating steam of locomotives on sea and on
land. It is found along the head waters of the Susquehanna and
Juniata rivers, with some near the head waters of the Allegheny. The
coal found near Cumberland, in Maryland, is similar to the semi-bitumi-
nous of Pennsylvania.

The bituminous coal field is large and widely distributed. The main
field, called the Allegheny, has an area of no less than 60,000 square
miles. It lies wholly west of the Appalachian mountains. It underlies
the whole of Western Pennsylvania, most of Ohio, and extends southwest
along the mountain slope, including West Virginia, Eastern Kentucky,
Eastern Tennessee, Northwestern Georgia and Northern Alabama. At
its greatest breadth, which would be represented by a line drawn from

134 MINERALS AND METALS.

Cumberland in Maryland to Newark in Ohio, it is about 180 miles. Tow-
ard the southern extremity, as in Northern Alabama, it is less than thirty
miles broad. There are a few isolated beds of bituminous coal east of the
Allegheny mountains. Those in Virginia are in three divisions and aggre-
gate about 185 square miles. In North Carolina there is a field called the
"Deep River,'1 which has an area of from sixty to 100 square miles; the
seams nearest the surface are thin and difficult to work but a shaft sunk
360 feet has discovered a seam of five feet and of good quality. Cannel
coal, a sort of bituminous coal used extensively in generating steam, is
found in Ohio ; block coal in Indiana.

Ohio has a coal held of about 7,000 square miles; Kentucky, 10,000;
Tennessee, 3,700; Michigan, 6,700; Kansas, 22,256; Arkansas, 10,000;
Texas, a surveyed field of 5,000; Iowa, of 16,000, etc. The "central coal
field'1 lies within the States of Illinois, Western Kentucky and Indiana.
The distribution is about as follows: Illinois, 40,000 square miles;
Indiana, 7,700, and Kentucky, 3,888. The fields of Iowa and Missouri
belong to the same bed, being separated from the central field by the
Mississippi river. These beds lie at a distance of from 200 to 400 feet
below the level of the prairie. Besides these beds, which are all more or
less connected and similar, there are some seams of bituminous coal on
the Pacific coast, found in considerable quantities in Washington and
further north.

Lignite is a species of unformed coal, or of coal that has not reached
the perfect state of bituminous coal. It is valuable for fuel, but can not be
utilized for the manufacture of the metals. It is found west of the bitu-
minous fields. It begins in Western Kansas and Nebraska, and extends
through Colorado and all along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains.
It is found in Utah, Wyoming, and generally in the regions west of the
Rocky mountains. It is found in beds rather than seams. Some of these
beds are over twenty-five feet in depth. The entire area of the lignite
region is estimated at 60,000 square miles. The average annual produc-
tion of coal of all varieties in the United States is about 98,000,000 tons.
The annual consumption in the United States is about 75,000,000 tons;
in Canada, about 15,000,000 tons; leaving 8,000,000 tons for export.

The following table shows the commercial output during five years,
by states and territories, in long tons. In the case of a few of the smaller
items, originally estimated in short tons, it has not been deemed advisable
to convert the figures into long tons, the difference being less than the
probable error, and the round figures being preferable.

MINERALS AND METALS.

135

Coal produced in the several states and territories, not including the local and colliery

consumption.

States and Tereitories.

Pennsylvania, anthracite . .
Pennsylvania, bituminous.

Illinois

Ohio

Maryland

Missouri

West Virginia

Indiana

Iowa

Kentucky

Tennessee

Virginia

Kansas

Michigan

Rhode Island

Alabama

Georgia

Colorado ,

Wyoming

New Mexico

Utah

California

Oregon

Washington

Texas

Arkansas

Montana

Dakota

Idaho

Indian Territory

Total

1880.

Long tons.

23,437,242

19,000,000

4,000,000

7,000,000

2,136,160

1,500,000

1,400,000

1,100,000

1,600,000

1,000,000

600,000

100,000

550,000

75,000

10,000

340,000

100,000

390,183

275,000

(?)

225,000

175,000

30,000
175,000

65,218,585

18 81.
Long tons.

28,500,016

20,000,000

6,000,000

8,250,000

2,261,918

1,750,000

1,500,000

1,771,536

1,750,000

1,100,000

750,000

100,000

750,000

100,000

10,000

375,000

150,000

631,021

375,000

(?)

225,000

125,000

30,000

175,000

1882.
Long tons.

29,120,096

22,000,000

9,000,000

9,450,000

1,540,46(5

2,000,000

2,000,000

1,976,470

3,500,000

1,300,000

850,000

100,000

750,000

130,000

10,000

800,000

175,000

947,749

631,932

146,421

250,000

150,000

30,000

225,000

1883.

76,679,491

87,085,134

Long tons.

31,793,027

24,000,000

10,350,000

8,229,429

2,206,172

2,250,000

2,805,565

2,560,000

3,881,300

1,650,000

1,000,000

225,000

900,000

135,000

10,000

1,400,000

200,000

1,097,851

696,151

188,703

250,000

175,000

50,000

300,000

100,000

75,000

60,000

50,000

10,000

175,000

96,823,li!8

1884

Long tons.

30,718,293

25,000,000

10,000,000

7,650,062

2,469,051

2,500,000

3,000,000

2,260,000

3,903,458

1,550,000

1,200,000

300,000

1,100,000

135,000

10,000

2,000,000

200,000

1,008,950

805,911

196,924

250,000

150,000

50,000

300,000

100,000

150,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

400,000

97,527,649

Including the local and (colliery consumption, the figures for the last
three years would be as follows (the values being values at the mine):

Total coal output of the United States, 1882, 1883 and 1884.

ANTHRACITE.

BITUMINOUS.

TOTAL.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1882 . :

Long tons.
31,358,264
34,336,469
33,175,756

$70,556,094
77,257,055
66,351,512

Long tons.
60,861,190
68,531,500
73,730,539

$76,076,487
82,237,800
77,417,066

Long tons.

92,219,454
102,867,969
106,906,295

$146,632,581
159,494,855
143,768,578

1883

1884

136 MINERALS AND METALS.

The following table shows the total output of coal of the world for the
last calendar years of which statistics are available. With the exception
of the figure for the United States, the table has been compiled by the
secretary of the American Iron and Steel Association. Long tons of
2,240 pounds are used in giving the statistics of Great Britain, the United
States, Russia, and "other countries,1' and metric tons of 2,204 pounds ^or
all the continental countries of Europe except Russia. As the difference
between the long ton and the metric ton is so trifling, it is not necessary
to change official figures.

Countries. Tons.

Great Britain (1884)

United States (1884)

Germany and Luxemburg (1883).

France (1884)

Belgium (1884)

Austria and Hungary (1883)

Eussia (1882)

Sweden (1882)

Spain (1880)

Italy (1882)

Other Countries (1883)

Total

160,757,815

106,906,295

70,442,648

20,127,209

18,041,000

17,047,961

3,742,380

250,000

847,128

220,000

8,000,000

406,382,436

From this it will be seen that the annual coal production of the United
States is now one-fourth of that of the world.

The manufacture of bituminous coal into coke has become an impor-
tant industry. In the following table are contained the statistics of the
coking interests of the United States from 1880 to 1884. From this
table it appears that the number of establishments making coke in the
United States increased from 186 in 1880 to 250 in 1884, an increase of a
little over 34 per cent. The number of ovens built increased from 12,372
in 1880, to 19,557 m !884; an increase of 58 per cent. The amount of
coal used to make coke increased from 5,237,741 short tons in 1880 to
7,951,974 tons in 1884, an increase of nearly 52 per cent. The coke pro-
duced increased from 3,338,300 short tons in 1880 to 4,873,805 tons in
1884, an increase of about 46 per cent. It will be noticed that the coal
consumed and coke made in 1883 were both greater than in 1884. The
total value of coke at the ovens increased from $6,631,267 to $7,242,878,
an increase of about 9.2 per cent. The value of the coke produced in each
of the years 1881, 1882 and 1883, however, was greater than in 1884. The

MINERALS AND METALS.

137

value of the coke at ovens decreased from $1.99 in 1880 to $1.49 in 1884,
a decrease of about 25 per cent.

Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the United States, 1880 to 1884, inclusive.

.Number of establishments

Ovens built

Ovens building

Coal used, short tons

Coke produced, short tons
Total value coke at ovens
Value coke at ovens, per ton . .
Held of coal in coke, per cent

1880.

186

12,372

1,159

5,237,741

3,338,300

$6,631,267

$1 99

63

1881.

197

14,119

1,005

6,546,662

4,113,760

$7,725,175

$1 88

63

18 8 2.

215

16,356

712

7,577,648

4,793,321

$8,462,167

$1 77

63

1883.

231

18,304

407

8,516,670

5,464,721

$8,121,607

$1 49

64

1884.

250

19,557

812

7,951,974

4,873,805

$7,242,878

$1 49

61

IRON.

The iron ores are found in almost every section of the country. Some-
tim_; these are in isolated districts but more frequently in extensive
seams, and when so found are generally between strata and in the vicinity,
if not in connection, with coal measures. This latter fact is very impor-
tant, as aiding in the smelting and the further preparation of the ores.

Iron ore, generally magnetic, is found in New England generally; in
the Adirondack^ in New York are quite extensive beds of iron-producing
ore of excellent quality ; New Jersey is rich in magnetic ore ; Pennsylvania
exceeds all the states in the amount of ore and in its manufacture. Vir-
ginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky are richly supplied.
Missouri has two beds of iron ore of very pure quality; one at Pilot
Knob, the other at Iron mountain, six miles distant. The former con-
tains sixty per cent of pure iron, the latter seventy per cent. Untold and
inexhaustible quantities of very rich ore are found around Lake Superior,
having the peculiarity of existing without connection with either coal or
limestone. The ore is found along the eastern slope of the Rocky mount-
ains. All told, the United States contains twice as much coal and iron
as all the rest of the earth combined. The manufacture of the ore into
iron and steel products is carried on by above 1,000 establishments, in-
cluding blast furnaces, bloomaries, forges, rolling mills, etc. The capital
invested in manufacture is above $250,000,000, employing 150,000 work-
men and the total value of all the products is about $300,000,000.

The first discovery of iron ore within the limits of the United States
was made in North Carolina in 1585, 300 years ago, by the expedition
fitted out by Sir Walter Raleigh, and commanded by Ralph Lane, which

138 MINERALS AND METALS.

made in that year, on Roanoke island, the first attempt to plant an
English settlement on the Atlantic coast.

The first attempt to manufacture iron in the American colonies dates
from 1619, in which year the Virginia Company of London sent a num.
ber of skilled iron-workers from England to Virginia to "set up three
iron-works" in the colony. These iron-works were "set up" during the
next three years, but before they had made any iron they were destroyed
by the Indians in 1622, and no further attempt to manufacture iron in
Virginia was made for many years.

In 1643 the first successful iron enterprise in the colonies was under-
taken at Lynn, in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, by "The Company of
Undertakers for the Iron-works," composed of eleven English gentlemen
and a few enterprising colonists. This enterprise embraced a blast
furnace and foundry, for producing castings and "sowe iron," and a forge
for refining the "sowe iron" into "barr iron." The furnace was in opera-
tion in May, 1645, and the forge was in operation in September, 1648.
These dates may be accepted as definitely determining, respectively, the
first successful attempts in this country to make iron in a blast furnace
and to produce bar iron in a refinery forge from the cast iron of the furnace.
For 100 years after its settlement in 1620, Massachusetts was the
chief seat of the iron industry in the colonies; but about the middle of the
eighteenth century, Pennsylvania became the leading iron-producing
colony, and this distinction has ever since been maintained.

At the beginning of the Revolution nearly all the colonies were
actively engaged in the production of iron. Georgia was the only colony
that did not at this time produce even small quantities of iron. During
the long struggle for independence the colonies produced iron in sufficient
quantities to supply their armies with cannon, cannon balls, muskets, and
camp kettles, and they manufactured also most of the steel that was
required for swords and bayonets. All the steel made during the Revolu-
tion appears to have been blister steel. Henry Hollingsworth, of Elkton,
in Cecil county, Maryland, was one of the manufacturers of muskets for
the Continental army. Some of his bayonets were complained of as being
too soft, "which he ascribed to the bad quality of the American steel with
which they were pointed."

After the Revolution the manufacture of iron in the United States
was extended from the Atlantic coast into the interior; but the aggregate
production of the country did not greatly increase for many years, owing
partly to the depressing effects of foreign competition, partly to the slow

MINERALS AND METALS.

139

orowth of the country in population, and partly to the really restricted
use of iron in the days before the introduction of railroads. The railroad
era in the United States had its beginning about 1830, but even after the
new demand for iron for railroads had been created in our country the
influence of foreign competition operated for many years to prevent an
active development of our iron industry. This activity was reached at
the beginning of our Civil War in 1861, the Morrill tariff of that year and
the war itself co-operating to create a greatly increased demand for iron
of domestic manufacture, and contributing greatly to the establishment
of the steel industry, which had previously existed under precarious and
wholly embryonic conditions. " A tremendous mechanical revolution in
the production of steel has combined with other influences to increase a
thousand-fold the production of American steel. The world has not yet
learned to attach deserved importance to the inventions of Bessemer,
Mushet and Siemens because it has become too much accustomed to
thanklessly receive every new invention as a matter of course and to
accept its fruits as a matter of right.

There are no statistics of the production of iron in this country in the
colonial period, nor of any other industry, nor of the population itself.
Our forefathers were too intent upon getting for themselves homes, and
too much employed in protecting these homes from imaginary or actual
attacks by unfriendly Indians, to give attention to dry statistical details or
economic problems. The first industrial statistics of the country date
from 1 8 14, in which year there was published "A statement of the arts
and manufactures of the United States of America," as they existed in
1810, prepared by Tench Coxe, under the authority of Albert Gallatin,
Secretary of the Treasury. From this statement the following table show-
ing the condition of our iron industry in 18 10 is compiled.

In the totals for the United States the values are believed to be cor-
rect, as they include returns from every state, but some of the quantities
given are not strictly accurate, because some of the states did not report
quantities although they reported values.

The figures for Pennsylvania are included in the figures for the coun-
try at large. The tons used are long tons, of 2,240 pounds.

The iron industry of the United States in 1810.

Establishments and Products.

Number of blast furnaces.
Number of air furnaces . . .

United States.

153

Pennsylvania.

( 44

6

140 MINERALS AND METALS.

The iron industry of the United States in 1810. — Continued.

Establishments and Products.— Continued.

United States.

Pennsylvania.

Tons of cast iron made (pig iron and castings)

Value of cast iron made

Number of bloomaries

Tons of iron made

Value of iron made

Number of forges

Tons of bar iron, etc., made

Value of bar iron, etc., made

Number of trip hammers

Product of trip hammers in tons

Value of product of trip hammers

Rolling and slitting mills

Tons of rolled iron made

Product of slit iron in tons

Value of rolled and slit iron

Number of naileries

Pounds of nails made

Value of nails made

53,908

.$2,981,277

135

2,564

$226,034

330

24,541

$2,874,063

316

600

$327,898

34

9,280

$1,215,946

470

15,727,914

2,478,139

26,878

$1,301,343

4

$16,000

78

10,969

$1,156,405

50

$73,496

18

4,502

98

$606,416

175

7,270,825

$760,862

The growth of our iron and steel industries from 1810 until 1880 is
shown by a comparison of the figures of the above table with the statistics
of production of each leading branch of these industries in the census years
1870 and 1880, as follows, in short tons of 2,000 pounds:

The iron industry of the United States in the census years 1870 and 1 880.

Ieon and Steel Products.

Pig iron and castings from furnaces .
All products of iron-rolling mills . . .
Bessemer steel finished products
Open hearth steel finished products .

Crucible steel finished products

Blister and other steel

Products of forges and bloomaries . .

Total ,

1870.

Short tons.

2,052,821

1,441,829

19,403

1880.

28,069

2,285

110,808

3,655,215

Short tons.

3,781,021

2,353,248

889,896

93,143

70,319

4,956

72,557

7,265,140

The following table shows the world's production of coal, of iron, and
of steel according to the latest procurable statistics:

Coal area

in square

miles.

1. MINERAL COAL.

2. CAST OR PIG
IRON.

3. STEEL. 18 8 3.

Countries.

Years.

Tons of
2,240 lbs.

Years.

Tons of

2,240 lbs.

Tons of
2.240 lbs.
Ingots.

Tons of

2,240 lbs

Rails.

Great Britain

11,900

192,000

1,770

1884
1884
1884

160,757,779
99,851,807
63,945,416

1884 7.811.727

1,299,676
1,540,595
1,255,000

784,968

United States

1884
1884

4,589,613
3,572,155

1,116,621

515,000

MINERALS AND METALS.

141

The world's production of coal, of iron, and of steel, etc. — Continued.

Countries.

France

Belgium

Austria-Hungary . .

China

Russia

Australia

Canada

Sweden

Spain

India

Italy

Japan

Vancouver's Island

Nova Scotia

Chili

All other countries .

Total.

Coal area

in square

miles.

2,086

510

1,800

30,000

3,500
2,000

5,000

1. MINERAL COAL.

Years.

1884
1884
1883
1881
1883
1883
1883
1882
1883
1883
1882
1883
1883
1883
1881
1883

Tons of
2,240 pounds.

19,624,718

18,041,000

19,000,000

4,000,000

4,000,000

2,521,457

1,646,487

250,000

900,000

4,000,000

220,000

900,000

300,000

1,422,553

50,000

8,000,000

409,431,217

2. OAST OR PIG
IRON.

Years.

1884
1884
1883

1882
1883
1884
1883
1883
1877
1883
1877

Tons of

2,240 lbs.

1,885,247
738,105
701,037

3. STEEL. 18 8 3.

Tons of

2,240 lbs.

Ingots.

509,045
179,803
271,733

498,400

3,434

44,081

422,627

139,920

12,500

53,000

7,400

100,000

20,579,246

225,140

50,878
2,800

20,000

Tons of

2,240 lbs.

Kails.

371,432
170,000
146,972

203,310

5,354,670 3,308,303

GOLD AND SILVER.

The gold and silver resources of the country are great, mines of both
metals having been known from the earliest times of the country.
Latterly it has become an industry of considerable magnitude. The gold
is found in two distinct districts: one belongs to the Appalachian mount-
ains, the other to the Cordilleran. The extent of gold in the Appalachian
district is small compared with the other, and the mines have never been
worked to any great extent or profit. The ore is found in small portions
of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, and lies in a narrow belt, almost
parallel with the mountains.

The gold deposits of the Cordilleras are found generally on the western
slope of the Sierra Nevadas, the veins running parallel with each other
and with the mountains. The largest and richest mines are found in the
basins of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The gold-bearing rocks
extend all along the western slopes of the Sierras, through California and
Oregon into Washington, though the mines of the last-named have not
been very well opened. The gold ore is found in a quartz rock and is
quarried with great labor, crushed in mills adapted to the purpose, and
the gold extracted by the application of heat and quicksilver. Gold is

142

MINERALS AND METALS.

also found in Idaho, east of the Oregon mines, in Colorado, Wyoming,
and in Arizona and New Mexico.

The silver mines of the United States are the richest of the world,
rivaling those of Old Mexico and South America. They are found for
the most part along the eastern slope of the Cordilleran mountains.
Nevada stands first among the silver-producing states, Colorado coming-
close behind. The Comstock Lode of Colorado is the richest silver-bear-
ing quartz that has ever been discovered. The entire area covered by
the gold and silver fields of the country is estimated at 150,000 square
miles.

The number of deep mines of gold and silver with the nominal capital
stock at the last reliable census, was as follows:

Number and capital stock of deep mines.

State

or

Terbitort.

Number of
corporations
making re-
turns.

Capital stock
(nominal).

|

State

or

Territory.

Number of
corporations
making re-
turns.

Capital stock
(nominal).

The United States

422

$2,030,702,550

Montana

9

78
1
2
6
2

42
3
1

$19,950,000

Nevada

759,645,000

California

Colorado

38
66
126
21
3
13
11

196,490,000
376,901,250
325,902,300
118,800,000

1,510,000
54,145,000

6,400,000

1 New Hampshire. .
i New Mexico

North Carolina . . .

Oregon

500,000
2,600,000
5,500,000
5,000,000

Dakota

Utah

156,2i 0,000

Virginia

759,000
400,000

Washington

This table includes the foreign corporations, the pound sterling being
taken at $5.00 and the franc at 20 cents. The list covers only such mines
as came within the standard fixed for investigation. The total is there-
fore far smaller than one which would include all the claims which have
been placed upon the market by incorporated companies, the practice in
the Pacific states being to capitalize almost invariably at $10,000,000, in
100,000 shares of $100 each, without regard to the value or prospective
value of the property. Thousands of such companies have been floated
in San Francisco.

The opening of a deep mine for the precious metals is either by sink-
ing a shaft or by means of a tunnel. The following table gives the

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

P INE S

(Compiled from the Government Forestry Reports.)

MINERALS AND METALS.

143

statistics of the number of deep mines in the United States, with the man-
ner of opening, by the several states and territories :

Deep mines: extent of workings.

State or Territory.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

California

Colorado

Dakota

Georgia

Idaho

Maine

Montana

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Mexico

North Carolina

Oregon

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Wyoming

Mines re-
ported.

iTotal length

of shafts
and inclines

Number.
885

2

61

88

251

57

9

84

11

68

111

3
13
12

9
88

5

1
12

Feet.

399,686

480

42,058

63,777

86,216

4,218

1,546

7,086i

1,556

17.809J

119,547

435

4,133

2,876

1,631

43,108

978

2,231

Total length

of tunnels
and galleries

Feet.
1,992,191

1,100

76,714

253,911

279,818

27,166

4,177

61,976

1,587

61,459

994,914

278

23,997

4,245

12,661

178,593

5,241

159

4,195

Total length
of winzes
and up-
raises.

Feet.
222,017

30

2,900

48,984

24,742

914

87

13,388

80

6,986

100,133

C58

328

2,067

20,446

344

230

Greatest
depth of
workings
(vertical).

Feet.
3,027

60
450

1,530

1,075
300
138
900
245
700

3,027
280
170
332
576

1,600

142

40

210

Greatest hor-
izontal de-
velopment.

Feet.
4,000

600
1,110
3,764
2,400
1,160

600
3,200

500
3,000
4,000

250

800

900
1,200
2,350
1,610

159
1,000

The totals in miles, neglecting fractions, would be as follows:

Miles.

Total length of shafts and inclines 76

Total length of tunnels and galleries 377

Total length of winzes and upraises 42

Total 495

The following table shows the number of workmen employed in the
deep mines of the different states and territories:

Deep mines: personnel.

I

PERSONNEL.

State or Territory.

Total.

Staff.

Foremen

Miners.

Surface
men.

Number
of mines
reported.

The United States

19,147

732

635

13,770

4,010

693

Alabama

17
853

1

54

2
42

7
573

7
184

2

52

144

MINERALS AND METALS.
Deep mines: personnel.- — Continued.

PERSONNEL.

State or Territory.

Total.

Staff.

Foremen.

Miners .

Surface
men.

Number
of mines
reported.

California

3,159

6,120

960

145

431

131

1,164

3,550

26

215

529

116

1,530

105

7

89

63
192
66
10
35

9

32

138

2

8
21

8
86

3

75

212

32

10

20

12

61

84

1

13

14

6

42

3

1

5

2,291

4,522

604

60

317

74

771

2,713

21

150

309

80

1,143

73

2

60

730

1,194

258

65

59

36

300

615

2

44
185

22
259

26
4

20

87

Colorado . .

55

Dakota

58

Georgia

10

Idaho

34

Maine

8

67

Nevada

88

New Hampshire

3

New Mexico

13

North Carolina

12

9

Utah

82

5

Washington •

1

Wyoming

4

7

The present examination could not result in ascertaining the total
number of miners employed in the deep precious metal mines, since only
those reaching a certain standard were taken into consideration. The
table, therefore, probably represents not more than two-fifths of those who
habitually gain their livelihood by mining. Indeed, in considerable areas,
especially in most parts of the Great Basin, almost the whole population
is either directly or indirectly dependent upon the mines for support.
The table, however, serves to illustrate the numerical relations which the
different classes of employes bear to one another. The preponderance of
the staff over foremen is to be accounted for by the fact that in many
comparatively small mines the superintendent acts as foreman, although
not participating in the manual labor, while, in large mines, there is often
a considerable staff of clerks, assayers, etc., in addition to the superin-
tendent.

The average pay, as deduced from the returns, is 26.7 cents an hour,
or, say, $2.67 a day of ten hours. Under "surface men" in the foregoing,
various classes are included, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and other
mechanics, as well as unskilled laborers, and the average price paid to
this class, therefore, varies very greatly. The wages paid to the miners
per shift, on the other hand, are pretty regular over extensive areas as
the table below shows. They are highest in the Great Basin, but lower

MINERALS AND METALS.

145

in Utah than in Idaho, Nevada and Arizona on account of the presence
of Mormon settlements. Mormons seldom become miners, but furnish
the mining population with supplies and transportation cheaper than these
necessaries can be furnished in the western portion of the basin. The
hours of labor vary much more than the wages, though ten hours is the
usual day's work. The ordinary length of shift on the Comstock lode,
where the work is extremely trying on account of the high temperature,
is eight hours, but is often reduced to six hours for men employed in
excessively hot places. Eight-hour shifts are in use away from the Com-
stock in a considerable number of mines where it is desirable, for any
reason, to press the work; but it is well understood that the night shift is
less efficient than the others. The mines in which the men are called
upon to work twelve hours are few in number and most of them are in
the southern states.

In estimating the total amount of wages paid to deep precious-metal
miners it must be remembered that very few of them are never out of
work. In most camps there is always a large number of men who, though
miners by occupation, are temporarily idle. It is not probable that the
50,000 miners (estimated) actually receive more than an average of $2.00
per day each for 300 days, or in the aggregate $30,000,000 per annum.

Deep mines: usual wages per shift of miners and foremen.

State or Territory.

Alabama .
Arizona . .
California
Colorado .
Dakota. . .
Georgia . .

Idaho

Maine

Montana .

Miners.

Foremen.

$1 00

$1 00

4 00

5 00 j

3 25

5 00

3 00

5 00 |

3 50

5 50

1 00

2 00

4 00

5 00

1 50

2 00

3 50

5 00

State or Territory.

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Mexico

North Carolina

Oregon

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Wyoming

Miners.

$4 00

1 50

2 75

1 00

3 00

3 25

1 25

2 50

3 00

Foremen.

$6 50

00
50
00
00
00
25

4 00

The wages given in this table are representative. They were obtained
as averages, but the expressions of odd cents would complicate the data
without serving any useful end.

Mr. J.J. Valentine, vice-president and general manager of Wells, Fargo
& Co., has prepared the following statement of the bullion product of the
states and territories west of the Missouri river in 1884, including value

146

MINERALS AND METALS,

of base bullion (lead and copper), and also including the partial products
of British Columbia and the west coast of Mexico.

States and Territories.

California . . .

Nevada

Oregon

Washington .

Alaska

Idaho .......

Montana

Utah

Colorado
New Mexico

Arizona

Dakota

Total

Mexico (west coast)
British Columbia . .

Total.

Gold dust
and bullion
by express.

$12,282,471

1,527,859

368,315

45,964

35,014

1,010,077

1,875,000

31,501

2,575,861

157,688

360,791

2,726,847

Gold dust
and bullion

by otner
conveyances.

22,997,388
285,256
647,719

23,930,363

614,123

184,157
22,982
80,000

150,000

Silver

bullion by

express.

1,504,705

5,905,304

2,695

1,179

4,134

60,000
100,000
150,000

1,365,396
140,000

1,505,396

812,100
6,175,000
2,657,054
4,877,888

906,248
3,139,628

110,000

Ores and

base bullion

by freight.

871,689
1,455,776

26,091,801
2,257,144

28,348,945

1,570,000
3,812,000
4,697,147
12,780,000
2,536,678
3,455,960

31,179,250
12,000

31,191,250

Total.

.$15,272,988

8,888,939

555,167

70,125

115,014

3,542,177

11,862,000

7,389,836

20,233,749

3,660,614

7,056,379

2,986,847

81,633,835

2,554,400

787,719

84,975,954

The values of the gold, silver, copper, and lead, segregated, were:

Per cent.

Value.

Gold

30.90

53.90

7.16

8.04

$26,256,542

45,799,069

6,086,252

6,834,091

84,975,954

As nearly as can be ascertained, the total production of gold in the
United States since 1804 has been $1,676,914,670 and of silver, $669,
683,217; total, $2,346,597,887.

Production of gold and silver in the United States to December 31, 1884.

Periods.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

Output of the Southern states from 1804 to the discovery
of gold in California in 1848 (based on estimates of Prof.
J. D. Whitney)

Product from 1848 to 1879, inclusive, by fiscal years

Fiscal year ending June 30, 1880 (census figures, covering
a period one month earlier, assumed)

$ 13,243,475
1,484,041,532

33,379,663

$ 422,722,260
41,110,957

$ 13,243,475
1,906,763,792

74,490,620

MINERALS AND METALS. 147

Production of gold and silver in the United States to December 31, 1884. — Continued.

Periods.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

July 1, 1880, to Deoember 31, 1880 (estimated on the basis
of half the product of the fiscal year 1881, as reported by
Hon. Horatio 0. Burchard, Director of the Mint)

Calendar years 1881 to 1884, inclusive (as reported by Hon.
Horatio 0. Burchard, Director of the Mint)

18,250,000
128,000,000

21,050,000
184,800,000

39,300,000
312,800,000

Total product of the United States to close of 1884

1,676,914,670

669,683,217

2,346,597,887

The rank held by the different states and territories in the production
of gold and silver in 1884 is shown below:

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

1. California.

1.

Colorado.

1.

Colorado.

2. Colorado.

2.

Montana.

2.

California.

3. Nevada.

3.

Utah.

3.

Montana.

4. Dakota.

4.

Nevada.

4.

Nevada.

5. Montana.

5.

Arizona.

5.

Utah.

6. Idaho.

6.

( California.
} New Mexico.

6.

Arizona.

7. Arizona.

7.

Idaho.

8. Oregon.

8.

Idaho.

8.

Dakota.

9. New Mexico.

9.

Dakota.

9.

New Mexico

10. Alaska.

10.

Oregon.

10.

Oregon.

11. North Carolina.

11.

" Other."

11.

Alaska.

12. Georgia.

12.

North Carolina.

12.

North Carolin

13. Utah.

13.

Washington.

13.

Georgia.

14. Washington.

14.

South Carolina.

14.

Washington.

15. "Other."

15.

"Other."

16. South Carolina.

16.

South Carolina.

17. Wyoming.

17.

Wyoming.

18. Virginia.

18.

Virginia.

In the first complete report made by the government, some statistics
were collected regarding the profits in mining. In this report it was
said: "The production of gold and silver, like that of other commodities,
is of course not one of clear profit. Indeed, a saying that it costs $1.00 in
coin to produce $1.00 in bullion has gained more or less credit, and though
this opinion has been abundantly shown to be unfounded, and, while also
any attempt to estimate the profit gained to the country by the mining of
the precious metals is mere guesswork, it is still quite probable that
$500,000,000 of the gross total has been net profit.'" This opinion was
based upon a consideration of the large profits which attended the earlier
mining enterprises. The margin of profit, especially in gold mining, is

148

MINERALS AND METALS.

undoubtedly smaller now than formerly. It is impossible to ascertain the
actual returns to investors, owing to the large number of mines not oper-
ated by corporations and from which no reports are published; but the
following statement has been made from the published returns for 1883
and 1884, from which it appears that in these years the reported dividends
were not greatly in excess of the reported assessments. Still it must be
remembered that the returns are very imperfect, and that, for obvious
reasons, the published announcements of assessments are proportionately
nearer the truth than the reports of dividends, while a vast number of
smaller unincorporated mines, which could not be operated at a loss, are
not represented.

Assessments and dividends reported in 1883.

Assessm'ts.

Dividends.

States and Territories.

Amount.

Mines.

Number of
dividends.

Amount.

Alaska

$20 9,50

165,500

1,196,044

3
13
17
3
1
4
5
6
1
5

14
56
31
18

6
16
39
25

5
13

$600,000

California

1,00 t,976

1,200,750

Dakota

10,000

645,500

24,000

85,000

513,824

New Mexico . .

4,244,490

584,000
500,000

Utah

52,000

1,582.000

Total

5,688,284

58

223

6,740,050

Assessments and dividends reported in 1884.

Alaska

Arizona

California . . .
Colorado

Dakota

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico .

Utah

Vermont

Total .

States and Territories.

Assessm'ts.

Dividends.

Amount. Mines, ^nl^of Amount.

$3,400
137,000
768,350

3,632,950
68,000

4,609,700

3

13

14
3

8
5

2
5

1

54

4
69
34
34
38
18

3
24

3

227

$117,500

1,850.948

1,419,000

578,250

922,000

201,500

190,000

2,257,500

31,000

7,567,698

MINERALS AND METALS.

149

Financial showing of mining companies whose stocks were dealt in at the San Fran-
cisco boards at close of census year, for that and previous years.

DIVIDENDS.

ASSESSMENTS.

Profit.

Company.

No.

Amount.

No.

Amount.

Lobs.

Was oe mines

399

$115,871,100

1,000

$61,715,535

$97,547,430

$43,391,865

Alpha Consolidated

12
17

6

7
14

3
19
22

3
17

4
19
14
31

330,000

1,317,000

54,000

172,500

425,000

45,000

1,015,000

1,990,000

162,000

942,590

25,000

332,000

3,352,000

1,935,000

330,000

Alta

1,317,600
54,000

Amazon Consolidated

American Flat

172,500

Andes

425,000

45,000

1,015,00(1

Atlantic Consolidated . .

Baltimore Consolidated ... .

Belcher

38

15,397,200

13,407,200

162,000

Best & Belcher

942,590

Brilliant

25,000

Buckeye

332,000

3,352,000

1,935,000

California

34

31,320,000

31,320,000

Challenge Consolidated .......

1

3

11

11

1

15

1

5

41

6

5

7

10

2

1

8

15

2

3

4

3

1

1

37

14

64

5

3

4

12

32

13

10,000

168,000

256,320

1,125,000

50,000

411,200

8,000

125,000

2,373,370

49,500

91,800
390,000
750,000

25,000

10,000
126,000
530,000

35,000
100,000

10,000

Chollar

168,000

Confidence

6

78 000

178,320

Consolidated Imperial

1,125,000

Consolidated Dorado

50,000

Consolidated Virginia

51

42,390,000

41,978,800

Consolidated Washoe

8,000

Cosmopolitan

125,000

Crown Point

50

11,588,000

9,214,630

Crown Point Ravine

49,500

2

56,000

35,800

I >ardanelles

390,000

750,000

De Haro

25,000

10,000

126,000

Exchequer

530,000

35,000

Flowery

100.000

Franklin

George Douglass

45,000

10,000

100,000

3,152,000

45,000
10,000

Golden Gate

100,000

Gould & Curry

36

3,826,800

674,800

Green

Hale & Norcross

36

1,598,000

3,306,000

14,700

18,000

95,000

1,229,000

3,230,000

300.000

1,708,000

Hartford

14,700

Insurance

18,000

Joe Scates

95,000

Julia Consolidated

1,229,000

3,230,000

32

1,252,000

952,000

150

MINERALS AND METALS.

Financial showing of mining companies, etc. — Continued.

Company,

Kossuth

Lady Bryan

Lady Washington

Lee

Leviathan

Mackey

Mary Ann

Maryland

Mexican

Midas

Mint

Mount Hood

Mountain View

Nevada

New York

Niagara

North Bonanza

North Carson

North Consolidated Virginia.

North Sierra Nevada

Occidental

Ophir

Original Gold Hill

Original Keystone

Overman

Patten

Peytona

Phil. Sheridan

Pioneer

Potosi

Prospect

Sabine

Savage

Scorpion

Segregated Belcher

Segregated Gold Hill

Senator

Sierra Nevada

Silver City

Silver Hill

Solid Silver

South Comstock

South Utah

Saint Louis

Succor

Sutro

Tolo

Trojan

Union Consolidated

Utah

DIVIDENDS.

No.

24

52

11

Amount.

$1,595,800

4,460,000

102,500

22,800

ASSESSMENTS.

No.

4
1
1

10
3
1
1

11
2

22
3
1
3

22
5
5
9

16
2
6

35
8
3

45
2
2
9
2
3
6
2

42
7

16
1
1

63
1

10
3
6
4
1

24
4
2

12

14

30

Amount.

$421,200

200,000

21,600

5,000

315.000

35,000

10,500

5,400

1,243,000

21,000

142,500

35,000

25,000

18,000

900,000

99,000

175,000

160,000

820,000

10,000

112,500

2,689,400

102,000

125,000

3,162,800

20,000

70,000

145,000

15,000

168,000

260,000

25,000

4,964,000

122,000

264,000

12,000

10,800

3,850,000

15,775

1,620,000

75,000

79,000

35,000

16,200

798,000

25,680

25,000

315,000

860,000

1,030,000

Profit.

Loss.

$421,200

200,000

21,600

5,000

315,000

35,000

10,500

5,400

1,243,000

21,000

142,500

35,000

25,000

18,000

900,000

99,000

175,000

160,000

820,000

10,000

112,500

1,093,600

102,000

125,000

3,162,800

20,000

70,000

145,000

15,000

168,000

260,000

25,000

504,000

122,000

264,000

12,000

10,800

3,747,500

15,775

1,620,000

75,000

79,000

35,000

16,200

775,200

25,680

25,000

315,000

860,000

1,030,000

MINERALS AND METALS.

Financial showing of mining companies, etc. — Continued.

151

dividends!

ASSESSMENTS.

Profit.

Company.

No.

Amount.

No.

Amount.

Loss,

3

2
5

14
6

37

$ 35,000

44,000

198,000

264,600

630,000

4,638,000

$ 35,000

Vermont Consolidated

44,000

Ward

*

198,000

264,600

Woodville Consolidated

630,000

Yellow Jacket

25

.$2,184,000

2,454,000

Bodie Mines

23

1,225,000

160

2,671,500

$1,150,000

2,596,500

Addenda

3
4
4
6
8
2
5
1
6
2
2
1
2
5
3
8
1
6
1
8
4
5
7
2
2
3
4
6
7
3
1
1
1
1
3
7
6

60,000
39,000
75,000
93,000

112,500
75,000

130,000
30,000

145,000
15,000
15,000
60,000
7,500
70,000
22,500

60,000

Aurora tunnel

39,000

Bechtel Consolidated

75,000

93,000

112,500

Bodie Consolidated

8

400,000

325,000

Booker Consolidated

130,000

30,000

145,000

15,000

15,000

Consolidated Pacific

60,000

7,500

Defiance

70,000

Double Standard

22,500

Dudley

144,000
25,000

105,000
15,000

134,000

144,000

Glvnndale Consolidated

25,000

Goodshaw

105,000

Ida

15,000

Jupiter

134,000

Maybell Consolidated

30,000

90,000

225,000

18,000

27,000

50,000

32,000

46,000

105,000

50,000

5,000

5,000

6,000

7,500

50,000

145,000

87,500

30,000

McClinton

90,000

Mono

225,000

Noonday

18,000

North Noonday

27,000

Orient

50,000

Oro

32,000

Queen Bee

46,000

Red Cloud Consolidated

105,000

Richter

50,000

Riqueza

5,000

Rough and Ready Consolidated.

5,000

Rustler

6,000

Santa Mina

7,500

South Bodie

50,000

South Bulwer

145,000

South Standard

87,500

Standard Consolidated

15

825,000

825,000

5
9
5

90,000

175,000

55,000

90,000

Tioga Consolidated.

175,000

55,000

152

MINERALS AND METALS.
Financial showing of mining companies, etc.— Continued.

DIVIDENDS.

ASSESSMENTS,

Profit,

Company.

No.

Amount.

No.

Amount.

Loats.

Nevada (excepting Washoe) .

187

$12,221,499

327

■$8,613,561

$9,745,000

$6,137,062

Adams Hill Consolidated

10
2

10
5
1
1

24
1
6

10

14
1

13
4
2
2
5
7
3
7
3
9
6
2

11
9

13
3
6

15
2
7
2
3
6
2

99,500

30,000
300,000
100,000

10,000

30,000
615,000

25,000

85,000
140,000
210,000

10,000
587,500
125,000
100,000

20,000
100,000
170,000
225,000
305,000
110,000
140,000
135,000

12,000
227,500
450,000
372,500
150,000
750,000
480,000

25,000
162,500

37,500

50,500
155,000

25,000

99,500

Albion Consolidated

30,000

American Flag

300,000

Argenta

2

40,000

60,000
10,000

Atlas

Belle Isle

6

300,000

270,000

Belmont

615,000

Columbia Consolidated

25,000

Day

85,000

De Frees

140,000

Eagle

210,000

East Mount Diablo

10,000

El Dorado South Consolidated .

587,500

125,000

Eureka Consolidated

55

4,330,000

4,230,000

Fourth of July

20,000

General Thomas

100,000

Gila

2
4

50,000
400,000

120,000

Grand Prize

175,000

Hamburg

305,000

Hillside

110,000

Hussey Consolidated

140,000

Independence

9
5

225,000
102,000

90,000
90,000

Indian Queen , .

Jackson

227,500

K. K. Consolidated

4
6
7
3
17

50,000

162,500

400,000

90,000

1,260,000

400,000

Leopard

210,000

Manhattan

250,000

Martin White

660,000

Meadow Valley. .

780,000

Metallic

25,000

Monitor-Belmont

3

75,000

87,500

Mount Diablo

37,500

Mount Potosi Consolidated. . . .

50,000

Navajo

155,000

North Belle Isle. . .

25,000

Northern Belle

31
1

1,525,000
31,999

1,525,000

Original Hidden Treasure

Panther

11

11

1

22

2

14

10

7

4

3

5

10

330,061
87,500
25,000

298,062

87,500

Paradise Valley

25,000

Phoenix

Pleiades

10,000
740,000
355,000
157,500

65,000
130,000

50,000

94,500

10,000

Raymond & Ely

23

3,075,000

2,335,000

Real del Monte

355,000

Rye Patch Consolidated

Silver Prize

9

105,000

52,500

65,000

Star

130,000

Tuscarora

50,000

94,500

95' 93" 91° 89"

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

OAKS.

(.Compiled from the Government Forestry Reports.)

MINERALS AND METALS.

Financial showing of mining companies, etc. — Continued.

153

DIVIDENDS

ASSESSMENTS.

Profit.

Company.

No

Amount

No.

Amount.

Loss.

California (except' g Bodie). .

39

4
34

$584,000

33

$1,542,500

$486,500

$1,445,000

Comanche

47,500
486,500

3

100,000

52,500

Consolidated Amador

486,500

4
9
10
6
1

275,000
600,000
430,000
112,500
25,000

275,000

Modoc Consolidated

1

50,000

550,000

430,000

112,500
25,000

Dakota

17

510,000

16

840,000

310,000

640,000

7
4
3
2

290,000
200,000
150,000
200.000

290,000

200,000

150,000

Homestake

17

510,000

310,000

Arizona

9

450,000

5

195,000

450,000

195,000

1

25,000

25,000

Silver King

9

450,000

450,000

Tip-Top

4

170,000

170,000

Idaho

13

500,000

24

890,000

390,000

Florida Hill

2

22

20,000
870,000

20,000

Golden Chariot

13

500,000

370.000

Utah

7

78,000

1

6,000

72,000

Leeds

7

78,000

1

6,000

72,000

Scattered

7

111,750

111,750

Revenue

1

6

50,000
61,750

50,000

Silver West Consolidated

61,750

Recapitulation.

Location of Mine.

Total

Washoe

Nevada (excepting Washoe). .

Bodie

California (excepting Bodie) .

Dakota . . „

Arizona

Idaho

Utah

Scattered

DIVIDENDS.

No.

694

399

187

23

39

17

9

13

7

Amount.

$131,439,599

115,871,100

12,221,499

1,225,000

584,000

510,000

450,000

500,000

78,000

ASSESSMENTS.

No.

1,663

1,090

327

160

33

16

5

24

1

7

Amount.

$76,585,846

61,715,535

8,613,561

2,671,500

1,542,500

840,000

195,000

890,000

6,000

111,750

Net profit.

$58,090,503

54,155,565
3,607,938

255,000
72,000

Net loss.

$3,236,750

1,446,500
958,500
330,000

390,000
111,750

Total dividends . . .
Total assessments .

$131,439,599

76,585,846

Total net profits . . . . $54,853,753

154

MINERALS AND METALS.

In 1883 the value of the gold and silver consumed in the United
States in the manufacture of chemicals, watches, jewelry, instruments,
plate, etc., and in repairs, was stated at $14,223,448 gold, and $5,392,777
silver; total, $19,616,225. In 1884 the corresponding amounts were esti-
mated at $14,500,000 gold, $5,500,000 silver, and $20,000,000 total.
This consumption has attracted much attention, in view of the heavy
draft upon the coin circulation of this country, and in consideration of
the similar absorption of the precious metals, especially of gold, which is
going on abroad. If the figures are correct, the apparent consumption of
gold in the arts is nearly one-half of the total gold product. It should be
remembered, however, that a considerable portion of the gold and silver
temporarily absorbed in this way returns again into circulation as coin,
and that of this total consumption only about one-half is domestic bullion
produced in the same year. Thus, in 1884, the industrial consumption of
new bullion, produced by mines of the United States in that year, is esti-
mated by Mr. Burchard to have been only $6,000,000 gold, $4,500,000
silver, and $10,500,000 total.

The annexed table shows the total output of the precious metals in the
world, as nearly as can be estimated. For several of the countries there
are no official figures, and, in some cases, it has been necessary to repeat
earlier statistics, in the absence of fresh reports. The yield of gold
appears to be steadily declining, while that of silver is increasing. The
annual contribution of the United States to the world's stock of the pre-
cious metals is now about one-third of the total gold supply and about two-
fifths of the silver.

The world's production of gold and silver.

COUNTRIES.

United States

Russia

Australia

Mexico

Germany

Austria-Hungary . . .

Sweden

Norway

Italy

Spain

Turkey

Argentine Republic.

1881.

Gold.

$34,700,000

24,371,343

30,690,000

858,909

232,610

1,240,808

665

72,375

4,918
78,546

Silver.

Countries.

$43,000,000

332,198

164,983

27,675,540

7,771,304

1,303,280

48,875

199,987

17,949

3,096,220

71,441

420,225

Colombia. .
Bolivia

Cbili

Brazil ....

Japan

Africa

Venezuela

Canada

France

Total.

Gold.

$4,000,000

72,375

128,869

741,694

466,548

1,993,800

2,274,692

1,094,926

Silver.

$1,000,000

11,000,000

5,081,747

916,400

68,205

$103,023,078 $102,168,354

MINERALS AND METALS.
Force employed at the Ontario mill.

155

Class.

Foreman

Chief engineer

Assayer

Clerk

Night boss .

Ore- weigher

Rock-breaker

Carmen and drying-furnace feeders

Ore-driers

Battery-feeders

Amalgamators

Carmen-

Furnacernen

Cooling-floor men

Engineers

Firemen

Salt-feeders

Watchmen

Carpenters

Machinists

Machinists' helpers

Ketorter

Melter

Storehouse-keeper

Blacksmiths

Wood haulers and team

Assayer's helper

Tailings-pit man

Number
employed.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

12
3
4
2
6

12
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1

Length of
shift hours.

Wages
per shift.

12
10

10
12

12
12
8
8
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

$4 50
4 00

3 00

4 00
$3 00 and 3 50

3 00 to

00
50
00
00
00
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00
50

3 75

3 25 and 5 00

7 50

■ 2 50

3 00

Rate of wages of different classes of employes in the Comstock mills.

Class.

Wages per shift.

Class.

Wages per shift.

Agitatormen

$3 50

4 00

5 00
$3 00 to 3 50

5 00 to 6 00
3 50 to 4 00

4 00
5 00 to 7 00
3 00 to 4 00

4 00
5 00 to 6 00

$3 00 to H 00

Amalgamators

Masons

6 00

Blacksmiths

Oilers

Panmen

3 50 to 4 00

Blanket-sweepers . .

4 50 to 5 00

Carpenters

3 50 to 4 00

Chargers

Refiners

Tankmen

4 00 to 4 50

Driers

3 50 to 4 00

Engineers

Teamsters

3 50

Feeders

3 50 to 4 00

Firemen

Woodmen

3 50

Foremen

156

MINERALS AND METALS.

Rate of wages paid per shift for different c/asses of employes in the Comstock mines.

Blacksmiths $4 00 to $

Blacksmiths' helpers 4 00

Brakemen 4 00 to

Carmen 4 00 to

Carpenters 5 00 to

Engineers 4 00 to

Firemen 4 00 to

Foremen 6 00 to

6 00

4 50

4 50

6 50

7 00

4 50

10 00

Laborers and surfacemen .... $3 50 to %-k 00

Machinists 5 00 to 6 00

Miners 4 00 to 4 25

Pumpmen 4 00 to 6 00

Oilers 2 50 to 4 00

Kopemen 4 00 to 5 00

Shift bosses 5 00 to 6 00

Wood-passers and sawyers ... 4 00

The following table shows the dimensions of some of the long tunnels
of the world:

Name of Tunnel,.

Hoosac

Musconetcong

Sutro (including laterals)

Nesquehoning

Allegheny

Sandidge

New Sandidge

Leeds

Billy

Nerthe

Saint Martin

Blaisy

Bildstock

Frejus

Saint Gothard

Dudley Canal

Huddersfield Canal

Kennel and Avon Canal

Pensar Canal

Thames aDd Medway

Thames and Severn Canal

Sierra Madre

San Carlos and Union Pacific.

Severn tunnel

Wochtestongo

Ernst August

Georg tunnel

Joseph II., Schemnitz

Country.

Mont Cenis France, Italy

United States.

. ... do

....do

....do

....do

England

. ... do

....do

France

....do

....do

....do

Germany

France

Switzerland . . ,
England

... do

...do

...do

...do

...do

Mexico

England .
Mexico . .
Germany
...do....
... do ... .

Length.

Feet.
24,416
4,879
29,897
3,800
4,711
16,035
16,305
11,119
11,319
15,220
31,826
13,452
18,915
12,833
48,887
11,328
16,650
13,200
11,550
11,880
12,540
63,390
13,200
23,760
21,659
71,280
56,760
48,840
40,138

Width.

Feet.
26
26
10 to 12
16
26

Height.

24.20
26.20
26.20
26.25

30
15

11

Feet.
22f

21
8 to 9

19
19.50

19.2
24.50

18
26.25

38
15

13

PETROLEUM.

The well-known oil " Petroleum " has been found in great abundance
in the United States. Until this time, the area in which it has been pro-
duced is comparatively small; but geologists assert that the oil-bearing

MINERALS AND METALS.

157

rocks of the country cover an area of 200,000 square miles. The origin
of the oil is accounted for on several theories, none of them entirely satis-
factory. All agree, however, that it is a product of sea-weed confined in
and under salt water, as coal is produced by terrestrial vegetation under
fresh water

The most extensive oil regions that have been discovered are found
in northwestern Pennsylvania, and in the vicinity of the Allegheny river
and its tributaries. It is also found in considerable quantities in West
Virginia along the valley of the Little Kanawa river. Oil is found in
Ohio, Kentucky, Michigan, and California. In all these localities, the oil
is generally found in pools or "pockets," and hitherto has been pumped
out of each fissure in a short time. The annual production of petroleum
for any number of years can not be given with any accuracy, varying, as
it does, so greatly.

In the following table, the first column shows the total number of gal-
lons of crude petroleum produced in the different years ; the last column
shows the shipments of crude petroleum and the refined petroleum reduced
to crude equivalent, out of the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields.

Years.

1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877

Production. Shipment.

5,205,234
6,293,194
9,844,744

10,926,945
8,787,506
8,968,906

13,135,475

5,664,791
5,899,947
9,499,775
8,821,500
8,942,938
10,164,452
12,832,573

Yeabs.

1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884

Production.

15,163,462
19,785,176
26,027,631
27,376,509
30,053,500
23,117,229
23,622,758

Shipment.

13,676,000
15,886,470
15,677,492
20,284,235
21,900,314
21,979,369
23,657,597

The following table shows the number of wells and the average daily
production in gallons, of the Pennsylvania and New York. oil fields from
1872 to 1884:

Yeabs.

Number of
wells.

Average

daily

production.

Yeabs.

Number of
wells.

Average

daily

production.

1872

4,205
4,109
3,276
3,098
4,694
7,383
9,561

17,194
27,106
29,937
24,075
24,505
35,988
41,544

1879

11,283
13,234
16,668
19,027
17,918
21,531

54,206

1873

1880

1881

71,114

1874

75,004

1875

1882

82,338

1876

1883 :.

63.335

1877

1884

64,544

1878

158

MINERALS AND METALS.

The following table shows the total gallons of stocks of crude petro-
leum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields for the three last months
of the years named :

Yeabs.

October.

November.

December.

1871

495,102

914,423

1,452,777

3,134,902

3,672,101

3,040,108

2,504,012

4,221,769

7,794,634

16,877,019

25,309,361

32,608,533

35,613,915

38,192,317

502,960

886,909

1,493,875

3,449,845

3,701,235

2,955,092

2,471,798

4,289,309

8,051,469

18,025,409

25,509,285

33,728,555

35,506,653

37,925,756

532,000

1872

1,084,423

1873

1,025,157

1874

3,705,639

1875

3,550,207

1876

2,551,199

1877

3,127,837

1878

4,615,299

1879

8,470,490

1880

18,928,430

1881

26,019,704

1882

34,596,612

1883

35,745,632

1884

37,366,126

LEAD.

Lead ore is found usually in connection with copper and silver.
It is found variously along the northeastern coasts of the United States,
from the British provinces to North Carolina, bu~t in small areas and quan-
tities. The Mississippi valley contains the largest and richest mines of
lead. The field which lies within Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin covers an
area of 4,800 square miles. The largest single mine is found at Galena
in Illinois. Copper is also found at Galena. Lead is found in large quan-
tities in Missouri and in Arkansas ; in both these states, it lies at consider-
able distance below the surface.

The lead mines of Arkansas have not been developed extensively,
and their full extent and value are not definitely known. In Missouri, the
most important lead-producing center is at Grandley, in the southwestern
part of the State. A vast deposit has been found here; and though it
lies far below the surface, its development has proved very profitable and
the industry is increasing.

Up to the year 1873, no specific data concerning the relative lead output
of the different producing districts were available. For the succeeding
years the quantities of desilverized lead and of non-argentiferous lead
and the percentage of the former in the total have been added because
they reveal clearly the growing importance of the former industry, which

MINERALS AND METALS.

159

has its seat in the Rocky mountains; while almost the whole of the non-
argentiferous lead is produced in Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, and Wiscon-
sin, only a small quantity being made in Virginia. In the following table
the tons are short tons of 2,000 pounds:

Production of lead in the United States.

Years.

Total pro-
duction.

Desilverized
lead.

Non-argen-
tiferous
lead.

Percentage

of

desilverized

lead.

1873

Short tons.

42,540

52,080

59,640

64,070

81,900

91,060

92,780

97,825

117,085

132,890

143,957

139,897

Short tons.

20,159

Short tons.

22,381

Per cent.

47.7

1874

1875..

34,909

37,649

50,748

64,290

64,650

70,135

86,315

103,875

122,157

119,965

24,699
26,421
31,152
26,770
28,130
27,690
30,770
29,015
21,800
19,932

58.5

1876

58.8

1877

62.0

1878

70.6

1879

69.7

1880

71.7

1881

r<3.7

1882

78.3

1883

84.8

1884

86.4

Total

1,873,134

An effort has been made to trace the source of the lead produced in
the United States, in order thus to obtain some clew to the comparative
importance of the different states and territories as producers of this
metal. Such an inquiry is beset with a great many difficulties, due to the
active interchange between the different political divisions of the West.
Ore goes from one state or territory to another, and its lead contents
appear in the returns of the state in which the smelter is located by which
it was treated. A majority of the refining and desilverizing works smelt
ores also, often buying them through sampling works, so that they are
ignorant of the source from which they came. Some of these works
refine only a part of the base bullion obtained in their own smelting works,
shipping the balance to other refiners. The lead thus loses its identity
and the returns of refiners and smelters, the preparation of which alone
requires much labor, must be thoroughly examined. These returns have
been kindly furnished by the different refining works and by many of the
large smelting works known to handle more than simply local ores. But
even with all the data at hand, only an estimate can be submitted, abso-

160

MINERALS AND METALS.

lute accuracy being unattainable. The following figures are the results
of the investigation:

Source of the lead produced in the United States in 1 883 and 1884, by states and

territories.

States and Territories.

1883.

1884.

Utah

Short tons.

29,000
6,000

70,557
5,000
6,000
2,400
1,500
1,700

21,600
200

Short tons.
28,000

Nevada

4,000

Colorado

63,165

Montana

7,000

Idaho

7,500

New Mexico

6,000

2,700

California ,

1,600

Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, and Wisconsin

19,676

Virginia

256

Total

143,957

139,897

COPPER.

Copper is found in a remarkably pure state, but more frequently in
connection with other substances, as sulphur, oxygen, etc. North Caro-
lina has the richest copper mines east of the Mississippi river. It is found
in small quantities along the Allegheny mountains, also in California and
Idaho. The great copper region of the country is in Michigan, along the
borders of Lake Superior. It is here found in an entirely pure state.

In the face of all the discouraging circumstances of the past few years,
the United States has forged ahead to the position of the greatest copper,
producer of the world, and now occupies a leading rank as a contributor
of raw material to its markets. American copper goes abroad now in
the form of ore, of matte, of black copper, of refined metal, and of elec-
trolytic copper, every important producing region participating in the
movement. It, is to be regretted that we have not, during the past two
years, made any substantial progress in placing the metal in foreign
markets in a manufactured form. In the earlier stages of manufacture in our
rolling-mills rule of thumb reigns supreme, and the practice in mixing
alloys and in melting is spoken of as very crude by men of unquestioned
authority. It is in the subsequent mechanical process of shaping the
metal, in the taste shown in the make-up of the goods, and in their ex-
ceptionally high quality, that American rolling-mills and brass and bronze

121" 110° 117

115' 113' HI" 109' 107'

105" 103- lor

Key of Shades.

I

1 Species,

2 «

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

MINERALS AND METALS.

161

manuiactones are said, by experts, to be far in advance of foreign rivals.
Our own producers look with some impatience to the time when the home
sales will be enlarged by a demand for raw material for manufactures to
be exported, which would go hand in hand with lower prices for manufact-
ured goods in this country, and therefore lead to an expanded home
consumption.

The growth in the production of copper in the United States, com-
piled up to 1884, inclusive, from the best data available, is shown in the
following table. It proves in a striking manner how preponderating
was, until the past few years, the influence of the Lake Superior district;
and again of one great mine in it, the Calumet and Hecla, for more than
a decade. In order to point out more clearly how preponderating has
been the output of the Lake district from 1847 to ^So, a column has
been added giving its percentage of the total product from year to year.
It should be stated that the yield of copper from pyrites is not here
included.

Production of copper in the United States from 1845 to 1884, inclusive.

Years.

Total pro-
duction.

Lake
Superior.

Calumet

and
Hecla.

Percent- 1
age of Lake
Superior
of total
product.

Years.

Total pro-
duction.

Lake
Superior.

Calumet

and
Hecla.

Percent-
age of Lake
Superior.
of total
product.

1845...

Lonq tons.

100

150

300

500

700

650

900

1,100

2,000

2,250

3,000

4,000

4,800

5,500

6,300

7,200

7,500

9,000

8,500

8,000

8,500

Long tons.

12

26

213

461

672

572

779

792

1,297

1,819

2,593

3,666

4,255

4,088

3,985

5,388

6,713

6,065

5,797

5,576

6,410

Long tons.

12.0

17.0
71.0
92.5
96.0
88.0

1866..
1867..
1868..
1869..
1870..
1871 . .
1872..
1873..
1874..
1875..
1876..
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..

Total.

Long tons.
8,900
10,000
11,600
12,500
12,600
13,000
12,500
15,500
17,500
18,000
19,000
21,000
21,500
23,000
27,000
32,000
40,467
51,574
63,555

Long tons.
6,138
7,824
9,346
11,883
10,992
11,942
10,961
13,433
15,327
16,089
17,085.
17,422
17,719
19,129
22,204
24,363
25,439
26,653
30,916

Long tons.

68.8

1846..

603

2,276

5,497

6,277

7,242

7,215

8,414

8,984

9,586

9,683

10,075

11,272

11,728

14,140

14,000

14,309

14,788

17,812

78.2

1847..

80.6

1848..

95.1

1849...

87.2

1850...

91.9

1851...

86.6

95.7

1852...

72.0
64.9
71.1
86.4
91.6
88.7
74.3
63.3
74.8
89.1
67.4
67.0
69.7
75.4

87.3

1853...

87.6

1854. .

89 4

1855...

88.9

1856...

82.9

1857...

82.4

1858...

83.2

1859. . .

82 2

1860. . .

76.1

1861...

62.1

1862...

50.1

1863...

48.4

1864...
1865...

512,146

376,047

173,901

73.4

162

MINERALS AND METALS.

There are a few small mines in the Lake Superior region from which
no official figures are procurable; their product is estimated at 60,000
pounds for 1884, and this added to the product of the mines giving reliable
reports, namely 69,188,633, gives the total product for the region at about
69,250,000 pounds. The following table gives the production and distri-
bution of copper for three }^ears.

The figures include all the mines from which reports were procurable,
and are from official sources. The year 1884 is the last of which com-
plete and reliable statistics can be obtained.

Total copper production in the United States in 1882, 1883, and 1884.

Source.

Lake Superior

Arizona

Montana

New Mexico

California

Colorado

Utah

Wyoming

Nevada

Idaho

Missouri

Maine and New Hampshire

Vermont

Southern States

Middle States

Desilverizers, etc

Total domestic copper
From imported pyrites

Total, including copper from imported pyrites .

1882.

Pounds.
56,982,765
17,984,415

9,058,284
869,498
826,695

1,494,000
605,880
100,000
350,000

294,695

290,000

1,265,000

400,000

125,000

90,646,232
1,000,000

91,646,232

1883.

Pounds.

59,702,404

23,874,963

24,664,346

823,511

1,600,862

1,152,652

341,885

962,468

288,077

1884.

260,306
212,124
400,000
395,175
64,400
782,880

115,526,053
1,625,742

117,151,795

Pounds.

69,250,000

26,734,345

40,612,783

59,450

876,166

2,013,125

265,526

100,000
46,667
230,000
249,018
655,405
317,711
2,114
950 870

142,363,180

2,858,754

145,221,934

From this table it appears that about one-half the copper of the United
States comes from the mines on Lake Superior. Copper mining there
will show to a better advantage than at any other place. It has generally
been believed that the mining of this ore was very remunerative ; this is
not altogether true. The following table of the principal mines of the
Lake Superior region, giving the cost of production in the years 1875,
1 88 1, 1882 and 1883, will furnish some means of gauging the capacity to
meet the market and of tracing the result of the efforts to reduce the cost.
No figures are available upon which it would be possible to base any
authoritative estimate concerning the cost price per pound of the Calumet

MINERALS AND METALS.

163

and Hecla mine; but it may be stated that it is certainly lower,
excluding construction account, than that of any mine in the list.

Cost of production of Lake copper, per pound.

Production (in pounds).

Cost of production (in cents per pound).

Yield (per cent).

Mines.

1883.

1882.

1884.

1883.

1882.

1881.

1875.

1884.

1883.

1882.

1881.

1875.

Quincy

6,012,239
4,256,409
2,682,197
1,268,556
1,751,377
3,489,308
1,171,847

5,665,796
4,176,782
2,631,708
1,353,597
1,683,557
3,264,120
1,482,666

8.63
11.24
10.88

13.46
11.62

9.00
12.21
12.56
15.40
15.98
12.96
21.47

9.55

12.97
13.80
14.76
17.38
13.00
17.00

10.03

15.79

2.70
1.17

.75

.85
1.45

2.86
1.21

.68
1.90

.86
1.38
1.01

3.21

.69

2.20

.85

1.10

1.00

2.62
1.29

.72
1.58

.95

1.38

....

Atlantic

Central

Allouez

13.68
14.24
19.32

22.12
15.81

.78
2.65

Pewabic

16.36

The following table shows the fluctuations in the prices of Lake cop
per and of good Western brands as follows :

Prices of copper in 1884.

Months.

January . . ,
February .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November .
December .

Lake copper in
New York.

Highest.

Lowest.

Per lb.

Per lb.

$0 15

$0 141

15

141

15

a 141

15

bUi

141

141

141

14

141

131

14

131

121

cl3

131

12|

13

121

121

11

i

Good ordinary West-
ern brands in
New York.

Per lb.

$0 141
141
131
13£
131
131
13
121

121

12

Hi

Hi

Lowest.

Per lb.

$0 131
13£
13f
13f
131
121
12f

m

12
llf

iii

101

Averae
month]

e
y

price

of Chili

bars

in London.

Long ton.

£58 0

6

56 1

3

54 15

6

56 3 10

56 10

0

54 18

0

54 7

3

54 9

6

54 4

5

53 15

7

52 5

0

48 18

3

Average
monthly

price
of copper

ore in
Liverpool,
25 per cent.

Per unit.

£0 11 b
11 0
10 10

10 9

11 11
10 61
10 3f
10
10
10

9
9

Average
monthly
price
of precipi-
tate in
Liverpool.

Per unit.

£0 11 10
11 101
11 4

11 21
11 81
11 31
10 111'
10 104
10 91
10 91
10 51
9 111

a For export, 13 cents.

b For home consumption, 14 cents.

c For home consumption, 13 cents.

The copper production of the world,

1879 to 188c

', inclusive.

Countries.

1883.

1882.

1881.

1880.

1879.

Europe

71,740
54,171
49,805
6,575
5,000
12,500

66,249

42,868

51,108

6,316

2,800

8,512

64,595
34,551
44,389
4,067
1,900
10,000

59,297

28,950

47,816

5,239

1,900

9,700

53,866

North America

24,950

South America

53,815

Africa

4,828

Asia

1,900

Australia ,

9,500

Total

199,791

177,853

159,502

152,702

148,859

164

MINERALS AND METALS.

MERCURY.

Mercury, or quicksilver, is found in the Coast hills, about twelve
miles from San Jose; these mines are among the richest in the world. It
is found in a few other places in California and elsewhere, generally con-
tiguous to mines of gold and silver. For several years the few Califor-
nia mines in operation have either been worked with a slender margin of
profit or at a loss; and one by one the list of producers has dwindled, the
survivors being of course the richest and best equipped establishments.
The New Almaden was the only one which paid a dividend in 1884. The
actual production is exclusively from the California mines, of which the
New Almaden and Guadalupe, in Santa Clara county; the New Idria, in
Fresno county; the Sulphur Bank, Redington and Great Western, in
Lake county, and the Napa and ^Etna, in Napa county, have furnished
nearly all of the recent supply. In the table of production the yield of a
number of the less important mines in past years is stated individually.
In 1876 about thirty mines were productive, but only eleven yielded any
quicksilver in 1884, of which only six produced over 1,000 flasks, and the
number was still further reduced at the end of the year. Even the
Guadalupe and the Sulphur Bank mines, well equipped with plant for
mining and treating ores, have now practically ceased work. The ac-
tive mines in 1885 number but six, with fifteen furnaces in operation.
The following table shows the product of quicksilver from some of the
principal mines of California with the total from all mines, in the years
named.

Product of quicksilver mines of California to the close of 1884.

Years.

C8

a

S3

New Idria.

0

.a

u

0

am

02

P.

a
a

Total yearly
production
of Califor-
nia mines.

1875...

Flasks.
13,648
20,549
23,996
15,852
20,514
23,465
26,060
28,070
29,000
20,000

Flasks.
8,432
7,272
6,316
5,138
4,425
3,209
2,775
1,953
1,606
1,025

Flasks.
7,513
9,183
9,399
6,686
4,516
2,139
2,194
2,171
1,894
881

Flasks.

5,372

8,367

10,993

9,465

9,249

10,706

11.152

5,014

2,612

890

Flasks.
3,342
7,381
6,241
9,072
15,540
6,670
5,228
1,138
84
1,179

Flasks.
50.250

1876

75,074

1877

79,396

1878

63,880

1879

73,684

1880

59,926

1881

60,851

1882

52,732

1883

46,725

1884

31,913

MINERALS AND METALS.

165

The following table shows the prices per flask of quicksilver in San
Francisco and in London for ten years:

San Fbanoisoo.

London.

Yeaks.

Highest.

Lowest.

Highest.

Lowest.

1874 l

$118 55
118 55
53 55
44 00
35 95
34 45

34 45
31 75
29 10
28 50

35 00

$91 80
49 75
34 45
30 60
29 85

25 25
27 55
27 90
27 35

26 00
26 00

£26 0s Od

24 0 0

12 0 0

9 10 0

7 5 0

8 15 0
7 15 0
7 0 0
6 5 0

5 17 6

6 15 0

£19 0s Od

1875

9 17 6

1876

7 17 6

1877

7 2 6

1878

6 7 6

1879

5 17 6

1880

6 7 6

1881

6 2 6

1882

5 15 0

1883

5 5 0

1884

5 2 6

The following is a summary of the world's production of quicksilver
from 1850 to the close of 1884:

Localities.

California

Spain

Austria

Total

Estimated present yearly production of Italy and other countries

Number
of flasks.

1,389,316
1,088,550

288,982

2,766,848

2,000

Pounds
avoirdupois
to the flask.

76.50
76.07
76.07

ZINC.

Zinc and spelter are found in various places in the United States,
notably in New Jersey, though no where so extensively as in England and
Germany and some other countries.

The records of the production of spelter and zinc in the United States
are very incomplete. The following figures are the only ones worthy of
consideration which are available :

Production

of spelter in the United States.

Years.

Short tons.

Yeaks.

Short tons.

1873

7,343
15,833
23,239

1882

33,765

1875

1883

36,872

1880 (census year ending May 31)

1884

38,544

166

MINERALS AND METALS.

Zinc statistics are sometimes stated in pounds. For 1883 and 1884,
the figures would be 73,744,000 and 77,088,000 pounds respectively. The
production during the last five years may be segregated as follows, by
states:

Production of spelter in the United States, 1 881 to 1884, inclusive, by states.

States.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

Short ions.

16,250

5,000

2,750

(?)

Short tons.

18.201

7,366

2,500

5,698

Short tons.

16,792

9,010

5,730

5,340

Short tons.

17,594

7,859

5,230

7,861

Missouri

Total

(?)

33,765

36,872

38,544

In addition to the output of metallic zinc there has been a considerable
production of zinc white (oxide), made directly from the ore.

The production of spelter in the world, in 1882 and 1883, compiled
from the best sources available, was as follows:

The world's production of spelter.

Countries.

1882.

1883.

Germany

Belgium

France

England

Spain

Austria

Hungary

Poland

United States.

Metric tons.

Metric tons.

115,346

116,688

72,947

75,366

18.525

a 15,000

6 25,990

6 28,104

4,973

4,233

4,791

4,539

605

a 600

b 4,470

b 3,843

30,628

c 33,459

Total.

278,275

281,832

a Estimated.

6 Estimated by Henry Merton & Co., .London.

c Equivalent to 36,872 short tons.

GRAPHITE.

Graphite, or plumbago, is found in Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecti-
cut, North Carolina and New York. The mine near Ticonderoga, in
New York, is large and rich. It has been observed in many places
throughout the Pacific states and territories; only in California, however,
where its occurrence seems most frequpnt, have any attempts been made

MINERALS AND METALS. 167

to mine and market or otherwise utilize it in a large way. The deposit
which has been most worked in that state is situated one mile north of the
town of Sonora, Tuolumne county, from which, some twenty years ago,
about 1,000 tons of graphite were extracted, the most of which was ship-
ped to England, France and Germany, and there sold at the rate of about
$100 per ton, a price that afforded the shippers some profit. But the im-
possibility of securing here any large quantity sufficiently pure for com-
mercial purposes put an end to the enterprise, the labor of concentrating
the crude material, which was largely mixed with slate and other foreign
matter, having been expensive. Besides the Sonora deposits, graphite has
been found in California at the following places : near Summit City, Alpine
county; on the border of Tomales bay in the coast range of Marin county;
near Fort Tejon, Kern county ; at Tejunga, Los Angeles county, and at
Boser hill, Fresno county (both recent discoveries), and at several places
in Sierra, Plumas, Marin, and Sonoma counties. In 1883 a deposit of
graphite was found in the Sierra mountains, Humboldt county, Nevada.
The mineral here occurs in numerous small veins, some of it being quite
pure; but like the deposits elsewhere on the Pacific coast, this possesses,
just now, no special value. Graphite has also been found recently in
Beaver county, Utah, but the quality of the mineral and the extent of the
deposit remair to be tested. A deposit in Albany county, Wyoming, is
reported as about twenty inches thick and sufficiently pure to be worked;
no developments have been made, and the extent of the deposit is un-
known.

During 1883 the Ticonderoga mines produced 550,000 pounds, and
estimating the output of various other workings at 25,000 pounds, the
total production for 1883 was 575,000 pounds, representing, at an average
spot value of 8 cents per pound, $46,000. The output in 1884 was prac-
tically nothing. The accumulated stocks and the industrial depression
caused the suspension of work at the Ticonderoga mines during 1884, and
it is not known that any other mine was operated on a commercial scale-

NICKEL.

The only metallic nickel now made in the United States is produced
at the American Nickel Works at Camden, New Jersey, opposite Phila-
delphia, by Joseph Wharton. These works, which suspended operations
at the close of the }Tear 1882, were started again in 1883, but did not reach
full activity until October, 1884. In 1883 and 1884, the ore treated was
exclusively from the Gap mine, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. The

168

MINERALS AND METALS.

production of the works since 1876, including the nickel contained in cop-
per-nickel alloy, was as follows:

Annual production of nickel in the United States from and including 1 876.

Yeahs.

Pure

grain
nickel.

Nickel
contained
in copper-
nickel
alloy.

Total.

Average

price per

pound.

Value.

1876

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.
201,367
188,211
150,890
145,120
233,893
265,668
281,616
58,800
64,550

$2 60
1 60
1 10
1 12
1 10
1 10
1 10
90
75

$523,554
301,138

1877

1878

165,979

1879

162,534
257,282
292,235
309,777

1880 .

1881

1882

277,034
6,500

4,582
52,300
64,550

1883

52,920
48,412

1884

Total

1,590,115

1 33

2,113,831

It is impossible to state the quantity of nickel salts produced in the
United States annually. They are made by several different establish-
ments. The quantity is estimated to be from 15,000 to 25,000 pounds.

TIN.

The chief ore of tin, and the only ore which has yet been found in any
notable quantity in the United States, is the stannic oxide (Sn02), known
to mineralogists as cassiterite, and among miners as "tinstone.'" It is
a hard, heavy, crystalline, or massive substance without metallic appear-
ance, usually of a brown to black color, and an adamantine or vitreous
luster. The streak of powder is usually a light reddish brown. It is
brittle and easily crushed, and, when washed in a gold pan or in a sluice
box with ordinary earth and minerals, it settles to the bottom and may be
separated from them in the same way that gold is separated by washing.
It is about as hard as quartz, and the specific gravity ranges from 6 to 7.
It is commonly found in the older and crystalline rocks, especially in the
coarsely crystalline granite rocks and dikes.

GRINDSTONES.

The principal source of grindstones in the United States is the geo-
logical formation known as the Berea Grit which underlies large areas in
the northeastern part of Ohio. It is a fine-grained sandstone, but differs
greatly in texture and hardness in different localities. It is quarried for

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

ASHES.

(Compiled from the Government Forestry Reports.)

95' 93"

89" 87°

"127' 125"

121" 119- 117

Key of Shades.

;. ,i v Species.

Copyrighted 7886 by Yaggy & West

MINERALS AND METALS.

169

this purpose mainly at Berea, Amherst, Independence, Massillon, Lorain,
Grafton and Marietta, and the principal locality for the manufacture of
the stones is Cleveland, Ohio. The Berea stone has a white color, a fine
and sharp grit, and is used generally for sharpening edge tools. The
Amherst stone is brownish white in color, with a soft, loose grit, and is
used to sharpen edge tools and saws. That from Independence has a
grayish white color and a coarse sharp grit. It is used for grinding
springs and files and for dry grinding of castings. The Massillon stone
is yellowish in color, with a grit very similar to the last, and is used for
similar purposes. Near Grindstone City, Michigan, there is found a
fine-grained argillaceous stone, of a uniform blue color, which is in gene-
ral use for finishing work, especially where a very fine edge is required.
The production during the year 1883 is estimated to have had a value of
about $600,000. In 1884 the production was not quite as great, being esti-
mated at $570,000.

SALT.

Salt is found in many places, as New York, Michigan, Kansas, West
Virginia, etc. The most important and extensive works are found at
Syracuse, in New York. The following table shows the total production
in the United States in 1883 and 1884. In it the quantities have been
reduced to barrels of 280 pounds, as being the most common unit, though
the returns are also reported in bushels of fifty-six pounds and in tons, the
latter unit being generally used where salt is handled in bulk. Stated in
other terms, the total output in 1883 would be 1,733,824,680 pounds, or
30,961,155 bushels, or 866,912 short tons of 2,000 pounds; and that of
1884 would be 1,824,182,360 pounds, or 32,574,685 bushels, or 912,091
tons.

Sa/t product of the United States in 1883 and 1884.

Michigan .
New York .
Ohio

West Virginia

Louisiana

California

Utah

1883.

Nevada ,

Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and other States and Terri-
tories, estimated

Total 6,192,231

1884.

Barrels.

Barrels.

2,894,672

3,161,806

1,619,486

1,788,454

350,000

320,000

320,000

310,000

265,215

223,964

214,286

178,571

107,143

114,285

21,429

17,857

400,000

400,000

6,514,937

170

MINERALS AND METALS.

Mica is found in many places though the industry is not largely devel-
oped. During the last three years the output is estimated as follows:

Years.

Pounds.

Value.

1882

100,000
114,000
147,410

$250,000

1883

285,000

1884

368,525

In the foregoing statement the average price of sheet mica marketed is
assumed to be $2.50 per pound throughout the three years. This is
probably a fair average, for while whole lots often command $3.50 per
pound and exceptionally large and clear sheets sell at still higher rates,
there is a large proportion which bring only about $2.00 per pound. The
estimates do not include "waste" and ground mica.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

It has long been well known that the United States abounds in min-
eral springs, among which all classes of water may be found. That the
majority are unimproved is due mainly to the comparative newness of our
country and the consequent sparseness of population, especially in the
territories and extreme western states, and also to the fact that our springs
have not, as yet, been made the subjects of careful and complete investiga-
tion as in the case of so many foreign springs. Many of the springs allowed
to run to waste would, in most European countries, be of considerable value.

From an economic point of view, mineral springs are interesting in at
least three different ways: First, as places of resort they add to the wealth
and population of their localities; secondly, the waters when bottled are
shipped to distant portions of the country and not infrequently ai"e sent
abroad; and, thirdly, the bottled waters, or, in some cases, the salts left
upon evaporation of the water, become a portion of the stock in trade of
druggists and dealers in mineral waters.

Mineral springs of the United States.

States and Territories.

oro

*H ■

°tf

°s

u 0

n"S

u*

a> r> <o

a> m .

fi K to

H t4 <P

_, a m

0 a*x3

afla

3 *■&

^.u

•z,"""

Z"s

35

43

18

11

25

8

30

43

10

18

23

5

16

20

2

di'-'S o

g.S y no

p2

0 a
•° a

O H >■*

1- sS

3_3 H a> •
4-1

North Atlantic States

Maine

New Hampshire . .

Vermont

Massachusetts

Connecticut

MINERALS AND METALS.

171

Mineral springs of the United States. — Continued.

States and Territories.

North Atlantic States. — Continued.

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

South Atlantic States :

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

Northern Central States :

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

Dakota

Kansas

Southern Central States :

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Indian Territory

Arkansas

Western States and Territories :

Alaska

Wyoming

Montana

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

Total, 2,544

O CO

o
u o

"Co

213
13

44

5
24
93
35
66
28
52
25

76

104

49

39

73

22

20

124

9

7

112

169
83
76
15
91
8

107

25
39
41
68
35
26
32

104
31
10
34

207

0 H A

ST"0

309
13

75

5

78
270

62
147

32
256

37

95

151

58

71

131

35

46

398

9

32

282

290

218

99

28

456

10

456

25

2,254

144

354

90

30

118

153

113

15

55

354

8,008

> DO .

, O CD

1*3 -|

, to cC

70

7
28

0

4
75
19
18

6
20

4

14

30

10

26

55

5

8

23

5

6

14

18
5
0

10
0
5

0

7

8

37

11

3

5

6

2

1

8

41

^■^ CD

0.2 CO Qn

E <D MJ

fl Pi!G & CD

F4

735

23

1

15

0
3
53
15
29
5
29
10

16

17

6

17

15

2

4

21

0

3

16
.57
23
10

6
20

3
23

1

4
6

14
5
0
3

10
3
2

11

38

567

S3

p eg

H a

34
0
4

0
1

20
6
7
1
2
0

6
7
3
4
15
1
3
6
0
2

4

7
5
1
0
7
0
5

0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0

1

2
9

189

o § *

■HftS

a?

a>

"S o e £

H>^ CO d)
55 &— «

20
0

2

0
1

12
5
6
1
0
2

6
6
3
2
11
1
2
4
0
2

1

4
5
1
0
5
0
5

0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0

1
1

2
129

172 MINERALS AND METALS.

OTHER MINERALS.

Marble and granite are found in extensive quantities and of excellent
quality in New England, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and other states.
Precious stones have been found in many localities in the United States,
but never in such beds as have attracted any great attention. Beryl,
topaz, diamonds, etc., have been found in different places. Many other
minerals and metals are found, though the ones of principal commercial
importance have been given. All varieties of building stone, clays, min-
eral paints, kaolin, platinum, tellulide, hones, etc., are among the number.

HISTORY.

THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS.

The history of the United States, or of the North American continent,
begins properly with the date of its discovery to the inhabitants of Europe ;
all facts connected with the country previous to that event, are wholly
pre-historic. When the Spanish and Portuguese navigators landed upon
the American shores, they found here a race of people totally different
from any heretofore known. At first these were supposed to be identical
with the races of India, and their connection with the Indian races of Asia
has been stoutly asserted, and is still maintained by some. Subsequent
investigation soon disproved the Spanish supposition, but the name then
given the people has remained with them. It is now probable that to the
end of history the aboriginal inhabitants of North America will be
designated as the "Indians."

The Europeans came to America in the latter part of the fifteenth
century. Then the country was in a state of nature, over which wild
beasts and still wilder men roamed at will ; neither men nor beasts could
tell aught of their origin or early history. The men were savage or semi-
barbaric, with no written language or records, and whose language was
largely that of signs. The beasts were of many varieties wholly unknown
to other parts of the earth, fully one-fourth of the present number of
species being peculiar to America.

When the country had been more fully explored and settled, and its
study had been prosecuted with more vigor and with the accuracy of later
equipments, it was discovered that the Indian inhabitants of the fifteenth
century were not the first inhabitants. Clear and unmistakable indica-
tions of e previous occupancy by a people different from the Indians as
now known, possessing different race characteristics, and holding a higher
place in the scale of civilization, have been found in many places. This
anterior race has been called the "Mound Builders," partly for want of a
more definita name, and partly because the first and principal evidences
of their existence have been found in mounds of earth.

It has been claimed that evidence of a race, still older than the Mound
Builders, has been found. This evidence rests upon isolated instances, so
far as man is concerned, which have never been found in such quantities

(173)

174 THE PEOPLE.

and positions as to give any reliable data for the assertion that they were
before and different from the Mound Builders. The remains of pre-historic
animals of mammoth size have been found in great abundance; the con-
nection of human remains with those of these ancient and extinct animals
is the principal part of the authority for the theory of the ante-mound
builders. Human remains have been found in South America in bone
caves alono- with bones of animals that are now unknown. A skull was
claimed to have been found near Los Angeles, in California, at the depth
of 150 feet. Some utensils have been found in California at a depth of
thirty feet, the use of which can not be conjectured. A human skeleton
was found at New Orleans below four successive cypress forests, and at a
depth of sixteen feet. The remains of a mastodon were found in Missouri
in 1880, which were partially consumed by fire; the assumption is that if
there was fire, there were human beings, and that the fire had been kindled
to destroy the animal, it being fastened in the mire. All this is very
ingenious and interesting, but it needs further confirmation to rest
assurance upon.

Subsequent to this hypothetical race and prior to the Indians of the
fifteenth century and of to-day, there are many and most distinct evi-
dences of the existence of the people we have named the Mound Builders.
They must have inhabited a large portion of the United States as the
relics are found in many and widely separated portions. We find traces
of their lives, government, customs, manufactures, manner of living, etc.
No remains of this race have yet been found north of the lake region of
the United States, and only two or three doubtful ones within the Atlantic
region. But in the Mississippi valley and in some -southwestern states
bordering thereon are most abundant evidences of their existence and
characteristics.

Chief among these indications, and the one to which they owe the
name we have given them, is the existence of the numerous mounds.
These are very plentiful throughout the Mississippi valley, many of them
of very extensive size and regular shape. They are, for the most part,
simply piles of earth in some regular figure, sometimes circular, sometimes
rectangular, octagonal, or in the form of man or some animal. The
largest of all the mounds is found on the level prairie of Illinois near St.
Louis. It is an exact rectangle, 700 feet long, 500 feet wide, ninety feet
high and contains eight acres. One at Miamisburg, in Ohio, is circular,
with a circumference of 852 feet and a height of sixty-eight feet. At
Grave Creek, in Virginia, is another circular mound which has a circum-

THE PEOPLE. 175

ference of 1,000 feet, and is seventy feet in height. One at Seltzertown,
in Mississippi, covers nearly six acres. These are among the largest and
best known of the mounds. There are no less than 10,000 in the state of
Ohio, more than 200 in Illinois and many hundreds in Wisconsin. Those
in Wisconsin are not nearly so elevated as those further south, and have
the peculiarity of being, generally, in the form of some fish or bird. The
celebrated Turtle Mound near Waukesha has a body of fifty-six feet and
a tail five times that length, and about six feet high. There are found a
few mounds outside Wisconsin which represent some animal. One in
Adams county, Ohio, is in the form of a serpent over 1,000 feet long, with
distended jaws swallowing an egg; the egg is nearly perfect in shape and
measures 103 feet one way, thirty-nine feet the other.

These mounds seem to have been variously used. Some were
undoubtedly used for sepulture of the dead, as is evidenced by the existence
of vaults within which are found human remains. Others, perhaps, were
used for the celebration of some sort of religious rites. Others still were
used for dwellings, or for signal stations, or for fortifications. Some com-
paratively recent discoveries have shown that the copper mines in the
Lake Superior region have been worked at some prior periods. In these
excavations are now found growing trees which show an age of from 300
to 400 years, thus taking the period of original operations far remote. It is
well known, too. that the Indians seldom had any copper utensils or
implements.

West of the Mississippi river, are found a large class of distinct relics,
which have only become known to any great extent, since 1874. They
consist of the ruins of various kinds of buildings, as cases grandes, pue-
blos, cave-houses, cliff houses and elevated towers. These are found in
Southern Colorado and the adjacent regions in other territories. Various
utensils and a pottery of superior make, have been found in and near these
ruins. The same class of ruins extend into Mexico, Central America,
and Yucatan, in more perfect preservation and more extensive scale than
have yet been found in the United States. These ruins are of stone in
the north and sometimes of adobe, or sun-dried brick, in the south. The
facts concerning this ancient people are still meagre, and the deductions
concerning them may be found to be erroneous in some important details.
The matter is being more thoroughly examined by private parties and the
government, and the results given to the public from time to time. As
to the existence of such a people, who. possessed a higher degree of skill
and civilization than that reached by any Indians of whom we have any

176 THE PEOPLE.

knowledge, who were a people with some of the arts and sciences, a fixed
government and of large numbers in some parts of the country, especially
the central valley, is indisputable. Whence they came, and the causes
of their decline and extinction, is wholly lost to us at this time. They
left not one trace of a written "language, and only indications of civilization
as have been indicated.

THE INDIANS.

At the coming of the white race to the western shores, the Indians
were found distributed over the larger part of what is now the United
States. They were of a red or reddish-brown complexion, and were, for
the most part, nomadic in habits, roaming hither and thither at will, with
a seemingly little affection for a stationary life. Some of the more
southern tribes had more settled habits, and they remained practically
within the same boundaries from year to year. Particularly was this the
case with the Indians south of the United States, as in Mexico, and South
America; there the houses were built of stone, and were substantial
abodes. These southern Indians, too, evidenced a higher grade of civiliza-
tion; cultivated the soil and its fruits to a small extent, and had some
rude arts among them. The number of all the inhabitants of the New
World has been estimated at 5,000,000, which is without a certain data of
foundation. Of this number, 1,000,000 are accredited to what is now the
United States ; of this number, from 300,000 to 400,000 were east of the
Mississippi river.

These Indians, though possessing some main characteristics in common,
and it is generally conceded that they belong to one great family, were,
when found, divided into many separate families. These families differed
considerably from each other, and were generally at bitter strife. These
families were again divided into many tribes, federated for mutual protec-
tion and defense; the confederation, however, was frequently merely
nominal and easily ruptured.

The most important Indian family of the United States, in numbers
and the extent of territory controlled, were the Algonquins. They
numbered, at the time Columbus landed at San Salvador, not less than
250,000, and were the most powerful family of the continent. They have
declined in the past four centuries to a few thousands; according to their
own accounts, the decline had begun before the coming of the whites.
They controlled the larger part of the United States east of the Missis-
sippi river, extending from Hudson's Bay to the Tennessee and Roanoke

THE PEOPLE. 177

rivers in the south, and from the Atlantic ocean to the Mississippi river,
excepting the territory occupied by the Hurons and the Iroquois. The
Algonquin country included the New England states, most of the middle
states, and the larger parts of Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee.
The)7 were composed of many tribes, each having its local name and tra-
ditions. For the most part, they were hunters and fishers, cultivating
the soil but little.

The principal of the Algonquin tribes were the Montagnais on the St.
Lawrence river, the Algonquins proper on the Ottawa river, the Abena-
quis in Maine, the Narragansetts, Pequods, Massachusetts and Mohigans
of the southern parts of New England, the Delawares, Powhattans and
Shawnees further south, the Chippewas, Menomonees and Miamis through
the northwestern parts of this territory, and the Sacs, Foxes, Kickapoos
and Illinois through the western parts. The Algonquin family has fur-
nished some of the noblest specimens of the Red man in his purely normal
state; the character drawn for them by such writers of fiction as
J. Fenimore Cooper are widely overdrawn and clothed with a
poetic charm which the facts do not warrant. Massasoit, King Philip,
Powhattan with his daughter Pocahontas, Tecumseh, Pontiac, Black
Hawk and other chiefs who figure in continental history, all belonged to
this family.

The Huron-Iroquois territory lay wholly within that of the Algonquins
and bordered the southern and eastern sides of Lakes Huron and Erie.
The family was composed of the Hurons, who had their villages east of
Lake Huron, the Andastes among the head waters of the Susquehanna river,
the Eries along the south side of the lake of that name, and the Iroquois
proper who inhabited the central parts of New York state, from the Hud-
son river to the Genesee. At first accounts the Iroquois was a confedera-
tion of five separate nations, and took the name among the whites of the
"Five Nations." The names of these were the Mohawks, Oneidas,
Ohondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. In 1712 the Tuscaroras was admitted,
and since that date, the Iroquois have been known altogether as the "Six
Nations." Their league of confederation was republican and very strong.
It was seldom broken by any tribe. Red Jacket and Cornplanter were
chiefs among the Iroquois who are well known to colonial history. It has
been estimated that the Huron-Iroquois family never exceeded 20,000.
The Jesuit missionaries did much effective work among the Hurons. A
branch of this family, called the Neutral Nation, dwelt north of Lake Erie
in Canada. Remnants of the family are still to be found scattered through

178 THE PEOPLE.

New York, Wisconsin and some other states ; they have given their names
to many of the rivers, lakes and towns in those states.

The Mobilians dwelt, or rather roamed, south of the Algonquins, and
over the territory from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from the Gulf
of Mexico to the country of the Algonquins. Though possessing the
character and habits common to all the Red men, they gave more atten-
tion to agriculture and the ways of a settled life. Among one tribe, at
least (the Cherokees), a much higher grade of civilization prevailed than
among their northern neighbors; this tribe is sometimes classed as a dis-
tinct family. The chief tribes of the Mobilians were the Yamasees and
Creeks of Georgia; the Catawba, which dwelt partly in South and partly in
North Carolina ; the Cherokees of Northern Georgia, a bold and warlike peo-
ple ; the Lichees of Georgia, small and weak ; the Choctaws and Chickasaws
of Mississippi ; the Natchez of Northern Mississippi along the river, and the
Seminoles of Florida. The Cherokees were among the latest of these
tribes to remove to the reservation of the Indian Territory, the transfer
being made in 1838. They gave many soldiers to the Confederacy in the
recent Civil War. Toward the close of the war these warriors deserted,
and either returned to their homes or came into the Federal army, 9,000
joining the National forces at one time. The Natchez were fire-worship-
ers, and laid claim to being the oldest of the nations on the continent.
They were nearly exterminated by the French settlers in the early history
of the Mississippi valley. Osceola, a chief of the Seminoles, led in a
revolt against the National Government within the present century.
Parts of this tribe have refused all efforts at removal, and are still to be
found in the Everglades of Southern Florida.

The great family of the Dakotas, or Sioux, roamed over all the coun-
try west of the Mississippi river and east of the Rocky mountains, from
the far north to the northern line of Texas. They were all nomadic,
changing with the seasons, or the moving of the game upon which they
subsisted. A few tribes, as the Winnebagoes, kept on the east side of
the river in Wisconsin. The Dakotas were a fierce and warlike people,
continually at bitter strife with each other, and have given the white set-
tlers much trouble, even within very recent years. The Minnataree were
the principal tribe of the upper Missouri region. The Comanches, a wild,
warlike and untractable tribe, occupied the territory which is now the state
of Texas. In the southwest were the Shoshones. West of the Rocky
mountains were the Indian families of the plains. Among these were the
Selish, Klamaths and the Californians with their numerous tribes and clans.

THE PEOPLE. 179

It is generally asserted and believed that the Indians have been slowly
but surely decreasing in numbers and power, and that they are now com
paratively small and insignificant. Some very careful statisticians assert,
on the contrary, that the number of Indians is now as great, if not greater,
than it was at the coming of the white race. The ratio of the whites is
very much greater, and the power of the Red man is decreased in the
same proportion. In some tribes there has been marked depletion, even
extinction in some cases; but this had doubtless gone on for ages before
the coming of the white man to the western world. The larger and
stronger tribes would combine to exterminate the smaller and weaker.

Most of the Mobilian tribes were long since removed to the Indian
reservation south of Kansas, where each has his own domains and enjoys
the general protection of the government. Numbers of the tribes of the
Sioux have also been removed to the territory. Protected and encour-
aged here by the government and by private benevolent and religious
societies, some of these tribes have made large progress in the arts of civ-
ilization, in education and in local government. The Cherokees, Creeks,
Chickasaws, Choctaws and Seminoles have formed a sort of local confed-
eration, have established schools, introduced the arts of the white man,
and are rapidly advancing to a higher civilization than was formerly
thought possible to the Red man. The Cherokees have advanced the
furthest in these directions of any tribe of Indians on the continent.

The relations of the general government to these Indian tribes has
always been a perplexing problem. In the main, the government has
always endeavored to deal fairly toward them, and has generally kept its
faith; but the duplicity of some of its agents has often caused serious
troubles, both in former and in more recent times. The present plan of
granting them absolute control of certain lands until their advancement
warrants granting them the privileges of citizenship, seems the best that
can be devised. Many wrongs have been inflicted upon the unfortunate
race; but, on the whole, their condition now is vastly' better than it was
before the advent of the white man.

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS.

The evidence, based on the latest investigations, seems now all but
conclusive that white men from the north of Europe visited the North
American shores centuries before the coming of the Spaniards and

180 THE PEOPLE.

Portuguese. Indeed, it is claimed, and careful research seems to bear out
the claim that the Norsemen did visit, at several times, the coasts of New
England, remaining there for some time, and even established a colony
on what is now part of Rhode Island. Their discoveries amounted to
nothing of permanent good to the world, and is noteworthy only because
a fact of history which can not be overlooked.

Iceland was settled by the Norwegians in 874. Greenland was acci-
dentally discovered in 876, but rediscovered and settled in 985. In 986,
Biarn Herjulfson, in attempting to pass from Iceland to Greenland, was
blown out of his course by a storm, and lost his way in the fog. He
sighted a strange shore, and sailed along it some distance. This is sup-
posed to have been Newfoundland, or Labrador. He did not make a
landing, but is probably the first white man who saw the North American
continent. In the year 1000, Eric the Red, with thirty-five sailors, sailed
south and came upon a shore which is now thought to have been New-
foundland, where he landed. He afterward sailed further south, touching
the second time at a " wooded shore," probably Maine. His next stop-
ping place was a "pleasant land/' which he named Vinland, and there
he remained until spring. This Vinland has been identified with Rhode
Island. Two years later came Thorwald, and remained two years at
what is now Cape Cod. A colony was planted at Vinland, but which
soon after broke up with internal strife, and by combats with the natives-
This colony was begun in 1007. It is on Icelandic record that one child,
named Snorri, was born during the stay of this colony, which was the rirst
white child born on the American continent. The celebrated Danish
sculptor, Thorwaldsen, claims descent from Snorri. A later colony was
attempted at Vinland, in 1011, but was soon abandoned. This was the
last of the Norsemen in America. Practically, the continent remained an
unknown and undiscovered land.

The real discovery of America was made nearly 500 years later.
Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, under the patronage of the
Spanish monarchs, sailed from the port of Palos on the 3d of August,
1492. He had three vessels and 128 men with him. He sailed out south
and then west, with the avowed purpose of discovering a passage to China
and Japan by sailing in this direction. His confidence in his purpose rested
in a belief in the sphericity of the earth. He expected to reach the coasts
of Japan in about 3,000 miles.

Land was sighted at sunrise on October 12, 1492. A landing was
made, the island taken possession of in the name of Spain, and named San

THE PEOPLE. 181

Salvador, a name still retained. Other of the West Indies group were dis-
covered by Columbus on this and three subsequent voyages. On the
fourth voyage he discovered the continent of South America at the mouth
of the Orinoco river. This was in 1498. The first real colony of the
New World was planted by Columbus on the Island of Hayti, in 1493,
and the town named by him Isabella. It was near where is now Monte
Christi.

The English were the real discoverers of the continent of North
America. On this ground they afterward based their claims to such large
portions. Failing to make this claim good, they tried the next resort of
Englishmen. It succeeded. Before the Spaniards suspected that the
West Indies islands, which they had found, were not parts of a new con-
tinent, and fourteen months before Columbus saw the South American
continent, an English expedition, under command of John Cabot, reached
the shores of North America. In the early part of the following year, May,
1498, another expedition, under command of Sebastian Cabot, saw and
gave name to Newfoundland. After which Cabot sailed south along the
eastern coast of the United States, as far south as Chesapeake Bay. Then
he returned to England and reported a new continent found.

The southern continent received its name of America from the geog-
rapher, Americus Vespucius, who accompanied a Spanish expedition in
1499 to the regions about the Orinoco. When he returned to Europe, he
published an account of the new land, his being the first account that had
been published widely. In course of time the name America became so
fixed on both continents, that no after sense of justice to Columbus could
make it Columbia.

The Portuguese, under Cabral, discovered Brazil in 1500. The Span-
iards made their first discoveries in North America in 1 5 1 3 . On Easter
Sunday of that year, Ponce de Leon landed in Florida, near where St.
Augustine now is, and claimed the country in the name of Spain. In the
same year another Spaniard, named Balboa, crossed the Isthmus of Darien
and discovered the Pacific ocean. Three years previous to this the Span-
iards had planted a colony on the isthmus, the first Spanish colony on the
continent, of North America. The Spaniards were the first to undertake
any great exploration inland. In 1528 a company of 300, under com-
mand of Narvaez, marched northward from the west coasts of Florida
and penetrated as far as the Appalachee bay. A dozen years later, De
Soto, with 600 men, made a more extended exploration northward and
westward, and discovered the Mississippi river. Most of the Spanish

182 THE PEOPLE.

i
exploration during this period, and for many years previous, had been in

the south, through Mexico, Central America, and South America, and were

inspired with hopes of finding the precious minerals, of which they had

fabulous accounts from the natives. Mexico, itself, had been subjugated

by them, Cortez having entered the capital city in 15 19.

The first permanent settlement attempted within the present limits of
the United States, was begun by the French under Admiral Coligny. In
1562 he landed a company at Port Royal harbor in South Carolina. The
aim of Coligny was similar to that of the Puritans — who selected New
England — to make a home for religious freedom in the forests of Amer-
ica. A fort was built on Port Royal harbor and named Caroline. The
effort of Coligny failed at this time. It was renewed two years later by
another company. A second Fort Caroline was erected further south and
near the mouth of the St. John's river. The following }Tear, 1565, a
company of 3,000 Spaniards founded St. Augustine in Florida, which still
remains, and is the oldest town in the United States. The Spaniards of
St. Augustine were Catholics, and the French colony of Fort Caroline
were Huguenots. They soon came into conflict, and the latter was utterly
destroyed. Santa Fe, in New Mexico, was founded by the Spaniards on
account of silver mining, in 1595. It still remains, and is the second old-
est town in the United States.

The first English attempt at permanent settlement was made in 1585,
when Sir Walter Raleigh came out with 108 emigrants to occupy the
regions abandoned by the French. This attempt failed, and a second
attempt at Roanoke, in 1587, suffered a similar fate. The larger part of
the present area of the United States, was, in 1606, granted by James I.,
to two companies for colonization purposes. The first of these was the
"London Company," with a grant of all lands between parallels 34 and
38 north latitude, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The other
company was the " Plymouth," whose grant included all lands between
parallels 41 and 45. The intermediate lands, between parallels 38 and 41,
were to be neutral territory, open to all settlers.

The first permanent English settlement was made by the London
Company in 1607. It was at Jamestown, in Virginia, on the James river,
and about fifty miles from its mouth. The Plymouth Company failed to
accomplish any permanent colonization. After many difficulties within
itself and with the government, the company was eventually merged into the
"Plymouth Council," whose land grant included all the territory between
parallels 40 and 48, more than 1,000,000 square miles. A company

THE PEOPLE. 183

of Puritan refugees from England, landed in New England in December,
1620, and began the colonization of the country.

The Dutch began their colonization in 16 13. The island of Manhat-
tan, in New York, was the place chosen, and the city of New Amsterdam
was begun the year named. This was eight years after the founding of
Jamestown by the English, and seven years before the landing of the
Puritans in New England. The Dutch laid claim to all territory between
Delaware Bay and Cape Cod, and named such territory the New Nether-
lands. This, of course, encroached, in its northern limit, on the claims of
the Plymouth Council; and this was the cause of no little trouble between
the early Dutch and the Puritans.

The Swedes and Finns came to America in 1638. Landing in Dela-
ware Bay, they bought from the Indians all the lands bordering on the
bay and river from Cape Henlopen to the falls in the river near Trenton,
in New Jersey. This territory the)' named New Sweden. It encroached
in its northern and northwestern boundaries on the state of New Nether-
lands, which was the cause of conflict with the Dutch. Colonists poured
into New Sweden from the old country and, in 1643, the governor moved
his residence to where now the suburbs of Philadelphia extend. In 1654,
seventeen years after the rise of New Sweden, it ceased to exist. The
conflict with the Dutch resulted in the whole state yielding submission to
New Netherlands. Three years previous to this, in 165 1, the Dutch and
English of New England had come to an amicable adjustment of their diffi-
culties and the boundary line agreed upon. A few years after this adjust-
ment, a war between England and Holland extended to their colonies in
America. The English sailed into New York harbor and took possession
of New Amsterdam and the regions along the Hudson. To New
Amsterdam the}' gave the name of New York and to Fort Hudson that
of Albany, names still retained. Nine years after this, again the Dutch
re-captured their city of New Amsterdam, only to retain it fifteen months
when, by the English-Holland treaty, it and all the territory of New
Netherlands were ceded to the English.

At the close of the seventeenth century, the French were in possession
of the northern parts of the continent, embracing what is now Canada and
parts of the United States. The English were south of them, holding the
central parts of the United States along the Atlantic coasts. The Span-
iards were south of the English and occupied the southern parts of the
United States, Mexico and large portions of South America. The first
half of the eighteenth century was given to furthering the settlement of

184 THE PEOPLE.

the country by these respective peoples, the Spaniards still keeping to the
south, the English in the center, moving westward slowly but surely, while
the French pushed out boldly and rapidly from both north and south into
the great Mississippi valley. In 1757 the area of the country as occupied
by French, Spaniards and English was in about this ratio: Of twenty-
five parts, the French held twenty, the Spaniards four, and the English
one part. That is, the English had only one twenty-fifth of the whole
continent, while the French held four-fifths.

It was in this year that William Pitt rose to eminence in the manage-
ment of English politics. From the moment of his ascendency, the aggres-
sive might and irresistible power of England began to be felt over the
entire world. Wars between the English and French of the old world
were supplemented by wars between the English and French settlers in
America. Conflicting grants of the English and French governments
caused untold troubles among the colonists. The Indian natives, Span-
iards, and other European colonists were involved in these colonial wars.
The English were uniformly successful ; nothing seemed able to stay their
advances. In 1763 an international treaty was made at Paris whereby all
these difficulties were adjusted. This is known in history as the "Treaty of
Paris."1 By this treaty, the map of North America was greatly changed and
a complete re-adjustment of its territory made. France ceded to the Eng-
lish all the country north of the St. Lawrence river, including what is now
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and part of the state of Maine ; also, all the
country east of the Mississippi river. To Spain, France ceded her claims to
all the lands west of the Mississippi river. Spain ceded Florida to Eng-
land; its limits at the time of the cession were much wider than the present
state of the name.

In their settlement of America, the French, English and Spaniards
exhibited much of national traits and dispositions. The French were
active, enterprising, quick to discern and apprehend advantages, but rest-
less and fickle. They pushed farther and wider than either English or
Spaniard, and displayed a keenness of discrimination in seizing and fortify-
ing strategetic points. The old French forts that were located in the
wilderness, much of which must have been unexplored and consequently
unknown, show how accurately the engineers had reckoned — each fortifica-
tion being a key to a large region. The Spaniards showed the natural
indolence of their nature by keeping within the soft and mild climates of
the southern areas. In all their explorations, they carried with them a
greed for gold and an intolerant religious spirit. Unlike the French, they

THE PEOPLE. 185

cared little for securing everything safely behind them: they dropped one
region as soon as they had skimmed over it and taken away what its sur-
face afforded, and pushed on in search after gold and silver mines, or for
wealth already garnered by the natives. In their dealing with the native
peoples, they were cruel, rapacious and conscienceless. They treated other
European colonists with equal disregard to humanity, when they dared to,
and were careless and indifferent to progress and advancement in what
constitutes real growth. The Spanish towns in America are not much
different from what they were three centuries ago.

The English chose their settlements with, reference to permanency of
occupation. They advanced in a body, moving out from a central base of
support. Nothing was skimmed over, nothing left unprotected. The)7
moved much more slowly than the French in their territorial acquisitions,
but when once a region was occupied, it was firmly held. Some adversi-
ties might drive in their outposts for a time ; the repulse was only tempo-
rary. Out from their central support came larger bodies and stronger
columns, and their progress was irresistible. Slowly but surely, French,
Spaniard and Indian gave way before the march of the sturdy Briton who,
whenever he planted his foot, did so with a firmness that meant an eternal
stay. There was only one power great enough, strong enough, persistent
enough to impair English dominancy in America; that power was itself;
England could compel obedience to English dictation among all peoples
except among Englishmen. The control of the entire continent of North
America by England was eventually certain, when, toward the close of
the eighteenth century, occurred an event which resulted in a republic of
English in America, but independent of England.

The history of Spanish, French, and English occupancy of America, is
a repetition, in clearer coloring, of what has taken place frequently before.
The Spaniards carry their national characteristics with them, and leave
the impress on the conquered provinces. The French show the ingenuity
and activity of the national mind, as well as its fickleness. They flit about
gathering in more than they can hold, and abandoning whatever seems
not to pay rapidly its cost. The English move less rapidly, but with
irresistible force. They profit b}T the pains, as well as by the mistakes
of others. They seldom put forth great effort for the acquirement of ter-
ritory which does not promise ample reward.

POPULATION.

The last complete census of the United States was taken in the month
of June, 1880, the time being limited by Act of Congress, passed March 3,
1879, to one month for the rural population and small towns, and to two
weeks in large cities. While the primary object of the establishment
of the Census Bureau was the collection of statistics relating to the
population, many other matters of interest and importance were incor-
porated in the provisions of the bill. These, so far as they related to
population, are concerned about the distribution and classification of the
population. The age, sex, nationality, color, etc., of the people are given
in the accompany ing tables of this book. The relative number of per.
sons dwelling in cities and towns of 4,000 and over, and .those dwelling
in strictly rural districts, are given. Also the distribution of the people
according to latitude, longitude, temperature, altitude, etc., are all shown
in the tables.

Many of the items presented were collected at the late census for the
first time. The largest provision was made by the government for mak-
ing this enumeration comprehensive, accurate and complete in every way;
$3,000,000 were appropriated for taking the census, and as much more
for compiling and publishing the returns. Though six years have elapsed
since the completion of the census, the report is not yet published in full.
Several volumes are yet in course of preparation. The whole will com.
prise nearly twenty large quarto volumes, and will be generally inaccessible
to the people.

The facts herewith presented have been compiled from official sources,
much of which is to be found only in the unpublished reports of the depart-
ment. Care has been taken to avoid the unnecessary multiplication of
details which would prove uninteresting and unprofitable to the majority
of the people to whom this volume may come. Nothing, however, has
been omitted that is of prime importance to a full, comprehensive and
accurate presentation of this department.

The graphic delineation of many facts presented in the statistical
tables, is more thorough and complete than anything heretofore offered
to the public.

(187)

188

POPULATION.

The entire population of the United States by sex, nativity and race in the several

states and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States.

Alabama ,

Arkansas ,

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

Total.

Male.

Female.

Nath

Foreign.

50,155,783 25,518,820 24,636,963 43,475,840 6,679,943

1,262,505

802,525

864,694

194,327

622,700

146.608

269,493

1,542,180

3,077,871

1,978,301

1,624,615

996,096

1,648,690

939,946

648,936

934,943

1,783,085

1,636,937

780,773

1,131,597

2,168,380

452,402

62,266

346,991

1,131,116

5,082,871

1,399,750

3,198,062

174,768

4,282,891

276,531

995,577

1,542,359

1,591,749

332,286

1,512,565

618,457

1,315,497

40,440

135,177

177,624

32,610

39,159

119,565

143,963

75,116

20,789

622,629

416,279

518,176

129,131

305,782

74,108

136,444

762,981

1,586,523

1,010,361

848,136

536,667

832,590

468,754

324,058

462,187

858,440

862,355

419,149

567,177

1,127,187

249,241

42,019

170,526

559,922

2,505,322

687,908

1,613,936

103,381

2,136,655

133,030

490,408

769,277

837,840

166,887

745,589

314,495

680,069

28,202

82,296

83,578

. 21,818

28,177

64,496

74,509

45,973

14,152

639,876

386,246

346,518

65,196

316,918

72,500

133,049

779,199

1,491,348

967,940

776,479

- 459,429

816,100

471,192

324,878

472,756

924,645

774,582

361,624

564,420

1,041,193

203,161

20,247

176,465

571,194

2,577,549

711,842

1,584,126

71,387

2,146,236

143,501

505,169

773,082

753,909

165,399

766,976

303,962

635,428

12,238

52,881

94,046

10,792

10,982

55,069

69,454

29,143

6,637

1,252,771

792,175

571,820

154,537

492,708

137,140

259,584

1,531,616

2,494,295

1,834,123

1,362,965

886,010'

1,589,173

885,800

590,053

852,137

1,339,594

1,248,429

513,097

1,122,388

1,956,802

354,988

36,613

300,697

909,416

3,871,492

1,396,008

2,803,119

144,265

3,695,062

202,538

987,891

1,525,657

1,477,133

291,327

1,497,869

600,192

910,072

24,391

83,382

160,502

22,636

27,638

111,514

99,969

59,313

14,939

9,734

10,350

292,874

39,790

129,992

9,468

9,909

10,564

583,576

144,178

261,650

110,086

59,517

54.146

58,883

.82,806

443,491

388,508

267,676

9,209

211,578

97,414

25,653

46,294

221,700

1,211,379

3,742

394,943

30,503

587,829

73,993

7,686

16,702

114,616

40,959

14,696

18,265

405,425

16,049

51,795

17,122

9,974

11,521

8,051

43,994

15,803

5,850

POPULATION. 189

The entire population of the United States by sex, nativity, race, etc. — Continued.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan"

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

White.

43,402,970

662,185

591,531

767,181

191,126

610,769

120,160

142,605

816,906

3,031,151

1,938,798

1,614,600

952,155

1,377,179

454,954

646,852

724,693

1,763,782

1,614,560

776,884

479,398

2,022,826

449,764

53,556

346,229

1,092,017

5,016,022

867,242

3,117,920

163,075

4,197,016

269,939

391,105

1,138,831

1,197,237

331,218

880,858

592,537

1,309,618

35,160

133,147

118,006

29,013

35,385

108,721

142,423

67,199

19,437

Colored.

6,580,793

600,103

210,666

6,018

2,435

11,547

26,442

126,690

725,133

46,368

39,228

9.516

43,107

271,451

483,655

1,451

210,230

18,697

15,100

1,564

650,291

145,350

2,385

488

685

38,853

65,104

531,277

79,900

487

85,535

6,488

604,332

403,151

393,384

1,057

631,616

25,886

2,702

155

401

59,596

53

346

1,015

232

325

298

Chinese.

105,465

Japanese.

4
133

75,132

612

123

1

18

17

209

29

33

19

10

489

8

5

229

27

24

51

91

18

5,416

14

170

909

109

9,510

148

27

9

25

136

6

5

16

1,630

238

13

3,378

1,765

57

501

3,186

914

148

Indians.

66,407

213

195

16,277

154

255

5

180

124

140

246

466

815

50

848

625

15

369

7,249

2,300

1,857

113

235

2,803

63

74

819

1,230

130

1,694

184

77

131

352

.992

11

85

29

3,161

3,493

1,391

5

165

1,663

9,772

807

4,405

140

190

POPULATION,

Percentage of increase of population, from 1790 to 1880, in the severa states and

territories.

States and Territories.

1870
to

1880.

I860

to

1870.

1850

to

1860.

1840

to

1850.

1830

to

1840.

1820

to

1830.

1810

to

1820.

1800

to

1810.

1790

to

1800.

26.6

318.7
65.6

54.3
387.4
15.8
853.2
17.2
34.8
43.5

117.4
21.1
17.7
36.0

3.4

24.9

30.6

90.8

142.0

Arkansas

11.2

47.4
16.2
16.8
193.1
11.4
75.4
33.7
11.9

107.4
310.3

115.1

221.0

113.1

Colorado

Connecticut

24.0

19.6

4.1

8.1

5.0

4.3

54

Delaware

22.5
45.2
60.5
16.6

17.2
18.2
60.5
31.0

1.7

9.7

56.8

33.7

5.4
20.5

0.1
37.5

13.0

70.4

87

District of Columbia

Florida

Idaho

51.5

35.0

55.1

97.0

Illinois

48.3
24.4

76.9

101.0

36.6

251.1

78.8
44.1

345.8

202.4
99.9

185.4
133.0

349.1

500.2

Indiana

334.6

Iowa

Kansas

173.3 239.9

Kentucky

24.8
29.3
3.5
19.7
22.3
38.2
77.5
36.6
25.9
90.1

267.8
46.5
9.0
24.8
30.1
15.9
30.6
19.9
92.2
21.6
27.2
41.0
22.5
94.4
65.8
0.5
23.4

213.5
39.9
24.7

127.9

14.3

2.6
a 0.2
13.6
18.3
58.0
155.6
4.6
45.6

17.6
36.7

7.7
17.8
23.7
88.3
2,730.7
30.4
73.3

25.9
46.9
16.2
24.0
34.8
87.3

13.3

63.3

25.6

5.1

20.8
570.9

21.9
41.0
33.9
9.7
16.6
260.9

38.7
99.7
30.4
7.0
10.8
84.0

83.9

199 8

Maine

50.7
11.4
11.6

571

Maryland

68

Massachusetts

116

Michigan

Mississippi

61.4

77.7

174.9
173.1

81.0
111.0

86.9
219.2

355.9

326.4

519.6

a 2.3

34.8

a 1.7

12.9

7.9

13.9

73.3

21.1

24.4

0.2 •

13.4

35.4

115.4

4.9

&4.4

106.6

Nevada

New Hampshire

2.5

37.2

51.9

25.2

14.2

18.1

294.6

25.7

18.3

5.2

10.6

184.2

253.8

0.3

12.2

11.7
31.1

5.6
16.3

10.3
15.6

13.7
12.9

16.6
16.2

29 5

New Jersey

14 6

New York

27.5
15.3
30.3

26.5

2.0

62.0

39.8
15.5
61.3

43.0

15.0

151.9

62.8
16.1

408.6

731

North Carolina

21 4

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

34.0
35.5
12.4
20.9

27.8

11.9

2.2

21.6

28.7
17.0
15.6
61.2

29.3

7.9

21.1

61.5

34.4

11.2

20.1

147.8

38 6

Rhode Island ,

04

South Carolina

38 7

Tennessee

195 8

Texas

Utah

Vermont

7.5
14.6

4.0
2.3

18.9
13.7

8.2
9.2

41.0
10.7

80 8

Virginia

17 7

35.9

154.0

886.8

a Decrease.

6 Of Virginia and West Virginia together.

THE INCREASE

IN POPULATION

r

States.

1800

1810.

1820.

1830

1 Virginia __

2 Pennsylvania

3 New York _

4 North Carolin

5 Massachusetts

6 South Carolin

7 Maryland —

8 Connecticut

9 Kentucky —

10 New Jersey -

11 New Hampshi

)

i>

)

( 880,200

_J 602,365

f 589,051

rv»

974,600 "L^^

^yN.Y. i472,iii

^^/Va. 1,065,116

SU.X. 1,918,608 \_

< J
/Pa. 1,348,238 \_

TN^Y"

959,049 'U*^

^^/Va. 1,211,405 ">

X

X

(Pa.

rrc r.

„ /Mno»

8in nm l

472,040 V
415,115 I ^S
406,511 l*-^^

f\>„ 1047R07
l"N fl KS8 89.Q

>

a _/ 478,103

_J 422,845

a — I 345,591

[ 341,548

)

/O. 937,903 V^.

/O. 581,295

* ,/N.C. 737,987 V

)
\

, , fa r

,. Jj&y- 564,135
^TS/Mass. 5'23.15B

) —

_/Ky 687,917 \
/Tenn. 6Hl,yU4 V^

s^-

. f 251,002

K.

^^/Md.

380,546 \

7\/S. C. 502,741

)*«•

><C/Mass. 610,408 •»
^^VB.O. 581,195 \

T 220,955

y

**^^/Conn

261,942 I ^N

/ Tl'enn. 42'2,77i

y

i 211,149

/Tenn

261,727 1*-V/

^S^Md. 407,350

s~.

/Ga. 516,823 U-

re 4 183,858
__[ 162,686

\ r^

/N/N.J.

f«0 *m Qa*

1

"""""-••J'Md. 447,040 I

v/r|

245,562 Lj/

\ ■ /Me. 298,269
^Vn/N. J. 277,426

I Me aQfl^RR \

)

/Ind. 343,031 \/

/O.

230,760 V

^3

^ / / M"

228,705 X/r
217,895 \^^

Vconn. 275,148

*"*>C/N.J. 320,823 \

/I

15 Tennessee —

16 Rhode Island

17 Delaware —

__/ 105,602

/

^Vs/vt.

Aj,

^/N. H. 244,022

/ /Ala. 309,527 i/

\1\

1 69,122

Vn.h.

214,460 j "^

"^^jTt. 235,966

^S/ Conn. 297,675 \

/M

__[ 4.273

^* JB.I.

76,931 V

^JLa. 152,923

>^«^/Vt. 280,652 \

v >[La.

76,556 1—*^

/Ind. 147,178

N/JN.H. 269,328 I

19 Mississippi .

___J 8,850

/^Del.

72,674 \

\/ /Ala. 127,901

"\rjja. 215,739 \_\
/111. 157,445 y

f ?<M1

"^^/Miss.

40,352 k^S/

XfR. I. 83,015

21 Louisiana

22 Missouri

V '

""^-^Ind.

24,520 y

>^*^/Mi66. 75,448

/{ Mo. 140,455 y

f M„

20,845 L
12,282 k^,/
4,762 L/

/ N/Del. 72,749

J^^^/Miss. 136,621 y

23 Illinois

/Til

^">JMo. 66,557

N/B.I. 97,199 L

24 Michigan

(Mich

""--•.JILL 55,162

"Vj'Del. 76,748 I

25 Alabama _

w ^JArk. 14,255

^

/Fla. 34,730 1

2o Arkansas

^N/Mich. 8,765

27 Florida

^N/Ark. 30,388 l^

sTF

28 Iowa

— e

29 Wisconsin

30 Texas

31 California _
S2 Oregon

33 Minnesota -

39 West Virginia

Copyrighted

THE INCREASE IN POPULATION

States.

1800.

880,200

1 Virginia _

2 Pennsylvania __/ 602,365

3 New York _

__/ 589,051

4 North Carolina _/478,103 J,

5 Massachusetts __/ 422,845 \

6 South Carolina — / 345,591 I

7 Maryland —

8 Connecticut

9 Kentucky

10 New Jersey

11 New Hampshire -[ 183,858

12 Georgia

13 Vermont

14 Maine

15 Tennessee

16 Ehode Island —f

17 Delaware

18 Ohio

19 Mississippi

20 Indiana

21 Louisiana

22 Missouri

23 Illinois

24 Michigan

25 Alabama

26 Arkansas

27 Florida

28 Iowa

29 Wisconsin

30 Texas

31 California

32 Oregon

33 Minnesota

34 Kansas

35 Colorado

36 Nebraska

37 Nevada —

38 Dakota .

1810.

1820.

1830

39 West Virginia

POPULATION. 191

Density of population, in different periods, in the several states and territories.

(The figures of this table have been obtained by dividing the population by the total land area of the state or territory.)

States and Territories.

1880.

1870.

I860.

1850.

1840.

1830.

1820.

1810.

1800.

17 90.

Alabama

24.5

0.4
15.1

5.5

1.9
128.5

0.9

74,8

2,960.4

5.0
26.1

0.4
55.0
55.1
29.3
12.2
41.2
20.7
21.7
94.8
221.8
28.5

9.8
24.4
31.5

0.3

5.9

0.6

38.5

151.7

1.0

106.7

28.8

78.5

1.8

95.2

254.9

33.0

36.9

6.1

1.7
36.4
37.7

1.1
25.1
24.2

0.2

19.3

0.0

9.1

3.5

0.3

110.9

0.0

63.7

2,195.0

3.4

20.0

0.1

45.3

47.0

21.5

4.4

33.0

16.0

20.9

79.1

181.2

20.6

5.5

17.8

25.0

0.1

1.6

0.3

35.3

121.5

0.7

92.0

22.0

65.3

0.9

78.2

200.3

23.3

30.1

3.1

1.0

36.1

30.5

0.3

17.9

19.3

0.0

18.7

14.9

11.4

6.0

2.4

Arizona .

Arkansas .

8.2

2.4

0.3

95.0

3.9
0.6

1.8

0.6

0.3

California

Connecticut

76.5

64.0

61.4

56.8

54.0

51.8

49.1

Delaware

57.3

1,251.3

2.5

17.9

46.7

861.4

1.6

15.4

39.8

437.1

1.0

11.7

39.2

398.3

0.6

8.7

37.1
330.4

37.1
240.2

32.8
140.9

30.2

District of Columbia

Florida.

Georgia

5.8

4.3

2.8

1.4

Idaho

Ilbnois

30.6
37.6
12.2

• 1.3
28.9
15.6
21.0
69.6

153.1

13.0

2.2

17.1

17.2

15.2

27.5
3.5

8.5

19.1

0.8

2.8
9.6

1.0
4.1

0.2
0.7

Indiana

0.2

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

24.6

11.4

19.5

59.1

123.7

6.9

0.0

13.1

9.9

19.5

7.8
16.8
47.7
91.8

3.7

17.2
4.7
13.4
45.3
75.9
0.6

14.1

3.4

9.9

41.3

65.1

0.1

10.2
1.7

7.7
38.6
58.7

0.0

5.5

1.8

Louisiana

Maine

5.1
34.6
52.6

3.2

Maryland

Massachusetts

32.4

47.1

Michigan

Minnesota. . .

Mississippi

8.1
5.6

2.9
2.0

1.6
0.9

0.9
0.3

0.2

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

0.4

0.0
36.2
90.1

0.8
81.3
20.4
57.4

0.6

64.6

160.9

23.3

26.6

2.3

0.5
34.5
24.6

0.2

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

35.3
65.7

0.5
65.0
17.9
48.6

0.1

51.4

136.0

22.2

24.0

0.8

0.1
34.4
21.9

31.6
50.1

29.9
43.0

27.1
37.2

23.8
32.9

20.4
28.3

15.8
24.7

New Mexico

New York

51.0
15.5
37.3

40.3
15.2
23.0

28.8
13.2
14.3

20.1

11.4

5.7

12.4

9.8
1.1

7.1

North Carolina

8.1

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

38.3

100.3

19.7

19.9

30.0
89.6
19.3
16.3

23.3
76.5
16.7
10.1

18.0

70.9

13.8

6.3

13.4

63.7

11.5

2.5

9.6

Rhode Island

63.4

South Carolina

8.2

Tennessee

0.8

Texas

Utah.

Vermont

32.0
19.1

30.7
18.7

25.8
16.4

23.9
15.0

16.9
13.6

9.4

Virginia

11.5

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

14.2

5.6

0.6

Wyoming

192 POPULATION.

The distribution of population in elevation above sea- level.

Height above sea-lbvel.

Feet.

0- 100

100- 500

500- 1,000

1,000- 1,500

1,500- 2,000

2,000- 3,000

3,C00- 4,000

4,000- 5,000

5,000- 6,000

6,000- 7,000

7,000- 8,000

8,000- 9,000

9,000-10,000

Above 10,000

Aggregate.

Foreign.

Colored.

9,152,296

1,891,247

1,466,233

10,776,284

942,196

2,958,864

19,024,320

2,469,816

1,704,158

7,904,780

934,178

354,013

1,878,715

185,850

59,556

664,923

94,218

24,983

128,544

15,357

8,172

167,236

49,931

1,314

271,317

55,159

1,676

94,443

19,112

729

15,054

2,423

24,947

6,792

454

26,846

5,775

311

26,078

7,888

330

The distribution of population in accordance with topographical features.

Region.

Total.

North Atlantic coast

Middle Atlantic coast

South Atlantic coast

Gulf coast

Northeast Appalachian region

Central Appalachian region

Region of the great lakes

Interior plateau

Southern Appalachian region

Ohio valley

Southern interior plateau

Mississippi river belt, south

Mississippi river belt, north

Southwest central region

Central region . i

Prairie region

Missouri river belt

Western plains

Heavily timbered region of the Northwest .

Cordilleran region

Pacific coast

Aggregate.

50,155,783

2,616,870

4,376,135

875,086

1,056,034

1,669,229

2,344,089

3,049,402

5,714,683

2,697,958

2,440,339

3,625,545

710,250

1,990,917

2,932,676

4,403,662

5,721,836

835,694

324,268

1,123,419

931,910

715,781

Foreign.

6,679,943

559,945

1,008,755

10,054

91,876

278,995

264,250

932,353

660,291

18,738

2413,218

15,123

12,573

441,930

109,801

240,183

929,104

106,643

48,300

224,528

255,996

227,287

Colored.

6,752,813

31,482

518,632

485,589

448,195

10,997

44,615

30,747

724,096

433,538

138,427

1,972,449

459,854

79,954

640,834

411,501

83,894

64,361

7,490

13,540

88,754

63,864

POPULATION. 193

Distribution of population in accordance with the mean annual temperature.

Groups.

Population,

1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

Below 40°

273,581

3,498,226

13,698,854

16,285,833

7,466,685

5,204,826

3,293,261

423,456

11,061

86,553

829,714

2,673,171

2,179,077

576,845

131,654

142,524

54,653

5,752

1,986

13,856

177,024

818,218

1,685,604

3,226,994

1,552,050

151,849

3,212

40 to 45 . .

45 to 50 -

50 to 55 '.

55 to 60

60 to 65

65 to 70

70 to 75

Above 75

Distribution of population in accordance with the mean temperature of July.

Groups.

Population,
1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

Below 60°.

244,593

783,256

5,147,657

19,551,956

16,518,718

7,799,258

93,655

16,690

107,160

182,242

971,499

3,987,747

1,124,476

278,293

23,867

4,659

1480

60 to 65 ,

3,892
39 093

65 to 70

70 to 75

314,907

2,987,571

3,221,286

12,564

75 to 80

80 to 85

85 to 90 .... .

Above 90

Distribution of population in accordance with the mean temperature of January.

Groups.

Population,
1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

Below 5°

50,078

266,041

1,760,680

3,482,498

10,292,914

9,146,951

10,150,706

5,611,319

3,588,008

3,495,278

1,824,138

456,750

24,930

5,491

25,570

95,309

465,706

678,343

1,841,070

1,286,495

1,660,441

107,901

72,011

106,624

254,448

76,087

7,177

2,761

224

5 to 10

802

10 to 15

4,493
15,920

15 to 20

20 to 25

102,801

231,272

655,051

1,487,092

1,568,243

1,723,924

655,278

131,243

2,845

1,605

25 to 30

30 to 35

35 to 40

40 to 45

45 to 50

50 to 55

55 to 60

60 to 65

Above 65

194 POPULATION,

Distribution of population in accordance with the maximum temperature.

Groups.

Population,
1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

Below 85° . '..

539

173,221

658,742

26.169,737

20,394,098

2,688,145

49,632

21,669

225

52,512

186,772

4,182,269

1,955,161

286,269

11,719

5,016

85 to 90

1,292

90 to 95

3,042

95 to 100

1,901,764

100 to 105

4,450,723

105 to 110

223,972

110 to 115 ,

Distribution of population in accordance with the minimum temperature.

Groups.

Population,
1580.

Foreign.

Colored.

Below 55°

16,949

9,155

134,218

673,178

3,856,905

5,718,754

8,471,652

11,807,385

6,614,689

2,623,122

2,159,390

2,103,963

3,625,371

1,095,847

667,518

157,935

90,369

329,383

4,021

2,123

52,625

236,350

770,094

1,443,712

1,487,669

1,262,469

835,508

91,304

24,630

21,324

39,451

93,759

123,592

39,053

24,240

128,019

246

45 to — 50.

40 to 45

1,626

35 to 40

2,476

30 to — 35

18,130

25 to 30

64,862

20 to — 25

85,911

15 to 20.

518,216

10 to — 15

815,452

5 to 10. .

714,191

0 to — 5

822,926

0 to 5

940,832

5 to 10

1,924,296

10 to 15

469,054

15 to 20

192,210

20 to 25

3,743

25 to 30

3,616

Above 30

3,006

Distribution of population in accordance with the rainfall of the spring and summer.

Classes— inches or rainfall.

Population,

1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

35 and above

30 to 35

25 to 30

20 to 25

15 to 20

10 to 15

5tol0

Below 5

80,671

1,278,610

9,138,302

30,880,014

7,329,341

972,376

395,613

80,856

1,578

17,977

401,729

4,276,749

1,590,692

271,977

100,708

18,533

37,191

708,673

3,289,715

2,435,856

96,364

8,968

3,359

667

POPULATION.

Distribution of population in accordance with the annual rainfall.

195

Classes— inches of rainfall.

Population,

1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

60 and above

55 to 60

50 to 55

45 to 50

40 to 45

35 to 40

30 to 35

25 to 30

20 to 25

15 to 20 .... .

10 to 15

Below 10

856,787

2,816,959

4,311,873

12,754,684

11,356,390

10,018,518

4,993,847

1,217,286

829,303

530,856

314,984

154,296

68,332

26,561

65,894

2,014,196

1,048,732

1,406,853

1,188,095

319,213

278,802

152,592

61,884

48,789

368,201

1,026,049

2,207,280

1,826,118

686,953

363,293

77,918

8,877

8,293

2,985

3,539

1,287

Distribution of population in latitude.

Degrees.

Aggregate
1880.

Foreign.

Colored.

48-49

16,444

79,083

215,111

483,143

1,767,795

2,678,388

5,357,851

5,938,011

7,862,855

6,265,029

3,995,956

2,831,270

2,170,098

2,077,826

1,805,477

1,939,598

1,938,653

1,059,689

865,084

673,441

60,655

36,262

20,707

8,664

8,693

6,497

31,630

73,864

140,177

405,733

596,812

1,126,563

1,174,151

1,425,864

730,681

432,870

232,547

24,050

23,015

21,804

21,613

36,460

14,236

29,848

91,067

6,975

13,429

11,223

4,429

4,405

47-48

225

46-47

746

45-46

1,905

44-45 ,

4,343

43 44

10,132

42-43

42,448

41-42

64,705

40 41

124,521

39-40

382,401

38 39

473,789

37 38

492,299

36 37

565,038

35 36

588,137

34-35

722,204

33 34

884,250

1,089,887

474,330

30 31

404,928

234,783

14,210

1,872

686

386

2,568

196

POPULATION.

Distribution of population in longitude.

67-68.

68-69.

69-70.

70-71.

71-72 .

72-73.

73-74.

74-75.

75-76 .

76-77.

77-78.

78-79.

79-80.

80-81 .

81-82 .

82-83 .

83-84.

81-85 .

85-86.

86-87.

87-88 .

88-89.

89-90.

90-91.

91-92 .

92-93.

93-94 .

94-95.

95-96.

96-97.

97-98.

98-99 .
99-100.
100-101.
101-102.
102-103.
103-104.
104-105.
105-106.
106-107.
107-108.
108-109.
109-110.
110-111.
111-112.
112-113.
113-114.
114-115.
115-116.
116-117.
117-118.
118-119.
119-120.
120-121 .
121-122.
122-123.
123-124.
124-125.

Degrees.

Aggregate
1880.

52,817

129,818

201,523

606,091

1,763,023

920,934

3,036,838

1,603,823

2,590,596

2,220,018

1,760,637

1,376,026

1,670,342

1,559,376

1,682,841

1,571,917

2,049,446

2,577,572

2,181,397

1,830,855

2,258,544

2,051,999

1,854,884

2,235,722

1,480,185

1,263,943

1,401,493

1,260,639

994,554

900,318

722,221

367,321

126,877

48,151

4,948

10,853

32,909

86,244

97,390

95,033

26.213

15,540

12,561

23,912

119,156

55,980

21,370

11,231

13,030

23,838

58,680

58,532

71,324

119,050

257,813

474,697

96,011

16,727

Foreign.

8,725

12,035

10,278

88,349

440,597

168,778

898,498

294,960

405,687

197,948

102,057

108,740

157,118

102,135

128,751

106,868

210,555

229,314

145,486

94.080

409,924

290,579

190,596

341,694

167,334

137,164

154,376

125,437

117,341

128,515

107,927

58,234

19,927

9,246

1,240

2,524

7,616

14,063

15,953

15,273

4,192

2,997

3,627

9,778

38,007

17,138

6,033

3,365

4,973

8,922

11,336

13,886

11,728

36,208

81,397

169,316

18,825

2,293

Colored.

192

472

3,510

20,317

10,423

49,439

39,769

148,687

356,727

457.486

301,986

337,795

297,756

348,316

242,673

300,742

422,479

307,168

335,735

348,072

301,423

354,985

469,597

329,103

167,713

150,158

136,526

141,023

119,410

56,792

8,480

2,202

1,429

"'300

589
1,377
824
797
118

100
301
325
107

53
288
100
200
166
1,551
4,426
587

POPULATION.

197

Population of the United States as native and foreign-born, in different periods, by

the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

Native.

1870.

1860.

Foreign-born.

1880.

1870.

1860.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia,

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

"Washington

West Virginia

"Wisconsin

Wyoming

43,475,840

32,991,142

27.304,624

6,679,943

5,567,229

1,252,771

24,391

792,175

571,820

154,537

492,708

83,382

137,140

160,502

259,584

1,531,616

22,636

2,494,295

1,834,123

1,362,965

886,010

1,589,173

885,800

590,053

852,137

1,339,594

1,248,429

513,097

1,122,388

1,956,802

27,638

354,988

36,613

300,697

909,416

111,514

3,871,492

1,396,008

2,803,119

144,265

3,695,062

202,538

987,891

1,525,657

1,477,133

'99,969

291,327

1,497,869

59,313

600,192

910,072

14,939

987,030

3,849

479,445

350,416

33,265

423,815

9,366

115,879

115,446

182,781

1,172,982

7,114

2,024,693

1,539,163

989,328

316,007

1,257,613

665,088

578,034

697,482

1,104,032

916,049

279,009

816,731

1,499,028

12,616

92,245

23,690

288,689

717,153

86,254

3,244,406

1,068,332

2,292,767

79,323

2,976,642

161,957

697,532

1,239,204

756,168

56,084

283,396

1,211,409

18,931

424,923

690,171

5,605

951,849

431,850

233,466

31,611

379,451

3,063

103,051

62,596

137,115

1,045,615

1,387,308

1,232,144

568,836

94,515

1,095,885
627,027
590,826
609,520
970,960
600,020
113,295
782,747

1,021,471

22,490

4,793

305,135

549,245

86,793

2,879,455

989,324

2,011,262

47,342

2,475,710

137,226

693,722

1,088,575

560,793

27,519

282,355

1,201,117

8,450

360,143

498,954

9,734

16,049

10,350

292,874

39,790

129,992

51,795

9,468

17,122

9,909

10,564

9,974

583,576

144,178

261,650

110,086

59,517

54,146

58,883

82,806

443,491

388,508

267,676

. 9,209

211,578

11,521

97,414

25,653

46,294

221,700

8,051

1,211,379

3,742

394,943

30,503

587,829

73,993

7,686

16,702

114,616

43,994

40,959

14,696

15,803

18,265

405,425

5,850

9,962

5,809

5,026

209,831

6,599

113,639

4,815

9,136

16,254

4,967

11,127

7,885

515,198

141,474

204,692

48,392

63,398

61,827

48,881

83,412

353,319

268,010

160,697

11,191

222,267

7,979

30,748

18,801

29,611

188,943

5,620

1,138,353

3,029

372,493

11,600

545,309

55,396

8,074

19,316

62,411

30,702

47,155

13,754

5,024

17,091

364,499

3,513

4,138,697

12,352

3,600
146,528

2,666
80,696

1,774

9,165
12,484

3,309
11,671

324,643

118,284

106,077

12,691

59,799

80,975

37.453

77,529

260,106

149,093

58,728

8,558

160,541

6,351

2,064

20.938

122.790

6,723

1,001,280

3,298

328,249

5,123

430,505

37,394

9,986

21,226

43,422

12,754

32,743

18,513

3,144

16,545

276,967

198

POPULATION.

Population of the United States, as white and colored, in different periods, in the several

states and territories.

States and Territories.

White.

1880.

1870.

1860.

Colored.

1880.

1870.

1860.

The United States.

43,402,970

33,589,377

26,922,537

6,580,793

4,880,009

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania ; . .

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

662,185
35,160
591,531
767,181
191,126
610,769
133,147
120,160
118,006
142,605
816,906
29,013

3,031,151

1,938,798

1,614,600
952,155

1,377,179
454,954
646,852
724,693

1,763,782

1,614,560
776,884
479.398

2,022,826

35,385

449.764

53,556

346,229

1,092,017
108,721

5,016,022
867,242

3,117,920
163,075

4,197,016
269,939
391,105

1,138,831

1,197,237
142,423
331,218
880,858
67,199
592,537

1,309,618
19,437

521,384

9,581

362,115

499,424

39,221

527,549

12,887

102,221

88,278

96,057

638,926

10,618

2,511,096

1,655,837

1,188,207

346,377

1,098,692

362,065

624,809

605,497

1,443,156

1,167,282

438,257

382,896

1,603,146

18,306

122,117

38,959

317,697

875,407

90,393

4,330,210

678,470

2,601,946

86,929

3,456,609

212,219

289,667

936,119

564,700

86,044

329,613

712,089

22,195

424,033

1,051,351

8,726

526,271

324,143

323,177
34,231

451,504

2,576

90,589

60,763

77,746

591,550

1,704,291

1,338,710
673,779
106,390
919,484
357,456
626.947
515,918

1,221,432
736,142
169,395
353,899

1,063,489

28,696

6,812

325,579

646,699

82,924

3,831,590

629,942

2,302,808

52,160

2,849,259

170,649

291,300

826,722

420,891

40,125

314,369

1,047,299

11,138

773,693

600,103

155

210,666

6,018

2,435

11,547

401

26,442

59,596

126,690

725,133

53

46,368

39,228

9,516

43,107

271,451

483,655

1,451

210,230

18,697

15,100

1,564

650,291

145,350

346

2,385

488

685

38,853

1,015

65,104

531,277

79,900

487

85,535

6,488

604,332

403,151

393,384

232

1,057

631,616

325

25,886

2,702

298

475,510

26

122,169

4,272

456

9,668

94

22,794

43,404

91,689

545,142

60

28,762

24,560

5,762

17,108

322,210

364,210

1,606

175,391

13,947

11,849

759

444,201

118,071

183

789

357

580

30,658

172

52,081

391,650

63,213

346

65,294

4,980

415,814

322,331

253,475

118

924

512,841

207

17,980

2,113

183

4,441,830

437,770

111,259

4,086

46

8,627

21,627

14,316

62,677

465,698

7,628

11,428

1,069

627

236,167

350,373

1,327

171,131

9,602

6,799

259

437,404

118,503

82

45

494

25,336

85

49,004

361,522

36,673

128

56,949

3,952

412,320

283,019

182,921

59

709

548,907

30

1,171

THE POPULATION OF EACH STATE AS FOREIGN, NATIVE COLORED, NA'

Nutlre White bom oot of the Stote.

I 1 Native White born in the State.

N.Y.

TENN.

MASS.

ARK.

W.VA

MINN.

KAN.

HITE, AND AS BORN WITHIN OR WITHOUT THE STATE OF RESIDENCE.

Explanation.
In, the left-hand upper figure appear the
names represented by the different rect-
angles. The other figures are all similar.

Persons born out of
the United States.

Native Colored
born in the State.

Native Colored
born out of the State

Native White
born in the State.

Native White
born out of the State-

Living In other States.

White..

Colored

OHIO.

IND.

J

MO.

ILL.

J

ICH.

N.C.

WIS.

ALA.

DEL.

NEB.

1

1

N.J,

m

NEV.

ORE.

N.H.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy &. West

THE POPULATION OF EACH STATE AS FOREIGN, NATIVE COLORED. NA'

MASS.

GA.

v

DL

W.VA.

MINN.

KAN.

VT.

THE POPULATION OF EACH STATE AS FOREIGN, NATIVE COLORED.

I

Nativ

WHITE, AND AS BORN WITHIN OR WITHOUT THE STATE OF RESIDENCE.

□0»

GA.

31

Persons born out ol
the United States. ■
Explanation. Na[lve Co,ored

In the left-hand upper figure appear the barn in theState.

names represented by the different reel- Native Colored

angles. The other figures are all similar- born out of the Statel

Native White
born out of the State.

Living In other States.

HI ■ HI ■! O

I — S 1 u^f^v

II HI 91 i'

Copyrighted ]886 by Yaggy A

POPULATION.

199

The Chinese, Japanese and civilized Indians of the United States, at different periods,
by the several states and territories.

Chinese.

Japanese.

Civilized Indians.

1880.

1870.

I860.

188 0.

1870.

I860.

1880.

1870.

I860.

The United States . .

105,465

63,199

34,933

148

55

66,407

25,731

44,021

4

1,630

133

75,132

612

123

238

1

13

18

17

3,379

209

29

33

19

10

489

8

5

229

27

24

51

91

1,765

18

5,416

14

170

57

909

213

3,493

195

16,277

154

255

1,391

5

5

180

124

165

140

246

466

815

50

848

625

15

369

7,249

2,300

1,857

113

1,663

235

2,803

63

74

9,772

819

1,230

130

1,694

184

77

131

352

992

807

11

85

4,405

29

3,161

140

98

31

89

7,241

180

235

1,200

160

Arizona .

20

98

49,277

7

2

2

48

34,933

86

33

17,798

Colorado.

Connecticut .

6

16

Dakota . .

2,261

Delaware .

District of Columbia

3

4

15

2

40

47

32

240

48

914

108

569

499

4

151

4,926

690

809

75

157

87

23

23

16

1,309

439

1,241

100

318

34

154

124

70

379

179

14

229

1,319

1

1,206

66

1

Florida .

1

Georgia

1

4,274
1

38

Idaho

Illinois

3

32

Indiana

290

Iowa

3

65

Kansas

189

Kentucky

1

71
1
2

87
1

33

Louisiana

173

Maine

5

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

8
1
1

10
1

32
6,172-

Minnesota . . .

2,369

Mississippi

16

3

1,949

2

Missouri

20

Nebraska

63

Nevada

3,152

3

New Hampshire

New Jersey

5

2

10

New Mexico

10,507

New York

29

17
1
3
2

8

140

1,158

Ohio

109

9,510

148

27

9

25

136

501

1

3,330
13

30

Oregon

177

Rhode Island

1

7
19

1

88

Tennessee

60

Texas

25
445

403

Utah

89

Vermont

20

Virginia

6

3,186

5

16

914

4
234

112

1

426

West Virginia

Wisconsin

1,017

Wyoming,

143

200

POPULATION,

The native-born population of the United States distributed according to the state or

territory of birth.

States and Territories.

Born in tho

United States

C3

a

I

5

Arkansas.

California.

6

-d

as
h

_o
"o
o

1 1

o
CD .

go

O

CD
U

a
is
5s
o
R

O

S

The United States

43,475,840

1,319,189

"520,740

355,157

31,827

538,832

155,517

1^4,518

1,252,771

792,175

571,820

154,537

492,708

137,140

259,584

1,531,616

2,494,295

1,834,123

1,362,965

886,010

1,589,173

885,800

590,053

852,137

1,339,594

1,248,429

513,097

1,122,388

1,956,802

354,988

36,613

300,697

909,416

3,871,492

1,396,008

2,803,119

144,265

3,695,062

202,538

987,891

1,525,657

1,477,133

291,327

1,497,869

600,192

910,072

24,391

83,382

160,502

22,636

27,638

111,514

99,969

59,313

14,939

1,014,633

39,013

1,381

452

131

7

12,023

17,009

3,319

892*

378

1,605

1,854

23,263

13

216

143

231

168

75,558

5,358

208

81

20

150

793

642

727

238

306

21

891

22,200

93,625

8

477

51

163

130

53

300

63

61

79

156

73

26

863

436,677

2,478

760

10

5

148

545

2,470

563

532

3,084

1,136

4,298

17

54

24

95

90

3,852

13,752

270

108

4

26

106

186

294

1,058

147

7

113

3,867

41,365

4

110

58

63

322

60

71

279

45

182

51

403

88

21

168

326,000

555

216

22

26

50

969

267

746

683

127

87

244

143

745

397

183

52

1,222

305

4,004

102

236

1,551

26

487

6,011

552

104

11

93

873

74

53

41

233

2,162

101

145

535

264

1,131

607

2,417

116

17
66

330

26,363

8

1

14
21

250
75

403

634
20
13
22
12

105
90
51
14

521

225
82
13
55

239

6

87

206

98

7

3

18

182
20
12
13

121
65

201
18
86

160

455
77

191

157

266

143

3,904

1,226

398,211

217

500

531

9,417

1,837

5,062

2,791

342

227

517

715

20,574

6,333

2,711

138

2,234

1,928

294

842

6,071

38,662

190

9,003

465

6,162

7,825

210

253

723

1,211

418

179

4,235

130

527

675

106

135

133

238

228

93

42

64

473

232

190

110,643

70

46

1,596

1,593

939

567

159

105

23

8,207

288

642

189

68

936

267

41

14

4,113

1,247

67

1,671

74

19,034

116

21

54

237

15

480

122

267

19

61

346

14

25

17

63

34

26

4,209

Arkansas

445

California

163

Colorado

66

Connecticut

104

Delaware

15

Florida

173,481

5,840

164

Indiana

101

Iowa

80

103

90

1,572

50

128

Massachusetts

185

64

Minnesota

35

Mississippi

1,000

239

34

18

18

191

645

185

Ohio

111

19

240

Rhode Island

63

South Carolina

536

276

3,601

13

130

23

49

22

11

District of Columbia

122

4

15

14

TJtah

14

13

17

POPULATION.

The native-born population of the United States, etc. — Continued.

201

States and Tebbitobies.

•&

to
O
01

©

*3

.a
a

a
a

a

■■B
a

a

o
i— i

a

CO

S
M

M

a
a

*to

'3
o

The United States...

1,719,068

2,263,409

1,798,490

954,695

279,151

1,856,310

817,492

745,272

Alabama

95,782

36,715

1,234

918

359

37

32,601

1,395,214

1,947

1,284

388

1,579

2,171

15,172

65

472

557

213

131

29,159

4,030

247

76

41

493

2,239

3,338

809

187

730

123

7,641

19,481

61,407

28

695

97

197

169

70

449

88

98

80

116

93

48

686

12,238

17,254

12,993

813

79

538

224

1,709,520

27,201

102,820

106,992

5,675

699

. 196

552

1,747

9,699

16,199

890

103,290

45,583

1,296

326

1,140

6,504

143

10,013

7,804

4,129

287

49

2,968

19,643

286

322

579

16,471

682

4,528

540

1,142

1,548

607

2,230

3,228

1,056

785

8,528

8,164

5,231

227

55

339

242

91,388

1,354,565

59,278

77,096

18,445

663

79

406

430

18,216

8,342

659

60,094

20,403

509

47

427

2,040

224

27,202

5,055

2,591

55

37

2,840

9,094

64

330

759

6,207

373

1,669

533

576

769

460

475

2,027

492

92

1,527

9,160

7,520

224

20

134

51

16,555

4,590

737,306

55,972

810

104

95

152

541

2,682

10,916

103

30,564

34,489

704

122

272

1,928

29

4,609

6,969

1,814

62

12

370

2,772

122

139

320

5,018

320

7,823

176

879

1,188

292

1,602

2,846

700

31

1,675

1,993

4,011

76

6

64

31

4,350

2,136

3,722

233,066

341

63

35

47

146

892

330

33

13,305

2,474

115

32

104

552

37

1,444

1,505

562

30

9

419

2,046

29

79

148

453

160

241

69

308

361

337

118

801

365

2,624

18,039

7,851

3,786

155

45

668

1,136

61,920

73,928

12,920

32,978

1,402,112

6,564

42

■ 422

502

1,732

2,151

7,844

102,799

4,034

578

47

483

1,720

365

32,492

2,754

1,829

76

194

24,868

34,121

28

2,087

4,361

1,410

446

519

509

437

712

429

409

879

305

1,785

9,649

2,412

416

188

20

578

516

2,472

874

515

1,782

1,244

728,322

58

395

465

259

220

13,809

4,699

317

176

25

388

2,211

129

1,235

158

741

62

118

1,560

37,972

37

392

106

231

123

90

317

50

106

92

55

82

41

171

339

California

14,497

Colorado

2,619

Florida

2,431
131
502

Georgia

292

7,451

1,165

5,783

Kansas

3,538

Kentucky

264

Louisiana

387

Maine

563,015

Maryland

506

Massachusetts

68,226

Michigan

5,079

Minnesota

12,511

Mississippi

133

Missouri

2,108

Nebraska

2,133

Nevada

1,198

New Jersey

14,130
1,961

New York

7,206

North Carolina

139

Ohio

2,386

Oregon

1,453

Pennsylvania

3,345

Rhode Island

2,846

South Carolina

135

194

Texas

867

1,361

346

West Virginia

186

Wisconsin

7,861

Arizona

441

Dakota

1,494

District of Columbia . . .

855
381

Montana

603

New Mexico

117

Utah

375

Washington

1,882

Wyoming

229

202 POPULATION.

The native-born population of the United States, etc. — Continued.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New York

North Caroliua

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

Soiith Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

958,141

1,889

1,329

3,152

1,047

834

9,562

604

1,459

12,396

7,429

6,169

4,431

2,257

4,875

158

762,641

1,838

1,433

1,001

2,464

7,421

1,704

247

165

4,556

7,842

630

20,691

478

38,826

863

437

1,463

3,168

135

7,942

8,114

955

217

327

24,562

109

254

146

116

219

186

1,356,295

368

374

19,145

3,638

22,643

264

852

625

20,481

3,195

9,378

5,395

797

641

10,066

1,337

1,088,565

9,591

7,223

195

4,765

3,524

1,037

20,561

6,583

42,501

336

10,854

1,291

10,010

23,320

350

519

1,568

8,295

878

450

8,274

564

1,292

1,693

251

523

237

645

805

396

920,661

186

887

5,451

3,654

426

38

215

78

12,985

9,188

10,616

13,012

397

213

118

220

940

803,306

5,539

68

5,351

7,853

569

142

627

7,700

38

11,403

1,281

2,422

109

24

625

2,148

238

255

119

6,933

231

2,509

338

199

485

132

412

745

236

341,750

43

144

1,546

816

140

15

52

36

2,062

537

6,130

2,784

85

47

100

40

310

859

302,371

32

1,347

2,277

68

95

109

835

8

614

828

512

63

5

157

606

75

38

42

5,672

32

8,766

97

127

382

72

71

632

71

1,056,993

13,046

35,248

1,440

527

52

7

757

1,516

3,066

682

591

3,452

1,983

38,421

22

177

120

243

197

863,185

4,507

367

55

112

146

526

531

1,043

158

294

29

430

19,632

62,835

33

420

108

159

100

93

236

57

63

80

146

61

40

1,567,284

572
29,508
20,749
12,435
164
83
204
237
39,493
5,688
20,677
60,228
5,417
2,962
57
372
371
1,416
2,390
2,095
1,268,641
10.503
1,176
65
442
1,886
135
3,873
10,754
1,624
47
62
3,776
43,168
50
474
589
1,785
914
1,520
316
1,393
2,493
883
1,224
3,160
1,163

113,478

18,256

26

107

725

932

20

2

16

6

1,004

323

3,005

4,350

39

8

18

24

57

294

229

11

2,203

95,790

58

10

34

199

5

342

637

180

15

2

21

220

12

10

22

351

18

633

36

153

180

34

381

363

373

10

2,603

102

2

9

1

82

19

107

82

4

4

11

10

26

28

14

1

95

45

13,732

4

13

52

2

32

256

38

1

1

4

30

8

6

3

38

112

24

6

84

55

6

34rf

112

33

POPULATION. 203

The native-born population of the United States, etc. — Continued.

States and Territories.

The United States. . . .

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

is

371,262

97

99

3,469

737

2,047

71

248

157

6,582

879

4,743

2,088

181

109

9,458

177

54,088

3,300

3,593

59

1,269

1,148

231

242,757

1,121

7,380

56

2,626

345

2,026

1,725

47

130

349

11,780

234

94

3,778

134

559

564

67

140

49

150

214

107

906,005

4,753,547

227

270

3,760

1,479

4,067

2,238

369

469

14,636

5,448

6,357

4,631

710

249

212

2,354

3,137

7,903

1,862

144

3,497

2,318

344

178

725,614

47,266

248

10,487

457

44,843

854

175

377

1,024

262

1,349

470

2,907

156

402

1,107

98

234

81

372

229

134

1,668

2,290

43,749

15,593

39,172

1,321

2,375

2,570

120,199

26,506

82,690

42,779

3,745

3,038

1,835

5,733

35,628

229,657

47,006

1,187

32,126

29,341

3,287

3,739

94,692

3,556,394

889

64,138

5,443

100,490

6,416

1,070

3,082

7,909

13,733

5,382

1,565

86,588

1,735

9,135

5,952

1,269

2,470

666

2,715

2,981

1,599

1,638,058 3,302,656

23,269
19,727
1,749
846
544
69
6,297
24,156
9.279
20,884
3,990
5,709
9,738
6,202
48
1,232
893
1,040
373
23,128
15,925
809
97
38
650
2,274
1,344,553
3,971
645
1,427
170
17,297
41,918
23,277
38
22,505
1,208
296
90
101
753
99
146
52
218
233
95

1,477

5,254

17,759

11,759

1,272

96

685

514

136,884

186,391

120,495

93,396

27,115

1,576

219

1,942

2,160

77,053

15,560

1,023

78,938

31,800

1,603

271

2,409

11,599

257

2,361,437

6,201

27,502

198

122

5,035

7,949

348

1,275

27,535

20,512

954

3,806

1,872

1,044

1,841

826

791

2,727

1,174

81,608

1

16

3,358

81

14

2

13

6

474

210

198

198

19

11

16

6

43

44

30

8

174

59

159

1

12

76

5

63

67,942

48

10

4

42

104

5

23

4,184,180

65
178

49

21

999

149

9

44
6,583

36

1,199

2,673

15,374

11,387

3,223

11,059

855

1,000

89,467

51,234

77,357

59,236

6,032

1,394

522

26,986

4,775

36,064

15,032

1,071

37,220

25,079

1,575

403

46,754

56,155

891

138,163

3,342

3,385,693

1,280

429

3,311

5,568

372

5,541

18,841

19,099

812

4,305

5,587

804

1,703

693

1,628

1,823

1,169

■° 3

O M

201,722

67

75

1,812

368

8,325

37

126

252

2,100

377

907

612

85

69

526

229

17,258

974

729

39

505

427

95

711

1,075

6,252

77

889

111

1,645

152,487

64

87

193

320

118

40

913

64

159

209

17

64

30

53

99

51

204 POPULATION.

The native-born population of the United States, etc. — Continued.

States and Territories.

The United States..

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia. .

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

S3 a

1,183,311

35,764

15,107

969

203

299

64

18,522

50,195

2,122

1,627

531

899

1,530

9,495

70

663

708

213

108

31,157

2,637

160

52

35

660

2,696

16,121

968

122

1,159

140

952,395

11,698

22,124

24

898

127

139

55

62

508

29

77

45

70

13

21

1,787.504

23,859

87,593

5,609

1,961

87

17

833

10,717

37,400

10,969

5,372

15,649

54,386

5,382

30

258

268

764

481

31,820

72,454

1,560

268

34

2J0

952

5,194

3,770

2,469

793

22

547

1,313,552

83,158

18

4,967

369

693

308

216

400

309

335

252

402

606

101

915,020

1,254

10,860

1,981

1,043

65

13

190

584

1,302

431

402

4,057

741

7,322

18

121

123

237

97

1,933

4,797

416

60

9

118

550

224

384

261

251

15

110

1,450

870,705

26

332

75

114

522

108

134

70

92

1,027

122

137

137

430,041

128

189

4,681

1,568

3,476

76

199

187

14,593

2,211

12,297

4,914

257

135

1,482

340

26,943

12,588

7,869

89

2,575

3,209

414

15,040

1,337

31,271

154

7,064

644

3,601

1,543

53

262

557

251,780

213

134

12,554

232

1,315

525

153

260

111

328

312

178

2,118,460

24,279

13,292

5,906

2,441

1,722

642

3,329

14,606

27,904

24,538

15,531

15,336

36,515

21,321

276

26,754

4,766

3,069

1,901

28,816

54,058

4,425

486

213

4,789

12,586

19,486

51,647

1,835

20,189

1,076

4,058

38,059

27,874

137

1,435,124

135,599

1,519

349

575

29,009

336

475

301

442

612

257

u

440,213

72

126

337

417

35

9

38

29

2,718

1,988

2,521

3,644

1,736

157

8

2,397

95

272

413

212

2,687

1,042

45

10

107

293

154

12,812

95

5,274

30

12

165

405

4

1,641

397,267

165

18

69

451

36

57

21

17

74

38

£

893,945

988

678

5,488

3,910

365

53

305

167

21,757

1,784

40,380

15,016

318

101

183

877

819

10,775

44,178

64

6,730

16,931

599

146

426

3,683

174

2,727

2,118

1,317

174

136

374

1,317

271

179

77

693,177

185

11,685

227

368

783

135

275

1,187

338

Territories.

51

33

2

9,089

4

3

369

13

4

5
6

17
8

14

12
2

47
1
3

25
3
1

11

8
10

3

27

1

19

13

21

1

1

9

73

3

4

3

7

3,166

5

5

5

10

52

58

27

10

08* 91' 89* 87" 85* 81T 81°

77" 75"

71 ' 09 " 07 • 05 *

POPULATION. 205

The native-born population of the United States, etc. — Continued.

Territories.

a .

States and Territories.

S

o

■a

8.£

.2 3

o
o

J
o

6
O

fe*M

1
P

a .

to -2

a

a ca
god

00 .

3*

The United States..

20,640

102,428

7,753

4,410

8,687

113,788

92,130

22,425

4,091

291

Alabama

5

15

56

93

7

1

2

5

91

25

650

132

10

4

4

14

6

56

336

1

96

397

4

1

11

36

2

25

98

102

3

2

7

51

1

6

2

116

3

17,796

6

38

172

3

10

96

43

247

155

668

159

288

88

738

207

860

307

259

300

213

390

89

4,768

680

215

156

240

717

170

45

46

691

2,259

98

730

59

2,270

227

72

278

331

33

1,925

256

126

61

72

80,702

22

52

24

30

52

53

2

5

211

24

2

13

791

94

99

4

1

8

166

53

2

5
9

297
9,501

10
1
4
9

82

26

27
106
8
6
1
5

42
175

20
4

81
113

41
3

39

113

1

68

20

43
1
1
8
546
4

28
8

14
1,144

35

14
7

23
101,046

13
3

33

31

1,131

241

36

4

9

538

21

5

2

6

111

234

1

1

Arkansas

1

California

40

Colorado

5

Connecticut

1?,

Delaware. . .

1
1

20
26
76
28

6
21

3

7

8

48
24
71

6

2
17

2

21

355

19

1

3
31

1

15

80

25

4

5,992

106

5

258

190

36

5

10

183

36

54

685

22

43

4

9

11

52

46

19

404

110

6

3

10

52

9

89

32

38

1

1

63

1,202

3

17

3

12

8

19

8

6

9

24

5

80

16

2
1

63
8

72
150
9
2
3
1
5

16

39
5

94

37

40
3
2

'30
1

33
115

13
2
1
8

29

12
3
5

21
8

84

82
7,225
16
84
86
47

1

2

128

47

394

126

6

8

12

9

182

70

30

2

192

208

800

98

14

260

3

112

182

32

25

1

9

27

4

4

12

69

1,338

104

9

3,205

554

18

81,716

234

451

3

1

25

11

44

48

7

3

10

5

12

66

16

35
22
20
13

3
31

5

29

1,650

41

3

29

21
1
6
3
9

24
6

10
201

65

2

7

19,359

2

47

37
17
50
51
2

5

Georgia

1(V

Illinois

15

Iowa

3

8

Kansas

4

Kentucky

q

Louisiana

2 3

Maine

1
4
ft

1

Maryland

9

Massachusetts

8

17 1 12

18 4

Mississippi

2

Missouri

42

194

38

1

3

17

8

21

67

26

1

2

21

24

1

8
11
12
74
12
59
71
11
231
32
2,496

9

Nebraska

1

Nevada

1

New Hampshire

New Jersey

1
11

New York

35

North Carolina

1

Ohio

1

Oregon

5

Pennsylvania

13

Rhode Island

1

South Carolina

Tennessee

22

Texas

14

Vermont

1

Virginia

West Virginia

I

Wisconsin

j

Arizona

2

Dakota

4
2

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

206

POPULATION.

The place of birth of the foreign-born population of the United States in the several

states and territories.

States and Terbitobies.

The United States,

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan..

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

"Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia ,

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

6,679,943

9,734

10,350

292,874

39,790

129,992

9,468

9,909

10,564

583,576

144,178

261,650

110,086

59,517

54,146

58,883

82,806

443,491

388,508

267,676

9,209

211,578

97,414

25,653

46,294

221,700

,211,379

3,742

394,943

30,503

587,829

73,993

7,686

16,702

114,616

40,959

14,696

18,265

405,425

16,049

51,795

17,122

9,974

11,521

8,051

43,994

15,803

5,850

2 S

2,204

149

17

86

13

14

15

78

129

57

11

17

34

10

270

5

28

124

17

14

77

38

11

5

3

41

156

24

40

6

71

11

123

39

274

6

8

2

29

3

4

9

14

3

1

106

5

7

1,054

3

4

16

7

1

5

6

2

35

12

13

7

6

13

6

7

54

14

21

5

17

1

1

2

16

81

1

32

2

49

3

3

16

571

.2 ■=

d a
ra cd

7,512

5

1

3,356

5

79

1

291

431

3

15

11

8

11

29

29

2,421

22

8

9
17
12

26

137

3

203

8

35

185

1

10
7
5
2
22
2
53
6
1

40
2

4,906

2,055

64

35

11

45

11

208

37

117

75

24

77

27

44

107

106

49

4

108

43

81

16

80

341

5

135

100

242

11

5

9

61

7

15

5

228

31

28

7

9

10

4

133

75

6

CO O

3 is

38,663

121

106

1,948

453

287

22

46

71

2,608

511

1,473

1,285

142

275

19

401

308

1,025

2,607

126

1,655

2,346

162

44

864

6,530

10

1,681

317

2,317

28

46

111

3,474

5

73

62

4,601

53

131

75

18

60

15

22

106

23

15,535

10

22

1,092

49

76

1

13

31

1,464

503

357

432

105

193

14

44

219

979

615

11

505

208

25

5

255

1,288

14

754

95

552

20

9

12

109

9

9

8

5,267

14

41

22

11

20

6

5

35

7

85,361

39

68

239

91

124

2

3

33

13,408

306

10,554

2,468

43

24

1

1,169

279

1,789

7,759

12

3,342

8,858

15

10

429

8,748

14

6,232

109

1,058

29

31

30

2,669

4

21

34

13,848

7

1,337

16

5

25

13

3

53

10

717,157

271

787

18,889

5,785

16.444

246

446

348

34,043

5,569

21,097

12,536

1,070

726

37,114

988

119,302

148,866

29,631

309

8,685

8,622

3,147

27,142

3,536

84,182

425

16,146

3,019

12,376

18,306

141

545

2,472

24,620

585

295

28,965

571

10,678

452

584

2,481

280

1,036

2,857

542

POPULATION. 207

The place of birth of the foreign -born population, etc. — Continued.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

1,966,742

3,238

3,620

42,532

7,012

15,627

1,179

978

2,956

235,786

80,756

88,268

28,034

30,413

17,475

688

45,481

16,872

89,085

66,592

2,556

106,800

31,125

2,213

789

64,935

355,913

950

192,597

5,034

168,426

1,966

2,846

3,983

35,347

396

3,759

7,029

184,328

1,110

5,925

5,055

750

1,705

729

855

2,198

801

a a

707

1

2

188

1

11

5
2
8

12
5

53
3

18

1

27
27
10

3
11
12
18
48
18
65

7
10

8
29
10

1

7
14
31
14

15
1
2
3

2
1

Great Britain and Ireland.

2,772,169

4,407

3,937

96,059

19,947

90,683

7,561

1,765

5,760

193,202

40,508

76,587

35,052

23,737

17,127

18,822

30,678

287,432

98,240

38,551

4,120

70,147

21,213

10,338

17,683

132,882

651,359

1,774

[143,267

7,913

366,865

50,990

3,664

8,767

16,537

15,434

8,650

9,503

78,057

2,312

7,560

10,040

3,478

4,229

1,272

26,579

4,721

2,760

662,676

935
1,176

24,657

8,797

15,453

1,433

866

1,144

56,318

11,093

22,519

14,172

4,100

2,582

3,716

5,231

47,263

43,202

8,495

1,047

15,798

8,207

4,146

3,497

31,285

116,362

738

41,555

2,896

80,102

12,500

670

1,956

6,528

2,253

2,781

2,051

24,916

708

2,311

1,648

1,594

1,249

339

19,654

1,653

1,080

1,854,571

2,966

2,432

62,962

8,263

70,638

5,791

652

4,148

117,343

25,741

44,061

14,993

18,256

13,807

13,421

21,865

226,700

43,413

25,942

2,753

48,898

10,133

5,191

13,052

93,079

499,445

611

78,927

3,659

236,505

35,281

2,626

5,975

8,103

11,657

4,835

6,459

41,907

1,296

4,104

7,840

981

2,408

795

1,321

2,243

1,093

170,136

426

229

6,465

1,673

4,157

285

216

395

15,645

2,731

6,885

3,788

982

659

1,397

2,645

12,507

10,731

2,964

303

3,641

2,230

671

1,102

7,633

28,066

408

8,946

1,129

20,735

3,039

354

516

1,659

1,006

893

622

5,770

250

940

495

253

324

110

3,201

628

432

£

83,302

69

99

1,920

1,212

407

51

23

52

3,694

927

3,031

2,088

394

71

283

924

873

830

1,103

12

1,766

624

315

21

863

7,223

12

13,763

165

29,447

167

10

302

221

514

135

369

5,352

57

205

56

641

246

28

2,390

193

154

Great

Britain

(not

specified)

1,484

11

1

55

2

28

1

8

21

202

16

91

11

5

8

5

13

89

64

47

5

44

19

15

11

22

263

5

76

64

76

3

4

18

26

4

6

2

112

1

13
4
1

208 POPULATION.

The place of birth of the foreign -born population, etc. — Continued.

States and Territories.

u

o
53

T3
CI

n

o

w

u
S>

ED

a
3
W

■6
a
a

PM

>>

CO

&
00

1
1

<X>
IS)

'%

m

The United States

181,729

58.090

11,526

48,557

44,230

35,722

194,337

88,621

Alabama

24

33

1,765

354

168

6

79

23

16,970

182

21,586

1,358

21

78

99

108

639

3,520

62,521

56

373

2,010

119

79

229

2,185

10

178

574

381

56

5

25

880

10

29

3

49,349

45

13,245

19

276

174

17

1,214

580

74

27

66

694

115

122

10

19

36

5,012

1,368

4,743

749

262

170

16

362

586

17,177

1,581

27

1,122

753

21

11

4,281

8,399

23

2,455

127

1,068

51

16

66

228

10

125

19

5,698

14

140

71

10

24

6

141

53

16

60

58

216

49

76

1

8

55

691

77

244

291

47

40

6

71

82

193

356

14

354

189

15

272

4,440

4

1,477

36

1,168

5

18

123

104

5

33

39

447

14

64

35

13

10

7

7

5

7

47

191

1,026

154

225

8

26

62

6,962

917

403

1,200

124

164

24

642

681

5,421

2,218

79

801

1,128

64

11

748

11,999

18

2,039

92

3,790

97

128

212

995

5

59

18

5,263

43

219

116

17

32

22

16

37

14

114

132

7,537

335

879

43

77

82

1,764

198

122

167

370

2,527

90

477

2,116

555

124

260

1,074

62

1,560

32

1,547

15,113

42

1,064

167

2,794

313

84

443

539

30

281

48

253

104

71

244

35

64

73

138

71

15

44

77

1,013

278

65

9

32

33

1,276

320

535

8,032

63

158

54

213

462

1,560

2,273

76

340

3,281

41

7

301

5,438

11

610

379

1,040

25

29

70

279

8

39

19

312

25

6,493

67

17

25

16

54

205

19

119

211

4,209

2,172

2,086

71

231

138

42,415

3,121

17,559

11,207

95

270

988

177

4,756

9,412

39,176

302

3,174

10,164

317

131

1,622

11,164

24

1,186

983

7,575

776

63

251

1,293

68

49

21

8,138

106

3,177

51

323

280

39

3,750

648

249

173

Arkansas

240

5,308

Colorado

551

Connecticut

680

Delaware

48-

Florida

43

Georgia

107

8,881

Indiana

3,695

Iowa

4,587

Kansas

2,668

Kentucky

1,130

Louisiana

674

Maine .,

31

Maryland

33g

Massachusetts

604

Michigan

2,474

Minnesota

2,828.

Mississippi

144

6,064

Nebraska

1,579

709

27

3,040

10,721

North. Carolina

67

Ohio

11,989

730

6,343

122

South Carolina

73

1,026

Texas

1,203

45

Virginia

174

810

Wisconsin

6,283

117

386

District of Columbia

196

225

171

54

Utah

1,040

174

49

POPULATION. 209

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

ALABAMA.

AKIZONA TERRITORY.

Tucson Pima

7,007 3,065 3,942 3,224 1,026 2,198

County.

1880.

1870.

Total.

Native.

Foreign.

Total.

Native.

Foreign.

Huntsville

Madison

4,977
29.132
16,713

7,529

4,857
26,195
16,062

7,248

120

2,937
651
281

4,907
32,034
10,588

6,484

4,741

27,795
9,802
6,183

166

4,239
786
301

Mobile

Mobile

Montgomery. . .

Selma

ARKANSAS.

Little Rock Pulaski 13,138 \ 11,692 1,446 12,380 11,044 1,336

Bridgeport. .

Bristol

Danbury. . . .

Derby

Enfield

Greenwich . .
Groton ....
Hartford . . .
Killingly. . . .
Manchester .
Meriden ....
Middletown.

CALIFORNIA.

COLORADO.

CONNECTICUT.

Fairfield

Hartford

Fairfield

New Haven . .
Hartford

Fairfield

New London ,

Hartford

Windham.. . .

Hartford

New Haven . .
Middlesex . . .

27,643
5.347

11,666

11,650
6,755
7,892
5,128

42,015
6,921
6,462

15,540
6,826

20,204
4,420
9,533
8,189
4,521
6,518
4,809

31,420
5,166
4,395

11,149
5,355

7,439

927

2,133

3.461

2,234

1,374

319

10,595

1,755

2,067

4,391

1,471

Alameda

Alameda . .

5,708
11,183

4,321

4,022
34,555
21,420
233,959
12,567
10,282

5,987

3,568

7,979

2,509

2,467

23,534

14,372

129,715

8,733

6,852

4,053

2,140
3,204
1,812
1,555
11,021
7,048
104,244
3,834
3,430
1,934

1,557

5,728
4,738

869
3,724
2,358

688
2,004
2,380

Los Angeles

Marysville

Yuba

Nevada

Oakland

10,500

16,283

149,473

9,089

10,066

Sacramento

10,081

75,754

5,334

5,964

6,202

73,719

3,755

4,102

San Francisco

Santa Clara

San Joaquin . .

El Paso

4,226
35,629
14,820

5,040

3,711

26,924

10,902

4,465

515
8,705
3,918

575

Denver

Arapahoe

4,759

3,621

1,138

Silver Cliff

18,969

13,585

5,384

3,788

3,256

532

8,753

7,175

1,578

8,020

5,623

2,397

6,322

4,037

2,285

7,644

6,198

1,446

5,124

4,738

386

37,180

26,363

10,817

5,712

4,538

1,174

4,223

3,021

1,202

6,923

5,005

1,918

210 POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

CONNECTICUT— Continued.

Name of place.

Naugatuck . .
New Britain .
New Haven . .
New London .
Newtown

Norwalk

Norwich

Plainfield

Portland

Putnam

Southington .

Stafford

Stamford

Stonington. . .
Stratford
Thompson . . .

Vernon

Wallingford. .
Waterbury . .
Winchester . .
Windham.. . .

Athens

Atlanta

Augusta . .
Columbus .

Macon

Savannah .

Count*.

New Haven . .

Hartford

New Haven . .
New London.

Fairfield

Fairfield

New London.
Windham . . .
Middlesex . .
Windham . . .

Hartford

Tolland

Fairfield

New London .

Fairfield

Windham

Tolland

New Haven . .
New Haven . .
Litchfield
Windham

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

4,274

11,800

62,882

10,537

4,013

13,956

15,112

4,021

4,157

5,827

5,411

4,455

11,297

7,355

4,251

5,051

6,915

4,686

17,806

5,142

8,264

3,012
8,103

47,214
8,715
3,173

11,807

11,434
2,875
2,648
3,888
4,285
3,448
8,823
6,093
3,582
3,106
4,564
3,755

12,505
4,277
6,069

1,262

3,697

15,668

1,822

840
2,149
3,678
1,146
1,509
1,939
1,126
1,007
2,474
1,262

669
1,945
2,351

931
5,301

865
2,195

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign,

2,830

50,840
9,576
3,681

12,119

16,653
4,521
4,693
4,192
4,314
3,405
9,714
6,113
3,032
3,804
5,446
3,676

10,826
4,096
5,412

2,024

36,484
7,881
2,966
9,969

12,025
3,040
2,775
2,608
3,573
2,982
7,446
5,199
2,681
2,752
3,626
2,956
6,933
3,165
4,017

GEOKGIA.

Clarke

Fulton . . .
Kichmond
Muscogee.

Bibb

Chatham .

6,099

5,963

136

4,251

4,147

37,409

35,993

1,416

21,789

20 699

21,891

20,693

1,198

15,389

13,937

10,123

9,829

294

7,401

7,037

12,749

12,263

486

10,810

10,179

30,709

27,715

2,994

28,235

24,564

806

14,356
1,695

715
2,150
4,628
1,481
1,918
1,584

741

423
2,268
1,114

351
1,052
1,820

720
3,893

931
1,395

DELAWARE.

Wilmington

New Castle

42,478

36,804

5,674 30,841

25,689

5,152

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Georgetown

12,578
147,293

11,763
133,051

815

14,242

11,384
109,199

10,364
95,442

1,020

Washington

13,757

FLORIDA.

Jacksonville

Duval

7,650
9,890
6,845

6,920
4,548
6,304

730

5,342

541

6,912
5,016
3,347

6,485
2,733
3,066

427

Monroe

2,283

Pensacola

Escambia

281

104

1,090

1,452

364

631

3,671

POPULATION. 211

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

ILLINOIS.

Name of place.

Alton

Aurora

Belleville

Bloomington

Braidwood

Cairo

Champaign

Chicago

Danville

Decatur

East Saint Louis

Elgin

Freeport

Galena

Galesburg

Jacksonville ....

Joliet

Kankakee

La Salle

Lincoln

Litchfield

Mattoon

Mendota

Moline

Monmouth

Ottawa

Paris

Pekin

Peoria

Peru

Quincy

Rockford

Rock Island ....

Springfield

Sterling

Streator

Waukegan

Anderson

Aurora

Columbus

Crawfordsville . .

Elkhart

Evansville

Port Wayne
Goshen

County.

Madison

Kane

Saint Clair. . .

McLean

Will

Alexander . . .
Champaign . .

Cook

Vermilion . .

Macon

Saint Clair . .

Kane

Stephenson . .
Jo Daviess . .

Knox

Morgan

Will

Kankakee . . .

La Salle

Logan

Montgomery .

Coles

La Salle

Rock Island .

Warren

La Salle

Edgar

Tazewell

Peoria

La Salle

Adams

Winnebago. .
Rock Island .
Sangamon . . .
Whiteside . . .

La Salle

Lake

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign.

8,975

11,873

10,683

17,180

5,524

9,011

5,103

503,185

7,733

9,547

9,185

8,787

8,516

6,451

11,437

10,927

11,657

5,651

7,847

5,639

4,326

5,737

4,142

7,800

5,000

7,834

4,373

5,993

29,259

4,632

27,268

13,129

11,659

19,743

5,087

5,157

4,012

6,952
9,241
7,729

13,689
2,943
7,870
4,306
298,326
6,614
8,381
6,694
6,574
6,572
4,574
8,586
9,109
8,509
3,993
4,951
4,875
3,627
5,170
3,166
4,708
4,501
5,940
4,074
4,470

22,134
3,067

20,706
9,857
8,308

15,459
4,268
3,668
3,099

2,023

2,632

2,954

3,491

2,581

1,141

797

204,859

1,119

1,166

2,491

2,213

1,944

1,877

2,851

1,818

3,148

1,658

2,896

764

699

567

976

3,092

499

1,894

299

1,523

7,125

1,565

6,562

3,272

3,351

4,284

819

1,489

913

187 0.

Total. Native. Foreign.

8,665
11,162

8,146
14,590

6,267
4,625
298,977
4,751
7,161
5,644
5,441
7,889
7,019
10,158
9,203
7,263

5,200

3,852

3,546
4,166
4,662
7,736
3,057
5,696

22,849
3,650

24,052

11,049
7,890

17,364
3,998
1,486
4,507

6,013

8,091

5,060

10,692

5,022
3,667
154,420
3,785
6,164
3,291
3,989
5,602
4,546
7,022
7,105
4,959

3,101

2,596
2,431
4,084
5,556
2,846
3,915
15,492

16,319
8,008
5,145

12,908
3,288
1,136
3,321

2,652
3,071
3,086
3,898

1,245

958

144,557

966

997

2,353

1,452

2,287

2,473

3,136

2,098

2,304

751

950
1,735

578
2,180

211
1,781
7,357

7,733
3,041
2,745
4,456
710
350
1,186

INDIANA.

Madison

Dearborn
Bartholomew .
Montgomery .
Elkhart ..."..
Vanderburg. .

Allen

Elkhart

4,126

3,805

321

3,126

2,787

4,435

3,735

700

3,304

2,581

4,813

4,414

399

3,359

2,926

5,251

4,910

341

3,701

3,241

6,953

6,222

731

3,265

2,910

29,280

23,177

6,103

21,830

15,554

26,880

21,028

5,852

17,718

12,677

4,123

3,646

477

3,133

2,661

339
723
433
460
355
6,276
5,041
472

212 POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

INDIANA— Continued.

Name of place.

Indianapolis . . .
Jeffersonville . .

Kokomo

La Fayette

La Porte

Lawrenceburg .
Logansport. . . .

Madison

Michigan City .

Muncie

New Albany . . .

Peru

Eichmond

Seymour

South Bend . . .
Terre Haute . . .

Valparaiso

Vincennes

Washington . . .

Burlington ....
Cedar Rapids . .

Clinton

Council Bluffs .

Creston

Davanport

Des Moines. . . .

Dubuque

Fort Madison . .

Iowa City

Keokuk

Lyons

Marshall

Mount Pleasant

Muscatine

Oskal x>sa

Ottumwa

Sioux City

"Waterloo

Atchison

Emporia

Fort Scott

Lawrence

Countj.

Marion

Clark

Howard

Tippecanoe. .

La Porte

Dearborn

Cass

Jefferson
La Porte ....
Delaware. . . .

Floyd

Miami

Wayne

Jackson

Saint Joseph

Vigo

Porter

Knox

Daviess

1080.

1870.

Total.

Native.

Foreign.

Total.

Native.

75,056

62,446

12,610

48,244

37,587

9,357

8.138

1,219

7,254

5,957

4,042

3,893

149

2,177

2,078

14,860

12,047

2,813

13,506

9,867

6,195

4,630

1,565

6,581

4,576

4,668

3,766

902

3,159

2,472

11,198

9,373

1,825

8,950

6,994

8,945

7,502

1,443

10,709

8,515

7,366

5,143

2,223

3,985

2,400

5,219

4,951

268

2,992

2.752

16,423

14,011

2,412

15,396

12,734

5,280

4,605

675

3,617

3,114

12,742

10,956

1,786

9,445

7,745

4.250

3,836

414

2,372

2,074

13,280

9,854

3,426

7,206

5,841

26,042

22,050

3,992

16.103

13,002

4,461

3,803

658

2,765

2,203

7,680

6,493

1,187

5,440

4,344

4,323

3,811

512

2,901

2,493

Foreign.

10,657

1,297

99

3,639

2,005

687
1,956
2,194
1,585

240
2,662

503
1,700

298
1,365
3,101

562
1,096

408

IOWA.

Des Moines. . . .

Linn

Clinton

Pottawattamie .

Union

Scott

Polk

Dubuque

Lee

Johnson

Lee

Clinton

Marshall

Henry

Muscatine

Mahaska

Wapello

Woodbury. . . .
Black Hawk . . .

19,450

14,594

4,856

14,930

10,173

10,104

7,854

2,250

5,940

4,560

9,052

6,556

2,496

6,129

4,344

18,063

14,496

3,567

10,020

7.206

5,081

4,262

819

411

284

21,831

14,936

6,895

20,038

11,737

22,408

18,205

4,203

12,035

9,557

22,254

16,107

6,147

18,434

11,910

4,679

3,769

910

4,011

2,843

7,123

5,415

1,708

5,914

4,308

12,117

9,850

2,267

12,766

9,229

4,095

2,985

1,110

4,088

2,844

6,240

5,217

1,023

3,218

2,644

4,410

4,008

402

4,245

3,824

8,295

6,604

L691

6,718

4,991

4,598

4,264

334

3,204

2,990

9,004

7,661

1,343

5,214

4,275

7,366

5,345

2,021

3,401

2,259

5,330

4,759

871

4,337

3,628

4,757

1,380

1,785

2,814

127

8,301

2,478

6,524

1,168

1,606

3,537

1,244

574

421

1,727

214

939

1,142

709

KANSAS.

Atchison

Lyon

Bourbon
Douglas .

15,105

13,263

1,842

7,054

5,248

4,631

4,110

521

2,168

1,856

5,372

4,927

445

4,174

3,480

8,510

7,489

1,021

8,320

6,886

1,806
312
694

1,434

POPULATION.

213

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

K A NTS AS.— Continued.

Name or place.

Leavenworth . .

Ottawa

Parsons

Topeka

Wichita

"Wyandotte

Bowling Green .

Covington

Frankfort

Henderson ....
Hopkinsville . . .

Lexington

Louisville

Maysville

Newport

Owensboro

Paducah

Baton Rouge . .

New Orleans . . .
Shrevoport

Auburn

Augusta

Bangor

Bath

Belfast

Biddeford

Brunswick

Calais

Camden .......

Cape Elizabeth

Deering

Eastport

Ellsworth

Gardiner

Lewiston

Portland

Rockland

Saco

"Waterville

County.

Leavenworth

Franklin

Labette

Shawnee

Sedgwick ....
Wyandotte . ..

1880.

Total.

16,546
4,032
4,199

15,452
4,911
6,149

Native. Foreign.

13,164
3,680
3,860

13,590
4,501
5,460

3,382
352
339

1,862
410
689

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

17,873
2,941

5,790
2,940

13,363

2,538

4,978
2,430

4,510
403

812
510

KENTUCKY.

Warren ...

Kenton

Franklin . .
Henderson
Christian . .
Fayette . . .
Jefferson . .

Mason

Campbell . .

Daviess

McCracken

5,114

4,815

299

4,574

4,153

29,720

23,233

6,487

24,505

17,453

6,958

6,607

351

5,396

4,999

5,365

4,992

373

4,171

3,750

4,229

4,115

114

3,136

2,978

16,656

15,575

1,081

14,801

13,717

123,758

100,602

23,156

100,753

75,085

5,220

4,789

431

4,705

4,149

20,433

15,422

5,011

15,087

10,290

6,231

5,842

389

3,437

3,128

8,036

7,479

557

6,866

6,255

421

7,052
397
421
158

1,084

25,668

556

4,797
309
611

LOUISIANA.

East Baton Rouge

Parish.
Orleans Parish . . .
Caddo Parish ....

7,197

6,822

375

6,498

5,882

216,090

174,933

41,157

191,418

142,943

8,009

7,495

514

4,607

3,982

616

48,475
625

MAINE.

Androscoggin .

Kennebec

Penobscot
Sagadahoc . . .

Waldo

York

Cumberland . .
Washington . .

Knox

Cumberland . .
Cumberland . .
Washington . .

Hancock

Kenneoec
Androscoggin .
Cumberland . .

Knox

York

Kennebec

9,555

8,763

792

6,169

5,992

8,665

7,844

821

7,808

7,357

16,856

14,362

2,494

18,289

15,275

7,874

7,100

774

7,371

6,754

5,308

5,144

164

5,278

5,063

12,651

8,141

4,510

10,282

7,540

5,384

4,203

1,181

4,687

4,148

6,173

4,049

2,124

5,944

3,558

4,386

4,311

75

£,512

4,448

5,302

4,733

569

5,106

4,462

4,324

3,971

353

4,006

2,742

1,264

3,736

2,605

5,052

4,838

214

5,257

4,925

4,439

4,204

235

4,497

4,314

19,083

12,394

6,689

13,600

10,5C2

33,810

26,908

6,902

31,413

24,401

7,599

7,276

323

7,074

6,754

6,389

5,880

509

5,755

5,384

4,672

3,844

828

4,852

4,305

177
451

3,014
617
215

2,742
539

2,386

64

644

1,131

332
183
3,008
7,012
320
371
547

214

POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1 880 and 1870.

MAKYLAND.

Name of place.

County.

1380.

1870.

Total.

Native.

Foreign .

Total.

Native.

Foreign.

Annapolis

Anne Arundel

Baltimore City

Allegany

6,642

332,313

10,693

8,659

6,627

6,235
276,177
9,271
8,158
6,373

407

56,136

1,422

501

254

5,744
267,354
8,056
8,526
5,779

5,238
210,870
6,585
7,884
5,442

506

Baltimore

56,484

1,471

642

337

Cumberland

Frederick

Hagerstown

Frederick

Washington

MASSACHUSETTS.

Adams

Amherst

Andover

Arlington

Athol

Attleborough

Barnstable

Beverly

Blackstone

Boston

Brockton

Brookline

Cambridge

Canton

Chelsea

Chicopee

Clinton

Danvers

Dedham

Eastkampton ....

Everett

Fall River

Fitchburg

Framingham

Franklin

Gardner

Gloucester

Grafton

Great Barriugton

Haverhill

Hingham

Holyoke

Hopkinton

Hyde Park

Lawrence

Leominster

Lowell

Lynn

Maiden

Marblehead

Berkshire .
Hampshire

Essex

Middlesex .
Worcester .

Bristol

Barnstable

Essex

Worcester .
Suffolk ....
Plymouth .
Norfolk . . .
Middlesex .
Norfolk ...
Suffolk ....
Hampden .
Worcester .

Essex

Norfolk . . .
Hampshire
Middlesex .

Bristol

Worcester .
Middlesex .
Norfolk . . .
Worcester .

Essex

Worcester .
Berkshire .

Essex

Plymouth .
Hampden .
Middlesex .
Norfolk . . .

Essex

Worcester .
Middlesex .

Essex

Middlesex .
Essex

5,591

3,826

1,765

12,090

8,146

4,298

3,940

358

4,035

3,701

5,169

4,011

1,158

4,873

3,846

4,100

3,020

1,080

3,261

2,309

4,307

3,973

334

3,517

3,244

11,111

8,555

2,556

6,769

5,337

4,242

4,065

177

4,793

4,646

8,456

7,311

1,145

6,507

5,826

4.907

3,243

1,664

5,421

3,372

362,839

248,043

114.796

250,526

162,540

13,608

11,585

2,023

8,007

6,701

8,057

5,421

2,636

6,650

4,357

52,669

37,001

15,668

39,634

27,579

4,516

3,290

1,226

3,879

2,829

21.782

17.187

4,595

18,547

14,595

11,286

6,780

4,500

9,607

6,103

8,029

5,079

2,950

5,429

3,340

6,598

5,330

1,268

5,600

4,633

6,233

4,615

1,618

7,342

5,432

4,206

3,029

1,177

3,620

2,536

4,159

3,367

792

2,220

1,826

48,961

25,386

23,575

26,766

15,288

12,429

9,958

2,471

11,260

8,743

6,235

4,832

1,403

4,968

3,898

4,051

3,240

811

2,512

2,155

4,988

4,117

871

3,333

2,783

19,329

14,054

5,275

15,389

11,382

4,030

3,154

876

4,594

3,367

4,653

'3,806

847

4,320

3,489

18,472

15,364

3,108

13,092

11,089

4,485

3,857

628

4,422

3,803

21,915

11,000

10,915

10,733

5,243

4,601

3,577

1,024

4,419

3,260

7,088

5,385

1,703

4,136

2,909

39,151

21,885

17,266

28,921

16,204

5,772

5,040

732

3,894

3,505

59,475

36,421

23,054

40,928

26.493

38,274

31,234

7,040

28,233

23,298

12,017

9,569

2,448

7,367

5,650

7,467

6,728

739

7,703

6,803

3,944

334
1,189

952
• 273
1,432

147

681
2,049
87,986
1,306
2,293
12,055
1,050
3,952
3,504
2,089

967
1,910
1,084

394

11,478

2,517

1,070

357

550
4,007
1,227

831
2,003

619

5,490

1,159

1,227

12,717

389

14,435

4,935

1,714

900

POPULATION.

215

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1 880 and 1 870.

MASSACHUSETTS— Continued.

Name of place.

Marlborough . . .

Medf ord

Melrose

Methuen

Middleborough .

Milford

Millbury

Montague

Natick

Needkara

New Bedford . . .
Newburyport . . .

Newton

North Adams . . .
Northampton . . .
Northbridge
North Brookfield

Palmer

Peabody

Pittsfield

Plymouth

Provincetown . . .

Quincy

Randolph

Rockland

Salem

Salisbury

Somerville

Southbridge

Spencer

Springfield

Stoneham

Stoughton

Taunton

Wakefield

Waltham

Ware ,

Watertown

Webster

Westborough

Westfield

West Springfield ,

Weymouth

Woburn

Worcester

Adrian

Alpena

County.

Middlesex .
Middlesex .
Middlesex .

Essex

Plymouth .
Worcester .
Worcester .
Franklin . .
Middlesex .
Norfolk ...

Bristol

Essex

Middlesex .
Berkshire .
Hampshire
Worcester .
Worcester .
Hampden .

Essex

Berkshire .
Plymouth .
Barnstable
Norfolk . . .
Norfolk . . .
Plymouth .

Essex

Essex

Middlesex.
Worcester .
Worcester . .
Hampden. . .
Middlesex . .

Norfolk

Bristol

Middlesex . .
Middlesex . .
Hampshire. .
Middlesex . .
Worcester . .
Worcester. .
Hampden . .
Hampden . .

Norfolk

Middlesex . .
Worcester . .

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

10,127

7,573

4,560

4,392

5,237

9,310

4,741

4,875

8,479

5,252

26,845

13,538

16,995

10,191

12,172

4.053

4,459

5,504

9,028

13,364

7,093

4,346

10,570

4,027

4,553

27,563

4,079

24,933

6,464

7,466

33,340

4,890

4,875

21,213

5,547

11,712

4,817

5,426

5,696

5,214

7,587

4,149

10,570

10,931

58,291

7,578
5,964
3,943
3,227
4,881
7,213
3,146
3,317
6,780
3,841
20,922
11,130
12,905
7,595
9,159
2,635
3,465
3,872
6,851
10,170
6,246
3,381
7,715
3,264
3,899
20,115
3.672
19,252
3,962
5,103
25,807
4,063
4,175
16,084
4,350
8,736
3,044
3,915
3,451
4,291
6,477
3,239
9,154
7,730
42,667

2.549

1,609

617

1,165

356

2,097

1,295

1,558

1,699

1,411

5,923

2,408

4,090

2,596

3,013

1,418

994

1,632

2,177

3,194

847

965

2,855

763

654

7,448

407

5,681

2,502

2,363

7,533

827

700

5,129

1,197

2,976

1,773

1,511

2,245

923

1,110

910

1,416

3,201

15,624

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

8,474

5,717

3,414

2,959

4,687

9,890

4,397

2,224

6,404

3,607

21,320

12,595

12,825

10,160
3,774
3,343
3,631
7,343

11,112
6,238
3,865
7,442
5,642

5,908
4,402
2,858
2,455
4,400
7,313
2,679
1,786
5,000
2,648
17,645
10,666
9,469

24,117
3,776

14,685
5,208
3,952

26,703
4,513
4,914

18,629
4,135
9,065
4,259
4,326
4,763
3,601
6,519
2,606
9,010
8,560

41,105

7,441
2,457
2,555
2,578
5,693
7,947
5,699
3,076
5,648
4,643

2,566

1,315

556

504

287

2,577

1,718

438

1,404

959

3,675

1,929

3,556

2,719
1,317

788
1,053
1,650
3,165

539

789
1,794

999

18,033

6,034

3,341

435

10,553

4,132

2,921

2,287

2,747

1,205

19,773

6,930

3,722

791

4,121

793

14,024

4,605

3,347

788

6,460

2,605

2,727

1,532

3,083

1,243

2,694

2,069

2,942

659

5,542

977

1,999

607

7,719

1,291

6,124

2.436

29,159

11,943

MICHIGAN.

Lenawee
Alpena . .

7,849
6,153

6,490
2,891

1,359
3,262

8,438 6,779 1,659

216

POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

MICHIGAN— Continued.

Name of place.

Ann Arbor . . .
Battle Creek . .

Bay City

Coldwater

Detroit

East Saginaw .

Flint

Grand Haven .
Grand Rapids

Ionia

Ishpeming

Jackson

Lansing

Ludington . . .

Manistee

Marquette ....

Monroe

Muskegon ....

Niles

Pontiac

Port Huron. . .

Saginaw

West Bay City
Ypsilanti . .

Faribault

ManKato

Minneapolis . .

Bed Wing

Rochester

Saint Paul. . . .

Stillwater

Winona

Jackson

Meridiar.

Natchez

Vicksburg .

Carthage

Chillicothe

Hannibal

County.

Washtenaw .

Calhoun

Bay

Branch

Wayne

Saginaw . . .
Genesee

Ottawa

Kent

Ionia

Marquette . .
Jackson

Ingham

Mason

Manistee . . .
Marquette . .
Monroe
Muskegon . .

Berrien

Oakland

Saint Clair .
Saginaw. . . .

Bay

Washtenaw .

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

8,061
7,063

20,693

4,681

116,340

19,016
8,409
4,862

32,016
4,190
6,039

16,105
8,319
4,190
6V930
4,690
4,930

11,262
4,197
4,509
8,883

10,525
6,397
4,984

6,269
6,229

11,389
4,169

70,695

11,660
6,654
3,114

22,016
3,419
2,656

12,977
7,033
2,573
3,761
2,765
3,861
6,722
3,428
3,374
5,028
6,473
3,591
4,204

1,792

834
9,304

512

45,645

7,356

1,755

1,748

10,000

771
3,383
3,128
1,286
1,617
3,169
1,925
1,039
4,540

769
1,135
3,855
4,052
2,806

780

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

7,363

5,838

7,064

4,381

79,577

11,350

5,386

3,147

16,507

2,500

11,447
5,241

3,343
4,000
5,086
6,002
4,630
4,867
5,973
7,460

5,471

5,575
5,140
3,789
3,868

44,196
6,284
4,194
1,639

10,782
1,991

8,999
4,403

1,686
1,927
3,777
3,158
3,656
3,914
3,113
4,329

4,463

1,788

698

3,275

513

35,381

5,066

1,192

1,508

5,725

509

2,448
838

1,657
2,073
1,309
2,844
974
953
2,860
3,131

1,008

MINNESOTA.

Rice

Blue Earth .
Hennepin . .
Goodhue . . .
Olmsted. . . .

Ramsey

Washington.
Winona

5,415

4,044

1,371

3,045

2,127

5,550

4,099

1.451

3,482

2,309

46,887

31,874

15,013

13,066

8,613

5,876

3,537

2,339

4,260

2,335

5,103

4,002

1,101

3,953

3,022

41,473

26,398

15,075

20,030

11,343

9,055

5,215

3,840

4,124

2,052

10,208

6,742

3,466

7,192

4,512

918
1,173
4,453
1,925

931
8,687
2,072
2,680

MISSISSIPPI.

Hinds ..,..,
Lauderdale .

Adams

Warren . . . .

5,204

4,947

257

4,234

3,830

4,008

3,873

135

2,709

2,575

7,058

6,542

516

9,057

8,475 j

11,814

10,875

939

12,443

11,027

404

134

582

1,416

MISSOURI.

Jasper

Livingston
Marion ....

4,167

4,078

11,074

3,959
3,728
9,809

208

350

1,265

3,978
10,125

3,554
8,493

424
1,632

POPULATION. 217

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

MISSOUEI— Continued.

Name of place.

Jefferson City

Joplin

Kansas City . .

Louisiana

Moberly

Saint Charles ,
Saint Joseph .
Saint Louis . . .

Sedalia

Springfield . . .
Warrensburg .

Lincoln

Nebraska

Omaha

Plattsmouth . .

County.

Cole

Jasper

Jackson

Pike

Randolph

Saint Charles

Buchanan

Saint Louis City .

Pettis

Greene

Johnson

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

5,271
7,038

55,785
4,325
6,070
5,014

32,431

350,518

9,561

6,522

4,049

4,403
6,558

46,484
3,991
5,311
3,835

26,775

245,505

8,442

6,182

3,841

868
480

9,301
334
759

1,179

5,656
105,013

1,119
340
208

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

4,420

32,260
3,639
1,514
5,570

19,565

310,864

4,560

5,555

2,945

3,374

24,581
3,333
1,297
3,781
14,339
198,615
3,968
5,089
2,722

1,040

7,679

306

217

1,789

5,226

112,249

592

466

223

NEBRASKA.

Lancaster

Otoe

Douglas . .
Cass

13,003
4,183

30,518
4,175

10,596
3,452

20,588
3,271

2,407
731

9,930
904

6,050

16,083

1,944

4,664
9,763
1,396

1,386
6,320

548

NEVADA.

Carson City . .

Eureka

Gold Hill

Virginia City. .

Claremont ....

Concord

Dover

Keene

Manchester . . .

Nashua

Portsmouth . .

Rochester

Somersworth. .

Atlantic

Bayonne

Bordentown . .

Bridgeton

Burlington

Camden

Chambersburg

Ormsby
Eureka .
Storey .
Storey .

4,229

4,207

4,531

10,917

2,583
1,920
2,682
6,126

1,646

2,287
1,849
4,791

7,048

3,592

3,456

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Sullivan

Merrimack . .
Strafford ....
Cheshire ....
Hillsborough
Hillsborough
Rockingham .

Strafford

Strafford ....

4,704

3,956

748

4,053

3,518

13,843

11,978

1,865

12,241

10,577

11,687

9,257

2,430

9,294

7,848

6,784

6,003

781

5,971

5,304

32,630

20,151

12,479

23,536

16,378

13,397

9,832

3,565

10,543

8,218

9,690

8,430

1,260

9,211

8,205

5,784

4,911

873

4,103

3,712

5,586

3,492

2,094

4,504

3,572

535
1,664
1,446

667
7,158
2,325
1,006

391

932

NEW JERSEY.

Atlantic

Hudson

Burlington . .
Cumberland ,
Burlington . ,

Camden

Mercer ,

5,477
9,372
4,258
8,722
6,090
41,659
5,437

4,939
6,162
3,848
8,314
5,613
37,164
3,870

538

3,210

410

408

477

4,495

1,567

1,043

6,830

5,817

20,045

929

6,476

5,358

17,462

114

354
459

2,583

218 POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1 880 and 1 870.

NEW JEESEY.— Continued.

Name of place.

Elizabeth

Gloucester
Hackensack . . .

Harrison

Hoboken

Jersey City ....
Larnbertville . .

Millville

Morristown ....

Newark

New Brunswick

Orange

Passaic

Paterson

Perth Ainboy . .
Phillipsburg. . .

Plainfield

Rahway

Salem

Trenton

Union

Santa Fe

Albany

Amsterdam ....

Auburn

Batavia

Binghamton . . .

Brooklyn

Buffalo

Canandaigua. . .

Catskill

Cohoes

College Point . .

Corning

Cortland

Dunkirk

Edgewater

Elmira

Flushing

Geddes

Geneva

Glens Falls ....

County.

Union

Camden .

Bergen

Hudson ....

Hudson

Hudson

Hunterdon .
Cumberland

Morris

Essex

Middlesex . .

Essex

Passaic

Passaic

Middlesex . .
Warren

Union

Union

Salem

Mercer

Hudson .

1880.

Total.

Native.

28.229

20,644

5,347

4,168

4,248

3,516

6,898

4,364

30,999

18,004

120,722

81,464

4,183

3,632

7,660

7,245

5.418

4,410

136.508

96,178

17,166

13,788

13,207

9,453

6,532

4,297

51,031

32,329

4,808

3,396

7,181

6,138

8,125

6,696

6,455

5,476

5,056

4,761

29,910

24,191

5,849

3,467

7,585

1,179

732

2,534

12,995

39,258

551

415

1,008

40,330

3,378

3,754

2,235

18,702

1,412

1,043

1,429

979

295

5,719

2,382

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign.

20,832
3,682

4,129

20,297

82,546

3,842

6,101

105,059

15,058

9,348

33,579

2,861

5,095
6,258
4,555
22,874
4,640

14,080
2,736

2,239
9,963
50,711
3,209
5,591

69,175

11,684

6,117

20,711
2,170

4,189
5,076
4,185
17,855
2,362

6,752
946

1,890

10,334

31,835

633

510

35.884
3,374
3,231

12,868
691

906

1,182

370

5,019

2,278

NEW MEXICO TERRITORY.

Santo Fe

6,635 6,151 484 4,765 4,487

278

NEW YORK.

Albany

Montgomery

Cayuga

Genesee

Broome

Kings

Erie

Ontario

Greene

Albany

Queens

Steuben

Cortland
Chautauqua .
Richmond . . .
Chemung

Queens

Onondaga . . .

Ontario

Warren

90,758

66,993

9,466

7,494

21,924

16,981

4,845

3,867

17,317

14,815

566,663

388,969

155,134

103,866

5,726

4,579

4,320

3,840

19,416

11,844

4,192

2,517

4,802

3,894

4,050

3,686

7,248

4,911

8,044

4,980

20,541

16,967

6,683

5,207

4,283

3,028

5,878

4,617

4,900

4,081

23,765
1,972
4,943

978

2,502

177,694

51,268

1,147

480
7,572
1,675

908

364
2,337
3,064
3,574
1,476
1,255
1,261

819

69,422
5,426

17,225
3,890

12,692

396,099

117,714

4,862

3,791

15,357
3,652
4,018
3,066

15,863
6,223
3,629
5,521
4,500

47,215
4,264

12,583
2,975

10,350
251,381

71,477
3,714
3,149
7,947
1,980
3,084
2,775

12,472
4,625
2,443
4,176

22,207

1,162

4,642

915

2,342

144,718

46,237

1,148

642

7,410

1,672

934

291

3,391
1,598
1,186
1,345

POPULATION.

219

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

NEW YORK.— Continued.

Name of place.

Gloversville

Green Island ....
Hoosick Falls . . .

Hornellsville

Hudson

Ithaca

Jamestown

Johnstown

Kingston

Lansingburg

Little Falls

Lockport

Long Island City

Malone

Matteawan

Middletown

New Brighton

Newburgh

New York

Ogdensburg

Oswego

Owego

Peekskill . . . :

Plattsburgh

Port Jervis

Poughkeepsie

Rochester

Rome

Saratoga Springs

Schenectady

Seneca Falls

Sing Sing

Syracuse

Troy

Utica

Watertown ......

West Troy

Whitehall

Yonkers

Charlotte

New Berne

Raleigh . . .■

Wilmington

County.

Fulton

Albany

Rensselaer ....

Steuben

Columbia

Tompkins

Chautauqua . . .

Fulton

Ulster

Rensselaer

Herkimer

Niagara

Queens

Franklin

Dutchess

Orange

Richmond

Orange

New York

Saint Lawrence

Oswego

Tioga

Westchester . . .

Clinton

Orange

Dutchess

Monroe

Oneida

Saratoga

Schenectady . . .

Seneca

Westchester . . .

Onondaga

Rensselaer

Oneida

Jefferson

Albany

Washington . . .
Westchester . . .

t

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

7,133

4,160

4,530

8,195

8,670

9,105

9,357

5,013

18,344

7,432

6,910

13,522

17,129

4,193

4,411

8,494

12,679

18,049

1,206,299

10,341

21,116

5,525

6,893

5,245

8,678

20,207

89,366

12,194

8,421

13,655

5,880

6,578

51.792

56,747

33,914

10,697

8,820

4,270

18,892

6,370

3,148

3,362

7,050

7,354

8,034

6,777

4,201

14,506

5,866

5,710

10,250

11,259

3,165

3,631

7,380

8,660

14,273

727,629

6,874

15,555

4,972

6,017

4,025

7,511

16,413

62,744

9,698

6,911

10,936

4,910

•5,306

38,774

39,809

24,581

8,253

6,393

3,499

13,274

763
1,012
1,168
1,145
1,316
1,071
2,580

812
3,838
1,566
1,200
3,272
5,870
1,028

780
1,114
4,019
3,776
478,670
3,467
5,561

553

876
1,220
1,167
3,794
26,622
2,496
1,510
2,719

970
1,272
13,018
16,938
9,333
2,444
2,427

771
5,618

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign.

4,518
3,135

4,552
8,615
8,462
5,336

3,282

6,372

5,387

12,426

3,867

2,406
6,049

17,014

942,292

10,076

20,910

4,756

6,560

5,139

6,377

20,080

62,386

11,000

7,516

11,026

5,890

4,696

43,051

46,465

28,804

9,336

10,693

4,322

12,733

4,056
2,197

3,770
7,001

7,427
4,028
2,719

4,796
4,078
8,937
2,300

2,027
4,878

12,668
523,198

6,004
13,989

4,174

3,524

5,226

15,655

41,202

8,239

5,989

8,412

4,999

3,504

29,061

30,246

18,955

6,707

7,139

3,136

8,080

462
938

782
1,614
1,035
1,308

563

1,576
1,309
3,489
1,567

379
1,171

4,346

419,094

4,072

6,921

582

1,615
1,151
4,425

21,184

2,761

1,527

2,614

891

1,192

13,990

16,219

9,849

2,629

3,554

1,186

4,653

NORTH CAROLINA.

Mecklenburgh

Craven

Wake

New Hanover.

7,094

6,901

193

4,473

4,305

6,443

6,353

90

5,849

5,736

9,265

9,098

167

7,790

7,651

17,350

16,822

528

13,446

12,876

168
113
139
570

220

POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

OHIO.

Name of place:

Akron

Alliance

Ashtabula

Bellaire

Canton

Chillicothe

Cincinnati

Circieville

Cleveland

Columbus

Dayton

Defiance

Delaware

East Liverpool

Elyria

Findlay

Fremont

Galion

Gallipolis

Hamilton .-

Ironton

Lancaster

Lima

Mansfield

Marietta

Massillon

Middletown

Mount Vernon

Newark

Norwalk

Piqua

Pomeroy

Portsmouth

Salem

Sandusky

Springfield

Steubenville

Tiffin

Toledo

Urbana

Van Wert

Warren

Wooster

Xenia

Youngstown

Zanesville

Portland !

County.

Summit

Stark

Ashtabula . . .

Belmont

Stark

Ross

Hamilton
Pickaway
Cuyahoga . . .

Franklin

Montgomery .
Defiance
Delaware
Columbiana .

Lorain

Hancock
Sandusky . . .
Crawford

Gallia

Butler

Lawrence . . .
Fairfield

Allen

Bichland

Washington .

Stark

Butler

Knox

Licking

Huron

Miami

Meigs

Scioto

Columbiana .

Erie

Clarke

Jefferson

Seneca „

Lucas

Champaign .

Van Wert

Trumbull. . . .

Wayne

Greene

Mahoning . . .
Muskingum. .

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

16,512

4,636

4,415

8,025

12,258

10,938

255,139

6,046

160,146

51,647

38,678

5,907

6,894

5,568

4,777

4,633

8,446

5,635

4,400

12,122

8,857

6,803

7,567

9,859

5,444

6,836

4,538

5,249

9,600

5,704

6,031

5,560

11,321

4,041

15,838

20,730

12,093

7,879

50,137

6,252

4,079

4,428

5,840

7,026

15,435

18,113

12,901

4,159

3,652

6,873

10,315

9,295

183,480

5,543

100,737

42,576

31,432

4,751

6,006

4,612

3,667

4,250

7,077

4,765

4,144

9,587

7,647

6.087

6,614

8,371

4,788

5,381

3,821

4,735

8,424

4,842

5,159

4,457

9,695

3,731

11,283

17,646

10,150

6,650

35,788

5,579

3,871

3,732

5,233

6,436

10,678

15,996

3,611

477

793

1,152

1,943

1,643

71,659

503

59,409

9,071

7,246

1,156

888

956

1,110

383

1,369

870

256

2,535

1,210

716

953

1,488

656

1,455

717

514

1,176

862

872

1,103

1,626

310

4,555

3,084

1,943

1,229

14,349

673

208

696

607

590

4,757

2,117

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

10,006
4,063
1,999
4,033
8,660
8,920
216,239
5,407

92,829

31,274

30,473
2,750
5,641
2,105
3,038
3.315
5,455
3,523
3,711

11,081
5,686
4,725
4,500
8,029
5,218
5,185
3,046
4,876
6,698
4,498
5,967
5,824

10,592
3,700

13,000

12,652
8,107
5,648

31,584
4,276
2,625
3,457
5,419
6,377
8,075

10,011

7,402
3,495
1,638
3,165
7,037
7,111
136:627
4.845
54,014
23,663
23,050
2,072
4,739
1,643
2,339
2,898
4,383
2,814
3,456
8,019
4,604
4,005
3,832
6,507
4,353
3,952
2,476
4,327
5,413
3,666
4,840
4,173
8,530
3,420
8,396
10,483
6,460
4,490
20,4C5
3,632
2,487
2,896
4,730
5,686
5,258
8,448

2,604

568

361

868

1,623

1,809

79,612

562

38,815

7,611

7,423

678

902

462

699

417

1,072

709

255

3,062

1,082

720

668

1,522

865

1,233

570

549

1,285

832

1,127

1,651

2,062

280

4,604

2,169

1,647

1,158

11,099

644

138

561

689

691

2,817

1,563

OREGON.

Multnomah 17,577 11,265 6,312 8,293 I 5,715 2,578

POPULATION.

221

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Name of place.

Allegheny

Allentown

Altoona

Ashland

Beaver Falls

Bethlehem

Bradford

Bristol

Carbondale

Carlisle

Chambersburg . . .

Chester

Columbia

Conshohocken . . .

Corry

Danville

Dunmore

Easton

Erie

Franklin

Harrisburg

Hazleton

Huntingdon

Johnstown

Lancaster

Lebanon

Lock Haven

McKeesport

Mahanoy

Meadville

New Castle

Norristown

Oil City

Philadelphia

Phoenixvilie

Pittsburgh

Pittston

Plymouth

Pottstown

Pottsville

Beading

Saint Clair

Scranton

Shamokin

Sharon

Shenandoah

South Bethlehem

South Easton

Sunbury

County.

Allegheny

Lehigh

Blair

Schuylkill

Beaver

Northampton

McKean

Bucks

Lackawanna

Cumberland. . . .

Franklin

Delaware

Lancaster

Montgomery

Erie

Montour

Lackawanna

Northampton . . .

Erie

Venango

Dauphin

Luzerne

Huntingdon

Cambria

Lancaster

Lebanon

Clinton

Allegheny

Schuylkill

Crawford

Lawrence

Montgomery ....

Venango

Philadelphia

Chester

Allegheny

Luzerne

Luzerne

Montgomery ....

Schuylkill

Berks

Schuylkill

Lackawanna ....
Northumberland

Mercer

Schuylkill

Northampton . . .
Northampton . . .
Northumberland

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

78,682

18,063

19,710
6,052
5,104
5,193
9,197
5,273
7,714
6,209
6,877

14,997
8,312
4,561
5,277
8,346
5,151

11,924

27,737
5,010

30,762
6,935
4,125
8,380

25,769
8,778
5,845
8,212
7,181
8,860
8,418

13,063
7,315
847,170
6,682
156,389
7,472
6,065
5,305

13,253

43,278
4,149

45,850
8,184
5,684

10,147
4,925
4,534
4,077

59,245

16,233

17,618

4,502

4,343

4,811

7,653

4,600

5,724

5,974

6,483

12,159

7,415

3,542

4,265

6,995

3,508

10,933

20,031

4,448

28,446

5,260

3,849

7,119

22.390

8,460

5,143

6,311

5,135

7,631

7,237

11,413

6,037

642,835

5,278

111,784

4,966

3,938

5,099

11,130

39,654

2,889

29,993

6,992

4,189

6,904

3,841

3,794

3,957

19,437
1,830
2,092
1,550

761

382
1,544

673
1,990

235

394
2,838

897
1,019
1,012
1,351
1,643

991
7,70<>

562
2,316
1,675

276
1,261
3,379

318

702
1,901
2,046
1,229
1,181
1,650
1,278
204,335
1,404
44,605
2,506
2,127

206
2,123
3,624
1,260
15,857
1,192
1,495
3,243
1,084

740

120

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

53,180

13,884

10,610

5,714

3,112

4,512

3,269
6,393
6,650
6,308
9,485
6,461
3,071
6,809
8,436
4,311

10,987

19,646
3,908

23,104
4.317
3,034
6,028

20,233
6,727
6,986
2,523
5,533
7,103
6,164

10,753

2,276

674.022

5,292

86,076
6,760
2,684
4,125

12,384

33,930
5,726

35,092
4,320
4,221
2,951
3,556
3,167
3,131

37,872
11,853
9,119
3,775
2,634
4,117

2,849
4,061
6,249
5,793
7,492
5,495
2,175
5,080
6,372
2,454
9.664

12,718
3,313

20,309
2,876
2,787
4,566

16,858
6,355
6,103
2,153
3,372
5,744
5,252
9,133
1,824
490,398
3,810

58,254
3,613
1,686
3,861
9,672

30,059
3,437

19,205
3,488
2,990
1,679
2,450
2,481
3.021

15,308

2,031

1,491

1,939

478

395

420

2,332

401

515

1,993

966

896

1,729

2,064

1,857

1,323

6,928

595

2,795

1,441

247

1,462

3,375-

372

883

370

2,161

1,359

912

1,620

452

183,624

1,482

27,822

3,147

998

264

2,712

3,871

2,289

15,887

832

1,231

1,272

1,106

686

110

222 POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

PENNSYLVANIA.— Continued.

County.

1880.

1870.

Total.

Native.

Foreign .

Total.

Native.

Foreign.

Tamaqua

Schuylkill

5,730

9,046

4,292

7,046

23,339

18,934

13,940

4,678

6,694

4,105

6,529

17,039

16,636

12,893

1,052
2,352
187
517
6,300
2,298
1,047

5,960

8,639

3,571

5,630

10,174

16,030

11,003

4,382
6,185
3,364
5,150
7,517
13,404
9,855

1,578

2,454

207

Titusville

Crawford

Washington

Washington

West Chester

480

Wilkesbarre

Luzerne

2,657

Williamsport

Lycoming

2,626

York

York

1,148

RHODE ISLAND.

Bristol

Burrellville

Coventry

Cranston

Cumberland

East Providence . .

Johnston

Lincoln

Newport

Pawtucket

Providence

South Kingstown.

Warren

Warwick

Westerly

Woonsocket

Charleston

Columbia

Greenville

Chattanooga

Jackson

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Austin

Brenham

Brownsville

Dallas

Fort Worth

Galveston

Bristol

Providence . .

Kent

Providence .
Providence .
Providence .
Providence .
Providence .
Newport . . .
Providence .
Providence .
Washington

Bristol

Kent

Washington
Providence .

6,028

4,783

1,245

5,302

4,288

5,714

3,835

1,879

4,674

3,250

4,519

3,643

876

4,349

3,654

5,940

4,516

1,424

4,822

3,313

6,445

3,975

2,470

3,882

2,611

5,056

4,145

911

2,668

2,316

5,765

4,501

1,264

4,192

3,211

13,765

7,206

6,559

7,889

4,569

15,693

12,000

3,693

12,521

9,741

19,030

13,463

5,567

6,619

4,359

104,857

76,782

28,075

68,904

51,727

5,114

4,748

366

4,493

4,212

4,007

2,678

1.329

3,008

2,251

12,164

8,305

3,859

10,453

7,056

6,104

4,919

1,185

4,709

3,873

16,050

8,720

7,330

11,527

5,933

1,014

1,424

695

1,509

1,271

352

981

3,320

2,780

2,260

17,177

281

757

3,387

836

5,594

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Charleston
Richland. .
Greenville .

49,984

46,034

3,950

48,956

44,064

10,036

9,698

338

9,208

8,722

6,160

6,027

133

2,757

2,712

:,892

575
45

TENNESSEE.

Hamilton .
Madison. .

Knox

Shelby . . .
Davidson .

12,892

12,173

719

6,093

5,618

5,377

5,180

197

4,119

3,923

9,693

9,164

529

8,682

8,050

33,592

29,621

3,971

40,226

33,446

43,350

40,325

3,025

25,865

23,056

475

196

632

6,780

2,809

TEXAS.

Travis

Washington.
Cameron. . . .

Dallas

Tarrant

Galveston. . .

11,013
4,101
4,938

10,358
6,663

22,248

9,628
3,674
2,279
9,035
6,137
17,202

1,385
427
2,659
1,323
. 526
5,046

4,428
2,221
4,905

3,812
1,941
1,612

13,818 10,204

616

280
3,293

3,614

Key of Shades.

Females in excess.

Males in excess less than 5 per

1

5 to 10 per cen
" 10 to 20 "
" above 20 "

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

Key of Shades.

Females in excess.

Males in excess less than 5 per cent.

mi

" 5 to 10 per cent.
" 10 to 20 "
" above 20 "

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

POPULATION

223

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

TEXAS.— Continued.

Name of place.

County.

Houston Harris

Marshall Harrison . .

San Antonio j Bexar

Sherman I Grayson . . .

Waco I McLennan

Brattleboro'

Bennington

Burlington

Colchester

Rutland

Saint Albans

Saint Johnsbury.

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

16,513
5,624

20,550
6,093
7,295

14,240
5,309

14,952
5,709
6,793

2,273
315

5,598
384
502

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign

9,382
1,920
12,256
1,439
3,008

7,811
1,820
8,136
1,413

2,804

Windham . .
Bennington .
Chittenden .
Chittenden .

Rutland

Franklin . . .
Caledonia . .

5,880

5,250

630

4,933

4,387

6,333

5,319

1,014

5,760

4,713

11,365

8,633

2,732

14,387

8,219

4,421

3,040

1,381

3,911

2,527

12,149

9,401

2,748

9,834

6,871

7,193

5,468

1,725

7,014

4,831

5,800

4,566

1,234

4,665

3,607

1,571
100

4,120

26

204

UTAH TERRITORY.

Ogden

Weber

6,069 1 4,084
20,768 13,095

1,985
7,673

3,127

12,854

2,066
7,604

1,061

Salt Lake Citv

Salt Lake . .

5,250

VERMONT.

546
1,047
6,168
1,384
2,963
2,183
1,058

VIRGINIA.

Alexandria

Danville

Fredericksburg .

Lynchburg

Manchester

Norfolk

Petersburg

Portsmouth
Richmond . .
Staunton . . .
Winchester .

Alexandria

Pittsylvania

Spotsylvania ....

Campbell

Chesterfield

Norfolk

Chesterfield, Prince
George, and Din-
widdle.

Norfolk

Henrico

Augusta

Frederick

13,659

13,060

599

13,570

12,763

7,526

7,417

109

3,463

3,433

5,010

4,914

96

4,046

3,867

15,959

15,561

398

6,825

6,554

5,729

5,629

100

2,599

2,559

21,966

21,131

835

19,229

18,490

21,656

21,300

356

18,950

18,505

11,390

10,864

526

10,590

10,082

63,600

60,260

3,340

51,038

47,260

6,664

6,426

238

5,120

4,895

4,958

4,873

85

4,477

4,375

807
30
179
271
40
739
445

508

3,778

225

102

WEST VIRGINIA.

Charleston . .
Martin sburg .
Parkersburg.
Wheeling

Kanawha .
Berkeley .
Wood
Ohio

4,192

3,953

239

3,162

2,948

6,335

5,974

361

4,863

4,375

6,582

5,985

597

5,546

4,745

30,737

24,623

6,114

19,280

15,127

214

488

801

4,153

WISCONSIN.

Appleton
Beloit

Outagamie
Rock

8,005
4,790

5,655
3,998

2,350
792

4,518
4,396

2,990
3,518

1,528

878

224 POPULATION.

Population of places of 4,000 inhabitants and over, by nativity, in 1880 and 1870.

WISCONSIN.— Continued.

Name of place.

Eau Claire . . .
Fond du Lac
Green Bay . . .
Janesville . . .

Kenosha

La Crosse . . .

Madison

Manitowoc . .
Milwaukee . .

Neenah

Oconto

Oshkosh

Portage

Racine

Sheboygan . .
Stevens Point
Watertown . .
Wausau

County.

Eau Claire

Fond du Lac

Brown

Rock

Kenosha

La Crosse

Dane

Manitowoc

Milwaukee

Winnebago

Oconto

Winnebago

Columbia

Racine . •

Sheboygan

Portage

Dodge and Jefferson
Marathon

1880.

Total. Native. Foreign

10,119

13,094

7,464

9,018

5,039

14,505

10,324

6,367

115,587

4,202

4,171

15,748

4,346

16,031

7,314

4,449

7,883

4,277

6,289
9,564
5,153
7,079
3,632
9,125
7,620
3,871

69,514
2,845
2,423

11,094
3,041

10,327
4,693
3,085
4,811
2,517

3,830
3,530
2,311
1,939
1,407
5,380
2,704
2,496
46,073
1,357
1,748
4,654
1,305
5,704
2,621
1,364
3,072
1,760

1870.

Total. Native. Foreign.

2,293
12,764
4,666
8,789
4,309
7,785
9,176
5,168
71,440
2,655
2,655
12.663
3,945
9,880
5,310
1,810
7,550
1,349

1.529
8,735
2,851
6,554
2,995
4,336
6,062
2,591
37,667
1,773
1,431
8,122
2,432
5,889
2,920
1,243
3,966
755

764
4,029
1,815
2,235
1,314
3,449
3,114
2,577
33,773

882
1,224
4,541

1,51a

3,991
2,390

567
3,584

594

The population of the United States for different periods dwelling in cities.

Date.

Population of
United States.

O
6

o

d
.2

aj •

P,m3

S'3

Inhabitants of
cities in each
100 oi ihe total
population.

1790

3,929,214

5.308,483

7,239,881

9,633,822

12,866,020

17,069,453

23,191,876

31,443,321

38,558,371

50,155,783

6

6

11

13

26

44

85

141

226

286

131,472

210,873

356,920

475,135

864,509

1,453,994

2,897.586

5,072,256

8,071,875

11,318,547

3.3

1800

3.9

1801

4.9

1820

4.9

1830

6.7

1840

8.5

1850

12.5

1860

16.1

1870

20.9

1880

22.5

POPULATION. 225

FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

The number and general condition of the people in the older countries
of the world, are so different from what they are in our own land, as to
make it hardly possible to convey an adequate notion. They have been
settled so much longer, are more densely populated, have little or no out-
lying territory to supply the surplus population with homes, and all the
manufactories are over-crowded ; thousands are emigrating to our own
land every year, and as many, perhaps, to other less densely populated por-
tions of the globe.

It may be interesting to many to have, in connection with the popula-
tion statistics of our own country, those of other countries. In the subjoined
pages are to be found the latest attainable statistics with reference to the
principal countries outside America. In many of these the reports are
incomplete and unsatisfactory; nor has it been found practicable to pre-
sent these in the concise, tabulated form of the statistics of the United
States. These facts have been gathered from official returns made
in the countries named, and from numerous private publications of
the countries. In the main, they will be found accurate. What was
given, only could be reproduced. On many points of interest, no facts,
are obtainable.

In some of the European countries, as England and Germany, the most
careful and thorough provisions have been made for the accurate collec-
tion of statistics regarding the population. In others, no such provision
has been made by the governments ; consequently, the statistics are left to
private parties, or to the fortuitous reports of government agents. In the
countries of Asia and Africa, nothing is obtainable but the uncertain esti-
mates of the European inhabitants. The wild and vague reports of the
native governments have been proved to be wholly unreliable. In the
South American countries, generally, and in Mexico, there is some reliance
to be placed upon the statistics afforded. In the matters of which they
treat, they have been found to be reasonably accurate. The private reports
of the European or American inhabitants, or travelers, contain much val-
uable information, and serve to correct the errors of native reports.

It will be proper to begin with Great Britain, a country so intimately
related to our own, and whose people are of the same .race.

226

POPULATION.

GREAT BRITAIN.
Foreign Population of Great Britain and Ireland.

It is difficult to ascertain with perfect accuracy the number of
foreigners living in England and Wales. It is supposed that there are
140,090 foreigners in England and Wales, 40,909 of whom reside in London.
Of this number of foreigners 28,644 are Germans (16,082 of whom dwell
in London); Austrians, 1,669; French, 12,989; Dutch, 5,442; Swedes
and Norwegians, 5,417; Poles, 3,616; Italians, 4,489; Danes, 2,534;
Swiss, 2,341; Belgians, 2,031; Russians, 1,633; Spaniards, 1,337; other
European countries, 1,577; North Americans, 7,861; other parts of
America, 1,641; Africans, 518; Asiatics, 358.

The number of English dwelling in other parts of Europe are 64,969 ;
of whom, in France, 25,844; Germany, 7,365; Italy, 5,467; Belgium,
4,092; Switzerland, 1,124. Outside this number are 125,379 in India,
including 85,008 in the army.

In 187 1 there were living in England and Wales, 139,445 persons
who were born in foreign lands.

In 1 841 there were only 36,446 such cases and in 1851 there were
61,708, and in 1861, 101,832. Of the 1871 total, 66,101 lived in London.

The large towns with their population.

England.

London

Liverpool

Manchester with Salford

Birmingham ,

Leeds

Sheffield

Bristol

Bradford

Stoke-upon-Trent

Newcastle-on-Tyne

Hull

Portsmouth

Scotland.

Glasgow . .
Edinburgh
Dundee

Ireland.

Dublin .

Belfast .

1801.

958,865
82,295
94,876
70,670
53,162
45,755
61,153
13,265

77,058
81,404

1851.

1,362,226

375,955

401,321

232,841

172,270

135,310

137,328

103,778

84,02.7

87,784

84,690

72,096

329,097

191,221

78,931

258,369
100,301

1861.

2,803,989
443,938
441,171
296,076
207,165
185,172
154,093
106,218
101,207
109,108
97,661
94,799

394,864

201,749

90,417

304,710
120,777

1871.

3,254,260
493,405
475,990
343,787
259,212
239,946
182,552
145,830
130,985
128,443
121,982
113,569

547,538
197,581
119,141

295,841
174,394

1877.

=8

o

555,933
218,729
142,951

333,623
202,641

POPULATION.

Table showing the population of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 800 to 1 878.

227

Yeab.

England ;ind
Wales.

Scotland.

Ireland.

Total.

Isle of Man & Channel Islands.

1801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1851

1861

8,892,536
10,164,256
12,000,236
13,896,797
15,914,148
17,927,609
20,119,314
21,348,971
23,944,459
24,244,010
24,547,309
24,854,397

1,608,420
1,805,864
2,091,521
2,364,386
2,620,184
2,888,742
3,066,633
3,366,375
3,495,214
3,527,811
3,560,715
3,593,929

5,216,331
5,956,460
6,801,827
7,767,401
8,175,124
6,552,385
5,788,415
5,386,708
5,309,494
5,321,618
5,338,906
5,350,950

15,717,287
17,926,580
20,893,684
26,028,584
26,709,456
27,368,736
28,974,362
31,513,442
32,749,167
33,089,237
33,446,930
33,881,966

89,508

103,710

124,040
52,387 90,739
52,469 90,977

1871

54,042 90,596

1875

1876

1877

1878

From 1800 to 1871, the increase in the population of Great Britain
and Wales was 155 per cent; in Scotland, 100 per cent; in Ireland a
decrease of 34 per cent; in the whole Kingdom, an increase of 95 per
cent. The increase in the islands named in the same period was 68 per
cent. From 1837 to 'l&76 the population of the United Kingdom increased
29 per cent.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland includes an area
of 121,305 square miles, viz.: England and Wales, 58,311 square miles;
Scotland, 30,362 square miles, and Ireland, 32,531 square miles. The
islands in the British seas occupy an area of 193,647 acres, viz.: the Isle
of Man, 145,325 acres; Jersey, 28,717 acres and Guernsey, with the adjacent
islands, 19,605 acres.

The Isle of Wight contains 54,042 inhabitants; the Isle of Anglesea
contains 51,040 inhabitants; Orkney Islands contain 31,274 inhabitants;
Shetland Islands contain 31,608 inhabitants.

The number of families in England and Wales in 187 1 was 5,049,016.
Great Britain shows a marked increase in population when compared
with France and Prussia. From 1861 to 1870, there was an increase of
13.23 per cent in Britain, no gain in France, and a loss of nearly 2 per
cent in Prussia. From 1867 to 1872, there was a gain of 13 per cent in
Britain, a loss of 1.01 per cent in France and of 2.32 per cent in Prussia.
This included the time of the Franco-Prussian war, and when England
was at peace. The differences in the three countries is not due to a less
number of births, or a greater number of deaths; but more largely to
immigration.

228 POPULATION.

The population of Great Britain and Ireland, according to sex, in different periods.

England and Wales.

Scotland.

Ireland.

Males.

Females.

Males.

Females.

Males.

Females.

1861

9,801,152
11,093,123
11,656,400
12,097,547

10,318,162
11,680,689
12,288,059
12,756,850

1,453,496
1,607,276
1,673,105
1,724,320

1,615,908
1,760,646
1,822,109
1,869,609

2,831,783
2,626,661
2,572,088
2,638,260

2,956,632

1871

2,768,346
2,737,406
2,795,380

1875

1878

Those of the people not dwelling in the country in 1871, viz.: those
of the Land Forces, Navy and Commercial Marine are not included;
they are numbered 216,080. The disproportion between the sexes has in-
creased during the last twenty years. In 1851 the figures stood at 13,369,-
442 males against 14,074,314 females, a difference of 704,872. In 1861 the
difference was 803,271, and in 1871 it had risen to 882,611. If the soldiers
and absent sailors are included, there is still a disproportion of 687,115.
This is doubtless the result in a great measure of the Colonial possessions
together with the Indian and Crimean wars and the enormous migration
of the Irish. It is remarkable that the difference is not still greater in
Ireland — a sign of universal emigration.

The emigration from Great Britain and Ire/and for different periods and the principal

destinations.

Year.

1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1878

Total No.
Emigrants.

128,469
91,770
121,214
223,758
208,900
209,801
204,882
195,953
196,325
258,027
256,940
252,435
295,213
310,612
241,014
163,809
138,222

To United
States.

87,500

49,764

58,706

146,813

147,042

147,258

161,000

159,275

155,532

203,001

196,075

198,843

233,747

233,073

148,161

134,823

54,554

54,069

To British
N. America.

9,786
12,707
15,522
18,083
12,721
12,211
13,253
15,503
21,062
33,891
35,295
32,671
32,205
37,208
25,450
22,283

9,335
10,697

To
Australia.

24,302

23,738

41,843

53,054

40,942

37,283

24,097

14,466

12,809

14,901

17,065 j

12,227 j

15,876 i

26,428 J

53,958 '

28,882

32,196

36,057

Annual Aver-
age to other
Places not
stated.

y 3,535

4,772

8,889

13,384

POPULATION. 229

The English colonies and foreign possessions.

The English colonies and foreign possessions are scattered over all parts

of the world. The following is a list of them, together with the manner
and time of their coming into British possession: —

Colonies. Manner of possession. . UaPe.f>.f

1 Newfoundland By settlement and conquest from France 1608

2 Prince Edward's Island. .By settlement and conquest from France

3 Nova Scotia By settlement and conquest from France 1654

4 Bermuda Settlement 1609

5 St. Christopher Settlement 1623 and 1650

6 Barbadoes Settlement 1625

7 Nevis Settlement 1628

8 Bahamas Settlement 1629

9 Turk's Island Settlement 1629

10 Gambia Settlement 1631

11 Antigua Settlement 1632

12 Moutserjat Settlement 1632

13 Jamaica Conquest from Spain 1655

14 Gold Coast Settlement 1661

15 Virgin Islands Settlement 1666

16 Honduras .Ceded by Spain 1670

17 St. Helena Exchanged 1651

18 Gibraltar Conquest from Spain 1704

19 Canada Conquest from France 1759 and 1763

20 Dominica Ceded by France 1763

21 Grenada Ceded by France 1763

22 Tobago Ceded by France 1763

23 St. Vincent Ceded by France 1763

24 New Brunswick Separated from Nova Scotia '. 1784

25 Sierra Leone Settlement. Ceded by Holland 1787

26 Gambia Settlement. Ceded by Holland 1871

27 New South Wales Settlement 1787

28 Ceylon Conquest from Holland 1796

29 Trinidad Conquest from Spain 1797

30 Malta Conquest from France 1800

31 Guiana Ceded by Holland 1803

32 St. Lucia Conquest from France 1803

33 Tasmania Settlement 1803

34 Cape of Good Hope Conquest from Holland 1806

35 Mauritius Conquest from France 1810

36 Heligoland Ceded by Denmark 1814

37 Ascension Settlement 1827

38 West Australia Settlement 1829

39 South Australia Settlement 1836

40 Natal Settlement 1838

41 New Zealand Settlement 1839

42 Falkland Isles Settlement in 1765 and ceded by Spain 1837

43 Hong Kong Ceded by China 1843

44 Labuan Ceded by Sultan of Borneo 1846

45 Victoria Separated from New South Wales 1850

46 Columbia Settlement 1858

47 India \ Settlement and conquest from 1625 and 1849

' ( Transferred from East India Company 1859

230

POPULATION.

The English colonies and foreign possessions. — Continued.

iolonies. Manner of possession. . V&te of

Acquisition.

Queensland Separated from New South Wales 1859

Caff reland Separated from the Cape 1860

Transvaal Annexation April 12 1877

Straits Settlements Treaty and Settlement 1786 and 1824

Vancouver's Island Settlement 1792

Lagos Conquest and Treaty 1874

Fiji Islands Ceded in 1874

Cyprus Convention, June 4th 1878

These possessions embraced, according to the official returns in 1877,
8,078,370 square miles, with a population of 233,930,338. The dealings
of the mother country with the various colonies are not uniform. Those
which are simply military positions are ruled absolutely, while those colo-
nies with European populations have their parliaments and govern them-
selves, as far as their internal affairs are concerned, as free and independ-
ent countries. Thus act the various colonies in Australia, Canada and the
Cape. They have the power of determining their requirements, and
voting the supplies to meet them. It is only as regards the military that
the mother country continues her supervision, and even that she has con-
tracted of late years by withdrawing most of the troops.

Possessions in Europe.

Area
sqr. miles.

Population.

Inhabitants
per sqr. mile.

Gibraltar

Malta and Gozo.
*Cyprus

H

115

4,000

25,148
149,270
200,000

1,266
62

Military population of 6,448 not included.

British North America.

The earlier provinces of Upper and Lower Canada (which were
united in 1839), together with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward's Island have, since July 1, 1867, been formed into a Confedera-
tion, under the name of the Dominion of Canada. Upper Canada bears
the name of Ontario, and Lower Canada of Quebec, the chief town of the
Confederation being Ottawa.

By an Act passed March 9, 1869, the lands of the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany were added to the Confederation, and, in June of the same year, New-
foundland was likewise added. Since 1866 Vancouver's Island and British

POPULATION.

231

Columbia have been united to the Dominion of Canada,
and population is as under: —

The total area

Square miles.

Population.

Population
to sqr. mile.

Ontario (Upper Canada)

101,736

187,702

27,177

20,900

40,200

a 200,000

a 13,000

2,173

1,620,851

1,191,516

285,594

387,800

146,536

10,586

a

94,021

15.9

Quebec (Lower Canada)

6.3

New Brunswick

10.5

Nova Scotia

18.5

Newfoundland

British Columbia

Vancouver's Island

Prince Edward's Island ....

Total Dominion of Canada

605,561

14,340

2,750,000

3,720,904
11,945

28,700

Add Manitoba

Add Northwest Territory

Total of British North America

3,370,000

3,763,549

a Exclusive of Indians.

Neither the lands of the Hudson's Bay Company nor those of British
Columbia have any well-defined frontier lines.

The population of the first four lands consisted in 1871 of 1,764,311
males, and 1,721,450 females. The nationalities were exceedingly mixed,
of—

Scandinavians

Italians

Spaniards and Portuguese .

Poles and Russians

Jewish

Africans

Indians

1,623

1,035

829

607

123

21,496

23,035

French origin 1,082,940

English 706,369

Welsh 7,773

Scotch 549,946

Irish 846,414

German 202,991

Dutch 29,662

Swiss 2,962

Australasia.
In a most remarkable manner, a whole division of the earth has, by
colonization, attained to civilization. On May 13th, 1787, a ship left
England and reached Port Jackson on the 26th January, 1788, having on
board the refuse of English society, 565 male and 192 female convicts,
together with 208 officers and soldiers, and 65 women and children.
These were landed and employed in the construction of rude huts on the '
spot where now stands the flourishing city of Sydney. This was the first
attempt at forming an English colony in Australia. It continued to be
little more than a convict settlement, and, to a great extent, unproductive,
until 1 82 1. The discovery of rich gold fields in 1851 acted as a great
incentive to a better and more extended development of the colony.

232

POPULATION.

At that time, there were seven separate independent centers, each
under a separate governor. In 1824, Van Diemen's Land was made an
independent colony, with a legislative council of its own and a supreme
court of legislature; South Australia, in 1834; Victoria, in 1851; and
Queensland, in 1859. The development of Victoria was exceedingly rapid
from the year 1834. Previous to this, there had been two unsuccessful
attempts to form a colony — viz., in 1803 and 1826. From 1834 to 1851,
it formed part of New South Wales, but, in 1851, it became an independ-
ent colony.

The following tables give the various colonies with their acreage and
population: —

Colonies.

New South Wales .

Victoria

South Australia . . .

Queensland

West Australia . . .

Tasmania

New Zealand

Total.

Area in
square miles.

3,123,581

Total cultiva-
tion in acres,

1875.

310,938

451,139

88,198

1,126,831

914,730

1,444,586

678,600

77,347

1,000,000

47,571

26,215

332,824

104,900

607,138

4,087,436

Population.

Colonies.

New South Wales .

Victoria

South Australia . . .

Queensland

West Australia

Tasmania

New Zealand

Total .

1865.

411,388

626,639

156,605

87,775

20,260

95,201

201,712

1,599,580

1871.

503,981
731,528
185,626
120,104
24,785
99,328
256,393

1,921,745

1873.

560,275
790,492
198,075
146,690
25,761
104,217
295,946

2,121,456

1874.

584,278
808,437
204,623
163,517
26,209
104,176
341,860

2,233,100

1875.

606,652
823,272
210,442
181,288
26,709
103,663
375,856

2,327,882

1877.

662,212
860,787
231,383
195,092
27,838
107,104
417,622

2,464,560

Most of the inhabitants are of British nationality. In 1866, there
were, however, 8,119 Germans in South Australia, and 1,999 ^n New
Zealand, besides 24,732 Chinese. In 1871, there were, throughout the
whole of the Australian colonies, 34,322 Germans, viz., 9,264 in Victoria,
8,317 in Queensland, 8,309 in South Australia, 5,467 in New South
Wales, 2,416 in New Zealand, 506 in Tasmania, and 43 in West Aus-
tralia. The natives are rapidly disappearing. In 1858, there Were 1,768;
in 1871, there were 1,330. In South Australia, in 1855, there were 3,450.
In Tasmania, in 1866, there were only 14, whereas 57 years previously
there were 5,000.

POPULATION.

233

GERMAN EMPIRE.

Table showing the area and population of the German Empire.

States and Dominions.

( Kingdom of Prussia

\ Dukedom of Lauenburg

2 Kingdom of Bavaria

3 Saxony

4 Wurtemburg

5 Grand Duchy of Baden

6 Grand Duchy of Hesse

7 Grand Duchy of Mechlenburg-Schwerin. .

8 Grand Duchy of Saxe- Weimar

9 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

10 Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

11 Grand Duchy of Brunswick

12 Saxe-Meimngen

13 Saxe-Altenburg

14 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

15 Anhalt (Dukedom)

16 Schwarzburg-Rudolphstadt (Principality)

17 Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen

18 Waldeck (Principality)

19 Reuss (old line)

20 Reuss (new)

21 Schaumburg-Lippe

22 Lippe (Principality)

23 Free Town of Lubeck

24 Bremen

25 Hamburg

26 Alsace-Lorraine

Total

English
sqr. miles.

Population
in 1877.

134,503

25,742,404

190

451

49,546

109

29,299

5,022,390

171

5,783

2,760,586

477

7,526

1,881,505

250

5,825

1,507,179

258

2,955

884,218

299

5,145

557,897

108

1,403

286,183

203

1,105

96,982

87

2,466

316,640

128

1,424

311,764

218

956

187,957

196

510

142,122

278

760

174,339

229

903

203,437

225

361

75,523

209

329

67,191

264

435

56,242

129

116

45,094

388

318

89,032

279

170

32,059

188

435

111,135

255

108

52,158

482

95

122,402

1,288

159

338,974

2,131

5,591

1,531,804

273

210,493 42,727,360

Population

to the

English

sqr. mile.

202

The number of inhabitants was estimated, in 1818, at 30,157,638
(certainly too low a number); in 1865, at 46,412,000, an increase, there-
fore, of 16,254,400, or almost 54 per cent (more exact, 53.89 per cent).
If we subtract the population separated from the original registered
number — viz.: that of German, Austrian, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg and
Limburg as 9,743,451, and the then population of the Prussian and Posen
provinces and Schleswig as about 2,639,300, we shall see that the popula-
tion of Germany, now, without Alsace-Lorraine, has increased at the rate
of 63.78 per cent. The increase, however, is very unequal in the various
lands.

234

POPULATION.

Table showing the population by sex, the differences, and the number of households and
dwelling-houses in the several states of the German Empire.

Prussia

Laueuburg

Bavaria

Saxony

Wurtemburg

Baden

Hesse

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Saxe- Weimar

Mecklenburg-Strelitz . .

Oldenburg

Brunswick

Saxe-Meiningen

Saxe-Altenburg

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

Anhalt

Sobwerin-Rudolphstadt
Schwerin-Sondersheim .

Waldeck

Reuss (old)

Reuss (new)

Schaumburg

Lippe

Lubeck

Bremen

Hamburg

Alsace-Lorraine

12,1

2,
1,

Men.

Women".

Difference.

House-
holds.

141,082

12,498,624

357,542

5,116,804

24,958

24,588

370

10,706

368,558

2,494,892

126,334

1,062,374

248,799

1,307,445

58,646

539,304

876,164

942,375

66,212

397,980

711,551

749,011

37,460

300,235

421,849

431,045

9,196

180,260

272,034

285,863

13,829

117,264

139,352

146,831

7,479

60,848

47,062

49,920

2,858

21,047

156,701

159,939

3,238

66,689

155,355

156,409

1,054

70,254

92,107

95,850

3,743

39,799

69,255

72,869

3,612

31,940

84,377

89,962

5,585

39,085

99,858

103,579

3,721

43,295

36,837

38,686

1,849

16,328

32,668

34,523

1,855

15,221

26,387

29,837

3,450

11,535

22,240

22,845

614

9,969

43,443

45,589

2,146

19,161

15,903

16,156

345

6,742

54,637

56,498

1,861

23,721

25,104

27,054

1,950

12,013

59,275

63,127

3,852

24,388

165,306

173,668

8,367

74,904

760,040

789,547

29,502

356,461

Dwelling
Houses .

2,892,396

6,117

795,000

339,169

273,928

204,772

126,072

60,000

47,241

9,438

51,192

34,556

27,688

20,526

26,899

26.598

11,822

11,337

8.503

5,226

11,177

4,678

15,624

6,163

18,297

26,250

' 265,590

It must be remembered that the statement of houses is very inade-
quate upon which to form a comparison, as it represents here, equally, the
mansions in the great towns, and the wooden huts or cottages in the
country. There is a great variety in the houses of large cities; look at
London, with its houses arranged for one family, and at Paris, with its
houses erected to contain a dozen families.

The nationalities of the German Empire.

The best sign by which to judge of these is the mother-tongue.
Taking this as the best method, we find that the whole population of the
middle and small states, with the exception of some 50,000 Wends in
Saxony, speak German (the Wends in Altenburg speak German). Fur-
ther, there are some 240,000 — 250,000 French in Alsace-Lorraine. Metz
and its suburbs are almost entirely French. Most of the provinces of

POPULATION.

235

Prussia contain a pure German population. The other provinces, how-
ever, contain 2,900,000 who are not Germans. Taking into consideration
the increase of the population, since the numbering of the nationalities in
Prussia in 1861, the following non-German inhabitants must not be lost

sight of:

Poles 2,500,000

Wends 150,000

Czechs 60,000

Total Sclavonians 2,710,000

Lithuanians 150,000

Danes 150,000

French 250,000

Total, including Sclavonians 3,260,000

In December, 1871, there were, within the empire, 194,202 foreigners
from European countries, and 12,553 foreigners from other parts of the
world, of whom —

.were in Prussia
. were in Bavaria

83,145 Europeans

4.159 others
37,373 Europeans

1,496 others
23,048 Europeans ) „„>_ ■ Q_„„

1,350 others | were m Saxony

12,929 Europeans ( j B d

882 others )

Of these, 206,755 foreigners —

75,702 were from Austria and Hungary

24,518 were from Switzerland

22,042 were from Holland

14,535 were from Russia (including Poles)

10,698 were from United States

10,105 were from Great Britain

4,671 were from France

5,094. .were from Turkey and its dependencies
192 were from Greece

9,263 Europeans ) ■ -.xt , ,

L393 others \ were ln Wurtemburg

104 others ( ' ' -were m Alsace-Lorraine

6,090 Europeans / • tt u

L258 others \ were in Hambur&

802 Europeans ) ■ t>

562 others \ were m Bremen

44 were from Portugal

15,163 were from Denmark

12,346 were from Norway and Sweden

5,097 were from Belgium

4,828 were from Luxemburg

4,019 were from Italy

310 were from Spain

86 were from Lichtenstein

1,896 without accurate information

Emigration from the German Empire.

The first great emigration from Germany to North America took
place in the year 1780, in Wurtemburg and the Palatinate; the next and
still larger, at the time of the famine in 18 17-18.

According to the most correct information, the number of emigrants
from Germany to the United States, between the years 1820-30, was not
more than 7,729. From 1831-40 the number rose to 152,454. From
1841-51 to 434,621, and from 1851-60, to 951,667. From the middle of
the year 1850, the emigrants from Germany have exceeded those from
Ireland. The unfavorable reports from the United States caused an im-
portant decrease in 1855; indeed, 18,000 returned to their fatherland.

-236

POPULATION.

Since that time an increased emigration has set in. All estimates of the
extent of emigration are only approximately correct. As far as we can
judge, the total number of German emigrants to the United States alone
was, in —

1845 74,000

1846 94,581

1847 109,531

1848 81,895

1849 89,102

1850 82,404

1851 112,547

1852 162,301

1853 157,180

1854 251,931

1855 81,698

1856 98,573

1857 115,976

1858 53,266

1859 45,100

1860 49,669

1861 35,427

The following table gives the number of German emigrants, and the
ports at which they embarked:

1873.

1874.

1875.

1878.

1877.

1878.

Bremen

48,608
51,432

17,913

24,093

1,536

1,576

2,511

12,620

15,826

268

2,066

1,489

10,972

12,706

202

4,488

1,258

9,328

10,725

75

1,836

11,329

11,827
85

Stettin

Antwerp

3,598
6,776

976

Havre

Total

110,414

47,629

32,269

29,626

21,964

24,217

It must not be forgotten that emigrants to all other countries are
omitted in the calculation, especially those to Australia, California direct,
British North America, South America, and to other European lands.

From 1819-55, the total number of German emigrants, according to
Gabler, amounted to 1,799,853. In the 20 years, 1847-66, there landed in
New York alone, 1,345,619 Germans, which number increased to 2,052,-
343 by the year 1873. If it be taken into consideration how many Prus-
sians and Austrians are not included, how many emigrants wend their
way to other lands than those named, and that the emigrants are, as a
rule, the young and vigorous of the population, it will then be seen how
great the loss is to the country.

The towns of Germany.

Germany, as regards its possession of large towns, stands far behind
England and France. According to the returns of 1875, there was only
one town of more than half a million of inhabitants, viz., Berlin, with

POPULATION.

237

826,000, and none between 250,000 and 500,000; and yet, German towns,,
as a rule, are in a nourishing condition. There are nine towns with a
population varying between 100,000 and 250,000, viz.:

Hamburg 240,000

Breslau > 208,000

Dresden 177,000

Munich 170,000

Cologne 129,000

Magdeburg 114,000

Konigsberg 112,000

Leipzig 107,000

Hanover 104,000

Of medium-sized towns, Germany possesses, Dy means of her conquest
of Alsace-Lorraine, a larger number than France. Twenty-two of these
towns have a population above 50,000, and are here given.

Stuttgart 92,000

Dantzic 89,000

Nurnberg 83,000

Stettin 76,000

Altona 74,000

Elberfeld 71,000

Chemnitz 68,000

Crefeld 57,000

Mainz 54,000

Halle 53,000

Metz 51,000

Frankfort A. M 91,000

Strasburg 86,000

Bremen 83,000

Aix-la-Chapelle 74,000

Barmen 74,000

Dusseldorf 69,000

Brunswick 58,000~

Posen 56,000

Mulhausen 53,000

Essen 51,000

Augsburg 51,000

Seven towns have a population between 40,000 and 50,000, viz.:
Cassel, Dortmund, Potsdam, Erfurt, Frankfort on the Oder, Gorlitz and
Wurzburg. Twenty-one towns contain a population varying from 25,000
to 40,000. Such are Lubeck, Mannheim, Darmstadt, Carlsruhe, Wiesba-
den, Coblenz, Kiel, Elbing, Rostock, Duisburg, Regensburg, Bromberg,
Zwickau, Schwerin, Stralsund, Gladbach, Ulm, Bonn, Brandenburg, Bam-
berg and Halberstadt. Twenty-one towns contain a population of from
20,000 to 25,000.

Germany contains 1,985 towns of more than 2,000 inhabitants, making
a total of 13,162,864, while 27,847,135 live in communes and villages.

Certain colonial possessions were annexed to the German Empire in
the year 1884, lying on the west coast of Africa, namely, the territory of
Togo, Bagida, Bimbia, the island of Nikol, Malimba, Plantation Criby,
and the coast of Damara Land. In the Pacific ocean, Hermit Island,
Duke of York group and a part of New Britain. The estimated area of
the total territory annexed is 450,000 square miles and the population,,

355>000-

238 POPULATION.

Table showing the area and population of the states of Europe in round numbers in 1 870.

Countries.

Area in English
square miles.

Population.

Popnlationto
square mile.

Great Britain and Ireland

121,305

204,031

210,493

240,462

2,088,274

114,325

15,977

68

11,379

12,707

999

55,356

170,928

122,825

195,716

35,739

19,342

49,247

19,135

3,400

136,620

33,881,966

36,905,788

42,727,360

38,000,000

74,145,223

28,209,620

2,759,854

8,664

5,476,668

3,865,456

205,158

2,070,300

4,484.542
1,807,555
16,809,913
4,745,124
1,679,775
5,376,000
1,860,824
243,329
8,477,214

279

180

202

Austro-Hungary . .

185

35

Italy

246

172

127

481

Holland

304

Luxemburg . . ....

205

37

Sweden

26

Norway

14

Spain

76

132

Greece

86

Roumania

109

Servia

97

Montenegro

71

62

Total

3,828,328

313,740,333

148

Russia extends over considerable more than half (five-ninths) of the
whole area of Europe. It is 9 times as great as Austro-Hungary, which
ranks next in dimensions. It possesses nearly one-quarter (23 per cent)
of the total population of Europe.

Table showing the area and population of the states of America in 1870.

Countries.

Area in
square miles.

United States of North America

Mexico

Central America (five States)

Colombia

Venezuela and Ecuador

Peru, Bolivia, and Chili

Argentine States, with Paraguay and Uruguay

Brazil

Hayti and San Domingo

European Possessions

Greenland, and land at North Pole

Terra del Fuego and Falkland Islands

Canadian Seas, etc

Total

16,409,060

Population.

3,603,884

38,925,598

743,948

9,389,461

174,346

2,460,754

318,930

2,951,984

457,133

2,650,331

1,138,600

7,160,669

1,748,390

2,610,834

3,218,166

11,108,291

29,766

800,000

3,691,073

7,750,000

808,556

11,000

382,716

30,000

93,552

85,848,922

POPULATION.

239

Table showing the number and distribution in states of the three principal races of

Europe.

Teutons.

Germans in —

Germany 39,400,000

Austria 9,600,000

Switzerland 2,000,000

Eussia and Poland . . 1,500,000

Holland 3,800,000

Belgium 2,800,000

Scattered 600,000

Total Germans. . . . 59,700,000

Britons 27,500,000

Scandinavians 8,200,000

Total Teutons 95,400,000

Latin.

French in —

France 33,000,000

Belgium 2,300,000

Switzerland 700,000

Scattered 800,000

Total French 36,800,000

Italians 27,500,000

Spanish and Port-
uguese 20,000,000

Total Latin race.. 84,300,000

Slavs.

Russians —

Kussians 60,000,000

Poles and Lithua-
nians in Kussia 5,700,000

Austria 18,000,000

Prussia and Saxony. 2,800,000

On the Danube and
Turkey 6,000,000

Total Slavs 92,500,000

The three principal races are thus represented in nearly equal num-
bers. Language is accepted as the usual test of nationality, and, as a
general rule, it answers well ; but there are exceptions to the rule. Indi-
viduals who are placed for a long time in any other country than their own,
frequently fall into the language of that country, and their descendants
almost unavoidably adopt it. In many cases, language indicates rather
education and surroundings, than origin. It certainly is no mark of
nationality, when it has been introduced among a people by wide-spread
conquest. Among the languages of civilized nations, English is the most
widely spread; it is the mother tongue of about 80,000,000 of people;
German of between 50,000,000 and 60,000,000; French between 40,000,000
and 50,000,000; Spanish 40,000,000, and Italian 28,000,000 of people.
Russian is the language of between 55,000,000 and 60,000,000.

Table showing the foreign possessions of European states.

Area English
square miles.

Population
in 1870.

Great Britain

Bussia

Turkey

Holland

Spain

France

Portugal

Denmark. ...

Total....

8,551,760

5,251,028

2,019,890

660,609

116,255

318,930

497,726

42,524

17,458,722

252,702,000

12,000,000

30,000,000

24,000,000

8,291,442

6,000,000

2,000,000

48,000

335,041,442

240 POPULATION.

FRANCE.

Before the Great Revolution, the kingdom was composed of 35 prov-
inces which had very different regulations and privileges; 12 bore the
title of Duchies, 13 of Counties, the remainder being called Districts or
Lordships. For administrative purposes, there was a further division into
29 Generalities, which were named after the chief towns. The National
Assembly, with a view of destroying all provincial differences, made
(22nd December, 1 789) the departmental arrangement by which all the
old relations were purposely overthrown.

The Revolution and the Empire produced great enlargements.
First, the possessions of German princes of the Empire (Munpelgard,
which belonged to Wurtemburg, etc.) were, in accordance with the wish
of the majority of the inhabitants, treated as French possessions. Next,
on September 14, 1791, the incorporation of the papal county of Avignon,
and on November 27, 1792, and January 31, 1793, that of Savoy and Nice
was completed. Swiss territories followed. At the Peace of Campo
Formio, October 17, 1797, Austria ceded Belgium to France. The
Peace of Luneville, February 9, 1801, gave to it the whole German left
bank of the Rhine, about 1,200 square miles, with nearly 1,000,000 souls.
There were afterward united to France, September 11, 1802, Piedmont;
on 21st July, 1805, Parma; on 27th October, 1807, Etruria (Tuscany);
on 17th May, 1809, Rome; on the 9th July, 18 10, Holland; on the 12th
November, in the same year, Verlais; and on the 10th December, the
mouths of the Ems, the Wiser, and the Elbe, together with the Hanse
towns (600 square miles, with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants); then
Oldenburg, etc. The number of departments, which, at first, were only 83,
rose to 130, with a population estimated at 42,365,434 souls. The first
Peace of Paris, May 30, 18 14, granted to France, not only the dominions
which she possessed before 1789, but also Avignon, Munpelgard, part of
Savoy, and several border cantons of Belgium, etc. By the second Peace
of Paris, November 21, 181 5, France lost Savoy, the Belgian border can-
tons, Saarbruck and the right bank of the Queich, as well as the fortresses
of Landau (occupied since 17 13) Saarlouis, Marienburg and Philippeville.
In 1830, Algiers was conquered. In consequence of a treaty with the
Italian government, the union of Savoy and Nice with France took place
in June, i860. The newly acquired country (with 669,059 inhabitants)

POPULATION,

241

was divided into three departments, Savoy, Upper Savoy, and Alpes
Maritimes. The arrondissement of Grasse, which had, till then, belonged
to the department of Var, was assigned to Alpes Maritimes. By a treaty
with the Prince of Monaco, Mentone and Roccabruna were also acquired,
in 1 86 1. The war of 1870 ended with the loss of Alsace-Lorraine. On
February 26, 187 1, followed the conclusion of the preliminary treat)", by
which a cession of territory, and an indemnity of £200,000,000 were
granted to Germany; this agreement was sanctioned by the National
Assembly at Bordeaux on March 1st, and the final treaty of peace was
concluded at Frankfort-on-Main on the 10th May, 1871. The State
lost, thereby, territory to the extent of 5,209 English square miles, in
which there dwelt, according to the French census (1866) a civil pop-
ulation of 1,597,238 — altogether 3 departments, 11 districts (arrondisse-
ments), 76 cantons, and 1,559 communes.

The population by districts, with the area of each, and the number of sub-divisions.

Since the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, the French territories in Europe
contain 204,031 English square miles, and the census taken in March,,
1872, gave the population at 36,102,921, exclusive of the troops in Algeria
and the colonies. The census of December, 1876, gave 36,905,788 — the
increase in the four years and seven months amounting to 802,867, equal
to 2.17 per cent. This increase is partly owing to immigration from
Alsace-Lorraine. The European territory of France is divided into 86
departments, which are subdivided into 362 arrondissements (districts),
2,873 cantons, and 35,989 communes. Previous to the war of 1870, there
were 89 departments, 373 districts, 2,914 cantons, and 37,548 communes.

Districts.

Ain

Aisne

Allier • [1,815,167

Alpes (Basses)

Alpes (Hautes)

Alpes (Maritime)

Ardeche

Ardenne

Ariege

Aube

Aude

Aveyron

Belfort Territory

English

1872

1876

Dis-

Can-

Com-

acres.

tricts.

tons.

munes.

1,432,345

363,290

365,462

5

36

45a

1,815,944

552,439

560,427

5

37

837

1,815,107

390,812

405,783

4

28

317

1,717,684

139,332

136,166

5

30

251

1,380,633

118,898

119,094

3

24

189

948,233

190,037

203,604

3

25

150

1,365,082

380,277

384,378

3

31

339

1,292,523

320,217

326,782

5

31

501

1,208,785

246,298

244,795

3

20

336

1,482,343

255,687

355,219

5

26

446

1,559,370

285,927

300,665

4

31

436

2,159,602

402,474

413,826

5

32

289

150,151

56,781

68,600

1

6

106-

242

POPULATION.

The population of France by districts, etc. — Continued.

Districts.

English

1872.

1876

Dis-

Can-

acres.

tricts.

tons.

1,260,902

554,911

556,379

3

27

1,363,617

454,012

450,220

6

38

1,418,143

231,867

281,086

4

23

1,467,767

367,520

313,950

5

29

1,685,945

465,653

465,628

6

40

1,778,233

335,392

145,613

3

29

1,448,924

302,746

311,525

3

29

2,160,610

258,507

262,701

5

62

2,141,776

374,510

377,663

4

36

1,700,748

622,295

630,957

5

48

1,375,370

274,663

278,423

4

25

2,268,092

480,141

489,848

5

47

1,291,204

291,251

306,094

4

27

1,610,822

320,417

321,756

4

29

1,471,539

377,874

377,874

5

36

1,450,952

282,622

283,075

4

24

1,660,116

642,963

666,106

5

43

1,441,383

420,131

423,804

4

40

1,553,600

479,362

477,731

4

39

1,551,236

284,717

283,546

5

29

2,405,859

705,149

735,242

6

48

1,530,906

429,878

445,053

4

36

1,661,280

589,532

602,712

6

43

1,678,439

277,693

281,248

4

23

1,510,083

317,027

314,875

3

24

2,047,466

575,784

581,099

4

45

1,233,520

287,634

288,823

4

32

2,302,363

300,528

303,508

3

28

1,568,677

268,801

272,643

3

24

1,175,626

550,611

590,613

3

30

1,225,675

308,732

313,721

3

28

1,698,016

602,206

612,972

5

45

1,672,483

353,021

360,903

4

31

1,287,299

281,404

276,512

3

29

1,322,428

319,289

316,920

4

35

1,351,023

135,190

138,319

3

24

1,758,869

518,471

517,258

5

34

1,464,309

544,776

539,910

6

48

2,020,568

386,157

407,780

5

32

1,536,260

251,196

252,448

3

28

1,277,145

350,637

351,933

3

27

1,295,263

365,137

404,609

4

29

1,538,283

284,725

294,059

4

28

1,679,059

490,352

506,573

4

37

1,683,690

33S\917

346,822

4

25

1,403,174

1,441,764

1,519,855

7

61

1,446,199

396,804

401,618

4

35

1,506,030

398,250

392,526

4

36

1,631,590

761,158

793,140

6

44

1,963,775

566,463

570,207

5

50

1,882,797

426,700

431,525

5

40

Com-
munes.

Bouches du Rhone

Calvados

Cantal

Charente

Charente Inf

Cher

Correze

Corsica

Cote-d'Or

Cotes-du-Nord ....

Creuse

Dordogne

Doubs

Drome

Eure

Eure-et-Loire

Finisterre

Gard

Garonne (Haute). .

Gers

Gironde

Herault

Ille-et-Vilaine

Indre

Indre-et-Loire ....

Isere

Jura

Landes (Haiden). .

Loir-et-Cher

Loire

Loire (Haute)

Loire Inferieure . . .

Loiret

Lot

Lot-et-Garonne

Lozere

Maine-et-Loire

Manche (Channel) .

Marne

Marne (Haute) ....

Mayenne

Meurthe-et-Moselle

Meuse (Maas)

Morbihan

Nievre

Nord

Oise

Orne

Pas-de-Calais

Puy-de-Dome

Pyrenees (Basses).

108
764
264
426
479
291
287
363
717
389
263
582
636
372
700
426
285
347
584
465
551
335
352
245
281
555
584
331
297
328
262
215
349
321
319
194
380
643
665
550
274
596
587
248
313
661
701
511
904
456
558

POPULATION.

The population of France by districts, etc. — Continued.

243

Districts.

English
acres.

1872.

1876.

Dis-

Can-

tricts.

tons.

238,037

3

26

197,940

3

17

705,131

2

29

304,052

3

28

614,309

5

49

446,239

4

33

268,361

4

29

373,801

4

28

2,410,849

3

28

798,414

5

51

347,323

5

29

561,990

6

36

336,061

4

31

556,641

5

41

359,232

4

35

221,364

3

24

255,703

3

28

414,781

4

22

411,281

3

30

320,916

5

31

336,061

4

27

407,082

5

30

359,070

5

37

Com-
munes.

480
231
264
583
588
386
327
317
72
759
529
685
356
833
317
194
145
150
298
300
302
531
485

Pyrenees (Hautes) . . .
Pyrenees Orientales.

Rhone

Saone (Haute)

Saone-et-Loire

Sarthe

Savoie

Savoie (Haute)

Seine

Seine Inf erieure

Seine-et-Marne

Seine-et-Oise

Sevres (Deux)

Somme

Tarn

Tarn-et-Garonne . . . .

Var

Vaucluse

Vendee

Vienne

Vienne (Haute)

Vosges

Yonne

1,118,774
1,018,161

689,226
1,318,960
2,112,279
1,553,049
1,422,522

844,036

117,448
1,490,222
1,416,878
1,384,101
1,481,970
1,521,816

430,313

918,879
1,502,562

876,284
1,655,764
1,721,681

876,284
1,451,510
1,836,725

235,156
191,856
670,247
303,088
598,344
446,603
267,958
273,027
2,220,060
790,022
341,490
580,180
331,243
557,015
352,718
221,610
293,757
263,451
401,446
320,598
322,447
392,988
363,608

The increase and decrease in the population of France.

Including the 3 departments acquired in i860, the population in-
creased in the 5 years (1861-1866) from 37,386,161 to 38,067,064, show-
ing a total of 680,751, equalling 0.36 per cent annually. In each of these
censuses it was shown that, although the population was increasing in the
greater part of the country, it had decreased in many departments.

The number of departments showing increase and those showing
decrease of population in the years 1836 to 1867, were: —

1836-40.

1841-45.

1846-50.

1851-55.

1856-60.

1861-65.

1866-72.

1873-76.

Increase

70
16

81

5

61

25

32

54

58

28

58
31

14

72

66

Decrease

20

The increase confirmed by the census of 1866 in the 58 departments
amounted to 788,401; the decrease in 31 departments to 107,650.

The census of 1872 showed an increase of population in 14 depart-
ments only, which consisted of 231,697, against a decrease in 72 depart-
ments of 600,801 ; the total decrease amounted to 369,104.

244

POPULATION.

The increase in population occurred chiefly in the larger manufactur-
ing towns. Of 42 communes, with more than 30,000 inhabitants, 30 had
an increase of 167,867, and 12 a decrease of 31,371, giving an increase
here of 136,496. The most considerable increase was in Paris — viz.r
26,518; Versailles, 17,665; St. Etienne, 14,194; Marseilles, 12,733;
Havre, 11,925; Rheims, 11,260; and Roubaix, 10,896. Brest showed the
largest decrease — viz., 13,375. The female population in 1866 exceeded
that of the male by 38,906, and, in 1872, in consequence of the war, this
disproportion had risen to 138,410— males numbering 17,982,000; and
females 18,120,410. The preponderance of the female population is shown
by the following:

Year. Preponderance.

1800 725,225

1806 481,725

1821 868,325

1831 669,033

1836 619,508

1841 445,382

1846 318,738

Year. Preponderance.

1851 193,242

1856 299,024

1861 97,217

1866 38,906

1872 138.410

1876 158,510

Notwithstanding this increase, France has still a comparatively smaller
female population than almost all the other states of Europe. The differ-
ence between 1806 and 1821 explains itself by the great wars. After
these years, we approach a more even balance until a new disturbance was
produced by the Crimean campaign.

Emigration, number of households, and the nationality of the population of France.

EMIGRANTS

The number of emigrants in the ten years, from 1849 to 1858 (ac-
cording to the ministerial returns), amounted, altogether, to less than 200,-
000 individuals, whereas, during the same period, Germany lost 1,200,-
000, and Great Britain 2,750,000 by emigration. The following notes
are for single years: —

Year.

Emigrants.

To foreign
countries.

To Algiers.

1856

17,997
18,809
13,813
9,164
8,752
6,800
5,771

9,433
10,817
9,004
6,786
6,334

8,564

1857

7,992

1858

4,809

1859

2,378

1801

2,418

1862

1863

4,285

1,486

In the ten years, from 1865 to end of 1874, the number of emigrants

DENSITY OF

POPULATION

Per square mile.

! Less than 2 per cent for. bornT
2 to 10 " " " "

10 to 25 " " " "

25 to 50 " " " "

50 and over '' " " "

THE PER CENT OF

FOREIGNERS

In each State.

POPULATION.

245

was 60,245, or annually somewhat over 6,000, though, taking individual
years, the number, since 1870, has been larger.

1871
1872

.7,109
.9,581

1873
1874

. 7,561
.7,080

HOUSEHOLDINGS.

In the year 1856 there were 9,387,561

In the year 1866 there were 9,997,360

Diminished territory 1872 9,525,717

equal to 3.71 persons to a household. The number of dwelling houses in
1872 was 7,704,913, viz., 7,409,614 inhabited, 254,391 uninhabited, and
40,908 in course of building. This is exclusive of 35,867 uninhabited
public buildings, as well as workshops, warehouses and sheds.

NATIONALITY.

In 1876, the nationalities were given as follows: —

Frenchmen 36,069,524

Belgians 374,498

Germans 59,028

Austro-Hungarians 7,498

Italians. 165,313

Spaniards 62,437

Swiss 50,203

British 30,077

Dutch 18,099

Americans 9,855

Portuguese 1,237

Russians and Poles 7,992

Scandinavians 1,622

Greeks 892

Turks and Egyptians 1,174

Roumanians and Serbs 702

Chinese, Indians and other Asiatics 419

Unknown 4,542

Algeria.

The area of this country was fixed, in the report of the Minister of
War for 1850, at about 15,051 square miles. The boundaries are but ill-
defined. The coast line is given in a ministerial survey of 1854, as 250
hours1 journey (lieus). A more recent estimate makes the colonized land
to extend 50,743 square miles, of which 12,429 square miles belong to the
territory of Algiers, 14,725 to Oran, and 23,569 to Constantine.

The total population is given in a report of the Governor-General,
October, 1875, as 2,448,691, not including the military.

Population 1875.

Departments.

French.

Other
Euro-
peans.

Moham-
medans.

Jews.

Total.

Algiers

59,632
41,191
43,248

42,535
48,331
25,645

796,194
420,215
938,711

10,929
14,111

7,949

909,290

Oran

523,848

1,015,553

Total

144,071

116,511

2,155,110

32,989

2,448,691

Among the Europeans there were 71,366 Spaniards, 18,351 Italians,
11,512 Maltese, 4,933 Germans.

246

POPULATION.

In the following years there were of Europeans. —

1856 , , . .159,282

1866 217,990

1831 3,228

1836 14,561

1846 99,801

Colonies proper are chiefly under the direction of the Admiralty, and
are ranged into two principal groups, one of which enjoys most of the
privileges of the mother country, while the second is governed by extra-
ordinary laws. Under the first comes Martinique, Guadaloupe and Re-
union, while under the second we have Guiana, Indian possessions, Sene-
gal. Cochin China, and the various little scattered islands.

In America.

Settlements.

Martinique

Guadaloupe and its dependencies .

French Guiana

St. Pierre and Miquelon

Barthelemy

Area in
acres.

243,808

654,853

1,778,400

51,840

560

Population
in 1876.

164,995

175,516

22,510

9,175

2,374

In Africa.

Settlements.

Area in
acres.

Population
in 1876.

197,272
183,786

620,365

44,460
37,050
16,466

Madagascar.

9,311

7,741
6,948

St. Maria

In Asia

Dependencies of —

Pondicherry ....

Karikal

Yanaon

Mahe

Cochin China

Area in acres.

47,155

25,546

4,302

13,472

13,585,000

Population
in 1876.

In Oceanica.

Society Islands, Tahiti and Morea .

New Caledonia

Marquesas Islands

Tuamotu Archipelago

Tubuai Islands

Area in acres.

289,920

4,080,400

276,640

Population
in 1876.

16,142

55,078

10,000

1,352

345

POPULATION.

247

The kingdom of Camboja appears as a protected state, under the pro-
tection of France; it has a population of about a million and a-half. The
king of Siam solemnly recognized the protectorate of France over Cam-
boja by a treaty concluded in July, 1867. The chief products of the French
colonies are — sugar, syrup, coffee, cotton, cocoa, cloves, vanilla, pepper,
tobacco.

AUSTRO-HUNGARY.

The Empire contained 1 14,814 English square miles under Ferdinand I.
Lusatia was lost to Saxony in 1635 by the Peace of Prague; Alsace to
France by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Then followed the trans-
formation of Hungary into an hereditary kingdom under the Hapsburgs,
1687, and at the same time the sovereignty of Transylvania was secured.
Servia, parts of Wallachia, Croatia, and Bosnia were subjected by the
Peace of Carlowitz in 1699, and of Passarowitz in 17 18. Austria, there-
fore, obtained only a comparatively small part of the " Spanish Inherit-
ance" by the Peace of Rastadt and Baden, in 17 14, viz., the Spanish Neth-
erlands, Milan, Naples, and Sardinia ; this last was exchanged for Sicily in
1720. Naples, Sicily, and part of Milan were lost again in 1735, and
1738, and only Parma, and Piacenza obtained in place of them. The
Peace of Belgrade, 1739, cost Servia; and Frederick II. took the
greater part of Silesia in 1740. In 1772, Austria acquired Galicia and
Lodomeria, by the first division of Poland. The Buckowina was ceded
by the Porte in 1777. By the Peace of Teschen the state acquired the
district of the Inn from Bavaria, beside some Swabian Provinces; and
West Galicia was obtained at the third partition of Poland in 1795. Aus-
tria embraced in 1795: —

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

Hereditary Duchy of Austria

Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Friuli, and Trieste)

Upper Austria (Tyrol and the Vorarlberg)

Further Austria (Breisgau, Ortenau, Burgau Hohenburg, Constance, Frick-

thal in Switzerland, Falkenstein on Rhine)

Kingdom of Bohemia, with Eger and Asch

Margraviate of Moravia and rest of Silesi a

Netherlands, with Luxemburg and Limburg, but not Liege

12,119
18,326
10,971

2,849
20,262
10,227

9,780

1,639,800

1,561,800

520,300

428,800
2,916,400
1,611,500
2,251,200

Total

Countries beyond Germany.
Austrian Italy (Lombardy, with Pavia, Cremona, Lodi, Como, and

Mantua, Castiglione, Solferino)

Hungary, with adjoining countries, and military frontier

Transylvania with military frontier

Galicia and Lodomeria, with Buckowina

84,534

3asale ;

5,613

101,823

23,579

51,645

Total

Grand total .

182,660

10,929,800

1,203,840
7,710,000
1,260,000
4,792,600

14,966,440

25,896,240

248 POPULATION.

The peace of Campo Formio, October 17, 1797, robbed the state of
the Netherlands, Lombard}7, and Falkenstein. It received in exchange
the territory of Venice together with the city of Venice, lying east of the
Adige, and Dalmatia. The peace of Luneville, (after the campaigns of
Marengo and Hohenlinden) February 9, 1801, further cost Austria the
Breisgau and Frickthal, and procured for it the archbishoprics of Trent
and Brixen. On August 11, 1804, the sovereign declared himself "Heredi-
tary Emperor of Austria.11 After the campaigns of Ulm and Austerlitz, the
peace of Presburg, December 26, 1805, compelled Austria to cede Venice,
with all her other Italian possessions, to the kingdom of Italy; to Bavaria
she had to give up Burgau, Eichstadt, her share in Passau, the Tyrol,
Vorarlberg, Hohenembs, Rothenfels, Tetnang, Argen, and Lindau; to
Wurtemburg she was compelled to cede the five towns on the Upper
Danube, the county of Hohenberg, the landgraviate of Nellenburg, the
bailiwick of Alforf, and part of Breisgau. To Baden she had to cede the
remainder of the Breisgau, the Ortenau, and Constance: total loss, 25,429
English square miles. Austria obtained in exchange Salzburg, Buchtis-
gader, the Gillerthal, etc., 3,954 English square miles.

The losses sustained by the peace of Vienna, October 14, 1809, (after
the battle of Wagram) were the circle of Villach, Carinthia, Trieste, the
six military frontier districts, and the greater part of the district of Agram,
out of which Napoleon formed the " Illyrian Provinces.11 Austria further
ceded to the duchy of Warsaw, West Galicia, the circle of Jamos, and a
district near Cracow; to Russia, part of East Galicia, and the Tarnopel
circle, with 400,000 inhabitants; to Bavaria, Salzburg, the district of the
Inn, the greater part of the district of Hansruch, and Berchtesgaden. The
total loss was estimated at 42,278 English square miles, and 3,304,272 of
population.

The peace of Paris, 18 14, and the Vienna congress of 181 5, gave to
Austria her present constituent parts, together with Lombardy and
Venice. Cracow, being a "free city,11 was not incorporated until after
the meeting of the protesting Powers (Austria, Russia, and Prussia) in
1846.

Austria, previous to 1848, was a conglomerate of various states. After
many attempts to construct a constitution, it was transformed into an abso-
lute indivisible monarchy. The Imperial Diploma of i860 and the Patent
of 1 86 1 laid the basis of a charter which, after a suspension of two years,
came into full force in December, 1867, though with important modifica-
tions, rendered necessary by the independence of Hungary.

POPULATION.

249

Since the year 1867, Austria and Hungary form a dual state— Austria
the Cis-Leithania, and Hungary, the Magyar or Trans-Leithania ; these
both have a common head, a common representation in foreign affairs, and
a common military system, so far as the army in active service is con-
cerned, while the Landwehr and Honveds are distinct in the two divisions
of the Empire.

The monarchy thus embraces, on the one hand, the countries repre-
sented in the Imperial Council (Cis-Leithania), and, on the other, the
dominions of the Hungarian Crown, making an area of 240,462 English
square miles, and according to the last census, with a population of above
38,000,000.

Countries represented in the Imperial Council, are as follows:

Area in English
square miles.

Population
1876.

Population

to the
square mile.

Austria below the Enns
Austria above the Enns.

Salzburg

Styria

Carinthia ,

Carniola

Trieste

Gorz

Istria

Tyrol

Vorarlberg

Bohemia

Moravia

Silesia

Galicia

Bucko wina

Dalmatia

7,654
4,632
2,767
8,670
4,005
3,856
36
1,140
1,908

10,319
1,004

20,062
8,583
1,987

30,310
4,035
4,939

2,143,928
746,097
154,184

1,178,067
338,705
469,996
136,138
215,755
271,006
792,023
103,630

5,361,506

2,079,826
558,196

6,000,326
548,518
467,534

Total

With the Military .

115,907

21,565,435
21,743,000

280
158

55
135

84

127

3,780

189

142

76
103
267
242
281
197
133

94

185

Countries belonging to the Hungarian Crown.

Hungary Transylvania.

Finme

Croatia and Sclavonia . .

Military District

Military

Total

Square miles.

108,269

7
8,852
7,303

124,431

Population
1870.

13,561,245

17,884

1,138,970

699,228

92,128

15,509,455

Population

to
square mile.

124

A division of the inhabitants into sexes and households (parties dwell-

250

POPULATION.

ing together), give the following results in the countries represented in the
Imperial Council, including 177,449 of the military.

Males.

Females. Households.

Lower Austria . .
Upper Austria . .

Salzburg

Styria

Carinthia .._....

Carniola

The coast lands .
Tyrol- Vorarlberg

Bohemia

Moravia ,

Silesia

Galicia

Buckowina

Dalrnatia

Total

1,003,544
363,095
75,217
561,970
162,813
223,070
306,739
436,123

2,468,104
967,583
244,345

2,687,19]
257,359
234,334

987,164

373,462

77,942

576,020

174,881

243,264

293,786

449,666

2,672,440

1,049,601

269,007

2,757,498

256,045

222,627

404,597
163,419

31,894
213,589

65,559

92,996
115,259
194,811
1,210,656
466,3?,6
122.057
1,178,957
113,275

81.772

9,991,487

10,403,403

4,455,167

In countries belonging to the Hungarian Crown, there were numbered
7,653,560 males, and 7,763,767 females.

In Cis-Leithania the female exceeded male population by 412,006, and
in Hungary by 110,207; making a total of 522,213.

Foreigners dwelling in Austro- Hungary are classified as follows:

In Austria.

Hungary.

Total.

64,438
29,496
5,116
4,543
4,105
2,269
1,528
2,378

4,708
4,267
1,863
575
198
373
460
260

69,146

31,763

6,979

5,118

4,303

2,642

5,988

2,638

Total

113,873

12,704

128,577

Austrians and Hungarians dwelling in Foreign Lands are as follows:
Cis-Leithanians — Germany, 41,500; Italy, 17,300; Russia, 11,400; Tur-
key, 10,600; America, 9,900. Hungarians — Germany, 2,000; Turkey,
1,700; Roumaniaj 17,100; Servia, 3,100.

POPULATION. 251

RUSSIA.

The colossal growth of the Empire began in 1581, in which year the
Cossack, Hetman Jermak Temogefew, surrendered to the Czar, Ivan II.,
Siberia, which he had conquered; but it was not until the time of Peter I.,
that Russia was held in any regard by the more civilized nations. In 1707
Peter took possession of the newly-discovered Kamchatka, and what was
of more importance, Russia obtained from Sweden (by the Peace of
Nystadt, 1721,) Ingria Carelia, parts of Finland, Esthonia, and Livonia.
Azov, which was taken from the Turks in 1699, was lost again in 1711.
On the other hand, the Czar took from the Persians, Daghestan, Shirwan,
Khilan, and Derbent, large portions of which were, however, lost in 1732
and 1736. The Kirghiz Kassaks were subdued in 1731, and the Ossetes
in 1 742 ; the most easterly part of Siberia, the Aleutian Islands and Beh-
ring's Islands were also incorporated with Russia in the same year. The
Finnish province of Kymenegard was gained by the Treaty of Abo,
August 12, 1743. The three partitions of Poland took place under Kath-
erine II., in 1772, 1793, and 1795. Russia acquired nearly two-thirds of
this once powerful state. By the Peace of Kuchuk-Kainardshi, July 22,
1774; the Turks gave up Azov, part of the Crimea (the other part was
taken possession of in 1783), and Kabardah; and by the Peace of Jassy,
Januar}' 9, 1792, Oczakov; Georgia also came under the protection of
Russia in 1783, and Courland and Leni in 1793.

In 1793, followed the conquest of Persian territory as far as the Kur;
in 1 80 1, the formal annexation of Georgia was effected. Although con-
quered in the war of 1807, Russia nevertheless acquired by the Peace of
Tilsit, July 7, the Province of Bjalystok, which had been taken from her
ally, Prussia. The Peace of Vienna, October 14, 1809, assured to Prussia
the circle of Turnopole from Austria, and a part of Eastern Galicia, with
400,000 souls. The Peace of Friederichshaven, November 17, 1809,.
robbed Sweden of the whole of Finland ; the Peace of Bucharest, May
28, 1 81 2, took Bessarabia from the Turks; that of Tiflis, in 181 3, deprived
the Persians of parts of the Caucasus, and then the Vienna Congress of
181 5 gave Poland to Russia. After fresh wars the Persians lost the prov-
inces of Erivan and Nakhichevan (now called New Armenia), by the
Peace of Turkmansheir, February 22, 1828, and the Turks lost Anapa,
Poti, Akhalzirk and Akhalkalaka by the Peace of Adrianople, September
2, 1829. The desire to possess further dominions of the Sultan (the "Sick
Man") led to a war in 1853, in which England and 'France joined in 1854^

252

POPULATION.

in which Sardinia also took part, and which ended in the Peace of Paris,
March 31, 1856. The Russians were compelled, for the first time for
more than a century, to agree to a cession of territory; that is to say, to
restore to Moldavia the left bank of the Danube in Bessarabia, including
the fortresses of Ismail and Kiala. This district, however, was again re-
stored to her by the Congress of Berlin, July, 1878. Russia has lately
acquired, by agreement with China, the sparsely populated, but widely
extended district of the Amoor; the subjection of Caucasia was accom-
plished in 1859 and 1864, and considerable conquests have followed since
1 866, both in Turkestan and the rest of Central Asia. A Ukase of Feb-
ruary 29 (or 1 2th March), 1868, annihilated the last remains of the inde-
pendence of Poland by incorporating it completely in the Czardom. On
the other hand, Russian America was sold to the United States. This
region, however, was not actually the possession of the state, but rather
the property of a trading company. Its area was estimated at 516,666
English square miles and a population of 54,000 souls.

The extent of the Russian territory under different monarchs was
about as follows:

Ivan Vasilivitch I . . .
Vasili Ivanovitch . . .
Ivan Vasilivitch II. .
Alexi Michaelovitch.
Peter I

Anna

Katharine II
Alexander II

English

sqr. miles.

1462

382,716

1505

510,288

1584

1,530,864

1650

5,039,094

1689

5,953,360

1730

6,888,888

1775

7,122,770

1868

7,866,940

The population was estimated thus: — In

1722 14.000,000

1742 16,000,000

1762 19,000,000

1782 27,500,000

1793 34,000,000

1803 36,000,000

1811 42,000,000

1815 45,000,000

1829 50,500,000

1838 59,000,000

1851 65,000,000

1870 78,000,000

1877 86,250,000

1878 87,722,500

The countries acquired during the last two centuries comprise an ex-
tent of territory ten times as large as Germany. According to a Russian
calculation, the area, in the first 20 years of the reign of Alexander II.,
increased 751,547 English square miles, and the population increased by
22,546,000. A constant advance has been made also toward the civilized
countries of the west.

POPULATION.

253

In spite of its autocratic rule, the Russian government is not in a
position to ascertain the extent and population of the various parts of its
enormous empire. The statements concerning its area are based upon
the calculations of maps of the country, in which considerable discrepan-
cies appear. Fixed "censuses" or " revisions " of the population occur at
long intervals, the chief object of which is to discover the number of men
liable to taxation, and as little heed is paid to those not liable, incorrect
returns are the result. The local census made annually by the police
authorities are even of less value. The following table is founded on the
calculations of the "Central Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of the
Interior.1' In order to render the survey easier, we add the names of the
governments and districts, as well as the countries which form them.
The area is estimated without the great inland lakes, and the population
according to the census of 1871 and local census of 1872, 1873, and 1877.

Great Russia, or the Original Empire, has nineteen governments, con-
taining 837,552 English square miles, and 24,457,534 inhabitants, as follows:

Governments.

1 Archangel

2 Yaroslav

3 Kaluga

4 Kostroma

5 Kursk

6 Moscow

7 Nischni Novgorod.

8 Novgorod

9 Olonetz

10 Orel

11 Pskov

12 Riasan

13 Smolensk

14 Tambov

15 Tula

16 Tver

17 Vladimir

18 Vologda

19 Voronetz

English
sqr. miles.

Inhabitants.

293,288

281,112

13,756

1,001,748

11,949

996,252

32,700

1,176,097

18,901

1,954,807

12,863

1,913,699

19,794

1,271,564

47,244

1,011,445

52,517

296,392

18,051

1,596,881

16,882

775,701

16,244

1,477,433

21,559

1,440,015

25,684

2,150,997

11,949

1,167,878

25,216

1,528,881

18,859

1,259,923

155,510

1,003,039

25,450

2,153,696

Little Russia has four governments, containing 80,242 English square
miles and 7,635,361 inhabitants.

Governments.

1 Charkov . . .

2 Kiev

3 Pultava

4 Tchemigov.

English
sqr. miles.

21,240
19,688
19,263
20,241

Inhabitants.

1,698,015
2,175,132
2,102,614
2,659,600

254

POPULATION.

South Russia, mostly conquest from Turkey since the 18th century,
has three governments, i province and i district; 153,192 English square
miles; 5,500,174 inhabitants.

Governments.

English
sqr. miles.

Inhabitants.

a Bessarabia

1 Kherson

2 Jekatarinosslay

3 Tauria

a Country of the Don-Cossacks

13,947
27,491
26,152
23,600
61,914

1,078,932
1,596,809
1,352,309
704,997
1,086,264

Western Russia, or the country won by the three partitions of Poland,
with the exception of the so-called Kingdom of Poland, contains eight gov-
ernments; 162,314 English square miles; 9,838,131 inhabitants.

Governments.

Grodno . .
Kovno . . .
Minsk . . .
Mohilev .
Podolia. .
Wilna . . .
Vitegestr

8 Volhynia

English
sqr. miles.

14,968
15,691
35,273
18,561
16,220
16,464
17,434
27,746

Population.

1,008,521
1,156,041
1,182,230

947,625
1,933,188
1,001,909

888,727
1,719,890

The Baltic Provinces and Petersburg, which were taken from Ger-
many and Sweden, have four governments; 63,367 English square miles;
3,270,866 inhabitants.

Governments.

1 Eethonia

2 Courland

3 Livonia

4 St. Petersburg

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

7,611
10,545
17,838
33,771

323,961

619,154

1,000,876

1,326,875

Czardom of Kasan contains five governments; 246,086 English square
miles; 8,688,381 inhabitants.

Governments.

Kasan :

Pensa

Perm*

Ssinbirsk

Vyatka

* 48,668 English square miles of the area are reckoned as belonging to Asia.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

24,600
14,989
128,252
19,114
59,129

1,704,624
1,173,186
2,198,666
1,205,881
2,406,024

POPULATION.

255

Czardom of Astrachan contains five governments:
square miles; 6,455,335 inhabitants.

300,432

English

Governments.

1 Astrachan*

2 Orenburg^-

3 Ufa

4 Samara

5 Saratov

English
sqr. miles.

86,685
73,905
47,031
60,213
32,615

Population.

601,514

900,547

1,364,925

1,837,081

1,751,268

Kingdom of Poland, which was acquired in 1814 and 18 15, contains
ten governments now, but formerly only five: 49,157 English square miles;
6,026,421 inhabitants.

Governments.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

5,612
4,720
4,401
3,890
4,209
4,847
4,762
6,506
4,677
5,528

925,639

682,495
669,261
518,730
471,938
524,489
532,466
707,098
449,699
504,066

2 Piotrkov

3 Kalish

4 Kyleetz

5 Plotzk

6 Suvalki

8 Lublin

10 SiedJetz

Grand Duchy of Finland, which was taken from Sweden, 1809, con-
tains eight governments; 141,137 English square miles; 1,773,612 inhabi-
tants.

Governments.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

1 Abo-Bjorneburg

2 ELnopio

3 Nyland

4 St. Michel

5 Tavastehus

6 Uleaborg

7 Vasa

8 Viborg

9,334

16,509

4,592

8,823

8,334

63,956

16,074

13,532

293,633
217,948
168,215
155,169
185,900
179,161
297,059
276,527

* With the districts of the Calmucbs and Kirghises of the interior.

t With the districts of the Cossacks of Orenburg and of the Ural; 17,456 square miles of this area and the next
mentioned Government are reckoned as belonging to Asia.

256

POPULATION.

The Caucasus, Stadtholdership, contains six governments, 3 provinces,.
3 districts; 172,860 English square miles, and 4,893,332 inhabitants.

Settlements.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

1 Stavropol

2 Tiflis

3 Kutais

4 Eliza bethpol

5 Baku

6 Erivan ,

a Kuban

b Dagestan

c Region of Terek . . .

a District of Sakatal

6 Sukhum-Kale

7 Black Sea District .

'26,641

15,606

7,994

17,115

15,169

10,673

37,165

11,524

23,260

1,615

3,338

2,732

437,138

606,584

605,691

529,412

513,560

452,C01

672,224

448,299

485,237

56,802

70,701

15,703

Siberia, in Northern Asia, contains four governments and four prov-
inces; 4,810,888 English square miles; 3,428,867 inhabitants.

Settlements.

1 Tobolsk

2 Tomsk

3 Jenisseisk

4 Irkutsk

a Transbackal

b Takutsk

c Province of the Amoor

d Maritime Province, of East Siberia

English
sqr. miles.

531,464
328,327
992,935
303,004
233,520
1,417,313
173,530
730,880

Population.

1,086,848
838,756
372,862
378,244
430,780
231,977
44,400
45,000

Central Asia contains only one general government and the Kirghise
Steppes; 1,107,707 English square miles, and 3,191,291 inhabitants.

The following approximate calculation may be made on the basis of
the above uncertain, though apparently correct, figures.

Settlements.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

European Russia with Poland (I. to VIII.) including the inland lakes,

and Nova Zembla* 1,920,589

Grand Duchy of Finland

Country of the Caucasus

Siberia

144,156
172,222
4,826,474
Central Asia 1,233,196

71,900,000
1,800,000
4,900,000
3,300,000
3,200.000

* The area of the Island of Nova Zembla was formerly estimated at 89,300 English square miles, but modern
calculation states it as not exceeding 35,443. The area of the Lakes is divided thus— the Sea of Azof 13,565 English,
square miles ; Lake Ladoga, 7,058 ; Lake of Onega, 3,401 ; and Lake Peipus, 1,403.

POPULATION.

257

In the statistical abstract presented to the English Houses of Parlia-
ment in 1877, the area and population of Russia are thus given: —

Settlements.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

Russia in Europe

1,894,949

49,144

144,181

65,704,559
6,528,017
1,912,647

Poland

Finland

Total

2,088,274

74,145,223

Russia in Asia

172,rt

4,825,032
1,276,874

4,893,332
3,428,867
3,800,628

Siberia

Central Asia

Total

6,274,696

12,122,827

Total, Russian Empire

8,362,970

86,268,050

The power of the state lies in the European territory. The posses-
sions in Asia may be regarded much in the same light as India is by the
English, or as Algeria is regarded by France. If Archangel, Vologda and
Finland are excluded, there are about 40,000,000 of souls living within an
area of 691,015 English square miles.

The last general census gave the number of inhabitants according to
sex, thus: females, 35,275,904; males, 33,655,824, making the enor-
mous difference of 1,630,080.

In Poland, which is not included in the calculation, the numbers, with-
out the fluctuating population, were: females, 2,750,193; males, 2,586,-
017, making a difference of 164,176.

In these figures we see a result of the system of maintaining a stand-
ing army, with lengthened service, and also of the destructiveness of war
among the male population.

258

POPULATION,

ITALY.

Italy, which was formerly divided into seven states, has become an en-
tirely united state since 1870; if we exclude the two semi-sovereign domin-
ions of San Marino and Monaco. The kingdom is divided into 69 provinces,
with a sub-division into 197 circuits (circondarii) and 97 districts (Dis-
tretti). These altogether contain 1,811 cantons (Mandamenti), and (in
1875) 8,307 parishes.

The following is the area and population of the different provinces of
Italy, according to the latest official reports:

Provisoes.

English
sqr. miles.

Population.

11,333

3,027,596

2,055

874,616

9,077

3,589,527

9,053

2,769,594

7,815

2,174,579

3,718

567,131

3,745

936,035

9,284

2,192,292

4,599

841,140

6,673

1,315,197

6,975

2,834,982

8,536

1,488,218

6,660

1,240,772

11,287

2,736,505

9,395

658,479

Piedmont

Liguria

Lonibardy

Venetia

Emilia

Umbria

Marches

Tuscany

Lazia

Abruzzi Molise

Campania

Puglia

Calabria

Sicily

Sardinia

The number of families or households amounted at the last census to
5,675,151. There were 5,063,943 houses, of which 4,139,481 only were
occupied. The population, according to sex, in 1876, was 13,980,158
males and 13,789,317 females; the preponderance of males, therefore,
190,841, a rare occurrence in Europe.

There are, altogether, 8,382 communes; of these, 10 have more than
100,000 inhabitants; 12 have from 50,000 to 100,000; 25 from 30,000 to
50,000; 52 from 20,000 to 30,000; 261 from 10,000 to 20,000; 729 be-
tween 5,000 and 10,000; 442 between 4,000 and 5,000; 858 between
3,000 and 4,000; 1,399 between 2,000 and 3,000; 2,351 between 1,000
and 2,000; 1,410 between 500 and 1,000; 515 between 300 and 500, and
242 have a less number. The meaning expressed by the word community
or parish is very varied. In many parts of the kingdom it comprises ex-
tensive districts of several square miles, involving figures which can only

POPULATION. 259

mislead. Thus the Commune Capaunori, near Lucca, has 43,313 inhabi-
tants, but they are scattered over a district of 64 English square miles; in
the district itself there were, in 1861, only 482 souls. There are 8 cities
with a resident population of more than 100,000, and 6 with from 50,000
to 100,000; 25 with 25,000 to 50,000, and 157 with 10,000 to 25,000.

Italy enjoys more than most other nations the very important advan-
tage of possessing a population which entirely belongs to the same nation-
ality. Of other than Italian origin there are 134,435 French, 20,392
Germans, 5,546 English, and 1 13,383 individuals speaking other languages.
In the districts of Aosta, Pinerolo, and Susa, there are 119,369 speaking a
French dialect, and in the provinces of Novara and Turin, 3,649 speaking
a Burgundian dialect. The number of Albanians in the south of Italy,
and in Sicily, is 55,453; Greeks, 20,268; Slavs, 27,000. The Albanians,
or Arnauts, are descendants of those who, in the years 1461, 1532 and
1744, took refuge in Apulia, Calabria and Sicily. They are generally,
but erroneously, called Greeks. The Albanian language is not a modern
Greek dialect, as some suppose, but a distinct Aryan tongue, probably
representing the old Illyrian of the Balkan peninsula.

The inhabitants are almost entirely Roman Catholics. The census of
1 86 1 for the kingdom of Italy, exclusive of the States of the Church, re-
turned only 64,005 who were not Roman Catholics. Of these, 32,932
were Evangelical, many of whom were the Waldenses, so cruelly op-
pressed in former times, 29,233 Jews, and 1,840 members of other relig-
ious sects.

In 1 87 1, there were 26,662,580 Roman Catholics, 58,651 Protestants,
35,356 Jews, and 44,567 either members of other religious sects or no
religion at all.

The city of Rome includes an area of 5^ square miles. There are
347 Catholic and 8 Protestant churches. In the year 1198, under Pope
Innocent III., there were only 35,000 inhabitants. In 1377, when the pope
returned from Avignon, there were only 17,000; in 15 13, under Leo X.,
there were 40,000 inhabitants; in 1521, the number increased to 90,000.
Under Clement VII., there were 165,047; and in 1793, 166,948. In 1809
and 1813 a great diminution occurred — viz., to 136,268 and 117,882. The
number rose again in 1823 to 136,269, and in 1830 to 147,235. At the
accession of Pope Pius IX., (1846) there were 180,199.

In 1869, 6,400 of the inhabitants of Rome belonged to the religious
orders, exclusive of 5,210 nuns; 4,682 were Jews, and 637 belonged to
other than Catholic bodies.

260

POPULATION.

The changes in the territory of Italy have been man)' and great. The
following shows the provinces, with their area and population in 1858:

Provinces.

1 Sardinia.

2 Lombardo-Venezia

3 Duchy of Parma

4 Duchy of Modena

5 Grand Duchy of Tuscany

6 States of the Church, including San Marino

7 The two Sicilies

Total

English
sqr. miles.

118,487

Population.

29,235

5,167,542

17,562

5,173,054

2,402

500,000

2,338

605,000

8,568

1,807,000-

15,499

3,130,000

42,883

9,117,000

25,499,596

The union of the former states into one "Kingdom of Italy," began in
1859. By the Peace of Zurich, November 16, 1859, Austria was com-
pelled to cede the greater part of Lombardy to Napoleon III., who made
over the ceded territory to the King of Sardinia. Popular rebellions in
various parts of the country led to the following annexations: — Emilia,
Parma, Modena, and Romagna, on March 18, i860; Tuscany, March 22;
the Marches, Umbria, and the kingdom of the two Sicilies, on December
17, in the same year. The king was obliged by the Treaty of March 24,
i860, to cede his inheritance of Savoy, as well as Nice, to France. The
title "Kingdom of Italy" was first used March 17, 1861. The war of
1866, which brought nothing but defeat to the land and sea forces of Italy,
yet led to the acquisition of Venice by the Treaty of Peace concluded
October 3, 1866. The war between France and Germany in 1870, and
the fall of Napoleon, released the French Government from the obliga-
tions which it had undertaken for the maintenance of the temporal power
of the Pope, and on September 20, 1870, the Italian troops occupied
Rome, after a short struggle with the Papal troops. On October 2, the
people of the Papal Dominions declared unanimously in favor of union
with the Kingdom of Italy.

SWITZERLAND.

The various Cantons became united at the dates which follow: — 1.
The Cantons, Urie, Schwytz and Unterwalden in 1308; the latter subse-
quently was sub-divided into Upper and Lower Walden. 2. The Can-
tons which first joined the Confederacy were Lucerne in 1332, Zurich in
1 35 1, Glarus in 1352, Berne in 1353, and Zug in 1362. This formed the
basis of the confederacy. 3. Freiburg and Soleure joined in 1481, Schaff-
hausen in 1501, Basle in 1501 (divided subsequently into town and dis-

POPULATION. 201

trict), Appenzell in 15 13 (divided in 1597 into inner and outer Rhodes);
this forms the league of 13 old cantons. The new cantons, St. Gall,
Thurgau, Aargau, Vaud, Grisons and Tessin all joined either in 1798 or
1803; the neivest cantons, Valais, Geneva and Neuchatel, in 181 5.

Before the time of the French Revolution, the thirteen places scarcely
occupied 9,567 English square miles, with a population of 970,000, and
formed little more than a nominal Confederacy. Various small states at-
tached themselves, while retaining a condition of semi-independence, either
to the Confederacy or to separate cantons. There were the associated
places, many of which again separated themselves from the Confederacy.
Others were called "Associates of the Confederacy," with the privilege of
sending delegates to the Diet; such were the Abbey of St. Gall and the
towns of St. Gall and Bienne ; others were considered as confederates or co-
allies ; such were the Grisons, Valais, the town of Mulhausen (in Alsace), the
principality of Neuchatel, the town of Geneva, and part of the bishopric
of Basle; still lower were reckoned the mere " Protected Associates,"
such as the abbey of Engelberg, the parish or commune of Gersan, and
the other part of the bishopric of Basle. To these were added the
" united subjects," or districts which were subjected by war, and which
belonged to one or more of the thirteen Confederate States.

Of the thirteen districts, seven had an aristocratic, six a democratic
form of government ; in four of the former, viz., Berne, Soleure, Freiburg
and Lucerne, an aristocracy of race, or patriciate governed; in three, viz.,
Zurich, Basle and Schaffhausen, an aristocracy of citizens or townsmen.

The democratic cantons of Uri, Schwytz, Unterwalden, Zug, Glarus
and Appenzell had subjects outside their own immediate circuit, and who
lived in the united governments ; for ex-Uri possessed the Levine Thai;
Schwytz possessed the March, Kussnacht and Einsiedeln; to Zug belonged
the bailiwicks of Hunenberg, Cham, Steinhausen, Risch and Walchwyl ;
to Glarus belonged the lordship of Werdenberg. Unterwalden and Ap-
penzell had no possessions.

The most important united lordships were the Thurgau (the present
canton of Tessin), the Valley of the Rhine, which was in the possession
of the eight old districts, and Appenzell; Vaud, and part of the Aargau,
which was subject to the Bernese ; and the independent allies again owned
subject districts ; Valteline, Bormio, and Chiavenna. The Frickthal be-
longed to Austria. The French Revolution effected an entire change.
The inhabitants of the bishopric of Basle proclaimed a separate republic
in 1702. In 1793 France seized upon Pruntrut (in Berne), and in 1797 it

262 POPULATION.

took possession of Erguel. The inhabitants of the Valteline, Chiavenna,
and Bormio, to whom equality of rights was refused by the League, united
themselves with the "Cisalpine Republic " (Italy). Vaud separated itself
from Berne in January, 1798, and became the canton of Leman. After
the Bernese had been overcome by the French troops, the Confederation
was dissolved, and a united state, called the Helvetian Republic, was
formed; this was divided into eighteen cantons, but not independent ones.
Berne was sub-divided into four, viz.: — Berne, Oberland, Aargau, and
Leman. Baden, Thui"gau, Lugano, Bellinzona and Valais were changed
into cantons; while, on the other hand, Uri, Schwytz, Unterwalden, and
Zug were united into one canton called Waldstatten. Appenzell, St. Gall
and the Rhine valley formed the canton of Santis. Geneva and Muhl-
house were incorporated with France. This centralization was unwelcome
to the Swiss. Disunion was encouraged on the part of France. In Feb-
ruary, 1803, the "Act of Mediation" was proclaimed by Bonaparte. The
cantons were again established with about their former area (Vaud and
Aargau were, however, still separated from Berne). They were again
permitted to manage their own internal affairs, while the general affairs
were referred to a Diet, to which each of the larger cantons sent two
members or deputies, and the smaller cantons one. Neuchatel and Valais
were united by Napoleon to France ; thus there were nineteen cantons. The
Congress of Vienna endeavored to restore the old state of things; the
constitution of 181 5 decreed the sovereignty of the cantons, the number
of which was increased by three, Geneva, Valais, and Neuchatel. The
former bishopric of Basle was united with the canton of Berne. Sardinia
ceded the small district of Carouge to Geneva, on account of its proximity.
Austria gave the dominion of Razuns to the Grisons, and the Frickthal,
Lauftnburg and Rheinfelden to Aargau. Muhlhouse was retained by
France; and the Valteline, Chiavenna and Bormio by Lombardy.

The establishment of an aristocratic oligarchical government could not
be acceptable to the Swiss. The movement which passed over Europe in
1830 was made use of to transform the constitution of most of the can-
tons in a democratic sense. The district of Basle was then separated
from the town. A perpetual struggle was carried on between the two
opposing elements. Seven cantons at length formed a " special confed-
eracy," viz., Lucerne, Schwytz, Uri, Unterwalden, Zug, Valais, and Frei-
burg. This was destroyed by force of arms, November, 1847. The
Swiss wisely took advantage of the disturbances of the year 1848 to recon-
stitute their country.

POPULATION.

203

Neuchatel shook off the Prussian yoke, and a new confederate consti-
tution was formed, September 12, 1848, by which, without injuring the
autonomy of the cantons in their internal affairs, the national strength
was united in all essential matters. The organs through which the nation
announces its will are the National Council and the Council of the States,
which, together, choose seven men, the "Bundesrath" (Confederate Coun-
cil), as the highest executive authority. Each canton sends two repre-
sentatives to the Council of the States, without respect to its size; each
half canton sends one representative. The National Council, on the other
hand, is composed of representatives chosen at the rate of one for every
20,000 of the population. After a quarter of a century, the gradual
changes in their condition led the Swiss to desire a modification in the
constitution of their confederacy; and as a simple majority of the citizens
is sufficient in Switzerland to cany a resolution, a new constitution of the
confederacy was proposed by a decree of January 31, 1874, with regard
to the representation of the people. This being sanctioned by the voice
of the people on the 19th of April, the new constitution was announced
en May 29, 1874. This rests upon the same democratic basis as the
former constitution ; the public organs are also unchanged, but the power
of the confederacy over the separate cantons is moderately increased, and
the principles of freedom are more extended and developed in various
directions.

Area, 15,977 English square miles, and population, according to the
census of 1870, 2,669,147. A calculation in the middle of 1876 gives it
as 2,759,854.

The country is divided into twenty-two cantons, three of which, how-
ever, are sub-divided, making in all 25, which are united into one confed-
erate state.

« .

0 S3

<

0 0

■3 a
p 0

S ft

0 M

a

0
0 .

•£ CO

3 th
0

0

ACCORDING TO CREEDS.

Cantons.

1 d

CD +-

O
U

Ph

O

0

to

O

ED

h3

665
2,659
579
415
373
183
112
266
92

623

2,078
528
184
254
154

84
173

74

294,994
528,670
133,316
16,900
49,216
15,009
11,983
36,179
21,775

263,730

436,304

b,823

80

647

358

66

28,238

878

17,942
66,015
128,328
16,018
47,047
i4,055
11,632
6,888
20,082

2,610

2,747

79

1

4

7
17

504

1,400
98

Lucerne

Uri

8

Schwytz

7

2

TJnterwalde, Lower

3

Glarus

17

Zug

16

204

POPULATION.

Switzerland by cantons and sub-divisions. — Continued.

Cantons.

Freiburg

Solotburn

Basle (city)

Basle (country)

Schaff hausen

Appenzell outside Rhode .
Appenzell within Rhode . .

St. Gall

Graubunden, or Grisons. .

Aargau.

Thurgau

Tessin, or Ticino

Waadt, or Vaud

Neunburg

Geneva

Valais

S3

644
302
13
162
113
100
61
779

2,773
541
381

1,087

1,244
311
107

2,025

a 5

567
277

11
156
108

97

54
661
517
517
322
726
1,053
220

89
930

a
a

o .

*s

p.
o

113,952
77,803
51,515
55,548
38,925
48,879
11,907

196,834
92,906

201,567
95,074

121,768

242,439

102,843
90,352

100,490

ACCORDING TO CREEDS.

16,819
12,448
34,457
43,523
31,466
46,175

188

74,573

51,887

107,703

69,231

194

211,686

84,234

43,639

900

93,951
62,072
12,301
10,245
3,051
2,358
11,720

116,060
39,843
80,180
23,454

119,350
17,592
11,345
47,868
95,963

0) 05

■a'S

of

O

15

101
496
228
180
171
1
190

35
449
531

40

1,812

931

771

20

47

92

506

131

24

82

192

17

1,541

84

36

610

671

964

4

Of foreigners dwelling in Switzerland, there were, in 1870, 150,907,
of whom 62,228 were French; 57,245 Germans; 18,073 Italians; Sfil2
Austrians; 36 Hungarians; 2,297 English; 1,599 Russians; 1,404 Ameri-
cans; 492 Belgians; 349 Spaniards; 260 Dutch; 216 Scandinavians.

Area of the principal lakes.

Lakes. English

sqr. miles.

Geneva* 221

Constancet 206

Neuchatelj 91

Lago Maggiore 82

Lucerne 40

Zurich 34

Lugano 19

Lakes. English

sqr. miles.

Thun 18

Bienne 16

Zug 14

Brienz 10

Morat 10

Wallensee 8

Number of houses occupied.

In 1870 there were 387,148, with 2,395,902 habitable apartments;
number of households, 557,018; population: — 1,304,833 males; 1,364,314
females. According to civil position : — husbands and wives living together,
799,346; actually divorced, 40,892 ; separated, 8,546; widowed, 172,297;
single, 1,648,066; 1,442,301 of the population have the right of domicile in
their native place, 781,263 in other places than their own native, commune,
yet within the same canton; 294,036 foreigners have right of domicile or are
naturalized in the canton in which they live ; persons without homes, 640.

*Geneva, of which only 131 belong to Switzerland. fConstance. of which only 70 belong to Switzerland.

JNeuchatel, of which only 16 belong to Switzerland.

POPULATION.

265

BELGIUM.

The formerly Spanish, afterward Austrian Netherlands, embraced, at
the end of the last century, an area of about 8,632 English square miles,
with a population of 2,250,000. The Bishopric of Liege formed a sepa-
rate state with 220,000 inhabitants.

The country fell into the hands of France by the peace of Luneville;
it was divided into nine departments, viz. : Lys, Scheld, Jemappes, Dyle,
Nethen, Sambre, Ourthe, Lower Maas, and Forets. This district was
united with Holland, under the title of Kingdom of the Netherlands, by
the "Congress of Vienna." The struggles at Brussels from September 21
to 27, 1830, led to the separation of the two countries. November 30,
1830, the independence of Belgium was proclaimed by the National
Congress. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was chosen king, June 4,1831,

The different provinces, their area and population, are shown below:

Provinces.

Antwerp

Brabant

West Flanders.
East Flanders .

Hainault

Xiiege

Xjmburg

Luxemburg . . .
Namur

Total
In 1878

English

Population

sqr. miles.

1876.

1,094

538,381

1,269

936,062

1,250

684,468

1,158

863,468

1,437

956,354

1,118

632,228

933

205,237

1,707

204,201

1,413

315,796

11,379

5,339,185

5,476,668

Of the total population in 1876, 2,256,860 spoke French; 2,659,890,
Flemish; 38,070, German; 340,770, French and Flemish; 22,700, French
and German ; 1 ,790, Flemish and German ; 5 ,490 spoke the three languages ;
7,650, only foreign languages; 2,070 were deaf and dumb.

The population is almost entirely Roman Catholic. There are only
12,000 Protestants, and about 3,000 Jews, and these mostly in the prov-
inces of Antwerp and Brabant.

These nine provinces contain 41 arrondissements, 303 administrative
cantons, and 2,572 communes or parishes. In 1876 there were 4 com-
munes with more than 100,000 inhabitants; 13 between 25,000 and 100,000;

266 POPULATION.

15 between 15,000 and 25,000; 25 between 10,000 and 15,000; 102
between 5,000 and 10,000; 205 above 3,000; 245 over 2,000; 731 over
1,000; 775 above 500, and 460 communes with less than 400 inhabitants.

HOLLAND.

Previous to the French Revolution, the Republic of the United Nether-
lands consisted of, first, the seven united provinces, Holland, Gelderlandr
Zeeland, Utrecht, Friesland, Over-Yssel, and Groningen; second, the lit-
tle district of Drenthe, and, third, the land in which all these communes had
a share, viz.: Hertogenbusch, Breda, Bergen-op-Zoom, Maastricht, Ven-
loo, Sluys, and Hulst. The population was estimated at 2,500,000. After
the conquest of the country by the French in 1795, the state was trans-
formed into the Batavian Republic, formed on the plan of the French
Republic, and divided into eight departments, Flanders, Maastricht, and
Venloo, containing 122,000 inhabitants, being ceded to France by com-
pulsion. The colonies, which had been lost in war, with the exception of
Ceylon, were restored to the state by the peace of Amiens, but not so the
districts that had been ceded to France. Again the colonies were lost in
the newly-begun war. Napoleon dictated changes in the constitution, and
at length (May 24, 1806,) the Republic was made into a kingdom under
his brother Louis (nominal father of Louis Napoleon III.). The Emperor
incorporated the district lying between the empire and the Maas with his
dominions as early as 1807, also part of Zeeland, and the fortresses of
Bergen-op-Zoom, Hertogenbusch, Gertrudenburg, Middleburg, and Flush-
ing, in return for which East Friesland, Jever, Kniphausen, and Varel were
given to Holland. The kingdom, divided into eleven departments, now
contained but 12,281 English square miles, and 2,001,416 inhabitants.

In 1810 the Emperor further took possession of the states of Brabant,
Zeeland, and part of Gelderland, and formed out of them the French
departments of the Rhine and "Bouches de 1' Escaut " (mouths of the
Scheldt). When the nominal king afterward laid down the crown, Napo-
leon incorporated the rest of Holland with the French dominions, Jul)- gr
1810.

The oppressed people rose at the end of 18 13 to shake off the foreign
yoke. In July, 1814, the Vienna Congress framed a "kingdom of the
Netherlands " out of the former republic, the Austrian Netherlands, and

POPULATION.

267

the greater part of the bishopric of Liege. Luxemburg, elevated into a
grand duchy, was to serve the new king as a compensation for the pos-
sessions which he had been obliged to give up to Nassau. Marienburg
and Philippeville were also united to the state by the second peace of Paris.
<The Cape of Good Hope, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice were lost as
colonies by Holland. Belgium was torn from it by the Revolution of 1830.
In order to compensate the German Confederacy for the partial loss of
Luxemburg, Limburg was nominally incorporated with Germany. In
consequence of the events of 1866, this duchy was again completely sepa-
rated from Germany.

Holland knew not only how to extend her East Indian colonies, but
also to make them useful in a high degree; and the exchange of her pos-
sessions in Malacca for Bencoolen, by a treaty with England in 1824,
greatly facilitated this.

The Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast (Africa) were ceded to
Great Britain in 1871 and 1872.

The following shows the area and population of Holland by the differ-
ent divisions:

Provinces.

1879.

Area in

English sqr.

miles.

Population

in 1877.

North Holland

1,056
1,166

514

687
1,979

856
1,964
1,291
1,027

886
1,281

642,073

South Holland

763,636

Utrecht

186,164

Zeeland

187,046
456,709

North Brabant

Limburg '

235,135

Gelderland

453,624

Over-Yssel

267,826

Drenthe

113,773

Groningen

242,065

317,405

•

12,707

*3,865,456

*1,913,486 malee and 1,951,970 females.

The population in 1829 was 2,613,427; in 1839, 2,860,450; in 1849,.
3,056,879; in 1859, 3,293,577; in 1869, 3,574,529.

The different nationalities is approximately as follows:
1. Dutch (Batavians), about 2,400,000 in Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht,
and Gelderland; their language is a cultivated low German. 2. Frisians,
nearly 500,000 in Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe, Over-Yssel, and several

268 POPULATION.

other islands, speaking a low German dialect, akin to the Dutch. 3. Flem-
ings, about 400,000 in North Brabant and Limburg. 4. Low Germans,
about 50,000 in Limburg. It was found by the last census that 3,139 of
the population were born in Dutch colonies; 36,961, in Germany; 19,683,
in Belgium; 1,218, in Great Britain, and 5,234 in other foreign countries.

The different religious sects were as follows:

Protestants, 2,193,281, including 1,808,311 Low German Reformers,
9,689 French Reformers, 5,270 Remonstrants, 65,470 Separatists, 41,865
Anabaptists, 54,318 Lutherans, 9,822 Old Lutherans, 334 Moravian
Brothers, 576 Anglicans, 96 Episcopalians, 424 Presbyterians.

Roman Catholics, 1,313,084. Monasteries, 38, with 820 members;
nunneries, 137, with 2,187 nuns-

Jews, 68,003, including 60,409 Low German, and 7,594 Portuguese.

Other sects, 291,088, including Jansenists, 5,337, and 37 Greek
Catholics.

DENMARK.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century Norway and Schleswig-
Holstein were still subject to Denmark. Norway was ceded to Sweden
on January 14, 18 14, in accordance with a resolution arrived at at the
peace of Kiel. The king received Swedish Pomerania as ostensible com-
pensation, but subsequently resigned it to Prussia for Lauenburg and
£150,000.

The attempt to incorporate completely the Elbe Duchies with Den-
mark, led to the war with Prussia and Austria in 1864, which ended with
the peace of Vienna, October 30, 1864. By this, Denmark finally lost the
three duchies, with the exception of the little Island of Aroe, in place of
which, domains in Jutland had to be given up. The treaties of Micolas-
burg and Vienna in 1866 opened out a prospect of the re-acquirement of
part of Northern Schleswig, but this is of slight importance at present.

The present condition of Denmark is far better than what it has been.
The country has lost in political power and prestige, but has gained in
the character and manners of its people. The Danes are a frugal, indus-
trious, and a generally contented people. The lot of the workingmen is
as good as that in contiguous countries. The emigration has never been
such as to materially affect the country, though many are constantly
seeking new homes. The causes which impel the emigrant are, in
general, a desire to better his condition and to provide better things for
his children than he has enjoyed.

POPULATION.

209-

The area and population of Denmark and subject lands is given
below:

Kingdom of Denmark.

Area in

English sqr.

miles.

Population
in 1878.

Zeeland, Moen, Samsoe. .
Furien, Langland, Aroe.

Lalland, Falster

Bornholm

Jutland

2,839

1,317

648

226

9,754

693,000

253,000

94,000

34,000'

866,000

Total.

14,784

1,940,000

SUBJECT LANDS.

Faroe, 17 inhabited islands.

Iceland*

Greenland, colonized

Danish Antilles

514

39,553

386

119

11,000

72,000
|9,800
37,500

Total....
Total of.

40,572
14,784

130,300
1,940,000

Gross total.

55,356

2,070,300-

*16,159 English square miles are uncolonized.

12313 are Europeans; the remainder are natives.

The population has more than doubled since 1801, when it was only
929,001.

In 1870 there were only 14,142 persons who did not belong to the
Lutheran State Church. Of these 4,290 were Jews, 1,857 were Roman
Catholics, 1,433 °^ tne Reformed Church, 3,223 Baptists, 2,128 Mennon-
ites, and 1,211 Sectarians and persons of no religion.

The population of the principal towns of Denmark is as follows:
Copenhagen, including Frederiksborg, 250,000; of Copenhagen alone,
181,291 ; Odense, 16,970; Aarhuus, 15,025; Aalborg, 11,354: Randers,
11,354; Horsens, 10,501 ; Elsinore, 8,891 ; Frederica, 7,186; Viborg, 6,422.

Iceland has its own administration, though not independent of Den-
mark.

SWEDEN.

At the beginning of the present century, Finland, Rugen, Vor-Pome-
rania and the town of Wismar belonged to Sweden. In 1803 Wismar was
sold to Mecklenburg. The war against Napoleon in 1806 cost Sweden
the loss of Pomerania. Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, and

270

POPULATION.

Pomerania regained in 1810. The war with Napoleon, in 1813, gave
Norway to Sweden, January 14, 18 14. Norway was recognized as an
independent state and Pomerania had to be relinquished for the con-
cession. St. Barthelemy in the West Indies was the only foreign posses-
sion of Sweden, and this was ceded to France in 1877.

The area is estimated at 170,928 English square miles, of which 13,926
square miles are covered with lakes, and the population in December,
1877, numbered 4,484,542.*

It is difficult to obtain quite accurate information in such a wide-spread
and scantily peopled country as Sweden, but the following seems to be the
division of land and people:

Name op Place.

In Swea Rike, i. e., Sweden Proper, including the city of Stockholm and "]
its suburbs, Upsala, Soderrnanland, Westmanland, Orebro, Wermland J-
and Kopparborg. J

In Gota Rika, i. e., Gothland, including Malmohus, Christianstad, Blekinge, "]
Kronoberg, Jonkoping, Calmar, East Gothland, Halland, Skaraborg, )-
Elsfborg, Gothenborg and Bohus. J

In Norrland and Lapland, i. e., Gefleborg, Westnorrland, Jemtland, Wester- )
botten and Norrbotte. )

Population

1,305,834

2,544,126
634,582

Sweden rejoices in a homogeneous population; in 1870 there were only
6,71 1 Lapps (belonging to the Finnic branch of the Mongolo-Tartar stock) ;
14,932 Finns; about 70 gipsies, and 12,015 persons born in foreign coun-
tries, viz.: 2,856 in Germany, 2,795 in Denmark, 2,570 in Norway, 2,018
in Finland, 806 in Russia, and 976 in other lands.

The Lutheran creed was the prevailing one until 1870; since then, how-
ever, freedom of religious belief has been established by law, so that now
admission to all offices of state is open to all Swedes, and not, as hitherto,
only to the professors of the pure Evangelical Lutheran Church. In 1870
there were, in addition to Evangelical Lutherans, 573 Catholics, 30 United
Greeks, 3,809 Baptists, Methodists, and Mormons, 190 of the Reformed
Church, and 1,836 Jews.

According to calculation, not census, in 1876 there dwelt in

Stockholm 157,215

Gottenborg 68,756

Malmoe 33,292

Norrkoping 26,787

Gefle 17,617

Carlscrona 17,290

Jonkoping 13,744

Upsala 13,049

Lund 12,794

Orebro 10,496

Helsingborg 10,066

Calmar 10,009

*In 1878 the population numbered 4,531 ,1

POPULATION. 271

NORWAY.

The extent of area, including the lakes, is about 122,823 English
square miles. A census is taken every ten years. The population in
1875 was 1,807,555. In 1865 it numbered 1,701,478; 835,947 males and
865,809 females.

Exclusive of the Norwegians (Germanic race), there are 7,637 Quaens
(Finns); 15,601 domiciled, and 1,577 nomadic Lapps, called, in Norway,
Finns; also from 700 to 800 gipsies. Of mixed races there are 1,913 Nor-
wegians and Quaens; 1,048 Norwegians and Finns; 909 Quaens and Finns.
The number of the population not born in Norway, was 21,260, of whom
15,784 were Swedes, 1,791 Danes, 1,257 Germans.

The inhabitants are, with the exception of 5,105 persons, all Lutherans.
Of the 5,105, 1,038 are Mormons, 331 Catholics, 25 Jews, and the
remainder are colonists or English sects.

*&■■

Principal towns, 1875.

Christiania 76,327, with the incorporated suburbs in 1878 99,000

Bergen 33,885

Trondheim (Drontheirn) 22,167

Stavanger 19,029

Drammen 18,608

Christiansand 11,764

SPAIN.

It is not probable that the Pyrenean peninsula contained 40,000,000
inhabitants at the time of the Romans, as has been asserted; but on the
other hand it may be assumed that there were 20,000,000 at the time
of the Arabs. Then followed quickly one after the other the expulsion of
2,000,000 Moors, 800,000 Jews, and at least 600,000 Moriscoes.

The all-depressing influence of spiritual and temporal despotism con-
tributed more to the depopulation of the country than did the colonization
of America or than war.

The Spanish government purchased the Peace of Basle, 1795, from
the French Republic with the price of her share in St. Domingo; and the
Peace of Amiens was obtained in 1802 by the surrender of Trinidad. In

272 POPULATION. *

1 80 1 Spain acquired the fortress of Olivenca from Portugal. In return for
the elevation of the heir apparent of Parma, a Spanish Infanta, to the
throne of Etruria, the Royal family ceded Louisiana to France; it was^
however, immediately sold by Napoleon to the United States for
£2,400,000.

During the sanguinary War of Independence all the Spanish posses-
sions on the continent of America shook off the foreign yoke. The
Spanish colonies, up to 180S, had extended over more than 6,591,220
square miles, with about 18,000,000 inhabitants. These colonies were
Mexico, with Texas and California ; the whole of Central America ; New
Granada, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chili, and the Argentine
Republic.

Spain embraces an area of 195,716 square miles. The population in
1879 numbered 16,809,913; of whom 8,342,564 are males, and 8,467,349
are females. The proportion of the unmarried is 56.7 per cent;. the mar-
ried, 36.5 per cent; and widowed, 6.8 per cent. Fifty-seven men and 16S
women were stated to be above 100 years old.

The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, 60,000 only acknowledge
other creeds.

The actual Spaniards are a mixture of the nations who formerly dwelt
there (Celts, Romans, Alans, Goths, Suevi, Vandals, Moors, Arabs; the
Moorish-Arabian element prevails, especially in Andalusia). In addition
to these there are about 500,000 Basques and 60,000 Medejares (descen-
dants of the Moors), in the valleys of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Apu-
liares. Also about 1,000 descendants of German colonists in the Sierra
Morena, 45,000 gipsies, and a small number of Jews. At the census of
i860, 20,917 foreigners were stated to be domiciled in Spain, and 13,995
to be temporarily staying in the country.

Previous Censuses.

(In the year 1594 there were about 8,250,000 inhabitants.)

Year.

1723 7,625,000

1768 9,309,814

1787 10,409,879

1797 10,541,221

Year.

1822 11,661,815

1832 11,158,264

1846 12,162,872

1857 15,464,340

The dry and exceedingly mild climate, especially in the province of
Andalusia^offers strong inducements to invalids or to those who can not
endure a rigorous atmosphere. The number of foreigners who tempora-
rily sojourn in this country is, therefore, great.

POPULATION. 273

PORTUGAL.

The participation of Portugal in the war against France and Spain
ended in 1801 with the loss of the frontier fortress of Olivenca. French
troops entered the country in 1807, and the royal family fled to Brazil.
The claims of Portugal upon Olivenca were recognized after the Penin-
sular war, by the Congress of Vienna, but Spain did not restore it. The
court did not return from Brazil till after the revolution of 1820, when this
colony asserted its independence.

Since the year 1835 the mainland has been divided into seventeen
districts, and the islands into four districts, making together twenty-one.
As, however, the division into provinces is the only one recognized by
Central Europe, and is also that which best agrees with the history of the
country, we shall adhere to it, though at the same time giving the names
of the districts in each province. A subdivision gives 295 smaller
districts.

The total area of the mainland is 34,507 square miles and of the
islands, 1,232. Population of mainland 4,348,551, of the islands, 396,573,,
total, 4,745,124. Of these 2,314,623 were males and 2,430,501 were
females.

The population of Lisbon is 265,032; Oporto, 108,346; Braga, 20,258;
Setuval, 15,598; Funchal, 20,606; Ponta del Garda, 17,949.

GREECE.

Modern Greece owes its existence to the popular rebellion of 1821, but
it was not until 1832 that it was recognized by the great powers as a
kingdom. The Greeks did not succeed in obtaining a constitution until
the revolution of September 3, 1843. The rebellion of October, 1862,
led to the overthrow of King Otto. In accordance with a protocol con-
cluded by the three "protecting powers," June 5, 1863, Prince William
of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg was placed on the throne
under the title of George I. In a treaty of November 14 of the same year,
(1863) England renounced her supremacy over the Ionian islands, which.

274 POPULATION.

were declared an integral part of Greece with the advantage of perpetual
neutrality; the union with Greece took place May 28, 1864, and the pres-
ent constitution adopted in 1864.

The congress of Berlin, at the sitting of July 5, 1878, decided upon a
"re-adjustment of boundaries,11 or rather an extension of the frontier in the
north of Greece, and declared "the Porte is invited by the congress to
conclude a compact with Greece for the regulation of boundaries. The
congress is of opinion that the basis of this rectification should be a line
extending from the river Salambria in Thessaly to the river Kalana in
Epirus, opposite to Corfu. The Powers offer their services in making the
agreement, in case any difficulties should arise in the negotiation between
the Porte and Greece." Although no exact division has been arrived at,
we may assume that Greece will obtain an accession of territory which
may be estimated at least at 4,252 English square miles, with about
300,000 inhabitants, which will bring the population to 1,979,775.

The Ionian islands had formed a possession of the Republic of Venice,
from the 14th century. The Peace of Campo Formio brought them under
the dominion of France; in 1799 they fell into the hands of the Russians
and Turks. A treaty of March 21, 1800, changed the Ionian islands
into a "Federal Republic,'1 (the Republic of the Seven Islands) which was
to be under Turkish protection. By the Peace of Tilsit, the islands again
fell into the hands of France, which nominally gave them a special con-
stitution. The English, however, occupied the most important of the
islands in 18 10. By a treaty of November 5, 18 15, made by the great
powers, they were to form an independent state, under British "protec-
tion," but were treated by the English as a conquered country, and did
not even enjoy the rights which belong to the inhabitants of English
colonies. Hence arose a constant desire for union with Greece.

There were only 67,941 of the inhabitants of Greece at the census of
1870 who did not speak Greek, viz.: 37,598 Albanians (Arnauts*), 1,217
Macedo-Wallachians, and 29,126 of other nations. The number of
strangers residing in Greece in 1870 was 19,958; of whom there were
50,511 Turks, 2,099 English, 1,539 Italians, 526 Germans, 41 5 French, 141
Russians, and the remaining few from other countries.

The orthodox Greek is the prevailing creed; there are only 12,585
Christians belonging to other creeds; 2,582 Jews (in the Ionian islands),
and 917 persons of whom no returns are given. The Roman Catholics,
whose numbers formerly were over-estimated, live in Syra, Athens, and in

* A mixed race of Albanians and Sclavonians.

POPULATION.

275

the Ionian islands. Protestants are only found here and there. The Mo-
hammedans are fairly driven out of Greece; a very few only are to be
met with in Ghalkis. The population divided according to creed was
thus given in 1870: —

Orthodox Greeks 1,441,810

Other Christians 12,585

Jews 2,582

Individuals holding other creeds or none

917

Total -. 1,457,894

Towns.

The most important are —

Inhabitants.

Athens 44,510

Hermopolis 20,996

Patras 19,641

Inhabitants.

Zante 17,516

Corfu 15,452

Piraeus 10,963

The area and population of Greece and of the Ionian islands, which be-
long to Greece and have an almost exclusively Grecian population,
are as follows:

Greece proper.

NOMAOHIES.

English
sqr. miles.

POPULATION IN 1879.

Males.

Females.

Total.

Attica and Boetia

Phthiotis and Phocis . .
Acarnania and iEtolia.
Argolis and Corinth . . .

Achaia and Elis

Arcadia

Messenia

Laconia

Eubcea

Cyclades

Ionian Islands*

Corfu

Cephalonia

Zante

Land and sea troops

Sailors who engage in foreign service

Total

2,466
2,062
3,019
1,445
1,913
2,019
1,233
1,679
1,573
935

425
297

276

99,640
65,381
71,647
68,679
95,908
78,130
81,855
60,842
49,543
65,112

55,126
39,579
23,935
20,523
5,180

85,724
63,059
66,797
67,402
85,724
70,775
73,905
60,274
45,593
66,908

50,983
40,964
20,587

185,364
128,440
138,444
136,081
181,632
148,905
155,760
121,116
95,136
132,020

106,109

80,543

44,522

3,220

5,180

19,342

881,080

798,695

1,679,775

*The Ionian islands contain 998 English square miles.

276 POPULATION.

THE NEW SOVEREIGN STATES.

By the resolutions of the Berlin congress, a group of sovereign states,
and semi-self-governing territories have arisen out of lands which were
before either wholly or partially subject to Turkey. Roumania, Servia,
and Montenegro, over which the Porte formerly claimed sovereignty, have
declared themselves independent. Another new creation is the tributary
principality of Bulgaria. Bosnia and Herzegovina are freed from the
Turkish sway, and have been placed under the administration of Austro-
Hungary. South of the Balkans the province of Eastern Roumelia has been
called into existence, nominally under the rule of the Porte, but actually
possessing a limited form of self-government. The Island of Candia is
likewise to obtain a certain form of self-government. Toleration of every
creed is enforced throughout those states which have become sovereign
states, and in all of which Jews were formerly precluded from the higher
rights of citizenship, and were frequently subjected to severe persecutions.
The tribute money which these provinces were formerly compelled to fur-
nish, will be now capitalized. Servia and Montenegro are obliged to
undertake a part of the Turkish state debt, corresponding with the amount
of territory newly acquired. Whilst these alterations were being made
with regard to European territories, England assumed to herself the right
of occupation in Asia, including the actual possession of Cyprus, nomi-
nally under Turkish rule.

All these states and territories are really withdrawn from Osman sway.
They no longer gravitate toward Constantinople, but in various other
directions. Those states only will be noticed here that have declared
themselves entirely independent. The tributary state of Bulgaria, and
the remaining districts mentioned above, still appear, politically, as com-
ponent parts of the Osman empire, even those which have been transferred
to England and Austro-Hungary.

Roumania.

The new prin^irjality of Roumania is divided into three districts: Tul-
cha, Kustendj^l ||jistria. The total area of the principality is 49,247
English squa P^B^ ^e population 5,376,000.

The popw 5jLfjR.oumania is very mixed. There are 772,700

POPULATION.

277

foreigners, viz.: Jews, 400,000; Gipsies, 200,000; Slavs, 85,000; Germans,
39,000; Hungarians, 29,500; Armenians, 8,000; Greeks, 5,000; French,
2,000; English, 1,000; Italians, 500, and 2,700 of Turks, Poles, Tartars,
and others.

The Greek faith predominates in Roumania. There are, however, as
nearly as can be estimated, 114,200 Catholics, 13,860 Protestants, 8,000
Armenians, 6,000 Ligowaners (an order of monks similar to the Jesuits),
400,000 Jews, and 2,000 Mohammedans.

Of the principal towns Bucharest has a population of 177,646, of whom
82,632 are males, and 95,014 are females; 132,997 are orthodox Greeks,
16,990 are Catholics, 5,854 are Protestants, 20,749 are Jews, and 1,056
are members of other creeds, or having none.

Jassy, 90,020; Galatz, 80,000; Botochani, 39,941; Ploesti, 33,000;
Braila, 28,272; Berlad, 26,568; Crajova, 22,764; Ismail, 21,000; Giur-
gevo, 20,868; Focsani, 20,323; Piatra, 20,000.

Servia.

The result of the Russo-Turkish war was to increase the territory of
the principality by the addition of the arrondissements of Nish, Pirot,
Vranja, and Toplitza, and some other strips of territory, which had been
joined to the arrondissements of Alexinatz and Podringe. A census of
these new additions to the state give the following figures:

Nish . .
Vranja
Pirot . .

Inhabit-
ants.

Houses.

115,906

64,883
74,845

10,745
10,136
10,745

Toplitza

Additions to Alexinatz
Podringe

Inhabit-
ants.

41,167

2,963

494

Houses.

5,821
413
115

The population, therefore, of the additional territory is 300,258; 153,-
798 being males, and 146,460 females, and the number of houses 44,791,
and the additional area 6,378 English square miles.

The area and population of the whole principality is as follows: 19,135
English square miles, and the population, in 1879, was 1,860,824.

Of the inhabitants there are : —

Servians 1,651,268 I Gipsies

Roumanians 180,000 | Other Nationa,

24,556
5,000

278 POPULATION.

Montenegro.

It is very difficult to give the exact area and population of Montenegro,
as the Porte has not fulfilled its part in the re-adjustment of the frontier, as
demanded by the Berlin treaty. The area has hitherto been about 1,700
English square miles, and the population between 180,000 and 200,000.
In a letter from the prince to the czar, written in 1877, the population is
given as 193,329. The newly acquired territory is also estimated at 1,700
square miles, and the population at 50,000; so that the area of the whole
state is about 3,400 square miles, and the population 243,329. With the
exception of from 24,000 to 26,000 Roman Catholics, and a few Moham-
medans, all the population are orthodox Greeks.

Antivari, with its sea coast, is incorporated with Montenegro, but it
is not permitted to maintain any war marine, nor to own any ships of war.
The marine and sanitary police arrangements are here exercised by
Austro-Hungary. No fortresses are allowed to be erected between the
Lake of Scutari and the sea.

Notwithstanding the many difficulties with which Montenegro finds
herself surrounded, she is making great progress in social and intellectual
development.

In the spring of 1879 the first bookseller's shop and the first reading
club were opened in Cettinje, and other signs are not wanting to indicate
an advancement toward the rank of a constitutional kingdom. Since
that time there has been marked progress in the means of the distribu-
tion of general intelligence, in books, periodicals, etc. Education is by
no means general, but the progress in this direction is encouraging.
With this advancement there is a corresponding growth in the ideas of
civil and political rights, and a general improvement in law .and order.

TURKISH EMPIRE.

As reliable statistical information is almost entirely wanting, we are
mostly dependent on m<o're or less uncertain estimates even for the part
which lies in Europe., / We must build our figures on the basis of the con-
dition of things pmj/ious to the last war. Jakschitsch calculates the area
of European Turkey at 136,620 English square miles, and the population

POPULATION.

279

at 8,477,214, of whom 4,792,443 are Christians, 3,609,606 are Moham-
medans, and 75,165 are Jews. This estimate of the population, in which
the city of Constantinople appears with only 327,750, is undoubtedly too
low. Kutschera gives in Behni and Wagner a survey of the male popu-
lation according to the official publications for 1873—74, which we arrange
as in the following table, with the addition of Jakschitsch's estimate of the
area (division into vilayets, sub-divisions into sanjaks, the latter following
in parentheses).

Governments or
Vilayets.

Jedirne

Tuna

Selanik

Ianioa

Bitolia

Scutari

Bosna

Herzegovina

Provinces or Sanjaks.

Adrianople (Adrianople Philippo- )
poli, Slivno, Kodosto, Gallipoli) )

Donau (Bustschuk, Tultcha, Var-
na, Tirnova, Sofia, Widdin, Nish

Salonica (Salonica, Seres, Drama)

Janina (Janina, Prevesa, Argyro-
kastro, Berat, Tirchala)

Monastir (Goritche, Uskup, Pres-
rend, Dibre)

Scutari

Bosnia (Serai ^vornik, Travnik
Novi-Bazar, Banaluca, Behacz)

(Herzegovina again united)

Total.

English
sq. miles.

25,515

38,781
14,925

13,862

20,156
23,388

MALE POPULATION.

Christians.

136,627

401,148

715,938
124,157

467,601

305,808
112,000

264,250
42,457

2,433,356

medans.

235,587

455,768
124,828

250,749

397,993

88,000

270,050
39,472

1,862,447

Total.

636,735

1,171,706
244,985

718,350

703,798
200,000

534,000
81,929

4,291,503

If we assume the female population to be only equal to that of the
male, we have 8,591,606 inhabitants. The Sainameh (Ottoman imperial
year book) for the year 1294 of the Hegira (1877 and 1878) publishes
official statistics of the empire, from which Ubicini gave a French extract.
The empire was divided, in 1870, into twenty-nine "vilayets," or govern-
ments, and these again into sanjaks, or provinces ; a further sub-division was
into cazas, or circles. Turkey in Europe contained eleven vilayets, forty-
four sanjaks, 276 cazas. Turkey in Asia and Tripoli numbers eighteen
vilayets, seventy-nine sanjaks, and seventy-two cazas, and this exclusive
of Constantinople and the island of Samos. The total population of the
twenty-nine vilayets is reckoned at 13,679,648 males, which allows us to
assume a total of 27,359,296 individuals, of which Samos contains 34,141
inhabitants. Constantinople and its suburbs contain 65,262 houses, which,
reckoning eight inhabitants to a house, allows us to estimate the popula-
tion at 522,096. To these must be added the people in the Khans and

280

POPULATION.

magazines, the monks of different creeds, softas, etc., from 100,000 to
120,000 and, lastly, 80,000 of fluctuating population, making a total of
722,000 at Constantinople.

Roumelia.

Vilayets.

Edirneh (Adrian ople)

Tuna (Donau)

Sofia

Bosnia

Ersek (Herzegovina)
Selanik (Salonica) . . .

cj

N

a

O

Qj'£

.

O

"33

M

CO

at

S3
" ft

"a

0

0

ft

ai

U

5

40

652,676

5

32

907,774

2

14

350,180

6

43

1,023,568

2

13

120,075

3

19

393,029

Vilayets.

Monastir

Yania (Janina)

Ushkudra (Scodra).
Jezair (Archipelago)
Kryt (Crete)

03->3

"3 ci

539,054
187,513
135,000
178,582
232,831

Anatolia.

Kudavendikiar (Brussa, etc.)

Aidin (Smyrna, etc.)

Angora

Konia

Kastamuni

Sivas

Trapezun (Trapezunt)

Erzeronm

Van

4

26

267,985

4

24

772,022

4

22

301,878

5

25

410,393

4

21

422,900

3

22

406,388

4

25

469,070

6

33

782,833

1

14

233,629

Diarbekr

Cham (Syria)

Adana

Haleb (Aleppo)

Bagdad . . .'

Basra

Yemen

Hejaz (Mecca and Medina)
Tharabuluci (Tripoli)

5

24

9

43

4

16

4

36

7

37

3

13

4

23

2

7

5

26

332,300
562,000
204,372
296,760

1,604,476
395,524
266,000
240,000

1,010,000

Add to these 1,400,000 nomads, 560,000 men in the army and police,
and 300,000 foreigners, we have a total of 30,175,533.

In consequence of the decisions of the congress of Berlin, which sanc-
tioned, in addition to the loss of territory in Europe, the cession of about
12,757 English square miles in Asia (the districts of Ardhan, Kars, and
Batoum), with a population of about 800,000 souls, to Russia, and a small
concession to Persia (the town and district of Khotur), the possessions
remaining to the Osman Empire are as follows:

The direct possessions in Europe and Asia.

English
square miles.

Population.

69,001
712,908

5,500,000
16,000,000

Total

781,909

21,500,000

The absence of color indicates a population
of less than 2 to a square mite'.

Copyrighted 788Sby Yarjgij & West.

FOREIGN POPULATION

IN PROPOHTION

TO THE AGGREGATE POPULATION

of the UNITED STATES.
{Compiled from the Last Census,)

POPULATION.

281

The indirect possessions in Europe are:

Bulgaria

East Roumelia

Bosnia, Herzegovina
Crete

Total

English
square miles.

24,451

13,385

20,180

3,401

61,417

Population.

1,700,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

200,000

3,900,000

In Asia.

Cyprus . .
Samos. . .

Total

236,000

In Africa.

Egypt

Nubia, Soudan, Darfur

Tripoli, with Fezan

Tunis

Total

English
square miles.

180,727

744,176

340,192

46,776

1,311,871

Population.

5,200,000

10,000,000

1,200,000

1,800,000

18,200,000

This gives a total of more than 2,000,000 square miles, and a popula-
tion of nearly 44,000,000.

Where a population is so numerous as in Turkey, it would be difficult,
even in a highly civilized country, to distinguish between the various
nationalities and creeds, so as to give accurate statistics of one or the other.
According to a Greek estimate, there were in European-Turkey, not
including the protected states previous to the war, 4,200,000 Moslems,
3,550,000 Heleno-Pelasgians, 250,000 Roumanians, 2,676,000 Slavs, 150,-
000 of various other nationalities, making a total of 11,120,000. The
Turks are much more numerous in the Slavonic provinces than in the
Greek provinces. In Epirus and Thessaly the proportion of Turks to
Greeks is as one to three. On the islands there are 150,000 Turks to
700,000 Greeks. On the other hand, in Bosnia, Bulgaria, and Herzegovina
the Mohammedan population is almost as numerous as the Slavonic. In
1876 a statement appeared in London which gave the number of Christ-
ians as 6,225,000, of whom 5,600,000 were Greek Catholics, 280,000

282 POPULATION.

Roman Catholics, 300,000 Gregorian Armenians, 45,000 Protestants; then
3,000,000 Mohammedans, 75,000 Jews, and 150,000 Gipsies.

A statement in the North German Journal concerning MacedoniaT
gave the number of Turks, or, rather, Mohammedans, living there, as
2,022,081, the Greeks as 1,076,676, and Bulgarians 35401,042. In Thrace
there were 1,149,626 Mohammedans, 253,302 Greeks, 1,697,763 Bulga-
rians. In Epirus 415,965 Greeks, 318,955 Mohammedans, 2,300 Jews.
In Thessaly 341,850 Greeks, including many Albanians and Kutz-Vlacks ;.
38,730 Mohammedans, and 3,650 Jews.

In Asiatic-Turkey the statistics are somewhat fuller and more reliable.

There is a great variety in the inhabitants of Asia Minor in respect to
race and religion.

Thus we find among the professed Moslems the following distinct
races, or off-shoots of races: Osmanli Turks, Arabs, Turcomans, Kurds,
Circassians, and Tartars. It is impossible to make an absolutely reliable
estimate of the whole number of Moslems in Asiatic-Turkey ; including-
Syria, the best authorities place the number at about 12,000,000. The
majority of this Moslem population exhibit little or no desire for intel-
lectual improvement ; they are absorbed in the struggle for existence
There are also 1,000,000 Greeks, 2,000,000 Armenians, 1,000,000 Kurds,
and 1,000,000 Arabs.

Of individual provinces, there are dwelling in Erzeroum 272,000
Turks, 357,000 Kurds, 411,000 Christians, 1,200 Jews, 2,000 Yezides,
158,000 Persians, 29,000 Turkomans. Among the 411,000 Christians are
287,000 Armenians, 111,000 Nestorians, 8,000 Roman Catholics, 4,000
Greeks, and 1,300 Protestants.

Syria. — Population, 2,250,000, of whom 1,400,000 are Mohammedans,
100 Ansariyeh, 260,000 Maronites, 180,000 Oriental Greeks, 50,000 Cath-
olic Greeks, 3,000 Roman Catholics, 40,000 Jews, 30,000 Gipsies, 7,000
Armenians, 15,000 Jacobites, 5,000 Protestants, 90,000 Druses, 70,000
Arabs and Bedouins.

Turkish Arabia. — Population, 5,502,150, of whom 3,250,000 are
in Hejaz, and 2,252,150 are in Yemen.

Principal Towns.

In Europe. Population.

Constantinople* . . ,, 855,000

Salonica 60,000 to 80,000

Adrianople 50,000 to 70,000

In Asia, Population.

Smyrna 155,000

Damascus 120,000

Aleppo 70,000 to 100,00&

* With the floating population, 1,075,000.

POPULATION

283

MEXICO.

The republic of Mexico has an area of about 743,948 square miles and
contains, according to a calculation made a few years since, a population
of 9,389,461. The divisions made under the empire are now set aside
and there are now twenty-seven confederated states and these with the
federal district of Mexico and the territory of Lower California, form the
Mexican Republic. The states, with their area and population, are as
follows :

States.

1 Sonora

2 Chihuahua .

3 Coahuila

4 Nuevo-Leon

Northern States

5 Tamaulipas.

6 Vera Cruz . .

7 Tabasco

8 Campeche . .

9 Yucatan

The Gulf States.

10 Sinaloa . . .

11 Jalisco

12 Colima

13 Michoacan

14 Guerrero . .

15 Oaxaca ....

16 Chiapas . . .

Pacific States .

17 Durango

18 Zacatecas

19 Aguascalientes . .

20 San Luis Potosi

21 Guanajuato

22 Queretaro

23 Hidalgo

24 Mexico

25 Morelos

26 Puebla

27 Tlaxcala

Central States . .
Federal District

Lower California Territory
Total

Sqr. miles.

79,021
83,746
50,890
23,635

237,292

30,225
26,232
11,851
25,832
29,567

123,707

36,198
39,168
3,743
25,689
24,550
33,591
16,048

Population.

110,809
180,758
104,131

189,722

585,420

178,987

42,510

22,998

2,895

27,500

11,411

3,207

8,163

7,838

1,776

12,021

1,620

141,939
461

140,000

504,950

83,707

86,170

282,934

1,097,761

189,348
953,274
65,828
661,947
301,242
718,194
208,215

3,098 047

190,816
413,603
89,715
525,110
768,208
173,576
427,340
683,323
154,519
697,788
133,498

61,562

743,948

4,257,526
327,512

23,195

9,389,461

Chief towns.

Ures

Chihuahua
Saltillo ....
Monterey . .

Ciudad Victoria

Vera Cruz

San Juan Baptista.

Campeche

Merida

Culiacan

Guadalajara . . .

Colima

Morelia

Tixtla

Oaxaca

San Christobal .

Durango

Zacatecas

Aguascalientes .
San Luis Potosi .

Guanajuato

Queretaro

Pachuca

Toluca

Cuernavaca

Puebla

Tlaxcala

Mexico ,

Inhabitants.

8,000
12,000

8,000
14,000

6,000
10,000

8,000
14,000
30,000

10,000
68,000
23,599
25,000
4,000
26,366
10,500

12,000
16,000
31,842
34,000
56,012
27,570

8,410
12,000
12,000
65,000

4,000

230,000

284

POPULATION.

The inhabitants are either of European origin (white), or colored.
The first are divided into real Europeans, about 40,000; Creoles, about
300,000, and Chapetones, of mixed European and Indian blood, about
800,000. Wappaus gives the numbers thus: —

There are about 1,004,000 whites, 1,190,000 mixed, 4,800,000 Indians,
6,000 negroes. All religions are tolerated but nearly all are Roman
Catholics.

STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

These consist of five separate republics, as follows:

States.

Square miles.

Population.

Chief Towns.

Inhabitants.

Guatemala

40,397
7,441
46,776
58,470
21,262

1,190,754
600,000
300,000
250,000
120,000

Guatemala

San Salvador

30,000 to 45,000

San Salvador

20,000 to 40,000

Comayagua .

8,000 to 18,000

^Nicaragua

Leon

20,000 to 30,000

San Jose

- 18,000 to 25,000

Total

174,346

2,460,754

Whites about 150,000; a number of mixed races and from 1,000,000
to 1,500,000 Indians. The latter are divided into Ladinos or Quiche
(that is to say dependent converted Catholics), and Bravos or Barbaros,
independent and free.

UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA.

This is a federal republic, and was formerly called New Granada. It
contains an area of about 318,930 square miles. The government esti-
mates the area at 513,775 English square miles; but states at the same
time that only 114,106 are inhabited. The population in 1870 was esti-
mated at 2,951,984. The nine Confederate States and their population are:

Panama

Bolivar

Magdalena

Santander

Antioquia

Boyaca

Cundinamana

Cauca

Tolima ,

In addition six territories

224,032
241,704
88,928
433,178
365,974
498,541
433,658
435,078
230,891

^951,984
53,466

Total 2,985,450

POPULATION.

285-

Chief towns are Bogota with between 40,000 and 50,000 inhabitants;
Medelin 30,000, and Panama with 18,000. About one-half of the whole
population are whites and half-castes; 900,000 Africans; 126,000 inde-
pendent Indians; and 466 half-caste Indians and Negroes.

VENEZUELA.

This republic is divided into twenty separate states, the area of which
embraces about 212,620 English square miles, and is divided into three
regions, viz. : the Tierra Caliente or hot region, which extends to about
700 metres above the sea, the average temperature is 250 C; the Tierra
Templada, or temperate region, extends to 2,000 metres above the sea,
of which the mean temperature is 180; and the Tierra Fria, or cold region:
snow line, 4,100 to 4,500. The population, 1,784,194, among whom, at
the former census, were 298,000 whites; 500,000 mixed races, of whom
the largest numbers are Mulattoes; about 180,000 Creoles, 48,000 who
were formerly slaves (slavery has been abolished here since 1854)
160,000 converted Indians, 14,000 subject Indians, and 52,000 independ-
ent Indians.

The principal towns are:

Towns.

Caracas

Valencia

Barquisimeto

Maracaibo

Maturin

San Carlos . .

Inhabit-
ants.

48,897
28,594
25,664
21,954
12.944
10,420

Towns.

Merida

Cumana

Ciudad Bolivar

Coro

Barcelona

La Guayra

Inhabit-
ants.

9,727
9,427
8,486
8,172.
7,674
6,793

ECUADOR.

The extent of area (which includes Quito, Guayaquil, and Assuy), is
about 244,513 English square miles, and contained a population (accord-
ing to the Minister, Leon, in 1875) of 866,037, not including about 200,000
wild Indians. The town of Quito, which is the capital, contains between
70,000 and 80,000 inhabitants. The principal port is that of Guayaquil.

PERU.

The area embraces about 510,288 English square miles; the popula-
tion in 1876 was 2,699,945, °f whom 1,365,895 were males and 1,334,050
were females. The number of wild Indians (not included in the figures-

286

POPULATION,

above) is estimated at 350,000 The capital of the republic is Lima,
which contains 101,488 inhabitants; and Callao, the next largest town
35,520. There were, it is said, between 15,000 and 20,000 Chinese in
these two cities, and about 60,000 in the whole of Peru, but their number
is now reduced to about 35,000.

There are, of Catholics, 2,644,055; Protestants, 5,087; Jews, 498;
members of other creeds, 27,073; creed not stated, 23,393.

There are 18,082 Europeans, of whom 1,672 are Germans, 1,699 Spanish,
2,647 French, 6,990 Italians, 373 Portuguese, 160 Swedes, and 91 Swiss.

There are 50,032 Asiatics, 20 Africans, 2,625,758 Americans, 30
Australians, and 5,184 nationality not known.

BOLIVIA.

The area extends over 500,740 English square miles. The population
was estimated in 1877 at 2,325,000; about one-fourth are Indians, many
of whom have become Roman Catholics, though the larger portion
adhere to the worship of their gods. The language spoken in Bolivia is
Spanish. The principal towns are: —

Towns.

La Paz

Cockabamba,
Sucre

Inhabit-
ants.

76,372
40,678
23,976

Towns.

Potosi

Santa Cruz .

Inhabit-
ants.

22,850
9,780

CHILI.

The area is estimated (the boundaries are very indefinite) at about
127,472 English square miles, and the population at 2,136,724.

Among the population are 23,579 foreigners, including 4,678 Germans,
4,267 English, 3,314 French, 1,983 Italians, 1,223 Spaniards, 931 North
Americans, 7,183 Argentines. There are about 250,000 Negroes, and
many baptized and unbaptized Indians. The principal towns and inhab-
itants are:

Principal Towns.

Santiago

Including suburbs,

Valparaiso

Chilian

Inhabit-
ants.

129,807

150,367

97,737

19,044

Principal, Towns.

Concepcion

Talca

Serena

Inhabit-
ants.

18,277
17,496
12,293

POPULATION. 287

ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION.

This republic, one of the few districts in South America in which
settled conditions have begun to be established, contains fourteen states
(incorrectly called provinces, the most important of which is Buenos Ayres),
three territories, and Patagonia, which last is inhabited only by independ-
ent Indians. Its area, including Patagonia, is 1,619,470 English square
miles, and its population 1,877,490 (of whom 495,107 dwell in Buenos
Ayres), including 93,137 Indians.

At the faking of the census in 1869 there were found to be 211,993
foreigners, viz.: 71,442 Italians, 34,080 Spaniards, 32,383 French, 1,966
Portuguese, 10,709 English, 5,860 Swiss, 4,997 Germans, 15,206 Oriental-
ists, 10,911 Chilians, 6,200 Bolivians, 6,065 Brazilians, 1,095 North
Americans, and 7,073 whose nationality is not stated. The principal
towns are:

Inhabitants, 1869.

Buenos Ayres • 177,787

Cordova | 28,523

Eosario 23,163

Tucuman 17,438

Salta 11,716

Corrient.es 11,218

Santa Fe 10,670

Parana 10,098

Of the population in 1869, 897,780 were males and 845,572 were
females.

Of the whole population 360,683 could read, and 312,01 1 of this number
could also write.

729,287 were under the age of fourteen, and of this number 153,882
were illegitimate.

The official language is Spanish, but the natives speak three different
languages. The population is almost entirely Roman Catholic. Every
form of religion is tolerated, and there are two Protestant colonist com-
munities.

PARAGUAY.

Area, about 56,769 English square miles. At the census taken in
1876 there were 293,844 inhabitants. In 1873 the population was 221,079,
of whom 86,079 were children, 106,254 were women, and only 28,746
males over fifteen years of age ; so destructive to life had been the war
from 1865 to 1870 with Brazil and the neighboring countries. In 1857
the population had numbered 1,337,431.

288

POPULATION.

The number of foreigners dwelling in Paraguay in 1876, after the-
departure of the foreign troops, was as follows: 1,500 Brazilians, 2,500
Italians, 600 Portuguese, 400 Argentines, 250 Spaniards, 150 Austrians,
120 French, 90 Germans, 80 English, 80 Uruguayans, and 230 of other
nationalities.

URUGUAY.

The Republica Oriental del Uruguay, also called Montevideo from its
capital, contains about 72,151 English square miles within its area, and
has a population of 440,000 individuals, 91,167 of whom dwell in the cap-
ital, Montevideo.

BRAZIL.

In extent and elements of strength, Brazil occupies the first place
among the states of South America. The area is estimated at 3,218,166
English square miles, and the population at 11,108,291, including 1,000,-
000 wild Indians. The empire is divided into twenty-one provinces, viz.:

Provinces.

1 Amazonas

2 Para

3 Maranhao

4 Piaubi

5 Ceara

6 Eio Grande do Norte

7 Parhiba

8 Pernambuco

9 Alagoas '.

10 Sergipe

11 Babia

12 Espirito Santo

13 Rio de Janeiro

14 Santa Catbarina

15 Rio Grande do Sul

16 Minas Geraes

17 Matto Grosso

18 Goyaz

19 San Paulo

20 Parana

21 Municipality neutral

Total

Add wild Indians

Communes not enumerated

Grand total

Area in Eng-
lish square
miles.

732,249

443,788

177,515

116,493

40,240

22,289

28,846

49,560

22,577

15,088

164,580

17,709

26,627

28,624

91,329

221,894

532,345

288,462

112,078

85,429

536

3,218,166

Free.

56,631
247,779
284,101
178,427
689,773
220,959
354,700
732,511
312,268
153,620
211,792

59,478

490,087

144,818

367,022

1,669,276

53,750
149,743
680,742
116,162
226,033

8,419,672

POPULATION IN 1876.

Slaves.

979
27,458
74,939
23,795
31,913
13,020
21,526
89,028
35,741
22,623

167,824
22,659

292,637
14,984
67,791

370,459

6,667

10,652

156,612
10,560
48,939

1,510,806

Total.

57,610
275,237
359,040
202,222'
721,686
233,979
376,226
841,539
348,009
176,243
1,379,616

82,137

782,724

159,802,

434,813

2,039,735

60,417
160,395
837,354
126,722
274,972

9,930,478

1,000,000

177,813

11,108,291.

POPULATION.

Population according to sex — provinces only.

289

Sex.

Free.

Slaves in 1870.

4,318,699
4,100,973

805,170

705,636

Total

8,419,672

1,510,806

The predominant creed is Roman Catholic, to which all the slaves
belong. There are only 27,766 not Catholics.

There are 8,176,199 free Brazilians, and 243,481 foreigners, among
whom are 221,246 Portuguese, 45,829 Germans, 44,580 Africans, 6,108
French. Of the slaves, 138,570 were born in Africa. Of the 9,930,478
inhabitants, 3,787,289 belong to the Caucasian race, 386,955 to the Amer-
ican race, 3,801,782 are mulattoes and negroes.

Principal towns in 1872.

Inhabitants.

Eio de Janeiro 228,743

Kio de Janeiro (with suburbs) 274,972

Bahia (S. Salvador) 128,929

Itecife (Pernambuco) 116,671

Belem 35,000

Maranhao . . .
San Paulo . . .

Para

Porto Alegre .
San Pedro. . .

Inhabitants.
31,602
25,000
25,000
25,000
18,000

JAPAN.

In an incredibly short time, viz.: from 1872, when the first census was
taken, the Japanese government have succeeded in establishing a regular
system of statistics.

In 1875 the southern part of the island of Saghalien was given over to
Russia, but the area of Japan was increased in 1876 by the possession of
the " Bonin Islands."

In 1877 the Japanese minister published in the journal Logoshaban, the
area of Japan in the following manner:

Principal Islands.

English
square miles.

Population
in 1874.

Nipkon

86,746

14,951

7,033

1,001

35,999

803

32

25,478,834

4,986,613

2,434,528

362,177

144,069

167,073

75

Kiou Siou

Mikodu

Yeso and Kourile

Loo-choo

Bonin Islands

Total

146,565

33,623,279

290 POPULATION.

The census of 1876 gave the population of the whole kingdom as
34,338,504, of whom 16,918,619 were females, and the classification was
as follows:

Inhabitants.

Imperial family 37

Upper nobility 2,965

Lower nobility 1,894,484

Commoners 32,372,759

Priests of Sinto 116

Priests of Buddha 66,430

Buddhist nuns 1,713

The census of 1878 gave the population of Yeddo or Tokio alone as
1,036,771.

The number of foreigners living in Japan in 1879 was 5,503, of whom

Chinese 3,028

English 1,106

Americans 479

Germans 300

French 230

Russians 209

the remaining 151 being Dutch, Italians, Austrians, Danes and Swiss.

The number of English firms was 155 in 1874, but fell to ninety-two
in 1878. Those of other countries have fallen from 215 to 151. The
English element is very powerful in Japan, and the English language is
used in speaking and negotiating with foreigners. Of the 5,503 foreign-
ers, 500 are teachers, missionaries and high-classed mechanics.

Inhabitants.

Tokio (formerly Yeddo), the chief town of the East 1,036,771

Kioto (Miako), chief town of the West 238,663

Koumamotou 300,000

Osaka 281,119

Kogosima 200,000

Yokohama 61,553

Kanagawa 600,000

Nagasaki 47,412

In 1878 the number of foreigners residing in Yokohama was 3,220,
viz.: 1,850 Chinese, 515 English, 300 Americans, 120 French, 175 Ger-
mans, 59 Dutch, 73 Portuguese, 21 Russians, 31 Spaniards, 22 Swiss, 15
Italians, 16 Swedes and Norwegians, 7 Danes, 5 Austrians, 5 Belgians, 6
Hawaiians.

POPULATION.

291

CHINA.

The area of China proper is estimated at 1,556,277 English square
miles, and the dependent states at 2,418,715. The last have but a scanty
population, while the former is more densely populated than any country
in the world, and nearly double the population of the states of Europe
together.

According to Behm and Wagner, the area and population are as
follows :

Name of Place.

Area in Eng-
lish square
miles.

Population.

57,265

36,879,838

53,762

29,529,877

65,949

17,056,925

66,913

29,069,771

40,138

39,646,924

53,981

36,596,988

68,875

26,513,889

45,747

22,799,556

35,659

8,100,000

69,459

28,584,564

83,204

20,048,969

81,192

10,309,769

259,520

19,512,716

184,997

35,000,000

90,215

20,152,603

81,207

8,121,327

122,524

5,823,670

66,738

5,679,128

13,971

2,500,000

14,957

3,020,000

1,556,277

401,946,514

366,700

12,000,000

1,303,621

2,000,000

651,528

1,687,898

91r408

236,784

5,358

Uninhabited

3,974,892

420,871,196

Pe-Chih Li

Chantung

Shansi

Honan

Kiang-tsu

Nganhoei

Kiangsi

Fohkien

Tchkiang

Houpe

Hoonan

Shensi

Kansuh

Setcbuen

Quangtong

Kwangse

Yunnan

Kweichow

Island of Hainan

Island of Formosa

Total of China Proper

DEPENDENCIES.

Mantchuria

Mongolia

Thibet

Corea

Neutral land between Corea and Lia-tong

Grand total

292

POPULATION.

The foreign population of China.

A census of the foreign residents, taken in 1879, gives the following
particulars: —

Nationality.

Firms.

Persons.

English

220
35
49
9
1
2
1
1

17
1

1,953
420

384

224

Dutch

24

69

35

163

55

Austnans

38

10

17

Japanese

9
6

81

341

Total

351

3,814

The population of the Treaty Ports is estimated at 4,990,000.

Principal towns.

Inhabitants.

Pekin 1,648,814

Canton 1,500,000

Tientsin 930,000

Hankow 700,000

Futchen

600,000 Amoi

Shanghai .
Takao and Taiwan

Chinkiang

Ningpo

Inhabitants.
278,000
335,000
140,000
120,000
88,000

POLITICS.

The political history of the United States begins in England, since
the country, prior to the revolution of 1775, was nothing more than a
colony of Englishmen, holding to and reflecting, substantially, the same
political sentiments which prevailed in the mother country.

The Magna Charta, wrested by the barons from the unwilling King
John, with the petition of rights and the bill of rights, forced from Charles
I., are justly considered the bulwarks of English liberty; these have con-
tributed largely to shaping the destiny of America. The principles of the
freedom of conscience, and the right and power of self-government, were
questions which entered into the politics of England from the time of
Magna Charta onward. In 1648 these principles culminated in the forma-
tion of two antagonistic political parties, the Whigs and the Tories. The
Whigs were advocates of liberty of conscience, the right of the people to
local self-government, and for the Protestant succession. The Tories
were, according to Dr. Johnson, those who "adhered to the ancient con-
stitution of the state, and the Apostolical hierarchy of the church of
England." This original separation of partisan politics in England has
continued to the present time, with such modifications as changing times
have necessitated. The Tories were the crown party, the Whigs were
the parliamentary; the Tories favored kingly prerogative, the Whigs
were for parliamentary independence; the Tories were for the monarchy
with a strong central government ; the Whigs were for the monarchy with
local self-government.

During the French and Indian wars in America, the Tory party of
England were opposed to the policy of driving the French entirely out of
the country, on the ground that a French province, contiguous to the
American colonies, would be such a continual menace as to put these
colonies under obligations and of dependence on the mother country.
The Whigs, on the other hand, favored a vigorous prosecution of the war
and the complete expulsion of the French from American soil. The
Whig policy triumphed, the French were driven from America in 1760,
and Canada was ceded to British America by the treaty of Paris in 1763.

In the next year, 1 764, to disprove the allegations and quiet the fears

(293)

294 POLITICS.

of the Tories, and at the same time to maintain its authority in the prov-
inces, the parliament passed the "Declaratory Act,'1 which was a resolu-
tion that parliament had the right and power to tax the colonies at will.
This may be placed as the opening wedge of American independence. A
remonstrance, feeble, yet firm, was passed against the principle of this
act by the Virginia House of Burgesses. In the beginning of the year
1675, the parliament passed a specific act under the general provisions of
the Declaratory Act. This was the famous "Stamp Act," by which all
legal papers executed in America were to be null and void unless they
were upon a certain kind of paper bearing a stamp, the stamp costing
from three pence to four pounds, according to the value of the transaction
recorded. The Stamp Act was to take effect November 1, 1765. It
aroused great indignation in the colonies, and gave a significance to the
terms "Tory" and "Whig" which had not been attached to them before.
The great mass of the colonists became Whigs of the extremest kind,
while the governors and their subordinates, with a few of the old school
of colonists, were Tories.

The indignation and the protestations of the colonists caused the
revocation of the Stamp Act soon afterward, but the attitude of parlia-
ment toward the colonies remained the same. It was manifested by
frequent evidences of imperial dictation, which tended to fan the already
glowing spirit of liberty among the colonists, and to unify and consolidate
the Whig party in America.

The first movement looking toward American independence, was
made when, on the invitation of Massachusetts, representatives from all
the colonies met at Philadelphia, September 5, 1774, to consider the
situation. This is called the "First Continental Congress." Two
colonial congresses had previously met — one at Albany, in 1754, and one
at New York, in 1765. The continental congress sat with closed doors
until October 14. It adopted a declaration and resolutions, of little less
importance than the Declaration of Independence, made two years later.
By these acts the colonies bound themselves together by a non-importa-
tion, non-exportation, non-consumption agreement, practically cutting
themselves off from commercial relations with England. In addition to
this colonial "Bill of Rights," the congress drafted a petition to the king
setting forth their grievances and making an exhibit of their rights.

The meeting of parliament followed soon after this. Such a spirit of
hostility was manifested, and such an attitude toward the colonies was
maintained, that all reasonable hope of reconciliation or amicable adjust-

POLITICS. 295

ment was taken away. The colonists began the collection and manufact-
ure of arms and munitions in case of emergency. An attempt to take
and destroy a magazine of these at Lexington, in Massachusetts, in April,
1775, by a detachment of British troops, brought on an engagement with
the local militia, in which blood was shed on both sides. This was the
beginning of the war for independence.

The principles of the Continental Congress of 1774 were matured by
another, which met in Philadelphia in 1776, and, on the 4th day of July of
that year, a Declaration of Independence was formally made. On July 9th
" Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union" were signed. The
Revolutionary War followed. It was conducted under the immediate
direction of the Continental Congress and by the terms of the Articles of
Confederation.

During the continuance of this war no plan for the closer union of the
states was considered. After independence was attained and acknowl-
edged, diplomatic negotiations were opened with England for the settle-
ment of all the complications of the war, and the full recognition of
national standing. These negotiations were concluded by a treaty
signed at Paris, September 3, 1783. This treaty act completed the
separation of the United States from England. It also completely
severed all relations between the Whigs and Tories of England and
their namesakes in America. From this time forward, the politics of
America were distinctively American.

In the preparatory measures which looked to the transition of the
confederated colonies into a nation, two parties were developed. The
dread of a centralized power was oyer many; cut loose from England
now, these were loth to acknowledge any power superior to their own
individual state. Fears of drifting again into monarchy prevailed among
the ultra Republicans. How to form a nation with sufficient centralized
power to maintain its dignity and authority, and yet not to encroach upon
the rights of the states and the liberties of their citizens, was the perplexing
problem. Experience had already demonstrated that the powers vested
in the states were too great, and that in the federal government too little.
After much inter-colonial inconvenience had been experienced and the
subject thoroughly discussed through the press and otherwise, the State
of Virginia proposed a conference. Representatives from five or six of
the states met at Annapolis, Maryland, in obedience to this invitation, in
1786. This convention, having no authority, simply discussed the matter
of federal union, and recommended a general convention to be held in

206 POLITICS.

Philadelphia in May, 1787. This convention met at the time and place
appointed, and organized by choosing General Washington its presiding
officer. It went deeply and minutely into the subject for which it had
been called, and drafted the constitution. This was to be submitted to
conventions in the several states for adoption, with the proviso that so
soon as nine of these should adopt it, the federal union was to be estab-
lished. The requisite nine states ratified the constitution as soon as
conventions could be called, and the others followed shortly after. Thus
was the old fabric of a federal government taken down and a new one
erected in its place.

The new government rested upon the constitution adopted by the
states. This constitution is that which is now in force in this country.
Its provisions allowed amendments as the future should show the need,
and specified the manner in which these should be made. Various amend-
ments have, consequently, been added from time to time and are essential
parts of the constitution, equal in binding force to the original articles.

During the debates in the first constitutional convention in Philadel-
phia, and in the subsequent ratification conventions in the states, two
sets of ideas were developed, supported by two sets of men. These were
known at the time, and subsequently, as the "Federalists" and the
"Anti-Federalists.'1 They were the first two political parties of the
United States proper. About 1791, the Anti-Federalist party took the
name of the "Republican-Democratic.11

Under the conditions of the new constitution, an election for electors
for President and Vice-president of the United States was held on the
first Wednesday of January, 1789. These electors were to vote on the
first Wednesday of the following February.

There were sixty-nine electors. Of these, sixty-nine, or the entire
number, cast their votes for Washington for President. John Adams
received thirty-four votes for Vice-president, and the remaining thirty-
five votes were scattered among various other candidates. Washington
and Adams were duly inaugurated on the 30th of April, 1789, and thus
began the first administration of the United States.

Since the inauguration of Washington, in 1789, twenty-four adminis-
trations, of four years each, have been completed. The twenty-fifth was
begun on March 4, 1885. The President, Vice-president, cabinet officers
and the more important acts passed during the administration, will
appear from the following exhibits:

POLITICS.

FIRST ADMINISTRATION,
Federal Party.

From 1789 to 1793.

297

Sec. Treasury,
ALEX. HAMILTON.

GEO. WASHINGTON,

President.

JOHN ADAMS,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
THOMAS JEFFERSON.

Sec. of War,
HENRY KNOX.

Sec. of Navy,
HENRY KNOX.

P. M. General,
SAMUEL OSGOOD,

To 1791.

TIMOTHY PICKERING.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
EDMUND RANDOLPH.

Jefferson and Randolph of the Cabinet, were Anti-Federalists. North
Carolina, November, 1789, Rhode Island, May, 1790, Vermont, March,
1 791, Kentucky, June, 1792, were admitted to the Union. Laws for a
Protective Tariff were adopted by Congress. Amendments to the Constitu-
tion guaranteeing freedom of speech, religion, person and property, were
made and ratified. National debt, incurred by the war, was assumed by
the government to be paid at par. Capitol to be moved to Washington
in ten years. A United States Bank was established. The capital was
$20,000,000 of which the government subscribed $2,000,000.

SECOND ADMINISTRATION.
Federal Party.

From 17 9 3 to 17 97.

Sec. Treasury,
OLIVER WOLCOTT.

GEO. WASHINGTON,

President.

JOHN AHAMS,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
THOMAS JEFFERSON,

To 1794.

EDMUND RANDOLPH,

To 1795.

TIMOTHY PICKERING.

Sec. of War,

T. PICKERING,

To noe.

JAMES McHENRY.

Sec. of Navy,
T. PICKERING,

To 1790.

JAMES McHENRY.

P. M. General,
T. PICKERING,

To 1795.

JOS. HABERSHAM.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorne y-gener al,
WM. BRADFORD,

To 1795.

CHARLES LEE.

298

POLITICS.

Tennessee admitted to the Union, June, 1 796. French Revolution
and wars in Europe agitate public sentiment in this country. Efforts
made by France to enlist the United States with her. Republicans and
the Democratic clubs sympathize with France. Washington issues his
famous proclamation of national neutrality, April 22, 1793. The eleventh
amendment to the Constitution adopted. A commercial treaty with
England made. Partisan spirit grows more bitter, and the administra-
tion attacked by Republican-Democrats for the neutrality stand against
France, and for the treaty with England. The result showed the wis-
dom of both actions, but too late to save the party.

THIRD ADMINISTRATION.
Federal Party.

From 17 9 7 to 18 01.

Sec. Treasury,

Sec. of State,

OLIVER WOLCOTT,

JOHN ADAMS,

TIM. PICKERING,

To 1800.

President.

To 1800.

SAMUEL DEXTER.

THOS. JEFFERSON,

JOHN MARSHALL.

Sec. of Wak
JAMES McHENRY,

To 1800.

SAMUEL DEXTER,

Sec. of Navy,
GEORGE CABOT,

To 1801.

JOHN MARSHALL,

In 1801.

ROBT. GRISWOLD.

Vice-president.

To 1798.

BENJAMIN STODDERT.

Attorney-general,

P. M. General,

Sec. Interior.

CHARLES LEE,

JOS. HABERSHAM.

(Not created until 1849.)

To 1801.

9

THEOPHILUS PARSONS.

The troubles with France, begun with the previous administration,
continued through this one. The request for the withdrawal of the
French minister was followed by the banishment of the American minis-
ter from France. The division of the politics of the administration was
embarrassing and obstructive. The fall of the Jacobin power in France
opened the way for a speedy and happy settlement between the coun-
tries. A Stamp Act was passed, levying a duty on stamped vellum, parch-
ment and paper. It was considered obnoxious by many people. Alien
and sedition laws were passed, giving the government the power to banish

POLITICS.

299

foreign emissaries from the country. This has been marked as the
death warrant of the Federal party. It was used by the Democrats and
Republicans as a dangerous extension of centralized power. A natural-
ization law was passed. It required fourteen years' residence in the
country, necessary to citizenship. Kentucky and Virginia legislatures
passed resolutions to the effect that when congressional action seems to
be unconstitutional to a State, it can declare all such acts null and void.

FOURTH ADMINISTRATION.
Democratic-Republican Party.

From 1801 to 1805.

Sec. Treasury,

THOS. JEFFERSON,

Seo. of State,

ALBERT GALLATIN.

President.
AARON BURR,

JAMES MADISON.

Sec. of Wab,

Sec. of Navy,
BENJAMIN STODDERT,

HENRY DEABBOEN.

Vice-president.

In 1801.

ROBERT SMITH.

P. M. General,
JOSEPH HABERSHAM,

Sec. Interior.

Attorney-general,

In 1801.

GIDEON GEANGER.

(Not created until 1849.)

LEVI LINCOLN.

In the popular election of 1800, Jefferson and Burr each received 73
votes of the Electoral College. Adams received 65 and Pinckney re-
ceived 64. The law was that the two highest should be President and
Vice-president. There being no election, the matter went to the House
of Representatives. After six days1 discussion, ten States voted for
Jefferson and four for Burr. A first act of the administration was to
change the manner of voting, allowing a direct vote for President and
Vice-president. Louisiana was purchased from France, for $15,000-
000. The reason for the sale was the fears of France that the territory
might fall into the hands of England. The territory embraced all of
the United States lying west of the Mississippi river and east of the
Rocky mountains. Jefferson abolished all the stateliness which had

300

POLITICS.

attended Washington and the Federal administrations, adopting a style of
the utmost simplicity, even on state occasions. This made the adminis-
tration popular with the radical Republican sentiment of the country.
He was re-elected by an overwhelming majority, receiving 162 votes,
against 14 cast for Charles C. Pinckney, the candidate of the Federal
party.

FIFTH ADMINISTRATION.

Democratic- Republican.

From 1805 to 1809.

Sec. Treasury,
ALBERT GALLATIN.

THOS. JEFFERSON,

President.

GEORGE CLINTON,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JAMES MADISON.

Sec. op War,
HENRY DEARBORN.

Sec. of Navy,
J. CROWINSHIELD.

P. M. General,
GIDEON GRANGER,

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
ROBT. SMITH,

hi 1805.

JOHN BRECKENRIDGE,

To 181)7.

OJSSAR A. RODNEY.

A new commercial treaty with England was made in 1806. Jeffer-
son refused to sign it because England would not concede her right to
search American vessels. In June, 1807, a British frigate boarded an
American ship off Hampton Roads and forcibly impressed four English
seamen. Three Americans were killed in the encounter. This aroused
great indignation throughout the country, and although England offered
reparation, an Embargo Act was passed in December, 1807, prohibiting
all American vessels from leaving port. England and France were then
in fierce war. England passed an act prohibiting all American vessels
or vessels from American ports, to enter any foreign port. The Em-
bargo Act was opposed by the Federals and the New Englanders
engaged in commerce. It was repealed near the close of the administra-
tion. In the elections of 1808, the Democratic-Republicans were
successful, James Madison receiving 122 electoral votes, against 47 cast
for C. C. Pinckney, the Federal candidate.

POLITICS.

301

SIXTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic-Republican.

From 1809 to 1813.

Sec. of Treasury,
ALBERT GALLATIN.

JAMES MADISON,

President.

GEORGE CLIKTOX,

Died March 4, 1809.

W1I. H. CRAWFORD,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
ROBERT SMITH,

To 1811.

JAMES MONROE.

Sec. of War,
WILLIAM EUSTIS,

To 1813.

JOHN ARMSTRONG.

Sec. of Navy,
PAUL HAMILTON.

P. M. General,
GIDEON GRANGER.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
C. A. RODNEY,

To 1811.

WILLIAM PINCKNET.

Chief event of this administration was the War of 1812. Louisiana
was admitted to the Union, April 30, 181 2. Foreign and domestic policy
of Jefferson was carried out. Diplomatic attempts to settle difficulties
with England failed. An attempt to re-charter the United States Bank
failed by one in the House, and the Vice-president's vote in the Senate.
Affairs with England so strained, an embargo on all vessels departing for
sixty days was laid in April, 181 2. War was declared against England
June 18, 1 81 2. In the elections of 181 2, a part of the Democratic-
Republican party split off and nominated De Witt Clinton for President.
They were opposed to the war policy of the party. They are known in
history as the " Clintonites.1' James Madison was re-nominated by the
Democratic-Republicans for President, and received 128' electoral votes.
Elbridge Gerry received 131 votes for Vice-president. De Witt Clinton
received 89 votes for President, and Jared Ingersoll, 86 for Vice-president.
Madison and Clinton were duly inaugurated at the constitutional time and
the government proceeded with little change. Albert Gallatin was con-
tinued secretary of the treasury and James Monroe, secretary of state.
Gallatin was a member of the committee at the famous treaty of Ghent,,
and, with Henry Clay, was most influential in securing favorable terms.
Monroe afterwards rose to the presidency.

302

POLITICS.

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic-Republican.

From 1813 to 1817.

Sec. of Treasury,
ALBERT GALLATIN,

To 1814.

GEORGE W. CAMPBELL,

To 1816.

ALEX. J. DALLAS.

JAMES MADXSOX,

President.

ELBRIDGE GERRY,

Died March 4, 1813.

JOHN GAIitlARD,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JAMES MONROE.

Sec. of War,
JOHN ARMSTRONG,

To 1814.

JAMES MONROE,

To 1815.

WM. H. CRAWFORD.

Sec. of Navy,
WM. JONES,

To 1814.

B. W. CROWINSHIELD.

P. M. General,
GIDEON GRANGER,

To 18U.

ROBERT J. MEIGS, JR.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
WM. PINCKNEY,

To 1814.

RICHARD RUSH.

Federal party and New England generally opposed to the war with
England. Massachusetts and Connecticut refuse to levy soldiers. Wash-
ington City was sacked and burned by the British in August, 1814.
The famous "Hartford Convention,1' held to protest against the war and
demand certain constitutional amendments. Peace with England was
secured by the treaty at Ghent, December 24, 1814. A National Bank
was chartered in 18 16 to exist until 1836. A new protective tariff law
was passed, advocated by Clay, Calhoun, and the Republicans generally.
In 1816, James Monroe was nominated for the Presidency by the Repub-
licans; Rufus King by the Federalists. Indiana admitted to the Union
on December 11, 18 16. James Monroe received 183 electoral votes for
President and Daniel D. Tompkins the same for Vice-president. Rufus
"K'ing received 34 votes for President, John E. Howard, 22 for Vice-
president. James Ross received 5 votes for Vice-president, John Mar-
shall, 4; and Robert G. Harper, 3. The electoral majority for Monroe
was much greater than for his predecessor, Madison; the latter received
but 128 of 217 electoral votes, while Monroe received 183, or nearly four-
fifths of the entire vote. The number of electoral votes was the same in
both cases.

POLITICS.

303

EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION

Democratic- Republican.

From 1817 to 1821.

Sec. or Treasury,
WM. H. CEAWFOED.

JAMES HOIBOE,

President.

DAJf'L ». TOMPKINS,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JOHN Q. ADAMS.

Sec. of Wab,
GEOEGE GEAHAM,

Ad interim.

JOHN C. CALHOUN.

Sec. of Navy,
B. W. CEOWINSHIELD,

To ISIS.

SMITH THOMPSON.

P. M. General,
EETUEN J. MEIGS.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
EICHAED EUSH,

In 1817.

WILLIAM WIET.

February 22, 1819, a treaty was made with Spain, by which the
United States purchased Florida for $5,000,000. In 1820 began in
Congress the discussion over the admission of Missouri to the Union.
It was the beginning of that contest which eventually led to secession and
Civil war, and the settlement of the slavery question by the arbitrament
of the sword. From the beginning of the government under the consti-
tution, there had been a considerable party opposed to the tolerance of
slavery at all, and a much larger one against its further extension. The
question came into Congress whenever the creation of a new territory or
the admission of a state was asked. The discussion was prolonged
over two years, and was settled by a compromise, by which it was
agreed that hereafter slavery should not exist in states west of Mis-
souri and north of parallel 360 30'. Mississippi in 181 7, Illinois in 1818,
Alabama in 18 19, Maine in 1820, Missouri in 1821, were admitted to
the Union. Monroe was re-elected without opposition, save one elec-
toral vote for John Quincy Adams. Monroe received 231 electoral
votes; Daniel D. Tompkins received 218 votes for Vice-president; Rich-
ard Stockton, 8; Daniel Rodney, 4; Robert G. Harper, 1; and Richard
Rush, 1.

304

POLITICS.

NINTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic-Republican.

From 1821 to 1825.

Sec. of Treasury,
WM. H. CRAWFORD.

JAMES MONROE,

President.

DAN'E I>. TOMPKINS,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JOHN Q. ADAMS.

Sec. of War,
JOHN C. CALHOUN.

Sec. of Navy,
S. THOMPSON,

To 1S23.

JOHN RODGERS,

In 1823.

SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD.

P. M. General,
R. J. MEIGS,

To 1823.

JOHN McLEAN.

Sec. Interior.
{Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
WILLIAM WIRT.

This administration is denominated the "Era of Good Feeling." The
political parties were blended and no faction existed. The most impor-
tant debates of the American Congress took place during this time,
engaged in by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Hayne,
and others. The President promulgated the famous "Monroe Doctrine,"
which was called forth by a proposed coalition of the republics of America
against foreign aggressions. In the election of 1824, no party nomina-
tions were made. The electoral vote was 99 for Andrew Jackson, 84 for
John Quincy Adams, 41 for William H. Crawford, and 37 for Henry
Clay. John C. Calhoun received 182 votes for Vice-president. The elec-
tion for President went to the House. There were then 24 states. Of
these, 13 voted for Adams, 7 for Jackson, and 4 for Crawford. The
choice was decided by Henry Clay and his friends voting for Adams.
This was the first occasion to test the alternative provision of the consti-
tution in the choice of the chief executive. The states voting for Henry
Clay controlled the situation; for whichever of the two leading candidates
their votes would be cast, a majority would be given. These votes went
to Adams. There was great excitement over this and talk of a bargain
and sale. There was nothing ever discovered which gave any color to
this charge, and history has cleared the memory of Clay from any odium
connected with the election. The suspicion, however, made the friends
of Jackson bitter against Clay and his party.

POLITICS.

305

TENTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic- Republican.

From 1825 to 1829.

Sec. of Treasury,

JOHN Q. ADA3IS,

Sec. of State,

EICHAED BUSH.

President.

HENEY OLAY.

Sec. of "War,
JAMES BABBOEB,

JOHX C. CALHOUN,

Sec. of Navy,

To 1828.

P. B. POETEE.

Vice-president.

SAMUEL L. SOUTHAED.

P. M. General,

Sec. Interior.

Attorney-general,

JOHN MoLEAN.

(Not created until 1849.)

WILLIAM WIET.

Party feeling broke out again on the election of Mr. Adams. The
appointment of Clay for secretary of state gave rise to the report of a
bargain between Adams and Clay. It brought about a coalition of the
friends of Jackson and Crawford against the administration. The old
Democratic-Republican party was divided. The followers of Jackson
and Crawford formed a new party which was first called the "Jackson-
ites,11 but afterward took the name of " Democratic,11 which is still retained.
The Adams and Clay party united and called themselves the "National
Republican11 party, which was shortly afterward changed to that of
"Whig.11 Few national measures were passed. A bill to increase the
tariff was defeated by the vote of the Vice-president. The government
and the state of Georgia came into controversy over the removal of the
Creek Indians. The doctrine of nullification was freely advocated. A
new tariff, called the " Tariff of 1828,11 was passed. It was very distaste-
ful to the southern states. The Anti-Masonic party was organized in
New York. The election of 1828 was between John Quincy Adams and
Andrew Jackson. Jackson received 178 electoral votes, Adams 83.
Calhoun received 171 votes for Vice-president. This election was con-
sidered a vindication of Jackson and proof of the charges of corruption
against Adams and Clay. It was in truth nothing of the sort. It was

306

POLITICS.

the bursting forth of a new party from the decaying branches of the old
one. The Democratic-Republican party had done its work and was ready

to die.

Hereafter it was Democratic and Whig.

ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic.

From 1829 to 1833.

Sec. of Treasury,
SAMUEL D. INGHAM,

To 1831.

LEWIS McLANE.

ANDREW JACKSON,

President.

JOHN C. CALHOUN,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
M. VANBUEEN,

To 1831.

EDWAED LIVINGSTON.

Sec. or War,
JOHN H. EATON.

Sec. of Navy,
JOHN BEANCH,

To 1831.

LEVI WOODBUEY.

P. M. General,
WM. T. BAEEY.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general ,
T. M. BEEEIEN,

To 1831.

EOGEE B. TANEY.

With Jackson was inaugurated the " Spoils System." Celebrated
Webster and Hayne debate in the Senate. A bill to re-charter the
National Bank was vetoed by the President in 1832. One million two
hundred thousand dollars was voted for internal improvement. The tariff
of 1828 was repealed by a new bill in 1832. The nullifiers of South Caro-
lina were coerced by military force. In the election of 1832 the Anti-
Masons held a national convention, the first ever held. They nominated
William Wirt for President, at Baltimore, in September, 1831. The other
parties held national conventions this year at Baltimore. The National
Republicans nominated Henry Clay, the Democrats Andrew Jackson for
President. Jackson received 219 electoral votes; Clay, 49; Floyd, 11;
and Wirt, 7. Martin Van Buren received 189 votes for Vice-president;
John Sergeant, 49; Henry Lee, 11; Amos Ellmaker, 7; and William
Wilkins, 30. This election showed the Democratic party at the height
of its strength. The Whigs had not yet begun to develop much strength,
but their day was coming. The principles inaugurated by Jackson were,

POLITICS.

307

many of them, very pernicious to good government and have been pro-
ductive ot incalculable corruption since, and from which the people in
recent years have been struggling to free themselves. The "spoils sys-
tem " still controls politicians.

TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION.
Democratic.

From 1833 to 1837.

Sec. of Treasury,
WM. J. DUANE,

In 1833.

EOGER B. TANEY,

To 1834.

LEVI WOODBURY.

ANDREW JACKSON,

President.

MARTIN VANBIJREN,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
LOUIS McLANE,

To 1834.

JOHN FORSYTHE.

Sec. of War,
LEWIS OASS.

Sec. of Navy,
LEVI WOODBURY,

To 1834.

MAHLON DICKERSON.

P. M. General,
W. T. BARRY,

To 1835.

AMOS KENDALL.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
ROGER B. TANEY,

To 1834.

BENJ. F. BUTLER.

A compromise tariff bill, advocated by Clay, was passed in 1833. The
government deposits were removed from the National Bank. The Whig
party was formed in 1834 of National Republicans, Anti-Masons and some
nullifiers from the Democratic. The question of recognizing the inde-
pendence of Texas from Mexico was discussed. Arkansas was admitted
to the Union in 1836, and Michigan in 1837. Troubles with the Indians
and the Seminole war. Martin Van Buren was nominated by the Demo-
crats, and William Henry Harrison by the Whigs. Van Buren received
1 70 electoral votes ; Harrison, 73. Richard M. Johnson received 147 votes
for Vice-president; this being less than a majority, the election went to
the Senate, where Johnson received 33 votes, and Francis Granger, 16.
This was the first square contest between the Democratic party and the
Whig. While it showed the Democratic largely in the majority, there
was sufficient Whig strength developed to foreshadow the coming power.
The downfall of the Democratic party in the near future was owing

308

POLITICS.

largely to disaffection in its own ranks. The leaders were at enmity and
the Jacksonian policy was far from receiving unanimous indorsement from
the people.

THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
Democratic.

From 18 37 to 1841.

Sec. of Treasury,
LEVI WOODBURY.

MARTIN VAN BUREN,

President.

RICH'O M. JOHNSON,

Vice-president.

Seo. of State,
JOHN FORSYTHE.

Sec. of War,
JOEL R. POINSETT.

Sec. of Navy,
M. DICKERSON,

To 1838.

JAMES K. PAULDING.

P. M. General,
A. KENDALL,

To 1840.

JOHN M. NILES.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
B. F. BUTLER,

To 1838.

FELIX GRUNDY,

To 1840.

HENRY D. GILPIN.

Great financial panic of 1837, caused by withdrawing deposits from
National Bank and Jackson's proclamation of specie payment. Two
attempts to establish a sub-treasury failed. A bill was offered in 1838
with regard to annexation of Texas, which started the anti-slavery agita-
tion. The Anti-Slavery party was organized at Warsaw, New York, in
November, 1839. The " Liberal " party was organized. In the election
of 1840, the Abolitionists nominated James G. Birney for President, the
Whigs, William Henry Harrison, the Democrats, Martin Van Buren.
Harrison received 234 electoral votes ; Van Buren, 60. John Tyler received
234 votes for Vice-president; Richard M.Johnson, 48; L. W. Tazewell, 1 1 ;
James K. Polk, 1. Birney received 7,059 popular votes. The over-
whelming majority for Harrison showed how completely public sentiment
had changed in the four years. The campaign of 1840 was one of the
most exciting the country has ever witnessed; business was almost
entirely suspended in many sections for weeks prior to the election. It was
the day of triumph for the Whig party.

POLITICS.

FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION
Whig.

From 1841 to 1845.

309

Sec. of Treasury,
THOS. EWING,

In 1341.

WALTER FORWARD,

To 1843.

JOHN C. SPENCER,

To 1344.

GEO. M. BIBB.

WM. II. HARRISON,

To April 4, 1841.

JOHN TYL.ER,

President.

JOHN TYLER,

In 1841.

S. H. SOUTHARD,

To 1842.

W. P. MANGUM,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
DAN'L WEBSTER,

To 1343.

H. S. LEGARE,

In 1843.

A. P. UPSHUR,

To 1844.

JOHN C. CALHOUN.

Sec. of War,
JOHN BELL,

In 1841.

JOHN C. SPENCER,

To 1843.

JAS. M. PORTER,

To 1844.

WM. WILKINS.

Sec. of Navy,
GEO. E. BADGER,

In 1841.

A. P. UPSHUR,

To 1343

D. HENSHAW,

To 1344.

T. W. GILMER,

In 1844.

JOHN Y. MASON.

P. M. General,
FR. GRANGER,

In 1841.

CHAS. A. WICKLIFFE.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorn ey-gener ad,
JNO. J. CRITTENDEN,

In 1841.

H. S. LEGARE,

To 1843.

JOHN NELSON.

Harrison's inaugural address and a proclamation calling a meeting of
Congress for May 31, were the only acts done by him. He died April 4,
1841. During Tyler's term, the Sub-treasury Act was repealed. An
attempt to create a new bank of the United States was vetoed by the
President. This act produced a rupture between the President and his
party, the Whigs. In 1842, a tariff law on imports was passed. The
" Native American " party was organized in 1843. A treaty with Texas
for annexation was defeated in the Senate. The Liberal party nomi-
nated James G. Birney for President; the Whigs, Henry Clay; the Dem-
ocrats, James K. Polk. Oregon was organized into a territory in 1844.
A bill to annex Texas and Florida was passed on March 3, 1845, the
last day of the administration. The triumph of the Whig party was short-
lived. After the death of Harrison and the accession of Tyler to the
presidency, the demoralization of the administration was great. The
blunders made were eagerly seized upon by the opposition and magnified
many times over. The defeat of the party was a foregone conclusion.
Even the influence of the great leader, Clay, at the head of the ticket,
opposed by an almost unknown man, could not save the party. Polk was
elected and the Democratic party re-instated in power.

310

POLITICS.

FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic.
From 1845 to 1849.

Sec. of Treasury,
ROB'T J. WALKER.

JAMES K. POEK,

President.

GEORGE JI. DALLAS,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JAMES BUCHANAN.

Sec. of War,
WM. L. MARCY.

Sec. of Navy,
GEO. BANCROFT,

To 1846.

JOHN Y. MASON.

P. M. General,
CAVE JOHNSON.

Sec. Interior.
(Not created until 1849.)

Attorney-general,
JOHN Y. MASON,

To 1S46.

NATHAN CLIFFORD,

To 1848.

ISAAC TOUSEY.

Northwest boundary settled by treaty with England. The Mexican
war. Battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena
Vista. Surrender of the Capital to General Scott. New Mexico con-
quered by General Kearney, California by General Fremont and Commo-
dore Stockton. California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico
transferred to the United States by treaty. Gold found in California.
The Wilmot Proviso. Iowa and Wisconsin admitted to the Union. In
the nominations of 1848, Lewis Cass was the Democratic, and Zachary
Taylor the Whig candidate for President. Taylor received 163 electoral
votes; Cass, 127. The administration of Polk was attended with many
events of importance to the country. The war with Mexico led to the
acquisition of valuable territory in the southwest and settled finally the
incessant disputes with that country. The explorations of Fremont in the
Rocky Mountain regions led to important results in after years, and
brought the engineer into such prominence that he afterward became
presidential candidate for a great party. The discovery of gold caused a
great flux of immigrants to California in the last year of the administra-
tion and the following one, which served not only to add largely to the
wealth of the country, but to settle rapidly the present great state of
California.

POLITICS.

311

SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION
Whig.

From 184 9 to 185 3.

Sec. of Treasury,
WM. M. MEREDITH,

To 1850.

THOS. OORWIN.

ZACHAKY TAYLOR,

To July 9, 1850.

MILLARD FILLMORE,

President.

MILLARD FILLMORE,

To July 9, 1850.

WILLIAM R. KING,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JNO. M. CLAYTON,

To 1850.

DAN'L WEBSTER,

To 1852.

EDWARD EVERETT.

Sec. of War,
GEO. W. CRAWFORD,

To 1850.

■ CHARLES M. CONRAD.

Sec. of Navy,
WM. B. PRESTON,

To 1650.

WM. A. GRAHAM,

To 1852.

JNO. P. KENNEDY.

P. M. General,
JACOB COLLAMER,

To 1S50.

NATHAN K. HALL,

To 1852.

SAM'L D. HUBBARD.

Sec. Interior,
THOS. EWING,

ToA850.

ALEX. H. H. STUART.

Attorney-general,
REVERDY JOHNSON,

To 1850.

JNO. J. CRITTENDEN.

California admitted to the Union by Henry Clay's "Omnibus Bill."
Southern Arizona secured by the Gadsden purchase. Death of Clay,
Calhoun and Webster. Fugitive Slave Law opposed by personal liberty
laws in some states. The Democratic candidate in 1852 was Franklin
Pierce; the Whig, Winrleld Scott; Free Soil, John P. Hale. Pierce
received 254 votes; Scott, 42. The popular vote for Hale was 156,149.
The total vote for Pierce was 1,601,474; for Scott, 1,386,578, which,
with the vote for Hale, was a total of 3,144,201. Hale did not receive a
majority of votes in an}' state; Ohio gave him the largest vote, 31,682,
New York following close with 25,329, and Massachusetts coming still
nearer with 28,023. Scott had majorities as follows: Kentucky, 2,997;
Tennessee, 1,880; Vermont, 508; and Massachusetts a plurality over
Pierce of 8,114. Pierce had majorities in all the other states except
Connecticut and Ohio, where he had only a plurality over Scott. South
Carolina still chose its electors by the State Legislature.

312

POLITICS.

SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION

Democratic.

From 1853 to 1857.

Sec. of Treasury,

FBABfKLIN PIERCE,

Sec. of State,

JAMES GUTHRIE.

President.
WILLIAM R. KING,

In 1853.

DAVID R. ATCHISON,

To 18S4.

WM. L. MARCY.

Sec. of War,

Sec. of Navy,

JEFFERSON DAVIS.

JESSE D. BRIGHT,
Vice-president.

JAMES C. DOBBIN.

P. M. General,

Sec. Interior,

Attorney-general,

JAMES CAMPBELL.

Robert McClelland.

CALEB CUSHING.

World's Fair in New York. Perry's expedition to Japan. Explora-
tions for Pacific railroad. " Ostend Manifesto " by three American
ministers, looking to the acquisition of Cuba. Organization of Kansas
and Nebraska. Border warfare. Rise of Republican and American, or
" Know-nothing," parties. Senator Charles Sumner was assaulted in
the Senate Chamber by Preston S. Brooks, May 22, 1856. The Ameri-
can party nominated Millard Fillmore ; the Democratic, James Buchanan ;
the Republican, John C. Fremont. Buchanan received 174 electoral
votes; Fremont, 114, and Fillmore, 8 — the state of Maryland. The popu
lar vote of the American party was 874,534. The total popular vote
aggregated 4,053,967, of which Buchanan received 1,838,169, and
Fremont, 1,341,264. The total vote for Fremont and Fillmore was
2,215,798, or 377,629 more votes than were cast for Buchanan. Bu-
chanan's plurality over Fremont, however, was 496,905. Fillmore had
a majority in the state of Mar}Tland of 8,064 v°tes. Fremont carried
the states of Connecticut, 5,105; Maine, 24,974; Massachusetts, 49,324;
Michigan, 17,966; New Hampshire, 5,134; Rhode Island, 3,112; Ver-
' mont, 28,447; and Wisconsin, 12,668 majority; he had pluralities over
Buchanan in Iowa, 7,784; New York, 80,129; Ohio, 16,623. Buchanan
had majorities in all other states save Illinois, where his plurality over
Fremont was 9,159.

POLITICS.

EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic.

From 185 7 to 1861.

313

Sec. of Treasury,
HOWELL COBB,

To I860.

PHIL. F. THOMAS,

To 1861.

JOHN A. DIX.

JAMES BUCHANAN,

President.

J. C. BRECKENBIDGE,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
LEWIS CASS,

To 1860.

JERE. S. BLACK.

Sec. of War,
JNO. B. FLOYD,

To 1861.

JOSEPH HOLT.

Sec. of Navy,
ISAAC TOUSEY.

P. M. General,
AAEON V. BROWN,

To 1859.

JOS. HOLT,

To 1861.

HORATIO KING.

Sec. Interior,
JACOB THOMPSON.

Attorney-general,
JERE. S. BLACK,

To 1860.

EDWIN M. STANTON.

Minnesota and Oregon admitted. John Brown's invasion of Virginia.
Division of Democratic party. Election of Abraham Lincoln. Ordi-
nances of secession in South Carolina, Georgia, and the Gulf States. Jeffer-
son Davis elected President of the Confederate States. United States
forts and arsenals seized by Southern forces. The southern wing of the
Democratic party nominated John C. Breckenridge; the northern, Stephen
A. Douglas. The American party nominated John Bell; the Republican,
Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln received 180 electoral votes; Douglas, 12;
Bell, 39; Breckenridge, 72. The popular vote for Lincoln was 1,866,350;
Douglas, 1,375,157; Bell, 589,581; Breckenridge, 845,763.

The Republican National Convention was held in Chicago on May
16, i860. The prominent candidates were Abraham Lincoln, William
H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase and Edward Bates. There were 466
votes in the convention. On the third ballot, Mr. Lincoln received 354
of these votes and was declared the nominee. The Democratic National
Convention met in Charleston, South Carolina, April 23, i860. The
question of the extension of slavery in the territories led to such dissension
that the delegates from seven Southern states withdrew; after 57 ineffect-
ual ballots, the convention adjourned to meet in Baltimore, June 18.
Here Douglas and B. Fitzpatrick were nominated, but the latter declin-
ing, H. V. Johnson was substituted. The seven seceding states' dele-
gates nominated Breckenridge and Lane.

314

POLITICS.

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION
Republican.

From 1861 to 1865.

Sec. op Treasury,
SALMON P. CHASE,

To 1864.

WM. P. FESSENDEN.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN,

President.

HANNIBAL HAMLIN,

Vice-president.

Sec. op State,
WM. H. SEWARD.

Sec. of War,
SIMON CAMERON,

To 1862.

EDWIN M. STANTON.

Sec. of Navy,
GIDEON WELLES.

P. M. General,
MONTGOMERY BLAIR,

To 1864.

WILLIAM DENNISON.

Sec. Interior,
CALEB B. SMITH,

To 1863

JOHN P. UPSHUR.

Attorney-general,
EDWARD BATES,

To 1863.

JAMES J. SPEED.

1861. — Bombardment and fall of Fort Sumter. Eleven states in Seces-
sion. Separation of West Virginia. Union defeat at Bull Run. McClellan
commander-in-chief. Blockade of southern Atlantic coast. The " Trent
Affair " set right by United States Government. Recapture of Hatteras
Inlet, Port Royal Entrance, and Tybee Island.

1862. — Forts Henry and Donelson taken by Grant. Battle of Shiloh.
Capture of Island No. 10, Memphis, and Fort Pillow. Federal victory
at Pea Ridge. Bragg's campaign in Kentucky. Confederate defeats at
Iuka, Corinth, and Murfreesborough. Capture of New Orleans by Far-
ragut and Butler. Merrimac and Monitor in Hampton Roads. McClel-
lan's march to Richmond. Second defeat at Bull Run. Invasion of Mary-
land. Battle of Antietam. Union defeat at Fredericksburg.

1863. — Emancipation of all slaves in seceded states. Enlistment of
50,000 negroes in Federal armies and navies. Union defeat at Chancel-
lorsville; death of " Stonewall'1 Jackson Riots in New York. Invasion
of Pennsylvania. Confederate defeat at Gettysburg. Surrender of Vicks-
burg and Port Hudson ends the war on the Mississippi. Morgan's raid
in Indiana and Ohio. Campaign of Chattanooga ends in Union victories
at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.

1864. — Grant, as lieutenant-general, at head of United States armies.
Battles of the "Wilderness" costly and indecisive. Battle of Cedar

POLITICS.

315

Mountain saved by " Sheridan's Ride." Sieges of Richmond and Peters-
burg begun. Sherman defeats Hood, burns Atlanta, marches through
Georgia to the sea, captures Savannah. Re-election of President Lin-
coln. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were Republican nomi-
nees, George B. McClellan and George H. Pendleton, the Democratic.
Lincoln received 212 electoral votes; McClellan, 21. The popular vote
for Lincoln was 2,216,067; ^or McClellan, 1,808,725.

TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION.
Republican.

From 1865 to 1869.

Sec. of Tbeasukt,

hugh Mcculloch.

ABRAHAM EINCOEN,

To April 14, 1865.

ANDREW JOHNSON,

President.

ANDREW JOHNSON,

To April 14, 1865.

L.. C. FOSTER,

To 1867.

BENJAMIN F. WADE,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
WM. H. SEWARD.

Sec. of War,
E. M. STANTON,

To 1867.

U. S. GRANT,

To 1868.

LORENZO THOMAS,

In 1868.

JOHN M. SCHOFIELD.

Seo. of Navy,
GIDEON WELLES.

P. M. General,
WM. DENNISON,

To 1866.

ALEX. W. RANDALL.

Sec. Interior,
JAMES HARLAN,

To 1866.

0. H. BROWNING.

Attorney-general,
JAS. J. SPEED,

To 1866.

HENRY STANBERRY,

To 1868.

WM. M. EVARTS.

1865. — Burning of Columbia and part of Charleston. Sherman's
march through the Carolinas. Abandonment and burning of Richmond.
Surrender of Lee's and Johnston's armies. Murder of President Lincoln.
Nevada admitted and territories organized.

Andrew Johnson, 1865- 1869. " Reconstruction Policy " of the Presi-
dent differing from that of Congress, he is impeached, but acquitted.
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution secures the civil rights of
freedmen. Most of the Southern states repeal their ordinances of seces-
sion, and are re-admitted to the Union. Submarine telegraph success-
fully established between Ireland and America, 1866. Purchase of Alaska.
Burlingame embassy from China makes a treaty of friendship. Ulysses
S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax were nominated by the Republicans ; Hora-
tio Seymour and Frank P. Blair, by the Democrats. Grant and Colfax

31G

POLITICS.

received 214 electoral votes; Seymour and Blair, 71. The Republican
popular vote was 3,015,071; Democratic, 2,709,613; Republican plurality,,
3o5,458-

TWENTY-FIRST ADMINISTRATION.
Republican.

From 1869 to 1873.

Sec. of Treasury,
GEO. S. BOUTWELL.

ULYSSES S. GRANT,
President.

SCHUYJLER COL.FAX,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
E. B. WASHBURNE,

In 1S69.

HAMILTON FISH.

Sec. of War,
JNO. A. KAWLINS,

In 1S69.

WM. W. BELKNAP.

Sec. of Navy,
ADOLPH E. BORIE,

In 1809.

GEO. M. ROBESON.

P. M. General,
JNO. A. J. ORESSWELL,

To 1S74.

MARSHALL JEWELL.

Sec. Interior,
JACOB D. COX,

To 1870.

COLUMBUS DELANO.

Attorney-general,
E. R. HOAR,

To 1810.

A. T. ACKERMAN,

To 1871.

GEORGE H. WILLIAMS.

Pacific Railroad completed. Texas, last of the seceded states, resumes
place in Congress. Treaty of Washington provides for settlement of all
differences between England and the United States. Alabama claims,
fixed by International Board at Geneva, amounting to $15,000,000, are
paid by Great Britain. Fires in Chicago, the northwestern forests, and
in Boston. Grant's Indian policy. Murder of General Canby by the
Modocs. The temperance party was organized as a political factor in
1872, and nominated James Black for President, John Russell for Vice-
president. The Anti-Masons nominated Charles Francis Adams and J. L.
Barlow; the Republicans, Ulysses S. Grant and Henry Wilson; the Lib-
eral Republicans nominated Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown; the
Democrats endorsed Greeley and Brown. Grant received 286 electoral
votes. Greeley died before the meeting of the electoral college; 42 of the
66 Democratic votes were cast for Thomas A. Hendricks. The popular
Republican vote was 3,015,071; Democratic, 2,706,613; Temperance,
5,5o8.

POLITICS.

317

TWENTY-SECOND ADMINISTRATION,

Republican.

From 1873 to 1877.

Sec. of Treasury,
WE A. RICHARDSON,

To 1874.

BENJ. H. BRISTOW,

To 1876.

LOT M. MORRILL.

ULYSSES S. GRANT,
President.

HENRY WIESON,

To 1875.

THOS. W. FERRY,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
HAMILTON FISH.

Sec. of War,
WM. W. BELKNAP,

To 1876.

ALPHONSO TAFT,

In 1876.

JAS. D. CAMERON.

Sec. of Navy,
GEORGE M. ROBESON.

P. M. General,
MARSHALL JEWELL,

To 1876.

JAS. N. TYNER.

Sec. Interior,
COLUMBUS DELANO,

To 1875.

ZACHARIAH CHANDLER.

Attorney-general,
GEORGE H. WILLIAMS,

To 1875.

E. S. PIERREPONT,

To 1876.

ALPHONSO TAFT.

Commercial panic and distress. Ring robberies in great cities. Con-
gress passes a Specie Resumption Act. Colorado becomes a state. Cen-
tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. War with the Sioux. Massacre of
General Custer and his army. Joint High Commission from Senate, Rep-
resentatives, and Supreme Court decide the results of the Presidential
election of 1876. The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes and
William A. Wheeler; the Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A.
Hendricks; the Greenback party, Peter Cooper and Samuel F. Cary; the
Prohibitionists, Greene B. Smith and R. T. Stewart. The Republican
popular vote was 4,033,768; Democratic, 4,285,992; Greenback, 81,740;
Prohibition, 9,552. The Republicans had 173 electoral votes certain, and
the Democrats, 184. The votes of Louisiana and Florida were claimed
by both. A committee was appointed under a special Act of Congress, to
settle the votes of these two states. This committee was called the "Joint
High Commission." It consisted of fifteen. The great point to be decided
first was whether the return certificates of the governors should be accepted
as final, or whether the Commission should go beyond that and canvass
the votes. The latter was settled upon. After a thorough investigation,
the Commission decided by a vote of eight to seven, to give the electoral
votes to Hayes and Wheeler. The Commission gave them to Hayes and.
Wheeler, making their vote 185.

318

POLITICS.

TWENTY-THIRD ADMINISTRATION,
Republican.

From 1877 to 1881.

Sec. of Treasury,

R. B. HAYES,

Sec. of State,

JOHN SHERMAN.

President.

WM. M. EVARTS.

Sec. of War,
GEO. W. McCRARY,

WM. A. WHEELER,

Sec. of Navy,
RICHARD W. THOMPSON,

To 1879.

Vice-president.

To 1S81.

ALEX. RAMSEY.

NATHANIEL GOFF, JR.

P. M. General,

DAVID McK. KEY,

Sec. Interior,

Attorney-general, •

To 1880.

CARL SCHURZ.

CHARLES DEVENS.

HORACE MAYNARD.

Pledges of peace and civil service reform. Railway riots suppressed.
Chinese Question in California. Act to set aside the Burlingame Treaty
passed by Congress but vetoed by the President. Resumption of gold
payments, January, 1879. The Republicans nominated James A. Garfield
and Chester A. Arthur; the Democrats, W. S. Hancock and William H.
English; Greenback, James B. Weaver and Benjamin Chambers; the
Prohibitionists, Neal Dow and A. H. Thompson. Garfield received 214
electoral votes; Hancock, 155. The popular Republican vote was
4,454,416; Democratic, 4,444,952; Greenback, 308,578; Prohibition,
10,305. The administration of Hayes was a remarkably clean one. At
the first there was much friction with politicians, but the last two years
were very harmonious. The coercive policy toward the Southern States,
pursued by Grant, was dropped and the states thrown completely on their
own self-government. There was a general dread throughout the North
at this bold step, but the event proved the wisdom of Mr. Hayes. The
nomination of Mr. Garfield was a tacit commendation of the Hayes policy.
The closing part of Mr. Hayes' administration and the election of his
successor by so large majorities, seemed to presage the dawning of a new
" era of good feeling." The issues of the war and all its bitter animosi-
ties were being out but of sight. Had Mr. Garfield been permitted to live
out his term on the same line of policy, the era no doubt would have come.

lf>({>

<OvO

"V1"..

iftrt

NO

t^co

mm

0»-

Om

o-

£i^

rV*

POLITICS.

TWENTY-FOURTH ADMINISTRATION.
Republican.

From 1881 to 1885.

319

Sec. of Treasury,
WM. WINDOM,

In 1881.

CHAS. J. FOLGEE.

JAMES A. GARFIELD,

To Sept. 19, 1881.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR,

President.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR,

To Sept. 19, 1881.

DAVID DAVIS,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
JAS. G. BLAINE,

In 1881.

F. T. FEELINGHUYSEN.

Sec. of War,
EOBT. T. LINCOLN.

Sec. of Navy,
WM. H. HUNT,

To 1882.

WM. E. CHANDLEE.

P. M. General,
THOS. L. JAMES,

In 1881.

TIM O. HOWE,

To 1883.

WALTER Q. GEESHAM,

To 1884.

PRANK HATTON.

Sec. Interior,
SAMUEL J. KIEKWOOD,

To 1882.

HENEY M. TELLEE.

Attorney-general,
WAYNE MACVEAGH,

In 1881.

BENJ. H. BEEWSTEE.

A rupture between President Garfield and senators from New York.
Republican party divided in New York, Pennsylvania and other places.
Democratic party divided in Virginia, on payment of state debt. Garfield
was shot July 2, 1881, and died September 19. Mr. Arthur was sworn
into office at midnight of same day. An Anti-polygamy Bill was passed
in 1 88 1. Bill to further the corporate existence of the national banks.
River and Harbor Bill passed over veto. An Anti-Chinese Bill became a
law in 1882. First session of the forty-seventh Congress the longest since
1876; it consumed 254 days in partisan legislation. James G. Blaine and
John A. Logan were nominated by the Republicans, Grover Cleveland
and Thomas A. Hendricks by the Democrats, Benjamin F. Butler by the
Greenback party, and John P. St. John by the Prohibitionists. Blaine and
Logan received 182 electoral votes, Cleveland and Hendricks, 219. The
Republican popular vote was 4,851,981; Democratic, 4,874,986; Green-
back, 175,370; Prohibitionist, 150,369. Cleveland over Blaine, 23,005.
The election of Mr. Cleveland was the first interruption of Republican
dominancy since the election of Mr. Lincoln in i860. Cleveland repre-
sented the moderate, progressive wing of his party and received many
votes from Republicans who dreaded a return to the most radical Republi-
can policy as represented in the party candidates.

320

POLITICS.

TWENTY-FIFTH ADMINISTRATION
Democratic.

From 1885 to 1889.

Sec. of Tkeastjky,
DANIEL MANNING.

GROVES CLEVELAND

President.

THOS. A. HEIDEICKS,

To Nov. 25, 1885.

JOHN SHERMAN,

Vice-president.

Sec. of State,
THOS. F. BAYARD.

Sec. of Wak,
¥1. C. ENDICOTT.

Sec. of Navy,
WM. G. WHITNEY.

P. M. General,
WM. F. VILAS.

Sec. Interior,
LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAK.

Attorney-general,
AUGUSTUS H. GARLAND.

Previous to the election of 1824, no report of the popular vote for
President was preserved with any fullness or accuracy. During the earlier
elections the states, or the most of them, chose their presidential electors
by their Legislatures, and not by the popular vote as now. Even in 1824.
six states still voted by their Legislatures, while South Carolina did not
resort to popular vote until 1868. The total vote cast for the opposing
candidates from 1824 to 1884 is shown in the following:

Election.

IE bfl

a. 2

Total vote.

INCREASE.

Date.

oq|

Vote.

Per

cent.

1824

John Q. Adams

Andrew Jackson

Jackson, Crawford, Clay. . .

34

352,062

1828

24

1,156,328

*an,266

*228.4

1832

Andrew Jackson ....

Clay, Floyd, Wirt

24

1,250,799

94,471 ,

8.2

1836

Martin Van Buren. .

Wm. H. Harrison, etc

26

1,498,205

247,406

19.8

1840

Wm. H. Harrison . . .

Van Buren, Birney

26

2,410,778

912,573

60.9

1844

James K. Polk

Clay and Birney

9,6

2,698,611

287,833

11.9

1848

Zachary Taylor

Cass and Van Buren

30

2,871,908

173,297

6.4

1852

Franklin Pierce

James Buchanan

Scott and Hale

31
31

3,144,201
4,053,967

272,293
909,766

9.5

1856

Fremont, Fillmore

28.9

1860

Abraham Lincoln . . .

Breckenridge, Bell, Douglas

33

4,676,853

622,886

15.4

1864

Abraham Lincoln. . .
Ulysses S. Grant

Geo. B. McClellan

Horatio Sevmour

25
34

4,024,792
5,724,684

1868

1872

Ulysses S. Grant

Horace Greeley, etc

37

6,466,165

.|1,789,312

|38.3

1876

Rutherford B. Hayes

38

8.412,733

1,946,568

30.1

1880

James A. Garfield . . .

Winfield S. Hancock, etc. .

38

9,204,428

791.695

9.4

1884

Grover Cleveland . . .

38

10,052,706

848,278

8.4

* Tho electors of six states for 1824: were chosen by the Legislatures; in 1828 they were all chosen by the people,
except in South Carolina. This will explain the great increase of the popular vote at the election of 1828.
t Increase from 1800 to 1872.

In the tables which follow, the popular vote from 1824 to 1884 is given
by the several states:

POLITICS.

The popular vote for President from 1824 to 1832, by states.

321

STATE6.

Alabama

Connecticut ....

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . .

Mississippi

Missouri

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina .

Ohio

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina .

Tennessee

Vermont

Virginia

Total.

1824.

2,416

7,587

1,542
3,095

6,870
14,632
30,687

1,694
311

4,107

9,110

12,280
5,440
2,145

*

216
3,189

105,321

9,443

*
• 1,901
7,343
6,453

*

2,330
14,523

3,234

987

643

10,985

*

20,415
18,457
36,100

*

20,197
*

2,881

155,872

1828.

17,130

4,448

4,349

18,709

6,763

22,237

39,081

4,605

13,527

24,578

6,019

6,763

8,032

20,692

21,950

140,763

37,857

67,597

101,652

821

44,090

8,205

26,752

647,231

G?

1,938

13,829

4,769

1,581
17,052
31,172

4,097
20,773
25,759
29,836

1,581

3,422
24,076
23,758
135,413
13,918
63,396
50,848

2,754

2,240
24,784
12,107

1832.

t
11,269

4,110
50,750
14,147
31,552
36,247

4,099
33,291
19,156
14,515

5,919

5,192
25,486
23,856
163,497
24,862
81,246
90,983

2,120

28,740

7,870

33,609

509,097 687,502

17,755
4,276

5,429
15,472
43,396

2,528
27,204
19,160
33,003

X

19,010

23,393

154,896

4,563-
76,539
56,716

2,810

1,436
11,152
11,451

530,189

* By Legislature.

t Unanimously.

t Majority.

In the election of 1824 there were four candidates for the presidency,,
each of whom received a number of electoral votes, but no one a majority.
Andrew Jackson received a plurality of the electoral votes, ninety-nine
having been cast for him, and also of the popular vote, receiving 155,872.
As there was no election, it devolved on the House of Representatives to
elect, according to the provisions of the twelfth amendment to the constitu-
tion. The voting in the House was by states, and for the three candidates
receiving the largest number of votes, Jackson, Adams and Crawford.
The friends of Henry Clay supported Adams, giving him the votes of
thirteen states; Jackson of seven, and Crawford of four.

322 POLITICS.

The popular vote for President from 1836 to 1844, by states.

1836.

1840.

1S44.

States.

o3
el

'a

o
a

a g
t o

a a

J2
0, tu; <u

Is a

jSaa

/O 0

a a a

.2 M.rH

a ^^

w

ll

.3

O

B.S

la

a

c
0

s»

O

g53

a J. <d

o^

l-a

a

1

0

^'d

a "3

ga

a o

1-5

a
« a

w

'g
S
a

in

P h
aA

1-5

Alabama

19,068

2.400

19,234

4,155

22,126

18,097

32,480

33,435

3,653

22,300

22.167

23,501

7,360

9,979

10,995

18,722

26,347

166,815

26,910

96,948

91,475

2,964

15,637

1,238

18,466

4,738

24,930

14,983

41,281

36,955

3,383

15,239

25,852

41,093

4,000

9,688

8,337

6,228

26,892

138,543

23,626

105,405

87,111

2,710

28,471

5,160

31,601

5,967

40,261

45,537

65,302

58,489

11,296

46,612

33,528

72,874

22,933

19,518

22,972

26,158

33,351

225,817

46,376

148,157

144,021

5,278

33,991

6,049

25,096

4,884

31,933

47,470

51,695

32,616

7,617

46,201

20,752

51,948

21,098

16,995

29,760

32,670

31,034

212,519

34,218

124,782

143,676

3,301

37,740

9,546

29,841

5,996

44,177

57,920

70,181

51,988

13,782

45,719

32,676

52,846

27,759

25,126

41,369

27,160

37,495

237,588

39,287

149,117

167,535

4,867

26,004

5,504

32,832

6,278

42,100

45,528

67,867

61,255

13,083

34,378

35,984

67,418

24,337

19,206

31,251

17,866

38,318

232,482

43,232

155,057

161,203

7,322

Arkansas . .

Connecticut

Delaware .

174

' 1,943

Georgia . . .

Illinois

149

3,570

Indiana

2,106

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

194

4,836

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Mississippi

Missouri

1,621
321

10,860
3,632

New Hampshire .

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . .

126

69

2,798

4,161
131

15,812

Ohio .*...

903
343

42

8,050

Pennsylvania. . . .
Rhode Island ....
South Carolina* .

3,138

107

Tennessee

26,120
14,037
30.261

35,962
20,991
23,368

60,391
32,440
42,501

48,289
18,009
43,893

59,917
18,041
49,570

60,030
26,770
43,677

Virginia

319

3,954

7,050

Total

761,549

736,656

1,275,011

1,128,702

1,337,243

1,299.062

62,300

*By Legislature.

In 1836 there was no election of vice-president, although Van Buren
received a majority of twenty-three of the electoral college, and nearly
25,000 of the popular vote. Richard M.Johnson received 147 electoral
votes for vice-president, which was just one-half the whole number.
The election of vice-president devolved upon the senate, and Mr.
Johnson was chosen. In 1840 General Harrison's majority in the
electoral college was 174, or almost four-fifths, while on the popular
vote it was only 139,250, or about one-seventeenth. In 1844, Polk's
electoral majority was sixty-five, or about three-fifths, while on the popular
vote he lacked about 24,000 of a majority.

POLITICS. 323

The popular vote for President for 1848 and 1852, by states.

States.

1848.

■ a
1*

O o

s »

go

•r3 cd

1852.

c o

S o

^a

0 CD

go

02 o

CD S

Is

a 8

-SPn

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Mississippi

Missouri

New Hampshire .

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Pennsylvania. . . .

Rhode Island

South Carolina * .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

Wisconsin

30,482
7,588

31,363
9,300

30,314
6,421
3,116

47,544

53,047

69,907

11,084

67,141

18,217

35,125

37,702

61,070

23,940

25,922

32,671

14,781

40,015

218,603

43,550

138,360

185,513

6,779

27,046

5,898

1,847

44,802

56,300

74,745

12,093

49,720

15,370

39,880

34,528

35,281

30,687

26,537

40,077

27,763

36,901

114,318

31,869

154,775

171,176

3,646

5,005
80

15,774
8,100
1,126

12,096
125

38,058
10,398

7,560

829

120,510

35,354

11,263

730

26,881

12,173

40,626

33,246

6,318

4,318

34,705

80,597

95,340

17,763

53,806

18,649

41,609

40,020

44,569

41,842

26,876

38,353

29,997

44,305

262,083

39,744

169,220

198,568

8,735

15,038

7,404

35,407

30,357

6,293

2,875

16,660

64,934

80,901

15,856

57,068

17,255

32,543

35,066

52,683

33,859

17,548

29,984

16,147

38,^56

234,882

39,058

152,526

179,174

7,626

64,705
4,509
23,122
45,124
13,747

58,419
10,668
10,948
46,586
15,001

13,837

9

10,418

57,018
13,552
13,044
73,858
33,658

58,898
4,995
22.173
58,572
22,240

100

3,160

62

9,966
6,929
1,604

8,030

54

28,023

7,237

6,695

350

25,329

31.682

8,525

644

8,621
8,814

Total 1,360,099 1,220,544 291,263 1,602,474 1,386,578 155,825

* By Legislature.

In 1848 the majority for General Taylor in the' electoral college was
thirty-six; on the popular vote he lacked 151,708 of having a majority.
Pierce received the overwhelming majority of 212 in the electoral college,
and only 50,071 majority of the popular vote. These figures are inter-
esting, and are certainly arguments against the system of electing a
President by electoral voting.

324 POLITICS.

The popular vote for President for 1856 and 1860, by states.

States.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky . ,

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi .......

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire . .

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina * .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin

1856.

at

a a

fig

SE 3

II

46,739

21,910

53,365

34,995

8,004

6,358

56,508

105,348

118,670

36,670

74,642
22,164
39,080
39,115
39,240
52,136

35,446
58,164

32,789
46,943

195,878
48,246

170,874

230,710
6,680

73,638
31,169
10,569
89,706

52,843

o o

Ed

CD $

20,691

42,715

308

96,189
94,375
43,954

314

67,379

281

108,190

71,762

38,345

28,338

276,007

187,497

147,510
11,467

39,561
291

66,090

Total „ 1,838,169 1,341,264 874,534 1,866,352 845,763 1,375,157 589,580

as

feS

I860.

28,552

10,787

36,165

2,615

6,175

4,833

42,228

37,444

22,386

9,180

67,416
20,709

3,325
47.460
19,626

1,660

24,195

48,524

422
24,115

124,607
36,886
28,126

82,175
1,675

66,178

15,639

545

60,310

579

.9
£1

o M

S a

3§

2 0
-5 ft

39,173

43,692

3,815

60 ,
T3 O

'^a .
° s $

in 2

&i

«£§

d-g.S

d a "3

172,161

139,033

70,409

1,364

62,811

2,294

106,533

88,480

22,069

17,028

37,519

58,324

362,645

231,610

5,270

268,030

12,244

33,808
1,929

86.110

48,831
28,732
34,334
14,641

7,347

8,543
51,889

2,404
12,295

1,048

3 o

tog <£

Pi O 2

53,143

22,681

6,368

42,482

5,939

805

748

40,797

31,317

2,112

48,339

11,405

3,000

178,871

64,700

47,548

218

74,323

13,651

5,227

38,516

15,522

1,023

367

11,590

160,215

115,509

55,111

25,651

7,625

26,603

5,966

34,372

65,057

11,920

3,283

58,801

25,881

62,801

312,510

2,701

187,232

3,951

16,765

7,707

11,350

6,849
16,290

65,021

a
3

pq c to

-§££

27,825
20,094
6,817
3,291
3,864
5,437
42,886
3,913
5,306
1,763

66,058

20,204

2,046

41,760

22,331

405

62

25,040

58,372

441

t

t

44,990

12,194

183

12,776

69.274

15,438

1,969

74,681

161

* By Legislature. t Fusion.

In 1856 Buchanan received a majority of fifty-two in the electoral
college, but lacked 377,629 of having a majority of the popular vote.

POLITICS.

325

The popular vote for President from 1864 to 1876, by states.

States.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado *

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida*

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

Hew Hampshire..

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina . .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

"Virginia

"West Virginia

"Wisconsin

Total.

1864.

c a

62,134

44,691
8,155

189,496

150,422

89,075

16,441

27,786

61,802
40,453
126,742
91,521
25,060

72,750

9,826

36,400

60,723

368,735

265,154

9,888

296,391

13,692

42,419

23,152
83,453

2,216,067

J'i

CD O

5a

Ma

43,841

42,285
8,767

158,730
130,233

49,596
3,691

64,301

44,211
22,739
48,745
74,604
17,375

31,678

6,594

32,871

68,024

361,986

205,568
8,457

276,316
8,470

13,321

10,438

65,884

1,808,725

1872.

CO CD

.3*

76,366
22,112
54,583

50,995
7,625

57,134

250,303

176,548

120,399

31,048

39,566

33,263

70,493

30,438

136,477

128,550

43,545

86,860

9,729

6,480

38,191

80,131

419,883
96,769

280,223
10,961

342,280
12,993
62,301
56,628

44,167

29,175

108,857

3,015,071

a
.-I

S.2

EC S

SO

w

72,088
19,078
54,077

47,952
10,980

142,722

199,143

166,980

74,040

13,990

115,890

80,225

42,460

62,357

59,408

97,069

28,075

55,628

5,439

5,218

31,224

83,001

429,883

84,601

238,606

11,125

313,382

6,548

45,237

26,129

12,045

20,306
84,707

2,709,613

CO A
to o>

.£?«
P

90,282
41,373
54,020

50,638
11,115
17,763
62,255

241,944

186,147

131,566
67,048
88,766
71,663
61,422
66,760

133,472

138,455
55,117
82,175

119,196

18,329

8,413

37,168

91,656

440,736
94,769

281,852
11,819

349,589
13,665
72,290
85,655
47,406
41,481
93,468
32,315

104,997

33

79,444
37,927
40,718

3,597,070

45,880
10,206
15,427
76,356

184,938

163,632
71,196
32,970
99,995
57,029
29,087
67,687
59,260
78,355
34,423
47,228

151,434

7,812

6,236

31,424

76,456

387,281
70,094

244,321
7,730

212,041
5,329
22,703
94,391
66,500
10,927
91,654
29,451
86,477

2,834,079

1876.

CO S

W|
PQ a

'o o

<S3

K 3

2&

M

68,708
38,669
79,279

59,034

10,752

23,849

50,446

278,232

208,011

171,326

78,322

97,156

75,315

66,300

71,981

150,063

166,534

72,962

52,605

145,029

31,916

10,383

41,513

103,517

489,207

108,417

330,698

15,206

384,184

15,787

91,870

89,566

44,803

44,428

95,558

42,046

130,070

4,033,768

a

a)

102,989
58,071
76,468

61,934

13,381

22,927

130,088

258,601

213,526

112,121

37,902

159,696

70,508

49,917

91,780

108,777

141,095

48,799

112,173

203,077

17,554

9,308

38,509

115,962

521,949

125,427

323,182

14,149

366,202

10,712

90,896

133,166

104,803

20,350

139,670

56,495

123,926

4,285,992

* The presidential electors in Colorado are chosen by the legislature,
and, hence, no record of the popular vote for these can be made

326

POLITICS.

The popular vote for President for 1880 and 1884, by states.

States.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut ....

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky ......

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire .

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina. .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina. .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin

Total

fa a

56,221

42,436

80,348

27,450

67,071

14,133

23,654

54,086

318,037

232,164

183,927

121,549

106,306

38,637

74,039

78,515

165,205

185,341

93,903

34,854

153,567

54,979

8,732

44,852

120,555

555,544

115,874

375,048

20,619

444,704

18,195

58,071

107,677

57,893

45,567

84,020

46,243

144,400

4,454,416

1880.

M a

81

*

91,185

60,775

80,426

24,647

64,415

15,275

27,964

102,470

277,321

225,522

105,845

59,801

149.068

65,067

65,171

93,706

111,960

131,597

53,315

75,750

208.609

28,523

9,613

40,794

122,565

534,511

124,208

340,821

19,948

407,428

10,779

112,312

128,191

156,428

18,316

128,586

57,391

114,649

4,444,952

4,642
4,079
3,392
1,435
868
120

969
26,358
12,986
32,701
19,851
11,499
439

4,408
818

4,548
34,895

3,267

5,797
35,135

3,950

528

2,617

12,373

1,126

6,456

249

20,668

236

566

5,917

27,405

1,215

9,079
7,986

308,578

J-g

p-s

409

443

592

25

258

93

682
942
286

180

191

1,517

2,616

1,939
20

43

69

10,305

1884.

Pflo

63

59,591

50,895

102,416

36,290

65,923

12,951

28,031

48,603

337,474

238,463

197,089

154,406

118,122

46,347

72,209

85,699

146,724

192,669

111,923

43,509

202,929

76,912

7,193

43,249

123,440

562,005

125,068

400,082

26,860

473,804

19,030

21,733

124,078

93,141

39,514

139,356

63,096

161,157

4,851,981

S 9

^°

> g
SP

93,951

72,927

89,288

27,723

67,199

16,964

31,766

94,667

312,355

244,990

177,316

90,132

152,960

62,540

52,140

96,932

122,481

149,835

70,144

76,510

235,988

54,391

5,578

39,183

127,798

563,154

142,952

368,280

24,604

392,785

12,391

69,890

133,258

225,309

17,331

145,497

67,317

146,459

3S

a o
pa a

3 a

S a>

(8 tp

'S"-h
Ol— '

pq

873
1,847
2,017
1,958
1,688
6

145

10,910

8,293

16,341
1,691

3,953
531

24,443

42,243

3,583

26

552

3,496

16,994

5,179

726

16,992

442

957
3,321

785

810
4,598

4,874,986 ,175,370

o a
. o

P/-3

612

2,920

761

2,305

55

72

195

12,074

3,028

1,472

4,495

3,139

2,160

2,794

10,026

18,403

4,684

2,153

2,899

1,571

6,159

25,016

454

11,069

492

15,283

928

1,131
3,534
1,752
138
939
7,656

150,369

The foregoing table shows the votes of the states at the last election
of the old Republican party and the first of the new Democracy.

POLITICS.

327

The following is a summary of popular and electoral votes for Presi-
dent and Vice-president of the United States, 1 789-1884:

,

CD
CP

C3

53

•4-1
0

6
S5

0

c
t>

d

"ca
0

Political Partt.

* Presidents.

* Vice-presidents.

CD

"3 .

Candidates.

Vote.

Candidates.

to

|

Popular.

u
0

CD

0
>

0

3

1789 t10

73

135
138

138
176

George Washington.

69

15
16

16
17

John Adams

34

John Jay

9

R. H. Harrison

6

John Rut-ledge

6

John Hancock

4

George Clinton

^

Samuel Huntingdon.

2

John Milton

2

1

Benjamin Lincoln. . .

1

Edward Telfair

1

Federalist

Federalist

Republican . . .

Vacancies

4
132

4

1792

George Washington.

John Adams

77

George Clinton

50

Thomas Jefferson . . .

4

Aaron Burr

1

Federalist

Republican . . .
Federalist ....
Republican . . .

Vacancies

3
71

3

1796

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson . . .

68

Thomas Pinckney . . .

59

Aaron Burr

30

15

11

7

5

3

George Washington .

9,

?,

9,

Charles C. Pinckney.

1

1800

Republican . . .
Republican . . .

Federalist

Federalist

Thomas Jefferson . . .

£73

f78

65

Charles C. Pinckney .

64

John Jay

1

1804

Republican . . .

Thomas Jefferson . . .

15

162

George Clinton

162

*Previous to the election of 18(H each elector voted for two candidates for President; the one rnceiving the
highest number of votes, if a majority, was declared elected President; and the next highest Vice-president.

fThree States out of thirteen did not vote, viz.: New York, which had not passed an Electoral Law; and
North Carolina and Khode Island, which had not adopted the Constitution.

JThere having been a tie vote, the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. A choice was made
on the 36th ballot, which was as follows: Jefferson— Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North
Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia— 10 States; Burr— Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hamp-
shire, and Rhode Island— 4 States; Blank— Delaware and South Carolina— 2 States.

328

POLITICS.

Summary

of popular and electoral votes. — Continued.

&

"3

CO

o

0

S5

■7*

$
O
>

C

QD
9

3

c

Political Pabty.

Presidents.

ViOE-PBESIDENTS.

"3

Candidates

Vote.

Candidates.

i

■w 9

o .2

CO
CD

+3

CO

Popular.

"3

u
o
o
to

0

0

>
o

CD

0

17

18
19

24
24

24
24

26

26
26

176

218
221

235
261

261

288

294

294
275

Federalist

Republican . . .
Federalist

Charles C. Pinckney .
Charles C. Pinckney .

2

12

5

14

122

47

6

Rufus King

14

1808

George Clinton

Rufus King . . .

113

47

John Langdon

James Madison

.Tames Monroe

Elbridge Gerry

Jared Ingersoll

9

3

3

1812

Republican . . .
Federalist

Republican . . .
Federalist

James Madison

De Witt Clinton

11

7

128

89

1

183
34

131

86

1

1816

James Monroe

Rufus King

16
3

D. D. Tompkins
John E. Howard ....
James Ross

183

22

B

John Marshall

Robt. G. Harper

4

3

Republican . . .
Opposition

Republican . . .

Coalition

Republican . . .
Republican . . .

4

231

1

3

*99

84

41

37

4

1820

James Monroe

24

D. D. Tompkins

218

8

3

1824

Andrew Jackson ....

Wm. H. Crawford . . .
Henry Clay

10

8
3
3

155,872
105,321

44,282
46,587

John C. Calhoun ....

Nathaniel Macon. . . .

Andrew Jackson

M. Van Buren

John C. Calhoun

Richard Rush

William Smith

M. Van Buren

John Sergeant

Henry Lee

Amos Ellmaker

William Wilkins ....

182
30
24
13

9

1828

Democratic . . .
Nat. Repub . . .

Andrew Jackson ....
John Q. Adams

15
9

647,231
509,097

178
83

171
83

7

1832

Democratic . . .
Nat. Repub . . .

Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay

15

7
1
1

687,502
530,189

33,108

219
49
11

7

189
49

John Floyd )

11

Anti-Mason . . .

7
30

Democratic . . .
Whig

2
170
73
26
14
11
234
60

2

1836

Martin Van Buren . .
Wm. H. Harrison . . "i
Hugh L. White .... 1

Daniel Webster |

W. P. Mangum J

Wm. H. Harrison . . .
Martin Van Buren . .
James G. Birney . .

15
7
2
1
1

19
7

761,549
736,656

1,275,017

1,128,702

7,059

R. M. Johnsont

Francis Granger

John Tyler

William Smith

147

77

Whig

47

Whig

Whig : . . .

Whig .

23

1840

•>M

Democratic . . .
Liberty

R. M. Johnson

48

L. W. Tazewell

Geo. M. Dallas

T. Frelinghuysen ....

11

1844

Democratic . . .
Whig

James K. Polk

Henry Clay

15
11

1,337,243
1,299,068

170
105

170
105

* No choice having been made by the Electoral College, the choice devolved upon the Honae of Representa-
tives. A choice was made on the first ballot, which was as follows: Adams — Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts. Missouri, New Hampshire, New York. Ohio, Rhode Island and Vermont
— 13 States; Jackson — Alabama, Indiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Tennessee — 7
States; Crawford— Delaware, Georgia, North Carolina and Virginia — 4 States.

tNo candidate having received a majority of the votes of the Electoral College, the Senate elected R. M.
Johnson Vice-president, who received 33 votes, Francis Granger received 16.

POLITICS.

329

Summary of popular and electoral votes. — Continued.

o

GO

1

02
0

0

m

o

>

c5

a>

"3
o

H

• Political Party.

Presidents.

Vice-presidents .

-*3

o

CO

Candidates.

Vote.

Candidates.

en

0;

CO

o

u
as
CO
X

00

CO

1

02

Popular.

u
O

Co

H

O
u

CO

Whig

James G. Birney

62,300
1,360,101

1848

30

290

Zachary Taylor

15

163

Millard Fillmore ....

163

Democratic . . .

Lewis Cass

15

1,220,544
291,263

197

Wm. O.Butler

127

Free Soil

Chas. F. Adams .

1852

31

296

Democratic . . .

Franklin Pierce

27

1,601,474

254

Wm. R. King

254

Whig

Winfield Scott

4

1,386,578

156,149

1,838,169

49

Wm. A. Graham ....

42

31

296

Free Dem

Democratic . . .

John P. Hale

174

Geo. W. Julian

1856

James Buchanan ....

19

J. C. Breckenridge. . .

174

Republican . . .

John C. Fremont. . . .

11

1,341,264

114

Wm. L. Dayton

114

American

Millard Fillmore

1

874,534

8

A. J. Donelson

8

1860

33

303

Republican . . .

Abraham Lincoln . . .

17

1,866,352

180

Hannibal Hamlin . . .

180

Democratic . . .

J. C. Breckenridge . .

11

845,763

72

Joseph Lane

72

Cons. Union . .
Ind. Dem

John Bell

3

2

589,581
1,375,157

39
12

Edward Everett

3Q

S. A. Douglas

12

1864

*36

314

Republican . . .

Abraham Lincoln . . .

22

2,216,067

212

Andrew Johnson ....

212

Democratic . . .

Geo. B. McClellan...

3

1,808,725

21

G. H. Pendleton

21

|37

317

Republican . . .

Vacancies

Ulysses S. Grant ....

11
26

81
214

81

1868

3,015,071

Schuyler Colfax

?,14

Democratic . . .

Horatio Seymour ....

8

2,709,613

80

F. P. Blair, Jr

80

37

366

Republican . . .

Ulysses S. Grant ....

3
31

23

286

23

1872

3,597,070

Henry Wilson

286

Dem. & Lib. . .

6

2,834,079

B. Gratz Brown

47

Democratic . . .

29,408

Geo. W. Julian

5

38

369

Temperance . .

5,608

42

18
2
1

17
185

A. H. Colquitt

John M. Palmer
T. E. Bramlette

W. S. Groesbeck

Willis B. Machen . . .

5

Thos. A. Hendricks . .

3

B. Gratz BrowD

3

Charles J. Jenkins . .

1

David Davis

1

Republican . .

J Not counted

11

1876

Rutherford B. Hayes

21

4,033,950

Wm. A. Wheeler

185

Democratic . . .

Samuel J. Tilden

17

4,284,885

184

Thos. A. Hendricks . .

184

Greenback ....
Prohibition . . .

Peter Cooper

81,740

9,522

2,636

4,442,950

Scattering

38

369

1880

Republican . . .

James A. Garfield . . .

19

214

Chester A. Arthur. . .

214

Democratic . . .

Winfield S. Hancock .

19

4,442,035

155

Wm. H.English

155

Greenback

James B. Weaver. . . .

306,867
12,576

B. J. Chambers

Scattering

1884

38

401

Republican . . .

James G. Blaine

18

4,851,981

182

John A. Logan

182

Democratic . . .

Grover Cleveland ....

20

4,874,986

219

Thomas A. Hendricks

219

Greenback

Benj. F.Butler

175,370

Benj. H. West

Prohibition . . .

John P. St. John ....

150,369

William Daniels

* Eleven states did not vote, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

+ Three states did not vote, viz. : Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia.

t Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Horace Greeley, and the votes of Arkansas, 6, and Louisiana, 8, cast for
TJ. 8. Grant, were rejected. If all had been included in the count, the electoral vote would have been 300 for U. S.
Grant, and 66 for opposing candidates.

EDUCATION

Great interest is manifested in the United States, both by the govern-
ment and the people, in the subject of general education. Among the
first acts of the early colonists was the establishment of schools for the
education of their children. As the country has grown older, and been
more widely developed, the interest in this cause has increased. The
largest provisions are made, and the most ample opportunities are afforded
to the children of every citizen to acquire, at the public expense, such an
amount of knowledge as will enable them to grow into intelligent men
and women, capable of living wisely and happily, and enjoying the full
benefits of a free country. • No country has devised more liberally for the
education of its youth. No people prize more highly, or guard more jeal-
ously, their free school system.

A distinguishing feature of the public school system of the country is,
that it is largely, if not entirely, in the hands of the people themselves.
The general principle of local self-government, so strenuously insisted upon
by the American people, is the basis of their school laws and government.
Unlike European countries, in which education is general, we have no
national system of education. No federal education law, embracing and
controlling all the states, has ever been enacted; the few attempts to
engraft this idea on the public school system have all failed. The duty
of maintaining the school system devolves wholly upon the several states.

The system of free education for all classes is now substantially the
same in all the states. In the earlier years of the country, the social and
educational conditions of different parts of the country were widely differ-
ent. The various sections were settled with people of diverse notions
about social life and political control; the means, too, of inter-state com-
munication were not so many, nor so rapid, as at present, so that the
interchange of ideas and of customs was slow and difficult. In the North
and West, a great interest has always been manifested in the cause of
education, and its general promulgation was esteemed, not only the great-
est blessing, but an absolute condition of peace and prosperity in a self-
governing people. While slavery existed in the Southern states, the
public school was an impossibility, and, with few exceptions, the schools
of the South were either private or parochial until about 1870. Since

(331)

332 EDUCATION.

that time, the system, as it has prevailed in the North, has been generally
adopted, and is rapidly advancing to perfection. In some of the territories
acquired from Spain and Mexico, where religious intolerance had prevailed
so long, the free public school was looked upon as an unmitigated evil.
But, as these territories have been filled up with settlers from the states,
this prejudice has either been modified or borne down by an overwhelming
public sentiment, and the same school system is being introduced as pre-
vails throughout the country.

A National Bureau of Education was established by Congress in 1867.
It does not propose to interfere, in any way whatever, with the manage-
ment of the schools by the states. Even in the territories, where the
power of Congress is supreme, the operations of the Bureau are advisory
only. The whole aim and purpose of this Bureau, as stated in its own
reports, is for collecting such statistics and facts as shall show the condi-
tion and progress of education in the several states and territories, and for
diffusing such information respecting the organization and management of
school systems and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of the
United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school
systems, and to otherwise promote the cause of education. The Bureau
confines its operations wholty to the collection of facts and the diffusion
of information concerning the education of the people. It thus influences
the management of the schools in an indirect manner only.

While it is true that each state has its own educational system, and
manages it as a state institution, the practical control of each school is
under local authority ; the state, as a state, interferes but little. It reserves
to itself a general supervision. In eleven states, a compulsory education
law is in force, but, otherwise, attendance at the public school is voluntary.
Even where a compulsory law has been enacted, actual attendance at the
public school for a specified time is not insisted upon where education is
secured by other means.

The state arranges the school system in its general features, designates
the various kinds of schools to be established, supported and managed by
the public authorities, and sometimes prescribes, more or less, the branches
of knowledge to be taught. It provides how districts may be created,
divided or consolidated with others, and how moneys are to be raised by
and for them. It prescribes the organization of the schools, their officers
and their powers, the time and manner of filling and vacating offices, and
the functions of each officer. The state prescribes the school age, the
conditions of attendance, and provides, in some cases, for the investment

EDUCATION. 333

and application of the funds derived from the general government. The
local authorities organize the school districts under the provisions of the
state laws, elect school officers, levy and collect taxes for school purposes.
The local school officers examine, appoint and fix the salaries of teachers,
when not otherwise done, build school-houses, procure school supplies,
arrange courses of study, prescribe the rules and regulations for the con-
duct of the schools, and administer the school funds.

Massachusetts was the first state in which a common school law was
enacted. Throughout all the New England states, and most of the other
states, the school system is modeled after much the same as the Massa-
chusetts plan. The township is the political unit upon which lies the
obligation to make provision for education and the area of the school
district. These township districts are composed of various sub-districts.
The schools are managed by local committees, generally elected by the
people of the district. In some states these are called school committees;
in others, directors, trustees, boards, etc. ; but, whatever the name, they
are all similar in character and function. Between the state and the town-
ship there is a county supervision. This consists of an officer, usually
termed the county superintendent, who oversees the schools of the entire
county, and secures uniformity of management in all. All the states,
except Delaware and the territory of Alaska, have state superintendents
of instruction, whose duties are similar to those of the county superin-
tendent, with the state as the area of jurisdiction.

The schools are maintained by funds collected annually. If there is
any one question on which the people of the United States are practically
unanimous, it is in the support of their public schools. This support is an
outgrowth of belief in the principle that it is the duty of the state to pro-
vide for the education of the citizens. The principle is recognized that
the state has a stake in the young, and that, to guarantee her own future,
she must see that they do not lack means of improvement. Education is
by the people, for the public good.

The support of the public schools comes from three sources: the state
school funds, state taxes, and local taxes. The state school fund arose
from an Act of Congress in 1785, setting aside Section 16 of every town-
ship of the public domain for school purposes. This section is every-
where known as the " school section." In some of the states of later
organization, as Oregon, Minnesota, Kansas, etc., Section 36 is also
reserved for school uses. Since the enactment of this law, an area greater
than Great Britain and Ireland has been given to school purposes in the :

334 EDUCATION.

United States. In most of the older states, these lands have been sold
and the proceeds invested in permanent funds. In 1836, a surplus in the
treasury of the general government was apportioned among the several
states. Most of the states applied their apportionment to school use,
creating a fund which is known as the United States Deposit Fund.
Though this is only a loan, and subject to recall, no part of it has ever
been called in, and probably never will be.

The state tax is that levied in most of the states for school support.
It is generally based on the population of legal school age, and the amount
thus raised is not large.

The local tax is the main support of the common school. The amount
of this tax may vary with each year, being conditioned by the needs of
the schools in the local districts. These needs are well known to the
authorities whose duty it is to levy the tax. In ordinary circumstances,
the expense of conducting the schools remains about the same from year
to year, and the tax laid is substantially the same. An extraordinary
demand, as the building of a school-house or of procuring some new
school supplies, is met by an increase of the tax for that year.

In addition to what is known as the common schools, the states have
made provision for more advanced education. Schools for secondary
instruction, for specialties, have been established by the states, and are
maintained at the public expense. Among these are found high schools,
normals, academies, reformatories, colleges, universities, and institutions
for the education of the defective, dependent and delinquent classes.

In the maps, tables and diagrams which appear in this work, are
found all the main facts concerning the public schools of the country, pre-
sented in a concise, condensed and graphic manner. Only the latest facts
derived from the highest official sources have been consulted.

By a later act of Congress, provision was made by land grant for the
support of these schools of higher education in those states and territories
where land could be had. In the older states, annual appropriations of
sufficient money to pay current expenses are made by the legislatures of
the states. In every respect are these institutions considered in the light
of public necessities, to be supported and nurtured by the state. It is
noticeable that in later years, these state schools have been growing in
popularity among the people, and the patronage of them is increasing.

In the maps, tables and diagrams which appear in this work, are
found all the main facts concerning the public schools of the country, pre-
sented in a concise, condensed and graphic manner. Only the latest facts
derived from the highest official sources have been consulted.

EDUCATION

335

A table showing number, nativity, and race of the minor males in the school popula-
tion of the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

Native white
males.

Foreign
white males.

Total white
males.

Colored
males.

Total
males.

Total

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire . . . ^

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

6,690,860

358,631

7,049,491

1,118,154

8,167,645

107,019

107,490

92,488

21,282

68,019

19,661

29,190

116,449

492,934

343,236

292,998

174,434

239,988

63,771

104,029

119,877

152,190

233,446

119,786

93,956

340,337

72,243

4,210

28,082

145,445

749,229

151,471

508,760

29,475

664,849

24,963

48,110

209,794

90,272

47,293

163,477

109,751

225,324

2,916

14,478

14,207

4,285

4,138

13,272

19,659

10,711

1,866

387

631

4,568

2,112

4,374

356

682

195

37,227

6,092

19,574

10,682

1,344

704

6,448

2,714

13,220

33,682

25,719

339

7,808

10,960

357

2,567

7,761

55,986

258

18,772

925

31,414

3,555

114

678

3,915

3,038

753

683

26,192

1,461

5,856

275

336

313

375

2,312

633

284

107,406

108,121

97,056

23,394

72,393

20,017

29,872

116,644

530,161

349,328

312,572

185,116

241,332

64,475

110,477

122,591

165,410

267,128

145,505

94,295

348,145

83,203

4,567

30,649

153,206

805,215

151,729

527,532

30,400

696,263

28,518

48,224

210,472

94,187

50,331

164,230

110,434

251,516

. 4,377

20,334

14,482

4,621

4,451

13,647

21,971

11,344

2,150

103,639

38,040

4,810

441

1,227

4,718

27,560

116,951

7,572

6,572

1,841

8,666

35,894

71,045

338

36,578

1,632

3,718

684

135,032

24,914

411

507

71

4,967

8,741

101,695

13,252

1,716

11,546

612

84,779

76,835

34,590

189

128,464

4,861

1,159

1,010

330

6,506

229

571

1,308

148

1,649

136

211,045

146,161

101,866

23,835

73,620

24,735

57,432

233,595

537,733

355,900

314,413

193,782

277,226

135,520

110,815

159,169

167,042

270,846

146,189

229,327

373,059

83,614

5,074

30,720

158,173

813,956

253,424

540,784

32,116

707,809

29,130

133,003

287,307

128,777

50,520

292,694

115,295

252,675

5,387

20,664

20,988

4,850

5,022

14,955

22,119

12,993

2,286

33(3

EDUCATION.

A iab/e showing the number, nativity, and race of the minor females in the school
population of the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

Total

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts ,

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia '

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington : . . .

Wyoming

Native white

Foreign

Total white

Colored

Total

females.

white females.

females.

females.

females.

6,611,147

361,298

6,972,445

1,124,999

8,097,444

106,474

272

106,746

104,948

211,694

103,401

496

103,897

38,794

142,691

91,821

4,532

96,353

3,064

99,417

18,428

1,482

19,910

353

20,263

66,680

4,380

71,060

1,329

72,389

19,181

423

19,604

4,550

24,154

28,395

734

29,129

28,935

58,064

113,043

185

113,228

114,193

227,421

491,042

37,356

528,398

7,704

536,102

339.380

6,015

345,395

6,887

352,282

286,576

17,843

304,419

1,768

306,187

164,433

9,596

174,029

8,740

182,769

234,421

1,462

235,883

35,413

271,296

63,951

798

64,749

71,145

135,894

101,860

7,188

109,048

331

109,379

119,485

2,933

122,418

37,614

160,032

150,689

13,612

164,301

1,677

165,978

227,136

31,970

259,106

3,811

262,917

118,081

24,071

142,152

687

142,839

91,528

278

91,806

137,722

229.528

332,844

7,415

340,259

25,394

365,653

67,834

10,000

77,834

450

78,284

4,357

366

4,723

332

5,055

27,449

2,661

30,110

69

30,179

144,931

8,161

153,092

5,156

158,248

766,334

65,447

831,781

9,907

841,688

146,735

223

146,958

102,125

249,083

509,151

19,309

528,460

13,732

542,192

28,465

863

29,328

450

29,778

668,462

32,662

701,124

13,444

714,568

24,928

3,635

28,563

639

29,202

46,102

124

46,226

83,050

129,276

204,757

665

205,422

78,524

283,946

84,729

3,611

88,340

34,419

122,759

45,713

3,042

48,755

188

48,943

161,124

700

161,824

130,524

292,34&

106,517

753

107,270

4,596

111,866

223,384

25,089

248,473

1,065

249,538

2,380

1,161

3,541

643

4,184

13,219

5,539

18,758

• 320

19,078

14,804

306

15,110

7,439

22,549

8,929

298

4,227

38

4,265

3,614

189

3,803

496

4,299

12,754

351

13,105

1,195

14,300

18,937

2,324

21,261

134

21,395

10,163

529

10,692

954

11,646-

1,526

249

1,775

51

1,82&

EDUCATION.

337

A table showing the number, nativity, and race of the legal school population in

the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

Native white.

Foreign white.

Total white.

Colored, Ori-
ental, and In-
dian.

Total.

Total

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah -.

Washington

Wyoming

13,302,007

719,929

14,021,936

2,243,153

16,265,089

213,493

210,891

184,309

39,710

134,699

38,842

57,585

229,592

983,977

682,616

579,574

338,867

474,409

127,722

205,889

239,362

302,879

460,582

237,867

185,484

673,181

140,077

8,567

55,531

290,376

1,151,563

298,206

1,017,911

57,940

1,333,311

49,891

94,212

414,551

175,001

93,006

325,601

216,268

448,708

5,296

27,697

29,011

8,214

7,752

26,026

38,596

20,874

3,392

659

1,127

9,100

3,594

8,754

779

1,416

380

74,583

12,107

37,417

20,278

2,806

1,502

13,636

5,647

26,832

65,552

49,790

617

15,223

20,960

723

5,228

15,922

121,433

481

38,081

1,788

64,076

7,190

238

1,343

7,526

6,080

1,453

1,436

51,281

2,622

11,395

581

634

502

726

4,636

1,162

533

214,152

212,018

193,409

43,304

143,453

39,621

59,001

229,872

1,058,559

694,723

616,991

359,145

477,215

129,224

219,525

245,009

329,711

526,234

287,657

186,101

688,404

161,037

9,290

60,759

306,298

1,636,996

298,687

1,055,992

59,728

1,397,387

57,081

94,450

415,894

182,527

99,086

326,054

217,704'

499,989

7,918

39,092

29,592

8,848

8,254

2,752

43,232

22,036

3,925

208,587

76,834

7,874

794

2,556

9,268

56,495

231,144

15,276

13,459

3,609

17,406

71,307

142,190

669

74,192

3,309

7,529

1,371

272,754

50,308

861

839

140

10,123

18,648

203,820

26,984

2,166

24,990

1,251

167,829

155,359

69,009

377

258,988

9,457

2,224

1,653

650

13,945

267

1,067

2,503

282

2,603

187

442,739
288,852
201,283

44,098
146,009

48,889
115,496
461,016
1,073,835
708,182
620,600
376,551
543,522
271,414
220,194
319,201
333,020
533,763;
289,028.
458,855.
738,712;
161,898

10,129

60,899

316,421

1,655,644

502,507

1,082,976-

61,894

1,422,377

58,332;

262,279'

571,253.

251,536

99,463

585,042

227,161

502,213

9,571
39,742.
43,537

9,115

9,321
29,255
43,514
24,639

4,112

338 EDUCATION.

The total receipts and expenditures for the schools in the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

EXPENDITURES.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas a

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina .......

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Dollars. Dollars.

96,857,534 a79,339,814

505,201

103,028

500,978

3,525,527

526,126

1,441,255

137,817

177,653

476,957

129,907

659,560

50,234

9,850,011

7,267,700

6,288,167

2,163,261

1,132,202

498,409

1,074,554

1,452,557

4.696,612

3,792,740

2,012,987

742,765

3,930,003

76,302

1,252,898

275,967

559,133

1,881,103

32,171

11,035,511

553,464

11,085,315

340,932

8,126,827

541,607

405,551

973,198

921,595

176,048

462,139

1,287,526

120,549

875,913

2,701,413

36,161

Dollars.
55,745,029

Dollars.
6,643,313

430,131

61,172

382,637

3,031,014

400,205

1,335,234

183,257

172,455

438,567

117,724

653,464

38,411

7,536,682

4,504,407

4,347,119

1,819,561

1,162,944

455,758

991,297

1,395,284

4,720,951

3,112,468

1,622.919

679.475

3,092,332

68,002

1,079,966

212,164

568,103

2,039,938

28,973

9,936,662

383,709

7,707,630

316,885

7,306,692

530,167

367.259

786,088

782,735

170,887

452,693

889,862

112,615

720,967

2,163,845

28,504

388,128

56,744

331,750

2,271,219

190,839

986,989

81,311

110,931

287,872

99,177

616,096

33,421

4,587,046

3,175,275

2,907,446

1,101,211

1,025,659

373,081

777,692

1,117,145

3,906,516

1,920,618

956,571

653,351

2,261,058

53,785

565,651

131,019

415,777

1,391,550

28,002

7,438,277

328,717

4,972,541

212,348

4,504,802

401,738

308,230

634,587

713,908

130,187

361,039

716,153'

95,582

527,099

1,570,997

25,894

2,904

623,515

185,743

92,357

87,047

69,513

45,598

1,778
572,801
887,284
426,520
306,490
15,622

74,801

100,917

490,015

6356,237

157,889

121,510

2,928

188,789

46,694

:,924

;,036

1&92

272,03

500,905

16,152

711,835

67,798

c855,169

52,930

8,060

64,926

20.139

9.566

43,167

29,341

4,385

65,057

149,971

Dollars.
16,951,472

42,003

1,524

27.372

574,052

117,009

261,198

32,433

61,524

105,097

18,547

37,368

3,212

2,376,835

941,848

1,013,153

411,860

121,663

82,677

138,804

177,222

324,420

835,613

508,459

26,124

709,764

11,289

325,526

34,451

137,402

376,352

971

1,997,480

38,840

2,023,254

36,739

1,946,721

75,499

50,969

86,575

48,688

31,134

48,487

144,368

12,648

128,811

442,877

2,610

a Exclusive of expenditures connected with state offices of public instruction, schools of the grade of normal
schools and colleges, and schools for Indian children.
b Includes repairs.
c Includes rents, except in Philadelphia.

EDUCATION.

339

The number of teachers employed, the average monthly salaries, and the aggregate
months of school in the several states and territories.

TEACHERS.

Average amount paid
monthly per teacher for
services!.

<4-l

0

00

J. ffi

a o

a 0
u

■f"

White.

Colored.

J5

N

a§

£g

a)

to
a>
u
M
to
<

States and Territories.

"a

a

a

The United States

236,019

96,099

124,086

10,520

5,314

$36 21

1,462,174

Alabama

Arizona . .

4,637

101
2,823
3,556

559
2,719

520

526

425
1,151
6,146

129

15,912

11,906

12,794

6,619

7,706

1,713

4,797

3,038

7,336

8,608

5,100

5,473

10,802

167
3,418

195
2,620
3,422

164

20,738

6,266

16,875

1,141

19,388

902
3,204
5,937
6,764

434
2,597
4,933

532

4,156

7,000

70

1,873

48

1,807

1,173

215

573

212

239

21

546

2,676

74

6,148

6,862

4,380

2,958

4,380

540

1,344

1,064

922

2,496

1,824

1,834

5,552

62

1,319

52

395

943

128

5,641

3,113

7,913

518

8,993

145

1,078

3,464

3,871

222

731

2,507

199

2,986

2,027

31

1,230
53

563
2,383

344
2,146

308

280

255

326
1,742
55
9,718
4,923
8,414
3,632
2,507

741
3,453
1,587
6,411
6,098
3,276
1,396
4,661

105
2,099

143
2,225
2,430
36
15,049
1,178
8,740

623
10,359

756

975
1,244
1,514

212
1,866
1,630

333

1,055

4,973

39

1,093

441

21 66
76 54

37 62
76 99

57 97
40 36

32 31
27 99
67 74

25 50
30 26
54 73

38 78
38 90

30 59

27 56

26 00

40 02

28 20
42 19

58 49

29 05

33 84

29 10

36 33
63 21

31 38
89 45
28 12

41 42

30 67
40 71
21 27

37 79

38 63
33 52
48 25

25 21
28 45

28 01

42 48
21 81

26 63
35 97

27 61

29 96
60 23

17,893
7,413

Arkansas

California . .

352

101

8,660

28,521

Colorado

3,013

Connecticut

23,294

Dakota . .

2,458

Delaware »•

District of Columbia
Florida

Idaho

1

12

183
983

6

137

96

745

3,920

4,150

3,832

19,545

604

Iowa

31

76

15

45

112,508
79,329
93,771

Maine . . .

23

480
287

6
339
145

36,553

37,711

9,073

27,118

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota . . .

231
1
6'

156

2
8

22,198
59,740
66,095
26,376

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

1,411
340

832
249

21,149

58,359

804

Nebraska

17,244

Nevada

1,383

New Hampshire

14,376

New Jersey

15

34

31,861

New Mexico

899

New York

6

1,430

126

42

545

96

163,782

North Carolina

15,120

Ohio

Oregon

127,944
5,138

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

19
1

787

894

1,105

17

364
335
274

128,897
7,827

South Carolina

11,712

Tennessee

Utah

21,098

25,194

2,695

Vermont

16,548

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

539

257

26,509
2,647

88

27

17,586
49,299

Wyoming

328

340 EDUCATION.

The number of pupils by color and sex in attendance in 1 880.

States

and

■ Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Dist. of Columbia . . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas ,

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin ,

Wyoming ,

NUMBER OF PUPILS WHO ATTENDED SCHOOL DURING THE YEAR.

P

9.946.160

187,550

4,212

108,236

161,477

22,804

118,589

13,718

26,412

26,439

43,304

237,124

5,834

704,041

512,201

425,665

246,128

292,427

81,012

150,811

149,981

316,630

362,459

186,544

237,065

486,002

4,667

100,871

8,918

64,670

205,240

4,755

1,027,938

256,422

752,442

37,437

950,300

42,489

134,842

291,500

176,245

25,792

73,237

220,733

14,780

143,796

299,514

2,907

White.

9,090,248

111,889

4,212

81,363

160,659

22,760

118,232

13,677

24,178

18,472

27,672

150,501

5,830

698,561

504,231

425,160

239,238

263,507

46,370

150,758

123,448

316,193

360,822

186,515

115,463

461,956

4,621

100,661

8,901

64,660

201,463

4,755

1,022,154

161,262

740,713

37,430

938,275

42,454

61,832

230,130

131,616

25,782

73,159

152,455

14,644

139,690

299,023

2,901

4,687,530

60,660

2,104

43,153

82,687

11,363

61,586

7,016

12,839

9,200

13,642

80,615

3,028

360,087

266,077

216,558

124,542

135,928

24,316

73,522

63,708

156,922

180,286

93,470

59,749

240,565

2,386

52,847

4,526

33,517

99,961

2,484

516,838

87,051

389,086

19,353

485,079

21,465

32,179

119,293

68,627

13,569

37,255

78,757

7,210

75,484

155,422

1,518

4,402,718

51,229

2,108

38,210

77,972

11,397

56,646

6,661

11,339

9,272

14,030

69,886

2,802

338,474

238,154

208,602

114,696

127,579

22,054

77,236

59,740

159,271

180,536

93,045

55,714

221,391

2,235

47,814

4,375

31,143

101,502

2,271

505,316

74,211

351,627

18,077

453,196

20,989

29,653

110,837

62,989

12,213

35,904

73,698

7,434

64,206

143,601

1,383

Colored.

855,912

75,661

26,873

818

44

357

41

2,234

7.967

15,632

86,623

4

5,480

7,970

505

6,890

28,920

34,642

53

26,533

437

61,637

29

121,602

24,046

46

210

17

10

3,777

c?5,784

95,160

11,729

7

12,025

35

73,010

61,370

44,629

grlO

- 78

68,278

M36

4,106

491

6

433,329

40,416

13,426

420

24

164

16

1,296

3,599

7,778

4^301

2

2,652

4.009

242

3,429

14,640

17,574

25

13,521

211

a50

14

60,515

11,770

19

110

8

4

1,895

e2,963

47,725

5,907

3

5,933

16

37,460

30,883

23,697

2

45

34,270

c71

2,169

252

3

422,583

35,245

13,447

398

20

193

«25

938

4,368

7,854

43,322

2

2,828

3,961

263

3,461

14,280

17,068

28

13T012

226

787

15

61,087

12,276

27

100

9

6

1,882

/ 2,821

47,435

5,822

4

6,092

19

35,550

30,487

20,932

08

33

34,008

c65

1,937

239

3

a Indians.

6 Includes 20 Indians,
c Includes 15 Indians.
d Includes 29 Indians.

e Includes 17 Indians.
/ Includes 12 Indians.
g Includes 5 Indians.
h Includes 30 Indians.

EDUCATION.

341

The number of teachers employed in the public schools and the average monthly

salary in the states and territories.

States.

Number of teachers.

Male.

Female.

Average monthly
salary.

Male.

Female.

Alabama

Arkansas

California . . .

Colorado

Connecticut .

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky e

Louisiana e

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire.

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania. . . .
Rhode Island. .. .
South Carolina. .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin

2,938

(83)

1,977

1,156

270

c617

(e56)
e222 |
678

(6,351)
8,076 |
7,274
6,044 |

(62)
3.342 I
4,195
773 I
(7,797)
1,220
1,079
3,887
cl,025
(5,253)
(22)
6,028
1,862
54
477
911
7,123
3,586
11,086
662
9,051
J.-258
1,940
4,083
3,767
653
3,181
3,045
2,456

1,626

441

2,621

630

d2,503

e305
448

14,225

5,985

16,037

4,808

2,715

811

1,977

7,858

0,580

d3,338

5,776
3,507
148
3,117
2,594

24,110
1,587

13,049
750

12,778

fcl,052
1,473
1,604
1,270
3,723
2,416
1,315
7,631

a($21 52)

I

)

$79 67
(6)
63 44

$64 48
(6)
35 94

i

/31 49

/27 56

r/50 oo

46 86
<?38 40
35 20

g'iO 00
37 76

e33 20
27 46

\

31 42

24 95

(A23 87)
(31 50)
37 39
J40 00
102 90
41 56
36 50
(29 10)

44 00

i37 50

101 59

36 45

56 96

(43 28)

(j24 11)

39 00

43 95

35 12

77 44

26 00

(24 65)

22 40
i40 00
34 32

27 44

28 50

38 00
i29 34
76 73
22 36
33 41

29 00
31 63
28 89
43 53
23 97

Total for States.

(290,028)

30 52
29 47
27 87
38 91

18 24
25 61
30 64
25 40

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho

Montana.

New Mexico

Utah

Washington ....

Wyoming

Indian :

Cherokees . .

Chickasaws .

Choctaws . . .

Creeks

Seminoles . .

44

346

35 I
(200)
64 I
128
283 I

(89)
149
31

82
687
425

127

36

296

205
39

84 06
33 00
91 13
60 00
75 74

(30 67)
46 43 I

68 19
26 00
61 27
50 00
64 20

26 03

(60 23)

Total for Territories.

(3,266)

Grand total.

(293,294)

a For white teachers ; for colored teachers, the average salary is reported as $21.88.

6 The average salary of male teachers in graded schools is $100.97 ; in ungraded schools, $54.52 ; for female
teachers the salaries are,_respectively, $67.39 and $50.02.

c Number employed in winter.

d Number employed in summer.

e In 1.881.

/For white schools in 1881 ; the average monthly salary of colored teachers for 1881 was $22.

9 In 1880.

h For white schools in the counties ; the average for teachers in graded schools for whites in the cities is $71.25 ;
in public high schools, $88.97.

i Estimated.

j For white teachers ; for colored teachers, the average salary is $19.93.

k Includes evening school reports.

342 EDUCATION.

A table showing the annual expenditure, etc., of public schools.

ANNUAL EXPENDITURE,

.States and Territories.

Sites, buildings,
furniture, li-
braries, and
apparatus.

3-S

m a

CD
CO S

.£ a

t-iT1

.2S

S3 ft
CO

u

O)
O ID

2 ®
"3

05

CO
P

O
CD
CI

CD
O

CO

§

"3
o

Estimated real v
of sites, bnildi
and all other scl
property.

$11,579

$375,887
388,616

2,406,781
300,128

1,056,268

/ 138,819
104,240

a$16,136

13,255
411,117

77,440
337,659
/64,472

$403,602

c-503.857

3,122,666

626,965

1,553.065

/r/207,281

C133.260

584,174

8,567,675

4,793,704

5,525,449

2,194,175

el.248,524

e441,484

1,081,834

1,651,908

c5,881,124

3,789,291

1,993.364

e757,758

c3,753,224

1,358,346

cl54,327

578,702

1,987,671

11,422,593

s509,736

8,820,914

. 346,961

8,263,245

it591,886

g878,886

827,154

803,850

c476,478

1,157,142

879,820

?«2,132,807

$264,457

6 $42,077
304,768
249,397
159,138

254 218

7,237,669
1,235,491

/ 2,300

e/i450 000

89 868

1,252,190
764,605
658,913
434,367

i74,841

4,985,770

£3,143,529

3,075,870

ml,296 256

2,254,874

8&5,570

21,648,216

463,552

jl7.994.176
12,310,90:.
9,977 142

142,450

4,796,368
e2,395 752

e?il2,760
99,522
194.498
842,867
951,960
394,856
e68,327

el9,667
29,918
28,000

168,197

e374,127

p952,394

1,146,558

p4,144,722

m2.193,267

1,054,523

e644,352

2,226,610

702,127

s70,385

417,016

pl,621.338

7,986,261

S374.009

5,376,087

249,378

4,863,718

«417,553

349,696

718,921

714,207

381.608

896,274

553,509

1,437,349

e34,930

o700 000

Maine

3,073,576

Maryland

282,852
432,589
644,064
r510.515
e32,472

2,900,000
22,062 235

9,848,493
3,947,857

33,470
el2,607

7,521,695

2,234,464

240 137

297,262
6s2,581

27,349

331,608
s9,356
146,957

14,729

2,341,679

366,333

1,752,015

S74.712

1,204,589

64,728

1,229,232

76,312

10,683

56.263

621,903

6,270,778

New York

114,600
sl8,732
152,903
8,575
80,000
10,292
18,507
15,800
24,395

1,569.717

s42,283

£2,087,335

24,280

2,090,295

it87,679

30,332,291

367,671

Ohio

23 610 K58

Oregon

684,298

28,341,560

2,064 693

407,606

36,170
43,345

1,186,219

Texas

114,711

138,739
332,304

44,577
22,942
46,600

101,580

1)164,630

316,554

1,346,657

1,823,987

5,569,962

Total for States

12,172,612

1,123,030

57,138,153

15,161.502

89,504,852

213,882,762

98,268

c314,484

579,312

46.855

106.688

28.973

185,538

/H2.615

28,504

52,300
33,550
31,700
26,900
7,500

116 751

8,616
7,380

532 267

176,079

317,229

78,624

1,326,888
/31.000
140 758

7,500

10,000

80,000
28,002
119,537
/ 95,582
25,894

9,188

971

21,746

/ 12,648

2,610

New Mexico /

13,500
316 462

Utah

42,755
/ 4,385

1,500

/ 161,309
40 500

Indian:

230,719

27,496

666,244

125,787

1,653,187

2.679,435

Grand total

12,403,331

1,150,526

57,804,397

15,287,289

91,158,039

216,562,197

a Includes $15,500 spent for normal schools.

b Includes expenditure for repairs.

c Items not fully reported.

d Includes balance on hand from last school year.

e In 1881.

/ In 1880.

g Includes $1,690 expended for colored schools outside of

Wilmington.
h For white schools only.
i Salaries of county superintendents only.
j Exclusive of the value of normal school property.
k Total amount expended from tuition revenue.

I Includes salaries of secretaries and treasurers, interest

on bonds, etc.
m Includes salaries of superintendents.
n Buildings, repairs, rents etc
o In 1878.

p Includes miscellaneous expenditure.
q Total of reported items [of $58,000.

r Includes total expenditure for high and normal schools
s Several counties failed to report this item
t Includes interest on bonds.

u Includes evening school reports. [quent lists.

v $50,255 of this are for sheriffs' commissions and delin-
w Exclusive of cost of normal schools.

V

DIAGRAM SHOWING SCHOOL INTERESTS

States

and

Territories.

Number of
Schools, Elemen-
tary and High.

Total
Expenditure.

Teachers' Salary
per Month.

Expenc

per I

per Ce

Pennsylvania.
New York
Ohio.........

.( 16,478 )....•

Illinois 15,203

Iowa _J 12,635 U.

Indiana- 11.621 -i»

Missouri C 10.329

Michigan

Kentucky J 7,3921 /

y — \ /

Texas 6.692 *./

Massachusetts— _ — -/ 6,604 V'

Wisconsin
North Carolina*
Kansas
Georgia
Tennessee

Mississippi- — — — — — [ 5,166
Yirginia 4 ,876

Minnesota
Maine

Alabama •{ 4.628

West Virginia - ■ 3,874

California— — — — — { 3,446

Nebraska

New Jersey,

South Carolin

Arkansas

Connecticut

Vermont —^ 2,587

New Hampshire
Maryland

HE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Number of
Normal Schools.

Pupils in
Normal Schools,
Seminaries, Etc.

Number of

Universities and

Colleges.

Total Value of

University and
College Property.

DIAGRAM SHOWING SCHOOL INTERESTS

States

and

Territories.

Number of
Schools, Elemen-
tary and High.

Total
Expenditure.

Teachers' Salary
per Month.

Expenc

per "S

per Ca

Pennsylvania,
New York-

Ohio ^ 16,473 y.

Illinois •

Iowa _/ 12,635 U

Indiana

Missouri
Michigan

Kentucky \ 7,392]^

Texas . 6,692 \ /

Massachusetts— _ — -J 6.604JT
Wisconsin
North Carolina-
Kansas

Georgia ■( 5,939

Tennessee

Mississippi— — — — — [ 5,166

Virginia 4,876

Minnesota

Maine

Alabama
West Virginia

California [ 3,446

Nebraska 3,286

New Jersey
South Carolina

Arkansas

Connecticut

Vermont _—— — ( 2,597

New Hampshire 2,552

Maryland

Louisiana

Florida-

Oregon 1,068

Rhode Island — _/"

Delaware v

Colorado f

Dakota f

Nevada— •—-«---— ^ 185V**

DIAGRAM SHOWING SCHOOL INTERESTS IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

States

and

Territories.

1 Pennsylvania.

2 New York

3 Ohio ,—pg3ray-

I Illinois- '5,203

12,635

l( Indiana-- -[ »,62s)--

T Missouri ^______

8 Michigan

9 Kentucky...

10 Texan

11 Massachusetts

12 Wisconsin

13 North Carolina-

14 Kansas

15 fiporgia - --

16 Tennessee -

17 Mississippi- — — —

18 'Virginia —

19 Minnesota

20 Maine

21 Alahama

22 West Virginia

23 California— — — — — ( 3,446/

24 Nebraska - -

25 New Jersey.

26 South Carolina

27 Arkansas

28 Connecticut ■

29 Yermoni

3d New Hampshire

31 Maryland.

32 Louisiana
S3 Florida- —

34 Oregon

85 Rhodelsland — [ 850)/

36 Delaware ■ *— — — —

37 Colorado.

38 Dakota

39 Nevada

EDUCATION.
Table showing per capita of expenditure in public schools.

343

States and Territories.

Expenditure in
the year per cap-
i t a of school
population, a

Expenditure i n
the year per cap-
ita of pupils en-
rolled in public
schools, a

Expenditure in
the year per cap-
ita of average
attendance i n
public schools.
a

Expenditure i n
the year per cap-
ita of popula-
tion between 6
and IB. a

Per capita be-
tween ti and 16,
including inter-
est on the value
of all school
property, a

Massachusetts . . .

6$15 83
dU 72
613 11

10 55

d9 56
9 53

e9 50
9 00
8 60
8 45
8 18
8 10
7 12
7 11
6/6 93
6 73
fg& 39

65 75

65 43
5 19
5 17

65 13
5 05

65 00
4 88

d4 86
4 67
4 45
4 31
3 41

63 30

el 93
1 65

61 60
6el 58
1 37
1 32
1 17
1 15
1 10
1 01
99

6$15 40

dl8 92

616 88

11 17

6$21 59

d29 20

626 46

16 35

c$18 30

Nevada .

California .

New Hampshire

ArizoDa

Connecticut

ii 50

el5 16

12 06
15 00

13 10
12 16
11 65
10 36
10 24

6/9 81
10 96

/Sr8 12
68 17

67 59
8 96
8 47

68 25
7 31

67 52
6 62

19 18

el9 97

18 29

18 00
22 55

19 50

20 40
16 33
13 04

6/14 85
20 05

District of Columbia

elO 18

e$ll 96

Rhode Island

Montana

Colorado

10 54
13 09

11 00

Iowa

14 67

Nebraska

Illinois

Ohio

9 29

11 00

Wyoming

New York

Delaware

Indiana

613 34

Michigan

Oregon

12 37
15 64

New Jersey

Minnesota

Maine

10 59

Pennsylvania

Kansas

11 02

Idaho

Missouri

7 10
9 12
7 02
4 75

65 25

e3 38
4 25

63 94
6e6 89
2 56
2 80
2 25
2 28
2 18
2 27
6 09
6 43

d5 48

Maryland

17 66

Wisconsin

West Virginia

7 66
68 12
e4 75

7 15

68 25

5e9 41

5 34

4 38

5 04

Utah

Mississippi

Virginia

2 36

2 57

Arkansas

Louisiana

Florida

South Carolina

Tennessee

3 53
3 56
3 88
3 52
9 20
9 98
d!3 00

Georgia

North Carolina

Alabama

New Mexico

Vermont

Texas

a In estimating these items only the interest on amount expended under
the head of "permanent" (i. e., for sites, buildings, furniture, libraries, and
apparatus) should be added to the current expenditure for the year.

b Estimated by the Bureau, 6 per cent being the rate used in casting
interest on permanent expenditure.

c Total expenditure per capita of population between 5 and 15.

d An estimate including per capita of total permanent expenditure for
the year. elni88i. /"In 1880. ^Does not include expenditure for books.

344 EDUCATION.

The school population, enrollment, attendance, income, expenditure, etc., from 1873

to 1882, inclusive.

Number re-
porting.

©

O

Year.

In States.

£

States.

Terri-
tories.

<D

d

M

r

1873

37

11

13,324,797

134,128

1874

37

11

13,735,672

139,378

1875

36

8

13,889,837

117,685

1876

37

8

14,121,526

101,465

1877
1878

38
38

9
9

14,093,778
14,418,923

133,970

157,260

1879

38

9

14,782,765

179,571

1880

38

8

15,351,875

184,405

1881

38

10

15,661,213

218,293

>

1882

38

10

16,021,171

222,651

1873

35

10

7,865,628

69,968

1874

34

11

8,030,772

69,209

i

1875

37

11

8,678,737

77,922

>

1876

36

10

8,293,563

70,175

1877
1878

38
38

10
10

8,881,848
9,294,316

72,630

78,879

1879

38

10

9,328,003

96,083

1880

38

10

9,680,403

101,118

1881

38

10

9,737,176

123,157

L

1882

38

10

9,889,283

124,543

1873

31

5

4,166,062

33,677

1874

30

4

4,488,075

33,489

1875

29

5

4,215,380

36,428

1876

27

5

4,032,632

34,216

Number in dailv attendance j

1877
1878

31
31

4
5

4,886,289
5,093,298

33,119

38,115

1879

32

8

5,223,100

59,237

1880

34

8

5,744,188

61,154

1881

34

9

5,595,329

69,027

>

1882

38

10

6,041,833

76,498

1873

22

5

472,483

7,859

1874

13

5

352,460

10,128

1875

13

5

186,385

13,237

1876

14

3

228,867

9,137

1877
1878

12
12

4

4

203,082
280,492

6,088
6,183

1879

19

4

358,685

7,459

1880

21

4

561,209

6,921

1881

20

2

564,290

5,305

•

1882

20

2

562,731

5,143

1873

35

6

215,210

1,511

1874

35

8

239,153

1,427

1875

36

9

247,423

1,839

1876

37

9

247,557

1,726

Total number of teachers <

1877
1878

37
38

9
9

257,454
269,162

1,842

2,012

1879

38

9

270,163

2,523

1880

38

10

280,034

2,610

1881

38

9

285,970

3,189

1882

38

9

290,028

3,266

EDUCATION.

345

The school population, enrollment, attendance, income, expenditure, etc. — Continued.

Number of male teachers.

Year.

Number of female teachers .

Public school income .

Public school expenditure.

Amount of school funds.

Number re-
porting.

States.

1873

28

1874

28

1875

31

1876

32

1877

33

1878

34

1879

34

1880

35

1881

36

1882

35

1873

28

1874

28

1875

31

1876

32

1877

33

1878

34

1879

34

1880

35

1881

36

1882

35

1873

35

1874

37

1875

37

1876

38

1877

37

1878

38

1879

38

1880

38

1881

38

1882

38

1873

36

1874

35

1875

34

1876

36

1877

37

1878

38

1879

38

1880

38

1881

38

1882

38

1873

28

1874

28

1875

28

1876

30

1877

26

1878

32

1879

30

1880

33

1881

34

1882

35

Terri-
tories.

10

10

8

9

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

9

9

10

8

10

10

10

10

10

1

In States.

75,321

87,395

97,796

95,483

97,638

100,878

104,842

115,064

107,780

105,596

103,734

129,049

132,185

135,644

138,228

141,780

141,161

156,351

158,588

164,808

880,081,583

81,277,680

87,527,278

86,632,067

85,959,864

86,035,264

82,767,815

82,684,489

86,468,749

92,587,205

77,780,016

74,169,217

80,950,333

83,078,596

79,251,114

79,652,553

77,176,354

78,836,399

83,601,327

89,504,852

77,870,887

75,251,008

81,486,158

97,227,909

100,127,865

106,138,348

110,264,434

119,184,029

123,083,786

128,483,681

529

499

656

678

706

789

985

948

1,018

1,080

786

731

963

898

986

1,027

1,342

1,306

1,805

1,897

$844,666

881,219

1,121,672

717,416

906,298

942,837

1,020,259

1,255,750

1,673,339

1,739,983

995,422

805,121

982,621

926,737

982,344

877,405

1,015,168

1,196,439

1,510,115

1,653,187

137,507

323,236
1,526,961
2,106,961
1,506,961
2,776,593
3,694,810
1,089,015
1,089,015

346

EDUCATION.

Comparative school population and enrollment of the white and colored races in the
recent slave states, with total expenditure, in 1 882.

States.

Alabama

Arkansas

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Mississippi

Missouri

North Carolina

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Virginia

West Virginia

District of Columbia

Total

White.

224,464

6212.940

c33,133

e49,641

£/261,884

e477,215

el29,224

e245,009

/ 190,919

706,850

286,324

e94,450

408,364

6173,942

314,827

208,178

e29,592

4,046,956

107,949
676,598
c26,578

/24,933
161,377

c238,440
c38,870
131,011

clll,655
467,911
144,835
65,399
207,680
105,179
172,034
151,098
cl7,716

2,249,263

<D Pi
MO •

sis

48
36
c80
50
62
c50
c30
53
58
66
51
69
51
60
55
73
60

Colored.

176,538

669,113

C4.152

e47,583

^234,889

7j94,578

el42,190

e74,192

/253,212

41,790

176,836

el67,829

140,815

657,510

240,980

8,420

el3,945

1,944,572

69,479

623,139

c2,544

/ 27,012

95,055

i 20,223

c23,500

28,934

cl25,633

£24,838

88,236

80,575

56,676

37,781

85,328

4,446

c9,583

802.982

-^ o

© ft
-' °_;

ca ara

s p p

Dh

39

33
c61
57
40
d21
cl7
39
50
59
50
48
40
66
35
53
69

c 2
a -

*13

$403,602

503,857

d207,281

133,260

584,174

j 1,248,524

o441-,484

1,651,908

c757,758

3,753,224

7509,736

378,886

827,154

803.850

1,157,142

879,820

579,312

14,820,972

In Delaware, in addition to the school tax collected from colored citi-
zens, which has heretofore been the only State appropriation for the sup-
port of colored schools, the legislature now appropriates annually $2,400
from the State treasury for educating the colored children of the State;
in Maryland, there is a biennial appropriation; in the District of Columbia,
one-third of the school funds is set apart for colored public schools; in
South Carolina, the school moneys are distributed in proportion to the
average attendance, without regard to race; and in the other States men-
tioned above, the school moneys are divided in proportion to the school
population, without regard to race.

6 As far as reported ; several counties failed to make race distinctions.

c In 1881.

d In 1880.

e United States Census of 1880.

/ Estimated.

g Four counties failing to report.

h Number of colored children in Kentucky between the ages of 6 and 20 according to the United States Census
of 1880 ; in 1882, the school age for colored children was changed by law from 6-16 to 6-20.

i According to return for 1880 ; since then the legal school age for colored children has been lengthened by four
years.

j For 1881 ; in 1882 the per capita of the white child of legal school age and the colored child of legal school age
was made the same, thus giving to the colored children equal advantages with the white children in the common
school fund of the State.

fc Thirty-two counties failing to report,

I Fifteen counties failing to report.

EDUCATION. 347

A table of the institutions for the instruction of the colored race for 1 882.

Public schools.

Normal schools.

Institutions for sec-
ondary instruction.

States and Territories.

ft

0 .

ftfl

i-H 0

■go

02

CD

a

o
u
a

CO

"o

O

J=
o
02

CO
H

CD

O
CO
CD

H

'3,

Ph

CO

O

o
02

CD
J3

o

CIS
CD
H

CO

'ft
a
Pn

Alabama

176,538

69,113

4,152

47,583

234,889

69,479
23,139
2,544
27,012
95,055

7
2

31
11

1,050
429

4

2

20

611

Delaware

Florida

2
7
1
1
2
1
1

10

25

313

Georgia

3

7

441

1,181

Kentucky

Louisiana

94,578
142,190

74,192
253,212

41,790
176,836

20,223
23,500
28,934
125,633
24,838
88,236

1
3

2

o
O

1

9
1
1
5

8
2
4
1
3

8

5
10
22

6
32

1

7
28
49

6
62

8
14

317

95

246

485

148

898

7

257

1,061

1,691

50

820

230

284

9
6

2

192
255

Maryland

60

Mississippi

100

Missouri

North Carolina

3
1

15
3

375

Ohio

60

Pennsylvania . .

South Carolina

167,829
140,815

57,510

240,980

8,420

13,945

80,575
56,676
37,781
85,328
4,446
9,583

6
1

7
3

40

2

19

13

1,722

Tennessee

75

Texas

962

Virginia

658

West Virginia . .

District of Columbia

1

3

68

Total

1,944,572

802,982

56

307

8,509

43

167

6,632

Universities and
colleges.

Scho

ols of t
ogy.

ieol-

Sch

X>ls Of

law.

States.

CD

"o
o
A
o
02

to

u

CD
.C
O
CS
CD

H

CO

'ft

a

CO

"o

O
XI

02

CO
M
CD

X,

CD

C3
CD
H

CO

ft
a

CO

"o

O
.G

o
02

CO

h

CD
-C
O

a

CD

H

a

ft

3
Pi

Alabama

3

5

89

Arkansas

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

2

24

50

1

Kentucky

1

3

9
14

104
345

1
3
1
1

9

5
4
5

10
65
30
30

Louisiana

1

4

20

Maryland

Mississippi

2

12

526

North Carolina

2
1

1

2
2

21

7

306
171
182
294
273

2
1
1
3
3

8

106

Ohio

Pennsylvania

5

8

17

14

33

137

South Carolina

23
17

1
1

3

5

8

348 EDUCATION.

A table of the institutions for the instruction of the colored race for 1882.

Universities and col-
leges.

Schools of theol-
ogy.

Schools of law.

0
0

A
o

CO

CO
U

a

A

a!
CD

EH

m

■ o

o
A
o
CO

u

CD
A
o
a

CD

H

CO

■ft
a

CD

0

0
A

o
CO

CD

U

o
H

i

3

Tex

1
1

1

5

13
63

1

!

District of Columbia

1

6

47

2

7

75

1

4

20

Total

18

133

2,298

24

79

665

4

16

53

Schools of medi-
cine.

Schools for the deaf
and dumb and the
blind.

States and Tekeitories.

"o

o
A
o

co

o
o

CO
CD

H

m

d

CO

o

o

A
o
CO

CD
A
o
ca

CD

H

a

Georgia

2
1
1
1

1

5
15

2

Maryland . ...

32

14

North Carolina

1
1
1

1

13
9

3

29
93

60

Tennessee

8

District of Columbia

Total

3

23

125

6

20

116

Ta6/e showing the number of schools for the colored race and enrollment in them by
institutions, without reference to states, for 1882.

Class of institutions.

Schools.

Enrollment.

Public schools

15,932

56

43

18

24

4

3

6

802,982

Normal schools

8,509

Institutions for secondary instruction

6,632

Universities and colleges

2,298

Schools of theology

665

Schools of law

53

Schools of medicine

125

116

Total

16,086

821,380

There are 391 schools with 31,125 pupils
making the total 16,323 schools, 834,107 pupils.

in states not reported here,

EDUCATION,

349

The following is a comparative summary of normal schools, instructors, and pupils reported
to the Bureau of Education for the years 1873 to 1882, inclusive:

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

Number of students

113

887
16,620

124

966

24,405

137
1,031
29,105

151
1,065
33,921

152

1,189
37,082

156
1,227
39,669

207

1,422
40,029

220
1,466
43,077

225
1,573

48,705

233

1,700
51,132

The following is a comparative exhibit of colleges for business training, 1873-1882:

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

Number of students

112

514
22,397

126

577
25,892

131

594

26,109

137

599

25,234

134

568
23,496

129

527

21,048

144
535

22.021

162
619

27,146

202

794

34,414

217
955

44,834

The following is a comparative summary of Kindergarten, instructors, and pupils from 1873
to 1882 inclusive:

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

Number of pupils

42

73

1,252

55

125

1,636

95
216

2,809

130

364

4,000

129

336

3,931

159
376

4,797

195
452

7,554

232

524

8,871

273

676
14,107

348

814

16,916

Kindergarten table.

States.

<4H

o .

a-g

q-t
O .

CO

II

Number of
pupils.

States and Territories.

o .

3 to
SZi

o .

CO

0 o

« °

O

gft

Alabama

2
28
6
2
27
7
4
3
1
2
2
6
41
5
7
1

2

49

12

4

55

15

12

5

1

6

3

10

53

8

23

26

1,050

160

31

701

165

199

116

20

94

58

93

724

193

243

Missouri

65

1
12
38

2
18

1
31

4

3
17

1
10

1

233

3
29
95

4
36

2
68
13

7
42

1
22

1

a8,076

California

Nebraska

57

Connecticut

New Jersey

. 443

Delaware

New York

1,600

Illinois

Indiana

North Carolina

Ohio

60
539

Iowa

Oregon

21

Kansas

Pennsylvania

845

Kentucky

135

Louisiana

63

Maine

918

Maryland

16

Massachusetts

District of Columbia. . .

270

Michigan .

Total

Minnesota

348

814

al6,916

Mississippi

a Includes some pupils receiving primary instruction.

350 EDUCATION.

A general summary of statistics of public and private normal schools for 1882.

NUMBER OF NORMAL SCHOOLS SUPPORTED BY —

States

State.

County.

City.

All other agencies.

and
Territories.

o .

CD O
J3 O

3-°

*H ■/

o a

o

CD o
3 CO

0 =

8 a

X> CD

§3

53 co

O .
to

a> o

•° 2

s-g

■se

CD o
-O 3
Bi3

M CO

il.g

O 8

00

£ O

£1 a)

S'S

§3

!5«

O .
00

<U o

s-S

0 CO

.a s
Z.2

*ge
X a

— CD

I2

o .

CD

CD o

■° 2

s-S

3 /.

■W CO

u°

CD o

Si

rt CD

S5.S

o «

CD

J^co

4

2
2
1
1
1

19

7
17

9
5

384
96

548
17

123
40

4
1
2
1

20
5
5

172

Arkansas

36

California

1

3

140

30

Colorado

Connecticut. . . .

Florida

2
9

10
9
3
4
3

c2
1
3
4

7

52

92

40

18

37

9

9

4

17

19

201

[llinois

2
1
2
2
bl

26

12

8

11

2

660
529
374
253

1

9

223

824

Indiana

2
1

4
1

48
18

5,112

Iowa

.

833

Kansas . . .

318

Kentucky

513

143

4

2
6
2
3
2
5
2
1
1
7
10

21
20
57
13
34
15
50
10
4
20
107
87

498

276

904

401

776

192

1,231

339

51

233

2,620

1,211

1

3

9

102

Massachusetts .

45

3

16

117

56

321

Mississippi

Missouri

3
1
1

17

7

16

194

1

4

68

54

New Hampshire
New Jersey ....

1
1

2

1
10

48

28
1,477

3

5
8

16
96

19

166

Ohio.

4

29

161

3,562

2

10

1

11
140

8

61

3,154

159

Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island . .

1

28

965

7

1

5

11

2

32

442

28
53

7

365

Tennessee

Texas

1
1
3

d2
6
4

el

9
7
16
52
19
59
3

175
165

474
442
423

1,088
17

965

50

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia. .

1

2

49

2
1

2

12

8

14

73

230

1

2

14

79

Dakota

Dist. of Col .

1

3

15

4

15

138

Utah

el
el

4

41

7

Washington. . . .

Total

97

882

17,964

1

9

223

21

154

3,109

114

655

15,043

a This summary contains the strictly normal students only, as far as reported.
6 A department of an institution endowed by the national grant of land to agricultural colleges,
c Receive an allowance from the State. , ,

d One of these institutions is partially supported from the proceeds of the national grant of land to agricultural
colleges, the normal school being part of an institution so endowed,
e Territorial appropriation.

Areas of Circles proportional.
Shale T)350 to the square inch.

CH

SHOWING THE A(

INS

and the proportion of male
native or foreign; alsi

( Compiled from I

Comparative view of the distribution of

(These figures refer to

OHIO MASS. ILL. IND. MO.

The shaded segments represent males,the white segments repreffi

Comparative view of the distr

(.These figures refer to th«

Comparative view of the inc

(The thickness of 1

T

ATE NUMBER

Females, white or colored,
icrease in ten years.

Vines'Charts )

Ity by sex and nativity in the several States

:ure In the left upper corner.)

'■ ARK- TEX- MISS. MINN.

R.I.

VA- KY. CAL. TENN. MICH. WIS. N.J. MD.

lies, the upper smaller divisions represent foreigners, and the lower, Natives.

of Insanity by sex and color,

i in the right upper corner )

I- ARK. TEX. MISS. MINN. R.|. S.C. W.VA. LA.

S.C. W.VA. LA. N.H. ALA. . GA.

N.C. ME. IA. CONN.

N.H. ALA. GA. VT.

KY- CAL- TENN. MICH. WIS. N.J. MD. N.C. ME. IA. CONN.

the number of Insane in ten years

Ti represents the increase. )

ARK. TEX. MISS.

'A. KY.

CAL.

MINN. R.l- S-C. W.VA. LA. N.H. ALA. GA. VT

TENN. MICH. WIS. N.J. MD. N.C. ME. IA. CONN.

Copyrighted 1836 by Yaygy &. West.

Areas of Circles proportional.
Scale 5350 to the square inch.

CI

SHOWING THE A

(

I HI

and theproportion of male
native or foreign; als

(Compiled from I

Comparative view of the distribution oj

€> €)

FLA. NEB.

(These figures refer to

DEL. KAI

OHIO MASS. ILL. IND. MO.

The shaded segments represent males,the white segments represe

Comparative view of the disti

(.These figures refer to thi

Comparative view of the inc

( The Ihiekuess of

N.Y.

OHIO

MASS.

Areas »/ Circles proportional.
i§caU MIjQ/o the square inch.

CHART

SHOWING THE Agg.f,ECiATE NUMBER

INSANE

and tht proportion of mala, anUFemcdes, white or colored,
native or foreign; also the increase in ten years.

( Compiled from pte,, H wines'Charts )

Comparative mew of the distribution of humility by sex and nativity in the several States

(These figures refer Utht 1,^ figure Id the left upper corner.)
FLA. NEB. DEL. KAN. 0R. ARK. TEX. M|SS. MINN. R.I. S.C. W.VA. , , N.H.

OHIO MASS. ILL. IND. MO. VA. KY. CAL. TENN. MICH. WIS. N.J. MD.

The shaded segments represent males,the white segments represent mules, the upper smaller divisions represent Foreigners, and the lower, Natives.
Comparative view of the (Iktribiifiou of Insanity by sex and oof or,

(These figures Mer to Ihe large opi:, in the right upper vomer )

' GA- VT.

N.C. ME. IA. CONN.

EDUCATION.

Table of public normal schools.

351

States

and

Territories.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Florida

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts. . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

New Hampshire .
New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island ....

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . . .

Wisconsin

Dakota

Dist. of Columbia

Utah

Washington

Total

10
4
2

11
1
1
1

119

19

7
20

9

5
35
16

9
11

2
2d
20
73
13
34
15

54

10

5

30

155

87

29

11

168

8

9

7

16

54

19

61

3

3

4

NUMBER OF STUDENTS.

1,045

677
201
740
17
123
155
1,885
577
399
455

739

406
1,035

582
1,102

383

1,468

339

51

261

5,832

1,388

282

61

5,258
159
175
225

517

550

515

2,056

35

15

41

7

28,711

Number of normal
students.

216

79

96

7

3

23

291

222

111

103

168

17

592

10

120

17

592

355

281

150

135

31
216
167
277
126

(130)
645
130

2
35

(461)
640
599
31
29
1,777
13
75
63
(122)
119 I
282 I
249
408
3
0

23
0

372
247
805
234
499
66

524

209

49

226

2,996

612

130

32

2.342
146
100
102

233

209

174

694

14

15

18

7

(713)
7,226 I 13,357

Number of other
students.

158

65

9

59

456

5
80

135
40
43

56
546

2
122

135

40

1

(181)

146

95

(101)
33

97
88
13

180
96

35

(151)
661
87
63

598

35

22

35

48

430

8

0

0

923
90
58

541

25

21

24

44

524

10

0

0

(433)
3,269 I 3,713

1,017

400

1,800

1,600

10,408
2,500
2,200
1,504

4,014
3,050
14,455
4,656
3,164
1,400

3,950

2,150
300
538

15,939

515
710
256

20,673
1,200

10,000
900

2,175

2,743
2,050
4,713

120,980

352

EDUCATION.

The public schools, elementary, high, etc., buildings, and value of school property in

the several states and territories.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS, ELEMENTARY
AND HIGH.

BUILDINGS AND SITTINGS.

o

ft

States and Tekhitobies.

O

s

0

0

CD

"o

o

<H

e a

r— g

c9

2 5
3,2

fto

CCS
■JSrH
~ IH °

° 2

2-dfl

*'a a

"o
o
.d

o

CO CO

be
«H S3
«|

a

0

CD

M

_g
Si

a

0

0

o

■a

©

>

"co
O

H

The United States

225,880

16,800

5,430

164,832

8,968,731

Dollars.
211,411,540

Alabama

4,629

101

2,768

3,446

514

2,601

508

519

415

1,135

5,939

128

15,203

11,623

12,635

6,148

7,392

1,669

4,736

2,551

6,604

8,608

4,784

5,166

10,329

159

3,286

185

2,552

3,241

162

18,615

6,161

16,473

1,068

18,616

850

3,077

5,688

6,692

383

2,597

4,876

531

3,874

6,588

55

1,525

118

3

52

67

10

12

3

3

3

21

12

1,819

84

1,570

2,222

313

1,643

361

369

97

880

4,529

116

11,880

9,679

11,148

5,315

6,183

763

4,324

1,934

3,343

6,412

3.978

2,683

8,552

131

2,900

93

2,230

1,588

46

11,927

4,216

12,224

937

12,857

453

2,863

4.072

1,054

334

2,450

4,405

487

3,654

5,685

29

145,222

5,027

109,384

162,649

20,128
110,912

13,223

23,616

21,526

43,048
221,148
6,166
694,106
437,050
429,202
236,635
321,087

72,499
178,271
128,306
319,749
446,310
154,122
188,303
329,983
4,370

90,752
8,035

81,131
187,352
5,580
763,817
209,233
676,664

39,873
961,074

41,524
120,918
205,904

299,599

Arizona

113,074

Arkansas (ci)

601
3

273,302

California

Colorado

6,949,983.
710,503

3,454,275

Dakota

&1

50
115
301

1,688

214,760

Delaware

440,788

District of Columbia

1,206,355

Florida

134,804

Georgia

1,046,026

31,000

Illinois

76
121

113

285

141

28

163

16

83

109

204

132

56

106

239

3

40

12

51

135

15,876,572

11,907,541

9,460,775

Kansas

45

823
479

4,723,043

Kentucky

2,143,013

Louisiana

752,903

Maine

3,027,602

Maryland

436

2,083,013

Massachusetts

21.660,392

Michigan

18

8,982,344

Minnesota

3,460,458

Mississippi

2,147

558

1

553,610

Missouri

7,810,924

Montana

132,507

2,061,059

Nevada

282,870

2,328,796

New Jersey

59

6,298,500

13,500

New York

30

2,146

220

268

31,235,401

248,015

Ohio

348

17

2,159

7

66

60

104

21,643,515

249,087

Pennsylvania

87

1

1,205

1,179

1,507

25,919,397

Rhode Island

1,895,877

South Carolina

407,256

Tennessee

1,025,858

130,762

Utah

27,134

77,209

186,581

15,800

119,085

325,854

3,139

372,273

83

1,427,547

1,256

1,246,283

5

161,309

122

1,686,999

92
1

5,287,570

Wvominsr

40,500

a Repeated efforts failed to obtain returns from the counties of Little River and Polk, Arkansas. The statistics
for those counties, therefore, are not included in the total for the state. 6 Indian school.

EDUCATION.

353

In the following table, a comparative statement of the statistics of
preparatory schools from 1873 to 1882 inclusive, is given:

Preparatory Schools.

1873. 1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of instructors

Number of students

86 91

690 697

12,487 11,414

102

746

12,954

105

736

12,369

114

796
12,510

114

818

12,538

123

818

13,561

125

860
13,239

130

871
13,275

157

1,041

15,681

In the following table, the number of institutions and departments of
schools of science each year from 1873 to 1882, inclusive, is given.
These numbers include the National Military and Naval Academies.

Schools of Science.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878. 1879. 1880.

1

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

Number of students

70

749

8,950

72

609

7,244

74

758

7,157

75

793

7,614

74

781
8,559

76

809

13,153

81

884

10,919

83

953

11,584

85

1,019

12,709

86

1,082

15,957

In the following table, the aggregate number of universities and col-
leges each year from 1873 to 1882, is given:

Universities and Colleges.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

323

3,106
52,053

343

3,783
56,692

355

3,999

58,894

356

3,920

56,481

351

3,998
57,334

358

3,885
57,987

364

4,241

60,011

364

4,160
59,594

362

4,361

62,435

365
4,413

64,996

In the following table, a comparative summary of the number of

institutions for secondary instruction from 1873 to 1882, inclusive, is

given :

Institutions for Secondary Instruction.

Number of institutions
Number of instructors .
Number of students . . .

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

944

5,058
118,570

1,031

5,466

98,179

1,143

6,081

108,235

1,229

5,999

106,647

1,226

5,963

98,371

1,227

5,747
100,374

1,236

5,961

108,734

1,264

6,009

110,277

1,336

6,489
122,617

1882..

1,482.

7,449

138,384

354

EDUCATION.

General statistical summary of pupils receiving secondary instruction.

CO

"o
o
-d
o

CO
J)

2

'o

CO

"o
o
A
o

"3

a

u
O

a

In institutions for second-
ary instruction.

co

"o

O
-C
CO

>-.

u

0
co

CO

O.
ai
u

»

In preparatory depart-
ments of —

States and Territories.

O 0

a S«
o 2

gao

"3

o
a

C3

CO CO

CD CD

23 M

.Th CD
CO— <

u
CD

>
'3

CD
CJ

a

9

'o

CO

0

"o

0

ja

o
02

"3

o

658
353

52

115
240

1,304
866
283

1,028
303
40
232
179
154
181
326
235
233
99

1,833
1,196
4,764

458
1,668

713

829

11,465

7,010

2,341

4,677

350
4,684
1,178
2,161
2,904
3,167
1,154
1.476
3,283
4,083
1,264

267

208

547

1,541

323

41
34

3,007
2,164

68
1,652

132
1,319

110

California

469

60

950

494

9,006

Colorado

973

Connecticut

52

3,989

Delaware

823

944

781

2,294

1,294

484

420

974

218

1,033

1,570

8,030

2,634

89

406

590

545

90

614

472

3,178

100

374

529

203

45

199

56

864

110

16

44

80

14

28

370

479

132

3,398

1,655

1,907

881

544

837

748
71

219
21

14,301
14,870

Illinois

Indiana

6,965

Iowa

7,661

Kansas

2,735

Kentucky

7,369

Louisiana

2,383

Maine

4,056

Maryland

366
172

1,688
489
483

1,358

504

40

6

274

309

14

5,541

Massachusetts

14,781

Michigan

5,771

Minnesota

Mississippi

2,408
4,645

Missouri

985

7,821
1,881

Nebraska

Nevada

26
184

25

1,776

363

325

25
141

66

498
1.139

4,295

1,735
224

804

1,322

696
879

60

43
309

92
1,256

18
145

2,089
4,399
18,449
4,793
3,618
1,619
9,824

592
2,883
7,589
4,990
2,826
2,368

573
2,247

736

563

2,761

484

1,357

616

30

373

166
217

367

3,507

New Jersey

68
3,026

359
3,575

692
1,996

243

20

1,133

6,194

New York

32,042

North Carolina

5,739

Ohio

4.555
196

2,382
233

13,604

Oregon.

2,552

Pennsylvania . .

18,155
1,441

Rhode Island

South Carolina

313
533
167

42
242

39
233

385

1,500

1,467

0

69

67

833

30
218

4,337

Tennessee

522

72

11,396

Texas

6,756

Vermont

3,077

Virginia

654

4,077

West Virginia

771

Wisconsin

680

5,616

Dakota

18

District of Columbia

268

1,071

54

571

135

1,427

2,946

553

110

65

317

1,866

Idaho

54

Indian

571

Montana

135

New Mexico

98

1,525

Utah

193

218

3,139

Washington

771

Wyoming

110

Total

39,581

14,464

138,384

15,681

8,284

31,838

3,381

251,613

a In 159 cities. 6 Strictly normal students are not included.

EDUCATION.

355

The following is a comparative summary of institutions for the superior instruction of
women from 1 873 to 1 882, inclusive:

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

Number of students

205

2,120

24,613

209

2,285
23,445

222

2,405

23,795

225

2,404
23,856

220

2,305

23,022

225

2,478
23,639

227

2,323

24,605

227

2,340

25,780

226

2,211
26,041

227
2,721

28,726

A table showing the institutions for the superior instruction of women.

States.

Corps of instruction.

s?

- —

£3 a

3 =>.2

a 3 o t-<
g as o tm

in a

Alabama

California

Connecticut . . .

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts
Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . .
Wisconsin

Total

11
4
2

14

12
2
3
1

20
4
3
6

10
2
2
9
9
1
3
3

16

10

13
1

14
6

18
7
1

14
3
3

227

92
57
30

125

151
33
40
21

167
32
18
59

195
13
21
66

102

8

35

33

230
84

173
13

133
50

157

37

9

130
29
43

2,386

20

14

10

44

38

1

2

4

53

9

9

11

51

1

3

14

19

2

14
15
45
21
43

43

14

33

16

4

31

9

3

596

72
43
20
73

113
32
38
17

114

23

9

48

144
6

18
47
83
6
21
18

185
63

130
13
90
36

124
21
5
71
20
40

1,743

1,105
789
270

2,031

1,261
278
696
183

2,519
425
237
404

1,736

91

228

1,105

1,390

70

485

299

3,378

1,115

1,304
186

1,359
786

2,129

796

93

1,322
219
437

28,726

10
1

12

7
2
2
1

17
4 !
2
2
2

5
5

15
7
1

10
3
1

142

9,375
8,575
3,030

10,668

12,450
4,200
2,280
1,000

13,300
1,973
4,550
7,426

50,096
1,400
1,050
5,421
6,225
280
2,500
3,800

21,975
9,400

16,366
600

11,188
2,937

27,175
1,178
1,000

10,400

5,590
257,408

$487,000
270,000

40,000
599,500
543,500

30,000

50,000
150,000
608,000

81,500
134,000

97,500
1,103,500

60,000

60,000
188,000
412,000

30,000
165,000
140,000
1,775,941
161,000
946,000

60,000
431,000
107,000
566,500

51,000

85,000
399,500

10,000
175,000

10,017,441

356

EDUCATION.

A table of universities an

d colleges.

1

w

(D

(C .
03 Q)

> u

4-1 O

si

a

0

PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT.

COLLEGIATE DEPARTMENT.

States and Terri-

9

j_, m

Oj o

as

25

Students.

o

a

Id

«H O
ED

a
u

o
O

O

u

o>
-° m

is

am

O to

1

Students in classi-
cal course.

Students

in scientific

course.

5

0

H

6

■3

a

6

"c3

a

o3
re

G

13

a

s

fa

4
5

11
3
3
1
7

28

15

19
8

15
9
3

11
7
9
5
3

17
5
1
1
4

28
9

35
7

26
1
9

19

10
2
7
3
7
5
1
2

1

20

61

5

208

a547

al,541

323

208

48

1,293

175

62
145
148

46

15

119

20

74

8

52

230

143

172

69

120

59

33

147

151

116

65

21

211

39

277

262

652

57

939

54

392

1,815

1,307

1,639

462

1,206

319

377

1,292

1,929

1,013

492

241

1,881

34

672

199
6c44
6842
8
6260
6e725
6714
6509
6166

158
6132

347
6270
1,665

173

130
71

175
16

619
40'

1
68
11

166

678

6226

21

11

5

20

64

39

45

28

10

77

8

California

207

56

Connecticut

33

20

290

102

246

86

144

83

3

26

14

124

68

74

127

4

Georgia

16
76
40
36
12
22
25

al32

a3,398

al,655

al,907

881

544

837

108
2,156
961
1,094
570
490
741

2

1,034

390

652

311

54

96

Illinois

170

Indiana

53

Iowa

137

Kansas

58

Kentucky

17

Louisiana

3

Maryland

15

6

25

10

4

22

10

1

366
172

al,688
489
483

al,358

a504

a40

348
172
468
278
407
982
389

18

400
211

76
364

69

9

Massachusetts ....
Michigan

88

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

38

4

36

Nebraska

5

New Hampshire . . .

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

18
73

421
70

271
38

276
17
49

139
70
22
66
27
85
41

235
650

3,620
786

2,611
425

2,438
270
233

1,441
929
97
887
211
603
156

235

477

62,001

326

61,154

6107

61,264

263

143

298

6392

82

6186

38

216

112

2

104
11
92
12
52

68
3,026
a359

a3,575
a692

al,996

68
2,768

284
2,530

209
1,556

258
10
985
123
363

6281

72

6318

584

82

2

9

6233

12

18
42

650
30

309
37

479
7

12
89

144

322
39

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island .

16

South Carolina. . . .

Tennessee

Texas

16

28

35

0

5

6

24

10

4

385

al,500

al,467

0

69

67

a833

317

193

a218

305

1,048

802

0

69

52

577

304

108

80

329

435

0

15

138

13

85

6

28
43

Virginia

2

22

136

33

West Virginia

"Wisconsin

Dist. of Columbia.
Utah

2
65

Washington

12

26

3

2

Total

365

808

o3l,838

21,568

6,866

3,605

32,258

6^13,973

62,030

3,603

1,275

a Sex not reported in all cases.

6 A small number of scientific students included here.

c Includes 36 sex not given.

d Classification not reported in all cases.

EDUCATION.

A table of universities and colleges.

357

States and Territories.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware ,

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi ,

Missouri ,

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

"West Virginia

"Wisconsin

District of Columbia.

Utah

"Washington

Total .

2 <o

a. 2
M s

•32

© «

,2 o

au

16,200

2,620

52,451

4,300

157,155

6,000

29,800

120.841
86,188
59,974
28,378
50,626
37,600
58,146
54,400

303,126

65,412

24,750

8,600

111,197
13,821

55,000

69,700

313,346

36,927

161,902

9,620

184,353

53,522

20,600

53,580

11,206

34,855

105,000

5,600

48,450

54,587

2,826

1,926

2,514,585

r5 CS

p. 2

J= O

a<°

3

3,500

5,860

200

25,000

3,500

14,500

15,889

16,774

8,850

3,617

15,794

2,000

1,600

2,850

41,645

5,000

1,100

3,400

7,600

250

1,450
21,500
22,600
23,550
44,075

1,050

73,408

0

6,700
10,421

1,921

14,500

200

2,600

300

0

403,204

Property, inoome, etc.

be =°

0}

°2§
S3 2

Sou

■3* ft

$300,000

111,000

1,300,200

250,000

472,884

75,000

682,300

2,423,400

1,220,000

1,197,000

559,500

850,500

777,000

813,500

1,369,500

1,310,000

1,296,451

539,419

435,000

1,494,000

209,000

125,000
1,210,000
8,080,187

639,000
/ 3,192,840

248,450
3,939,350
1,250,000

337,000
1,532,249

390,000

395,000
1,450,000

220,000

839,600

1,800,000

36,000

115,000

3

T} .
O to

ft 3

«4Ht5

O^
0 >

$312,000
8,000

1,725,000
17,934

1,904,483

83,000

345,967

1,366,816
925,477
836,410
222,500
878,227
328,313
712,105

3,027,600

6,290,257

1,109,366
801,497
552,000

1,116,600
34,425

500,000

1,511,819

8,976,347

290,120

2,748,124

226,074

4,061,772

641,217

528,333

1,288,584

27,000

240,000

380,000

140,000

897,990

18,900

0

6,000

/43,485,330

45,080,257

S3

01 o

o-a

$24,600
750

101,650
1,282
85,517
4,980
17,500
99,000
47,215
57,549
13,100
50,133
15,156
43,404

229,734

291,812
78,819
51,456
33,440
74,440
3,762

25,000

93,015

469,317

17,824

202,510

19,282

242,822

40,157

23,940

82,387

2,700

14,000

23,700

8,400

62,789

7,950

0

600

as

C im

-2 CD

go

ttfjO

1,500

187,880

65,354
10,000
16,052
3,500
40,580

120,859
6,290

633,648

1,100

12,694

45,450

100,000
116,313
487,565

15,300
149,510

55,000

37,000
137,468

65,400
4,410

40,000
5,000

19,000
17,997
0

2,661,692

2,394,870

/ The productive funds of one college included here.

358

EDUCATION,

A table of students in institutions for superior instruction (not including students in pre-
paratory departments).

States and Territories.

Number of students in
colleges.

a

CO CD

CD 3

£2

(fiq-l

O cc

•p

a*

Number of students in
schools for the supe-
rior instruction of
women.

a.2

"^CO

'Sod

u *'&
a> c 3
•° n."S

Sua
o,2-a

Alabama

277

262

652

57

939

54

392

1,815

1,307

1,639

462

1,206

319

377

1,292

1,929

1,013

492

241

1,881

34

84

4

150

208

226

27
163
281

61
264
312
321

53

86
296
859
219

838

1,199

266

California

295

1,097
265

Colorado

Connecticut

218

1,383

81

Georgia

1,502

1,058
233
497
127

1,655
315
221
360

1,656

77

200

735

911

2,057
3,154
1,601
2,400
901

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

3,182
687

Louisiana

Maine

684

Maryland

1,948
4,444
1,309

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

692

Mississippi

291

138

12

1,267

Missouri

Nebraska

2,930
46

Nevada

44
301
274

1,602
752
979
161

1,218

44

New Hampshire

235
650

3,620
786

2,611
425

2,438
270
233

1,441
929
97
887
211
603
156
26

108
264

4,643

125

133

60

2,048

644

New Jersey

1,188

New York

9,865

1,663

Ohio

3,723

Oregon

646

Pennsylvania

5,704

Khode Island

270

South Carolina

153

473

1,596

629

51

1,080
180
204

859

Tennessee

3,037

Texas

258

42

592

1,816
190

Vermont

2,559

West Virginia ;

391

95

902

District of Columbia

156

Washington

26

Total

32,258

12,576

20,442

65,276

Areas of circles proportional
Scede— 4,000 to the square inch

N.Y.

N.V.

PA.

OHIO

ILL.

PA.

OHIO

ILL.

CH

Showing the aggi

BL

and the proportion of male

native or foreign, also i

(Compiled from Fre

Comparative view of the distribution of Blindness by sei

( These figures refer to the large figure in the left

KY.

VA.

IND. MO. TENN. N

The shaded segments represent Ma
upper smaller dimensions represen

Comparative view of the distribute

( These figures refer to the large figure

KY.

VA.

IND.

MO.

TENN N

Comparettive view of the increase in the ;

OOOooooooc

PA.

OHIO

ILL. KY.

VA. IND. MO. TENN. N

umber of the

nales, white or colored,
ase in ten years.

'Charts.)

Unity in the several States.

NEB OR. DEL. FLA. MINN. KAN. R.I. W.VA. N.H. VT. CAL.

MASS. GA. ALA. S.C. LA. MICH TEX. IA. WIS. MD. N.J. ARK. ME. MISS. CONN.

kite segments, Females. The
tiers, the lower, Natives.

idness by sex and color.

' upper corner. )

NEB. OR. DEL. FLA. MINN. KAN. B.I. W.VA. N.H. VT. CAL.

HASS. GA. ALA. s.C. LA. MICH. TEX. IA. WIS. MD. N.J. ARK. ME. MISS. CONN.

f the Blind in ten years.

.oOOOOOOOOO

NEB. OR. DEL. FLA. MINN. KAN. R.I. W.VA. N.H. VT. CAL.

DO OO 0000 000 0000

IASS. GA. ALA. S.C. LA. MICH. TEX IA. WIS MD. N.J. ARK. ME. MISS. CONN.

' Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

Areas of circles proportional
Scale— 4,000 to the square inch

N.Y.

N.Y.

PA.

OHIO

ILL.

PA.

OHIO

ILL.

CH

aggi
BL

and the proportion of male
native or foreign, also

(Compiled from JPre

Comparative view of the distribution of Blindness by sea

(These figures refer to the large figure in the left

KY.

VA.

IND.

MO. TENN.

The shaded segments represent Ma
upper smaller dimensions rcpresen

Comparative view of the distribute

( These figures refer to the large figure

KY.

VA.

IND. MO. TENN N

Comparative view of the increase in the

OOOooooooc

N.Y.

PA.

OHIO

ILL.

KY.

VA. IND. MO. TENN. N

Areas of circles proportional
Seale-i,000 to the square inch

CHART
Showing the aggregate number of the

BLIND , .

and the proportion of male» antlfemaltV'1'1'' or colored>
native or foreign, also the ;„«*' '« ten years.

(CbmptUdfrom n„, u KXJCharl'-)

Comparative view of the distribution of Blindness by sex and nativity in the several States.

( These figures refer la Ute large figure in Ihr left »mr meTt

NEB 0R DEL. FLA. MINN. KAN. R.I. W.VA. N.H. VT. CAL.

PA. OHIO ILL. KV. VA. IND. MO. TENN. NX.

The shaded segments represent Malawi
upper smaller dimensions represent

F(IT'i<l'

Comparative view of the distribution of Blindness by sex and color.

( These figures refer to the huge figure in rherinhr njiprr earner.)

MASS. GA. ALA S.C. LA. MICH TEX. IA. WIS. MD. N.J.

white segments, Females. The
'tiers, the lower, Natives. »

ARK. ME. MISS. CONN.

OHIO ILL. KY.

IND. MO. TENN N.C.

Comparative view of the increase in the numl f of the Blind in ten years.

• ® ® *> w W WJ WJ WJ %J WJ

NEB. OR DEL. FLA. MINN. KAN. R.I. W.VA. N.H. VT. CAL.

MftSS GA- ALA- S.C. LA. MICH. TEX. IA. WIS. MD. N.J. ARK. ME. MISS. CONN.

OOOOOOOOOQOOoo

o o o OOOOOOO

EB. OR. DEL. FLA. MINN. KAN. R.I. W.VA. N.H. VT. CAL.

OOOOOOO OOOO

PA. OHIO ILL. KY. VA. IND. MO. TENN. GA. ALA sc ^ M|CH. TEX IA. WIS MD. N.J. ARK. ME. MISS. CONN.

1

Copyrighted 1886 by taggy & V.v*t.

EDUCATION.

A table of statistics of schools of science.

859

States.

Preparatory de-
partment.

Students.

Scientific department.

Students.

a O
■_rt o

a £

02-3

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado * . . .

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Total

U. S. Military Academy
U. S. Naval Academy . . ,

Grand total

46

48

(a)
0
0
0
3

(a)

(a)

(a)

0
16

(a)

69

41
(a)
0

0

(«)

0

o

3

33
4

27
3

81

4

58

81

181

24

3
0

24

0

661

0

19
0

27
30

(129)

452
60

142
16

(a)

6

0

(a)

274

45

14

(a)

0

0

213

20

41

30

(a)

167
11

77
5

(a)

0

(a)

15
(a)'

19

23

12

18

14

11

3

9

7

54

13

(a)

13

15

3

163

262

48

238

307

321

52

81

49

299

200

(a)

276

36

12

10

10

19

5

0

184

0

400
0
0

305
17

(a)
15

22
2

0
0

30

12

11
14
53
15
19
4
13

(a)

10
(a)

0
145
(a)

53
(a)
31

43
40
90

77

110

60

42

(a)

127

(a)
258

22
418
(a)

95

10
0

47

2
24

12
40
128
96
0
60
50

(a)

0

12

0

(a)

275

93

0

200
65

J (129)
I 1,499 390

69

524

4,155

504

102

2,321

45

57

242

247

(129)
1,4991 390

626

4,644

504 102

2,321

60
0

21
0
0

22
0
0

2
0

17
51

"io

195

195

a Included in summary of statistics of universities and colleges.

360

EDUCATION.

A table of statistics of schools of science. — Continued.

Libraries.

Property, income,

ETC.

States.

O H u

sag

33®

<3i

O M W

H.9 g

SS"

3 3-E
S5

■3<jj

a a

3

O en 2

gU a

3 a a

<H 3

a p*
3 33
o a

£ 3
1^

o g a

OSS

a ft*

2,500

$100,000
150,000
(a)

50,000
200,000
(a)

$253,500
130,000
(a)

$20,280

Arkansas

(a)
(a)

50
5,000
6,200

10,400

California

(a)

Colorado

Connecticut

665,000
83,000
121,400
242,202
319,000
340,000
637,806
361,206
165,000
318,313
131,300
112,500
507,045
339,058
(a)

227,150
279,000

35,711

Delaware

(a)

4,980

Florida

10,004

Georgia

3,500
13,000
2,730
4,920
3,500

180,000
400,000
300,000
1,000,000
109,109
110,000
350,000
145,000
100,000
522,745
338,472

(a)

218,000

130,000

16,954

Illinois

0

19,010

Indiana

17,000

Iowa

48,136

300

28,424

Kentucky

9,900

Louisiana

17,000
4,200

14,556

Maine

7,700

Maryland

1,500
400

6,975

Massachusetts

5,200

6,135

(a)

1,350

2,500

23,834

Michigan

23,734

Minnesota

0

(a)

11,679

Missouri

13,950

(a)

100,000
(a)
(a)

&6,000

400,000

4,000

451,616

(a)

200,000
(a)

260,000
(a)

507,011
(al
200,000

(a)

80,000
(a)

(a)

125,000

537,868

60,000
500,000

50,000
191,000
405,000
204,000

New Hampshire . .

2,000
(a)
(a)
2,000
2,400
500
3,500
(a)

27,000
(a)
1,100
(a)
2,432

(a)
(ai

4,800

New Jersey

(a)

0
1,000

(a)

New York

(a)

North Carolina

7,500

Ohio .

31,622

500
2,350
(a)
2,200
(a)

5,000

Pennsylvania

30,000

Rhode Island .

South Carolina

11,500

Tennessee

24,410

Texas

14,280

Vermont . .

8,130

150

(a)
(a~i

432,000

(a)

267,000

25,000

West Virginia

(a)

15,322

Total....

116,217

10,900

6,531,953

8,084,348

500,791

U, S. Military Academy

28,609

22,297

c2,500,000
1,357,390

U. S. Naval Academy

0

0

0

167,123

10,900

10,389,343

8,084,348

500,791

a Included in summary of statistics of universities and colleges.
b Value of buildings only.

c Value of grounds and buildings.
d Congressional appropriation.

EDUCATION.

361

A table of statistics of schools of theology.

States.

Alabama

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Virginia

Wisconsin

District of Columbia

Total

3
3
1
3

2
20
3
4
1
7
4
2
6
7
2
3
1
4
1
5
14
2

13
14
2
6
2
4
4
2

145

5
15

4
32

2
94
11
11

0
26

6

9
31
63

7

9

5
19

2
38
75

8
52
84

8
38

3
18
30

7

11

1

19

13
2
3

18
26

19
23

712 i 164

89

12

1

177

13

554

65

57

0

174

67

48

380

241

49

41

30

197

8

294

657

106

301

537

33

227

20

162

166

75

4,781

x> d

s
65

2,284
10,000

46,000
41,950

29,900
200
18,500
76,000
76,350
2,000

300

13,250

50

89,988

120,611

2,500

40,100

102,593

1,300

3,500

26,300
16,900

720,576

Pbopeety, income, etc.

o a .

OS to

$17,000
104,000

540,000
558,710

14,049

65,500

105,000
145,000
731,835

40,000

20,000

150,000

0

938,586

1,668,000

317,000

410,870

25,000

58,000

255,000

238,250

40,000

6,441,800

O )>

a £ g

b j- a

$5,000
149,230

321,031

20,000

1,041,181

48,611

362,295
193,000

1,612,972
55,000
50,000

40,000

0

1,673,571

2,215,012

415,000

1,000,628

22,000

2,500

250,000
57,000
25,000

9,559,031

t-i 4_)

ooS
o t. K
a ch

$3,450
6,370

27,71d
62,370

4,075
31,809
12,000

98,397
3,700
4,000

0

89,368
129,823

22,100
58,400

11,549

15,000
2,400

582,525

The number of schools of law each year from 1 873 to 1 882, inclusive, with the num-
ber of instructors and number of students.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Number of institutions

Number of instructors

Number of students

37

158

2,174

38
181

2,585

43

224
2,677

42

218

2,664

43
175

2,811

50

196

3,012

49

224

3,019

48

229

3,134

47

229

3,227

48

249

3,079

362 EDUCATION.

A table of statistics of schools of medicine, of dentistry, and of pharmacy.

co

o

o
ja
o

CO

o

t-i
CD

S
3

a

o

o

0

u

.3

o

CO

ft

u
O

o

00

.9

CO

a

a>
3
00

03

QJ
*(-

ce

.s

CD

a

. >

q-i
O
h
CD

s

3

Property, income

ETC.

States.

■A

r^ co
a a
■°.-S
■ >3

"8 5

9 a

*a

(4-1 cc3
O m
CD M

s a

CD

CD

3

o
t-l .

■gS

a

3
O

a
<

CD
_£

O

d

o

t-i -
f\3

a a

o o
C"h

CD

a

o
o
n

I. Medical and subgical.

1. Regular.

Alabama

1

1

2
1
1
3
5
5
3
4
1
2
3
2
3
1
8
1
1
8
2
6
1
4
1
5
1
1
3

9
17
29
15
18
32

112
80
36
45
16
18
57
65
61
32

108
14
13

194
4
90
11
93
11
68
21
5
40

60

36
123

20

30
319
982
292
434
558
217
12-J
562
260
525

62
579

30

94
2,026

15
1,052

35
1,082

56
546
190

52
163

500

$150,000

12,000

130,000

$0

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

30,995

$1,963

Georgia

5,500

125,000

240,000

4,500

50,000
162,000

80,000

20,500

175,500

6,000

30,000
100,000

50,000
9,000

40,000
516,500

35,000

142,500

7,000

307,000

40,000
166,300

12,000

Illinois

Indiana \

400

300

4,000

1,000

4,000

Iowa

Kentucky

Louisiana

0
2,500

0

Maine

140

Maryland

Massachusetts

2,000
185
190

1,700
150

1,800

7,255
600

4,000
100

4,937
0

1,420

228,588

12,557

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

Nebraska ....

New Hampshire

0

6,000

0

New York

335

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

50,000

0

1,000

3,000

South Carolina

0

Tennessee

60

Vermont

Virginia

District of Columbia

20

103,000

2,200

154

Total

80

1,314

10,523

40,057

2,713,800

321,283

18,209

2. Eclectic.

California

2
1

10
11
14

17

32

61

157

24

20,000

7,000

75,000

Georgia

0

Indiana

3,000

Missouri

10
30

8

125
236

272

100
1,300

a

New York

46,600
80,000

Ohio

0

Total

10

100

907

1,400

228,600

3,000

EDUCATION.

A table of statistics of schools of medicine, etc.

363

-Continued.

to

"o

o

-G
O
CC

«w
0
u

CD
jQ
S
3

z

d
_o

"5

3
u

to

a

«n
o

ft
t-<

0

o

CM

oo

QO

a

to
-^»

a

CD
3

Number of volumes in libraries.

Property, income

, ETC.

States.

t3
"3. to

& 3
. CD

r§ a
a »
° &

O w

*l

uh a

° CD

CD M

a a

CD-"

>

CD

O

3

O

■gl

3

a
o
S
■<

CD
_t>

'■£

3

O
t-< .

o s

«4— «

<D

s

o
o
3

I. Medical and surgical— Cont'd.

3. Homoeopathic.
Illinois

2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1

38
8
29
7
13
45
28
20

501

44

110

88

42

193

186

145

400

300

1,800

$125,000

Iowa

Massachusetts. .

110,000

Michigan

Missouri

New York

30

Ohio

25,000
50,000

2,000

Total

11

188

1,309

4,530

310,000

II. Dental.
Indiana

1
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
2

23

8

23
36

20

1,500
1,500

$0

$0

39
36
8
42
22
13
52
33

89
83
75
25

138
70

216
65

10,000
8,000

Massachusetts

64

0

Missouri

1,000

New York

0

Ohio

15,000

Pennsylvania

4,000
2,000

Tennessee

50,000

1,568

Total

18

276

820

6,084

87,000

1,568

III. Pharmaceutical.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1

4
5
3

47

168

45

3,000
3,000
7,000

300

12

Kentucky

150

Maryland

6
4

13
4

10
3
7
5
4

98
102
100
102
373

95
407

20

35

300
3,400

8,000
6,000

Massachusetts

5,000

300

Missouri

3,500
71,000

1,000
75,200

New York

1,145
450

1,500

60

Ohio

0

Pennsylvania

0

0

Tennessee

District of Columbia

250

2,500

0

0

Total

15

68

1,592

5,695

180,200

6,800

372

Totals.
Medical and surgical.
Regular

80
10
11
18
15

1,314
100

188

•276

68

10,523
907

1,309
820

1,592

40,057
1,400
4,530
6,084
5,695

$2,713,800

228,600

310,000

87,000

180,200

$321,283
3,000

$18,209

Eclectic

Homoeopathic

Dental

1,568
372

Pharmaceutical

6,800

Grand total

134

1,946

15,151

57,766

3,519,600

331,083

20,149

■3G4

EDUCATION.

Table showing the illiteracy by states and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi '.

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

"West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wvoming

PERSONS OF 10 YEARS OP AGE AND UPWARD.

Enumerated.

Number.

36,761.607

851,780
32,922
531,876
681,062
158,220
497,303
99,849
110,856
136,907
184,650

1,043,840
25,005

2,269,315

1,468,095

1,181,641
704,297

1,163,498
649,070
519,669
695,364

1,432,183

1,236,686
559,977
753,693

1,557,631

31,989

318,271

50,666

286,188

865,591

87,966

3,981,428
959,951

2,399,367
130,565

3,203,215
220,461
667,456

1,062,130

1,064,196

97,194

264,052

1,059,034

55,720

428,587

965,712

16,479

Returned as unable
to read.

Number.

4,923,451

370,279

5,496

153,229

48,583

9,321

20,986

3,094

16,912

21,541

70,219

446,683

1,384

96,809

70,008

28,117

25,503

258,186

297,312

18,181

111,387

75,635

47,112

20,551

315,612

138,818

1,530

7,830

3,703

11,982

39,136

52,994

166,625

367,890

86,754

5,376

146,138

17,456

321,780

294,385

256,223

4,851

12,993

360,495

3,191

52,041

38,693

427

Per cent

13.4

43.5
16.7

28.8

7.1

5.9

4.2

3.1

15.3

15.7

38.0

42.8

5.5

4.3

4.8

2.4

3.6

22.2

45.8

3.5

16.0

5.3

3.8

3.7

41.9

8.9

4.8

2.5

7.3

4.2

4.5

60.2

4.2

38.3

3.6

4.1

4.6

7.9

48.2

27.7

24.1

5.0

4.9

34.0

5.7

12.1

4.0

2.6

Returned as unable
to write.

Number. Per cent.

6,239,958 17.0

433,447

5,842

202,015

53,430

10,474

28,424

4,821

19,414

25,778

80,183

520,416

1,778

145,397

110,761

46,609

39,476

348,392

318,380

22,170

134,488

92,980

63,723

34,546

373,201

208,754

1,707

11,528

4,069

14,302

53,249

57,156

219,600

463,975

131,847

7,423

228,014

24,793

369,848

410,722

316,432

8,826

15,837

430,352

3,889

85,376

55,558

556

50.9

17.7

38.0

7.8

6.6

5.7

4.8

17.5

18.8

43.4

49.9

7.1

6.4

7.5

3.9

5.6

29.9

49.1

4.3

19.3

6.5

5.2

6.2

49.5

13.4

5.3

3.6

8.0

5.0

6.2

65.0

5.5

48.3

5.5

5.7

7.1

11.2

55.4

38.7

29.7

9.1

6.0

40.6

7.0

19.9

5.8

3.4

EDUCATION. 365-

The number of minors of legal school age, etc., as computed by the Bureau of

Education.

States.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut . . ,

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire.

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina.

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . .

Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

Dist. Columbia.

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

Under legal
school age:

298,750

170,522

93,426

22,956

49,896

22,029

34,387

312,124

497,764

308,522

230,110

151,704

296,872

179,822

51,122

122,954

179,307

207,850

117,209

195,876

373,269

72,156

7,512

30,573

134,716

559,020

276,512

485,639

18,440

660,399

28,585

206,871

296,854

432,830

34,091

234,687

117,716

144,222

4,669

19,721

24,825

4,184

3,146

22,589

30,140

10,310

3,272

Of legal
school age.

Total 7,780,150 16,265,089

422,739

288,852

201,283

44,098

146,009

48,889

115,496

461,016

1,073,835

708,182

620,600

376,551

548,522

271,414

220,194

319,201

333,020

533,763

289,028

458,855

738,712

161,898

10,129

60,899

316,421

1,655,644

502,507

1,082,976

61,894

1,422,377

58,332

262,279

571,253

251,536

99,463

585,042

227,161

502,213

9,571

39,742

43,537

9,115

9,321

29,255

43,514

24,639

4,112

Over legal
school age.

70,160
60,877

104,635

59,509
57,371

Under 6
years old.

20,983

207,048

35,317

49,410

3,020
39,365
70,322

3,957

26,871
99,780

217,531

6,598

28,984

10,804

7,895
8,670

1,189,107

256,501

170,522

111,937

22,956

75,807

22,029

52,659

312,124

497,764

308,522

274,482

181,384

296,872

179,822

77,481

146,956

215,861

248,733

139,524

235,769

373,269

85,693

7,512

36,724

162,055

672,781

276,512

485,639

27,378

660,399

34,489

206,871

296,854

333,910

41,019

281,550

117,716

217,018

4,669

23,329

24,825

4,947

4,652

19,414

30,140

12,282

2,870

Between 6
and 16.

332,290
211,105
167,165
28,373
120,098
32,866
69,959
404,793
734,224
484,387
397,311
248,732
428,880
239,936
128,964
217,705
327,283
■i 59,404
183,762
305,318
548,841
105,767
8,822
60,728
245,203
1,030,009
356,982
741,888
39,008
982,416
52,428
262,279
407,587
410,487
66,873
388,268
163.540
312,832
6,138
25,421
37,511
5,863
5,177
28,386
37,599
15,968
2,861

Over 16
years old.

School popu-
lation not be-
tween 6 and
16 years.

8,272,222 11,771,437

132,698
77,747

85,767
15,725

60,877
16,023

27,265

160,858
339,611
223,795

178,917

98,139
179,151

88,849

64,871

98,477
176,231
168,793

82,951
113,644
239,281

42,594
4,327

33,385
114,201
511,874
145,525
341,088

17,905
439,961

26.871

99,780
163,666
157,500

32,260
149,911

63,621

145,569

3,433

10,713

16,830
2,489
2,638

11,939

14,585
6,699
1,653

5,190,687

90,449

77,747

34,118

15,725

25,911

16,023

45,537

56,223

339,611

223,795

223,289

127,819

119,642

31,478

91,230

101,496

5,737

174,359

105,266

153,537

189,871

56,131

1,307

171

71,218

625,635

145,525

341,088

22,886

439,961

5,904

163,666

al58,951

32,590

196,774

63,621

189,381

3,333

14,321

6,026

3,252

4,144

869

5,915

8,671

1,251

4,493,652

a In Texas the school population was less than the number between 6 and 16.

366 EDUCATION.

Table showing the illiteracy by states and territories in 1860.

States and Territories

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota ,

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia a

Washington

West Virginia ....'...

Wisconsin

Wyoming

CANNOT READ AND WRITE— PERSONS 20 YEARS OF AGE AND UPWARD.

Total.

1,218,311

38,060

23,665
19,693

8,833
77

13,169
6,881
5,461

44,257

Native.

871,418

37,302

23,587
11,509

925

60

11,503

4,860

5,150

43,550

Foreign-
born.

346,893

758

78
8,184

7,908

17

1,666

2,021

311

707

Whice.

Male.

467,023

14,517

9,379
11,835

3,405
62
2,838
1,258
2,378
16,900

Female.

659,552

23,088

14,263
7,154

5,083
15
3,823
2,248
2,963
26,784

Colored.

Male.

41,275

192

10

497

181

3,056

1,151

48

255

Female.

50,461

263

13

207

164

3,452

2,224

72

318

59,364
62,716
19,951

3,067
70,040
19,010

8,598
37,518
46,921
18,485

4,763
15,636
60,545

39,748

55,903

12,903

2,695

65,749

15,679

2,386

33,780

2,004

8,170

1,055

15,136

51,173

19,616

6,813

7,048

372

4,291

3,331

6,212

3,738

44,917

10,315

3,708

500

9,372

24,786

24,297
7,806
1,228

28,742
8,051
4,282
7,290

16,969
8,596
2,382
6,256

24,255

33,251

36,646

11,976

1,776

38,835

9,757

4,270

8,529

29,293

8,845

2,369

9,270

35,405

634

150

4,717

23,081

32,785

121,878

74,977

64,828

1,511

81,515

6,112

16,208

72,054

18,476

323

8,916

86,452

438

357

40

1,093

12,937

31,626

26,163

74,877

48,015

1,200

44,930

1,202

15,792

69,262

11,832

162

933

83,300

207

277

110

3,624

10,144

1,159

95,715

100

16,813

311

36,585

4,910

416

2,792

6,644

161

7,983

3,152

231

317
138

2,023

8,436

16,008

47,703

26,024

23,297

762

27,560

2,057

5,811

27,358

8,514

98

4,467

31,178

295

304

5

2,660

10,840

16,750

68,262

42,104

35,345

737

44,596

3,795

8,981

43,001

9,900

225

4,402

42,877

142

16,546

2,663

13,883

7,465

8,983

632

869

92

25

1,113

485

25

9,904

291

558

6

50
371

6

6

15

1,720

12

2,653

3,067

2,995

7

3,893

119

633

743

25

27

5,489

1

53

695

904

77

38

1,350

717

21

11,795

368

486

6

60

514

7

1

19

2,085

15

3,260

3,782

3,191

5

5,466

141

783

952

37

20

6,908

45

a Includes West Virginia.

EDUCATION,

367

Table showing the illiteracy by states and territories in 1 870.

States and Territories.

cannot

READ.

Persons

10 years of

age and

over.

CANNOT WRITE— PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AQE AND UPWARD.

Total.

Native.

Foreign
born.

White.

21 and over.

Male.

Female.

Colored.

21 and over.

Male.

Female.

United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana ..'.

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

4,528,084

5,658,144

4,880,271

777,873

748.970

1,145,718

862,243

349,771

2,690

111,799

24,877

6,297

19,680

1,249

19,356

22,845

66,238

418,553

3,293

86,368

76,634

24,115

16,369

249,567

257,184

13,486

114,100

74,935

34,613

12,747

291,718

146,771

667

2,365

727

7,618

37,057

48,836

163,501

339,789

92,720

2,609

131,728

15,416

265,892

290,549

189,423

2,515

15,185

390,913

1,018

48,802

35,031

468

383,012

2,753

133,339

31,716

6,823

29,616

1,563

23,100

28,719

71,803

468,593

3,388

133,584

127,124

45,671

24,550

332,176

276,158

19,052

135,499

97,742

53,127

24,413

313,310

222,411

918

4,861

872

9,926

54,687

52,220

239,271

397,690

173,172

4,427

222,356

21,921

290,379

364,697

221,703

7,363

17,706

445,893

1,307

81,490

55,441

602

382,142

262

133,043

9,520

6,568

5,678

758

20,631

26,501

71,235

467,503

138

90,595

113,185

24,979

20,449

324,945

268,773

7,986

126,907

7,912

22,547

5,558

312.483

206,827

394

3,552

98

1,992

29,726

49,311

70,702

397,573

134,102

3,003

126,803

4,444

289,726

362,955

203,334

3,334

3,902

444,623

804

78,389

14,113

266

870

2,491

296

22,196

255

23,938

805

2,469

2,218

568

1,090

3,250

42,989

13,939

20,692

4,101

7,231

7,385

11,066

8,592

89,830

30,580

18,855

827

15,584

524

1,309

774

7,934

24,961

2,909

168,569

117

39,070

1,424

95,553

17,477

653

1,742

18,369

4,029

13,804

1,270

503

3,101

41,328

336

17,429

1,167

13,610

12,362

2,305

8,990

403

3,466

1,214

3,876

21,899

315

40,801

36,331

14,782

5,994

43,826

12,048

6,516

13,344

30,920

17,543

8,041

9,357

34,780

399

956

474

3,361

14,515

14,892

73,208

33,111

41,439

1,085

61,350

5,922

12,490

37,713

17,505

1,137

6,867

27,646

.437

15,181

17,637

326

31,001

767

21,770

9,837

2,074

13,683

306

4,566

2,542

5,600

40,531

107

56,857

57,651

19,825

6,175

62,725

15,540

6,775

19,422

52,890

17,986

10,109

13,746

50,124

81

1,169

126

4,225

21,916

17.135

116,744

62,728

68,449

1,096

116,261

10,152

17,901

68,825

19,845

2,180

6,445

40,351

179

24,545

22,670

91,017

1

23,681

468

63

627

6

3,765

7,599

16,806

100,551

4

3,969

3,182

635

2,772

37,889

76,612

69

27,123

822

1,015

44

80,810

18,002

34

93

15

38

2,881

58

3,912

68,669

7,531

48

5,758

291

70,830

55,938

47,235

8

45

97,908

15

3,186

185

33

946,332

98,344

22,689

339

48

704

12

4,205

10,757

18,052

112,361

9

4,082

3,181

673

2,839

43,277

79,437

57

32,582

1,044

941

37

87,327

20,587

15

50

6

32

3,509

24

4,874

76,177

8,07.3

28

7,469

421

77,924

63,248

47,583

10

37

109,687

9

3,442

115

12

368

EDUCATION.

The insane, by sex, nativity, and race, in 1880.

States and Territories.

The United States .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Total.

91,997

1,521
21
789
2,503
99
1,723
72
198
938
253
1,697
16
5,134
3,530
2,544
1,000
2,784
1,002
1,542
1,857
5,127
2,796
1,145
1,147
3,310
59
450
31
1,056
2,405
153
14,111
2,028
7,286
378
8,304
684
1,112
2,404
1,564
151
1,015
2,411
135
982
2,526
4

Male.

44.408

719
16
375
1,720
59
745
42
96
701
119
817
13
2,542
1,695
1,336
531
1,492
443
694
865
2,253
1,292
584
521
1,662
53
245
22
465
1,145
75
6,219
858
3,454
264
3,983
293
503
1,149
807
73
472
1,171
101
477
1,243
4

Female.

47,589

Native.

65,651

802
5
414
783
40
978
30
102
237
134
880
3
2,592
1,835
1,208
469
1,292
559
848
992
2,874
1,504
561
626
1,648
6
205
9
591
1,260
78
7,892
1,170
3,832
114
4,321
391
609
1,255
757
78
543
1,240
34
505
1,283

1,475
9

776
885
66
1,214
33
169
492
238
1,662
8
3,019
2,912
1,716
759
2,482
834
1,374
1,612
3.343
1,845
388
1,107
2,443
28
250
15
927
1,445
136
7,790
2,023
5,313
264
6,164
455
1,077
2,336
1,358
58
834
2,311
68
886
1,050
2

Foreign.

26,346

46
12
13

1,618
33
509
39
29
446
15
35
8
2,115
618
828
241
302
168
168
245
1,784
951
757
40
867
31
200
16
129
960
17
6,321
5
1,973
114
2,140
229
35
68
206
93
181
100
67
96
1,476
2

White.

85,840

1,110
19
629
2,368
91
1,691
69
150
814
168
1,286
16
5,058
3,462
2,535
961
2,439
698
1,535
1,598
5,085
2,758
1,140
715
3,165
57
446
30
1,056
2,323
149
13,916
1,591
7,124
361
8,133
670
651
2,040
1,258
149
1,010
1,719
131
945
2,517
4

Colored.

6,157

411
a2
160

bl35
c8
d32
c3
48
124
85

cUll

76

e68

9

d39

345

d304

dl

259

d42

/38

d5

432

145

d2

d4

el

82
c4

fir 195

d437

dl62

7il7

171

dl4

461

364

d306

d2

5

692

ii

37

a Including 2 Chinese. / Including 5 Indians.

6 Including 84 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 11 Indians. g Including 1 Chinese, 10 Indians, and 2 Fast Indians.

c Including 2 Indians. ft, Including 14 Chinese and 2 Indians.

d Including 1 Indian. i Including 2 Chinese and 2 Indians.

e Including 1 Chinese. j Including 8 Indians.

The total number of insane Chinese is 105 ; Japanese, 1 ; Indians, 53 ; East Indians, 2.

A reas of Circles proportional
Scale: 4850 to the square inch

N.Y.

N.Y.

DICT & CO. ENGF'6 CH1CA80

PA.

OHIO

OHIO

OHIO

IND.

IND.

IND.

crj

SHOWING t|

DEA1I

and the proportion ofrr
native or foreign,

(, Compiled I'rom in

Comparative view of the distribution of Dec

( These Diagrams refer to tl

OR. FLA. NEB. [

MO.

KY. TENN,

Comparative view of the distri

( These diagrams refer to t

© © ©

OR. FLA. NEB

ILL.

MO.

KY.

TENN.

ILL.

MO. KY. TENN.

The thickness of the shaded

E NUMBER

FTES

females, white or colored,
increase in fen years.

veD by Fred H. Wines.)

i by sex and nativity in (he several States.

in the left upper corner )

R.l. KAN. CAL. LA. MINN. N.H. VT. SC. W.VA. N.J. MiSS. ARK

TEX.

IA. VA. MASS. MICH. WIS. CONN, ALA. MD. GA. ME.

Deaf Mutism by sex and color.

n the right upper comer.)

»-!■ KAN. CAL. LA, MINN. N.H. VT. S.C. W.VA. N.J. MISS. ARK. TEX.

2. IA. VA. MASS. MICH. WIS. CONN. ALA. MD. GA. ME.

mber of Deaf Mutes in ten years.

R.I. KAN. CAL. LA. MINN. N.H. VT. S.C. W.VA. N.J. MISS. ARK. TEX.

0. IA. VA. MASS. MICH. WIS. CONN. ALA.

isents the increase in ten years .

MD. GA. ME.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaygy & West.

Areas of Circles proportional.
Scale: 48.">0 to the square inch

N.Y.

N.V.

N.V.

PA.

PA.

OHIO

OHIO

OHIO

IND.

IND.

IND.

SHOWING T

DEA1

and the proportion ofn

native or foreign,

(Compiled 1'rom in

Comparative view of the distribution of Dei

( These Diagrams refer to tl

OR. FLA. NEB

MO. KY.

TENN.

Comparative view of the distr

( These diagrams refer to t

OR. FLA. NEB

ILL.

MO. KY.

TENN

Comparative view of the increase

OR. FLA. NEB

ILL.

MO. KY. TENN.

The thickness of the shaded

OICT & CO. ENOR'6 CHICAGO

Areas of Circles proportional
Scale: 4850 to the square inch

CHART

SHOWING THE WHOLE NUMBER

UK

DEAF MUTES

and the proportion of males and females, whiteor colored,
native or foreign; also Ike increase in tin years.

(Compiled from informaliun given by Fred H. Wines.)

Comparative vieio of the distribution of Deaf Mutism by sex and nativity in (he several States.

OR. FLA. NEB. DEL. R.|. <AN. CAL. LA. MINN. N.H.

VT. SC. W.VA. N.J.

MISS. ARK, TEX.

KY. TENN. N.C.

VA. MASS. MICH. WIS. CONN. ALA. MD. GA. ME.

Comparative view of the distribution of Deaf Mutism by sex and color.

( These diagrams refer to the Urge figure jr, the right Upper comer.)

OR. FLA. NEB. DEL. S.I. KAN. CAL.

LA MINN. N.H. VT.

i.C. W.VA. N.J. M|SS. ARK. TEX.

ILL. MO. KY. TENN. N.C. |A yft Mftss M|CH_ w|s cotlNt ALA. MD. GA. ME.

Comparative view of the increase in the number of Deaf Mutes in ten years.

OR. FLA. NEB. *L .... KAN. CA, ^ V^_ W W W W Y ^ Y*. \f*.

MO. KY. TENN. N.C. |A

The thickness of the shaded rim represents the increase in ten yei

yeai%

MASS. MICH. WIS. CONN. ALA. MD. GA. ME.

Copyrighted JS8G by Yaygy A West.

EDUCATION.
Table showing illiteracy by states and territories in 1 880.

369>

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois *

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Bhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

WHITE PERSONS OF 21

YEARS

COLORED PERSONS OF 2

YEARS

OF AGE AND UPWARD.

OF AGE AND UPWARD.

Enumerated.

Returned as unable
to write.

Enumerated.

Returned as unable
to wriie.

Number.

Number.

Per ct.

Number.

Number.

Per ct.

21,984,202

2,056,463

9.4

2,937,235

2,147,900

73.1

294,941

60,174

20.4

246,075

206,878

84.1

23,125

3,550

15.4

3,075

633

20.6

254,461

50,235

19.7

88,690

68,444

77.2

424,636

22,625

5.3

75,189

22,100

29.4

125,131

7,025

5.6

2,142

465

21.7

358,679

23,339

6.5

7,239

1,497

20.7

74,629

3,206

4.3

1,085

458

42.2

63,032

6,462

10.3

12,658

7,935

62.7

65,681

3,569

5.4

32,777

19,447

59.3

65 713

10,885

16.6

53,897

39,753

73.8

370,984

71,693

19.3

293,421

247,318

84.3

16,023

510

3.2

3,288

943

28.7

1,481,945

99,356

6.7

24,327

10,397

42.7

941,763

77,076

8.2

19,834

8,806

44.4

768,677

35.815

4.7

5,228

1,958

37.5

447,526

17,095

3.8

20,315

11,498

56.6

623,438

124,723

20.0

120,349

90,738

75.4

213,172

34,813

16.3

218,167

178,789

82.0

376,382

16,234

4.3

1,238

335

27.1

371,698

34,155

9.2

100,107

66,357

66.3

1,051,684

81,671

7.8

12,026

2,221

18.5

848,590

48,291

5.7

11,417

3,758

32.9

372,591

27,645

7.4

1,945

769

39.5

214,122

27,789

13.0

262,744

208,122

79.2

940,668

89,924

9.6

66,321

40,357

60.9

24,311

525

2.2

2,381

777

32.6

216,924

7,821

3.6

1,424

496

34. a

34,952

1,807

5.2

6,653

1,638

24.6

215,706

10,694

5.0

448

81

18.1

587,736

37,348

6.4

21,921

7,844

35.8

54,185

33,623

62.1

5,641

5,209

92. 3

2,826,859

182,050

6.4

41,348

.0,134

24.5

405,082

116,437

28.7

215,649

174,152

80.8

1,588,507

92,616

5.8

40,940

14,152

34.6

81,826

2,904

3.5

8,651

2,387

27.6

2,151,246

174,286

8.1

48,869

15,551

31.8

158,522

18,611

11.7

4,221

1,139

27.0

182,518

34,335

18.8

244,129

200,063

81.9

507,413

118,734

23.4

166,839

126,939

76.1

534.783

65,117

12.2

155,069

121,827

78.6

60,681

5,385

8.9

958

518

54.1

191,593

12,872

6.7

541

129

23.8

425,224

71,004

16.7

267,612

214,340

80.1

35,614

1,011

2.8

4,553

1,884

41.4

261,681

45,340

17.3

11,899

7,539

63.4

637,221

45,798

7.2

2,857

981

34.3

12,327

285

2.3

1,078

144

13.4

370 EDUCATION.

The number of insane, idiotic, blind, and deaf-mutes in the United States in the

years named.

Class.

1870.

1860.

1850.

Insane

Idiots

Blind

Deaf-mutes

Totals.

91,997

76,895
48,928
33,878

37,432
24,527
20,320
16,205

24,042
18,930
12,658
12,821

15,610

15,787
9,794
9,803

251,698

98,484

68,451

50,994

The total population for each of the years named was as follows: In 1850 it
was 23,191,876; in 1860, 31,443,321; in 1870, 38,558,371; and in 1880, 50,155,-
783. In other words, although the population has a little more than doubled
in thirty years, the number of defective persons returned is nearly five times as
great as it was thirty years ago.

The number of insane, idiotic, blind and deaf-mutes in each million of the popula-
tion in each of the years named.

Class.

1880. .

1870.

1860.

1850.

1,834

1,533

976

675

971
636
527
420

765
602
403
408

673

681

Blind

422

Deaf-mutes

423

Totals

5,018

2,554

2,178

2,199

The number of insane, idiots, blind, and deaf-mutes in the United States, by sex,

nativity and race.

Class.

Total.

Male.

Female.

Native.

Foreign.

White.

Colored.

91,997
76,895
48,928
33,878

251,698

44,408
45,309
26,748
18,567

47,5S9
31,586
22,180
15,311

65,651
72,888
40,599
30,507

26,346
4,007
8,329
3,371

85,840
67,316
41,278
30,661

a6,157

Idiots

Blind

69,579
c7,650

Deaf-mutes

d3,217

Totals

135,032

116,666

209,645

42,053

225,095

26,603

The number of individuals in each 1 00,000 in each of the classes named, who are
male or female, native or foreign, white or colored.

Class.

Total.

Male.

Female.

Native.

Foreign.

White.

Colored.

Insane

100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000

100,000

48,271
58,923
54,668
54,805

51,729
41,077
45,332
45,195

71,362
94,789
82,977
90,050

28,638
5,211

17,023
9,950

93,307
87,543
84,365
90,504

6,693

Idiots

12,457

Blind

15,635

Deaf-mutes

9,496

Totals

53,648

46,352

83,292

16,708

89,431

10,569

EDUCATION.

371

The idiotic, by

sex, na

fivity, and race

«, in 1880.

States and Territories.

Total.

Male.

Female.

Native.

Foreign.

White.

Colored.

The United States

76,895

45.309

31,586

72,888

4,007

67,316

9,579

2,223

11

1,374

507
77

817
80

269

107

369
2,433
23
4,170
4,725
2,314
1,083
3,513
1,053
1,325
1,319
2,031
2,181

729

1,579

3,372

15

356
18

703
1,056

122
6,084
3,142
6,460

181
6,497

234
1,588
3,533
2,276

148

803

2,794

47

1,367

1,785

2

1,344

7

811

313

49

504

48

165

69

221

1,412

17

2,451

2,789

1,411

649

2,083

618

764

806

1,220

1,287

442

964

1,985

10

202

10

398

608

67

3,512

1,835

3,737

103

3,779

142

924

2,084

1,321

86

482

1,710

29

815

1,025

1

879

4

563

194

28

313

32

104

38

148

1,021

6

1,719

1,936

903

434

1,430

435

561

513

811

894

287

615

1,387

5

154

8

305

448

55

2,572

1,307

2,723

78

2,718

92

664

1,449

955

62

321

1,084

18

552

760

1

2,217

7

1,368

451
73

767
56

263
97

364
2,426
18
3,764
4,550
2,096

983
3,495
1,035
1,273
1,287
1,861
1,863

538

1,577

3,247

14

290
16

678

977

117
5,555
3,142
6,153

172
6,193

210
1,581
3,518
2,180

105

747

2,787

46

1,355

1,374

2

6
4

6

56

4

50

24

6

10

5

7

5

406

175

218

100

18

18

52

32

170

318

191

2

125

1

66

2

25

79

5

529

307

9

304

24

7

15

96

43

56

7

1

12

411

1,354

8
1,050

493
75

802
73

214
54

213
1,499
23
4,123
4,643
2,300
1,024
3,026

587
1,323

959
2,017
2,154

717

801

3,130

13

352
16

698
1,011

113
6,023
2,134
6,307

177
6,393

223

806
2,817
1,636

148

800

1,839

44

1,326

1,776

2

a 869

53

6 324

cU

d2

a 15

el

55

District of Columbia

Florida

53
156

934

47

a 82

14

659

487

Louisiana

a 466

2

360

Massachusetts

614

Michigan

/27

Minnesota

gl2

Mississippi

a 778

Missouri

242

52

64

a2

New Hampshire

5

45

New Mexico

/i9

New York

61

North Carolina

h 1,008

Ohio

a 153

Oregon

e4

Pennsylvania

104

Bhode Island

all

South Carolina

6782

Tennessee

a 716

a 640

Utah

3

955

Washington

i3

West Virginia

41

i9

Wyoming

a Including 1 Indian.

o Including 2 Indians.

c Including 3 Chinese and 9 Indians.

d Including 2 Chinese.

e Including i Indians.

The total number of idiotic Chinese is 5 ; Indians, 84.

/ Including 15 Indians.
g Including 12 Indians.
h Including 5 Indians.
i Including 3 Indians.

372

EDUCATION.

The blind, by sex, nativity and race in 1 880.

States and Territories.

Total.

Male.

Female.

Native.

Foreign.

White.

Colored.

The United States

48,928

26,748

22,180

40.599

8,329

41,278

7,650

Alabama.

1,399

27

972

644

104

618

63

127

164

215

1,634

6

2,615

2,238

1,310

748

2,116

845

797

946

1,733

1,289

448

1,071

2,258

12

220

24

412

829

358

5,013

1,873

2,960

87

3,884

300

1,100

2,026

1,375

126

486

1,710

47

625

1,075

4

740

17

492

418

72

318

37

60

80

115

821

4

1,562

1,226

770

436

1,085

483

455

477

944

743

270

553

1,209

7

134

14

232

482

215

2,766

903

1,675

47

2,225

151

503

1,048

751

66

251

859

29

360

641

2

659

10

480

226

32

295

26

67

84

100

813

2

1,053

1,012

540

312

1,031

362

342

469

789

546

178

518 ■

1,049

5

86

10

180

347

143

2,247

970

1,285

40

1,659

149

597

978

624

60

235

851

18

265

434

2

1,382

13

961

394

94

497

37

107

139

196

1,604

5

1,978

2,002

997

664

2,027

759

703

818

1,240

903

239

1,057

1,996

11

161

21

373

613

338

3,306

1,864

2,340

78

2,916

210

1,070

2,001

1,228

49

379

1,682

40

581

524

2

17
14
11

250
10

116
26
20
25
19
30
1

637

236

313
84
89
86
94

128

493

386

209
14

262

1

59

3

39

216

20

1,707

9

620
9

968
90
30
25

147
77

107

28

7

44

551
2

755

26

759

518

104

589

60

101

82

94

861

6

2,573

2,181

1,298

695

1,777

366

794

694

1,700

1,242

439

468

2,082

11

217

9

410

765

309

4,909

1,161

2,874

81

3,776

287

434

1,542

1,017

122

484

897

39

597

1,069

4

644

Arizona. . .

a 1

Arkansas .

a 213

California

b 126

24

c 3

26

a 82

Florida ....

121

a 773

42

57

12

d 53

a 339

a 479

Maine

c 3

Maryland

252

33

Michigan '

e 47

/9
a 603

Mississippi

a 176

Nebraska

al

flr-15

2

New Hampshire ....

64

New Mexico

h49

HOi

.7 712

86

Ohio

fc6

Pennsylvania

108

13

South Carolina

666

484

358

Utah

I 4

Vermont

2

813

J8
28

West Virginia

Wisconsin

c 6-

a Including 1 Indian.

6 Including 21 Chinese and 97 Indians.

c Including 2 Indians.

d Including 7 Indians.

e Including 30 Indians.

/Including 3 Indians.

The total number of Chinese who are blind is 22; Indians, 244.

g Including 15 Indians.

h Including 47 Indians.

i Including 1 Chinese and 3 Indians.

j Including 8 Indians.

fc Including 6 Indians.

I Including 4 Indians.

EDUCATION.

Paupers, by sex, nativity and race, in 1880.

373

a Including 10 Chinese and 17 Indians.
6 Including 2 Indians.
c Including 1 Indian.
d Including 4 Indians.

e Including 2 Chinese.
/Including 5 Chinese.
g Including 1 Chinese and 1 Indian.
A Including 3 Indians.

States

S

a
M

IB

<

INMATES

> OP ALMSHOUSES.

OUTDOOR
PAUPERS.

and
Territories.

Total.

Male.

Female.

Native.

Foreign.

White.

Colored.

Total.

The United States..

88,665

67,067

35,952

31,115

44,106

22,961

61,310

5,757

21,598

Alabama

793

4

190

1,671

47

1,799

24

390

184

107

1,278

17

4,275

3,965

2,133

579

2,059

141

3,211

1,334

5,423

2,300

496

547

1,800

514

4

105

1,594

46

1,418

228

4

45

1,377

41

776

286

60
217

5
642

462
3
103
607
25
961

52
1

2

987

21

457

305

4

85

1,528

43

1,331

209

279

Arkansas

20

a 66

3

87

85

California

77

Colorado

1

Connecticut

381

Dakota

24

387

184
45

550

7

3,684

3,052

1,165

355
1,366

190

89

33

222

7

2,108

1,586

689

223

646

197
95
12

328

1,576

1,466

476

152

720

328

142

44

534

2

1,917

2,428

752

278

1,183

59

42

1

16

5

1,767

624

413

77

183

280

111
24

385

7

3,628

2,965

1,147

308
1,043

107
73
21

165

56

6 87
18
47

323

3

Dist. of Columbia

Florida

62

Georgia

728

Idaho

10

Illinois

591

Indiana

913

Iowa

968

224

Kentucky

693

141

Maine

1,505
1,187
4,469
1,746
227
345
1,477

786
664
2,460
1,048
156
148
779

719
523
2,009
698
71
197
698

1,268
911

2,971

1,074

96

334

1,012

237
276
1,498
672
131
11
465

1,488
857

4,392

1,680
226
165

1,284

cl7

330

77

d66

cl

180

cl93

1,706

Maryland

147

Massachusetts

954
554

269

202

Missouri

323

Nebraska

166

96

2,037

2,981

37

15,217

1,943

7,463

76

12,646

553

720

1,444

533

33

1,564

3,138

17

1,197

2,028

9

113

95

1,198

2,462

67

84

591

1,393

46

11

607

1,069

60

• 29
1,002
1,526

53

66

196

936

106

92

1,187

2,291

c7

e3

11

171

53

Nevada

1

New Hampshire

New Jersey

839
519

37

New York

. 12,407

1,275

6,974

51

10,157

526

519

1,136

210

6,174
491

3,879
45

5,608
263
206
453
120

6,233

784

3,095

6

4,549

263

313

683

90

5,685

1,271

5,136

32

6,182

366

460

1,063

184

6,722

4

1,838

19

3,975

160

59

73

26

12,166

803

6,616

44

9,585

492

277

830

134

241

472

&358

/7

#572

34

242

306

76

2,810

North Carolina

Ohio

668
489

Oregon

25

Rhode Island

Tennessee

2,489

27

201

308

Texas

323

Utah

33

Vermont

Virginia

655

2,117

11

711
1,018

347
973
10
334
609

308

1,144

1

377

409

537

2,064

3

671

400

118

53

8

40

618

651

1,090

11

641

1,008

4
1,027

70
ft 10

909
1,021

TVashington

6

Wisconsin

486
1,010

9

The total number of pauper Chinese is 18; Indians, 33.

There are no returns of almshouses from the State of Louisiana, pro-
vision being made with private institutions by the several parishes for the
maintenance and care of their poor.

371

EDUCATION.

The deaf-mutes, by sex, nativity, and race in 1880.

States and Tereitohies.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizon a

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont.

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Total.

33,878

693

7

489

382

85

565

63

84

169

118

819

7

'2,202

1,764

1,052

651

1,275

524

455

671

978

1,166

500

606

1,598

9

287

10

221

527

70

3,762

1,032

2,301

102

3,079

150

564

1,108

771

118

212

998

24

520

1,079

11

Male. Female. Native. Foreign. White. Colored.

18,567

383

6

249

232

44

318

37

39

121

69

420

3

1,239

967

582

372

669

296

258

366

524

637

297

320

872

8

159

8

125

265

40

1,998

578

1,227

56

1,697

85

297

599

447

60

114

544

15

295

622

15,311

310

1

240

150

41

247

26

45

48

49

399

4

963

797

470

279

606

228

197

305

454

529

203

286

726

1

128

2

96

262

30

1,764

454

1,074

46

1,382

65

267

509

324

58

98

454

9

225

457

3

30,507

684

6

483

306

74

505

32

80

162

111

812

5

1,876

1,669

893

583

1,248

505

428

629

806

929

327

604

1,501

9

228

9

201

456

66

3,168

1,027

2,082

87

2,820

114

559

1,098

718

69

194

992

22

510

810

10

3,371

9

1

6

76

11

60

31

4

7

7

7

2

326

95

159

68

27

19

27

42

172

237

173

2

97

30,661

59

1
20
71

4
594

5

219

15

259

36

5
10
53
49
18

6

2

10
269

1

405

7

417

365

84

559

62

72

133

55

499

7

2,179

1,739

1,046

629

1,107

328

454

515

969

1,152

500

317

1,523

7

284

9

219

520

58

3,736

724

2,255

97

3,047

145

301

868

614

118

212

705

24

510

1,074

11

3,217

288

72

a 17

1

6

61

12

36

63

320

23

25

6

22

168

196

1

156

9

cl4

289

75

d2

S

61

2

7

el2

26

308

646

/5

32

5

263

240

157

6 293

10
9$

a Including 2 Chinese and 6 Indians.

b Including 1 Indian.

c Including 7 Indians.

d Including 2 Indians.

The total number of Chinese who are deaf-mutes is 3 ; Indians, 37.

e Including 11 Indians.

/ Including 1 Chinese and 4 Indians.

g Including 3 Indians.

EDUCATION. 375

Newspapers and periodicals of the principal countries, as given by the "Newspaper
and Bank Directory of the World."

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

Countries.

United States

British America . . .
Austria-Hungary .

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

France

German Empire. . .

England

Scotland

Ireland

Wales

Greece

Italy

Netherlands

Sweden

Norway

Portugal

Roumania

Russia

Spain

Switzerland

Turkey

British India

Chinese Empire. . . .

Hong-Kong

Japan

Malay Archipelago .

Algeria

Egypt

South Africa

West Africa

Mexico

Central America . . .

West Indies

Cuba

Argentine Republic.

Bolivia

Brazil

Chili

Ecuador

Peru

Uruguay

U. S. of Colombia . .

Venezuela

Australia

Tasmania

New Zealand

Polynesia

50,183,015
4,515,933

37,741,413
5,476,668
1,859,000
1,989,464

39,066,372

45,194,172

24,608,391
3,734,370
5,159,839
1,359,895
1,679,775

27,769,475
3,866,456
4,568,900
1,806,900
4,432,050
5,073,000

85,426,142

16,625,860
2,846,102

19,990,000

193,596,603

400,000,000

139,144

34,338,304

30,187,829
2,867,626
5,517,627
1,406,496
1,598,070

10,000,000
2,650,000
4,500,000
1,508,761
2,500,000
2,000,000

10,000,000

2,500,000

1,350,000

2,700,000

450,000

3,000,000

1,882,236

2,743,256

115,600

489,500

303,985

970
67

150
81

57

363

863

154

22

20

4

16

148

39

11

20

29

16

88

220

62

30

35

8

7

83

16

2

11

6

Is

41
10
47
38
11

2
68
64

2
15
18
10
15
45

4
45

4,314,249
237,788
928,535
730,215

127,395

3,887,650

3,577,799

3,250,875

477,065

210,998

36,000

23,900

630,600

182,760

69,400

57,550

147,600

27,100

404,024

619,359

217,950

57,600

51,458

23,670

5,300

428,000

38,200

2,700

26,000

23,500

102,826

17,660

85,200

76,700

34,300

2,500

151,950

60,290

3,600

16,400

37,400

9,500

28,950

135,000

7,000

104,850

175
33

180

15

6

386
1,848

127
18
32
6
13
88

115
97
61
14
1
37
29

160
27
15

39

15

19

1

16

28
1

34
4
8
1

22

13
6
2
7
3
4

88
4

36
1

8,674

444

584

373

3

4

1,505

1,335

1,563

170

139

70

49

450

267

74

42

113

2

131

389

156

53

183

7

2

19

10

14

11

47

6

146

32

5

27

12

88

263

4
61
14

sa

1,121

60

338

92

1

574

517

1,034

56

31

22

10

256

3

50

45

12

119

57

65

9

103

6

,

a-a

a

o

el

<a

o

w

a .

0) a,

P H

—

5 c

-

-^e^

O

"3 o,q

38
7

14
1

2

40
12
24

17

13

19

24

166

12

15

3

4
5
4
2

46
6

25
2

11,207

624

1,803

591

11

61

3,265

5,529

3,460

271

227

103

89

1,174

435

303

181

179

19

454

750

512

121

373

22

14

251

51

54

26

72

8

283

71

213

81

39

27

279

95

8

26

57

40

117

451

19

170

21

CO CI

34,673,771

1,626,400

2,769,775

2,856,145

6,800

164,395

11,593,535

20,499,566

25,594,905

2,479,477

1,204,822

536,856

66,800

2,357,660

1,070,844

594,550

253,300

306,142

32,700

1,177,169

1,702,316

941,360

145,530

288,399

38,127

10,900

666,000

52,410

48,240

62,100

122,800

2,600

378,096

101,500

211,930

113,500

42,500

8,960

363,950

102,390

11,400

29,200

50,650

51,800

102,025

536,700

25,152

268,375

20,905

376

EDUCATION.

In the following table, the total number of all the newspapers and
periodicals published in the United States, as determined by the last com-
plete census, is given; also, the language in which such paper is printed:

Number

and

Language of

Newspapers.

States and Territories.

'a

-u
0
H

a
S

I

o

m

"3
a

-G

a
s

u
Eh

a

CS

a

u
CD

0

13

0

O

w

a
a

hH

a

1

ta

\ CD

s

3

O

Ch

a

C3

0

GG

a a

S C3

■a-g
.2 5
a a

a*

'3

C3

ft

m

The United States

11,314

13

10,515

41

641

9

3

4

2

49

26

5

Alabama

125

17

117

«361

87

139

67

26

44

45

200

10

61,017

467

3

569

347

205

112

123

143

427

464

223

123

530

18

189

37

87

215

18

cl,411

142

774

74

973

44

81

193

280

22

82

194

29

109

340

11

"4'
"i'

"i'

"3'
"i

"1'

"2"

125
16

116

328
84

134
65
25
41
45

Arizona

1

Arkansas

"5'

1
15
3
5
1
1
3

California

Colorado

3

2

6

Connecticut

Dakota

1

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

199

1

Idaho

10

920
435
1
523
334

Illinois

1

70
32

36
11
11

4

20

Indiana

Indian Territory

2

2
1

Iowa

6
2

Kentucky

194

Louisiana

93
123

134
422
439
202
123
494

18
175

37

87
196

14

1,280

142

683

72
884

42

80
192
261

22

82
189

29
107
287

11

15

Maine

Maryland

"4"

2
1

9
1

15
13

Massachusetts

Michigan

6

2

7

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

1

34

1

Montana

Nebraska

11

2

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

19

New Mexico

4
9

New York

10

97

1

1

4

4

North Carolina

Ohio

1

"i'

89
2

87
1
1
1

13

Oregon

Pennsylvania

1

1

Ebode Island

Tennessee

Texas

5

Utah

'

Vermont

Virginia

5

Washington

West Virginia

2
47

Wisconsin

1

3

a 2 Chinese papers.

6 2 Polish.

c 1 Irish and 1 Catalan.

MAP SHOWING THE NUMBER OF

NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED

COMPARED WiTH THE POPULATION.
(Compiled from Last Census.)

US' HI' 109" 10T 105- 103" 101 •

EDUCATION.

377

The classification of newspapers and periodicals published in the United States dur-
ing 1880.

3

o

Character of publication.

States and Territories.

■L si

o 2

O cC

-a a

$ 04

is

a"

3
O

jSo

M

"3

u
0

jS

Si

h a

ti 0

•<*

cd

S

a

c3
<D

O

Q>

a
a
0

[3

*o

C6

25

CO

TJ
C3
0

a
a

CD

id

cS
3

CO

a
54

T3

a
.3

CD
U

3 <D

2 a

" M

£a

CD

a m

£ S

189

h
O)
M
u

3

CO

-a
a
3
a>

'0

-3

CD

114

45

'3

as

O

a>

a

T3

a
3

CD M

?'a
0 S

02

68

[J

O .

£d °

rH ©

^a
. a

CS

a a

0 r
r; —

B •

CD .2*

149

0
0
.3

<£

a
« .

■a a

£.2
.2 "3

04:2

°3

.2 3

a&
248

0

CO

C3

a
3
02

'a .

CD CO

- -

~ s

rH ft

Gft

219

O

a

a

0

CO

The United States

11,314

8,863

553

173

284

330

Alabama

125

17

117

361

87

139

67

26

44

45

200

10

1,017

467

3

569

347

205

112

123

143

427

464

223

123

530

18

189

37

87

215

18

1,411

142

774

74

973

44

81

193

280

22

82

194

29

109

340

11

114
17

106

270

78

110

67

24

20

41

177

10

736

422

3

519

322

1(52

96

91

105

281

413

207

115

425

17

178

35

74

294

17

816

118

576

60

675

39

68

147

254

15

74

135

28

100

301

11

5

2

1

3

Arizona

5

12

2

3

2

7
1
4

1
4

1
3

"3

1
3

2
1

1

17
1

8

2

7
1
5

6

1

11

19

1

Connecticut

2

1

9,

Dakota

Delaware

1

"i

1

2

Dist. of Columbia

2
4

2
1

2
1
2

1

2

1

3

11

Florida

Georgia

3

1

5

1

Idaho

Illinois

49
13

15

7

55

2

1

10

1

9

8
2

5

5
2

13

6

19
9

47

45

Indiana

3

Indian Territory

Iowa

15

4

13

7

9

10

30

11

3

4

28

"2

4
5
6
1
4
5
6
5
3
3
7
1
3

2
2
3

"i
4
1

2
2

7

1

1

2

1

2
1
5
2

7
3
2
1
2
3
6
5
2

15
3
5

"l
5

5

Kansas

6

Kentucky

4
1
1
3
14
3
2

1

Louisiana

1

4

Maine

"i

2
4

8

3

20

1

3

4
15
9
2
1
11

14
4
1

3

Maryland

4

Massachusetts

9,7

Michigan

Minnesota

4
3

Mississippi

Missouri : . . . .

14

3

5

8

3

2

9

15

Montana

Nebraska

1

2

2

1

Nevada

2

New Hampshire. . .

3
3
1

97
12
57
5
75

1
1

5
3

1
4

1
4

1

1

New Jersey

2

1

1

1

1

New Mexico

29
4

12
1

13

98

21
1

29

12
"3

15

2
3
1
9

77
2
2
2

18

38
1

11
1

13

6
4

28
4

16

2

12

35
1

19
2

23
2
1
9
1

39
37
'50

6

"i

6

105

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

16
1

13

3

15
3
2

4
2

34

South Carolina.

10

14

14

4

3

11

1

3

7

Tennessee

Utah

"2
1
2
6

3
2

1

5
2

3

1

1
2
1

Vermont

1

2

2
15

Washington .

2

1

2

2

1

4

7

^Vest Virginia

1

2

1

7

2
8

"i

9,

Wisconsin

4

5

1

4

Wyoming

378

EDUCATION.

The subjoined table exhibits the total number of newspapers and
periodical publications in the United States in the year 1880, which are
distinctively religious in character; also, the name of the denomination
in whose interest the periodical is issued:

Number and Denomination of Religious Periodicals.

States and Territories.

H

0

CO

d

_as
O

a

Is

bH

si

a
o

CD

*o

CO

o

T3

as

a

3

p

as
ft
O
o

"S

-i

u
s
as
!>

o

1-5

0
a!

CD

22

3
2

3

2
3

7
1

1

'3

c
H

9
6

i

2

+^
-5

c

|g

?.

75

3
2

1

3

5

i

3
3
1

4
2
2

1
2

1

9
4
6

1
5

2
4
4
1
1
2

2

d
-~

'?

as
u

2
2

d

:
0

Sh

o

4
1

3

d
.B
'^

a>
as

42

1
1

2

1

2

1

2
5

4
2
1

9

5
3

2

1

d

'E

_

s

2
1

i

a*

1

0

<*^
cu

11
1

2

1
2
5

o

"c
aa

as

u

s

0

70

1
1

6

2

2

2

2

2

2
2
3

2

1

20

9
1
8

1

1
2

i
>»

<!
a

~cj
0Q

12
1

1
1

4
3

1
1

+3

CD

'ft

X

7
1

1

2

1
1
1

d

"fiU

O

X

a

CD
CD
OS

3

1
1

1

d

as

cc

'3
P

4

2

1

1

D *»

7

1

4

1

to

H§
9
1

1
2

1

3

1

as

t)

CD

G

The United States.
Alabama

553

5

5

12

2

3

1

7

49
13

15

4

13

7

9

10

30

11

3

4

28

2

3

3

1

a 97

12

57

5

75

10

14

14

4

3

11

1

3

7

63
3

2

i

3
4

1

1

1

2
1

2
5

3

9

4
4

3

1
5

4

1
3

4

i

l

'i
i

14

1
1
1

1

1
3

1

2
1
1

1

11
1

2

1
1

2
1

1
1

1

4

1
3

33
1

1

2

1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1

11
1

1
1
3

1

1
2

27

1
2

4
1

2
8

7

2

5

2
3

16
2

1
1

1

6
3
1

1

9&

Arkansas

California

Colorado

1

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois

Iowa

Kansas

15

a

5
1
ft

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

4
1

Massachusetts

Michigan

5

1

Minnesota

Mississippi

1

Missouri

Nebraska

ft

New Jersey

New Mexico

1

New York

28

North Carolina

Ohio

8

Oregon

Pennsylvania

1-1

South Carolina

1

Texas

1

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

•-

a 1 Shaker included in gnand total, and omitted in denominational columns.

EDUCATION,

379

The total number of newspapers and periodicals, published in the United States dur-
ing 1 880, by periods of issue.

u

CO

a
I

o
H

PERIODS OP ISSUE.

AGGREGATE CIRCULA-
TION PER ISSUE.

States and Territories.

'3
O

CD
CD

>>

CD
O

a

CO

m

CO

te
1

H

CD
CD

I

a
0

0

a
'a

CO

02

a

a
0

a

0

a

3

Co

a

3
a

a

CO

<D

'3
Q

u

CO

■g

0

<

United States

11,314

971

8,633

133

73

40

1,167

160

2

13

116

6

3,566,395

28,213,291

Alabama

125

17

117

361

87

139

67

26

44

45

200

10

1,017

467

3

569

347

205

112

123

143

427

464

223

123

530

18

189

37

87

215

18

1,411

142

774

74

973

44

81

193

280

22

82

194

29

109

340

11

6
6
6

58

19

17

9

5

5

3

16

'74
40

'30
20
11
13
12
15
39
33
10
• 5
43

4
15
14
10
27

3

115

13

56

7
98

8

4
12
30

5

5
20

4

2
21

3

109
11

104

250

63

99

57

20

23

40

163

7

758

390

3

500

310

160

94

90

111

279

397

205

109

415

14

165

22

66

163

15

892

113

584

59

674

31

69

154

231

8

72

124

23

96

283

8

1

7

2

9,660

3,600

5,030

157,814

26,375

47,490

4,500

15,800

36,500

2,600

27,830

83,413
9,950

98,471

482,212

69,369

Arizona

Arkansas

1

11
1
2
1

2

2
32

4
15

4

6

California

2

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

2

1

1

2

190,170
32,443

Delaware

1
15

18,625

District of Columbia . . .

1

177,423

Florida

2
3
2
17
1

24,732

4
1
6
3

11

3

241,236

5,650
2,150,352

588,413
4,060

Illinois

3
1

118

27

18
5

1

21

1

270,923

72,698

Indian Territory

Iowa

3
1

1

2

"l
1

31
15

23

2

18

12

80

19

6

3

50

1
1

2

1

38,455

21,396

33,492

38,065

18,940

132,613

280,399

62,839

28,493

4,200

122,660

912

18,630

17,155

9,070

50,776

2,000

996,561

7,934

216,336

11,070

578.227

41,402

7,750

30,995

30,297

7,950

4,200

32,172

1,100

4,100

33,400

1,986

508,885

Kansas

259,333

364,072

93,565

Kentucky

171 9

Louisiana

1

1
1

Maine

1
1
7
1

"i

1,195,520
282,080

1,732,530
558,135
193,581

Maryland

4
1
4
1

1

13
3

"i

2

1
3
1

5
8

7
2

i

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

83,704

Missouri

8

2

1

842,625

Montana

19,915

Nebraska

1

7

1

7

13

1

135,940

Nevada

10,590

1

2

3

176,898

New Jersey

6

1

■ 1

2

198,702

4,355

New York

24
3
4

5
2

8

10
"3

282
7

90

6

159

3

3

16

14
4
3

33
2
6

20

35
4

18
1

16

5

40

3

8,377,573

North Carolina

97,567

Ohio

1

11

1

16

"i

2,877,595
74,716

Oregon

Pennsylvania

3
1
1

2
2
4

4

"3

1

1
1

4,452,834

Rhode Island

55,719

South Carolina

1

2

62,152

Tennessee

6
2
1
1
2

1

262,293

Texas

232,992

Utah

28,225

Vermont

1

1
3

125,992

Virginia

6

5

224.299

Washington

15,651

West Virginia

2
2

1
3

1
3

1

81,858

Wisconsin

8

403,176

3,700

"T"

.380

EDUCATION.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Compared with the school system of America, that of Great Britain
is not good. Very much more is now done for the schools than was
formerly. Previous to the year 1830, the whole education of the people
was left to private industry. In 1833, the government for the first time
applied funds to the erection of school-houses; in 1839, the Board of Edu-
cation was established and given authority to expend $150,000 annually.
The expenditure by the government for schools has increased greatly since
1840. Exclusive of Ireland, which will be considered by itself, the follow-
ing is the exhibit of the statistics of schools of Great Britain for the years
named:

Years.

1850

1854
1858
I860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880

Number

of
schools.

Average
number of
scholars.

2,613

225,389

3,825

461,445

6,641

761,027

7,272

884,234

8,438

1,057,745

9,894

1,241,780

12,713

1,651,425

17,787

2,830,523

20,291

3,583,148

Amount

expended

by the

government.

$ 549,740
1,632,180
2,799,870
3,622,015
3,275,180
4,103,775
5,193,100

Capital
Wealth.

$41,550,000

44,800,000

Whole pop-
ulation.

31,205,000

34,505,000

The following tables show the number of schools and pupils for 1876
under government support, according to religious creeds:

Creeds.

England and Wales.
Schools connected with tbe Church of England. .

Dissenting schools

Roman Catholic schools

School Board schools

Total

Scotland.
In schools connected with Church of Scotland

Free Church schools

Episcopal schools

Roman Catholic schools

Public schools

Total .

Schools.

6,382

1,549

350

8,281

1.251

527

90

65

1,933

Scholars.

1,779,902
467,246
166,234
491.745

2,905,127

64,134
26,625
11,356
29,486
287,313

416,914

32

©
I— I

H

-*!

H

(—1
ft

o
©

M

^
U
P

ft

©

oe

©
ft

P

i— I
H

ft

ft

©
©

pa
«
H

35

k;
i— i
H

i— i

ft

i— i

M

ft

Diagram, showing sehool population,the enrolment in public schools
and the average attendance thereon, in the Union fro?n,l813 to 1880

16,000,000

YEARS

16,000,000

1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880

15,000,000

15,000,000

14,000,000

„«pl

1U^01

*

14,000,000

13,000,000

/

sc

■HOOV.

pOr

13,000,000

12,000,000

12,000,000

11,000,000

11,000,000

10,000,000

10,000,000

9,000,000

X,

Ht

9,000,000

t tft£

8,000,000

..a

\aC

&o°}

6*

»

kH°U

8,000,000

7,000,000

p\yv

7,000,000

6,000,000

6,000,000

5,000,000

>M*c£

5,000,000

4,000,000

a,VER

pS&

0M*

*

p,TTet*'

4,000,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

EDUCATION,

381

In Ireland, education makes but slow progress. In 1861, out of 803,-
364 children, only 262,823 attended the free schools regularly (33 per
cent). In 1871, of 1,021,700 children, only 363,850 (^6 per cent) attended
regularly. Catholic schools conducted by monks and nuns are not taken
into consideration. Of the children taken into the Industrial schools, 53
per cent can neither read nor write. The number of schools in Ireland
rose from 6,586 in 1868 to 6,806 in 1870. Included in this number are
151 convent schools, with 35,193 scholars, and 147 workhouse schools
with 8,376 scholars.

In 1872, education was made compulsory in England. In every 100
persons married there have been, and still are, many who can not write
their names in the register, as the following tables will show:

Period.

Men.

Women.

Average
per cent.

1841-45

32.6
31.4
30.2
27.1
23.6
20.5
19.4
18.5
16.3

48.9
46.2
42.6
38.1
32.9
28.3
26.8
25.2
22.1

40.8

1846-50

38.9

1851-55

36.9

1856-60

32.6

1861-65

28.3

1866-70

24 4

1871

23.1

1875

21.8

1876

19.2

In 1839, of 121,083 couples married, 40,587 men and 58,959 women
could not write their names. In 1868, out of 176,962 couples married,
35,628 men and 49,244 women could not write their names. In 1871, out
of 190,112 marriages, this ignorance occurred in 36,907 men and 51,005
women. In 1876, 77,536, or 19.2 per cent of the 403,748 persons who
were married still signed the marriage register with marks, so that there
is much yet to be desired in the way of education. In the year 1871,
London stood highest in this respect, for 90.8 per cent of the bridegrooms
and 85.3 per cent of the brides could write. Next came Westmoreland,
where the men who could write stood at 89.3 per cent and the women at
88.4. The most unfavorable were in Staffordshire, where only 35 per
cent of the men, and 44 per cent of the women were capable of writing
their names, and in Monmouthshire, where only 34 per cent of the men
and 40 of the women could sign their names. In South Wales, only 29
per cent of men and 30 of women. Bedfordshire, 29 per cent of men and
38 per cent of women.

The condition of Scotland is much more favorable. Even as early as
1867 there were only 10 per cent of the men and 20 per cent of the

382 EDUCATION.

women who could not sign their names to the marriage contract. In
county Kinross, all could write. In Selkirk, all the men, and 98 per cent
of the women; whereas in Ross, 39 per cent of men, and 54 of women;
and in Cromarty 28 per cent of men, and 46 of women, had not learned
to write.

In this respect Ireland is very backward — 30.3 per cent of bride-
grooms, and 36.7 of brides, could not write their names.

In 1865, nearly 30,000 inferior officers and men of the Royal Navy
were unable to read and write satisfactorily.

In 185 1, there were 563 public journals published in Great Eritain. In
1874, there were 1,185 public journals, viz., in England, 1,229, of which
314 are in London. In Wales, 58. In Scotland, 149. In Ii eland, 131.
In Channel Islands, 18.

Of this total, 282 are political newspapers, of which 131 are pub-
lished daily.

In 1877, there were 1,744 published in the United Kingdom — Eng-
land: London, 336; Provinces, 1,106; Wales, 59; Scotland, 173; Ire-
land, 141; the Isles, 19. Of these, 112 are daily papers in England, 3 in
Wales, 21 in Scotland, 19 in Ireland, and 3 in the Isles, 24 in London, 72
in the English Provinces, 2 in Wales, 13 in Scotland, 18 in Ireland, and 2
in the Channel Islands.

The number of monthly and quarterly journals amount to 639, of
which 242 are of a religious character.

The total number of literary productions, in 1869, amounted to 5,316;
in 1872, 4,814; in 1873, 4,991. There were 242 original works imported
from America — 770 were theological writings, 413 philosophical and scho-
lastic, 257 for the young, 834 romances, 142 relating to law, 588 upon art
and its history, 159 upon commerce and political economy, 283 travels and
geographical discoveries, 428 histories and biographies, 329 poems ,and
dramas, 243 year books and annuals, 179 medicine and surger}', 199 fine
arts and science treatises, 185 miscellaneous; making a total of 4,976.

There was an increase in printed books exported during the six months,
ending midsummer, 1877. The value was $2,005,620, against $1,986,370
of previous year. The literary trade is carried on by means of 377 pub-
lishers, 830 booksellers and stationers, 66 lending libraries, 958 news
agents, 124 advertisement offices, 1,030 printers, 27 type founders, 26 stere-
otype foundries, 382 literary institutes, 81 steel and copper plate factories.

EDUCATION.

383

FRANCE.

Going back to 1864, it is found that there then were 20,703 schools
for boys, 26,592 for girls, and 17,683 for both sexes. Among the boys'
and mixed schools, 2,752, and of the girls' schools, 2,177 were free. The
boys' and the mixed schools had 2,399,293 children in average attendance,
employed 35,348 secular teachers and 3,038 Congregationalists. In the
girls' schools, there were 1,014,537 pupils, with 5,998 secular and 8,061
religious teachers. In this year, 818 of the Communes had no schools
at all.

In the following year, 694 Communes had no schools; the boys' and
mixed schools had increased by 243, and the girls' by 662. The number
of free secular schools had risen to 2,864, or a little over 10 per cent; and
the number of ecclesiastical schools to 646, or 20 per cent increase. The
number of pupils had increased b}' 135,014, of which 42,882 were in the
free schools. The whole number of pupils in the free schools was
1,917,074.

In the year 1855, the amount spent by the state for support of the
public schools was $1,200,000; by the several departments, $1,000,000;
by the Communes, $2,300,000, besides the school fees of $1,800,000, and
the receipts of the normal schools and the stipends, amounting in all to
$6,500,000. While the state appropriated only $1,200,000 for educational
purposes, it gave $92,600,000 to maintain its land and naval forces, and
$112,000,000 for the national debt. About as much money was lavished
on the court as was given for schools.

The first attempt to classify the population of France with reference
to their education was made in 1866. At that time it was found that
32.84 per cent of the population, aggregating 14,847,803 persons, could
neither read nor write. Those who could read and not write were 3,886,-
324, or 11.47 Per cent- Those who could both read and write numbered
18,878,380, or 55.69 per cent, while, of 454,557 persons returned by the
census, no record was made of their educational condition.

The result of this enumeration by sex and condition is seen from the
following table:

Condition.

Neither read nor write

Head only

Read and write

MALE CIVIL.

Number. Per cent.

4,806,376

1,615,217

10,174,689

28.96

9.73

61.31

MALE MILITARY.

Number. Per cent,

58,948

29,299

226,485

18.73

9.31

71.96

Number. Per cent.

6,266,811
2,241,808
8,477,206

36.89
18.21
49.90

384

EDUCATION.

The attempt which was begun in 1866 has continued, notwithstanding
the difficulty of collecting the information. At the census of 1872, the
population was divided into three classes : —

I. Under 6 years of age, in which a knowledge of reading and writing can not be demanded.

II. Between 6 and 20 years, the proper period for education.

III. Above this age, a period at which instruction, as a rule, no longer takes place. The
result was : —

Age.

Neither read
nor write.

Only raad.

Read and

write.

Notknown.

Total.

Under 6 years

Between 6 and 20 years
Above 20 years

3,540,101

2,082,338
7,702,362

292,348
1,175,125
2,305,130

151,595

5,458,097

13,073,057

38,042

70,721

214,005

Together .

13,324,801

3,772,603

18,682,749

322,768

4,022,086

8,786,281

23,294,554

36,102,921

The proportion is very unequal in the different departments.
Independently of those persons about whom we have no details, this
gives the following percentage: —

Under 6

years.

Between
6 and 20.

Above 20.

Mean

between

two latter

classes.

Fully taught

Able to read only ....
Able to read and write

88.85
7.33
3.82

23.89
13.48
62.63

33.37
9.99

56.64

30.77
10.94
58.29

From this it appears that one-third of those above twenty years of age
can neither read nor write; among the adult males, 27.41 per cent are
wholly untaught, and among adult females, 33.47 per cent. Of the entire
population, from six years old and upward, 30.8 per cent were illiterate.

In 1863, there were published in France 4,768 periodicals, while, during
the same year, there were 9,889 periodicals in Germany. It appears that
there were 12,269 publications, exclusive of periodicals, in France in the
year 1869, against only 8,831 in 1870.

The number of periodicals amounted, on November 1, 1869, to 2,204^
548 of which were political, 88 of these in Paris. In the departments,,
there were 873, in Paris, 603 non-political periodicals.

In the year 1872, 785 periodicals of all kinds appeared in Paris, of
which 54 were political newspapers, 99 purely scientific papers, 121 peri-
odicals on jurisprudence, administration, and national economy, and 82
exclusively devoted to literature.

In the year 1866, the number of copies of Paris newspapers amounted
daily to about 350,000, 130,000 of which were the Moniteur du Soir.
The non-political press issued daily about 800,000 copies.

EDUCATION. 385

In the year 1875, there passed through the press 21,006 publications, of
which 14,195 were books — brochures and edicts — that is 2,278 more than
in 1874; of music, 4,195 publications, 304 above the number in 1874;
cards and journals, 2,666 — viz., 470 in excess of 1874.

Export of literary productions in 1875, valued at $5,228,295; in 1876,
$4,852,220; in 1877, $5,216,950.

There are now published in Paris alone, 836 newspapers and journals,
of which 51 are daily political papers.

GERMANY.

The educational statistics of the German Empire are not given in the
classification with which we are familiar. The following divisions are
given with the facts under each:

There are twenty principal schools or universities, viz. : — nine in Prussia
(Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Halle, Greifswalde and Konigsberg, Gottingen,
Marburg and Kiel, besides the academy at Munster) ; three in Bavaria
(Munich, Wurzburg, Erlangen); two in Baden (Heidelberg and Frei-
burg) ; one in Saxony (Leipsic) ; one in Wurtemburg (Tubingen) ; one in
the Saxon Duchies (Jena); one in the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Giessen);
one in Mecklenberg (Rostock) ; and lastly, one in Alsace-Lorraine (Stras-
burg).

The German professors at these universities, in the year 1870, num-
bered 1,505; in 1879, 1,914; the number of students in the year 1870*
numbered 13,765; in 1879, 18,629. The universities most frequented in
the summer of 1873, were, Leipsic, 2,720 students; Berlin, 1,590; and
Munich, 1,128. In 1879, Leipsic, 2,861 (2,038 were foreigners); Berlin,
2,569; and Munich, 1,364.

There are 318 Gymnasia, of which 213 are in Prussia, 28 in Bavaria,
12 in Saxony, 7 in Wurtemburg, 9 in Baden, 6 in Hesse, 6 in Schwerin,
4 in Oldenburg, 3 in Weimar, 4 in Anhalt, 6 in Brunswick, 4 in Alsace-
Lorraine, 2 each in Coburg-Gotha, Meiningen, Lippe, Reuss (the younger
branch), and Sondershausen; lastly, 1 each in Schaumburg, Rudolstadt,
Waldeck, and in each of the three Hanse Cities. With respect to relig-
ion, these gymnasia are divided into 173 Protestant, 53 Roman Catholic,
and 92 which are equally divided between the two faiths; in Prussia, 150
Evangelical, 47 Roman Catholic, and 16 in which both faiths are pro-
fessed; in Bavaria, 4 Protestant, 3 Roman Catholic, 21 mixed.

There are 214 preparatory and Latin schools.

Polytechnic Schools. — These are a rapid growth of modern times, and

386 EDUCATION.

there are many schools bearing this or a similar name, but the seven here
given are the only ones considered as really perfect polytechnic schools;
Munich (with 1,335 students in the beginning of 1874), Hanover, Dres-
den, Berlin, Carlsruhe, Stuttgard, and Aix-la-Chapelle. There are on an
average 36 teachers and 450 students in every polytechnic school. Com-
mercial gymnasia 14, grammar schools 167. The middle-class schools
number about 180,000 scholars. There are about 60,000 public schools
with a total of 6,000,000 pupils.

In 1814, there were issued 2,529 publications in Germany; in 1830
5,920; in 1846, 11,086. From 1846 on until 1869, there was a decrease,
the number reaching only 8,497 m x849. In 187 1, there was exported to
the United States alone, books, music, and pictures to the amount of
$290,375.

In 1877, 14,000 independent works, containing over 20,000 volumes,
were published, independently of anonymous publications. These books
were written by 10,000 authors, and may be thus classified: — 372 ency-
clopedias, Bibliography, and scientific literature; 1,253 theology; 1,329
law, politics, and statistics; 755 medicine; 740 natural science, chemistry,
and pharmacy; 163 philosophy; 347 military works; 525 commerce and
industry; 378 architecture, mining, engineering, and navigation; 520
classics, Oriental languages, and antiquities; 739 history; 445 modern lan-
guages; 311 geography; 166 mathematics and astronomy; 525 commerce
and industry; 133 shooting, hunting, fishing, and management of forests;
392 agriculture and horticulture; 540 popular works; 1,126 belles lettres;
17 Masonic books; 507 miscellaneous; 336 maps, making a total of

The number of copies of the works, 2,400,000. If all these copies
had been sold, and each to a different individual, every twentieth person
out of the 42,000,000 Germans would have had a book. It is, however,
true that only one-half of what is published is sold, and that to a class in-
cluding only two per cent of the population; 8,000,000 almanacs, not
included in the above computation, afe annually bought by 98 per cent of
the population.

The press has assumed gigantic proportions in this country. Forty
political papers appear twice or thrice daily, 520 once a day, 500 three or
four times daily, 780 twice a week, 500 once a week.

The total of 2,350 political papers have 4,000,000 subscribers. To
each 1,000 inhabitants there are 103 subscribers in all Germany. The
proportion is much larger in the south than in the north.

RELIGION.

The character of a nation ought to be determined by what its founders
were and the purpose they had in view when the foundations of the nation
were laid. This rule obtains everywhere. A man is said to be Irish,
Swedish, African, or Chinese, if his ancestors were native to Ireland, Sweden,
Africa or China; an institution is said to be commercial, educational,
religious, or charitable as the intent of its founders and the conditions of its
charter determine. Measuring our country by the same rule, and what
is the decision? Manifestly, that the United States is a religious nation.
Its founders were men of religious character and life ; the prime object for
which they came to the shores of the New World and laid the foundations
of a great empire was that they might have liberty to maintain that char-
acter and life; they had no conception of a lasting government which did
not rest upon religion. Whatever may be the present mind of the people
of the United States; whatever may be the condition and tendency of the
civil institutions; and whatever of further drift the future may see, the
historical fact is clear that the government was founded by men of the
Protestant faith for whom there could be no civil rule independent of the
recognition of and dependence upon divine guidance.

With few exceptions, the first colonists of America were Protestants.
Maryland, colonized by Lord Baltimore, was the only distinctively Roman
Catholic colony founded; it was intended for an asylum for the oppressed
and persecuted of that faith, as the other colonies were for Protestants
similarly affected. But even in Baltimore's grant, the Catholics were in
the large numerical minority for a long time prior to the war of independ-
ence; the great body of them had sacrificed much, some of them their all,
for the Protestant religion.

It is worthy remark, that a large proportion of the first comers in all
the colonies were driven from Europe by oppression. The colonies in
Virginia and the Carolinas were not established expressly as asylums for
religious refugees, yet, during the revolutionary times in England under
Charles I., and the commonwealth, they became such for both Catholic
and Protestant, as they afterwards did for the Huguenots of France and
the Reformers of Holland and Germany. New Engalnd was the home

(387)

388 RELIGION.

for the homeless Puritan; Maryland, for the persecuted Cavalier ; Virginia,
for Cavalier, Churchman and Roundhead; Georgia, for oppressed Protest-
ants; the Swedish colony in Delaware, for "the whole Protestant world,"
as Gustavus Adolphus averred, when planning the colonization. New
York, though settled by the Dutch for purely commercial ends, became
a refuge for the exiles from Bohemia and the valleys of Italy and Switz-
erland. All of these earlier colonies were, more or less, peopled by the
victims of oppression. Bancroft says, with truth: "Tyranny and injus-
tice peopled America with men nurtured in suffering and adversity.
The history of our colonization is the history of the crimes of Europe."

Two civilizations, more or less distinctly marked, were apparent in
the settlement of that part of North America now embraced in the
United States. These have been manifest in the civil institutions of the
country through all its history, and the demarcation lines are not yet
entirely effaced. The social, religious, educational and political depart-
ments of the earlier years of the nation's existence were molded after
the peculiar cast of the men who formed them; and as these institutions
enlarged with the increasing demands of the years, each carried with it
the distinctive features of original existence. The Civil War of 1860-5
did more for America than to break the shackles of slavery ; it was the
first potent agent which broke down the barriers of caste, erected a
century before by Puritan and Cavalier to perpetuate in America a
separation that had disappeared in England. Since the baptism of
fraternal blood, our nation is slowly but surely becoming a homogeneous
people.

New England was colonized by the Anglo-Saxon race; the South,
by men of Norman blood. Both sections were settled first on their
eastern borders, whence they spread out westward with little variation of
latitude; so that, generally speaking, the whole North became impressed
with the character which was stamped upon New England by its first
colonists, and the South by that of the first settlements of its territory.
The Saxons, as a race, were remarkable for the simplicity of their
manners, a jealous regard for the equal rights of men, and an intense love
of liberty. The Normans were aristocratic in spirit and bearing, and
their manners were characterized by elegance and dignity of demeanor.
Slavery in the South helped very materially to intensify and perpetuate
the original diversity between Saxon and Norman on American shores.

The colonies which grew up in America were remarkable. They
stand alone, among all the colonists of history, in several important

Denominations

COMPARISON OF PRINCIPAL RELIGIOU

Communicants

Clergymen

Organized
Congregations

1 Roman Catholic ( 3,178,42

2 Baptist Regular ( 2,102,03

3 Methodist Episcopal ^1,487,17"

4 Methodist Episcopal South- — •( 765,337>-.

5 Lutheran — — — — ~< 696,42'

6 Presbyterian Church ( 567,855)''

7 Disciples ■ ■ — ( 397,246

8 Congregationalistr- ( 865,447)*'

9 ' Episcopal Protestant & Kef d. -— <( 320,175

10 Reformed Dutch & German - — ( 167.28?

11 United Brethren; / 143,88

12 Evangelical Association ( 128,634

13 Mormons - ■( 130, 000^

14 Presbyterian Church South- • ( 114,378;'''' \/

15 Presbyterian Cumberland -/ 106,253 V

16 Presbyterian United & Refd.— 106,217)-

17 Friends or Quakers — ( 1 00,14:'

18 Baptist Free Will / 75,826

19 Jews ( 57,500'

20 Universalist ( ' 45,21

21 Unitarians . ■ -■ ^ 31,780

{ Bap.R. 24,49?)

(R.Cath. 8,"l7(i

-. .'

/Pres. 4T9U1K XM.E.So.7^43>- —

S >%v .-*'

>^
,♦* V

'•<M.ESo. 3,721)-'' XPres. 5,269>.y,

XC'oiig'l. 379^,

OMINATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Denominations

COMPARISON OF PRINCIPAL RELIGIOXJ

Communicants

Clergymen

Organized

1 Roman Catholic ( 3,178,420

2 Baptist Regular ( 2,102,03

3 Methodist Episcopal <(l,487,177

4 Methodist Episcopal South- ■ 765,337

5 Lutheran — — ( 696,42

6 .Presbyterian Church - ■< 567,855)'"

7 Disciples — -( 397,246

8 Congregationalist ( 365,447)*''

9 Episcopal Protestant & Ref d. <^ 320,175

10 Reformed Dutch & German ~ 167,284

11 United Brethren / 143,88

12 Evangelical Association <^ 128,634'

13 Mormons 120, 000^

' \ - ' '

14 Presbyterian Church South- ( 114,378;'*''%/

15 Presbyterian Cumberland -/ 10(;,25i>V"

16 Presbyterian United & Ref d.— 106,317)-

17 Friends or Quakers ■ — ( 100,14

18 Baptist Free Will —~ <^ 75,826

19 Jews ( 57,500'

20 Universalist ( ' 45,21

21 Unitarians-. — — — <^ 31,780

X Bap.R. 14,95| ( Bap.R. 24,49*)

M.E. 11,303)— (M.E. 17,337

-(R.Cath. 8,17

("R.Cath. 5,548)—
X^' 4iiiul>v ,< M.E.So. 7,543)-

\

N

^-<M.E.So. 3,721>'* XPrcs. S^X.

Copyrighted 1886 bij Yaqgij & Wast

COMPARISON OF PRINCIPAL RELIGIOns Typ^rvMINATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

RELIGION. 389

particulars. For one thing, they came from the great middle class of
society. They were not of the rich and aristocratic, with the almost
invariable concomitants of the class— idleness, voluptuousness, effeminacy
and profligacy ; nor, on the other hand, were they from the lower strata
of society, with attendant poverty, spiritlessness, dependency and help-
lessness.

For another thing, they were intelligent and well-informed; some of
the leaders among the colonists were remarkably so for the age in which
they lived. With intelligence and knowledge, they combined thought-
fulness; they were pre-eminently a thinking people. The range of
thought was somewhat circumscribed and was rarely untrammeled; but
within its limits it was active and aggressive. In both particulars already
named, the American colonists contrasted greatly with those of ancient
Egypt, Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, or with less ancient France, Spain and
Portugal.

Further, they were a virtuous people. Their morality has been noted
and praised by almost all who have written about them. Unlike the
men of unbridled passion and basest lust who colonized Mexico and South
America, the early settlers of our country were men and women of
elevated moral character and pure lives. Whatever misconceptions they
cherished, whatever errors they committed, whatever of light they lacked,
it can never be said of any single community that it countenanced moral
improbity of speech or action. Their errors were on the side of right;
their intolerance was in the interests of a purer life and civil administra-
tion; their narrowness was in a groove cut by the plane of divine truth
awkwardly handled.

Moreover, they were a religious people. The different communities,
considered each as a whole, possessed a religious tone ; no taint of philos-
ophy, falsely so called, nor of infidelity and atheism was ever attached to
them. True, it was a religion of that age, and not of ours; it must be
judged by the standard of its own time. Some things they did we con-
demn as harsh; others, as superstitious; others, as foolish ; others, still, as
loose and perhaps immoral. Posterity has dealt hardly with the religious
convictions and practices of Puritan and Cavalier by weighing these in
the re-adjusted balances of a later age. Our fathers were in thralldom,
to a large degree, to the errors and prejudices of the times precedent to
their own, especially with regard to the rights of conscience; but, withal,
it must be conceded that they were far in advance of the rest of the
world, and they founded an empire in which religious liberty was enjoyed

390 RELIGION.

more fully than anywhere else on earth, and which has developed, in
their descendants, into the perfection of freedom of conscience, religious
opinion and religious condvict.

The religious institutions of America were molded after the pattern
of those existing in the older countries. Among the earlier colonists
were found large numbers from Scotland, Ireland, France, Holland, and
other parts of the continent, driven hither, for the most part, by religious
persecution. The religious and political institutions of America are
largely due to the influence of these colonists. In the older countries
there was an intimate connection between the civil and religious institu-
tions; the church was considered an integral part of the state, entitled to
protection and support from, civil power. This conviction was imported
to the American colonies, and became a part of their economy; it
remained until the war for Independence as the belief and policy of the
colonists, irrespective of sect, nationality or creed. In their mother
countries, these colonists had never known any other policy than that of
connecting church and state as mutual allies; it would have been asking
too much of them that, with all other great problems forced upon them
for solution, they should have grappled with this one and reached any
other conclusion than they did.

Generally speaking, the church has been separate from and independ-
ent of the state from the beginning of the national period of American
history, except so far as the conduct of the church does not interfere with
the civil rights guaranteed by the constitution. Soon after the revolution
the legislatures of the several states abolished the connection between the
state and the church. The Congregational church in New England con-
tinued longest in its connection with the civil power, and it was not until
1833 that all connection between this church and the state of Massachu-
setts was severed.

Analyzing the primal influences which have given tone and character
to the religious institutions of our country, it is found that three stand
pre-eminent. The first of these was the Puritan; the second, the Scotch-
Irish, and the third, the Huguenots and Reformers from various parts of
Europe.

The Puritans were the first to colonize New England, landing there
December 22, 1620. Among their first acts was the adoption of a con-
stitution. This was the first attempt of an American colony to frame a
constitution; it may be set down as the beginning of the long and most
remarkable series of efforts put forth in America toward fixing the

RELIGION. 391

foundations of independent, voluntary, self-government. This document
was very general and incomplete as a basis for legal enactments. It was
brief and not so well known as to make its insertion here unwarrantable:

" In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten,
the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace
of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, having undertaken,
for the glory of God and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor
of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern
parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the
presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves
together into a civil body politic for our better ordering and preservation
and furtherance of the ends aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to enact, con-
stitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions
and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and conven-
ient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due
submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder sub-
scribed our names, at Cape Cod, the nth of November [O. S.], in
the year of the reign of our sovereign lord, King James, of England,
France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, Anno
Domini 1620."

The colony thus established in poverty and suffering, flourished in the
succeeding years, sent out numerous shoots and was largely instrumental
in molding the character of all the colonies for many years. The
Puritans did more than any other one single agency in giving character
to American institutions. Viewed in the light of modern progress it must
be conceded that some of their penal laws were unreasonably and unjustly
severe, some were frivolous, and some were ridiculous. Some usages
were dictated by ideas of propriety that were decidedly false. They
were indisputably intolerant of those who differed with them in religion,
following a common rule that the intensity of their bitterness was
inversely as the differences. They persecuted the Quakers and Baptists,
and held all Roman Catholics in utter abhorrence. Much of all this was
due to the spirit of the times in which they lived, kept aflame by the
history behind them. With all this, they were a grand people, and
they did for America what no other colony did, or could have done.
Their religion was that of the Written Word, as they read and interpreted
it; to "the law and the testimony" was their constant resort and the
arbiter of all disputes. They were friendly to the diffusion of knowledge,
and did all they could to make education general. They proved their

392 RELIGION.

attachment to their convictions by many and great examples of self-
denial and suffering. Their religion, though not granting it, was favora-
ble to liberty of conscience. The spirit that afterwards conceded entire
freedom in all matters of pure conscience, was in the fathers of New
England, which spirit still is found, expanded and enlightened, in their
descendants of the ninth generation.

Next to the Puritans, and closely approximating them in point of
influence in forming the religious character of America, were the Presby-
terians from Scotland and the north of Ireland. The original cause
operating in the emigration of the Scotch was the unwise attempt of
King James and his son Charles to fasten prelacy on the country. They
resisted even unto blood. Later on, in the reigns of James II. and
Charles II., of England, thousands of them left their native land, a land
to which they were attached with all the ardor of their very intense
natures, and came to America. They brought with them their sturdy
character, their industrious habits, their thrift, and their inflexible
religious convictions. They settled in many places in America, though
the first principal center of Presbyterians was in east New Jersey, where
it is still to be found. Generally speaking, the Scotch kept more nearly
to the central parts of the country, south of the Puritans. Pennsylvania
was the place of largest emigration, and the home of Presbyterianism
for many years, and where its influence is still all-powerful. From New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, the Scotch-Irish moved out west and south,
forming large colonies in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina.

The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians did much, not only in their own com-
munities, but throughout the entire country, in giving a staunch tone to
religious and civil institutions. Their industry, skill and foresight rapidly
developed the resources and wealth of the country. The whole civil
polity of the United States is derived largely from the principles of Pres-
byterian government. The civil government of our country is little more
than Presbyterianism applied to secular affairs. Virginia was the first
state to move in the entire severance of the church from the state; and
the Presbyterian Presbytery of Hanover, in that state, was the first
ecclesiastical body to move in a petition to the legislature in the accom-
plishment of that end.

Next in rank to the Puritans and Presbyterians, in point of influence
in giving religious character to America, stand the French Huguenots.
This devoted people had suffered untold hardships in their own country
for their religious opinions. The Edict of Nantes had secured to them

RELIGION. 393

a measure of toleration. The revocation of this edict by Louis XIV.
produced such a persecution of the Huguenots that the attachments for
their sunny homes were burst asunder. They left their country in large
numbers, a clo.se estimate placing 'the number at five hundred thousand
who were self-exiled in a few years. These exiles scattered themselves
throughout the Protestant countries of Europe. Large numbers, how-
ever, came to America. They were warmly welcomed by the Puritan,
Quaker, Presbyterian and Lutheran colonies. The warm climate of the
south was more congenial to their natures and more like the land from
which they had been driven, and hence South Carolina became the chief
resort of the Huguenot emigrants for many years. Later on, they
settled in considerable numbers in New York, Virginia and other places.
But, in a general way, the Puritans kept to the north, the Presbyterians
to the central parts, and the Huguenots to the southern portions of the
country in the formative years of religious character. Of the Huguenots
it need only be said that their patient and skillful industry soon made
their colonies prosperous; while their sterling character, frugal habits,
and their profound convictions and devoted attachment to their religion
made a deep and lasting impression on the national character of the country.
Other denominations and other nationalities have contributed to the
formation of the religious character of the country. But to the three
named must be given the pre-eminent rank. Their power was all but
supreme in the colonial period, showed itself in the transition to a nation,
and has perpetuated its influence through all the succeeding years, and
is a living power to-day.

There is no national church in the United States, and no state support
given to any. All denominations co-exist with the utmost freedom and
independence. The greatest liberty of conscience is guaranteed by one
of the earlier amendments to the constitution, and the right to freedom of
creed and expression of opinion has never been questioned nor denied in
any of the states.

In the tables, maps and diagrams of this work are found the statistical
information of the various religious bodies of the world. This informa-
tion is taken from accounts furnished by these bodies themselves, and
though not accurate in every part, is as nearly so as it is possible to make
it. It is shown that the total membership in the United States, exclusive
of the Roman Catholic church, is nearly twenty per cent of the whole
population, or about 10,000,000. A much greater number than this,
probably two and one-half times as great, are under religious influence,

394 RELIGION.

so that nearly one-half of the present population of the country may, with
safety, be said to be connected, directly or indirectly, with the Protestant
religion. The Roman Catholic church claims an adherent population of
three and one-half millions; their mode of calculation includes all as mem-
bers of the church who have family connection with it, thus embracing
many children and others who have not even a nominal membership.
The actual membership, determined by the rule of the Protestant denom-
inations where only adults in actual connection are counted, can not be
much above two and one-half millions. Adding to this number those who
are under the indirect influence of the church, and combining this with
all Protestants, the aggregate falls little, if any, short of 30,000,000, or
about three-fifths of the entire population of the United States are under
Christian influence.

The Methodist and Baptist churches, including all minor subdivisions,
constitute more than three-fifths of the entire Protestant church of the
country, the Methodist having over one-third and the Baptist over one-
fourth. Other denominations stand prominent in the religious history of
the country for other reasons than those of numerical strength. The
Moravians have always been noted for their intense missionary zeal and
self-sacrificing labors ; the Presbyterians for their aggressiveness in foreign
missionary work', their liberality and staunchness in good work; the
Quakers for their moral uprightness, inoffensiveness, and anti-slavery
record; the Congregationalists for intellectual attainments, etc.

The trend of the religious bodies for the last two decades has been
toward larger liberty of conscience and worship, and to more intimate
union with each other. Organic union is hardly possible in the near
future; but practical harmony in all the essentials of doctrine, and co-
operation in all religious work, is fast approaching a realization.

Ph

^^^^M^J^W"'''-''-^'7^'':.-

1-4

THE UNITED STATES

The above diagram shows the eight denominations having
the largest accommodation for church service: the nint7i,or
one to the right,represents all other dcnominationsnot in-
cluded in the eight. The space between the inner square and
the outer lines shows the part of the whole population for
which no accommodation is provided.

Methodist
Baptist
Presbyterian
Roman Catholic
Congregational
Episcopal
Jjutheran
Christian
Dutch Reformed
TTniversalist
Mormon
All other
Denominations

GEORGIA

The entire square represe,
of the population unprov
largest denominations; tl

ALABAMA

ILLINOIS

MAINE

MARYLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

MICHIGAN

MEW JERSEY

TENNESSEE

NEW YORK

;Y-y.sv,ss',Y,v;g

^m^m^WI»^w^w\mW,'fr^

NORTH CAROLINA

.

n

^■\\\V\\\'\'TO^:

;

i

|

m

;

1
1

1

VERMONT

VIRGINIA

CH ACCOMMODATION:

We population; the shaded space rcprcse?its the part
the first four colored spaces show the capacities of four
lored space shows the capacity of all the other denominations.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaqgij & West,

WISCONSIN

DIST of COLUMBIA

NORTH WEST TERR. SOUTH WEST TERR-

RELIGION.

395

Table showing the statistics of the principal denominations of the United States without

regard to subdivisions.

Denominations.

Methodist

Baptist

Presbyterian

Congregationalist

Lutheran

Episcopalian

Reformed

United Brethren

Evangelical Association,

Disciples

Friends

Moravian

Unitarian

Universalist

All Others

Roman Catholic

Number of
Organizations.

25,278
15,829
7,824
2,887
3,032
2,835
1,727
1,445

815
2,478

692
72

331

714
2,368
4,127

Number of
Communicants

2,499,052

1,497,256

713,457

306,518

388,538

347,781

236,065

157,835

112,197

591,821

60,000

9,491

4,600,000

Number of
Church Ed-
ifices.

21,337

13,962

7,071

2,715

2,776

2,601

1,613

937

641

1,772

662

67

310

602

2,210

3,806

Number of

Value of

Colleges.

Colleges.

57

$ 11,050,600

46

10,368,016

41

7,073,947

28

9,704,595

17

1,388,000

12

8,759,715

8

1,456,107

7

515,782

1

147,000

23

3,112,200

6

1,255,000

1

5,657,491

5
6

1,621,100

52

5,250,300

The increase in churches, members, etc., of the United States in 105 years.

Year.

Population of
United States.

Number
of organi-
zations.

Number of
ministers.

Number of
communicants.

Rating mem-
bers to pop-
ulation.

Increase
in number of
communi-
cants.

1775

2,640,000

5,305,925

23.191,876

38,558,371

50,152,866

1,918

3,030

43,072

70,148

97,090

1,435

2,651

25,555

47,609

69,870

1800

364,872

3,529,988

6,673,396

10,065,963

1 in 14.50
1 in 6.57
1 in 5.78
1 in 5.00

1850

3,165,116

1870

3,143,408

1880

3,392,567

Statistics of the Unitarian, Universalist and Roman Catholic Churches in the

United States.

a

cfl
M
u
o

a a

"C2

c6*3

3.3
P

Universalists.

Roman Catholics.

Year.

\

CO
CD

•a

CO
CD
J3

CO

%

a
Oh

Oco
* ®

gl

0

_Z CD
0 Pi

55

OS co

~a .

w CO

CD tl,

» 1 d
111

® 3

HO

1830

193

232

500,000

1835..

308
512
640
685
625
729

653
853
1,069
1,264
917
956

1840.

230
246
254
328
335

622
1,245
2,519
3,912
6,817

685
1,302
2,316
3,966
6,402

87
108
223
295
386

1,000,000
1,614,000
2,789,000
4,600,000
6,367,330

1850

1860

1870

1880.....

57,611
257,600
423,383

.396

RELIGION.

"SUOrjBII

-imonap jo sfBOipou
ad puu 'sjadBdsaiaj^

OONCOCO<MCOOOT)H(NCQC010«D(N(NN050000fflin

■suoT^HntniOTiap
jo s,uias {,8(091$ puB
saSajjoo 'saijisjaAiuQ

■saijBuiniaa
ptre eyooqos 'satina

-pBOB ^UOT-JBUIUlbnaQ

•sjBjoips ptre SJ3
■qoBaj joonos Xupung

Ot-lOfflO
Q CM O CO ©

©CO -# -# ©

oVco'co"©"

CO t- "* i-i »o

CO ©

r-l^W
CO CO

<MCO

00 -*

CO o^
© io

05 t-

mcstCHOto

-* CM TtH -* (M CM
CN 00 CO lO CM ©

of^Tt^'t^'oco

lO © © t- CM CM
CM -*CO

•©!-

•

■ iO t-

• 1-H CC

T-( CC

:o©

-

• o

•o •

■ —

• o

■o •

■ —

■ o

•lO •

c

!<M

:-* .

1-

,t-

.co :

-t

w

•sasodjnd i]Ojmjo
puB ;nejoAanaq
joj enoijnqiijuoQ

oco
lO o
00 t-;
C-'C3

©©

lO(M

co"co'

t- lO

cm cm

© i—l

co'oo"
00 ©
t- ©
co~co~

CO I H CO © IO O

CO r-l CM © O 00 CM
CM T-* CM CO_ CO t-_ ^H_
r4 GO CC t-' C-~ O i-T
O lO OS r-< t- 00 00
CD © -H l-i ■* CM CO
i4rtt>ffl t-^

CO

5:
.©

•♦3
B

.s;

5
©

s;

-§

"5
.5.

QJ

<:

o
-5

•jCqjadcud
qoinqo jo erqB a_

OCO

10 co

^00
CM ©
C~ -*

-# r-t

moc

CM-* O
rJH 10 CO

co co"»c

t~ CM CO

O00H
©CMO~
i-l CM

© ©
C o

lO CO

00' ■<*

1—1 co

CO CO

OOOOOOOt-LOOLOOCOOOOCOOO
O CM © © COC-#(MO CM O CC CM © © lO CM C O

cjM_c^cqcccracqiqH(NqMCLOc-i noq

a5'^"o"co"o«10iHCC'QO*l>C*o'd'lO*riH''*- -*©*lO
CMCMOCDi-it-CO^Ht-CM^HCOOlOCOOOOi— IOJI>

■Hcst-Hioiorot-osHcocooo-jiHiocoi©'*

Oof CM~© COiHlOofai© t-^ CDrHt-~
TJl i-l r-l CM xH r-l

©© © ©

© CC © ©

© ©©©
©"©'©"©"

5* ©CO 00
r-l lO CN

uot}Bpndo<I jnajaqpy

O^^C-eiCQX^CtQC^r-IO^ITJOajiHCJCC'-IICCC^CCOOUOO
00)0)NiaHQOClM-fCHHH!NlOHlOMO;iQOOCI>COTtlCOCO
©CM CM © ©^-*i-H cqt-_>q CO CD CO CM ©Tj^CC lO CDH03O1HC0 CM 00 ©iqo©_©^©

© © -# © Iffl CO "* t- 00 CO lO lO rH CO ^H CO CO CD -* r-l rH tH CM CM i-H riHHHH

©©CO CO 0SHH CM

■saqsiJBd
10 saojjBiSajiSuoo
s aqomqo jb siaqmaui
jo 'sjuwomnuiuioj

© t~ t i0D©-+©©O1000©00C0r-IC0C~t~C0©CM©©C0a0©©©©©©

Ot-eOCOOOCMCO"HH©©i.r}C-CO-*Hirjt-r- l-*ltDOCTHQO^H(NCIOCCCO
©_t-^M »© CO ©CM COlO « 0©C5CM CO -^J-* CO 00 -*C3I>;©_CTrH©~Hiq ©__©_©__

t-00©^©t-©C5r-lt~©T-HCNt~©CCt-©i-l Cn C0O5-*©-* 1OCMCO1O

O^OHN HM^I IOH r-l COCO© r- 1

co"t-T ci

■saogypa qoinq;)

rH t- H O! t- tH 1- !CO©i-lCO©0000O5t~O3CMt-i— !©00©0OrH00
COCOCO©LOOOCOi-ii-lCMCnCMCMCO©0000©©10rH©©OCli-l
©COCM©©lO©CO t-HC- HlONfflnCHlOO! © COCMOOlO

>o © t^i-Too"i-r©cM''cM'~ ioi-T cm'i-T cocf -* r-T

r-l CM

•snoijcSaiSuoj

©C-C000©C0©C0i-l00CT5C0CMi-lt-aiC0OCMi-lCMlOC0i-IC~CM

i?~co-*t-oo©©Ojco©©c^cM©'*cn©CM©©cot-m©co^
r-l CO io©io© ^*oo©cn CM00CO©CO ©O ©© OS CO-*lt~lC
oo'o-"t-:'^ari-i'^Tco'-* idrT cfi-T coco" -* r-T

rH CM

©lO© CM
01 © © CO

r-l CO

©©

©CM
CM

'uaxn^SjaiQ

COCOi— ICIlSt-^r IOO©r-lt~©t-CMC-CO©-*-*LOCOi— li— li— I

lO rH CO rH © 1— I -* CM CO ■* H

HIOLO

CO CO CO

r-l t-

■ a

• u

r

■ 0

r

a:

■6

■ fee

fc

-l^ r

ii

75 P-'n >-i
O.s.spq

J

r5 ft

C3 03

.am

» ffi

^^^S ft©

s ® 6,'S §

5 2 9.9S

OrMWfl^

c

°5 -

io .

-ja ts to oi-J

Ci S >> f? to ,TJ

« s caw o) gO
OPh^PhPoW

POPf

tn 5

a ® g

0/2

cSH

^ re*

ri ™
rH °

P rt
£«'

fllf

tO IS 9 Cw

a.-i s-«-

RELIGION.

The denominations of the principal of the British Provinces in America.

397

I860.

1870.

Denominations.

Upper
Canada.

Lower

Canada.

New
Brunswick

Nova
Scotia.

Upper
Canada.

Lower

Canada.

New
Brunswick

Nova
Scotia.

Koman Catholic . .
Baptist

258,151

70,524

311,559

9,357

614

24,299

350,373

74

303,374

7,383

34,889

17,373

8,121

943,253
7,751

63,487

4,927

572

857

30,844

3

43,735

121

8,811

1,477

5,728

85,238

57,730

42,776

1,290

9

113

25,637

7

36,632

38

2,048

12

517

86,281

62,941

47,744

2,183

274,166

86,630

331,484

12,858

518

32,399

462,264

460

356,449

7,106

35,863

4,908

13,849

1,019,850

8,686

62,636

5,252

549

496

34,100

96,016

70,597

45,481

1,193

48

82

29,856

59

38,852

26

2,861

131

392

102,001
73,430

Church of Engl'd.
Congregational. . .
Jews

55,143
2,538

Lutheran

Methodist

Mormon

4,382

34,167

27

88,755

158

1,905

4,958

40,871

15

Presbyterian

Friends

46,165
116

11,780

420

1,461

103,539
96

Other Denomina's
No Creed

3,724
116

Not Given

2,314

1,353

Total Population .

1,396,091

1,111,566

252,047

330,857

1,620,851

1,191,516

285,594

387,800

The religious denominations of the British Islands according to latest reports.

Clergy.

Parishes ok
congregation s.

Communicants.

Denominations.

a

a

a w
"S3

t3

a

C3

O
o

m

13

d

08

Q
U

a

C3

73 .
0 co

Sift?

0

CCS

0
o

5

C3

■a
a

n

73 .
P CO
CCS CLi

it

73

a

a
o
m

2

U

Church of England. . .

23,000

232

1,800

40

2,427

3,277

327

38

226

Free Church of Eng . .

Baptist

1,704

2,572

265

79
121

17
20

88
106

30
30

271,163

1 376,064

14,500

5,604

9,234

1,251

Friends

Moravian

Presbyterian Estab'd.

258
600

2,158
170

1,142

370

18

182

1,530
1,060

1,420
1,043

515,786
300,000

Pres. Free Church

Pres. United1

632

276
593

674

54,135
183,221

104,769

Pres. Reformed Synod
Pres. Orig. Seceders1

8
32

31

13

40

40

1,197
5,150

4,438

Methodist, Wesleyan2

6,859
437
4,302
1,238
2,256
577

401,141

20,950

182,691

64,712

7,360

20,043

Meth. New Connection

Meth. Primitive

Meth. United Free . . .

Meth, Pefnrm TTnion .

Meth. Bible Christian

Meth. Conference.

244

25,186

Meth. Calvinistic

920
1,942

1,319
1,264

118,251
1,000,000

276

3,450

279

2,371

4,141,933

1 Including Scotland and Ireland.

2 3Tor Scotland and Ireland save where otherwise specified.

398

RELIGION.

The conflict between the Catholic and Protestant population of the
British Islands has been long and, in many cases, very bitter and cruel.
It is an important portion of the history of the English nation. The con-
test for supremacy was long doubtful, but eventually resulted in the
ascendancy of the Protestants. Since the beginning of this century the
two bodies have dwelt in peace. It may be interesting to note the ratio
of the Roman Catholic population to the entire population at this time.

England and
Wales.

Ireland.

England, Wales
and Ibkland.

Religious Oeganizations.

at

a
a

7a

0

"o .
fS_§
O c8

a!
S g,

° 2

n »

h

a>

a

a
3

0
EH

0>
O eS

EQ

h

X!

a
a

'3

o
H

1§

C 03

a, g,

u s

h »

a>
Oh

Roman Catholic

1,000,000

4.07

4,141,933
683,295
577,531

76.7
12.6
10.7

5,141,933

18.2

Other Protestant

7"Ae number of ministers belonging to the principal denominations by countries.

Countries.

Anglican

Baptist.

Congre-
gational.

Metho-
dist.

Mora-
vian.

Presby-
terian.

Sweden-
borgian.

Unita-
rian.

United States

3,400

829

220

4

18,331

523

91

3

3,654

88

26

1

25,373

1,682

108

27

5

25

5,080

37

5 98

48

96

10

6

75
71
89

16

72
57

162

9,082
704

27
4

89
2

335

British America

2

West Indies

Mexico

South America

66
25,032

2

1,800

a 1,191

6 85

16

172

3

13

c3

246

30

12

2,718
dlOl

el30

2

/IB

141
50
14

104
g 141

145

340

19

4,151

51

h 2,285

i83

34

1
1
1

330

France

Germany

Italy

Scandinavia

Spain, Portugal

60

5

Austria

2,123

139

64

25

50

108

631

51

31

1

3

India

659

164
143

8

177
435

7

64

6

China

Western Asia

1

Africa

300
680

44
95

Australasia

40

a Including Holland

6 Including Switzerland.

c Including Greece and Turkey.

d Including Belgium.

e Including Switzerland.

/ Including Turkey.

g Including Madagascar.

h Including Belgium, Holland and Switzerland

i Including Piedmont.

RELIGION.

399

The annexed table shows the number of organizations of the principal
religious denominations of the United States ; also, the number of minis-
ters and communicants connected with each denomination named:

Denominations.

Baptist, Regular, North

Baptist, Begular, South

Baptist, Begular, Colored

Baptist, Free- Will

Baptist, Minor Free-Will

Baptist, Anti-Mission

Baptist, Seventh Day

Baptist, Seventh Day, German

Baptist, Six Principles

Congregational, Orthodox

Disciples

Dunkard

Episcopal, Protestant

Episcopal, Reformed

Evangelical Association

Friends

Lutheran General Council

Lutheran, General Synod, South . .
Lutheran, General Synod, North. .

Lutheran, Independent

Lutheran Synodical Conference . . .

Methodist Episcopal

Methodist Episcopal, South

Methodist Episcopal, African

Methodist Episcopal, African Zion.

Methodist Episcopal, Colored

Methodist Congregational

Methodist, Free

Methodist, Primitive

Methodist, Protestant

Methodist, Reformed

Methodist, Union-American

Methodist, Wesleyan

Mennonites

Moravians

Presbyterian General Assembly . . .
Presbyterian Gen. Assembly, South

Presbyterian, United

Presbyterian, Cumberland

Presbyterian, Synod of Reformed .
Presbyterian, Gen. Synod of Ref , .
Presbyterian, Welsh Calvinistic . .
Presbyterian, Associate Syn.,South

Presbyterian, other bodies

Reformed Church, Dutch

Reformed Church, German

Second Advent

Second Advent, Seventh Day

United Brethren

Winebrennarian

Bible Union and others

Total.

1870.

Congrega-
tions.

5,857

10,777

811

1,355

174

78

20

22

3,121

2,478

300

2,752

815
392
998
214
997

1,183

270

72

4,526

1,469

729

1,600

87

60

464

1,179

225

1,445

400

70,148

Ministers.

4,112
6,331

375
1,116

163

86

17

20

3,194

2,200

250

2,803

587
364
527
121
591

686

9,193

2,922

560

694

100

128

20

423

766

250

325

66

4,238

840

553

1,116

86

54

493
526

881
350

47,609

Members.

495,099

790,252

125,142

65,605

8,549

7,609
2,000

306,518

450,000

40,000

207,762

73,566
57,405
129,516
16,662
91,720

150,640
1,376,327
598,350
200,560
164,694

6,000

7,866

2,020

72,423

3,000

54,562

20,250

39,100

7,634

446,561

82,014

69,805

80,000

8,577

6,000

4,500
10,000
61,444
96,728
56,000
10,000
118,936
30,000

6,673.396

1880.

Congrega-
tions.

6,782

13,827

5,451

1,432

900

94

25

20

3,743

5,100

250

3,000

1,477
392

1,151
214

1,285
913

1,990

300

84

5,489

1,928

813
2,457

117
50

137

112

510
1,405

800

640
4,524

400

97,090

Ministers,

5,280
8,227
3,089
1,213

400

110

20

12

3,654

3,782

200

3,432

100

893

200

624

122

841

369

1,176

12,096

3,887

1,738

1,800

638

225

260

52

1,385

101

400

350

94

5,041

1,060

684

1,386

111

32

100

121

544

748
600
144
2,196
350

69,870

Members.

608,556

1,296,413

661,358

78,012

25,000

40,000

8,539

3,000

2,000

384,332

591,821

60,000

338,333

9,448

112,197

60,000

184,974

18,223

123,813

69,353

554,505

1.755,018

832,189

387,566

300,000

112,938

13,750

12,318

3,369

135.000

3,000

2,250

17,087

50,000

9,491

578,671

120,028

82,119

111,863

10,473

6,800

11,000

6,686

10,000

80,208

155,857

70,000

15,570

157,835

30,000

25,000

10,065,963

400

RELIGION.

The number of communicants of certain evangelical denominations in the principal

countries of the world.

Countries.

Anglican
Church.

Baptist.

Congrega-
tional.

Methodist.

Moravian.

Presbyterian.

United States

British North America.

West Indies

Mexico

Central America

South America

British Islands

France

Germany

Italy

Scandinavia

Spain

Russia, Poland

India

China

Japan

Western Asia

Africa

Australasia

Polynesia

East Indies

353,049
494,744

2,452,878

76,541

28,352

150

384,332

6,676

3,673

173

214

281,648

a 1,191

b 15,827

420

21,581

cl40

5,833

40,169

1,822

76

376,074

cl90

3,603
7,918

9,182

3,696

514

6,383

cl 75,337

30.275

3,775,753

173,361

51,905

1,087

1,086

4,958

881,137

2,041

b 21,276

e 2,586

13,150

c398

44

10,005

2,884

628

51,657
/ 75,153

9,491

1,245

14,576

242
5,619
3,361

5,878

15

2,588
30

1,017,848
125,000

7,228
4,207

1,189
1,168,996

3,700
h 72,628
g 16,571

224

5,696

4,837

1,189

2,251

32,234

22,100

872

85,500

a Includes Holland.
b Includes Switzerland.
c Includes Portugal.
d Including Madagascar.

e Including Malta.
/ Including Polynesia.
g Including Piedmont,
ft Including Austria.

Table showing the religious divisions of the world.

I Roman Catholic 201,000,000

Christians — viz . : < Protestants 106,000,000

I Eastern Churches 81,000,000

388,000,000

Buddhists 400,000,000 to 600,000,000

Mohammedans 207,000,000

Brahmins 175,000,000

Followers of Confucius .

Shinto Religion

Jews

80,000.000

14,000,000

7,000,000

Whole
Population.

Roman
Catholics.

Protestants.

Eastern
Churches.

America

84,500,000

301,600,000

798.000,000

203,300,000

4,400,000

47,200,000

147,300,000

4,700,000

1,100,000

400,000

30,000,000

71,800,000

1,800,000

1,200,000

1,500,000

Europe

69,350,000

8,500,000

Africa

3,200,000

Australia and Polynesia . .

Total

1,392,000,000

201,200,000

106,300,000

81,050,000

RELIGION.

Religious denominations in Europe.

401

Countries.

Catholics.

Protestants.

Greek church.

Other Chris-
tian denom-
inations.

Jews.

Mohamme-
dans.

Germany

14,867,000

28,200,000

36,300,000

5,500,000

7,000,000

27,500,000

1,100,000

5,300,000

1,400,000

204,000

2,000

600

350

16,000,000

4,280,000

20,000

114,000

3,500

25,000

280,000

26,600,000

3,600,000

585,000

20,700,000

4,000,000

60,000

1,600,000

12,000

2,300,000

850

1,980,000

4,420,000

1,800,000

3,000
3,200,000

100,000
80,000
30,000
5,600,000
550,000
45,000
11,500

530,000

1,450,000

50,000

40,000

2,277,000

45,000

7,500

3,000

80,000

600

4,300

1,850

25

100

Austria. . . .

300

Prance

3,100

European Russia

Italy

57,200,000

2,092,000

Switzerland

Belgium

Holland

10,000

Luxemburg

Denmark

5,000
4,000
4,800

Sweden

Norway

Portugal

Greece

2,500

13,800

400

1,600,000
4,500,000
1,580,000
225,000
5,600,000

1,000
14,000

2,600

400,000

1,500

Roumania

2,000

Servia

5,000

Montenegro

45,000

300,000

75,000

3,600,000

Total

148,096,450

67,719,550

73,908,000

6,755,300

4,968,375

5,702,500

OCCUPATION.

The following list shows the total number of persons reported in
1880 as pursuing gainful avocations, their division into certain classes as
to age and sex, and also their distribution among the four great classes of
occupations, viz.: " Agriculture," "Professional and personal services,"'

"Trade and transportation," and
ical and mining industries:

'Manufactures," including the mechan-

Persons
occupied

AGE AND SEX.

Classes.

All Ages.

10 to 15

16 to 59

60 and over.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Fem'le.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Fem'le.

All occupations

17,392,099

14,744,942

2,647,157

825,187

293,169

12,986,111

2,283,115

933,644

70,878

Agriculture

7,670,493
4,074,238
1,810,256
3,837,112

7,075,988
2,712,943
1,750,892
3,205,124

594,510

1,361,295

59,364

631,988

584,867
127,565
26,078
86,677

135,862

107,830

2,547

46,930

5,888,133
2,446,962
1,672,171
2,978,845

435,920

1,215,189

54,849

577,157

602,983
138,416
52,613
139,602

22,728
38,276
1,968
7,901

Professional and personal services

Trade and transportation

ManTg, mechanical and mining.

It appears from the foregoing table that the aggregate number of per-
sons returned as having gainful avocations, was 17,392,099, being 34.68
per cent of the entire population of 1880, and 47.31 per cent of the popu-
lation 10 years of age and upward.

In 1870 the total number of persons borne on the lists of occupations
was 12,505,923, being 32.43 per cent of the population of that date, and
44.3 per cent of the population 10 years of age and upward.

Distribution according to sex.

If we ask how the relative excess of occupations in 1880 over 1870 is
distributed according to sex, we shall find that of the total excess, viz.,
1,105,636, as stated, nearly one-quarter is of females, the number of
females reported as pursuing gainful occupations having increased from
1870 to 1880 in a higher ratio than the number of males. Thus —

Number of females in gainful occupations in 1870 1,836,288

Increased by the ratio of increase in the female population since 1870, viz. :

29.03 per cent , 2,369,362

Actual number returnedin 1880 2,647,157

Relative excess.

277,795

Of this excess, about two-thirds appear in the last of the four classes
indicated, showing the effect upon the employment of women produced
by the extension of the factory system.

If we inquire how the same excess is distributed according to age, we
shall find that a disproportionate share falls in the class between io and
15 years of age, showing a further effect of the extension of the factory
system in the increased employment of young children. Thus —

(403)

404 OCCUPATION.

Number of persons of both sexes between 10 and 15 years of age reported in 1870 as

in gainful occupations 739,164

Increased by 18.65 per cent, the ratio of increase in the population of this age from

1870 to 1880 , 877,018

Actual number reported 1,118,356

Relative excess 241,338

The following table makes comparison between the number of inhab-
itants of either sex in each of the periods of life, taken for the purposes of
these tables, and the corresponding number of persons returned as pursu-
ing gainful occupations:

Aggre-
gate.

TOTAL 10 YEARS AND
UPWARD.

10 TO 15.

16 to 59.

60 AND OVEB.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

Population (over 10 years)
No. on occupation tables.

36,761,607
17,392,099

18,735,980
14,744,942

18,025,627
2,647,157

3,376,114

825,187

3,273,369
293,169

13,907,444
12,986,111

13,377,002
2,283,115

1,452,422
933,644

1,375,256
70,873

Unaccounted for

19,369,508

3,991,038

15,378,470

2,550,927

2,980,200

921,833

11,093,887

518,778

1,304,383

It will be seen that the total number of males io years and upward
unaccounted for in these tables is 3,991,038; of females, 15,378,470.

The number of persons of the two sexes between 10 and 15 years
thus unaccounted for, viz.: 2,550,927 males and 2,980,200 females, is
substantially equal to the number of children attending school who do
not, through any considerable portion of the year, pursue any gainful
avocation. There is, of course, a residue consisting of invalid children,
of vagrants, of inmates of institutions of charity or correction, etc.

Between 16 and 59 the number of males unaccounted for is 921,333.
This number is made up chiefly of the following classes: First, those
students who are pursuing courses of instruction beyond the age of 16;
second, those who are afflicted by permanent bodily or mental infirmities,
disqualifying them from participating in the industry of the country;
third, the members of the criminal and pauper classes. The number of
men of this period of life, not disabled, who are not returned as of some
occupation by reason of inherited wealth or of having retired from busi-
ness is hardly important enough in this country to be mentioned. The
number of females between 16 and 59 not accounted for in these tables
is, naturally, vastly larger, and amounts to 11,093,887. That body is
made up of the three classes just mentioned when speaking of the males of
this period of life, and of the far greater classes of women — wives, mothers,.
or grown daughters, keeping house for their families or living at home
without any special avocation.

OCCUPATION.

405

The explanation of the number of persons 60 years of age and upward
returned without occupation is so manifest as not to require to be even
alluded to. Of these there are: of males, 518,778; of females, 1,304,383.

These tables embrace only gainful and reputable occupations. They
do not seek to account for those persons, in whatever sphere of life, who
have no recognized avocation for which they receive compensation in the
shape of wages, salary, or profits, or derive products of a merchantable
character. All persons, moreover, whose means of livelihood are crim-
in?l, or, in the general judgment of mankind, shameful, are excluded.

Comparative increase in occupation and in population, 1870 to 1880.

States and Territories,.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

ALL

OCCUPATIONS

Increase

1880.

1870.

Increase.

in popu-
lation.

Number.

Number.

Per cent.

Per cent.

17,392,099

12,505,923

39

30

492,790

365,258

35

27

22,271

6,030

269

319

260,692

135,949

92

66

376,505

23g,648

58

54

101,251

17,583

476

387

241,333

193,421

25

16

57,844

5,887

883

853

54,580

40,313

35

17

66,624

49,041

36

35

91,536

60,703

51

44

597,862

444,678

34

30

15,578

10,879

43

117

999,780

742,015

35

21

635,080

459,369

38

18

528,302

344,276

53

36

322,285

123,852

160

173

519,854

414,593

25

25

363,228

256,452

42

29

231,993

208,225

11

4

324,432

258,543

25

20

720,774

579,844

24

22

569,204

404,164

41

38

255,125

132,657

92

78

415,506

318,850

30

37

692,959

505,556

37

26

22,255

14,048

58

90

152,614

43,837 .

248

268

32,233

26,911

20

47

142,468

120,168

19

9

396,879

296,036

34

25

40,822

29,361

39

30

1,884,645

1,491,018

26

16

480,187

351.299

37

31

406 OCCUPATION.

Comparative increase in occupation and in population, 1870 to 1880. — Continued.

States and Terbitohies.

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . ,
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington . . .
West Virginia .

Wisconsin

Wyoming

ALL OCODPATIONS.

1880.

Number .

994,475

67,343

1,456,067

116,979

392,102

447,970

522,133

40,055

118,584

494,240

30,122

176,199

417,455

8,884

1870.

Number.

840,889

30,651

1,020,544

88,574

263,301

367,987

237,126

21,517

108,763

412,665

9,760

115,229

292,808

6,645

Increase,

Per

cent.
18

120
43
32
49
22

120

86

9

20

209
53
43
34

Increase
in popu-
lation.

Per cent.
20
92
22
27
41
23
94
66
1
23

214
40
25

128

Several things are well worthy of note in the foregoing table:

First. That in certain states and territories the ratio of increase in
population is greater, in some cases much greater, than the ratio of
increase in gainful occupations reported. This is due to the fact that
these communities are losing something of the frontier character and
taking on more of the social and domestic character of older communities.
Thus we have Arizona gaining 319 per cent in population and only 269
per cent in reported occupations; Idaho, 117 against 43; Kansas, 173
against 160; Montana, 90 against 58 ; Nebraska, 268 against 248; Nevada,
47 against 20; Washington, 214 against 209; Wyoming, 128 against 34.
In a word, these figures indicate the growth of homes with women and
children, in the place of the lumbering camp or the ranch, occupied by
men only, all of whom were workers.

Second. In another group of states and territories, where we must
suppose that the same force which has produced the above-noted effects
is in operation, the rapid incoming of immigrants during the decade, pre-
dominately males of adult years, has overpowered this force and caused
an increase in the proportion of bread-winners greater than the increase
in population. Such are Arkansas, Colorado, Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota,
New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, and Utah.

Third. Throughout the country, generally, we have an increase of
occupations reported greater than the increase of population. In part
this is probably due to the closer enumeration conducted under the pro-
visions of the Act of March 3, 1879, which, by making the districts

OCCUPATION,

407

smaller, secured in a much higher degree than had previously been attained
that house-to-house canvass which is essential to a correct census, espe-
cially as regards the details of enumeration.

In a still higher degree probably the increase of reported occupation is
due to the growth of the factory system, to the minuter organization of
industry, and to the resulting differentiation of occupations, allowing
women and children to find places where they can be useful and earn a
livelihood, both in trade and in manufactures, more readily than was the
case ten years ago.

Statistics of occupations in cities.

The following table exhibits the total number in occupations reported
in each of the principal fifty cities of the United States, and the proportion
existing between that number and the total number of inhabitants of both
sexes and all ages:

City.

Albany, N. Y

Allegheny, Pa . . .

Atlanta, Ga

Baltimore, Md . . ,

Boston, Mass

Brooklyn, N. Y..,

Buffalo, N. Y

Cambridge, Mass
Camden, N. J
Charleston, S. C. ,

Chicago, 111

Cincinnati, Ohio .
Cleveland, Ohio. .
Columbus, Ohio .

Dayton, Ohio

Denver, Col

Detroit, Mich

Fall Kiver, Mass .
Hartford, Conn . .
Indianapolis, Ind
Jersey City, N. J.
Kansas City, Mo.
Lawrence, Mass .
Louisville, Ky . . .
Lowell, Mass

a
o

"■i

"3

p,

0
Pn

as

C8"J3

Ip.

ca

a

o

a*

Number.

Number.

90,758

32,153

35

78,682

25,958

33

37,409

17,078

46

332,313

130,364

39

362,839

149,194

41

566,663

209,065

37

155,134

54,647

35

52,669

20,021

38

41,659

15,085

36

49,984

20,325

41

503,185

191,760

38

255,139

100,454

39

160,146

56,919

36

51,647

18,737

36

38,678

14,184

37

35,629

15,737

44

116,340

39,245

34

48,961

22,685

46

42,015

17,212

41

75,056

27,966

37

120,722

42,356

35

55,785

25,081

45

39,151

19,153

49

123,758

45,244

37

59,475

29,781

50

City.

Lynn, Mass

Milwaukee, Wis . . .
Minneapolis, Minu
Nashville, Tenn . . .

Newark, N. J

New Haven, Conn .
New Orleans, La . .
New York, N. Y...

Paterson, N. J

Philadelphia, Pa . .

Pittsburgh, Pa

Providence, R. I . .

Reading, Pa

Richmond, Va

Rochester, N. Y . . .
Saint Louis, Mo. . .
Saint Paul, Minn. .
San Francisco, Cal

Scran ton, Pa

Syracuse, N. Y

Toledo, Ohio

Troy, N. Y

Washington, D. C.
Wilmington, Del. .
Worcester, Mass . .

a
_o

C3

"3

Pi

o

Ph

0 i£

a3
•8 a
_ o

la

Number.

Number.

38,274

16,728

115,587

40,900

46,887

21,302

43,350

16,738

136,508

49,066

62,882

24,155

216,090

78,336

1,206,299

513,377

51,031

22,570

847,170

348,900

156,389

52,173

104,857

43,878

43,278

15,623

63,600

24,550

89,366

34,276

350,518

139,985

41,473

17,809

233,959

104,650

45,850

16,829

51,792

20,409

50,137

17,691

56,747

23,745

147,293

57,262

42,478

19,281

58,291

22,535

44
35
45
30
36
38
36
43
44
41
33
42
36
39
38
40
43
45
37
39
35
42
39
45
39

408 OCCUPATION.

Number and sex of persons engaged in each class in the several states and territories.

States

AND

Territories.

Total
population

The United States

Alabama 851,780

Arizona 32,922

Arkansas 531,876

California 681,062

Colorado 158,220

Connecticut 497,303

Dakota 99,849

Delaware 110,856

Dist. of Columbia . . 136,907

Florida 184,650

Georgia 1,043,840

Idaho 25,005

Illinois 2,269,315

Indiana 1,468,095

Iowa 1,181,641

Kansas 704,297

Kentucky 1,163,498

Louisiana 649,070

Maine 519,669

Maryland 695,364

Massachusetts 1,432,183

Michigan 1,236,686

Minnesota 559,977

Mississippi 753,693

Missouri 1,557,631

Montana 31,989

Nebraska 318,271

Nevada 50,666

New Hampshire . . . 286,188

New Jersey 865,591

New Mexico 87,966

New York 3,981,428

North Carolina. . . . 959,951
Ohio 2,399,367

36,761,607

Oregon

Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia.

Wisconsin

Wyoming

130,565

3,203,215

220,461

667,456

1,062,130

1,064,196

97,194

264,052

1,059,034

55,720

428,587

965,712

16,479

Total
engaged in
all classes
of occupa-
tions.

17,392,099

492,790

22,271

260,692

376,505

101,251

241,333

57,844

54,580

66,624

91,536

597,862

15,578

999,780

635,080

528,302

322,285

519,854

363,228

231,993

324,432

720,774

569,204

255,125

415,506

692,959

22,255

152,614

32,233

142,468

396,879

40,822

1,884,645

480,187

994,475

67,343

1,456,067

116,979

392,102

447,970

522,133

40,055

118,584

494,240

30,122

176,199

417,455

8,884

ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE.

Total. Male. Female

7,670,493

380,630

3,435

216,655

79,396

13,539

44,026

28,508

17,849

1,464

58,731

432,204

3,858

436,371

331,240

303,557

306,080

320,571

205,306

82,130

90,927

64,973

240,319

131,535

339,938

355,297

4,513

90,507

4,180

44,490

59,214

14,139

377,460

360,937

397,495

27,091

301,112

10,945

294,602

294,153

359,317

14,550

55,251

254,099

12,781

107,578

195,901

1,639

7,075,983

291,477

3,423

195,002

78,785

13,462

43.936

28,368

17,609

1,445

47,465

329,856

3,847

433,796

329,614

302,171

205,234

315,445

147,538

81,887

89,176

64,746

239,346

130,817

252,324

351,681

4,504

89,881

4,146

44,299

58,819

14,025

375,213

314,228

396,120

27,000

299,809

10,910

208,672

275,620

330,125

14,470

55,037

238,951

12,709

106,980

194,380

1,635

594,510

89,153

12

21,653

611

77

90

140

240

19

11,266

102,348

11

2,575

1,626

1,386

846

5,126

57,768

243

1,751

227

973

718

87,614

3,616

9

626

34

191

395

114

2,247

46,709

1,375

91

1,303

35

85,930

18,533

29,192

80

214

15,148

72

598

1,521

4

ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL, AND
PERSONAL SERVICES.

Total.

4,074,238

72.211

8,210

23,466

121,435
24,813
51,296
14,016
17,616
39,975
17,923

104,269
3,861

229,467

137,281

103,932
53,507

104,239
98,111
47,411
98,934

170,160

143,249
59,452
49,448

148,588

6,954

28,746

10,373

28,206

110,722
19,042

537,897
69,321

250,371
16,645

446,713
24,657
64,246
94,107
97,561
11,144
28,174

146,664

6,640

31,680

97,494

4,011

Male.

2,712,943

41,187

7,870

15,284

103,207
21,233
30,647
11,655
12,055
23,664
12,098
62,027
3,651

157,084

100,056
69,575
38,289
63,438
66,138
31,604
59,057

100,445

103,244
39,741
28,563

102,403
6,539
20,766
9,275
16,158
75,763
17,241

332,068
34,774

173,909
14,688

318,194

15,497

34,309

60,304

70,178

9,271

16,022

87,681

5,829

22,361

64,259

3,642

Female.

1,361,295

31,024
340

8,182
18,228

3,580
20,649

2,361

5,561
16,311

5,825
42,242
210
72,383
37,225
34,357
15,218
40,801
31,973
15,807
39,877
69,715
40,005
19,711
20,885
46,185
415

7,980

1,098
12,048
34,959

1,801

205,829

34,547

76,462

1,957
128,519

5,160
29,937
33,803
27,383

1,873

12,152

58,983

811

9,319

33,235

369

OCCUPATION. 409

Number and sex of persons engaged, in each class, in the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin ,

Wyoming

ENGAGED IN TRADE AND TRANS-
PORTATION.

ENGAGED IN MANUFA
AND MECHANICAL ANL
INDUSTRIES.

CTURES
MINING

Total.

Male.

Female.

Total.

Male.

Female.

1,810,256

1,750,892

59,364

3,837,112

3,205,124

631.988

16,953

16,609

344

22,996

19,461

3,535

3,252

3,235

17

7,374

7,272

102

9,233

9,158

75

11,338

10,632

706

57,392

56,621

771

118,282

109,690

8,592

15,491

15,338

153

47,408

46,439

969

29,920

28,888

1,032

116,091

89,192

26,899

6,219

6,180

39

9,101

8,790

311

4,967

4,704

263

14,148

12,284

1,864

9,848

9,176

672

15,337

12,681

2,656

6,446

6,386

60

8,436

7,803

633

25,222

24,693

529

36,167

28,954

7,213

1,327

1,321

6

6,532

6,468

64

128,372

125,328

3,044

205,570

177,471

28,099

56,432

55,292

1,140

110,127

98,696

11,431

50,872

50,212

660

69,941

61,499

8,442

26,379

26,119

260

36,319

33,292

3,027

33,563

32,761

802

61,481

53,788

7,693

29,130

28,041

1,089

30,681

26,459

4,222

29,790

29,090

700

72,662

55,884

16,778

49,234

46,785

2,449

85,337

70,614

14,723

115,376

109,154

6,222

370,265

272,246

98,019

54,723

53,317

1,406

130,913

118,284

12,629

24,349

23,979

370

39,789

35,511

4,278

12,975

12,849

126

13,145

11,353

1,792

79,300

77,721

1,579

109,774

98,211

11,563

2,766

2,759

7

8,022

7,946

76

15,106

14,983

123

18,255

16,529

1,726

4,449

4,431

18

13,231

12,878

353

11,735

11,208

527

58,037

40,675

17,362

66,382

63,874

2,508

160,561

131,647

28,914

3,264

3,252

12

4,377

4,042

335

339,419

324,304

15,115

629,869

492,679

137,190

15,966

15,793

173

33,963

28,416

5,547

104,315

101,445

2,870

242,294

210,362

31,932

6,149

6,106

43

17,458

16,770

688

179,965

169,664

10,301

528,277

451,417

76,860

15,217

14,641

576

66,160

46,072

20,088

13,556

13,147

409

19,698

15,887

3,811

23,628

23,196

432

36,082

32,442

3,640

34,909

34,649

260

30,346

28,238

2,108

4,149

4,026

123

10,212

9,401

811

8,945

8,772

173

26,214

22,586

3,628

30,418

29,804

614

63,059

54,607

8,452

3,405

3,389

16

7,296

7,132

164

10,653

10,510

143

26,288

24.840

1,448

37,550

36,454

1,096

86,510

75,969

10,541

1,545

1,528

17

1,689

1,615

74

410

OCCUPATION.

Occupation, with age, sex and nativity, in the several states and territories.

States and Territories

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Pop. (10 yrs. and over.)

Persons
occupied.

17,392,099

492,790

22,271

260,692

376,505

101,251

241.333

57,844

54,580

66,624

91,536

597,862

15,578

999,780

635,080

528,302

322,285

519,854

363,228

231,993

324,432

720,774

569,204

255,125

415,506

692,959

22,255

152,614

32,233

142,468

396,879

40,822

1,884,645

480,187

994,475

67,343

1,456,067

116,979

392,102

447,970

522,133

40,055

118,584

494.240

30,122

176,199

417,455

8,884

36,761,607

AGE AND SEX.

10 to 15.

Male.

825,187

64,918

205

28,300

3,430

815

5,803

714

2,704

617

6,532

65,329

101

37,100

32,628

17,832

13,225

36,643

24,682

4,087

11,121

12,306

11,610

4,961

32,330

31,662

100

3,816

109

2,593

9,957

1,945

38,534

55,623

31,282

966

53,895

3,604

31,765

44,292

36.934

2,292

2,598

34,741

337

9,842

10,240

67

3,376,114 3,273,369

Female.

293,169

25,490

20

7,416

1,043

171

4,010

179

840

594

3,312

31,704

17

7,096

3,550

2,462

1,222

5,387

20,041

1,647

4,706

9,062

3,479

1,504

17,562

4,763

25

730

42

1,709

4,338

252

22,162

18,979

7,251

103

18,546

2,804

20,113

10,056

10,790

311

1,054

11,858

54

1,242

3,448

25

16 to 59.

Male.

12,986,111

275,222

21,362

191,612

321,801

94,080

170.897

53,001

40,539

44,C84

62,193

350,298

14,876

813,162

517,055

439,119

277,935

401,297

220,890

171,395

238,180

494,878

470,903

213,678

252,112

567,953

21,375

133,420

30,129

96,485

300,656

34,621

1,382,481

305,495

786,815

60,865

1,108,079

78,039

218,698

320,814

404,959

33,554

87,386

341,673

27,875

143,437

332,471

8,262

13,907,444

Female.

2,283,115

94,058

442

22,254

26,592

4,563

43,678

2,632

6,754

18,518

13,688

115,485

269

97,650

46,972

41,790

17,789

47,045

70,333

31,192

51,941

162,199

50,725

23,301

89,040

56,654

477

9,573

1,431

27.820

60,992

1,911

331,497

64,264

103,281

2,625

193,816

26,529

94,658

44,07i

46,453

2,416

14,649

67,596

990

9,903

42,165

434

60 and over.

Male.

933,644

28,594

233

10,164

13,072

1,577
15,963

1,278

3,409

2,265

5,027
29,903
310
43,417
33,975
26,506
11,774
27,492
22,604
22,983
16,331
39,407
31,678
11,409
20,647
30,401
273

4,923

492

13,262

19,490

1,994

103,249

32,093

63,739

2,733
77,110

5,477
21,552
26,456
21,297

1,322
12,433
34,629
847
11,412
28,351
91

13,377,002 1,452,422

Female.

70,873

4,508

9

946

567

45

982

40

334

546

784

5,143

5

1,355

900

593

340

1,990

4,678

689

2,153

2,922

809

272

3,815

1,526

5

152

30

599

1,446

99

6,722

3,733

2,107

51

4,621

526

5,316

2,281

1,700

160

464

3,743

i9

363

780

5

1,375,256

OCCUPATION. 411

Persons engaged in professional and personal services, by age and sex.

States and Territories.

Persons
occupied.

AGE AND SEX.

10 to 15.

Male. Female.

16 to 59.

Male.

Female.

60 and over.

Male. Female.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

4,074,238

127,565

107,830

2,446,962

1,215,189

138,416

72,211

8,210

23,466

121,435
24,813
51,296
14,016
17,616
39,975
17,923

104,269
3,861

229,467

137,281

103,932
53,507

104,239
98,111
47,411
98,934

170,160

143,249
59,452
49,448

148,588

6,954

28,746

10,373

28,206

110,722
19,042

537,897
69,321

250,371
16,645

446,713
24,657
64,246
94,107
97,561
11,144
28,174

146,664

6,640

31,680

97,494

4,011

9,913

102

1,963

1,252

240

443

107

610

288

603

7,298

33

4,310

4,717

1,667

996

4,649

3,637

620

2,893

1,293

2,160

775

2,688

4,302

40

404

53

253

1,988

970

8,932

6,757

5,662

182

15,110

241

3,704

6,950

4,612

697

406

9,997

59

1,249

1,708

33

4,477

17

1,238

793

155

854

164

629

544

582

5,123

17

5,050

2,954

2,197

1,112

4,069

3,450

580

3,358

1,605

2,914

1,353

1,990

3,755

22

634

38

345

823

208

10,254

5,962

5,220

93

11,569

212

3,220

4,125

3,264

247

875

7,898

47

1,006

2,763

25

29,261

7,708
12,192
98,833
20,642
27,726
11,423
10,579
22,006
10,801
51,813

3,559
145,587
91,133
65,014
36,065
56,407
59,654
28,287
53,259
90,627
97,020
37,801
24,372
94,352

6,448
19,964

9,085

14,458

69,131

15,376

303,176

25,997

159,325

14,117

284,711

14,166

28,945

50,441

62,976

8,314
14,180
72,024

5,649
19,908
58,866

3,584

24,688
319

6,597
17,036

3,392
19,076

2,175

4,686
15,283

4,951
35,061
190
66,569
33,518
31,879
13,929
35,399
26,084
14,821
34,999
66,169
36,668
18,201
17,628
41,588
388

7,274

1,038
11,346
33,145

1,527

199,249

26,845

69,962

1,826
113,947

8,586
25,024
28,375
23,215

1,550

10,961

48,513

752

8,069

30,072

339

2,013

60

1,129

3,122

351
2,478

125

866
1,370

694
2,916
59
7,187
4,206
2,894
1,228
2,382
2,847
2,697
2,905
8,525
4,064
1,165
1,503
3,749
51

398

137
1,447
4,644

894

19,960

2,020

8,922

389
18,373
1,090
1,660
2,913
2,590

260
1,436
5,660

121

1,204

3,687

25

38,276

1,859

4

347

399

33

719

22

246

484

292

2,058

3

764

453

281

177

1,333

2,439

406

1,520

1,941

423

157

1,267

862

5

72

22

357

991

66

4,326

1,740

1,280

38

3,003

362

1,693

1,303

904

76

316

2,572

12

244

400

5

412 OCCUPATION.

Persons engaged in professional and personal services, by nativity.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky ....

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire . . .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Nativity.

United
States.

3,076,768

71,100

3,440
22,043
50,993
18,012
32,095

8,273

15,282

36,178

16,945

103,004

2,231

152,935

122,324

79,085

46,386

97,087

88,522

39,949

87,203

93,160

87,677

29,635

48,562

118,760

4,231
20,376

4,089
22,382
72,337
17,396
317,201
68,941
200,364

9,627
351,332
13,669
63,429
92.331
82,160

6,024

22,629

145,267

3,737
29,869
56,145

2,351

415,854

Ireland.

240

465

559

15,041

1,829

14,335

982

1,838

2,157

110

640

198

23,054

4,910

5,453

1,466

3,393

3,574

2,627

5,012

52,684

7,059

3,496

357

12,274

649

1,393

625

2,220

24,232

198

128,527

95

17,217

827

56,410

7,582

413

991

1,814

221

1,642

686

491

851

4,490

427

Germany

218,867

188

332

265

6,389

1,030

1,380

1,022

159

745

68

263

158

27,076

6,910

7,886

1,822

' 2,752

2,495

46

5,009

1,763

10,998

6,300

175

11,483

474

2,601

404

67

7,418

133

42,844

67

20,678

640

23,532

206

210

292

2,478

186

39

269

358

667

18,327

263

Great
Britain.

70,963

113

199

152

4,360

1,075

1,306

547

230

454

106

157

336

6,604

1,194

2,260

1,321

372

558

656

756

5,304

5,850

1,138

98

1,922

280

867

585

369

3,257

80

16,844

50

5,261

510

6,189

936

88

173

958

2,675

284

242

315

153

2,515

264

Scandi-
navia.

52,860

29

26

40

1,301

526

424

1,599

15

17

31

27

104

9,601

377

4,845

916

17

84

97

53

1,061

3,217

12,863

37

555

92

1,089

106

65

500

11

2,899

3

313

246

1,534

217

15

34

369

635

17

8

141

1

6,634

69

British
America.

90,614

17

92

61

2,453

849

1,054

947

18

83

58

35

91

3,296

496

1,714

637

115

145

3,779

113

13.605

23,600

3,585

24

861

515

605

731

3,019

384

55

13,359

10

2,128

335

1,746

1,613

14

29

279

83

3,486

36

312

40

3,999

108

Other
countries

139,312

424
3,656

346

40,898

1,492

702

646
74

341

605

143

743
6,901
1,070
2,689

959

503
2,733

257

788
2,583
4,848
2,435

195
2,733

713
1,815
3,833
84
2,594
1,169
16,223

155
4,410
4,460
5,970

434
77

257

9,503

1,320

77

156

1,286

99

5,384

529

OCCUPATION.

Persons engaged in trade and transportation, by age and sex.

413

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi ,

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ,

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania ,

Rhode Island

South Carolina ,

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Persons
occupied.

AGE AND SEX.

1,810,256

16,953

3,252

9,233

57,392

15,491

29,920

6,219

4,967

9,848

6,446

25,222

1,327

128.372

56,432

50,872

26,379

33,563

29,130

29,790

49,234

115,376

54,723

24,349

12,975

79,300

2,766

15,106

4,449

11,735

66,382

3,264

339,419

15,966

104,315

6,149

179,965

15,217

13,556

23,628

34,909

4,149

8,945

30,418

3,405

10,653

37,550

1,545

10 to 15.

Male.

26,078

378
5

81
429
100
391

30

59
197

80

441

7

1,564

648

330

176

499

522

179

797

1,193

500

208

154

1,137

3

87

11

71
978

30

6,856

306

1,785

52
3,418
214
183
361
465

86

80
374

15
122
463

13

Female.

2,547

11

1

27
2

70
2
2

18

14

179

19

16

8

18

21

12

75

175

56

6

2

59

7

132

1

931

11

146

1

386

15

8

7

7

15

3

13

9
60

16 to 59.

Male.

1,672,171

15,592

3,209

8,881

54,843

15,088

27,354

6,111

4,400

8,729

6,115

23,608

1,299

121,123

53,039

48,777

25,602

31,303

26,301

27,514

44,554

103,580

51,368

23,422

12,343

75,277

2,741

14,751

4,370

10,618

60,806

3,172

307,563

14,910

95,415

5,930

160,049

13,806

12,577

22,172

33,537

3,850

8,285

28,412

3,338

10,066

34,866

1,505

Female.

54,849

307

17

67

714

149

951

37

251

636

49

484

6

2,829

1,087

630

249

755

971

673

2,230

5,941

1,333

358

110

1,484

7

120

18

518

2,285

11

13,774

136

2,623

40

9,469

549

347

401

239

97

167

554

16

127

1,016

17

60 and over.

Male

52,643

639

21

196

1,349

150

1,143

39

245

250

191

644

15

2,641

1,605

1,105

341

959

1,218

1,397

1,434

4,381

1,449

349

352

1,307

15

145

50

519

2,090

50

9,885

577

4,245

124

6,197

621

387

663

647

90

407

1,018

36

322

1,125

10

Female.

1,968

26

7
30

2.
11

10
18
11
31

36

34

14

3

29

97

15

144

106

17

6

14

36

2.
91

410
26

101
2

446
12-
54
24
14
11
3
47

7
20

414

OCCUPATION.

Persons engaged in trade and transportation, by nativity.

States and Territories.

The United States .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

002
P

1,351,695

15,357

1,534

8,005

27,667

11,458

23,501

4,043

4,540

8,373

5,203

23,399

829

85,445

47,608

39,447

21,887

28,373

21,562

27,572

41,367

92,863

37,402

14,314

11,514

59,554

1,961

11,084

2,289

10,414

50,008

2,516

225,349

15,394

77,957

3,831

143,513

11,974

12,170

21,444

26,426

2.161

7,556

28,940

1,548

9,391

21,877

1,075

138,518

369

79

348

6,009

1,059

3,544

406

204

630

89

579

37

10,359

2,121

2,864

1,171

1,418

1,548

590

2,022

11,071

2,484

1,521

271

5,477

142

908

225

492

5,944

175

43,684

68

5,949

300

16,044

1,724

328

837

1,742

93

498

531

163

563

1,752

116

c5

152,491

638

169

488

7,473

857

991

352

94

517

166

775

72

16,813

4,651

3,959

1,321

2,854

2,605

78

4,482

1,301

4,329

2,727

632

9,335

174

1,186

358

52

6,019

185

39,170

254

12,801

519

11,305

171

705

611

2,632

78

44

538

168

502

7,273

67

oS

56,498

16,214

138
70
97

3,400
695
818
216
77
129
121
207
134

5,316
794

1,488
755
363
542
321
610

3,259

2,838
858
109

1,821
113
523
238
136

2,524

66

13,406

63

3.201
316

5,346
664
115
228
839

1,268

98

196

206

102

1,559
115

'S 2
0 t»

CO d

° a

02 "

ffl-3

33,119

30

9

22

1,143

164

57

565

7

7

40

19

16

3,370

156

1,174

321

10

84

57

95

287

485

2,672

38

238

39

416

36

8

141

10

1,348

5

146

79

367

24

8

28

209

93

1

6

91

2,045
48

26

42

37

1,498

485

385

431

6

25

48

52

46

2,910

358

888

491

101

96

980

95

4,445

5,507

1,346

25

972

226

385

235

602

323

47

4,908

9

1,165

160

708

448

11

47

258

66

727

28

116

22

1,280

53

53 a

61,-721

395

1,349
236
10,202
773
654
206
39
167
779
191
193

4,159
744

1,052
433
444

2,693
192
563

2,150

1,678
911
386

1,903
111
604

1,068
31

1,423

265

11,554

173

8,096
944

2,682
212
219
433

2,803

390

21

179

1,113
73

1,764
71

OCCUPATION. 415

Persons engaged in manufactures and mechanical and mining industries, with age and sex.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois ,

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

,rvoming

Persons
occupied.

AGE AND SEX.

10 to 15.

16 to 59.

60 and

over.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

3,837.112

86,677

46,930

2,978,845

577,157

139,602

7,901

22,996

773

394

17,226

3,067

1,462

74

7,374

9

3

7,188

99

75

11,338

138

39

9,993

639

501

28

118,282

621

193

105,363

8,324

3,706

75

47,408

140

8

45,781

956

518

5

116,091

3,755

3,083

81,185

23,589

4,252

227

9,101

7

1

8,681

309

102

1

14,148

401

173

11,252

1,657

631

34

15,337

121

32

12,037

2,584

523

40

8,436

200

50

7,169

567

434

16

36,167

895

659

26,364

6,456

1,695

98

6,532

11

6,351

64

106

205,570

3,228

1,557

168,092

26,299

6,151

243

110,127

1,850

324

92,513

10,926

4,333

181

69,941

625

80

58,156

8,252

2,718

110

36,319

272

19

31,974

2,963

1,046

45

61,481

1,354

415

49,903

7,162

2,531

116

30,681

478

154

24,018

3,922

1,963

146

72,662

1,320

1,045

51,121

15,518

3,443

215

85,337

1,921

1,017

65,122

13,389

3,571

317

370,265

8,591

7,272

250,508

89,921

13,147

826

130,913

1,765

433

112',251

11,974

4,268

222

39,789

309

97

34,201

4,149

1,001

32

13,145

188

121'

10,404

1,647

761

24

109,774

2,180

694

92,893

10,706

3,138

163

8,022

6

1

7,830

75

110

18,255

92

13

16,047

1,694

390

19

13,231

8

3

12,714

344

156

6

58,037

1,257

1,353

37,222

15,808

2,196

201

160,561

5,113

3,377

121,180

25,252

5,354

285

4,377

18

34

3,938

290

86

11

629,869

13,719

10,899

457,597

124,798

21,363

1,493

33,963

1,231

779

24,898

4,563

2,287

205

242,294

6,106

1,795

193,762

29,620

10,494

517

17,458

95

4

16,288

676

387

8

528,277

19,326

6,486

413,928

69,432

18,163

942

66,160

2,957

2,576

41,278

17,372

1,837

140

19,698

425

283

14,184

3,415

1,278

113

36,082

643

196

29,885

3,343

1,914

101

30,346

265

34

26,927

2,041

1,046

33

10,212

158

32

8,773

711

470

68

26,214

442

166

20,565

3,361

1,579

101

63,059

1,769

577

49,136

7,634

3,702

241

7,296

38

2

6,955

159

139

3

26,288

527

32

23,120

1,378

1,193

38

86,510

1,328

425

71,275

9,978

3,366

138

1,689

2

1,597

74

16

416

OCCUPATION,

Persons engaged in manufactures and the mechanical and mining industries,

by nativity.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado ,

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia. .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa .

Kausas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana ,

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon ,

Pennsylvania ,

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas „ ,

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin ,

Wyoming

2,611,325

United
States.

21,139

4,328
10,092
48,084
31,694
78,465

5,417
12,327
12,950

6,449
34,910

2,397
116,492
89,974
50,180
28,560
50,245
22,826
59,723
67,743
238,255
74,058
20,867
11,914
74,703

3,994
12,712

4,912

42,200

109,696

3,219

385,693

33,271

172,097

8,245
388,836
40,278
18,819
33,546
22,460

4,249
19,738
61,191

3,796

22,861

44,879

841

Ireland.

284.175

311

553

201

9,669

3,030

15,940

470

858

728

79

401

431

12,297

2,419

2,067

993

2,103

1,245

2,016

2,686

52,358

5,226

1,359

290

5.882

855

555

1,688

3,282

14,532

189

70,487

97

8,209

622

43,246

9,108

260

642

951

126

1,532

438

302

870

2,454

118

Germany

368,110

418

429

439

9,337

2,334

5,097

593

342

1,068

131

365

267

36,391

11,646

8,169

2,340

6,665

3,200

206

11,446

6,144

13,559

5,460

363

19,376

415

1,966

643

281

18,334

182

93,118

102

35,673

964

42,600

685

332

729

2,885

196

113

631

377

1,457

20,535

107

Great
Britain.

225,730

296

516

212

8,869

5,309

7,469

726

473

339

155

273

459

15,454

3,299

3,807

2,077

1,391

546

2,401

2,189

24,649

9,598

1,587

217

4,209

646

962

2,429

1,736

12,087

154

34,024

156

15,649

967

40,635

7,060

153

666

1,066

3,513

904

506

575

884

4,152

286

Scandi-
navia.

-44,615

27

71

46

1,561

1,027

770

573

19

19

42

31

148

10,475

391

2,237

802

26

67

159

50

1,958

3,246

5,485

80

582

191

649

172

67

507

30

3,448

11

376

656

2,247

282

11

80

195

686

25

20

262

7

4,760

41

British
America

153,935

38

211

78

5,199

2,303

7,043

963

34

41

60

38

195

5,012

653

1,496

727

237

144

7,826

230

43,191

19,685

3,394

56

1,300

663

547

1,091

10,328

896

87

15,834

23

3,145

486

2,552

8,238

19

76

311

540

3,804

57

550

76

4,388

70

Other
countries

149,222

767
1,266

270

35,563

1,711

1,307

359
95

192
1,520

149
2,635
9,449
1,745
1,985

820

814
2,653

331

993
3,710
5,541
1,637

225
3,722
1,258

864
2,296

143
4,509

516
27,265

303
7,145
5,518
8,161

509

104

343
2,478

902
98

216
1,434

133
5,342

226

OCCUPATION.

417

Persons engaged in all classes of occupations, with age and sex, in fifty principal cities.

Cities.

Total

Albany, N. Y

Allegheny, Pa

Atlanta, Ga

Baltimore, Md

Boston, Mass ......

Brooklyn, N. Y....

Buffalo, N. Y

Cambridge, Mass . .

Camden, N. J

Charleston, S. C . . .

Chicago, 111

Cincinnati, Ohio . . .
Cleveland, Ohio . . .
Columbus, Ohio . . .

Dayton, Ohio

Denver, Col

Detroit, Mich

Fall Kiver, Mass . . .

Hartford, Conn

Indianapolis, Ind . .
Jersey City, N. J..
Kansas City, Mo . . .
Lawrence, Mass . . .

Louisville, Ky

Lowell, Mass

Lynn, Mass

Milwaukee, Wis . . .
Minneapolis, Minn
Nashville, Tenn . . .

Newark, N. J

New Haven, Conn.
New Orleans, La..
New York, N. Y...

Paterson, N. J

Philadelphia, Pa. . .

Pittsburgh, Pa

Providence, R. I . . .

Beading, Pa

Richmond, Va

Rochester, N. Y

St. Louis, Mo

St. Paul, Minn

San Francisco, Cal

Scranton, Pa

Syracuse, N. Y

Toledo, Ohio

Troy, N. Y

Washington, D. C. .
Wilmington, Del. . .
Worcester, Mass . . .

AGE AND SEX.

Persons

10 to 15.

16 to 59.

60 and over.

occupied.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

Male.

Female.

3,083,172

64,331

40,755

2,222,059

659,044

83,371

13,612

32,153

581

290

23,692

6,193

1,291

106

25,858

632

300

19,924

4,348

698

56

17,078

511

361

10,224

5,444

383

155

130,364

2,276

1,514

91,182

30,196

4,103

1,093

149,194

1,429

808

104,421

37,410

4,463

663

209,065

4,380

2,518

156,442

42,272

3,112

341

54,647

1,123

608

41,678

9,291

1,819

128

20,021

295

124

13,965

4,667

877

93

15,085

300

147

11,555

2,636

•394

53

20,325

228

132

12,354

6,492

698

421

191,760

3,358

2,315

149,624

33,056

3,176

231

100,454

3,240

1,883

71,993

20,070-

2,937

331

56,919

1,049

561

44,275

9,493

1,445

96

18,737

348

116

14,393

3,225

597

58

14,184

359

164

10,844

2,266

513

38

15,737

104

47

13,765

1,619

187

15

39,245

661

492

29,435

7,478

1,124

55

22,685

1,072

937

13,257

6,780

590

49

17,212

245

179

11,922

4,161

619

86

27,966

553

183

21,643

4,811

731

45

42,356

840

545

33,741

6,098

1,036

96

25,081

443

241

20,696

3,378

297

26

19,153

580

627

10,504

6,907

468

67

45,244

800

411

33,043

9,614

1,141

232.

29,781

642

718

16,332

11,131

821

137

16,728

209

110

11,349

4,385

613

62,

40,900

822

607

30,800

7,283

1,302

86

21,302

258

140

16,929

3,562

392

21

16,738

337

270

10,753

4,751

501

126

49,066

1,276

932

35,171

9,655

1,815

217

24,155

346

282

17,420

5,131

868

108

78,336

1,342

902

54,039

16,964

3,792

1,297

513,377

10,994

7,471

356,156

125,403

11,009

2,344

22,570

1,131

1,189

15,075

4,455

653

67

348,900

9,415

5,825

236,686

83,150

11,593

2,231

52,173

1,308

405

42,086

6,879

1,400

95

43,878

1,102

797

29,948

10,349

1,471

211

15,623

633

273

11,473

2,430

771

43

24,550

237

291

15,933

6,939

837

313

34,276

808

676

22,996

8,205

1,439

152

139,985

3,059

1,660

107,888

23,972

2,970

436

17.809

148

106

14,327

2,953

253

22

104,650

980

509

87,360

13,376

2,168

257

16,829

1,234

212

12,790

2,146

426

21

20,409

570

375

14,014

4,477

911

62,

17,691

265

158

13,964

2,821

446

37

23,745

577

437

15,609

6,313

695

114

57,262

495

502

37,379

16,611

1,829

446

19,281

496

252

14,296

3,217

907

na

22,535

240

153

16,711

4,581

790

6a

418 OCCUPATION.

Persons engaged in all classes of occupations, with nativity, in fifty principal cities.

Cities.

Total

Albany, N. Y

Allegheny, Pa ... .

Atlanta, Ga

Baltimore, Md

Boston, Mass

Brooklyn, N. Y. . . .

Buffalo, N. Y

Cambridge, Mass..

Camden, N. J

Charleston, S. C. . .

Chicago, 111

Cincinnati, Ohio . .
Cleveland, Ohio. . .
Columbus, Ohio. . .

Dayton, Ohio

Denver, Col

Detroit, Mich

Fall River, Mass.. .

Hartford, Conn

Indianapolis, Ind. .
Jersey City, N. J. .
Kansas City, Mo. .
Lawrence, Mass. . .

Louisville, Ky

Lowell, Mass

Lynn, Mass ........

Milwaukee, Wis . . .
Minneapolis, Min1.
Nashville, Tenn . . .

Newark, N. J

New Haven, Conn .
New Orleans, La . .
New York, N. Y...

Paterson, N. J

Philadelphia, Pa . .

Pittsburgh, Pa

Providence, R. I . .

Reading, Pa

Richmond, Va

Rochester, N. Y . . .
Saint Louis, Mo . . .
Saint Paul, Minn. .
San Francisco, Cal

Scranton, Pa

Syracuse, N. Y

Toledo, Ohio

Troy, N. Y

Washington, D. C .
Wilmington, Del . .
Worcester, Mass. . .

Persons
occupied

33,134

345
253
314

867

1,042
981

1,091
249
191
492

1,190

1,196
694
192
157
424
394
274
408
315
504
252
142
459
296
143
334
432
172
556
338

2,032

2,229
113

4,810
466
490
148
132
518

2,089
222

1,965
107
250
334
128
463

1,207
734

NATIVITY.

United
States.

1,826,210

20,330
16,941
16,339

101,484
88,244

115,111
29,928
11,706
12,994
18,379
84,767
62,826
26,730
14,164
10,524
10,490
17,938
8,495
11,183
21,584
22,091
19,461
8,729
34,012
15,621
13,029
18,041
12,009
15,232
29,228
15,776
58,771

240,076
12,459

237,639
30,454
28,720
13,802
23,013
20,904
82,735
8,929
37,469
8,727
13,612
10,478
14,310
50,309
15,880
14,537

Ireland.

461,855

6,261
2,468

237

7,306

34,745

41,487

5,149

4,415

730

758

23,918

7,843

6,570

1,237

656
1,226
2,963
4,686
3,887
1,886
10,451
2,208
4,799
3,099
6,612
1,969
1,811
1,057

643
6,461
5,242
5,543
114,581
3,386
55,783
8,680
9,134

314

454
3,079
15,985
1,812
17,012
3,462
2,308
1,490
5,993
3,146
2,184
4,729

Germany

415,710

3,289

4,482

280

17,769

3,990

30,177

12,279

372

631

796

40,847

24,117

12,506

2,164

2,399

1,242

8,545

144

847

3,087

5,519

1,375

637

6,412

65

29

15,984

1,566

356

9,104

1,478

6,968

92,657

1,334

30,429

7,884

608

1,199

620

5,356

29,674

2,873

12,394

1,541

2,544

3,523

892

2,100

438

188

Great
Britain.

140,736

1,205

1,130

108

1,442

6,650

12,311

2,861

965

582

138

10,018

2,106

4,911

696

239

1,081

2,776

5,075

767

647

2,819

768

2,805

578

2,009

354

1,224

570

206

2,541

933

1,218

21,230

3,261

17,137

3,499

3,496

178

220

1,761

4,061

560

6,076

2,720

784

546

1,265

865

564

780

Scandi-

30,955

65

71

16

169

1,121

2,293

187

135

12

14

12,506

67

182

25

354
61

41

67

47

157

362

14

21

69

26

670

3,706

35

67

64

137

2,567

51

567

70

143

8

9

39

420

1,758

1,868

42

6

37
60
42
34
473

British | Other
America, countries

67,510 ! 140,196

576

86

26

258

11,237

2,162

2,688

2,092

41

12

6,322

585

2,017

121

81

548

4,922

4,118

270

183

329

512

2,044

205

5,234

1,232

467

1,856

18

156

300

210

3,752

108

1,037

232

1,146

11

31

2,040

1,230

858

1,946

66

622

716

945

141

36

1,685

427

780

72

1,936

3,207

5,524

1,555

336

95

228

13,382

2,910

4,003

330

285

796

2,040

126

191

532

990

395

125

917

171

89

2,703

538

248

1,509

362

5,489

38,514

1,971

6,308

1,354

631

111

203

1,097

5,880

1,019

27,885

271

533

901

280

659

145

143

Chart showing the number of persons, mal
Attending school,and such persons havin.

The above shows the average for the United
States. T/iis diagram was drawn from charts
prepared by Francis A.Walkenfor the United
States Govcrnmen f.

1

GEORGIA

ILLINOIS

I

1

H

TENNESSEE

TEXAS

VERMONT

VIRGINIA

OCCUPATIONS:

ia?e,over ten years of age engaged in the different Occupations.
i,pation,in the United State* and in each State.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yacjgy & West.

WISCONSIN

DIST.of COLUMBIA

NORTH WEST TERR.

SOUTH WEST TERR.

Chart showing the number of persons, ma&
Attending school,and such persons havin

TENNESSEE

TEXAS

VERMONT

VIRGINIA

GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS:

Chart showing the number of~persons,male ami /'< male,over ten years of age engaged in the different Occupations ■
Attending sehool,and xttch persons hawing m Occupation, in the United States rmd in each State.

Copi/rigRted JS86 by Yaggu & Wes

TENNESSEE

WEST

WISCONSIN

DIST. of COLUMBIA

NORTH WEST TERR.

SOUTH WEST TERR.

OCCUPATION.

The United States by c/asses of occupations, with sex and nativity.

419

all ages.

NATIVITY.

Occupations.

CD

"3
S

6

a

CD

ft

CO

CD

«

02

CD

'3
&

a

CD

>>
a
«

a

'3

m

3

CD '

'>
3

9

-Jl

CD

a
< .

CS

ffl

a
c .

CD

o

All Ocodpations

14,744,942

2,647,157

13,897,452

978,854

1,033,190

466,505

205,525

351,103

459,470

Agriculture

7,075,983

594,510

6,857.664

140,307

293,722

104,314

91,836

73,435

109,215

.Agricultural laborers. . .
Apiarists

2,788,976
999

8,238

2,913

4,169,136

4,320

50,173

3,449

24,004

16,406

7,325
44

534,900
17

710

193

56,809

230

1,309

3,162,474
891

5,053

2,780

3,615,765

2,512

26,887

2,923

18,245

12,662

7,430
42

24,236
10

575

95

107,708

337

6,298
149
440
453

5
1

48,210
37

1,469

73

233,390

753

8,588
150
624
424

4

15,216
42

258

51

82,867
595

3,888

71

704

620

1
1

22,624
2

87

7
68,431

26

359

7

245

48

21,214

28

301

26

50,635

69

537
67

289
268

29,902
6

Dairymen and dairy-
women

1,205

Farm and plantation
overseers

74

Farmers and planters . .
Florists

67,149
258

Gardeners, nurserymen,
and vine-growers ....
Stock-d rovers

4,925
82

Stock-herders

94
122

125
1

3,551

Stock-raisers

2,053

Turpentine farmers and
laborers

10

Others in agriculture. . .

1

Professional and per-
sonal services

2,712,943

1,361,295

3,076,768

415,854

218,867

79,963

52,860

90,614

139,312

Actors

2,992
3,358

7,043
2,328

811

41,949

1,499

6,745

1,921
64,533

23,820

14,873

10,670

4,187

1,820
17

2,061
3

320

2,902

44

12,313

48
165

1,647

1,976

246

26

3,531

2,382

6,727
1,983

921

31,945

1,232

12,294

1,303

51,967

22,742

15,299

9,398

3,271

169
92

143
73

21

488

63

2,439

76
2,516

545

439

296

267

219
395

902
91

32

7,814

111

1,549

225
4,301

632

450

449

324

445
255

541
101

83

690

45

934

171
2,589

760

344

256

186

17

27

51
5

5

118

10

278

12
598

76

40

62

13

116

90

187
34

19

1,050

41

784

32
930

341

127

252

45

315

134

553

44

50
2,746

41

780

150
1,797

371

150

203

107

Architects

Artists and teachers of
art

Auctioneers

Authors, lecturers, and
literary persons

Barbers and hair-
dressers

Billiard and bowling-
saloon keepers and
employes

Boarding and lodging-
house keepers

Chemists, assayers, and
metallurgists

Clergymen

Clerks and copyists (not
otherwise described).

Clerks in government
offices

Clerks in hotels and
restaurants

•Collectors and claim
agents

420 OCCUPATION.

The United States by c/asses of occupations, etc. — Continued.

Occupations.

Professional and Person-
al Services.— Cont'd.

Dentists

Designers, draughtsmen

and inventors

Domestic servants

Employes of charitable

institutions

Employes of governm'nt
Employes of hotels and

restaurants (not clerks)

Engineers (civil)

Hostlers

Hotel-keepers

Hunters, trappers,

guides and 6Couts

Janitors

Journalists

Laborers (not specified).
Launderers and laun-
dresses

Lawyers

Livery-stable keepers . .

Messengers

Midwives

Musicians (professional)

and teachers of music.

Nurses

Officers of the army and

navy (United States) .
Officials of government .
Physicians and surgeons

Restaurant-keepers

Sextons

Showmen and employes

of shows

Soldiers, sailors, and

marines, (U. S. army

and navy)

Teachers and scientific

persons

Veterinary surgeons . . .
Watchmen (private) and

detectives

Whitewashers

Others in professional

and personal services .

ALL AGES.

12,253

2,764
136,745

781
28,433

46,348

8,261

31,697

30,317

1,912

6,064

12,020

1,796,575

13,744

64,062
14,180
13,585

17,295
1,189

2,600
64,909
83,239
12,228

2,435

2,421

24,161

73,335
2,130

13,370
3,301

3,860

61

56
938,910

1,615
3,168

31,065

2,136

699

288
62,648

108,198

75

33

400

2,118

13,182
12,294

2,172

2,432

846

14

183

154,375

14
15

710

NATIVITY.

11,459

2,003
819,651

1,462

25,604

52,652
7,097

23,488
22,592

1,583

4,214

10,426

1,336,845

87,815
60,342
12,055
12,739
1,234

21,595
9,397

2,238

55,772

77,092

7,764

1,453

2,043

14,944

211,671
1,457

6,936
2,714

3,436

43
122,194

470
2,659

11,107

170

4,230

2,609

13

1,171
324

225,122

14,788

1,008

866

305

52

536
1,595

135

5,133

1,021

791

360

80

3,716

3,916
104

3,293

72

276

204

217
43,444

190
1,242

4,707

296

1,820

4,006

28

565

541

114,641

4,870
791
462
253
560

4,163
855

76

2,677

2,640

2,488

253

135

2,727

4,328
156

1,389
339

310

193

314
19,477

112
1,053

1,830
357

787
1,243

33

441

535

31,383

1,625

948

346

311

69

1,221
881

62

1,696

1,748

575

237

147

1,213

2,319
252

866
67

222

14

30
19,077

6
147

970

53

199

228

13

71

43

28,031

658
89
51
49
20

125

89

12
274
176
120

21

3

209

534

18

174
13

31

237

53
22,050

64

480

2,126
120
695
853

81

99

188

50,342

999
559
306
146
11

475
379

17

745

1,520

302

36

65

507

2,617
71

286
41

96

139

160

29,762

92
416

4,021
168
478
922'

161
202
251

72,859

11,187
400
127
182
172

2,362
287

60

784

1,474

1,034

89

131

845

2,325

72

440
70

199

OCCUPATION.

421

The United States by c/asses of occupations, etc. — Continued.

Occupations.

Trade and Transportation.

Agents (not specified)

Bankers and brokers (money and stocks)

Boatmen and watermen

Book-keepers and accountants in stores

Brokers (commercial)

Canalmen

Clerks in stores

Clerks and book-keepers in banks

Clerks and book-keepers in Ex. Co's . . .

Clerks and book-keepers in Ins. offices.

Clerks and book-keepers in R. R. offices

Commercial travelers

Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc

Employes in warehouses

Employes of banks (not clerks)

Employes of Ins. Co's (not clerks)

Employes of R. R. Co's (not clerks)

Hucksters and peddlers

Milkmen and milkwomen

Newspaper criers and carriers

Officials and employes of express com-
panies (not clerks)

Officials and employes of street railroad
companies

Officials and employes of Tel'gph Co's .

Officials and employes of Telephone Co's

Officials and employes of trading and
Trans. Co's (not specified).

Officials of banks

Officials of insurance companies

Officials of railroad companies

Packers

Pilots

Porters and laborers in stores and ware-
houses

Sailors

Salesmen and saleswomen

Saloonkeepers and bartenders

Shippers and freighters

Steamboat men and women

Stewards and stewardesses

Toll-gate and bridgekeepers

Traders and dealers (not specified)

Traders and dealers in Agricul. Imp . . .

Traders and dealers in books and sta-
tionery

ALL ages.

1,750,892

18,152

15,112

20,357

57,425

4,128

4,281

329,722

10,183

1,848

2,777

12,274

27,886

177,586

4,816

1,049

13,041

235,611

50,999

8,916

3,298

12,993

11,921

21,678

1,050

' 9,686
4,421
1,774
2,069
3,650
3,770

29,938
60,070
24,535
67,153

5,160
12,182

1,985

1,885
109,094

1,997

4,783

59,364

371

68

11

2,365

65

48

23,722

74

8

53

57

272

206
21

105

447
2,492

326
76

11

4
1,131

147

16

526

2,254

7,744

1,308

6

183

298

418

3,746

2

199

NATIVITY.

1,351,695

15,261

12,944

16,896

49,675

3,004

3,742

303,670

9,498

1,632

2,603

10,887

23,596

128,275

3,516

900

11,271

169,380

30,682

5,496

2,524

10,133

8,229

20,738

1,092

4,789
4,116
1,546
1,855
2,491
3,324

21,401
41,984
26,370
30,261

4,078
10,219

1,535

1,852
86,791

1,737

3,826

138,518

667

339

1,638

1,672

207

320

10,480

117

75

43

469

839

22,911

523

75

262

32,407

5,156

1,078

124

1,128

2,217

550

29

2,871

38

40

55

624

123

3,633

3,659

1,626

8,450

214

697

190

202

4,136

31

263

152,491

1,021

829

550

3,240

378

94

17,330

230

38

59

153

1,596

13,012

350

39

815

9,748

7,173

1,843

460

851

711
249

1

577

108

80

31

482
75

3,880

2,292

2,054

20,667

159

349

128

122

11,085

84

56,498

819

486

327
2,693

239

58

8,310

222
56
80

476
1,014
4,470

190
3

405
6,565
1,657

236

121

403

328

484
26

448

90

62

79

176

115

805

3,239

1,177

2,296

253

414

178

71

3,527

54

407 291

16,214

100

27

262

241

26

10

2,155

21

4

2

30

86

1,020

48

4

40

4,548

183

58

10

74

58
76

1

242

6

4

2

36

27

395

2,897

61

737

46

132

15

6

657

21

19

0<

a

< .

33,119 61,721

314

176

425

1,041

63

65

5,567

95

31

18

223

536

4,484

69

4

171

5,307

726

124

45

201

257

588

39

265
36
21
40
99
51

510

2,001

450

1,584

112

279

57

24

1,420

50

214

125

124

9

510

27

21

7

268

55

1,568

3,998
541

4,466

304

275

180

26

5,224
22

56 120

422

OCCUPATION.

The United States by classes of occupations, etc. — Continued.

ALL AGES.

NATIVITY.

Occupations.

CD

CD

a
a

0>

"3

00

'3
P

a

hH

a
s
S

u
cd

a

d
"3

m

CD
U

3
V

cS

a
a

a!
o
CQ

CD

S

< .

■§.°

a
o .

o aj
a

.a
O

Trade and Transportation. —-Continued.

Traders and dealers in boots and shoes
Traders and dealers in cabinetware . . .
Traders and dealers in cigars and to-
bacco

9,807
7,335

11,332

9,874
10,781

2,484

2,249

27,580

41,771

2,264
98,055

4,722

2,842

15,014
3,503

2,380
13,368
12,582
11,255

1,398

1,861

2,622

1,926

1,815

34,599
11,214

6,478

5,058

3,291

177

186
84

534

199
90
10

124

120

4,060

41
3,794

87
12

62
71

2

132

14

8

7

45

107

14

47

530
39

99
55
11

6,454
5,032

7,412

5,112
8,058
2,023

1,321

23,521

33,101

1,286
64,331

2,974
2,112

12,177
1,367

1,609

4,945

10,542

9,808

1,057

1,512

2,007

1,478

943

26,197
9,210

5,619

4,056

2,504

108

724
359

469

336
903
112

169

330

2,299

54
11,668

374
213

441

1,267

111

3,642
544
198

123
20

202
84

238

2,075
553

138

360

322

12

1.760
1,133

2,604

3,127
956
146

483

1,842

6,058

550
17,212

900
269

1,274
395

460

3,283

722

439

57

199

243

176

385

3,029
610

287
401
133

8

442
380

413

347
449
138

193

791

1,704

162
3,292

251
93

593

202

74
449
392
327

111

95

176

117

110

1,279
434

212

135

151

9

62

77

37

52

51

4

10

160

210

13
520

19
30

' 79
11

8
63

27
58

4

11

5

8

4

147
48

65

16

26

2

172
136

106

124

175

13

25

443

528

23
1,379

65
65

235

59

18
186
192
310

28

31

30

16

6

569
191

175

69

117

9

379
302

825

Traders and dealers in clothing and
men's furnishing goods

975

Traders and dealers in coal and wood. .

Traders and dealers in cotton and wool.

Traders and dealers in crockery, china,

glass, and stoneware

279

58

172

Traders and dealers in drugs and medi-
cines

613

Traders and dealers in dry goods, fancy
goods, and notions

1,931

Traders and dealers in gold and silver-
ware and jewelry

Traders and dealers in groceries

Traders and dealers in hats, caps and
furs

217
3,447

226

Traders and dealers in ice

72

Traders and dealers in iron, tin, and
copperware

9,77

Traders and dealers in junk

m

Traders and dealers in leather, hides,
and skins

102

Traders and dealers in liquors and wines.

Traders and dealers in live-stock

Traders and dealers in lumber

932
177
123

Traders and dealers in marble, stone,
and slate

25

Traders and dealers in music and musi-
cal instruments

38

Traders and dealers in newspapers and
periodicals

66

Traders and dealers in oils, paints, and
turpentine „.

61

Traders and dealers in paper and paper
stock

176

Traders and dealers in produce and
provisions

1,833

Traders and dealers in real estate

Traders and dealers in sewing ma-
chines

207
81

Undertakers

76

Weighers, gaugers, and measurers

Others in trade and transportation

49
29

OCCUPATION.

423

The United States by classes of occupations, etc. — Continued.

Occupations.

Manufacturing, Mechanical, and
Mining Industries

all ages.

Agricultural-implement makers

Artificial-flower makers

Apprentices to trades

Bagmakers

Bakers

Basketmakers ,

Blacksmiths

Bleachers, dyers, and scourers .

Blind, door, and sashmakers . .

Boatmakers ,

Bone and ivory workers

Bookbinders and finishers

Boot and shoemakers

Bottlers and mineral-watermakers

Box-factory operatives

Brass founders and workers

Brewers and maltsters

Brick and tilemakers

Bridge builders and contractors .

Britannia and japanned ware
makers

Broom and brushmakers

Builders and contractors

Butchers

Button-factory operatives

Cabinetmakers

Candle, soap, and tallowmakers . .

Carmakers

Carpenters and joiners

Carpetmakers

Carriage and wagon makers

Charcoal and lime burners

Cheesemakers

Chemical works employes

Cigarmakers

Clerks and book-keepers in manu-
facturing establishments

Clock and watchmakers and re
pairers

Confectioners

Coopers

Copper workers

Corsetmakers

Cotton- mill operatives

Distillers and rectifiers

3,205,124

4,879

512

40,313

669

40,246

5,058

172,726

7,573

4,946

2,063

1,717

8,342

173,072

2,012

8,632

10,831

16,217

35,984

2,587

1,261

7,837

10,793

76,241

2,480

50,174

2,718

4,708

373,143

9,962

49,743

5,851

4,230

2,509

51,267

9,921

12,002
11,892
49,138

2,326

795

78,292

3,237

631,988

12

2,887
3,857

739
1,063

596

649

NATIVITY.

2,611,325

171

5,491

21,007

69

7,130

737

61

68

114

642

11

2,392
480
205

7,106
138

340

414

5,332

193

1,818
1,800

16

3,865

91,479

284,175

3,255
2,530

40,088
996

18,108
3,689
125,596
4,154
3,885
1,685
1,258

10,770

124,691

1,182

12,893
7,111
4,057

24,577
1,922

899
6,258
7,250

47,011
3,793

29,498

1,676

3,191

287,452

9,634

37,634
3,369
3,863
1,657

31,371

8,834

9,584
8,154

32,966
1,191
3,877

94,010
2,443

424

OCCUPATION.

The United States by classes of occupations, etc. — Continued.

Occupations.

MANUFACTURING, MECHANICAL, ETC.—

Continued.

Employes in manufacturing es-
tablishments (not specified) . . .

Engineers and firemen

Engravers

Fertilizer establishment opera-
tives

Filemakers, cutters and grinders

Fishermen and oystermen

Flax dressers

Fur workers

Galoon, gimp, and tasselmakers . .

Gas-works employes

Gilders

Glass-works operatives

Glovemakers

Gold and silver workers and
jewelers

Gun and locksmiths

Hair-cleaners, dressers, and
workers

Harness and saddlemakers

Hat and capmakers

Hosiery and knitting-mill opera-
tives

Iron and steel works and shop
operatives

Lacemakers

Lead and zinc- works operatives.

Leather case and pocket-book
makers

Leather curriers, dressers, finish-
ers and tanners

Lumbermen and raftsmen

Machinists

Manufacturers

Marble and stonecutters

Masons, brick and stone

Meat and fruit preserving estab-
lishment employes

Meat packers, curers, and picklers

Mechanics (not specified)

Mill and factory operatives (not
specified)

Millers

Milliners, dressmakers and
seamstresses

ALL AGES.

25,885

79,628
4,474

1,371

1,817

41,287

904

964

693

4,680

1,703

17,370

2,558

26,438
10,377

966
38,409
13,004

4,334

114,137

254

2,105

1,073

29,642
30,651

101,130
43,612
32,842

102,473

2,021
3,111

7,853

22,803
53,363

3,473

8,651

103

12

22

65

990

616

1,542

15

60

564

1,953

1,967
195

999
1,551
3,856

7,860

402
1,454

324

200

407

839
325

5

8,186

77

281,928

24,715

57,984

3,179

1,101
1,144

30,324
1,056
807
1,683
2,393
1,069

13,479
3,667

20,711
6,863

1,345
29,769
12,217

9,774

72,931

1,298

933

893

16,193

20,175
70,672
32;454
18,197
66,227

2,066
1,520
6,741

22,882
45,228

239,583

2,649

6,988

137

117
158

1,036

441

204

57

1,560
103

1,152
162

924

550

130
1,966
1,987

610

16,730
138
405

38

6,027
882
6,306
1,447
6,173
12,611

199
468
210

2,127
898

16,200

3,305

4,315

512

87
137
765

20
330
332
291
320
1,474
195

3,252
1,947

227
4,393
1,363

387

9,307

97

441

377

4,112
980

8,206

5,072

2,894

11,857

199
523
313

1,686
3,373

9,300

1,656

6,552

425

19

291

581

275

84

56

282

142

1,039

288

1,552
564

79

1,129

628

871

10,174
101
103

33

945

747
9,826
2,684
3,208
5,737

66
116

286

1,871
1,948

196

521

31

21

6

913

16
9
6

35
9

50
9

249
97

243
36

17

1,046

4

16

437
1,316
972
153
256
1,322

6
22
61

243

362

7,109 1,659

869

1,980

52

8
43
2,816
70
21
30
56
29
162
79

441
104

50

1,214

140

428

2,219
13
82

1,165
5,634
2,752
702
1,088
2,228

121

39

132

1,281

1.146

1,288

241

30

60

4,917

16

125

71

78

91

578

111

1,276
447

126

1,246
489

107

2,132

57

125

48

963
917
2,396
1,507
1,026
2,491

203
748
115

746
733

7,051 4,499

OCCUPATION. 425

The United States by classes of occupations, etc. — Continued.

Occupations.

ALL, AGES.

NATIVITY.

6

a

En

en

£
Sa

cd

"a
P

§

CO

a

a

u

CD

d
"3

pq

§

CD
U

C5

CS

a
o

U

a
< .

CO

-d o
'u

n

a
a

O j
O CD

CD

.d
O

233,996

79

107,993

25,462

10,027

47,436

4,829

5,676

32,805

2,390

113

1,546

94

417

83

24

45

294

5,429

374

5,126

227

135

162

9

94

50

8,179

19

6,759

224

298

628

22

140

127

3,897

32

2,498

420

650

158

26

67

110

7,340

6,164

426

161

232

22

279

56

2,373

64

1,838

80

178

113

77

98

53

128,290

266

97,767

6,177

10,260

6,334

1,758

3,138

3,122

4,859

154

4,038

176

328

290

12

62

107

14,711

6,719

14,315

3,753

703

1,135

80

1,081

363

5,822

4,104

196

456

638

68

164

196

9,539

451

8,261

110

520

465

110

299

225

5,376

37

2,773

182

1,709

201

153

139

256

22,083

16,998

2,627

1,220

1 222

163

487

366

19,383

13,980

2,547

735

1.485

50

396

190

6,644

589

4,763

461

670

1,056

43

71

169

69,270

3,456

60,365

2,838

3,338

3,138

370

1,657

1,020

4,318

1,101

3,302

985

170

780

30

95

57

2,745

36

2,326

93

104

139

9

64

46

1,366

1,174

23

80

38

9

24

18

15,169

8,226

3,068

742

1,624

546

567

396

1,449

805

128

92

142

51

101

130

1,430

776

643

255

291

33

3

8

973

1,206

875

143

28

67

39

40

14

4,026

2,534

602

255

475

12

88

60

3,040

474

2,339

367

456

161

19

55

117

4,292

2,058

4,143

1,230

486

298

15

109

69

2,843

107

2,168

215

111

167

92

90

107

1,390

41

710

343

212

24

12

141

89

77,050

56,468

1,714

4,967

1,118

2,956

6,933

2,894

5,195

4,214

160

366

151

31

192

81

1,027

720

48

93

44

6

91

25

796

565

990

187

39

85

6

37

17

2,664

61

2,024

209

230

126

26

71

39

1,700

5,805

5,345

795

386

257

15

103

604

5,125

41

4,082

81

153

73

86

514

177

17,452

11,847

1,493

632

1,192

364

1,417

507

3,163

8,660

9,098

1,219

511

280

34

175

506

8,860

9,211

11,397

1,365

1,421

1,875

86

186

1,741

1,218

167

823

263

157

58

13

39

32

4,061

3,511

72

180

43

38

174

43

MANUFACTURING, MECHANICAL, ETC.— Con'd

Miners

Mirror and picture-frame makers . . .

Nailmakers '.

Officials of manufacturing and min-
ing companies

Oil-mill and refinery operatives ....

Oil-well operatives and laborers

Organmakers

Painters and vamishers

Paperhangers

Paper-mill operatives

Patternmakers

Photographers

Pianofortemakers and tuners

Plasterers

Plumbers and gas-fitters

Potters

Printers, lithographers and stereo-
typers

Print-works operatives

Publishers of books, maps and news-
papers

Pumpmakers

Quarrymen

Quartz and stamp-mill operatives
and laborers

Rag pickers

Railroad builders and contractors . .

Roofers and slaters

Rope and cordagemakers

Rubber-factory operatives

Sail and awningmakers

Saltmakers

Saw and planing-mill operatives . . .

Sawyers

Scale and ruiemakers

Screwmakers

Sewing-machine factory operatives. .

Sewing-machine operators

Shingle and lathmakers

Ship carpenters, calkers, riggers and
smiths

Shirt, cuff and collarmakers

Silk-mill operatives

Starchmakers

Stave, shook and headingmakers. .

426

OCCUPATION.

The United States by c/asses of occupations, etc. — Continued.

Occupations.

MANUFACTURING, MECHANICAL, ETC.— Con'd

Steam-boiler makers

Stove, furnace and gratemakers

Straw workers

Sugarmakers and refiners

Tailors and tailoresses

Thread-mill operatives

Tinners and tinwaremakers

Tool and cutlerymakers

Trunk, valise, and carpet-bag makers

Tobacco-factory operatives

Umbrella and parasolmakers

Upholsterers

Wheelwrights

Wiremakers and workers

Wood choppers \

Wood turners, carvers and wooden-
waremakers

Woolen-mill operatives

Others in manufacturing, mechani-
cal and mining industries

ALL AGES.

NATIVITY.

a

m

B

CO

'3

a
a

u

a
<s

a

u
CS

'8

m

a

U

C8
CS

a

=8
O
02

U
Of

a
< .

-C a
&'**

'u

a

a
°d

u h

o

12,771

6,943

2,683

841

1,668

76

348

212

3,341

2,302

323

427

128

52

41

68

1,531

2,698

3,857

122

35

92

17

81

25

2,313

14

653

268

1,078

54

24

23

227

81,658

52,098

62,175

10,297

37,684

5,016

4,057

2,314

12,213

1,148

2,111

2,120

405

31

403

2

290

8

41,781

1,037

32,482

1,833

4,609

1,594

313

929

1,058

13,214

535

8,380

937

1,506

.1,574

118

759

475

2,958

55

1,935

161

629

81

5

55

147

14,910

5,536

18,670

402

663

141

30

82

458

1,094

873

1,392

252

168

90

1

11

53

9,901

542

6,497

603

2,043

515

201

209

375

15,592

12,350

681

1,453

333

45

425

305

6,925

245

4,041

1,051

782

543

276

189

288

12,731

8,578

235

251

209

175

1,658

1.625

12,771

193

8,584

438

2,284

556

163

376

563

52,504

35,506

53,442

12,737

3,762

10,494

482

6,093

1,000

10,511

3,031

9,537

1,120

1,248

620

111

297

609

LABOR, WAGES, AND COST
OF LIVING.

No economic question has received greater attention than that which
concerns labor and wages. The large majority of the people of every
country are connected with some of the gainful occupations, and very few
in any country' are unaffected by the condition of the working classes.
The question does not limit itself to the strife between labor and capital,
nor to differences between consumers and producers; it comprehends all
and interests all. Producers in one department of labor are consumers
of the products of another class.

The cost of living is intimately associated with the wages paid the
laborer; his actual condition can not be determined without a consideration
and comparison of both items. The question of wages is a purely relative
one; a wage rate of one dollar per day may indicate a far better condition
than a rate of two dollars in another place.

In the following pages an effort has been made to present the condition
of the laboring classes in the principal countries of the world. The facts
are taken from statistics collected by the government through its consular
agents at different points. Many of these reports are defective and most
of them are unsatisfactory ; these defects arose in the difficulties encount-
ered in collecting the facts in some districts, and in reducing different re-
ports to a common basis of comparison.

Comparisons have been instituted with the wages paid in the United
States whenever this was practicable. In this country as in others, there
is no uniform rate of wages, each locality being a law unto itself. In view
of this difficulty, some particular place has been selected where the wages
are the nearest index of the general average of the country.

• In the tables which follow, the various rates for labor and the cost of
the necessities of living, have been reduced to the equivalent in United
States money. In the trades reported, those only are taken which cover
a large class of employes, and which are technically termed the "general
trades." Also, in giving prices of provisions, etc., only those are selected
which are recognized as actual necessities, and of these the retail price
paid is given.

(427)

428

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table is a comparison of the average weekly wages paid
in the general trades in Europe, with those paid in similar trades in New
York and Chicago:

Occupations.

T3
G — to

a te

>>

0

a

a

'51

'aj

pq

u

s
<!

0

pq

_C8

'co

CO

0

«

o
to
cs
o

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers

Hod-carriers

$7 56

4 94
7 68

5 07
7 80

5 27
7 10
7 35
4 24
7 90

4 69
7 G6
7 66

6 17

7 37

5 30

6 77
*7 00

6 85

5 50

7 47
7 68

6 84

6 07

7 50
7 00

U 21

2 92
4 07

3 15

4 43
2 91
4 20
4 28
2 81
4 26
2 72
4 11
4 08

$5 74
3 13

5 33
3 23

6 34
3 23
5 65

5 65
3 64

6 10
3 61
6 20
6 07

.$4 56
3 22
5 22

3 09

4 66

3 02

4 98

4 97

3 28

5 46

2 93

4 07

5 00

4 28

5 38

3 29

5 35

4 25
4 46

4 31

6 02

5 66

5 03

6 28
5 17
5 28

5 00
3 95
3 77

3 92

4 09

6 15
6 42
6 35

3 91

4 60

5 62

6 84
3 77
5 86
5 00

$3 55

2 08

3 73
1 92

4 01

1 82
4 00
4 20

2 80

4 11

2 41

5 10

6 09

$4 55
{4 72

3 18

3 15

4 10
6 20

5 87
3 50

3 60

4 40

3 00
3 64
3 00

3 00

2 20

4 00

3 68

3 80

4 77
3 67

3 85

(1 20

(3 48

3 80

3 00

5 93
3 10

$4 80

3 60

4 80
4 00
4 00
4 00
4 00

4 80

2 80

4 80

5 60

U 80

4 80

3 60

4 00
3 20

6 00

3 60

4 00
4 80
4 40
4 00

4 80

6 00

5 00
4 40

2 50
4 40

3 60
8 00

4 00

3 60

4 00

U 40

3 20

4 80
4 80

$5 21

2 99
5 27

3 50
5 03

3 40

4 35

2 99

3 18

5 18

3 36

4 74

5 04

3 88

5 20

4 43
4 68
4 43

3 78

4 66

4 92

5 59

5 84

3 30

4 78
4 93
4 02

3 84

4 91

6 35
4 63
3 83

3 84

4 65

6 35
3 61

5 51

6 30
2 64

$4 32
2 45
6 72
2 88
4 61

2 55
4 20

3 75
2 60

4 32

2 30

3 30
3 76

2 92

3 72
2 72
8 42
2 80

4 06

2 91
4 20
'5 76

3 36
6 80
3 66

3 91

4 00
3 50
3 60
3 60

2 95

3 16

4 66
3 66
3 90

5 10

3 75

4 15

2 88
4 88

3 30
3 65

$24 00
10 50
24 00
10 50
27 00

15 00
2i 00

16 50
10 50
22 50

5 70
16 50
18 00

12 00

15 00
10 50

16 50

17 40

16 50
15 00
15 00
12 00

18 00
12 00

$20 00
11 00

jMasons

18 00

Tenders

10 00

Plasterers

18 00

Tenders

10 00

Slaters

Boofers

Tenders

14 00

12 00

9 00

Plumbers

Assistants

Carpenters

Gas-fitters

16 00
10 00
14 00
12 00

OTHER TRADES.

7 00

Blacksmiths

4 00

2 94
4 20

3 98

3 3'

5 81

4 72

5 17
5 32
4 43

13 00

Strikers

9 00

Bookbinders

14 00

Brickmakers

10 00
5 00

Butchers

8 00

Brass-founders

4 38
4 25
3 43
3 63
3 C7
3 90
3 56

6 54

6 14
4 85

4 69

5 58
5 16

7 06

4 80

5 57
4 82
4 47

4 83
7 35
7 00

5 11
5 50

5 89

6 24

3 93

7 07
6 74

4 84

10 00

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

12 00

Cigarmakers

11 15

12 00

Cutlers

10 00

Distillers

9 00

Drivers

Draymen and teamsters. . . .
Cab and carriage

5 37

5 15

6 09
6 18
8 38

|8 52

5 80

6 10

6 32

8 76

4 70

7 07
6 97

5 90

2 96

3 21
3 44

3 45
5 12

4 20

3 78

4 36

3 61

5 21

3 11
5 59

4 18
3 12

12 00

13 50
16 50
24 00
15 00

12 50

18 00

13 50
10 50
15 00

10 00
9 00

Street railways

11 00

13 00

16 00

Furriers

13 00

Gardeners

9 00

13 00

Horseshoers

13 00

11 00

Laborers, porters, etc

9 00
12 00

14 00

Nailmakers (hand)

* j.

Lbout,

t With

boiird.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average weekly wages. — Continued.

42D

Occupations.

a <d

1^

0

a

a

u

CD

CS

6
o
2

cd

M

a"

.3

'St
n

$4 86
5 94

7 74

5 51
4 56

.2

43

CO

3

a

to
o

w

02

*CO
CO

3

M

o

cd
o

O

go

$5 20

7 17

*12 00

t 7 70

6 63

7 02

$3 60

3 69
2 85

2 95
5 70

14 85
(3 80

3 41
5 11

3 55
2 79

4 60
4 82
4 52

$4 78

6 64

7 00

5 70

6 04

2 90

6 72

J5 18

5 02

6 92
5 46

3 23

$3 17

4 85

8 47

3 80
3 80

$6 00
6 40

4 80
4 00

$4 17
5 93

5 20

$5 76
5 76

9 60

5 10
2 59

$18 00

18 00

12 00
15 00

$10 00

Printers

13 00

Teachers, public schools. . . -J

Saddle and hamessmakers . . .
Sailmakers

13 00

11 00

12 00

11 00

8 44

6 38

7 40
7 65
6 56
6 31

4 36

5 81

5 58

6 35
4 40
3 95

7 40

4 15

4 03
6 75
3 70
3 15

2 88
4 90

3 42
6 55
2 96

2 96

18 00

12 00

Tanners

4 00

5 00
5 60
4 00
3 60

4 92
6 36

4 40
3 05

Tailors

12 72
18 00

7 12

12 00
11 00

Weavers (outside of mills). . .

10 00

12 00

18 00

*Men.

tWomen.

In the table below, a comparison is instituted between the average
weekly wages paid in the general trades in some of the principal com-
mercial cities of Europe, with those paid in Chicago, the latter city being
taken as a fair average for this country.

Occupations.

a

a

o a

"S a
p

0

t-3

a

3

CD "3

a
<

3

CS
CD S

a o

CD

PQ

a

CD' ,2

a w

CD N

CO .rf

73

.2

CD

a

CD

u

lH CO

CD £3

s w

3 * »

a .

CD M

a

3

H

C3

3

cfl

to

2

0

o

BUILDING TEADES.

$8 40
4 60
8 40
4 60
7 50
4 60
7 50

7 50
4 60

8 10
4 87
8 00
8 00

6 50

7 80

6 00

7 00

6 00

7 00
4 38

8 10
8 80
6 00
6 80

$4 40
3 12
6 00

3 12

4 40

3 12

5 00

4 40

3 05

4 82

5 79

2 70

5 50

2 45
4 63

3 20

3 20
2 90

6 95
6 00

4 65
6 50

$4 50
3 50
5 00

3 65

4 50

3 61

4 35
4 35

3 39

4 57

3 20

5 00

4 11

3 55

4 28

3 57

5 15

4 75
4 61

3 60

4 28
3 33

3 43

4 19

$7 50

2 22
6 06

3 90
6 36
3 90
3 78
3 78

3 08

4 94
3 36

5 20

3 78

4 32

5 40
4 62
4 80
4 92

3 78

4 32
4 92
4 62

6 36
3 30

$4 50

2 60

3 40

2 60

3 65

1 72

4 00
4 20

2 80

4 50

2 50

5 50
5 18

4 75

3 50

3 35

4 20

3 40

4 20
4 50
4 00
4 00

3 00

$4 80

3 60

4 80
4 00
4 00
4 00
4 00

4 80

2 80

4 80

5 60

4 80
4 80

3 60

4 00
3 20

6 00

3 60

4 00
4 80
4 40
4 00

$6 95
3 47

5 79
3 47

6 95

3 47
6 94
6 94

4 34

6 95

3 47

7 50
7 50

4 84
6 00

5 00

6 18
6 00

6 00

5 00

7 50
7 90
4 85

6 00

$7 00

4 30

5 36
4 29

6 97

3 86

8 00

4 50

6 90

4 29

7 00

5 90

4 25
4 82
4 82

4 82

5 90

3 75

4 37
4 82
4 58

4 25

5 09

$4 20
1 70

3 60
1 70
5 04
1 70

4 20
4 20
1 70

3 60
1 70

4 00

3 40

4 00
3 60
3 40

3 80

5 00
8 00

4 60
3 40

3 75
3 00

$4 32
2 45
6 72
2 88
6 72

2 60
4 80

3 75
2 60

4 32

2 30

4 80

5 28

3 84
3 84

2 75

3 84

3 36
5 76

4 32

4 80

5 76
3 60

6 00

$24 00

Hod-carriers

10 50

24 00

10 50

Plasterers

27 00

15 00

Slaters

21 00

16 50

10 50

Plumbers

22 50

5 70

16 50

Gas-fitters

18 00

OTHEB TEADES.

Bakers

12 00

Blacksmiths

15 00

10 50

16 50

Brickmakers

17 40

15 00

16 50

15 00

15 00

12 00

18 00

♦With board.

430

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING,

Average weekly wages. — Continued.

Occupations.

•6

a
a

-a a

a
o

J

a

- .3

pi 'SE

£ "3
£ ff)

a
<

>>
a
s

*!

a a

CD

PQ

13

a

5 8
BQ S3

02

09

a'

■a*

to "g

a a

•O to'

s S 2

03S

bo t.

•9 a

g a
6 5
0 M

a
'u
a
H

*CG
CO

0

M
cc"

s

0 .

a *

u

IS is
c

Coopers

$8 00
8 00

%3 47

4 65

5 21

2 95

3 00

4 63

6 00

6 00

7 53
4 40
4 75

4 05
6 50
3 47

5 80
3 00

$4 28
3 91

2 86

3 17

2 46

3 10

3 53

4 92
3 15

3 10

4 35

3 00

4 67

3 63

4 90
3 57

3 57

4 28

$3 78
4 32
4 02

3 06
3 06

3 06

4 62

5 76
5 22

3 66

4 62
3 64

5 76
3 78
3 78

6 60

2 64

3 78
6 06

H 20

3 00

4 00

2 40
4 60
4 05
4 00
4 60
4 60

4 00

3 48

5 20
3 20
5 60
3 10

3 20
5 80

$4 80
6 00

4 40

2 50
4 40
8 60
8 00
4 00

3 60

4 00
4 40

3 20

4 80
4 80

-5

6 00

$6 95
5 79
5 79

7 53

5 40

4 82

6 00

8 75
8 50

5 79
5 21
5 79

8 80

5 00

9 00
9 80
4 84

6 10
11 58
11 00

$4 82
6 10
4 50

3 22

4 80
4 29

4 29
8 00

5 36

4 00

5 00

4 82

5 36

4 29

5 50
5 87

4 82

■4 22

5 36

n 60

3 80

4 20

1 50

2 50

3 60

3 20
6 60

4 60

4 00

5 20
5 20
3 80
3 60

3 20
5 20

4 00

H 32

4 32

5 76

3 60

3 60
2 40

4 32
4 32
4 32
4 80
7 20
4 80

4 80
2 83

5 76
4 80

4 80

5 76
5 76

$12 00

Cutlers

50 00

Drivers:

Draymen and teamsters .

Cab and carriage

Street railwavs

6 50
5 00

7 50

7 50

8 50
8 50
5 20
5 40

7 10

8 00
4 87
8 50
8 70

12 00

13 50

Dyers

16 50

Engravers

24 00

Furriers

15 00

Gardeners*

12 50

Hatters

Horse-shoers

18 00

Jewelers

13 50

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

10 50
24 00

Mill Wrights

Nailmakers (hand)

Potters

4 40

7 30

15 00

7 60
7 80

7 30

8 00
7 00

7 50

8 00
7 00

4 25

5 80

7 45

Printers

18 00

Teachers :

Males

Females

6 00
4 50

3 80

7 40

4 50
4 40
7 50
4 20
3 30

6 40
4 80

4 00

5 00
5 60
4 00
3 60

10 00

7 25
6 95

5 79

6 94
6 00

8 00
6 00
3 50

10 00
4 82

4 82

5 00
5 09

5 50

6 50
6 70,
3 00 i

5 00

2 80
2 00
2 20

4 00

5 20

6 60
5 20

9 60
4 50
2 59

2 88

4 80

3 84

5 25

4 32
4 00

Saddle and harnessmakers
Sailmakers

5 00
5 80
5 00

5 50
4 50

6 50
3 47

3 75

2 85
5 70

3 57

3 95
5 75

4 25
2 50

4 32

4 92
6 36

3 66
2 64

12 00
15 00

Stevedores

18 00

Tanners

16 00

Tailors

15 00

Telegraph operators

20 00
12 72

Weavers (outside of mills).

going table

*With house.

In a few instances the statistics are not available to complete the fore-
but sufficient is given to establish the fact that for all classes
of labor, skilled and unskilled, higher and lower grades, the wages paid
in this country exceed those paid in all other countries. Generally, the
wages paid in London come next in the list and exceed these paid in other
European cities by about the same ratio that those of Chicago exceed
London. Other tables in this work show that the cost of living in
American cities is little if any greater than on the continent; indeed, for
the same kind of living, the cost is no greater. The lot of the American
workingman is vastly superior to that of his European fellow in this
matter of labor and compensation therefor. Added to this, is the advan-
tage of free institutions, and the possibility of establishing a home for him-
self, a possibility that does not exist abroad.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

431

The wage rate has been increasing in recent years in most countries,
markedly so in this. A table has been compiled which compares the
wages paid in 1878 with those paid in 1884, in the principal countries of
Europe, and also in Chicago. It will be noted that while wages have
decreased generally in England in the trades, there has been a substantial
increase elsewhere, and that the wages have doubled and even trebled in

Chicago.

The wages are

per

week

of

sixty

lours :

6

BO
O

O

00

0
0

CM

0

0

-H
CM

c
c

CM

0
0

irf

0

LO
ci

CM

0

co'

r-H

0
0

00
r-l

0
0

CN

I-H

0

irf

1— 1

c

0

CO

T-H

0
0
0
1—1

0
0
irf

I— 1

0
0

irf

t-H

0

CO

ci

i-H

0

m

CD
1-H

0

0

X

1-H

0
in

0

rH

0
0

00

0
0

CM
rH

CM

t~

CM*

rH

00
00

O
in

X*

0

CO

1—1

O
O

c4

1—1

O
O
-**
rH

0
0
10

T-H

10
oi

0
p
i-5
1-1

0
0
©

rH

0
0

i-H

0

l-O

-h"

i-H

0

0
irf

!-H

0
co

i-H

0
0

i-H
1-H

0
10

0

i-H

0
0

CD
rH

0

0

L-"

r-H

0
0
t-*

0

CO

co

T-H

0
0

-ti

i-H

0
0

OS

0
0

0

t-H

0
in

r-i

■6

1
"3d
a
m

00

00

I-H

to
w
t-*
■cy^

X

0
00

O

rH
c-*

0

OS

t-'

CO

co

CO
CO

rH

CO

co

CO

0
10

irf

X

co

0

LO

cro
c
t-

X
CO
CO

CM

CO'

co

0

l-
os

CO

1^

CO
CD
CO*

0

-r<
tc^

CO

m

CD

06

00

CM

r-t
00

0
I— 1
x

0
1-1
00

0

OS

in

CI
00

10

0
10

CO

C5

i-H
X

CI

X

CO

CI

0

-H

0
t-
t~"

CO'

CO

co
c

X

CM

OS

CO
CI

0

CO

irf

0
10.

b-5

m
t-"

0

X
CO*

0

CD

c

CO

t-*

"3

1
u

O

N

w

°o

00

t— t

<N

irf
93-

CI

irf

CO

0

CO

00
rH

irf

0
irf

00
00

co"

0

CI

irf

X

CO
CO

Tj"

CM

OS

cs

i.O

irf

00
t-

-i"

co m

OS CO
•* CD

m

co

CO

co

CO

co
~
irf

0

CM

irf

co

CO
CO

0

06

00

O

00

0

X

0

CD

0

CO

rf*

0

CO

0

CO

0

CO

0

00

T*'

CO'
X

-t"

0

CO

-j"

0
CO'
-*

0
co
-a"

0
0
irf

0
co

0 0

CD X

Tj" ■*

CO

CO

-t"

co

CO
CD

0
in
irf

0
0
irf

0

lO

44

u

a

§

tH

0
0
t-*

CD

CO

10

OS
l-

cd

0

CS
CD

0
0

0

OS

irf

CM

00
tH*

CI

X

-l"

CI

X
T)H

CO

Tt"

X

-1"

X

m

CI

X

0

1-H

co :

CI
X

t-

X

irf

00
00

10

0

CO

-H

m

0

OS

CO

cq

L-

CO

0

0

0

CM

0

i-H

-H

m

X

co :

m

00

co'

CO'

0

-H

CI

■CO'

10

00

CO

m

00

0

1-H

-ri

0

OS
CO*

[A

3

h*

00
00

tH

0

CM

-#'

O

to

CO

O

0
ci
n*

0
co

CO

0
c

0

CO"

0
0

0

CO
CO

0

X
CO

0

CO

0

-H

CO

0

CO

ci

0 0

X CO
CO co"

0

CM

10

0

co

'CO'

X

cm'

0

CO'

0

CD
CD*

06
00

10

CO

0
0

-H

m

CO

-J

0

CO

0

OS

CO

00

rH

10

OS
CO*

0

OS
CO

os

CO

0

OS

co

0

CI

-i"

0~j

irf

m

OS

m

CI

0 0

as 0

CO -*

0
m

CO*

in

OS

-fi

'O

OS

CO

0
cs

CO*

co
~

CO

CO
CO

0

CS

CO*

a

'Si

""5
m

00
00

CO

CI

CI

irf

0

-JH

00

CO

irf

0

0
0
irf

CO
CM

X
CO

irf

in

CO

irf

eo

-t"

CO

co
irf

^H

irf

X CM
CM -*

irf CD

CM

CO

irf

l>

CO*

co
0
irf

OS

irf

1-H

m
irf

CD
1.0

-*'

00

0

0

00
00

0
0
CO

0
0
0

O
<*

id

0

CO

0

0
irf

0

0

X

CO-

00

0

X

M*

a*
0
a
a
H

ft

H*

00

tH

JO

CO

CO

irf

CO
O

LO
CO
irf

0

1-H

CD

C)

co

0

CO

i-H

X

10

I— 1
irf

X

10
irf

co m

1-H CO

irf t--

OS

X

irf

CO

X

eo

CO

CD
CD

0
irf

CO

CO

CI

CO

irf

CD

irf

06

00

O
O
•>*

0

0

>rf

0

lO

irf

0

irf

in
irf

10
irf

m

X

irf

c
0

irf

CO
CD

CO

irf

rH

0
0
irf

0

rH

irf

0

T)*

a
a

W

■HJ

00

00

1-1

CM

**"

t-

cc

CO

-ti

CO

CM
-*

i-H

I— 1

00

0

0
0

0

CM

CO
CO

00

CO

1H

in

CI

1-

—
co

O CM

OS 1-H

CO irf

1-^
co.
CO

1-H

rH
CO

00
rH

CS

co
CO*

m

X
CM

i-H

-H

eo'

m

in
co"

06

00

10

CO
6©-

0

-h'

in

co
^5

O
OS
CO*

0

OS

co

00

I-H

10

OS
CO

0

OS
CO

0
—

CO

05

eo

CO
CI

CO

irf

10

OS

in

CO

0 0

OS O

co" th

m

CO

0
co
CM

m

cr.

Q
OS

CO

0

OS

CO*

0

—

CO

CJ

00

0

CD
CO*

co

CS

"3

PP a

o

CS *

Pm S (h

0 "IS

CS CS

a .s

T3 Al

f3 a

O J2

o

o

o

ft ^

o S

53 -5

tU r—l «h* t^ M CO- - \J r* r^ I r " h— 1 ^"

(rimmmmoooHWr^r^rH

^1

bo

"™H "ri

CS CS

0

432

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

It is found impracticable to present a comparative exhibit of the
different trades in detail. Different labor systems prevail in the various
countries, and the technical expressions in the trades have different mean*
ings attached thereto. A statement is appended, showing the average
weekly wages paid in the foundries and iron-works. — Birmingham, Holy-
head and Newcastle in England pay the highest wages of any works in
Europe, and these are compared with Chicago :

BIRMINGHAM.

Holders $11 50

Holders-up 8 00

Boilermakers 10 50

Kiveters 9 60

Planers and slotters 9 60

Drillers 7 00

Dressers 7 75

Patternmakers 11 50

Turners 10 50

Strikers 6 25

HOLYHEAD.

Molders 8 47

Patternmakers 8 25

Fettlers 8 36

Laborers 4 97

Engineers 8 70

NEWCASTLE FORGES.

Puddlers 10 14

Underhand puddlers 5 52

Hammerers 19 26

Assistant hammerers 8 10

NEWCASTLE FORGES. — CONTINUED.

Rollers $17 74

Assistant rollers 5 88

Coal- wheelers 5 42

Chargers 5 88

Laborers , . . 4 32

Boilermen 5 64

CHICAGO ROLLING-MILLS.

Heaters 36 00

Rollers 48 00

Hookers 18 00

Roughers 30 00

Catchers 24 00

Laborers 7 50

Chargers 10 50

Coal-wheelers 9 00

Steel-blowers 42 00

Steel-blowers' helpers 18 00

Pitmen 9 00

Iron-molders 21 00

Machinists 16 50

Blacksmiths 15 00

Engineers 16 50

Painters 15 60

The following table exhibits the wages paid per week to railway
employes (those employed about stations as well as those on the locomo-
tives and cars, linemen, railroad laborers, etc.,) in Europe and in the
United States :

Description of Employment. -t

t

a o

o o

d C3 *-

3" J

d

CC

$6 60

4 80
4 20
4 20
3 75
3 90

a

a

o
CD

CO

a
<

a

3

pq

u
a

a

a

P

■•3

a

a

o
W

0

to

a

i

5 25

6 00
5 75
4 45
4 45

$7 70

5 36

6 00
4 81

3 46

4 81

$6 15

%1 80
4 20

$9 00
6 00
6 75
6 75
4 60
4 60

$7 44
4 56
6 00
3 60

2 58

3 12

$27 00

Firemen

15 00

12 00

Switchmen

5 85
3 00
3 00

4 20
4 00
4 20

15 00

Trackmen

8 70

9 00

It appears from this statement that the Chicago railway engineers
(called engine-drivers in Europe) get three times the highest wages in Den-
mark, the highest paid in this class in Europe, and nearly five times the
wages paid in Austria, the lowest on the list. Firemen are paid on the
Chicago railroads from twice and one-half to nearly four times the wages
paid in Europe; clerks, twice to three times; trackmen and laborers,
about twice ; and switchmen from twice and one-half to four times.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING,

433

A comparison of the retail prices paid in six countries in Europe, with
the name of the city indicated, with four places in America, is hereby
given. Only the necessaries of living have been noted, and of these the
price is what must be paid by the ordinary workman:

Articles.

England
(Liver-
pool).

Germany
(Berlin).

Switzerland
(Berne).

France

(Marseilles
and Kheims).

Austria
(Vienna and

Prague) .

Meats :

. per pound . .

do

do

do

do

do

do

. do

Cents.
12 to 20
24
14 20
16 20
16 20
16 20
16 20

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.
15 to 20
40 60

14 30
14. 25
25 35

15 20

Cents.
15 to 18

Ham

Beef

Mutton

Veal

Pork

25 to 30
17 20
17 20
22 25
16 20

— to 30

15 18
14

16 18

18 20

30 38

10 10

9 16

9 18

Horse and donkey flesh
Groceries :

Sugar

Tea

5 13

6i 12

$1.00 $1.40

35 60

per pound . .

do

do...'..

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

4 7
32 89
24 40
12 24

24 32

12 16

12 16

12 '22

4 8

3i 4

8 13
70 .$2.00
20 40

8
$1.00 if 1.50
18 32

7 8

Coffee

Butter

20 38

30

32 60

$ 25 27 I
} 16 28 S

18
20
5 10
4| 5i
5i 6
5 9
5i 6
1

20

12 16

14 24

5 10

5 10

3 5

12 16

Flour..

6
4 6

6
3 5

do

. do. .

2* 4

4 9

8-10 1

2 5

8 12

4 5

3

Codfish

do

, per pound . .

8

1 2
4 12

1 2

9

Articles.

Belgium
(Brussels).

Holland
(Amster-
dam).

New York.

Chicago.

Chester,
Pa.

Newark,
N. J.

Meats:

Beef

Mutton

Veal

Pork

.per pound. .

.....do

do

do

do

do

do

Cents.

16 to 20
30

15 17
18
18
16

Cents.
16 to 18
16 26

15 29

16 24
14 22

Cents.

16 to —
16

10 25

11 15

17 25
8 13

16

Cents.

14 to 20

14 18

6 15

9 12

10 18

12|

10

Cents.
— to 12
11 16

8 56

9 18
10 20
10 15

12

Cents.

— to 18
12 18
16 22
14 16
8 20
12 18-

15 18

Horse and donkey flesh.
Groceries :

Tea

do

9 13

9 15
17 54
13 25
16 22
22 33

per pound..
..do

12

8
25 70
20 32

7 8i
25 1.00
20 35

61 8
30 80
20 25

8
40 60

Coffee

do

do

16

30

Lard

do

do

20

30

20 28

25 32

25 35

do

16 22

13 23

3i 6

4 6

15 16

20

10

5

12*

5 9
3 5

12

12 16

8 10

3 4

14 16

Cheese

do

16 IS

Flour

do

. do

4 5

10
3 4

do.....

3 5

2i 5i

5 7
4

a

5
5
H

6

Codfish

do

1

2

1

2i

8 12i

5 8

12

434

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

In going into the details of the wages paid in the various trades in the
principal countries of the world, those in the United States will be placed
first. The following table shows the average weekly wages paid in the
general trades in New York:

Occupations.

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers

Hod-carriers

Masons

Tenders

Plasterers

Tenders

Slaters

Roofers

Tenders

Plumbers

Assistants

Carpenters

Gas-fitters

OTHEE TRADES.

Bakers

Blacksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Brewers

Butchers

Brass founders, ... -

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners:

Unskilled

Skilled

Cigarmakers :

Spanish or Havana work

Domestic

Coopers

Cutlers

Distillers

Average.

$20 00

11 00
18 00
10 00
18 00
10 00
14 00

12 00
9 00

16 00
10 00
14 00
12 00

7 00

13 00
9 00

14 00

10 00
5 00

8 00
13 00
12 00

5 00
12 00

15 00

11 00

12 00
10 00

9 00

Occupations.

Other trades— Continued.

Drivers: — Draymen and teamsters. . . .

Cab and carriage

Street railways*

Dyers

Engravers

Furriers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools)

Saddle and harnessmakers

Sailmakers

Stevedores (longshoremen)

Tailors : — Common

Custom

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills)

Shoemakers

Boxmakers

Sawyers

Machinists

Woodcarvers

Framers

Shirt-makers

Underclothing

Cloaks and suits

Average.

no oo

9 00
11 00
13 00
1« 00
13 00

9 00
13 00

13 00

11 00
9 00

12 00

14 00

10 00

13 00
13 00

11 00

12 00
12 00

7 00
12 00
12 00
11 00

10 00

11 00

10 00

11 00
10 00
10 00

12 00

5 00

6 00

7 00

* Fifteen hours.

Below will be found a statement showing the wages paid per week to
printers (compositors, pressmen, proof-readers, etc.,) in Chicago, 111.

Occupations.

Printers, (compositors)

Lithographers

Engravers

Electrotypers

Hours of

labor
per week.

59
59
48
59

Average

$18 00
21 00
24 00
21 00

Occupations.

Pressmen

Type-founders
Proof-readers .

Hours of

labor per

week.

59
59
50

$21 00
18 00
21 00

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

435

The following table shows the wages paid per week in the foundries,
machine-shops, iron-works and zinc-works by the New Jersey Zinc and
Iron Company, Newark, N. J. :

Occupations.

OXIDE OF ZINC DEPARTMENT.

Furnace and bag-room men

Engineers

Firemen

BLAST FURNACE DEPARTMENT.

Furnacemen

General mechanics

Machinists

Blacksmiths

FOUNDRY.

Moulders and melters

BLAST FURNACE.

Furnacemen

Laborers

Foreman of the different departments

Hours.

72
72
72

72
60
60
60

60

72
60

Lowest.

18 64
13 80

8 70

9 12
12 60
11 70

9 00

9 60

9 10

7 50
18 00

Highest.

14 40
9 00

10 32

15 00
15 00
14 40

13 20

10 50

7 50
18 00

$9 18
14 10

8 82

9 60
13 68
13 44

10 80

12 00

9 60
7 50

18 00

The following table shows the averages paid per week to railway em-
ployes, (those engaged about stations, as well as those engaged on the
engines and cars, linemen, railroad laborers, etc.,) in Chicago, 111.

Occupations.

Kailroad engineers.
Eailroad firemen . . .

Depot hands

Depot clerks

Switchmen

Hours

of
labor.

Wages.

60

$27 00

60

15 00

60

9 00

60

12 00

60

15 00

Occupations.

Trackmen

Laborers

Street car railroads:

Conductors

Drivers

Hours

of
labor.

Wages.

60

$ 8 70

60

9 00

66

13 50

69

13 50

The average wages paid per week of sixty hours in stores, wholesale
or retail, to males and females, in Chicago.

Occupations.

Average
wages.

Occupations.

Average
wages.

Dry -goods clerks, male

$15 00

7 50

8 00

Cash boys

$ 2 25

Dry-goods clerks, female

General salesmen, retail

15 00

Dressmakers

Book-kaepers

24 00

The average wages paid per week to household servants in Chicago.

Occupations.

Average
wages.

Servant girls $3 50

Cooks, females 5 00

436

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

ENGLAND.

The 1 88 1 census of England and Wales gives these particulars of the
occupations of the inhabitants, which are important collateral facts in a
study of wages :

Class.

Professional

Domestic

Commercial

Agricultural

Industrial

Indefinite and non-productive.

Total.

Males.

450,955

258,508

960,661

1,318,344

4,795,178

4,856,256

12,639,902

Females.

196,120

1,545,302

19,467

64,840

1,578,189

9,930,619

13,334,537

Total.

647,045
1,803,810

980,128

1,383,184

6,373,367

14,786,875

25,974,439

The following are the principal subdivisions of the industrial class :

Persons working and dealing in —

Books, prints and maps 105,042

Machines and implements 267,976

Houses, furniture, and decorations 786,660

Carriage and harness 87,174

Ships and boats 54,080

Chemicals and compounds 43,015

Tobacco and pipes — 22,175

Board and lodging 115,655

Spirituous drinks .' 65,052

Food 448,664

Food and lodging (total) 629,371

Wool and worsted 233,256

Silk 63.577

Cotton and flax 584,470

Unspecified material 170,345

Textile fabrics (total) 1,053,648

Dress 981,105

Animal substances 68,202

Vegetable substances 166,745

Mines 441,272

Stone, clay, and road-making 193,083

Earthenware and glass 74,407

Iron and steel 361,343

General and unspecified commodities 816,243

Bef use matters 14,339

According to the census of 1881, the callings in which we find most
females employed in the United Kingdom are as follows :

Occupations.

Number.

Occupations.

Number.

Teaching

123,995

37,821

32,890

1,258,285

287,017

Agricultural labor

64,171

Nursing and similar offices

Textile industries

590,624

Lodging-house keepers

Dressmaking

616,452

Domestic service

All other pursuits

392,690

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

437

With regard to the general trades of England and Wales, the follow-
ing tabulated statements are compiled from the reports of the United
States consuls at the various places:

Occupations.

s

J3

6C

a
|

s

73
u
o

■4— t

■3

CO
U

m

Q

.CO

pq

■§
o

6

CD
CO
CD

0

3

0

-a

CD

a;

o
o
ft

u

CD
>

3

$8 32

5 20
8 84

6 26

8 32
5 20

9 36
9 36

$7 05
7 29
7 53

$6 24
4 16
6 24
4 16
6 76
4 16
6 24
6 24
4 16
6 76

3 64
6 24
6 24

4 86
6 76
3 64
6 80
2 88J
6 06

$4 98

3 40

4 98

3 40

4 98

3 48

4 98

4 98

3 40

5 77

4 38

5 34

6 32
4 78
4 62

3 71

4 86
4 38

3 89

4 62

5 34

6 01
6 70

$8 52
4 38
8 52
4 38
8 52
4 38
7 30

7 30

4 38

8 52

5 10

7 30

8 52
8 03

7 30
5 34

8 52
14 00t

9 73

7 30
12 16

8 52
8 52

$7 42

5 91
7 95
4 80

7 42

7 90
7 68

7 68

7 44

7 68

6 12

8 40
4 80
6 12

$7 80

5 72
8 32

6 24
8 84
6 24
8 32

8 32
6 24

9 36
5 72
8 32
8 32

$8 32

5 40

8 10

5 32

8 32

6 34

8 32

8 32

2 19

8 84
5 20

8 32

9 36

7 53
7 53

8 15

Assistants

8 15

7 41

9 36

7 53
4 86

7 41

5 83

8 26

421
8 51

5 83

9 12

6 12

7 44
6 72
6 00

Butchers

3 00*

7 29

7 29
7 78
6 80

5 34

6 07
6 80

6 06
6 76
4 86

8 51

8 32

6 56

7 30

7 20
6 12

8 75

5 34
4 86
7 29

4 86
4 86
6 66
6 07

4 50
6 07
6 07

5 10

5 46

7 30
12 16

8 32

7 29

5 28
5 28

5 04

6 12
5 52

6 56

5 83

7 29

9 73

Gardeners

4 50

6 78
5 71

7 29

8 02
4 86

4 50

4 98

5 52
7 12
7 12

6 80
5 28
5 04

7 95

7 29

Hatters

7 30
4 33

6 80

7 30

4 62
6 32

3 40
6 07

4 88

7 29

8 52

5 22

8 52
7 30
7 91
4 38
7 30

15 00
7 30

6 08

9 73

7 30
9 73

12 16

6 70

7 30

Jewelers

Laborers and porters

5 20

5 83

Lithographers

8 27

Potters

7 30

6 81

13 00

4 62

5 04

4 62

5 81

8 40
8 40

6 48

7 20
7 20

6 94

7 89

4 86

5 76

8 27

Teachers public schools

15 00

Saddle and harnessmakers

7 29

7 78

Sailmakers

8 75

Stevedores

8 75

Tanners

6 55
6 60"

■5 58
5 46

4 38

5 59

5 57

Tailors

6 20

7 41

Telegraphists

Tinsmiths

6 78

8 27

Weavers, outside mills

*With board.

t A week — season .

J Per thousand.

438

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

With regard to the general trades of England and Wales, the follow-

statements are compiled from the reports of the United
States consuls at the various places:

ing tabulated

Occupations.

a

o
-o
a

o

o

X

3

CO
CS
O

IS

z

a

Gt)

Of)

a
"-£
-^»
o
Z

■5
a
o

a

2

®

CO

j3

§
3

to

u

ca

» s

cm*

C3T3

© S
t>JS
<1

$8 40
4 60
8 40
4 60
7 50
4 60
7 50

7 50
4 60

8 10
4 60
8 00
8 00

6 50

7 80

6 00

7 00

6 00

7 00
4 38

8 10
8 80
6 00
6 80
8 00
8 00

*9 38
5 52
8 02

5 52
8 83

6 08
8 83

$8 10
5 50
8 10
5 54

8 72
5 72

7 77

$8 00
6 25
9 50

6 25
9 50

7 00
9 18

8 00
6 40

9 72
6 50

8 50

9 72
6 25
8 00
6 08
5 00

5 40
4 50

$5 00
3 60
5 00

5 00

5 00
5 00

$8 00
5 10
8 00
5 10
8 00
5 10

$7 65
4 38

7 65
4 38

8 20
4 93
7 65
7 65
4 38
7 65
2 19
7 65
7 65
4 86
6 81
4 86

$8 12

8 16

8 io

7 90
7 90

7 75

8 25

7 25

6 50

8 12

7 83

$7 56

Hod-carriers

4 94

7 68

Tenders

5 07

Plasterers

7 80

Tenders

Slaters

5 27
7 10

7 35

Tenders

8 35
5 26
8 83
5 26
5 70

5 70

6 68

8 40

9 12

2 43

7 40

5 00

8 40
8 02
7 00
7 78

6 07

7 30
7 00
6 07
4 86

4 24

Plumbers

Assistants

4 75
3 50
7 00
7 00
6 00

5 00

6 00

5 00

6 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

6 00

8 00
5 10

7 90
5 10

7 90
4 69

Carpenters

7 66

Gas-fitters

7 66

Bakers

6 17

Blacksmiths

7 37

5 30

Bookbinders

6 77

Brickmakers

6 07

8 51

t7 00
6 85

Brewers

Butchers

8 51
8 51

4 86
7 29
7 29

7 23
7 40
7 70

5 50

Brass-founders

7 47

Cabinetmakers

7 50
7 00

9 00

8 00
3 00*

9 50

7 68

Confectioners

6 84

Cigarmakers

6 07

Coopers

Cutlers

7 00

5 00

9 25

7 29

7 30

7 50
7 00

Draymen, teamsters

6 66
5 00

7 50

7 50

8 50
8 50
5 20

40

7 11

8 00
4 86
8 50
8 70

6 08
6 08
6 08

8 75

4 38

6 08

5 15

7 29
4 25

7 29

6 08
4 50
6 08
6 50
8 00

5 50
4 75

6 25

5 00

5 00
3 60
5 00

5 10

5 10

6 07

4 38
4 38
4 38

5 37

Cab and carriage

5 15

Street railways

6 09

Dyers

6 18

Engravers

9 72

8 38

Furriers

8 52

Gardeners

6 08
6 16

6 08
9 30
3 65

7 00

6 00

5 50

4 86

5 80

Hatters

6 10

Horse-shoers

6 50

4 86
7 29
4 38
7 29
6 81
3 89

7 20
5 00
7 50

6 32

Jewelers

8 76

Laborers and porters

4 86
6 10

4 50

4 70

Lithographers

.7 07

Millwrights

5 00

6 97

5 90

Potters

4 40
7 30

5 32

5 20

Printers

7 00
6 25

7 00

8 00

7 00

7 00

8 00

6 81
8 50
6 07

7 75

6 80

7 30

7 17

Teachers public schools

14 59
5 10

15 00
7 00

\ $12 00
\ §7 70

6 63

7 02

Saddle and harnessmakers

Sailmakers

7 80

Stevedores

8 00
7 00

7 50

8 00
7 00

6 80

7 89

9 00
7 12
7 29

8 44

Tanners

6 38

Tailors

6 50

5 50

10 50

6 70

7 40

7 65

Tinsmiths

5 10

7 30
5 32

6 25

7 00

7 30

6 56

Weavers, outside mills

6 31

*Girls.

tAbout.

tMen.

§Women.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

439

The wages and cost of living differ considerably in different parts of
Great Britain as they do in our own country. The city of Liverpool fur-
nishes as near an average as can be found. The following table exhibits
the wages paid in the foundries, machine-shops and iron-works in Liver-
pool. The wages are paid by the week which consists of six days of nine
hours each.

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

FOUNDRY.

Brass-molders

$10 95
8 27

6 32

4 86

7 05

5 10
5 34
5 34

8 27

5 10

6 81

$10 95
9 73

6 56

5 58

9 00

7 29

8 51
8 27

8 27

6 56

9 00

$10 95
9 24
6 32
5 34

8 27
5 34

5 83

6 07
8 27
5 83

7 53

machine-shop.— Continued.
Iron-tinisher

$7 78
7 78

7 05

8 02
4 38

9 00

8 27

6 81

7 29
4 62
4 62

9 48
8 27
8 27

8 27
6 07

9 73

8 27
6 81

9 48
5 58
5 10

$8 02
8 02

Dressers'-rnolders

Laborers

Patternmakers

Joiners

Fitters' laborers

BOILEB-SHOP.

Platers and angle-iron

smiths

Riveters

8 21

8 27

MACHINE-SHOP.

Brass or iron :

Turners

4 86

Drillers

9 48

Planers . , .

8 27

Slotters

Holders-up

6 81

Grinders

Smiths

8 02

Screwers

Strikers

5 34

Fitters

Laborers

4 86

It would be impossible to fairly institute a comparison between the
social condition of operatives in England and work-people in the United
States in similar manufacturing occupations, because their conditions,
tastes, and associations are widely different. In dress, in appearance,
and general intelligence, as a rule, American work-people are far ahead
of English operatives. This view is confirmed by English tourists, who
have visited the great manufacturing centers and carefully studied this
question. In England the feeling among operatives that "once a mill-hand
always a mill-hand," is a prospect that does not hold out a very encourag-
ing field for the working classes. The chances for advancement are few
in the old trades, and the hope of new enterpiises in which better prospects
will be within reach is not very satisfying. The country is thickly settled;
the land is all occupied and largely held by rich proprietors, and lack of,
capital bars the way for those who have only their hands to help them-
selves with.. With an increasing population, and where possession of
wealth is so necessary in order that new avenues for earning a living may
be opened up, it is not strange that the great mass of operatives come to
regard present conditions with composure, and so, uncomplainingly, let their
lives be measured by the monotonous daily round of the mill, the forge,

440

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

and the work-shop. Very few, broadly stated, save any considerable sum
of money. Some do, but the proportion of those who come to possess
a home and lay money by is small indeed. The great mass, at the end of
each week, little more than pay their way, and trust to the future for all
the necessaries and comforts they enjoy in their exacting and laborious
occupations.

The following exhibits the wages paid the railway employes, which
includes all engaged about the stations, as well as those engaged on the
engines and cars, linemen, railroad laborers, etc. The report is from
Liverpool :

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Permanent way department :

$0 97

$1 42

$1 20

do....

1 22

1 34

1 28

do....

1 22

1 22

1 22

do....

97
73

1 01
1 09

99

do....

91

do....

97

97

97

do....

1 05
93

1 22
1 09

1 14

do....

1 01

do....

36

85

61

do....

93

97

95

Locomotive department :

do....

1 22

1 82

1 52

do....

73

97

85

2 19

5 83

4 01

do....

7 29

8 27

7 78

Fitters

do....

5 10
4 38

8 27
5 83

6 69

do....

5 11

do....

9 73

10 34

10 04

Telegraph department :

do....

5 10

7 90

6 50

do....

1 70

2 43

2 07

Clerks

145 99

340 65

Coaching department :

5 34

5 34

5 34

Porters

do ... .

4 26

5 10

4 26

5 46

4 26

do....

5 28

do....

6 07

8 51

7 29

do....

4 86

6 07

5 47

do....

6 07

9 73

7 90

Police department :

do

5 10
4 86

7 29
5 83

6 20

do....

5 35

do....

3 65

5 10

4 38

Goods department :

...do....

5 10

6 81

5 83

6 81

5 47

do....

6 81

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

441

Occupations.— Continued.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Goods department. — Continued.

$6 32

$6 32

$6 32

do....

6 07

8 51

7 29

do....

6 81

6 81

6 81

do....

6 07

6 07

6 07

do....

5 83

5 83

5 83

Traffic department :

do....

5 58

7 90

6 74

do....

5 58

6 68

6 13

do....

6 81

7 90

7 36

Detective department :

do....

6 32

7 29

6 81

do ... .

5 83

6 07

5 95

do....

5 83

5 83

5 83

Carriage department :

1 05

1 09

1 07

do....

49

89

-69

do....

77

89

83

Wagon department :

5 10

6 81

5 96

do....

5 34

6 32
4 62

7 53
7 05
4 62

6 44

Smith

..do....

6 69

do

4 62

As a rule, however, it may be accepted that the artisan class, particu-
larly mechanics and all descriptions of persons engaged in and about
mechanical callings and the handicraft trades, are steady, and their condi-
tion has, in many important respects, during recent years, undergone some
improvement in consequence of the various new agencies and organiza-
tions which have, from time to time, been started with the object of ameli-
orating the position of the working classes and for the encouragement of
thrift. Speaking more particularly with regard to Newport the great
majority of the laboring population are sober and given to saving; but, of
course, in a seaport town like Newport, there is a very numerous shifting
population — peculiarly susceptible to intemperate habits, and where this
overlaps the resident population (as it does at many points) — it is an ele-
ment for evil in that respect.

Where the working classes are not what they should be, the cause is
not far to seek. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it is the ever fruit-
ful and abiding question of the drink traffic. It is the one great cause
from which the working people of this town suffer, as, in fact, is the case
all over the country. After all that has been said or that may be said
upon this subject, there is no shutting one's eyes to the circumstance that
it is at bottom the one great drawback and impediment to the social ad-
vancement and commercial progress of the working classes. Of course,

442

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

notwithstanding this, the tendency of the habits of the working people
are, in a general direction, for good, and it is difficult to see how it could
be otherwise, in view of the manner in which the social and spiritual wel-
fare of the public is attended to ; as a rule, the steady, sober workman is a
religious individual and is regularly in his place at the religious engage-
ments of the day, particularly on Sunday.

The chief cause of much want and no little suffering among the work-
ing classes, arises from the lack of thrift and intemperate habits. Those
who work hardest and have the least to spend in harmful drink often lack
the wisdom and courage to deny themselves in this respect. Intemper-
ance leads to more suffering than any one cause among operatives, or, in
fact, more than all other causes combined. Its evil effects, socially and
morally, are very disheartening to all philanthropic workers among the
laboring classes.

The public-house keepers too often absorb much of the hard weekly
earnings of heads of families, and wife and children and husband suffer
in consequence. It may be safely affirmed that the drink traffic is the
one great and demoralizing element in the lives of the operatives. An
active and noble work is being carried on by church and temperance
organizations, and thousands are now total abstainers who, a few years
ago, spent a large proportion of their wages in drink. As drink habits
give way to temperance teachings, thrift takes the place of folly, and a
marked and happy improvement in the condition of operatives is the in-
variable result.

The wages paid by the year to household servants is shown in the fol-
lowing table:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Lady housekeepers

$145 99
37 86
77 86
48 56
68 13
48 66
77 86
48 66
77 86
68 13
43 79
77 86
145 99
87 59

$729 97
291 99
291 99

97 33
121 66

82 73
121 66

58 39
145 99
170 32

77 86
486 65
389 32
145 99

$243 32

121 66

Cooks

107 06

Kitchen-maids

68 13

87 59

68 13

97 33

53 53

97 33

107 06

68 12

Governess

145 99

Butler

243 32

121 66

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 443

The possession of land in the United Kingdom implies a degree of
respectability or aristocracy apart entirely from the mere value of the
land. The great land-owners of the country have, for ages, constituted
the aristocracy of the country; and recent purchasers are captivated by
the idea that, in becoming land-owners, they become members of the old
aristocracy of England. This artificial idea, combined with the great
wealth and limited area of the country, has given to the soil a fancy price
far above its value for agricultural purposes. In addition to this, and
tending to militate against the well-being of the agricultural laborer, is the
system of husbandry adhered to in this country. It is notorious that crop
after crop, for five or six consecutive years, has been destroyed in whole or
in part by heavy rains, still the British farmer clings tenaciously to the
old system of raising corn. It is idle to point out that he can not success-
fully compete with America and other countries in this regard, and that,
moreover, if he were to turn his attention to stock-raising, the advantages
would be all in his favor. He adheres to the old ways, and it is not too
much to say that agriculture is the worst paying enterprise in the King-
dom, and that the agricultural laborer is the worst paid, the most indiffer-
ently fed, and the most miserably housed man in Her Majesty's dominions.
This class of workman enjoys what is called his house for a nominal rental,
or entirely free of rent, as a part of his compensation. This domicile, in
the majority of cases, is a miserable hut of one or two rooms, with a smoky
chimney, and constructed without a thought being wasted on drainage or
ventilation, or any. of the appurtenances which good sanitary conditions
require. For this cabin, when not occupied rent free, the occupier pays from
twenty-four cents a week upward. Among agricultural people, children
are very numerous, and they are brought up in houses similar to the one
we have pictured, upon the plainest of food, occasionally scant in its supply.
Neither the toiler nor his family taste meat more than once a week on an
average, the diet of the household upon other days being composed of
potatoes, rice, bread and butter, and tea and coffee.

Land, as already stated, is unremunerative for agricultural purposes.
It has been estimated to yield a profit of from i to 2 per cent. Some
farmers, enjoying special advantages and privileges, undoubtedly do better
than this ; but there are others who work diligently early and late, and
find that their labor has landed them in actual loss at the end of the year.
For several years past, owing to the succession of failures in the corn
crops, we find that the kindly disposed of land-owners have been return-
ing percentages of the rental to their tenants, ranging from 2Y/> to 20 per

444

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

cent. This is a somewhat humiliating position for the farmer to be in.
But the fact is pointed out not for the purpose of commenting upon a
dependent position, but to indicate that it is impossible for the farmer to pay
the agricultural laborer liberal or even adequate wages, while himself un-
able to make both ends meet. Twelve shillings per week is perhaps a
fair average of a laborer's earnings; and with this pittance he is expected
to feed and clothe himself and family, and go to church on Sunday in the
habiliments of one of Her Majesty's loyal and grateful subjects.

The table appended gives the wages paid per year to agricultural
laborers and servants in country households in the vicinity of Liverpool:

Occupations.

Tearnrnan (with board) per annum

Cowman (with board) do.

Cowman (without board) per week

Workman (without board) do. .

Dairy-maid (with board) per annum

Upper dairy-maid (with board) do . .

Cbeesemaker (with board) do. .

Boys (with board) do . .

Boys (without board) per week

Lowest.

$48 66

48 66

3 16

3 65

34 06

97 33

24 33
1 46

Highest.

$97 33

87 59

4 38

4 38

68 13

194 66

34 06
1 95

Average.

$72 99
68 13

3 89

4 01
53 53

121 66

29 10

1 70

The contrast between the average agricultural laborer in the United
States and England is sharp enough and most suggestive. In England
the laborer furnishes his own food and eats it, as a rule, in the fields. It
is plain and cold, and the pot of beer washes it down. In the harvest
season large numbers of laborers come over from Ireland and aid in
gathering the crops. Their pay averages $4.00 per week, with a daily grant
of a quart of beer, and frequently a dish of porridge added. At this pay
they must "find themselves" in food and lodging. The farmer usually
sets apart some room for them in an out-house, where they "bunk in" at
night in the roughest fashion. They cook their own food in the grate
furnished by the farmer, and few American farm laborers could be got
to live as these men are compelled to, in order that they may save some-
thing to subsist on after returning to Ireland. Hundreds of these
poorly-clad and weary-looking laborers are seen making their way
back to their homes, after the season is over, with little bundles of
clothing tied up in colored handkerchiefs slung over their scythes. They
are brave fellows, who manfully do their best, under discouraging con-
ditions, to earn a livelihood, and one can but feel that if they found it
necessary to leave their native Ireland to labor in England as they do at

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

445

such wages, their condition at home must be pitiful indeed. The contrast
to this truthful picture supplied by the way farm laborers in the United
States are paid, boarded, and treated is remarkable. It amounts to an
entirely different system, and there is room for no fair comparison between
the two phases of a farm laborer's life as presented in our country and in
this.

The following is a fair average retail price of the several articles
named, and which are used by the working classes of Liverpool and
vicinity :

Kinds.

Eggs per dozen .

Pickles, one-half-pint bottles.

Sugar • per pound.

Tea do. ...

Coffee do ... .

Bacon do

Butterine do ... .

Butter do ... .

Dripping do ... .

Cheese do ... .

Ham, whole do ... .

Mutton, tinned do ... .

Beef, tinned -do ....

Bice do ... .

Macaroni do

Sago do

Tapioca do ... .

Treacle do

Sirup do

Barley, pearled do

Lentils do ... .

Haricot beans do

Dried peas do ... .

Split peas do ... .

Dates, dried do

Figs, dried do ... .

Damson preserves do ... .

Green-gage preserves . . do . . . .
Orange marmalade preserves,

per pound

Veal per pound .

Tripe do ... .

Pork do ... .

Sausages do ... .

Lamb (fore-quarter) .... do ... .
Lamb (hind-quarter) ... do ... .

Fowls per pair.

Ducks do ... .

Lowest.

15

10

4

32

24

12

12

24

12

12

17

14

14

4

12

6

5

3

5

5

5

4

5

4

6

Highest.

$0 18

12

7

89

40

20

24

32

16

22

24

16

16

8

16

8

12

4

6

6

6

6

16
14
12

13
20
14
20
20
24
24
46
46

Kinds.

Haddock, fresh . . per pound .
Haddock, dried and smoked,

per pound

Blackberries, preserved, per

pound

Currants, preserved, p er

pound

Raisins do .

Almonds, valencias do .

Bread, brown, 4-pound loaf. .
Bread, white, 4-pound loaf . . .

Flour per 6 pounds .

Oatmeal per pound .

Potatoes. .... per 10 pounds.

Cabbages each .

Carrots per pound.

Turnips do . . .

Parsnips do . . .

Cauliflower each.

Rhubarb dozen heads .

Tomatoes per pound .

Beets per dozen .

Cherries per pound .

Strawberries do . . .

Green peas per peck .

Gooseberries per pound .

Black currants do ... .

Red and white currants, per

pound

Apples per pound .

Pears do ... .

Oranges per half dozen .

Coal per ton .

Beef per pound.

Mutton do

CLOTHING.

Sunday suits from .

Good suits

Lowest. : Highest.

$0 06

12

7

6

24

12

10

20

4

8

2

2

2

2

3

25

12

2

6

8

12

4

12

12

25

3

9

55

14

16

4 86
7 29

$0 08

10

15

10

10

32

15

15

24

9

10

5

4

6

4

8

75

25

75

16

32

30

8

16

16

12

12

18

4 01
20
20

446

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Kinds.

Lowest.

Highest.

Kinds.

Lowest.

Highest.

. .per pair. .
do

....do

srs, each ....

per pair. .

per pound. .

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

do...

$1 22

1 22

2

5

8

36

49

49

49

36

12

12

4

4

$0 73

3 65

2 43

4

9

12

61

14

10
6
6

"Working clothing:

Trousers

61

36

2 92

61

1 22
49
49
61
46
12
61
61
24
12

2 07

1 46

Coats . . ,

4 86

Codfish

Jackets

1 22

Boots :

Men's

2 55

Brill

Boys'

1 58

Halibut

Girls'

1 58

Turbot

Women's

1 58

Shirts

1 19

Eels, fresh-water. .

Socks

36

Drawers

85

Flukes

Undershirts

85

Salmon trout

Caps

In addition to the prices paid for food there must be considered the
item of house rent. The number and rentals of dwelling-houses in Eng-
land and Wales are thus stated in the census:

Rental.

Number.

Per cent.

Under £10

2,628,162
721,170
418,003
251,789
242,050
104,956
66,637

58.8

16.1

£15 and under £20

9.3

£20 and under £30

5.6

£30 and under £50

5.4

£50 and under £100

3.1

1.7

Total .. .

4,468,763

100.0

These figures represent the gross valuation of unfurnished houses.
The real rental is about 15 per cent more. But in judging what a ten-
ant must pay, it should be borne in mind that rates and taxes fall in most
cases on the tenant and not on the landlord, as in the United States. The
taxes, on an average, amount to one-quarter of the rental. A house esti-
mated in the census at £10 ($50) gross would give an actual rental of
$57.50, and, with the addition of rates and taxes, the rental in an Ameri-
can sense would be $71.87, or an increase of 42 per cent on the census
figures. The moderate increment of one-quarter (5s.. in the pound ster-
ling) to represent the average taxes has been taken. In large cities or
in the suburbs where extensive improvements are in progress, it amounts

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 44?

to 8 and even 10 shillings in the pound, while in some country districts it is
as low as 2S. 6d., or one-eighth.

How a workman manages to live and support his family can be best
illustrated by an actual case. The following interview is with a good
representative of the better class, and is valuable as illustrating the mode
and means of life of a sober and industrious mechanic:

I am fifty-two years of age and am employed as an engine-driver at the Electric

Light Works. I have a wife and three children; the eldest, a boy, earns 10s. ($2.44) a week; the
others are too young to do anything. My wages are £2 ($9.72) a week; in 1882 the same position
commanded £2.10. The hours of labor are from 6 a. m., to 6:30 p. m.; on Saturdays till 2 p. m., or
70J^ hours a week. My habits are steady. I do not drink, and I try to be as contented as I can.
My income and expenses are:

Shillings a year.

My wages, 40s. a week 2,080

Eeceive from my son 10s. a week 520

Total income 2,600

House rent, 8s. 6u. a week 442

Dues to Foresters Society 37i

Insurance on lives of self and family 143

Food, about 21s. a week 1,192

Total expenses enumerated » 1,8141

This leaves me about £42 ($200) for miscellaneous expenses, clothes, schooling, medicine, 'bus
fare, etc. Were it not for the aid of my son I could not get along. Meat is expensive. I pay 7s.
for beef on Sunday and Monday. I can save a little now and then, always have enough, but none
to spare.

SCOTLAND.

The trade conditions in Scotland do not materially differ from those in
England. The reports of the consuls at Dundee, Dunfermline, Glasgow
and Leith to the government have been consulted and such statistics are
presented as most accurately represent the general condition of this por-
tion of Great Britain.

According to official returns the population of Scotland numbers
3,735,573, of which 1,936,098 are females. Female workers of all classes
and grades are put down for all Scotland at 498,271, so that nearly 26 per
cent of all the female population is engaged in some employment.

448

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table shows the wages paid per week of from fifty-one
to seventy-seven hours in the general trades throughout Seotland:

Occupations.

Glasgow,

Dundee.

Leith.

Dun-
fermline.

Average

for all

Scotland.

BUILDING TEADES.

.$8 15

5 61
7 13

4 59

6 11

5 10

7 13
7 13
5 10
7 13

5 10
7 13
7 13

7 89

6 87

4 59
6 11
6 11
9 17

5 61

6 62
' 7 38

6 11
6 11

6 62

7 13
6 11

6 00
6 00

6 50

5 61

7 13

6 62

5 10

6 62

7 13
7 13
4 59
7 13
6 11

*7 50
4 65
7 53
4 65

6 72
4 65

7 23

$7 18

5 11

6 62

4 86

6 62

5 10

7 13

$7 14

4 59

5 86

5 86

$7 50

4 50

7 10

4 70

6 33

4 95

*6 86

Hooters . .

7 13

Tenders

5 10

7 23
4 86
7 73
6 44

6 32

6 32

4 63

7 29

5 83

5 34

6 08
6 72
6 08
6 80

5 86

*6 86

Assistants

4 10

Carpenters

5 86

6 91

6 80

OTHER TEADES.

6 08

5 76

6 50

6 51

6 56

4 61

6 70

5 97

6 08

6 86

5 95

5 59

6 31

6 73

Confectioners

6 46

6 11

Coopers

6 08
6 32

7 30

6 66

6 73

6 11

Drivers :

Draymen and teamsters

4 49

4 86

5 10

6 56

7 29
7 50
4 86
7 29
6 80

6 56
4 12

7 53
7 41

5 35

4 62

5 10

5 28

5 16

5 57

6 08

Engravers

10 95

8 40

7 06

4 98

Hatters

9 73

6 69

7 30
4 38

7 88

Horse-shoers

6 88

Jewelers

7 00

Laborers, porters, etc

4 36

7 33

6 76

6 62
8 15

6 62

7 89

5 76

6 27

*Real average, $7.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

449

Occupations.

Glasgow.

Dundee.

Leithi

Dun-
fermline.

Average

for all

Scotland.

Teachers (public schools) . .
Saddle and haruessmakers .

Sailmakers

Stevedores

TaDners

Tailors

Telegraph operators (men).

Tinsmiths

"Weavers (outside of mills) . .

$5 61
6 11

5 10

6 11

7 00

6 62
5 10

$18 69

5 58

6 08
4 12

6 80

7 77
13 00

6 56
2 67

$6 57

$5 28

7 30

6 00

6 81

6 00

12 16

6 81

$18 69

5 76

6 50

5 07

6 46
6 90

12 58
6 67
3 88

The following shows the wages paid per week in the factories and
mills in and about Leith:

Description of Employment.

paper-mills.
Papermakers:

Men

Boys

Glaziers:

Women

Girls ,

Finishers, women

Rag-sorters, women

Esparto-sorters:

Women

Men

Firemen . . . '.

Mechanics, etc

Laborers

envelope manufacturers.
Cuttermen, time workers, men
Mechanics, time workers, men

Unskilled, time workers, men

Hand-folders, piece workers, girls.
Machinists, piece workers, girls . . .

Gummers, piece workers, girls

Forewomen, time workers

Aver-

Hours.

age

wages.

72

$5 11

72

1 46

51

2 67

51

1 70

51

2 92

51

2 55

51

2 67

57

4 38

72

5 84

57

6 32

57

3 89

54

6 32

54

7 30

54

4 13

54

2 43

54

2 79

54

2 19

54

4 13

Description of Employment.

fishing-net manufacturers.
Female :

Mill-workers, on time

Net-workers, on piece work
Male net-workers, on piece work .
Mechanics

vulcanite manufacturers.

Vulcanitemakers

Polishers, girls ,

Cutters, boys

Sawers, girls

Buffers

Grinders

tobacco manufacturers.
Female workers, first-class, piece

work

Female workers, second-class,

piece work

Male workers, time work

Hours,

flour-mills .
Men, per week

56
56
56
56

56
56
56
56
56
56

50

50
50

Aver-
age
wages.

$2 55

4 13

5 23

6 32,

43
65
43
03
59

2 92

1 46

5 84

7 05

Few opportunities for the improvement of his condition are offered to
the workingman. It is almost impossible for him to house his family
decently on his wages; laying up anything for old age is the rare
exception.

450

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The iron industry of this country is an important one, employing many
thousands of workmen. Foundries and machine-shops for iron and steel
products are to be found in all the principal cities. Many of the work-
men and manufacturers in our own country had their training in similar
shops in Scotland, and it may be interesting to give in detail the wages
paid the Scottish workman. It will be seen that so far as the matter of
wages goes the American workman has very superior advantages.
The table of wages paid in the foundries, machine-shops and iron-works
of Scotland is taken from the report for Dundee. The wages are paid
per week consisting of six days of nine hours each:

Description op Employment.

Patternmakers. .

Joiners

Brass-molders . . .

Iron-molders . . .
Dressers
Assistants . .

Blacksmiths ....
Hammermen

Turners

Planers ,

Slotters

Aver-

age

wages.

$7 41

6 68

8 26

8 34

4 86

4 66

7 29

4 88

7 29

6 38

5 18

Drillers

Serewers

Finishers and fitters

Assistants

Coppersmiths

Assistants

Boilermakers:

Platers

Riveters and caulkers
Assistants

Aver-

$5 54
4 66
7 14
3 96
7 83
3 76

8 57
8 01
4 71

The average wages paid per week of sixty hours to railway employes
(those engaged about stations, as well as those engaged on the engines and
cars, linemen, railroad laborers, etc.,) in the consular district of Dundee,
are as follows:

Occupations.

Station-masters

Goods agents

Inspectors

Engine-drivers

Eugine-stokers

Booking agents and clerks

Guards or conductors

Goods cashiers and clerks

Parcels clerks

Ticket examiners and collectors

Signalmen

Gate-keepers

Average.

$ 8 38

10 20

8 30

8 30

5 58

3 40

6 08

4 00

4 02

4 49

4 98

4 02

Occupations.

Yardsmen

Goods checkers . .

Goods porters

Masons

Joiners

Plumbers

Painters

Blacksmiths

Signal-fitters

Plate-layers

Laborers

Passenger porters

Average.

$5 58

3 46

4 51

5 70

6 08
6 32

83
08
83
64
83
89

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

451

Consulting the wages paid per year to household servants in Glasgow,
we have this:

Occupations.

FEMALES.

Cook, plain*

Cook, with washing*

Cook and housekeeper*

Cook, having kitchen and scullery

maids under*

General servant*

General servant (young girl)*

Housekeeper*

House-maid*

Kitchen-maid*

Laundry-maid*

Lady's-maid*

Scullery-maid*

* With board.

Average.

$77 86

97 33

199 52

145 99

77 86
43 79
97 33
77 86
68 13
92 46
107 06
58 39

Occupations.

females. —Continued,

Stillroom-maid*

Table-maid*

Nurse, upper

Nurse, baby*

Nurse, walking*

MALES.

Butler*

Footman*

Groom*

Gardenerf

Coachman "j"

t Free house, coal, gas, etc.

Average.

$82 73
87 59

119 79
92 46

77 86

243 32
145 99
204 39
253 05
253 05

The wages paid per hour (fifty-four to sixty-four hours per week) in
stores, wholesale or retail, to males and females, in Glasgow, appear below:

Occupations.

Drapery salesmen

Drapery saleswomen

Milliners, women

Dressmakers, women

First-hand milliners

First-hand dressmakers ,

Commercial travelers

Leading salesmen

Heads of departments :

Eetail

Wholesale

Tailors in workshops

Tailoresses in workshops

Grocery salesmen, retail

First-hands salesmen, retail. . .
General storemen, wholesale. .
Stationers' assistants :

Eetail

Wholesale

General soft goods,, salesmen .
General soft goods, wholesale.
Liquor shop or store salesmen

Jewelers' shop assistant

Butchers' assistant

Ship-store warehousemen

Lowest.

*0 08

6

6

4

12

12

10

16

20

24

7

4

6

12

12

8
12
10
12

8
10

8
12

Highest.

Average.

$0 16

$0 10

12

9

10

8

8

7

14

12

12

12

60

16

24

14

48

24

60

30

11

9

10

7

16

10

14

12

12

12

12

10

18

14

12

10

12

12

16

12

18

14

16

12

12

12

452

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Occupations.

Oil and color storemen

Fishmongers' assistants

Poulterers' assistants

Tobacconists and shoe-shop assistants
General store and shop-keeper

Lowest.

$0 09
10
10

Highest.

14

14
14
14
12

Average.

$0 11
12
12
10

10

The average wages paid to agricultural laborers and household (coun-
try) servants in the consular district of Dundee, as reported in 1885, are as
follows:

Description of Employment.

Lowest

Highest

wages.

wages.

$155 52

$174 96

106 92

136 08

61

73

5 83

6 07

21 87

26 73

58 32

87 48

25

41

85

90

49

49

Average
wages.

Foreman (generally married) * per year

Second and third hands (generally single) j" do . .

Ordinary hands per day %

Ordinary hands, during harvest § per week

Ordinary hands, if engaged || per month

House-maids If per year

Outworkers —

Female „ per day

Female, during harvest , do . .

Female, during potato lifting do . .

$165 24

121 50

67

5 97

24 30

72 90

33

87
49

* Including free house, garden, i gallon milk, 2^ pounds oatmeal, and from 6 to 7 pounds potatoes per day.
t With milk and meal as above, and sleeping accommodation, bedding, and tire, in "bothy." N. B.— They usually
sell half their allowance of meal, value $14.58.
i Wpekly and monthly in proportion.

§ With lunch twice a day, value about 8 cents. N. B.— This custom is, however, dying out.
II No board in the case of ordinary agricultural laborers.
If Including board and lodging.

In all cases, ten hours constitute a day's work, commencing at 6 a. m.,
two hours interval from 1 1 to i for noon, and finishing at 6 p. m.

In the years 1879, 1880, 1881 and 1882 agricultural wages fell consider-
ably in Scotland ; but the improvement in trade which took place in the
last-named year, together with the scarcity of laborers arising from in-
creased emigration and a general migration to towns, had the effect of
raising the wages of farm laborers in 1883 to nearly the figures of 1878.
Women employed in agricultural labor, indeed, receive rather higher
wages now than ever before. Agricultural laborers, as a rule, take better
care of their wages than city laborers, and have relatively better health
and fully as much domestic comfort. The housing accommodation, al-
though improving, is still defective.

The average cost of living to the laboring classes is much the same as
it was in 1878. No doubt the large importation of American fresh and

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

453

canned meats have prevented prices from rising, and no fewer than
4,000 head of live cattle came to Glasgow during May, 1884, and
3,000 were from the United States. The following are the prices of
the principal articles considered necessaries by the laboring classes in

Glasgow:

Cents.

Bread per 4-pound loaf, 12 to 13

Oatmeal per stone, 47 53

Flour do. . . 45 49

Bacon:

British per pound, 18 20

American do 8 12

Tea do.... 32 73

Sugar do 3 6

Cheese:
British do. . . . 15 18

American per pound,

Beef for soup and boiling do . . .

Mutton do . . .

Steaks and chops do . . .

Butter do . . .

Eggs per dozen.

Milk per pint

Barley per pound

Bice do .

Cents.
3 16
6 22

22
34
32
20
12
4
4

The workingmen in Glasgow, as a rule, occupy houses of one and two
apartments. A house of one apartment, inclusive of taxes, costs from $2.20
to $2.50 per month, and one of two apartments about $4.00 per month.
Clothing can not be put down at less than $4.00 per month for an average
workingman with a wife and, say, four children. A common serge suit of
clothes for use at work costs about $10.00, and a holiday suit about $17.50.
The weekly expenditure of such a family may be estimated somewhat as
follows: Rent and taxes, $1.00; school fees, 6 cents; gas, 10 cents; coal, 34
cents; provisions, $4.50; clothes, $1.00; equal to a total weekly expenditure
of $7.00. The provisions under this estimate will not, by any means, be ex-
travagant, and will not include any of the finer qualities of meat. Those
unskilled workmen whose wages can not allow them to spend so much
must be satisfied with the plainest diet, and can not indulge in any of the
more expensive articles.

IRELAND.

The only manufactures in Ireland which are sufficiently developed to
come into direct competition with those of other countries are the large
linen industry and, perhaps, the productions of some few woolen-mills in
the southern counties. For these reasons the labor conditions which pre-
vail in Ireland have little immediate bearing on those of other countries,
and so have not that competitive interest which attaches to the conditions
of England and Scotland.

454 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The report prepared by Consul Piatt, of Cork, for 1884, shows that
the wages in his district are fully equal to, those prevailing in England and
Scotland, mechanics employed in the building trades earning about $8.00
per week of fifty-six hours. In the factories and mills the average wages
are also equal to those which are paid in the sister countries.

The habits of the working classes in the Cork district are considered
good when the workers are steadily employed. They give a fair day's
labor for their wages. As the price of the necessaries of life has increased
during the last five years without an increase in wages, it is not easy to
see how the working people can save anything for emergencies.

The feeling between employers and employed is good. Well organ-
ized labor unions exist, but only for the purpose of protecting each trade
from underworkers. Labor associations for beneficial, banking, co-opera-
tive and other protective purposes, apparently, are not found in the south
of Ireland. Strikes are foreign to Ireland, and, with the exception of the
trades unions mentioned, no organizations exist for purposes of mutual
support in times of anticipated disagreements between labor and capital.

On the whole, the situation of mechanics in the south of Ireland is
about equal to that of similar work-people in England. The condition
of the Irish laborers is, however, worse than that of the English laborers.

The number of female workers employed in the south of Ireland in
industrial pursuits is given as follows:

Mills (woolen factories, etc.) 3,600

Commercial (stores, groceries, etc.) 1,800

Teachers, artists, hotel-keepers, etc 900

Agriculture (dairy-maids, field-hands, etc.) 1,800

Total 8,100

The mill and factory hands earn from 73 cents paid to girls up to
$3.65 paid to women per week. Field-laborers, dairy-maids, etc., earn
from $19.47 to $48.66 per year, with board and lodging.

The consul gives the average rate of wages of female factory hands
as $1.70 per week, and of female agricultural laborers at $29.20 per year.
Mill and factory employes work fifty-six hours per week, and agricultural
laborers seventy-two hours per week. Notwithstanding these very low
wages, the moral and physical condition of these female employes is good.

The education of female factory hands in the south of Ireland does not
go beyond reading and writing. The mothers of families generally work
in the factories until the children reach the working age of fourteen or
fifteen years and begin to contribute to the family support, when the

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 455

mothers usually give up factory life to attend altogether to household
duties. Factory hands in the south of Ireland generally continue in the
factories where their parents labored before them. The employers com-
monly supply them with cheap and suitable cottages, which greatly adds
to their comfort and well-being. The moral and physical condition of
these families, both parents and children, is claimed to be exceptionally
good.

The farming class emigrate in consequence of the severity and irregu-
larity of the laws appertaining to land, non-security of tenure to the tenant
at will, and the facility afforded speculators in purchasing over the heads
of others ; and, again, because of the non-subdivision of the land into small
holdings. Seventy per cent of the farming class who emigrate go to the
United States, our country being the easiest and cheapest to reach. Then
some member of the emigrant's family, relatives, neighbors, or friends
have, it generally happens, gone there before them. They are impressed,
moreover, with the belief that there they will have a better field for their
labor, and a hope that at some future time they may possess a home for
themselves and families, which, to the majority of the small farmers who
emigrate, seems here, impossible. The periodical visits to this country of
Irish- Americans, who come here to spend a few months after having been
some years in the United States — persons who may have left Ireland
originally -in poor circumstances and are now evidently in good credit and
prosperous (perhaps having come back to take other, or all members of
their families or relatives to America). These have a great influence upon
the minds of those with whom they come in contact, and lead many of
them also to emigrate. The political land agitation to which this country
has been subject for the past five years has resulted in various acts of
Parliament toward remedying the evils complained of by the tenant farmers
of Ireland; yet, though there has been a general reduction in the rents paid
to landlords of thirty per cent, still the small and poor farmer will choose
to emigrate. The landlords have suffered great losses during these five
years, but the country — as we learn from the addresses of judges at the
different assizes, and the reports of the police officials made at those assizes —
is fast returning to a condition of reasonably good feeling between the
landlord and tenant. In addition to the small farmers, farm laborers, male
and female, make up the majority of emigrants to the United States; clerks,
and mechanics furnish a small quota. In connection with this matter it
may be stated that when once the idea of emigration is entertained, no
abatement of rent would change the intention of the peasant.

456

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table exhibits the average weekly wages paid in the
general trades in Ireland:

Occupations.

BUILDING TEADES.

Bricklayers

Hod-carriers

Masons

Tenders

Plasterers

Tenders

Slaters

Roofers

Tenders

Plumbers

Assistants

Carpenters

Gas-fitters

OTHEB TEADES.

Bakers

Blacksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Brewers

Butchers

Brass founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cutlers

Cork.

$8 03

3 89
8 03

4 38
8 03

London-
derry.

8 03

3 65
8 03
8 03

7 30

8 03

4 38
8 03
8 52

6 81
8 27
8 03

7 30

30
03

$6 40
2 92
6 20

2 92
6 20

3 16
6 40

5 83

2 92

6 90

3 10

5 90

6 90

5 75

6 10

3 20

6 40

4 30

7 30

6 40

6 40

12 40

6 32

Average
wages.*

$7 22
3 40
7 12
3 65
7 12
3 53
6 85

6 57
3 40

7 47
3 38

6 97

7 47

6 53

7 07
3 79
7 22

6 41

7 30

6 81

7 34
7 22
9 85

6 81
8 03

Occupations.

other teades— continued.

Distillers

Drivers:

Draymen, teamsters
Cab, carriage, etc . .
Street railways

Dyers

Engravers

Furriers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc .

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmakers (hand) . . .

Potters

Printers

Teachers,public school
Saddle & harnessm'krs

Sailmakers

Stevedores

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators . .
Tinsmiths

Cork.

$4 38
4 38
4 38
4 86
8 27
8 03
4 86

7 36

8 03
8 76
4 38
8 52

8 03'
6 33
4 38

9 73
8 52

London-
derry,

$6 00

4 13
4 13
4 13

4 86

4 38
7 25
3 60
6 90
6 55
3 40

7 30
5 00

6 00
3 60
6 10
8 00
6 00

Average
wages.*

$6 00

4 26
4 26
4 26
4 86
8 27
8 03
88
30
21
00
00
71
30
87
38

8 52
8 52
6 15
8 03
5 40

5 45

6 70
8 87
6 94

* If Dublin and Belfast were included, the average wages would correspond with Cork rather than London-
derry, so that the wages in Cork may be taken as an illustration of the average wages for all Ireland.

The average wages paid per year to agricultural laborers and household
(country) servants in Cork county, with or without board and lodging, are
as follows:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

$87 60

$121 66

97 33

194 66

58 40

73 00

97 33

12166

38 93

58 40

48 66

58 40

48 66

58 40

58 40

6813

Average.

Plowmen (with board and lodging)

Plowmen (without board and lodging)

Laborer, male (with board and lodging)

Laborer, male (without board and lodging). .
Laborer, female (with board and lodging) . . .
Laborer, female (without board and lodging)

Dairymaids (with board and lodging)

Dairymaids (without board and lodging) . . .

$97 33
146 00
68 13
116 80
48 66
48 66
48 66
58 40

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

457

The following shows the average wages paid per week of fifty-six
hours in factories or mills in Cork :

Occupations.

Woolen factory:

Foreman

Assistant foreman .

Spinners

Carders

Factory hands:

Male

Female

Match factory:

Machinist

Splitter

Boxmakers (female)

Packers (female) . . .
Powder-mill:

Engineer

Fireman

Press house men. . .

Charcoalmakers . . .

Mixers

Cooper

Millwright

Flour-mills:

Miller

Stone-dresser

Laborer

Distilleries:

Distillers. .

Vatmen

Lof tmen

Skilled hands

Average.

$9 73

8 76

4 38

3 40

3 40

2 43

8 52

4 38

2 43

2 43

10 94

8 52

3 89

3 89

3 89

8 03

9 73

9 25

6 81

3 40

17 03

4 86

4 38

4 38

Occupations.

Paper-mills:

Skilled hands (papermakers)

Junior help:

Boys

Girls

Breweries:

Maltster

Lof tmen

Cask- washers

Bacon-curing houses :

Bacon-cutters

Bacon-curers

Pork-packers

Carriage factory:

Bodymakers

Trimmers

Painters

Smiths

Helpers

Wheelwright

Furniture factory :

Machinist

Sawyer

Cabinetmaker

Upholsterer

Organ factories (church): Makers
Glue factory:

Makers

Laborers

Average.

$6 33

1 46
97

14

8
5

7
6
4

60
52
35

30

81
86

03

30
81
03
13
03

76
30
79
30
76

86
65

The wages paid per week of fifty-four hours in foundries, machine-
shops and iron works in Waterford, appear in the subjoined schedule:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Foundries:

$4 86
2 92
4 38
4 86
4 86

6 57
2 43

$7 30
3 89
7 30
7 30
7 30

7 06
3 16

7 79
5 84
5 35

$6 33

3 40

4 86

6 08

6 08

Iron-works :

6 57

3 16

7 79

5 35
4 38

5 60

4 62

.

458 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Three cases are appended taken from three different classes of work-
men in Ireland, showing how the wages earned are applied to supporting
the families of the workmen. The first case is that of a clerk, the second
a mechanic and the third a common laborer:

(1) The clerk, married, with a family of three children, of two, four, and six years ; his

salary averages $9.73 weekly ; he pays a rent for a small cottage, or three rooms

in a tenement house, weekly $1 46

Meals are three daily, as follows :

Breakfast, 9 o'clock ; 2-pound loaf bread, 8 cents ; 1 ounce tea, 4 cents ; \ pint

milk, 2 cents ; ihree eggs, for self and wife, 6 cents ; \ pound sugar, 4 cents $0 24

Dinner, 1 o'clock ; 1 pound beef, 24 cents ; potatoes, 4 cenf s ; cabbage, 4 cents ;

extras, 8 cents ; salt and pepper, 2 cents 42

Supper, 6 o'clock ; tea, 1 ounce, 4 cents ; sugar, 4 cents ; bread, 8 cents ; butter,

2 cents ; milk, 2 cents ; cheese, 4 cents 24

90

Six days at 90 cents per day $5 40

Add Sunday's dinner, roast beef, etc 60

Clothing, shoes, etc., for self and family 85

School fees for two children 16

Insurance or benefit society 20

Coal, 1 bag, 36 cents ; oil for light, etc., 12 cents 48

9 15

Surplus 58

~9~7S

(2) The mechanic, married, with family of four children, aged two, four, six, and nine )

wages average $8 . 03 weekly ; his rent is, usually, per week $1 21

Meals are three daily, as follows :

Breakfast, 9 o'clock ; 3 loaves of bread , 12 cents ; 1 ounce coffee, 2 cents ; 1 pound

sugar, 6 cents ; butter, 4 cents ; milk, 2 cents .' $0 26

Dinner, 1 o'clock ; 2 pounds beef or pork, 32 cents ; potatoes, 4 cents ; cabbage,

4 cents ; milk or coffee, 4 cents 44

Supper, 6 o'clock ; bread, butter, tea, milk 24

' 94

Six days at 94 cents per day $5 64

Add Sunday's dinner, beef-steak, etc 48

Clothing, shoes, etc ., for self and family 60

Church fees 10

& 03

(3) The laborer ; he is found much less comfortably situated, both as regards habita-

tion and food, than the clerk and mechanic ; his earnings may fairly be stated
never to exceed $3.89 per week ; married, with two children, aged two and four
years ; he pays for the rent of one room in a lane or alley of the city, per week. $0 24

Meals are three daily, as follows :

Breakfast, 9 o'clock ; 2-pound loaf coarse bread, 8 cents ; 1 ounce coffee, 2 cents ;

milk, 2 cents $0 12

Dinner, 1 o'clock ; potatoes, 4 cents ; fish or rough meat (salt), 12 cents ; cabbage,
4 cents 20

Supper, 6 o'clock ; tea, 4 cents ; bread, 8 cents ; milk, 2 cents 14

46

Six days, at 46 cents per day $2 76'

Add Sunday's dinner, boiled beef and soup 28

Tobacco, 2 ounces weekly 12

Surplus for clothing, shoes, etc 49

3 89

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 459

FRANCE.

Very few households can be found in France where there are not some
savings laid by, and the desire is very great to increase this store. Men
and women are early taught that all must contribute a portion by their
labor to the maintenance of the family. The feeling which prevails
between the employer and the employe is generally good, and grievances
are usually settled without an appeal to law. Strikes are not of frequent
occurrence, although they have led to the increase of the wages of some
mechanics, such as masons, roofers, etc. They did not succeed in the
case of the miners. The workman supplies his wants by purchasing
where he pleases, and he is paid weekly in coin.

Women are employed in almost every industry, not only agricultural,
but even street-cleaning labor. They are generally the book-keepers and
cashiers in all shops, cafes, and restaurants, and many wholesale estab-
lishments, and are frequently the wives or other relatives of the proprie-
tors, and generally carry the purse. Being conversant with the true finan-
cial condition of the business, they exert a very salutary influence upon
the credit and prosperity of the establishment. They often succeed to
and continue the business, and many successful business houses in France
are under the direction of widows.

The manufacturer generally insures his workmen against accidents;
these insurances are becoming more general. Mutual benefit societies
among workmen are common, and in consideration of a small monthly
payment they are provided with medical attendance and are otherwise
assisted.

The life of the female operatives, taken in the best light, is not a happy
one. It may be said that they have no leisure time and but little personal
enjoyment, for when they return to their domiciles from their daily work
at the factories and mills they must then perform their household duties,
as there is usually no one else to do that work for them. With them it
is a life contest for existence, having only for recreation an occasional
holiday, usually a religious anniversary, when the factories and mills are
closed. The "family circle" is a thing unknown to them in that sense of
home comfort and enjoyment in which it is known and welcomed and
enjoyed among our own more favored and more prosperous working
women and children. "Home," with them, is only a place where they may
perform further labor after they have served their masters, and where

460

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

they may find a lodging for the night and such frugal repast as their small
earnings will afford.

With regard to young women and girls employed in stores and shops,
the conditions are somewhat different. They are generally quite well
educated, and are better clothed and better cared for, and have greatly
superior advantages from a social point of view, but this is oftentimes vain
and fleeting. These employes are always selected on account of their
superior personal appearance, intelligence and education, and are not of
that class which are usually compelled to seek employment in the factories
and mills. Still the condition of these employes is not always the best.
The salaries which they receive are exceedingly small, and as their
expenses are necessarily heavy in the way of clothing, board, etc., it is
always a struggle with them against poverty to maintain that respectable
appearance which alone guarantees to them their positions. This strug-
gle sometimes meets with its just rewards, but it frequently ends in defeat
and ruin to honorable and virtuous womanhood.

On the whole, it may safely be said that the unenviable reputation
which France has acquired with regard to its women and its homes, is
fairly deserved. The great want of France, said the first Napoleon, is
that she has no homes — no mothers. This is true, not alone of the poor,
who have to labor for existence, but of the rich. The standard of morality
is low, and it is not surprising that with all the discouraging and disheart-
ening environments of the French laboring girl or woman, she fails to
fulfill the nobler end of her being.

The annexed table shows the average wages paid in France in the
general trades:

Occupations.

Rouen.

Marseilles
(60 to 84
hours) .

Bordeaux
(60 hours).

Rheims

(72houis).

All

France.

BUILDING TRADES.

$5 60

3 07

4 82
3 47
6 95
3 47
6 94
6 94

3 47

6 94

4 05

7 50

$6 95
3 47

5 79
3 47

6 95
3 47

$4 62

3 10

4 93
3 10

5 76

3 10

4 21

4 21
3 10

6 44
2 88

5 10

$5 79
2 89
5 79
2 89
5 79
2 89
5 79
5 79

4 34

5 79
4 05

6 38

$5 74

Hod-carriers

3 13

Masons

5 33

Tenders

3 23

Plasterers

6 34

Tenders

3 23

Slaters — only tile roofs

5 65

Roofers

5 65

Tenders

3 64

Plumbers

5 21
3 47
5 79

6 10

Assistants

3 61

6 20

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average wages paid in France. — Continued.

46 r

Occupations.

building trades. — Continued.

Gas-fitters

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers (per mouth, with food and lodging)
Blacksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Brewers :

Men

Women

Butchers

Brass founders .-

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cutlers

Distillers

Drivers:

*9to

Rouen.

Marseilles
( 6U to 84
hours).

$7 50

11 58
6 00

5 00

6 18
6 00

6 00

*2 65
7 50
7 90

Cab

Draymen and teamsters.

Cab, carriage, etc

Street railways

Dyers

Engravers

Farriers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmakers (hand)

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools) . .
Saddle and harnessmakers .
Sailmakers:

Men

"Women

Stevedores

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills) . .

6 00
6 94

5 79
5 79

5 79

4 72
6 00
8 75
8 50

9 80

6 10

7 50
10 00

7 25

! 579i

$5 79

3 47

4 63

5 21

4 05
2 51
2 70

6 95

5 79

Bordeaux

(60 hours)

3 47
6 95
5 79

5 40
7 53

4 82
4 63
8 10

5 79
5 21
5 79
5 79
3 47
8 10

4 05
6 37

4 83

5 79

6 95
2 90

*5 79
5 79
4 63

5 21

$4 90

5 66
5 68
5 22

4 84

3 02

Rheims
(72 hoars).

8 33

20
11
82
56
64
87
44
02
52
19
16
90
39
68
84
18
6 05
6 16
4 75

5 39

$5 79

*6 96
5 79

4 63

5 21

*4 63

t2 32
7 64
5 79

*1 45

All

France.

4 05

*3 08

3 76

4 92

4 05
4 63

5 79

$6 07

81

72
17
32

4 43

6 54
6 14

4 85

4

5

69

58
16
06

80^

57

82

47

83

35

00

11

50

5 89

6 24

3 93

7 07
6 74

4 84

4 78

6 64

7 00

5 70

04
90
72
18
02
92
46
23

*With board and lodging.

tWith board.

462

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The wages paid per week of sixty hours in foundries, machine-shops,
and iron-workers, in the departments of the Gironde, Rouen, and Marseilles,

are given below:

Description of Employment.

department op gironde.
(Foundries, machine-shops, and iron-works.)

Boilermakers

Blacksmiths

Foremen (machine-shops)

Foremen in foundries and iron- works.

Molders . . •.

Machinists

Patternmakers

Smelters ,

Strikers

Toolrnakers

Laborers

ROUEN.

(Furnaces and foundries.)

980 men

35 boys

Average

wages.

$5 40

5 66

16 21

0 22

5 11

7 43

6 41

7 10

6 95

6 41

3 46

5 10

2 34

Description of Employment.

MARSEILLES.

(Foundries, machine-shops, and iron-works.)
Foundries:

Smelters

Molders

Assistant molders

Finishers

Laborers and tenders

Boys

Machine-shops :

Blacksmiths

Adjusters

Boilermakers

Painters

Carpenters

Average
wages.

79
52
80
63
47
96

4 85

5 07
4 63

4 82

5 60

The following table is an exhibit of the monthly wages paid railway
employes on the railways entering Rheims. It will be observed that the
engine-drivers, firemen (stokers), and conductors each receive the same
wages. The engineer (engine-driver) is allowed an extra compensation
or percentage on saving of fuel and on taking water at certain stations
where the water is not so strongly impregnated with chalk as at others, thus
saving his boilers from injur}', which increases his salary to a certain
extent.

Occupations.

Engine-drivers

Stokers

Conductors

Brakemen

Chief station-masters .

Assistants

Watchmen

Chief baggage-masters

Assistants

Foreman of the porters
Porters and servants . .
Overseers of workmen .

Freight agents

Chiefs of engine depots

Ordinary
wages.

$24 13
24 13
24 13

20 91
24 13

21 54
19 30
19 30
16 10
24 13
19 30
21 71
24 13
28 95

Highest

wages.

$38 60
38 60
38 60
24 13
96 50
48 25
21 54
21 54
17 11
26 54
21 71
24 13
96 50
48 25

Occupations.

Chiefs of bureaus

Head clerks

Assistant clerks

Telegraph operators

Lampists

Switchmen

Controllers

Ticket agents

Yard masters

Chiefs of construction gangs

Chief of masonry

Trackmen

Trackmen*

Greasers and cleaners*. .

Ordinary

wages.

$28 95
21 54
19 30
21 54
19 30
21 54
28 95
19 30
28 95
21 54
28 95
14 48
58
58

Highest
wages.

$48 25
28 95
21 54
28 95
21 54
24 13
38 60
96 50
33 21
28 95
38 60
17 11
62
67

*Per day.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 463

The following shows the wages paid in factories and mills in Rouen:

Occupations.

Biscuitraakers per week

Laborers, porters, for rough workers per day

Laborers in regular work do . .

Mechanics do. .

Masons, stokers, and wood-turners do . .

Foremen of spinners and weavers do . .

Children do. .

Women do . .

owest.

Highest.

$4 63

$6 75

57

67

67

77

82

1 35

72

96

96

1 35

10

19

29

48

$5 69
62
72

1 08
81

1 15
15
39

The conditions of agriculture are very different in France from what
they are in this country ; any basis of comparison will be misleading. The
climate and soil are adapted to the cultivation of those fruits, vegetables
and cereals which are least popular with us. The farms are not so
large nor so extensively cultivated as they are even in England. The
wages are low.

The appended table shows the wages paid to agricultural laborers and
household (country) servants in Rheims, department of Gironde, Marseilles
and Rouen:

Description of Employment.

bheims.
Males:

Plowmen* per month.

General men* do

Herdsmen* do

Shepherds! do

Females :

Dairy-maids* do

Farm servants* do

DEPARTMENT OF GIRONDE.

Females:

Chamber-maids J per month.

Cooks do

Children do

Laborers do

Laborers per year.

Males:

Laborers* per day.

Laborers")" do . . .

Average

$10 02

7 23

8 00

19 07

6 66

4 42

2 33

3 29

1 93

6 25

75 00

30

51

Description of Employment.

department of gironde.— Continued.

Males. — Continued.

Laborers"]" per year

Laborers* do. .

Shepherds* do . .

Vine-dressers* do. .

Winemakers do . .

MARSEILLES.?,

Farm hands, males per day.

Farm hands, women do . . .

For man, horse, and plow . . .do. . .

Spading||

Stone masons (for building walls) .
Boys

Laborer, narrower, carter, manurer,
digger, sower J per month. .

Average
wages.

$164 10
79 10
75 00
79 10
79 10

57

17

1 37

0 05to0 10
80
30

2 89to5 78

*With board. fWithout board. JWith board and lodging.

§Farming land in the district is divided into very small tracts, each of which is worked by the farmer and his
family so that outside help is rarely employed except for short periods, and is then paid by the day. Laborers at the
above prices provide their own board and lodging.

II By the job per square meters, according to the nature of ground.

464

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The wages paid to household servants (towns and cities) in Marseilles,
the department of Gironde, and Rheims, is as follows:

Description of Employment.

MARSEILLHS.

Cooks, male, per month. .

Cooks, female do

Chamber-maids . do

Wet-nurses do

Dry-nurses (young girls) do

Coachmen, boarded do

Coachmen, not boarded do

Valet de chambre do. .

DEPARTMENT OF GIRONDE.

Males:

Butlers per month. .

Cooks do

Waiters do

Coachmen do

Footmen do

Females:

Chamber-maids do

Average
wages.

24 12

6 75

5 79

11 58

4 24

19 30

24 12

11 58

12 79

3 30

12 79

12 79

3 30

Description of Employment.

department of Gironde.— Continued.
Females. — Continued.

Cooks per month . .

Nurses do

Waiters do

Wet-nurses do

Average
wages.

rheims.
(With board and lodging.)

Males:
Men servants (butlers, etc.) per mo'th

Coachmen do

Valet do

Females:

Cooks do

Chamber-maids do ... .

Domestic-maids do ... .

Nurses for children do ... .

$ 5 23
3 30

2 72
16 45

14 87

14 87

8 00

6 42
8 00
8 00
8 00

The following is a statement showing the wages paid per }Tear (ten to
fourteen hours per day, according to circumstances) in wholesale and
retail stores and shops in Rheims.

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest. Average,

Males:

Clerks, first-class . . .

Clerks, second-class

Porters

Females :

Clerks, first-class . . .

Clerks, second-class

$347 40
193 00
193 00

96 50
38 60

$579 00
224 60
224 60

23160
193 00

$386 00
308 80
308 80

154 40
115 80

The general condition of the working people is much better than one
would expect to find among a class so poorly paid. This must be attrib-
uted to their industrial and economical habits. That they are all poor,
and many of them very poor, it is unnecessary to state; but, when times
are good and they have plenty of work to do, they manage to get along
quite comfortably in their humble way. But when there is little demand
for their labor, and employment can not be obtained, they soon exhaust
the small amount of money which they have been able to lay by during
the time when they had employment, and want and privation comes to
them as a natural consequence. In such times, they must live as best they

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 465

can, relying on the acts of benevolent people, usually received through the
ladies' aid societies and sisters of charity, and the little they can earn by
an occasional job here and there.

The ability to lay up something for old age and sickness is not possible
to the average laborers. This is only possible to the unmarried and to
the few who have favored situations which give them uninterrupted employ-
ment. The following is the report made by the United States consul at
Rheims of a conversation held with a workman in one of the woolen mills :

Q. I am charged by my Government to gather statistical and other information concerning the
condition of labor at Bheirns. In order to aid me in this work, would you be kind enough to answer
a few leading questions regarding that subject ? — A. Yes, sir ; I shall have pleasure in answering
you any question on that subject as well as I can.

Q. How old are you ? — A. Forty-two.

Q. Have you a family ? — A. Yes ; I have a wife and two children.

Q. What occupation do you follow? — A. I am a mechanic in a woolen mill.

Q. What wages do you receive per day ? — A. I receive 4 francs (77 cents) per day, which is about
the average wages paid mechanics of my class, which may be considered the best paid by from
10 to 20 cents per day for general workmen.

Q. How many hours per day are you required to work ? — A. Twelve hours per day.

Q. How many hours are you allowed for your meals ? — A. We have forty-five minutes for
breakfast, at nine o'clock in the morning, and one hour for dinner, at two o'clock in the afternoon.
We take our supper after the day's work is finished.

Q. Do you find your wages sufficient to support yourself and family ? — A. It is all I have,,
and I am obliged to make it suffice, but I am obliged to exercise the strictest economy. Still, I
am able to five better than many of my fellows, and I suppose I should be thankful for what
I have.

Q. Does your wife also work in the mill ? — A. Yea, sir ; she receives 2.50 francs (48% cents)
per day.

Q. What do the united earnings of yourself and wife amount to in a year? — A. I work every
day in the year, Sundays included, which gives me 1,460 francs ($247.16), and my wife works 305
days in a year, and earns 762.50 francs ($181.78), which makes our united earnings 2,222.50 francs
($428.94).

Q. Will you be kind enough to explain in detail the uses you make of this money? — A. Yes.
I pay per annum —

For rent, 200 francs $ 38 60

For clothing for self and family, 330 francs 63 69

For food and fuel, 1,636 francs 315 75

For personal tax, 2.45 francs 48

For dues to mechanics' aid (sick) society, 25 francs 4 83

Leaving for incidentals, 29.05 francs 5 59

Per annum, 2,222.50 francs 428 94

Q. Of what kind of food do your daily meals consist? — A. At the morning meal, a cup of
coffee and a piece of bread ; dinner, soup made from salt pork and horse-flesh, or cheap beef, and
vegetables, and a portion of the meat with bread ; and at eight o'clock, supper, with bread and the
meat left from dinner, with potatoes. This is a better class of " eating " than is common with
laborers, many of whom only have for dinner dry bread and an apple and, perhaps, a piece of
cheese, while many only have a piece of dry bread and water. Most laborers live in this way : In
the morning, a piece of dry bread and 2 cents' worth of brandy ; at breakfast, a " coffee-sop," that
is bread cr ambled into a basin of hot coffee and milk and eaten with a spoon ; for dinner, the men
have a piece of bread, and cheese, or an apple, and a gill of red wine, and the women the same
without the wine; for supper, a piece of bread and a little sausage, or, oftener, only a herring and
a cup of coffee. They indulge in a meat and vegetable meal only once a week, and that on Sunday.

466

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

GERMANY.

By the census returns for Germany for the year 1882, the population
of the Empire was shown to be 45,213,901, of which 22,146,783 were
males, and 23,067,118 were females; 13,372,509 males and 4,258,405
females were engaged in professions or trades, including masters, em-
ployes, assistants, apprentices, etc.; besides, there were 36,529 males and
1,153,580 females classed as servants, being such persons as are usually
employed in and about the house.

The following table shows the number of female persons employed in
some of the principal industries and trades in Germany, household serv-
ants and officials not included.

Occupations.

Preparation of spinninj

stuffs

Spinning, etc.:

At home

In factories

Weaving:

At home

In factories

Knitting:

At home

la factories

Bleeching, dyeing, etc

Trimmingmakers

Paper-goods workers

Cartoonmakers

Tobacco workers

Seamstresses

Tailors

Ladies' dressmakers

Milliners

Cravat, etc., makers

Shoemakers

Inde-
pendent.

Assistants,
laborers.

174

4,908

9,375

3,592

318

61,682

6,668

21,919

354

84,212

7,929

3,501

155

7,083

783

15,635

421

6,850

377

17,135

527

7,461

599

35,623

206,758

53,460

'45,241

22,358

5,170

18,133

14,713

16,797

1,331

5,302

2,720

4,937

Occupations.

Laundresses, etc

Printers, lithographers, etc.

Merchants

Hotel inn-keepers

Domestic servants

Persons doing work of a
changing nature

Persons in hospitals, mid-
wives, etc

TOTALS.

1. Farming, horticulture .

2. Forestry, hunting, fish-

3. Mining, foundries, in-

dustry, building

4. Trade and commerce . . .

5. Work of a changing

character for wages
and domestic services .

6. Professions and offices

of state, church, etc . .

Inde-
pendent.

81,373

341

93,301

29,900

23,521

276,831

352

421,402
150,557

115,262

Assistants,
laborers.

16,238

5,557

52,637

77,820

116,475

67,260

4,993

2,136,000

2,931

545,246
144,252

183,735

Total of female persons actively engaged in all professions, trades, etc 4,258,405

Servants 1,153,058

Members of family 16,249,398

Total 21,660,861

Females without occupation or unknown occupation 1,406,257

Grand total of females in Germany 23,067,118

Against males 22,146,783

Total population of the German Empire 45,213,991

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

467

The following table shows the average weekly wages paid in the dif-
ferent districts in Germany in which the United States has consular

agencies :

Occupations.

Annaberg
(72 hours).

Barmen
(66 hours) .

Berlin (60
to 72 hours)

Bremen
(60 hours).

Breslau
(60 hours).

Crefeld

(60 to 72
hours).

Building' trades :

$4 28

$3 64
3 20
3 64
3 20
3 45

3 09

4 94

H 50

$3 60

2 19

3 60

$4 64
4 00

4 28

$3 99
2 61

5 00

3 65

4 50

3 61

4 35
4 35

3 39

4 57

3 20

5 00

4 11

3 55

4 28

3 57

5 15

4 75
4 61

3 61

4 28
3 33

3 43

4 19
4 28
3 91

2 86

3 17

2 46

3 10

3 53

4 92
3 15

3 10

4 35

3 00

4 67

3 63

4 90
3 57

3 57

4 28
3 75
2 85

5 47

Tenders

5 00

3 33

2 60

3 70
2 38
2 81
2 81
2 19
5 00

2 14

3 09

2 86
( *1 43
} |3 09

3 67
2 86

2 86

1 91

3 33
*1 80

4 76
4 76

*1 91

2 86

3 57
2 86

*1 43
2 00
2 40

6 43

Tenders

4 62

Slaters

4 28

4 28

4 28

Tenders

3 50

3 68

4 28

Assistants

3 50

3 85
3 33

3 80
3 93

3 81

3 93

3 23

4 29

4 61

5 23
3 80
3 93
3 93

3 68

4 04

3 93

4 40

4 21

4 03

Gas-fitters

4 28

Bakers

2 30

4 76

j- *1 55
3 78

Blacksmiths

3 33

Strikers

3 57

Bookbinders

4 76

4 04

|3 57

4 75

Brickmakers

Brewers

5 50
t2 14

t2 25
*1 30

Butchers

*1 75

Brass-founders

4 64

4 76

Confectioners (80 hours)

t2 50

3 57

4 28

t2 88
3 30

Cigarmakers

4 65

Cutlers

4 28

4 28

Draymen and teamsters

3 92

*1 00

3 45

Street railways

4 20

4 40
4 99
4 29
4 17
4 IT
4 04

4 64

3 40

5 00

4 17
4 17

2 86

3 51

3 57
*1 43
|2 86

2 86
5 00
2 38

4 76
4 29

1 91

2 19
2 86

4 05

5 25

Furriers

4 28

4 64

Gardeners

|2 04
5 71

4 76

Horseshoers

3 92

4 28
2 61

5 23

5 35

Laborers, porters, etc.

2 50

3 16

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmakere (hand)

Potters

2 75

3 00

5 00
3 57

Saddle and harnessmakers

3 69

2 61

3 30

Stevedores

5 70

Stonecutters

5 42
5 00
2 85

4 28

3 78

4 29
6 50
4 17

3 57

3 95
5 75

4 25
2 50

2 86
2 86

Tailors

2 61

4 28

Telegraph operators

5 70

Tinsmiths

3 00
2 38

4 28

2 80

3 22

Weavers (outside of mills)

2 97

4 99
4 54

Painters

5 47

4 28
4 76

Upholsterers

* With board and lodging.

t Lodging.

468

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table shows the average weekly wages paid in the dif-
ferent districts in Germany in which the United States has consular
agencies:

Occupations.

DusseluorJ
(60 hours).

Kehl

(60 hours).

Leipsic

(66 hours).

SoDneberg
(66 hours)

Frankfort
(66 hours) .

Average

for all

Germany.

Building trades:

Bricklayers

$5 00
3 57
5 00
3 50
5 00

3 50

4 28

5 00

3 50

4 28
3 50

5 00
5 00

1 42

5 00

3 71
5 00

4 50
*1 78
*1 42

14 15

3 21

4 15

3 21

4 88
2 54

$4 92
2 98
5 43

$3 40
2 00
6 18
1 75
4 50

1 75
4 08
4 00

2 00

3 32

2 00

3 15
3 56

2 90

3 00

2 00

3 50

3 75

4 08
2 75

H 64
2 26
4 64
2 26
4 10
2 26
4 25
4 25
2 26
4 25

2 00

3 60

4 25

3 50

3 49

1 25
3 65

3 55

5 25

2 85

4 25

3 49
3 15

2 86

3 25

$4 21

Hod-carriers

2 92

4 67

Tenders

3 15

Plasterers

4 43

Tenders. ...

2 91

Slaters

4 62
4 62

4 20

Hoof ers

4 28

Tenders

2 81

Pluinbers

4 13

4 80

4 26

Assistants

2 72

Carpenters

4 75

5 09

4 11

Gas-fitters

4 35

J2 09

4 92

4 08

Bakers

Blacksmiths

3 88

3 33

4 63

4 00

Strikers. .

2 94

4 76

4 20

Brickmakers

3 98

4 95
3 57

t4 20
*3 06

4 40

5 24

Butchers

3 32

Brass-founders

4 38

4 91

4 20

5 13

3 56
2 70
2 80

2 35

3 15

4 25

Confectioners (80 hours)

3 43

Cigarmakers

3 92
5 00
5 00

3 63

Coopers

4 51

3 97

Cutlers

3 66
3 55

3 90

Distillers

*2 14

3 56

Draymen and teamsters

4 28

2 75

3 57

4 28

5 71

2 25

3 25

2 50

(§)

2 88

3 40
6 00

4 00
3 00
3 90
3 12

2 96

Drivers: cab, carriage, etc

4 25

3 21

Street railways

3 44

Dyers

2 76
4 96
4 98
4 16

3 30

5 50
3 90

2 75

3 20

3 00

6 00

2 75
5 80

4 40

3 32
3 25
3 90

3 45

Engravers

5 21

5 12

4 20

4 28

4 28

5 00
5 71
3 33
5 00

5 01
4 52

3 83

6 06

4 21
6 00

3 78

Hatters

4 36

Horseshoers

3 61

Jewelers

5 21

Laborers, porters, etc. . .

2 50
6 50
4 50

2 62

3 84
3 90

8 11

7 14

5 59

4 18

3 12

Potters

3 92

3 64

4 28

3 54

4 28

3 60

3 69

2 85

2 95

5 70

4 85

Tanners

4 25
4 28

3 25

2 54

3 30
2 80
2 50

3 90
3 05

S 80

Tailors

3 41

Telegraph operators . . .

4 30
4 35

3 60

4 52

5 11

Tinsmiths

3 12

3 55

Weavers (outside of mills) . .

2 79

Machinists

4 28

5 00
4 28

4 60

Painters

4 82

Upholsterers

4 52

1

* With board and lodging.

t Lodging.

t With board.

8 Are paid by the trip and hour.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

469

The habits of the working people may generally be considered good.
They are usually found at work whenever they can find employment,
whether wages be great or small. But very few of them are able to earn
any more than a scanty living for themselves and their families, however
much economy they may exercise, and, if they have families, each member
thereof, of sufficient age, must assist in doing something for their own sup-
port. The excessive amount of beer consumed by the workingmen and
their families may, and undoubtedly does, tend to stupify and make
them sluggish; yet it is very seldom you see one exhibiting symptoms of
intoxication. These workmen are usually able-bodied, apparently enjoy-
ing good health. Whenever the weather is suitable and time will permit,
the men, women, and children are accustomed to spending much of their
time out of doors, in beer gardens, etc., sipping their beer, listening to
music, and visiting. For this purpose, places are supplied on a basis suit-
able for the pockets of all, rich and poor, and the quality of the beer is
graded accordingly. The German workmen dress comfortably well, but
employers, generally speaking, give but little attention to the morals, well-
being, and happiness of their workmen. The workmen are expected to
care for themselves. There are a few large establishments, like those of
Krupp, at Essen, where the workmen are supplied with comfortable houses
at a small rental value, together with church and school accommodations,
but such are exceptional cases.

But little attention can be paid by very many of the laboring women
of the poorer classes to their household affairs, for their labor is mostly
performed in the shop, the factory, or the field, and away from their
home. Their children, of course, must be much neglected, and their moral
education and training dispensed with. The number of illegitimate children
born in Germany is very large, reaching, in some provinces, as high as 20
and 25 per cent of all the births. The mothers of these natural-born
children are mostly found among the laboring classes.

The following shows the wages paid per week of sixty hours in
factories or mills in and near Frankfort-on-the-Main:

Employment.

Average.

Employment.

Average.

Mechanical work-shop

H 70
4 43
3 74
3 74
3 74
3 74

Acid factory

$3 76

Machine rooms

Packing rooms

3 71

Builder's shop

Dye rooms

3 68

General average

Alizarine factory

3 75

Aniline factory

Paper-mills

3 12

470

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table shows the wages paid per week to railway
employes (those engaged about stations, as well as those engaged on
the engines and cars, linemen, railroad laborers, etc.) in Alsace-
Lorraine.

Occupations.

Conductors

Brakemen

Engineers

Firemen

Guards

Porters

Switchmen

Guards of street-crossings

Track-walkers

Laborers

Lowest.

Highest.

$5 40

$6 05

3 70

5 10

6 90

9 60

4 67

6 05

4 12

5 10

4 26

5 36

4 26

5 36

3 15

4 00

2 70

3 38

2 86

4 00

Average.

$5 72
4 40
8 25

36
61

81
81
57
04
46

The earnings of the baggagemen depend upon the number of pieces
of baggage they handle each day ; they are entitled to 50 pfennigs, or 1 2
cents, for every piece of baggage they handle. In the smaller railway
stations, where baggagemen do not earn much on account of the small
number of passengers, they get an additional pay of 20 cents per day.

The subjoined table shows the wages paid per month in stores (whole-
sale or retail), to males and females, in Strasburg:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

BANKS.

Cashiers

$48 60
43 10

23 00
21 00

37 50
35 70
48 60

24 00
23 00
17 40

14 50

15 00
5 00

13 50
5 00

$120 20
73 50
62 50
38 10

60 50
42 10
60 00
42 10

37 40

38 10
30 00

28 60
10 00

24 60
9 50

$84 40

Accountants

58 30

Secretaries

42 75

Clerks

29 50

DKY GOODS STOKES.

Cashiers, men

49 00

Book-keepers, men

38 90

Overseers, women

54 30

Cashiers, women

33 05

Book-keepers, women

30 20

Salesmen

27 75

Saleswomen

22 25

FANCY ARTICLES.

Saleswomen

21 80

Young girls, apprentices

7 50

ladies' furnishings, pebfumeby, etc.
Saleswomen

19 05

7 25

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

471

In the district of Barmen, where there are extensive foundries, machine-
shops and iron-works, the following table shows the wages paid per week:

Occupations.

H
B

o

w

Lowest.
Highest.

§>

C3
U
X
>
<

Occupations.

3

0

w

to
<v

r=

o

"5

3

o5
to
co

H
<

63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63

$4 28 $5 71

$5 00
4 17
4 17

4 2S
3 81
3 45
3 45

5 00
3 57

Mechanics

63
63
54
54
54
54
66
66
48

$5 00
5 71
7 14

11 42

17 85
7 14
2 85
4 28

24 00

•$7 14

8 57

11 42

24 00

40 00

11 42

3 57

5 71

60 00

$ 6 07

Locksmiths

3 57
3 57
3 80

3 33
2 90

2 90

4 28

3 10

4 76
4 76
4 76
4 28
4 00

4 00

5 71
4 04

Foreman

7 14

Clerk

9 28

Turners

Confidential clerk

Engineers

17 71

28 93

Drillers

7 14

Other machine laborers

3 21

Model makers

Fireman

5 00

42 00

The wages paid in mines and mining in Barmen.

Occupations.

Director* per annum .

Engineer* do

Principal inspector* do

Inspectors do

Colliers, underground per month .

Smelt work do

Hewer, first-class do .

Hewer, second-class do

Filers do

Day laborers do

Boys do

Gas and water-fitters do

Foreman do

Carpenters do

Locksmiths do

Hours

Lowest.

Highest.

perday.

7

$1,190.00

$1,600.00

7

800.00

1,000.00

8

642.60

800.00

8

380.80

571.20

8

28.56

32.13

8

28.56

32.13

8

21.42

28.56

8

17.85

21.42

8

14.28

17.85

12

12.85

14.28

10

5.71

9.52

12

17.00

21.42

12

21.42

30.00

12

17.00

21.40

12

16.66

21.18

Average.

$1,395.00

900.00

721.30

476.00

30.35

30.35

24.99

19.64

16.07

13.57

7.62

19.21

25.71

19.20

18.92

*Free rent, fuel and light.

The table below shows the wages paid per year to household servants
(towns and cities) in the consular district of Bremen (including board and
lodging).

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

$214 00
119 00

83 00
36 00

$595 00
238 00

100 00
81 00

$357 00

150 00

Coachman :

83 00

60 00

472 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The wages paid per year to household servants in Bremen. — Continued.

OCODPATIONS.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Cook:

First-class

$238 00

142 00

35 70

8 33

47 00

142 00

47 60

95 20

47 60

71 40

35 70

23 80

23 80

285 60
128 82
125 50
150 55
22 75

$476 00

214 00
83 30
35 00-
95 00

238 00
95 20

142 80
71 40

142 80
83 30
47 60
47 60

428 40
214 20
195 60
214 20
54 10

$357 00

Second-class

166 00

59 50

Stableboy

23 00

Servant

35 70

166 60

Assistant

71 40

Female housekeeper

95 20

Female cook.

59 50

83 30

Chamber-maid

59 50

Wash-maid

23 80

23 80

Hotel wages:

305 45

Saloon waiters

175 80

162 60

Housekeeper

. 207 40

Servant-maids

30 35

A large portion of Germany, espeeially of Prussia, has a light soil, and
is only made to produce reasonably sized crops by being carefully tilled.
The wages paid to agricultural laborers vary in different districts, but are
everywhere exceedingly low in comparison with similar wages in the
United States. The following table shows the wages paid per year to
agricultural laborers and household (country) servants in the consular dis-
trict of Bremen (with board and lodging).

Occupations.

First stableman

Second stableman

Plowman:

First-class

Second-class

Boy

Shepherd

Coachmen

Agricultural inspector

Carter ,

First household servant

Second household servant

First dairy- woman

Second dairy- woman

Agricultural laborers*

Harvesters *

*Per day and board

Lowest.

Highest.

$59 50

$130 00

35 70

59 50

53 55

57 12

23 80

35 70

9 52

11 90

47 60

47 60

47 60

59 90

119 00

142 80

47 60

59 90

23 80

35 70

16 66

23 80

35 70

35 70

16 66

23 80

47i

95i

59i

95£

Average.

$100 00
47 60

54 74

28 56

9 52

47 60

52 36

130 90

47 60

28 56

17 85

35 70

17 85

714
83i

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

473

The average wages paid per clay to farm laborers in the different Ger-
man states are as follows:

PitOYINCES.

Prussia

Pomerania

Posen

Brandenburg

Silesia

Saxony

Hanover

Schleswig-Holstein

Westphalia

Rheinland

Saxony

Bavaria

Wurtemberg

Baden

Hesse-Darmstadt . .
Elsass-Lothringen .

Winter.

31
42
33
37
22
35
41
48

a

42
38
37
44
44
35
49

Summer.

$0 20
26
29
25
17
27
32
31
33
33
29
28
33
35
29
39

Average.

$0 25
35
26
31
20
31
36
39
37
38
34
32
39
39
32
44

The following table shows the current retail prices of provisions, etc.,
in the city of Berlin, May i, 1884:

Wheat flour* per lb

Corn meal do . .

Oat meal do . .

Rice:

Carolina do . .

Java do . .

Table butter do. .

Beef:

Boasts do. .

Fillets do..

Mutton (roasts) do . .

Pork do. .

Ham do. .

Lard do. .

Veal do. .

Turkey do . .

Chickens do . .

White bread (wheat) .... do . .

Black bread (rye) do . .

Sugarf:

White (pulverized or granu-
lated) per lb. .

White (bricket or loaf) do . .

Second quality do . .

$0 04* to $0 05

05* to

06

05* to

06

08

to

10

05

to

06

30

to

38

17

to

20

30

to

40

17

to

20

16

to

20

25

to

30

18

22

to

25

22

to

25

20

to

25

09

to

11

05

to

07

u-

11

to

13

12

to

15

08

to

10

Coffee!:— Mocha per lb

Ceylon do . .

Java do . .

Bio do. .

Teas:

Pecco do . .

Congo do . .

Souchong do . .

Imperial do. .

Gunpowder do . .

Hyson do . .

Eggs per doz

Oysters:

In season, English in shell,

per dozen

Holland in shell, .per doz. .
Calico (per meter=1.0936 yards)
Cotton sheetings (bleached)

1.6 meters wide

Linen sheetings (bleached)

2 meters wide

Coal:

Stone per ton .

Brown soft do . . .

$0 27 to $0 40

30 to 36

22 to 27

20 to 25

1 30 to 2 00

70 to 1 30

70 to 1 30

70 to 2 00

70 to 1 30

70 to 1 30

15 to 20

90 to 95

55 to 60

08 to 12

36 to 40

48 to 68

4 50 to 5 00

3 50 to 4 00

* The German pound is half of one kilogram or 1.11 of an English pound, but, in making the above computations,
the price is reduced to equal the English pound.

t The duty on coffee is ii cents per pound and on tea 11 cents. There is a duty of 3i cents per pound on
sugar, but little sugar is imported, as Germany produces more than it consumes. All sugar produced in Germany
pays an internal tax, which tax is rebated when such sugar is exported.

474 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Tea, coffee, sugar, and most of the necessaries of life, in the shape of
food, are higher in Berlin than in the city of New York. Cotton goods
are probably cheaper in New York. Boots and shoes cost about the same
as in New York. Woolen clothing is 30 to 40 per cent, table linen 20 to
30 per cent, silk goods from 10 to 25 per cent cheaper. Woolen blankets
are but very little cheaper, if any, than in America. This is also the case
with woolen underclothing. There are very many things, such as china
and porcelain wares, glass buttons, laces, gloves, hosiery, etc., which are
much cheaper than in America. One can live in America as cheap as he
can in Germany if he will live in the same manner.

The following schedule is taken from an actual case. It is given as a
fair sample of a laborers life in Germany. The family here considered
is an average one consisting of the man, his wife, and three children, two
of the children in school and the other out of school. The table shows
the receipts and expenditures of the man and his family for the year. The
family owned no real estate:

RECEIPTS.

200 working days of the man $71 40

30 days' work mowing in harvest time 14 28

60 days' work with family weeding and hoeing beets, 32 acres 60 92

200 working days of wife 38 08

Total 184 68

EXPENDITURES.

Food:

Purchase of a pig 4 76

Meat, per week, 2 pounds, at 60 pfennigs 14 28

Butter, per week, H pounds, at 1 mark 18 56

Bread, per week, 32 pounds, at 17-J pfennigs 69 02

Other victuals • 11 90

Total 118 52

Kaiment ■ 23 80

Lodging (rent) 11 90

Fuel 14 28

Sunday expenses 11 90

Grand total 180 40

RECAPITULATION.

Eeceipts 184 68

Expenditures 180 40

Surplus 4 28

The farm referred to in the following interview is located in the cen-
ter of a prosperous farming district. The land has a value, per acre, about
equal to the average of other farm lands in Rhenish Prussia, and the crops
produced upon# it are such as are most .common in Northern Germany.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 475

Beet-root farming may, perhaps, be regarded as a specialty in the vicinity
of Crefeld.

Peter Krautzer, farmer, of Vennikel, near Crefeld, in reply to interrogatories, gave the following
information: I am forty years of age, and have been engaged in the business of farming all my
life; my family consists of four persons, myself— wife, brother and sister. My farm embraces fifty
acres of fairly good land, with comfortable brick dwelling, and barns and outhouses of ample
dimensions. I employ one man and one maid servant. This help, with two horses, is all the force
I need for my farm, every acre of which is under thorough cultivation.

Q. What are the products of your farm? — A. I am engaged in general farming, and produce rye,
wheat, oats, barley, and sugar-beets, vegetables, milk, butter, and some fruits. I am, to some
extent, engaged in the breeding and raising of hogs, of which, at present, I have but thirty; I have
also ten cows.

Q. Will you please state what portions of your farm are devoted to different products? — A. Four
acres are devoted to pasture; 10 to clover, for hay; 25 acres to rye, wheat, and barley, and 11 acres
to oats, vegetables, and sugar-beets.

I generally raise sugar-beets for the purpose of feeding them to my cows, as I obtain a more
abundant milk product from them than from any other food. When, however, the market price
for sugar-beets reaches 1 mark (24 cents) or more for 100 pounds, I find a better and more satisfac-
tory profit in selling them to manufacturers of sugar.

Q. What is the average amount in weight of sugar-beets you produce per acre? — A. Taking the
average of five years I produced about 300 centners (15 tons) per acre, and I regard that as a satis-
factory yield, as it gives me, at 1 mark per centner, 300 marks per acre ($71.40).

Q. How do you prepare sugar-beets for feeding to your cows? — A. They are crushed or cut by
machinery into thin slices, and mixed with the brau of wheat or rye flour. Slicing the beets is
much to be preferred to cutting them into small square pieces. For producing milk of good quality
I find no food for cows which equals this.

Q. How much and what kind of manures, or fertilizers, do you use per acre to produce such a
crop? — A. I spread, per acre, twenty one-horse cart loads, ten in spring and ten in autumn. I plow in
this manure immediately after spreading it. Sheep and cow manure are the very best fertilizers
for sugar-beets; horse or stable manure is altogether too dry and heating. As an additional fertil-
izer, I sometimes spread four or five English quarters (about one ton) per acre, of plaster, after the
manure has been plowed in.

I select the dryest portion of my land for sugar-beets, and plow it at least four times, making
the soil fine and loose before I plant. The land should never be plowed when it is wet.

Q. Do you raise successive crops of sugar-beets upon the same land? — A. Oh, no. Three or four
years at least of other crops should intervene before planting the same land again with beets. For
intervening crops, wheat or similar grain is to be recommended.

Q. What kind of crops, in your opinion, exhausts or impoverishes the soil quickest? — A. Oats
even more than sugar-beets.

Q. Have you made the subject of the exhaustion of the soil by different crops a study, and, if
so, for how long a time? — A. Yes, sir; I have given the subject much attention for more than
twenty years. When I lease a piece of ground for a single year, as I sometimes do, I always
plant it with oats. I often do this to save my own land from impoverishment when I wish to pro-
duce a crop of oats. My two horses, ten cows, and thirty hogs furnish me with all the fertilizers I
need for my farm.

Q. What kind of food do you prepare for your hogs? — A. Until they are three months old I
feed them on sour milk and refuse from the house ; after that age I feed them potatoes mixed with
buckwheat and rye flour and slops, cooked. I pour over this' mixture sour milk enough to make
it moist.

Q. Where do you raise and keep your hogs? — A. In small pens with cement floors near the
stable of the cows. This is the custom of farmers all over Germany, as, in this way, we can utilize
our space under the barn better than in any other way. The pens are, I think, healthy when kept
clean.

Q. Does the sunshine ever reach the pens where you keep your hogs? — A. No, sir. They have
some light, but never sunshine.

Q. Is the price of pork at this time higher or lower than it was a year ago? — A. It is consider-
ably lower. We farmers thought that we should get a much better price after the importation
of American pork had been prohibited.

Q. What are farm lands in your vicinity worth per acre? — A. At this time, without buildings,
about 600 marks ($143).

Q. What amount of money have you invested in your farm, including buildings and improve-
ments?— A. About 45,000 marks ($10,710). It would not, however, sell at this time for more than
36,000 marks. Farming lands in our vicinity appear to be depreciating in value.

Q. What amount of taxes do you pay upon your farm? — A. I pay a municipal tax of 150 marks
($35.70), and a general or land tax of 150 marks, making 300 marks ($71.40).

Q. What are your net savings per year from your farm? — A. My net savings have been, per
year, about 600 marks ($142.80) since 1870— 14 years. If I get my living, pay my taxes, and keep

476 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

out of debt, I am satisfied. Farming is poor business. I don't think farmers, on an average, save
more than 1 per cent on their investments. Our land now requires so much manure, which is
very expensive, that profits are small.

Q. What are the average wages paid your employes? — A. I pay my man 180 marks ($42.84) a year,
and my honse-maid 150 marks ($35.70) a year, which is about the average paid by farmers in
general.

The working hours are as follows: From March to May, from 6 o'clock a. m. to 6 o'clock
p. m. From June to September, from 5 o'clock a. m. to 7 o'clock p. m.

Q. Of what kind of food are farmers' tables usually supplied, and at what hours taken? — A.
For breakfast, which is taken before beginning work, we usually have milk thickeDed with wheat
flour, and bread and butter. For dinner, at 12 o'clock, meat-soup with vegetables and bacon. At
7 o'clock, supper of potatoes and bread, and sometimes butter.

The tide of emigration from Germany to the United States has been
great for many years and still continues. The causes of this change of home
and nationality have been inquired into. Apart from political considera-
tions, which are a minor motive power for the emigration of the working
people, the principal causes which lead to their emigration may be sum-
marized as follows : Spasmodic and continual struggle for a meager sub-
sistence, and the consequent natural desire of bettering their lot, and of
better providing for themselves and their families in the future ; the con-
stant increase of the population in Germany and the competition continu-
ally growing sharper and more crowding in all branches of business inci-
dent thereto; the wish to swing loose from the dependent and gloomy con-
dition; to evade the general military duty; and, to a great extent, the influ-
ences brought to bear on those at home by friends and relatives that have
crossed the ocean, and particularly the pecuniary remittances from those
people that have preceded them, so as to enable the destitute at home to
join their friends and countrymen. Whenever business in the United States
is prosperous and times are flush, so that people are able to put up some
savings, the flood of emigration will set in and swell the march of the cara-
vans to the seaports. As a general matter, emigrants prefer those places
and regions which have been selected by their friends and kindred and
such tracts of land as can be put in tilth without much labor and expense,
and which promise a rich yield. They are apt to choose a climate which
corresponds to some extent to that in their native country. This will
explain the fact that the greater part of the emigrants are settling down in
the Northern United States, and but a small number select the Southern
States. Most of those people that seek their new homes across the ocean
come from the work-shops and factories, and from the farm lands. They
are, on the whole, healthy, industrious, and frugal persons, contributing
their share of manual and skilled labor to the development of our varied
industries, and applying their experience and callous hands to the enlarge-
ment and cultivation of our agricultural domain. The colonization move-
ment which has been inaugurated for some years in Germany, whereby

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 477

the flood of emigration was intended to be diverted from the United States
and directed to countries to be acquired by the colonization societies, has
not met with any perceptible success, and it seems that all these colonization
schemes will prove to be more or less abortive, and that the tide will con-
tinue to pour into the United States as heretofore. When the German
once bids farewell to the fatherland, he does not wish to remain in a sort
of dependence upon his mother country, which he has left for some good
reasons, and subject himself to the interests of colonization societies. With
but few exceptions, he wishes to become a free and independent man, and
for this reason, as a rule, selects the United States for his future domicile,
and eagerly awaits the time when he may avail himself of the great privi-
lege of American citizenship.

It is worthy remark that the German emigrant seldom fails to avail
himself of the privileges of citizenship at the earliest opportunity and,
when once naturalized, ranks among our most loyal citizens.

BELGIUM.

Belgium is a most active, industrial nation. With an area no larger
than Maryland, and a population of some 6,000,000, its occupations are
diverse, its inhabitants industrious aad economical, and harmony prevails
between the employers and the employed.

There are in this kingdom 961,290 women and girls employed in almost
every department of official, commercial, or industrial labor, and without
serious moral or physical injury to the sex, excepting in the mines and
metallurgic industries, in which there are nearly 17000 women and girls
employed. The employment of women in these departments of labor,
certainly tends to degrade and brutalize them, by depriving them of the
refining contact of a promiscuous social life with their own sex, however
humble, and consigning them to contact with coarse and vulgar men in a
labor that only seeks relief in sleep and sensual indulgence. This is a blot
upon the whole labor system of this country, and although several strong-
efforts have recently been made by the legislature to abolish or greatly
modify it, they have not yet succeeded, and it still remains a blight upon
an otherwise admirable system of employing female labor in this country.

Official figures show that in 1880 the number of work-people in Bel-
gium amounted to 2,520,000, of which 1,824,000 (65 per cent) were
females.

478 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following- table gives the average weekly wages paid in Belgium :

Occupations.

Bricklayers . . .

Hod-carriers
Masons

Tenders

Plasterers

Tenders

Slaters

Roofers

Tenders
Plumbers

Assistants . . .

Carpenters

Gas-titters

BUILDING TRADES.

Bakers

Blacksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Brewers

Butchers «

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cutlers

Distillers

Drivers

Draymen and teamsters

Cab, carriage, etc

Street railways

Dyers

OTHER TRADES.

etc.

Engravers . .

Furriers

Gardeners . .

Hatters

Horseshoers
Jewelers ....
Laborers, porters,

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmakers (hand)

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools) . .
Saddle and harnessmakers .
Sailmakers

$4 40
3 12
6 00

3 12

4 40
3 12

5 00

4 40

3 05

4 65
4 16

6 00
4 65
6 50

3 47

4 65
3 37

2 95

3 00

4 63

7 53
4 40

4 05
6 50
3 47

5 80

5 80
7 45
5 00
5 80

H 82

21
89
86
79
79
21
21
95
79
21
6 75
5 21

5 21

4 82

3 86

4 33
6 75
6 95

5 79
3 86

5 79

6 95
8 68
3 47
5 79

5 79

6 40

7 42
5 79

H 02

2 88

3 43
5 18
2 88

2 28

4 02

3 93

3 93

4 62
4 87
4 02
4 87

4 41

5 20
3 93

3 93

4 56
7 10

5 16
3 32

$5 00

4 00

6 05
3 50

5 40

3 50

4 44
4 50

'3 50

7 05
3 50
3 55

6 05

5 80
4 95
4 00
8 70

4 00

5 50

5 20

6 50
6 00
6 25

6 90

7 00
9 00
6 10

3 0

$4 56
3 22

22
09
66
02
98
97
28
46
93
07
00

28
38
29
35

25

46

31

02

66

03

28

17

28

00

95

77

92

4 09

6 15

6 45

6 35

3 91

4 50

5 62

6 84
3 77
5 86
5 00

4 86

5 94
7 74
5 51
4 56

LABOR, WAGES AND LIVING.

Average weekly wages paid in Belgium. — Continued.

479

Occupations.

ft
u
CD

1

CO
CD
CO
CO
3

n

"3

CD

o

CD

cm

CD

a. a

m

other trades. — Continued.

5 79
5 21
7 42

4 82

5 79

$4 82
4 36

5 16
5 64
5 50
3 72
5 00

$6 50
7 00
6 00

5 60

6 00

Tanners

5 81

Tailors

4 50
6 50
3 47

5 58

6 35

4 40

Weavers (outside of mills)

3 95

The general condition of the working people of the whole kingdom
will compare favorably with that of this class in any other European coun-
try. They are usually well fed and clothed; although fresh meat rarely
constitutes an article of their diet, they have an abundant supply of bread
and nutritious vegetables, with coffee and cheap beer, both of which
articles, when taken moderately, are great conservatives of vital force.
Whilst it is true that an ordinary workman, with a young family, could
not, from the wages he receives, make any provision against sickness or
old age, yet so numerous and various are the savings organizations insti-
tuted for this purpose by the proprietors of industrial establishments, the
workmen themselves, and the government also, that absolute want, either
in sickness or old age, amongst Belgian work-people, is of the rarest
occurrence.

In regard to the moral and physical condition of the work-people of
Belgium, it may be confidently said that it would be difficult to rind a
more vigorous, sturdy, and self-possessed working class in any country.
They not only enjoy a large degree of political and religious freedom, but,
by a recent law passed by the legislature of the country, if they can pass
an examination in an elementary education, all male citizens are entitled
to vote for any of their communal officers, and thus slowly but gradually
their influence is being felt in the political affairs of the country.

To obtain reliable information in regard to the cost of living to the
laboring classes of this country, is almost as difficult as it would be for any
other class, seeing that matters of taste, habits of economy, and all the
other influences that affect the cost of living amongst the higher classes,
constitute important factors in determining this matter among the labor-
ing population. In the item of house rent alone, it is difficult to make a
trustworthy statement, seeing that in this district there are all conceivable

480

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

grades of quarters for workmen, from the merest, tumble-down shelters,,
to comfortable and well-ventilated small apartments, all differing in price
according to locality and quality. It may, however, be confidently stated
that, disconnected from any of the large manufacturing establishments,
small houses and apartments for workmen, of from two to four rooms, in
the outlying streets of the larger cities, and in the smaller manufacturing
towns, sufficiently comfortable for living purposes, can be rented for an
average of from $2 to 4 per month, according to size and situation, the
rent being always cheaper in the provincial towns than in Brussels.

Average price of clothes in Brussels (for workmen):

Men's woolen suits, $3.60, $4, $5, $6, $7, $7.60, $8, $9, $9.50, $ior
$11, $12, $13, $14 and $15.

Boys1 woolen suits, $3, $3.60, $4, $5, $6, $7, $9 and $10.

Men's linen suits, $2.45; half linen suits, $1.65; cotton suits, $1.20.

Men's overcoats, $3, $3.60, $4.80, $5.80, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12,
$13, $14, $15 and $18.

The average price of the necessaries of life, in Brussels, is as follows:

Articles.

Bread, white per pound . .

Bread, black do

Potatoes per bushel . .

Carrots do

Turnips per peck. .

Cabbage per ordinary head. .

Beets per piece . .

Beans, green per pound . .

Beans, shelled per pint . .

Peas, shelled do

Onions per pound . .

Chicory do

Rice do

Coffee, common do

Sugar, brown do ..... .

Salt do

Price.

Cents.

5

3
60

3
10

2

1
5

5 to 6

6 to 8

3

5 to 6

i to 5

16

12

1

Articles.

Pepper per ounce . .

Butter per pound . .

Eggs each. .

Sirup per quart . .

Bacon per pound . .

Ham do

Lard do

Cow beef, fresh do

Ox beef do

Mutton do

Veal do

Pork do

Soap do

Candles do

Petroleum per quart . .

Price.

Cents.

1

20

2

15 to 20

16 to 20

30

18

15

17

18

18

16

4

8

2

The following statement of how a workman lives in Belgium is from a
conversation held with a laborer in a paper mill in Ghent:

Q. How old are you? — A. I am forty-four years old.

Q. What is your business? — A. I am a papermaker.

Q. Have you a family? — A. I have a wife and five children; the oldest is sixteen; the youngest
is six years old.

Q. What wages do you receive per day? — A. I receive on the average about 4 francs (77 cents)
per day; the average earnings in our mill is about 3 francs (58 cents) per day by the other work-
men.

Q. How many hours per day are you required to work for such wages? — A. We begin at 6
o'clock in the morning and leave at 7 o'clock in the evening.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 481

Q. How much time are you allowed for your meals? — A. We have half an hour for breakfast
at 8 o'clock, one hour for dinner at noon, and half an hour at 4 o'clock for lunch.

Q. Can you support your family on such wages?— A. If I was obliged to, we could get along
with my wages alone; but my wife earns something, also two of my children earn a little every
week.

Q. What do the united earnings of all of you amount to per year? — A. I have not kept any
books; then these do not work steady either, but my family alone earned enough to pay our rent,
and for the clothing themselves and the other children needed.

Q. Will you explain the uses you make of your earnings and those of your family? — A. We pay
rent for five rooms ana kitchen, $19,30 per year; for clothing, shoes for self and family, $28.95 per
year; for food and fuel, 29 cents per day, $104.95; for school tax and other incidentals, 100 francs
$19.30— total, $172.50. My own earnings are about 1,250 francs per year ($120;; the balance of our
needs is earned by my family.

Q. Can you save anything? — A. Yes; last year we have laid aside from our combined earnings
about 100 francs; that is, after paying over 35 francs to the doctor and for medicine while my wife
was sick, and in consequence we both lost several days' work, otherwise we could have saved "about
200 francs the last year.

As a rule, the laboring classes of this country are sober, industrious,
and economical. Although the whole kingdom abounds in estaminets
and drinking-halls, intemperance can not be regarded as a prevailing vice
among the people. They certainly drink a great deal of the light beers of
the country, but rarely to intoxication. The indulgence in coarse, ardent
spirits, although not infrequent, is, as a rule, confined to the very lowest
classes. For the work-people, generally, there can be no doubt that the
numerous church and communal fetes of the country are important factors
in producing much of the demoralization complained of here. By their
frequent occurrence they break in upon the steady habits of these people
and tempt them to a degree of idle dissipation that would not otherwise
be indulged in, for, by instinct, a Belgian, to whatever class he belongs, is
a worker; but, among the ignorant laboring workmen, the sanction of his
priest or parish church to a holiday over-rides all consideration of personal
or family necessity for continuous labor and leads him to indulge in days
of idleness and the spending of money often incompatible with the wants
of his family. This is one of the chief sources of evil to the workmen of
this country.

SWITZERLAND

The labor question is one which engages the serious attention of the
entire population of Switzerland, that is, of all those who are able to think
and work. The fact that between 12,000 and 14,000 persons annually
emigrate from this country to other countries, chiefly to the United States,
shows either that there is an insufficiency of labor, or that it is not suffi-
ciently remunerative to secure a comfortable living, or both; to say nothing
of the desire entertained by many emigrants to improve, if not their own,
yet the condition of their children in foreign countries.

482 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The Swiss people are known to be industrious, frugal, saving, and
withal cheerful. And yet, with all these good characteristics, it is very
difficult for the majority of them to improve, financially, their condition.
Generally, it is not their fault. The demand for labor is less than the
supply. Trades and professions are over-stocked. Notwithstanding emigra-
tion, the population increases, both by the natural process and by immigra-
tion, while the arable soil, as to quantity, remains about the same, while,
as to quality, it is growing poorer. The various Swiss industries have to
contend with many difficulties, the chief of which is the more or less high
protective tariffs of the surrounding countries, which renders competition
difficult, and causes a reaction for the worse upon the industrial classes.
Nevertheless, skill, energy, and enterprise have secured a market for Swiss
articles of manufacture in almost every country on the globe.

The rate of wages paid to laborers of every class has been pretty much
the same during the past six years, while the cost of living, in cities at
least, has increased from 4 to 8 per cent. Since the passage of the ''Fac-
tory Law" by the Federal Assembly on the 23d of March, 1877, limiting
the daily working hours to eleven, and prohibiting the employment in fac-
tories of children under fourteen years of age, the wages in several factories
have been reduced several cents per day; but otherwise the rate of wages
have generally remained uniform for years.

The habits of the working classes here are generally steady and trust-
worthy, and many of them, if possible, endeavor to be saving. Some,
especially in the canton of Berne, are given to the excessive use of cheap
brandy, causing, in the end, loss of labor and health, as well as misery to
themselves and their families. This evil has grown to such an extent that
even the Federal authorities have taken into consideration the propriety
of enacting laws restricting the manufacture and sale of brandy or whisky.
A large number of people of all classes are given to beer-drinking, in the
belief that that beverage is necessary for health and strength. This, in
connection with indulging occasionally in cheap amusements, is rather a
heavy draft upon their earnings. The influences which bear upon
the over-crowded artisans in other countries to induce them to emigrate,
bear upon the laborers in Switzerland. For the same reasons, the larger
part of the stream is turned toward the United States. There is the
additional reason, too, in coming to this country, in that it affords a home
and political liberties most congenial to the heart of the mountaineers.
The love of liberty is native to the Swiss, and for years they have enjoyed
a large measure of political privilege.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

4S3

The following table shows the average wages paid in the different
districts in Switzerland where our government has consular agents. The
statistics were collected for the year 1884, and the wages are by the
week:

CONSULAR

DISTRICTS

All

Description of Employment.

Basle.

Berne.

St. Gall.

Zurich.

Switzer-
land.

BUILDING TEADES.

Bricklayers

H 50
2 90
4 50
2 90
4 90
2 70

$7 50

2 22
6 06

3 90
6 36
3 90
3 78
3 78

3 18

4 92
3 36

5 22

3 78

4 32

5 40
4 62
4 80
4 92

3 78

4 32
4 92
4 62

6 36
3 30

3 78

4 32
4 02

3 06

4 62

5 76
5 22

3 66

4 62
3' 60

5 76
3 78
3 78

6 30

2 64

3 78
6 06

$4 80
3 60
6 00
3 72
5 40

3 48

$4 05

3 24

4 50

3 47

3 00

4 92

4 68

$5 21
2 99

5 27

Hod-carriers

Masons

Tenders

3 50

Plasterers

5 03

3 20

4 35

2 99

Tenders

3 18

Plumbers

5 40

5 22

5 18

Assistants

3 36

5 05
5 40

3 45
5 40

4 08

5 16

4 62

5 82

4 74

Gas-fitters .'

5 04

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers

3 88

4 80
4 25
4 63
4 00

0 20

Strikers

4 43

Bookbinders

4 63

4 68

4 43

3 78

5 32

4 33

4 66

Brass-founders

4 92

Cabinetmakers

5 20
5 32

6 95

5 59

Confectioners

5 84

Cigarmakers

3 30

5 79
5 79

4 78

Cutlers

4 68

4 93

Distillers

4 02

Drivers, draymen, and teamsters; cab, carriage, and
street railways

4 63

3 84

Dyers

5 21

4 91

6 95
4 05

6 35

Furriers

4 63

Gardeners

4 00

3 83

3 06

5 70

6 95

4 05

5 79

3 84

Horseshoers

4 65

6 35

Laborers, porters, etc

3 00

6 96

3 61

5 51

6 30

Nailmakers (hand)

2 64

Potters

4 56

4 17

Printers

5 80

5 93

484

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average wages paid in Switzerland. — Continued.

CONSULAR DISTRICTS.

All

Description of Employment.

Basle.

Berne.

St. Gall.

Zurich.

Switzer-
land.

other trades.— Continued.

$4 32

$6 08

$5 20

4 92
6 36

4 92

Tailors

6 36

3 66
2 64

$5 16

4 41

$3 47

3 05

The organization of labor is generally based upon the idea of perma-
nency, and workmen are usually engaged by the year. This permanency
makes the employes satisfied even with very small wages, and enables the
manufacturers to calculate with safety on "futures."

According to the Swiss "Factory Law," adopted on the 23d of March,
1877, factory owners are obliged to report to the local authorities all
bodily injuries to or deaths of employes occurring in their factories. It is
the duty of such authorities to investigate the cases, and report the result
to the cantonal authorities. Factory owners are responsible for such
injuries or deaths, if it can be proven that they resulted not from willfulness
or carelessness of the employes. National "factory inspectors" are also
appointed, whose duty it is to see that the provisions of the "Factory Law"
are observed. A noticeable result of this law is a decrease of deaths and
bodily injuries in the Swiss factories.

The following shows the wages paid per week of eleven hours per day
in factories or mills in the city and canton of Berne:

Occupations.

In cotton-mills:

Overseers

Spinners

Helpers

In smaller factories:

First class of operatives

Second class of operatives:

Men and women

Third class of operatives:

Roving hands

Small boys, per day of six hours .

Lowest.

$4 80
3 40

3 00

4 23
1 74
1 86

Highest.

$8 40
3 90
3 36

5 73

2 64

2 50

Average.

$6 60
3 65

3 18

4 98

2 19

2 18
12

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

485

Females occupy a prominent position among the workers of Switzer.
land in the fields, the factories, the mills, the counting-house, the school-
house, etc.

In regard to female labor in the district of Berne, the consul-general
estimates the number engaged in all employments, outside of household
duties and domestic service, as ranging from 25 to 40 per cent of the whole
number of employes. In factories, mercantile houses, dressmaking-shops,
government offices, etc., the hours of labor are the same for females and
males, but the wages of the former are from 10 to 33 per cent less than
the wages of the latter. The effect of the employment of women has been
to reduce the wages of men, as well as to cause a scarcity of labor for the
latter, resulting in greater emigration of able-bodied, educated men in the
.prime of life. This emigration is principally to the United States.

The admirably organized public-school system of Switzerland dissemi-
nates education among work-women and their children.

The wages paid per month to household servants in towns and cities in
the canton of Berne, appear below :

OCCUPATIONS.

Chief male servant (or house master)

Ordinary mato servant ,

Chamber-maid

Cook:

Male

Female

Nursery-maid

JLady's dressing-maid

Lowest.

Highest.

$16 40

$24 12

6 75

16 40

2 89

6 75

6 75

11 58

3 86

6 75

96

3 86

3 86

5 79

Average.

$20 26
11 58

4 82

9 17

5 31
2 41

4 82

Seamstresses are frequently employed by the day, at the rate of 40 to
60 cents per day, with board. In the above categories of servants, board
and lodging are also included.

The wages paid per year to agricultural laborers and household (coun-
try) servants, with board and lodging, in the canton of Berne, are given

in the following table:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

$75 00

50 00
16 00
20 00
20 00

$90 00

62 50
25 00

24 00

25 00

$82 00

Farm-hands:

56 25

20 50

22 00

22 50

486

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

In addition to wages, board, and lodging, the adult female laborers and
the young men receive a certain number of articles of clothing, though not
sufficient for a year's use. The board generally consists of — Breakfast:
bread, roasted potatoes, and coffee, with milk; dinner: soup, bread,
meat, vegetables, and sometimes beer or wine; supper: bread, cheese,
potatoes, sometimes a little meat, coffee with milk. These farm-hands
are generally required to work from sunrise to sundown during seed-time
and harvest, and not infrequently on Sundays.

The wages paid per week of eleven hours per day in stores, wholesale
and retail, to males and females, in Berne, are as follows :

Occupations.

IN DRY GOODS STORES.

Males:

Commercial travelers $3 86 $14 86 $9 36

Ordinary clerk, salesman, and book-keeper 1 93 11 58 6 75

Females:

First-class cutter.s and dressmakers 3 86 11 58 7 72

Ordinary saleswoman and seamstress 1 93 5 79 3 86

Note. — Male apprentices serve from two to four year? gratis, except

that they receive as a New Year's present from $7.72 to $19.30 per year.

IN GROCERY STORES.

Retail •

Book-keeper and salesman 2 97 5 21 4 09

Package-carrier 193 3 86 2 89

Wholesale:

Commercial traveler 5 79 11 58 8 68

Book-keeper and salesman 4 44 8 88 6 66

Lowest.

Highest.

$3 86

$14 86

1 93

11 58

3 86

11 58

1 93

5 79

2 97

5 21

1 93

3 86

5 79

11 58

4 44

8 88

Average.

Apprentices have to serve three years without wages, except a New
Year's present of $8 to $io. The employes mentioned above may be
considered as representatives of employes of other stores.

The workingmen enjoy all the civil and political rights guaranteed to
Swiss citizens by the cantonal and national constitutions, and the laws
under them. They are taxed like all other citizens according to existing
laws, that is, according to their real estate, if they possess any, and accord-
ing to their income or earnings.

The desire to improve their financial condition, and to give their chil-
dren an opportunity for such improvement are the causes which lead to the
emigration of the working people; for under existing circumstances it is
next to impossible for them, with their best will and intention, to attain to
any such improvement worth mentioning. The emigrants are principally
farmers, mechanics, trades-people, clerks, and servants. If laborers of
both sexes had the necessary means therefor, a larger number would

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

4S7

emigrate to the United States than do in reality now emigrate, although
even as it is, the number that do annually emigrate from Switzerland,
causes apprehension throughout the country.

Owing mainly to the increasing abundance and cheapness of food
products from the United States and elsewhere, and to the construction
of new buildings, into which a large amount of capital has been diverted
since the business depression of 1873— ^S and the financial crisis of 1881,
the cost of living has been greatly reduced since 1878.

The following are the prices at Geneva of the principal necessaries of
life as paid by the working classes:

Description.

rents.

Furnished room per year. .

Unfurnished apartments :

Two rooms per year . .

Three rooms do

Four rooms do

Five rooms do

Board, -without lodging, per
<month

Board and lodging, per month. .

PROVISIONS.

Beef per pound.

Beef, for roasting do . . .

Veal do . . .

Mutton do . . .

Pork and bacon do . . .

Ham and sausages do . . .

Fresh fish do . . .

Salt fish do...

Chickens per piece .

Eggs per dozen .

Butter per pound.

Tallow do...

Oil do...

Cheese do . . .

Coffee, ordinary quality . do . . .

Tea do...

Wine, ordinary per liter .

Bread :

First quality per pound.

Second quality do . . .

Flour and eemoule do . . .

Dried beans, peas, pulse, etc.

per pound

Macaroni, vermicelli, etc., per

pound

Rice per pound

Price.

$35 00 to $46 00

58 00 to
68 00 to

6 75 to
8 68 to

13 to

15 to

58 to

14 to

03 to
02 to

06 to

05 to

07 to
05 to

46 00
62 00
70 00

77 00

9 65
11 58

14

20
15
15
20
24
50
29
97
15
23
15
20
20
20
48
12

04
03
07

06

10
06

Description.

provisions.— Continued.

Chestnuts per pound.

Fresh fruit, apples, etc . . do . . .

Grapes , do . . .

Nuts do.. .

Sugar do . . .

Chocolate do . . .

Starch do . . .

Soap do.. .

Salt do...

Pepper . < do . . .

Vinegar per liter.

Green peas, beans, and vege

tables per pound.

Potatoes do . . .

clothing.
Hats:

Straw

Felt

Caps

Hose :

Cotton

Wool

Drawers

Shirts :

Cotton

Flannel

Undershirts, knit

Trousers :

Summer wear

Wool

Cloth

Blouses :

Cotton

Thread

Cravats

Overcoats

Waistcoats, cloth

Price.

.$0 03 to $0 04
02 to 03
07 to 08
03
08
25
10
10
02
30
06

07 to

09 to

08 to

05 to

01 to
01 to

13 to
18 to

60 to
97 to
77 to

77 to
1 93 to
1 93 to

04
02

28 to 30
77 to 54
38 to 40

14

20

77
1 54
1 00

1 00

2 90

4 80

77 to 1 00

1 16 to 1 54

10 to 20

3 00 to 10 00

1 00 to 1 16

488 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Prices paid at Geneva for the principal necessaries of life. — Continued.

DESCBIPTION.

clothing.— Continued.

Shoes :

Common

Superior

Cotton thread per spool.

Cotton tissues per meter .

FUEL AND LIGHTS.

Beech per cubic meter

Oak do . .

Pine do . .

Charcoal per 100 pounds

Coke do . .

Coal do . .

Peat do . .

Lamp oil per liter

Petroleum do . .

Candles per piece

Price.

$1 93 to
2 90 to

$2 32
4 25
03
09 to 19

87 to

05 to
05 to

Description.

fuel and lights.— Continued.
Candles, tallow per piece

FURNITURE.

Wooden bedsteads :

Double

Single

Iron bedsteads :

Double

Single

Hair mattresses

Straw mattresses

Duve :

Bed cover :

Wool

Cotton

Chairs per piece

Stools do . .

Kitchen table

Price.

$0 04

11 58

8 69

6 76

5 79

15 50

7 70

7 70

2 32

1 35

97

58

2 90

The following case of a shoemaker furnishes an illustration of the
general condition of representative workmen in the district of Berne:

A shoemaker ; 37 years old ; has a, wife and two children ; by working long hours can earn
78 cents per day ; usual hours, 10 to 12 ; earns 58 cents per day ; his wife works at washing and
sewing, and earns 29 cents per day when she can get work ; could not support his family other-
wise ; total annual income, from $193 to $242.

Expenses : Rent of one room in second story, $34.74 ; clothing, $28.95 ; food and fuel (35
cents per day), $123.28 ; income and residence tax, $1.16 ; dues to aid societies, $2.32 ; school
books, doctor bills, and incidentals, $9.65 ; total expenses, $200.10. Breakfast— coffee, bread, and
potatoes ; dinner — soup, sometimes meat, but mostly food prepared of flour ; afternoon — bread
and beer ; supper — bread, potatoes, and coffee. Can save nothing.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

The population of Austria is given as 22,144,244, of which 10,819,737
are males and 11,324,507 females. The total population is divided into
four classes, as follows: Independent persons, 3,868,619; employes,
6,639,231 ; families, 10,746,187; servants, 890,207.

The total number of persons

engaged

in agriculture

is

as

11,736,839 — being 1,116,876 more than one-half of the whole population —
classified as follows: Proprietors, 2,275,511; employes, 3,668,249; mem-
bers of families, 5,474,315; servants, 319,158; farmers, 90,036; employes
of farmers, 123,263; members of farmers' families, 222,781; servants in

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 489

farmers' families, 16,079. The division of employment showing the
highest number of persons engaged therein, after agriculture, is set clown
under the head of "trade," viz., 4,710,047, followed by "day laborers,1'
given as numbering 1,650,902. No mention is made of the manufactur-
ing industries, but it is more than likely that they are embraced by
"trade," as the number engaged in "commerce" is set down, independent
of trade, as 839,628. The number of persons employed in the mines is
given as 316,187. It will thus be seen that agriculture is the great industry
of Austria.

The total female population of Austria, according to the census of 1880,
is 11,324,507, engaged as follows: Industries and manufactures, 2,237,849;
commerce, 839,628; agriculture and forestry, 6,335,133; mines and fur-
naces, 142,263; transportation, 171,826; teachers, 82,085; artists, 21,330;
hospitals, 49,335; asylums and institutions, 72,764; day laborers, 896,973;
all other employments, 475,321.

The working classes of Austria are, in general, very steady and trust-
worthy, industrious and sober, while the small amount of wages received,
being only barely sufficient to procure the necessities of life, allows them
no opportunity of saving or accumulating money. There are certainly
exceptions, where considerable complaint is heard, viz., that the workmen
are given to small peculations, inclined to deceive, and are not industrious,
but must be constantly watched, not only as to time employed, but as to
the character of the work done. But, aside from certain general national
characteristics which render them constitutionally averse to putting forth
great energy or effort, but little complaint is heard. One primal cause
stands at the root of all this, viz., that patriarchal spirit which, for centuries,
has permeated, in a prominent degree, the working classes of Austria,
being a remnant of the feudal ages, when the laboring man, in the capacity
of a slave, looked to his lord for support and protection under all circum-
stances, and, consequently, felt no necessity of putting forth any special
efforts on his own account any further than was actually forced upon him
by grim necessity. Consequently, to this day, the laboring man of Austria
is content with a bare sufficiency, and being devoid of higher aspirations,
he makes no progress; possessing no ambition, he plods along like the
dumb animal, satisfied when hunger is quenched and caring little or nothing
for the future. He is, consequently, very patient but not active; plodding,
but not efficient; knowing nothing but labor, he dreams rarely of rest.
There can be no doubt that his constant occupation keeps him from bad
habits and immorality engendered by idleness and the spirit of anarchy,

490

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

while the scantiness of his earnings does not allow him to contract habits
of intemperance. For although the poor man's bread is beer, yet the
moderation with which he indulges therein in this country is the surprise
and admiration of every well-informed observer; for while the Bavarians
drink 240 liters per year for each inhabitant, the Austrians consume only
34^2 liters, and the people of the United States 29.

The following table shows the average weekly wages paid in the
several consular districts in Austria-Hungary:

Occupations.

Vienna

(60 hours).

Trieste
(72 hours).

Prague

(72 hours).

Average
wages for
Austria.

BUILDING TRADES.

$4 50

2 60

3 40

$3 14
1 72
4 20
1 92
3 60
1 72

$3 00
1 92

3 60
1 92

4 80

1 92
4 00

4 20

2 80

5 00

2 50

3 00
7 00

if3 55

2 08

3 73

1 92

Plasterers

3 63

4 01

Tenders

1 82

4 00'

4 20

2 80'

3 22
2 32

6 79
5 18

4 11

2 41

5 50

5 10

6 09

4 55
*3 70

4 55

OTHER TBADES.

4 72
3 35

3 50

4 5J

*1 50
3 00

2 80

3 60
2 80

4 00

2 00
4 00

4 00

3 00
3 00
3 00
2 00

2 00
2 85

2 80

3 00

5 00
3 20

t2 30

4 72

3 18

3 15

4 20

3 40

4 20
*3 80

4 10

6 20

9 44

4 70

3 20

4 80

5 87

3 50

3 60

4 40

3 00

4 20

3 00

2 93

3 04

3 00

4 00

3 00

Drivers:

2 40
4 56
4 20

3 60

4 70
3 20

2 20

4 60
4 05

4 00
4 60
4 60

*2 50

4 00

3 68

3 80'

4 77

3 67

* With board and lodging.

t With lodging.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average weekly wages paid in Austria-Hungary. — Continued.

491

Occupations.

other tkades.— Continued.

Hatters:

Males

Females

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools) . .
Saddle and harnessmakers.

Sailmakers

Stevedores

Farmers

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills) .

Vienna
(60 hours) .

$5 20
5 60

3 20

5 80

6 00

4 50

4 40
7 50
4 20
3 30

Trieste
(72 hours).

$3 70

11 40
3 30
3 80
7 40

3 30

4 70

3 40

Prague
(72 hours.)

$4 00

1 20

3 80

2 80

6 00

3 10
3 00
3 60
8 00
3 60
3 80

7 40

5 00
3 00

6 00
3 50
3 00

Average

wages for

Austria.

(•>
20
48
80
00
93
10
17
85
8 47
3 80

3 80
7 40

4 15
4 03
6 75
3 70
3 15

The difference of the cost of the necessities of life, food for example,
when compared with that of the United States, is not very great, but when
the mode of living is taken into account, this difference becomes very
striking. Flour, meat, and vegetables cost generally more in Austria than
in the United States, particularly the two former, as these articles can
almost be imported from the United States to this country with profit.
House rent is approximately as high as in the United States, but in the
article of clothing the difference is largely in favor of this country, being
about the only article of chief necessity to the laboring man which can be
procured at less cost in Austria than in the United States. But when we
come to consider the mode of life practiced here by the laboring man, the
contrast is very great. Food and clothing are limited to a minimum, both
in quantity and quality, the former consisting generally of rye bread with
fig coffee and soup, or meat with vegetables, not more than once a day,
and in many cases only once per week, while the clothing is coarse and
durable. Were it otherwise, the small pittance earned would not suffice
even with the greatest economy. The food consumed by the average
workman of similar grade in the United States in one month, added to the
money expended for amusements and in recreations, etc., would exhaust
the year's wages of the Austrian.

492

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The prices paid in Vienna for the chief articles of consumption and
rent, appropriate to a workingman's family, are, at present, as follows:

Articles.

Flour per barrel.

Bread per pound .

Eice do . . .

Peas and beans do . . .

Potatoes:

Old per bushel .

New do . . .

Lard per pound.

Tallow ,. . . .do. . .

Butter do...

Milk per quart.

Eggs per dozen .

Beef ■ • • per pound .

Veal do.. .

Mutton do . . .

Pork do. . .

Chickens each ,

Ducks do . .

Geese do . ,

Coal per ton .

Petroleum per quart .

Beer do . . .

Wine do . . .

Rent, one person, per year one room .

Rent, family, per year two rooms .

Coats, Sunday each .

Pants, Sunday per pair .

Hats, Sunday each .

Caps, cloth : do. .

Hats, straw do . .

Shoes per pair.

Socks do . . .

Jackets or blouses each.

Aprons do . .

Pants, cotton per pair .

Muslin per yard .

Calico do . . .

Drilling do . . .

Flannel do . . .

Low-
est.

H 32
03
06
03

39
1 08
12
23
16
03
09
10
09
09
13
16
40
80
6 40
08
05
06
16 00
32 00

High-
est.

$9 36
05
07
06

54

1 51

16

25

28

07

12

19

18

16

20

40

80

1 80

8 40

10

07

14

18 00

36 00

6 50

Aver-

$6 84
03
06
04

46

1 29

14

24

22

05

10

15

14

12

16

28

60

1 30

7 40

09

06

10

17 00

34 00

5 00

3 60

75
12
15
75
20
40
18
50
12
13
16
25

The workingman, strictly so called, in Austria can hardly be said to
possess any political rights, since, in order to obtain a vote, he must pay
annually direct taxes amounting to $5.60, which he is rarely in a position
to do; he is consequently practically disfranchised and can hardly be
regarded as a factor in the general influences affecting legislation. Nor

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

493

does he pay directly any considerable part of the taxation. Being
without property, profession, or income, as a rule, he only comes in for
indirect taxation or house-rent, excise, entry, and consumption duties;
while the house-rent is considerable, although an indirect tax, amounting
to over 40 per cent of the rental in Vienna, the others are not specially
important or burdensome, as the workingmen mostly live without the city
lines, where not only rent is cheap, but the consumption tax does not
exist. The entry duty on cereals, meats, and petroleum are hardships
at present complained of, but not likely to be removed.

HOLLAND.

Few countries in Europe are so far behind and deficient in possessing a
progressive and advanced system of statistics as Holland is. When
considering that this country was foremost in the field in establishing so
many liberal institutions, the above statement may seem surprising, but it
is nevertheless true. As for labor statistics, showing the rates of wasres
hours of labor, number of workmen — as to any trade or occupation, in
government or private employment, in city, province, or country — there
are none whatever.

The following has been compiled as showing, approximated, the aver-
age paid in the general trades per week of sixty hours, in and about
Amsterdam :

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

BUILDING TRADES.

$4 00

3 20

4 40

3 60

4 00
3 60

3 60

4 00

2 40
4 00
4 00

4 00
4 00

3 20

2 80
2 80

4 80

$6 00
4 00

6 00
4 40

7 20
4 40

4 80

5 60

3 20

5 60

6 40

6 00

5 60

4 00

6 00
3 60

8 00

$4 80

3 60

Masons

4 80

Tenders

4 00

4 10

Tenders :

4 00

4 00

4 80

2 80

4 80

Gas-fitters

5 00

OTHER TRADES.

4 80

4 80

3 60

4 00

3 20

6 00

494 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average paid in the general trades per week of sixty hours in Amsterdam. — Continued.

Occupations.

other tbades.— Continued.

Butchers

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Coachmen (family employ, free homes)

Cabmen

Conductors, street railways

Drivers, street railway s

Draymen and teamsters

Distillers

Dyers

Engravers

Furriers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers . .

Millwrights

Printers

Teachers (public schools).

Sailmakers

Shoemakers

Tanners

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside mills) . .

Workmen :

First-class

Second-class

Firemen (attending to boilers)
Enginemen

SUGAR REFINERIES.

Lowest.

80
20
00
60
40
60
6 00
2 40
00
80
00
60
'20
00
20
50

3 20

3 80

3 00

4 00

Highest.

$4 80

4 80

5 60

5 20

7 20

5 60

8 00

3 00

4 80

5 20

4 80

6 80

4 00

16 00

4 80

4 80

4 80

4 80

4 00

5 50

5 60

8 80

11 20

5 60

4 80

4 80

6 40

4 80

4 00

4 80

3 60

4 80

4 40

Average.

$3 60
4 00
4 80
4 40
4 00
4 80

6 00

3 60
8 00

4 00

3 60

4 00
4 40

3 20

4 80
4 80
6 00
6 40
4 80
4 00

4 00

5 60
4 00
3 60

4 20

3 20

4 40
4 40

The working hours per week (sixty) as stated in the heading of this
schedule apply to most of the trades and occupations therein mentioned,
but in some cases they are more, say seventy-two, as in the case of bakers,
distillers, etc., and sixty-six hours in the case of employes in sugar refin-
eries. Conductors and drivers on street railways are employed seventy-two
to eighty-four hours weekly. The low wages of cabmen are augmented by
the "fees" they generally receive, sometimes amounting to more than
the wages they get. Some livery stables let horses and wagons to cab-
men at fixed, low rates by the day.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

495

The laboring classes are generally industrious and solicitous for em-
ployment, and laziness may not be considered as one of their vices; but,
unfortunately, there are many laborers who consume an enormous quan-
tity of intoxicating liquors, especially gin, and it is a fact that several
workingmen bring home about five or six guilders a week for the support
of their families, and spend about as much on their own account for gin.
Since the last few years a new drinking law has been in force in this coun-
try, tending to diminish the large number of gin stores by heavy taxation ;
but it can not be said to have decreased in any way the large number of
drunken persons that are seen in the streets of this city on Saturdays,
Sundays and Mondays. The following is a statement showing the retail
prices of certain necessaries of life in Amsterdam, June, 1884:

Articles.

PROVISIONS AND GROCERIES, ETC-

Bread, white per pound .

Bread, brown, rye do . . .

Flour, wheat do . . .

Flour, rye do . . .

Groats per quart .

Butter per pound.

Butterine do . . .

Cheese do . . .

Beef:

Infer'r quality and cuts do . . .

Better quality and cuts do . . .

Mutton do. . .

Bacon do . . .

Pork, fresh do . . .

Ham do . . .

Horseflesh do . . .

Lard do . . .

Rice do. . .

Starch do . . .

Soda do . . .

Soap do . . .

Sugar :

White do...

Brown do . . .

Coffee do . . .

Dried apples do . . .

Salt do...

Tea do...

Eggs per piece .

Milk per quart .

Potatoes per bushel.

Coke do. . .

Turf per 100.

Price.

$0 034 to I

02* to
04 to

06 to
22 to
16 to

13 to

15 to
24 to

16 to
16 to

14 to
16 to
09 to
16 to
03ito

07 to

12 to
9 to

13 to
09 to
02ito
17 to
01 to
03 to
40 to

14 to
20 to

05i

03i

06

04

08

33

22

23

22

29

24

18

22

26

13

22

06

11

Olt

O&i

15
13

25

16

04

54

02*

04

66

18

40

Articles.

Petroleum per quart

Vegetables :

Onions do . .

Carrots per bunch

Turnips per quart

Tobacco :

Chewing per pound

Smoking do . .

Salt do..

Beer per quart

Candles per package

Cigars per piece

Beans per quart

DRY GOODS.

Muslin :

White per yard . .

Brown do ... .

Drills, brown do ... .

Calicoes do ... .

Denims do

Checks, part linen do

Checks, all cotton do

Baai, or baize, for men's under-
shirts per yard . .

Flannel do

Stuff for women's skirts and

aprons per yard . .

Dimity do ... .

Cotton handkerchiefs, Tuikey

red per piece . ,

Socks, men's woolen .per pair. ,
Stockings, women's:

Woolen do

Cotton do

Price.

ifO 031- to .$0 04+

04 to

08 to

10 to
10 to
05 to

OOito
07 to

05
16
01

20

40

11)

06

12

OH

12

9 cts. and up.

8 cts. and up.

11 cts. and up.
9 i cts. and up.

12 cts. and up.
12 cts. and up.

81 cts. and up.

48 cts. and up.

16 cts. and up.

12 cts. and up.

11 cts. and up.

6 cts. and up.

36 cts. and up.

32 cts. and up.

16 cts. and up.

496 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

No political rights are enjoyed by workingmen, as these are regulated"
by the amounts of local and general taxation paid by the inhabitants of
this country, and the amount of taxes paid by workingmen is so very
small that it may be said to amount almost to nothing.

It is not reported that the general condition of the working people here
was ever any better than it is now; at the same time it is said to be far from
being satisfactory at present. Aside from many exceptions, their dwellings
or habitations are, generally speaking, small, and not answering to the first
demands of a proper hygiene. Their food consists mainly of potatoes, vege-
tables, and the fruit of liguminous plants, such as peas, beans, lentils, etc.,
and fresh meat is but a rare article of diet with them, excepting, perhaps,
horse-flesh. Their clothing is usually of cheap materials, affording but
insufficient resistance and protection against the climatic influences of the
wet and the cold.

The following is a statement made by a mason in Rotterdam regarding
his mode of living:

I am a mason, with a wife and four children, respectively 10, 8, 5, and 3 years old, I am 35
years of age, and my wages average from $ 1. 10 to $5.20 per week, for which sum I have to work
from 6 o'clock till 8 o'clock in summer, and from 7 o'clock till 6 o'clock in winter. I am allowed
half an hour for breakfast at 9 o'clock, and an hour and a half for dinner at noon, and I take my
supper after the day's work is done. I can provide my family with the necessities of life, and my
wife earns enough by washing to meet any extraordinary expenses. My annual wages amounted
last year to $227.60; my earnings for extra work, $26; my wife's earnings, $32, making a total of
$285.60 for the year. My expenses have been as follows: House-rent of two rooms and kitchen,
$56.10; clothing for myself and family, $39.20; food and fuel, 45 cents per day, $165.25; school-tax,
three children, $9.50; total, $269.05.

It will be observed from the above statement that the mason is, com-
paratively speaking, in very good circumstances, as the majority of the
workingmen can not afford to spend 45 cents per day for food and fuel.

He further stated that his breakfast consisted of tea, bread, butter, and
cheese; his dinner of potatoes or beans, with pork and lard, and one kind
of vegetable; his supper was like his breakfast, except with coffee instead
of tea. In reply to a question whether he was not able to save something
for his old age, he said that he had saved some money before he was mar-
ried, but that he had not since been able to increase it any, and that he
intended that sum for his support if he should be unable to work till his
death.

The cause which principally leads to the emigration of the working
people in the Netherlands is the natural desire of improving their condition.
Those who have large families to support find it most difficult here to fur-
nish them even with the bare necessities of life, and see no chance what-

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 497

ever of saving a small amount to assist them in providing for old age or in
making some provision for their children. This is not only the case with
the laboring classes, but also with small farmers, who, owing to the great
increase in the value of land during the last few years, are hardly able to
pay the high rents at which it is held.

Emigrants from this country, and, supposably, from most others, have
been and still are greatly influenced in their selection of new homes,
attracted and coming to our shores, by, and in consequence of the very
liberal character of the national institutions of the United States.

The generous provisions of our laws respecting the pre-emption of
public lands, holding out to emigrants an opportunity to obtain so soon
after their arrival, with such ease and facility and at such liberal terms, a
certain quantity of land and create for themselves independent homes, have
determined, and still do, their choice in this respect.

Thus the great stream of emigration from here, like from most other
European countries, has been and is directed to the United States. Some
few, however, emigrate to Canada, Australia, and, of late, also to South
Africa. Many Hollanders find their way to .the Dutch East and West
India colonies, but invariably persons whc intend to follow some commercial
pursuit or practice some profession.

DENMARK.

Denmark has no mining population whatsoever; her factories are very
limited, both in numbers and size, and, whilst one-half of the population
live exclusively by agriculture, the industries and various branches of gen-
eral trade and commerce afford occupation to less than one-fourth.

In the wages and condition of the agricultural class of laborers, no visi-
ble change has taken place since 1875; whereas, for the handicraft journey-
men and artisans, it may be estimated that an increase in their wages of 10
to 15 per cent has been obtained. Although it can not be said that their
condition has been actually improved to this extent, as the prices of many
of the necessaries of life, such as animal food, butter, fish, etc., as well as
house rent, have fully advanced in the same proportion; but, when one next
turns to the ability or the exertions made by these classes in saving from
their earnings against future rainy days, or as a provision for old age, it
can not be denied that the condition is far from satisfactory.

498

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The day of labor in the fabrics and work-shops, as a general rule, is of
twelve hours' duration, including a pause of two hours for meals, whilst
in the general trades, there is some variation; bakers, for instance, work-
ing from fourteen to sixteen hours ; masons and carpenters, from seven and
one-half to ten actual working hours, according to the season of the year;
dyers, tanners, and butchers, eleven hours.

Sunday labor, which, by law, is only forbidden during the hours of church
service, as a rule can not be said to exist in this country. In the fabrics
and work-shops (with exceptions of some of the distilleries, gas-works, and
flour-mills) no work is carried on, and in the general trades it ma)' be said
to be confined to a limited amount of indoor work by painters and carpen-
ters, and in busy times of trade in the home work of tailors, shoemakers,
and the like.

In the agricultural districts, Sunday labor is confined to the necessary
dairy and household work, and, in unfavorable weather during harvest
seasons, to the ingathering of the crops.

Among the agricultural laborers and lower-paid artisans of the towns,
the condition of their existence is doubtless one of daily struggle for the
mere support of their families; but, unfortunately, it must be admitted that
in too many cases where extra earnings are made in brisk times of trade,
that these are rather spent in the purchase of the luxuries of tobacco and
spirits, as well as in taking part with their families in outdoor amusements
of tea-gardens, etc., rather than in the exercise of provident savings.
These remarks, it must be understood, have chiefly reference to the gen-
eral run of the laboring classes, and are not intended to apply to the classes
of higher skilled mechanics. These may be said to be in constant employ-
ment at the maximum rates of wages, and they are better housed, better
fed, and altogether of more provident habits.

The following table exhibits the average wages paid per week of sixty
hours in the general trades in Copenhagen:

Nature of Employment.

Average
wages.

Nature of Employment.

Average
wages.

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers

$7 00

4 30

5 36
4 29

6 97
3 86
8 00

building trades.— Continued.
Plumbers

$6 90

Assistants

4 29

Carpenters

7 00

Tenders

Gas-fitters

5 90

Plasterers

OTHER TRADES.

Tenders

*2 25

♦Including board.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average weekly wages paid in Copenhagen. — Continued.

499

Nature of Employment.

otheb trades. —Continued.

Blacksmiths

Strikers

Book-binders

Briekmakers

Brewers

Butchers

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cutlers

Drivers

Draymen and teamsters

Drivers of cabs, carriages, etc.
Street railways

Dyers

Engravers ,

Furriers

Gardeners

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Average

wages.

$4 82

4 82

4 82

5 90

3 75

4 37

4 82

4 58

5 09

4 82

6 70

3 22

3 22

4 80

4 29

4 29

8 00

5 36

4 00

4 82

5 36

Nature of Employment.

other trades.— Continued

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmakers (hand)

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools). . . .
Saddle and harnessmakers . .

Sailmakers

Stevedores

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills) . . .

House-painters

Glovemakers

Joiners

Shoemakers

Watchmakers

Average
wages.

$4 29
5 50
5 87
4 82

4 02

5 36
|500 00

4 82

4 82

5 00

5 09
t275 00
|322 00

6 70
3
5
4
4
3
5

50
60
82
30
50
36

tPer annum.

In summarizing the earnings of the laboring classes in the towns, it may
be said that the ordinary laboring man and operative under the implied
condition of constant work may be credited with the annual earnings of
$188 to $214 per year, whilst those of the lower grades of artisans and
handicraftsmen may reach to $240 to $268. A correct estimate of the
higher skilled mechanics is not so easily to be arrived at, but as these obtain
the very maximum rates of wages, and, in many cases, are employed by
piece-work, it can be said with all safety that their annual earnings are
very considerably more than the foregoing.

The following shows the average wages paid per half year, as the case
may be, to agricultural laborers and household (country) servants in Den-
mark, with board and lodging.

Description of Employment.

Steward

Men servants

Helpers

Boys

$48 24

32 50

16 08

8 04

Description of Employment.

Females:

Housekeepers

Butter and cheesemakers
Ordinary servants

Average
wages.

$25 73
32 50
16 08

500

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

According to statistical industrial returns which were made for the
districts of Copenhagen in 1882, about 5,000 females above the age of
twenty-five years were employed in this capital in the various industries
and trades, the principal industries in which they were employed being of
the following nature: Book-binders, 120; book-printers, 263; cloth fabrics,
269; chemical works, 125; hatmakers, 192; shoemakers, 26; tobacco and
cigar factories, 774; weavers, 273; the remainder being mostly engaged
as seamstresses and in laundry work. With respect to children, no gen-
eral statistics for the entire kingdom are to be found ; whilst in the returns
of 1882 for the capital and district, the number of children and youths of
the male sex between the ages of ten to eighteen, employed in the district
are placed at 3,620.

The rates of wages for female adults will be found in the accompany-
ing detailed classification of the most important female sources of liveli-
hood : Minimum, 67 cents; maximum, $3.42; average, $2 to $2.40. The
hours of labor, as a rule, are of one hour less duration than for male labor.

Classification.

Numbers.

Classification.

Numbers.

119

8,859
272
765

399
26
68
36
39

114

183
90
89

150
68
99

234
21,363

INDUSTEIAL.— Continued .
Weavers

2,710

Tobacco and cigar fabrics

313

Divers and others not specified ,

COMMERCIAL.

Retail stores, dealers and assistants . .

819

INDUSTEIAL.

Bakers and confectioners

2,557
941

Book-binders

Fish dealers

180

Book-printers

83

258

94

Glovemakers

Milliners

769

33

State lottery agents

72

Hair-dressers

Divers other trades

390

Daily employment not included in fac-

Paper fabrics

8,210

Shoemakers . .

Messengers

138

Tailors

Cooks on daily hire as extra help

2,203

Seamstresses

121,181

The great majority of the women taking part in these occupations are
employed in those branches which may be classed under those of the
simplest and more purely mechanical labor, requiring a greater amount of
industry and close attention than of ability and intelligence, and their

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

501

educational attainments can not be put at a very high standard. These
may be said to be confined to the extent of reading and writing, together
with some of the most elementary teachings.

Married women, as previously mentioned, are only exceptionally to be
found in these factories. Whenever this does occur, their enforced absence
from home must, undoubtedly, to a certain degree, be prejudicial to the
children's interests and to home influence; but it may be observed that in
this country family life in this respect is far better cared for than in many
other lands under similar conditions.

The following may be given as the average retail prices of those arti-
cles of food in most general use in the household consumption of the fami-
lies of the laboring classes:

[The Danish pound weight is equal to 1.023 pounds avoirdupois.]

Articles of Food.

Rye bread per pound

Lard do

Butter do ... .

Milk

Cheese per pound

Eggs per score

Sugar per pound

Rice meal do ... .

Buckwheat grits ... do ... .

Cost.

$0 01.88

12.80

20 to 26.00

.94

8, to 9.00

26.80

8.00

6.42

7.50

Articles of Food.

Dried peas per pound

Potatoes do

Salted fish do. . . .

Fresh fish do. . . .

Pork do ... .

Beef:

Roasting pieces do

Inferior cuts do ... .

Ox liver do ... .

Cost.

$0 06.70

.89

8.00

6.70

12.00

13.00
8.50
6.70

Taking the average wages paid and comparing with this table of prices,
the following may be given as an imaginary yearly budget of the working
man and family:

Laboring Man and Operative.

Amount.

Lower Grade Artisan.

Amount.

Income

$188 00 to $214 00

$240 00 to $268 00

House rent, 2 rooms

Food

House rent, 1 large or 2
small rooms

$30 80 to $42 90

123 30 to 134 00

10 70 to 13 40

12 10 to 13 40

6 70 to 6 70

$49 60 to $56 30
134 00 to 144 70

Pood

16 10 to 21 40

Clothing

Fuel, etc

17 40 to 18 80

Fuel and light

Tobacco, etc

10 70 to 13 40

Totals

Tobacco and spirits

$227 80 to $254 60

Totals

$183 60 to $210 40

502 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

SPAIN.

The condition of the working classes is anything but good, from an
American stand-point, yet the climate is such that they require much less
than the working classes in the United States. The greater portion of
the working people are ignorant, but of good physique ; they seem to care
but little for their surroundings; their homes are scantily furnished, and
they have little hopes of 'any improvement in the future.

Since 1878 the present rates of wages are about the same, as also the
conditions of the working classes, but the prices of the necessary articles
of food have somewhat increased.

The Spanish workingman is industrious in his way, but entirely with-
out energy; he never does to-day what can be put off until to-morrow; his
constant reply, when asked to commence a job of any kind, is "Manana"
(To-morrow), and if you see him again in a week it will surprise you.

A Spanish peasant's life is perfectly happy if he can smoke his cigar-
ette, eat, drink, work, and sleep. As regards education — well, his son
may read and write, but — "I prefer to smoke, and eat, and work, and
sleep, and watch the sun go down behind the crimson Sierra; that is
enough for me (por me eso es bastante) ; but would I had a stew with
meat in it every day of my life; then I should be perfectly happy."

The national dish eaten by rich and poor alike, at all times, is the
famous "olla" or "puchero," the delight of the Spaniard, the stew, the
savory dress, the pot into which all viands find their way.

The "puchero" proper is as follows: Bacon and fresh meat stewed to-
gether in one pot, until the liquor becomes soup; vegetables, such as pota-
toes, cabbage, garbanzos, red pepper, rice, etc., stewed in a rival pot. When
the steam of this puchero becomes savory, then the dish is finished. The
soup, with swimming fat from the bacon, is poured into one dish and eaten
first. It is called "caldo." The lumps of meat and bacon, called "cocido,"
are then turned into another huge dish, and over them are poured the
whole contents of the vegetable-stew pan. This is the true "olla" or
stew, formerly called "olla podrida," the veritable "puchero" in which the
Spanish peasant's heart so greatly delights itself.

The meals of the Spanish peasantry are only two per diem, viz., the
breakfast at 11 or 12 a. m., and the "cena" or supper at 6 p. m.

Wine being cheap, all use it as a beverage, but there is less drunken-
ness than in the United States. Usually, the men are trustworthy, but

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

503

they do not save much, principally because they have nothing to save; the
whole life of the Spanish poor is simply from hand to mouth.

The average Spanish woman possesses rare qualities, let her be rich
or poor. She is faithful in her domestic relations, loving, enduring to the
last, and, in her devotion to her family, she will compare favorably with the
women of any other nation. The "criada," or house servant, is rarely
honest, viewed from an American stand-point. Everything that is not
under lock and key is appropriated, whether of service to her or not.
They seem to think, if not locked away from them, it is no crime to take it.

The following shows the average wages paid in the general trades per
week of sixty-three hours in Madrid:

Occupations.

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers

Hod-carriers ,

Masons ,

Tenders

Plasterers

Tenders

Slaters

Roofers

Tenders

Plumbers ,

Assistants

Carpenters:

Building

Shops

Gas-fitters

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers

Blacksmiths .

Strikers . . .

Bookbinders.

Brickmakers .

Brewers

Butchers * . . .

o
U
0

h3

ID

to

to
a
u
o
>

$5 40

$7 20

?6 30

2 70

3 00

2 83

5 40

7 20

6 30

2 70

3 00

2 85

5 40

7 20

6 30

2 70

3 00

2 85

5 40

7 20

6 30

5 40

7 20

6 30

2 70

3 00

2 85

5 40

7 20

6 30

2 70

3 00

2 85

5 40

7 20

6 30

3 60

4 80

4 20

3 20

7 20

5 20

2 28

2 82

2 55

4 80

9 00

6 90

2 34

2 64

2 49

4 62

5 76

5 19

1 74

3 48

2 61

2 82

3 42

3 12

3 48

3 48

3 48

Occupations.

other trades.— Continued.

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cutlers

Distillers

Drivers :

Draymen and teamsters.

Cab and carriage

Private carriage "j"

Street railways J

Conductors

Dyers

Engravers

Furriers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horse-shoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Potters

Printers

<XJ

U
0

J3

w

$3 78

$4 62

4 02

4 62

2 28

4 56

1 20

6 00

3 15

5 79

2 88

4 56

2 88

3 42

2 88

3 42

2 88

2 88

3 42

7 50

3 79

3 79

4 69

4 69

3 42

4 02

2 88

8 70

2 15

4 25

2 34

2 82

4 62

6 90

4 02

4 62

5 73

23 04

2 34

2 64

4 02

4 62

2 34

2 64

3 42

5 73

H 20

4
3
3
4
3
3

3

2
5
3
4
3
5
3
2
5
4

14 38
2 49
4 32
2 49
4 57

32
42
60
52
72
15

15

88
46
79
69
72
79
20
58
96
32

* Butchers are also allowed two pounds ot meat each day t They also have clothing and food.

± Work from 7 a. m. to 12 o'clock night, and some until 1 a. m.

The cost of living will, in most cases, consume their earnings, and, in
rare cases, from $10 to $20 per year is saved. The prices of the neces-
saries of life are as follows, per pound: Bread is 4^ cents; rice, 5 cents;
beans, 5^ cents; olive oil, 2 cents; and salted fish, 6 cents. These com-
prise the working people's meal.

504 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following- are answers from a farm laborer in Denia:

'&

I am thirty years old; I am a farm laborer; have a wife r.nd child; I earn 50 cents per day; labor
from sunrise to sunset, half an hour at 9 a. m., one hour from 12 to 1, and half an hour about 4 p.
M., for food. Occasionally, my wife earns 25 cents a day. It is a good year when we can save $10
to $20; jointly, we can earn about $190 a year. I pay per annum: For rent of rooms, $13; clothes —
self, wife, and child, $25; tobacco, $6; food, $127.75; leaving for doctor, etc., $18.25; total, $190.
My meals consist of the following: For breakfast — bread and raw onions; dinner — bread, rice,
and beans; supper — bread and salted or dried fish.

Workmen have no political rights in Spain, as only tax-payers who
own property are allowed to vote; legislation gives no encouragement to
the working classes.

ITALY.

The wages paid to laborers generally throughout Italy, are calculated
by the day. It must be understood that Italian artisans, from early boy-
hood, follow one trade only; on becoming masters, they have a full knowl-
edge of ever)r branch of their trade. For example, masons are at one and
the same time masons, bricklayers, plasterers, roofers, slaters, etc. In
other words, the division of labor as practiced in the United States does
not exist here.

Both men and women are sober and industrious, and, as a rule, trust-
worthy and moral. They are generally strong, powerful workers, and
capable of enduring great fatigue. The working classes earn compar-
atively little, and a certain percentage of their earnings goes for the pur-
chase of lottery tickets, the lottery being a state institution; but since the
spread of savings banks, and especially the establishment of postoffice sav-
ings banks throughout the kingdom, the savings of the working classes
have been constantly on the increase.

Women are employed in many trades like men, even in agriculture and
building.

The number of females employed in the consular district of Rome, in
1883, was 768,267, classified as follows:

Manufacturers , 157,512

Commerce and transportation 6,294

Professions 12,817

Agriculture 541,364

Servants, domestic '. 50,280

Total 768,267

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

505

Hotel and boarding-house keepers were included under the head of com-
merce and transportation. No females were employed in mines. Wages
paid to females are included with those paid to men in the accompanying
table.

The following are wages paid exclusively to females in certain special
trades and occupations.

Neither board nor lodging are included in these

figures :

Occupations.

Artificial flowerruakers, per!
week

Bookbinders per week..

China and Majolica ware paint-
ers per week . .

Confectioners do

Crochet and net- work . . do

Fringemakers do

Glove-sewers do

Manufacturers of wax matches
per week

Milliners and dressmakers, per
week

Hair-dressers per month . .

Lacemakers per week . .

Lowest.

Highest.

$1 35

$2 32

77

1 55

1 35

3 09

87

1 74

77

1 45

87

1 74

96i

1 55

58

1 74

87

3 50

1 93

3 86

67i

3 50

Occupations.

Makers of uppers for shoes,
per week

Sewing-machine operators, per
week

Seamstresses per week

Straw hat makers do ... .

Tailoresses do ... .

TTmbrellamakers do

Upholsterers do ... .

Weavers do

Weavers of chair bottoms, per
week

Washerwomen per week . .

Ironers do

Lowest.

Highest.

$0

1
1

87
59
87
59

87
87
87

58
29
59

$1 74

74
32
32
61
59
74
74

1 45
87

2 32

The general education of women is lower than that of men, as the lat-
ter receive instruction during their term of military service.

The following table shows the average wages paid per week of ten
hours per day in Genoa:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers

U 56
2 28
2 28

57
2 28

57

2 28

. 2 28

57
2 28

57
2 28
2 21

2 31

2 28

$9 12
2 85
4 00
1 71
4 00
1 71
4 00
4 00
1 71
4 56
1 71
4 56
4 05

4 05

4 56

$5 70

2 47

3 42

91

3 42

Tenders

91

3 42

3 42

91

3 99

Assistants

91

3 99

3 18

OTHER TRADES.

3 18

3 42

506

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average weekly wages paid in Genoa. — Continued.

Occupations.

other trades.— Continued.

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Butchers

Brass-founders »

Confectioners

Cigarrnakers (women)

Coc ipers

Drivers, cab and carriage

Dyers

Engravers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers (per month) -

Nailmakers (hand)

Potters

Printers

Teachers, public schools (per year)

Saddle and harnessmakers

Sailmakers

Stevedores (per day)

Tanners

Tailors

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills)

Lowest.

Highest.

$ 1 71

$ 3 42

1 73

3 47

1 90

3 80

1 73

5 79

2 31

4 63

92

1 73

2 89

4 63

2 85

5 70

2 39

2 62

1 71

5 70

2 31

4 63

1 71

3 42

2 31

5 79

1 71

5 70

2 28

5 70

19 00

47 50

1 71

3 42

2 31

3 47

3 80

9 50

152 00

380 00

2 31

4 63

2 31

4 63

67i

1 15

2 31

4 63

3 42

11 40

1 73

5 79

1 71

3 42

Average.

2 28
2 60

2 85
4 05

3 47
1 15
3 47

80
50
99
47
28
47
42
42

3

2
3
3
2
3
3
3

28 50
2 28

2 89
6 66

228 00

3 47
3 47

77

3 47
5 70

4 05
2 28

There are no fixed wages for agricultural laborers; it all depends on
agreements between masters and laborers, agreements which are generally
broken to suit convenience. Land-owners do not hesitate to take advan-
tage of the general destitution of the suffering country people ; they only
pay for labor when it is required, and bargains are usually made through
submanagers; the latter frequently compelling peasants to accept provi-
sions instead of money.

The condition of the agricultural laborers is as bad as any on the con-
tinent so far as ability to make provision for old age or sickness. When
in health, and have employment, they are able to make a scant living.
Happily, their wants are moderate, the climate favorable, and their dis-
positions genial. As a rule, they are cheerful and contented. The labor
is light, being confined largely to the cultivation of fruits, vines, and veg-
etables, and is shared by men and women alike. The moral status of
this portion of the people, is good, and they are nearly all members of the
Catholic church.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

507

The following shows the wages paid per day to agricultural laborers
and household (country) servants in the district of Rome, with or without

board and lodging:

Occupations.

Part in money and part in food :

Men per day.. $0 11* $0 19* $0 14

Women do.... 054 11 07*

Children do.... 04 09* 054

On the few regular farms, working constantly in and out of doors:

Men per day.. 19* 29 21!

Women do.... 09* 19* 11*

Children do.... 061 17* 09*

Farm servants, male, with board do 11* 24* 15*

Dairymen, with board do 14 22* 16

Shepherds, with lodging and part food do 09* 14 11

Servants, female, with board per month . . 77* 1 93 96*

Average.

The cost of living is perhaps nowhere so elastic and variable as in
Italy. Living may be had for io to 6o cents and over per day by per-
sons of the laboring classes, and from 30 cents and upward by the middle
classes. The upper classes, as elsewhere, vary in their expenses.

Instances may be cited of schools where children live on 12 cents per
day, schooling, board, and lodging all included. Single women in the
city of Rome are to be found earning and living on from 10 to 12 cents
per day, while, in the Campagna, peasant laborers are occasionally to be
found living on even less.

The following statement will show the cost of the necessaries of life in
four cities of the consular district of Rome, in the spring of 1884, compared
with the cost of the same in the spring of 1878:

Rome.

Perugia.

FOTjIGNO.

Ancona.

Articles.

1884.

1878.

J 884.

1878.

1884.

1878.

1884. 1878.

Flour:

$0 03

$0 03

•$0 03

$0 03

$0 03

$0 03

$0 02*'if0 03

do....

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

Bread:

do....

06

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

do....

04*

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

do....

03*

03

03

03

03

03

021

024

do....

021

02f

02*

02*

02*

02*

02*

02*

Macaroni:

do....

08

07*

07*

07*

07*

07*

07*

07*

do....

06

05*

05

05

05

05

05

05

508 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Cost of the necessaries of life in four cities of the consular district of Rome. — Continued.

Rome.

Perugia.

FOLIGNO.

Ancona.

1884.

1878.

1884.

1878.

1884.

1878.

1884.

1878.

Beef:

$0 20

m i6

!f0 13

$0 12

$0 13

$0 12

$0 16

$0 14

do....

16

14

10

094

10

09

124

10

do....

12

10

09

084

09

08

11

10

do...

14

12

Mutton :

do....

20

16

18

16

18

16

18

17

do....

14

12

11

10

11

10

12

12

Veal:

do....

23

20

14

VI

15

13

16

14

do ...

19

17

12

10

12

12

13

12

Pork:

do....

15

13

12

11

12

11

14

13

do....

12

10

10

09

09

09

11

10

Hams and shoulders . .

do....

34

30

28

25

29

26

29

26

do....

16

15

14

13

14

13

12

11

do....

16

15

13

12

13

13

15

13

Cheese:

do

23

24

do

22

20

24

23

do

22

21

22

21

22

do....

16

15

17

16

16

Curd

do

17

15

15

14

15

14

do....

09

07

09

07

09

07

09

07

Butter:

. do

28

28

do....

26

25

23

22

22

22

24

23

Codfish

do

23

22

do....

10

09

10

09

10

08

09

08

02

on

OH

014

014

014

014

014

do....

04

04

044

04

044

04

04

04

do....

04

04

03^

034

04

034

03*

03i

Milk

08

08

Eggs

18

18

16

16

19

16

18

17

Groceries :

Tea, cheap, good

per pound . .

1 50

1 78

2 00

1 90

2 00

do....

23

25

24

24

22

23

do....

40

45

48

40

42

38

42

Sugar, white

do

12

14

15

14

15

13

do....

15

084

12

08

15

074

13

074

do....

074

074

08

074

do....

10
15

12
15

10
14

10
14

10
14

10
13

13

12

Sundries:

Charcoalj per sack of.
Wood, hard|

per 224 pounds. .

11 00

10 00

95

90

65

60

1 '

* Kxcppdingly variable, according to season.

t Often varying.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 509

Cost of the necessaries of life in four cities of the consular district of Rome. — Continued.

Articles.

Rome.

Perugia.

FOI IGNO.

Anoona.

1881.

1878.

1884.

1878.

1884.

1878.

1884.

1878.

Sundries. — Continued.

Wood, soft"]" per 224 pounds . .

Petroleum per quart- •

Dome.-tic dry goods: J

Sheetings, medium quality. . . .per yard- •

Shirtings, medium quality do. . . .

Boots, medium size per pair. .

$0 50
12

15
16
3 60
2 00
1 15
1 80

$0 50
12

16

18

4 00

2 00

1 25

2 00

$0 13

$0 13

$0 13

$0 13

$0 12

$0 12

Shoes, men's. . . . do . .

Shoes, children's . . do ....

Shoes, women's. . . do. . .

tOf ten varying.

^Trustworthy information not obtainable as to these articles in the cities of Perugia, Foligno, and Ancona.

In cities and villages the working classes are entirely free to purchase
their necessaries wherever they choose. When employed on agricultural
and public works, such as mining, railways, etc., the employers procure
the necessaries of life. With the exception of agricultural laborers, the
government interferes for the protection of the working classes. As a rule,
laborers are paid weekly, and in the currency of the country, say paper
money, silver and copper coin.

RUSSIA.

The labor conditions of Russia may be said to be wholly peculiar to
that Empire.

From the nature of the governmental and social systems of Russia, as
well as of the heterogeneous and segregated condition of the working classes,
labor unions are unknown. It must further be borne in mind that labor in
Russia should not be gauged by the standards of other countries. Although
the legal abolition of serfdom tends to assimilate Russian labor to conti-
nental standards, the feudal relationship of the employed to their employers
still survives to an extent which makes intelligent comparison difficult
through excessive contrast.

Wages throughout Russia are much lower than those which rule in
continental Europe. It is not easy to arrive at average rates for the gen-
eral industries, but those paid in some of the principal industries will be
found in the tabulated forms.

510

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

With but few exceptions, wages have advanced since 1878 in instances
as much as 40 per cent, though the average will probably be found between
10 and 15 per cent.

The unanimous judgment of the employers is that the Russian laborers,
as a class, are idle, unreliable, and wasteful. They are intelligent and
obedient, but these redeeming qualities shine forth only under the strictest
control.

The principal causes of their degradation are drink, to which they are
excessively addicted, ignorance, and the absence of anything like home life.

The wholly unreliable nature of the ordinary Russian laborer is evi-
denced by the extensive employment of half-grown youths and lads. They
are seen everywhere performing work far beyond their years and strength.
This is due solely to the predilection of the men for drink, for although
these boys do wonderfully well for their years, their work is equal to that
of adults neither in quality nor quantity.

The general condition of the working classes is one of poverty and
want. Their manner of life, their homes, food, clothing, etc., are extremely
primitive not to say wretched. A little frugality, with the utter lack of
wants, would admit of their saving something, even from their wretched
wages, but drink absorbs every superfluous copeck.

They have few, if any chances of bettering their condition, and the
influences surrounding them are generally bad. Their physical condition
is far better than their moral one.

They come to the city on the approach of summer in large numbers
seeking employment. In the absence of a home, their families having
been left behind in the villages, they herd together in miserable hovels?
live mostly on black bread, herrings and cucumbers, and, spending their
evenings in drunken bouts, become demoralized in every sense of the
word.

The following are the average wages paid in the general trades in Russia
per week of seventy-two hours:

Occupations.

*Eiga.

Warsaw.

All Russia.

Bricklayers

BUILDING TEADES.

$4 32
2 45
6 72
2 88
6 72
2 60

$4 32

Hod-carriers

2 45

6 72

2 88

$2 50
2 50

4 61

2 55

*The wages in Riga substantially represent those of St. Petersburg,

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average weekly wages paid in Russia. — Continued.

511

Occupations.

building TRADES.— Continued.

Slaters

Hoofers

Tenders . .
Plumbers . . .

Assistants
Carpenters . .
Gas-fitters . .

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers ,

Blacksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers ,

Brewers

Butchers

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners ,

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cutlers

Distillers

Drivers

Draymen and teamsters .

Cab and carriage

Street railway

Dyers

Engravers

Furriers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmaker3 (hand)

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools) . .
Saddle and harnessmakers.

Sailmakers

Stevedores

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills) .

*Riga.

H 80

3 75
2 60

4 32
2 30

4 80

5 28

Warsaw.

3 60
3 60
2 40

9 60
6 00

$3 60

1 80

2 25

All Russia.

$4 20
3 75

3 13

4 00
3 00
3 50

2 25

3 50

4 00

1 80

2 50

3 00

■5 00
3 00
3 50
3 60
1 50

60
32
30
30

76

92
72
72
42
80
06
91
20
76
36
00
66
91
00
50
60
60
95
16
66
66
90
10
75
15
88

30
65
76
5 76
9 60
4 50
2 59

2 88

4 90

3 42

5 25
3 96
2 96

"The wages in Kiga substantially represent those of St. Petersburg.

512

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The working classes possess no political rights and exert no influence
whatever on the legislation. The laborer, as a rule, pays a head tax of
about $1.44 and about 93.6 cents for passport. The land-owning peasant
has also certain variable dues to pay to the commune. Passports are
obligatory, and the dues paid therefor entitle the holder to free treatment
in hospitals.

In latter years the tendency of legislation has been to ameliorate the
condition and lighten the burdens of the working classes.

In mills, when working night and day, they work in six-hour changes;
otherwise thirteen and one-half hours daily, z'.e., from 5 a. m. to 8 p. m., with
one and one-half hours for meals. Agricultural laborers work from sunrise
to sunset, with three hours for meals. As a rule their physical condition
is wretched, and their moral one no better.

The following table shows the wages paid to agricultural laborers and
household (country) servants in Russia:

Occupations.

Laborers:

Summer per day

Autumn do . . .

Winter do . . .

Spring do . . .

Wages for summer, from March 15 to October 15, with board

Wages for winter, from October 15 to March 15, with board

Contract wages for harvesting one desyatine (— — acres) of grain

Plowing per desyatine

Sowing and harrowing, per desyatine

Hay-cutting, per desyatine

Threshing, per pood

Lowest.

Highest.

$0 28.8

$0 72.0

24.0

72.0

14.4

33.6

28.8

72.0

14 40.0

38 40.0

9 60.0

19 20.0

2 88.0

12 00.0

2 88.0

5 76.0

96.0

2 88.0

72.0

1 44.0

24

8.6

Average.

$0 50

48

24

50

26 40

14 40

The great mass of women employed in factories are entirely without
education, and their children are equally lacking therein. In a few mills,
which may be called model ones, schools are established, and efforts are
made to impart the knowledge of reading, writing, and a little arithmetic
to the employes ; but, in general, no effort of the kind is made by employers.
Children are largely employed, and were formerly over-worked. Since
May, 1884, children under twelve may not be employed, and those under
fifteen for not more than eight hours out of twenty-four, and must be taught
to read and write at the employer's expense.

Family circles and home life, as existing among the laboring classes
in America, is unknown here. Men wander from their villages seeking
work, remaining away the entire summer, and often for }'ears. In the

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 513

villages several families are crowded together in one house, and family life
under such circumstances can not develop the charms which endear it to
our hearts.

In order to get acquainted with the habits and manners of the work-
men of this country, it is necessary to examine their social and family life.
It is publicly said that the local workman is a drunkard of a boorish
behavior; that he beats his wife, torments his children, etc.; but all this is a
downright falsehood. It is true that he treats his wife without gallantry,
but he does not beat her; on the contrary, he carefully attends her during
sickness, and generally values her as an economic force which washes his
linen, prepares his meals, mends his clothes, etc. He cares also about his
children, endeavors to send them to schools, and he is very sorry if he can
not do it and if his misery compels him to set his children to work in
factories. Fathers are generally more severe toward their children than
mothers, and therefore the latter, in case of disobedience of children, or their
wild pranks, usually apply with complaints to their fathers for assistance.

The illegal conjugal life exists among workmen, as the marriage cere-
mony is too expensive, and besides the loss of time, it costs about $7.50,
which for a common and unprofessional workman, earning only $9.00 per
month, must really be expensive. In the said $7.50 are not yet included
the expenses of wedding feasts. The second cause of the illegal conjugal
life is the non-admission of divorce in the church, hence the ill-matched
workmen separate, and being unable to contract the second marriage, they
illegally live like husband and wife. According to approximative calcula-
tion, nearly 5 per cent of the poorest workmen, being unmarried, liver
however, illegally. The social life is sufficiently developed among work-
men; they visit one another even with their wives and children, but their
visits have a somewhat different character from those of other classes of
society.

Their visits take place only on Sundays and holidays, while during
working-days they are impossible; the more so, as workmen always con-
sider it a necessity to regale their guests with brandy, beer, and meat.
The guests, on their part, feel themselves likewise under obligations to
regale the master of the house, and for this purpose they give him out of
their own pockets the money necessary for a regalement, but the master of
a house must also regale them simultaneously with something. It happensr
sometimes, that a guest gives first his money for such a regalement before
the master had offered something; in this case the latter must likewise
contiibute to it.

514

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The association of the young working people of both sexes is unre-
strained; girls with bachelors walk alone and pay visits without their
parents. Should, however, a girl go alone to a bachelor's lodging she
would be held in bad repute.

In a country of such low wages, the cost of living must necessarily be
low. Statistics are hard to gather on food prices. The following shows
the ordinary prices paid in St. Petersburg by laborers:

Article.

Meat per pound . .

Tea do

Milk per pint . .

Fish per pound . .

Cucumbers per 100 . .

Butter per pound. .

Vodki per bottle. .

Price.

$0.0570
0.4800

0.0480
0.0384
0.2880
0.1440
0.1530

Article.

Potatoes per 36 pounds .

Coffee per pound .

Bread:

White do

Black do

Beer per bottle .

Krass do

Price.

$0.3840
0.1440

0.0310

$0.0096 to 0.0168

0.0336

0.0096 to 0.0240

Many, if not most of the married laborers, have their families living in
villages in the country, and the cost of their support must be deducted
from the wages earned. In most cases, also, laborers have free lodging
and not unfrequently both food and fuel as well. Laborers termed depend-
ent are virtually slaves to the contractors, and living and messing together
the expense is reduced to a minimum.

With free lodging and fuel, a rope manufacturer of this city estimates
that a laborer can live for .096 cents -per diem. Cotton operatives are sup-
posed to consume — men, $4.80; women, $3.84; children, $2.88 per month
for food and clothing, living in country mills in barracks on the premises,
rent free, and paying in St. Petersburg and Moscow about 48 cents rental
per month.

In a glass works the cost of living for a laborer's family is estimated
to be from $16.80 to $24.00 per month. In a steam biscuit manufactory it
is estimated that a laborer needs for his support from 72 cents to $2.40
per week.

CANADA.

It may be observed that the condition of labor in Canada is very simi-
lar to that in the United States. Many evils that prevail in Canada, pre-
vail also here; many rights and advantages enjoyed here, are also bless-
ings there The people themselves are not dissimilar. Their origin, their

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 515

speech, their laws, their customs, and their sturdy, industrious character
are the marks of a kindred race.

As a rule, the habits of the Canadian working classes will compare
favorably with the same class of citizens in the United States; to be sure,
there are evidences of shiftlessness, and drunkenness, and squalid poverty
to be observed here and there, but the opposite is also apparent. The
crime of drunkenness is decreasing. The sale of intoxicating liquors is
now regulated by a license system, and in some localities the sale of
intoxicants is very much restricted by a local option law, known as the
Scott Act. It is not claimed, even by the most enthusiastic advocates of
temperance, that drunkenness is entirely restrained by this measure, but
it is doubtless true that drunkenness and its attendant evils are greatly
restricted in localities where the Scott Act, by a vote of the people, has
been placed upon the statute books.

In every department of skilled labor there has been an advance in
wages since 1878. The protective policy, inaugurated by the Govern-
ment of Sir John A. McDonald, commonly known as the national policy,
has stimulated all branches of manufacturing industry; and, as a matter
of course, a greater demand for labor has had the effect to increase the
rate of wages paid. The increase in wages is estimated at the present
time to be 20 per cent in advance of 1878. With agricultural labor, much
depends upon the prospect for crops, and the prices realized for the
various products of the farm, as to the increase or decrease in the rate of
wages paid for hired help.

The right of suffrage is granted to all native or naturalized citizens of
Canada, who are free-holders or house-holders; to those having an income
of $400 per year, and to farmers' sons living at home. Taxation is based
practically upon the same conditions. Until recently, legislation has been
in the interest of capital, rather than of labor; but the laboring man is
coming to be more and more regarded in legislation; though, if the inter-
ests of capital and labor should conflict, doubtless the interests of capital
would be first considered. A large class of laboring men are now with-
out the franchise, but all indications point to an early broadening of the
right of suffrage; and, when that time comes, it is presumed the rights of
laboring men will receive their proper consideration.

In general, it may safely be said that the condition of the Canadian
farmer is not so good as his American neighbor, though similar in many
respects. The migrations to the latter from the former country is proof
of this. The changes in the other direction are very rare indeed.

516

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table shows the average wages paid per week of sixty
hours in Ottawa:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

$ 9 00
15 00

7 50
12 00

7 80
12 00

7 80
12 00

7 50
12 00

7 50

9 00
12 00

9 00

9 00

6 00

9 00
3 00

7 50
7 50
9 00

10 50
3 00
7 50

3 00

2 00

7 50

7 50
10 00

5 00

3 50

8 00

7 00

3 00

7 50

9 00

8 00

6 00
6 0Q

10 50
10 00

4 00
2 00

$15 00
21 00

9 00
15 00

9 00
15 00

9 00
15 00

9 00
15 00

9 00
12 00
15 00
12 00
12 00

7 50

15 00

5 00
9 00

18 00
10 50
12 00
15 00
12 00

12 00

6 00

9 00

9 CO

10 00

10 00

5 00

25 00

18 00

7 50
9 00

15 00

14 00
9 00

15 00
15 00
15 00

12 00

4 00

$12 00

18 00

8 40

13 50

8 40

Plasterers

13 50

8 40

13 50

8 40

13 50

8 40

11 60

13 50

10 50

10 50

7 00

Bookbinders:
Male

10 00

Female

4 00

8 10

15 00

9 60

11 40

Confectioners

10 00

9 00

Clerks in stores:
Male

5 00

Female

4 00

Drivers:

8 40

8 40

10 00

Dyers:

Male

7 00

4 50

15 00

Furriers:

Male

14 00

Female

6 00

Gardeners

8 00

12 00

12 00

Laborers and porters •

7 00

12 00

12 00

11 00

Teachers:
Male

6 00

3 00

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 517

Average wages paid per week of sixty hours in Ottawa. — Continued.

Occupations.

Saddle and harnessmakers

Ship-carpenters

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Lowest.

Highest.

$ 6 00

$10 00

10 00

16 00

7 50

9 00

8 00

10 00

6 00

12 50

4 00

10 00

Average.

¥ 7 00
12 00

8 25

9 00
8 50
8 00

The following are the retail prices of produce at Saint Lawrence market,
Toronto :

Abticles.

Beef, roast per pound .

Sirloin steak do

Round steak do

Mutton, legs and chops .do

Mutton, inferior cuts . . .do. . . .

Lamb do

Veal, best joints do

Veal, inferior cuts do ... .

Pork, chops and roasts. do. . . .
Butter:

Pound rolls do

Large rolls do

Cooking do

Lard do. . . .

Cheese, new do ... .

Price.

11 to?

14 to
11 to
13 to
09 to

15 to

13 to

09 to

11 to

14 to
13 to

10 to
13 to

12 to

14
16
13
15
11
17
14
10
12

17
14
11
14
14

Articles.

Bacon per pound .

Eggs per dozen .

Turkeys

Chickens per pair.

Potatoes per bushel.

Onions per peck.

Parsnips do ... .

Beets do ... .

Carrots do ... .

Beans per bushel .

Turnips do

Asparagus per dozen .

Rhubarb do

Radishes do

Spinach per barrel.

Price.

$0 11 to $0 14

14 to

15

2 00 to

3 00

65 to

90

60 to

65

40 to

45

20 to

25

20

20

1 20 to

1 50

35 to

40

30 to

40

15 to

20

30 to

35

40 to

45

The morals of working women are about on a par with women of like
occupations in the United States. The physical condition is generally good,
seldom showing in their appearance disease, but the reverse.

The employment of women does not perceptibly affect the wages of
men, because they are not employed generally in all departments to the
extent they are in many other countries. The education of the working
women is very limited; a part, those young in years, are better informed,
having been sent to the free schools until old enough to earn wages.

Employers pay little attention to the improvement of the moral or
intellectual condition of their employes, the churches being the only
organizations which give the matter attention, and even in them there
seems but little zeal in that direction.

Canadian emigrants to the United States come principally from the
rural districts, and their object generally is to procure cheaper lands.

518 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Available farming lands in Canada are high, as compared to lands in Michi-
gan and other western states, and as the native Canadian has no national
prejudice to surrender, he as readily assimilates with our people as he
would with the people of an adjoining county in Canada; he desires to
better his condition financially, and for that purpose he seeks and finds a
congenial home in the United States. When once across the border the
Canadian emigrant seldom returns to remain permanently.

MEXICO.

The laboring classes in Mexico are chiefly Indians of a different race
from their employers — a race once conquered, then enslaved, then liber-
ated by law, but so bound by habit and necessity, that, except in the
cities, there is very little appreciable change in their condition; and while
the laborer remains ignorant, poor, and dependent, he is naturally very
respectful and submissive, but there is very little sympathy or cordiality
in the relations between him and his former master and present employer
in the agricultural districts, and still less in cities and manufacturing estab-
lishments, where the operatives are better educated, and where the power
of habit has not modified the prejudices of race and the jealousies of caste.
Nevertheless, the relations between Mexican families and their domestic
servants, in town and country, are much more cordial and intimate than
is usual among people of the English race, and the numerous instances of
considerate sympathy and romantic fidelity between employer and employe
of this class, are creditable to the manners and hearts of both.

The agricultural laborers of this country are very favorably spoken of
as industrious, faithful, and easily managed. Their peculiar attachment
to the place of their nativity binds them as closely to their employers,
and the soil they cultivate, as did their former peonage. Enfranchised by
law, they are still, to a great extent, the slaves of habit and local attach-
ments, and our road-builders in this country have found that the)' could
only rely upon the labor in the immediate neighborhood of their line of
construction, and that neither money nor persuasion would induce any
number of these people to follow their work any distance from their native
fields and villages. They also preserve the same feudal fidelity to the
great agricultural, mineral, and manufacturing establishments, where they
and their families have been employed, often for successive generations,
and a threat of "discharge" will bring the most rebellious and refractory

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 519

subject to his knees. As a rule, none of the working classes have any
idea of present economy, or of providing for the future. The lives of most
of them seem to be occupied in obtaining food and amusement for the
passing hour, without either hope or desire for a better future. As the
strongest proof of this improvidence in the city mechanic or laborer, is
the common demand for money in advance from the mechanic, under the
pretext of getting materials to enable him to fill your order; from the
laborer, to get something to eat before he begins work. The prevalent
vices in Mexico arc gambling, drunkenness, and fighting; the Indian pop-
ulation being especially hasty with their knives. In the capital the laborer
is subject to many demoralizing influences. In summing up the charac-
teristics of the Mexican laborer, it may be said that, with less capacity
and intelligence, he is more patient, docile, and contented than his fellow
laborer of the North, and, consequently, less efficient, but more easily
managed.

Among the upper classes the dominant social opinion withdraws
women, not only from all professions and occupations, but from many of
the amusements and social ceremonies where the male sex predominate.
Among the Indians and lower classes, the women take their part promis-
cuously in all the labors, occupations, interests, and amusements incident
to their condition in life. They are neither oppressed nor secluded, but
live on terms of natural equality and companionship with their husbands,
sharing their labors and the profits by rules of natural justice.

The moral and physical condition of female employes is apparently
good. They are quiet and decent in their behavior and generally look
healthy. There are public free schools supported by the government for
the benefit of females as well as males of the working classes. They
receive here the elements of literary and technical education, and, if they
develop any especial talents, may be admitted to the higher schools and
colleges. There are also mutual aid societies as among the men, as well
as some private charities, whose object is to assist and improve the social
condition of females of the working classes. Public attention in Mexico
is much more occupied with this subject than formerly, but the move-
ment is too recent to have produced, as yet, any decided or appreciable
results.

By the Mexican constitution all adult male citizens of the republic are
invested with full and equal political rights, including the right to vote at
elections, to hold office, etc., but the great majority of the people, includ-
ing the working classes, take no part whatever in the elections, local or

520

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

general, nor are they supposed to exercise any influence on legislation in a
legitimate way, although they occasionally manifest their opinions by
tumultuous assemblage and mob violence, thus influencing legislation in a
greater or less degree. There is no direct or personal tax imposed on
laborers or workingmen of any class. There are, however, taxes on produc-
tion and consumption which affect the working classes equally with all
other citizens. There are also taxes on incomes and license taxes on trades
which affect the artisan directly and the journeyman indirectly.

The following shows the average wages paid per month to agricultural
laborers and household (country) servants in Mexico:

Occupations.

Administrators of sugar estates and other agricultural.

Field bosses

Assistants

Field hands:

Plowmen*

Reapers*

Lowest.

Highest.

$100 00

$500 00

25 00

100 00

12 00

30 00

7 50

20 00

4 50

12 00

Average.

$150 00
45 00
15 00

10 00
8 00

*With rations.

The wages paid per month to household servants in towns and cities,
in Mexico, is shown below:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Cooks:
French or Italian

$45 00
10 00

3 50
3 50

10 00
5 00
3 50

10 00
5 00

$100 00
25 00

10 00
12 00

20 00
15 00
12 00
30 00
15 00

$50 00

15 00

Servants:

5 00

6 00

Waiters:
Hotel

15 00

12 00

6 00

15 00

10 00

Mexico is the most peculiarly Spanish country in North America.
The character of the inhabitants, the climate, and the air of effeteness
which almost universally prevails, are all indicative of Spanish influence.
The native Mexicans seem never to have recovered from the dead listless-
ness which settled over their Aztec predecessors when the Spanish yoke
was fixed on their necks. The sway of priestly rule is absolute and
despotic.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

521

The wages paid in the city of Mexico, in the general trades are found
below:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

Bricklayers . . .

Hod-carriers.
Masons -.

Tenders ....
Plasterers

Tenders

Slaters

BUILDING TRADES.

Roofers

Tenders '.

Plumbers per day

Assistants do . .

Carpenters do . .

Gas-fitters do. .

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers:

Chief bakers do . .

Attendants do . .

Blacksmiths do . .

Strikers do . .

Bookbinders t do . .

Brickmakers (peons) do . .

Brewers (peons) do . .

Butchers:

Those who kill the cattle do . .

Those who deliver or sell do . .

Brass-founders :

Head workmen do. .

* Assistants and pilers do. .

Cabinetmakers do . .

Confectioners do . .

Cigarmakers (by the 100) do . .

Coopers do . .

Cutlers do . .

Distillers (peons) do .

Drivers:

Draymen and teamsters do.

Cab and carriage do .

Street railways:

Drivers do.

Conductors do .

Dyers: '
-Skilled workmen do .

Assistants (peons) do .

Engravers do .

Purriers do .

•Gardeners:

Head do.

Peons do .

(*)

n oo

50

75

1 00

00

00

50

624

75

50

50

00
25

00
75
00
75
00
50

50
25

75
00

50
50
50
50

00

50

(*)

$1 50

62^

1 00

1 50

00
25
00
75
25
75
75

50
50

00
75
00
00
25
00
00
624

50

2 00
75

3 00
2 00

1 50

(*)

$1 00

50

75

1 00

3 00
1 00
1 50
624
75
50
50

1 25
75

75

1 00

50

50

1 50
50

2 50
1 50

* These occupations are all under one heading, and the wages average from 75 cents to $1 per day for skilled
laborers; from 374 to 50 cents for assistants.

522 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Wages paid in the city of Mexico in the genera/ trades. — Continued.

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

other trades.— Continned.

Jewelers:

Chief workmen

do....

do....

$0 75
75

$1 50
1 (JO

3 00

1 00

50

3 00

(*)
1 00
1 50

40 00
1 00

$1 00

75

do....

do....

do....

do....

do....

75
41i
1 00
(*)

75

1 00

30 00

50

75

1 00

(*)

75

do....

1 00

624

Tailors

do....

1 50

75

2 00
1 00

1 50

75

do....

60

do....

75

75
75
75
75
50
75
75

1 00

1 00
1 00

75
1 25

75
1 25
1 50

75

Weavers:
Outside of mills (rebosa and serape weavers)

,..do....

do....

do....

75

75

do....

87}

do....

do....

do....

1 00

87}

* These occupations are all under one heading, and the wages average from 75 cents to $1 per day for skilled
laborers; from S7i to 50 cents for assistants.

The state of education among the working classes generally is very lowr
although, since the establishment of free schools, it is improving, especially
in the towns and cities, as also among the employes of some of the larger
factories. In a country like Mexico, where the lower classes of the popu-
lation are sunk in ignorance and poverty, where their ordinary mode of
living is on the lowest scale, with its attendant vices and miseries, where
low wages and lack of regular employment would seem to forbid the hope
of improvement, all regular and reasonably remunerative labor must be
regarded as beneficent in its effects, both on the individual and the family r
educating, civilizing, and improving, both morally and physically ; and in
the cities, as in the country, it is observed that the employes and dependents
of the manufacturing, mining, and agricultural establishments, where
there was regular and organized labor, were decidedly superior in appear-
ance, intelligence, and civilized appliances to the ordinary population.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 523

The cost of living to the laboring classes is variable, and it would be
difficult to estimate it with accuracy. On account of the mildness of the
climate, the necessar}^ requirements of living here in food, clothing, fuel,
and shelter, are very much less than among people inhabiting the temper-
ate and more northern latitudes, and among the laboring classes the
average scale of living is lower than among any class we know of in the
United States, not excepting the free negroes in the southern states, and
decidedly inferior in comfort and neatness to that class when in a state of
slavery. The dwellings of the laboring classes in the cities are generally
wanting in all the requirements of health and comfort — mostly rooms on
the ground floor, without proper light or ventilation, often with but a
single opening (that for entrance), dirt floors, and no drainage. These
rooms rent for from $i to $5 per month, singly or in suits of two or three
together. Of late years, however, proprietors have been building much
better tenements, with wooden floors raised several feet above the ground,
neat, light, and airy, opening on courts ornamented with trees and shrub-
bery, supplied with water, paved and drained. "Viviendas," with two or
three rooms and a kitchen in these houses may be rented for from $5 to
$10 per month. In the suburbs and in the country, the dwellings of the
cold regions are of adobe and in the temperate and warm countries mere
huts of cane or stakes wattled with twigs, and sometimes plastered with
mud and roofed with plantain leaves, corn-stalks, or brush. These dwell-
ings are generally the property of the occupants. In the cities, as in the
country, the common laborers use neither beds, chairs, nor tables, the only
furniture seen in their dwellings being a variety of earthen vessels to hold
their food and drink and for cooking, a "metate" or flat stone, with a roller
to grind their corn, and some rolls of rush matting, which constitutes their
beds and bedding. Their principal food is of Indian corn ground by hand
on the stone before mentioned and baked in a thin cake called "tortilla."
This is the universal bread of the Indian race and the laboring classes in
Mexico, and is eaten with boiled beans (frijoles), another national dish,
with meat boiled or fried and a savory sauce made of 'lard, red peppers,
onions, cheese, and other strong flavoring ingredients to suit the taste.
The national beverage is pulque, the fermented juice of the maguey plant,
a liquor resembling in appearance and flavor a mixture of hard cider and
sharp buttermilk, with an appreciable scent of putrid flesh from the fresh
hides in which it is fermented. This beverage, taken in moderation, is
reputed to be very healthy, and no Mexican laborer or operative considers
his meal complete without his portion of pulque.

524

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA.

The following table shows the average wages paid per day of twelve
hours in this country :

Occupations,

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers $ 0 40 $ 0 60 $ 0 50

Plasterers 40 60 50

Tenders 20 30 25

Plumbers 40 70 50

Assistants 20 40 25

Carpenters 1 00 1 50 1 00

OTHER TRADES.

Blacksmiths 80 120 100

Strikers (apprentices) 20 30 20

Bookbinders 50 80 70

Brickmakers 40 80 50

Brewers 30 50 40

Distillers 1 20 3 00 2 50

Drivers (boys) 20 60 25

Cab and carriage drivers 20 60 25

Laborers, porters, etc 20 50 40

Potters 40 1 00 ' 60

Printers 40 80 50

Teachers (public schools)* 30 00 60 00 40 00

Saddle and harnessmakers 50 1 20 60

Tailors 50 1 50 75

* Per month.

All wages marked in American values, the peso or dollar of Colombia

being the equivalent (less the premium of exchange) of the American

gold dollar. Premium deducted at present rates of exchange (25 per
cent) to procure the prices above.

The cost of living may be seen from the following statement made by
a mason:

Average.

I am thirty years old. I am a mason. I have a wife and six children, the oldest ten years
and the youngest one month old. I receive $1.61 per day. The average wages paid to masons is
$1.29 per day. I have work about two-thirds of the time. I begin work at 6 o'clock in the morn-
ing and quit at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, and have one hour for breakfast at 10 o'clock in the
forenoon. Supper comes after the day's work is done. My wife does not earn anything in

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 525

addition to my earnings. With general good health I can earn about $380 per year. I pay per
annum as follows:

Items.

For rent of house and grounds

For water, brought on donkeys' backs

at 10 cents a load

For clothing for self and family

For food, about

For residence tax

For doctor's bills, as per last year

Cost.

$ 72 00

29 02

77 40

116 80

3 22

12 09

Items.

For religious purposes

For repair to tools, etc

For tobacco, rum, sweets, etc
For sundries

Total

Cost.'

? 8 60

15 00

36 50

9 37

$380 00

My family and myself have coffee and corn bread. The latter is made out of corn pounded
fine, mixed with water aad salt, wrapped in a corn husk, and boiled. For breakfast we have dried
fish, plantain and yam, yuca and beans boiled together into a "sancoche" (a soup); for dessert:
melons, mangoes, bananas, or other fruits. For dinner we have a meat "sancoche." Sometimes
we have bread; always coffee, or a drink made by dissolving the native sugar in water, called
guarapo. It is difficult to save anything with my family, and the very little that is saved is by my
wife from her chickens, pigs, and goats.

VENEZUELA.

The following are the wages paid per week of sixty hours:

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

Average.

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers "\

$ 3 47

3 47
23 16

26 94
10 27

4 11

6 15

7 00

8 76
6 95
4 81

9 24

$11 58

11 58
30 11

34 63

16 42

5 36

9 24

8 40

10 15
13 90

8 65

11 55

Tenders f

$ 6 95

Tenders _,

Carpenters

6 95

27 79

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers

30 00

12 00

Strikers

4 50

Bookbinders

7 50

Brickmakers

7 75

Butchers

9 00

9 26

6 73

10 00

526

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Wages paid per week of sixty hours. — Continued.

Occupations.

other trades. — Continued.

Coopers*

Drivers on street railways

Dyers*

Engravers*

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers*

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

PriDters ^,

Teachers (public schools)

Saddle and harnessmakers

Stevedores

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills)

Chocolate factory

Shoemakers

Lowest.

Highest.

$ 6 12

$ 8 43

Average.

$ 7 00

4 63
11 58

9 26
16 21

5 79
13 90

7 00

14 42

7 70

7 20

11 58

|1 93

9 24

9 60

4 81

5 75

8 40
28 84

8 24
11 51
17 37
|1 93
11 55
11 50

7 69

6 90

7 75
19 23

8 00
7 70

14 00
tl 93
10 00
10 00

5 77

6 00

4 81
6 95

4 81
17 37

4 81
10 00

* Per job. t Per day.

As to the habits of the working classes, it may be said that they are
good enough in every respect except as to steady and faithful labor. By
nature and habit they are not industrious; nor, unless with intelligent direc-
tion, can they be trusted to accurately and promptly perform any partic-
ular service. They are really shiftless and time-serving, and lack the
persistent energy and patience that characterize our farmer and laborer.
They delight in the oft-recurring feast days peculiar to all Catholic coun-
tries, and lose no opportunity to let off rockets in honor of patron saints,
to have a dance at a baptism, and grand masquerades at the carnival sea-
son. While they have not the proper appreciation of the institution of
marriage, it is also true that they are faithful in their attachments and
happy at home. They live in the to-day, and take no thought of the duties
and responsibilities of to-morrow. The poorer classes live on plantains,
bananas, cassava, and vegetables, with a small modicum of beef or fish
daily, and are thus, in their poverty, enabled to defy famine. Their cloth-
ing, consonant with the climate, is always of coarse cotton goods, with
native straw hats, and leather sandals for the feet. With all this, however,
they are generally of remarkably temperate habits, and are quite exempt
from crime, in this respect comparing most favorably with any community
in our own country.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

527

The necessary cost of living among the laboring classes may be esti-
mated at about 30 cents per day for each individual, and the rent of a
small house to accommodate, say, a family of five persons, will amount to
perhaps $5 per month.

The chief food consumed is fresh and salt meat, fish, and plantains,
meat commanding a price of from 10 to 15 cents per pound, and plantains
being sold at an average rate of 20 cents per 100.

In general terms it may be stated that the cost of all provisions, except
sugar, rice, and coffee, is nearly, if not quite, 100 per cent dearer
than in the United States. This is made so by the enormous import duties
paid on flour, lard, meats, etc. The cost of living increases, therefore, in
the same ratio ; or, to be practically accurate, board that may be obtained
in the United States for $16 per month costs in La Guayra the sum of $28
per month. The prices of dry goods are from 33 to 40 per cent dearer
than in the United States. Rents in the city are fully as dear as in cities
of the same size in the United States, dwelling houses ranging from $5 to
$10 per month, and business houses from $20 to $60 per month.

BRAZIL.

The table below shows the average wages paid per week of sixty
hours in Rio de Janeiro.

Occupations.

BUILDING TBADES

Bricklayers

Hod-carriers

Masons

Tenders

Plasterers ,

Tenders

Slaters

Eoofers

Tenders . . . ,

Plumbers ,

Assistants ,

Carpenters ,

Gas-fitters ,

OTHEB TBADES.

Bakers

$10 30
5 67

11 61
5 67

15 48
5 67

10 32
9 03
5 67
9 03
5 67

10 32

10 32

5 16 9 001 7 74

> 8 25
4 64
6 45
4 64

12 90
4 64
8 25
8 25
4 64

8 25
4 64

9 03
9 03

Occupations.

other trades. — Continued.
BlHcksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Brewers

Butchers

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Distillers

Drivers:

Draymen and teamsters .

Cab, carriage, etc

Street railways

$15 48
5 70
5 16

8 25
10 75

3 09
10 32

9 03

4 30

7 74
3 80

15 92

2 58
2 58

8 60

$25

7

12

10

21

5

25

12

12

15

8

21

4 30
4 30
9 50

$16 77

6 45
9 03
4 64

16 00

3 87

12 90

11 61

7 50

12 90
6 45

15 92

2 58
2 58
9 50

528 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average wages paid per week of sixty hours in Rio de Janeiro. — Continued.

Occupations.

other trades.— Continued.

Dyers

Engravers

Gardeners

Hatters

Horseshoers

J ewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Potters

Printers

Teachers, public schools .

4->

CD

cp

o

43
CO

cd
J=
tj)

w

CD

to

cfl
M
CD

<

if 2 58

$15 37

if 5 37

12 90

25 80

12 90

4 30

6 45

4 30

2 58

12 90

10 32

7 74

9 80

9 00

7 74

20 64

12 90

3 87

5 67

4 84

12 90

51 60

]2 90

3 52

25 80

15 48

3 09

5 13

3 87

5 16

25 80

12 90

10 75

21 50

16 00

Occupations.

other trades.— Continued.
Saddle and harnessmakers

Sailmakers

Stevedores:

Day (12 hours)

Night (11 hours)

Tanners* (besides 2 meals

per day)

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Watchmakers

Painters

$ 3 87

10 32

7 74

11 61

2 60

3 87
6 45
5 67

10 75
5 16

m

A

6D

3

$ 6 45

20 64

9 03

12 90

4 87

13 00

15 70

11 61

32 25

25 80

$ 5 16

10 32

7 74

11 61

4 30

5 16
10 75

9 02
21 50

7 74

* Some other classes of workmen, such as drivers, saddlemakers, and tailore, get two meals a day besides the
wages stated in the columns.

The working people may be divided principally into two parts — the
native and the Portuguese elements, and the Italian element. The work-
ing people are chiefly composed of these three nationalities. The latter
are rather disorderly ; living close together in the corticos, they have ample
opportunity of quarreling, and they avail themselves of it. The former
are more quiet, as well as more industrious and thrifty. This can be said,
however, only in a comparative way, as, at best, the laborer is idle, lazy,
and shiftless, and his condition deplorably bad.

As a rule, laborers who have no family take their meals in cheap and
very plain eating-houses, termed "pasture-houses" (casa de ftasto). There,
with io to 1 6 cents, they get a breakfast or a dinner; having for break-
fast a hash or a stew with rice, mandioca flour, bread, and mate (a kind
of tea grown in the south of Brazil) or coffee; for dinner they can have
soup, black beans with dried salt meat, and mandioca flour, a hash with
rice and bananas. The married laborers bring their breakfast from home,
and only dine after the day's work is over, at home. Usually at 4:30
o'clock the day's work is finished. The chief support of the working peo-
ple is black beans, dried beef, dried codfish, small fish (such as sardines,
which can be got four for 1 cent), mandioca flour, rice, sweet potatoes,
bread, and coffee or mate. Instead of beer or wine, they take rum at
their dinner, and consider it very good for helping the digestion.

As regards clothing, the women wear usually print dresses, or else a
coarse national drill, both of which, comparatively, may be got cheap.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

529

The men generally get their clothes in second-hand shops, where they
may obtain:

Articles.

Coat, woolen or kerseymere

Waistcoat, woolen or kerseymere.
Trousers, drill or kerseymere
Shirts, cotton or linen

te.3

JfO 86

59

1 08

59

-c o
WE)

n 15

86
1 29
1 29

Articles.

Vests, cotton

Drawers, cotton or linen .

Hats, straw or felt

Boots, new

$0 22

22

86

1 51

<d a>
XI a

W

$0 51
51

2 15

3 00

The laboring classes usually live either in " estalagens " or in " corti-
ces." "Estalagen" is the name given to a number of small houses built
together, forming a square, rectangle, or sometimes even occupying the
ground floor of a respectable dwelling-house. A "cortico" is where these
houses are almost limited to one room each, and have to be reached by a
common staircase and veranda. A house in an estalagen may be rented
for from $5.16 to $8.60 a month, whilst a dwelling in a cortico does not
exceed $4.30, and may be had even for $3.44 a month. Single men who
hire only one room, pay from $2.58 to $3.44 per month.

In the following list is given the lowest and highest price of goods:

Articles.

Fresh beef per pound .

Pork do. . .

Mutton do . . .

Dried salt meat do . . .

Dried codfish do. . .

Coffee:

Ground do . . .

Grain do. . .

Tea:

Black do...

Green do. . .

Butter do . . .

Cheese do . . .

Bread do . . .

Lard:

American do. . .

National do . . .

Black beans per pint .

White beans do . . .

Indian corn do. . .

Bice do . . .

Mandioca flour do. . .

Sugar per pound .

£ a

0 a

-4J

A 0

.Sf'C

$0 07

$0 10

16

24

14

19

12

13

12

13

16

26

11

14

95

1 06

95

2 15

36

59

16

59

08

22

26

17

22

03

04

05

02

04

07

03

04

07

09

Articles.

Potatoes per pound .

Bacon do . . .

Starch do . . .

Soap do. . .

Indian-corn meal do . . .

Rice-meal do . . .

Macaroni do. . .

Tobacco do . . .

Salad oil per bottle .

Lamp oil do. . .

Kerosene per can .

Vinegar per bottle .

Beer do . . .

Wine do. . .

Cognac per bottle .

Rum (national) do. . .

Milk per quart.

Fowls each .

Chickens do. .

Eggs per dozen .

Felt hats each .

Beaver hats do . .

Straw hats do . .

to A

•3?

4J

$0 03

•$0 0&

16

22

13

16

04

13

06

10

22

25

26

43

32

51

22

26-

1 72

2 15

10

16

08

43

22

4 30

63

1 72

13

16

12

14

86

1 03

26

51

32

51

2 58

5 16

4 30

4 73

1 29

2 53

530 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Lowest and highest price of goods in Rio de Janeiro, — Continued.

Articles.

Suits:

Black cloth

Diagonal

Kerseymere

Coats:

Alpaca

Drill

Trousers:

Black cloth

Kerseymere

Drill, linen

Boots per pair. .

Shoes do ... .

Slippers do. . . .

is

c Q.

J9

60"g

$'25 80

.$38 70

21 50

30 10

21 50

30 10

2 58

5 16

2 15

4 30

4 30

8 60

3 44

7 44

1 72

2 58

1 72

7 44

2 15

6 00

43

2 15

Articles.

Wooden shoes per pair

Cotton socks per dozen

Cotton stockings do. .

Shirts do. .

Collars do . .

Cuffs do..

Drawers do . .

Umbrellas each

Shirting per yard

Print do

Satinet do . .

Merino do. .

Silk do..

Velvet do . .

$0 16
2 58

2 58
15 50

3 44

44
50
29
08
10
25
86
86
15

% 0 75

3 97

5 16
25 80

4 30
4 30

25 80

8 60

16

26

50

1 50

6 45
4 30

Considerable waste meat is sold with the parts that can be consumed.
For example, a long strip or flank accompanies a piece of sirloin, and the
round is cut lengthwise. Actually, therefore, beef is not much cheaper
at Rio than in the United States.

TURKEY IN ASIA.

The condition of the working people in Asia Minor is not one of hard-
ship or destitution. There is no suffering from poverty, and employment
of some kind can almost always be had. Their homes are not attractive,
but for eight months of the year they pass most of their time out of doors.
Their food is wholesome, but simple; their clothes scant and cheap; they
have no wish apparently to better their condition or to make provision for
old age or sickness. There are exceptions, of course, in the cities and
among the artisans, especially those of foreign birth, but the great mass
of the laboring population in the rural districts is content if present-needs
are supplied, and it takes little heed of the morrow. Physically, they will
compare favorably with workingmen of other countries; but their moral
standard is not high. They are ignorant and superstitious. Few of them
know how to read. Reference is had to all the races and sects, Moslem
Greek, Jew, and Armenian. The influences by which they are surrounded
are not calculated to elevate them in the scale of humanity or of happiness,

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 531

unless it be true that "ignorance is bliss.11 Until a government of organ-
ized oppression and robbery is succeeded by one having the welfare of
all its subjects at heart, there is little hope of the moral and material
improvement of the working classes of this country at all commensurate
with its natural advantages. Herewith is submitted a statement made by
the owner of a large farm.

The united earnings of a husband and wife, having two children depend-
ent upon them, for one year, amounts to, say, 3,000 piasters, or $122.25.

They spend as follows:

For rent of two rooms and a kitchen $26 89

For clothing 24 45

For food 45 64

Saving 25 27

In addition, they generally cultivate, after regular work hours, a small
piece of land, purchased of the government, and raise grapes for the
market, realizing quite a little sum.

Women are found in almost every department of labor, but children
are only employed at farm work, and, in the cities, in fruit packing and
valonia cleaning. Women labor in the fields as continuously as the men.
In the towns they cultivate the gardens, pack fruit, and do whitewashing
in addition to their usual avocations. The whitewashers are stout Jew-
esses. Why they have taken up this branch of work, so coarse and labori-
ous, is not known, but it is true that they have a monopoly of whitewashing.
The average wages paid to females are given in the accompanying tables.
Their hours of labor are from seven to eight per day, with rest for meals.
In the country they frequently work from nine to ten hours. They are
physically strong and healthy, and morally not lower than the same class
in other countries where women are regarded as inferior beings and
treated as beasts of burden.

The effect of the employment of women on the wages of men is not
perceptible, but taking the former from the care of the household and
placing them in the fields and at other masculine employments, is in every
way injurious. There is absolutely no education among the employed
women and their children; but while the home circle is necessarily much
broken, family ties seem to be very strong.

When the mother is absent engaged in labor, there can be no home
nor home life. The mother herself necessarily loses the attachments for
her domestic life, as well as becomes deficient in those qualities of ten-
derness which invest maternity in moulding the characters of her children.

532

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The following table shows the average wages paid per week of sixty-
six hours in Smyrna.

Occupations.

BUILDING TRADES.

Bricklayers . . .

Hod-carriers.
Masons

Tenders

Plasterers

Tenders

Slaters

Roofers

Tenders

Plumbers

Assistants.. .
Carpenters ....
Gas-fitters ....

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers

Blacksmiths

Strikers

Bookbinders

Brickmakers

Butchers

Brass-founders

Cabinetmakers

Confectioners

Cigarettemakers (girls).

Coopers

Cutlers

to

o

S

Us

H

to

IS

<!

$4 89

$4 16

1 22

2 44

1 71

3 67

4 89

4 16

1 22

2 44

1 71

3 67

4 89

4 16

1 22

2 44

1 71

3 67

4 89

4 16

3 67

4 89

4 16

1 22

2 44

1 71

3 67

9 78

4 89

2 44

3 67

2 93

2 44

6 11

4 89

3 67

12 22

6 11

1 22

2 44

1 46

2 44

12 22

6 11

1 22

4 89

2 44

1 22

7 33

3 67

1 22

4 89

2 44

2 93

4 39

3 67

4 07

12 22

6 11

3 67

12 22

4 89

2 44

4 89

3 67

1 22

1 95

1 46

4 89

7 33

6 11

1 22

2 44

1 71

Occupations.

other trades.— Continued.

Distillers

Drivers :

Draymen and teamsters

Cab and carriage

Street railway

Dyers

Engravers

Furriers ,

Gardeners ,

Hatters

Horseshoers

Jewelers

Laborers, porters, etc

Lithographers

Millwrights

Nailmakers (hand)

Potters

Printers

Teachers (public schools) .

Saddle and harnessmakers .

Sailmakers

Stevedores

Tanners

Tailors

Telegraph operators

Tinsmiths

Weavers (outside of mills) .

$1 46

~

bo

H

$2 20

4 89

4 89

4 89

4 89

9 78

7 33

3 67

6 11

3 67

9 78

2 93

9 78

6 11

3 67

4 89

4 89

12 22

3 67

6 11

6 11

2 93

4 89

6 11

4 89

2 93

$1 71

67
67
67
67
33
89
93
67
44
11
69
33
89
44
44
67
11
44
89
37
44
67
93
67
44

The habits of the working classes are unobjectionable in the main. If
regularly employed and paid, they are trustworthy and steady, although
inclined to be indolent. An average American laborer will do as much
work in one day as an Asiatic workman in two. This is due, in part at
least, to climatic influences. They are not, as a rule, frugal or saving,
being content to live in the sphere in which they were born. In the cities,
however, they display more ambition, and some of them have acquired
considerable property. Nearly all own the houses in which they live;
miserable structures, to be sure, but rent free. Even the poorest laborer
seldom marries until he has a roof to cover him, although it may not be
worth, land included, $25, and consists of only one small apartment. In
the rural districts he is a very poor laborer indeed who does not possess a
cabin and a goat or two.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 583

One of the chief causes operating against the advancement of the
laboring classes in Asia Minor is the insecurity of property, arising from
lawlessness on the one hand, and the rapacity of dishonest officials on the
other. The peasant sees his rich neighbor and employer despoiled, and
is content to remain an object too pitiful to tempt the cupidity of the
despoiler. Then there is a strong tendency, in the rural districts, to keep
to the old ways, using tools identical in pattern with those of the dark
ages, and to look with disfavor upon the march of improvement.

PALESTINE.

The population of Jerusalem is remarkable as being composed of
Mohammedans, Jews, native Christians, and Europeans. Of the 40,000
inhabitants of the city, one-fourth are Christians (including the Europeans),
one-fourth are Mohammedans, and one-half are Jews, who number not far
from 20,000 souls. The houses are built of stone, the rooms in them are
small and poorly lighted, the streets are narrow and filthy, and the people
crowd together in stifled apartments where all sanitary laws are set at
defiance.

The present city is built upon the ruins of ancient Jerusalem, or rather
upon the ruins- of many ancient cities, since the city has undergone no less
than twenty-six sieges, in several of which it has been reduced to a heap
of ruins. The Jerusalem of two thousand or three thousand years ago
lies in some places at a depth of ten feet, in other places at not less than
ninety feet, below the present surface of the ground. The Jerusalem of
to-day is poorly built, and the inhabitants are, for the most part, poor and
wretched. Formerly, there were among the natives a large number of
wealthy families, while, to-day, there are very few, their wealth having
been dissipated by the peculiar social and political circumstances of modern
times.

Nearly all the Jews of Jerusalem receive charity, while two-thirds of
them depend mainly upon these funds, which come mostly from Europe,
for their support. With many of the Jews the struggle for life — for a
daily pittance of bread — is a hard one. In spite of the large sums that are
annually distributed among the Jews of Jerusalem, it can not be shown that
their condition is thereby materially bettered year by year. On the other
hand, it would be easy to show how this so-called charity is a curse rather

534 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

than a blessing, chiefly because it puts self-reliance at a discount and fosters
idleness.

Among the Greeks (meaning those who are of the Greek religion) we
find some wealth but a great deal of poverty, and the same is true of the
Latins or Roman Catholics. The Greek and Latin convents are large
owners of property in the shape of gems, jewels, and treasures stored away
in the churches and convents, and also in houses and lands in and around
Jerusalem. Both the Greek and Latin convents give to every family in
their special communions a house free of rent. It is a common practice
for a Greek, if he owns a house, to rent it to a Mohammedan, a Jew, or a
Protestant, and get for himself a house free of rent from the convent.
Each convent has likewise a large flouring-mill and a breadmaking estab-
lishment, and they furnish bread gratis to every family twice a week. It
is not probable, from all the data that can be collected, that there are
fifty Christian families (and this number, of course, includes the native
Protestants, but does not include the Europeans J in Jerusalem who pay
house rent.

It will be seen that neither Greeks, Latins, nor Jews are self-support-
ing. Were the aid which they receive from outside to be cut off suddenly,
they would perish from starvation. Greeks, Latins, and Jews are here for
religious purposes. They wish to devote themselves to religion and mean-
time to lean on some one beside themselves for support. This state of
things is just the opposite of what it should be. The current now indicated
is so strong that the native Arabs or Mohammedans have been largely
affected by it, and they likewise find idleness more pleasurable than labor,
consequently they are consuming whatever they may have inherited from
their fathers, and they lack both the enterprise and the disposition to
accumulate anything either for themselves in their old age or for their
posterity.

The peculiar history of the capital of Palestine, and the greatness of
its ancient people, have invested both city and people with a peculiar
interest. Nothing can more readily dispel the aureola of glory with which
the mind has clothed both, than a sight of the misery, poverty, and shift -
lessness to be found there to-day. There is not a vestige of greatness to
be seen. Abject poverty and the most loathsome squalor are to be seen
on every hand. Independence and industry have no place among the peo-
ple whose pristine power and wealth challenged the admiration and
cupidity of the greatest monarchs of the world. The past seems to be
hopelessly buried beneath the debris of the toppling city.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

535

The following is a statement of the average wages paid per week of
seventy-two hours in Jerusalem :

Occupations

BUITDING TRADES.

Hod-carriers:

Jews

Natives

Masons:

Jews

Natives

Tenders, natives

Plasterers:

Jews

Natives

Tenders, natives

Carpenters,:

Jews

Natives

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers:

Jews

Natives . ,

Blacksmiths:

Jews

Natives

Bookbinders:

Jews

Natives

Butchers:

Jews

Natives

Drivers of carriages:

Jews

Natives

Dyers:

Jews

Natives

Horseshoers, native . .
Jewelers:

Jews

Natives

Porters:

Jews

Natives

Potters :

Jews

Natives

Lowest. I Highest.

$0 72
72

2 40

2 88
72

2 40

2 88

72

1 92
1 92

1 20
1 20

1 92

2 40

1 92

2 40

2 40

2 40

2 40

2 40
2 40

2 40
2 40

1 92

1 92

$0 96
1 20

2 40
2 40

40
GO

80

20

3 60
3 60

Occupations.

Lowest.

Printers :
Jews :

Natives

Teachers (public schools):

Jews

Natives

Saddlemakers:

Jews

Natives

Tanuers, native

Tailors, native

Telegraph operators, native.
Tinsmiths:

Jews

Natives

Weavers (outside mills), native
Barbers:

Jews

Natives

Boatmen, native

Cooks, native

Dragomans, native

Kawasses, native

Oilmakers:

Jews

Natives

Pearl-workers, native

Shoemakers:

Jews

Natives

Stone-cutters:

Jews

Natives

Waiters, native

Whitewashers:

Jews

Natives

Farm laborers:

Jews

Natives

Postoffice clerks, native

Police, natives

Shop hands or clerks:

Jews ;

Natives

$1 44
1 92

1 92

1 92

2 40
1 44
1 50

1 44
1 44
1 92

1 20
1 20

1 20
9 00

12 00

2 00

Highest.

1 44

2 40
6 00

40
40

20

44
50

75

50
50

%2 40
3 60

80
80

3 60
3 60

3 60

4 80
15 00

4 80
4 80
2 88

1 92

2 40
4 80

30 00

20 00

4 50

3 60
3 60
3 60

3 60

3 60

1 92

4 32
12 00

3 60

3 60

2 40

4 80

7 40
10 00

5 00
10 00

Daily expense of living of a laboring man who receives 40 cents a day,
or $2.40 per week: Bread, 10 cents; olive oil, 2 cents; vegetables, 2 cents;
olives or cheese, 2 cents; total, 16 cents.

536 LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Daily expense of living for a family of five persons — a man, his wife,
and three children — where the man earns 40 cents a day, or $2.40 per
week: Bread, 16 cents; oil, 4 cents; lentils, 8 cents; vegetables, 8 cents;
charcoal, 4 cents; total, 40 cents.

Daily expense of living for a common farm laborer who receives 24
cents a day, or $ 1 .44 per week : Bread 8 cents ; oil or olives, 4 cents ; onions,
2 cents; total, 14 cents.

Daily expense of living for the family of a common farm laborer, con-
sisting of himself, his wife, and two children, who receives 24 cents a day,
or $1.44 per week: Bread, 16 cents; oil or olives, 8 cents; onions, 4 cents;
total, 28 cents.

Daily expense of living of a laboring man, if he is a Jew, who receives
40 cents a day, or $2.40 per week: Bread, 5 cents; vegetables, 6 cents;
coffee, sugar, tea, salt, and pepper, 6 cents; total, 17 cents.

The daily expense of living for a Jewish family of five persons — a man,
his wife, and three children — where the man receives 40 cents a day, or
$2.40 per week, would be 40 cents a day, or $2.80 per week, solely for
food; and for their yearly expenses they would require: For food,
$145.60; for rent, $22.00; for clothing, $25.00; total, $192.60.

In case of a common farm laborer, his wife and children (if the latter
are old enough), labor in the field as well as himself.

While the figures show what a common Jewish family requires yearly
for their support, it should be said that very few families have that amount
to spend. Probably they do not have even $100.00 for their entire
expenses per annum.

In regard to all these classes, so far as food is concerned, they must
live on less than they earn, else they could not pay for rent and clothing
in the towns, or provide farm implements and clothing for themselves on
a farm.

As to the laborer who receives 40 cents a day and spends, according
to our reckoning, 16 cents a day for food, it will be asked if he does not
lay up something; it is almost certain that he lays up nothing, or at best
but ver}7 little. We must remember that he has work but about half or
two-thirds of the time. This reduces the surplus to nothing, especially
where they have no habits of economy, and never think of laying up any-
thing for the future.

These people have the habit of spending all they get, whether it be lit-
tle or much. If they receive large wages, they consume them all; and if
they receive next to nothing, they manage to live on that.

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 537

Those who receive larger wages than those indicated above, are able
to live slightly better, but only slightly, after all. They are able to add
rice to the variety of their food, and also meat once a week, or, it may be
three times in a fortnight. The staple articles of food of all the laboring
classes, and of the large majority of the inhabitants of the country, are
bread, oil or olives, leben or cheese, rice, and vegetables. Under the head
of vegetables, they have onions, garlic, watermelons, two kinds of cucum-
bers, kusa, egg-plant, and grapes.

AUSTRALASIA.

This hasbeen styled the "workingman's paradise," and not without rea-
son, if it is compared in this respect either with Great Britain or any other
country in Europe. Much interesting information relating to the general
condition of the laboring and artisan classes in the colony has been elicited
by the royal commission on the tariff and the employes in shops commis-
sion, which goes to show that the hours of labor are shorter, and the
rates of remuneration, on the average, higher in Victoria than they are
in England or any other country of the Old World. With a propitious
climate and a fruitful soil, with eight hours as the recognized working
day, and with high wages for almost every description of labor, there is
probably no country in the world, if we except the United States, that
offers greater attractions to the workingman than Victoria.

Probably there is no country in the world in which the condition of
the workingman is more favorable than it is in the colony of Victoria.
The climate is such that those who pursue out-of-door occupations do not,
probably, on an average, lose more than ten days in the year, and then it
is owing to heavy rains. In the winter months the thermometer rarely
falls below 320 Fahrenheit; when it does, it is after night-fall, and it will
probably register 700 in the sun at noon. The heat of the summer months
is dry and stimulating, and not an enervating and oppressive heat. The
eight-hour system, with the Saturday half-holiday, is the prevalent one.
For eight months in the year a householder requires no fuel except to
cook with, and his outlay for clothing is, of course, very much less than it
is in countries subject to a severer climate.

Numbers of the artisan classes occupy neat, suburban cottages, con-
taining from four to six rooms, each surrounded by a small garden plat,
where the laboring man may sit, in no figurative sense, under his own vine
-and fig tree.

538

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

The skilled laborer lives generously, and has a substantial meal, with
meat three times a day. The state supplies his children with education
gratuitously; public libraries and free reading rooms furnish him with the
means of instruction and intellectual improvement; public parks are pro-
vided for his recreation, while a large annual expenditure by the govern-
ment on railways and other public works, maintains wages at an unnatu-
rally high level, and as manhood is the sole qualification for the suffrage,
and he belongs to a class which has a numerical majority, he and his fel-
low workmen are masters of the political situation.

A skilled artisan earning $15 a week for forty-eight hours' labor, can
save $10 a week out of it without den}-ing himself any of the necessaries
of life. This is assuming that he is a single man. And it may be said of
those who are married to good domestic managers, and are sober and
thrifty themselves, that they can lay up at least $100 a year. All the
necessaries of life are comparatively cheap, with the exception of those
articles of wearing apparel, furniture, working implements, etc., the cost
of which is enhanced by protective duties.

On the whole, the moral and physical condition of the people is sound
and healthy. In a bright and exhilarating climate, with free access to
libraries and museums, and, with a great fondness for public holidays and
out-of-door sports and enjoyments, the influences surrounding the popula-
tion of Victoria are of a cheerful and beneficial character.

The following is a statement of the wages paid to the general trades
in Melbourne:

Occupations.

building trades.
Bricklayers per day

Hod-carriers do . .

Masons do . . ,

Tenders do . . ,

Plasterers do . . ,

Tenders do . . .

Slaters do . . .

Plumbers per week .

Carpenters per day .

Gas-fitters per week .

Painters and glaziers per day .

OTHER TRADES.

Bakers per week .

Blacksmiths per day .

Bookbinders per week .

Brickmakers per 1,000 .

Butchers per week.

Lowest. Highest.

Average.

$ 2 43

14 60
2 43

14 GO
2 19

6 08
2 43
9 73
4 38
9 73

2 92

1 70

2 92

1 94

2 92
1 94

17 03

2 92

17 03

2 43

14 60

3 40
14 60

4 87
12 16

67
64
67
82
55
82
92

15 80
2 55

15 80
2 31

7 30
2 92

10 94
4 50

10 94

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING. 539

Statement of the wages paid to the general trades in Melbourne. — Continued.

Occupations.

other trades.— Continued.

Brass-founders per day

Cabinetmakers per week

Confectioners do . .

Cigarmakers per 1,000

Coopers per week

Distillers do. .

Draymen and teamsters do. .

Engravers do . .

Jewelers do . .

Laborers, porters, etc per day

Lithographers per week

Maltsters do. .

Navvies per day

Polishers per week

Quarrymen per day

Saddle and harnessmakers per week

Stevedores per day

Stone-breakers per cubic yard

Tanners and curriers per week

Tailors do . .

Tinsmiths do . .

Upholsterers do . .

Lowest.

Highest.

$ 1 94

$ 2 92

10 94

19 47

3 65

17 03

10 94

14 60

7 30

14 60

9 73

14 60

7 30

48 67

13 38

38 93

1 70

1 94

12 16

18 25

10 94

14 60

1 46

1 70

9 73

14 60

1 94

2 92

9 73

14 60

2 43

2 92

36

85

8 76

14 60

12 16

14 60

9 73

14 60

12 16

19 47

Average.

$ 2 31

14 60

9 73

7 30

12 16

9 73

10 94
21 90
19 47

1 82
14 60

11 55

1 58
10 94

2 19

12 16
2 55

60
10 94

12 81

13 38

14 60

The following shows the average wages paid to agricultural laborers
and household (country) servants in Victoria, Australia:

Occupations.

FABM.

Plowmen per week, and found

Laborers and milkmen do . .

Cheesemakers do . .

Eeapers per acre, and found

Mowers do . .

Threshers per bushel, and found

Cooks, male per annum, and found

Dairy -maids do . .

Cooks, female do . .

General servants do . .

Married couples do . .

Hop-pickers per bushel

Maize-pickers per bag

station.

Boundary riders per annum, with rations

Shepherds do . .

Stockmen do . .

Hut-keepers do . .

Cooks, male . do . .

Laborers per week, with rations

Lowest.

Highest.

$ 4 87

$ 6 08

3 65

4 87

6 08

9 73

2 43

3 65

85

1 46

10

14

243 33

292 00

146 00

170 33

146 00

243 33

146 00

170 33

292 00

428 00

7

9

194 66

292 00

175 19

253 00

292 00

365 00

126 53

194 66

243 33

292 00

3 65

4 87

Average.

34

13

30

92

21

13

253 00

156 00

194 70

156 00

389 32

8

12

253 00
194 66
340 65
146 00
253 00
4 13

540

LABOR, WAGES, AND LIVING.

Average wages paid to agricultural laborers and household {country) servants in Victoria,

Australia. — Continued.

Occupations.

Lowest.

Highest.

if 6 08

if 9 73

3 G5

6 08

2 92

3 65

146 00

243 33

97 33

194 66

292 00

438 00

Average.

station.— Continued.

Drovers per week, with rations . . ? 6 08 $ 9 73 if 8 50

Sheep-washers do.. 3 65 6 08 5 10

Shearers per 100. . 2 92 3 65 3 40

Cooks, female per annum, and found . . 146 00 243 33 219 00

General servants..: do.... 97 33 194 66 170 33

Married couples per annum, with rations . . 292 00 438 00 389 32

The cost of living among the laboring classes, other than those on
farms, is such as to enable them in most cases to approximate the condi-
tion of the better classes of laborers in the American cities. The farming-
classes are able, generally, to supply their tables well from the direct
results of their labor. Some idea of the cost of food may be had from
the table given below, embracing a range from the manufacturing and
agricultural city and district of Auckland to the almost purely agricult-
ural district of Marlborough, which includes no town of importance:

Articles.

Meat:

Beef per pound

Mutton do..

Pork do . .

Wheat per bushel

Flour per 100 pounds

Sugar per pound

Tea do..

Coffee do . .

Rice do . .

Salt do . .

Milk per quart

Butter:

Fresh per pound

Salt do . .

Cheese:

Colonial do . .

Imported do . .

Beer, colonial per hogshead

Bottled beer, English per dozen quarts

Brandy per gallon

Auck-
land.

Canter-
bury.

Otago.

Nelson.

if 0 11

if 0 09

$ 0 10

$ 0 12

07

08

08

08

10

11

13

12

1 15

88

99

1 09

3 04

2 67

2 79

4 01

09

08

10

11

52

57

66

60

36

46

39

44

06

06

07

08

02

02

03

02

10

08

09

12

26

24

24

26

24

18

23

20

16

22

20

16

24

36

31

56

22 62

25 33

24 33

24 33

3 16

4 38

3 40

3 89

5 57

5 69

5 73

5 69

Marl-
boiough.

$ 0 12
08
12
1 21
3 16
10
73
48
08
02
06

16

12

20

48

24 33

3 40

5 73

The above table is compiled from the New Zealand government sta-
tistics for the year ending December 31, 1883. There has been, since then,
a slight decline in some of the articles, and a slight increase in others; but,
upon the whole, the prices here given may be regarded as a fair average
of the year 1886.

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

It has been often and fitly said that " modern sanitary science owes its
existence to the registration of deaths and their causes, and the localiza-
tion thereby of unsanitary conditions." By this means, properly applied,
the sanitary authorities are also promptly informed of the existence of dis-
eases, whose prevalence may be arrested by the prompt and efficient ap-
plication of sanitary measures, thus permitting the realization of the most
beneficent results in the saving of human lives and in averting losses of
the productive energies of a people. These results are realized on a large
scale under the admirable system of registration which is organized in
Great Britain, in which country not only the registration of births, mar-
riages and deaths is made public in weekly, quarterly, and annual re-
ports, but also the taking of the census is intrusted to the registering
authorities.

In this country no attempt is made by the general government to col-
lect vital statistics, except once in ten years, in connection with the taking
of the decennial census, and even, for that one year in ten, the results have
been m the highest degree unsatisfactory and misleading. It is stated by
General Walker, in the Report of the Census of 1870, that —

"At no one of the three censuses taken under the Act of May 23, 1850,,
has the aggregate number of deaths returned by the assistant marshals
risen above two-thirds of the number of deaths probably occurring during
the year of enumeration, as that number is deduced from the experience
of other countries, from the experience of sections of our own country
having an established system of registration, and from the ascertained law
of national increase."

Vital statistics, in the widest sense of the term, includes the records of
all circumstances affecting the production or duration of human life, cor-
responding almost precisely with the term " demographie," as used by
Guillard and other modern French writers. It includes records of the
population living at a given period, such as are obtained by the census;
and also a record of the changes taking place in this population by births,,
marriages and deaths, such as is obtained by registration. In almost all
countries the census of the population and the system of registration,,
although depending upon each other for much of their interest and value,
are, nevertheless, kept separate as a matter of administration, and are ob-

(541)

542 DISEASES AND DEATHS.

tained by entirely different methods. It is only where there is no system
of registration, as in the United States taken as a nation, that an attempt
is made to obtain through the machinery of the census the data which
should be derived from current records. But while the results thus
obtained are certainly better than none at all, they are extremely imper-
fect, and lead to serious errors on the part of those who attempt to use
them without bearing constantly in mind their incompleteness and liability
to mistakes.

The registration of vital statistics properly includes the obtaining of
records of births, marriages, deaths, and disease. The comparison of
these records with each other, and with those of the living population,
form vital statistics proper, and the conclusions drawn from such compar-
isons form the science of demography or demology.

There are four principal objects for a systematic registration of births,
marriages and deaths on the part of a community.

The first is for legal purposes, being intended to identify individuals
in their relations to their families and to the community, and its utility
and desirability rest upon substantially the same grounds as those of the
recording of titles of property.

The remark of Dr. Snow, made twenty years ago, that it would prob-
ably be impossible for a large portion of the middle-aged men and women
in the United States to prove that their parents were ever married, and
that they have any legitimate right to the name they bear, no doubt still
holds good to a great extent.

The second purpose is for the prevention and detection of crime.

The third object, so far at least as births and deaths are concerned, is
to furnish data for sanitary purposes, that is, to give warning of the undue
increase of disease or death presumed to be due to preventable causes,
and also to indicate the localities in which sanitary effort is most desirable
and most likely to be of use.

The fourth object is to collect data for scientific purposes as bearing
on the laws of human development. It will be seen that the character
of the information required differs somewhat for the several objects.
For legal purposes the main object is the identification of the individual,
the verification of the fact of birth or death, and the ascertaining that the
death is due to what are commonly called natural causes. For scientific
and sanitary purposes the identification of the individual is of minor
importance, as it is required only for the purpose of preventing duplication
of the records.

Diagram showing the proportion of deaths under lyear of age per 100 deaths of all ages,

in different countries.

Per 100

H W

=0

Tj*

ift

ok-

c:

v.

-

-

22

3

S

s

s

£

-/?

2§:

3S

?5

3

0 1-

i?

r ?■?

3

88

m

CC <

?§5

1

3 3:};?3<d

Saxony

England it Wales

Italy

.

Boumania

Rheumatism..

Proportion of Attacks among the troops in the different quarters of the Globe.

110

Madras

(Europeans).

'New Brunswick
Jova Scotia

10

Europe

Asia

Africa

United States

Canada

West Indies

Consumption.

Proportion of deaths in the different quarters of the Globe.

Jamaica

(Whiten)

Gibraltar

Madras

( Table Lands )

Asia Africa

Europe.

United. States

Canada

West Indies

Diagram showing the proportion of deaths from 1 to 5 gears of age per 100 deaths of all ages,,

in different countries .

Per 100

1

2

3

1

5

fi

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

30

21

'J,'

23

24

25

2(j

27

28

29

3U

Spain

European Russia 1

^L

Italy

Croatia it Slavonial

Bourn ania

Finland

Scotland

Greece

England it Wales |

United States |

Austria

Prussia

Saxony

Thuringia

Holland

Sweden

1

Belgium

Baden

Norway

Denmark

Alsace & Lorraine 1

Wurtemburg

Ireland

Bavaria

Switzerland

France

DISEASES AND DEATHS. 543

The total number of deaths recorded and tabulated as occurring in
the United States during the year 1880, is 756,893. being a death-rate of
1 5. 1 to the thousand. This death-rate is decidedly higher than that given
in i860, viz., 12.5, and of 1870, viz., 12.08 per thousand, but this does not
indicate any actual increase in the number of deaths as compared with
the living population. It shows, rather, that the efforts made in the
census of 1880 to obtain more complete returns of deaths than had been
collected in previous enumerations have been to some extent successful.

The actual mortality, after allowing for all errors and deficiencies, for
the year 1880, was not less than 17 or greater than 19 per thousand.
This rate compares favorably with that of all other civilized countries.
The death-rate in the rural population of England, comprising ten and
one-half millions of people, in the year 1880, was 18.5 per thousand. For
the whole of England, for the same year, it was 20.5 per thousand. For
Scotland, in 1878, it was 21.03 Per thousand; in the mainland rural group
of Scotland for the same period it was 17.3 per thousand.

The most valuable information furnished by the census of 1880 in
regard to the health of the country is derived from those tables which
show the relations of various causes of death to sex, age, and locality,
since the conclusions which may be drawn from these are comparatively
slightly affected by the deficiencies above referred to.

COLOR.

In a population of 43,402,970 whites, there are recorded 640,191 deaths,
giving a death-rate of 14.74 per thousand. In a population of 6,752,813
colored, there are recorded 116,702 deaths, giving a death-rate of 17.28
per thousand. Taking those states east of the Mississippi river which
have the largest colored population, viz., Alabama, District of Columbia,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North and South
Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Louisiana (including that part west of
the river), we find that the total white population is 8,053,962, and the
number of deaths recorded is 1 13,1 10, giving a death-rate of 14.04 per
thousand. The colored population in the same states is 5,303,267, and the
number of deaths among these is reported at 91,328, giving a death-rate
of 17.22 per thousand. It is in this section of country that the deficien-
cies in the enumerators' returns of deaths are probably the greatest, and
they are also probably greater among the colored than among the white
population. The difference in mortality between the white and colored is
especially well marked in the southern states, and is largely due to the
relatively great number of deaths among infants in the colored population.

544 DISEASES AND DEATHS.

SEX.

Ot the total number of deaths reported, 391,960 were of males and
364,933 were of females, the total living population being 25,518,820 males
and 24,636,963 females. For every thousand deaths of females, there
were 1,074 of males. These figures give a male death-rate of 15.35 Per
thousand, and a female death-rate of 14.81 per thousand. It should be
borne in mind, however, that the proportion of female to male deaths is
somewhat greater than these figures would indicate.

AGE.

Of the 390,644 deaths of males in which the ages are recorded, 96,894
occurred under one year of age and 163,880 under five }"ears of age. Of
the 363,874 deaths of females of which the ages are recorded, 78,372 were
under one year of age and 138,926 under five years of age. The propor-
tion of deaths of males under one year of age to all deaths recorded was
248.03 per thousand; of those under five years of age, 419.51 per thou-
sand. The proportion of deaths of females under one year of age to those
of all ages recorded was 215.38 per thousand; of those under live years
of age, 381.85 per thousand. The proportion to all deaths of which the
ages are recorded of deaths of persons from five to fifteen years of age
was 87.57 Per thousand; from fifteen to sixty years of age, 299.66 per
thousand, and over sixty years of age, 172.40 per thousand.

CAUSES.

Of the total number of deaths, the causes of death were either not
reported at all, or were so reported as to be necessarily classed as un-
known in 23,053 cases, leaving a total of 733,840 cases of death in which
the causes are distinguished. It is believed that the causes of death have
been obtained much more accurately than in any preceding census, owing
to the very general aid and co-operation of the physicians of the country
in revising and correcting the enumerators' returns with reference to this
point. To illustrate some points brought out in the tabulations which
have been made, the following figures are given with regard to a few
special causes of death.

DIPHTHERIA.

The number of cases of deaths reported as due to diphtheria is:
Males, 18,849; females, 19,549; total, 38,398; giving a proportion of
52.32 per thousand of all deaths in which the causes are reported. The
total number of deaths from diphtheria, under one year of age, was 2,896;
under five years of age, 20,035; between five and fifteen years of age,
16,162.

DIAGRAM SHOWING FOR WHITES, COLORED. AND INDIANS. T

Total

Number
Per.
1,000

death*.

3

3
a

o o?

3 °

o
"A

3

CD

Accidents
Injuries.

1 A

o

O CC

3 -B

to
R

3
3

i

Other Diseases of

Respiratory

System.

3
9
3

D

3

sou
200

280

870

200

250

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

B0

80

70

(JO

50

40

30

20

10

FSSsJIIIIIII

HI

■

HI

^^lllllll

1

i

__

*^l

~\

§t^

m

]§il

[

^

;

^^j|! i |j

^

:: .1

Wk

. L . .

KM

^

=§|SS

^

^

. 4

. [

1

;. I

...

" "

m

..4

—

■dill

^

m

o:. .

IAhKI

zr:z:

HfeScs

■K$$*§ i

^^

ff'

■

Hill

mill

■1

. 4

mum

mum

IH

-,

~

. p

HI

mum

llllllll!

II

!

mum

i^iim

5§n

in

§

... L

i

j

.....

^^

,,,;.]

'ill

§?

i

—
—

i!:i.i

—

...

§

1

*l

S

- Ill

§§§§111111111 ^illlllllll §§^11111111!

_^

s

1 HSSSSJr1 1 ' ' '■HRSsssll 1 1 III

ilium

§m

§

1 .111

^iiiiiiiiii senium i ^uihiiii ss?$

iiiiiiii

^s

■Ji

s*

^B

TION OF DEATHS FROM SPECIFIED DISEASES IN 1,000 DEATHS.

3 £

T. O

"3 ti

U

O
>

C3

Eh

•a
3

3

03

O
l/i

0

5

0

>

yi
3

3
3

H
•3

u

a

cS
O

0

3

0

w

0 CC

p

■A

s °

h 0

° 1

W CjD

5 0

Total

Number
Per
1,000

deaths.

.1, ii

290
880
270
3G0

250
240
230
820
210
200
190
180
170
100
150
140
130

120
110

100
90

80
70
00
50
40
30
20
10

■*■■ ~"

■ ■

■■

Hill ^111

H ■

n M

Illl

^llllll §§§§
^IIIIIIIII ^

iiiiiiiii

■ ■

H

llll

H ■

11

Illl

^IIIIIIIII ^IIIIIIIII ^

IIIIIIIII

' T

1

llll

IIIIIIIII

.,,,1

^

nun m§

IE:

Copyrighted 1383 by Yaggy & We

DIAGRAM SHOWING FOR WHITES, COLORED. AND INDIANS, T

Total

Number
Per.

1,000

deaths.

w

a

O

o

sa

"3 cq

i §

3

3

72

<j i-t

C3

5 5

o

o m

3 s

5

3
o

"3

to

o

0)

| g |

3 » £
3 5 m

o

3

3
Eh
5

O

3

aoo

3.(0

280

370

300

250

310

330

330

310

300

100

ISO

170

160

150

110

130

130

110

100

'JO

80

70

00

50

40

30

20

10

1

Limnr

—

1

Jl

iiiiii'i

H

j.

—

Miff

_j

~~~~~j

I

- 1

-■ f

J§

^

minimi
mum

E

■K$SI

tz

■■

■^1

n

^i

i

t:

- --

H

H
— i

-1

§^i

LZ

WIPI

.^—

■H

—

.

-1

pi

—

P5

i1!1

I ~

—

Li

1

llllllll
llllllll

1,:„

—

■

llllllll!

•^

mm

HUH HI

■m

i

_

~-4-

llllllll

^jiiiiiii

^■«s$

L__

_

H

llllllll

milium s

urn hi

us

llllllll

milium $

mini

;>^^m' '

ISSSSI I1 I^BSSSs II III i

tmm

i

llllllll SSS$

S^HIIIM .^llllllll! ^Illllllll milium %

-

8

^==

DIAGRAM SHOWING FOR WHITES. COLORED. AND INDIANS, THE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FROM SPECIFIED DISEASES IN 1,000 DEATHS.

Total
Number

Per.

1,000
deaths.

6

•r 3

3

1 s

a o

o £

S

&4

l

3 '3, £

j !«

3 K

3

ti

3 ^

H

8
w

3
>

o

3
p

c
o

1

£

s s

c

e

I °

& o
3 o

Total

Number

Per

1,000

deaths.

200
280
270
200
. 230
240
230
220
210
200
100
ISO
170
100
150
140
130
120
110
100
00
80

00
50
40
30
21)
10

200

280

270
200
250
210
230
220
210
200
100

180
170
100
150
110
130
120
110
100
00

so

70
00
50
10
30
20
10

■

...

-

^~

.__

_ -..•■_

H

%

lyiiiii

pun | ■

1

^
5

-J^UH

llilllli

«■

;

1
H

■
pi

Mill
III III

-..^

nun

nun
iii ui

--

in ii!

LIU

^

it

■:

P ''

—

—

—

!i!"ill
,1,1111

111!

imm

mini

iiiiiii
mini
iiii'ii

:

hi
1

I]

. -

IIIIIII! &■

llilllli §§§§■
llilllli !§§■
llilllli «■

lilliijj SSJSS^

=

HI
11

.

•

Vlllll

mini

iiiiiii
mini
mmi

■

Bllll!

iiiiiii

m
iii

llilllli

liiiiiii

iiiiiii!

__

BsSSSS

..._.

■

li

■

— f—

mini

mini

in

iiiiiii!

l!IIIH

ng

Bii H

a m

■__

1

->.,-

mini

llilllli

lllilll

in

;

■

■ ii

~f. ■

tun

■ ip

ttl^W':™

J

f

BlTil

mini

mum

mmi

in

iiiimi

llilllli

iiiimi

— 1

mini i^inm ^ — , iiiiiiii

mm

'"]|

-

Ijg-jlj

■■■

1 Whitc'

m Colored.

_^

=g

_^

M Indi

ilia.

DIAGRAM; SHOWINGTHE PROPORTION OF DEA1

{ Compiled fr

Contagious Diseases.

Constitutional Dlseas

es. Dis. of the Nervous System.

Dis. of Respiratory System.

Dis.

15

1
25

35 45 55 15

1 1 1 1
25 35 45 55

15

1
25

k 45

1
55

15

25

1
35

1
15

1
>5

15 35

390

330

310

270

200

250

240

f

230

220

200

190

1

1

Z 1

n i

n I

■ II

M II II H

|| | |

HI

ii i

■ nil

II II II II

CO -
50 -

40 -

1

1

II

1

20 -

1

1 1

1

10

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

E DIFFERENT DISEASES AND AT DIFFERENT AGES-
5,1860,1870 & 18801

tern.

Dis. of Genito Urinary. Diseases o

f the Skin. Poisons . Violent Dis.

& Deaths.

1
55

1
15 25 35 4

5 a

1 l

5 15 25 35

45 55 15 S

5

I 1
35 -15

1 1 1
>5 15 *j oo

45 55

300

380 i(

370

360

350

330

'810

j

•

Bfl

-^m IS iso

1 ■ ™

■ ■ ■

II

II ii ii

: : 9

■i n ii

J

M

ini

■i ii n

■

m

■

■1 II II II II

ii ii mm

1

Bill

[.

1 1

III]

■Jt"

II

1

1 1

I

1 1

Sail

t»

1 II 1

1 1

| m_

II

■1

II

1 a 1 1

ifc«

Copyrighted

'n 7385 6iy faggs A West.

DIAGRAM; SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF DEATHS BY THE DIFFERENT DISEASES AND AT DIFFERENT AGES.

(Cbrnpilcdfrom Olii«t>/ 1850,1800,1870 &18801

Contagious Dlseas

;s. Constitutional D

seascs. Dis. 01' the Nervous System.

Dis. of Respiratory System.

Dis.or Dlsllive system. Dis, ofGcnito Urinary.

Mseasesol tlic Skin.

Poisons .

Violent Dis. A- Deaths.

15

1 1 1

25 35 Jo

1

55 15 2

1
) 35 45

55 15 25

5 1

L J

15 25 35

15 k

15

a 35 { ?> :

1 I

15 25 35 4

1

3 J

5 15 ;.

1
5 35 4

5 55

1
15 25

Jo 15 55

15

1 1 1

25 35 45

1
55

'

!

3ao

oUU

,

310 "

)'

•

280

!>50

240

t

1

- 150

1- - 140

"- "

\

M

JJH

_

■

1

■

■

l

I

■

■

l

l

1

■

■

H 10

- .IJ

1

1

■

CowrfahUdm 133,

by Y-Ojjij & Wei

DISEASES AND DEATHS. 545

ENTERIC FEVER.

The total number of deaths from enteric (typhoid) fever reported is:
Males, 11,852; females, 11,053; total, 22,905; being in the proportion of
31.21 per thousand of all deaths having reported causes. The total num-
ber of deaths from this disease under one year of age was 654; under five
years, 2,707; from five to fifteen years, 3,952; from fifteen to sixty years,
13,945; over sixty years of age, 2,248. Careful statistics show that
neither diphtheria nor enteric fever are especially diseases of the large
cities. They appear to be more prevalent in the small towns and rural
districts which have no general water supply or systems of sewerage, but
obtain their water from springs and wells and observe the usual custom
of storing excreta in cesspools or vaults.

MALARIAL FEVERS.

The total number of deaths reported as due to malarial fevers is:
Males, 10,276; females, 9,985; total, 20,261 ; giving a proportion of 27.61
per thousand of all deaths from reported causes. The total number of
deaths from these fevers under one year of age was 2,002; under five
years, 6,182; from five to fifteen years, 3,482; from fifteen to sixty years,
7,909; sixty years and over, 2,623.

CONSUMPTION.

This is the cause of death to which the greatest number of cases are
referred in the records, there being reported 40,619 males and 50,932
females as dying of this disease, giving a proportion of 124.75 Per thous-
and of all deaths having reported causes, or a little over 12 per cent. It
will be seen from the tables that in the north Atlantic and lake regions
the mortality from consumption is highest in the small towns and rural dis-
tricts, while on the Gulf coast the mortality is greatest in the city of New
Orleans, in which it is higher than in the northern cities. This is proba-
bly due to the fact that New Orleans is not sewered or drained as are the
northern cities and has the soil water very near the surface.

The total number of deaths reported as due to accidents and injuries
is 35,932, divided as follows: Burns and scalds, 4,786; drowned, 4,320;
exposure and neglect, 1,299; gunshot wounds, 2,289; homicide, 1,336;
infanticide, 40; injuries by machinery, 120; railroad accidents, 2,349;
suffocation, 2,339; suicide by shooting, 472 ; suicide by drowning, 155;
suicide by poison, 340; other suicides, 1,550; sunstroke, 557; other acci-
dents and injuries, 13,980.

546 DISEASES AND DEATHS.

Of the total number of deaths reported, 391,960 were males and
364,933 females, being in the proportion of 931 females to each one
thousand males. In the aggregate living population at the end of 1880
there were 25,518,820 males and 24,636,963 females, or 965.4 females to
each one thousand males. These figures give a male death-rate of 15.35
and a female death-rate of 14.81 per one thousand. The proportion of
female to male deaths is probably somewhat greater than these figures
would indicate, the deficiency in the returns of deaths of females being
somewhat greater than for the males. In England and Wales, during
the year 1880, in 528,624 deaths, the proportions were 933 females to
each one thousand males.

Of 114,930 deaths reported among the colored population, 56,972
were males and 57,958 females, being in the proportion of 1,017 females
to each one thousand males. In the colored living population at the end
of the }rear there were 1,022 females to each one thousand males. Accord-
ing to these figures the mortality was proportionally somewhat greater in
colored than in white females.

DISEASES AND DEATHS. 547

Deaths, with distinction of sex, at two decades, in the several states and territories.

1880.

1870.

States and Ter-

Popula-

DEATHS.

±30 o

Popula-
tion.

DEATHS.

o .
28 a,

-°° o

ritories.

ce^ ft

Total.

Males.

Females.

Total.

Males.

Females.

United States .

50,155,783

756,893

391,960

364,933

15.09

38,558,371

492,263

260,673

231,590

12.77

Alabama

1,262,505

17,929

8,842

9,087

14.20

996,992

10,771

5,637

5,134

10.80

40,440

291

207

84

7.20

9,658

252

168

84

26.09

802,525

14,812

7,741

7,071

18.46

484,471

6,119

3,202

2.917

12.63

California

864,694

11,530

7,395

4,135

13.33

560,247

9,025

5,687

3,338

16.11

194,327

2,547

1,610

937

13.11

39,864

375

232

143

9.41

Connecticut . . .

622,700

9,179

4,629

4,550

14.74

537,454

6,796

3,550

3,246

12.64

135,177

1,304

743

561

9.65

14,181

101

69

32

7.12

146,608

2,212

1,113

1,099

15.09

125,015

1,561

827

734

12.49

Dist. Columbia .

177,624

4,192

2,110

2,082

23.60

131,700

2,015

1,065

950

15.30

Florida

269,493

3,159

1,619

1,540

11.72

187,748

2,264

1,225

1,039

12.06

1,542,180

21,549

10,782

10,767

13.97

1,184,109

13,606

6,990

6,616

11.49

32,610
3,077,871

323

45,017

201
23,698

122
21,319

9.90
14.63

14,999
2,539,891

50
33,672

39

18,141

11

15,531

3.33

Illinois

13.26

Indiana

1,978,301

31,213

15,971

15,242

15.78

1,680,637

17,661

9,208

8,453

10.51

Iowa

1,624,615

19,377

10,187

9,190

11.93

1,194,020

9,597

5,117

4,480

8.04

Kansas

996,096

15,160

7,921

7,239

15.22

364,399

4,546

2,433

2,113

12.48

1,648,690

23,718

11,947

11,771

14.39

1,321,011

14,345

7,394

6,951

10.86

939,946

14,514

7,839

6,675

15.44

726,915

14,499

8,212

6,287

19.95

Maine

648,936

9,523

4,722

4,801

14.67

626,915

7,728

3,993

3,735

12.33

934,943

16,919

8,618

8,301

18.10

780,894

9,740

5,085

4,655

12.47

Massachusetts .

1,783,085

33,149

16,416

16,733

18.59

1,457,351

25,859

12,894

12,965

17.74

Michigan

1,636,937

19,743

10,407

9,336

12.06

1,184,059

11,181

5,771

5,410

9.44

Minnesota

780,773

9,037

4,869

4,168

11.57

439,706

3,526

1,949

l,57r<

8.02

Mississippi ....

1,131,597

14,583

7,527

7,056

12.89

827,922

9,172

4,788

4,384

11.08

2,168,380

36,615

19,237

17,378

16.89

1,721,295

27,982

15,762

12,220

16.26

39,159

336

225

111

8.58

20,595

185

137

48

8.98

452,402

5,930

3,112

2,818

13.11

122,993

1,000

545

455

8.13

62,266

728

535

193

11.69

42,491

615

423

192

14.47

New Hampshire

346,991

5,584

2,769

2,815

16.09

318,300

4,291

2,092

2,199

13.48

New Jersey ....

1,131,116

18,474

9,524

8,950

16.33

906,096

10,586

5,716

4,870

11.68

New Mexico . . .

119.565

2,436

1,347

1,089

20.37

91,874

1,180

623

557

12.84

New York

5,082,871

88,332

45,952

42,380

17.38

4,382,759

69,095

36,740

32,355

15.77

North Carolina .

1,399,750

21,547

10,593

10,954

15.39

1,071,361

10,588

5,142

5,446

9.88

Ohio

3,198,062
174,768

42,610

22,079

20,531

13 32

2,665,260

29,568

15,724

13,844 11.09

Oregon

1,864

1,034

830

10.67

90,923

622

337

2851 6.84

Pennsylvania . .

4,282,891

63,881

33,613

30,268

14.92

3,521,951

52,639

27,961

24,678 14.95

Rhode Island . .

276,531

4,702

2,346

2,356

17.00

217,353

2,741

1,423

1,318 12.61

South Carolina.

995,577

15,728

7,609

8,119

15.80

705,606

7,380

3,757

3,62310.46

Tennessee

1,542,359

25,919

12,800

13,119

16.80

1,258,520

14,239

6,963

7,276 11.31

Texas

1.591.749

24,735

13,121

11,614

15.54

818,579

11,197

6,254

4,943 13.68

Utah

143,963

2,414

1,270

1,144

16.77

86,786

891

452

439 10.27

Vermont

332,286

5,024

2,505

2,51915.12

330,551

3,545

1,804

1,741

10.72

1,512,565

24,681

12,216

12,46516.32

1,225,163

15,183

7,552

7,631

12.39

Washington . . .

75,116

755

467

28810.05

23,955

223

131

92

9.31

West Virginia. .

618,457

7,418

3,781

3,63711.99

442,014

4,018

2,061

1,957

9.09

1,315,497

16,011

8,592

7,419 12.17

1,054,670

9,960

5,339

4,621

9.44

20,789

189

119

70| 9.09

9,118

74

59

15

8.12

548

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

Deaths, with distinction of sex and color, in 1880, in the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

UNITED STATES.

Total.

Population

Deaths.

Kate
per

1,000.

Male.

Population

Deaths.

Kate
per

1,000.

Female.

Population

Deaths.

Rate
per

1,000.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania .......

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

50,155,783

756,893

15.09

22,130,900

333,735 15.08

1,262,505

40,440

802,525

864,694

194,327

622,700

135,177

146,608

177,624

269,493

1,542,180

32,610

3,077,871

1,978,301

1,624,615

996,096

1,648,690

939,946

648,936

934,943

1,783,085

1,636,937

780,773

1,131,597

2,168,380

39,159

452,402

62,266

346,991

1,131,116

119,565

5,082,871

1,399,750

3,198,062

174,768

4,282,891

276,531

995,577

1,542,359

1,591,749

143,963

332,286

1,512,565

75,116

618,457

1,315,497

20,789

17,929

291

14,812

11,530

2,547

9,179

1,304

2,212

4,192

3,159

21,549

323

45,017

31,213

19,377

15,160

23,718

14,514

9,523

16,919

33,149

19,743

9,037

14,583

36,615

336

5,930

728

5,584

18,474

2,436

88,332

21,547

42,610

1,864

63,881

4,702

15,728

25,919

24,735

2,414

5,024

24,681

755

7,418

16,011

189

14.20

7.20
18.46
13.33
13.11
14.74

9.65
15.09
23.60
11.72
13.97

9.90
14.63
15.78
11.93
15.22
14.39
15.44
14.67
18.10
18.59
12.06
11.57
12.89
16.89

8.58
13.11
11.69
16.09
16.33
20.37
17.38
15.39
13.32
10.67
14.92
17.00
15.80
16.80
15.54
16.77
15.12
16.32
10.05
11.99
12.17

9.09

327,517

24,556
308,706
435,056
127,041
299,980

81,176

60,777

57,320

73,264
403,744

18,440
1,561,726
989,953
842,694
514,084
698,757
228,974
322,973
359,670
848,977
850,795
417,075
243,226
1,054,879

25,522
247,815

35,059
170,137
540,870

58,655

2,473,121

424,944

1,572,789

92,935
2,095,213
130,014
192,544
571,603
640,439

73,477
166,312
436,611

40,513
300,992
676,949

13,026

4,145

199

5,965

6,516

1,595

4,499

714

891

1,096

902

5,164

186

23,267

15,456

10,096

7,374

9,288

3,992

4,696

6,375

16,185

10,200

4,835

3,171

17,794

204

3,083

495

2,761

9,113

1,322

45,091

6,007

21,256

992

32,537

2,266

2.574

8,669

10,215

1,264

2,497

6,121

441

3,566

8,546

114

21,272,070

306,456

12.66

8.10
19.32
14.98
12.56
15.00

8.80
14.66
19.12
12.31
12.79
10.09
14.90
15.61
11.98
14.34
13.29
17.43
14.54
17.72
19.06
11.99
11.59
13.04
16.87

7.99
12.44
14.12
16.23
16.85
22.54
18.23
14.14
13.51
10.67
15.53
17.43
13.37
15.17
15.95
17.20
15.01
14.02
10.89
11.85
12.62

8.75

334,668

10,604

282,825

332,125

64,085

310,789

51,971

59,383

60,686

69,341

413,162

10,573

1,469,425

948,845

771,906

438,071

678,422

225,980

323,879

365,023

914,805

763,765

359,809

236,172

967,947

9,863

201,949

18,497

176,092

551,147

50,066

2,542,901

442,298

1,545,131

70,140

2,101,803

139,925

198,561

567,228

556,798

68,946

164,906

444,247

26,686

291,545

632,669

6,411

4,181

82

5,342

3,946

926

4,429

535

846

994

816

5,031

120

20,918

14,757

9,122

6,726

9,050

3,046

4,774

5,987

16,535

9,128

4,125

2,851

15,855

93

2,792

185

2,809

8,572

1,075

41,608

6,160

19,700

800

29,230

2,257

2,620

8,643

8,783

1,139

2,511

6,224

262

3,418

7,381

69

14.41

12.50
7.73
18.89
11.88
14.45
14.25
10.29
14.25
16.38
11.77
12.18
11.35
14.24
15.55
11.82
15.35
13.34
13.48
14.74
16.40
18.07
11.95
11.46
12.07
16.38
9.43
13.83
10.00
15.95
15.55
21.47
16.36
13.93
12.75
11.41
13.91
16.13
13.19
15.24
15.77
16.52
15.23
14.01
9.82
11.72
11.67
10.76

113" 111* 109' 107" 105" 103' 101"

Key of Shades.

Under 10 in 1,000 deaths from all causes.
10 to 25 in 1,000
25 to 55 in 1,000
55 to 90 in 1,000
90 to 140 in 1,000
140 and over in 1,000

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

Key of Shades.

Under Win 1,000 deaths from all causes
10 to 25 in 1,000
25 to 55 in 1,000
55 to 90 in 1,000
90 to 140 in 1,000
140 and over in 1,000

2

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

127" 12,

^ 111* U9- n7

115° 113° 111" 109"

Key of Shades.

m

Under 25 in 1,000 deaths from all causes.

25 to 55 in 1,000 " " "

55 to 90 in 1,000 " " «

90 to 140 in 1,000 " "

140 to 200 in 1,000 " " «

206 and over in 1,000 " " "

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaqgy & West.

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

549

Deaths, with distinction of sex and color, in 1880, in the several states and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Bhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas ;

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

"Washington

"West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

3,387,920

Popula-
tion.

295,112

3,646

107,573

83,120

2,090

5,802

1,120

13,331

26,258

63,180

359,237

3,378

24,797

20,408

5,442

22,583

133,833

239,780

1,085

102,217

9,463

11,560

2,074

323,951

72,308

2,655

1,426

6,960

389

19,052

5,841

32,201

262,964

41,147

10,446

41,442

3,016

297,864

197,674

197,401

1,032

575

308,978

5,460

13,503

3,120

1,126

Deaths.

58,225

4,697

8

1,776

879

15

130

29

222

1,014

717

5,618

15

431

515

91

547

2,659

3,847

26

2,243

231

207

34

4,356

1,443

21

29

40

8

411

25

861

4,586

823

42

1,076

80

5,035

4,131

2,906

6

8

6,095

26

215

46

5

Rate
per 1,000.

17.19

3,364,893

15.92

2.19
16.51
10.58

7.18
22.41
25.89
16.65
38.62
11.35
15.64

4.44
17.38
25.24
16.72
24.22
19.87
16.04
23.96
21.88
24.41
17.91
16.39
13.45
19.96

7.91
20.34

5.75
20.57
21.57

4.28
26.74
17.44
20.00

4.02
25.96
26.53
16.90
20.90

14.72
5.81

13.91

19.73
4.76

15.92

14.74
4.44

Popula-
tion.

305,208

1,634

103,421

14,393

1,111

6,129

910

13,117

33,360

63,708

366,037

219

21,923

19,095

4,573

21,358

137,678

245,212

999

107,733

9,840

10,817

1,815

328,248

73,246

1,119

1,212

1,750

373

20,047

5,003

34,648

269,544

38,995

1,247

44,433

3,576

306,608

205,854

197,111

508

493

322,729

2,457

12,417

2,759

226

Deaths.

58,477

Rate
per 1,000.

17.38

4,903
2
1,729
189
11
121
26
253
1,088
724
5,736
2
401
485
68
513
2,721
3,629
27
2,314
198
208
43
4,205
1,523
18
26
8
6
378
14
772
4,794
831
30
1,038
99
5,499
4,476
2,831
5
8
6,241
26
219
38
1

16.06

1.22
16.72
13.13
9.90
19.74
28.57
19.29
32.61
11.36
15.67

9.13
18.29
25.40
14.87
24.02
19.76
14.80
27.03
21.48
20.12
19.23
23.69
12.81
20.79
16.09
21.45

4.57
16.09
18.86

2.80
22.28
17.79
21.31
24.06
23.36
27.68
17.93
21.74
14.36

9.84
16.23
19.34
10.58
17.64
13.77

4.42

550

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

Deaths in the United States, by states and territories, with distinction of sex and certain

specified ages.

States.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia. . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana. .

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York .

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia. _

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

TOTAL, DEATHS AT
ALL. AGES.

Males.

391,960

8,842

207

7,741

7,395

1,610

4,629

743

1,113

2,110

1,619

10,782

201

23,698

15,971

10,187

7,921

11,947

7,839

4,722

8,618

16,416

10,407

4,869

7,527

19,237

225

3,112

535

2,769

9,524

1,347

45,952

10,593

22,079

1,034

33,613

2,346

7,609

12,800

13,121

1,270

2,505

12,216

467

3,781

8,592

119

Females.

364,933

9,087

84

7,071

4,135

937

4,550

561

1,099

2,082

1,540

10,767
122

21,319

15,242
9,190
7,239

11,771
6,675
4,801
8,301

16,733
9,336
4,168
7,056

17,378
111
2,818
193
2,815
8,950
1,089

42,380

10,954

20,531
830

30,268
2,356
8,119

13,119

11,614
1,144
2,519

12,465

288

3,637

7,419

70

UNDER 1 YEAR.

Males.

96,894

2,411

30

1,874

1,233

238

898

158

276

692

321

3,022

25

6,040

3,861

2,228

2,084

3,292

1,757

565

2,597

4,087

2,442

1,305

1,936

5,147

31

810

59

377

2,352

304

11,335

2,948

5,364

199

7,694

488

2,022

3,492

3,678

334

416

3,375

83

947

2,047

20

Females.

78,372

2,085

26

1,621

959

209

691

122

253

591

301

2,532

23

4,931

3,134

1,715

1,720

2,584

1,491

486

2,197

3,201

1,904

961

1,533

4,157

21

630

52

293

1,984

260

9,179

2,271

4,346

151

6,048

418

1,755

2,821

2,931

284

312

2,778

57

810

1,528

16

UNDER 5 YEARS.

Males. Females,

163,880

4,208

42

3,449

1,849

492
1,416

303

433
1,007

623

5,453

48

10,635

6,553

4,257

3,871

5,342

2,929

1,113

4,128

6,311

4,093

2,203

3,318

8,554

59

1,575

97

650
3,799

607

18,127

5,347

8,510

351
13,294

895
3,706
5,753
6,317

673

675
5,486

160

1,695

3,429

45

138,926

3,736

38

3,077

1,518

417

1,167

253

429

944

588

4,648

55

8,936

5,684

3,418

3,358

4,533

2,603

1,036

3,601

5,305

3,354

1,744

2,667

7,257

41

1,338

82

546

3,228

539

15,314

4,501

7,250

304

10,976

819

3,345

4,882

5,185

559

536

4,835

103

1,428

2,734

45

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

551

Deaths in the United States, by states and territories, from ten principal causes.

Siates and Territories.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey :

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

8,772

403

277

33

70

46

14

7

S

16

526

2

641

524

177

521

273

128

36

76

84

255

93

147

770

1

152

37

52
154
661
425
263

16
400
1
302
147
326

24

49
421

11
112

91
2

16,416

25
3

295

71

46

113

16

35

42

5

31

3

1,369

1,319

609

512

378

23

286

583

808

528

200

6

296

25

391

18

138

567

119

1,985

113

1,335

47

2,241

540

18

80

90

25

65

268

15

227

470

37

38,398

11,202

258

3

157

370

249

216

301

82

19

27

594

55

2,422

1,037

2,326

1,098

394

187

895

623

1,610

2,002

1,562

212

885

26

1,041

17

344

510

10

4,097

1,011

2,103

188

5,483

230

551

779

235

749

296

568

111

513

1,934

18

a .

I8

582

10

446

135

34

82

7

3-1

88

50

654

4

504

561

144

222

551

164

56

291

290

341

84

330

486

41
11

15

99

178

748

653

502

28

470

28

459

477

600

17

41

419

8

125

133

22.905

65,565

783

11
437
298

78
196

34

76

82
101
993

12

1,653

1,458

723

663

816

302

193

475

620

547

318

332

1,452

8

210

17
117
280

50

1,260

966

1.376

103

1,660

84

585

952

1,087

55
118
679

15

232

395

3

-PS

S^

1,417

15

1,341

527

146

599

70

209

570

216

1,954

12

4,630

2,883

1,860

1,801

1,952

1,227

433

1,754

2,597

1,463

857

981

4,034

19

522

46

314

1,648

60

7,207

2,063

3,715

159

4,666

317

1,280

2,033

3,403

121

269

2,281

53

540

1,294

7

91,551

83,670

1,729
18

955
1,802

210
1,389

116

357

793

263
1,718
22
4,653
3,943
1,925
1,117
3,733
1,514
1,829
2,381
5,207
2,613

848

1,287

3,604

18

416
61

866
2,630
50
12,858
2,130
5,912

226
8,073

691

1,543

3,767

1,622

69

813
3,025

100

969

1,681

5

CD XZ CD <E

CO ^ 3 +>

z<<*-* o

H O >

1,675

19

1,424

1,306

182
1,381

105

291

515

358
1,879
27
5,146
3,456
1,931
1,306
2,612
1,761
1,136
2,062
3,837
1,902

760

1,436

4,117

28

442
55

751
2,941
72
10,129
1,792
5,738

182
8,199

575
1,450
2,368
2,450

185

608

2,569

61

742

1,698

11

| CQ © (Q

'I m M fe? A

107,904

2,722

33

2,852

1,514

556

1,225

188

286

524

346

3,066

46

7,400

4,964

2.870

2,566

3,415

2,103

1,0-15

2,040

4.385

2,432

990

2,678

6,797

44

867

184

633

2,549

295

12,715

2,599

5,045

167

8,072

511

1,949

3,901

3,898

457

699

3,190

96

939

2,028

23

34,094

665

16

688

567

92

361

51

83

219

180

1,327

17

2,100

1,099

856

644

958

867

342

744

1,296

829

452

746

1,636

15

240

27

241

822

131

3,959

1,027

1,974

73

2,434

158

987

1,237

1,308

71

141

1,300

31

320

757

6

552

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

In addition to those causes of death which are peculiar to females,
such as child-birth, abortion, and diseases of the female organs of genera-
tion, we find that a marked excess of deaths in the female is reported
from the following causes, viz. : Whooping-cough, old age, consumption,
diphtheria, cancer, tumor, anaemia, heart disease, drops)7, peritonitis, and
burns and scalds.

An excess of deaths in males is reported for the following causes, viz. :
Diarrhoeal diseases, venereal diseases, alcoholism, poison, premature birth
and still-birth, malformation, diseases of the brain, tetanus, aneurism,
angina pectoris, croup, pneumonia, hernia and obstruction of the bowels,
diseases of the liver, diseases of the kidney including Bright 's disease,
diseases of the bones and joints and of the skin and cellular tissue, acci-
dents of all kinds, and suicides.

Showing, for the United States and for 50 cities, the proportion of male deaths to 1 ,000

female deaths of corresponding ages.

Deaths from —

Alcoholism

Suicide

Accidents and injuries

Diseases of the urinary organs
Tetanus and trismus nascentium. .

Still-born

Diseases of the bones and joints . .

Pneumonia

Diseases of the respiratory system

Croup

Diseases of the nervous system . . .

Venereal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system . .

Diarrhoeal diseases

Paralysis and apoplexy

Pleurisy

Enteric fever

Bronchitis

Malarial fever

Scrofula and tabes

Infanticide

Heart disease and dropsy

Measles

Scarlet fever

Diphtheria

Whooping-cough

Consumption

Peritonitis

Cancer

PROPORTION OF MALE TO 1,000 FEMALE
DEATHS.

United States.

50 cities.

All ages.

Under 5
years.

All ages.

Under 5
years.

5267.7

2371.5

4052.3

3666.6

2732.6

1225.1

2975.2

1444.6

2234.0

1378.2

1391.8

1226.1

1645.4

1351.2

1468.9

1333.3

1418.4

1418.4

1311.4

1311.4

1366.7

1202.1

1338.2

1169.4

1287.8

1221.3

1183.8

1119.8

1219.2

1206.0

1155.0

1139.2

1187.5

1202.4

1180.9

1167.8

1170.7

1206.3

1214.0

1224.3

1165.4

1041.3

1203.9

1080.0

1147.5

1213.1

1175.4

1208.5

1109.8

1155.1

1120.1

1120.1

1092.8

1128.3

1120.5

1311.9

1078.5

1128.2

1280.0

1111.1

1071.4

1046.3

1105.1

1220.9

1055.3

1156.6

1031.5

1097.6

1029.5

1069.0

1110.0

1203.2

1008.0

1086.6

966.9

945.5

1000.0

1000.0

2000.0

2000.0

989.3

1228.6

1001.6

1298.9

972.6

1070.8

952.8

1017.4

966.8

1099.7

983.4

1040.1

962.9

1081.7

962.2

1040.5

865.4

870.9

797.7

804.0

798.1

1094.3

1014.2

1112.6

719.0

1354.4

766.0

1293.3

595.0

961.5

526.3

1000.0

Diagram showing for Irish and German Parentage the proportion of deaths from
specified Diseases in 1,000 deaths from known causes.

D

Irish parentage

German parentage

Diagram showing fo r White and Colored the proportion of deaths from sp>ecified
diseases in 1,000 deaths from known causes.

^,2

SHI II 11 1 ■ L

■ 1 II 1

» i m m

m ii m §i

!

BBSS;

Ri

1

!

White

Colored

Diagram showing for the United States and certain European States the deaths per 100 at over
80 years of age, and for European Russia and for Croatia and Slavonia at over 15 years of age.

Per 100

1

2

3

4

5

C

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

10

20

Croatia & Slavonia.

European Russia.

I

Saxony.

-j

1

Roumania.

w

Spain .

■

Austria.

Wurtemberg.

Prussia.

—

1

Finland,

Thuringia.

'//,

Bavaria.

\

United States •

,. |

r//

Italy-

Baden.

Switzerland.

—

-

w

Greece.

1

1 !

Holland.

i

Hi

mm

Alsace & Lorraine.

—

i

j

1
|

1

Denmark.

"]

Sweden.

1 '
1

'/}

France.

1

—

:

Belgium.

4//M////M
I 1

1

1

1

England & Wales.

—

~T

—

1

Norway.

Scotland.

l

Ireland-

The proportion of deaths in 1,000 of living population for the census year 1879-1880, according to
physician's certificates for 31 cities tuith distinction of sex and for 6 cities with distinction of color.

Per 1,000 16 17 If

i 19

20

21

22

23

24 2E

> 26

27 28 29 30 31

32 33

34 35

to 37

38 3<

) 40 41

42

43 |44 45

40 47 48

19

50

Cambridge

Camden

Nashville

" " "■

v/xmmaM

Worcester

Lynn

1 1 ■

Lowell

Cleveland

I

Jersey City

■

I .

Philadelphia

" ~l

■■■

Milwaukee

-

■■■

San Francisco

1

WKammxm

Lawrence

'WMWMAWm

Pittsburgh

??i

Wilmington

1

Providence

Paterson H-

v///////////,\m^*

y/Mwm

^M

Louisville

White 1 H

%?

32$

Wi

IM!

Washington

White |

Colored

^^^^^^^^^^^^^gj^gzizm

__

__

Full TJiver

TTT

\ \

-i^^^^^™

Richmond

White 1

Colored

^^■yzvx&sxtKZ'&i'Zzt&.'X'jt&jzv^i^i

___

Baltimore

White 1

Colored

■■

mmmmwmmmsmzm

i i r~r r [ i

1

New Orleans

White
Colored

Charleston

White
Colored

^i

ww//W/fmmmm\

!

■■■1

The average death rate per month for

one year in the North Eastern States.

SUMMER

aaxMiM

The average death rale per month
for one year in the Southern States.

0

J»

0

C

0

•*

Jl

Co

c
3
2

* /

/ J

J /

*3XN!/A

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

RHEUMATISM

SUMMER

o

>

o

C

H

Co

r

3

2

//&

'/

«3iWlM

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

ENTERIC FEVER

SUMMER

TYPHOMALARIAL FEVER

SUMMER

«3J.NIA/V

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & Went

PNEUMONIA
SUMMER

BRONCHITIS

SUMMER

U3J.NIM

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
SUMMER

MALARIAL FEVER

SUMMER

&3XNIM

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

DISEASES AND DEATHS.

553

The following table shows the proportion of deaths in cities and rural

districts (under one month, three months, and under one year), to 1,000

total births:

Rural districts.

UNDER

UNDER

UNDER

ONE MONTH.

THREE MONTHS.

ONE YEAR.

Districts.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Male.

Fe-
male.

1 — North Atlantic Coast region

61.6
50.8

45.3
37.1

77.6
72.4

61.2
55.0

93.0
89.0

74.3

( White....

70.3

1 Colored . .

59.6

56.6

81.6

72.4

97.2

90.0

3— South Atlantic Coast region

( White....
( Colored . .

310

24.2

51.6

41.6

70.4

56.6

50.0

39.8

73.5

60.7

98.5

81.9

1 White....
( Colored . .

30.9

24.6

41.3

33.5

50.4

43.2

38.4

32.1

51.1

44.2

67.4

56.2

5 — Northeastern Hills and Plateaus

53.6
33.1

41.3

24.8

69.6
54.4

54.0
44.2

86.7
74.4

67.4

6 — Central Appalachian region

57.9

7 — Kegion of the Great Northern Lakes .

37.4

28.9

53.8

42.4

71.4

57.0

( White....
( Colored . .

40.7

29.7

59.1

44.6

72.9

55.3

68.8

55.3

87.4

71.3

115.5

90.6

10— The Ohio Eiver Belt

(White....
< Colored . .

44.3

33.0

58.6

45.3

72.0

56.9

46.7

53.2

65,9

71.4

97.7

98.3

13 — North Mississippi River Belt

46.0

34.5

65.4

51.8

79.8

63.8

15 — Central region, plains and prairies . . .

(White....

50.4

38.5

67.6

53.9

82.0

66.1

c Colored . .

64.3

52.6

78.5

66.6

110.9

93.2

17 — Missouri River Belt

52.5
47.1

37.7

38.4

62.7
64.0

46.8
53.3

81.3
701

63 3

18 — Region of the Western Plains

61 1

21 — Pacific Coast region

34.9

25.4

46.0

34.1

55.4

42.9

Cities.

1 — North Atlantic Coast region

2— Middle Atlantic Coast region j White . . . .

( Colored . .

3— South Atlantic Coast region j White . . . .

( Colored . .

4— Gulf Coast region ( White. . . .

( Colored . .

5 — Northeastern Hills and Plateaus

6 — Central Appalachian region

7 — Region of the Great Northern Lakes

8— The Interior Plateau j White. . . .

( Colored . .

10— The Ohio River Belt ( White . . . .

( Colored . .

13 — North Mississippi River Belt

15 — Central region, plains and prairies i White

( Colored . .

17— Missouri River Belt

18 — Region of the Western Plains

21 — Pacific Coast region

112.1

67.1

142.0

97.0

166.1

122.4

98.2

151j6

123.9

176.9

168.4

150.3

209.1

195.8

276.7

109.2

85.8

126.3

105.6

146.8

290.6

257.1

306.0

289.3

352.1

114.0

90.3

143.8

111.8

175.8

203.6

183.0

239.8

219.9

286.2

101.3

71.8

119.9

85.2

139.2

42.4

38.6

62.5

59.6

81.4

95.9

72.2

122.7

92.5

137.2

74.1

63.1

104.6

92.8

127.9

124.6

106.0

176.6

150.6

237.0

92.1

71.5

130.5

99.9

143.0

202.5

161.9

239.7

202.4

278.9

157.2

129.4

182.1

149.9

203.4

95.3

77.8

113.3

95.1

128.1

135.8

119.9

170.4

137.8

195.1

46.8

31.1

48.5

34.5

91.9

47.5

37.9

71.3

51.5

83.1

121.1

97.5

147.7

120.5

164.6

120.0
145.0
245.9
118.8
323.2
141.6
266.7
107.3
75.2
106.3
111.3
207.1
119.5
263.2
165.7
106.7
160.7
65.6
65.0
136.9

THE ARMY AND NAVY.

THE ARMY.

The United States has a system of defensive and offensive military
operations entirely anomalous. No other country with anything like its
extent, population and resources has ever existed so peacefully and been
able, on occasion, to wage war so effectively and on so great a scale, as it
has. No standing army at all commensurate with the interests to be
guarded, has ever been maintained; though a theoretical militia is pre-
sumed to exist in every state — this has little actual existence or power.
The arsenals are few and generally idle. The coast defenses would be
considered wholly useless by almost any European state. The small army
maintained, — less than 25,000 men, — is seldom on duty save on the Indian
frontiers and in guarding fortresses that have nothing to protect.

Notwithstanding this apparent insecurity, no nation ever dwelt so
peacefully and none ever commanded greater respect among other nations.

The knowledge that back of all the outward weakness there dwelt a
reserve power of incalculable and irresistible force, a power that could be
called into activity at the first scent of danger, has had much to do with
inspiring this respect among the nations that know not how to exist in
safety without enormous military armaments. In the few instances in
American history in which a demand has been made upon their valor in
arms, there has been such a response as has forever settled the question of
American patriotism and defensive power. Twice, in a period of less than
twenty years, was the power of England (the strongest military nation in
the world) pitted against America, and twice was she forced to retire
baffled and to sue for peace. A civil war in recent years was begun
without money, munitions or men, conducted on a most gigantic scale and
brought to a happy issue in a comparatively brief time, and without
embroiling any other nation, and with no foreign aid save in a commercial
way. The year i860 saw the United States with no army, no navy, no
war materials; four years later had seen nearly 3,000,000 troops fully
equipped and drilled, resources called into existence sufficient to carry on
the war indefinitely and a navy that commanded respect abroad. Two

(555)

556

ARMY AND NAVY.

years later saw this gigantic army melt away into farmers, mechanics,
manufacturers, etc., and security and peace fully restored.

The three wars in which the United States have been engaged are
known as the "Revolution,1' the "War of 1812," and the "Rebellion."
The various Indian troubles and the conflict with Mexico were not great
enough to disturb the peace of the country at large, nor to interrupt its
progress in the development of the resources; the continuous stream of
immigration was hardly decreased.

From the official reports of the war department of the government,
the following facts have been collated. These show: first, the number
of troops from each of the old thirteen states which were enlisted during
the Revolutionary war, including the continental soldiers and organized
militia. The following table shows the enlistment by states during the
different years:

Revolution.

States.

1775.

1776.

1777.

1778.

1779.

1780.

1781.

1782.

1783.

New Hampshire . .

2,824

4,019

4,483

1,783

1,226

1,777

700

744

733

Massachusetts

16,444

20,372

12,591

13,437

7,738

7,889

5,298

4,423

4,370

Connecticut

4,507

13,127

6,563

4,010

3,544

3,687

3,921

1,732

1,740

Rhode Island

1,193

1,900

2,048

3,056

1,263

915

464

481

372

New York

2,075

8,094

5,332

2,194

3,756

4,847

1,178

1,198

1,169

New Jersey

9,086

2,908

2,586

1,276

1,267

823

660

676

Pennsylvania

400

10,395

9,464

3,684

3,476

3,337

1,346

1,265

1,598

754
3,329

1,299
7,565

349
3,307

317

2,849

556

2,065

89
2,107

164
1,280

235

Maryland

974

Virginia

3,180

6,181

11,013

7,830

8,573

6,986

6,119

2,204

629

North Carolina

2,000

4,134

1,281

1,287

4,920

3,000

3,545

1,105

697

South Carolina . . .

4,000

6,069

2,000

3,650

4,500

6,000

3,000

2,000

139

Georgia

1,000

2,301

2,173

3,873
51,046

837

750

750

750

145

Total

37,363

89,761

68,720

44,275

43,076

29,340

18,006

13,477

In the other war with Great Britain, which began in 181 2 and
ended in 181 5, the accurate number of officers and men has not been
determined. The following is officially taken at four periods during this

war:

War of

1812.

Date.

Officers.

Men.

Total.

Date.

Officers.

Men.

Total.

July, 1812

February, 1813....

301
1,476

6,385
17,560

6,686
19,036

September, 1814. .
February, 1815 . . .

2,395
2,396

35,791
31,028

38,186
33,424

The whole militia force raised during the war was 31,210 officers;

ARMY AND NAVY.

557

440,212 men; total, 471,622. The entire number of casualties reported
during the war was 5,614, of which 1,877 were killed and 3,737 were
wounded.

In the war with Mexico, which began in 1846 and continued through
two years, the following table shows the whole number of men, regular
soldiers and volunteer troops, the states furnishing the volunteers, and
the casualties during the entire war:

Mexican war.

States.

Whole
number.

Killed.

Died of
wounds.

Wounded.

Regular army, including marines

27,506

3,026

1,323

571

370

2,132

6,123

4,585

. 253

4,842

7,947

1,355

1,057

1,103

2,423

7,016

425

2,396

935

5,536

2,503

1,077

5,865

8,018

1,320

146

585

844

536

408

2,102

Alabama . ....

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

of twelve-months'

California

19

2

32

Florida .

Indiana . . '

6

86
47

8

12

160

92

Iowa

Maryland and D. C

Massachusetts

78

13

8

4
2
3

105

8

21

North Carolina

54
20

4
3

108
46

24

19

156

Ohio

18
21
30
43
42

39

Wisconsin ,

14

26

6

4

162

216

129

29

4

Mormons . .....

Re-mustered volunteers formed out

4

1

3

Total

101,282

1,049

508

3,420

The war of the Rebellion began properly in 1861 and continued until
1865. The entire number of troops furnished by the different states for
the Federal armies was 2,859,132 white, and 186,017 colored. Many
colored troops were enlisted in southern states, but credited in the quotas

558

ARMY AND NAVY.

of northern. The aggregate of all troops furnished is for all periods of
service, from three months to three years. If these were reduced to a
uniform standard of three years, the whole number enlisted would be
2,320,272. The following table shows the enlistment by states from 1861
to 1865, volunteers and drafted men, and the amount of bounties paid
by the different states to its volunteers:

The Rebellion.

2

H"1

CD

sS

a a
0 a

NUMBER OF MEN DRAFTED.

States

and

Teeritoeies.

a

is

h

O

u

0

rt ■
gft

T3
CO

ft

s

CO
X

0 a a

as ;_, O
a> CD S

l-s'S

PR

>
U
CD
CO
t-i
O

T3 .

r-H CD

'3
a

CO .
C§CO

57,379

72,114

152,048

34,629

23,699

35,262

81,010

467.047

366,107

4,903

206

259,147

197,147

76,309

20,151

89,372

25,052

3,157

6,561

319,659

96,424

15,725

1,080

1,810

964

13,670

16,872

79,025

50,316

109,111

32,068

2,576

8,289

1.290

1,764

104

3,966

125

1,837

120

1,185

4,125

8,612

95

12,031

27,324

41,582

10,806

4,321

7,743

32,325

151,488

178,873

1,014

3,760

5,167

464

249

429

6,205

31,745

31,309

6,804

12,997

27,070

5,478

2,809

4,096

8,224

68,006

70,913

3,842
4,946
8,383
3,654
1,142
2,646
9,650
31,529
40,807

202

1,991
912
210
117
437
951
3,210
8,615

$ 6,887,554
7,837,644

Massachusetts

New Hampshire . . .

Vermont

22,965,550

9,636,313

820,769

4,528,775

New Jersey

N ew York

23,868,967
86,629,228

Colorado . ,

43,154,987

Dakota

Illinois

1,811
1,537

440
2,080
1,387

104

32,085
41,158
7,548
1,420
22,122
10,796

9,519
6,235
702
419
4,294
2,058

9,555
15,478
2,446
287
7,130
4,449

5,459
5,966
1,264
210
3,773
1,291

3,538
7,597
1,862

119
1,809

862

17,296,205

Indiana

9,182,354

Iowa

1,615,171

Kansas

57,407

Michigan

9,664,855

Minnesota

Nebraska

2,000,464

New Mexico. . .

Ohio

5,092
165

50,400
38,395

9,368
11,742

19,751
14,732

10,988
6,718

4,241
3,722

23,557,373

Wisconsin

California

5,855,356

Nevada

Oregon . .

Washington

Delaware

954

3,269
23,703
8,718
8,344
196
4,969
5,526
1,044

8,635
14,338
29,421
29,319
21,519

3,180

1,443

5,954
9,503
9,207
9,444
1,014

4,170
5,665
8,088
11,011
5,781
569

2,534
1,751
5,787
6,134
1,638
219

425

968

1,860

1,426

1,031

242

1,136,599

Dist. of Columbia .
Kentucky

134,010
692,577

Maryland

6,271,992

Missouri

1,282,149

West Virginia

Alabama

864,737

Arkansas

Florida

Louisiana

5,224

3.4S6

545 17,869

ARMY AND NAVY.

559

The Rebellion. — Continued.

CO

'8

5

if:

-r>

©.2

og

NUMBER OF MEN DRAFTED.

States

and

Territories.

d

&

cS
H

6

Szi

O

1-

ri

a
S

«

A? ■

a o.d

CO ^ o

tj ©v.
a* m yj
-£ a»"£

CO -*> H

UP

>•

h

tn

o

r— 1 X

V,

"a

P.

CO

.2 CO

§3

North Carolina. . . .

3,156

5,035

5,462

20,133

47

South Cai olina ....

Tennessee

31,092
1,965

Texas

Indian Nation

3,530
93,441

Colored Troops. . . .

Total....

At large

2,859,132

173,079
733

5,083
7,122

776,829

161,244

315,509

73,607

46,347

285,941,036

Not accounted for .

j

Officers

186,017

The number of casualties in the volunteer and regular armies of the
United States, during the war of 1861-65, was reported by the Provost-
Marshal General in 1866 to be as follows: Killed in battle, 61,362; died
of wounds, 34,727; died of disease, 183,287; total died, 279,376; total
deserted, 199,105. Number of soldiers in the Confederate service who
died of wounds or disease (partial statement), 133,821; deserted (partial
statement), 104,428. Number of United States troops captured during the
war, 212,608; Confederate troops captured, 476,169. Number of United
States troops paroled on the field, 16,431; Confederate troops paroled
on the field, 248,599. Number of United States troops who died while
prisoners, 29,725; Confederate troops who died while prisoners, 26,774.

The standing army of the United States is limited by Act of Congress
to 2,155 commissioned officers and 25,000 enlisted men. The report of
the Lieutenant-General of the army made in October, 1885, shows the
actual number then employed in the service to be 2,154 commissioned
officers, and 24,705 enlisted men. The following shows the distribution
of these in the service:

Ten cavalry regiments

Five artillery regiments

Twenty-five infantry regiments

Engineer battalion, recruiting parties, ordnance department, hospital
service, Indian scouts, West Point, Signal detachment, and general

service

Total

24,705

560 ARMY AND NAVY.

Reference is frequently made in the current news of the day
to military "divisions11 and "departments;1' these are in accordance
with plans of the department in order to make the movements of the
army more convenient, and to fix the responsibility of maintaining
order. These several divisions, with the included departments, are as
follows:

i. The military division of the Missouri, commanded by Major-
General Alfred H. Terry, headquarters Chicago, comprehends the
departments of the Missouri (Brigadier-general Nelson A. Miles);
Texas (Brigadier-general David S. Stanley); Dakota (Brigadier-general

Thomas H. Ruger); and the Platte (Brigadier-general .

There are seven regiments of cavalry and nineteen of infantry in this
division.

2. Military division of the Atlantic, commanded by Major-general
John M. Schofield, headquarters New York. Includes department of the
East (Major-general Schofield). This division comprises four regiments
of artillery and two of infantry.

3. Military division of the Pacific, commanded by Major-general O.
O. Howard, headquarters San Francisco. Includes departments of Cali-
fornia (Major-general Howard); the Columbia (Brigadier-general John
Gibbon) ; Arizona (Brigadier-general George Crook) ; comprises one regi-
ment of artillery, three of cavalry, and four of infantry.

Of the commissioned officers, the following is the list: Colonels, 68;
lieutenant-colonels, 89; majors, 235; captains, 610; adjutants, 40; regi-
mental quartermasters, 40; first-lieutenants, 563; second lieutenants, 442;
chaplains, 34; storekeepers, 13; total, 2,154.

The enlisted men embrace 37 sergeant-majors, 38 quartermaster ser-
geants, 610 musicians, 226 trumpeters, 10 saddler-sergeants, 106 ordnance-
sergeants, 139 hospital stewards, 122 commissary-sergeants, 424 first ser-
geants, 2,186 sergeants, 1,768 corporals, 216 farriers, 120 artificers, 114
saddlers, 93 wagoners, and 18,426 privates; total, 27,705. Besides these,
there are employed in the Signal Corps 494 non-commissioned officers
and privates; Military Academy, 7 professors, 298 cadets, 190 enlisted
men; total, 502.

The number of retired army officers is 520; number of privates dis-
charged during the fiscal year 1885, 5,610; number died during same
period, 234; number deserted, 2,927; number enlisted and re-enlisted^
8,490.

ARMY AND NAVY. 561

The generals in command of the army are as follows:

Entered the army.
Lieutenant-General of the army Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan 1853

( Alfred H. Terry 1865

Major-Generals— (Limited by law to three) J jC)hn M. Schofield 1853

I Oliver O. Howard 1854

Brigadier-Generals — (Limited by law to six) .

Thomas H. Kuger 1865

John Gibbon 1847

George Crook 1852

Nelson A. Miles 1S66

David S. Stanley 1852

By an act of Congress passed June 18, 1878, all allowance or commu-
tation for fuel was prohibited, but wood is furnished at $3 per cord, out
of the pay of officers. Forage is furnished only in kind, and only to
officers actually in the field or west of the Mississippi, on the basis of five
horses for the general of the army, four for the lieutenant-general, three
each for a major or a brigadier-general, and two each for a colonel, lieu-
tenant-colonel, major, mounted captain or lieutenant, adjutant and regi-
mental quartermaster. Quarters are furnished on the following basis:
General, (commutation for quarters,) $125 per month; lieutenant-general,,
$100 per month; major-general, six rooms; brigadier-general or colonel,,
five rooms; lieutenant-colonel or major, four rooms; captain or chaplain,
three rooms; and first or second lieutenant, two rooms — all of which may
be commuted at $12 per room per month.

The law provides for the retirement from active service of any com-
missioned officer who has served 30 years as such, on his own application,.
at the discretion of the President; or for placing on the retired list, uncon-
ditionally, after 40 years' service, any officer applying to be retired; or,
if 45 years of actual service, or 62 years of age is reached, an officer may
be retired at the discretion of the President.

By consulting the table above, it will be seen that of the superior
officers, General Gibbon has seen the longest service, thirty-nine years.
Generals Sheridan and Scofield have each had thirty-three years' service;
General Howard, thirty -two; Generals Crook and Stanley each thirty-
four; Terry and Ruger, twenty-one, and General Miles, twenty.

The number of officers on the retired list is limited to 400 by law.
The pay is fixed at 75 per cent of the pay allotted to the rank of officers
in active service at the time of retirement.

562

ARMY AND NAVY.

The following, taken from the Official Army Register, shows the
pay of all commissioned officers in active service and those retired:

PAY OF OFFICERS IN ACTIVE SERVICE.

PAY OF RETIRED OFFICERS.

YEARLY PAY.

YEARLY PAY.

Grade oe Rank.

First

5

years'

service.

After

5

years'

service.

After

10

years'

service.

After

15

years'

service.

After

20

years'

service.

First

5

years'

service.

After

5

years'

service.

After

10

years'

service.

After

15

years'

service.

After

20

years'

service.

General

$13,500

11,000
7,500
5,500
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,600
1,500
1,500
1,400
1,500

10 p. c

20 p. c.

30 p. c.

40 p. c.

Lieutenant-general

Major-general

Brigadier-general

Colonel

4,125
2,625
2,250
1,875
1,500
1,350

$3,850
3,300
2,750
2,200
1,980
1,980
1,980
1,760
1,650
1,650
1,540
1,650

$4,200
3,600
3,000
2,400
2,160
2,160
2,160
1,920
1,800
1,800
1,680
1,800

*4,500
3,900
3,250
2,600
2,340
2,340
2,340
2,080
1,950
1,950
1,820
1,950

*4,500
*4,000
3,500
2,800
2,520
2,520
2,520
2,240
2,100
2,100
1,960
2,100

$2,887
2,475
2,062
1,650
1,485

$3,150
2,700
2,250
1,800
1,620

$3,375
2,925
2,437
1,950
1,755

$3,375

Lieutenant-colonel

Major

3,000
2,625

Captain, mounted

2,100

Captain, not mounted

Regimental Adjutant

Regimental Quartermaster .
1st Lieutenant, mounted . .
1st Lieutenant, not mounted
2d Lieutenant, mounted. . .
2d Lieutenant, not mounted
Chaplain

1,890

1,200
1,125
1,125
1,050
1,350

1,320
1,237
1,237
1,155
1,485

1,140
1,350
1,350
1,260
1,620

1,560
1,462
1,462
1,365
1,755

1,680
1,575
1,575
1,470
1,890

* The maximum pay of colonels is limited to $4,500, and of lieutenant-colonels to $4,000.

The law provides that no allowances shall be made to officers in addi-
tion to their pay, except quarters and forage furnished in kind. Mileage
at the rate of eight cents per mile is allowed for travel under orders. The
pay of cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, was
fixed at $540 per annum, by Act of August 7, 1876, instead of $500 and
one ration per diem, (equivalent to $609.50) by former laws. The pay
of private soldiers runs from $156, ($13 a month and rations,) for first
two years, to $24 a month and rations, after twenty years' service.

The following is a list of generals who have commanded the army
since 1775, with the dates of command as far as can be ascertained from
the official records:

Major-general George Washington, June 15, 1775, to December 23,
1783; Major-general Henry Knox, December 23, 1783, to June 20, 1784;
Lieutenant-colonel Josiah Harmer, general-in-chief by brevet, September,
1788, to March, 1791; Major-general Arthur St. Clair, March 4, 1791,
to March, 1792; Major-general Anthony Wayne, April 11, 1792, to

AM O F N ATI ONS

Imports.

Army and Navy.

^'t.Bi-. $146^,125,000 }

"GwS: — 817,350,000 '

{ G. Br. $1,950,095,000 l»^

; Fr.

3,830,000,000

/"Russia §35^

France 1,032,179,042

France 771,433,423

Germ. 821,225,000

{Gr.Br. 3,769,000,000 ''
J Eussia 3,3l9^00,lJ0(ry^

' Italy 750,765

(trance 514,149

'v[U. S. 742,189,755 ) (U.S. 577,527,329 }^ ^ Spain 2,579,000,000 ^ V'

iBr. Ind. 445.425.000 W /Netti. 487 369 ?nn U *V>^ / /n=l„ o *.in nan nnn \J\ \

.""Germ. 445,402

^Br.Ind. 445,425,000
Eussia 430,461,200 \_
■iNeth. 354,709,200

(Neth. 487,369,200

Russia 336,477,800

V Br. Ind. 340,885,000

Italy 2,540,000,000
"^{U.S. 2,121,000,000 ~\

China 300,000

Aus. H. 286,423

.{Belgium 275,608,976 V.

— — { Belgium 328,355,460~

*fQ. Br. 203,791

I Turkey Y,377~0C0,060 "

Turkey 158,959

-fAus. 230,027,460

[Aus. 273,205,770

(Br. Ind. 857,889,725

;Italy

219,308,055 X.

-{Italy 266,946,020

ain 185,508,488 }>. ^
Switz. 158,772,200

/Brazil 113,869,560

China 96,363,150

{Canada 94,722,505 )>- - .
y Sw. &N. 92,182,500 }.
fXChili 71,758,800 "

Aus. H. 258,640,000
"'•'^ Spain 202,821,495 /
H3wBi: 173,822,400 \
Sw. A N. 123,181,000
■ -^Canada 121,244,625

/£.

Egypt 518,689400

{Br. Ind. 120,6

Brazil 512,242,844

Portug. 485,000,000

/Aus. 443,000,000 V
{ Belg. 423,836,390

Sw.S

<Neth.

3,000,000

1 Algeria 57,956
Japan 47,007

{Brazil 109,250,125

Japan 250,379,175

/Belgium 46,272

China 105,503,450

Ar. Eep. 68,029,000

^ Turkey 98,789,200

Egypt 63,397.080

Ar. Eep. 94,056,000

^Canada 175,0U0,C00~~)- - -1
{N. Zeal. 168,455,110 ~)
Mexico 142,500,000

("Canada 45,152

I Neth. 37,198

/Den. 36,469

Turkey 61,961,000
a. 49,965,750 )- •

{Denmark 72,128,750 \

Roumania58,997,200

Ar. Rep. 128,047,255
Rou. 119,000,000

i 1 Ron.

Mexico 46,725,496

SChili

48,999,300

Algeria 41,697,297

* =f*<

— '/

Sw.& N. 97,000,000

(Greece 30,550

Mexico 42,500,000

/Greece 94,000,000

26,859

36,823

Egypt 41,820,000

{Chili 87,977,100

' f, , '

\ Aus. H. 31,640,000 y

l^{ Japan 28,009,200"

Portugal 25,843,215

Mexico 19,635

Portugal 39,065,930

Peru

49,871,807

>{ Algeria 34,484,410"

\ Brazil 13,776

Germ. 49,000,000

{N. Zeal. 20,090,000

A

Greece 27,267,400

, \Denmark 49,000,

Servia 13,213

,000

{ Chili 12,410

■{N. Zeal. 25,310,000

China 45,000,000

Venezuelal9,720,926

'Japan 25,183,800 V

Egypt 10,900

"^"{Greece 18,571,400

\\ vVD. S. Col. 14,857,170 k .

\\ \Cen. Am. 11 479,651 V **
» — '

'V Bolivia 9,000,000 k.

\ \(Peru 7,958 526 \, - "

\ Servia 7,748,583~^- - " *

y{ Servia 40,000,000 V* [

JCen.Am. 18,454,134 } V /Cuba 22,938,000 } ll \ V"

<C /X ' \ / I I \ 'v

\ \ Ar.Rep. 7,599

Peru

4,670

Venezuelan, 253,133 \ I \ ,
* ' / v

18,163,750

"""{u~~S. Col. 11,507,028 b"/-\ /A-(P.S.Col. 19^842^000

_ JTirli 11,064,744 \r/ / JU Ecuador

*H ,.,-{ Servia 10,217,429 V /

^Bolivia 6,000,000 }■ ■■idf! ^Bolivia 2,125,448 )j

'' ■'"■■ \ Algeria, see Fr^e~~/

Switz. 6,720,000 V # •

N.Zeal. 1,279

\Cuba 2,0! 0,000) (Cuba 3,539,641 )/

'"{Persia 804,32

^Persia 1,283,330 )

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy <& West.

10

Switz. 114,928 11
?rsia 79,800 12

'ortngal 35,775 20
33,067 21

y{ Bolivia 3,021 31

(U.S. Col. 3,000 32

Venezuela 2,545 33

Ecuador 1,600 34

35

ARMY AND NAVY.

563

December 15, 1796; Major-general James Wilkinson, December 15, 1796,
to July, 1798; Lieutenant-general George Washington, July 3, 1798^0
his death, December 14, 1799; Major-general James Wilkinson, June,
1800, to January, 1812; Major-general Henry Dearborn, January 27,
1812, to June, 1815; Major-general Jacob Brown, June, 1815, to Feb-
ruary 21, 1828; Major-general Alexander Macomb, May 24, 1828, to
June, 1 841; Major-general Winfield Scott (brevet lieutenant-general),
June, 1841, to November 1, 1861; Major-general George B. McClellan,
November 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862; Major-general Henry W. Hal-
leek, July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864; Lieutenant-general Ulysses S.
Grant, March 12, 1864, to July 25, 1866, and as general to March 4, 1869;
General William T. Sherman, March 4, 1869, to November 1, 1883;
Lieutenant-general Philip H. Sheridan, since November 1, 1883.

The following table exhibits the strength of the regular army of the
United States, from 1789 to 1885, as fixed by acts of Congress. The
figures are for the aggregate of officers and men:

Year. Strength of army.

1789. 1 Keg't Infantry, 1 Bat. Artillery . . 840

1792. Indian Border wars 5,120

1794. Peace establishment 3,629

1801 5,144

1807 3,278

1810 7,154

1812. War with Great Britain 11,831

1815 9,413

1817-1821. Peace establishment 9,980

1822-1832. " " ........ 6,184

1833-1837. " " 7,198

1838-1842. Florida war 12,539

1843-1846. Peace establishment 8,613

Year. Strength of army.

1847. Mexican war 17,812

1848. " " 30,890

1849-1855. Peace establishment 10,320

1856-1861. " " 12,931

1862. Civil war 39,273

1863-1866. " " 43,332

1867. Peace establishment 54,641

1868-1869. " " 52,922

1870. " " 37,313

1871. " " 35,353

1872-1874. " " 32,264

1875-1885. " " 27,489

The following comparative table of the military statistics of the prin-
cipal countries of the world, is compiled from official statistics:

Countries.

Population.

Regular
army.

War
footing.

Annual cost
of army.

Cost to
each inhab-
itant.

Per cent of
total ex-
penditure.

Argentine Bepublic

Belgium

37,741,413
2,400,000
5,520,000
2,080,000

10,108,291
4,324,810
2,400,396
434,626,000
2,951,323
1,521,684

284,071

7,518
47,084

3,021
13,500

2,000

13,926

300,000

4,000
25,653

1,078,904

357,518

224,637

6,000

32,000

700,152

65,752

1,200,000

30,740

$49,116,248
5,800,000
9,208,046
2,148,000
7,466,120
3,840,000
16,326,095
75,000,000

$1 30

2 41

1 66

1 03

73

88

78.14
17.74
14.08

Bolivia

65.08

Brazil

9.72

Canada

13.36

Chili

70.92

China

17

68.03

Columbia

564 ARMY AND NAVY.

Military statistics of the principal countries of the world. — Continued.

Countries.

Denmark

Egypt

France

Germany

Great Britain.

Greece

Guatemala . . .

Hawaii

India, British.

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg .

Mexico

Netherlands . .

Nicaragua

Norway

Persia

Peru

Portugal

Rournania

Russia

Servia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland . .

Turkey

United States.

Uruguay

Venezuela

Population.

1,989,464

5,517,627

39,066,372

45,194,172

34,862,495

1,679,775

1,278,311

193,426,603

27,709,995

34,338,304

209,570

10,000,000

3,866,456

275,815

1,806,900

6,000,000

2,700,000

4,432,050

5,073,000

85,426,142

1,669,337

16,621,860

4,565,668

2,846,102

19,990,000

50,183,015

447,000

1,882,236

Army
and navy.

36,469

10,900

514,149

445,402

203,791

30,550

2,180

400

120,882

750,765

47,007

377

19,635

37,198

703

18,750

79,800

4,670

35,775

33,067

882,978

13,213

121,638

40,758

114,928

158,959

26,859

4,500

2,545

War
footing.

50,522

43,000

3,753,164

1,492,104

641,753

35,188

34,409

380,000

1,985,619

120,982

165,010

10,303

241,600

105,500

70,000

78,024 '

150,000

2,300,000

210,000

400,000

194,940

215,000

610,200

3,165,000

27,700

60,000

Annual cost
of army.

$2,461,955

121,061,600

84,968,140

90,901,630

3,312,140

87,201.250

41,098,611

9,263,713

75,680

8,252,352

8,464,000

1,628,440
3,800,000

5,099,105

5,463,550

125,508,474

2,072,890

24,524,415

4,322,860

3,341,260

23,841,064

39,429,603

Cost to
■aeh inhab-
itant.

$1 17

3 23

1 88

2 57
1 67

34
44

25
36

87
08

90
54

12
01
27
21
47
94
17
95
78

Per cent of
total ex-
penditure.

16.62

16.99
57.52
20.89
22.12

24.52
13.20
14.78
5.65
24.76
15.12

14.89
42.22

14.54
20.90
27.34
29.80
13.93
19.97
39.00
33.81
16.15

THE NAVY.

The navy of the United States is small in comparison with that of
some European nations, notably Great Britain. It is larger, however,
than is generally thought. In 1885 there were in the service, 41 naval
steam-vessels (all screw-propellers except four), besides 12 wooden sailing-
vessels, 19 iron-clad vessels, 2 torpedo-rams, and 13 tugs; total, 87, of
which comparatively few are in efficient service. The number of guns
is 514.

The active list of the navy is composed of one admiral, 1 vice-admiral,
7 rear-admirals, 13 commodores, 45 captains, 85 commanders, 74 lieuten-
ant-commanders, 251 lieutenants, 79 lieutenants (junior grade), i88ensignsr

ARMY AND NAVY. 565

76 naval cadets (who have passed the four years' academic course, and
are performing two years1 service at sea before final graduation), and 201
naval cadets on probation at the Naval Academy, all of whom are officers
of the line. Of the staff there are 1 surgeon-general, 15 medical directors,
15 medical inspectors, 50 surgeons, 63 passed assistant surgeons, 14 assist-
ant surgeons, 1 paymaster-general, 13 pay directors, 13 pay inspectors,
48 paymasters, 27 passed assistant paymasters, 19 assistant paymasters, 1
engineer-in-chief, 69 chief engineers, 85 passed assistant engineers, 78
assistant engineers, 24 chaplains, 12 professors of mathematics, 1 secretary
for the admiral and 1 for the vice-admiral, 1 chief constructor, 1 1 naval
constructors, 8 assistant constructors, and 10 civil engineers. The war-
rant officers consist of 38 boatswains, 37 gunners, 51 carpenters, 29 sail-
makers, and 37 mates.

The retired list is composed of officers of the line, as follows: 48 rear-
admirals, 15 commodores, 11 captains, 12 commanders, 19 lieutenant-
commanders, 24 lieutenants, 16 lieutenants (junior grade), 11 ensigns.
Staff officers, viz.: 21 medical directors, 4 medical inspectors, 7 surgeons,
5 passed assistant surgeons, 6 assistant surgeons, 1 1 pay directors, 1 pay
inspector, 3 paymasters, 2 passed assistant paymasters, 1 assistant pay-
master, 17 chief engineers, 26 passed assistant engineers, 26 assistant
engineers, 3 civil engineers, 1 naval constructor, 7 chaplains, and 6 pro-
fessors of mathematics. Warrant officers, viz.: 19 boatswains, 16 gun-
ners, 9 carpenters, and 13 sailmakers.

The active list is therefore composed of 1,021 officers of the line, 580
officers of the staff, and 192 warrant officers; total, 1,793 officers of all
grades.

The retired list is composed of 156 officers of the line, 141 officers of
the staff, 57 warrant officers, and 6 professors of mathematics; total, 360.

There were (July, 1885) in the service, provided for by the Navy
Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1886, 7,500 enlisted men, and 750
boys.

The marine corps consists of 85 commissioned officers, 384 non-com-
missioned officers, 30 musicians, 96 drummers and lifers, and 1,500 enlisted
men; total, 2,095.

There are nine navy yards, the names and locations of which are as
follows: Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Charlestown Navy
Yard, Boston, Mass.; Gosport Navy Yard, near Norfolk, Va.; Kittery
Navy Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. ; League Island Navy Yard, 7
miles below Philadelphia, Pa.; Mare Island Navy Yard, near San

566

ARMY AND NAVY.

Francisco, Gal. ; New London Naval Station (unfinished), New London,
Conn.; Pensacola Navy Yard, Pensacola, Fla.; Washington City Navy-
Yard, Washington, D. C.

The officers of the navy, as given in the official report in July, 1885,
were as follows:

Rank.

Name.

Admiral David D. Porter. . .

Vice-admiral. .Stephen C. Rowen. .

Rear- admirals. John L. Worden. . .
Edward Simpson..

Earl English

Samuel B. Franklin
Ed'd Y. McCauley.
Stephen B. Luce. . .
John Lee Davis . . .

Commodores .

.William T. Truxtun
William K. Mayo..
James E. Jouett. . .
John H. Bussell . . .
Walter W. Queen . .
Balph Chandler ....
Philip C. Johnson. .
Lewis A. Kimberly
Bancroft Gherardi.
A. E. K. Benham. .
David L. Braine . . .
Geo. E. Belknap . . .
David B. Harmony .

Present duty, station or
residence.

Special Duty, Washington. .

Chairman Lighthouse Board

Pres't of Retiring Board ....
Pres't of Inspection Board. . .
Com'd'g S. Atlantic Station.
Com' ding European Station .
Com' ding Pacific Station ....

Sup't Naval War College

Com' ding Asiatic Station

Com'dt Navy Yard, Norfolk.

Saratoga Springs

Com'ding N. Atlantic Stat'n .

Com'dt Mare Island, Cal

Com'dt Navy Yard, Wash'n.

Com'dt Navy Yard, N. Y

Com'dt Navy Yard, Portsm . .
Com'dt Navy Yard, Boston. .
Governor Naval Asylum, Phil

Light House Inspector

Inspector of Ships, N. Y

Sup't U. S. Naval Observ't'ry
Chief Bureau Yards & Docks

Original

entry
into the
service.

Penn.

1829

Ohio.

1826

NY..

1834

N.Y..

1840

N. J..

1840

Penn.

1841

Penn.

1841

N.Y..

1841

Ind..

1841

Penn.

1841

Va...

1841

Ky...

1841

Md..

1841

N.Y..

1841

N.Y..

1845

Me...

1846

111...

1846

Mass.

1846

N.Y..

1847

Texas

1846

N. H.

1847

Penn.

1847

Date of

present

commission.

Oct. 17, '70 23

Jan. 2, '83 25

April 1, '85 21
Feb. 21, '84 I 21
Sept. 20, '84 ! 27
Feb. 21, '85 j 24
May 25, '85 j 20
Oct. 5, '85 J 28
Oct. 30, '85 25

April 10,
April 10,
Sept. 20,
Nov. 8,
April 1,
Dec. 31,
Oct. 15,
April 10,
April 1,
Oct. 30,
July 1,
June 1,
Sept. 23,

22
20
22
22
18
23
24
20
19
21
19
21
20

From the foregoing it will be seen that the officers of the navy, gen-
erally, have seen fewer years of service than those of corresponding rank
in the army. The longest term of service is that of Rear- Admiral Luce,
twenty-eight years. Admiral Porter has served but twenty-three years
as against thirty-three by General Sheridan. Six army officers of high
rank have served over thirty years, while but three in the navy have
exceeded twenty-five years.

Officers of the navy must be retired from active service after sixty-
two years of age, or may be retired after forty years' service, irrespective
of age (except in certain grades). The pay of retired naval officers is
75 per cent of the sea-pay of the rank held at the time of retirement.

ARMY AND NAVY.

567

The pay of all connected with the navy department, whether at sea,
on shore, or on leave while waiting orders for service, is shown in the

following table:

Admiral

Vice-admiral

Kear-admirals

Commodores

Captains

Commanders

Lieutenant-commanders —

First four years after date of commission

After four years from date of commission

Lieutenants —

First five years

After five years

Lieutenants, junior grade-
First five years

After five y ears

Ensigns —

First five years

After five years

Ensigns, junior grade

Naval Cadets

Mates

Medical and Pay Directors and Medical and Pay Inspectors and

Chief Engineers, having the same rank at sea

Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet Engineers

Surgeons, Paymasters, and Chief Engineers —

First five years after date of commission

Second five years

Third five years

Fourth five years

After twenty years

Passed Assistant Surgeons, Passed Assistant Paymasters, and
Passed Assistant Engineers —

First five years after date of appointment

After five years

Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Paymasters, and Assistant Engineers

First five years after date of appointment

After five years

Chaplains —

First five years

After five years

Boatswains, Gunners, Carpenters and Sailmakers —

First three years

Second three years

Third three years

Fourth three years.

After twelve years

Cadet Engineers (after examination)

At sea.

$13,000
9,000
6,000
5,000
4,500
3,500

2,800
3,000

2,400
2,600

1,800
2,000

1,200

1,400

1,000

950

900

4,400
4,400

2,800
3.200
3,500
3,700
4,200

2,000
2,200

1,700
1,900

2,500
2,800

1,200
1,300
1,400
1,600
1,800
1,000

On shore
duty.

13.000
8,000
5,000
4,000
3,500
3,000

2,400
2,600

2,000
2,200

1,500
1,700

1,000

1,200

800

500

700

2,400
2,800
3,200
3,600
4,000

1,800
2,000

1,400
1,600

2,000
2,300

900

1,000
1,300
1,300
1,600
800

On leave

or waiting

orders.

$13,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
2,800
2,300

2,000
2,200

1,600
1,800

1,200
1,400

1,000
600
500
500

2.900
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000

1,500
1,700

1,000
1,200

1,600
1,900

700
800
900
1,000
1,200
600

568 ARMY AND NAVY,

The pay of all connected with the navy department, etc. — Continued.

r\ „v._ „ On leave
dntv orwait'g

duty- orders.

Naval Constructors —

First five years $3,200 $2,200

Second five years 3,400 2,400

Third five years 3,700 2,700

Fourth five years 4,000 3,000

After twenty years 4,200 3,200

Ass't Naval Constructors —

First four years \ 2,000 1,500

Second four years 2,200 1,700

After eight years 2,600 1,900

Secretary to Admiral and Vice-admiral . . $2,500
Secretaries to Commanders of Squadrons 2,000
Secretary to Naval Academy 1,800

Clerks to Commanders of Squadrons and

Vessels $ 750

First Clerks to Commandants of Navy
Yards 1,500

Second Clerks to Commandants of Navy
Yards 1,200

Clerk, Mare Island Navy Yard 1,800

Clerks to Commandants Naval Stations . 1,500

Clerks to Paymasters at Navy Yards —
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and

Washington 1,600

Mare Island 1,800

Kittery, Norfolk and Pensacola 1,400

At other stations 1,300

Tbe pay of seamen is $258, and of ordinary sea-
men $210 per annum.

Below is given the number of vessels, men, and cost of the naval serv-
ice of the principal countries of the world:

Countries.

Argentine Republic .
Austria-Hungary . . .

Belgium

Brazil

Canada (Dominion) .

Chili

China

Denmark

Egypt

France

Germany

G't Britain & Ireland

Greece

Italy

No. of

vessels

33

68

10

48

7

10
56
44
13

302
91

246
16
72

No. of
men.

39,365
15,200
57,250
2,637
15,140

Cost of
navy.

991

7,222

172

$2,670,000
3,838,460

4,984

5,560,291

2,225

4,359,893

1,122

1,575,577

40,989,363

6,752,094

53,643,905

833,708

10,310,741

Countries.

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands . .

Norway

Peru

Portugal .

Roumania

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Turkey

United States.
Venezuela

No. of
vessels

31

8

165

46

39

10

373

124

133

49

93

4

No. of
men.

5,551

3,436
915

3,200

530

28,975

21,678

7,723

40,392

12,204

200

Cost of
navy.

$2,024,552

5,170,886
420,680

1,607,411

19,911,580
6,719,046
1,418,420
3,000,000

17,292,601

PENSIONS.

It has been the policy of the United States, in common with the other
nations of high civilization, to care for those who have been disabled dur-
ing her wars, and for the widows and orphan children of those who were
slain. The following is a statement of the number of military and naval
forces of the United States engaged in the following named wars, from the

ARMY AND NAVY.

569

commencement of the war of the Revolution to the commencement of the
war of the Rebellion, and of the pensions allowed to the soldiers, and
their widows, of said wars.

Wars.

War of the Revolution . . .

Estimated additional.
Northwestern Indian war:

General Harmer

General St. Clair

General Wayne

War with France

War with Tripoli

Northwestern Indian war* Gen-
eral Harrison

Greek Indian war ,

War of 1812 with Great Britain

Seminole Indian war ,

Black Hawk Indian war* ,

Cherokee disturbance orremoval
Creek Indian war or disturbance

Florida Indian war

Aroostook disturbance

War with Mexico

Apache, Navajo, and Utah war. .

Comanche Indian war

Seminole Indian war

From

Apr. 19, 1775

Sept. 19, 1790

July 9, 1798
June 10, 1801

Sept. 11, 1811
July 27, 1813
June 18, 1812
Nov. 20, 1817
Apr. 21, 1831

1836
May 5, 1836
Dec. 23, 1835

1836
Apr. 24, 1846

1849

1854

1856

To

Regulars.

Apr. 11, 1783

Aug. 3, 1795

Sept. 30, 1800
June 4, 1805

Nov. 11, 1811
Aug. 9,1814
Feb. 17, 1815
Oct. 21, 1818
Sept. 31, 1832

1837
Sept. 30, 1837
Aug. 14, 1843

1839
July 4, 1848

1855

1854

1856

TROOPS ENGAGED.

Militia
and volun-
teers.

130,711

320

2,843

250

600

85,000

1,000

1,339

935
11,169

30,954
1,500

58,750
105,330

1,133

2,387

660

13,181

471,622

6,911

5,126

9,494

12,483

29,953

*1,500

73,776

1,061

503

2,687

Navy.

15,000

4,593
3,330

20,000

7,500

Total.

309,791

1,453
2,300
5,230

8,983

4,593
3,330

910

13,781

576,622

7,911

6,465

9,494

13,418

41,122

1,500

112,230

2,561

503

2,687

*Por pensioners see table below of " Pensions allowed.'

Pensions allowed.

Wars.

SURVIVORS.

WIDOWS.

Total

Invalids.

Service.

Total.

Invalids.

Service.

Total.

War of the Revolution

2,513
4,627
3,809

959
1,670
1,056

35,405
25,690

377

37,918

30,317

3,809

959

2,047
1,056

24,151
34,196

24,151

36,731

3,810

430
1,516

62,069

War of 1812 with Great Britain . .
War with Mexico

2,535
3,810

430

1,516

67,048
7,619

Indian and all other wars, except
Revolution, 181 2, and Mexican

1,389

Navy

3,563

Military peace establishment. . .

1,056

As it would require an examination of the papers in each case to

570 ARMY AND NAVY.

classify the pensioners of the several Indian wars and minor disturbances,
only the totals of pensions allowed are given for said wars, etc. In the
number of navy pensioners are included only those allowed for service
since the year 1800; all prior to that date are included in the army
pensioners.

The foregoing table purports to give estimates of enlistments only,
and not of the actual number of individuals engaged in any particular
war. An allowance for re-enlistments, transfers, etc., would give a much
smaller number of individuals than the table indicates, even for the wars
of short duration, especially where militia and volunteers were em-
ployed.

To illustrate: In the War of the Revolution a very large proportion
of the persons who served rendered from two to five terms, or "tours,17
of service. The enlistments for the army of 1775 all terminated at the
close of that year or at an early date in the following }'ear. The enlist-
ments in the establishment for 1776 were for one year only, and all
terminated at the close of that year or early in the following year. A
large number of the men of 1775 re-enlisted in the establishment of 1776,
and probably nearly all who remained fit for duty again entered the army
at some time during the war, either in the Continental establishment or
in some one of the militia organizations which were called out for short
"tours" of service. The establishment of 1777 was composed of men
who enlisted for three years or the war; considerably more than one-half
for three years, very many of whom at the expiration of such enlistments
again entered the service for terms of six, eight or nine months. In the
militia the number of enlistments represents a much smaller number of
individuals than in the regular " Continental establishment." The "tours
of duty" were short — from thirty days to three or four months —
and it appears from statements in pension claims that the same indi-
vidual in many cases served on from five to eight such "tours" including
sometimes two or three "tours" on a war vessel or privateer. It is
probably safe to say that the 309,791 enlistments reported in the table do
not represent more than half that number of individuals.

It will be noticed that in the War of 181 2 about five-sixths of the
"troops engaged" were militia or volunteers. The "tours" of service of
these militia organizations varied from less than fourteen days to two or
three months. It is well known that the same person rendered several
successive tours of such service, and it is not probable that the number of

ARMY AND NAVY.

571

individuals who served in that war will amount to more than 50 per cent
of the number of enlistments reported in the table.

The same percentage will hold good for the Creek Indian war of
1813-14, and probably for the Florida Indian war of 1835-42, and nearly
all of the other Indian wars prior to the latter date. It will not, however,
apply to the Mexican war* or the later Indian wars, where the proportion
of regulars was much larger, or where the seat of war was more remote
from the thickly peopled part of the country.

The following table, compiled from the reports of the Treasurer of
the United States, shows the comparative amounts paid by the govern-
ment in pensions, and in interest on the public debt, from 1862 to 1885:

Year.

Pensions.

Interest.

Year.

Pensions.

Interest.

1862

$ 852,170 47
1,078,513 36
4,985,473 90
16,347,621 34
15,605,549 88
20,936,551 71
23,782,386 78
28,476,621 78
28,340,202 17
34,443,894 88
28,553,402 76
29,359,426 86
29,038,414 66

$13,190,344 84

24,729,700 62

53,685,421 69

77,395,090 30

133,067,624 91

143,781,591 91

140,424,045 71

130,694,242 80

129,235,498 00

125,576,565 93

117,357,839 72

104,750,688 44

107,119,815 21

1875

$29,456,216 22
28,257,395 69
27,903,752 27
27,137,019 08
35,121,482 39
56,777,174 44
50,059,279 62
61,345,193 95
66,012,573 64
55,429,228 06
65,733,094 27

$103,093,544 57

1863

1876 . .

100,243,271 23

1864

1877

97,124,511 58

1865

1878..

102,500,874 65
105,327,949 00
95,757,575 11
82,508,741 18
71,077,206 79
51.436,709 50

1866

1879 . .

1867

1880

1881

1882

1868

1869

1883

1871

1884

1885

47,926,432 50
47,014,133 00

1872

1873

Total

1874

765,092,640 18

2,205,019,419 19

The act of February 14, 1871, provides a pension at the rate of $8
per month from the date of the act to the surviving soldiers and sailors
who served sixty days during the War of 181 2, and that the widow was
entitled to the same pension the soldier or sailor would have been entitled
to had he survived, to commence from the date of the act if he died before
that time, otherwise from the date of his death, provided she was married
to him prior to the treaty of peace and had not since remarried. Dis-
loyalty during the late war was a bar to pension.

The act of March 9, 1878, reduced the term of service to fourteen
days, or to one day if in an engagement, removed the disloyalty bar, and
repealed the limitation as to date of marriage to the soldier or sailor, the
persons entitled under this act, so far as it is amendatory, to receive pen-
sion from the date of its approval.

The following is a statement of the amount paid for pensions to the

572

ARMY AND NAVY.

survivors of the War of 1812, and to the widows of those who served in
that war, since 187 1.

Fiscal year of

1871 (from February 14, 1871).

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878 (act of March 9, 1878)

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

Total 13,544.754 31

Survivors.

2,555 05

1,971,415 84

2,078,606 98

1,588,832 95

1,355,599 86

1,089,037 18

934,657 82

768,918 47

1,014,525 66

790,710 39

621,612 80

478,274 85

357,334 81

278,888 85

307,782 80

Widows.

511 00

335,993 63

689,303 59

616,016 40

533,000 21

445,772 95

361,548 91

294,572 05

2,192,699 54

2,653,058 14

2,381,800 95

2,024,207 63

1,882,542 41

1,686,302 09

1,518,202 39

17,620,351 89

Total disbursed.

1 3,066 05
2,313,409 47
2,767,910 57
2,204,849 35
1,888,600 07
1,534,810 13
1,296,206 73
1,063,490 52
3,207,225 20
3,448,768 53
3,003,413 75
2,502.482 48
2,239,877 22
1,965,190 94
1,725,985 19

31,165,286 20

The following is a table showing the appropriations and expenditures
on account of pensions; number of pension agencies; number of pensioners
on the roll each year since 1862; also, since 1877, a statement of the
expenses of all the agencies, the average cost to pay each pension, and
for each $100,000 disbursed.

Appropriations

for the payment

of pensions

Expenditures on , No. of

account of pensi'n

pensions. ag'nc's.

No. of pension-
ers on the
roll.

Salaries and

expenses of

pension agents.

Cost to, 'Jost per
paye'ch $100,0U0
p'nsi'n. disbursed.

$ 1,121,367 83
2,735,752 54
11,525,265 06
11,906,267 89
15,478,929 60
26,121,603 32
33,605,198 47
30,107,227 67
19,360,643 39
29,758,062 00
33,077,857 46
30,001,578 01
30,375,000 00
29,675,000 00
29,588,000 00
29,481,500 00
28,533,000 00
55.186,574 00
38,605,000 00
50,686,000 00
65,750,000 00
100,307,999 18
86,295,000 00
20,810,000 00

$ 790,384 76
1,025,139 91
4,564,616 92
8,525,153 11

50
33
36
42

8,159

14,791
51,135
85,986
126,722
153,183
169,643
187,963
198,686
207,495
232,229
238,411
236,241
234,821
232,137
232,104
223,998
242,755
250,802
268,830
285,697
303,658
322,756
345,125

1863

1864

1865

1866

13,459,996 43 54

1867

18,619,956 46
24,010,981 99
28,422,884 08
27,780,811 81
33,077,383 63
30,169,341 00
29,185,289 62
30,593,749 56
29,683,116 63
28,351,599 69
28,646,814 49
27,079,449 44
33,866,604 39
57,314,703 28
50,742,148 51
54,525,610 91
60,756,437 69
58,143,731 78
65,732,961 59

59
59
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
58
58
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

$457,470 56
206,600 93
224,183 42
224,705 26
236,982 73
288,154 92
307,438 72
278,322 79

$2 04
85
89
83
83
94
95
80

$1,689 31
610 04

1879

1880

391 14

1881

442 84

1882

423 62

1883

474 27

1884

528 75

1885

422 89

ARMY AND NAVY.

573

o
H

T3

CI
o
ft

M

m

■rH 00 W <N

© rH 00

t-^ t-" co"

l-H b- b-

00 © 00 i-l o

co us cm oo in

© CM © 00 CM

t-T ■*" od -*" i-4

O i-H 00 CO b-

CQ M CO ■* ■*

o m

© b-

rH CO

o t-

rH -rH

rf CO"

t— i m

rH rH

© co m © in

H H ^ (O «

CO rH b- O CO

(D IO ■* IO ■*

© O CM rH ■>*

CC ffl O CO »

© OS CO CM O

to m co © to

b- O CO CM

©
©

cq co o in 'H

tO to b- 00 CM

00
Os"

in ©
cq cm

T3
CO

la

ft
o
u

ft
ft
<!

© o ©

cq^ in co

b^" t-^" CO"

© c- ©

rH CM

© © © ©

rH CN rH CM

00 rH 00 ©

o
©

CI

©

©

o ©
© o

© ©

00 00

in" co" a to t)T to x ■#

© _.

in b- b- oo to t-

CN CM CM CM rH CO

© ©

00 © -

© CM CM

,. CC «P t> io"

© CM © © ifi) i— I

tJI tO io CO B CO

© ©

co in

M_ oo

co" rn~

rfi ©

© 00

eo in

in ©

b- ■*

oo ©

cm" cm"

CO

in

CO

OS

©

co

CO

11

SI

O 3

«M CD

h

ft

M

O O
O ©
© ©

o ©
© ©
© ©

o ©

© ©

© ©

© ©

© -rH

© ©
© ©
© ©
©
l.o

© © O © CM

© © © o m
© © © © ©

O O b- I-H

©

in" in" ©'

fc- fc- OS

©

-# co w"

CO 00 t- rH

CO

© in i—i m

H (O M Cl

© in rH t-

in~ cm" co' co

co t- co

in io co

co
to

OS

ft-;
8 s
ft

© © o

© ©

© o

© ©^

in r- r

ci ©

© © ©

© © ©

© o in

b-^ T-T rtf

co in ©

rH CM

o ©
© ©
© ©

© ©

© ©

© o

od in

b- CM

in t-

0 CD

_, o

ciS
3 0

£3

o.2
£,8

3 oj

a a

3
0
O

3
a>
ft
M

© -n co cm in
b- co in t- co

© co
©

© CO CM 00 CM

rH rH CM r-l CM CM

in ©

© © co t-

© -* © ©

© b- rH CM

t|T co" of co

© b- -# in © oo

© 00 CO © rH CM
© © © © © CM

in m t- t- t-

i-H cm cm in

fta

ft

<

© © o

© © ©

©_ O ©

in © in

rH i—l rH
€/5-

o ©

© ©

o ©

cm" io

©©©©©©©

© © © ©

b- CM CM CM

O © ©

- m in
cm" t>

© ©
©1 ©
© ©

© o
© ©
© ©

S. 3

V CD

a. to

S3

si

So.
M

CM

<~:

o

©

©

CM

CO

b-

CO'

©

13

CD

rH

c-

00

IO

rH

rH

©

-fl

©

rH

©

Cl

IO

©

b-

IO

or

>o

©

b-

3

©

CN

CO

to

CO

rH

-H

CX)

rH

©

CD

©

©

CI

on

rH

b-

©

i^

©

ft
M

O

©

ex

w

©

CN

OS

©

on

©

rjl

-X

CO'

co

CI

CI

Of)

b-

©

rH

H

CO

m

*f~

1

©©©©©o©©©©©©

©

©>

O

©

©

O

©

C-3

©

©

©

&i

oo©©©©©©©©©©

c

©

< )

©

©

©

—

©

o

o

©

minminm©©©©©©©

c

©

©

©

©

©

©

©

©

C5

©

s-s

CNCNCNCN<N©©lO©©©C

C

©

©

©

©

©

©

in

o

n

o

ots

rH CM CM CO rH rH ■>*

-r

r*

IO

rH

rH

rH

-H

CI

©

Td

00

ft

«/=

rH

CO

C4

m

&

T3
cp

3
CD
ft
M

H

-# -HH ©

© © b-

© cm m

Th CM CO

t- CO CO

co oi" d

rH ^H rH

rH rH CN

rH © CO

© co oo ■* © in

© CO" r-T b^ 00 -*

co rH rH m © co

CM CM CO CO CO CO

m
ig

CO

© CO

co in

r|

©

©

m
od

© 00 b- © rH

in © b- rH in ©

T3

1

u

I

!

© o ©

CO © Ti

00 CO © CO ©

r-H rH CM CM <M CM

©oo©©©©©©©©©

rHrHCD©a0©000QCOCOW

C^rH^rH^CD^in^b^b^C^rl^COCO^

©rH"b^rH~rH"in'eo"Os"cD"rH"od'b^'

•"CO©CMb--rHinb--rHrMCOCO

COeOrflrtl-rHrJi-rHrH-rHiOiO

© ©

io m

rH in

3

b- 00

00 ©
© 00

CMCOrHin©b-00©©T-HCMCO-rHin©b-00©©rHCMCO-rHin
CO©©©CO©©©t~b-t— b-b-C-b-t— b-b-00a000000000

oooocooooococooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

574

ARMY AND NAVY.

The following is a statement of the number of each class of army pension claims filed since
1861 on account of disability or death from causes originating since March 4, 1861 ;
also the total number admitted of each class named, arranged according to state or
territorial military organizations.

States and Territories.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut ....

Delaware

Florida

Georgia,

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Dakota

District of Columbia

Indian Territory

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington Territory

United States Army

United States Volunteers

United States Colored Troops.

Total

469

451

736

551

7,666

1,311

167

24

53,245

48,785

20,445

4,416

17,243

661

16,667

4,809

21,998

21,211

5,753

134

17,144

496

52

7,635

10,196

73,183

909

62,724

96

59,827

2,492

40

3,499

82

9,438

58

8,795

21,194

45

424

133

2

58

3

20

13,519

2,330

12,635

539,781

81

337

233

211

5,435

715

19

2

30,377

27,442

12,260

2,085

6,390

242

10,763

2,251

14,175

11.170

3,105

6

6,658

209

18

5,127

6,006

41,997

207

31,517

32

32,948

1,360

3

2,762

27

5,892

25

3,689

12,076

22

177

42

1

25

1

7

7,296

905

3,780

290,108

294

920

98

70

2,888

400

118

13

15,829

14,107

5,812

1,217

5,495

384

4,490

1,432

7,942

6,531

1,257

49

6,317

90

1

2,610

3,246

22,525

337

16,640

8

16,752

907

13

3,672

21

2,405

17

2,161

5,615

3

210

474

2

45

2

3,303

973

11,470

169,165

156

226

32

30

2,207

253

69

5

10,590

9,037

4,350

694

3,288

200

3,477

855

5,996

4,850

839

11

3,682

44

1

2,096

2,254

16,128

172

10,138

3

11,298

674

4

2,282

4

1,842

10

1,317

4,052

1

125

221

26

2,015

563

4,963

111,080

MINOR CHILDREN.

127

472

22

25

904

117

51

o

7,435

6,474

2,757

622

2,251

94

1,717

398

2,362

3,082

594

19

3,019

38

860

1,101

-6,886

109

6,226

4

5,621

268

1

1,438

4

925

7

839

2,472

47
321

963

253

2,996

63,926

82

350

13

13

776
98
30

6,088

5,441

2,423

457

1,666

62

1,516

294

2,070

2,663

517

5

2,248

28

773

904

5,714

76

6,118

2

4,664

219

1,090

3

798

4

643

2,138

37
139

737

168

1,595

52,673

MOTHERS.

72

160

42

25

1,148

201

25

5

5,341

4,152

2,141

371

2,281

83

3,503

646

3,605

2,510

523

15

1,699

36

3

1,303

1,201

10,911

100

6,508

8,565

398

2

1,304

5

1,605

12

897

3,373

1

71

21

16

1

2,089

264

3,543

70,777

26

59

19

7

750

125

6

1

2,766

2,187

1,044

152

1,138

26

2,735

351

2,527

1,433

295

4

804

15

1

923

803

6,948

37

3,730

5,138

262

1

624

2

1,094

8

422

1,275

1

52

1,182
117

883

39,982

ARMY AND NAVY.

575

The following is a statement of the number of each class of army pension claims filed since
1861 on account of disability or death from causes originating since March 4, 1 861 :
also the total number admitted of each class named, arranged according to state or
territorial military organizations.

States and Territories.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa .

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Dakota

District of Columbia

Iudian Territory

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington Territory

United States Army

United States Volunteers

United States Colored Troops

Total 20,229

16

30

9

6

250

49

3

1

,729

,246

778

90

828

11

,198

157

951

820

222

TOTAL OF ALL
CLASSES.

461
9
1

464
238
050
39
771

458
73

369
2

630
3

274
864

20
4
1
3

422

73

606

5
2
2

74
11

430
301
181

19

164

3

664

38
412
212

76

86
5

174

72

1,025

12

453

667
25

74
'258'

55

228

132

22
58

978

3,033

907

677

12,856

2,078

364

45

83,579

74,764

31,933

6,716

28,098

1,233

27,585

7,442

36,858

34,154

8,349

217

28,640

669

57

12,872

15,982

116,555

1,494

93,869

108

93,223

4,138

56

15,282

114

15,003

97

12,966

33,518

49

772

953

5

125

3

23

20,296

3,893

31,250

5,950 863,878 499,793

345

977

299

233

9,242

1,202

124

8

50,251

44,408

20,258

3,407

12,646

533

19,155

3,789

25,189

20,328

4,832

26

13,478

301

20

9,093

10,039

71,812

504

51,956

37

54.715

2,540

8

6,832

36

9,884

47

6,126

19,769

24

400

402

2

62

1

7

11,362

1,775

11,279

Number of men furnished by
each state, territory, and Dis-
trict of Columbia, from April
lri, 1861, to close of war.

KT3

.o-d

2,556

8,289
15,725

4,903
55,864
12,284

1,290

259,092

196,363

76,242

20,149

75,760

5,224

70,107

46,638

146,730

87,364

24,020

545

109,111

3,157

1,080

33,937

76,814

448,850

3,156

313.180

1,810

337,936

23,236

31,092
1,965

33,288

32,068

91,327

206

16,534

3,530

2,772,408

8%%

ocsrt

Mo2

1,611

7,836
15,725

3,697
50,623
10,322

1,290

214,133

153,576

68,630

18,706

70,832

4,654

56,776

41,275

124,104

80,111

19,693

545

86,530

2,175

1,080

30,849

57,908

392,270

3,156

210,514

1,773

265.517

17,866

26,394

1,632

29,068

27.714

79,260

206

11,506

3,530

6,561

4,432

964 ,

964

93,441

91,789

2,320,272

576

ARMY AND NAVY.

The following is a statement showing the different monthly rates of pension and the num-
ber pensioned to each rate of the army and navy invalids on the roll June 30, 1 885.

Rates.

Army.

Navy.

Total.

Rates.

Army.

Navy.

Total.

$1 00

1,241

1

25.927

12

42

137

430

2,920

19
207

12

4
36
1
1
1
6
528

68

3

312

2

5
24

2
585

2
9

5

3

121

2
10

16
13

19

4

6
164

24

1

12
21

3
1

1,260

1

26,134

12

42

149

434

2,956

1

1

4

377

60,268

482

1,647

15

388

1

3

73

20

34,639

80

14

4

38

2

281

1,289

1

20

44,775

20

1

1,303

14

406

26

1

27

8

9,297

1

11

34

3

17

67

404

34

24

1

16

15,480

11

1

229

622

241

28

22

24

6

$ 14 00

3,383

19

8

7

1,810
1

30
4

3,413
23

1 87

14 25

2 00

14 50

8

2 12

14 75

7

2 25

15 00

39
1

2

1,849
2

2 50

15 25

2 66

15 50

2

3 00

15 62

1

1

3 06

15 75

10

31

2

10

3 33

16 00

4,457

7

12

11

12

2,010

1

14

9

1,568

4,488
9

3 50

3

371

59,740

482

1,579

15

385

1

3

73

20

34,327

80

14

2

38

2

276

1,265

1

18

44,190

20

1

1,303

12

397

26

1

22

5

9,176

1

9

24

3

1

54

385

34

20

1

10

15,316

11

1

205

621

229

7

22

21

5

16 25

3 75

16 50

12

4 00

16 66

11

4 25

16 75

12

5 00

17 00

9

2
2

2,019
3

5 25

17 25

5 33.

17 50

16

5 50

17 75

9

5 62 .

18 00

30
5
1
2
1

1,598
5

5 66

18 25

5 75.

18 50

10

120

4

8

11

6 00

18 75

122

6 25 . .

19 00

5

6 37

8

6 50

19 50

2

18

2

2

6 66

20 00

1,310

1

6

3

2

97

3

14,903

2

328

1,328
3

6 75

20 75 ... .

7 00

21 00

6

7 50

3

7 66

22 00

2

7 75

22 50

1
1

117

98

8 00

23 75

4

8 25

24 00

15,020

8 33

24 50

2

8 50

25 00

2
3

330

8 75

25 75

3

9 00

26 25

1
1
1
3
1
7,801

1

9 25

26 66

1

9 37

26 75 "..

1

9 50

27 50

3

9 75 . .

28 50..

1

10 00

30 00

126
3
2
1

7,927

10 20

30 75

3

10 25 . .

31 25

132

135

10 50

31 75

1

10 62

33 00

i

35

64

1

10 75 .

36 00

1

36

11 00

37 50

64

11 25

38 25..

1
1

1

11 33

38 50

1

11 50

40 00

14
1

14

11 66

42 00

1

11 75

40 25

1

1

12 00

45 00

7
1
1
821
904
1
1

7

12 25

47 00

1

12 37

48 00

1

12 50

50 00

13

26

834

12 75

72 00..

930

13 00

75 00

1

13 25

100 00

1

13 33

Total..

13 50

241,456

2,745

244,201

13 75

ARMY AND NAVY.

577

2

co
.©

q> Co
Si. co

>*» oo
© r*

s«
CO ■>»«
•©

0} cd

to

to

c:

CO g

oo «

*-. o,

-^°

"* §
CO ©
CO Ci

c co

5 «

«• s
*3

■*: cj.

co

■*> 2

f *

«= S
e «

,5 &

,3 «•

Is,

co o

c •*-

CO •
O CO

S «
§ Q)

CO ©

**" eo

0J ^

few

.2 CO
^S

-S> ■*-

«o e
e ^

I?2
■§|

I*

CO

e«

10!OHNHCO!D0100HMO

CM © TO OS

HIOOasHlrHHIlOHICM

©

J3 V

+3

10t-0)ffiHiH-*0)0»tOO

© IO © ©

©rHrHi— l»OlO00b-b-

©

rj GO

9 S

03 C3

ft

0J

HtJffitBMBtCri^lHWH

as os © as

b-lfj©O00©cM©©

rH

a

CDOOCOi— llOOiraOOOOT— 1 00 •*

00 ■* H ffi

lOrHCMHICOOOb-OT©

HI

^COHtDrifflOJff

00 00 CO CO

CM b- i—i io

H HI IO IO IO OI CO to t-

IO

CO

NOIOtHiOOOIC

CM O t- OS

kO OT OT rH

O HJO OtOtD r 1 CO TO

©

cjja

5

t- O) IM (O Ol iO H r

CM 0O t- CD

oo oi oo o

0OHl00HlcM©COb-©

HI

OS

ot-o*oio-*coc:

rfl t- O t-H

i— 1 lO © OT

OOOt-OltDCNHIOlto

©

*£

QQ

i-H H ■* » TO B Tt

00 l> CO o

as © as oo

00©OTb-OHI©b-lO

b-

t5 of

a
a. 2

O co

a

R

Hrlfl

CM CM TO CO

CM TO CM tM

CM(MTO1010lO©10©

t005H10tD(N«K

co co m cs

i— 1 rH rH b-

Hl00lOCM©b-00©lO

toinatooo^oo^

co oo as cm

H HI CM CO

oosioowosiniotN

03

(Drit-Hfflt-Ht:

OS CD •* CM

■* CM 00 rH

nOSNOOOOCOCOt-H

m cd

o

lOioiiHiotsno'

N 00 C- CI

00 © ^H cM

cMTOcM©001OTOCMlO

M cs<

EH

H lO 00 CI lO «

00 OS O TO

CO CO CO TO

COOlHllO©00©CMHI

PI u

1— 1 I— 1 I-

i-H i-H CM CM

CM CM tM CM

CMCMcMCMCMCMTOCOCO

-

0!00OtOtEO00(£

^ LO H IO

rH TO CM 00

i-H©©cMOHI©©©

° s fl

ft 03 a

li

oii— it^mot-T— ioc

O co O t-

rH rH TO OS

0OHIHI©tM©rHOOb-
TOCOrHTOb-©©<M©

CMC»Ot)'»t-hO<X>^

iH rH i-H CM

© © 00 00

H3 <D

T»Mtot-OHmcc

IO l-H -* 00

OO" hT rt" N

eo" c-f hi" io" hT CO" b-~ b-" b-"

cq io t> oo a:

O r-i rH T-I

rH l-H i— | ©

o©o©o©©©©

0*3 °

^

|<33

CO

S H H fl) O N IB t-

OS l-H -rH "*

o oo as as

CO©lO©©TO<M©©

8 °-°

T3

co^(Nt>ooiO(on:

IO (M OS IO

O CM 00 TO

CMHIrHi-HrHCOHIb-HI

3 03T3

a

(owot)"*Mtoioa

oo «o ot as

IO © © CM

b-©©H<rH©©Hli— l

03

^■ttlt-MlOaOlK

CM t— CO CO

ffi H N ■*

OOi— !001OHIcM©lOb-

P

ff) TO u< (D IS

oo oo as i-H

rH CM cm CM

cMOTC0HI©00OcMHI

K

l-H

l-H l-H l-H rH

1— ll— 1 1— IrHi— li-HcMtMtM

• CM ■* t~ t-< t~ <M i-

CO i—i CM CO

CM CM CM t-

©C-IOlOHIHIcMcMb-

b-

ro 00 00 t- b- 00 C"

OS CM CO OT

lO CO IO Is-

tMCOHlHICOCOCOCStB

©

•pSMOJJB (

jniiep

5 ffi "* h h ■* a

rH CM IO CO

q, •* h ©

co os »3 ra TO tD H H t>

00

jo jeqnm

rr TTJIO T

t-^ oT o o" CD 00

" TO CO CO -*

©" © rH as"

r-ri-HrHCO^b-^b-"oo"Hi-lo"

©"

u l^+^Jj

TO -# IO CO CM

CM rH rH TO

l-H l-H rH

i-HrHTOi-HcMCMCOTOCO

00

b- cm OS rfl cri to 0C

CD l-H OS rH

TO HI HI »

iot-oototcostoinoo

©

00 CO O) OO IO IO c

CD IO CO OS

© CO © CM

rH00rH©i-HTOb-00i— 1

HI

•pajtjsuoi}

BOqdClB

^H TO_ IO CD CM t- t-

© oo as to

TO b- b- IO

b-lOt-HHIm©b-b-©

00

jo jaqumi

i xb^ox

cq" CO TO N io to" c

" CO tH co" co"

od co" oo" co"

CM" Hi" I> h h O" OO' H O
CMHIIOHIMHIHIHIHI

00

-<*l IO t- CD TO CM

CM tM ■* CM

l-H rH l-H CM

©

i— 1

©

. r-{ t~

CM O © 00

©rHb-©iOMCM00©

CM

1

o

TO rH

Hj H ri <D

CM00b-CO©©cM00cM

©

QJ

l-H

CM OO Tii i-H

i— li— li— l to OS CO O0 TO HI

T—l

&

to"

cm"

CO" Hi" rH

Hi"

_o
Is

on

£

rH

TO

00 -*

© TO © TO

b-b-00HllO©COHI00

©

a

'3

t>

as ©

OO CC HI t>

lOi-HHIOOi-HCMCMcMi-l

b-

iH

r-H IO

b-~

rH IO CM

to"

00 IO CM rH
CM"

©
to"

i-t
MH

o

o

l-H

CM

to

^H io

© CO i-H ©

00b-rH©l000Ob-C0

TO

u

*&

t- rH

OS rH b- TO

Hl©©b-00rHb-©b-

TO

03

£

© 00

CM b- IO HH

OTt00t»CJ5_(M_00b-lOCO

00

o

»o" to"

1-H~

IO 00 tM" rH

co"

CO

l-H

HI

_o

It

(

rH ©

rH b- IO ©

00©rHlOOSlOi-HcMb-

CO

>

-HH Ttl

00 TO CM rH

Hf b- H< OT

©00rH©O00©10cM

t-

t^ IO

i— 1 b- 00 CM rH

©

ft

02

© ©

l-H

CM

HI

ft

CM

TO

-

Ol TO CD Oi -* TO t-i

tH © as ■*

CO CM © ©

rH©©lO©©TO©TO

IO

T3

©

Jo

■* CO >* IO C73 Oi CD

© © os ■*

b- io TO b-

COlOt-mtMOSOCDH^

CM

>>

t— -* a> cm oo ■*

as io co cm

© rH b- TO^

001OTOHias©TOTOb-

00

03

&

co" C<f xf t-T cjT en

- » cf 00* l>

HI TO HI Hi

TOTOTOHIC0C01O©b-

©"

rt

o

<N tM CM i-H ft

l-H l-H

CM

a

03

"3

^

tM

•

B3 H H CMtO O) O

CM rH -* 00

i-H b- © ©

CMHItM©HI©HIHI©

HI

>>

i

T3

i-H CM ■* i-H 00 00 CD

OS CM CO ©

lO CO CO to

XlHHIOCtlHIHHOO

O

■>* rH O CM 00 IO •*

(M^ t-^ OS^ -*

IO © b- OT

CMHIcMrHTO©©HllO

CM

03

CQ

"# t- IO CM CD 05

t-" io" b- CO

CO IO IO IO

b-b-b-©rHcMCMb-b-

O

<!

3

>

5

l-H l-H CM l-H

i— 1 CM CM TO CM CM

o

CO

*

IO IO -* CO IO CO t-

IO O CM 00

© l-H 00 ©

r— i— 1 IO OS 1Q r li-HHIb-

©

T3

1 .

CD 00 tM CD t~ CO O

■"fl © rH b-

CM CM rH rH

CM IO b- TO

©TOrHlOC-JrHlOCOb-

©

CM TO -* TO TO CM

l-H l-H rH rH

1-HtMlOcMCMcMtMcM

CD

O O

2-8

IO

>

03

a
.2

^

m

O O IO IO © O O

o © o ©

00 00 © HI

i-HO©rH10tMb-l-H10

r— i

aS

TJ

CO TO 00 IO IO IO t-

© CO OS tH

HI CM rH HI

b-©©©i-Hb-b-b-cM

tN«10»10HJI>B(-

©

©

tM TO TM CO CM i-H

CM CM i-H CM

CM CM CO TO

b-

'S

r-T

o$

a

d

•■

O l> l> ■* cq lO O!

© © IO IO

b- CO HI HI

©i-Hb-CMb-©00©b-

b-

T3

P .

O t- CM CD TO CD 02

OS O 00 IO

CM © © ©

©©©©CMHIb-OOlO

00

1

O TO CO ^H t> (M CD

Til HJ OS t-

HI © CM CM

<M©b-©iOTO00cMlO

©

T3"5

H CN M* -* 00" O* TO

rH lH CO CO

© IO IO IO

lOCOffllOOOHHH

©

CD

CM TO TH CM CM r^

l-H rH

CM rH i— 1 l— 1 rH rH

CM

>>

a

a
o

1

ft

TO

•

CM O TO OS OJ IO CM

io rH b- b-

00 CM © ©

CMCMlOCOlOHJOitNOl

b-

<

r$

co oo co os as o cs

co as co io

CM © CM TO

TOrHTOb-100TO©10

b-

TO TO CM_ CM^ t-^ 0\ C<

© as oo oo

b- CO © ©

WOOOOCOHIOOOlOl

tM

i

a

H CD 6" t-" io" IO l>

~ rH cm" 00" 00

00 © rH b-

©00©O00©lO00b-

IO

a

>

CM CM CM TO rH

i-H T-i

I— 1 rH

rHi-HCOrHi— ItMTOCMtM

HI

<t]

d

rH

IO

§nt

HtMCO^WtOt-tt

OS © i-H CM

OT HI IO ©

b-00©Oi— itMCOHllO

_

*0S ennp

CDCOCOCXltOcXJCDC

© b- b- b-

b- b- b- b-

b-b-t-000000000000

-pna

JB8A

180915

oc

cc

cc

oc

cc

or

00 oc

oc

oc

00 00

00 00 00 00

000000000000000000

^

rH — -0

O^

as oo
JSW

a as

5-S

5EVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

of

snts and
ry-

Value
of live stock.

Expense per acre
for fertilizers.

Value of all
farm products.

111. $203,980,137

N.Y. 178,025,695 2

O 156,777,152 3~

Ta. 136,103,173 V

Pa. 129,760,476 5~

Ind. 114,707,082 6~~

■j Mo. 95,912,660 7~

^ Mich. 91,159,858 ~8~

,'* .J. Wis. 72,779,496 9~

GeT 67,028,927 10~

{ Tex. 65,204,329 IT

{ Ky. 63,850.155 12

'...«{ Miss. 63,701,844 IS

■{ Tenn. 62,076,311 IT

N{ Cal. 59,721,425 15

Ala. 56,872,994 1B~

'•■{ Kan. 52,240,361 17

N.C. 51,729,611 18"

Minn. 49,468,951 W

Va. 45,726,221 20

Ark. 43,796,261 21

( La. 42,883,522 22

/( S.C. 41,969,749 23

Neb. 31,708,914 24~

^ N.J. 29,650,756 25

•'/[ Md. 28,839,281 26

{ Mass. 24,160,881 27~

{ Vt. 22,082,656 28

. V Me. 21,945,489 29~

* V . — :

*{ W.Ya.19,360,049 30

Conn. 18,010,075 31

N.H. 13,474,330 32

Ore. 13 234,548 33

Fla. 7,439,392 34

■[ Del. 6,320.345 35

\.{ Dak. 5,648,814 36~

•( Col. 5,035,228 37

( R.I. 3,670,135 38

Nev. 2,855,419 39

Copyrighted 1SSG by Yaggy & West.

FARMS AND FARM PRODUCTS IN

States.

Number of
farms.

Acres of
improved land.

Value of farms,

including land, fences

and buildings.

fa

l

2
3

• 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
89

Illinois I •'"■• '" \

Ohio J 247,189 y

New York / 24l..0hS
\

Missouri J '215,575 \

Pennsylvania —J 213,042

Indiana { iy4,U13 y

Iowa { 185,351 X

Texas J 174,184 y

Kentucky [ i«B4S3

Tennessee { 16.">,050 \

North Carolina -^157^07

Michigan HWfOS

Georgia { 138,626

Kansas (138,561 V

Alabama { 135,864

Wisconsin {134,322 y

Virginia mw M7

Mississippi , {101,772 y

Arkansas '94,433

South Carolina-{" 93,864 X.

Minnesota ( 92,386

Maine {64,309 y

Nebraska [^387

West Virginia ,..{ 62,674 y
Louisiana f 48,292

Maryland {40,517 y...f

Massachusetts ( 38,406

California {35,934 y

Vermont J 35.522

New Jersey • ' 34,307 L,

New Hampshire -{32,181

Connecticut {30,598 V.

Florida p,438

Dakota {17,435 L

Oregon mboit

Delaware {8,749 j.

Rhode iBland [ 6,216

Colorado { ,506 I

Nevada (TIM

FARMS AND FARM PRODUCTS IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

States.

Number of
farms.

Acres of
improved laud.

Value of farms,

including laud, fences

and buildings.

Value of
farm implements and

machinery.

Value
of live stock.

Expense per acre
for fertilizers.

2"»!.,',41 '

Ohio J 247,189 y

New Vnrlr I /ll.llliH I

Missouri ■) 213,30 j.

i 111. 'il.ll.VlW

:

TS. 19.MI.Mi

<-..riJ. 18,081,091 J..

N.Y. 17,717,862
.S~Mo. 113,745,031 L.
... Ind. 13,933,738 L '••'**

T?T 13,423,007

...J 'i'ex. 12,650,314 1
1 K

f~Ey, 10,731,683 L

.,' Cal. 10,66975910.

9,162,528 1.

South Carolina....,' 93,864
Minnesota

nlaine

Nebraska

West Virginia ....(02,674 >,..■■

Louisiana

Maryland ■{ 40,517 >....;

Massachusetts

California -j 35,934 f

'••.' Mich. 8,296,862 V

Minn. 7,246,093

"'••■J Miss. 5,216.937 t

''••■{ S.C. 4,132.050 \ \ ^j,

! W.Va. 3,792,327 J..V"" *••„•

^ <. J \ >.

Ark. 3,595,61

'"V Me. 3,484,908 y..j^

...J Md. 3.342,700 V"

VE 3.286,461

New Jersey .{84,307 }..._

New Hampshire

Connecticut

Florida ______

Dakota /I

Oregon ______

Delaware _T 8,749

Rhode Island ' 6.216

Colorado i ,506

Nevada _________

"La. 2,739,972

N.H. 2,308,112 )

Ore. 2,198,645

Mass. 2,125,311

^ N.J. 2,096.297 y' /

— -j Conn 1,612,188 y'

-■■j Dak. l,i:,0,4)3 )...

^ Fla. 947,640 ]_^

...■■{ Del. 746,958 {-•"

,.,..[ Col. 610,169 I

Value of all
farm products.

Neb. $0. 00 88 ~
0. 00 43 '

/.^ Kan. 0. 00 57 \\

.■[ Tez. 0. 00 59 ].'

•••{ Mo. 0. 00 65 ]...'Y
0. 00 66

Nev. 0. 00 73
CaT 0. 00 85

N.Y. 178,025

156,777,152

la. 180,103.479

129,760,476

l\ Ind. 114,707,0;

f"T~Wo. 95,1112,660

^ Mich. 91,159,858 8~

l/yf Wis. 72,779,496~

Ga. 67,028,927

Ky. 0. 01 ,

Ark. 0. 01 58'

■{ Tenn. 0. 01 85 }-\

'•-j Wis. 0. 01 95 "I"'

'•I'.-'i' Mi8B- °- °2 38^"'.'?^

>** '•.*'{ Ind. 0. 02 44 y*/ .'

.. '^ o. o. 03 04 y /

\ Mich. 0. 03 62^''

/■{ Tex. 65.204,329 if

Ky. 03,850.155 12

/.■■■{ Miss. 63,701,844 15

■•■{ Tenn. 62,076,311 14~*

(\ "■{ Cal. 59,721.425

Ala. 56.s7_v.mi

N.C. 51,7211,611

Minn r.iji',-,'151

..-{ W.Va. 0. 04 66 },
..<{ Me. 0. 06 38 ]>\
N.H. 0. 07 16 ]

Va. 45,726,221

Ark. 43,796,261 21

La. 42,883,522 22

Fla. 0. 07 68 |
La! 0. 10 16 !

N.Y. 0. 15 34 ;
Ala. 0. 18 84

Va. 0. 25 11

B.C. 41,9119,719

Neb. 31,708,914 24

^ N.J. 29,650,756

. X / <{ Md. 28,139,211

Mass, 24,160,8.11

YvT

' / \\ ..••{ Conn. 0. 30 29?-..

* West.

\:i Me-

21,945,489

29

;./ „.'* \"\-, Mass. 0. 30 70 ]^fi

\ \ >( W.Va.19.360,049

30

f\ \ 1 N.C. 0. 32 58 //

\\*( Conn

.18,010,075

31

\ \A R.I. 0. 47 01 \j

\ H NH

13.474,330

32

"••.."'A / N Ga. 0. 52 93 / ^

\\\ Ore

13 234,548

33

AS. .A Eel. 0. 02 68 !'•-:

\ 1 Fla

7,439,392

31

/..•'' \\'i S.C. 0. 64 37 Y /

"\--J Del.

6,320.345

35

'/''.. V '1 N.J. 0. 76 40 .''/

V.-( Dak.

5,648,814

36

"'•-.. "V '. Md. 0. 84 91 }'

SJU Col.

5,035,228

37

**.%* — ".:

yi hi.

3,670,135

38

\ Nev.

2,855.419

39

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy

Increase of Farm "Values ot Agricultural Products in Twenty Years

1850

1879

CO

0>

m
S

5

o

•rH

$

o
-a

o

2

CO

O
O

^'
P

ID

H

rft

o

d
o

05

■p

<*

lO

05

CO

*1

.

0>

CM

- ;

;

<M

r*

rP

en

§ 9

CO

o

r^

"3

o
in

CO

l-H

I©

H «

rH

m

o

rt

rt

<N

o

o

Pa
B

c
o

■5 43

5 03

-s:

a

o

w

f*

a

ft

o

o

AGRICULTURE.

The statistics of Agriculture of the United States are obtained through
the personal visitation, by the enumerators of population, of each and
every farm, in succession, within their respective districts.

The schedule upon which the required information is obtained is dis-
tinctively a farm-schedule, just as the returns of population are made upon
a distinctively family-schedule ; and the statistics thus obtained do not em-
brace any operations connected with the soil vrhich are not carried on
through the occupation and cultivation of a farm in the usual sense of
that term. The operations thus excluded relate mainly to the produc-
tion of meat, hides and wool, through the grazing of cattle and sheep over
extensive ranges of public or private lands, generally the former, upon
the extreme frontier of settlement.

A canvass of the agricultural interests of a country, through a farm-to-
farm visitation, has certain advantages, and likewise certain disadvantages
in comparison with a canvass of those interests conducted within small dis-
tricts by selected agents who are not confined to the use of a farm-sched-
ule, but who, after making the inquiries and pursuing the observations
necessary to satisfy their own minds, report for their respective districts
in gross.

Upon the whole, the advantages of the former method of enumeration
greatly preponderate. It is true that by this method each farmer, whether
intelligent or ignorant, is in turn made the census reporter; but at the
same time the farmer has the benefit of the positive and negative suggest-
ions of the official enumerator who may generally be relied upon to check
gross errors, whether of intention or of inadvertence. On the other hand,
each farmer knows the main facts relating to his own land and the operations
upon it far better than they can be conjectured in a general way by even
the most accomplished agricultural statistician; and if the farmers of any
region feel no indisposition to tell the truth, the aggregation of their indi-
vidual statements will yield a result far more closely approaching the facts
than any man's estimate. And, in general, it may be said that farmers en-

(579)

580 AGRICULTURE.

tertain no objection to a full disclosure of the information called for by the
census schedules, except, perhaps, in some cases, as to the value of farms,
of live stock, of farming implements and machinery, and the total value of
the farm productions of the year. As to crops, acreage, etc., no apprecia-
ble disadvantage is experienced in gathering the agricultural statistics from
any unwillingness to make answer on those points, or any disposition to
misrepresent the truth. Against this must be set the consideration that a
person reporting at large for any considerable district, is almost always
subject to a strong temptation, consciously or unconsciously, to exaggerate
the facts of production, not to speak of the simple unfitness of most men,
even most men of intelligence, to make statistical estimates or computa-
tions extending over any considerable field, even where no predisposition
exists adverse to an impartial judgment.

It is necessary, in considering the various farm interests of the country, to
impose some definition, which will necessarily be arbitrary, upon the word
farm. If every bit of land owned by any one were enumerated, however
small, and whether cultivated or not, the figures would lose all significance
whatsoever. In reaching out to cover the potato patch, tilled at odd
hours by the factory hand, or the vegetable garden of the village shop-
keeper, lawyer or blacksmith, the census would lose far more than it
gained.

The definition of the word " farm " as it appears in this work, is such
as was adopted by the government in 1870, and continued in 1880. It is
expressed in the following: " Farms, for the purposes of the agricultural
schedule, include all considerable nurseries, orchards, and market-gardens,
which are owned by separate parties, which are cultivated for pecuniary
profit, and employ as much as the labor of one able-bodied workman dur-
ing the year. Mere cabbage and potato patches, family vegetable-
gardens, and ornamental lawns, not constituting a portion of a farm for
general agricultural purposes, will be excluded. No farm will be reported
of less than three acres, unless $500 worth of produce has actually been
sold off from it during the year. The latter proviso will allow the inclu-
sion of many market-gardens in the neighborhood of large cities, where,
although the area is small, a high state of cultivation is maintained and
considerable values are produced. A farm is what is owned or leased by
one man and cultivated under his care. A distant wood-lot or sheep-
pasture, even if in another subdivision, is to be treated as a part of the
farm; but wherever there is a resident overseer, or a manager, there a
farm is to be reported.

PERCENTAGE

of

UNIMPROVED LAND

In farms to total land in farms.

AVERAGE YIELD OF

COTTON

Per acre in pounds lint.

Under 125 pounds lint.

From\2hto 175 "
" 175 to 200 "
" 200 to 2J5 "
" 225 to 275 "

Over 275 "

PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL PRODUCTION OF

Under 1 per cent.

From 1 to 5 " "
" 5 to 8 " "
" 8 to 10 " "
" 10 to 13 " "

Over 13 " "

AGRICULTURE.

581

The number of farms reported in 1880, in each state and territory,
was as follows, in comparison with the figures of 1870:

States and Terri-
tories.

The United States.

North Atlantic group:

Maine ,

New Hampshire . .

Vermont ,

Massachusetts

Rhode Island .

Connecticut ,

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

The group

South Atlantic group :

Delaware

Maryland

T)ist. of Columbia

Virginia ,

West Virginia.

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

The group:

Northern Central group :

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

TOTAL NUMBER OF

FARMS.

centage

of in-

1880.

1870.

crease.

4,008,907

2,659,985

50.7

64,309

59,804

7.5

32,181

29,642

8.6

3*5,522

33,827

5.0

38,406

26,500

44.9

6,216

5,368

15.8

30,598

25,508

20.0

241,058

216,253

11.5

34,307

30,652

11.9

213,542

174,041

22.7

696,139

601,595

15.7

8,749

7,615

14.9

40,517

27,000

50.1

435

209

108.1

118,517

73,849

60.5

62,674

39,778

57.6

157,609

93,565

68.4

93,864

54,889

80.9

138,626

69,956

98.2

23,438

10,241

128.9

644,429

374,102

72.3

247,189

195,953

26.1

194,013

161,289

20.3

255,741

202,803

26.1

154,008

98,786

55.9

134,322

102,904

30.5

92,386

46,500

98.7

States and Terri-
tories.

Northern Central group —
Continued.

Iowa

Missouri

Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

The group

Southern Central group:

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Arkansas

The group

Western group :

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

The group

total number of

FARMS.

1880.

185,351

215,575

17,435

63,387

138,561

1,697,968

166,453
165,650
135,864
101,772

48,292
174,184

94,433

886,648

1,519

457

4,506

5,053

767

9,452

1,404

1,885

6,529

16,217

35,934

83,723

1870.

Per-
centage
of in-
crease.

116,292

148,328

1,720

12,301

38,202

1,125,078

118,422
118,141

67,382
68,023
28,481
61,125
49,424

510,998

851

175
1,733
4,480

172
4,908
1,036

414

3,127

7,587

23,724

48,212

59.4

45.3

913.7

415.3

262.7

50.9

40.6
40.2

101.6
49.6
69.6

185.0
91.1

73.5

78.5
161.1
159.3

12.8
345.9

92.6

35.5
355.3
108.8
113.7

51.5

73.7

The number of farms reported in the territories is inadequate to repre-
sent the agricultural operations of those regions. This is owing to the
fact that these operations are carried on, not generally upon farms, in the
ordinary or in any proper sense of that term, but over vast ranges, con-
sisting mainly of public lands, under what is known as the ranch system,
the products being chiefly meat, hides and tallow. Some of the territories
in question have almost no farms in the usual sense of that word. The
arable land is, in some of them, confined strictly within the limits of arti-

582 AGRICULTURE.

ficial irrigation, and neither the engineering skill nor the moneyed capital
required for extensive irrigation has as yet been drawn into the service of
agriculture against the greater attractions of the mining or the grazing
industry.

The vast increase in the number of farms in the United States, as a
whole, between 1870 and 1880 is seen at a glance. Broadly speaking, this
is due, not so much to the extension of agricultural settlement over new
regions, as to the subdivision of the farms of the older states, particularly
at the south, where the great plantations of twenty and ten years ago have
been steadily undergoing partition, in consequence of the social and indus-
trial changes in progress since the Civil War.

Of the total gain of 1,348,922 farms between 1870 and 1880, 712,998
have been added in the former slave states. Of these, 502,308 were added in
the nine large cotton-planting states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louis-
iana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas.

In part, this increase of farms has been by the extension of the farming
area to cover lands not heretofore embraced in the report ; in part, it has
been by the subdivision of farms previously existing. These two causes
have operated with very different force in the different sections of the
country, Thus, in the south Atlantic group there was between 1870 and
1880 an increase of but 12.4 per cent in the aggregate acreage of farms,
while the increase in the number of farms reached 72.3 per cent. On the
other hand, the western group of states and territories, with almost exactly
the same per cent of increase in the number of farms, shows an increase
in aggregate acreage of 61.5 per cent.

It will be understood that the total land in farms by no means equals,
even in the most uniformly settled agricultural regions, the total area of
the county or of the state. Thus, in Indiana, a state exceptionally
fertile over its entire surface, we have but about 20,500,000 acres
reported in farms out of about 23,000,000 of acres embraced
within the limits of the state. In Illinois, another prairie state, the propor-
tion is approximately 31 }4 to 35^.

This difference is made up of many items. There are the sites of build-
ings and the grounds connected with them, whether isolated or in villages
or cities; there is the space covered by public highways, canals and rail-
roads ; there are the tracts of land owned by non-residents or by persons
who are not farmers. In this latter class of lands is often included a vast
extent of pasturage and woodlands, especially the latter. In some states
the great body of the forests is held by speculators or lumber-mill opera-

AGRICULTURE.

583

tors, who are not farmers in any sense of the term. In some states the
difference between the total surface and the total area in farms is chiefly
accounted for by the existence of swamps and overflowed lands, of mount-
ains and rugged hills or other lands absolutely waste, of barren tracts
along the coast, of tidal marshes, etc. In the so-called uland states," that
is, states which contain portions of the public domain, the difference
referred to is still further accounted for by the existence of lands not yet
appropriated under the various Acts of Congress, perhaps not yet surveyed
and opened to settlement, and also by the maintenance of Indian and
military reservations.

The total amount of land, improved and unimproved, reported as em-
braced in farms in 1880 was 536,081,835 acres, against 407,735,041 acres
in 1870.

The following table shows the extent of farm lands in each state and
territory, set against the total estimated surface thereof, with the propor-
tion existing in each case:

States and Terbitories.

The United States*.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Land in farms.

Acres.

536,081,81-55

18,855,334

135,573

12,061,547

16,593,742

1,165,373

2,453,541

3,800,656

1,090,245

18,146

3,297,324

26,043,282

327,798

31,673,645

20,420,983

24,752,700

21,417,468

21,495,240

8,273,506

6,552,578

5,119,831

3,359,079

13,807,240

13,403,019

15,855,462

Total land
surface.

Proportion of

I land in farms

to total land

surface.

Acres.

1,856,108,800

* Exclusive of farm lands in the Indian Territory, the amonnt of which

32,985,600
72,268,800
33,948,800
99,827,200
66,332,800

3,100,800
94,528,000

1,254,400
38,400
34,713,600
37,747,200
53,945,600
35,840,000
22,982,400
35,504,000
52,288,000
25,600,000
29,068,800
19,132,800

6,310,400

5,145,600
36,755,200
50,691,200
29,657,600

is not known

0.289

0.572
0.002
0.355
0.166
0.018
0.791
0.040
0.869
0.473
0.095
0.690
0.006
0.884
0.889
0.697
0.410
0.840
0.285
0.342
0.811
0.653
0.376
0.264
0.535

584

AGRICULTURE.

States and Territories. — Continued.

ind in farms.

Total land
surface.

Proportion of

land in farms

to total land

surface.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

27,879,276

43,990,400

0.634

405,683

92,998,400

0.004

9,944,826

48,758,400

0.204

530,862

70,233,600

0.008

3,721,173

5,763,200

0.646

2,929,773

4,771,200

0.614

631,131

78,374,400

0.008

23,780,754

30,476,800

0.780

22,363,558

31,091,200

0.719

24,529,226

26,086,400

0.940

4,214,712

60,518,400

0.070

19,791,341

28,790,400

0.687

514,813

694,400

0.741

13,457,613

19,308,800

0.697

20,666,915

26,720,000

0.773

36,292,219

167,865,600

0.216

655,524

52,601,600

0.012

4,882,588

5,846,400

0.835

19,835,785

25,680,000

0.772

1,409,421

42,803,200

0.033

10,193,779

15,772,800

0.646

15,353,118

34,848,000

0.441

124,433

82,448,000

0.002

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina. .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Bhode Island . . .
South Carolina..

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

"West Virginia . .

Wisconsin

Wyoming

The following is the summary for the United States of the land in farms :

Improved: Acres.

Tilled, including fallow and grass in rotation (whether pasture or

meadow) 223,067,144

Permanent meadows, permanent pastures, orchards, and vineyards. . 61,703,898

Total improved 284,771,042

Unimproved :

Woodland and forest 190,255,744

Other unimproved, including " old fields" not growing wood 61,055,049

Total unimproved 251,310,793

Total land in farms 536,081,835

The detailed tables of this volume exhibit these classes by states and
territories and by counties.

Enough has been popularly known regarding the tenure of land in
the United States to enable one to say with assurance that, in general, land
was with us very largely cultivated by its owners. No statistical informa-
tion, however, has ever before been collected, previous to 1880, which
furnished the means of even approximating, throughout any considerable
section of the country, the proportion between the lands cultivated by their
owners and the lands cultivated by occupiers who were not owners.

AVERAGE YIELD
of

CORN

Per acre in bushels.

|

Under 15 bushels per acre.

From 15 to 18 " " "
" 18 to 24 " " "
" 24 to 28 " " "
" 28 to 33 " " "

Over 33 " '] "

AVERAGE YIELD

of

WHEAT

Per acre in bushels.

Under G bushels per acre

From 6 to 10 " " "

" 10 to 13" " "

" 13 to 16" " "

" 16 to 20" " "

Over 20 " »' "

Acreage of Cotton

Value of Farm Animals in the United States
in 1884

AGRICULTURE.

585

Farms cultivated by owners or rented.

At the census of 1880, an inquiry into the tenure of farms was inserted
in the agricultural schedule, with results of the highest economical and
sociological Jmportance.

For the United States, as a whole, it appears that of the 4,008,907
farms returned, 2,984,306, or 74 per cent, were cultivated by their own-
ers; 322,357, or 8 per cent, were cultivated by tenants, on the basis of a
fixed money rental; 702,244, or 18 per cent, were cultivated by tenants
paying a share of the product as rent.

The following table shows, for each state and territory, the proportions
of the several classes of farms, according to tenure :

[Basis of Computation, 10,000.]

States and Territories.

The United States

North Atlantic group ;

Maine

New Hampshire. . .

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

The group

.South Atlantic group :

Delaware

Maryland ,

Dist. of Columbia.

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina . . .
South Carolina. . .

Georgia

Florida

The group ,

Northern Central group ,

Ohio

Indiana ,

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin ,

Minnesota

o £ 8
as a

■500

ft to >>

tH =8 &

Proportion of
farms rented
for fixed mon-
ey rental.

Proportion of
farms rented
for share of
product.

7,444

804

1,752

9,568

253

179

9,188

384

428

8,660

609

731

9,182

597

221

8,012

1,591

397

8,978

628

394

8,346

752

902

7,540

1,052

1,408

7,878

798

1,324

8,401

704

895

5,762

584

3,654

6,905

957

2,138

6,184

3,448

368

' 7,048

1,130

1,822

8,085

685

1,230

6,655

548

2,797

4,969

2,341

2,690

5,515

1,339

3,146

6,911

1,514

1,575

6,388

1,163

2,449

8,073

600

1,327

7,627

442

1,931

6,862

806

2,332

8,999

326

675

9,095

277

628

9,085

135

. 780

States and Territories.

North. Cent group— Cont'd

Iowa

Missouri

Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

The group

Southern Central group

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Arkansas

The group

Western group :

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

The group

•SB

7,617
7,269
9,611
8,198
8,365

7,952

7,355
6,547
5,315
5,622
6,478
6,241
6,909

6,379

9,473
9,716
8,704
9,193
8,683
9,542
9,031
9,528
9,279
8,595
8,017

8,601

ft m 9 3

x Pud 9
aP t *
o M **
B c3 O >>

454
921
41
307
320

523

1,011
1,163

1,685
1,714
1,381
694
1,050

1,185

(3 § ®

2 * S«
'-£ So

ft tD 03 2

II ol
£«H«h a

1.929
1,810
348
1,495
1,315

1,525

1,634
2,290
3,000
2,664
2,141
3,065
2,041

545

2,436

112

415

109

175

366

930

43

764

548

769

63

395

449

520

170

302

320

401

457

948

893

1,090

854

586

AGRICULTURE.

The following table shows for each of the censuses, 1 860-1 880, the
total number of farms ; the total land in farms and the average number of
acres of land in farms ; the total improved land and the average number of
acres of improved land in farms; the total number of acres of unimproved
land and the average number of acres of unimproved land in farms, tak-
ing- the United States as a whole:

Total Dumber of farms

Total land iu farms, acres

Average number of acres in farms

Total improved land in firms, acres

Average number of acres of improved land in farms . .

Total unimproved land in farms, acres

Average number of acres of unimproved land in farms

1880.

4,008,907

536,081,835

134

284,771,042

71

251,310,793

62.7

1870.

2,659,985

407,735,041

153

188,921,099

71

218,813,942

82

I860.

2,044,077

407,212,538

199

163,110,720

80

244,101,818

119

The following table shows the additional detail as to lands in farms ob-
tained for the first time in 1880 on the average of the farms of that year:

Total number of farms in 1880 4,008,907

Average number of acres of tilled land, including fallow and grass in rotation (whether

pasture or meadow) 56.0

Average number of acres of permanent meadows, permanent pastures, orchards and

vineyards 15.0

Average number of acres (in farms) of woodland and forest 47.5

Average number of acres of other unimproved land, including "old fields" not growing

wood 15.2

The following table exhibits the number of farms of each specified
class, with the further distinction of the kind of tenure under which they
were cultivated, at the census of 1880:

Cultivated
by owners.

Rented for fixed
money rental.

Rented for share
of product.

Under 3 acres

2,601

85,456

122,411

460,486

804,522

1,416,618

66,447

25,765

875
22,904
41,522
97,399
69,663
84,645
3,956
1,393

876

3 and under 10 acres

26,529

10 and under 20 acres

90,816

20 and under 50 acres

223,689

50 and under 100 acres

158,625

100 and under 500 acres

194,720

500 and under 1.000 acres

5,569

1,000 acres and over

1,420

The returns of the dairy products of the country are but little affected
by the existence of the ranch system of meat production in the grazing
states and territories, inasmuch as the heifers and cows owned under that
system are seldom, if ever, resorted to for milk. There is, however, a

AGRICULTURE. 587

complication in the statistical returns of these products, introduced by the
existence of a great and growing system of cheese and butter factories
and creameries throughout many of the northern states. The products of
these factories, both logically and by a practical necessity, are reported on
the manufacturing schedule. Hence the real extent of the dairy industry
of the United States can only be reached through combining the statistics
of agriculture with those of manufactures.

The following are the facts reported on the agricultural schedule:

Butter made on farms pounds, 777,250,287

Cheese made on farms pounds, 27,272,489

Milk sold or sent to butter and cheese factories gallons, 530,129,755

The following are the facts reported on the manufacturing schedule :

Pounds.

Cheese made in cheese factories 171,750,495

Cheese made in combined butter and skim-milk factories 44,134,866

Total cheese '.. 215,885,361

Butter made in butter factories 16,471,163

Butter made in combined butter and skim-cheese factories 12,950,621

Total butter 29,421,784

Condensed milk produced 13,033,267

Value of butter-milk and skim-milk sold —

Prom butter factories $41,393

From combined butter and skim-cheese factories 32,060

Total 73,453

Combining the figures from the two schedules, we have —

Butter : Pounds.

On farms , 777,250,287

In factories 29,421,784

Total butter 806,672,071

Cheese :

On farms 27,272,489

In factories 215,885,361

Total cheese 243,157.850

The number of pounds of milk reported as consumed by the butter and
cheese factories in twelve months was 2,747,427,449. The total number of
gallons of milk reported by the farmers of the country as sold or sent to
butter and cheese factories in twelve months was 530,129,755. Allowing
8 4-5 pounds of milk to a gallon, we should have 1,917,714,395 pounds, or
217,922,090 1-3 gallons of milk sold otherwise than to butter and cheese
factories.

588

AGRICULTURE.

The enumeration of the cereal crops of the United States is believed to
have been as accurate as the nature of the subject-matter would permit.
Of course, these crops, like all others, are subject to the conditions already
mentioned regarding the return of agricultural productions wherever they
become of minor consequence, or are only rarely cultivated; but it is
believed that the great grain fields of the country have been reported with
substantial exactness.

The following are the aggregate figures for the United States:

Crop.

Acres,

Bushels.

Crop.

Acres.

Bushels.

Barley

1,997,727

848,389

62,368,504

43,997,495

11,817,327

1,751,591,676

Oats

16,144,593

1,842,233

35,430,333

407,858,999

Buckwheat

Bye

19,831,595

Indian corn

Wheat

459,483,137

The collection of the statistics of cotton production suffers two disad-
vantages: First, in the greater comparative difficulty of securing as
enumerators men, not of general intelligence merely, but also of clerical
habits, and of familiarity with accounts, at the south not at the north,
where extensive commercial and manufacturing interests, and the preva-
lence of the township as contrasted with the county system of transacting
public business, have accustomed greater numbers to the work of making
records and keeping accounts; second, in the methods of cultivating cot-
ton, which have been coming into use since 1865, and in the character of
a considerable portion of the cultivating classes.

Cotton, moreover, is now very largely raised "on shares," or by special
agreements of a great variety of forms, which tend to endanger the accuracy
of a popular enumeration. Thus, to take a comparatively simple case, a
large planter not infrequently cultivates a part of his estate under his own
management, while letting other, perhaps the more distant or less valuable,
parts to be cultivated on shares by others. Herein, it will be seen, is
involved the danger either of duplication or of omission. The planter, in
answering the questions of the enumerator, may either report only that
cotton which he raises on his own account strictly, or he may include his
part of the cotton raised for him on shares, or he may include all that is
raised on his estate. The share cultivators, on the other hand, may return
all the cotton they raise, or only their shares, or may omit it altogether,
assuming that the whole yield of the estate will be reported by the pro-
prietor. Unless, therefore, the enumerators take great pains, and exer-
cise a sound discretion, either more or less cotton will be returned from
such a plantation than was actually produced.

AGRICULTURE.

589

The following table exhibits the acreage and yield of cotton during
the census year in each of the states contributing to that crop :

States.

Acres.

Bales.

States.

Acres.

Bales.

Total United States.*

14,480,019

5,755,359

Mississippi

Missouri -

North Carolina. .
South Carolina. .

Tennessee

Texas

2,106,215

32,116

893,153

1,364,249

722,562

2,178,435

45,040

963,111

20,318
389,598
522,548
330,621

805,284

Alabama

2,330,086
1,042,976

245,595

2,617,138

2,667

864,787

699,654
608,256
54,997
814,441
1,367
508,569

Arkansas

Florida

Georgia

19,595

♦Including 35,000 acres and 17,000 bales in the Indian Territory, reported by special agent.

Another crop which seemed to deserve a special recognition was the
tobacco crop. Of the states of the Union, not less than fifteen raise 2,000,-
000 pounds or more each, and six raise above 10,000,000 pounds each.
The following table shows the acreage and yield of the states having each
as much as 1,000 acres in tobacco:

States.

Acres.

Pounds.

States.

Acres.

Pounds.

Alabama

2,197
2,064
8,666
5,612

11,955
226,120

38,174
3,358
1,471

452,426

970,220

14,044,652

3,935,825

8,872,842

171,120,784

26,082,147

5,369,436

414,663

Missouri

15,521

4,937

57,208

34,676

27,566

41,532

140,791

4,071

8,810

12,015,657

Arkansas

New York

6,481,431

North Carolina

Ohio

26,986,213

Illinois

34,735,235

Indiana

36,943,272

Kentucky

29,365,052

Maryland

79,988,868

Massachusetts

2,296,146

Mississippi

10,608,423

Among the most difficult subjects of enumeration is the production of
sugar and molasses. The difficulty encountered arises, not from the nature
of the subject-matter, but from the indeterminateness of the popular speech.
In one section "cane sugar" means sugar from the West Indian cane; in
another section, sorghum sugar. If the regions in which two species of
cane are cultivated were widely apart geographically, if would be easy to
correct whatever errors might be caused by the inadvertence of enumera-
tors and of cultivators; but, as a matter of fact, the two fields of culture
cross each other at many points, and there will often be nothing on the
face of the returns to show beyond the possibility of mistake what kind of
sugar is intended. Maple sugar, in its turn, may be confounded with
sorghum sugar, though never with the true tropical cane sugar.

590

AGRICULTURE.

The following is the summary for the United States of the final returns
regarding these species:

Cane:

gUo-ar hogsheads, 178,872

Molasses gallons, 16,573,273

Sorghum:

Sugar pounds, 12,792

Molasses gallons, 28,444,202

Maple:

gUo-ar pounds, 36,576,061

Molasses gallons, 1,796,048

The grass crop is well understood to be the greatest of all the crops

of the country. Altogether, in addition to what is consumed from the

ground during the grazing season, the value of the harvested hay reaches

nearly to that of the greatest of the cereal crops. The amount of hay

harvested in 1859, 1869, and 1879, as reported, was as follows:

Tons.

1859 19,083,896

1869 27,316,048

1879 35,150,711

The statistics of the acreage mown, obtained for the first time by the
Tenth Census, show 30,631,054 acres for the whole country. Thirteen
states show each more than a million acres mown, the figures of aggre-
gate and average yield being as follows:

Acres mown. Tons of hay. ToJ)f per

Illinois

Indiana .....

Iowa

Kansas

Maine

Michigan . . .
Minnesota . .
Missouri ....
.New York . .

Ohio

Pennsylvania
Vermont ....
Wisconsin. . .

2,467,302
1,274,364
2,490,027
1,281,997
1,279,299
1,245,441
1,053,378
1,297,994
4,644,452
2,189,782
2,714,909
1,015,620
1,484,920

3,276,319
1,361,083
3,613,941
1,601,932
1,107,788
1,393,845
1,637,109
1,083,929
5,255,642
2,212,133
2,811,517
1,052,183
1,907,429

1.328

1.068

1.451

1.250

0.33

1.119

1.554

0.835

1.132

1.010

1.036

1.036

1.285

As we pass southward the importance of the grass crop diminishes,
until we reach the line where great populous states report but 10,000, 20,-
000, or 30,000 acres of grass mown.

Probably few persons appreciate the importance of the contribution to
the annual production of wealth by the common barn-yard fowl. The
statistics of poultry and eggs were gathered, for the first time, by the cen-

AGRICULTURE. 591

sus of 1880. This is a subject to which the limitations of a popular statis-
tical enumeration, already noted in these remarks, apply with special strict-
ness ; yet there is no reason to doubt that the figures approach the facts of
the case for the country as a whole, and exhibit with great accuracy the
relative importance of this interest in the several sections and, states.

The number of barn-yard fowl reported in the census, exclusive of
spring hatching, was 102,272,135; of other fowl, 23,235,187; the number
of dozens of eggs, 456,910,916. At twelve cents a dozen, certainly a mod-
erate estimate, the annual value of the egg product to the farmer would
reach nearly $55,000,000; while we may suppose 150,000,000 to 180,000,-
000 pounds of meat sold annually out of the stock of fowls reported.

The geographical distribution of the poultry industry is very wide.
There are twenty-seven states which report more than 1,000,000 of barn-
yard fowls each; seventeen which report more than 2,000,000 each; thir-
teen which report more than 3,000,000 each; seven which report more
than 5,000,000 each, viz.: Illinois, Indiana Iowa, Missouri, New York,
Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

The proportion between the number of fowls and the egg crop varies
greatly as between states and sections, and not without a manifest reason.
If, for the purposes of this comparison, we suppose all the eggs reported
to have been produced by the barn-yard fowl alone, we should have the
average production of eggs to each fowl ranging from three dozen a year
upwards to four, five, six, and seven dozen. It will be observed that in
New England, with its system of mixed farming and its great number of
commercial and manufacturing towns, affording local markets setting a
high price on the product, and thus making it worth while to feed hens
expensively with a view to increasing the yield of eggs, the number of
dozen per year rise to a maximum, whereas in some states poultry seems
to be kept mainly for the sake of the flesh. Thus we have :

Yield per fowl. Dozen. I Yield per fowl. Dozen.

Connecticut , 7.1 New Hampshire 6.9

Maine 7.5 Rhode Island 6.4

Massachusetts 7.2 | Vermont 5.9

Compare with these figures the average yield of eggs, per fowl, in the
following states:

Yield per fowl. Dozen.

Kentucky 4.4

Tennessee 4.7

North Carolina 3.6

Alabama 3.2

South Carolina 3.1

Louisiana 3.0

Yield per fowl. Dozen.

New York 5.0

Pennsylvania 5.2

Ohio 4.9

Illinois 3.6

Indiana 5.0

Iowa 4.3

592

AGRICULTURE.

In 1870 the value of orchard products returned was $47,335,189. The
reduction of this amount by the then existing premium on gold (25.3 per
cent on the average for the twelve months of the census year, May 31,
1869, to June 1, 1870) would yield about $38,000,000. The correspond-
ing return for 1880 was $50,876,154, which shows an increase in gold
values during the decade of about 34 per cent, being a trifle in excess of
the increase of population.

The value of live stock on farms appears not to have increased at all
between 1870 and 1880, the figures for the two periods being, respectively,
$1,525,276,457 and $1,500,384,707. In the first place, it is to be ob-
served that this is consistent with a great increase in the number of farm
animals of almost every kind, as will be seen in the following table:

1870.

1880.

1870.

1880.

Horses

7,145,370
1,125,415
1,319,271
8,935,332

10,357,488

1,812,808

993,841

12,443,120

Other cattle

Sheep

13,566,005
28,477,951
25,134,569

22,488,550

35,192,074

Working oxen

Milch cows

Swine

47,681,700

The solitary exception, it will be observed, to the rule of numerical
increase from 1870 to 1880 is in the case of working oxen. Any one who
is in the slightest degree acquainted with recent changes in the methods
of American agriculture will recognize the justice of the result in the lat-
ter case. The use of oxen for draught is rapidly diminishing, whether for
the cart or for the plow.

The number of working oxen on farms, as- found in the following
named states in 1870 and in 1880, speaks very strongly of this change:

States.

1870.

1880.

States.

1870.

1880.

Massachusetts

24,430
64,141
30,048

14,571
39,633
15,062

Illinois ,

Indiana

Iowa

19,766

14,088
22,058

3,346

3,970

Pennsylvania

2,506

But though the general movement is strongly in the direction indi-
cated, there is a slight counter-current. While oxen are being discarded
on the farms of the northern states, a few of the southern states show an
increase, more or less marked, in this respect. Thus we have:

States.

1870.

1880.

States.

1870.

1880.

Alabama

59,176

6,292

32,596

75,534
16,141
41,729

Mississippi

58,146
17,685

61,705

Florida

South Carolina

24,507

Yield ofWlieat per Acre, 1879

i 2 3 i ■"> «; 7 e n w n 12 13 14 is io 17 18 19 20 21

Louisiana

1 1 1

Mississippi

III!

Florida

Ill

^^^^^^^1

N.Carolina

S. Carolina

^^^^^^^^

1

^^^^^^^^

Alabama

^^^^

J!)

Tennessee

^^^^^^^H

1 ^^^^^^

Arkansas

^^^^^^^^m

^^p

Georgia

^^^^

ll 1 1

Texas

^^^^^^

1 1 1 1 ^^^^

Virginia

^^^^^^^

1 ^^^^^^

Kansas

^^^^^^^^

Nebraska

^^^^^^^_

I

III ^^^^

Kentucky

! ^^^^^^^^

W.Virginia

Iowa

Minnesota

1 1 ^^^^^^1

^^^^^^

V

Missouri

^^^^^^^h

^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^

Wisconsin

^^^^^

^^^^h

1 ^^^1

||

N.Jersey

^^^^^^^

111

111 ^^^^

III

Delaware

^^^^^^^^

Pennsylvania

^^^^^^^

1 1 1 1

1

1 ^^^^^^^^

1 1 1 1

Maryland

II11 ^^^^

1 1 1 1

Rhode Island

1 1 1 1 ^^^^

I

N. Hampshire

Maine

lli ^^^^

II

i

New York

iii ^^^^

California

111 ^^^^

111

Illinois

III

Vermont

1 ^^^^

|ii

Massachusetts

iii ^^^^

11

1

1 ^^

Oregon

1 1 ; 1 ^^^^

11

Connecticut

1 1 1 1 ^^^^

ill

1

^^^^^^^

Indiana

^^^^^^^

1 1 1 1

^^^^^^^

1 1 1 1 ^^^^

ii

^^^^^^^

Ohio

^^^^^^^^

^^^^

Nevada

Michigan

Colorado

Product of Wheat per Capita, 1879

Bushels

T S

ii

s

10 ib if

i i

3 IS £

0 2

2 2

J 2(

2

1 I
3 30 3

i 34 30 38 do 4'2 4-

Rhode Island

•

Florida

■

Massachusetts

■

Louisiana

■

Mississippi

■

N.Hampshire

■

-

Connecticut

■

Maine

4

Vermont

-

S. Carolina

1

Nevada

4

Alabama

4

Arkansas

-H

Texas

+

New Jersey

+

Georgia

-

New York

Jm

■

N.Carolina

■h

■

Pennsylvania

Tennessee

Virginia

'

W.Virginia

Kentucky

-

Colorado

^^

Delaware

^l

^^

Maryland

^^

Missouri

Ohio

^^

^^^^^

;

^^^

Illinois

^^

^^^^

Kansas

^^^^

Wisconsin

^^^^^

^^

^^^^

Iowa

^L

^^^^^

^^

^^^^

Michigan

^^^^

Indiana

^^^^

Nebraska

^^^^

|

California

^p

^^^^

|

Oregon

^\

Minnesota

CO

U

a
>>

h

M

H

•r-l

o

•iH

o

-a

o
u
Pn

0)

o

CO

to

o
u

ba
o
f-t
Ph

if?

CO

.1-

if:

o
o

^

00

—

2?

— *

3

\

■H5

\

3

\

=

\

§

\

CO

\

00

CO

\

CO

\

CO

CO

\

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

N.

o

•v

>v

es

\

CO

\

£r

\

rt

\

f>5

\

\

~>

1

\

ftt

|v

\

\

\

\

\

\

\\

N

\

\

\

\\

Q

i

\

/

\

\\

OS

\

\

A

\

CO

\

\

/

\

i>

V

\

'

\

/

o

/

lO

\ /

/

■

3

-A -

\J

/

,

.

CO

/ s

/

?*

v

\

/

3

\

\

/

/

O

\

i

S

ra

t\

\

\ \

CO

\

— 1^

/

/

[\\

fe-

. /

\

1

es

\

W

X

x

. /

V

TH

V '

\

OS

""

,|

cv

1

1-1

1

3

01 CI 01

(9 ID U

:■ o> o> o o>

- ^ 10 U) S

0 O CO CO CO

fli 01 0)

tj in (d
co co co

^ in

CO CO CO

CI 0)

(0 s

Qj 03

01 0)

<o r-

CJ CO

0)

to

CO

01 Q
D CO

at oi

o a

1849
1859
1869
1879

CO

7i 01 0)
rt to t-
0 CO co

1849
1859
1069
1879

CO

3>

a

a

01 01

^ w

CO CO

01 0>
* 10
CO CO

"3

c5
M

O

PI

M

o

a
o

60

o

i

c3

o
1— 1

.5
1

O

ai

i

M

o
o

02

3

00

s

c3

"So

O
>*

g

Product per head of the "Wheat of Europe and the United States

Countries

1 bti.

»bu.

3bu. 4rhu.

5 bn.

Obit.

7bu.

S 6«.

Obu,

lObu.

United States

iE^^'^wwij*

Europe

States

1

Hungary

France

i

Spain

Italy

Romnania

i

Belgium

Turkey

Servia

Greece

Great Britain

Russia

Germany

Austria

Portugal

Denmark

Netherlands

Ireland

— "

'

Switzerland

■"

-

Sweden

""

Norway

"

AGRICULTURE.

593

Others of the southern states show a decrease in the number of work-
oxen.

Of course, the explanation of the fact of a large increase in the number
of all kinds of farm animals but one, without an)7 increase, and, indeed,
with a very slight decrease (about i 2/^ per cent) in the aggregate value
of live stock reported, is found mainly in the fact, already several times
alluded to, that the values of 1870 were paper values.

If we go back to i860, we find the value reported to have been
$1,089,329,915. An increase of 18 per cent from i860 to 1870, and
again of 18 per cent from 1870 to 1880, would bring the amount but
slightly above that reported for the latter year. This rate of gain does
not compare ill with that of the gain in the number of animals between
i860 and 1880, as, below:

I860.

1880.

Gain.

Number.

6,249,174

1,151,148

2,254,911

8,585,735

14,779,373

22,471,275

38,512,867

Number.
10,357,488 '

1,812,808
993,841
12,443,120
22,488,550
35,192,074
47,681,700

Per cent.
65 7

57 5

*55.9

44 9

52 2

56 6

42 3

♦Decrease.

Meanwhile, the rate of increase in the aggregate value of live stock had
been close upon 38 per cent.

A great deal of importance has been attributed by many writers and
public speakers on agricultural economy to the cost of fencing land. While
the subject is indeed of great importance, the wildest estimates have been
made regarding the capitalized cost of all the fences existing in the coun-
try at a given time. It would be difficult even to frame a definition upon
which such an inquiry should be pursued, while the practical difficulties
attending an investigation reaching over many years, and in the case of
some states over many decades, are sufficient to deter even the boldest
statistician. No such obstacle, however, withstands the inquiry into the
extent of this form of expenditure during a brief period ; and consequently

594

AGRICULTURE.

the interrogatory mentioned was inserted in the census schedules,
results are given below for the several states :

The

States.

$1,402,609
1,579,144
2,119,826
316,603
644,295
228,592
366,180
1,834,625
5,925,225
3,354,246
4,624,773
2,687,142
3,025,125
1,482,121
663,358
Maryland 1,167,760

Alabama

Arkansas

California . . .

Colorado

Connecticut .
Delaware . . .

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky . . .
Louisiana . . .
Maine

Cost of build-
ing and repair-
ing fences
in 1879.

Massachusetts .

Michigan

Minnesota

618,503
2,975,644
1,316,895

States.

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina.

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania.. .
Rhode Island. . .
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia. .
Wisconsin

Cost of build-
ing and repair-
ing fences
in 1879.

1,560,119

4,614,416

1,249,975

210,721

334,410

902,807

4,915,017

1,869,654

4,863,063

787,647

5,507,456

130,555

917,000

2,426,008

3,676,603

607,962

1,697,180

951,947

2,620,498

It will be noted that the amount of expenditure for the purpose indi-
cated is not proportional to the population of -the states, or to their farm
acreage, or to the extent of their agricultural operations. It varies accord-
ing to circumstances innumerable. The most prominent factor in deter-
mining the amount of such expenditure is the age of settlement. The
nature of the country, the principal crops raised, the abundance or scar-
city of building material, the cheapness or clearness of labor, all enter to
influence this kind of expenditure.

The following are the states for which an expenditure for fertilizers in
excess of $400,000 was reported in 1880:

Alabama

Connecticut . . .
Delaware ....

Georgia

Maryland

Massachusetts
New Jersey . .

$1,200,956

497,448

467,228

4,346,920

2,838,465

653,422

1,601,609

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania . .
South Carolina
Virginia

$2,715,477
2,111,767
550,029
3,525.336
2,659,969
2,137,283

AGRICULTURE.

59u

Number of acres in farms in the several states and territories, in J 860, 1 870, and 1 880.

States

and

Territories.

TOTAL LAND IN FABMS.

1S70.

1860.

IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS.

1880.

1870.

18G0.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Dist. of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire . .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina . . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin . ,

Wyoming

Acres.

536,081,835

Acres.
407,735,041

Acres.
407,212,538

18,855,334

135,573

12,061,547

16,593,742

1,165,373

2,453,541

3,800,656

1,090,245

18,146

3,297,324

26,043,282

■ 327,798

31,673,645

20,420,983

24,752,700

21,417,468

21,495,240

8,273,506

6,552,578

5,119,831

3,359,079

13,807,240

13,403,019

15,855,462

27,879,276

405,683

9,944,826

530,862

3,721,173

2,929,773

631,131

23,780,754

22,363,558

24,529,226

4,214,712

19,791,342

514,813

13,457,613

20,666,915

36,292,219

655,524

4,882,588

19,835,785

1,409,421

10,193,779

15,353,118

124,433

14,961,178

21,807

7,597,296

11,427,105

320,346

2,364,416

302,376

1,052,322

11,677

2,373,541

23,647,941

77,139

25,882,861

18,119,648

15,541,793

5,656,879

18,660,106

7,025,817

5,838,058

4,512,5; 9

2,730,283

10,019,142

6,483,828

13,121,113

21,707,220

139,537

2,073,781

208,510

3,605,994

2,989,511

833,549

22,190,810

19,835,410

21,712,420

2,389,252

17,994,200

502,308

12,105,280

19,581,214

18,396,523

148,361

4,528,804

18,145,911

649,139

8,528,394

11,715,321

4,341

19,104,545

9,573,706
8,730,034

2,504,264
26,448

1,004,295
34,263

2,920,228
26,650,490

20,911,989

16,388,292

10,069,907

1,778,400

19,163,261

9,298,576

5,727,671

4,835,571

3,338,724

7,030,834

2,711,968

15,839,684

19,984,810

631,214

56,118

3,744,625

2,983,525

1,414,909

20,974,958

23,762,969

20,472,141

2,060,539

17,012,140

521,224

16,195,919

20,669,165

25,344,028

89,911

4,274,414

31,117,036

366,156

7,893,585

Acres.

284,771,042

6,375,706

56,071

3,595,603

10,669,698

616,169

1,642,188

1,150,413

746,958

12,632

947,640

8,204,720

197,407

26,115,154

13,933,738

19,866,541

10,739,566

10,731,683

2,739,972

3,484,908

3,342,700

2,128,311

8,296,862

7,246,693

5,216,937

16,745,031

262,611

5,504,702

344,423

2,308,112

2,096,297

237,392

17,717,862

6,481,191

18,081,091

2,198,645

13,423,007

298,486

4,132,050

8,496,556

12,650,314

416,105

3,286,461

8,510,113

484,346

3,792,327

y,162,528

83,122

Acres.
188,921,099

5,062,204

14,585

1,859,821

6,218,133

95,594

1,646,752

42,645

698,115

8,266

736,172

6,831,856

26,603

19,329,952

10,104,279

9,396,467

1,971,003

8,103,850

2,045,640

2,917,793

2,914,007

1,736,221

5,096,939

2,322,102

4,209,146

9,130,615

84,674

647,031

92,644

2,334,487

1,976,474

143,007

15,627,206

5,258,742

14,469,133

1,116,290

11,515,965

289,030

3,010,539

6,843,278

2,964,836

118,755

3,073,257

8,165,040

192,016

2,580,254

5,899,343

338

Acres.

163,110,720

6,385,724

1,983,313

2,468,034

1,830,807

2,115

637,065

17,474

654,213

8,062,758

13,096,374
8,242,183
3,792,792

405,468
7,644,208
2,707,108
2,704,133
3,002,267
2,155,512
3,476,296

556,250
5,065,755
6,246,871

118,789

14,132

2,367,034

1,944.441

149,274

14,358.403

6,517,284

12,625,394

896,414

10,463,296

335,128

4,572,060

6,795,337

2,650,781

77,219

2,823,157

11,437,821

81,869

3,746,167

596

AGRICULTURE.

The improved land in the several states and territories, in 1870 and 1880.

States and Ter:titories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Bhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

UNIMPROVED LAND IN FARMS.

1880.

Acres.

251,310,793

12,479,628

79,502

8,465,944

5,924,044

549,204

811,353

2,650,243

343,287

5,514

2,349,684

17,838,562

130,391

5,558,491

6,487,245

4,886,159

10,677,902

10,763,557

5,533,534

3,067,670

1,777,131

1,230,768

5,510,378

6,156,326

10,638,525

11,134,245

143,072

4,440,124

186,439

1,413,061

833,476

393,739

6,062,892

15,882,367

6,448,135

2,016,067

6,368,334

216,327

9,325,563

12,170,359

23,641,905

239,419

1,596,127

11,325,672

925,075

6,401,452

6,190,590

41,311

1870.

Acres.

218,813,942

9,898,974

7,222

5,737,475

5,208,972

224,752

717,664

259,731

354,207

3,411

1,637,369

16,816,085

50,536

6,552,909

8,015,369

6,145,326

3,685,876

10,556,256

4,980,177

2,920,265

1,598,572

994,062

4,922,203

4,161,726

8,911,967

12,576,605

54,863

1,426,750

115,866

1,271,507

1,013,037

690,542

6,563,604

14.576,668

7,243,287

1,272,962

6,478,235

213,278

9,094,741

12,737,936

15,431,687

29,606

1,455,547

9,980,871

457,123

5,948,140

5,815,978

4,003

I860.

Acres.
244,101,818

12,718,821

7,590,393
6,262,000

673,457

24,333

367,230

16,789

2,266,015

18,587,732

7,815,615

8,146,109

6,277,115

1,372,932

11,519,053

6,591,468

3,023,538

1,833,304

1,183,212

3,554,538

2,155,718

10,773,929

13,737,939

512,425

41,986

1,377,591

1,039,084

1,265,635

6,616,555

17,245,685

7,848,747

1,164,125

6,548,844

186,096

11,623,859

13,873,828

22,693,247

12,692

1,451,257

19,679,215

284,287

4,147,420

Percentage of un-
improved land in
farms to total land
in farms.

30.

46.9

66.2
58.6
70.2
35.7
47.1
33.1
69.7
31.5
30.4
71.3
68.5
39.8
17.5
31.8
19.7
49.9
50.1
66.9
46.8
34.7
36.6
39.9
45.9
67.1
39.9
35.3
44.6
35.1
38.0
28.4
62.4
25.5
71.0
26.3
47.8
32.2
42.0
69.3
58.9
65.1
36.5
32.7
57.1
65.6
62.8
40.3
33.2

1870.

53.7

66.2
33.1
75.5
45.6
70.2
30.4
85.9
33.7
29.2
69.0
71.1
65.5
25.3
44.2
39.5
65.2
56.6
70.9
50.0
35.4
36.4
49.1
64.2
67.9
57.9
39.3
68.8
55.5
35.3
33.9
82.8
29.6
73.5
33.4
53.3
36.0
42.5
75.1
65.1
83.9
20.0
32.1
55.0
70.4
69.7
50.5
92.2

Average size of
farms.

1880.

Acres.

134

139
177
128
462
259

80
218
125

42
141
188
174
124
105
134
155
129
171
102
126

87

90
145
156
129
267
157
378
116

85
125

99
142

99
260

93

83
143
125
208

69
137
167
216
163
114
272

1870.

Acres.
153

222
127
154
482
184

93
176
138

56
232
338
186
128
112
134
148
158
247

98
167
103
101
139
193
146
164
169
201
122

98
186
103
212
111
315
103

94
233
166
301

30
134
246
208
214
114

25

AGRICULTURE. 597

The value of farms, farming implemenis and machinery in the several states and territories.

States and Tereitoeies.

The United States. .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York ,

North Carolina ,

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont ,

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Dollars.
10,197,096,776

VALUE OF FARMS.

1880. a

Dollars.
9,262,803,861

78,954,648

1,127,946

74,249,655

262,051,282

25,109,223

121,063,910

22,401,084

36,789,672

3,332,403

20,291,835

111,910,540

2,832,890

1,009,594,580

635,236,111

567,430,227

235,178,936

299,298,631

58.989,117

102,357,615

165,503,341

146,197,415

499,103,181

193,724,260

92,844,915

375,633,307

3,234,504

105,932,541

5,408,325

75,834,389

190,895,833

5,514,399

1,056,176,741

135,793,602

1,127,497,353

56,908,575

975,689,410

25,882,079

68,377,482

206,749,837

170,468,886

14,015,178

109,346,010

216,028,107

13,844,224

133,147,175

357,709,507

835,895

1870.

Dollars.
6,645,045,005

67,739,036

161,340

40,029,698

141,240,028

3,385,748

124,241,382

2,085,265

46,712,870

3,800,230

9,947,920

94,559,468

492,860

920,506,346

634,804,189

392,662,441

90,327,040

311,238,916

68,215,421

102,961,951

170,369,684

116,432,784

398,240,578

97,847,442

81,716,576

392,908,047

729,193

30,242,186

1,485,505

80,589,313

257,523,376

2,260,139

1,272,857,766

78,211,083

1,054,465,226

22,352,989

1,043,481,582

21,574,968

44,808,763

218,743,747

60,149,950

2,297,922

139,367,075

213,020,845

3,978,341

101,604,381

300,414,064

18,187

1800.

Dollars.
406,520,055

175,824,622

91,649,773

48,726,804

90,830,005

96,445

31,426,357

2,989,267

16,435,727

157,072,803

408,944,033
356,712,175
119,899,547

12,258,239
291,496,955
204,789,662

78,688,525
145,973,677
123,255,948
160,836,495

27,505,922
190,760,367
230,632,126

3,878,326

302,340

69,689,761

180,250,338

2,707,386

803,343,593

143,301,065

678,132,991

15,200,593

662,050,707

19,550,553

139,652,508

271,358,985

88,101,320

1,333,355

94,289,045

371,761,661

2,217,842

131,117,164

VALUE OF FARMING IMPLEMENTS AND
MACHINERY.

1880.

Dollars.
336,878,429

3,788,978

88,811

4,637,497

8,447,744

910,085

3,162,628

2,390,091

1,504,567

36,798

689,666

5,317,416

363,930

33,739,951

20,476,988

29,371,884

15,652,848

9,734,634

5,435,525

4,948,048

5,788,197

5,134,537

19,419,360

13,089,783

4,885,636

18,103,074

401,185

7,820,917

378,788

3,069,240

6,921,085

255,162

42,592,741

6,078,476

30,521,180

2,956,173

35,473,037

902,825

3,202,710

9;054,863

9,051,491

946,753

4,879,285

5,495,114

958,513

2,699,163

15,647,196

95,482

1870.

3,286,924

20,105

2,237,409

5,316,690

272,604

3,246,599

142,612

1,201,644

39,450

505,074

4,614,701

59,295

34,576,587

17,676,591

20,509,582

4,053,312

8,572,896

7,159,333

4,809,113

5,268,676

5,000,879

13,711,979

6,721,120

4,456,633

15,596,426

145,438

1,549,716

163,718

3,459,943

7,887,991

121,114

45,997,712

4,082,111

25,692,787

1,293,717

35,658,196

786,246

2,282,946

8,199,487

3,396,793

291,390

5,250,279

. 4,924,036

280,551

2,112,937

14,239,364

5,723

I860.

Dollars.

246,118,141

7,433,178

4,175,326
2,558,506

2,339,481

15,574

817,883

54,408

900,669

6,844,387

17,235,472

10,457,897

5,327,033

727,694

7,474,573

18,648,225

3,298,327

4,010,529

3,894,998

5,819,832

1,018,183

8,826,512

8,711,508

205,664

11,081

2,683,012

5,746,567

192,917

29,166,695

5,873,942

17,538,832

952,313

22,442,842

586,791

6,151,657

8,465,792

6,259,452

242,889

3,665,955

9,392,296

190,402

5,758,847

a In all comparisons of values between 1870 and 1880, it should be borne in mind that in the former year gold was
at an average premium of 25.3 per cent.

598

AGRICULTURE.

The production of barley and buckwheat, in 1 860, 1 870, and 1 880, in the several states

and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas.

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

1880.'

Bushels.

43,997,495

5,281

239,051

1,952

12,463,561

107,116

12,286

277,424

523

210

18,662
274,750

1,229,523
382,835

4,022,588
300,273
486,326

242,185

6,097

80,128

1,204,316

2,972,965

348

123,031

39,970

1,744,686

513,470

77,877

4,091

50,053

7,792,062

2,421

1,707,129

920,977

438,100

17,783

16,257

30,019

72,786

217,140

267,625

14,223

566,537

9,740

5,043,118

1870.

Bushels.

29,761,305

5,174
55,077

-1,921

8,783,490

35,141

26,458

4,118

1,799

12

5,640

72,316

2,480,400

356,262

1,960,779

98,405

238,486

1,226

658,816

11,315

133,071

834,558

1,033,024

3,973

269,240

85,756

216,481

295,452

105,822

8,283

3,876

7,434,621

3,186

1,715,221

210,736

529,562

33,559

4,752

75,068

44,351

49,117

117,333

7,259

55,787

50,363

1,645,019

1800.

Bushels.

15,825,898

15,135

3,158
4,415,426

20,813

3,646

175

8,369

14,682

1,036,338

382,245

467,103

4,716

270,685

224

802,108

17,350

134,891

307,868

109,668

1,875

228,502

1,108

1,597

121,103

24,915

6,099

4,186,668

3,445

1,663,868

26,254

530,714

40,993

11,490

25,144

67,562

9,976

79,211

68,846

4,621

707,307

HUCJKWHEAT.

1880.

Bushels.
11,817,327

363

548

22,307

110

137,563

2,521

5,857

402

178,859
89,707

166,895

24,421

9,942

382,701
136,667

67,117
413,062

41,756

57,640
437

17,562

94,090
466,414

4,461.200

44,668

280,229

6,215

3,593,326

1,254

33,434
535

356,618
136,004
2,498
285,298
299,107

1870.

Bushels.

9,821,721

144

226

21,928

178

148,155

179

1,349

7

402

168,862

80,231

109,432

27,826

3,443

260

466,635

77,867

58,049

436,755

52,438

1,619

36,252

988

3,471

985

100,034

353,983

10

3,904,030

20,109

180,341

1,645

2,532,173

1,444

312

77,437

44

178

415,096

45,075

316

82,916

408,897

I860.

Bushels.

17,571,818

1,347

509
76,887

309,107

115

16,355

445

2,023

324,117

396,989

215,705

41,575

18,928

160

239,519

212,338

123,202

529,916

28,052

1,699

182,292

12,224

89,996

877,386

6

5,126,307

35,924

2,370,650

2,749

5,572,024

3,573

602

14,481

1,349

68

225,415

478,090

70?

38,987

AGRICULTURE. 599

The production of Indian corn and oats, in 1860, 1870 and 1880, in the several

states and territories.

States and Territories.

INDIAN CORN .

1880.

1870.

1860.

1880.

1870.

I860.

The United States..

Bushels.

1,754,591,676

Bushels.

760,944,549

Bushels.

838,792,742

Bushels.

407,858,999

Bushels.
282,107,175

Bushels.

172,643,185

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia ,

Idaho ,

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

25,451,278

34,746

24,156,417

1,993,325

455,968

1,880,421

2,000,864

3,894,264

29,750

3,174,234

23,202,018

16,408

325,792,481

115,482,300

275,014,247

105,729,325

72,852,263

9,889,689

960,633

15,968,533

1,797,768

32,461,452

14,831,741

21,340,800

202,414,413

5,649

65,450,135

12,891

1,350,248

11,150,705

633,786

25,690,156

28,019,839

111,877,124

126,862

45,821,531

372,967

11,767,099

62,764,429

29,065,172

163,342

2,014,271

29,119,761

39,183

14,090,609

34,230,579

16,377,948

32,041

13,382,145

1,221,222

231,903

1,570,364

133,140

3,010,390

28,020

2,225,056

17,646,459

5,750

129,921,395

51,094,538

68,935,065

17,025,525

50,091,006

7,596,628

1,089,888

11,701,817

1,397,807

14,086,238

4,743,117

15,637,316

66,034,075

320

4,736,710

9,660

1,277,768

8,745,384

640,823

16,462,825

18,454,215

67,501,144

72,138

34,702,006

311,957

7,614,207

41,343,614

20,554,538

95,557

1,699,882

17,649,304

21,781

8,197,865

15,033,998

33,226,282

17,823,588
510,708

2,059,835
20,269

2,892,337
80,840

2,834,391
30,776,293

115,174,777
71,588,919
42,410,686

6,150,727
64,043,633
16,853,745

1,546,071
13,444,922

2,157,063
12,444,676

2,941,952
29,057,682
72,892,157

1,482,080

460

1,414,628

9,723,336

709,304

20,061,049

30,078,564

73,543,190

76,122

28,196,821

461,497

15,065,606

52,089,926

16,500,702

90,482

1,525,411

38,319,999

• 4,712

7,517,300

3,039,639

564

2,219,822

1,341,271

640,900

1,009,706

2,217,132

378,508

7,440

468,112

5,548,743

462,236

63,189,200

15,599,518

50,610,591

8,180,385

4,580,738

229,840

2,265,575

1,794,872

645,159

18,190,793

23,382,158

1,959,620

20,670,958

900,915

6,555,875

186,860

1,017,620

3,710,573

156,527

37,575,506

3,838,068

28,664,505

4,385,650

33,841,439

159,339

2,715,505

4,722,190

4,893,359

418,082

3,742,282

5,333,181

1,571,706

1,908,505

32,905,320

22,512

770,866

25

528,777

1,757,507

332,940

1,114,595

114,327

554,388

8,500

114,204

1,904,601

100,119

42,780,851

8,590,409

21,005,142

4,097,925

6,620,103

17,782

- 2,351,354

3,221,643

797,664

8,954,466

10,678,261

414,536

16,578,313

149,367

1,477,562

55,916

1,146,451

4,009,830

67,660

35,293,625

3,220,105

25,347,549

2,029,909

36,478,585

157,010

613,593

4,513,315

762,663

65,650

3,602,430

6,857,555

255,169

2,413,749

20,1*0,016

100

682,179

475,268
1,043,006

1,522,218
2,540

1,046,910
29,548
46,899

1,231,817

15,220,029
5,317,831
5,887,645

88,325
4,617,029

89,377
2,988,939
3,959,298
1,180,075
4,036,980
2,176,002
221,235
3,680,870

74,502

1,082

1,329,233

4,539,132

7,246

35,175,134

2,781,860

15,409., 234

885,673

27,387,147

244,453

936,974

2.267,814

985,889

63,211

3,630,267

10,186,720

134,334

11,059,260

600

AGRICULTURE.

The production of rye and wheat in 1860, 1870, and 1880, in the several states and

territories.

States and Terhitobies.

1880.

1870.

1880.

187 0.

18130.

The United States

Bushels.
19,831,595

Bushels.
16,918,795

Bushels.

21,101,380

Bushels.
459,483,137

Bushels.

287,745,626

Bushels.

173,104,924

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska . _

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

28,402

18,977

72,457

22,387

181,681

19,465

370,733

24,359

5,953

3,704

2,965

101,716

4,341

3,121,785

303,105

1,518,605

413,181

668,050

1,013

26,398

288,067

213,716

294,918

215,245

5,134

535,426

430

424,348

34,638

949,064

240

2,634,690

285,160

389,221

13,305

3,683,621

12,997

27,049

156,419

25,399

9,605

71,733

324,431

7,124

113,181

2,298,513

78

27,645

26,275

5,235

289,057

10,222

3,724

' 545

82,549

1,756

2,456,578

457,468

505,807

85,207

1,108,933

984

34,115

307,089

• 239,227

144,508

78,088

14,852

559,532

1,141

13,532

310

47,420

566,775

42

2,478,125

352,006

846,890

3,890

3,577,641

20,214

36,165

223,335

28,521

1,312

73,346

582,264

4,453

277,746

1,325,294

78,092
52,140

618,702

700

27,209

6,919

21,306

115,532

951,281

463,495

183,022

3,833

1,055,260

36,065
123,287
518,901
388,085
514,129
121,411

39,474
293,282

2,495

98

128,247

1,439,497

1,300

4,786,905

436,856

683,686

2,704

5,474,788

28,259

89,091

257,989

111,860

754

139,271

944,330

144

888,544

1,529,657

136,427

1,269,715

29,017,707

1,425,014

38,742

2,830,289

1,175,272

6,402

422

3,159,771

540,589

51,110,502

47,284,853

31,154,205

17,324,141

11,356,113

5,034

665,714

8,004,864

15,768

35,532,543

34,601,030

218,890

24,966,627

469,688

13,847,007

69,298

169,316

1,901,739

706,641

11,587,766

3,397,393

46,014,869

7,480,010

19,462,405

240

962,358

7,331,353

2,567,737

1,169,199

337,257

7,826,174

1,921,322

4,001,711

24,884,689

4,674

1,055,068

27,052

741,736

16,676,702

258,474

38,144

170,662

895,477

3,782

2,127,017

75,650

30,128,405

27,747,222

29,435,692

2,391,198

5,728,704

9,906

278,793

5,774,503

34,648

16,265,773

18,866,073

274,479

14,315,926

181,184

2,125,086

228,866

193,621

2,301,433

352,822

12,178,462

2,859,879

27,882,159

2,340,746

19,672,967

784

783,610

6,188,916

415,112

558,473

454,703

7,398,787

217,043

2,483,543

25,606,344

1,218,444

957,601
5,928,470

52,401

945

912,941

12,760

2,808

2,544,913

23,837,023

16,848,267

8,449,403

194,173

7,394,809

32,208

233,876

6,103,480

119,783

8,336,368

2,186,993

587,925

4,227,586

147,867

3,631

238,965

1,763,218

434,309

8,681,105

4,743,706

15,119,047

826,776

13,042,165

1,131

1,285,631

5,459,268

1,478,345

384,892

437,037

13,130,977

86,219

15,657,458

AGRICULTURE.

001

The production of cotton and wool, in 1 860, 1870 and 1 880, in the several states

and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas. . .
Kentucky
Louisiana.
Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire.

New Jersey

New Mexico ....

New York

North Carolina .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island
South Carolina.,

Tennessee ,

Texas ,

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia . . .

Wisconsin ,

Wyoming

18 SO.

Bales,
a 5,755,359

699.654

608,256

54,997
814,441

1,367
508,569

1870.

Bales.
3,011,996

429,482

247,968
34

39,789
473,934

I860.

Bales.

5,387,052

989,955

367,393

65,153
701,840

465
3

7

1,080

350,832

963,111
20,318

389,598

522,548
330,621
805,284

19,595

1,482

61

777,738

564,938
1,246

106

144,935

224,500

181,842

350,628

22

183

1,202,507
41,188

19

145,514

353,412

296,464

431,463

136

12,727

1880.

187 0.

Pounds. Pounds.

155,681,751 100,102,387

762,207

313,698

557,308

16,798,036

3,197,391

230,133

157,025

97,946

162,810
1,289,560

127,149
6,093,066
6,167,498
2,971,975
2,855,832
4,592,576

406,678
2,776,407

850,084

299,089

11,858,497

1,352,124

734,643
7,313,924

995,484
1,282,656

655,012
1,060,589

441,110
4,019,188
8,827,195

917,756

25,003,756

5,718,524

8,470,273

65,680

272,758
1,918,295
6,928,019

973,246
2,551,113
1,836,673
1,389,123
2,681,444
7,016,491
691,650

381,253

679

214,784

11,391,743

204,925

254,129

8,810

58,316

37,562

846,947

3,415

5,739,249

5,029,023

2,967,043

335,005

2,234,450

140,428

1,774,168

435,213

306,659

8,726,145

401,185

288,285

3,649,390

100

74,655

27,029

1,129,442

336,609

684,930

10,599,225

799,667

20,539,643

1,080,638

6,561,762

77,328

156,314

1,389,722

1,251,328

109,018

3,102,137

877,110

162,713

1,593,541

4,090,670

30,000

I860.

Pounds.

60,264,913

775,117

410,382
2,683,109

335,896

50,201

100

59,171

946,227

1,989,567
2,552,318

660,858

24,746

2,329,105

290,847
1,495,060

491,511

377,267

3,960,888

20,388

665,959
2,069,778

3,302

330

1,160,222

349,250

492,645

9,454,474

883,473

10,608,927

219,012

4,752,522

90,699

427,102

1,405,236

1,493,738

74,765

3,118,950

2,510,019

19,819

1,011,933

a Including 17,000 bales produced in Indian Territory.

602

AGRICULTURE.

The production of hay and tobacco, in 1 860, 1 870 and 1880, in the several states

and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States.

Alabama
Arizona . .
Arkansas ,

1880.

Tens,

35,205.712

10,363

5,606

23,295

California 1.135,180

85,062

557,860

308,036

49,632

3,759

149

14,409

40,053

3,280,319

1,361,083

3,613,941

1,589,987

218,739

37,029

1,107,788

264,468

684,679

1,393,888

1,636,912

8,894

1,077,458

63,947

785,433

95,853

583,069

518,990

7,650

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey . . ,

New Mexico

New York 5,240,563

North Carolina .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Ehode Island . . .
South Carolina .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington
West Virginia .

"Wisconsin

Wyoming

93,711

2,210,923

266,187

2,811,654

79,328

2,706

186,698

59,699

92,735

1,051,183

287,255

106,819

232,338

1,896,969

23,413

1870.

Tons.

27,316,048

10,613

109

6,839

551,773

19,787

563,328

13,347

41,890

2,019

17

10,518

6,985

2,747,339

1,076,768

1,777,339

490,289

204,399

8,776

1,053,415

223,119

597,455

1,290,923

695,053

8,324

615,611

18,727

169,354

33,855

612,648

521,975

4,209

5,614,205

83,540

2,289,565

75,357

2,848,219

89,045

10,665

116,582

18,982

27,305

1,020,669

199,883

30,233

224,164

1,287,651

3,180

181)0.

Tons.

19,083,8

62,211

9,356
305,655

562,425

855

36,973

3,180

11,478

46,448

1,774,554
622,426
813,173

56,232
158,476

52,721
975,803
191,744
665,331
768,256
179,482

32,901
401,070

1880.

Pounds.
472,661,157

24,458

2,213

642,741

508,726

1,113

3,564,793

181,365

1,564,502

27,986

2,245,413

82,722

87.587

143,499

11,865

19,235

940.178

445,133

4,580

452,426

600

970,220

73,317

855,037

14,044,652

1,897

1,278

1,400

21,182

228,590

400

3,935,825

8,872,842

420,477

191,669

171,120,784

55,954

250

26,082,147

5,369,436

83,969

69,922

414,663

12,015,657

18 7 0.

Pounds.
262,735,341

57,979

1,500

170,843

172,315

890

6,481,431

26,986,213

34,735,235

17,325

36,943,272

785

45,678

29,365,052

221,283

131,432

79,988,868

6,930

2,296,146

10,608,423

152,742
100

594,886

63,809

890

1,328,798

18G0.

Pounds.
434,209,461

232,914

989,980
3,150

250

157,405
288,596

5,249,274

9,325,392

71,792

33,241

105,305,869

15,541

15

15,785,339

7,312,885

5,385

8,247

61,012

12,320,483

600

5,988

25

155,334

40,871

8,587

2,349,798

11,150,087

18,741,973

3,847

3,467,539

796

34,805

21,465,452

59,706

72,671

37,086,364

1,682

2,046,452

960,813

6,000,133

10

9,699

15,200

828,815

919,318

6,885,262

7,993,378

303,168

20,349

108,126,840

39,940

1,583

38,410,965

3,233,198

121,099

38,938

159,141

25,086,196

3,636

18,581

149,485

7,044

5,764,582

32,853,250

25,092,581

405

3,181,586

705

104,412

43,448,097

97,914

12,245

123,968,312

10

87,340

Progress of Corn Production in Thirty Years

ooo'ooo'ose

t\

ooo'uoo'ois

\

ooo'ooo'oos

\

ooo'ooo'oes

\

ooo'ooo'oss

\ _

OOO'OOO'OiS

V
1

000'U00'09S

\

ooo'ooo'oes

.. \

000'000'OJ-o

\

000'000'06S

\

ooo'ooo'oes

-- X-

OOO'OOO'OIS

■

OOO'OOO'OOo

\

ooo'ooo'oei

'■ ' r

000'000'08I

-- - -V

OOO'OOO'Oil

000'000'09I

1

OOO'OOO'OSI

r

000'000'Ott

r

OOO'OOO'OSI

t

OOO'OOO'OSI

\

T

OOO'OOO'OIT

\

\

OOO'OOO'OOI

\

■ K

ooo'ooo'oe

\ \

000'000'08

\

000'000'Oi

I "5r

___ i-

Vn

000'000'09

\ ' s

/

^v

t

OOO'OOO'OQ

\: X

■--^

OOO'OOO'OJ"

Y /

"^

" r ^^

ooo'ooo'oe

\

ooo'ooo'os

X

Vw

^ —

ooo'ooo'oi

V /

11

ooo'ooo'i

1

1

coco

7*0> 00*0* o>o\o\o\ 0">
or* invor-- ^invor- <±

eco cocococecocococo

C\0\Ch 0\0"*O\0N 0\ 0>0

coojco cocococo co coa

\or- r-

COCO 0

r\ C*O<G\0\ G\0\ 0\CT
> *tir>\cr- vor- ^u

3 cococcco coco cca

0\0\ OACNOvC

*or- <±io*or-
coco co coco cc

<d"io ^or-
co co co CO

CC COCO CO cocococo

Bushels
Illinois

Iowa
Missouri

Indiana
Ohio

Kansas

5* s

3 3

D CD

4 £

Tennessee

Pennsylvania

Virginia
Texas

d

"o

o

o

Alabama
Georgia

a

Ih
O

o

o

1— 1

a>

• rH
>»

s

•rH

o

•iH
+3

CS

•iH
U

c3
>.

H

cS

a

<

era
ae

$

\ -

CO

I

'l^LL 9

'Jvu9ay

m

T>

-•
o*

34

O

—
ao

->

-

OS

oc
t>

CC
AC

-r

EC
N

l8

1

•

|

oo

05

S3

00
*1

ao

00

00

00
00

*1

00
00

oo
oo

OS

c-

CO

cr-

CO

7*1

^

s

OS

oo

00

00

01

CN

Ol

o

CO

—f

t, »

t*»

X

1-

3

Oi

f

in

It

T*

*f

-*

-«*

OS

l>

ft M

<5©

■<#

^*

CC

C0

CO

CO

01

6

o*

1

•si

_d

'J

PL,

t:

>H

1.
'I.

7t

a

-3

-7*

^

«

>

o

■d

d

d

«

0

£

ft

s

^

~

z

r=

.6

<

ct;
>

&

s

d

5

Si

iJ5

*-

* — ^

^"-*.^ V

N. .^J

-«

^-bll<^

--^^

"-s;

. a ^--^^i-^^ c< "l

CO

w
h

Nl-.-^Sv ^-f^f "i*"— ~ — . X ?5<^ "■****- \

x^ — %

EC

--

X

^^X

^

^

•-

--

+--

^ f9^,

jC

7>

J^

^r^

*r^*

*^»-^

1

CO

•B

<

:

:

ift

n

cc

CI

o

O

S

,H

CO

,_!

lO

—

O

t*'

o

X

o

3

i :

c

:

ao

i-

re

-f

—

i-

OS

CO

a

■o-

o.

.t

T-(

CO

iO

t-

.a

h
co

Q

LU
h

„ 5
/ ft

i

:
i

a
a
c
O

rv
a,

CD

-

3

S3

a

X

in

6

»fS

cj

>

iC

■i.

d
d

!■

H

W

2

CO
T3

d

CO

d

CM

M
u

<

T

I

"

"?

^4j

*"*«%

>c^

^c

.-^

-<

N* /

T

z

D

i

r-k

X

-<■

— »~

„>«

<^

*^l

*****

-5^

'^nr'^i

X

^^

h

I

1-4

r-

■31

1-

*-T

i-H

T-(

~*

CO

■r.

t.O

c—

i0

lH

■^

,_,

eo

C

-

%

C-

i~

T-H

o

O

O

1.0

o

CO

cc

CO

CO

CO

tH

o

1—1

iH

U

sS

)

CI

(TO

r

'-r

0!

c-

cd

OS

c-

3

1—1

ad

00

t-

to

o

c
c

t
I

CI
CI

-
CI

H

s;

■-

t-

<o

-#

■*

~+

CO

CO

CO

co

CO

01

I
h

>

z

0

a
c

a

2h

X

7<

1

6

T3

3

-
>

5

ci

G*
>

d

r— 1

d
d

CD

— 1

Z

-c

~<

\

<c

-<

._N

*-

_,- —

JlL — -*^

X

>^

V

^

^r

CO

^V-5>-^L X V X >T^*' /^W

h
co

f-s

^ —

^<

>-,

>s

>

-^1

>K

-xf^

n ^

r^

ui

-

?

o

-f

CC

1-

s

CM

00

09

r.

1

o

in

00

3

in

C

o

col

LU

s. §

j

c

*~;

*>;

t~

irt

H

H-

CO

J<

c

■as

b

q

CM

P* z

~j

:

-+-

rr

ca

01

ci

tH

CO

t-^

c

c-

CO*

CO

ta

in

in

in

■*

OC
LU
h

la

0

p

SB

d

c

CD

CD

Oh

izj

CO

0

K

£

a

CO

>

p4

d

a

d

d

o

Z

H

*"N

-/"

a;

^<

*^s

«

is

\

^*

5^

r

X

> J

'V ~X*^ i |—- .^^

S--i

I^1:

X. >*^ ^^^^'Ci?^"""^^^! *^^ **

0

o

-•*=

r<

^* ■■

>^

~%-N

>

^

H*,

— -

2f ■

"*- "

o

c

1

OS

o

CO

-+•

CM

o

t-

00

c

IS

IO

so

CM

^

H4

Ir_

M

j

3

r

1-

CO

at

ic

X

i-H

-

3

to

c-»

^*

O

<

r

CI

CO

o.

5S

~

D»

M

1—1

3

in

~"l

CO

CO

i-0

C

-T

—r

•^'

in"

— '

Oi

if?

00

oi

eo

-'

to

CM*

.— *

_J"

o

»

m

^ -

:j

:

-.

era

o

01

CM

CO

OS

c

1

■X

—

-h

CD-

■*

CI

5s

C

re

-h'

X

■co"

cr^

CO

in

00

CO

■o-

CI

rt

0

h

n1

0

£

*»

J

d

>

6

o

a

c

T3

3

d
d

CD

H

>

H

5

a?

CO

03

0

d

M

3

<

z

iE

LU

-1

V

-^

^r

^-<

•>»-^

X

L

N^

=>^

.<

ir

hr

V

I
h

1 /^^^^O^^kc' /

y

O

1

Jk

^%

^1

*k

*

X

<.

»

L

1

V

z

c

-,

iH

00

<N

■*

CO

to

i— i

to

c

>

CO

01

r—

T-H

CO

i-

o

OC

T

i

OS

s

CO

c*

l~

CO

Ol

in

CO

eo

S

t

r

—.

CO

4

*-

z

©

w
t-^"

l«

30

cO_

iO

t-

to

in

0

D

CO

od"

to

iO

CO

CO

c
-

2
l'

£

i

-f

tn

-f

CO

CO

CM

iH

3

o

CO

-

ctj
>

a

0
O

H

73

o

il

cu

6

T3

d

I

Q

d

d
O

5

X
2

CD

a
3

4
-

t!

a
E

a

T

^<

*v *

^

S

. s

r ,

>~

k-

^

r

s

r

lT

<

DC

-'

.27

i
i

JL ^

•

0*s

>^

j~<

^

X. pi

/

/

X

>-

^

7\
r >

I

00

Cl

»«

CM

eo

t*

01

ir-

c

0

(M

to

in

CO

<:

a

CO

CM

O

i» -

0

to

t-

i-H

-*

no.

kA

(

1

-+

CO

Ol

-t-

c

■q

-+

CO

t

00

w

Cl

O

01

to

o

*t.

30

-+

X

iH

<-

i

OC

i-i.

<

c

5

■9,

M

.-'

»-'

CO*"

C'l'

ct

ift

c

0

cS

aC

it

CO

c

rT

o"

* 0

c

■-*

CO

ffl

CO

<x>

T^

c

5

aj

CO

CO

OV

t

»

t~

CM

o|

"i

35

Oi

t^

CO

~.

o_

o

o

Q

3

00,

~t-

~v

CM

c

^^

oT

eo

-tT

OS

CO

CO'

-+

of

c

s"

oo'

to

it

ot

of

Q

£-

t-

CO

CO

CM

CI

Ol

H

r/j

d

12

R

K

-

D

4

.a

"3

CS

to

a
a

6

©

CD

CD
CD

a

a
S

Q

o

d
u

a

o
o

C'

a
a
c

p
o

DO

CO

i

3

0

0

03

9

a

M

0

CD
(D

-d

CJ

Ed

-r.
/
C8

'3

d

3

i— i

"d

•a

00

CD

21

a
a

-

3

s

3

K
o

1

d'

0

E

'

H

N

eo

-t*

irt

CO

L'

CO

OS

c

5

Ol

CO

-c

in

C

3

00

AGRICULTURE. 603

The production of potatoes, in I860, 1 870 and 1 880, in the several states and territories.

States and Teheitories.

The United States .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland .

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island ,

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia ,

Wisconsin

Wyoming ,

hush potatoes.

1880.

Bushels.
169,458,539

334,925

26,249

402,027

4,550,565

383,123

2,584,262

664,086

283,864

33,064

20,221

249,590

157,307

10,365,707

6,232,246

9,962,537

2,894,198

2,269,890

180,115

7,999,625

1,497,017

3,070,389

10,924,111

5,184,676

303,821

4,189,694

228,702

2,150,893

302,143

3,358,828

3,563,793

21,883

33,644,807

722,773

12,719,215

1,359,930

16,284,819

606,793

144,942

1,354,481

228,832

573,595

4,438,172

2,016,766

1,035,177

1,398,539

8,509,161

30,986

1870.

Bushels.
143,337,473

162,512

575

422,196

2,049,227

122,442

2,789,894

50,177

362,724

27,367

10,218

197,101

64,534

10,944,790

5,399,044

5,914,620

2,342,988

2,391,062

67,695

7,771,009

1,632,205

3,025,446

10,318,799

1,943,063

214,189

4,238,361

91,477

739,984

129,249

4,515,419

4,705,439

3,102

28,547,593

738,803

11,192,814

481,710

12,889,367

669,408

83,252

1,124,337

208,383

323,645

5,157,428

1,293,853

280,719

1,053,507

6,646,129

617

I860.

Bushels

111,148,867

491,646

418,010
1,789,463

1,833,148

9,489

377,931

31,693

18,766

303,789

5,540,390
3,866,647
2,806,720

296,335
1,756,531

294,655
6,374,617
1,264,429
3,201,901
5,261,245
2,565,485

414,320
1,990,850

162,188

5,686

4,137,543

4,171,690

5,223

26,447,394

830,565

8,695,101

303,319

11,687,467

542,909

226,735

1,182,005

174,182

141,001

5,253,498

2,292,398

163,594

3,818,309

sweet potatoes.

1880.

Bushels.
33,378,693

3,448,819

5,303

881,260

86,284

1870.

Bushels.
21,709,824

918

195,937

23,347

1,687,613

4,397,778

249,407
244,930
122,368
195,225
1,017,854
1,318,110

329,590

450

4,904

3,610,660
431,484

13,628

2,086,731
3,217
6,833

4,576,148
239,578

184,142

714

2,189,622

2,369,901

1,460,079

1,901,521

87,214
7,124

1,871,360

16

890,631

202,035

60

867

85,309

5,790

789,456

2,621,562

322 641

150,705

34,292

49,533

802,114

1,023,706

354

218,706

917

3,651

1,594

1,743,432

241,253

I860.

Bushels.

42,095,026

5,439,917

1,566,540
214,307

2,710

142,213

5,606

1,129,759

6,508,541

762

160

1,550,784

10,656

3,071,840

230,295

1,970

131,572

142

1,342,165

1,205,683

2,188,041

163

96

865,882

425

46,984

2,220

306,154

299,516

51,362

9,965

1,057,557

2,060,981

1,435

236,740

616

38,492

792

4,563,873

335,102

168

200

161

1,034,832

180

7,529

6,140,039

304,445

335

103,187

946

4,115,688

2,604,672

1,846,612

623

1,960,817

18

2,396

604

AGRICULTURE.

The number of all live stock and of horses, in 1 860, 1 870 and 1 880, in the several

states and territories.

States and Tebritoeies.

The United States...

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia . . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont •

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

VALUE OF LIVE STOCK.

1880.

Dollars.

1,500,464,609

23,787,681

1,167,989
20,472,425
35,500,417

8,703,342
10,959,296

6,463,274

3,420,080
123,300

5,358,980
25,930,352

2,246,800
132,437,762
71,068,758
124,715,103
60,907,149
49,670,567
12,345,905
16,499,376
15,865,728
12,957,004
55,720,113
31,904,821
24,285,717
95,785,282

5,151,554
33,440,265

3,399,749

9,812,064
14,861,412

5,010,800

117,868,283

22,414,659

103,707,730

13,808,392

. 84,242,877

2,254,142
12,279,412
43,651,470
60,307,987

3,306,638
16,586,195
25,953,315

4,852,307
17,742,387
46,508,643

5,007,107

1870.

Dollars.
1,525,276,457

26,690,095

143,996

17,222,506

37,964,752

2,871,102

17,545,038

779,952

4,257,323
114,916

5,212,157
30,156,317
520,580
149,756,698
83,776,782
82,987,133
23,173,185
66,287,343
15,929,188
23,357,129
18,433,698
17,049,228
49,809,869
20,118,841
29,940,238
84,285,273

1,818,693

6,551,185

1,445,449
15,246,545
21,443,463

2,389,157

175,882,712

21,993,967

120,300,528

6,828,675
115,647,075

3,135,132
12,443,510
55,084,075
37,425,194

2,149,814
23,888,835
28,187,669

2,103,343

17,175,420

45,310,882

441,795

I860.

Dollars.
1,089,329,915

43,411,711

22,096,977
35,585,017

11,311,079

39,116

3,144,706

109,640

5,553,356

38,372,734

72,501,225
41,855,539
22,476,293

3,332,450
61,868,237
24,546,940
15,437,533
14,667,853
12,737,744
23,714,771

3,642,841
41,891.692
53,693,673

1,128,771

177,638

10.924,627

16,134,693

4,499,746

103,856,296

31,130,805

80,384,819

5,946,255
69,672,726

2,042,044
23,934,465
60,211,425
42,825,447

1,516,707
16,241,989
47,803,049

1,099,911

17,84)7,375

1880.

Num her.

10,357,488

113,950

6,798

146,333

237,710

42,257

44,940

41,670

21,933

1,027

22,636

98,520

24,300

1,023,082

581,444

. 792,322

430,907

372,648

104,428

87,848

117,796

59,629

378,778

257,282

112,309

667,776

35,114

204,864

32,087

46,773

86,940

14,547

610,358

133,686

736,478

124,107

533,587

9,661

60,660

266,119

805,606

38,131

75,215

218,838

45,848

126,143

352,428

11,975

1870.

Number.
7,145,370

80,770

335

92,013

192,273

6,446

34,935

2,514

16,770

533

11,902

81,777

2,151

853,738

497,883

433,642

117,786

317,034

59,738

71,514

89,696

41,039

228,302

93,011

90,221

493,969

5,289

30,511

7,520

39,095

79,708

5,033

536,861

102,763

609,722

51,702

460,339

7,770

44,105

247,254

424,504

11,068

65,015

152,899

11,138

90,479

252,019

584

I860.

Number.
6,249,174

127,063

140,198
160,610

33,276

84

16,562

641

13,446

130,771

563,736

520,677

175,088

20,344

355,704

78,703

60,637

93,406

47,786

136,917

17,065

117,571

361,874

4,449

541

41,101

79,707

10,066

503,725

150,661

625,346

36,772

437,654

7,121

81,125

290,882

325,698

4,565

69,071

287,579

4,772

116,180

AGRICULTURE.

605

The number of mules and asses, and of working oxen, in 1 860, 1 870, and 1 880, in the

several states and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire. . . .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio.

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Khode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

MULES AND ASSES.

188 0.

Number.
1,812,808

121,081

891

87,082

28,343

2,581

539

2,703

3,931

68

9,606

132,078

610

123,278

51,780

44,424

64,869

116,153

76,674

298

12,561

243

5,083

9,019

129,778

192,027

858

19,999

1,258

87

9,267

9,063

5,072

81,871

19,481

2,804

22,914

46

67,005

173,498

132,447

2,898

283

33,598

626

6,226

7,136

671

187 0.

Number.
1,125,415

76,675

401

36,202

17,533

1,173

190

225

3,584

124

8,835

87,426

371

85,075

43,259

25,485

11,786

99,230

61,338

336

9,830

103

2,353

2,350

85,886

111,502

475

2,632

990

37

8,853

6,141

4,407

50,684

16,065

2,581

18,009

43

41,327

102,983

61,322

2,879

252

26,903

943

2,139

4,195

283

I860.

Number.

1,151,148

111,687

57,358
3,681

82

19

2,294

122

10,910

101,069

38,539

28,893

5,734

1,496

117,634

91,762

104

9,829

108

330

377

110,723

80,941

469

134

10

6,362

11,291

1,553

51,388

7,194

980

8,832

10

56,456

126,345

63,334

851

43

41,015

159

1,030

WORKING OXEN.

Number.
993,841

75,534

984

25,444

2,288

2,080
28,418
11,418

5,818

4

16,141

50,026

737

3,346

3,970

2,506
16,789
36,166
41,729
43,049
22,246
14,571
40,393
36,344
61,705

9,020
936

7,234

765

29,152

2,022
16,432
39,633
50,188

8,226

4,132
15,062

3,523
24,507
27,312
90,502

3,968
18,868
54,709

3,821

12,643

28,762

718

18 70.

Number.

1,319,271

59,176

587

35,387

5,944

5,566
39,639

2,125

6,888
6

6,292
54,332
522
19,766
14,088
22,058
20,774
69,719
32,596
60,530
22,491
24,430
36,499
43,176
58,146
65,825

1,761

5,931

2,443
40,513

3,830
19,774
64,141
45,408
23,606

2,441
30,048

5,821

17,685

63,970

132,407

3,479
27,809
45,987

2,181

18,937

53,615

922

I860.

Number.
2,254,911

88,316

78,707
26,004

47,939

348

9,530

69

7,361

74,487

90,380

117,687

56,964

21,551

108,999

60,358

79,792

34,524

38,221

61,686

27,568

105,603

166,588

12,594

620

51,512

10,067

25,266

121,703

48,511

63,078

7,469

60,371

7,857

22,629

102,158

172,492

9,168

42,639

97,872

2,571

93,652

606

AGRICULTURE.

The number of milch cows, and of all other cattle, in 1860, 1870 and 1880, in the

several states and territories.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia. . ,

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa ,

Kansas ,

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine ,

Maryland

Massachusetts ,

Michigan ,

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon ,

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

"West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

milch cows.

1880.

Number.

12,443,120

271,443

9,156

249,407

210,078

28,770
116,319

40,572

27,284
1,292

42,174
315,073

12,838
865,913
494,944
854,187
418,333
301,882
146,454
150,845
122,907
150,435
384,578
275,545
268,178
661,405

11,308
161,187

13,319

90,564
152,078

12,955

1,437,855

232,133

767,043

59,549
854,156

21,460
139,881
303,900
606,176

32,768
217,033
243,061

27,622

156,956

478,374

3,730

1870.

Number.

8,935,332

170,640

938

128,959

164,093

25,017

98,889
4,151

24,082
657

61,922
231,310
4,171
640,321
393,736
369,811
123,440
247,615
102,076
139,259

94.794
114,771
250,859
121,467
173,899
398,515

12,432

28,940
6,174

90,583
133,331

16,417

1,350,661

196,731

654,390

48,325
706,437

18,806

98,693
243,197
428,048

17,563
180,285
188,471

16,938

104,434

308,377

707

1860.

Number.
8,585,735

230,537

171,003
205,407

98,877
286

22,595
639

92,974
299,688

522.634
363,553
189,802

23,550
269,215
129,662
147,314

99,463
144,492
179,543

40,344
207,646
345,243

6,995

947

94,880

138,818

34,369

1,123,634

228,623

676,585

53,170

673,547

19,700

163,938

249,514

601,540

11,967

174,667

330,713

9,660

203,001

OTHER CATTLE.

1880.

Number.

22,488,550

404,213

34,843

433,392

451,941

315,989

92,149

88,825

20,450

271

409,055

544,812

71,292

1,515,063

864,846

1,755,343

1,015,935

505,746

282,418

140,527

117,387

96,045

466.660

347,161

387,452

1,410,507

160,143

590,129

158,137

112,689

69,786

137,314

862,233

375,105

1,084,917

352,561

861,019

10,601

199,321

452,462

3,387,927

58,680

167,204

388,414

103,111

288,845

622,005

273,625

1870.

Number.

13,566,005

257,347

3,607

193,589

461,361

40,153

79,485

6,191

19,020

138

322,701

412,261

5,763

1,055,499

618,360

614,366

229,753

382,993

200,589

143,272

98,074

79,851

260,171

145,736

269,030

689,355

22,545

45,057

22,899

91,705

60,327

21,343

630,522

279,023

758,221

69,431

608,066

9,748

132,925

336,529

2,933,588

18,138

112,741

277,285

28,135

178,309

331,302

9,501

I860.

Number.

14,779,373

454,543

318,089
948,731

95,091
167

25,596
198

287,725
631,707

970,799
588,144
293,322

43,354
457,845
326,787
149,827
119,254

97,201
238,615

51,345
416,660
657,153

17,608

3,904

118,075

89,909

29,094
727,837
416,676
895,077

93,492
685,575

11,548

320,209

413,060

2,761,736

12,959
153,144
615,882

16,228

225,207

AGRICULTURE,

607

The number of sheep and swine, in 1 860, 1870 and 1 880, in the several states and

territories.

States and Territories.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

1880.

Number.
35,192,074

347,538
76,524

246,757
4,152,349

746,443
59,431
30,244
21,967

56,681

527,589

27,326

1,037,073

1,100,511

455,359

499,671

1,000,269

135,631

565,918

171,184

67,979

2,189,389

267,598

287,694

1,411,298

184,277

199,453

133,695

211,825

117,020

2,088,831

1,715,180

461,638

4,902,486

1,083,162

1,776,598

17,211

118,889

672,789

2,411,633

233,121

439,870

497,289

292,883

674,769

1,336,807

140,225

1870.

Number.
28,477,951

241,934

803

161,077

2,768,187

120,928

83,884

1,901

22,714

604

26,599

419,465

1,021

1,568,286

1,612,680

855,493

109,088

936,765

118,602

434,666

129,697

78,560

1,985,906

132,343

232,732

1,352,001

2,024

22,725

11,018

248,760

120,067

619,438

2,181,578

463,435

4,928,635

318,123

1,794,301

23,938

124,594

826,783

714,351

59,672

580,347

370,145

44,063

552,327

1,069,282

6,409

I860.

Number.

22,471,275

370,156

202,753
1,088,002

117,107

193

18,857

40

30,158

512,618

769,135
991,175
259,041

17,569
938,990
181,253
452,472
155,765
114,829
1,271,743

13,044
352,632
937,445

2,355

376

310,534

135,228

830,116

2,617,855

546,749

3,546,767

86,052

1,631,540

32,624

233,509

773,317

753,363

37,332

752,201

1,043,269

10,157

332,954

1880.

Number.
47,681,700

1,252,462

3,819

1,565,098

603,550

7,656

63,699

63,394

48,186

1,132

287,051

1,471,003

14,178

5,170,266

3,186,413

6,034,316

1,787,969

2,225,225

633,489

74,369

335,408

80,123

964,071

381,415

1,151,818

4,553,123

10,278

1,241,724

9,080

53,437

219,069

7,857

751,907

1,453,541

3,141,333

156,222

1,187,968

14,121

628,198

2,160,495

1,950,371

17,198

76,384

956,451

46,828

510>613

1,128,825

567

1870.

Number.
25,134,569

719,757

720

841,129

444,617

5,509

51,983

2,033

39,818

577

158,908

988,566

2,316

2,703,343

1,872,230

1,353,908

206,587

1,838,227

338,326

45,760

257,893

49,178

417,811

148,473

814,381

2,306,430

2,599

59,449

3,295

33,127t

142,563

11,267

518,251

1,075,215

1,728,968

119,455

867,548

14,607

395,999

1,828,690

1,202,445

3,150

46,345

674,670

17,491

268,031

512,778

146

I860.

Number.
33,512,867

1,748,321

1,171,630
456,396

75,120

287

47,848

1,099

271,742

2,036,116

2,502,308
3,099,110

934,820

138,224
2,330,595

634,525
54,783

387,756

73,948

• 372,386

101,371
1,532,768
2,354,425

25,369

3,571

51,935

236,089

10,313

910,178

1,883,214

2,251,653

81,615

1,031,266

17,478

965,779

2,347,321

1,371,532

6,707

52,912

1,599,919

6,383

334,055

608

AGRICULTURE.

The amount of dairy products for 1 860, 1 870 and 1 880, in the several states and

territories.

States and Territories.

1880.

18 7 0.

I860.

1880.

1870.

1860.

The United States . ,

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Pounds.

777,250,287

Pounds.
514,092,683

Pounds.
459,681,372

Pounds.

27,272,489

Pounds.
53,492,153

Pounds.
103,663,927

7,997,719

61,817

7,790,013

14,084,405

860,379

8,198,995

2,000,955

1,876,275

20,920

353,156

7,424,485

310,644

53,657,943

37,377,797

55,481,958

21,671,762

18,211,904

916,089

14,103,966

7,485,871

9,655,587

38,821,890

19,161,385

7,454,657.

28,572,124

403,738

9,725,198

335,188

7,247,272

9,513,835

44,827

111,922,423

7,212,507

67,634,263

2,443,725

79,336,012

1,007,103

3,196,851

17,886,369

13,899,320

1,052,903

25,240,826

11,470,923

1,356,103

9,309,517

33,353,045

105,643

3,213,753

800

2,753,931

7,969,744

392,920

6,716,007

209,735

1,171,963

4,495

100,989

4,499,572

111,480

36,083,405

22,915,385

27,512,179

5,022,758

11,874,978

322,405

11,636,482

5,014,729

6,559,161

24,400,185

9,522,010

2,613,521

14,455,825

408,080

1,539,535

110,880

5,965,080

8,266,023

12.912

107,147,526

4,297,834

50,266,372

1,418,373

60,834,644

941,199

1,461,980

9,571,069

3,712,747

310,335

17,844,396

6,979,269

407,306

5,044,475

22,473,036

1,200

6,028,478

4,067,556
3,095,035

7,620,912

2,170

1,430,502

18,835

408,855

5,439,765

28,052,551

18 306,651

11,953,666
1,093,497

11,716,609
1,444,742

11,687,781
5,265,295
8,297,936

15,503,482
2,957,673
5,006,610

12,704,837

342,541

7,700

6,956,764

10,714,447

13,259

103,097,280

4,735,495

48,543,162

1,000,157

58,653,511

1,021,767

3,177,934

10,017,787

5,850,583

316,046

15,900,359

13,464,722

153,092

14,091

18,360

26,301

2,566,618

10,867

826,195

39,437

1,712

2,732

14,500

2,119

3,395,074

33,626

2,031,194

1,850

315

15,923

13,611,328

2,406

19,151

20,295

1,035,069

367,561

1,075,988

483,987

58,468

7,618

1,167,730

17,416

829,528

440,540

523,138

4,239

283,484

55,570

230,819

17,420

807,076

66,518

10,501

8,362,590

57,380

2,170,245

153,198

1,008,686

67,171

16,018

98,740

58,466

126,727

1,545,789

85,535

109,200

100,300

2,281,411

2,930

25

4,292

4,464

1,661,703

283,807

1,087,741

226,607

115,219

11,747

1,152,590

6,732

2,245,873

670,804

233,977

3,099

204,090

25,603

46,142

849,118

38,229

27,239

22,769;'964

75,185

8,169,486

79,333

1,145,209

81,976

169

142,240

34,342

69,603

4,830,700

71,743

17,465

32,429

1,591,798

16,810
1,343,689

3,898,411

6,579

5,280
15,587

1,848,557

605,795

918,635

29,045

190,400

6,153

1,799,862

8,342

5,294,090

1,641,897

199,314

4,427

259,633

12,342

2,232,092

182,172

37,240

48,548,289

51,119

21,618,893

105,379

2,508,556

181,511

1,543

135,575

275,128

53,331

8,215,030

280,852

12,146

1,104,300

AGRICULTURE.

1879.

1879.

PRODUCTS.

pPr_ products.
Quantity. Value. cent.

Per
Quantity. Value. cent".

Beeswax pounds .

1,105,689 $364,877 0

1,565,546 391,387 -0
5,025 1,005.000 0

1.796,048 1,796.048 -0

1,317,701 1,976,552 0
36,576,061 4,754,888 -0
25,743,208 5.663,506 0
16,573,273 5,800,646 -0
26,546,378 6,371,131 0
110,131,373 6,607,882 -0
11,817,327 7,019,492 -0

7,170,951 8,963,689 0
28,444,202 9.386,587 0

1,922,982 11,537,892 -0
20,000,000 12,000 000 0

9,590.027 14,385,041 -0

19,881,595 14,992.686 0

33,378,693 15,020,412 0

178,872 16,098,480 0

01- Market garden
01 Cheese

05 1 Tobacco

05- Orchard produ

13 Wool

15- Irish potatoes.
16 Milk consumec
17- Oats

18 Poultry produc

19 | Butter

24- ! Cotton

25- 1 Hay

31 Wheat

32- Corn

39 Meats

$21,761,250 0 58

Flax do....

Hemp tons . . .

Maple syrup gallons . .
Grass seed bushels . .

pounds.. 300,000,000 28.5011,000 0.76
bushels.. 43,997,495 29,302,332 0.79
.pounds.. 472,661,157 38,758,215 1.10
cts 50,876,1541-140

Maple sugar pounds . .

Honey do

Cane Molasses. . . gallons . .
Hops pounds . .

pounds.. 240,681,751 67,390,890 1.80
bushels.. 169,458,539 81,848.474 2.20

1.... gals.. 1,800,000.000 135,0(10,000 3.60-
bushels.. 407,858,999 146,829,240 3.90

tS ISO OIK) ODD 4 80-

Flax seed do ... .

Sorghum syrup . . gallons .

Peas and beans . bushels .

pounds. 900,001 1,01)0 189,1)011.000 5.10
.... do.... 2,771,797,156 271,636,121 7.30
. . . tons . . . 35,150,711 409,505,783 -11
.bushels.. 459,483,137 436,968,463 11.70-
. . . .do. . . . 1,754,591,676 694,818,304 -18.70

Kye do

40-

4^" Total

Sweet potatoes, do

Cane sugar hhds..

3,726,331,422 100

Products

Per Cent.

Comparatrv

12 8 4 5 10

: r— < [

re value of farm products in the States.

15 20 25 30 .T5 .40 45 50

Tobacco

' •

Orchard Products

Wool, m

Irish Potatoes,

Milk Consumed,

Oats

.

Poultry Products

Butter,

Cotton,

Hay,

Wheat,

Corn,

11

, -

ff " - -+"

Meats

it _t _ _

iti.

I-

All others

ft1

Increase of Farm Animals in Thirty Years

(Exclusive of Ranch Animals

000'000'OQ

ooo'ooo'ef-

000'000'8fr

OOO'OOO'iF

000'000'9*

ooo'ooo's*

000'OOO'ff

ooo'ooo'st

OOO'OOO'SF

OOO'OOO'IF

OOO'000'Of

ooo'ooo'6e

ooo'ooo'se

000'OOO'ZS

000'000'98

ooo'ooo'ss

ooo'ooo'rs

ooo'ooo'se

ooo'ooo'ss

ooo'ooo'is

OOO'OOO'OE

OOO'OOo'GS

000'000'8S

000'OOO'iS

000*000*98

OOO'OOO'SS

ooo'ooo'ta

OOO'OOO'SS

OOO'OOO'SS

000'000'IS

ooo'ooo'os

OOO'OOO'OI

000*000'8T

OOO'OOO'il

OOO'OOO'OI

000'000'SI

ooo'ooo'ti

ooo'ooo'ei

000'000'SI

ooo'ooo'n

OOO'OOO'OI

ooo'ooo'e

ooo'ooo'8

OOO'OOO'Z

ooo'ooo'o

ooo'ooo's

OOO'OOO'f'

ooo'ooo's

ooo'ooo's

1 1 1

ooo'ooo'x

1 1 1 1

CO

© © © ©
us © *« ae

ae ao « ae

*H M| *H w(

© © © ©
us © *» ao

ao ae ae ae

IS *H *^ T^

© © © ©
us © t> ao

ae ae ao ae

IS *( IS *N

© © 9 O

us © 5 ae
ae ae ao ao

N *( *( *(

© © © ©
us © *» ao

ao ao ao ae

■H IS TS IS

CO

e

CO

0>
ID

U

©

CD

-J
S3

O

a,

CD

.4

cp

a

%

Increase of Production

of

Corn, Wheat, Oats, Buckwheat, Rye & Barley
for

1850,1860,1870, 1880

1850

1860

Buckwheat
~- 4,000,000
Bye
14,000,000
Barley
000 / 3,000,000

867,000,000 bu.

1,239,000,000 bu.

1880

1870

1,387,000,000 bu.

2,698,000,000 bu.

Proportion of Land in Farms to total Land Surface

Percen tage

i 8 12 16 20 it 28 33 3

i 1

0 4

t 48 5

2 56 60 64 6

3 7

2 76 t

0 84 8

8 92 96

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Delaware

Kentucky

Vermont

Maryland

Connecticut

New York

Tennessee

Virginia

Rhode Island

N.Carolina

ill 1 1

S. Carolina

Iowa

Georgia

Pennsylvania

Massachusetts

N.Hampshire

W.Virginia

Missouri

New Jersey

Alabama

Mississippi

Wisconsin

Kansas

Michigan

' I'll

Arkansas

Maine

Louisiana

Minnesota

Texas

{

Nebraska

California

Florida

Hj^y^y |

Oregon

■ 1 1

Dakota

Washington

Colorado

Utah

Nevada

1

N.Mexico

Idaho

Montana

i

Wyoming

i

Arizona

United States

AGRICULTURE. 609

The principal vegetable productions of 1 880 in the several states and territories.

States and Tebeitokies.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana . „

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire ....

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio.

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Barley.

Acres.

1,997,727

511

12,404

157

586,350

4,112

575

16,156

19

21
1,439

8,291
55,267
16,399
198,861
23,993
20,089

11,106

226

3,171

54,506

116,020

44

6,472

1,323

115,201

19,399

3,461

240

2,548

356,629

230

57,482

29,311

23,592

715

1,162

2,600

5,527

11,268

10,552

859

14,680

424

204,335

Bushels.

43,997,495

5,281

239,051

1,952

12,463,561

107,116

12,286

277,424

523

210

18,662

274,750

1,229,523

382,835

4,022,588

300,273

486,326

242,185

6,097

80,128

1,204,316

2,972,965

348

123,031

39,970

1,744,686

513,470

77,877

4,091

50,053

7,792,062

2,421

1,707,129

920,977

438,100

17,783

16,257

30,019

72,786

217,140

267,625

14,223

566,537

9,740

5,043,118

Buckwheat.

Acres.
848,389

42

92

1,012

8

11,231

321

397

Bushels.
11,817,327

58

16,457
8,846

16,318
2,458
1,024

20,135
10,294

5,617
33,948

3,677

5,463

34

1,666

4,535
35,373

291,228

5,725

22,130

372

246,199

105

4,907

17,649
16,463
106
30,334
34,117

363

548

22,307

110

137,563

2,521
5,857

402

178,859
89,707

166,895

24,421

9,942

382,701
136,667

67,117
413,062

41,756

57,640

437

17,562

94,090
466,414

4,461,200

44,668

280,229

6,215

3,593,326

1,254

33,434
535

356,618
136,004
2,498
285,298
299,107

Indian corn.

Acres.
62,368,504

2,055,929

1,818

1,298,310

71,781

22,991

55,796

90,852

202,120

1,032

360,294

2,538,733

569

9,019,381

3,678,420

6,616,144

3,417,817

3,021,176

742,728

30,997

664,928

52,555

919,656

438,737

1,570,550

5,588,265

197

1,630,660

487

36,612

344,555

41,449

779,272

2,305,419

3,281,923

5,646

1,373,270

11,893

1,303,404

2,904,873

2,468,587

12,007

55,249

1,768,127

2,117

565,785

1,015,393

Bushels.
1,754,591,676

25,451,278

34,746

24,156,417

1,993,325

455,968

1,880,421

2,000,864

3,894,264

29,750

3,174,234

23,202,018

16,408

325,792,481

115,482,300

275,014,247

105,729,325

72,852,263

9,889,689

960,633

15,968,533

1,797,768

32,461,452

14,831,741

21,348,800

202,414,413

5,649

85,450,135

12,891

1,350,248

11,150,705

633,786

25,690,156

28,019,839

111,877,124

126,362

45,821,531

372,967

11,767,099

62,764,429

29,065,172

163,342

2,014,271

29,119,761

39,183

14,090,609

34,230,579

610 AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of 1880 in the several states and territories

States and Territories.

The United States....

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia. . . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York . :

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Oats.

Acres.

16,144,593

Bushels,

407,858,999

324,628

29

166,513

49,947

23,023

36,691

78,226

17,156

267

47,962

612,778

13,197

1,959,889

623,531'

1,507,577

435,859

403,416

26,861

78,785

101,127

20,659

536,187

617,469

198,497

968,473

24,691

250,457

5,937

29,485

137,422

9,237

1,261,171

500,415

910,388

151,624

1,237,593

5,575

261,445

468,566

238,010

19,525

99,548

563,443

37,962

126,931

955,597

822

3,039,639

564

2,219,822

1,341,271

640,900

1,009,706

2,217,132

378,508

7,440

468,112

5,548,743

462,236

63,189,200

15,599,518

50,610,591

8,180,385

4,580,738

229,840

2,265,575

1,794,872

645,159

18,190,793

23,382,158

1,959,620

20,670,958

900,915

6,555,875

186,860

1,017,620

3,710,573

156,527

37,575,506

3,838,068

28,664,505

4,385,650

33,841,439

159,339

2,715,505

4,722,190

4,893,359

418,082

3,742,282

5,333,181

1,571,706

1,908,505

32,905,320

22,512

Eye.

Acres.

1,842,233

5.764

3,290

20,281

1,294

29,794

2,385

773

301

601

25,854

354

192,138

25,400

102,607

34,621

89,417

201

2,161

32,405

21,666

22,815

13,614

806

46,484

15

34,297

3,218

106,025

17

244,923

61,953

29,499

841

398,465

1,270

7,152

32,493

3,326

1,153

6,319

48,746

518

17,279

169,692

6

Bushels.

19,831,595

28,402

22,387

181,681

19,465

370,733

24,359

5,953

. 3,704

2,965

101,716

4,341

3.121,785

303,105

1,518,605

413,181

668,050

1,013

26,398

288,067

213,716

294,918

215,245

5,134

535,426

430

424,348

34,638

949,064

240

2,634,690

285,160

389,221

13,305

3,683,621

12,997

27,049

156,419

25,399

9,605

71,733

324,431

7,124

113,181

2,298,513

78

Wheat.

Acres.
35,430,333

264,971

9,026

204,084

1,832,429

64,693

2,198

265,298

87,539

284

81

475,684

22,066

3,218,542

2,619,695

3,049,288

1,861,402

1,160,108

1,501

43,829

569,296

963

1,822,749

3,044,670

43,524

2,074,394

17,665

1,469,865

3,674

11,248

149,760

51,230

736,611

646,829

2,556,134

445,077

1,445,384

17

170,902

1,196,563

373,570

72,512

20,748

901,177

81,554

393,068

1,948,160

241

Bushels.
459,483,137

1,529,657

136,427

1,269,715

29,017,707

1,425,014

38,742

2,830,289

1,175,272

6,402

422

3,159,771

540,589

51,110,502

47,284,853

31,154,205

17,324,141

11,356,113

5,034

665,714

8,004,864

15,768

35,532,543

34,601,030

218,890

24,966,627

469,688

13,847,007

69,298

169,316

1,901,739

706,641

11,587,766

3,397,393

46,014,869

7,480,010

19,462,405

240

962,358

7,331,353

2,567,737

1,169,199

337,257

7,826,174

1,921,322

4,001,711

24,884,689

4,674

Value of
orchard
products.

Dollars.

50,876,154

362,263

5,530

867,426

2,017,314

3,246

456,246

156

846,692

12,074

758,295

782,972

23,147

3,502,583

2,757,359

1,494,365

358,860

1,377,670

188,604

1,112,026

1,563,188

1,005,303

2,760,677

121,648

378,145

1,812,873

1,530

72,244

. 3,619

972.291

860,090

26,706

8,409,794

903,513

3,576,242

583,663

4,862,826

58,751

78,934

919,844

876,844

148,493

640,942

1,609,663

127,668

934,400

639,435

AGRICULTURE,

Gil

The production of hay, hops and cane, for an average year, in the several states and

territories.

Hay.

Hops.

SUGAR-CANE.

States and Terbitobies.

Area in
crop.

Sugar.

Molasses.

The United States

Tons.
35,205,712

Acres.

46.800

Pounds.
26,546,378

Acres.
227,776

Hhds.
178,872

Galloiis.
16,573,273

10,363

5,606

23,295

1,135,180

85,062

557,860

308,036

49,632

3,759

149

14,409

40,053

3,280,319

1,361,083

3,613,941

1,589,987

218,739

37,029

1,107,788

264,468

684,679

1,393,888

1,636,912

8,894

1,077,458

63,947

785,433

95,853

583,069

518,990

7,650

5,240,563

93,711

2,210,923

266,187

2,811,654

79,328

2,706

183,698

59,699

92,735

1,051,183

287,255

106,819

232,338

1,896,969

23,413

6,627

94

795,19f

1,119

1,444,077

Delaware .

Florida

7,938
15,053

1,273
601

1,029,868

1,565,784

21

69

51

1

7,788

21,236

16,915

500

181,592

171,706

11,696,248

219

48,214

23

491

30

9,895

266,010

10,928

4,555

13

536,625

Montana

59

23,955

New Mexico

New York

39,072

21,628,931

North Carolina

Ohio . -.

9

304

83

5,510

244,371

36,995

Oregon ,

South Carolina

1,787

229

138,944

Tennessee

Texas

10,224

4,951

810,605

Utah

264

12

534

109,350
1,599

703,277

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

4,439

1,966,827

Wyoming

1 ""

612

AGRICULTURE.

The production of rice, cotton, tobacco and potatoes, in 1 880, in the several states and

territories.

Rice.

POTATOES.

Irish.

Sweet.

The United States..

Pounds.
110,131,373

Acres.

14,480,019

Bales.
5,755,359

Acres.

638,841

Pounds.
472,661,157

Bushels.
169,458,539

Bushels.
33,378,693

Alabama

810,889

2,330,086

699,654

2,197
1

2,064

84

452,426

600

970.220

73,317

334,925

26,249

402,027

4,550,565

383,123

2,584,262

664,086

283,864

33,064

20,221

249,590

157,307

10,365,707

6,232,246

9,962,537

2,894,198

2,269,890

180,115

7,999,625

1,497,017

3,070,389

10,924,111

5,184,676

303,821

4,189,694

228,702

2,150,893

302,143

3,358,828

3,563,793

21,883

33,644,807

722,773

12,719,215

1,359.930

16,284,819

606,793

144,942

1,354,481

228,832

573,595

4,438,172

2,016,766

1,035,177

1,398,539

8,509,162

30,986

3,448,819
5,303

881 260

Arkansas

1,042,976

608,256

86,284

8,666

5

4

2

90

971

2

5,612

11,955

692

333

226,120

253

1

38,174

3,358

170

163

1,471

15,521

14,044,652

1,897

1,278

1,400

21,182

228,590

400

3,935,825

8,872,842

420,477

191,669

171,120,784

55,954

250

26,082,147

5,369,436

83,969

69,922

414,663

12,015,657

918

195,937

23,347

1,687,613

4,397,778

District of Columbia . . .

Florida

1,294,677
25,369,687

245,595
2,617,138

54,997
814,441

Georgia

249,407
244,930

122,368

195,225

2,667
864,787

1,367
508,569

1,017,854

Louisiana

23,188,311

1,318,110

329,590

450

Michigan

4,904

Minnesota

Mississippi

1,718,951

2,106,215
32,116

963,111
20,318

3,610,660

Missouri

431,484

Montana

101

2

88

152

7

4,937

57,208

34,676

43

27,566

2

169

41,532

685

57,979

1,500

170,843

172,315

890

6,481,431

26,986,213

34,735,235

17,325

36,943,272

785

45,678

29,365,052

221,283

13,628

Nevada

New Hampshire

2,086,731

New Mexico

3,217

New York

6,833

North Carolina

Ohio

5,609,191

893,153

389,598

4,576,148
239,578

Oregon

Pennsylvania

184,142

Rhode Island

714

South Carolina

Tennessee

52,077,515

1,364,249

722,562

2,178,435

522,548
330,621
805,284

2,189,622
2,369,901

Texas

62,152

1,460,079

Utah

Vermont

84

140,791

8

' 4,071

8,810

131,432

79,988,868

6,930

. 2,296,146

10,608,423

Virginia

45,040

19,595

1,901,521

Washington

West Virginia

87,214

Wisconsin

7,124

Wyoming

a 17,000 bales, produced from 85,000 acres in the Indian Territory, are included in these totals.

AGRICULTURE.

613

The principal vegetable productions, in 1880, in Alabama, by counties.

ALABAMA.

Counties.

The State

Autauga

Baldwin

Barbour

Bibb

Blount

Bullock.......

Butler

Calhoun

Chambers ....

Cherokee

Chilton

Choctaw

Clarke

Clay

Cleburne

Coffee

Colbert ......

Conecuh

Coosa

Covington . . .
Crenshaw ....

Cullman

Dale

Dallas

De Kalb

Elmore

Escambia ....

Etowah

Fayette

Franklin

Geneva

Greene

Hale

Henry

Jackson

Jefferson

Lamar

Lauderdale . . .

Lawrence

Lee

Limestone

Lowndes

Macon

Madison

Marengo

Marion

Indian corn.

Bushels.
25,451,278

184,393

28,428
437,415
236,086
422,048
379,876
274,668
469,598
458,286
509,381
183,975
272,213
312,718
292,870
362,335
155,014
500,701
181,277
364,399

81,997
254,950
102,982
221,497
707,139
322,259
211,688

34,336
382,788
342,520
348,897

58,887
402,992
595,185
325,846
1,099,486
429,660
352,474
721,039
798,931
244,903
719,928
611,184
173,969
1,033,223
698,009
272,481

Oats.

Bushels.
3,089,639

22,044
5,108
99,295
21,926
44,194
43,028
71,100
93,368
80,592
66,215
18,300
28,432
47,737
39,308
58,084
15,025
43,914
25,136
41,758
16,266
36,480
8,198
28,894

111,213
34,843
49,849
8,979
44,734
27,302
23,143
10,604
22,464
45,075
63,402
90,962
43,414
32,440
39,233
56,352

101,911
40,389
43,922
53,336
81,161
83,234
15,680

Wheat.

Bushels.
1,529,657

Hay.

Tons.
10,363

3,459

530
16,700
60,856
455
150
67,660
75,945
66,956
20,661

30
54,603
48,904

85
10,923

55,028

139

12,452
336

487
37,382
20,779

40,192

22,745

7,331

1,803
15,273
906
58.335
60,038
24,221
36,376
34,024
50,225
41,638

9,094
80,716

15,136

41
167
4
41
34
36

370
6

201
8
4
7
3
14
40

351

47

681

177

12

25

32

212

5

13
23

759
192
230
193
130
202
473

Cotton.

Bales.
699,654

1,961

278

7,944

638

26,063

4,843

4,442

22,578

11,895

10,848

19,476

10,777

3,534

9,054

11,097

4,973

3,600

4,788

9,012

4,633

8,411

1,158

8,173

378

6,224

33,534

2,859

9,771

94

6,571

4,268

3,603

1,112

15,811

18,093

12,573

6,235

5,333

5,015

9,270

13,791

13,189

15,724

29,356

14,580

20,679

23,481

2,240

Irish
potatoes

Bushels.
334,925

908
1,901
2,415
1,261
4,502

979
3,483
3,330
4,213
3,823

446
1,665
2,667
1,344
3,885
1,532
5,189
1,437
1,861

495
1,865
3,789

304
3,101
5,075
1,282

799
2,383

762
1,756

3,517
2,130
1,720

17,166
5,487
4,092

17,938

12,082
1,771

13,466
1,447
1,092

16,829
2,483
3,028

Tobacco.

Pounds.
452,426

1,844

350
3,512
5,248
9,912

833

2,559

6,592

8,055

14,318

537
4,322
2,349
13,468
15,113
1,403
8,626
1,210
5,258
1,764
6,256
8,888

250
1,678
4,322
2,585

11,333

7,184

3,087

948

6,829

5,540

4,499

17,127

17,649

10,420

19,870

27,276

1,766

32,034

680

36,356

7,479

8,285

614

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Alabama, Arizona and Arkansas, in 1880, by

counties.
ALABAMA. -Continued.

Counties.

Marshall

Mobile

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Perry

Pickens

Pike

Randolph . . .

Russell

Saint Clair. .

Shelby

Sumter

Talladega . . .
Tallapoosa . . .
Tuscaloosa . .

Walker

Washington .

Wilcox'

Winston

OEBBALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

potatoes.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Tons.

Bales.

Bushels.

Pounds.

465,582

31,873

30,984

46

5,358

5,975

9,719

25,272

1,440

1,334

1

92,714

1,470

10,823

251,068

44,024

1

10,421
31,732

2,496
318

767,427

62,292

393

625

580,687

40,533

39,829

282

6,133

9,635

17,795

628,248

63,710

2,974

16

21,627

1,538

4,522

491,436

76,044

11,985

48

17,283

4,289

8,637

374,170

38,698

408

15,136

655

764

332,466

43,558

58,379

1

7,475

2,396

11,521

215,555

91,141

6,771

154

19,442

3,314

303

341,703

41,291

54,853

4

6,028

2,786

11,208

312,839

39,348

34,324

138

6,643

1,427

2,298

699,883

31,380

225

100

22,211

5,147

2,627

454,873

92,356

89,868

421

11,832

2,426

5,520

461,960

78,684

99,061

1

14,161

1,322

5,350

489,784

63,013

12,388

174

11,137

8,573

5,568

263,123

21,687

26,149

3

2,754

2,177

10,900

58,105

3,547

1

1,246

1,450

573,385

92,933

179

32

26,745

3,908

2,695

88,781

4,043

8,314

2

568

202

571

ARIZONA TERRITORY.

The Territory

34,746

564

136,427

5,606

26,249

600

Apache

4,368
2,165
430
9,486
2,205
14,841
1,251

564

11,075

87,315

320

9,890

22,357

5,070

400

20

2,012

24

654

932

1,704

260

3,025
4,815

538
4,639

524
12,711

Maricopa

Mohave

Pima

600

Pinal

Yavapai

ARKANSAS.

The State

Arkansas .
Ashley . . .
Baxter . . .
Benton . .
Boone . . .
Bradley . .
Calhoun .
Carroll . . .
Chi.'. 4 . . .
Clark

24,156,417

136,232
152,289
261,337
1,119,834
653,945
97,241
100,688
582,734
117,391
470,352

2,219,822

10,354

12,218

21,678

245,382

92,372

8,316

5,838

64,451

372

25,969

1,269,715

539

85

9,995

156,087

56,581

1,309

652

51,992

11,953

23,295

378

13

220

2,376

663

6
560

5
139

608,256

8,508

11,371

2,879

126

2,686

4,900

5,370

502

25,338

13,924

402,027

5,177

2,244

3,884

28,165

11,571

756

2,053

4,693

1,909

4,065

970,220

5,952

4,194

6,470

395,982

34,089
1,433
1,470

16,540

3,732

Product per head of all Cereals
in Europe and the United States

Bushels

-.

4 f

i

1

3 1

2 1

. J.
4 16 1

1
8 20 i

l!

6 i

8 3

0 3

2 a

4 3

6 a

1

,S 40 4

i 4

4 4

i 1

8 50 B

2 E

4 5

3 5

8

United States I

J

1

Total for Europe i

Denmark

Hungary

Sweden |

France i

1

Roumania |

Russia |

Germany

Ireland

Spain

-Belgium

Austria

Serbia

Turkey

Great Britain

Norway

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Greece

Switzerland

Product and Export of Cereals in 1879. ( Census.)

Co

m

1,7

51,

5! 11

676

6m

|fK)(-

rttttt

tltltH

II

H

JJa

I

ii III

1

Opts

407

,85

5,9!

9 6

/.

1

n7/r<//

459,483,

137

bu.

||| | l|

|i

1 1 1

i i i

ii

It 7'' ill i

1

f [ | m I

"iff

TTTT

III

1

I

1 1 1

1

19,83:

2ye

1

,595

bu.

Bt

xrle

2/

HUH
ittttt

43,99;

,495

6u.

.Bwo wheat

11,8 7 827 6m.

Scale ■Imillioti bu. per Square.

c3

CO
CO

o

CO
00

■■

-

■*

—

•8

1

*H

-

8

•5

H

r

1
i

1

m

u

CD

C3
CD
U

<

O

0)

s

u
o
S

ft

d

CO

o

o
t-

00

1 | 1

j j i

i . 1 !

p

§

TV

1 s

i \

1

•N

i

<*

1

- .,

n

B

U}

u

fl

d

o

Ph

^

o

• H
01

a

CD
00
r-l

0)

n

o

o

[
— -j \ -

■S

p

s

5

| j';

1

-*

s>

%i

—

fa

N

o

00

r i

flJT

"t
tt

0

1

as

IN

Is

HI

AGRICULTURE.

615

The principal vegetable productions of Arkansas, in 1 880, by counties.

ARKANSAS. -Continued.

Counties.

CEREALS.

Hay.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Tons.

343,836

12,406

13,408

100

'235,376

22,545

3,548

740

349,294

24,674

9,346

97

367,451

20,260

15,552

206

465,356

33,216

31,040

326

216,194

1,128

200

58

138,614

11,121

2,643

42

136,760

5,749

2,010

97

180,177

3,139

171

25

113,630

13,967

3,319

4

145,401

11,522

1,244

42

347,062

39,247

18,197

268

547,723

52,509

31,809

215

299,930

20,827

10,924

166

153,434

17,656

7,442

117

149,854

10,408

2,616

11

347,926

29,110

10,475

124

418,837

42,676

6,702

56

268,650

11,191

7,384

71

272,635

20,409

13,618

4

691,188

61,209

57,104

396

451,904

40,593

25,602

214

384,398

6,399

7,415

150

299,508

6,596

278

253

463,488

34,693

18,496

264

97,371

1,362

77

522,720

40,851

18,662

414

271,650

12,047

620

279

144,068

15,210

1,021

455

166,819

9,523

774

68

491,526

46,918

20,211

280

249,764

49,674

5,563

2,846

720,428

75,068

85,414

628

330,305

26,704

13,816

103

223,728

6,798

23

314,116

4,240

655

237

208,667

13,995

200

511

187,991

9,000

16,766

40

253,222

11,851

2,807

287,869

23,810

14,302

45

155,655

2,921

693

6

134,935

11,119

2,881

94

332,585

13,410

367

1,401

188,256

11,043

8,893

14

87,133

3,490

1,529

4

179,400

15,816

13,096

4

494,773

30,741

34,439

161

135,462

31,944

2,214

263

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Tobacco.

Clay

Columbia

Conway

Craighead

Crawford

Crittenden . . .

Cross

Dallas

Desha

Dorsey

Drew

Faulkner

Franklin

Fulton

Garland

Grant

Greene

Hempstead . . .
Hot Spring. . .

Howard

Independence

Izard

Jackson

Jefferson

Johnson
LaFayette . . .

Lawrence

Lee

Lincoln

Little River . .

Logan

Lonoke

Madison

Marion

Miller

Mississippi . . .

Monro6

Montgomery .

Nevada

Newton

Ouachita

Perry

Phillips

Pike

Poinsett

Polk

Pope

Prairie

Bales.

2,307

13,039

9,096

4,374

8,980

16,039

4,768

6,157

18,103

6,146

9,964

8,692

9,268

2,438

534

3,999

3,711

13,985

3,755

7,051

11,156

4,800

13,895

34,588

7,769

6,339

6,480

21,147

11,563

7,116

9,752

11,704

129

3,925

11,643

10,430

14,106

1,819

10,520

1,406

8,849

3,314

29,070

3,787

1,514

2,061

8,700

6,977

Bushels.

4,427
4,195
4,399
4,806
6,435
4,711
2,122
1,572
8,451
2,285
3,943
5,720
5,532
95
5,347
3,753
5,181
3,128
5,022
2,090

11,251
4,500
5,640
1,794
8,862
1,730
3,809
2,323
3,337
922
9,330
8,792

17,674
4,877
1,320
5,166
6,193
1,388
2,382
5,987
2,226
4,060
6,261
3,136
1,869
999

10,832
2,100

Pounds.

11,390

13,333
8,591

24,942
1,912
6,195
4,406
8,410
3,057
4,421
5,608

11,974
2,404
3,400
4,751
9,310
5,735
3,600
5,823
7,749

21,726

13,212
4,790
250
7,941
3,217
4,600
2,962
3,276
2,747

18,977
6,197

25,156
3,321
1,335
1,537
2,590
2,685
1,997

12,466
3,588
5,919

11,172
4,899
2,470
2,640

12.570
4,860

616 AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Arkansas and California, in 1 880, by counties.

ARKANSAS. -Continued.

Counties.

Pulaski

Randolph

Saint Francis

Saline

Scott

Searcy

Sebastian ....

Sevier

Sharp

Stone

Union

Van Buren . . .
Washington . .

White

Woodruff ....
Yell

Indian corn. Oats

Bushels.

Bushels.

369,911

32,976

728,403

33,137

197,061

8,849

292,628

38,046

279,533

29,661

362,828

24,776

553,513

53,976

158,839

12,693

432,570

52,241

209,375

19,297

171,779

6,405

345,315

31,666

1,225,557

220,617

444,893

95,359

229,962

9,908

495,138

42,480

Wheat.

Bushels.

5,623

31,244

1,835

7,589

7,957

19,179

32,157

4,740

18,908

13,537

243

15,233

224,669

17,220

1,867

32,678

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Tons.

Bales.

Bushels.

844

20,439

15,512

275

6,248

6,696

287

5,966

4,430

178

5,075

7,682

48

4,826

2,724

29

2,464

3,628

574

11,112

6,053

152

4,075

3,827

282

4,350

4,285

77

2,049

1,821

9

11,013

5,123

15

3,377

5,398

3,607

133

24,651

295

11,821

14,876

124

12,311

3,691

217

10,428

5,139

Tobacco.

Pounds.

4,965

13,348

9,276

9,418

5,896

8,984

8,576

6,284

10,070

5,400

10,515

10,469

26,357

28,184

2,435

4,070

CALIFORNIA.

The State.

Alameda

Alpine

Amador

Butte

Calaveras

Colusa

Contra Costa . .

Del Norte

El Dorado

Fresno

Humboldt

Inyo

Kern

Lake

Lassen

Los Angeles . . .

Marin

Mariposa

Mendocino ....

Merced

Modoc

Mono

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Placer

Plumas

Sacramento . . .

1,993,325

37,573

235

40,695

31,210

7,295

15,735

1,360

1,710

414

10,053

16,313

33,213

35,046

19,277

330

752,104

720
20,526
15,715

440

14,978

41,722

665

4,879

1,341,271

149,550

32,766

5,985

822

13,700

330

3,600

37,455

4,830

1,168

205

354,785

22,538

2,400

10,243

33,126

1,470

26,937

255

80,288

30

20,883

250

88,362

22,250

26,871

14,524

87,797

22,745

29,017,707

620,758

2,936

48,323

2,244,770

16,256

4,537,504

1,267,016

995

20,777

190,923

84,532

30,004

85,682

173,842

75,361

316,042

55,520

4,476

166,666

296,308

78,335

200

779,286

611,445

3,235

183,547

21,217

804,631

1,135,180

56,560

1,495
12,651
32,887

8,549
37,539
38,306

2,401

9,363
19,221
15,645

8,417
20,460
13,180
30,044
32,522
20,657

7,091
21,969
18,996
28,525
10,069

7,541
19,581

9,455
11,446
18,707
45,391

4,550,565

217,660
4,496
17,321
30,720
16,132
10,096

234,339

10,810

19,664

7,489

422,742
22,563
12,424
27,956
10,824

133,762

152,480
6,446

189,463
9,309
6,821
3,384

178,199

9,051

15,835

9,042

45,666

403,236

73.317

200
500

1,040

850

1,200

300
500

1,000

AGRICULTURE. 617

The principal vegetable productions of California and Colorado, in 1880, by counties.

CALIFORNIA.-Continued.

Counties.

San Benito

San Bernardino . .

San Diego

San Francisco . . .

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo .

San Mateo

Santa Barbara . . .

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Sierra

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Trinity

Tulare

Tuolumne

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Indian corn,

Bushels.
6,720
23,136
8,017

68,890
13,503

1,380

123,795

10,391

43,873

1,590

3,015

16,685

158,829

13,655

28,935

750

980

46,255

373

148,485

10,090

12,220

Oats.

Bushels.

846

958

440

2,820

13,405

132,473

330

4,771

21,513

22,039

2,320

106,350

2,015

68,685

5,916
9,114

3,626
160

1,885

300

1,480

23,210

Wheat.

Bushels.

837,271
45,582
60,650

3,529,511

173,531

219,084

265,955

648,055

291,049

99,610

689

98,370

2,042,533

742,123

1,642,892

1,205,883

1,386,228

14,185

371,081

62,824

113,497

2,086,550

359,967

Hay.

Tons.

12,369

11,125

9,794
994
128,567
15.279
22,001
15,958
71,542
11,810
15,984
12,807
24,761
29,124
47,121

9,704
14,879
18,887

2,887
26,499

7,702

7,987
40,274
18,457

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
24,248
22,583
31,565
22,485

684,840
31,647

197,507
28,668
63,686
90,689
21,736
12,433
38,286
60,690

682,028
4,407
44,790
13,527
13,286
37,735
20,874
17,728
64,071
93,126

Tobacco.

Pounds.
59,100

900

667

The State

Arapahoe . . .

Bent

Boulder

Chaffee

Clear Creek .

Conejos

Costilla

Custer

Douglas

Elbert

El Paso . . .
Fremont . . .

Gilpin

Grand ......

Gunnison . .
Hinsdale . . .
Huerfano . . .
Jefferson . . .
Lake

COLORADO.

455,968

16,835

2,105

72,132

46
1,346

12,842

4,243

16,665

34,480

5,985
35,759

640,900

36,618

4,545

112,095

15,707

1,260

2,800

2,369

21,708

28,434

12,606

29,629

14,892

650

6,658

65,505

1,425,014

70,231

543

422,056

1,625

1,607

4,018

958

22,651

1,861
11,634

9,924

6,886
213,855

85,062

5,194

2,278

8,517

1,091

244

531

1,465

3,720

3,522

3,096

4,137

803

297

1,012

914

1,389

4,052

517

383,123

2,315

3,327

11,459

11,625

1,177

1,312

39,051

23,109

11,626

14,132

6,844

8,025

500

1,950

4,774
73,148

61S

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Colorado, Connecticut and Dakota, in 1880, by

counties.

COLORADO.-Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Tobacco.

La Plata . . .

Larimer

Las Animas

Ouray

Park

Pueblo

Eio Grande.

Routt

Saguache . . .
San Juan . . .
Summit
Weld

Bushels.
839
73,143
62,900

20,709

95,939

Bushels.

15,367

77,106

29,258

4,030

1,002

24,750

7,715

1,208

32,539

Bushels.

7,078

193,154

126,381

497

7,928
1,630

Tons.

237
8,236
8,202
57
4,708
2,720
2,289

Bales.

5,613

4,878

92,449

314,884

10,956

Bushels.

5,798

32,523

9,339

5,115

■ 9,828

3,825

17,703

525

15,591

Pounds.

68.502

CONNECTICUT.

The State

1,880,421

1,009,706

38,742

857,860

2,584,262

14,044,652

Fairfield

353,493
337,109
301,425
111,777
232,379
244,943
117,472
181,823

194,893
83,261

281,028
30,634
76,164

146,321
55,562

141,843

13,338

5,233

6,580

7,734

4,659

430

542

226

81,019
104,715
114,173
38,634
69,191
59.521
39,230
51,377

450,107
542,522
338,481
167,655
392,986
249,513
168,062
274,936

973,933

9,039,514

Litchfield

2,211,151

Middlesex

New Haven

906,753
215,195

New London

29,622

Tolland

666,634

Windham

1,850

DAKOTA TERRITORY.

The Territory

2,000,864

2,217,132

2,830,289

308,036

664,086

1,897

Aurora

395

617
350

235

41
125

330

4,522
3

Barnes

11,351

25,237

Beadle

Bonhomme

140,079
450

123,777
500

122,048

17,433
710

21,105
1,230

1,057

Boreman

Brookings . . .

13,625
100

3,370
430

9,334

75,456

77,646
21

4,878
484
453
220

4,120
400

3,601

13,947

380

2,225

25

57,635

Brown

Brule

Buffalo

600
66,124

240

Burleigh

Campbell

Cass

8,198

310,086

1,012,565

46,557

Charles Mix

9,695

66

720

1,734

AGRICULTURE.

619

The principal vegetable productions of Dakota, in 1 880, by counties.
DAKOTA. -Continued.

CEREALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

"ndian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Tons.

Bales.

Bushels.

Pounds.

Clark

Clay

375,837

5,455

288

3,675

50,645
35,386

2,758
4,724

8,335

22,669

128

2,020

35,812

170

476

2,126

44,450

5,475

4,995

291

205

840

Day

4,807

29,294

39,785

870

6,468

Emmons

900

160

380

1,725

Faulk

2,500

306

950

Grand Forks

511

18,285

72,043
11,566

98,352

17,804

7,462
1,266

28,428
3,699

Grant

1,885

10,043

9,499

95

773

3,625

6,615

3,674

2,229

1,058

Hughes

1,160
53,256

150
11,431

42
20.508

65,768

135,364

Hyde

18,040

985

94,546

875

405

13,431

850

150

15,943

160
33,216

180
60,467

12,848
368,241

120,968
155,112

18,000

24,547

7,799
30,724

86,334
39,897

650
10,862

200
3,064

200
3,658

McCook

9,166

11,013

615

800

320

300

8,070

151,282

49,847

2,509
270,204
114,011

1,633
245,019
110,735

1,280
36,395
14,471

870
43,084
16,601

Moody

582

29,609

63,676

1,371

25,487

620

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Dakota, Delaware and District of Columbia,

in 1880, by counties.

DAKOTA.— Continued.

CEREALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Pennington . . ....

Bushels.
710
.400

Bushels.
10,509
600

Bushels.
1,423

Tons.

1,653
70

Bales.

Bushels.
7,172
60

Pounds.

Potter

60

4,290

125

2,539

Ransom

1,375

8,060

99

Richland .

845

63,243

184,753

. 6,114

19,352

250

200

370

400

80

2,000
34,730

425

5,185
5,408

705

10,985

Todd.

Traill

1,916

114,575

333,409

7,064

16,781

Trinn

Turner

173,971
305,189

140,463
30,672

90,236
13,023

17,371
39,172

28,089
34,759

Union

Wallette

Walworth. .

1,850

1,380

900

Yankton

220,953

120,644

76,741

27,966

41,042

Sisseton and Wahpeton

430

50

140

DELAWARE.

The State

3,894,264

378,508

1,175,272

49,632

283,864

1,278

Kent

1,289,285
1,180,948
1,424,031

65,924

281,490

31,094

446,542
575,134
153,596

11,294

35,967

2,371

56,933
119,328
107,603

740

New Castle

538

Sussex

DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.

The District

29,750

7,440

6,402

3,759

33,064

1,400

The District

29,750

7,440

6,402

3,759

33,064

1,400

Key of Shades.

Less than 1 bu. per acre of improved land,
Ito 5 " " " "

5 to 10

10 to 15 " "

Above 15 " " "

ie absence of color indicates a population
of less than 2 to a square mile.

Copyrighted 1886 bij Yaggy & West.

Key of Shades,

Less than 1 bu. per acre of improved land,

lto 5

5 to 10
10 to 15
Above 15

The absence of color indicates a population
of less than 2 to a square mile.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

y&

AGRICULTURE.

621

The principal vegetable productions of Florida and Georgia, in 1880, by counties.

FLORIDA.

The State.

Appling .
Baker . . .
Baldwin

GEORGIA.

23,202,018

56,573
100,591
125,572

5,548,743

31,594
39,345
23,954

3,159,771

440
10,160

14,409

10

814,441

379
4,870
7,921

249,590

695
1,726
1,091

CEREALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

The State

Bushels.
3,174,234

Bushels.
468,112

Bushels.
422

Tons.
149

Bales.
54,997

Bushels.
20,221

Pounds.
21,182

Alachua

221,869
22,838
91,305
6,185
17,303
16,850

172,795

10,787
2,584

17,829

100

4,340

2,509

38,389

2,519

215

1,694

2

172

96

1,992

1,490

980

Baker

Bradford

151
396
170
226
331

Brevard

4

Calhoun

915

Clay

300

Columbia

30

4

785

Dade

Duval

17,030

6,423

1,761

183,539

110,503

146,008

48,719

31,479

234,425

350,148

33,420

345,381

73,899

16,285

285,281

19,978

186,917

645

23,449

26,727

72,073

29,019

13,997

9,850

68,972

99,855

49,051

12,672

50,140

50,275

47,167

617
1,541

34

8

23
10

2,734
172
100

1,358

135

646

79

Escambia

Franklin

26,286

21,413

15,969

775

5,780
50,621
48,357

2,969
45,768
19,782

5,756
64,130

75
180

4,696

1,908

468

150

273

6,144

10,368

107

9,562

1,251

197

7,054

6,677

Hamilton

Hernando

Hillsborough

Holmes . . .

Jackson

606
1,022

834

Jefferson

24

507

Lafayette

1,180

Leon

3

1,817

1,836

423

1,403

3,095

Levy

Libertv . . .

Madison

109

16

1,045

Manatee

Marion

15,629

2,426

319

35
680
610

1,258

Monroe

300

Nassau

2,535

1,412

1,556

5,757

481

435

5,572

18,634

6,940

375

6,207

9,703

6,574

53

143

95

347

6

5

419

1,177

418

62

561

382

602

40

500

Polk

Putnam

1,932
220
206
148
261
130
416
44
125

Saint John's

13
3

Santa Rosa

919

Sumter

290

Suwanee

28

715

Taylor

Volusia . . .

Wakulla ....

Walton

467

Washington

415

228,590

1,089
420

622

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Georgia, in 1880, by counties.

GEORGIA.— Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Banks

Bartow

Berrien

Bibb

Brooks

Bryan

Bullock

Burke

Butts

Calhoun

Camden

Campbell

Carroll

Catoosa

Charlton

Chatham

Chattahoochee
Chattooga ....

Cherokee

Clarke

Clay

Clayton

Clinch

Cobb

Coffee

Colquitt

Columbia

Coweta

Crawford

Dade

Dawson

Decatur

DeKalb

Dodge

Dooly

Dougherty . . .

Douglas

Early

Echols ...

Effingham

Elbert

Emanuel

Fannin

Fayette

Floyd

Forsyth

Franklin

Fulton

Bushels.

147,981

358,161

80,681

137,720

173,530

38,248

134,222

505,290

149,838

91,323

29,792

209,789

370,892

151,767

16,763

26,763

75,441

287,611

398,018

67,940

73,467

132,446

48,995

406,730

58,408

24,110

93,191

336,342

144,351

140,264

191,006

201,872

263,448

72,038

302,649

141,029

140,966

110,682

30,873

72,619

212,058

195,694

189,655

137,545

405,290

285,610

229,779

184,630

Oats.

Bushels.

18,638
81,801
89,166
52,588
163,862
14,409
71,880
52,869
18,876
41,968
1,343
44,797
78,735
9,440
3,597
9,128
15,029
48,111
35,998
16,098
25,168
32,355
26,623
57,621
44,760
18,080
50,105
106,331
26,928
20,084
7,068
84,482
52,842
15,581
87,699
48,797
29,636
39,604
11,918
18,930
46,883
32,110
6,281
29,730
69,435
47,925
31,634
32,764

Wheat.

Bushels.

21,935

131,935

128

4,974

315

65

1,778

30,138

1,035

46,315

74,826
34,613

300

2,482

46,969

65,909

11,104

928
29,161

80,617

36
7,151

77,075
13,080
24,712
26,554

146

49,579

48

7,838

695
27,754

230

48,883
4,033
15,363
31,765
65,766
50,805
39,434
24,914

Hay.

Tons.
24
492

360

18

709

22

19

31

400

222

14

72

232

177

3

27

58

171

11

Cotton.

100

6

309

11

75

177

527

8

30

235

Bales.

2,960

10,111

2,008

5,858

6,288

304

3,724

29,172

6,829

4,670

68

8,986

9,300

111

62

65

4,460

5,247

5,615

3,310

4,576

6,606

511

13,092

591

736

8,313

16,282

6,765

12

850

6,396

8,008

1,916

9,666

9,736

4,099

4,270

731

686

8,826

3,669

7,131

14,545
5,044
5,723

4,285

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

77

3,537

130

2,394

1,100

1,682

1,900

1,614

400

766

626

867

1,177

1,448

26,278
2,049
540
1,365
823
600
254

1,385
73

2,534
3,445
1,594
3,956
1,426

396

1,893

75

5,106

331

89

1,400

50

668
1,656

282
10,658

803
2,402
1,441
1,982
5,056

Tobacco.

Pounds.
9,744

380
311

2,792
2,337

510

980

17,900

445

275

740

1.093

1,166

2,454
766
435

3,902
863

1,676

387

1,020

9,807
2,537
5,069
7,570
4,266
1,599

AGRICULTURE.

023

The principal vegetable productions of Georgia, in 1 880, by counties.

GEOKGIA.— Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Gilmer

Glascock

Glynn

Gordon

Greene

Gwinnett . . .
Habersham .

Hall

Hancock . . .
Haralson . . .

Harris

Hart

Heard

Henry

Houston . . .

Irwin

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson . . .

Johnson

Jones

Laurens

Lee

Liberty

Lincoln ....
Lowndes . . .
Lumpkin . . .
McDuffie . . .
Mcintosh ..

Macon

Madison

Marion

Meriwether .

Miller

Milton

Mitchell ....

Monroe

Montgomery
Morgan ....
Murray ....
Muscogee . .
Newton ....

Oconee

Oglethorpe .
Paulding . . .

Pickens

Pierce

Pike

Bushels.

233,348

67,701

17,546
345,800
188,909
470,409
172,806
354,329
233,608
174,011
238,452
126,958
195,161
199,132
354.229

38,391
295,641
163,152
296,551

87,413
181,777
196,486
161,574

74,041

87,317
138,671
134,747

87,614

34,463
154,238
145,422
141,145
310,428

55,809
197,188
127,161
238,776

84,375
105,358
211,059

69,059
140,808

97,566
200,584
318,520
189,245

39,026
244,674

Oats.

Busluls.
3,950
15,851
2,415
48,434
77,269
61,814
15,036
35,424
74,810
25,144
48,220
28,453
25,315
39,861

121,261
29,114
54,649
30,122
59,037
15,084
51,392
40,123
56,912
27,178
73,380

102,276
12,059
57,864
4,197
40,712
32,423
16,800
57,913
33,647
25,486
67,835
76,543
36,218
32,198
14,361
22,649
49,465
18,454
59,832
53,613
12,542
21,786
48,976

Wheat.

Bushels.

25,209
14,197

113,222
44,581
74,795
12,923
54,876
34,142
34,163
32,563
24,977
35,439
56,513
19,909

56,359

37,760

23,767

1,616

17,374

1,624

2,660

15,431

488

13,229

17,367

11,105
42,150
13,132
53,965

31,100

373

54,998

495

39,884

51,502

1,577

40,657

17,415

57,713

48,240

33,999

52,880

Hay.

Tons.
24

3

10

484

435

5

52

11

2

1

69
9
4

17

6
30

249

28

507
422
14
22
17
18
40
12

16

Cotton.

Bales.

32

2,635

10

3,301

12,448

11,810

597

5,133

15,010

2,035

12,677

5,094

5,900

10,930

19,099

595

9,482

6,741

13,377

3,323

8,297

6,863

9,143

679

3,861

4,981

109

7,439

104

8,334

4,918

6,169

15,154

1,905

4,490

5,559

13,354

852

7,358

1,917

3,268

7,796

4,257

12,336

7,352

734

369

12,439

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

3,013
1,195

628
1,490
7,289
2,594

886
4,451
1,255
1,324
1,617
1,612
2,902

591
2,223

1,576

1,069

596

15

2,224

20

612

174

1,180

411

4,941

1,037

390

680

438

884

3,626

58

392

587

2,154

175

651

1,874

1,911

1,928

1,168

7,846

1,375

2,223

135

1,518

Tobacco.

Pounds,
2,362

4,653
1,949

11,588
2,963
8,291
1,929

10,138

1,108

5,204

1,630

420

374

4,C

277

1,923

4,030

10,921
355

355

486

645

5,372

975

1,009
560

2,375

235
995

7,286
6,640

1,330

624

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Georgia and Idaho Territory, in 1880, by

counties.

GEOKGIA.— Continued.

Counties.

Polk

Pulaski

Putnam

Quitman . . .

Rabun

Randolph . . .
Richmond . .
Rockdale . . .

Schley

Screven ....
Spalding . . .
Stewart ....

Sumter

Talbot

Taliaferro . .
Tattnall ....

Taylor

Telfair

Terrell

Thomas

Towns

Troup

Twiggs

Union

Upson

Walker

Walton

Ware

Warren ....
Washington

Wayne

Webster

White

Whitfield.. . .

Wilcox

Wilkes

Wilkinson . .
Worth .....

Indian corn.

Bushels.

241,382
242,814
141,172

40,220
115,456
130,258
102,619

91,552

99,188
180,215
140,142
182,948
272,238
234,545

83,239

96,189
115,400

49,942
137,882
245,531

87,895
341,963
168,044
198,531
193,694
369,298
288,761

29,184

89,770
411,499

39,112

96,102
148,120
255,923

61,511
191,218
224,305

86,222

Oats.

Bushels.

67,515
29,604
35,234
22,398

2,823
46,612
73,155
23,349
12,408
35,347
22,555
61,370
83,868
36,834
38,769
36,954
19,177
15,658
42,830
158,467

4,465
69,672

9,202
12,697
30,140
36,861
50,633
14,376
48,915
83,184
15,506
20,039
19,225
36,085
20,711
133,277
37,665
33,466

Wheat.

Bushels.

50,010

1,326

24,591

2,419

1,870

12,653

13,553

27,128

7,986

452

29,574

12,922

' 9,650

26,411

20,647

67

14,739

9,710
160

8,559
55,572

1,876
20,743
52,258
96,344
65,385

19,229
30.460

8,834
12,843
40,267
32
32,732
19,805
607

Hay.

Tons.

63

185
130

1,728
12

18
10

375

125
189

11
100

12

493

2,890

154

763

51

Cotton.

Bales.
8,126

9,805

9,678

3,163

14

8,467

2,742

4,385

4,945

8,166

7,418

12,653

11,451

10,325

4,758

964

4,854

740

6,944

8,773

18,655

8,217

5

8,540

2,009

12,534

158

7,885

23,058

119

4,642

68

1,240

1,331

11,109

7,966

2,893

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
2,904
1,065
2,262

5,282

1,223

5,031

80

30

290

382

845

662

1,788

620

142

1,207

1,348

568
4,401
4,822

465
6,062

756
6,473
2,020
86
1,421
8,252

212

125
2,319
2,832

320
2,296
1,145

986

Tobacco.

Pounds.
6,130

3,643

589
390
470
719
205

1,000
215

656
3,127
2,135

7,707

311

2,377

1,957

235

4,738
5,207

1,780

IDAHO TERRITORY.

The Territory

16,408

462,236

540,589

40,053

157,307

400

9,936

97,681

1,950

30,840

33,719

163,298

215

34,859

21,739

8,782

129

3,204

1,270

27,890
4,520
8,450

20,033

645

93" W" S9" 87" 85' 83" 81

i>\ W A

?^SKh

THE AVERAGE YIELD OF

WHEAT

PER ACRE IN BUSHELS.
{Compiled from the Last Census.

Below 6 bushels per acre,
6 to IS
13 to 20 " "

Above 20 " "

Areas in white are those of light or no production
W iT? us-

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

AGRICULTURE. 625

The principal vegetable productions of Idaho Territory and Illinois, in 1 880, by counties.

IDAHO TERRITORY.— Continued.

Counties.

Cassia

Idaho

Kootenai . . .

Lemhi

Nez Perce . .

Oneida

Owyhee

Shoshone. ..
Washington

Indian corn.

Bushels.

330
3,150

768
504
640

435

Oats.

Bushels.

11,617

53,968

800

38,628

133,897

41,781

6,960

1,300

9,095

Wheat.

Bushels.

7,767

47.233

475

33,564

148,422

44,160

1,413

37,444

Hay.

Tons.
2,154
4,165
428
2,196
4,441
8,269
1,574
. 243
3,198

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

7,600

10,088

540

12,840

22,764

28,693

7,990

680

5,219

Tobacco.

Pounds.

400

ILLINOIS.

The State

Adams

Alexander . .

Bond

Boone

Brown

Bureau

Calhoun

Carroll

Cass

Champaign .

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Coles

Cook

Crawford

Cumberland
De Kalb ....
De Witt....

Douglas

Du Page

Edgar

Edwards

Effingham . .

Fayette

Ford.... ...

Franklin

Fulton

Gallatin

Greene

Grundy

Hamilton

Hancock

325,792,481 63,189,200 51,110,502 3,280,319 10,365,707 3,935,825

3,840,525

454,705
1,470,940
1,119,383
1,104,674
8,425,683

637,532
2,913,111
2,532,842
10,132,525
6,143,469
1,384,571
1,058,186
1,582,886
3,857,893
1,619,528
1,195,290
1,186,633
4,357,761
3,998,701
3,335,008

907,451
4,116,096

620,193
1,436,646
1,992,603
4,527,164
1,049,554
4,618,903
1,069,405
2,605,641
3,670,009
1,131,195
5,259,059

756,901

12,816

223,141

865,601

89,936

1,188,234

32,498

977,871

220,814

1,527,055

749,479

208,681

157,063

416,320

474,511

2,223,052

151,355

216,020

1,818,381

663,062

464,278

1,063,668

392,799

54,969

367,918

308,157

476,068

130,702

587,256

22,314

95,830

440,588

96,533

1,190,529

1,505,036
129,478
725,474

52,895
362,219
264,626
330,106
252,068
462,959
433,849
1,456,544
594,419
223,520
1,515,138
444,381

37,043
549,476
303,819

75,630
190,337
215,307

45,094
729,023
364,743
372,554
741,806

16,644
453,022
671,334
328,101
1,138,854
7,985
437,675
596,319

23,600
685

6,681
35,882

6,822
69,013

1,442
48,075

4,267
44,989
23,231
18,195
10,356

8,928
26,349
132,443
12,291
' 11,925
97,238
14,656
23,464
49,357
17,080

7,309
13,397

9,900
45,718

4,209
33,721

2,537

8,911
35,068

6,682
32,089

132,722

8,320

39,914

2,150

27,462

4,660

66,982

1,050

17,851

3,137

170,595

460

29,441

3,150

104,297

33,505

26,875

4,460

254,906

4,070

56,100

5,060

64,063

19,321

28,604

21,085

77,891

4,657

113,842

13,850

909,329

20,100

19,724

65,213

32,904

15,464

168,215

56,028

3,499

32,391

3,840

268,868

77,745

15,326

18,907

425

52,356

14,078

42,216

14,156

66,414

17,355

98,672

62,425

13,289

24,993

19,830

27,708

6,538

58,697

880

28,512

244,600

110,069

1,655

626

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Illinois, in 1 880, by counties.

ILLINOIS.— Continued.

Counties.

Hardin

Henderson .

Henry

Iroquois

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson . . .

Jersey

Jo Daviess .
Johnson ....

Kane

Kankakee . .
Kendall

Knox

Lake

La Salle

Lawrence . . .

Lee

Livingston .

Logan

McDonough
McHenry . . .
McLean

Macon

Macoupin . .
Madison ....

Marion

Marshall . . .

Mason

Massac

Menard

Mercer

Monroe. ....
Montgomery
Morgan ....
Moultrie . . .

Ogle

Peoria

Perry

Piatt

Pike

Pope

Pulaski

Putnam ....
Randolph . . .
Richland . . .
Rock Island
Saint Clair . .

CEREALS.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Hay.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Tons.

306,960

21,454

42,997

1,082

2,856,035

401,372

218,217

9,927

8,774,002

1,103,842

121,315

63,465

8,394,776

1,190,750

121,335

62,805

1,068,557

72,622

755,019

10,161

1,185,016

211,541

231,103

13,748

1,202,026

201,468

687.068

7,568

1,485,494

112,974

968,058

5,865

2,567,588

1,118,375

165,984

52,150

706,888

23,940

195,356

3,185

2,315,126

1,267,133

41,780

94,851

4,076,888

1,117,451

56,818

71,256

2,484,200

835,190

23,781

43,502

6,015,818

1,024,648

155,645

35,972

882,249

872,929

45,729

71,295

11,148,779

2,110,752

197,152

98,257

958,313

65,077

619,075

6,799

5,742,335

1,704,103

244,713

73,851

11,094,043

1,557,536

61,499

64,603

6,740,175

619,579

350,113

14,405

4,574,894

745,443

355,153

23,141

2,154,530

1,455,051

114,101

96,806

11,976,581

2,110,790

239,890

531,411

5,517,110

946,288

431,226

20,642

4,323,732

532,974

1,999,387

20,852

4,058,158

351,505

2,607,969

15,078

1,385,747

351,057

462,372

13,328

3,624,024

742,026

61,587

21,187

3,555,516

342,144

449,097

4,935

450,010

20,606

202,095

1,830

1,964,837

228,618

290,990

6,179

5,100,895

621,814

157,146

31,803

703,778

121,682

1,116,979

3,852

4,241,288

595,083

1,858,343

18,332

3,913,267

237,808

741,144

9,097

2,896,737

489,993

322,218

12.134

5,408,462

2,297,359

238,609

76,526

4,109,589

733,467

147,438

24,628

633,227

153,913

729,430

2,458

4,170,041

630,064

176,515

15,452

3,598,216

172,397

2,181,987

14,441

884,620

94,177

181,478

3,170

320,552

19,124

116,592

1,796

1,400,487

186,054

42,546

8,708

1,122,186

247,861

1,628,631

7,728

783,703

111,734

412,020

9,031

3,073,109

414,540

90,837

38,589

2,154,129

342,729

2,959,444

10,022

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish

potatoes.

Bushels.

184,539

29,432

144,003

139,794

82,584

33,266

33,481

35,368

173,353

25,160

156,910

105,966

57,918

112,409

124,541

274,401

23,237

232,922

154,449

64,291

47,436

187,245

203,906

116,578

53,666

512,377

37,026

57,545

26,600

27,145

22,921

104,757

91,950

45,855

49,355

37,958

225,006

145,032

36,391

56,065

53,604

227,702

23,786

24,022

93,690

37,714

261,944

367,352

Tobacco.

Pounds.
2,810

795

9,825

6,770

37,317

22,101

5,649

636,539

188,294

1,550

1,778

955

10,985

2,414

685

710
8,491
3,160

845
2,140
9,742
6,825
20,117
1,075

89,280
620
345

8,625

2,214

4,430

1,335

1,219

6,705

1,580

12,053

63,013

46,800

3,091

8,114

510

485

AGRICULTURE.

627

The principal vegetable productions of Illinois and Indiana, in 1 880, by counties.

ILLINOIS.— Continued.

Counties.

Saline

Sangamon . . .
Schuyler ....

Scott

Shelby

Stark

Stephenson . .
Tazewell ....

Union

Vermilion . . .

Wabash

Warren

Washington .

Wayne

White

Whiteside

Will

Williamson . .
Winnebago . .
Woodford . . .

The State

Adams ,

Allen

Bartholomew

Benton

Blackford

Boone

Brown ,

Carroll

Cass ,

Clark

Clay

Clinton ,

Crawford

Daviess

Dearborn

Decatur

DeKalb

Delaware

Dubois

Elkhart

Fayette

Floyd

Fountain

Indian corn.

Bushels.

982,635
6,813,714
1,554,725
1,312,135
4,118,740
3,232,541
3,538,288
4,847,331

806,830
6,385,086

629,680
5,489,684
1,155,590
1,445,019
1,819,538
5,220,329
4,072,806
1,058,661
2,935,384
4,913,307

Oats.

Bushels

59,385

470,535

151,806

25,105

655,764

525,565

1,438,823

916,228

106,972

777,484

28,748

847,495

582,289

187,317

63,541

1,107,273

2,701,670

78,639

1,633,640

1,237,484

Wheat.

Bushels.

273,407
1,017,260
440,654
585,613
909,946
43,965
347,376
421,954
371,620
761,788
472,164
132,114
1,594,724
484,013
773,653
195,896
50,826
339,942
100,313
147,818

Hay.

Tons.

3,897
20,685
11,176

2,455
23,650
13,765
61,589
24,517

4,500
51,032

5,807
26,136

4,752
17,362

8,215

71,745

111,513

5,494
54,328
23,388

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
12,975
92,114
14,175
12,072
87,587
50,119

216,832
92,391
83,967

141,585
26,484
60,977
59,426
33,231
51,298

177,367

215,118
24,689

169,534
94,713

Tobacco.

Pounds.

785,897

2,652

1,665

3,043

25,022

373,931

2,575

2,155

8,405

6,040

450

4,920

28,865

37,780

752,904
1,030

INDIANA.

115,482,300

627,070
1,331,237
1,842,869
3,315,387

417,079
2,280,742

314,124
1,439,184
1,235,849

619,002

964,658
2,042,485

311,464
1,115,060

921,031
1,415,660

762,918
1,680,883

558,703
1,153,286
1,131,623

170,758
1,882,341

15,599,518

282,881
586,733

98,715
476,642

45,093
117,070

71,313
170,729
183,601

77,425
134,304
196,908

64,826
101,027
152,376
134,984
460,632

85,353
122,397
363,872

97,372

25,304
190,127

47,284,853

407,972
917,824
672,947

71,161
152,879
623,289

67,380
892,458
796,820
188,777
403,652
863,631

70,040
659,570
314,848
485,117
644,723
639,900
205,410
1,065,995
430,472

96,201
904,378

1,361,083

18,397
41,498

7,250
16,C82

5,730
15,179

3,986
13,316
17,001

8,212
14,800
13,526

4,555

8,934
14,603
14,974
25,329
15,729

8,435
34,039

7,486

3,795
13,473

6,232,246

51,848
208,921
33,626
40,783
28,385
126,810
28,918
65,137
92,900
53,918
63,338
59,065
34,361
30,259
97,655
43,129
97,512
41,770
29,110
118,833
42,798
50,671
59,862

8,872,842

2,635
17,093
37,364

1,100

16,912

190,265

5,159

483

24,165

5,360

7,979

10,920

20,280

200

2,347

387

2,231

776,924

1,075

6,450

295

8,404

628

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Indiana, in 1 880, by counties.

INDIANA.— Continued.

Counties.

Franklin . . .

Fulton

Gibson

Grant

Greene

Hamilton . . .
Hancock
Harrison . . .
Hendricks . .

Henry

Howard

Huntington ,

Jackson

Jasper

Jay

Jefferson
Jennings

Johnson

Knox

Kosciusko . . .
Lagrange . . .

Lake

La Porte
Lawrence . . .

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Martin

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery .

Morgan

Newton

Noble

Ohio

Orange

Owen

Parke

Perry

Pike

Porter

Posey

Pulaski

Putnam

Randolph . . .

Ripley

Rush

Indian corn.

Bushels.
1,230,806
824,197
1,428,574
1,534,538
1,274,368
2,233,158
1,390,291
553,098
2,016,351
2,003,625
1,250,153
1,114,429
1,174,081
1,188,509
1,068,523
627,208
651,119
1,987,379
1,691,010
1,256,807
895,892
833,288
1,208,227
912,215
2,106,768
2,227,537
1,088,734
534,434
1,321,740
608,987
2,619,457
1,720,269
1,842,754
936,079
292,167
595,078
740,052
1,737,472
449,831
913,473
838,331
1,941,310
416,421
1,646,470
2,091,377
703,963
2,265,928
Saint Joseph 954,615

Oats.

Bushels.

176,528

118,856

20,622

104,501

152,639

161,854

59,855

84,641

138,917

143,001

63,821

154,614

167,716

235,832

279,744

73,447

67,904

48,289

54,427

324,475

194,604

615,962

356,524

251,876

79,254

202,362

259,386

90,576

153,088

160,637

228,570

92,568

394,955

327,711

7,837

172,880

146,530

133,481

52,659

61,581

412,625

22,837

94,009

145,011

319,793

196,571

100,443

271,767

Wbeat.

Bushels.
419,566
558,472
1,100,782
617,009
339,590
762,665
604,887
350,671
553,506
876,582
577,356
643,978
259,202

92,901
418,674
246,002
159,358
649,937
1,018,998
895,125
884,131

51,478
936,249
138,051
875,580
729,332
837,196
159,803
835,425
111,356
983,550
449,355

92,877
877,215

94,441
114,424
214,401
739,848
124,402
376,893
290,858
1,013,716
231,733
385,256
688,862
269,405
930,738
952,327

Hay.

Tons.

11,269

18,875

8,581

15,955

13,347

14,814

7,848

4,347

15,911

12,846

8,303

18,077

7,969

31,396

15,827

8,908

9,919

8,846

7,699

26,845

22,439

53,043

35,498

11,169

13,153

22,555

21,882

4,790

15,727

8,704

21,021

8,671

18,867

28,519

2,224

4,591

13,960

13,626

4,940

6,574

37,905

8,720

21,533

18,309

13,373

17,792

13,556

27,842

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

BusJiels.
87,122
49,235
33,584
57,284
33,608
111,135
31,936
76,600
119,176
56,186
45,041
42,197
25,227
36,521
43,713
81,673
34,611
37,395
82,344
85,213
85,334
104,515
141,267
49,320
54,346
242,895
97,564
23,239
73,165
19,978
69,484
35,768
34,758
93,324
70,055
17,066
28,718
46,274
107,336
23,999
180,723
53,445
47,274
38,319
71,724
90,478
41,477
116,151

Tobacco.

Pounds.
1,097
1,814

91,615
1,775

92,350
4,579
3,110
6,536
5,826

11,225
6,670
3,035

10,602
4,627
2,110

23,821

10,535

3,935

4,945

3,302

610

735

11,542

4,745

2,256

2,624

10,671

1,630

16,237

6,249

6,499

850

863

1,000

41,830

21,090

11,582

164,480

687,674

1,417

25,935

6,060

11,624

8,601

11,340

1,110

925

AGRICULTURE.

629

The principal vegetable productions of Indiana and Iowa, in 1880, by counties.

INDIANA.— Continued.

Counties.

Scott

Shelby

Spencer ,

Starke ,

Steuben

Sullivan

Switzerland . ,
Tippecanoe . . ,

Tipton

Union ,

Vanderburgh
Vermilion . . ,

Vigo

Wabash ,

Warren

Warrick ,

Washington . ,

Wayne

Wells ,

White

Whitley ,

The State

Adair

Adams

Allamakee

Appanoose . .
Audubon.

Benton

Black Hawk .

Boone

Bremer

Buchanan

Buena Vista .

Butler

Calhoun

Carroll

Cass

Cedar

Cerro Gordo
Cherokee ....
Chickasaw . . .

dlarke

Clay

Clayton

Indian corn.

Bushels.

294,712

2,678,681

913,120

133,310

890,719

1,347,855

555,203

3,276,795

1,115,816

862,689

866,896

1,348,321

1,917,103

1,531,075

2,134,441

869,741

680,222

2,082,914

878,085

1,754,277

875,819

Oats.

Bushels.

33,223

66,452

192,635

21,953

208,335

192,035

28,545

414,109

45,333

70,755

23,528

101,820

124,188

147,538

355,666

64,399

183,245

298,051

140,639

389,563

260,042

Wheat.

Bushels.

70,963
976,209
306,777
49,102
522,879
807,614
194,759
981,937
273,212
291,401
467,026
666,854
890,846
898,489
363,651
316,711
147,877
681,939
461,065
311,007
494,928

Hay.

Tons.

3,132
11,550
11,078

9,583
18,294
10,860
26,771
17,112

8,791

3,942
10,942

8,386
13,987
18,935
14,527
10,984

8,562
15,504
18,709
17,859
17,672

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
6,563
52,868

162,007
21,850
93,742
31,242

170,616

123,135
38,509
30,426

111,762
35,516

138,948
70,922
42,442
90,682
19,927
89,923
45,081
58,745
69,924

Tobacco.

Pounds.

4,780

40,791

2,593,559

1,357

360

22,125

79,298

3,045

9,821

2,325

4,355

5,565

4,245

20,280

5,850

3,253,323

50,606

268,024

6,402

4,215

800

IOWA.

275,014,247

3,151,003
2,843.272
1,510,394
2,410,620
1,512,702
5,871,574
3,903,944
3,916,693
1,873,813
3,158,505
1,462,936
2,920,920

981,698
2,671,169
4,604,482
5,180,808
1,276,322
2,306,301
1,208,201
2,370,160

753,600
2,618,851

50,610,591

296,341
255,079

628,387
643,704
93,996
892,835
992,762
604,235
764,797
1,125,471
303,287
683,227
168,416
302,478
262,880
874,524
528,445
243,995
708,098
578,707
164,295
885,368

31,154,205

3,613,941

330,245
231,422
5^5,674
65,793
285,851
609,550
521,039
182,580
301,629
109,532
246,239
565,021
106,399
680,086
549,369
156,169
656,998
306,828
505,424
80,596
33,861
735,780

15,967
14,614
32,499
42,883
9,668
68,105
65,568
51,889
46,625
66,252
16,210
43,204
26,661
18,744
18,940
53,187
26,649
20,594
52,847
26,017
34,067
51,514

9,962,537

62,888

64,270

177,377

75,712

30,983

190,942

161,133

109,511

128,172

126,323

38,988

110,833

39,317

62,239

93,382

129,370

97,727

50,361

126,312

53,157

31,097

258,600

420,477

1,126

2,486
4,531
6,841
1,542
1,590
1,280
4,197

571
1,952

550
7,375

700

370
3,468
5,520
5,000
7,666
8,655

4,135

630

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Iowa, in 1880, by counties.

IOWA.— Continued.

Counties.

Clinton

Crawford . . .

Dallas

Davis

Decatur

Delaware . . .
Des Moines.
Dickinson . .
Dubuque . . .

Emmett

Fayette ....

Floyd

Franklin . . .
Fremont ....

Greene

Grundy

Guthrie

Hamilton . . .
Hancock . . .
Hardin .....
Harrison . . .

Henry

Howard ....
Humboldt . .

Ida

Iowa

Jackson ....

Jasper

Jefferson . . .
Johnson ....

Jones

Keokuk

Kossuth ....

Lee

Linn

Louisa

Lucas

Lyon

Madison . . .
Mahaska . . .

Marion

Marshall ...

MiUs

Mitchell....

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery
Muscatine . .

Indian corn

Bushels.

5,885,760
3,047,849
4,392,195
2,084,715
2,535,481
3,654,947
2,812,975

148,042
3,319.826

135,581
2,442,680
1,801,836
2,117,940
5,875,156
2,975,538
3,742,904
2,985,347
1,940,770

255,598
2,742,057
4,383,991
2,598,693

618,133

928,605

977,208
4,094,205
3,360,568
5,917,671
1,782,128
4,951,472
4,207,611
3,520,690

€35,631
2,723,829
5,022,699
2,840,850
2,412,069

213,648
3,882,063
3,846,572
3,990,241
4,538,136
4,192,319

885,044
2,320,332
1,754,539
4,314,280
3,453,186

Oats.

Bushels.

1,279,070
234,810
519,379
577,166
550,664

1,194,034

431,874

85,305

1,133,818
52,577

1,216,081
695,235
600,039
206,150
427,678
846,878
281,710
402,207
140,371
687,798
156,725
521,268
667,911
201,982
111,636
550,359

1,032,181
979,559
555,308
736,649
867,095
642,355
214,343
570,478

1,135,004
317,819
518,731
67,194
396,847
874,214
461,573
759,424
230,171
815,439
101,967
462,304
260,705
552,044

Wheat.

Bushels.
411,522
704,020
219,388
133,493

78,109
106,065
263,697

17,098
254,544

17,264
341,932
896,006
507,482
299,503
177,876
683,387
290,515
259,926
168,782
346,929
240,093
261,869
612,100
125,915
250,467
456,265
316,367
554,927
242,137
242,229

74,636
323,917

88,906
332,721
148,246
189,553

50,728

23,741
426,310
393,938
429,805
559,656
232,834
1,155,142
126,307
101,261
285,308
141,818

Hay.

Tons.

70,109

28,091

38,126

32,270

33,477

79,564

27,546

10,078

57,459

1,943
69,868
35,396
30,516
20,633
29,456
41,872
25,113
34,873

8,782
36,460
43,933
39,677
34,913
20,685

3,633
43,029
55,615
54,388
38,334
65,582
61,751
56,646
35,060
31,257
86,631
27,133
30,249

6,558
37,091
56,208
42,076
37,978
18,691
33,039
33,542
40,113
12,044
37,511

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

191,395

66,832

69,012

42,674

67,792

155,425

106,275

13,071

274,607

13,153

173,338

130,871

91,852

62,345

68,053

128,907

54,575

69,319

26,188

77,338

63,472

65,265

86,894

36,154

17,965

168,076

163,551

303,046

50,733

201,473

139,687

85,632

46,701

106,464

187,925

114,225

54,721

12,188

78,958

151,652

198,657

165,043

71,401

115,392

40,300

60,169

59,530

206,437

Tobacco.

Pounds.

250

982

4,556

12,186

27,288

3,954

1,427

7,020

3,404

1,920

2,630

6,699

631

32,525

3,210

1,584

263

555

2,805

7,396

1,709

4,746
3,222
6,228
3,155
3,470
31,507
8,220
1,237
4,256
4,277
1,070
7,000

14,175

5,795
7,250
22,875
1,315
1,534
1,630
1,855
1,265
899

AGRICULTURE.

631

The principal vegetable productions of Iowa and Kansas, in 1880, by counties.

IOWA.— Continued.

Counties.

O'Brien

Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth ,

Pocahontas

Polk

Pottawattamie .

Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac

Scott

Shelby

Sioux

Story

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Washington . . .

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago
Winneshiek . . .

Woodbury

Worth

Wright

Indian corn.

Bushels.

651,095

239,676

6,297,632

540,504

968,032

686,602

4,860,898

7,350,176

4,228,057

2,689,549

1,931,335

3,904,552

4,039,100

767,156

3,579,260

4,629,361

4,510,116

2,267,508

1,907,690

1,918,179

4,419,556

4,194,499

3,479,724

2,386,552

165,907

1,790,061

1,458,939

403,203

997,750

Oats.

Bushels.
116,864

68,636
390,066
148,215

52,483
154,023
709,603
370,788
875,859
411,840
317,602
691,336
253,774
133,273
557,037
657,016
510,953
406,342
508,927
533,437
452,417
735,633
838,041
440,745
134,920
1,107,294

41,286
404,086
262,639

Wheat.

Bushels.

35,990

15,507

351,299

37,646

67,268

40,383

350,729

699,324

455,425

86,115

438,152

361,083

' 690,659

86,790

197,613

944,565

228,197

160,308

192,231

183,621

404,809

316,922

67,124

217,403

207,356

1,036,113

57,469

658,996

204,289

Hay.

Tons.
9,332
6,974
27,301
38,238
41,752
19,872
50,393
54,800
54,031
18,433
15,862
39,839
15,499
19,684
60,177
60,487
26,620
20,225
37,520
37,319
40,671
53,928
41,852
54,542
20,022
58,716
52,192
28,404
11,553

Cottc

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

26,019

20,030

82,585

39,090

39,748

31,284

176,096

173,371

143,842

73,588

42,029

542,164

51,705

40,128

80,348

134,216

147,011

77,088

46,761

87,318

106,937

112,320

70,840

97,275

28,066

181,191

46,892

56,252

54,911

Tobacco.

Pounds.
704

3,885
425

1,725
2,485
3,430
6,026
550

3,171

4,599
3,854
1,765
1,620
9,173
5,175
3,402
3,640
19,835
1,462
9,692
1,513

2,816

KANSAS.

The State

105,720,325

8,180,385

17,324,141

1,589,987

2,894,198

191,669

Allen

1,418,563
1,201,323

61,428
79,681

59,465
66,088

28,332
15,019

33,263

28,487

1,886

Anderson

1,425

Arapahoe

Atchison

2,129,689

5,996

593,835

2,307,528

3,912,865

182,372

2,784

56,194

112,070

268,406

362,078

2,659

286,521

95,829

424,884

24,924
1,366
13,268
32,145
31,503

91,116
1,211

25,752
43,465
57,399

6,088

Barbour

Barton

610

Bourbon

2,655

Brown

830

Buffalo

Butler

2,099,604

693,622

1,048,485

2,335,175

146,879
42,422
20,912

242,751

368,258
92,133
81,893

216,760

35,023
19,353
24,600
17,758
25

57,105
14,226
19,028
38,283

4,785
360

Chase

Chautauqua

11,345

Cherokee

2,285

C32

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Kansas, in 1880, by counties.

KANSAS.— Continued.

CEREALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Tom.

218
19,683
31,772
33,018
295
20,266
28,621
18,163

2,727
21,277

7,246
30,938

3,365
18,172

6,127

6,624
57

2,311

26,870

215

2,629

Bales.

Bushels.

Pounds.

Clay

1,876,262

2,064,376

1,513,209

100

2,274,855

2,797,340

481,218

54,017

1,528,282

2,475,986

2,398,574

9,080

1,009,521

106,665

625,143

141,317

115,819
85,928

325,184
246,031

82,823

44,609
53,367
28,636
50
55,702
60,535
17,053

2,118
49,354
92,204
93,649

2,133
24,643

9,543
21,862

1,700
4,415

Cloud

Coffey

2,565

Cowley

136,471

258,056

28,743

1,242

95,417

209,185

226,583

5,728

26,524

9,008

39,653

624,535

198,493

132,882

9,997

698,426

518,140

403,133

27,468

83,345

116,062

222,803

185

4,493

104,575

259

8,194

960

Crawford

4,580
705

Davis

Decatur

Dickinson

500

Doniphan

8,335

Douglas

2,718

Edwards

Elk

Eilis

5,216
4,565

Ellsworth . ,

Foote

Ford

3,895

2,202,778

2,385

42,260

2,333
138,896

3,104

46,056

35

2,562

Franklin

11,670

1,575

Greenwood

1,305,067

45,340

103,005

37,010

26,251

3,050

Harper

159,570
1,122,916

8,750
1,715,828
2,436,016
2,386,624
3,209,213

11,480
176,517
1,814
118,150
220,354
143,067
270,357

25,288
313,957
6,015
177,981
516,258
347,684
390,714

2,619

17,234

1,938

40,684
32,088
29,706
28,679

2,465
40,722

3,383
34,091
61,929
59,325
71,461

300

Harvey

1,625

Hodgeman

Jackson

Jefferson

2,890
5,145

Jewell

3,120

Johnson

2,460

Kearney

90

2,572

26,657

193

19,202

6,062

31,184

55,673

17,495

21,595

28,008

4

33,524

18,669

15,357

Kingman

Labette

Lane

102,842

2,460,220

6,151

1,785,976

398,864
2,736,540.
1,891,370
1,670,101

992,748
2,112,421

6,468

188,434

820

188,816

34,539
116,124

98,948
297,696

96,638
297,455

27,836
340,411
2,968
418,211
263,860
104,312

92,551
932,037
377,917
346,561

2,650
51,317
279
98,393
16,645
41,067
55,948
68,365
31,193
59,252

5,000
4,837

Leavenworth

Lincoln

Linn

3,785

266

5,560

Lyon

2,925

McPherson

600

Marion

800

Marshall

2,070

Meade

Miami

3,592,607
1,255,186
2,043,882

238,566

61,676

120,733

181,560
268,726
350,520

40,982
31,062
32,195

6,600

Mitchell

675

2,910

12T» 125" 123' 121

Key of Shades,

Below 10 bushels per acre.
10 to 19 " "

19 to 28 " "

28 to 37 " «

Above 31 " "

Areas in white are those of light or no production.

Key of Shades.

Below 10 bushels per acre
10 to 19 " "

19 to 28 " "

28 to 37 " "

1111 Above 37 " "

Areas in white are those of light or no production.

AGRICULTURE.

633

The principal vegetable productions of Kansas and Kentucky, in 1880, by counties.

KANSAS.— Continued.

CEREALS. .

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Morris

Bushels.

812,151

2,109,444

1,920,159

8,092

256,289

2,101,517

638,897

971,806

66,765

710,396

2,137,162

72,064

3,760

724,408

2,012,116

824,780

1,204,122

350,566

82,342

361,752

1,321,171

Bushels.

73,267

195,686

117,988

150

13,679

123,154

38,266

93,114

8,106

39,416

218,405

9,933

900

102,715

189,622

87,185

Bushels.
157,108

62,735

149,450

3,194

74,449
170,354
269,063
360,785

51,051
238,447
195,185

20,456

252

204,010

279,655

U7 53R

Tons.
17,020
43,302
25,277

1,562
' 8,817
38,787
18,595
16,911
10,763
14,439
61,754
903
108

9,674
27.443

8,173
22,508
10,482

7,775
12,186
24,575

Bales.

Bushels.
38,580
53,294
51,821
156
14,386
44,381
29,516
28,750
3,736
39,350
49,489
1,142
63
27,840
67,487
29,527
28,282
18,177
13,555
10,045
49,374

Pounds.
770

Nemaha

1,892
7,259

Neosho

Ness

Osage

2,651

585

Osborne

Ottawa

805

Pawnee

Phillips

1,458
5,040

Pottawatomie

Pratt

Peno

Republic

7,096

Pice

Piley

85,959 117 319. 1

235

Pooks

16,515

6,589

26,113

115,594

98,121

58,810
185,235
610,763

Push

5,575

Pussell

Saline

Scott ;

Sedgwick

2,347,080

301,192

574,741

22,814

75

63,240

320

Sequoyah

Shawnee

2,33C,645
15,300

123,726
898

183,564
1,986

37,347
645

61,851
410

860

Sheridan

Smith

1,381,448
159,724

32,799
10,862

268,980
37,498

20,526
6,519

46,132
1,319

2,412

Stafford

Sumner

1,602,794

4,175

15,005

1,008,990
2,129

2,279,596

143,324
380
999

48,484

410,730

500

11,577

217,911
100

280,553

15,893

97

1,951

20,758

310

33,755

33,516
75
61

36,461
198

67,057

540

Thomas

Trego

Wabaunsee

1,495

"Wallace

"Washington

270,084

5,660

1,848,119
809,399
620,640

93,611
61,748
57,493

212,327
39,136

178,599

28,447

27,070

2,573

29,801
26,682
82,919

4,005
3,045
5,150

Woodson

'Wyandotte

KENTUCKY.

The State

72,852,263

4,580,738

11,356,113

218,739

1,367

2,269,890

171,120,784

Adair

492,413
401,279

16,482
56,821

68,424
46,848

1,411

2,802

2

11,770
8,734

696,748
160,355

Allen

634

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Kentucky, in 1880, by counties.

KENTUCKY.— Continued.

Counties.

Anderson ....

Ballard

Barren

Bath

Bell

Boone

Bourbon

Boyd

Boyle

Bracken

Breathitt
Breckinridge

Bullitt

Butler

Caldwell

Callaway
Campbell

Carroll

Carter

Casey

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Crittenden . . .
Cumberland .

Daviess

Edmonson . . .

Elliott

Estill

Fayette

Fleming

Floyd

Franklin

Fulton

Gallatin

Garrard

Grant

Graves

Grayson

Green

Greenup

Hancock

Hardin

Harlan

Harrison

Hart

Henderson . .

Indian corn.

Bushels.

527,680
951,357
850,338
830,986
201,777
897,292

1,135,572
149,797
570,943
562,550
291,217
864,772
526,157
651,593
707,609
780,839
346,095
400,785
281,371
491,243

1,430,154
791,292
401,457
281,808
848,900
315,602

1,392,599
328,159
261,445
397,952

1,080,029
711,669
429,298
543,749
617,202
401,996
828,173
952,678

1,540,245
597,346
411,278
379,276
389,305

1,131,070
208,365
982,202
760,489

1,680,007

Oats.

Bushels.
20,936
20,982

150,904
50,257
11,091
59,545
47,199
13,721
28,245
9,715
15,279

152,633
43,899
88,583
34,776
33,050
57,900
10,628
40,148
7,664
64,341
14,836
13,905
10,115
37,022
12,396
79,946
13,657
24,330
10,827
68,896
60,433
15,072
31,894
10,835
18,844
21,356
23,258
52,876
82,531
24,843
44,439
23,522
62,435
5,643
33,996
41,994
27,589

Wheat.

Bushels.

58,265

161,843

119,775

124,603

2,784

94,954

370,247

24,967

140,541

179,979

8,913

113,423

55,389

32,513

51,468

47,890

104,650

50,021

25,880

39,087

437,668

129,943

18,703

33,375

48,221

37,221

147,303

22,858

19,444

22,617

380,474

207,625

18,356

103,475

93,795

38,216

143,960

130,893

147,925

64,545

57,557

63,429

39,868

259,781

2,385

240,045

99,672

124,991

Hay.

Toits.
1,572
1,909
1,490
2,077

392
6,751
4.902
1,311
2,482
1,492

172
2,196
3,103
1,441
1,612

759
5,792
1,804

960
1,014
3,824
2,638

704

392
1,463

609
5,569

223

314

707
4,591
4,094

238
1.876

977
1,850
1,078
3,491
2,202
1,009

485
1,769
1,954
2,451

508
2,228

493
2,243

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Bales.

15

7

165

300

417

Bushels.

6,045

10,027

10,058

6,652

2,680

131,255

18,787

12,868

11,712

9,838

9,855

27,207

7,849

9,371

6,874

3,199

122,404

47,129

16,133

9,357

20,837

13,702

7,506

6,654

58,530

2,944

52,108

6,592

10,558

7,613

70,779

16,080

11,141

13,815

4,176

21,198

6,361

18,057

12,874

17,937

7,938

39,687

13,190

25,850

1,702

7,904

10,058

29,286

Tobacco .

Pounds.

22,436

3,760,743

2,305,586

70,319

4,567

1,770,058

17,601

19,711

6,262

6,126,635

8,160

3,932,565

8,508

1,030,029

3,215,602

3,477,520

704,527

2,584,115

22,403

67,449

12,577,574

17,187

12,274

77,408

1,647,936

671,970

9,523,451

450,676

35,683

18,386

702

1,366,855

12,845

880,361

410,337

1,265,367

45,612

2,130,215

8,901,434

1,065,244

1,417,070

21,693

2,155,180

374,302

790

1,201,972

2,229,626

10,312,631

AGRICULTURE.

635

The principal vegetable productions of Kentucky, in 1 880, by counties.

KENTUCKY.— Continued.

Counties.

Henry

Hickman

Hopkins

Jackson

Jefferson

Jessamine ....

Johnson

Kenton

Knox

La Rue

Laurel

Lawrence

Lee

Leslie

Letcher

Lewis

Lincoln

Livingston . . .

Logan

Lyon

McCracken . . .

McLean

Madison

Magoffin

Marion

Marshall

Martin

Mason

Meade

Menifee

Mercer

Metcalfe

Monroe

Montgomery . .
Morgan ......

Muhlenburgh .

Nelson

Nicholas

Ohio

Oldham

Owen

Owsley

Pendleton

Ferry

Pike

Powell

Pulaski

Robertson

Indian corn.

Bushels.
889,831
784,828
925,188
244,191

1,056,209
521,412
372,073
428,102
405,140
556,184
278,074
472,071
146,725
111,255
215,547
584,939
628,807
740,746

1,181,699
405,802
483,776
542,349

1,192,350
267,726
745,464
602,913
104,527

1,011,105
562,493
179,528
856,933
286,280
463,600
575,091
368,205
652,279
987,007
688,329
935,515
445,053

1,016,362
183,687
792,695
170,191
543,463
189,788
612,388
269,109

Oats.

Bushels.

48,968
13,857
70,173
15,067
114,793
28,589
21,892
29,405
26,183
67,575
26,378
35,188
10,547

1,328

8,804
84,551
13,942
29,072
130,659
12,116
30,677
45,752
33,601
20,643
56,920
32,014

3,847
20,706
44,482

6,656
28,481
32,100
44,846
18,624
25,318
100,340
59,783
37,188
125,244
49,747
18,479
15,909
20,696

3,173
24,186

4,314
76,159

5,553

Wheat.

Bushels.
95,162

107,006
75,509
10,905

186,212

225,605
17,237
55,049
23,468
96,848
22,525
32,083
8,152
1,490
10,622

100,342
98,946
62,465

340,262
26,485
64,549
69,643

129,652

14,801

77,852

47,755

1,434

385,347

140,870
4,873

168,936
45,614
45,034
81,393
25,680
63,874

177,020

159,945
85,954
47,931

104,764
12,208

181,845

5,508

18,207

6,929

80,636

76,821

Hay.

Tons.

3,732

956
2,672

375

11,186

1,225

425
4,389

858
1,125
1,554

788

139
28

355
4,062
2,834
1,374
3,803

535

987
1,633
2,156

348
2,838

589

36

4,543

1,003

155
3,406

818

741
2,107

766
2,437
4,469
2,402
4,278
3,400
1,483

356

1,947

42

411

171
1,620
1,207

Cotton.

Bales.

254

48

1
11

18

10

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

9,363
10,669
19,556

5,552
269,066

6,759

7,504
83,080

9,482
12,364

9,123
15,608

6,978

6,055

7,865
73,221
11,201
73,053
10,988
10,180
30,214

5,431
13,704

8,967

8,554

6,500

5,260
30,146
23,901

7,417
10,612

5,452

4,577
12,436
10,943
14,519
21,947

5,107
17,089
11,401
14,296

6,353
23,976

6,951
18,144

2,485
22,237

5,831

Tobacco.

Pounds.

4,015,708

- 461,946

5,028,435

9,288

11,632

1,355

12,566

2,322,771

16,068

350,350

23,202

23,392

10,679

2,956

2,907

1,036,996

35,214

769,578

6,039,983

980,403

2,419,825

3,729,616

30,173

11,464

101,980

1,411,692

6,484

6,261,385

483,256

18,368

14,360

614,577

187,141

123,472

9,931

2,731,716

4,722

759,115

3,187,999

295,860

5,765,351

9,005

4,072,291

18,048

8,543

30,516

1,722,398

836

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Kentucky and Louisiana, in 1 880, by counties

and parishes.

KENTUCKY.— Continued.

Counties.

Rockcastle

Rowan

Russell

Scott

Shelby

Simpson

Spencer

Taylor

Todd

Trigg

Trimble

Union

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Whitley

Wolfe

Woodford

The State . .

Parishes.

Ascension

Assumption

Avoyelles ,

Bienville ,

Bossier ,

Caddo

Calcasieu ,

Caldwell

Cameron ,

Catahoula

Claiborne

Concordia

De Soto

E. Baton Rouge

E. Carroll

E. Feliciana

Franklin

Grant

Iberia

Iberville

Jackson

Jefferson

La Fayette

Indian com.

Bushels.
298,693
166,010
280,488
919,757

1,493,101
579,055
528,987
363,207
749,789
796,954
281,183

1,663,957

1,495,419
987,576
462,894
847,233
390,429
261,896
601,196

Oats.

Bushels.
19,421
14,699
9,363
43,707
86,488
86,709
18,743
39,511
54,407
14,879
25,399
53,375
204,000
53,942
24,127
57,446
20,417
18,518
58,773

Wheat.

Bushels.

16,202

7,893

38,218

322,173

282,672

117,010

116,006

43,920

259,984

94,516

66,027

256,697

150,750

135,099

59,574

86,401

17,554

16,935

289,795

Hay.

Cotton.

Tons.

Bales.

939

186

473

1,281

7,066

937

3

2,374

705

1,589

1,245

6

1,303

15

3,307

2,712

10

1,913

883

14

2,457

841

1

927

1

1,413

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

9,074

6,316

5,143

14,939

32,500

6,160

7,990

6,085

9,9S6

9,085

12,263

24,333

32,242

10,953

10,850

10,631

2,098

12,926

19,368

Tobacco.

Pounds.

17,181

24,430

75,469

160,535

620,262

1,668,055

28,185

932,020

5,808,425

5,667,143

1,658,307

2,996,293

2,605,388

43,800

20,264

4,740,082

3,498

29,520

530

LOUISIANA.

9,889,689

110,137

356,995

456,039

117,523

176,630

156,118

98,317

53,312

43,255

134,053

332,158

109,333

158.665

211,449

126,691

206,307

100,708

95,179

508,430

231,596

63,049

30,210

350,604

229,840

380

40

340

13,913

12,725

4,100

3,057

1,616

509

28,175

75

5,200

3,453

350

7,752

1,280

1,270

320

10,615

5,034

267
78

2,974

335

37,029

648

602

12

1,111

5
119

106

73
150

284
2,129

9,513
11

508,569

592
119

18,355

7,208

25,078

20,963

514

6,504

636

11,766

19,568

33,110

11,298

5,756

38,160

11,098

8,472

5,158

2,482

579

3,753

3,489

180,115

6,019
1,900
1,819

875
1,337
3,341

343
1,756

489
1,504

509
3,387

100
9,504

340
3,461
2,290

4,052
3,616
1,227
8,873
3,460

55,954

5,262

1,005
1,268
2,910
1,780

370

4,286
400

585
220
516

2,480
2,334

AGRICULTURE.

637

The principal vegetable productions of Louisiana and Maine, in 1880, by parishes and

counties.
LOUISIA NA.— Continued.

OEREAI.S.

Hay.

Cotton.

Iri6h
potatoes.

Parishes.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Bushels.
292,668
150,165

52,911
127,459
286,294
151,545
310
130,993

30,469
305,470
488,370

82.250
140,855

60,897
6,945

11,915
113,855
189,700

89,906
831,181
211,995
210,074

16,086

82,268
205,797
291,833
197,302
166,709

74,234

85,306
126,270
170,591

58,062
140,595

81,651

Bushels.

Bushels,

Tons.
299

Bales.

9,723
1,344
23,391
23,481
15,320
12
18,729

18,935

17,990

11,512

11,631

2,313

146

47

5,328

23,148
2,232

102

2,934

41,859

11,692
537
1,662
2,338
6,255
2,426
4,012

11,810
3,002

Bushels.
40,598

499
1,437
3,209
3,259

398
3,020

548
2,537
2,034
1,753

355
1,156
1,515
8,740
1,307

455
8,169
1,030
5,153

701
2,605

215

2,429

1,946

11,948

480

666
15

139

248
3,028

957
6,601

763

Pounds.

17,071

975

250

3,568

3,211

590

2,060
835

74

320

35

70

146

6

3,670

843

1,375

380

405

1,158

340

445

75

2,481

1,065

195

4,355

500

Red River

375

Sabine ,

2,333

St. Bernard.

712

St. Charles

11,053

225

St. James

4,770

3,136

50

372

3,417

50

340

51

917

14,680

St. John Baptist

1,725

1,262

St. Martin

775

St. Mary

St. Tammany

1,370

24,844

275

Tensas

157

Union

7,661

66

5,083

15,936

22,617

340

215

1,425

7,931

191

665

Vermilion

92

1,112

210

Webster

102

1,155

W. Baton Rouge

1,401

W.Carroll

W. Feliciana

115

Winn

4,846

MAINE.

The State

960,633

2,265,575

665,714

1,107,788

7,999,625

250

Counties.
Androscoggin

79,778

382

93,619

51,754

5,468

121,394

17,457

32,359

149,572

99,523
628,435

87,940
133,549

29,893
186,547

14,328

35,126
152,924

14,795
138,236
20,531
38,704
32,718
47,006
23,396
13,075
48.306

50,574
80,316
83,430
67,554
43,483
108,734
35,521
44,178
83,143

245,696
2,248,594
381,410
219,784
286,376
381,161
126,706
149,541
538,191

Aroostook

Cumberland

Franklin

Hancock

Lincoln

638

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Maine and Maryland, in 1 880, by counties.

MAINE.— Continued.

Counties.

Penobscot ......

Piscataquis .

Sagadahoc

Somerset

Waldo

"Washington

York

The State...

Alleghany

Anne Arundel . .
Baltimore City . .

Baltimore

Calvert

Caroline

Carroll

Cecil

Charles

Dorchester

Frederick

Garrett

Harford

Howard

Kent

Montgomery. . . .
Prince George's .

Queen Anne

Saint Mary's

Somerset

Talbot

Washington

Wicomico

Worcester

Indian corn,

Bushels.
71,137
30,402
15,962
92,545
45,496
675
152,633

Oats.

Bushels.

320,174

98,544

19,936

273,438

104,263

46,091

34,864

Wheat.

Bushels.
107,351
29,186
6,964
46,846
54,394
28,736
15,470

Hay.

Cotton.

Tons.

Bales.

136,446

43,809

25,161

105,381

86,881

40,473

72,704

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

1,104,329
325,599
78,330
580,259
448,550
506,646
378,453

Tobacco.

Pounds.

250

MARYLAND.

15,968,533

206,949

692,611

200

1,204,698
211,534
512,930
911,379
847,754
412,146
644,957

1,774,256
87,295

1,015,762
505,864
800,005

1,020,573
656,888
934,831
360,756
389,896
691,919

1,069,802
447,519
568,009

1,794,872

52,570
60,798

314,060

7,664

8,854

262,458

190,790

18,230

10,194

94,267

171,723

232,339

46,594

19,503

59,537

37,395

22,944

11,387

49,152

12,257

52,497

10,641

49,018

8,004,864

67,458

98,147

350

393,402

50,170
187,581
579,333
471,045
108,133
197,905
1,418,542

44,399
420,850
305,555
556,947
615,702
129,946
558,353
155,677

83,812

468,316

1,024,769

27,034

41,438

264,468

5,485

2,113

10

41,032

238

1,393

33,802

28,446
1,452
1,511

40,949
8,759

21,431

11,494
6,341

20,227
5,269
3,033
1,117
2,706
3,017

23,885
249
409

1,497,017

26,082,147

59,304

44,397

90

240,899

4,306

16,468

109,847

105,459

7,527

23,742

133,390

101,637

91,967

78,693

16,734

155,083

50,721

13,683

6,703

59,048

24,960

85,484

28,931

37,944

1,115
4,441,010

9,601

3,886,845

1,422

137,171

59,036

5,145,509

370,840

1,927

68,085

138,930

806,036
6,575,246

4,429,316
1,355

7,050

1,388

265

MASSACHUSETTS.

The State

1,797,768

645,159

15,768

684,679

3,070,389

5,369,436

31,457
202,221
117,294
8,317
104,528
216,230
205,142

4,650

288,937

28,030

2,571

7,612

57,783

51,772

7,878

103,774

30,057

2,258
57,372
65,784
54,331

38,074
308,731
248,256

12,210
317,018
181,843
299,407

Berkshire '

2,284
170

85,747

Bristol

717

6,015

671

Franklin

1,926,233
1,051,474

Key of Shades,

Below 10 bushels per acre.

10 to 17 " "

11 tO 25
25 to 33
Above 33 " "

Areas in white are those of light or iio production,

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West

83" 81" 79' 77*

THE AVERAGE YIELD OF

OATS

PER ACRE IN BUSHELS.
(.Com pi I ed from the Last Census.)

AGRICULTURE.

639

The principal vegetable productions of Massachusetts and Michigan, in 1 880, by counties.

MASSACHUSETTS.— Continued.

OEHEALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Hampshire

Bushels.

220,232

194,831

3,108

55,056

80,402

280

358,670

Bushels.

49,263

14,875

216

2,452

9,094

Bushels.
1,756
616

Tons.

59,684

93,399

1,214
27,945
26,002

1,719
153,262

Bales.

Bushels.
237,668
438,761
5,310
136,639
155,432
25,299
665,741

Pounds.
2,305,442

Middlesex

Norfolk

159
263

540

Suffolk

127,904

3,117

MICHIGAN.

The State 32,461,452 18,190,793 35,532,54o 1,393,

Alcooa

Allegan ,

Alpena ,

Antrim ,

Baraga

Barry

Bay

Benzie

Berrien

Branch

Calhoun

Cass

Charlevoix

Cheboygan

Chippewa

Clare ,

Clinton

Crawford ,

Delta

Eaton ,

Emmett ,

Genesee ,

Gladwin

Grand Traverse .

Gratiot

Hillsdale

Houghton

Huron

Ingham

Ionia

Iosco

Isabella

Isle Royale

Jackson

Kalamazoo

Kalkaska

Kent

877

1,368,851

1,901

48,382

987,891

94,755

29,315

1,077,148

1,475,626

1,402,013

1,393,481

23,144

3,079

380

7,123

693,972

2,160

1,146

1,009,121

27,515

721,101

3,553

95,983

390,899

1,390,481

53,314
776,777

44,577

3,702

138,391

1,237,914

1,467,269

27,226

941,916

11,115

360,334

23,218

21,616

850

331,636

96,815

11,367

410,754

475,288

579,852

369,914

25,477

21,545

16,295

5,707

529,549

1,555

25,143

493,523

14,746

768,563

5,677

54,751

256,535

647,248

5,407

156,803

416,011

399,099

9,264

91,495

469,033

373,629

9,641

447,489

7,632

1,116,778

12,581

42,844

230

1,170,496

120,606

19,123

890,780

933,573

1,709,769

1,104,171

32,037

14,651

13,190

9,961

1,669,723

375

7,215

1,026,241

20,938

1,099,027

6,234

85,982

601,941

1,122,288

697

380,608

922,864

1,608,230

5,224

231,802

1,580,102

1,451,381

14,394

1,432,558

1,636

37,873

2,648

2,490

226

31,994

10,959

1,559

32,482

33,575

40,320

30,392

1,978

2,375

1,301

1,143

35,454

262

2,055

35,380

941

41,325

929

5,867

16,925

51,432

2,293

21,066

33,254

35,668

2,197

7,002

56,648

35,068

771

45,147

10,924,111

23,231

321,951

40,884

75,592

2,945

237,314

160,532

34,395

208,431

243,512

272,209

188,167

50,960

48,149

13,789

16,848

188,166

11,999

42,982

259,134

55,621

258,644

9,211

133,271

129,812

214,595

18,178

162,060

209,750

221,752

21,423

76,990

284,866

223,655

51,965

408,856

83,969

1,983
1,925

2,160
286
965

2,126

2,213
730

3,460

2,850

2,080

540

1,537
2,189

1,554

768

1,135

425

3,171

485

3,147

640 AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Michigan and Minnesota, in 1880, by counties..

MICHIGAN.— Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn

Oats.

Wheat.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Tobacco.

Keweenaw

Lake

Lapeer

Leelanaw

Lenawee

Liyingston . . .

Mackinac

Macomb

Manistee

Maniton

Marquette

Mason

Mecosta

Menominee . . .

Midland

Missaukee

Monroe

Montcalm

Montmorency.
Muskegon

Newaygo

Oakland

Oceana

Ogemaw

Ontonagon . . .

Osceola

Oscoda

Otsego

Ottawa

Presque Isle . .
Roscommon . .

Saginaw

Saint Clair . . .
Saint Joseph .

Sanilac

Schoolcraft . . .
Shiawassee . . .

Tuscola

Van Buren . . .
Washtenaw. . .

Wayne

Wexford

Bushels.

13,866
435,759

54,370

1,759,467

723,927

696,151

28,346

1,976

42,259

84,289

1,802

42,603

9,075

1,114,570

278,567

Bushels.

480

8,854

460,054

38,673

952,933

393,846

985

935,474

21,509

4,118

13,604

21,548

56,219

9,636

38,101

18,668

745,143

155,191

Bushels.

265

16,565

847,400

67,621

1,251,479

948,420

598,559

23,472

7,487

367

35,767

134,423

1,939

50,810

10,930

658,561

518,413

Tons.
300
1,181

30,436
3,786

67,944

39,569
164

37,377
3,066
330
2,107
2,229
7,526
1,519
5,563
1,484

40,499

18,772

Bales.

141,871

163,506

1,311,190

129,718

4,622

393

62,869

65,026
66,776
969,048
46,346
6,045
14,817
41,666

117,089

136,288

1,254,583

131,779

5,555

847

79,465

6,805
7,955
63,086
6,019
642
1,196
5,318

6,602

610,442

1,889

100

376,295

360,092

1,358,318

79,067

184

602,974

431,473

1,462,368

1,187,756

1,198,684

33,025

2,440

317,935

25,424

1,512
461,296
903,611
310,042
344,121

4,995
456,860
299,411
324,319
754,484
937,092
25,547

4,083

657,750

13,492

537,826
622,934

1,263,661

541,612

93

1,071,090
638,860
721,327

1,604,857

465,476

25,152

366
24.448

1,108
78
30,831
45,233
37,936
25,657
258
33,147
23,670
30,077
70,005
51,405

2,181

Bushels.

1,625

30,023

172,089

104,997

291,596

158,432

2,810

347,239

53,477

21,397

45,253

100,193

87,684

50,958

47,664

16,046

268,726

155,988

97,250

113,789

561,812

146,126

18,519

13,160

95,461

26,218
302,085

58,210
5,849
282,516
313,686
267,422
127,829
7,523
181,980
204,960
228,571
233,245
715,164

44,700

Pounds^

2,608
1,937
6,863

1,385-
287
322-

230

5,757
550

240
1,354

345
1,735

1,378:

1,873
2,908
1,376
2,257

2,225-
5,305
4,586
963
1,756

MINNESOTA.

The State

14,831,741

23,382,158

34,601,030

1,636,912

5,184,676

69,922

515

490

84

1,525

AGRICULTURE. 641

The principal vegetable productions of Minnesota, in 1880, by counties.

MINNESOTA.— Continued.

Counties.

Anoka

Becker

Beltrami

Benton

Big Stone

Blue Earth . . .

Brown

Carlton

Carver

Cass

Chippewa

Chisago

Clay

Cook

Cottonwood . .
Crow Wing . . .

Dakota

Dodge

Douglas

Faribault

Fillmore

Freeborn

Goodhue

Grant

Hennepin

Houston

Isanti

Itasca

Jackson

Kanabec

Kandiyohi

Kittson

Lac-qui-parle .

Lake

Le Sueur

Lincoln

Lyon

McLeod

Marshall

Martin

Meeker

Mille Lacs . . .

Morrison

Mower

Murray

Nicollet

Nobles

Olmsted

Indian corn.

Bushels.
121,995
9,353

29,573

13,203

689,835

335,055

2,281

298,772

65,853
45,435

1,784

103,297

5,002

467,135

294,624

50,991
733,330
970,818
532,514
586,798
5,847
594,159
822,763

58,877

Oats.

Bushels.
54,876
122,377

52,214

77,882

699,426

453,274

5,395

291,460

240,275
109,112
191,154

205,155
5,899
731,897
666,081
277,996
684,894

1,370,309
747,030

1,275,772

137,952

414,664

514,076

64,604

Wheat.

Bushels.
94,058
212,629

74,739
110,659
858,647
424,051
1,157
595,058
60
354,421
153,709
370,239

127,228

2,103

1,323,975

884,839

459,877

645,618

1,626,387

1,143,859

2,415,891

226,467

671,015

654,336

140,546

Hay.

Tons.

15,228

16,833

6,850

6,940

57,365

38,418

892

26,087

70

19,060

13,898

17,753

10

23,260

881

28,229

32,178

28,853

59,880

44,737

64,292

41,221

5,728
39,556
21,499

9,908

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish

potatoes.

Bushels.
68,672
76,406

22,988
16,722
150,021
81,160
20,672
84,572

24,092

67,777

49,619

725

30,202

4,119

239,481

91,474

86,101

98,116

181,135

147,857

167,452

16,504

316,872

107,281

49,207

Tobacco.

Pounds.
1,025
333

639

690
936

2,661

1,276
442

610

390
1,070
2,305

300
2,525

575

405

966
6,253
2,090

105,279

896

91,671

57,445

595,588

19,199

103,464

269,739

540

312,235

166,625

23,669

37,350

423,113

56,867

325,918

160,334

568,150

202,634

1,585

426,642

1,870

165,295

558

267,553

78,589

278,914

401,934

2,638

332,225

398,071

18,571

157,546

1,044,943

111,417

491,304

141,862

1,093,924

81,680
2,445

800,753
2,110

274,085

580,793

94,889

323,044

537,447

3,594

100,924

665,269

16,440

199,931

1,370,160

77,970

704,290

60,698

1,656,286

27,932

297

40,220

683

18,180

139

21,654

6,284
19,715
39,618
895
35,692
36,803

1,875

7,835
42,750

9,543
54,381
19,160
43,138

32,352

4,545

42,963

1,030

23,806

1,025

109,913

14,465

39,745

75,251

2,290

48,298

67,068

4,752

45,660

142,644

18,240

104,937

35,707

188,091

2,010

3,401
212

1,573

6,403

1,671
1,975

545
355

642

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Minnesota and Mississippi, in 1880, by counties.

MINNESOTA.— Continued.

Counties.

Otter Tail . .

Pine

Pipe Stone .

Polk

Pope

Ramsey ....
Redwood . . .

Renville

Rice

Rock

Saint Louis .

Scott

Sherburne . .

Sibley

Stearns

Steele

Stevens

Swift

Todd

Traverse . . .
Wabasha . . .

Wadena

Waseca

Washington
Watonwan . .

Wilkin

Winona ....
Wright

Yellow Medicine .

Indian corn.

Oats.

Bushels.

62,568

1,150

16,914

3,627

36,785

58,360

122,527

233,371

405,990

173,158

303,475

143,408

247,617

274,770

329,460

11,632

46,768

38,025

6,730

488,236

6,685

292,790

255,110

131,999

1,707

546,767

371,235

62,986

Wheat.

Bushels.
437,748
2,824

52,192
226,221
288,337

80,204
212,847
503,299
507,522
246,924

11,856
266,166

49,380
459,239
728,996
512,287
304,007
304,302
113,854

38,446
744,653

17,924
405,653
343,392
191,548

39,147
795,624
292,303
193,124

Bushels.

860,965

1,554

37,547

529,692

381,977

122,466

207,535

605,404

907,515

118,378

3,878

607,261

115,388

598,956

1,135,704
846,219
417,076
492,763
190,074
45,668

1,461,674

47,634

693,861

657,569

121,613

72,500

1,216,872
603,240
285,672

Hay.

Tons.

40,194
453

4,946

6,621
26,537

8,834
14,860
47,291
41,229
15,129

1,784
26,617
11,168
33,254
43,295
42,355
11,688
20,524
12,774

1,990
20,315
879
35,430
15,228
25,455

1,140
26,692
30,429
23,297

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

146,354

3,536

8,348

65,527

39,139

109,522
35,980
78,460

128,769
26,350
24,011
98,313
29,969
74,306

184,307
95,870
27,347
51,580
54,961
6,608

117,573
26,724
80,564

108,643

27,063

8,048

183,705

121,072
26,493

Tobacco.

Pounds.
1,965

210

1,320
310
377

2,496

1,930
2,480
2,817
536
3,265
1,050

1,025
706

1,512
930
430

690
2,237

MISSISSIPPI.

The State

Adams

Alcorn ....

Amite

Attala

Benton

Bolivar
Calhoun. . .

Carroll

Chickasaw .
Choctaw . .
Claiborne .
Clarke

Clay

Coahoma . .

21,340,800

128,647
381,385
262,352
413,532
330,688
383,466
353,919
315,722
512,005
243,287
197,568
174,712
400,397
338,054

1,959,620

909
31,939
27,169
66,106
16,846

3,254
44,009
22,154
49,627
38,709

1,290
30,101
35,592

2,340

218,890

5,070

6,931
6,073

4,753
1,973
9,033
9,413

2,137
832

8,894

963,111

632
86

61
19

704
102

428
1

72
177

10
269

19,026
7,477
9,952

15,285
8,123

36,419
9,536

17,423

12,861
5,757

18,518
4,693

13,137

26,287

303,821

9,509
4,057
7,587
4,065
2,735
19,185
3,803
3,733
3,444
3,816
4,951
2,936
3,982
1,917

414,663

1,264

14,852

3,230

10,711

10,634

600

7,926

2,460

10,926

12,300

1,010

8,870

11,750

AGRICULTURE.

643

The principal vegetable productions of Mississippi, in 1880, by counties.

MISSISSIPPI.— Continued.

Counties.

Copiah

Covington . .
De Soto ....
Franklin . . .

Greene

Grenada ....
Hancock . . .
Harrison . . .

Hinds

Holmes ....
Issaquena . .
Itawamba . .
Jackson ....

Jasper

Jefferson . . .

Jones

Kemper ....
La Fayette .
Lauderdale.
Lawrence . .

Leake

Lee

Le Flore . . .

Lincoln

Lowndes . . .
Madison . . .

Marion

Marshall . . .

Monroe

Montgomery
Neshoba . . .
Newton ....
Noxubee . . .
Oktibbeha . .

Panola

Perry

Pike

Pontotoc . . .
Prentiss ....
Quitman . . ,

Rankin

Scott

Sharkey

Simpson . . .

Smith

Sumner

Sunflower . .
Tallahatchie

Indian corn.

Bushels.
447,197
115,088
581,272
145,581

27,271

163,580

410

15,130
532,636
463,614

89,630

304,652

1,826

202,643

251,586

47,269
347,258
492,614
254,798
217,041
256,331
590,899
144,273
209,747
582,736
381,297

99,941
686,062
700,957
200,650
207,784
261,207
741,542
395,553
521,193

38,446
206,810
414,035
368,777

34,510
271,996
193,013
169,130
147,672
156,952
287,362

61,393
205,719

Oats.

Bushels.

59,021

32,215

18,008

9,021

5,799

6,223

5,300

2,110

26,380

17,441

260

21,772

80

56,380

3,196

30,992

37,599

36,375

57,843

41,809

44,070

48,047

1,231

49,924

41,230

21,107

12,202

26,646

76,270

31,275

26,810

58,336

74,165

39,063

22,016

20,208

55,909

18,826

35,534

680

59,450

50,370

350

34,817

46,959

29,544

1,515

9,288

Wheat.

Bushels.

7,283

63

130

488

3,580
100

255

9,222

50

25

1,527

7,387

8,099
221

14,605

18,205

630

1,215

653

158

6,078

9,351

60

14,692
4,798

45

729

40

470

9,379

670

Hay.

Tons.
141

393

1,256

5

1

32

63

457

45

10

29

10

1

20

23

205
3

137
12

129
76
20

169

900

34

15

481
268
103

182

16

248

12

Cotton.

Bales.
23,726

2,071
28,469

8,042

12

10,228

11

36,684

30,463

16,150

5,113

6,228

18,512

624

8,426

15,214

9,350

5,967

9,016

14,406

11,925

6,286

21,886

21,538

1,579

26,441

23,830

10,541

4,477

6,341

25,294

9,929

30,055

146

6,507

8,085

7,207

2,337

11,775

6,227

14,162

3,501

3,721

6,226

5,707

11,570

Irish
potatoes.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

12,921

1,392

9,732

o,676

473
2,590

126

547
8,415
5,787
2,475
2,594

315
1,432
8,951
1,772
3,534
4,772
3,127
2,042
1,743
6,279

729
3,693
2,028
3,581

353

11,795

17,155

3,512

1,417

4,942

5,440

8,224

7,556

57

2,017

4,089

4,023

2,052
2,243

515
2,241

723

898

2,859

Pounds.
5,449
4,743
12,026

3,082

2,113

3,568
4,321

7,520

3,649
2,027
4,683
6,716
5,803
7,586
5,288

13,680

11,109

907

5,442

1,734

10,966

437

9,733

16,864
6,853
6,091
8,525
8,249
2,790
3,347

400
15,207
13,406

5,798
11,044

1,329

10,492

5,732

1,924

644

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Mississippi and Missouri, in 1880, by counties,

MISSISSIPPI. -Continued.

Counties.

Tate

Tippah

Tishomingo. .. .

Tunica

Union

Warren

Washington . . .

Wayne

Wilkinson

Winston

Yalobusha

Yazoo

The State .

Adair

Andrew

Atchison

Audrain

Barry

Barton

Bates

Benton

Bollinger

Boone

Buchanan

Butler

Caldwell

Callaway

Camden

Cape Girardeau

Carroll

Carter

Cass

Cedar

Chariton

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Cole

Cooper

Crawford

Dade

Dallas

Daviess

CEREALS.

Indian corn.

Bushels.
467,144
385,623
280,054
198,252
429,040
188,567
400,418
93,890
206,985
217,786
275,309
524,615

Oats.

Bushels.

17,628
36,435
25,282

2,820
26,413

1,045

830

12,044

3,035
37,075
17,479

5,824

Wheat.

Bushels.
6,485
17,941
3,094

13,255

42

4,560
2,981

Hay.

Tons.

36

14

48

44

66

105

125

18

159

3

213

Cotton.

Bales.

22,653
7,424
2,672

18,008
8,259

22,950

54,873
1,979

16,620
5,864

12,989

48,321

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
4,587
6,803
5,409
1,724
2,580
6,409
2,417
467
3,194
1,439
6,465
9,680

Tobacco.

Pounds.
1,030
25,127
13,526

7,573
207

3,294
628
9,489
5,323
1,300

MISSOUBI.

202,414,413

1,881,493
2,723,745
4,977,476
3,961,290

819,580
1,189,672
5,441,503
1,505,440

577,095
2,537,859
2,289,204

281,770
3,147,148
2,219,588

448,411

964,998
5,290,581

100,836
4,581,775
1,105,775
3,565,473

635,549
2,168,222
2,204,376
3,455,610

586,157
2,389,965

466,616
1,373,896

726,040
3,079,861

20,670,958

291,147
254,728
176,833
352,031

80,807
157,910
326,431
102,631

75,059
291,453
188,642

23,283
182,888
438,992

27,151
124,523
455,826
4,202
273,424
157,196
298,011

75,223
484,078
104,311
299,186
110,298
253,289

60,359
178,978
116,914
319,199

24,966,627

37,105
291,717
329,810

76,314
172,693
143,648
277,703
120,733
135,335
337,021
443,178

10,925

38,417
234,236

69,171

535,893

309,628

6,546

519,526

96,031
229,061
145,513

97,253
257,887
121,598
288,193
516,138
121,496
110,157

82,696
161,874

1,077,458

24,998

17,449

16,400

12,875

952

10,736

28,460

5,417

1,796

11,003

7,551

416

19,426

12,220

1,475

4,952

15,580

80

19,879

2,159

18,551

696

18,494

7,357

12,889

4,035

6,007

2,044

2,602

2,454

18,799

20,318

20

235

4,189,694 12,015,657

53,261
58,068
36,235
33,637
26,574
23,011
55,101
23,299
21,584
40,482
94,410

7,047
47,251
30,922

5,121
44,872
70,418

2,906
36,781
19,466
65,403
16,489
33,235
42,702
55,878
30,936
38,226
28,220
16,860
14,219
47,493

26,838

12,257

12,098

20,477

42,500

10,135

15,649

10,390

9,189

40,956

12,035

12,330

1,939

570,231

4,838

17,222

639,325

3,595

2,310

36,683

4,384,924

7,601

6,278

1,243

13,972

5,430

21,252

7,400

5,422

11,219

13,330

Key of Shades.

Less than 17 bushels per acre.
17 to 22 bushels per acre.
22 to 27 " "

Above 27 " "

Areas in white are those of light or no production.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

85' 98

AGRICULTURE.

045

The principal vegetable productions of Missouri, in 1 880, by counties.

MISSOURI.— Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn.

DeKalb....

Dent

Douglas.

Dunklin

Franklin . . .
Gasconade . .

Gentry

Greene

Grundy ....
Harrison . . .

Henry

Hickory

Holt

Howard ....

Howell

Iron

Jackson ....

Jasper

Jefferson . . .
Johnson ....

Knox

Laclede ...
La Fayette .
Lawrence . .

Lewis

Lincoln

Linn

Livingston .
McDonald. .

Macon

Madison ....

Maries

Marion

Mercer

Miller

Mississippi .
Moniteau . . .
Monroe ....
Montgomery

Morgan

New Madrid
Newton ....
Nodaway . . .

Oregon

Osage

Ozark

Pemiscot . . .
Perry

Bushels.

3,113,160

447,749

385,358

603,909

1,342,997

530,732

.2,677,047

1,619,253

1,941,023

3,513,186

5,002,216

594,278

3,308,326

1,770,520

576,332

224,761

3,760,259

1,942,296

827,969

5,350,265

2,643,890

736,111

3,812,887

1,361,545

1,857,423

1,563,356

3,006,850

2,558,496

467,554

3,222,855

388,931

502,687

1,779,972

1,761,648

747,412

1,509,055

1,355,512

3,379,539

1,927,103

1,215,783

1,116,696

966,619

6,961,556

338,539

598,479

236,572

406,999

519,143

Oats.

Bushels.

257,003

62,149

53,547

19,869

262,375

171,163

256,398

191,664

302,856

506,126

279,911

52,193

174,108

164,155

48,220

22,156

178,435

160,691

57,974

352,603

357,336

98,800

244,992

140,106

293,501

319,008

340,206

267,201

46,176

272,902

54,004

113,374

123,190

380,329

97,014

24,420

182,098

217,664

551,506

126,558

11,345

132,379

562,077

13,027

94,530

19,919

1,613

65,375

Wheat.

Bushels.

167,034

99,319

41,236

24,160

796,726

343,224

103,466

553,670

138,440

147,273

191,457

68,944

297,907

308,934

37,667

49,521

449,335

501,557

423,888

791,674

49,258

128,152

857,668

305,173

143,126

424,119

96,776

206,330

95,309

64,270

73,691

106,132

353,617

82,653

150,092

110,448

222,339

132,705

193,085

79,231

49,273

231,434

374,085

16,295

336,879

13,008

3,020

472,435

Hay.

Tons.
19,673

2,227
392
200

4,997

3,303
26,332

4,720
21,504
41,254
19,880

2,051
11,827

8,440
529

1,000
18,182

6,801

2,628
12,959
21,302

3,167
11,057

3,177
14,798

2,458

35,801

15,257

439

27,441

1,418

3,286

7,254
25,502

3,872
787

4,982

8,572

7,635

4,318
336

3,827

46,926

104

3,330

79

290

2,723

Cotton.

Bales.

5
7,361

1,075

20

2
132

1,649

1,128

5

800

2,848
1

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
51,013
23,767
11,405

3,720
91,212
38,398
44,397
43,682
45,067
68,570
44,800
11,291
37,964
21,385
11,035
12,387
77,939
41,875
147,538
36,870
36,887
21,777
54,655
40,081
30,250
15,782
83,855
56,491

7,987
79,508
14,666

9,537
34,158
53,127
20,997
43,348
23,435
26,716
35,440
29,655

5,068

49,964

104,696

4,134
27,474

2,237

4,882
29,727

Tobacco.

Pounds.

6,550

9,075
13,139
14,051
94,154

8,024
16,890
16,528
11,755
42,952

9,543

4,562

18,337

604,794

9,904

2,021
41,986

2,420

5,861
13,625
29,983

8,533
16,060
10,305

4,330
308,090
382,133
305,073
11,045
728,584
10,640

4,135
40,960
29,779
13,543
21 .,010

7,310
421,232
181,761

8,660
14,243
13,404
23,874
19,530
52,010
19,577

2,190

6,694

646

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Missouri and Montana Territory, in 1 880, by

counties.

MISSOURI.— Continued.

Counties.

Pettis

Phelps < ...

Pike

Platte

Polk

Pulaski

Putnam

Balls

Randolph

Kay

Reynolds

Ripley

St. Charles. . . .

St.Clair

St. Francois. . .
St. Genevieve.
St. Louis City
Saint Louis . . .

Saline

Schuyler.

Scotland

Scott

Shannon

Shelby

Stoddard

Stone

Sullivan

Taney

Texas

Vernon

Warren

Washington. . .

Wayne

Webster

Worth

Wright

Indian corn,

Bushels.

3,847,619

571,103

2,564,430

2,038,870

1,482,281

478,652

1,695,441

2,140,276

1,861,667

3,490,332

347,295

317,140

1,614,960

1,614,817

506,627

429,529

64,627

1,893,425

4,836,829

1,087,370

1,788,675

721,366

188,842

2,603,962

917,694

254,663

2,064,933

294,602

640,352

2,732,906

819,500

498,739

524,126

555,657

1,199,160

554,094

Oats.

Bushels.

412,644

102,043

409,219

128,410

244,237

39,920

423,011

168,801

167,625

224,116

23,989

14,984

249,554

77,132

86,342

52,432

15,815

177,773

344,695

230,508

481,006

19,639

11,099

157,616

48,724

14,492

330,203

29,678

88,812

168,446

270,985

55,200

50,293

89,218

159,796

93,192

Wheat.

Bushels.

268,748

144,442

669,523

600,654

148,840

57,573

32,885

355,056

70,724

181,646

33,033

12,196

1,124,518

121,961

163,350

337,892

11,295

908,838

858,105

38,058

69,725

200,376

13,107

61,045

97,811

38,264

50,933

19,943

84,661

240,370

306,925

118,894

52,562

120,064

60,783

68,296

Hay.

Tons.

14,091

4,026

11,789

7,481

5,301

989

29,397

8,043

8,821

15,646

539

353

7,155

8,371

2,888

3,463

682

14,603

13,800

16,900

21,835

1,336

119

11,393

1,058

150

41,392

166

1,699

24,588

2,767

1,846

747

2,085

13,285

1,865

Cotton.

Bales.

1

471

165

3,202
400

760

6
13

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
51,915
31,127
26,058
45,571
23,328
11,783
45,292
15,720
36,797
56,040

6,920

7,486
67,241
20,164
39,125
37,008
15,657
308,089
40,919
30,340
35,852
19,917

4,348
29,340
23,092

5,884
54,539

9,186
13,541
26,276
27,400
28,563
11,362
11,280
25,165
16,413

Tobacco.

Pounds.
13,719
18,706
408,473

6,260
24,575
10,910
34,143

6,683

701,052

22,844

6,867

8,957
52,452
12,101
15,088

7,320

1,388

540,175

32,252

15,284

16,846

3,370

126,567

54,182

5,620
30,290

3,685
10,745
12,122
86,672

8,995
14,005
38,885

3,909
40,588

MONTANA TERRITORY.

The Territory

5,649

900,915

469,688

63,947

228,702

Beaver Head

8,746
38,541
16,330

5,851

2,401

354

4,748

1,682

1,308

265

16,443

7,201

9,922

15,080

Choteau

Custer .

440

Dawson

147,874

14,193

33,264

AGRICULTURE.

647

The principal vegetable productions of Montana Territory and Nebraska, in 1880, by

counties.

MONTANA TEBBITOEY.— Continued.

NEBEASKA.

OEKEALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

Bushels.
222,888
26,988
53,803
116,460
137,523
131,762

Bushels.
151,513
15,437
30,531
81,561
79,502
88,355

Tons.
7,159
4,135
9,119
8,105
5,948
5,035

Bales.

Bushels.
16,200
13,928
41,999
42,701
15,905
32,502

Pounds.

Jefferson

135
1,210

120
3,744

The State.

Adams

Antelope .

Boone ,

Buffalo . . .

Burt ,

Butler

Cass

Cedar

Chase
Cheyenne ,

Clay

Colfax

Cuming

Custer

Dakota. . ..
Dawson. . . .

Dixon ,

Dodge

Douglas . . .

Dundy

Fillmore...
Franklin . .
Frontier . . .

Furnas

Gage

Gosper

Greeley . . .

Hall ,

Hamilton . .

Harlan

Hayes

Hitchcock .

Holt ,

Howard . . .
Jefferson .
Johnson . . ,
Kearney . . ,

65,450,135

900,866

228,360

248,715

369,907

1,655,484

1,640,046

4,312,032

217,161

6,555,875

137,771

50,716

81,242

62,968

175,356

195,959

228,877

59,722

13,847,007

685,684
54,581
163,873
257,914
209,362
529,921
394,701
20,217

785,433

3,572

9,947

4,736

10,359

28,223

9,458

21,688

19,163

2,150,893

31,608
13,046
20,196
36,834
31,408
58,425
76,502
23,747

57,979

340
1,380

1,835

3,925
380

1,533,821

816,977

880,413

34,315

496,465

143,361

320,608

2,374,942

1,696,825

204,235
76,153

143,149

5,116

35,964

24,841

30,706

311,410

213,485

892,035

118,173

214,991

10,780

83,468

37,269

34,317

518,434

108,730

1,893,944

511,347

5,165

236,495

1,990,835

32,325

70,830

644,864

1,041,003

392,649

545

2,150

88,121

300,860

853,210

2,166,868

342,760

206,575

30,766
110

18,634

170,964

3,370

19,308
156,904
119,197

16,027

785,809

136,272

355

64,619

230,861

9,157

39,405
413,498
601,287
120,594

25,262
93,976
81,898
123,151
55,631

18,318
217,838
239,403
147,461
225,382

1,255

12,676

5,099

15,160

3,477

21,091

12,001

21,100

36,399

28,006

120

11,799

6,529

1,673

7,335

23,629

2,532

2,280

20,924

9,519

10,644

280

55

13,199

5,130

11,756

7,651

3,626

80
53,676
24,918
29,966
5,714
33,654
20,343
27,563
63,107
87,462

61,232

21,176

500

14,896

48,775

1,313

12,435

38,221

25,865

17,251

33

18,636
32,482
38,072
39,654
29,298

890

600
425

2,600
300

1,700

248
750

445
2,740

1,475
670

2,540

1,145
510
446

648

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Nebraska and Nevada, in 1 880, by counties.

NEBRASKA.— Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn,

Oats.

Wheat.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

Keith

Knox

Lancaster

Lincoln

Madison

Merrick ,

Nance

Nemaha

Nuckols

Otoe

Pawnee

Phelps

Pierce

Platte

Polk

Bed Willow

Richardson

Saline

Sarpy

Saunders

Seward

Sherman

Sioux

Stanton

Thayer

Unorganized territory

Valley

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Wheeler

York

106,496

4,128,866

1,195

646,105

583,731

30,600

2,942,770

499,698

3,591,019

1,516,879

122,496

84,610

920,140

1,276,956

54,412

3,931,837

2,310,851

1,584,880

4,108,655

2,499,888

107,013

575

143,715

493,608

13,275

87,656

2,326,329

86,205

711,273

18,890

2,075,243

Bushels.

40,805
349,155
850
158,540
129,225
3,570
118,606

46,703
197,394
118,331

11,371

24,655
155,717
135,776
1,284
188,220
252,486
208,692
374,120
214,494

26,743

18,815

60,028

2,863

27,411

259,416

11,555

50,030

4,310

205,267

Bushels.

38,586

487,463

75

111,332

176,547

9,807

273,708

116,382

248,364

62,422

61,865

10,884

228,671

392,946

6,443

372,725

569,511

105,281

784,829

573,951

46,154

13,203

178,071

4,084

43,442

319,969

10,845

216,748

8,807

789,183

Tons.
12

8,214
51,168
12,858
14,062
12,239

7,094
13,650

4,196

23,299

26,259

116

2,034
18,457

4,717
964
24,695
12,817
12,554
30,818
16,900

4,667

685

10,470

4,011

1,046

1,594
31,802

3,388

12,344

958

15,254

Bales.

Bushels.

20,084
135,348

7,053
33,343
35,508

2,034
38,286
22,458
84,642
22,467

6,657

5,646
51,917
39,561

1,565
58,723
79,595
53,y50
82,762
82,983
17,324

1,040
10,779
30,281

3,441
11,704
72,645

4,828
33,212

3,613
59,356

Pounds.

1,287

575

2,100

480

10,065

1,455

270

225
4,861
2,467

1,110

620

400

944

3,886
1,890

NEVADA.

The State

12,891

186,860

69,298

95,853

302,143

1,500

Churchill

120

84,589

74,596

2,270

3,295

10,884

10,528

14,185

742

7,399

2,701

3,407

3,488

3,835

»

2,080
12,858
35,262
24,973

4,437
36,779
11,350
19,895
21,763
11,799

Douglas

119

8,355

18,574

9,406

Elko

Esmeralda

1,074

Eureka

Humboldt

500

5,096

515

3,425

1,516

671

Lander

Lincoln

8,415

1,930

920

790
1,090
2,675

Lyon

Nye

AGRICULTURE.

649

The principal vegetable productions of Nevada, New Hampshire and New Jersey, in 1880,

by counties.

NEVADA.— Continued.

Counties.

Ormsby

Roop

Storey

Washoe
White Pine.

Indian corn.

Bushels.

158
275

Oats.

Bushels.

19,021
1,209

Wheat.

Bushels.

190

20,289
1,261

Hay.

Cotton.

Tons.

Bales.

668

1,905

12

29,789

3,015

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
21,810
1,916
1,710

66,774
28,737

Tobacco.

Pounds.

1,500

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The State

Belknap

Carroll

Cheshire

Cobs

Grafton

Hillsborough .
Merrimack . . .
Rockingham . .

Strafford

Sullivan

1,350,248

86,024

86,455
150,788

10,129
206,323
192,580
229,877
125,705

76,690
135,677

1,017,620

33,941

35,227

90,774

228,698

360,902

49,441

75,039

26,572

12,546

104,480

169,316

17,477
14,713

2,666
31,464
43,318

9,070
25,403

5,634

5,126
14,445

583,069

32,852
39,032
55,660
49,734
108,048
72,707
75,713
68,086
31,292
49,945

3,358,828

160,287
241,050
214,809
623,483
684,796
296,084
375,653
385,202
176,025
201,439

170,843

141,218
1,000

28,625

NEW JERSEY.

•The State.

Atlantic

Bergen

Burlington .

Camden

Cape May . .
Cumberland

Essex

Gloucester . .

Hudson

Hunterdon .

Mercer

Middlesex . .
Monmouth .

Morris

Ocean

Passaic

Salem

Somerset

Sussex

Union

Warren

11,150,705

98,173
178,002

1,256,523
284,555
116,428
602,546
92,664
675,653
2,656

1,252,598
702,937
597,491

1,048,940

651,352

137,277

97,427

1,064,227
727,683
571,484
122,166
869,923

3,710,573

1,569

49,587

131,663

12,558

5,080
63,324
28,010
29,299

1,901,739

854,852

396,570

247,080

149,769

377,576

10,629

36,209

142,729

547,220

229,537

38,690

358,622

10,519

9,189

241,412

67,604

18,196

157,952

8,461

108,154

234,795
158,417
112,973
179,421

53,257

12,149

5,538

269,670

137,619

30,560
4,962

80,891

518,990

1,609
17,613
61,535
14,283

6,452
25,250
12,157
27,300
405
42,222
28,990
33,528
42,780
38,115

6,051
12,513
34,905
39,792
40,059
10,497
22,934

3,563,793

28,733

186,058

419,489

344,181

31,376

116,389

105,341

353,518

7,375

115,823

110,041

146,707

796,388

200,247

27,867

92,515

119,153

63,513

94,788

79,538

124,753

172,315

250
94,487

3,300
570

590
69,810

1,700

318
560

400
330

650

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of New Mexico Territory and New York, in 1880,

by counties.

NEW MEXICO TERRITORY.

CEBEAIS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

The Territory

Bushels.
633,786

Bushels.
156,537

Bushels.
706,641

Tons.

7,650

Bales.

Bushels.
21,882

Pounds.
890

35,185
8,230
41,738
49.665
41,597
72,210
42,862

108,490
23,161
51,300

115,044
44,304

1,215

10,578

135

995

1,703

38,484

18,188

18,670

21,245

1,533

62,982

10,615

9,806

97,305

53,323

87,041

12,371

93,853

226,715

29,852

50

2,115

417

374

89

1,475

431

1,009

30

300

1,101

259

75
3,250

Colfax

Grant

9,655

Mora

5,028
2,227

Rio Arriba

170

74,389

1,098

Taos

890

Valencia . . . . ,

550

'

NEW YORK.

The State 25,690,156 37,575,506 11,587,766 5,240,563 33,644,807 6,481,431

Albany

Alleghany . .
Broome ....
Cattaraugus

Cayuga

Chautauqua
Chemung . . .
Chenango . .

Clinton

Columbia . . .
Cortland . . .
Delaware . . .
Dutchess . . .

Erie

Essex

Franklin . . .

Fulton

Genesee

Greene

Hamilton . . .
Herkimer . . .
Jefferson . . .

Kings

Lewis

Livingston .

Madison

Monroe

296,145
241,364
281,955
305,193
,086,061
542,889
265,446
323,244
232,041
537,196
185,979
189,373
730,513
775,761
132,379
134,211
195,316
712,449
253,049
10,797
222,420
357,964
52,990
71,625
744,961
406,326
,269,480

787,529
985,938
728,242
933,579

1,041,403
912,679
505,528
639,487
521,130
724,719
416,175
780,024
756,375

1,518,615
281,903
401,342
345,672
551,698
370,615
29,920
677,400

1,256,468

3,158

493,704

696,194

755,189

1,070,779

23,128

158,128

77,335

64,976

692,028

119,171

118,034

44,119

45,907

13,141

30,315

23,897

96,149

557,367

19,372

62,439

9,287

715,168

10,251

72

23,129

189,322

3,240

26,739

706,029

115,059

1,140,997

95,137

129,512

98,425

139,177

81,188

161,896

39,869

168,666

75,231

97,207

97,488

184,340

113,878

130,219

51,776

72,888

55,533

47,245

84,335

8,552

152,018

236,060

1,493

114,270

58,212

120,162

68,417

495,402
599,033
469,316
544,817
761,011
516,843
198,775
407,468
805,831
579,421
313,856
370,651
292,239

1,243,515
252,937
858,590
218,111
898,632
186,101
43,208
462,101
460,881
772,246
480,115
517,174
405,065

1,759,839

800

67,510

823

407,769

1,783

1,571,885

12,049

7,430

5,670

283

1,612

407,156

1,212

684

4,084

355
710
340

1,850

1,072

457

50,064

20,250

123° 121* 119' 117' 110° 113* 111 109' 10?° 11)5" 103' 101*

Key of Shades

.,

Less th mi 1-10 bu. per acre of improved land
1-10 to 1 bushel " " "

1 to 5 bushels " " "

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

The absence of color indicates a population
nf less than 2 to a square mile.

119° 117' 110* 113" 111" 109° 107° 105' 103' 101*

Key of Shades.

Less thanl-lObu. per acre of improved land

Wk 1-10 to'l bushel "
1 to 5 bushels "

The absence of color indicates a population
nf less than 2 to a square mile.

Copyrighted 1886 by Vaggij & West.

AGRICULTURE.

651

The principal vegetable productions of New York and North Carolina, in 1 880, by counties.

NEW YORK.— Continued.

Counties.

Montgomery .
New York . . .

Niagara

Oneida

Onondaga . . .

Ontario

Orange

Orleans

Oswego

Otsego

Putnam

Queens

Rensselaer . . .
Richmond . . .

Rockland

St. Lawrence
Saratoga
Schenectady .
Schoharie . . .
Schuyler

Seneca

Steuben

Suffolk

Sullivan

Tioga

Tompkins . . .

Ulster

Warren

Washington .

Wayne

Westchester ,
Wyoming . . .
Yates

The State. ,

Alamance . . .
Alexander . . .
Alleghany . .

Anson

Ashe

Beaufort . . .

Bertie

Bladen ,

Brunswick .

Indian corn.

Bushels.

312,396

2,490

833,226

630,432

1,026,713

1,022,226
619,753
511,277
615,105
373,047
132,906
598,923
365,189
46,433
102,890
295,466
612,222
152,552
217,506
275,194
542,412
641,235
624,407
222,737
313,087
498,466
548,575
136,777
537,060

1,172,374
377,357
282,318
490,278

Oats.

Bushels.
791,269
1,110
751,549

1,092,675

1,292,077

905,346

424,772

438,039

702,706

952,047

89,326

148,166

697,610

17,358

50,917

1,356,239
726,036
310,684
727,690
311,254
470,201

1,596,530
311,581
298,742
652,918
750,627
426,609
128,788
889,834
855,629
238,509
601,211
381,992

Wheat.

Bushels.
85,414

866,531

89,958

554,045

835,531

75,156

551,063

88,691

50,629

3,756

115,945

6,073

2,906

6,792

175,102

24,150

12,263

80,467

149,779

483,612

385,672

182,537

2,529

83,367

241,910

36,254

2,868

16,809

714,181

22,698

209,029

347,250

Hay.

Tons.

114,312

702

53,567

206,464

109,489
61,856

106,349
40,929

122,092

187,982
32,730
39,785
95,215
6,391
15,318

276,556
75,569
37,573
92,463
30,726
28,802

126,940
40,111
74,944
57,735
55,364
95,784
31,757
99,792
60,890
67,331
84,572
27,249

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

185,010

5,266

438,982

1,237,313

1,043,714

1,264,092

260,310

309,677

902,079

610,083

75,296

1,013,345

1,418,350

29,662

77,480

950,901

855,827

167,175

261,720

120,784

390,197

1,074,416

493,078

260,456

436,317

315,853

352,758

209,611

2,216,648

744,218

326,092

487,495

197,524

NORTH CAROLINA.

Tobacco.

Pounds.

2,795

1,692

2,346,257

587

5,350

110,385

312,341

2,183

55,399

1,649

840

60,850

1,014

8,250

904,125

495

1,099

20,433

115,771

500

615

14,710

1,825

418

28,019,839

305,874
212,382
122,587
305,139
277,027
286,211
345,091
188,208
46,329

3,838,068

48,869
51,752
19,365
72,454
37,955
18,436
20,517
3,795
2,262

3,397,393

82,163

35,338

10,291

25,846

39,407

2,736

2,189

521

70

93,711

2,590

167

3,603

217

7,349

175

35

184

15

389,598

91

182

11,857

6,021

7,290

683

244

722,773

26,986,213

7,087
5,493
5,009
4,908
12,688
4,332
5,699
1,630
715

695,013

11,799

2,049

4,880

11,064

5,263

554

1,040

2,502

652

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of North Carolina, in 1 880, by counties.
NOETH CABOLINA.— Continued.

Counties.

Buncombe . . .

Burke

Cabarrus

Caldwell ....

Camden

Carteret

Caswell

Catawba

Chatham ....
Cherokee ....

Chowan

Clay

Cleveland . . .
Columbus . . .

Craven

Cumberland .
Currituck . . .

Dare

Davidson ....

Davie

Duplin

Edgecombe . .

Forsyth

Franklin ....

Gaston

Gates

Graham

Granville ....

Greene

Guilford

Halifax

Harnett

Haywood ....
Henderson . .
Hertford ....

Hyde

Iredell

Jackson

Johnston

Jones

Lenoir

Lincoln

McDowell . . .

Macon

Madison

Martin

Mecklenburg
Mitchell

Indian corn.

Bushels.
490,544
325,656
381,321
274,495
295,447

41,458
361,641
358,210
558,281
227,650
143,156
113,462
390,281
136,546
218,256
282,423
324,819

11,205
549,906
438,595
330,437
433,214
335,164
338,239
373,472
170,642

66,092
515,159
173,421
519,185
437,321
18D,458
314,446
227,411
236,088
243,623
588,220
188,521
428,996
186,954
274,010
313,907
265,934
222,855
348,858
227,445
539,385
209,131

Oats.

Bushels.

62,679

21,762

54,519

30,592

8,854

1,122

101,398

64,236

120,341

11,657

6,888

7,607

62,211

2,517

4,426

13,791

2,734

230

122,063

139,126

6,132

94,021

95,304

45,812

50,244

10,016

3,914

110,690

16,772

129,723

41,771

7,640

35,834

23,087

14,512

18,400

126,429

9,440

29,958

5,426

12,217

44,939

13,111

12,209

38,816

11,229

94,356

40,845

Wheat.

Bushels.

84,974
49,338
84,656
42,513

4,428

2,090

58,137

104,770

122,760

17,898

4,357

13,093

55,983

223

1,533

7,494

892

167

174,671

71,127

6,292
16,712
77,082
45,504
62,860

4,187

2,919

90,764

19,392

127,214

9,235
10,957
56,587
12,295

6,891

8,949
88,056
21,801
25,111

2,588
32,800
65,949
32,903
27,038
40,192

6,254
66,767
19,725

Hay.

Cotton.

Tons.

2,281

682

3,496

695

108

29

2,231

1,137

77

997

68

475

119

87

8

1,195

10
8,667
2,041

Bales.

576

4,312

156

821

128

115

95

87

7,017

357

38

1,016

892

75

6

2,252

477

48

22

92

1,316

103

1,719

679

21

1,351

1,960

361

7,467

12

823

1,014

4

2,012

5,858

2,223

6,126

930

5,782

3,905

139

8

1,553

302

4,499

26,250

10

12,938

4,588

1,863

2,535

8,020

114

16,661

3,627

4

6,360

718

4,657

6

15,151

4,078

8,235

2,945

9

4

6,383

19,129

6

Irish

potatoes.

Bushels.

19,211

6,782

7,062

14,487

14,812

928

11,722

12,687

18,957

12,379

4,189

3,512

3,221

4,632

8,121

2,104

6,702

1,996

26,108

8,233

3,077

4,723

17,629

4,265

5,439

1,294

5,963

14,622

3,193

13,777

6,128

1,286

8,072

9,675

4,282

1,594

9,667

11,169

1,951

1,748

4,021

7,966

10,635

11,315

11,822

3,939

9,459

20,988

Tobacco.

Pounds.

475,428

20,079

3,239

25,384

303

4,336,664

26,380

49,837

8,411

398

5,771

5,122

3,866

2,732

260,538

633,339

4,655

550

822,788

58,932

2,180

620

1,095

4,606,358

1,955

422,716

8,487

9,510

39,516

4,087

2,160

517

242,714

4,801

12,881

250

13,500

6,085

30,541

9,154

807,911

211

2,291

29,647

AGRICULTURE.

053

The principal vegetable productions of North Carolina and Ohio, in 1 880, by counties.

NOKTH OAKOLINA.— Continued.

Counties.

Montgomery . .

Moore

Nash

New Hanover.
Northampton .

Onslow

Orange

Pamlico

Pasquotank . . .

Pender

Perquimans . .

Person

Pitt

Polk

Randolph

Richmond

Robeson

Rockingham . .

Rowan

Rutherford . . .

Sampson

Stanley

Stokes

Surry

Swain

Transylvania .

Tyrrell

Union

Wake

Warren

Washington . .

Watauga

Wayne

Wilkes

Wilson

Yadkin

Yancey

Indian corn.

Bushels.
210,521
302,196
295,619
15,937
431,581
185,019
366,640
107,959
348,119
159,064
292,850
241,523
458,166
139,315
477,168
277,974
360,128
392,767
597,519
394,062
486,768
271,877
338,781
397,143
100,543
154,769
108,839
338,520
612,869
293,773
217,631
148,204
466,432
480,089
299,957
343,070
205,659

Oats.

Bushels.

50,248
48,744
30,135
606
45,769

1,280
86,268

4,845
17,438

2,269
13,921
56.926
29,406

5,786
88,380
32,279
22,845
139,266
142,121
31,971

6,297
72,223
72,391
70,737

4,301

2,870

7,622
101,719
98,962
46,090
13,427
23,205
18,600
55,360
13,682
79,443
43,631

Wheat.

Bushels.
39,702
45,413
27,560

14,193

96,006

2,101

22,453

28

25,514

51,935

22,664

9,516

137,104

19,994

6,153

71,187

138,278

39,085

7,970

70,070

55,284

42,046

6,578

3,760

2,067

49,783

72,341

37,888

5,564

22,247

37,195

37,696

21,115

48,762

21,452

Hay.

Tons.

296

366

66

253

4

1,214

62

185

5

452

118

98

111

4,951

10

38

412

5,348

43

26

1,556

813

924

83

493

8

408

390

83

5

3,980

3,299

657

35

1,091

1,359

Cotton.

Bales.

2,989

3,988

12,567

66

13,616

2,841

1,919

2,226

1,181

835

2,778

1

14,879

362

295

12,754

8,846

3

4,381

2,079

6,291

2,475

7

1

1,123

8,336

30,115

7,778

3,524

3

14,558

29

13,049

26

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
11,260
6,257
4,460
2,915
7,314
2,432
7,627
3,463
7,629
3,824
2,921
7,522
2,266
1,386

15,790
2,701
4,178

19,561

22,858
5,323
3,081
3,167

17,816

18,139
2,558
8,226
1,703
5,146
8,138
5,940
3,711

14,470
1,293

25,991
2,033
7,635
6,934

Tobacco.

Pounds.
14,370
15,724
7,562

20,484

730

1,178,732

1,520

690

400

3,012,387

598

931

11,101

1,305

577

4,341,259

115,251

12,908

14,352

1,735

2,131,161

905,250

1,106

3,853

3,467

94,354

992,256

685

7,210

102,979

33,211

8,745

177,595

33,898

OHIO.

The State

111,877,124

28,664,505

46,014,869

2,210,923

12,719,215

34,735,235

Adams

987,430
1,401,217
848,593
563,690
698,400

170,133
301,021
655,670
762,470
40,127

213,892
677,827
698,162
194,735
220,875

10,621
26,670
33,918
61,637
15,567

:::*::

63,957

100,931

108,778

306,598

* 118,487

1,054,076

5,125

6,450

12,325

140,812

Allen

Ashland

Ashtabula

654

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Ohio, in 1 880, by counties.

OHIO.— Continued.

Counties.

Auglaize . . .

Belmont

Brown

Butler

Carroll

Champaign.

Clarke

Clermont . . .

Clinton

Columbiana
Coshocton. .
Crawford . . .
Cuyahoga . .

Darke

Defiance . . .
Delaware . . .

Erie

Fairfield ...

Fayette

Franklin . . .

Fulton

Gallia

Geauga

Greene

Guernsey . . .
Hamilton . .
Hancock . . .

Hardin

Harrison . . .

Henry

Highland. ..
Hocking . . .

Holmes

Huron

Jackson

Jefferson . . .

Knox

Lake

Lawrence . .
Licking

Logan

Lorain

Lucas

Madison . . .
Mahoning . .

Marion

Medina

Meigs

Indian corn.

Bushels.

1,264,623

1,242,867

1,564,786

3,190,457

450,511

2,152,860

1,730,532

1,476,244

2,382,670

776,600

1,125,266

1,216,462

592,679

2,860,319

834,141

1,604,455

681,434

2,146,476

2,766,255

3,293,450

1,064,787

702,961

245,255

2,362,443

777,828

1,639,115

1,776,516

1,212,919

686,422

929,189

1,685,911

471,492

745,583

1,205,176

401,883

643,839

1,252,181

309,919

454,080

1,977,935

1,555,628

809,325

740,589

2,640,558

551,863

1,755,771

598,641

562,335

Oats.

Bushels.

348,750
249,437
218,174
290,096
439,698
201,212
161,492
222,564
132,917
584,374
274,342
668,783
640,428
579,894
386,639
225,855
333,737
118,642

33,698
184,142
501,932

64,739
382,071
155,481
154,837
203,055
350,981
200,709
193,878
265,090
169,290

48,898
545,290
799,907

91,128
297,964
303,098
231,584

78,440
279,364
131,588
627,916
262,510

44,052
450,606
364,956
601,560

57,551

Wheat.

Bushels.
706,944
406,522
330,675
754,371
233,658
963,988
839,147
267,891
602,788
312,084
604,393
768,661
176,494

1,221,643
542,215
408,619
513,991
851,025
509,444
807,822
609,063
313,005
78,477

1,066,941
253,347
259,891

1,008,938
614,661
257,175
556,530
457,737
148,568
598,966
645,366
96,522
284,369
518,008
125,464
152,981
621,670
764,557
375,301
346,931
286,898
186,399
478,127
335,575
236,060

Hay.

Tons.

18,273

24,654

13,634

14,462

28,458

19,436

21,891

16,011

14,790

41,308

24,898

33,544

47,984

21,611

24,707

30,964

18,569

27,511

6,983
23,293
30,142
10,494
40,424
15,150
22,965
29,311
31,641
20,704
33,547
15,405
18,420
11,496
27,131
39,657
11,087
28,801
22,929
21,880

4,918
37,868
24,294
48,133
20,276
14,594
44,560
24,213
43,528
12,403

Cotton.

Bales.

msn
potatoes.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

Pounds.

107,283

8,751

134,600

1,047,926

237,065

6,244,956

119,342

554,275

67,120

535

92,584

2,347

81,040

64,642

649,829

3,524,151

250,350

33,098

162,938

1,850

93,539

2,374

139,032

1,985

463,717

254

210,362

2,244,576

115,127

151,270

110,130

2,464

250,907

156,111

1,295

61,635

3,631

235,065

640

150,081

2,121

142,763

99,170

157,353

2,405

88,693

591,748

47,633

372,309

431,482

15,200

129,415

1,255

103,997

2,302

56,061

14,180

133,621

10,625

182,228

95,899

71,648

4,125

88,116

1,103

138,640

55,651

2,425

85,064

650

117,935

2,601

197,325

21,500

61,258

23,906

190,409

3,075

74,664

2,835

191,494

510

242,512

551

62,255

849

135,505

1,380

102,804

580

123,176

55,502

177,571

3,729

AGRICULTURE.

655

The principal vegetable productions of Ohio and Oregon, in 1 880, by counties.

OHIO.— Continued.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Tobacco.

Mercer

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Morrow

Muskingum

Noble

Ottawa

Paulding

Perry

Pickaway . .

Pike

Portage

Preble .....

Putnam

Richland . . .

Ross

Sandusky . .

Scioto

Seneca ,

Shelby

Stark

Summit

Trumbull . .
Tuscarawas .

Union

Van Wert . .

Vinton

"Warren

Washington

Wayne

Williams . . .

Wood

Wyandot . . .

Bushels.

1,204,257

2,310,528

646,486

1,925,859

628,316

873,944

1,219,012

830,252

617,862

341,181

536,618

3,846,539

832,836

493,779

1,926,199

1,380,644

888,950

2,626,536

1,443,647

1,233,420

1,415,599

1,515,669

1,066,810

642,667

557,446

841,655

2,012,783

1,100,213

404,068

2,314,311

827,193

1,238,075

1,090,658

1,976,372

1,454,370

Bushels.
507,912
369,411
170,209
512,850

49,242
395,070
129,045

90,851
150,229
101,549

54,008

23,140
112,039
514,833
421,178
169,784
821,672

59,260
451,514
166,070
631,274
477,168
1,074,254
611,236
550,792
600,866
145,628
265,660

48,363
307,436
133,581
1,019,683
558,163
593,501
294,264

Bushels.
625,177

1,030,056
251,624
966,024
290,946
285,422
504,894
247,804
363,173
208,967
235,446
925,547
146,825
292,564
677,994
576,771
771,513
667,891

1,061,379
245,504

1,446,333
714,071

1,187,801
573,678
162,756
699,554
383,665
444,225
103,882
563,971
507,268

1,210,281
645,208
750,327
740,935

Tons.

22,831
15,004
13,259
22,586
16,906
29,779
29,732
16,600
14,221
10,951
19,509
9,638
5,582
48,305
13,613
23,234
34,213
11,392
24,926
9,476
58,232
15,265
59,090
42,638
71,365
40,407
21,248
21,003
10,517
15,684
20,284
55,581
28,847
28,875
22,765

Bales.

Bushels.

78,363

146,869

64,399

148,305

08,996

100,372

122,855

50,295

88,116

50,035

72,247

91,767

77,867

304,485

105,341

134,247

142,191

133,403

209,362

114,694

141,050

95,010

218,632

174,485

206,724

184,636

96,437

88,280

53,202

252,046

187,909

203,654

118,473

169,273

90,314

Pounds.

7,900

640,223

1,571,008

9,314,372

706,872

2,347

1,067

1,655,156

7,611

12,871
5,180
8,588

2,225,861

1,077

750

3,670

10,633

1,283

83,130

9,200

2,472

770

448

4,111

6,776

62,627

1,125,254

751,744

65,344

932

450

3,165

OREGON.

The State

126,862

4,385,650

7,480,010

266,187

1,359,930

17,325

Baker

975

790

3,909

103,316

256,832

218,824

6,813

5,322

17,584

11,100

33,956

497,068

231,616

418

3,041

42,044

1,565

14,406
10,793
9,789
2,425
3,898
4,297
1,020

18,337
34,202
220,382
18,348
21,200
45,259
11,644

Benton

379

Clackamas

2,640

Clatsop

275

Columbia

667
8,892
2,520

Coos

671

650 AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Oregon and Pennsylvania, in 1880, by counties.

OREGON.— Continued.

Counties.

Douglas

Grant

Jackson ....
Josephine . .

Lake

Lane

Linn

Marion

Multnomah .

Polk

Tillamook . .
Umatilla . . .

Union

Wasco

Washington
Yam Hill...

Indian corn,

Bushels.

25,633

200

41,564

8,335

7,573
4,374
3,396
1,025
1,000

5,971
1,110

4,897
2,034
1,997

Oats.

Bushels.
347,830

35,206
141,676

17,621

7,491

288,055

664,613

704,103

23,839
338,226

10,586
140,196
251,344
106,661
309,230
379,182

Wheat.

Bushels.
439,198

45,892
219,478

20,431

10,475

511,052

911,411

1,059,488

12,098

825,896

369

915,571

284,463

85,894
370,770
957,816

Hay.

Tons.
19,729

8,396
20,241

4,582
12,618
16,279
19,136
13,093

9,491
14,312

3,481
15,763
25,427
14,945

9,651
12,415

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

52,412

9,098

26,433

32,283

5,448

52,726

73,352

154,348

210,475

21,529

11,303

81,528

29,932

48,570

116,931

64,190

Tobacco.

Pounds.

785

3,625
1,075

5,149
1,386

395

942

PENNSYLVANIA.

The State

Adams

Allegheny . . .
Armstrong . .

Beaver

Bedford

Berks

Blair

Bradford

Bucks ,

Butler

Cambria

Cameron . . .

Carbon

Centre

Chester
Clarion. ...
Clearfield . .

Clinton

Columbia . .
Crawford . .
Cumberland
Dauphin
Delaware . .

Elk

Erie

Fayette
Forest

45,821,531

775,761
804,577
753,509
531,857
876,451

1,586,896
474,297
721,662

1,860,186

773,333

336,113

26,559

78,406

898,185

1,964,532
459,435
645,199
341,735
595,540
829,369

1,219,107
877,155
516,633
34,697
713,749
920,889
27,871

33,841,439

453,115

922,045

792,437

470,294

288,768

1,207,657

143,068

1,365,814

1,208,369

1,095,612

346,563

18,672

70,560

250,351

1,137,089

645,184

352,288

157,565

337,628

1,128,674

937,166

607,302

154,659

75,077

657,179

405,442

48,672

19,462,405

612,779
355,470
228,743
201,823
304,108
737,125
272,296
217,344
520,870
192,843
117,099
7,536

12,778
389,804
775,312.
121,833
141,737
142,879
193,865
232,149
834,517
444,082
140,140

11,556

256,224

381,810

7,261

2,811,654

48,074
60,148
27,378
31,079
23,325
99,985
12,876

113,410

119,683

49,623

20,554

2,977

7,225

23,091

126,179

24,347

17,753

9,483

21,811

125,767

52,284

39,159

33,565

7,846

100,195

25,887

3,347

16,284,819

36,943,272

74,888
739,292
211,347
192,043
170,424
448,259
142,626
543,826
578,401
473,513
169,134

28,126

93,029
195,828
408,176
208,551
160,402
118,013
287,925
428,650
144,418
209,980
280,833

63,601
502,400
152,260

27,901

56,107
2,360
2,730
2,627
2,793
240,027

173,142

1,160,970

4,224

2,454

6,550

27,733

633,632

454

490

993,401

3,196

3,297

448,118

614,362

12,347

1,347

2,730

5,575

283

AGRICULTURE.

657

The principal vegetable productions of Pennsylvania, in 1880, by counties.

PENNSYLVANIA.— Continued.

Counties.

Franklin

Fulton

Greene

Huntingdon ....

Indiana

Jefferson

Juniata

Lackawanna ....

Lancaster

Lawrence

Lebanon

Lehigh

Luzerne

Lycoming

MacKean

Mercer

Mifflin

Monroe

Montgomery

Montour

Northampton . . .
Northumberlan d

Perry

Philadelphia

Pike

Potter

Schuylkill

Snyder

Somerset

Sullivan

Susquehanna . . .

Tioga

Union

Venango

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Westmoreland . .

Wyoming

York

Indian corn,

Bushels.

1,308,923
243,644

1,083,255
759,237
914,695
341,031
446,004
140,314

3,293,292
609,540
804,214
784,760
478,648
830,332
39,729
795,469
531,132
187,202

1,521,097
278,144
854,791
755,418
644,506
188,814
99,733
73,465
376,516
480,105
323,367
80,995
436,249
348,600
459,227
343,518
158,090

1,308,294
171,664

1,670,943
273,006

1,739,865

Oats.

Bushels.
540,336
87,976
326,934
230,769
775,383
452,435
239,371
237,107

1,412,694
538,362
628,597
552,497
295,574
490,065
133,676
985,601
248,255
116,328
840,085
177,590
637,609
416,791
351,329
38,541
37,731
288,193
275,405
268,875
579,419
122,082
760,579
744,394
272,868
558,839
304,653
845,416
278,985

1,134,604
272,181

1,066,110

Wheat.

Bushels.
1,033,824

87,560
317,890
353,934
309,752
113,361
232,687

14,047

1,929,767

280,046

482,610

192,923

85,112

287,699

8,599

328,754

293,630

14,573
486,763

99,148
227,466
321,087
301,595

63,513
4,951

28,509
117,300
235,894
192,870

20,358

55,895
102,143
247,447

73,973

50,042

614,260

7,114

721,907

58,079
1,211,340

Hay.

Tons .
59,687
9,199
17,917
23,994
32,143
19,468
18,632
31.242

117,059
33,048
36,894
40,174
29,321
32,693
25,432
68,755
17,496
18,398

111,612
10,033
39,506
27,302
27,097
15,019
8,521
35,668
29,579
21.047
40,770
15,113
96,682
83,992
18,779
30,222
39,687
76,385
64,616
55,465
18,339
87,617

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Bales.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

Pounds.

154,127

68,005

51,026

3,172

57,198

7,333

167,284

14,045

184,460

10,181

156,217

1,378

101,762

80,609

270,034

563

345,375

23,946,326

115,495

1,080

147,297

703,488

416,511

35,620

484,413

35,736

400,282

463,686

92,966

335

240,767

4,110

74,061

55,025

130,369

425

564,643

20,930

77,653

58,179

397,046

4,073

355,957

539,541

138,215

49,120

344,858

49,000

63,394

513

174,925

2,872

482,584

6,764

138,046

115,960

270,478

906

78,519

470

438,577

1,530

325,744

292,198

101,808

109,414

222,490

421

180,656

730

157,817

2,065

310,792

783

298,578

62,096

274,985

39,875

243,564

5,753,766

The great wealth of Pennsylvania does not consist in the products of
her soil. It is found more largely in the number and extent of the mineral
deposits, especially coal and oil, and in her manufactories. It is the great
anthracite coal region of the world, and the center of the iron and oil
industries of this country.

658

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Rhode Island and South Carolina, in 1880, by

counties.

RHODE ISLAND.

OEBEALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

The State

Bushels.
372,967

Bushels.
159,339

Bushels.
240

Tons.
79,328

Bales.

Bushels.
606,793

Pounds.
785

19,484
32,007

107,048
96,402

118,026

3,831
6,802

78,098
7,484

63,124

3,472

8,614
14,737
34,408
18,097

40,419

65,421

131,878

256,094

112,981

Kent

Providence

124
116

785

Washington

SOUTH CAROLINA.

The State

Abbeville

Aiken

Anderson

Barnwell

Beaufort

Charleston

Chester ,

Chesterfield

Clarendon ,

Colleton

Darlington

Edgefield

Fairfield

Georgetown

Greenville

Hampton

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Laurens

Lexington

Marion

Marlborough . .

Newberry ,

Ocoiiee

Orangeburgh . .

Pickens

Richland

Spartanburgh . .

Sumter

Union

Williamsburgh
York

11,767,099

471,955
377,922
492,646
607,610
135,755
279,968
357,308
247,430
222,274
376,532
440,892
559,086
367,930
44,161
582,156
227,884
103,895
219,957
294,939
381,933
304,509
470,745
338,527
315,863
268,899
529,259
314,064
171,040
593,454
422,360
379,330
220,311
626,505

2.715,505

249,981
54,339
94,613

140,150
2,901
23,996
87,583
41,646
28,777
66,097
88,216

415,243
86,566
3,741
62,673
58,595
1,057
34,402
48,385

149,410

121,290
69,011
63,180

177,962
39,392

140,473
23,987
30,904
74,572
64,581
42,040
9,860

119,882

962,358

107,608
22,584

101,950
18,057

198
35,768
10,320
624
805
13,453
67,841
24,511

62,132
147

6,355
16,852
62,243
48,167

9,131
20,077
64,136
26,017
15,635
31,663

3,916
79,991

2,644

33,951

409

75,173

2,706

11

291

57

6

3

368

55

7

522,548

39

42

101

606

176

95

2

21

319

36

3

103

24

59

67
50
4
24
38
99

26,380
14,334
21,897
28,764

2,740

9,303
19,051

7,733

8,589

4,869
23,946
35,894
25,729
160
17,064

7,711

809

11,280

12,677

24,484

9,050
21,748
23,785
24,155

3,818
24,452

5,756
10,958
24,188
22,469
19,605

5,627
23,523

144,942

7,748

2,072

6,982

174

3,703

58,873

529

759

660

1,838

1,187

6,349

3,164

455

4,940

299

901

694

703

7,672

1,795

2,709

1,834

4,883

2,722

2,603

2,157

916

2,910

1,299

2,270

616

8,526

45,678

3,289

800

3,539

250

929
1,768

9,638
7,251

298
2,709

1,085

645
4,775

310
2,400

2,153
352

1,949

1,539

123° 121° 119° 117°

113° 111° 109° 107" 105" 103' 101"

Key of Shades

Less than 1-10 bu. per acre of improved land.
1-10 to 1 bushel "

« «

Copt/righted 1886 by Yaggy & West

The absence of color indicates a population
of less than 2 to a square mile.

95' 93*

89' 67

(Compiled from the Last Census.)

121s 119° 117

113* 111' 109" 107* 105 103 101*

Key of Shades

Less thanl-lObu. per acre of improved land
1-10 to 1 bushel "

Copyrighted WSSbn Yaggtj & West

The absence of color indicates a population
of less than 2 to a square mile.

AGRICULTURE.

659

The principal vegetable productions of Tennessee, in 1880, by counties.

TENNESSEE.

Counties.

The Stat©

Anderson ....

Bedford

Berjton

Bledsoe

Blount

Bradley

Campbell

Cannon

Carroll

Carter ,

Cheatham . . .
Claiborne ....

Clay

Cocke ,

Coffee

Crockett ,

Cumberland . ,
Davidson

Decatur

DeKalb

Dickson

Dyer

Fayette

Fentress

Franklin

Gibson

Giles

Grainger

Greene

Grundy

Hamblen

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardeman

Hardin

Hawkins

Haywood

Henderson

Henry

Hickman

Houston

Humphreys . .

Jackson

James

Jefferson

Johnson

Indian corn,

Bushels.
62,764,429

369,958

1,682,358
562,354
342.240
450,011
337,446
341,945
821,012

1,018,415
243,906
457,189
496,262
412,287
553,567
658,293
626,762
127,636

1,436,582
473,924
863,207
616,422
900,726

1,030,505
210,416
745,293

1,449,633

1,545,605
356,128
719,465
114,758
231,184
461,070
292,195
767,324
799,739
706,899
730,949
862,249

1,128,660
828,117
231,311
826,941
683,019
223,701
506,592
147,388

Oats.

Bushels.
4,722,190

86,198
87,408
26,832
21,282
95,367
25,672
68,834
22,802
37,694
51,141
42,297
74,921
15,205
50,165
34,160
16,171
10,826

133,807
26,399
21,202
50,735
37,371
38,129
15,524
71,980
44,282
33,289
83,078

139,134
8,507
51,270
45,378
41,625
20,807
35,620

117,578
29,299
42,176
35,407
42,488
13,846
24,521
28,714
15,148
83,035
39,496

Wheat.

Bushels.
7,331,353

44,609

257,425
19,785
18,106

110,196
88,961
25,549
94,150
88,398
55,150
18,036
44,192
24,424
94,763
58,155
54,431
2,797

157,530
14,911
75,803
45,318

101,523
18,004
11,092

135,816

162,477

190,205
61,563

237,302
7,855
66,057
45,925
32,189
23,991
29,248

115,636
29,278
46,941

124,537
37,491
9,062
25,371
40,294
34,657

125,849
31,022

Hay

Tons.
186,698

1,592

5,863

257

587

3,810

2,143

978

1,265

1,131

1,886

828

1,301

213

1,246

1,351

1,179

733

14,012

347

1,187

1,049

1,386

251

329

1,555

2,918

2,983

1,129

7,426

515

1,744

1,065

1,087

696

413

4,978

1,384

422

898

1,279

423

879

245

363

2,793

2,015

Cotton.

Bales.
330,621

38

940

1,801

70

15

1

35

10,505

2
5
1
5
20
9,320

1,333

2,169

12

13

8,564

39,221

2

171

19,272

13,802

36

1

21

2

143

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
1,354,481

18,937

5,345

2

23,092

9,419

5,516

1,302

4

90

28

7,619

29,182

8,047

7,773

8,666

2,703

9,106

20,848

9,377

9,879

8,009

13,656

6,660

9,396

19,794

11,499

17,603

127,714

7,325

8,785

24,435

11,491

30,576

6,107

18,818

15,881

30,095

7,167

10,038

12,088

4,381

7,716

8,047

20,676

11,876

13,416

9,000

10,058

11,443

13,305

5,486

13,837

9,992

1,672

3,636

8,518

Tobacco.

Pounds.
29,365,052

7,878

21,649

278,721

5,373

4,362

6,110

6,077

19,808

69,167

12,932

950,352

12,736

67,776

13,161

21,190

16,099

2,535

19,690

31,759

26,514

494,428

313,365

20,901

7,867

25,061

32,036

26,814

13,121

26,192

430

34,930

4,045

7,541

23,102

26,300

42,781

32,991

43,446

1,902,979

21,858

206,026

21,326

233,072

2,190

6,045

9,335

660

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Tennessee, in 1880, by counties.

TENNESSEE.— Continued.

Counties.

Knox

Lake

Lauderdale .
Lawrence . . .

Lewis

Lincoln

Loudon

McMinn

McNairy

Macon

Madison

Marion

Marshall....

Maury

Meigs

Monroe

Montgomery

Moore

Morgan

Obion

Overton

Perry

Polk

Putnam

Rhea

Roane

Robertson . .
Rutherford. .

Scott

Sequatchie .

Sevier

Shelby

Smith

Stewart ....
Sullivan ....

Sumner

Tipton

Trousdale . .

Unicoi

Union

Van Buren .

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Weakley

White

Williamson .
Wilson

Indian corn.

Bushels.
752,559
536,265
580,797
434,215
114,010

1,252,915
319,283
480,898
678,059
436,804
906,255
474,115

1,176,536

2,177,071
444,103
566,356

1,236,561
327,956
115,327

1,501,881
550,091
423,461
239,224
511,610
362,801
697,787
793,702

1,590,855
185,646
145,532
493,885
996,210

1,071,050
778,404
550,374
917,940
762,731
396,384
81,852
319,702
139,070
670,848
407,633
583,305

1,307,873
637,143

1,439,445

1,806,262

Oats.

Bushels.

228,786
4,266
17,398
30,097
4,808
37,309
91,298
78,372
47,559
34,581
31,542
54,582
59,567
91,452
45,124
80,793
86,026
14.739
19,490
35,098
32,953
23,874
10,505
24,160
38,650

130,821

115,678
74,794
23,060
6,337
53,274
72,674
47,240
26.629

111,662
95,081
34,096
28,197
22,501
62,233
6,008
51,613

109,579
27,442
22,583
24,811
85,522

132,506

Wheat.

Bushels.

227,705

24,293

24,953

43,331

4,824

275,453
90,555

118,873
30,678
31,495
50,918
18,275

172,584

271,592
47,797

114,884

148,534

66,866

2,832

230,243
40,015
16,051
37,126
42,033
31,290
54,276

134,426

172,997

2,297

6,735

89,499

23,437

104,945
34,855

131,319

140,895
56,137
37,284
9,365
39,208
13,007
66,163

153,204
40,038

171,835
44,653

315,966

188,540

Hay.

Cotton.

Tons.

Bales.

6,388

7

152

2,412

918

13,250

468

702

38

102

4,334

3,486

1,921

4

3,062

22

568

9,419

768

1

1,135

19,257

853

35

3,763

1,721

6,569

8,912

1,025

14

2,082

72

2,434

2

916

7

672

1

2,737

4,225

405

41

227

196

1,144

36

369

4

1,460

4

1,754

18

2,468

5,810

12,414

764

2

217

2,429

6

1,704

46,388

2,730

1,395

15

6,274

5,045

317

762

21,415

1,032

1

326

1,059

1

182

29

1,164

96

5,994

668

1,207

1,660

7,576

968

139

5,781

4,538

8,970

1,272

Irish
potatoes.

Bustiels.

30,772

7,446

14,680

18,780

3,044

24,833

6,789

2,821

10,611

10,098

11,506

7,876

18,119

35,429

3,076

9,958

28,182

6,529

13,125

11,915

12,040

9,967

3,251

11,632

8,366

11,527

13,304

27,107

12,324

5,166

9,526

73,627

13,817

7,856

15,962

21,094

8,888

6,270

4,432

3,981

2,769

19,346

13,979

11,909

13,560

12,009

39,963

21,824

Tobacco.

Pounds.

16,366

1,750

33,952

15,169

3,870

17,948

6,517

615

34,863

893,592

32,419

6,344

24,583

36,384

4,159

11,810

8,266,461

7,425

6,537

1,133,472

42,947

8,981

5,295

75,384

5,347

6,165

4,342,588

24,199

5,935

2,149

9,819

15,178

1,799,981

1,876,773

70,069

280,326

16,139

882,895

23,022

4,026

6,470

28,455

27,312

16,844

3,596,707

31,064

134,196

300,479

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Texas, in 1 880, by counties.

TEXAS.

601

Counties.

The State.

Anderson

Andrews

Angelina

Aransas

Archer

Armstrong

Atascosa

Austin

Bailey

Bandera

Bastrop

Baylor

Bee

Bell

Bexar

Blanco

Borden

Bosque

Bowie

Brazoria

Brazos

Briscoe

Brown

Burleson

Burnet

Caldwell

Calhoun

Callahan

Cameron

Camp

Carson

Cass

Castro

Chambers

Cherokee

Childress

Clay

Cockran

Coleman

Collin

Collingsworth

Colorado

Comal

Comanche

Concho

Cooke

Indian corn.

Bushels.
•29,065,172

306,722

77,656

890

4,095

20,992
448,481

Oats.

Bushels.
4,893,359

33,810

1,507
100
510

840
13,534

Wheat.

Bushels.
2,567,737

119

371

161

Hay.

Tons.
59,699

Bales.
805,284

55
1,629

Cotton.

7,548

2,319
43

469
13,185

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.
228,832

3,747

124

230

25

121
16,773

Tobacco.

Pounds.

221,283

5,140
6,495

2,049

1,287

13,505
401,999
13,407
18,192
402,322
93,841
35,380

3,764

33,704

377

3,252

4,869

567

161,324

26,186

8,863

84,267
7,670
8,931

517

44

349

357

658

52

14,714

83

9

9,217

1,543

690

202,848
194,782
234,950
165,100

53,939
6,336
5,335

14,435

74,704
20

477

25

6,027
66

3,833
7,958
3,484
9,743

65,194

171,552

123,505

190,648

2,072

14,059
187,695
153,467

8,457

7,549

39,128

23,838

38,743

567

29,071

11,098

569
125

22,077

5,078

3,861
1,651

107
24
96
82
65

998
5,965
1,399
7,609

86
23

5,689

15

1,932

39
105

1,668
190

167
2,601
4,535
1,596

70
510
369
226
315
19
85
113

3,798

610

1,865

1,510
200

450

635

2,219

427,683

35,150

17
93

16,181

2,225

30,214
450,573

92,766

54,483
11,959

1,358

91
9,813

15,351

495

1,155

19,855
,016,140

1,430
338,419

11,938

188,702

82
2,430

243

22,145

532,486

39,036

85,454

300

514,429

5,446

10,717

6,839

13,414
29,141

911

286
95

15,552
2,102
2,098

73,596

62,306

348

11,547

4,184
3,024

848

65

2,619

4,407
276
119

944

4,715

270

631
595

3,500

662

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Texas, in 1880, by counties.

TEXAS.— Continued.

OFREAIiS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Bushels.

196,713

Busliels.
60,498

Bushels,
55,919

To-ns.
61

Bales.

3,331

Bushels.
25

Pounds.

Cottle

230

Dallas

575,667

209,281

186,460

3,644

21,469

3,533

Deaf Smith

Delta

130,061
531,637
135,016

39,349

112,681
6,185

7,673
72,412

1,842

296
883

767

4,911

11,568

2,183

341

2,201
5,994

4,685

Denton

255

De Witt

700

215

565

1,117

25,479

605

577,121

4,419

300

108,883

376,555

922,738

694,883

40

Donley

Duval

250
1,123

Eastland

7,069

34

176,215

28,911

9

742

Edwards

Ellis

153,527
120

822

18,956

921

El Paso

225

Encinal

Erath

22,660

30,667

205,880

28,645

28,397
6,626

54,504
1,432

197

109

1,636

3,055

2,857
12,495
22,386
24,766

236
1,949
6,314
6,007

Falls

1,142
8,495

Fannin

Favette

1,72a

Filler

Floyd

Fort Bend

326,648

144,287

252,742

7,443

4,240
26,986
32,623

2,466

1,247

40

250

6,431

4,048

8,182

156

5,755
188

3,594
112

Franklin

1,165

Freestone

1,473
44

5,943

Frio

Gaines

Galveston

16,367

1,115

173

47

136

3,337

Garza

Gillespie

13,985
87,305
227,501
500
976,731
120,819
286,969
191,399

5,387

2,696

12,811

13,395

1,284
4,489

767

728

7,511

664

898

494

15

8,918
727

2,149
515

217

Goliad

553

707

Gonzales

280

Gray

Grayson

188,188

7,161

10,011

33,216

96,740
103
615

21,124

2,676

19,166
4,590

11,701
6,531

7,655

995

Grimes

161

857

2,297

Hale

350

Hall

Hamilton

73,052

12,569

24,154

3

1,147

53

Hansford

Hardeman

22

21,689
139,333

1,525

7,165

103

1.892

90
18,891

795

770

1,584

AGRICULTURE.

663

The principal vegetable productions of Texas, in 1 880, by counties.

TEXAS.— Continued.

CEREALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Bushels.
278,981

Bushels.

7,542

Bushels.
147

Tons.

Bales.
17,619

Bushels.
4,892

Pounds.
3,691

Hayes

99,096

39,251

16,699

102

3,441

209

200

Henderson

254,828

42,465

327,484

38,997

959

6,159

9

8,369

747

3,830

Hidalgo

Hill

143,144

51,743

180

369

Hockley

Hood

72,927
318,214
283,402

12,607

157,182

9,847

21,519

20,044

281

55

78

1,966

8,279
9,730

36

1,892
2,293

Hopkins

9,057

Houston

4,898

Hunt

365,004

154,517

43,583

1,586

10,805

921

4,044

115,761

37,175

97,366

24,169

413,940

4,110

13,115

354,781

5,552

5,117

880

10,134

10,889

746
206

1,444

202
1,410

77

13,778

19

283

10,668

286

480
247

Jackson

Jasper

2,800

12
531

953
816

Johnson

134,566

1,193

507

115,215
3,592

95,299
860
153

70,701
1,850

Jones

Karnes

447

784
18

30

2,851
229

Kaufman

790

Kendall

755

Kent

Kerr

6,456
1,155

1,166
110

2,728
30

2

72

Kimble

Tvirmey , , ,

28,340

1,200

817,854

5,700

100

Knox

Lamar

131,967

18,963

2,874

24,623

4,511

15,003

Lampasas

49,402

240

377,914

146,271

223,535

91,998
336,620

10,747

17,890

4

628

30

La Salle

Lavaca

14,316

16,432

9,896

215

60,033

704
735

315
5

9,976
5,526
7,360
1,852
9,037

3,050
1,074
756
1,403
6,349

3,632

Lee

Leon

932

Liberty

690

Limestone

12,887

92

6,869

Live Oak

2,120
60,200

70

4
469

52
55

Llano

2,805

4,209

McCulloch

6,825
515,648

705

287,545

1,200

4,803

2,131
197,520

54

12,777

McLennan

944
12

691

McMullen

74,350

2,656

280

900

664

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Texas, in 1880, by counties,

TEXAS.— Continued.

CEBEALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Marion

Busliels.
137,006

Bushels.
6,582

Bushels.

30

Tans.

Bales.
7,515

Bushels.
1,026

Pounds.
520

Mason

8,933

74,563

7,454

35,164

690

386,792

1,014
580

4,492

64
2,096

215
1,951

Matagorda

82

14

239

1,162

Medina . .

8,005

3,116

289

113

40

782

Menard

Milam

50,168

3,241

79

10,844

Mitchell .

Montague

195,584
115,017

13,206
800

14,958

211
16

4,172
4,092

126
1,375

Montgomery

2,635

Morris

144,914

15,706

1,398

4,880

1,498

2,712

Nacogdoches

218,205
521,462

69,842
330

60,615

9,600

121,548

4,946

2
598

4,791

12,958

1,332

1,764

1,864

253

8,124

Navarro

25,160

Newton

2,622

Nolan

Nueces

160

78

1,525

Orange . .

19,919

60,628

192,090

243,245

22

885

10,344

4,454

180

139

540

1,872

Palo Pinto

5,416
18,749
30,561

11,844
205

81,688

148

Panola

3,000

Parker

665

16,872
121,355

125

3,326

120

Polk

3,629

75

797

Presidio .

35,450
75,655

1,850

25,881

11,423

4,226

50
700

Rains

168

1,915

4,645

634,490
27,375

52,453

7,678

509
521

17,669
15

2,097
949

1,945

Refugio

Robertson

422,889
88,713

36,873
26,305

560
20,966

39

776

18,080
2,630

1,454

1,502

Rockwall

Rusk

367,706
66,363
80,422

102,853

4,358

41,079

30,953
2,613
7,327
2,127
70
9,053

506

11,145

1,705

2,757

5,354

2

400

8,687

939

1,706

85

33

497

1,636

Sabine

1,105

San Augustine

San Jacinto

4,231

1,406

San Patricio

56
1

13,751

3,916

185,484

290
12,356

1,457
849

132

5

6,171

Shelby

2,931

9,313

AGRICULTURE.

665

The principal vegetable productions of Texas and Utah Territory, in 1880, by counties,

TEXAS.— Continued.

CEREALS.

Hay.

Cotton.

Irish
potatoes.

Counties.

Indian corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Tobacco.

Smith

Bushels.

515,515

58,236

16,805

26,974

Bushels.
64,005
3,793

Bushels.

2,929
13,356

Tons.

Bales.

16,285

1,066

Bushels.
3,696
260

Pounds.
5,059

41

Starr

Stephens

3,081

11,191

69

137

Tarrant

429,118
1,000

153,671

193,673
1,610

1,558

10,950

2,076

480

Tavlor

Throckmorton

8,197

179,550

7,085

264,675

96,584
123,887
246,117

10,224
302,427

90,210
153,726
132,691
571,663
3,524
245,717

3,944
1,926

34

10
4,923

TituB

30,045

1,900

102,106

1,671

11,748

26,067
983

76,744
3,418
6,645
2,185

22,727

1,734

2,410

Tom Green

Travis

24,633

982

9,271

2,666

2,543

8,023

53

6,957

730

6,441

3,923

20,692

705

877

422

1,655

Trinity . .

5,273
1,590
5,822

Tyler

25

5,838

987

8,231

260

125

Upshur

Uvalde

260
109
269

Van Zandt

1,027
1,046
2,183
1,144
9,545

3,217
350

Victoria

Walker .... ,

2,756
600

Waller

40
1,486

Washington

234

4,134

Webb

Wharton

50

25

45

3,182

930

650

Wichita

lo,525

2,600

202,711

57,467
357,494
253,079

86,591

70

532

79

43

10

Wilbarger

Williamson

193,490

320

43,963

40,729

1,219

56,695
355
26,749
10,644
13,197

35
12

206

6,028

287

4,217
1,874
7,231
7,381
554

519

538

416

1,030

Wilson

Wise

Wood

9,025

Young

Yoakum

Zapata

63,940
1,835

600
650

UTAH TERRITORY.

163,342

418,082

1,169,199

92,735

573,595

Beaver

517

9,024

9,228

11,443

195
9,193

708
7,621

4,331

15,088

29,343

18,454

762

6,761

3,234

1,136

18,270
75,200
208,553
92,347
2,496
19,386
11,324
11,933

2,138
6,630
7,043
7,437
20
1,412
913
1,652

10,178

49,675

49,722

32,838

50

13,508

1,934

9,193

666

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Utah Territory, Vermont and Virginia, in 1880,

by counties.

UTAH TEKKITOEY.— Continued.

Counties.

Millard

Morgan

Pi Ute

Rich

Salt Lake . . .
San Juan . . .

Sanpete .

Sevier

Summit

Tooele

Uintah ,

Utah

Wasatch

Washington
Weber ,

Indian corn,

Bushels.

875
346

23,398

74

4,472

1,447

5,205

880

41,310

70

1,636

35,700

Oats,

Bushels.

8,340

3,356

6,565

14,750

22,073

262

90,892

52,245

22,171

18,090

50,264

16,144

537

33,284

Wheat.

Bushels.

14,550

13,989

7,706

9,918

106,632

1,041

164,627

70,528

36,329

16,130

1,780

125,685

29,174

6,672

124,929

Hay.

Tons.

1,051

917

1,068

2,892

13,017

44

4,212

1,765

4,285

3,759

15,471
3,184
2,074

11,751

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

3,847
26,297

3,686

6,215
130,849

1,062
23,130
11,196
10,100
13,967
450
75,299
14,156

1,627
84,616

Tobacco.

Pounds.

VEKMONT.

The State

Addison ,

Bennington
Caledonia . .
Chittenden .

Essex

Franklin

Grand Isle . .

Lamoille

Orange

Orleans

Rutland

Washington
Windham . .
Windsor

2,014,271

162,964
134,720

70,125

198,977

8,547

145,214

44,038

66,615
198,980

49,032
270,692
137,133
199,576
357,658

3,742,282

452,882
199,934
284,369
318,192
92,697
360,615
120,758
175,826
282,824
325,425
326,051
336,065
149,668
316,976

337,257

46,549
2,604
38,880
21,313
10,845
29,129
11,851
13,355
35,417
47,556
12,858
36,079
3,556
27,265

1,051,183

106,084
48,625
74,689
81,875
20,831

105,338
13,107
45,314
85,155
81,863

101,628
87,753
79,872

119,049

4,438,172

323,565
237,980
324,273
310,547
166,521
289,367
33,967
232,944
390,006
542,309
576,147
342,820
271,243
396,483

131,432

440
303

886

393

1,025

760

206

127,219

200

VIRGINIA.

The State

29,119,761

5,333,181

7,826,174

287,255

19,595

2,016,766

79,988,868

Accomac

508,339
714,715
35,017
95,011
176,685
404,630
149,487

38,334
139,451

2,767

34,981

74,598

112,661

50,438

17,219
186,093
5,084
28,832
51,919
94,940
37,974

1,584
8,741
1,329
1,210

697
1,953

682

217,574

23,272

11,688

2,758

3,085

17,615

8,631

Albemarle

2,466,972

Alexandria

Alleghany

6,862

Amelia

1,726,317

3,111,801

Appomattox

1,965,937

\

COMPARATIVE INCOME PER ACRE

OF

TI

States

and

Territories.

Com.

Wheat.

Oats.

Rye.

1 New Hampsl

824.21 K^ ,.{_

Col.

Nev.

. r

Col.

Mass.

Vt.

$13.'

*"""- — { N.H.

17.34)

1

/A

2 Maine

28 70)^ ,.-

13. (

3 Massachusett

s 28.00 }-"\

_,.-•'{ R.I.

-{ Vt.

21.42k ^^C ,»* A

12.-

4 Rhode Island 27.20}"

M.st^y / *j^X

N.H.

16.36 \\,**'

Ore.
Tex.

12.;

5 Vermont

24.49}--" "

\ ..<{ Col.

• X 1 Nev.
x '

^ 7i Me-

20.16}'' ^^s/ ^

20.13"}'' V\ ^^J

' / ». u

19.88>S. / \ ,/{

Mass.

Vt.

15.34 }-\ ^^

15.22 y^\

12. (

6 Connecticut

24.30)*^^

* 1 f~

Conn.

11. <

^N»H^

7 Colorado

21.25 y ^"x.

Cal.
R.I.

Conn.

14.96 }f \
14.21 K\ v^V

Me.

11.!

8 California

20.82k { Conn.
' \ i ,

19-75)~~VC^V / ^

9 New Jersey

18.20 O- / j\ ThoTi

r.l4.oh ^*w ^

Y--C

/\ L

\ijr

A 1

■Jh<

R.I.

La.
111.

9.!

10 Pennsylvanif

i8.09|v.^ r>sv

-^■--x °re-

14.85}. X{

Me.

A 1

8.!

^s^*^***"

11 Oregon

17 62 V • " " " * ^"^*( '

N.J.

13.04 L/ *• /

8.4

**S^ *

1 1 "••» l

12 NewYork

16.79}-. X *

. / «{ Pa.

14. 26.K»^ / ***{

Ore.

N.Y.

13.04 Y W/

N.H.

8.4

^Ar

13 TheTtrr nri

r'ga) nj|- \

* \ .{ Kan.

\:J Mich.
.1. n

13.65}» ,'^>VV^^ ,r{

13. 44V-'/.. . .^*^T
' /' ■*'. U

N.Y.
Miss.

8.(

14 West Virginia 12.88k
J\ *«i

Pa.

12.24} / »^

7.8

15 Ohio

12.27 ).%\ ,.i«'

•:." / '<{ Cal.

13.00/ \ y ~{

Mich.
O.

Tex.
111.

12.1l\ /N^J

11.86 kV /
11.63 }'«^[ /
9.75/ \'« /

-■* 1 1 •

V' A

* i"C r-
t / ^s

* #/ v_

*/ ^1

* v W
*• 1 ./^ wl

% J/i

1 \/ ./(
'/ \ r

\ T \ r

N.J.

7.E

16 Michigan

12.22} '\ \ I

jk— -{ Md-

\ N.Y.
/ Del.

12.831 ,y 4{_

n.43 }-A^\ / fi

Minn.

1.4

\ y^m —

17 Maryland

11.98! — "T"<\
' * ' \

Pa.

7.C

18 Indiana

11.07^ /♦, \

19 Texas

10.50 }\\/ \:

\ // Neb.

10.85k \ J y^y^i

Del.

9.56 \ \\ ! .

Md.

7.C

20 Kentucky

10.08}w_\/\ / \ ^J4"{ Wis-

1082}**\~A '\ / yL

Ind.

9.50}s\ V>r

Wis.

7.C

21 Wisconsin

10.08 \^r\'\//\ W.Va.

10.80K \ \ ^v<:~- {"

Wis.

9'42 T^X*

Cal.

Ala.

c.e

\ \ \ ^r

22 Illinois

lo.ook/ \ »/ \//^# u.s.

10.56 \ ' '"V'V. ''. 1

U.S.

■K3f \\

6.4

23 Nevada

9.96j/\XV^

nC \.<| Minn.

f\i °

<S \ Ind-

9 88f /\j \ V-{

Minn.

La.

Ia.

Kan.
Neb.

9.27}»'/ \ \/

* \ " )r

9.03 }.' \ A

8 87 )» yy

8.27}-"\-/-A""

8.00}v/\/ V*'

/vj>*' *\y

W.Va.

6.4

21 United States (ai

ge) 9-63 y

Ind.

6.4

25 Missouri

9.62 V: AY

Fla.
Kan.
Ga.

6.3

/ X \* *\

26 Kansas

9 -54^ V /\

\\/N in.

St V

f45y •• V-' v-

9.20/\ /.»'"\ / \N

6.2

/ ^^ *

27 Louisiana

9-8H / /X

6.2

28 Arkansas

9.27}^/ y

/ yS( mo.

9.04}'*Jf \ / \
8.89 }>/\ \ /C

Md.

7.88 j/ }& X*

Mo.

6.1

29 Delaware

9-00//V

Fla.

Ark.

7.74^* / /^|

Mich.
Ark.

6.1

30 Minnesota

S <UU"' / \\ •

8.50}' ^^Okf^i

5.7

^ / \v*

/.X7 / 1

-•■■VvC

/ X

31 Tennessee

8.80\/ V'V

X Ky.

731K \ ''yryi.

Mo.

7.17 Yl/ j

Neb.

5.6

32 Nebraska

8.64/ \/ V

\ A N.C.

6.90\ \ y/i/ \y{

Miss.

6.9o// / /

O.

5.4

X #* \

33 Mississippi

8-50^/ X \

/V'{ sc-

1 / \ Ark.

6 76>\Xx/\
6.28^ \''j^% ^

W.Va.

6.24/ / /

Ky.

S.C.
Ia.

N.C.

5.3

•V.. v \

34 Virginia

8.40}r* /"X^/*

s.c.

Ala.

6.17 }-/--/■-■-;
6.04 / /.'**'

5.1

35 Iowa

7.78}'' y^ <

X A Ga.

6,12^>^A 5><^-

5.1

36 North Carolina 1.£l\S

^O^X Miss.

v*

600 ^S^^:. ^

Ky.
Ga.

6.03 f"*/
5.04)^

5.0

'

^^« •• ."T[

37 Alabama

7.36) i—^ \— Ala.

'' / »\

5.98 j-^r ,\^'V{

Va.

4.8

38 Florida

6.97}.../..y/_ \\[ Tenn.

5.i5yC... \ S

Va.

4.70/ "/

r
c

Del.

4.7

39 South Carolina 5.84]'' _/ \

-r \*C

Tenn.

N.C.

4.52 Y~^-

4.44JT

Tenn.

3.8'

40 Georgia

5.83f

V

RENT PRODUCTS IN ALL THE STATES.

Potatoes.

A ma.

$79.20> ,. 4..IU,

72.60 r""" /( Md.

$21.83 K L Cal.

$19.98 S,

{Nev.

$20.54

1

:,{ r.i.

19.80 ]^\ 'J Ore.

14.40 J-.**.

11.40 Jy \

10 91 Vy \

#»{ Mass.

20.17

2

\ I

,f { Nev.

71.25 ^ .'.-•/{ Mass.

19-60 Jv\ /7 / Del.

■>'— ( Ore.

19.76

3

f *>TMass.

67.20 ^V*" /,{ Col.

19.42 } **^\ S~J~~{ Yt-

t RI.

18.98

4

* w

»^}^— ^""^f

.*

>r.61.60\ \ ,'// Vt.

19.10 y^% V •' /( N.H.

10.11 \\\ / / { Miss.

18.00

5

^{ La.

60.00 \ X \ / \U, Me.

1 \\ V* *' 1

18.90

6

/ * ^£ %

9.18 Ml A

/-« \ ^01.

# *»

/ Ala.

59.40 \ V/y^f/ /! NY.

18.15 )v / \ /\ *<{ Mass.

17.48 Y- Y } \ Md.

8.96 «A\ \

\\\ \ '
8.88 }^\\\ \ /

/ >{ Cal.

18.75

7

V / "

fi Ore.

\ ^^' ^L / "

{ Ala.

18.52

S

La.

17.89

9

IN Me-
/ %

55.08 J^V*' Atf ;>( Conn.

17.17 \ \ / V /' Ky-
k \ ' / * '*'

8.46 K \U A

>4. \\V \

8 33 \'« \\\\ \

( H Col.

55.25 Y\ //•C /( W.Va.
\ 7 ]rx ^^J — ~

16.72 \\ "•/ i*V/ y( Pa.

/ Conn.

16.83

10

\

"•{ Tex.

54.00 l \ XI K At Tin- T«

■■iXx Jfcf^-

832 kY'lil \\ / i. N.J.
'\\VBl \\ / h

16.50

11

^\ Miss.

53.55 \ \ \ XI 1 ,! f\J N.H.

\Jr / / ' Aa

16.52 "^ \ 'v/7 \A Neb.

8.24 \\'\* \\

\//{ Ga

16.20

12

^{N.J.

53.35 }^yf\ / / / pf *{ Nev.

16.48 ) Vv\ ♦, » /r( R.I.

A' \ *■ //

8.16 j\ y.\\

A/ ( Fla

16.00

13

^ Conn.

53.00 }^\ jf [// £ Pa.
~ \_/V >v */ /

15 .33 f, \ \X /// Ind.

7.83 A 1 \\\ 1 j\ \ Md.

15.84

14

A Ga.

52 i6 )^-"*-AK7<y //{ Ky

15 25 Y \ \V///^ Ya
13.80 } V ,' V.//' X Kan

7 80 hYX V\V

7 73 }« XV'/K J

7 47 hvl I

/ \{ Ark.

15.05

15

k /

iU Cal.

48.60 }., Z' \ff ~/^ Ga-

\ Del.

1 1 95

16

ry{ n.h.

47.73 )%/ V\ /' A Mich.
46.20 y\ t\ jU v{ S.C.

13.65 K VI / JT\ /,{ 0.

Tex.

14.63

17

\ vt.

13 41 } *♦♦. \IJl V/iuS

■BV:/ltA. lva_

13.81

18

"i^au 1 JK~\,

/ Ark.

44.34 } \ // \/?**X / Wis.

13.25 \ r?Hi/?Y*. N.Y.

\ •♦JMflP •' V

6 97 KY. V\ W

A **~{^~

13.30

19

/

13.00

20

// N-C.

44.20 \ X? A«; ; Y\ NJ

12.84 }s\ /#T\%». N Conn.

6 .64 Y \f\ yym\ s.c.

/ /

filar

42 50 }V7A //\; /'{Tex

12.75 } JQ^C/W ^ Micb

6.45 -J*"" A-Vw

6 4° V \ W

i\\\ /( Tenn.

13.00

21

/'J

/♦^ Kan .

4i.6o }, X // y / A //4EMI

■■^A/aI -(Ia

VR^"l Mich.

12.83

22

/ ,A Va.

4i.4o V//tW-r,.VrJf""-f Va.

40.89/ All ^l A ..-{ O.

12.32 Y fk \; ^J^ n.j.

6 30 y\ \\ \

\\\tt N.Y.

12.81

23

"TS W.Va.

12.00 y/// / y. \\ / n.c.

y /• / ,*\ Ay

. 6.15>0 \\\

\Vv Kx

12.68

24

\{o-

39.60 \-rjJCK; V \ / Ind.

n.88 //.* / • V VU in

6.05 \ ''"N^

\«\H Pa.

12.54

23

— — — -' !^ « \» /» 1 /

/ ' / *^vY\

<^m

■■ » / *\»\ /\ V /-{ Mo.
^^^^^ » / . »' \ 1 • / x l

11-15 / ' L-T? A VYw.Va.

5.60 X\ \ A

KAtt\ Ind

12.41

25

M N.Y.

v if / * \/ » Z^ y

37.44 7 Vf • .'*» Y '.Al/i HI-
i! * * * <\ Jw X

11.05 Y* 1 > • 1 \M ,

• I > ' 1 s^^^^

1 4 77 lW». X» '.

\ \VH N.C.

12.39

27

\\Pa.

3&.007I1 ! /VyX^V Minn

10.76 >*i7 ,*/ / \ Wis.

4 12 \'' \t>

3.96 ; \«V

AWv Me

11.76

23

\

, >{ Md.

35.10 V/ ,' //•. X Y V Ala.
' 7 >ft \ ' •

34.40 }' j/J /l\\j \\ Tenn.

J I f / * \ *

34.40 W' y/ Y\/N Cal.

* I 1 ' • Y

34.03/ /f 1 J Y\ '{ la.

10.60. }• / »'>Sv....(Tenn.

lAuSWi

\A Ky.

10.37 if*'/ '*"{ Minn.

10.21 11/'/

9.85 / /
/ / J

8.87 K \ V
\ \ •

•
*

V , \\ Vt

11.42

LO

V^filo.

a

*A i

L V{ Mich.

J\V{NH

10.64

32

\ \ 111.

33.12^// f/ / p« y{ Neb.

8.18 7/

^L \\ m.

10.52

C3

*

%
■*

\

\U Del.

32.90 ',// //,*' /'. \ N.C.
/ / » ' * / \

8.08 /,*

7.40 /

86 by Yaggy & West.

\1\W W.Va.

10.08

34

Jr\

*\ \\

\\\ Wis.

30.36 y/ {if / \ Kan.

\\ V Wis.

9.80

35 '

'. \ Ind.
i ^-

29.70 7 .» /
// /

\V\Mo

8.12

36

VI la.

27.44 y : /

27.09 }'/ /
27.00 \ /
24.60/

\V»\ Minn.

6.08

37

■

\ |f

L.'i-, Tenn.

\\V la

5.85

38

\ I Minn.

\H Kan.

5.44

39

\Neb.

M Neb.

5.25

40

ralmM

COMPARATIVE INCOME PER ACRE

OF

T\

States
and

Territories.

Corn.

Wheat.

Oats.

Ry<

1 New Hampsl

824.21 K ..{

Col.

Nev.

. r

Col.

Mass.

Vt.

$13.5

lire $29. oZ ^^

"~^ 1 N.H.

17.34}

(

2 Maine

28 70 k

21.80 ) . V

^^*i^ *>

y A

13. C

3 Massachusett

s 28.00 }-"\

•( R.I.

— . { Vt.

21.42K *"*S<

12.4

1 '*» »*' /'TSCr

20.34 k^>/ y *JT^\

^^W

4 Rhode Island 27.20}"

N.H.

16.36 \ "\^'

Ore.

12. i

^"""i*^

5 Vermont

24.49] — -

\ .^ Col.

-*' \ i Nev.
x '

^ H Me-

20.16 y ,'^>*

Mass.
Vt.

15.34 }-\ ^2*C

15.22 y^x

Tex.
Conn .

12. (

20.13}'' Jr\ ^"**-{_
19.88>s. / \ /{

6 Connecticut

21-30Sv^ ,.«■*

11. <

7 Colorado

21.25}-''" ^

Cal.
R.I.

14.96 \ \
14.59}\..,^^\

Me.

ll.S

n

8 California

20.82k { Conn.
> \ » v

19. 75y> — ^tCSfc

9 New Jersey

18.20 kA » A TheTt

* ^^ r-

f ^v

Conn.

14.21 )r\ Sf

S\J r-

R.I.

La.

111.

9.E

10 Pennsylvania 18.09J«v^ Vs"*

-*jf--\ 0re-

C/*s n-j-

>./**»{ Pa.

14.85 )..%

Me.

IX • 1

8.E

* *»» / r"

11 Oregon

17.62} "^^

N..J.
Ore.
N.Y.

13.04 L / \ /

13.04 )f \1'

12.52} »^\

» »

8 4

11,1 > i .'*... L

14. 26}^^^ / '"'{

12 New-York

16.79}-. X^ *

N.H.

8.4

l- ' ThpTerritnries(a

''sO 1<^KT \

« \ .{ Kan.
%/..{ Mich.
•:."' / '^ Cal.

i^*-{ Md-

'*<{ N.Y.

S;' / Del-

13.65 k /^^^v

\ *

13.44}-'/

13.00/ \ _.«'

N.Y.
Miss.

8.(

11 West Virgini

i 12.88jv \ ;
\ *¥

Pa.

12.24}^ / \

7 £

15 Ohio

12.27 }%\ __,.*■"

H

Mich.
O.
Tex.
111.

12.1l}v T^C
11.86 kV /
11.63 \'\X

r/ \

9.75/ \ » /
/ it *

* /V»j

* 4 ^s

* *i \

N.J.

7.L

16 Michigan

12.22)-'*" \ ;

12.83^ X

11.43 K \ /.f

Minn.

7.4

17 Maryland

11.98} \\

Pa.

7.C

18 Indiana

i V \

11.07 \ ;v >

11.43 }— 4^ \

* * 1

19 Texas

10.50}\; \: \ Ik Neb.
* \ ' \//

10.85}y \

Del.

9.56 ^ % » 1 4

/ * V/ /

Md.

7.C

20 Kentucky

10.08\\/\ / \ __Jb/"{ Wis-

10'82}~\~A .K

Ind.

9.50 k\ y'k/'

Wis.

7.C

21 Wisconsin

10.08 y^""? /\

Y / 1 W.Va.

10.80\ \ A

Wis.

9.42 Hra^s

Jr * t.

Cal.
Ala.

6.C

____ \ \ \ ft?

22 Illinois

lO.OOk^ \ "*;' \/ A^BH|

10.56 V 1 \ V''* 1

■WA »S

6.4

23 Nevada

9.96}/\XV^

P\ \A Minn.
/ \ A

V/' \ Ind.

l0.40}--V--y^A-*---{
\ ' Jr / *\\ *. r

9-90 yyy / ^ \ ,{_

Minn.

La.

Ia.

Kan.

Neb.

9.27}* / \ \/

* \ If

9.03 }>' \ A

\ yf

8.87 k W
8.00 rS./*./ ,V*

W.Va.

6.4

-i United States (av'ge) 9.63 \£

Ind.

6.4

25 Missouri

9.62}^' f\J

9.88/ /\»'

' w

# \ 1

* \

' \^-

i * V
v # \

Fla.
Kan.
Ga.

6.S

26 Kansas

9.54}*" y./\

'\\A Va.

— y •* V*

6.2

/ ^^ *

27 Louisiana

9.37}, / /?Sy>\ I ln-

9.20/*. ,v*'\
V«" \

6.2

28 Arkansas

9.27^*/ y

/ y\S Mo-

9.04 }''f

Md.

7.88 )/ ^T^ )^

Mo.

6.1

29 Delaware

9.oo y\J

8.89 k^ \ \ /C

Fla.
Ark.

7 74}*' / AN

Mich.
Ark.

6.1

_., ,♦ /J\. «'

. * ^"^JV^

' \ * t-
' \ * 1

30 Minnesota

8.94)-- / \\ /
/ x \<

/ \'{ Tex.
S Ky.
\ . A N.C.

8.50}' V^«s,

7.20) / ^/''l

\/v> r

A v
V

b.'l

31 Tennessee

8.80 \/ V V

V.3lKt \ / /j "S

v *♦ '^V \ r

6.90K \ yT • Vi

Mo.

7.17 }yy /

Neb.

5.6

32 Nebraska

8.64/ \/ V

Miss.

6.90 // / /

O

Ky.
S.C.

5.4

X / \

33 Mississippi

8.50k.* V \

XV'{ sc-

\ /\ Ark.

6.76}-\^f %^ J

W.Va.

6.24/ / /

5.3

\r\ 7" '*$■*'"

34 Virginia

8-ioy /^si/

6. 28}^ V» jj^

8.C.
Ala.

6.17 k/../..-

>/ / •'*'

6.04 / A-*

5.1

35 Iowa

7.78}'' / \?»k. /[ Ga.

6'12^s/A

Ia.

5.1

36 North Carolina 1 AlV^ / ^o/^S Miss.

1 / •« '

6.00 r /./j>«

Ky.
Ga.

6.03}*/
5.04 f

N.C.

5.0

37 Alabama

7.36) / j

/ \ — f Ala.
i^[ Tenn.

\

5.98}-^77

^»~~m\\

Va.

4.8

38 Florida

s-n-A.jZ

5.15 WC__

Va.

4.70;- ~j/

V"

r

t

Del.

4.7

39 South Carolina 5.84}'/^

Tenn.
N.C.

4.52 \-~j/----

4.44JT

Tenn.

3.8

40 Georgia

5.83}'

COMPARATIVE INCOME PER ACRE OF THE DlFFERENT PRODUCTS IN ALL THE STATES.

/ Cnl. Slil.lw^
!.{ Ore. 14. JO y . '.
.■• I Dal 11 in I \

Hay.

r»».

$20.54

1

_,.( Maes

20.17

2

-i Ore.

10.70

/ R.I.

18.88

4

{ Miss

18 00

5

{ Col

IS, DO

8

^ Cal.

18.75

7

{ Ala.

18.52

8

La.

17.69

9

A Conn

10.88

10

/ N J

10.50

11

/{ On-

10. zo

12

{ Fla.

10.00

13

>( Md.

15.81

14

\{ Ark.

15.05

15

\ Del.

14,95

10

Tex.

14.03

17

*{ Va.

13.81

18

AGRICULTURE.

00'

The principal vegetable productions of Virginia, in 1880, by counties.
VIRGINIA.— Continued.

Counties.

Augusta

Bath

Bedford

Bland

Botetourt

Brunswick

Buchanan

Buckingham

Campbell

Caroline

Carroll

Charles City

Charlotte

Chesterfield

Clarke

Craig

Culpeper

Cumberland

Dinwiddle

Elizabeth City . .

Essex

Fairfax ,

Fauquier

Floyd

Fluvanna

Franklin

Frederick

Giles

Gloucester

Gooohland

Grayson

Greene

Greensville

Halifax

Hanover

Henrico

Henry

Highland

Isle of Wight . . .

James City

King and Queen
King George . . .
King William . . .

Lancaster

Lee

Loudoun

Louisa

Lunenburg

Indian corn

Bushels.
727,235

90,845
591,627
104,243
282,313
272,208
162,058
269,081
316,606
486,453
241,9J2
119,791
311,579
245,645
363,436

85,376
415,434
148,019
214,160

71,160
312,401
381,702
875,370
226,574
206,094
450,021
444,295
236,291
177,610
207,856
253,802
158,954
145,674
651,766
356,283
301,661
247,582

55,190
228,998

66,774
252,546
296,075
218,184

78,248

628,753

1,113,204

303,863

179,087

Oats.

Bushels.

122,337
20,927

223,827
28,753
92,107
65,619
29,109
73,863

120,034
17,582
74,509
30,400
77,799
79,697
16,738
27,102
41,744
37,673
45,285
5,553
13,602
50,771
60,382

130,370
36,185

180,756
45,572
31,435
20,202
58,443
68,920
22,109
18,525

194,438

86,381

87,303

83,488

11,065

16,447

7,311

10,526

4,586

13,206

2,815

82,805

38,510

59,254

61,701

Wheat.

Bushels.

522,341
26,557

153,308
27,572

105,537
50,874
7,816
57,108
58,987
77,306
24,599
51,043
65,301
57,577

265,549
21,837

106,551
41,317
45,255
18,261
70,230

106,533

263,953
46,268
47,220

104,468

260,412
46,817
30,907
73,728
53,310
40,269
3,493

138,252

101,705
90,365
45,170
23,688
1,547
9,315
34,071
40,437
78,476
25,413
94,812

501,607
72,854
38,124

Hay.

Tons.
23,931
2,894
.6,744
2,673
5,350

277
50

824
1,953

970
7,073

642

919
1,625
4,674
1,512
6,229

540

856

118

384
9,761
8,897
6,821
1,048
3,276
9,499
2,224

525
1,294
8,431
1,189

115

416
1,794
2,832

331

5,042

9

285
86

211
. 751

380

2,329

12,070

1,874

301

Cotton.

Bales.

2,950

2,500

4,100

400
20

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

33,923

6,751

34,172

3,958

12,923

5,229

7,393

5,555

12,032

20,519

20,424

282

8,665

11,916

9,724

2,919

6,728

491

8,463

40,223

8,529

71,755

25,594

11,684

4,707

24,178

29,688

7,142

19,812

6,511

11,515

2,872

5,291

17,940

18,830

36,857

4,995

7,641

33,874

1,159

8,214

4,641

20,099

6,798

15,786

31,150

9,160

3,362

Tobacco.

Pounds.

1,827

5,815

5,315,560

4,164

742,953

1,538,161

2,186

2,136,529

3,927,333

991,437

29,375

3,226,448

523,696

9,555

38,540

2,470

1,814,674

1,540,395

5,015

5,370

6,077

342,250

917,561

3,529,833

705

122,056

13,829

656,624

10,485

382,492

5,075

7,653,842

1,064,735

101,155

2,955,036

567

420

14,711

9,775
63,065

15,286

2,454

1,921,488

1,976,265

670

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of West Virginia and Wisconsin, in 1 880, by counties.

WEST VIKGINIA.— Continued.

Counties.

Hampshire .
Hancock . . .

Hardy

Harrison . . .
Jackson . . .
Jefferson . . .
Kanawha . . .

Lewis

Lincoln

Logan

McDowell . .

Marion

Marshall . . .

Mason

Mercer

Mineral
Monongalia

Monroe

Morgan
Nicholas

Ohio

Pendleton . .
Pleasants . . .
Pocahontas .

Preston

Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph . .

Ritchie

Roane

Summers . . .

Taylor

Tucker

Tyler

Upshur

"Wayne

Webster

Wetzel

Wirt

Wood

Wyoming . .

Indian corn.

Bushels.

287,228
100,806
236,082
455,094
494,287
673,425
549,410
322,727
253,682
292,658

67,776
390,487
659,615
496,717
114,123
131,032
441,587
215,088
114,503
139,506
305,847
143,622
157,527

80,943
245,266
301,552
144,441
128,610
276,743
347,965
149,180
112,782

63,632
279,506
216,099
501,506

81,861
483,483
178,327
432,874

98,321

Oats.

Bushels.

58,783
57,760
17,952
25,870
28,373
17,731
55,835
10,742
19,129
10,463
14,829
46,481

183,463
22,305
42,759
23,120
72,988
55,255
17,577
28,520
90,661
12,212
6,341
32,999

197,395
23,189
40,478
25,873
16,141
18,418
31,075
13,445
15,221
17,937
17,722
38,560
7,266
49,205
16,812
41,276
20,828

Wheat.

Bushels.

102,931

39,486

50,416

113,218

131,988

496,705

86,755

64,892

33,637

9,218

4,353

112,506

236,670

209,345

38,538

47,402

96,916

41,784

123,393

17,433

88,529

44,936

53,059

27,790

65,913

82,522

16,609

25,713

65,074

68,899

33,783

29,963

6,973

79,310

35,499

56,613

5,074

112,110

39,629

181,883

4,345

Hay.

Tons.

5,981
5,129
2,802
11,431
4,879
8,360
2,595
9,479
461
180
21
6,808
7,615
4,091
2,591
3,653
6,517
6,291
1,982
3,232
9,209
3,553
1,431
5,284
9,338
1,233
2,308
9,173
4,501
3,215
3,446
3,442
1,253
3,535
8,442
1,150
1,519
3,325
1,915
7,368
654

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

29,927
17,846
12,980
21,262
101,309
31,005
35,522
20,552
12,751

7,308

6,150
23,918
77,974
97,912

6,076
14,827
31,335

7,488
14,367
12,786
61,131
15,154
25,010

9,196
54,372
26,640

8,579
21,370
40,425
21,213
10,404
12,778

7,216
26.397
20,644
25,795

6,827

35,370

26,221

115,840

7,404

Tobacco.

Pounds.
6,787

1,555

10,131

193,146

510

186,713

8,445

128,417

7,813

5,342

5,250

4,713

25,685

150,813

1,826

11,330

70,590

515

15,610

1,741

14,562

4,095

5,255

193,864

10,795

5,738

138,461

11,967

120,015

1,608

2,061

147,698

7,300

70,559

2,751

136,781

74,078

72,062

7,502

WISCONSIN.

The State

34,230,579

32,905,320

24,884,689

1,896,969

8,509,161

10,608,423

218,785

131,223

75,813

13,372

56,012

9,685

Yield of Corn per Acre, 1870

Bushels

!

C

i

! 10 12 14 1

6 1

8 S

0 33 2

4 2

5 2

8 3

3 32 I

4 3

5 i

8 4

0 4

-

Florida |

Georgia

S.Carolina i

Texas i

N.Carolina i

Alabama

Louisiana i

Mississippi i

Virginia

Arkansas i

Delaware i

Colorado i

Tennessee i

Oregon

Maiyland i

Kentucky i

W.Virginia i

Nevada

California i

Kansas i

Maine i

■ —

Rhode Island i

Indiana i

New Jersey |

New York \

Pennsylvania)

Connecticut i

Massachusetts!

Wisconsin i

Minnesota i

Ohio i

Michigan i

Illinois

Missouri i

Vermont

N.Hampshire

*

Nebraska i

Iowa |

Product of Corn per Capita in 1879

Bushels

Li

> 1

5 %

0 35 !

0 c

I
5 4

3 4

5 E

0 ;

5 6

3 e

5 7

0 1

i
5 80 £

5 il

i
0 i

5 H

K)l

)51

L01'

:,1

!01

SI

301:

151

0 1

5 ii

oil

511

Oil

5

Nevada

Oregon

it

Massachusetts

r|l

Rhode Island

U|

Maine

h!

Colorado

il

California

»

Connecticut

HB

N.Hampshire

w

New York

1

■

Vermont

New Jersey

Louisiana

Pennsylvania

S.Carolina

Florida

Georgia

Maryland

Texas

Mississippi

Minnesota

Virginia

Michigan

N. Carolina

Alabama

W.Virginia

Wisconsin

1

Delaware

Arkansas

Ohio

Tennessee

Kentucky

!

Indiana

1

Missouri

Illinois

I

Kansas

II

Nebraska

Iowa

1

CO

CO

eg

CO

£

CO

8

OJ

CO

CO

©

CO

ot

3

t:

10

9 s

-^ s

pH «

<^> OS

PM 2

P s
2 -

p- „

O s

H 21

pq co

00 rt

QO rH

ft S

^H OS

OS ,

QO

1-H o

5z; *>

5

p* «

© cs

©

1

Ci ftj

Ci *5

a «o

a *o

Ci «5

Ci o?

Ci U5

Ci *3

CS «0

*>. qo

i* ao

*>. ao

** ao

b. ao

i^ ao

i>» Co

i>. ao

?>. ao

p

ao ao

ao ao

ao ao

ao ao

ao ao

ao ao

ao a©

ao ao

ao ao

Hi

*i n

*1 *H

*l *i

>H *H

N *s

*i *s

*l H

*"i N

*H >i

oS

'

H

d

o3

CO

"So

CO

j3

Si

CO

03

CO

3j

o
*3b

>

CO

<0
cS

CO

c3
-^
CO

Ph

ft

Ch

d

03

e3
CO

CO

d

«!

ft
ft

"O

3

d

o

d

a

d

o3

PQ

o

o

CO

3

T3

■—

<0

p
CO

.d

CO

pq

.1

°CO

CO

8

CO

o3

"So

H

>>

<v

CO

0)

i-s

©

'3

cS

Ph

3
o

3

03

3

,d

3
o

co

—
o

CO

o

d

93

0>

o

o

of

3

d

63

H

o

Ph

S3

3

<

a

O
Q

«H

o

(1)
o

Pk

o
-p
o

•§

o
h

•iH
>>
J-1

C3
>

o
o
P

«o
cs

SO

o

oo
in

o

lO

o?

o

LO

oo

o

o
oo

CO

co

CO
CO

o*

CO

©

CO

00
Ci

to

Ci
C!

c*
CI

©

CJ

oo

T-H

to

TH
r-t
0J

T-l

o

T-l

00

«©
■*

So

CI -

CO

,_,

CO

o

oo

o .

'

O}

CO

o?

t-

05

O .

i^l't'

90O. '

My

(05

LO

(05

-*

(0?

CO

OJ

o>

05

/•'</ .

ll 1)1.1

>ay

,_,

CI

O

CI

35

tH

GO

1

rt

t-

O

i-H

LO

T-<

■*

1-1

CO

T"'

r-l

,_,

1-1

■

o

lH

CJ

—

-

—

30 o

«*k

T3 IB
>> Pi

r—

oo

^ o

.S'S

>»»

cm

r—

oo

■73 a>

—i o

■pH Jh
>» P.

CO

oo

>— i o

0 -rH

•-I Jh
>» P.

oo

<r> -r1
>> P.

oo

H O

(D .H

•iH in

>» p.

CO
r—
oo

t3 <r>

r-i o

>>P(
oo

2 S

.2 |
>> p.

oo
oo

2 8
.2 'g
>> p<

r—
oo

X O

>> »

oo

OO

2 §

.2 H

oo
oo

-rt <1)
^5 O

0) »H

•rH Jh

t>» p.

CM

oo
oo

AGRICULTURE.

G71

The principal vegetable productions of Wisconsin, in 1880, by counties.
WISCONSIN.— Continued.

Counties.

Barron

Bayfield

Brown

Buffalo

Burnett

Calumet

Chippewa . . .

Clarke

Columbia . . .

Crawford

Dane

Dodge

Door

Douglas

Dunn

Eau Claire . . .
Fond du Lac

Grant

Green

Green Lake. .

Iowa

Jackson

Jefferson .

Juneau

Kenosha

Kewaunee

La Crosse

La Fayette . .

Langlade

Lincoln

Manitowoc . . .
Marathon

Marinette

Marquette
Milwaukee . . .

Monroe

Oconto

Outagamie . . .

Ozaukee

Pepin

Pierce

Polk

Portage

Price

Racine

Richland

Rock

Saint Croix. .,

Indian corn

Bushels.
18,956

74,994

296,862

6,613

161,781

141,529

70,751

1,242,248

569,150

2,983,259

1,116,628

10,527

197

317,584

257,114

732,372

3,408,034

2,187,550

506,814

1,673,760

260,428

992,446

329,789

626,128

2,285

379,578

2,505,277

1,030

570

21,433

18,647

5,580

336,845

232,094

413,908

24,758

342,766

112,263

158,013

313,104

45,869

278,743

554,377

873,042

2,555,704

186,021

Oats.

Bushels.
165,747

353,048

530,295

21,035

315,069

488,902

146,503

869,695

374,364

2,295,708

1,162,617

126,834

1,026

581,632

497,429

1,100,048

1,850,707

1,348,942

319,656

1,329,712

410,919

625,079

399,888

615,954

240,605

431,376

1,721,316

5,575

12,980

700,664

187,179

26,989

131,094

497,408

569,489

62,547

503,593

409,042

135,541

404,455

188,570

225,614

352

718,942

362,987

1,768,454

728,556

Wheat.

Bushels.

107,688

65

319,915

775,887

33,888
483,318
337,839

56,987
751,111
335:279
883,870
1,895,433
194,299
641
451,887
556,955
1,366,263
480,706
192,983
455,990
432,545
308,969
554,825
162.450

79,145
370,214
493,240
132.616
245
3,978
803,258

79,464

17,435
112,240
190,292
526,896

58,843

550,455

406,860

184,396

793,103

288,331

204,778

502

210,434

, 522,572

340,978

1,372,511

Hay.

Tons.

5,931

195

19,133

16,641

5,144
17,169
10,696
19,143
71,991
20,189
108,470
93,076

5,888
498
22,213
15,449
85,240
62,951
67,252
34,087
54,267
17,572
71,344
24,882
45,913

8,990

25,104

55,122

281

710

33,058

8,930

2,193
26,030
39,076
38,742

5,782
23,515
23,381

8,370
22,147
10,936
13,470
30
52,017
31,328
71,155
18,986

Cotton.

Bales.

Irish
potatoes.

Bushels.

42,142

1,740

161,344

120,298

14,787

79,713
108,449

99,074
197,444
139,714
287,679
297,427

77,471

4,434

119,136

75,194
274,828
320,275
142,103

91,761
163,509

64,955
192,039
181,728

88,530

83,366
115,696
176,487

10,834

13,319
181,647
121,756

49,482

88,558
380,996
158,418

90,311
209,618
149,814

47,313
131,498

66,767
213,570
1,707
170,650
120,705
253,288
144,126

Tobacco.

Pounds.
3,565

1,728

1,393

359

225

4,002

2.575

2,630

14,645

5,371,242

6,440

3,183

1,135

441

34,356
117,571
2,249
3,127
1,904
262,501
4,734

2,096

800

13,800

480

344

2,984

836

2,612

1,872
1,524

868

2,878
752

3,694
692

11,814

4,643,870

742

672

AGRICULTURE.

The principal vegetable productions of Wisconsin and Wyoming Territory, in 1880,

by counties.

WISCONSIN.— Continued.

Counties.

Sauk

Shawano

Sheboygan . .

Taylor

Trempealeau

Vernon

Walworth . . .
Washington .
Waukesha . . .
Waupaca
Waushara . . .
Winnebago . .
Wood

Indian corn. Oats.

Bushels.

963,060

60,342

336,612

1,095

442,092

707,536

1,571,987

438,785

814,988

300,122

403,478

580,834

43,442

Bushels.

943,246

144,924

678,440

5,004

671,173

829,947

1,018,578

574,344

810,989

272,947

248,959

556,825

54,284

Wheat.

Bushels.
620,522
162,561
610,628
1,077
814,256
657,708
335,228
929,114
711,839
252,925
174,009
814,523
11,906

Hay.

Cotton.

Tons.

Bales.

49,523

6,093

47,392

934

35,348

34,761

78,769

32,779

63,388

26,898

25,927

57,549

9,543

Irish

potatoes.

Bushels.
292,318

67,902
196,671

21,407

92,848
149,882
166,574
188,878
334,239
250,307
117,569
192,098

56,756

Tobacco.

Pounds.

.2,316

819

455

875

4,847

35,170

9,360

447

2,000

5,290

1,096

2,271

1,135

WYOMING TEKEITOEY.

The Territory

22,512

4,674

23,413

30,986

525

6,090
2,445
99
2,166
9,514
1,183
1,916

1,910

1,717

915

3,590

12,937

9,372

545

Crook

Johnson

2,205

17,697

2,085

4,674

AGRICULTURE.

Live Stock of the United States by the several states and territories.

673

States and Territories.

The United States.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana . ,

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Horses.

Number.
10,357,488

113,950

6,798

146,333

237,710

42,257

44,940

41,670

21,933

1,027

22,636

98,520

24,300

,023,082

581,444

792,322

430,907

372,648

104,428

87,848

117,796

59,629

378,778

257,282

112,309

667,776

35,114

204,864

32,087

46,773

86,940

14,547

610,358

133,686

736,478

124,107

533,587

9,661

60,660

266,119

805,606

38,131

75,215

218,838

45.848

126,143

352,428

11,975

Mules and
asses.

Number.
1,812,808

121,081

891

87,082

28,343

2,581

539

2,703

3,931

68

9,606

132,078

610

123,278

51,780

44,424

64,869

116,153

76,674

298

12,561

243

5,083

9,019

129,778

192,027

858

19,999

1,258

87

9,267

9,063

5,072

81,871

19,481

2,804

22,914

46

67,005

173,498

132,447

2,898

283

33,598

626

6,226

7,136

671

Milch
cows.

Number.
12,443,120

271,443

9,156

249,407

210,078

28,770
116,319

40,572

27,284
1,292

42,174
315,073

12,838
865,913
494,944
854,187
418,333
301,882
146,454
150,845
122,907
150,435
384,578
275,545
268,178
661,405

11,308
161,187

13,319

90,564
152,078

12,955

1,437,855

232,133

767,043

59,549
854,156

21,460
139,881
303,900
606,176

32,768
217,033
243,061

27,622

156,956

478,374

3,730

Other
cattle.

Number.
22,488,550

Number.
35,192,074

404,213

34,843

433,392

451,941

315,989

92,149

88,825

20,450

271

409,055

544,812

71,292

1,515,063

864,846

1,755,343

1,015,935

505,746

282,418

140,527

117,387

96,045

466,660

347,161

387,452

1,410,507

160,143

590,129

158,137

112,689

69,786

137,314

862,233

375,105

1,084,917

352,561

861,019

10,601

199,321

452,462

3,387,927

58,680

167,204

388,414

103,111

288,845

622,005

273,625

Sheep, a

347,538
76,524

246,757
4,152,349

746,443
59,431
30,244
21,967

56,681

527,589

27,326

1,037,073

1,100,511

455,359

499,671

1,000,269

135,631

565,918

171,184

67,979

2,189,389

267,598

287,694

1,411,298

184,277

199,453

133,695

211,825

117,020

2,088,831

1,715,180

461,638

4,902,486

1,083,162

1,776,598

17,211

118,889

672,789

2,411,633

233,121

439,870

497,289

292,883

674,769

1,336,807

140,225

Swine.

Number,
47,681,700

1,252,462

3,819

1,565,098

603,550

7,656

63,699

63,394

48,186

1,132

287,051

1,471,003

14,178

5,170,266

3,186,413

6,034,316

1,787,969

2,225,225

633,489

74,369

335,408

80,123

964,071

381,415

1,151,818

4,553,123

10,278

1,241,724

9,080

53,437

219,069

7,857

751,907

1,453,541

3,141,333

156,222

1,187,968

14,121

628,198

2,160,495

1,950,371

17,198

76,384

956,451

46,828

510,613

1,128,825

567

Butter.

Pounds.
777,250,287

7,997,719

81,817

7,790,013

14,084,405

860,379

8,198,995

2,000,955

1,876,275

20,920

353,156

7,424,485

310,644

53,657,943

37,377,797

55,481,958

21,671,762

18,211,904

916,089

14,103,966

7,485,871

9,655,587

38,821,890

19,161,385

7,454,657

28,572,124

403,738

9,725,198

335,188

7,247,272

9,513,835

44,827

111,922,423

7,212,507

67,634,263

2,443,725

79,336,012

1,007,103

3,196,851

17,886,369

13,899,320

1,052,903

25,240,826

11,470,923

1,356,103

9,309,517

33,353,045

105,643

a Number of sheep on ranches or public lands, as computed by special agent, 7,000,000, making the aggregate of
sheep, exclusive of spring lambs, 42,192,074.

674

AGRICULTURE.

Table showing the average yield per acre and the price per bushel, pound, or ton, of

farm products for the year 1 883.

Corn.

Wheat.

Oats.

Bye.

Barley.

States and Territories.

CO

A

CO

a

U

ft<D

o &

E-8

A

CO

a

m

U
© *

ft a>

O SO

E*

CO
CD

n

n

cd .3

O CO

CO
CD

a

n

t-.

© •
Pi <D

O Cfi

E*

CO

A

CO

a
PQ

P.QJ
O CO

Maine

35.0
36.0
31.0
35.0
32.0
30.0
23.0
28.0
27.0
18.0
23.5
14.0
11.5
8.0
8.7
8.5
11.5
13.5
14.2
17.5
17.5
20.0
24.3
24.0
26.1
23.5
27.0
25.0
21.0
20.8
24.3
27.5
36.7

24.5
23.5
24.9
25.0
20.0
18.2
20.0
20.0
20.0
21.0
23.0

$0 82
82
79
80
85
81
73
65
67
50
51
60
65
73
67
82
64
63
66
60
53
44
53
42
47
52
41
40
48
43
32
35
26
24
85
75
40
85
86
45
90
90
83
88
90

14.2

15.8

16.4

16.7 ,

15.3'

15.8

10.3

13.4

13.2

10.3

12.1

9.0

5.9

5.2

5.1

$1 40
1 38
1 24
1 45
1 40
1 25
1 11
1 10
1 08
1 11
1 06
1 05
1 17
1 30
1 20

31.5

34.8
34.6
31.3
30.4
29.6
31.3
32.6
30.6
23.9
20.2
10.0
8.7
9.8
9.0
9.8
10.6
11.5
13.9
22.8
14.4
11.9
15.6
16.3
33.9
34.6
29.7
36.1
30.4
33.1
34.1
28.7
39.4
40.0
25.8
24.6
28.9
29.3
25.0
42.9
37.4
37.6
17.0
22.7
39.7
30.0

$0 45
47
44
49
48
48
40
40
40
40
39
47
51
63
56
79
57
60
65
51
50
38
40
37
35
35
32
27
31
28
26
25
21
20
58
53
60
60
62
28
57
58
60
57
55
60

12.5

9.1

13.8

15.9

11.5

14.6

11.2

10.1

10.1

7.9

11.3

6.4

6.1

4.1

5.4

4.9

5.4

6.0

6.3

11.5

6.1

5.3

8.6

7.8

9.0

9.9

9.9

15.7

14.0

14.8

11.9

11.2

17.0

16.0

7.0

14.5

$0 95
93
90
82
83
82
72
75
70
60
62
75
82
1 25
1 16
1 30
1 20
1 30
1 35
1 05
95
73
75
68
60
62
65
54
50
50
43
55
37
35
95
85

23.0
20.4
24.8
23.9
26.3
22.9
24.2
16.9
21.0

$0 80

New Hampshire

Vermont

81

77

Massachusetts

82

Rhode Island

83

Connecticut

75

New York

75

New Jersey

76

Pennsylvania

73

Delaware

Maryland

26.4
15.4
10.1
14.9
13.8

75

Virginia

80

North Carolina

80

South Carolina

90

1 00

Florida

Alabama

5.2
5.0

1 15

1 20

10.6

1 00

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

8.5
6.1
5.6
10.0
7.7
10.0
14.0
10.4
10.0
12.3
13.0
11.3
10.1
17.5
15.5
13.0
16.5
18.3
21.0
14.0
16.0
15.3
16.3
15.0
19.0
18.7
15.2

1 00
1 03

92

1 08
95
99
96
95
92
88
80
80
88
78
70

1 00
90

1 10
96

1 05
72
90
92

1 05
92
85
98

17.0

75

Arkansas

Tennessee

14.6
20.9
22.1
16.0
21.0
21.6
20.1
24.1
22.9
21.9
22.3
18.5
22.1
16.2
26.9
20.6
25.9
18.7
23.5
28.4
25.8
20.4
24.5
32.7

71

West Virginia

80

Kentucky

69

Ohio.

75

Michigan

65

Indiana

55

Illinois

55

Wisconsin

55

Minnesota

47

Iowa

45

Missouri

50

Kansas

40

California

.37
63

Oregon

65

Nevada

80

Colorado

17.4

80

75

Arizona

73

Dakota

21.7
13.1

55
90

40

Idaho

75

Montana

73

New Mexico

80

Utah

10.3
16.6

80
90

67

63

Average for all States . . .

22.7

42

11.6

91

28.1

33

21.1

58

12.1

58.7

AGRICULTURE.

675

Table showing the average yield per acre and the price per bushel, pound, or ton, of
farm products for the year 1883. — Continued.

I Buckwheat.

Potatoes.

Hay.

Tobacco.

Cotton.

States and Territories.

CD

a

m

M

(li-
ft CD
CD-d

P

m

CD
CO

CD-H
ft 0>

-, CO

2*

CO

o
H

1 r-*

CD
ft -

cd d
O o

CD

a
o

U

<d a
.8 5

M ft

Plh

CO CD

"ft

16.7

16.3

17.6

11.2

9.6

8.1

8.1

7.0

9.8

15.2

11.1

10.0

8.2

$0 '55

62
62
80

85
82
86
90
85
75
80
78
75

116

111

110

120

121

100

96

97

80

70

78

69

65

50

61

88

66

63

75

60

62

63

87

80

99

83

90

92

92

100

98

86

80

82

81

80

95

85

52

103

102

105

70

104

110

100

$0 48
43
42
56
60
53
39
55
45
47
45
60
68
85
86
90
90
85
80
90
72
43
47
43
40
41
33
36
33
27
28
40
52
30
60
70
75
65
80
30
72
70
1 00
72
55
68

1.12
.99
1.19
1.23
1.15
1.10
1.22
1.20
1.20
1.15
1.20
1.18
1.15
1.00
1.20
1.23
1.30
1.35
1.35
1.38
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.38
1.46
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.40
1.50
1.50
1.55
1.55
1.40
.85
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.50
1.30

Dollars

10 50
10 75
9 60
16 40
16 50
15 30
10 50
13 75

10 45
13 00
13 20

11 70
10 77
13 00
13 50

13 00

14 25
14 00
13 25
10 60
10 75
10 00

8 40

9 75
9 50
9 30
8 50
7 25

7 00
4 50
4 50
6 50
3 75
3 50

12 50

12 75

13 25
13 50
13 00

3 75'

8 00

10 50

11 00
3 60

13 00
13 00

Cents.

Cents.

New Hampshire

1,364

13.0

Vermont

Massachusetts

1,435

13.2

Rhode Island

Connecticut

1,176
1,667

13.5
13.0

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

1,258

12.0

Delaware

Maryland •.

778
522
484

6.5

8.0

12.5

Virginia

.147

177
136
123
74
120
192
252
187
218
191

9.0

North Carolina

9.3

South Carolina

9.4

Georgia

9.4

Florida

14.0

Alabama

9.0

Mississippi

9.1

Louisiana

9.2

Texas

8.6

Arkansas .-

478
710
475
743
932

8.7

6.0

10.5

8.6
8.0

8.8

Tennessee

5.5

7.0

9.4

8.3

7.5

8.7

6.8

5.5

5.3

8.0

11.1

9.2

10.3

22.2

16.0

72
80
90
90
86
90
89
75
73
80
75
84
80
90
90

8.7

West Virginia

Kentucky

Ohio

TnHiana

714
556
450

7.5

8.0

11.0

Illinois

Wisconsin

Missouri

684
-415

8.5
12.5

Kansas

c . . . .

Nebraska

1

California

|

Oregon

i ■ ■ ■ ■

Dakota

5.3

90

■{ ""'

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

I....

" Average

8.9

82

91

42

1.32

8 19

707

9.0

165

9.0

676 AGRICULTURE.

Rules governing the inspection of wheat, corn and oats in Chicago.
SPRING WHEAT.

No. i Hard Spring Wheat shall be sound, plump and well cleaned.

No 2 Hard Spring Wheat shall be sound, reasonably clean and of
good milling quality.

No. i Spring Wheat shall be sound, plump and well cleaned.

No. 2 Spring Wheat shall be sound, reasonably clean and of good
milling quality.

No. 3 Spring Wheat shall include all inferior, shrunken or dirty
Spring Wheat, weighing not less than fifty-three pounds to the measured
bushel.

No. 4 Spring Wheat shall include Spring Wheat, clamp, musty, grown,
badly bleached, or for any cause which renders it unfit for No. 3.

Black Sea and Flinty Pfife Wheat shall in no case be inspected higher
than No. 2, and Rice Wheat no higher than No. 4.

CORN.

No. 1 Yellow Corn shall be yellow, sound, dry, plump and well
cleaned.

No. 2 Yellow Corn shall be three-fourths yellow, dry, reasonably clean,
but not plump enough for No. I.

No. 3 Yellow Corn shall be three-fourths yellow, reasonably dry and
reasonably clean, but not sufficiently sound for No. 2.

No. 1 White Corn shall be sound, dry, plump and well cleaned.

No. 2 White Corn shall be seven-eighths white, dry, reasonably clean,
but not plump enough for No. 1.

No. 3 White Corn shall be seven-eighths white, reasonably dry and
reasonably clean, but not sufficiently sound for No. 2„

No. 1 Corn shall be mixed Corn of choice quality, sound, dry and well
cleaned.

No. 2 Corn shall be mixed Corn, dry, reasonably clean, but not good
enough for No. 1.

No. 3 Corn shall be mixed Corn, reasonably dry, and reasonably clean,
but not sufficiently sound for No. 2.

No. 4 Corn shall include all Corn not wet or in heating condition, that
is unfit to grade No. 3.

OATS.

No. 1 White Oats shall be white, sound, clean, and reasonably free
from other grain.

No. 2 White Oats shall be seven-eighths white, sweet, reasonably clean
and reasonably free from other grain.

No. 3 White Oats shall be seven-eighths white, but not sufficiently
sound and clean for No. 2.

MANUFACTURES.

THE METHODS OF COLLECTING INDUSTRIAL

STATISTICS.

From 1850 to 1870, both inclusive, the statistics of manufactures were
collected by the actual enumerators of population, who, in addition to the
family schedule, carried around with them a schedule for the enumeration
of "productive industries," according to the provisions of the law. The
enumeration was, by the terms of the schedule, limited to establishments
producing annually to the value of $500.

In the earlier censuses it was almost a necessity that the regular
enumerators of population should also conduct the canvass of manufactur-
ing industries on account of the sparseness of settlement and the wide diffu-
sion of petty manufacturing and mechanical establishments. It would
have involved an intolerable expense to require one set of officers to trav-
erse the vast spaces covered by the census for the purpose of obtaining
the statistics of population, while another set of officers went over the
same ground to obtain the statistics of manufactures. Even at the present
time, notwithstanding the increase of productive industry, it would prob-
ably be deemed undesirable to attempt the industrial canvass of the entire
country through a special body of officers, however great might be con-
sidered the advantages of an enumeration by experts and picked men.
But, while this is true, and likely long to remain true, sound judgment
seems to require that the advantages of such an enumeration should be
obtained wherever they can be had at a not inordinate cost, even though
the imperfections of the older method of enumeration should still have to
be endured in regard to other portions of the field. Congress recognized
this principle when it provided by the eighteenth section of the Act of
March 3, 1879, that —

" Whenever he shall deem it expedient, the superintendent of census
may withdraw the schedules of manufacturing and social statistics from the
enumerators of the several subdivisions, and may charge the collection of
these statistics upon experts and special agents to be employed without
respect to locality."

This provision of law placed it in the power .of the census office to

(677)

678

MANUFACTURES.

secure all the advantages of expert enumeration in the case of cities and
large manufacturing towns, and even in the case of a few highly impor-
tant industries spread all over the country, which are by their nature
specially adapted to such a canvass from a central point, while leaving the
productive establishments found in the small villages or scattered through-
out rural districts to be visited by the regular enumerators of population.
Under this duplex system the statistics of the latter class of establish-
ments are still obtained just as 'well, with no greater imperfection and at
no greater cost than formerly ; while, in respect to the larger number of
establishments, predominantly also of a much higher industrial impor-
tance, which are comprised within cities and compact settlements, the
advantages of an enumeration by officers specially appointed on account
of their familiarity with the facts and conditions of each industry are
secured at no extravagant cost. Under the provisions of law recited,
special agents were appointed in 279 cities and towns of the United States.
In the case of all but thirty-one cities, one special agent only was appointed
for each. In the remaining cities assistant special agents were appointed
according to the extent and difficulty of the service required.

INCREASE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, 1 850-1 880.

The growth of the United States in manufacturing industry is one of
the most noteworthy features of the present industrial age. It is not easy
to say which is the best test of that growth; but the application of any
one of the several tests offered by the tables common to the last four
censuses shows our national progress in this direction to have been
remarkable.

Let us first take the figures representing the gross value of products ;
these are as follows:

Yeak.

Gross value of
products.

Gain per

cent in ten

years.

Gain

per cent in

twenty years.

Gain

per cent in

thirty years.

1850

$1,019,109,616*
1,885,861,676
4,232,325,442
5,369,579,191

I860

85.05
124.42

26.87

1870

315.30
184.73

1880

426.89

* This is the true total. The total published is $1,019,106,616.

MANUFACTURES.

679

In comparison of 1870 with 1880, on the one hand, or with i860 on
the other, it should be borne in mind that the figures for 1870 are stated in
a currency which was at a great discount in gold, the average premium
on gold being for the twelve months, June 1, 1869, to May 31, 1870, 25.3
per cent, which is closely equivalent to a discount on currency of 20 per
cent. If, then, we discount the reported values of 1870 by one-fifth, we
shall have as our corrected table the following:

Year.

Gross value

of manufactured

products.

Gain per

cent in ten

years.

Gain per

cent in twenty

years.

Gain per

cent in thirty

years.

1850.

$1,019,109,616
1,885,861,676
3,385,860,354
5,369,579,191

I860

85.05
79.54
58.59

1870

232.24

184.73

1880

426.89

Again, we may inquire what has been the increase in the net value
of manufactured products reported in the four successive censuses taken
for the purposes of this comparison; that is, the value of the products
after deduction of the value of the materials consumed:

Yeab.

Net value

of manufactured

products.

Gain per

cent in ten

years.

Gain per

cent in twenty

years.

Gain per

cent in thirty

years.

1850

*$463,935,296

854,256,584
1,743,898,200
1,972,755,642

I860.'.

84.13

104.14

13.12

1870

275.89
130.93

1880

325.22

*The true total of materials is $555,174,320.

Discounting the figures for 1870 on account of the premium on gold,
as we did with the figures reporting gross product, we should have the
corrected table of the net values of manufactured products as follows:

Year.

Corrected net value

of manufactured

products.

Corrected gjain
per cent in
ten years .

Corrected

gain per cent

in twenty

years.

Corrected

gain per cent

in thirty

years.

1850

$463,935,296

854,256,584

1,395,118,560

1,972,755,642

1860

84.13
63.31
41.40

1870

200.71
130.93

1880

325.22

680

MANUFACTURES.

Again, we may take the figures of capital reported as invested in
manufacturing industries at the successive periods under consideration, as
affording a certain measure of the growth of the country in industrial
power, although there is too much reason to believe that the returns of
capital have always been gravely defective, for reasons which will be ad-
verted to hereafter. Assuming, however, that the liability to omission or
defective statement remained of constant force from 1850 to 1880, we
should have the following progressive results:

Yeab.

Capital
invested in manu-
factures.

Gain per

cent in ten
years.

Gain per

cent in twenty

years.

Gain per

cent in thirty

years.

1850

$533,245,351
1,009,855,715
2,118,208,769
2,790,272,606

1860

89.38

109.75

31.73

1870

297.23
176.30

1880

423 26

Discounting the reported values of 1870, as has been done in preced-
ing cases, we should have the corrected table as follows:

Year.

Corrected amount

of capital invested in

manufactures.

Corrected

gain per

cent in ten

years.

Corrected

gain per

cent in twenty

years.

Corrected

gain per

cent in thirty

years.

1850

$533,245,351
1,009,855,715
1,694,567,015
2,790,272,606

1860

89.38
67.80
64.66

1870

217.70
176.30

1880

423.26

Again, we may take for comparison the amount of manufacturing
wages paid in each of the years 1850, i860, 1870, and 1880:

Yeab.

Amount of

manufacturing

wages paid.

Gain per

cent in ten

years.

Gain per

cent in twenty

years.

Gain per

cent in thirty

years.

1850

$236,759,464
378,878,966
775,584,343
947,953,795

1860

60.03

104.71

22.22

1870

227.58
150.20

1880

300.39

MANUFACTURES.

681

The geographical distribution of our manufacturing industries.

The geographical distribution of manufactures throughout the United
States appears by the following tables, as was to be expected, to be gov-
erned by very different forces from those which control the distribution
of population or of agricultural industry. The following table exhibits
the rank of each state in the several respects of population, number of
farms, aggregate value of farms, aggregate value of farm products,
number of manufacturing establishments, aggregate value of manufact-
uring capital, and aggregate value of manufactured products:

States.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire
New Jersey ....

New York

•North Carolina.

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . .
Wisconsin

&& .

a a.2
a a +3

n »

17
25
24
35
28
37
34
13

4

6
10
20

8
22
27
23

7

9
26
18

5
30
38
31
19

1
15

3
36

2
33
21
12
11
32
14
29
16

AGRICULTURAL RANK.

In number
of farms.

15
19
28
37
32
35
33
13

1

6

7
14

9
25
22
26
27
12
21
18

4
23
38
31
30

3
11

2
34

5

36
20
10

8
29
17
24
16

In aggre-
gate value
of farms.

28
30
11
36
22
34
37
23

3

5

6
12
10
32
26
18
19

7
15
27

8
25
38
29
16

2
20

1
33

4
35
31
14
17
24
13
21

9

In aggre-
gate value
of products

MANUFACTURING RANK.

16

21
15
36
31
35
34
10

1

6

4
17
12
22
29
26
27

8
19
13

7
24
38
32
25

2
18

3
33

5
37
23
14
11
28
20
30

9

In number
of estab-
ishments

In capital.

29

30

33

37

13

13

36

35

16

6

35

24

37

36

20

22

4

5

6

12

11

18

25

29

15

17

30

27

17

16

12

14

5

3

7

8

21

19

31

34

8

11

32

33

38

38

22

15

10

7

1

1

19

26

3

4

34

32

2

2

27

9

28

28

18

23

23

31

24

21

14

20

26

25

9

10

In

valueof
prod'ts

32
36
12
31

7
28
37
22

4
10
19
24
17
25
15
13

3

9
16
35

8
33
38
18

6

1
29

5
34

2
14
30
21
27
23
20
26
11

682

MANUFACTURES.

The following table exhibits the ratio of increase in the population of
each state, from 1870 to 1880, in comparison with the ratio of increase in
certain manufacturing respects:

States.

The United States

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia ....

Wisconsin

Population.

Increase
per cent
in popu-
lation,
1870-1880.

50,155,783

1,262,505

802,525

. 864,694

194,327

622,700

146,608

269,493

1,542,180

3,077,871

1,978,301

1,624,615

996,096

1,648,690

939,946

648,936

934,943

1,783,085

1,636,937

780,773

1,131,597

2,168,380

452,402

62,266

346,991

1,131,116

5,082,871

1,399,750

3,198,062

174,768

4,282,891

276,531

995,577

1,542,359

1,591,749

332,286

1,512,565

618,457

1,315,497

INCREASE FEB CENT IN CERTAIN MANUFACTURING RESPECTS,
1870-1880.

30.08

26.63
65.65
54.34

387.47
15.86
17.27
43.54
30.24
21.18
17.71
36.06

173.35
24.81
29.31
3.51
19.73
22.35
38.24
77.57
36.68
25.97

267.83
46.54
9.01
24.83
15.97
30.65
19.99
92.22
21.61
27.22
41.09
22.55
94.45
0.52
23.46
39.92
24.73

Number of estab-
lishments.

Increase.

0.68

11.40

47.72

133.98

15.50

5.41

89.78

16.78
8.63

53.88

Decrease,

5.39

12.48
6.75

35.36
6.33

5.48

1.15
39.26
19.26

6.16

14.56

27.62

109.40

44.24

4.82

7.41

18.04

4.39

9.11

11.46

16.04

19.19

31.19

18.64

24.89

12.11

3.76

2.82

9.43

Capital invested.

Aggregate value of
gross products.

Increase,

31.73

69.20
65.64
54.16
52.06
26.45
44.44
91.12
48.40
49.05
26.30
51.60
159.14
56.48

25.61
61.21
31.13

29.59

158.51

5.02

124.94

41.88
33.44
40.12
60.26
33.13
44.21
16.64
13.55

107.50
28.84
74.97

" 14.44
46.13
25.25
75.84

Decrease.

37.41

9.66

74.19

Increase.

Decrease.

26.87

4.02
45.95
74.52

399.86
15.29
22.17
18.38
16.81

101.76
36.26
52.67

161.92
38.18
0.18
0.42
39.41
13.94
27.30

229.13

120.05

4.14
50.31
37.63

5.64
29.14
58.94

4.62

6.51
69.77

7.89
79.90

34.97
66.10

7.80
19.80

86.27

2.58
5.12

MANUFACTURES.

683

Individual Industries.

The following table shows the total production of certain specified
manufactures, each of which has a total production of $30,000,000 and
over :

Industry.

No. of

establish-
ments.

Total .

Agricultural implements

Blacksmithing

Boots and shoes, including custom
work and repairing

Bread and other bakery products. . .

Brick and tile

Carpentering

Carriages and wagons

Clothing, men's

Clothing, women's

Cooperage

Cotton goods

Drugs and chemicals

Dyeing and finishing textiles

Flouring and grist-mill products

Foundry and machine-shop pro-
ducts

Furniture*

Iron and steel

Leather, curried

Leather, tanned

Liquors, distilled

Liquors, malt

Lumber, planed

Lumber, sawed

Marble and stone work

Mixed textiles

Paper

Printing and publishing

Saddlery and harness

Sash, doors, and blinds

Ship-building

Silk and silk goods

Slaughtering and meat packing, not
including retail butchering estab-
lishments

Sugar and molasses, refined ,

Tinware, copperware, and sheet-iron
ware

Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and snuff

Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes

Woolen manufactures, all classes-!".

194,539

1,943
28,101

17,972

6,396

5,631

9,184

3,841

6,166

562

3,898

1,005

592

191

24,338

4,958
5,227
1,005
2,319
3,105

844

2,191

1,203

25,708

2,846

470

692
3,467
7,999
1,288
2,188

382

872
49

7,595

477

7,145

2,689

No. of
hands em-
ployed.

2,005,647

39,580
34,526

133,819
22,488
66,355
54,138
45,394

160,813
25,192
25,973

185,472

9,545

16,698

58,407

145,351
59,304

140,978
11,053
23,812
6,502
26,220
15,289

147,956
21,471
43,373
24,422
58,478
21,446
21,898
21,345
31,337

27,297
5,867

26,248

32,756

53,297

161,557

Amount paid
in wages.

$688,361,961

15,359,610
11,126,001

50,995,144

9,411,328

13,443,532

24,582,077

18,988,615

45,940,353

6,661,005

8,992,603

45,614,419

4,157,163

6,474,364

17,422,316

65,982,133

23,695,080

55,476,785

4,845,413

9,204,243

2,663,967

12,198,053

5,890,724

31,845,974

10,238,885

13,316,753

8,525,355

30,531,757

7,997,752

8,540,930

12,713,813

9,146,705

10,508,530
2,875,032

10,722,974

6,419,024

18,464,562

47,389,087

Value of mate-
rials.

$2,654,702,809

31,531,170
14,572,363

114,966,575

42,612,027

9,774,834

51,621,120

30,597,086

131,363,282
19,559,227
18,441,064

113,765,537
24,380,566
13,664,295

441,545,225

103,345,083
35,860,206

191,271,150
59,306,509
85,949,207
27,744,245
56,836,500
24,477,543

146,155,385
12,743,345
37,227,741
33,951,297
32,460,395
19,968,716
20,790,919
19,736,358
22,467,701

267,738,902
144,698,499

25,232,281

34,397,072

29,577,833

164,371,551

Value of product.

$4,101,889,676

68,640,486
43,774,271

196,920,481
65,824,896
32,833,587
94,152,139
64,951,617

209,548,460
32,004,794
33,714,770

210,950,383
38,173,658
32,297,420

505,185,712

214,378,468
77,845,725

296,557,685
71,351,297

113,348,336
41,063,663

101,058,385
36,803,356

233,268,729
31,415,150
63,221,703
55,109,914
90,789,341
38,081,643
36,621,325
36,800,327
41,033,045

303,562,413
155,484,915

48,096,038

52,793,056

63,979,575

267,252,913

* Includes furniture, chairs.

t Includes carpets, other than rag; felt goods; hosiery and knit goods;
wool hats woolen goods and worsted goods.

684 MANUFACTURES.

It will be seen that these thirty-seven selected industries yield a total
production of $4,101,889,676, or about 76.39 per cent of the manufacturing
aggregate of the United States. Twenty-one industries report each $15,-
000,000 to $30,000,000; sixty, $5,000,000 to $15,000,000; one hundred and
eight, $1,000,000 to $5,000,000; one hundred, under $1,000,000. The
study of that distribution is both interesting and instructive ; but it needs
to be borne in mind that the titles in the tables under consideration only
characterize the principal productions of the establishments reported.
Thus, while there may appear a certain number of establishments reported
as manufacturing some highly special article, it does not follow that this
article is only manufactured to that extent; other establishments of a
more miscellaneous character may produce this article in connection with
many others, and those establishments would be properly returned under
some more general term to express the wide variety of their products.
The making of shirts, for instance, is returned as a separate branch of
industry in only 27 states and territories; but, in addition to the domestic
manufacture of this article, there are doubtless in the other states and
territories tailors, manufacturers of clothing, etc., who make shirts for
the general market as a part of their business.

It is, of course, always to be borne in mind that these tables relate
only to the product of distinct establishments. When we say that "bread
and other bakery products " are reported in 45 states and territories, we
do not mean to say that bread is not also made in the remaining two
states or territories in private families, hotels, restaurants, or boarding-
houses, but only that it is not made in distinct establishments of product-
ive industry, such as bakeries.

Some branches of manufacture are reported for every one of the 47
states and territories ; such as blacksmithing, boot and shoemaking, the
manufacture of tinware, copperware, or sheet-iron ware, and saddlery and
harnessmaking. The making or repairing of carriages and the wheel-
wrighting trade appear in 46 states and territories. The making of bread
and other bakery products and the manufacture of furniture are reported
from 45 states and territories. Forty-four states and territories return
foundries and machine-shops.

It is significant of the habits of the people that while the production of
men's clothing in distinct establishments is reported in 43 states and territo-
ries, that of women's clothing is reported for only 25, domestic manufacture
or custom dressmaking taking the place of the shop or factory in supplying
this demand in 22 states or territories. The other industries which are

MANUFACTURES. 685

reported in as many as 43 states and territories are the manufacture of
tobacco or cigars and the manufacture of confectionery. The distinct
manufacture of brooms and brushes is reported from 36 states and terri-
tories, and that of mattresses and spring beds from 35.

The planing of lumber in distinct establishments (not that which is
merely a branch of carpentering) is reported in 42 states and territories.
The industry of printing and publishing is reported in an equal number,
the working of stone or marble in 41, lock and gunsmithing in 40. The
manufacture of mineral and soda-water follows close upon lock and gun-
smithing, being represented in 38 states. The manufacture of malt liquors
is pursued in 40 states or territories. The separate manufacture of coffins
and undertakers' goods is reported from only 38. The manufacture of
looking-glasses and picture frames appears in 32 states or territories; that
of umbrellas and canes in but 19. One marked tendency of our agricult-
ure at the present time is indicated by the return of fertilizers manu-
factured in 31 states or territories, while another notable feature is repre-
sented by the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, as a shop
or factory industry, in not less than 25. The dressing of furs is reported
in 22 states or territories; the making of paving materials in 14; of pro-
fessional and scientific instruments, in 18; of fire-proof safes and vaults, in
14; of matches, in 13; of corsets, in 20; of fire-arms, in 6; of scales and
balances, in 16; of sewing-machines and attachments, in an equal number;
of saws, in 20; of lightning-rods, in 10 (it is curious to note that the light-
ning-rod manufacture, as a separate branch of industry, is reported almost
exclusively from the west, the states reported being Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and AVis-
consin); of needles and pins, in 8; of ink, in 14; of refrigerators, in 15.

So much for the wide territorial diffusion of common industries, many
of them of the petty character. One branch of manufacture, which aggre-
gates less than $2,000,000 worth of product, appears in 28 states or terri-
tories, including Maine, California, and Louisiana; another, in 22 states,
aggregates considerably less than $1,000,000. Of the greater industries,
some are widely spread; others intensely concentrated. The greatest of
all is the flour and grist-mill industry, aggregating a product of $505,185,-
712. Of this about one-half is produced by the six states of New York,
Illinois, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Ohio, and Missouri, while yet not less
than 24 states produce above $4,000,000 each. This industry involves the
consumption of 304,775,737 bushels of wheat and 234,907,220 bushels of
other grain, with an aggregate value of all materials reaching $441,545,225.

686 MANUFACTURES.

The cities producing to the value of $4,000,000 annually are: In New
York, New York City; in Minnesota, Minneapolis; in Missouri, Saint
Louis ; in Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

The next of the great industries is also connected with the supply of
food, viz., slaughtering and meat-packing, which yields an aggregate
product of $303,562,413. The concentration of this interest is startling,
the single state of 'Illinois contributing almost one-third of the whole, the
single city of Chicago producing $85,324,371. Of the other states, New
York follows at a long distance with $43,096,138; Massachusetts, with
$22,951,782; New Jersey, with $20,719,640; Ohio, with $19,231,297;
Indiana, with $15,209,204; Missouri, with $14,628,630.

Among the products of this industry, which is wholly exclusive of the
ordinary retail butchering business, are reckoned 759,142,875 pounds of
beef sold fresh, 192,134,665 pounds of beef salted or canned, 106,692,216
pounds of mutton sold fresh, 506,077,052 pounds of pork sold fresh, 859,-
045,987 pounds of pork salted, 1,122,742,816 pounds of bacon and hams,
501,471,698 pounds of lard.

The cities producing to the value of $3,000,000 each annually are:
In Illinois, Chicago; in New York, New York city, Brooklyn and Buffalo;
in Massachusetts, Cambridge, Boston, and Somerville; in New Jersey,
Jersey City; in Ohio, Cincinnati and Cleveland; in Indiana, Indianapolis;
in Missouri, Saint Louis; in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; in California,
San Francisco; in Wisconsin, Milwaukee; in Connecticut, New Haven;
in Kentucky, Louisville.

Ranking next in order of gross value of product comes the manufact-
ure of iron and steel, with an aggregate of $296,557,685, of which Penn-
sylvania alone produces $145,576,268. Ohio is the next state as an iron
producer, with $34,918,360, or less than one-fourth the product of Penn-
sylvania. New York, with $22,219,219; Illinois, with $20,545,289;
New Jersey, with $10,341,896, and Massachusetts, with $10,288,921, are
the only other states rising above ten millions. There are seven other
states showing a product of between $10,000,000 and $4,000,000, and
six showing between $4,000,000 and $1,000,000. The aggregate value
assigned to the product of the iron and steel manufacture is distributed
among the principal different classes of works as follows:

Blast-furnaces $ 89,315,569

Bloomaries and forges 3,968,074

Iron rolling-mills 136,798,574

Bessemer and open-hearth steel works 55,805,210

Crucible and miscellaneous steel works 10,670,258

Total $296,557,685

MANUFACTURES. 687

Among the products of blast-furnaces are: Anthracite pig iron, 1,112,-
735 tons; bituminous coal and coke pig iron, 1,515,107 tons; mixed
anthracite and coke pig iron, 713,932 tons; cold-blast charcoal pig iron,
79,613 tons; hot-blast charcoal pig iron, 355,405 tons.

Among the products of iron rolling-mills are 663,211 tons of bar iron,
145,626 tons of rod iron, 96,810 tons of structural iron, 128,321 tons of
skelp, 2,630 tons of rolled iron car axles, 21,884 tons of hammered iron
car axles, 466,917 tons of iron rails, 64,469 tons of muck bar, 94,992 tons
of sheet iron, 89,560 tons of boiler-plate iron, and 94,749 tons of other
plate iron, exclusive of nail-plate; 96,843 tons of hoop iron, 48,345 tons of
other rolled iron, and 3,703 tons. of other hammered iron, 252,830 tons of
cut nails, and 82,358 tons of other finished products.

Among the products of Bessemer and open-hearth steel works are
741,475 tons of Bessemer steel rails, valued at $37,408,625.

The chief seats of the blast-furnace industry are: In Pennsylvania,
Allegheny county, Lehigh county, Berks county; in Ohio, Mahoning
county, Lawrence county, Cuyahoga county ; in New York, Essex county,
Dutchess county.

The chief seats of the Bessemer industry are: In Pennsylvania, Pitts-
burgh and Philadelphia; in Illinois, Chicago; in Ohio, Cleveland; in
Massachusetts, Boston.

The elaborate report of Mr. James M. Swank on the iron and steel
industry, which will be found in the present volume, forms a magazine of
useful information, much of it wholly new, and the result of investigations
conducted by Mr. Swank as a special agent of this office.

The saw-mill industry of the United States appears, as has been said,
in every state and every territory. The aggregate product is reported at
$233,268,729. To this the single state of Michigan contributes $52,449,-
928, or nearly 22^ per cent. The great lumber counties of this state
are: Muskegon, $7,686,013; Bay, $5,832,307 ;' Saginaw, $4,758,439; and
Montcalm, $4,046,649.

The lumber industry of Pennsylvania, with a product of $22,457,359,
having its headquarters at Williamsport, comes next on the list. Wis-
consin shows a product of $17,952,347, New York of $14,356,910, Indi-
ana of $14,260,830, and Ohio of $13,864,460.

Among the products of this industry are 18,091,356,000 feet of lum-
ber (board measure), 1,761,788,000 laths, 5,555,046,000 shingles, 1,248,-
226,000 staves, and 146,523,000 sets of headings.

The report of Professor Charles S. Sargent, the special agent appointed

688 MANUFACTURES.

to investigate the forest wealth of the United States, deals with the ques-
tion of lumber supply and the relations of tree-covering to the agricult-
ural interests. Professor Sargent's report, on account of its bulk, forms
the material of a separate volume.

The next largest item on the list is designated " Foundry and machine-
shop products," with an aggregate value of $214,378,468. New York
leads with $44,714,915; Pennsylvania follows with $35,029,673; Massa-
chusetts shows a product of $23,935,604; Ohio, of $18,242,325; Illinois,

of $i3>5I5,79I-

The cities producing to the value of $3,000,000 and upward in the

foundry and machine-shop industry are : In New York, New York City,
Brooklyn, Buffalo, and Troy; in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and Pitts-
burgh ; in Massachusetts, Boston and Worcester ; in Ohio, Cincinnati and
Cleveland ; in Illinois, Chicago, etc.

Cotton goods are reported as produced to the aggregate value of
$210,950,383, silk and silk goods to the value of $41,033,045, woolen
goods to the value of $160,606,721, worsted goods to the value of $^2>^'
549,942, and mixed textiles to the value of $66,221,703; making the
total value of all textile manufactures, exclusive of hosiery and knit goods,
felt goods, and carpets, $512,361,794.

Mr. Edward Atkinson, the special agent for investigating the facts
and conditions of the cotton manufacture, divides the total product of
$210,950,383 into two parts, the larger one, $192,090,110, expressing the
value of specific manufactures of cotton — cotton' goods, in the ordinary
sense of the term — the other, $18,860,273, expressing the value of certain
products not so fully recognized as cotton goods in ordinary speech, the
products of mills which work raw cotton, waste, or cotton yarn into hose
webbing, tapes, fancy fabrics, etc.

The cotton manufacture is almost monopolized by New England, Massa-
chusetts alone producing to the value of $74,780,835. The other New
England states produce in the aggregate about as much more, viz. : Rhode
Island, $24,609,461 ; New Hampshire, $18,226,573; Connecticut, $17,-
050,126; Maine, $13,319,363; Vermont, $915,864. New England is
thus seen to produce 70.59 per cent of all the cotton goods made in the
country.

The other states producing in excess of $2,000,000 each are Georgia,
$6,513,490; Maryland, $4,688,714; New Jersey, $5,039,519; New York,
$9,723,527; North Carolina, $2,554,482; Pennsylvania, $21,640,397;
South Carolina, $2,895,769.

MANUFACTURES. 689

The aggregate weight of the specific cotton products of the country
is given as 607,264,241 pounds, comprised in which are broad goods to
the extent of 2,273,278,025 yards.

The cities producing to the value of $3,000,000 each and upward
annually in the cotton manufacture are : In Massachusetts, Lowell, Fall
River, Lawrence, New Bedford, and Holyoke; in New Hampshire, Man-
chester; in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

The silk manufacture is even more highly localized than the cotton
manufacture. A large amount of valuable information regarding the
history and present condition of this industry will be found in Mr. Wyckoff 's
report, in the present volume.

New Jersey leads in silk production with a total of $17,122,230; New
York comes next with $10,170,140; Connecticut stands third with $5,881,-
000; while Massachusetts and Pennsylvania have, respectively, $3,764,260
and $3,491,840.

Among the products of the silk manufacture are 10,856,284 yards of
broad goods and handkerchiefs, 30,129,951 yards of ribbons and laces,
821,528 pounds of sewing silk and twist, 710,149 pounds of trimmings
and small goods.

The cities producing annually to the value of $1,000,000 and upward
in this industry are: in New York, New York City; in Pennsylvana, Phila-
delphia; in Connecticut, Hartford.

The tables relating to the woolen manufacture, which will be found in
this volume, present a great amount of highly detailed and technical
information regarding this important branch of the national industry.
Four states are found producing above $15,000,000 each, viz.: Massa-
chusetts, $45,099,203; Pennsylvania, $32,341,291; Connecticut, $16,-
892,284; Rhode Island, $15,410,450. New York produces to the value
of $9,874,973; New Hampshire, $8,113,839; Maine, $6,686,073; New
Jersey, $4,984,007; Vermont, $3,217,807.

The variety of products in the woolen manufacture is too great to
justify mention here. The products will be found enumerated and classi-
fied in the extended tables following.

The cities producing annually each $3,000,000 and upward in this
industry are: In Massachusetts, Lawrence and Lowell; in Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia; in Rhode Island, Providence; in New York, New York
City; in New Hampshire, Manchester.

The mixed textile industry is pursued chiefly in Pennsylvania ($20,-

690 MANUFACTURES.

882,764), New York ($13,376,380), and Massachusetts ($13,043,829),
these three states showing more than two-thirds the entire product.

The manufacture of clothing appears, as would have been anticipated,
among the chief forms of the national industry. Notwithstanding
that the figures exclude the domestic production of clothes, and also the
work of the dressmaker, the product reaches the enormous aggregate of
$209,548,460 worth of men's clothing, and $32,004,794 worth of women's
clothing; in all $241,553,254. Only five states produce largely in this
department. New York stands at the.head, with $81,133,611 worth of
men's and $20,314,307 worth of women's clothing; in all, $101,447,918;
Pennsylvania comes next, with $26,799,697 worth of men's and women's
clothing; Ohio, with $21,289,052; Illinois, with $20,942,839; Massa-
chusetts, with $19,922,700. The cities manufacturing annually each to
the value of $4,000,000 and upward are chiefly large commercial cities.
They are as follows: In New York, New York City and Rochester;
in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; in Ohio, Cincinnati; in Illinois, Chicago;
in Massachusetts, Boston; in Maryland, Baltimore; in California, San
Francisco.

The manufacture of boots and shoes is one of the most important at
once of those industries which are prosecuted in large factories, and of
those which are carried on in a vast number of petty shops. The boot
and shoe factories reported number 1,959, employing 111,152 men,
women and children, and producing to the value of $166,050,354. The
materials consumed include 6,831,661 sides of sole leather; 21,147,656
sides of upper leather, and 32,960,614 pounds of other leather.

The products are 30,590,896 pairs of boots and 94,887,615 pairs of
shoes.

The single state of Massachusetts reports 982 of the 1,959 factories in
this industry, and $95,900,510 of the $166,050,354 total product. New
York comes next, with $18,979,259, and the following states produce in
excess of $5,000,000 each: Pennsylvania, $9,590,002; New Hampshire,
$7,230,804; Maine, $5,823,541. California, Connecticut, Illinois, Mary-
land, New Jersey, and Ohio each produce between $2,000,000 and
$5,000,000 worth of boots and shoes in factories.

The cities producing annually to the value of $3,000,000 or upward
are: In Massachusetts — Haverhill, Lynn, Brockton, Marlborough,
Worcester and Weymouth; in New York — New York City and
Rochester; in Pennsylvania — Philadelphia; in California — San Francisco;
in Ohio — Cincinnati.

MANUFACTURES.

69 L

Aside from the factory industry, the manufacture of boots and shoes
is large and widely spread. Deducting the factories, there remain 16,013 *
establishments, employing 22,667 hands, and producing to the value of
$30,870,127.

The leather-tanning industry in the United States includes the prepa-
ration of 11,773,171 hides and 19,936,658 skins, the number of hands
employed being 23,812, and the value of the product being $113,348,336.
Of this, Pennsylvania produces $27,042,068; New York, $23,652,366;
and Massachusetts, $13,556,721. Nine other states produce in excess of
$2,000,000 worth, viz.: Maine, $7,100,967; New Jersey, $6,748,094;
Illinois, $5,402,070; Ohio, $4,357,273; Wisconsin, $4,324,433; Cali-
fornia, $3,738,723; Kentucky, $2,511,960; New Hampshire, $2,315,616;
Michigan, $2,029,653. The cities producing in this industry annually to
the value of $1,000,000 or over are: In Pennsylvania, Allegheny; in
New York, Buffalo and New York City; in Massachusetts, Salem and
Lynn; in New Jersey, Newark; in Illinois, Chicago; in Ohio, Cincinnati;
in Wisconsin, Milwaukee; in California, San Francisco; in Kentucky,
Louisville.

In striking contrast to most of the industries named, in the matter of
geographical distribution, are some of the common trades, which may be
called neighborhood trades. In illustration of the wide diffusion of these
industries, we present the following table, which gives the value of the
carpentering and blacksmithing reported for each state, together with the
product per head of population:

States.

Alabama . . .
Arkansas. . .
California . .
Colorado . . .
Connecticut
Delaware . . .

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana ....

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky . .
Louisiana. .
Maine

CARPENTERING.

BLACKSMITHING.

Aggregate

Product per

Aggregate

Product per

product.

capita.

product.

capita.

$ 337,450

$0 27

$ 224,011

$0 18

199,625

25

210,195

26

3,533,131

4 09

1,908,969

2 21

1,056,400

5 44

287,085

1 48

3,101,452

4 98

730,114

1 17

313,255

2 14

148,663

1 01

88,400

33

56,085

21

814,049

53

472,945

31

5,908,100

1 92

3,020,521

98

2,006,094

1 01

1,940,362

98

2,280,490

1 40

1,551,837

96

1,799,648

1 81

816,156

82

1,525,994

93

1,104,527

67

456,500

49

334,888

36

400,020

62

665,237

1 03

692

MANUFACTURES.

Value of carpentering and blacksmithing. — Continued.

States.

Maryland

Massachusetts . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire
New Jersey ....

New York

North Carolina.

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania. . .
Rhode Island...
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia. .
Wisconsin

CARPENTEBING.

BLACKS!

IITHING.

Aggregate

Product per

Aggregate

Product per

product.

capita.

product.

capita.

$3,626,189

$3 88

$942,077

$1 01

10,973,471

6 15

2,501,006

1 40

1,747,738

1 07

1,539,195

94

1,722,877

2 21

765,807

98

170,316

15

166,291

15

5,027,011

2 32

2,122,068

98

968,402

2 14

393,509

87

13,600

22

200,595

3 2%

855,372

2 47

474,123

1 37

3,995,361

3 53

1,207,951

1 07

19,410,276

3 82

6,253,634

1 23

221,970

16

192,507

14

4,815,589

1 51

3,038,310

95

341,339

1 95

.311,450

1 79

8,125,571

1 90

4,324,460

1 01

2,336,517

8 45

405,727

1 47

326,590

33

192,371

19

642,770

42

698,469

45

661,370

41

727,079

46

158,486

48

522,575

1 57

850,444

56

602,627

40

210,450

34

257,095

42

1,721,507

1 31

1,581,417

1 20

Certain industries, not of the highest yet of very considerable impor-
tance as to aggregate value of product, are noticeable for their rapid exten-
sion at the west. These are furniture, with a product of $77,845,725;
agricultural implements, $68,640,486; carriages and wagons, $64,951,617;
distilled liquors, $41,063,663. In furniture, while the chief manufactur-
ing states, New York ($16,615,017) and Massachusetts ($9,332,455), are
at the east, a number of Western states have attained great success.
Illinois comes next, with $8,042,210; Ohio produces to the value of
$7,686,929; Indiana, $4,542,337; Michigan, $3,793,968; Missouri, $2,830,-
375; California, $1,857,010; Iowa, $1,293,504; Wisconsin, $2,177,173.
The only Eastern states of consequence in this branch of manufacture,
besides New York and Massachusetts, are Maryland, $1,943,143, and
Pennsylvania, $8,025,239. The cities annually producing above $1,000,-
000 each in furniture are: In New York, New York City and Brook-
lyn; in Illinois, Chicago; in Massachusetts, Boston; in Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia; in Ohio, Cincinnati; in Michigan, Grand Rapids; in

MANUFACTURES. G93

Missouri, St. Louis; in California, San Francisco; in Maryland, Bal-
timore.

The manufacture of agricultural implements is still more strictly a
western industry. The first state on the list is Ohio, with a product of
$15,479,825; Illinois follows, with $13,498,575; New York, which is
first in so many branches of production, is here third, with $10,707,766;
Indiana is fourth, with $4,460,408. Of the eight other states which pro-
duce to the value of between $1,000,000 and $4,000,000, six, viz.: Iowa,
Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, lie west of the
Alleghanies. The cities producing each annually $1,000,000 worth or
over are: In Ohio, Springfield and Dayton; in Illinois, Chicago; in
New York, Auburn; in Kentucky, Louisville.

In the manufacture of carriages and wagons, Ohio leads, with a
product of $10,043,404; New York follows, with $8,888,479; Illinois
shows $5,003,053; Pennsylvania has $4,760,723; Wisconsin, $4,350,454;
Massachusetts, $4,048,141; Indiana, $3,998,520; Michigan, $2,741,143;
Connecticut, $2,605,591; Missouri, $2,483,738; Iowa, $2,212,197.
None of the other states report as much as $2,000,000 worth of product.
The cities producing in this industry an annual value of $1,000,000 or
over are: In Ohio, Cincinnati and Columbus; in New York, New York
City; in Illinois, Chicago; in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; in Connecticut,
New Haven; in Missouri, St. Louis.

In the distillation of spirits the great grain-growing states of the west
have an unquestioned supremacy. Illinois produces to the value of
$14,600,760; Kentucky, $8,281,018; Ohio, $6,692,736; Indiana, $2,997,-
063. No other state produces as much as $2,000,000 worth.

In the manufacture of malt liquors, on the other hand, the chief pro-
ducing states are found at the east. New York leads, with $35,392,677;
Pennsylvania follows, with $10,124,348; a Western state (Ohio) is third,
with $9,125,014; and another (Wisconsin) fourth, with $6,312,173.
Illinois shows $5,798,109; Massachusetts, $5,112,227; Missouri, $5,048,-
077; New Jersey, $4,532,733; California, $3,862,431. Seven other
states produce to the value of between $1,000,000 and $3,000,000 each.

The manufacturing centers of the United States.

The growth of cities in the United States has formed a marked feat-
ure of our social and industrial history. The following table shows the
number of cities of 8,000 inhabitants and over at each census, beginning

694

MANUFACTURES.

in 1790, and the aggregate urban population of the country in comparison
with the total population at corresponding periods:

Date.

1790

1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880

Population of

Number of

United States.

cities.

3,929,214

6

5,308,483

6

7,239,881

11

9,633,822

13

12,866,020

26

17,069,453

44

23,191,876

85

31,443,321

141

38,558,371

226

50,155,783

286

Population
of cities.

131,472

210.873

356,920

475,135

864,509

1,453,994

2,897,586

5,072,256

8,071,875

11,318,547

Inhabitants
of cities in
each 100 of

the total
population.

3.3

3.9

4.9

4.9

6.7

8.5

12.5

16.1

20.9

22.5

From this table it appears that, speaking roundly, in 1790 one-
thirtieth of the population of the country was found in cities; in 1800,
one twenty-fifth; in 1810, and again in 1820, one-twentieth; in 1830, one-
fifteenth; in 1840, one-twelfth; in 1850, one-eighth; in i860, one-sixth;
in 1870, one-fifth; and in 1880, two-ninths.

It would be difficult to say in what proportion the growth of the cities
of the country, as a body, has been due to commercial, and in what pro-
portion to industrial forces, even had we official statistics covering our
internal traffic, which we have not ; but no one will hesitate to assent to
the proposition that the growth of the cities of the United States since
1850 has been due in far greater measure to their development as man-
ufacturing centers than to their increased business as centers for the
distribution of commercial products.

Nationality in manufacturing industry.

Grand Class or Occupations.

All occupations

Agriculture

Professional and personal services

Trade and transportation

Manufacturing, mechanical, and mining.

Total.

100
100
100
100
100

Per cent of per-
sons engaged

who are natives

of the United

States.

79.91
89.40
75.52
74.67
68.05

Per cent of per-
sons engaged

who are natives

of all foreign

countries.

20.09
10.60
24.48
25.33
31.95

In the following table we place against the title of each industry
whose aggregate production in the United States reaches $30,000,000
the names of the seven cities in which that production is carried to the
highest point.

MANUFACTURES.

695

? o. o. a- S 5" P i 5 S 2. a HS c

m T3 *r*

W B* rv CD E" . ^ PT

s- & a.

«■+ ® Q

CD

2;

(0

.

■

0
ft

7)

5

3

33 >

ft

■D

ft

s

-

S"

r.

?
a.

f

ft
5?

j— I brj hj htj

3 5 2 &•

B TO

a a

QOOOOtdMCdtdf*

a £

P f f8

5 3 w

3 g

Ef cl ffi 1^

8- P" K' '-'

=0

a-
<b

Co

Cb

■>;
as

a

Cb

a

CB

a

a-

a
§■

Co

■8

Cb

a^

Cb"

a.

>ii z » b a o p
£ 3 o- £ 2 S* a

H) o w
K E 2.

a w ^ z td o

ft to

f1 o PT

pi p^

K *c* O P
&1 n *• TO

« 2 ^ o

T3 a

S hd ►tf tr1 td

CD PL CL |— ! P*
P CD CD ."

T3 ^T1 i"1

>-• ft* cr

S 5! r a £p I

3£

e 3

W s-

tv

M 02 ffi 2 ^ Z

b s e o 3" o

3 B 6 3 £ si

S. «

C* P

— H

pt « pr pt- pt

2 H a 2 S

B* &* CD B^ p1

c c sj &• a

p P p te-

Pj a k ft S

cd CD O CD jcj

% a w* a §

a a

k! &

OI o O ^ Bl
P tj= tr tr- P

o tr C3 o

p g » si

t-l
pi

— CD

M te] DC

HP

o t;

». B-B-cc, a- y f t; f tr

Si ft k! s

2- >Hj £ CD* o O T>

« « tr1 '&'

35 ft ft p, aq

hi O
o P

CD B^ CD CD
CP P-

CD P CD CD

ft << ^

lH,<H20QtHt1!lJgMaO!B|IIO,l)nzaZ>3HjtiJQ^tD!BMZtI)l>
2!^3cds-b-S3poc:3 3B'Pob'B'b-cd|3cdB-m. ob-chpocdoc

O

CD.

Pj e^t

a o

sj g. tr

Kl ft a-

o b-cdb-o E-t?SB-yo ?.P hP cdC-o

f a- b a o a- S fi. c.

HQagt-|i^sa^cdoatdo<lt!jt-,

HE-Hr^oCDjr'B-B'OB'opr-^go

« ft

S 3

ft
b S

ft DT

? « .5 E 9 j

ft

CD C5 r-t- CD ri-

O p p

TO TO B TO

P TO S & ii
O O 8- V! ft4
5 CD B >=.

20Hja:zHtiJir'fltHOtHUOlMaiHOgKitdMH

mrrmPmPHOB'OS'OOB'^'pPCD^-pT.CDoOCD

cnB-GjPdTOe-PPhB'rtPrrncDCDH

CD p* CD P_ a

° i

pr

CC i_. ^ B ™ B

H P PT Q P

^- p --t- CD

p CD
cf ^

5° Q *

ffl M.

W sp 2- a

O ■_.. [j i-..

w s

P s S-

^ S &T p'

r p

a *"

P M n » M M

P a" p.

SOS

8 h pd

o £. 5 £,

SP td gc

p
3

H r W

hop
p S

tei ts ts o

E § &

H TO

P O

cosctagcBzji-doMa!
a. a. a p s. o> — e- p g.

B P O g & -! f g a P
MMEB-wtd&P 3 r-i

v.

w

hrt

O

o

no

B

p
p

-£_

=

p;

p'

H
-

p

CO

3
o

P

p

p

TO
O

r

Ut)tsaifflB2aiBoaia

P P

4 p

^ 9

s p

m P- ft a e- " j !-;• o 03 b* Pr CD ' 3 o p. Jl p c

S E rg ^2

03 ti

CD B P
03 ft ^-!

. ^ H. CD

ft

w

p

«

ft

b- p 5. a

ir o $• jj.

O Jo P ST K .»— •

^ K W W

OJ to o

COCOcOO*kO«-l-J«3*»-Oi

CO M *- OD <1

ODOSbOc^tOeZJOO-aGOOi

o m oo -^ co oo

CO to C7« O CD CO tO

5° **■ i^ w

oscpooowicooc^ac

05OCT}Q00i>f»-a;c^O0"s»— *

SOI—

OO -J tf*. o ^ [vO oo

tO UI h i^.TOOOcOCO

OcDC5-OC!ti+-.CO*'-JOOCIiOCCOi— l tO CO M

oooo^coo^^occ^^•-oa;l+-oo^OG5cooool

O O JO QO M H-^

i-* en "co m co *co w ro

-a © J— 'Comcn-J*'-_

booomciOt-'H-icoocoi-'ao

ro

no

w

if-

9?

00

to o oo

00 H O

^o si
^ a 2
r P 2

696

MANUFACTURES.

WOMEN and CHILDREN in MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.

A comparison of the statistics of 1870 and 1880 shows that the pro-
portion of women and of young children engaged in manufacturing and
mechanical industries has increased during the decade. The same ten-
dency is shown, and that without any occasion for qualification, by a com-
parison directly between the manufacturing statistics of 1880 and those
of 1870:

1870.

1880.

Per cent
of gain.

Males above 16 years . . .
Females above 15 years .
Children and youth

1,615,598
323,770
114,628

2,019,035
531,639
181,921

24.97
64.20

58.71

The tendency to the introduction of women and young children into
mechanical labor varies, of course, very widely as between different
branches of productive industry. The following tables show the strong
contrast between different industries in this respect :

Certain industries employing a large proportion of women and young children.

Industry.

Book-binding and blank-book making. . .

Carpet weaving

Men's clotbing

Women's clothing

Cotton goods

Men's furnishing goods

Hosiery and knit goods,

Millinery and lace goods

Shirts

Silk and silk goods

Straw goods

Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and snuff *.

Umbrellas and canes

Woolen goods

Worsted goods

Total
persons, em-
ployed.

10,612
20,371

160,813
25,192

185,472
11,174
28,885
6,555
25,687
31,337
10,948
32,756
3,608
86,504
18,803

Per cent of

males over

16 years.

48.31
49.60
48.04
10.30
34.57
11.40
26.02
14.81
11.20
29.92
29.94
45.44
41.69
54.31
34.22

Percent of

females
over 15 years.

45.53
42.07
50.37
88.33
49.14
85.60
61.30
80.06
86.37
52.32
68.52
32.90
51.52
33.95
50.38

Percent of

children
and youth.

6.16
8.33
1.59
1.37

16.29
3.00

12.68
5.13
2.43

17.76
1.54

21.66
6.79

11.74

15.40

Certain industries employing a small proportion

of women

and children.

Industry,

Total

persons em-
ployed.

Percent of
males over
16 years.

Percent of

females

over 15 years.

Percent of

children
and youth.

Agricultural implements

39,580
22,488
66,355
45.394

9,545
16,698
58,407
48,729
24,177
12,697

6.502
26,220
11,350
58,478

9,553
26,248

96.80
84.15
88.97
96.11
85.32
76.58
99.71
92.73
73.53
79.15
99.23
99.16
96.26
78.46
90.36
91.07

0.18
9.83
0.40
0.60

11.92

12.21

. 0.07

1.88

3.07

15.74
0.15
0.11
1.54

11.56
2.60
3.25

3.02

Brick and tile

6.02
10.63

3.29

2.76

Dyeing and finishing textiles

11.21

0.22

5.39

23.40

5.11

0.62

0.73

2.20

9.98

7.04

5.68

* Oddly enough, women are not employed in anything like
The respective numbers are: Males, above 16 years, 40,099; females

an equal proportion in the manufacture of cigars.
, above 15 years, 9,108; children, 4,090.

STEAM & WATER PO

The size of {he circle indict
segment indicates steam po

D IN THE UNITED STATES:

tnt of total power used. The blank
tded segment, water power.

1870

Woolen Mills

1880

Woolen Milti

mount of steam and water
tates and Territories.

1880
DISTRIBUTION OF POWER BY INDUSTRIES.

OHIO

MICH.

ILL.

IND.

CONN

MINN.

TENN-

MO-

DEL. OREG. LA. NEB. FLA. COL- UTAH WASH. D-C

® (% (® @ O a -9

DAK- IDA- MONT- N.MEX. WY. NEV. ARIZ.

Copyrighted 1886 by Yaggy & West.

1880

Lumber Mills

1880

Flouring and Grist Mills

STEAM & WATER POT

The size of the circle indica
segment indicates steam pou

1870
Iron and Steel Works

1880

Iron and Steel Works

Showing the cc
power used in

n.c

w VA-

CAL.

EX.

KANS-

MANUFACTURES.

G97

This widely different tendency of the various manufacturing industries,
as to calling into service women and young children, naturally results in
producing very different proportions in the same respects between the
several states and the several cities, according as those industries which
employ many women and children or those which employ few prevail.

The following table shows, for each state which produces to the value
of $20,000,000, the proportions in which the several classes contribute to
the aggregate body of persons employed in manufactures:

State.

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts .

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina .

Ohio

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island. . .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia. .
Wisconsin .....

Total
persons em-
ployed.

Per cent of
males over
lb years.

Per cent of

females

over 15 years.

Per cent of

children
and youth.

43,693

87.68

8.98

3.34

112,915

66.97

25.55

7.48

12,638

81.11

11.28

7.61

24,875

76.13

14.55

9.32

144,727

83.30

10.53

6.17

69,508

89.30

5.20_

5.50

28,372

89.46

5.04

5.50

12,062

92.35

3.25

4.40

37,391

82.77

9.44

7.79

12,167

83.60

10.97

5.43

52,954

66.91

26.02

7.07

74,945

62.31

28.95

8.74

352,255

64.96

30.09

4.95

77,591

88.21

6.17

5.62

21,247

89.13

7.70

3.17

63,995

84.69

8.56

6.75

48,831

60.12

33.14

6.74

126,038

68.86

21.50

9.64

531,533

68.58

25.86

5.56

18,109

70.78

16.23

12.99

183,609

82.90

10.11

6.99

387,072

73,46

18.87

7.67

62,878

58.94'

29.06

12.00

22,445

87.21

5.33

7.46

12,159

95.77

0.96

3.27

17,540

82.31

12.95

4.74

40,184

71.62

15.29

13.09

14,311

90.14

2.42

7.44

57,109

84.50

10.93

4.57

The tendency to variation in the respects under consideration is shown
even more strikingly in the case of single cities. Thus,, in giving the
statistics of Pennsylvania as a whole, we merge Pittsburgh, a city which
has a very low proportion of women and children employed in manufact-
ures, with Philadelphia, a city which has a high proportion.

698

MANUFACTURES.

We give in the table following the proportions in which the several
classes, according to age and sex, contribute to the aggregate number of
persons employed in the manufactures in the fifty principal cities.

Fifty Cities.

New York, N. Y . . .
Philadelphia, Pa . . .

Chicago, 111

Brooklyn, N. Y....

Boston, Mass

St. Louis, Mo. .

Cincinnati, Ohio. . .
Baltimore, Md ....
San Francisco, Cal

Pittsburgh, Pa

Newark, N. J

Jersey City, N. J. .
Cleveland, Ohio
Milwaukee, Wis . . .

Buffalo, N. Y

Providence, R. I . . .

Louisville, Ky

Lowell, Mass

Detroit, Mich

Minneapolis, Minn .
Indianapolis, Ind . .
Worcester, Mass . . .

Lynn, Mass ,

Cambridge, Mass . .

Paterson, N. J

Troy, N. Y

Rochester, N. Y . . .
Lawrence, Mass...
New Haven, Conn .

Albany, N. Y

Richmond, Va

Fall River, Mass...
New Orleans, La..

Syracuse, N. Y

Peoria, 111

Manchester, N. H.

Allegheny, Pa

Holyoke, Mass

Reading, Pa

Wilmington, Del . .
Springfield, Mass . .

Trenton, N. J

Dayton, Ohio

Washington, D. C. .

Hartford, Conn

Toledo, Ohio

Bridgeport, Conn . .
Saint Paul, Minn. .

Salem, Mass

New Bedford, Mass

a .
to at

227,352

185,527

79,414

47,587

59,213

41,825

54,517

56,338

28,442

36,930

30,046

11,138

21,724

20,886

18,021

22,891

17,448

20,039

16,110

5,344

10,000

16,559

12,420

7,543

19,799

22,434

14,607

16,719

15,156

11,785

14.047

17,085

9,504

10,966

4,067

10,838

6,471

9,011

6,695

7,852

7,360

8,902

6,025

7,146

6,300

6,738

7,508

5,230

4,181

5,812

a> o

64.30
60.95
78.62
77.97
67.23
81.24
71.52
60.50
83.19
86.68
73.72
71.49
82.94
76.68
83.42
70.11
77.26
46.00
77.45
87.99
86.71
82.64
71.61
82.26
51.87
46.08
63.61
46.77
65.97
83.40
65.62
48.18
80.66
68.51
88.98
42.74
85.75
49.19
80.85
87.51
66.32
75.16
84.17
76.91
72.59
74.62
72.93
75.14
62.95
67.36

& CD

a u

0) CD
O >

31.58
30.62
15.34
14.75
30.65
11.38
19.23
32.19
12.62

4.55
17.46
21.78
10.52
18.78

9.96
22.39
16.21
47.42
15.08

8.55

8.30
14.98
28.09
15.54
33.21
49.54
27.74
47.30
31.54
12.97
20.45
39.35
13.53
26.18

7.70
53.03

9.49
42.85
10.81

5.84
29.05
12.18

8.51
19.44
21.79
15.14
24.07
20.88
31.31
26.46

o 0

r. CD

4.12
8.43
6.04
7.28
2.12
7.38
9.25
7.31
4.19
8.77
8.82
6.73
6.54
4.54
6.62
7.50
6.53
6.58
7.47
3.46
4.90
2.38
0.30
2.20

14.92
4.38
8.65
5.93
2.49
3.63

13.93

12.47
5.81
5.31
3.32
4.23
4.76
7.96
8.34
6.65
4.63

12.66
7.32
3.65
5.62

10.24
3.00
3.98
5.74
6.18

MANUFACTURES. 699

The manufacturing and mechanical industries may be grouped in respect of the value

of materials into four classes:

I. Those industries in which the subject-matter is of a distinct and
immediate commercial value, but the property does not reside in the
person who treats it. In these cases, still, the value of the subject-matter
treated is not embraced in the return of the materials. A familiar illus-
tration is that of horse-shoeing. It would be the height of absurdity for
the smith, for example, to return the value of unshod horses among his
"materials," and the value of the same, when shod, in his product.

II. Those industries in which the entire value of the subject-matter
is carried into the value of "materials," and appears again in the product,
enhanced by the value of labor, by the charges for the use of capital, for
rent, freight, etc., but in which the value of such subject-matter is small,
compared to the cost of labor. The cabinetmaker takes a few dollars'
worth of woods, coarse or fine, and works up this material into articles
bearing ten times the value.

III. Industries which are otherwise under the same conditions as those
of the second class, but in which the value of the materials approaches, or
even moderately exceeds, the value of the labor employed, and becomes
thus an important element in the final value of the product as reported,
enhancing the apparent production of the industry in a high degree.
Here comes in the great body of the industries known technically as the
" manufactures " of the country, the mill and the factory industries, whose
productions appear oftentimes enormous as compared with those of bodies
of craftsmen more skilled and receiving higher wages, and do so merely
because of the high cost of the materials consumed in the former case.

IV. Industries in which the value of the materials far exceeds all the
other elements in the cost of production combined, and thus carries up the
apparent product of these industries to a very high point, although, in fact,
comparatively little value has been added by these operations, and only a
small number of artisans or laborers supported. The reduction of gold
and silver, calico-printing, the packing of meat, the refining of sugar and
molasses, and the production of flour and meal, are among the most im-
portant industries of this class.

700

MANUFACTURES.

<0

a
.to

5
b

-c
o
a>

S

s:

<3

3i

u

«S

3
s;
b

00

42 00

CJ rH

•8

o

s.

1.

.a

03

-♦-
S

ts

B

O)

co

B

&

O
,<3

03
0=

ict,
pita,
ting
ials.

Ol CO CO

O) » O)
■* H IO"

9.34
1.93

rrt C3 O rt

0 3 - £

© © ©

O I CM

CO © O

CM b-

r-T 1

Eh S ,2 P

€©■

1

- 0

00 IO CO

rH rH

lac

api

IBS.

O rH CJ>

erf erf cd

b; O

© ift

5 » fc

S h bo

CM rH GO

CM ©

00 CO CO

rH ©

Pw £
" a

rH r-T rH

© rH

5^-

rH

-c g

CO CO CM

t- t H

s3°l

Ci ■* CO

Ift | ©

b^ © 00

rm

H ©

tD .S O £

co b-

• t-

a

J 00

O (H O TJ

0^

fcfi dJ — 0

ts 1 G

ials
)of

cts..

CO © fe-

1-

) ©

rn rH CO

c

> CM

a S r3

erf -rH CO

-J

J CO"

"S *»?

CO CO 10

-J

) ©

« a b

8 ." a

5 <H <B

in co 10

0

1 1ft

m O 0

O CO CM

If

) ©

^ 0 B

CO CD ©

V

; t^

CM CO CM

rH

ST H 0

se-

^^ a

m

CM O ©

»r

> 5;

<M > Tj ,_■

(M CO LO

a

0 0 a ,5

in in ra

rl

CO CO ^ 5
O P tifl +3

icoT co" i-h"

r-

t> LO UO

O

© W rH

r)

HA S s
H £ * S
a

cf ■* 0
Ift t- ©

CO

tr-
ey

; |

•S/E-

rH

«

rfl CD b-

ir

i CM

ffi

CM IO CM

en:

rH

O •>* rH

1-

1 ©

O C ,3

9 a «

CO -fc- 2
CD O g

CO CM O

r(

1ft

^ t> CO

HO

1ft

CD r

r-

b-

CJ r- J3

M f? Bi

OS CD 00

oc

ef

H 0 0

Ol CO CO

r.r

b-

in_

1 —

°i

a

r-T

rH

«&

00 00 CO

CS

rH

—1 CM CO

OC

©

Ift rH ©

-t

rH

S ts

CO © CD

a

©

^ w c

CM 00 ©

cc

b-

lft_ rH ©

oc

1ft

P> 5

riT of co"

cc

©"

a

© lft ©

MO

©

rH C

r-

CO

CO

T"

1ft

S3-

1

rH CM ©

t-

©

© L~ CO

rt

rH

rH © CD

t-

1ft

c -

in t- ift

-+

CO

cC ° <X>

b- © CM

1 —

CM

00 © CM

t-

00

> Is

rH~ ©" b-"

ce

cc"

s

© C

©

CM

c

CO

cm"

r-

co"

3=-

<M © C-

C

tn

© t- t-

rj

©

CO cc

00

<0<

c-^

Ofl tl

of oc

00"

CO

co'

0 *:2 ctj
& a is

b- I-

CM

cr.

1ft

© © ©

b-

©

^ a

© 1-

CO

e

t~

rH a

©

—

rH

t-

©

«©■

«4H

O n3

b- ICO

rH

cr

LO

oc

cc

©

00

©

f £ >•

t-

cc

CM

0

1ft

M * °,

cc

c

rH"

r>

cm"

§* a

CM rt

1ft

r-

CO

r-l CN

CM

i —

b~

Sq u

CM

cm"

cc

CO

13

<

-M

h)

O

O

M

j^^

H

r-

l-H

r-

H

h-

rH

(—

s;

B

-C

u

Q>

s

s;

B
*33

.s;

■*-

•s

3

s:

B

s

•S o

Si rH

-I

o

.B

03
B
S

"3
B

to

03

B^

o

5:
.0

03

.. ccf bo „:

■S -rt a rH

b- rH © 1ft I rH

CO © CO CM H

§ a V 3

4^ cc 0 ^
O ° = S
rf CD ffi =

1ft erf rH b-^ CD

00 © rH rH 1 rH

t> 00 00 CO 00

rt flra g

^/~

, C8

CO CO rH rH ©

roduc
r capi
;ross.

© © r

H b- CO

© rH ©' erf 00

O cq ift CM -rH

rH CO CO CO O

w ft

rH .-H rrt 00 CM

-o.g

CO CT

CO CM rH

d m <h -CD

© r-

1 1ft © CM

© © © b- t-

© © b- 0O b-

Wage

matci

$11

proc

6r?

CO «4-l -

.So 0

© O 00 CO ©

00 CC

CM rH b-

CO rH © r

co

C9 O

rH CO Ift CO Ift

a. 2 ft

0 ^ CO

C~ © O rH rH

CO ° "S

O 00 CO b- 1ft

. CO rH © CO 00

60 2 T3

CM CO CM

rH

r^^ft

S»

M

<M O CM CM ©

"H r> 13 JO

rH O CM CM 1ft

O O a rH

00 00 i-H b- rH

CD CO a .2

1— 1 © Ift Ift CO

Exces

produd

wages

mater

1ft CM rH rH ©

rH rH in CO rH

rH O t- © CO

Ift b- rH © CO

rH ©

©

1ft © © CO CO

CD

© CM rH © ©

=y > co

© rH CO 1ft CM

ss c
;s c
rial

r-T rH~ CO" 1ft" ©

rH © CO rH ©

CD O CD

00 © 00 rH -#

CI 3^3
W rrt, rt

h 0 a

co" © cm" co" co"

00 CO ift CO ©
CO rH rH b~

0.

rH

^

b- © ift a

1 rH

b- © rH CC

) Ift

rH CD 1ft 1-

1 m

£ 0

CM rH O O

1 ©

r3 «H 3

e© CO © a

1 in

CO O TS

!D CM t- b

m

r* g

rH CO © ft

1 ' i>

ft

in 0 co ft

1 rH

rH m © a

I rH

CM

rH

CM rH © CC

' 9B

CO © CM b-

rH

CO

rH ift b- IT

) CO

a> cs

© t- rH CC

) ©

Valu

of

ateri

1ft rH Ift b-

oo>

00^ cc^ o\ CC

b^" CM" CO" ft

) ©

r b-^

a

© C^ CO CT

> rH

rH rH CC

) rH

rH

CM

CO © rH 1-

1 b-

4^ CO

00 CM © r)
00 CO © OC

i rH
) b-

o3»

© CO CO CT

1 ©

0 3 5

00 rH © CC

> ©

a ft &

© 1ft CM b-

CM

■aj fl

1ft O 1ft C

CM

CO © CO CC

©

rH 1ft

t-

Number of

hands
employed.

rH ' CN

m a

©

© !-

rH t-

CO

1ft 1-

© C

CC

b-
<r

b-

©"

t-H 0C

ft

CT

O

rH CC

rt

T—

'

©

esT

CO

cc
<

Q

r-

r-
h-

73

O

r—

1-

r-

\-

MANUFACTURES.

701

Blast furnaces for the manufacture of iron and steel.

States and Terri-
tories.

Total.

Alabama

Connecticut

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Utah Territory

490

12
8
9
7
3

19
1

16
4

20
1

12

13
39

5
82

1

167

18

1

1
29
12

«■£

0-3 co

aod

O Sc3

a »j=

$105,151,176

3,106,196

1,297,000

819,100

1,515,000

455,000

2,681,035

150,000

2,707,125

682,000

3,504,386

150,000

5,053,872

3,694,500

10,128,221

470,000

14,606,919

100,000

44,596,853

2,204,326

40,000

20,000

3,413,000

1,523,425

2,143,218

90,000

AVERAGE NUMBER OP
HANDS EMPLOYED.

41,875

1,566
139
754
498
308

1,890
300

1,443
390

2,164
180

1,185

1,174

2,518

8,944

250

13,460

1,579

140

26

1,221

893

853

40,683

1,531
139
742
49T
293

1,810
300

1,401
390

2,136
180

1,160

1,150

2,481

8,548

247

13,164

1,464

140

25

1,153

879

853

1,183

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR.

en CO
O &

72

396
3

296
108

1
66
14

to a

a o

£ <a>

CO 9

a 0)

bo tf>

-3

0) o

M

to Sj

'> 3

<j 3

$1 90 $1 17

1 84
3 00
1 64

1 50

2 00
2 75
1 50
1 55
1 91

a

Hai

o f* «
H

$12,680,703

553,713

65,974

77,415

185,054

54.840

429,988

44,950

339,978

176,000

561,870

25,275

227,111

365,639

902,929

.a 2

a 3

a a.g

3 O-w

10

10

7
7
7
9

(*)
9

10
9

2,725,157

46,822

4,752,838

261,897

27,720

2,035

255,986

240,158

357,354

10

681

15

8
10
10

4
22

1
22

6
27

1
17
20
57

7
103

1

269

21

1

1
31
11
14

2

IS

co ,

O.T3
co »

•n o

19,248

339

91
144
603

73
392

18
281

81
844

40

749

691

1,654

39
3,201

12

8,490

388

10

11
287
319
473

18

*Bepairing.

The terms "hands employed" and "wages paid," used in the foregoing
table, refer to the labor directly employed at the various establishments,
and in any mining and other operations conducted in immediate connec-
tion with these works. In the remote, and often isolated and independ-
ent regions where the raw material is mined, from which the iron and
steel manufactories are supplied, the labor and wages of the hands is not
considered here. Nor do these tables include the hands employed in the
transportation of the materials, either raw or manufactured, save as these
are directly connected with the works ; if this latter class of persons were
included, the number of hands and the total wages paid would be largely
increased.

702

MANUFACTURES.

£ "S

§ 9> ii

oo g
H o

hi ffi ^

•73 4=

o ^ 5 6 -a o
E-l 02 K GO J E».

M to «> Va'S t£l

60 ,_.

to ,g

n p 9 o b Pn

« £ x § is

O O En

-S 3 s »
to

p.

•£ 13

.1 -a

p O PQ O P

O*

3

KT -3 -5 >> -a

^ o ^ R i-l

-a o <i> ^S

PS f=i Q Pn

.-i M

.2 go

J3 in o
S O

.a -a

^1 h fl O B

•a

<5>
Or,

•8

&3

s;

3>

S t

to ^

Gj ^

a -"

to rjj

if J fl

O1

3

12 °

*2 rv

fn W En H

2*

3

R o P o

P j p

>> =

CO 02 O l-< R P4

o- .«

£ P g W

ft 0.

« a -s »

fcO fcD Td >'

ti

J

p

f!

• n:

il

t

c

,£

"S

c

c

a

j

a 3

■3 °

o _s

02 En

0 ^ a;

hffliJH&ihO^Hh

,3 o © o -^ ,ji a
h h J id B to h

M pq

53 £

•B .a -3 -a

ja m ja so

o u ^ j

o 53 o 53

to

.9

r^

o ^

En CO En p GO

P £ £

CO En

WOO

C
P

'd jS

O 02 CO GO

^ -2" J

tH

fa O

6 3
02 CO

"3 rB

GOfai-scOOi-iEqcQPQ

T) tl ^J

C8

-3 TJ

o a

PM ^

S-4

^

a

H

a

o

O

is

be

co
o

3
o
n

o

-B

a3

t-t

.0

be

Ph

M

a •«

02 GO

P GO

^a

■3 ^ °

> r3 .13

^PHOffifqojOfqajfN^hOgWft

P 43

O <U

PI o

O f-c

2 to

a <e

a o

r3 o

60

co cS

a pm

» 1
° 1

a

B
O

O

9 o

o ©

a

C3
45

g 5

MANUFACTURES.

703

Manufactures by totals of states and territories, in 1880.

States

and

Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Dist. of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire. .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island. . . .
South Carolina . .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Estab-
lish-
ments,

No.
253,852

2,070

66

1,202

5,885

599
4,488

251

746

971

426
3,593

162

14,549

11,198

6,921

2,803

5,328

1,553

4,481

6,787

14,352

8,873

3,493

1,479

8,592

196
1,403

184
3,181
7,128

144

42,739

3,802

20,699

1,080

31,232

2,205

2,078

4,326

2,996

640
2,874
5,710

261

2,375

7,674

57

Capital.

Dollars.
2,790,272,606

9,668,008

272,600

2,953,130

61,243,784

4,311,714

120,480,275

771,428

15,655,822

5,552,526

3,210,680

20,672,410

677,215

140,652,066

65,742,962

33,987,886

11,192,315

45,813,039

11,462,468

49,988,171

58,742,384

303,806,185

92,930,959

31,004,811

4,727,600

72,507,844

899,390

4,881,150

1,323,300

51,112,263

106,226,593

463,275

514,246,575

13,045,639

188,939,614

6,312,056

474,510,993

75,575,943

11,205,894

20,092,845

9,245,561

2,656,657

23,265,224

26,968,990

3,202,497

13,883,390

73,821,802

364,673

AVERAGE NUMBER OP
HANDS EMPLOYED.

Males
above 16

years .

No.
2,025,335

8,368

216

4,307

38,311

4,652

75,619

854

10,250

5,496

4,564

18,937

374

120,558

62,072

25,382

11,139

30,949

10,171

35,431

46,698

228,834

68,445

18,937

4,887

54,200

574

4,464

556

29,356

86,787

553

364,549

12,818

152,217

3,280

284,359

37,060

19,987

19,575

11,645

2,042

14,438

28,779

1,110

12,900

48,255

380

Females
above 15

years.

No.
531,639

842

2

90

3,922

266

28,851

8

1,426

1,389

558

3,619

8

15,233

3,615

1,431

392

3,529

1,335

13,777

21,700

105,976

4,784

1,636

413

5,474

3

120

5

16,184

27,099

137,455

2,939

18,563

96

73,046

18,270

1,023

1,196

116

221

2,271

6,144

25

346

6,241

Total

amount

paid in wages

during the

year.

Dollars.

947,953,795

2,500,504

111,180

925,358

21,065,905

2,314,427

43,501,518

339,375

4,267,349

3,924,612

1,270,875

5,266,152

136,326

57,429,085

21,960,888

9,725,962

3,995,010

11,657,844

4,360,371

13,623,318

18,904,965

128,315,362

25,313,682

8,613,094

1,192,645

24,309,716

318,759

1,742,311

461,807

14,814,793

46,083,045

218,731

198,634,029

2,740,768

62,103,800

1,667,046

134,055,904

21,355,619

2,836,289

5,254,775

3,343,087

858,863

5,164,479

7,425,261

532,226

4,313,965

18,814,917

187,798

Value

of

materials.

Dollars.
3,396,823,549

8,545,520

380,023

4,392,080

72,607,709

8,806,762

102,183,341

1,523,761

12,828,461

5,365,400

3.040,119

24,143,939

844,874

289,843,907

100,262,917

48,704,311

21,453,141

47,461,890

14,442,506

51,120,708

66,937,846

386,972,655

92,900,269

55,660,681

4,667,183

110,798,392

1,006,442

8,208,478

1,049,794

43,552,462

165,285,779

871,352

679,612,545

13,090,937

215,334,258

6,954,436

465,020,563

58,103,443

9,885,538

23,834,262

12,956,269

2,561,737

18,330,677

32,883,933

1,967,469

14,027,388

85,796,178

601,214

Value

of

products.

Dollars.
5,369,579,191

13,565,504

618,365

6,756,159

116,218,973

14,260,159

185,697,211

2,373,970

20,514,438

11,882,316

5,546,448

36,440,948

1,271,317

414,864,673

148,006,411

71,045,926

30,843,777

75,483,377

24,205,183

79,829,793

106,780,563

631,135,284

150,715,025

76,065,198

7,518,302

165,386,205

1,835,867

12,627,336

2,179,626

73,978,028

254,380,236

1,284,846

1,080,696,596

20,095,037

348,298,390

10,931,232

744,818,445

104,163,621

16,738,008

37,074,886

20,719,928

4,324,992

31,354,366

51,780,992

3,250,134

22,867,126

128,255,480

898,494

701

MANUFACTURES.

Manufactures by totals of states and territories in 1870.

States and Tebei-
toeies.

United States . .

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Dist. of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Misso;iri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire . .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina . . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina . . .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

"Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Estab-
lish-
ments.

No.

252,148

2,188

18

1,079

3,984

256

5,128

17

800

952

659

3,836

101

12,597

11,847

6,566

1,477

5,390

2,557

5,550

5,812

13,212

9,455

2,270

1,731

11,871

201

670

330

3,342

6,636

182

36,206

3,642

22,773

969

37,200

1,850

1,584

5,317

2,399

533

3,270

5,933

269

2,444

7,013

32

Capital.

Dollars.

2,118,208,769

AVEBAGE NUMBER OF
HANDS EMPLOYED,

Males

above 16

years.

No.
1,615,598

5,714,032
150,700

1,782,913
39,728,202

2,835,605

95,281,278

79,200

10,839,093

5,021,925

1,679,930
13,930,125
742,300
94,368,057
52,052,425
22,420,183

4,319,060
29,277.809
18,313,974
39,796,190
36,438,729
231,677,862
71,712,283
11,993,729

4,501,714
80,257,244

1,794,300

2,169,963

5,127,790
36,023,743
79,606,719

1,450,695
366,994,320

8,140,473
141,923,964

4,376,849

406,821,845

66,557,322

5,400,418
15,595,295

5,284,110

1,391,898
20,329,637
18,455,400

1,893,674

11,084,520

41,981,872

889,400

7,196

84

3,077

24,040

874

61,684

89

7,705

4,333

2,670

15,078

264

73,045

54,412

23,395

6,599

27,687

23,637

34,310

34,061

179,032

58,347

10,892

5,500

55,904

697

2,558

2,856

25,829

58,115

423

267,378

11,339

119,686

2,753

256,543

28,804

7,099

17,663

7,450

1,465

16,301

22,175

1,025

10,728

40,296

500

Females

above 15

years.

No.
323,770

664

47

873

2

20,810

1,199
216

20

1,498

6,717

2,272

951

118

1,159

4,210

13,448

8,278

86,229

2,941

259

191

3,884

2

81

3

12,775

11,198

1

63,795

1,422

11,575

67

43,712

14,752

578

1,089

157

43

1,872

2,259

1

287

2,114

1

Total

amount

paid in wages

during the

year.

Dollars.

775,584,343

2,227,968

45,580

673,963

13,136,722

528,221

38,987,187

21,106

3,692,195

2,007,600

989,592

4,844,508

112,372

31,100,244

18,366,780

6,893,292

2,377,511

9,444,524

4,593,470

14,282,205

12,682,817

118,051,886

21,205,355

4,052,837

1,547,428

31,055,445

370,843

1,429,913

2,498,473

13,823,091

32,648,409

167,281

142,466,758

2,195,711

49,066,488

1,120,173

127,976,594

19,354,256

1,543,715

5,390,630

1,787,835

395,365

6,264,581

5,343,099

574,936

4,322,164

13,575,642

347,578

Value
of

materials.

Dollars.

2,488,427.242

7,592,837

110,090

2,536,998

35,351,193

1,593,280

86,419,579

105,997

10,206,397

4,754,883

2,330,873

18,583,731

691,785

127,600,077

63,135,492

27,682,096

6,112,163

29,497,535

12,412,023

49,379,757

14,897,032

334,413,982

68,142,515

13,842,902

4,364,206

115,533,269

1,316,331

2,902,074

10,315,984

44,577,967

103,415,245

880,957

452,065,452

12,824,693

157,131,697

3,419,756

421,197,673

73,154,109

5,855,736

19.657,027

6,273,193

1,238,252

17,007,769

23,832,384

1,435,128

14,503,701

45,851,266

280,156

Value

of

products.

Dollars.

4,232,325,442

13,040,644

185,410

4,629,234

66,594,556

2,852,820

161,065,474

178,570

- 16,791,382

9,292,173

4,685,403

31,196,115

1,047,624

205,620,672

108,617,278

46,534,322

11,775,833

54,625,809

24,161,905

79,497,521

76,593,613

553,912,568

118,394,676

23,110,700

8,154,758

206,213,429

2,494,511

5,738,512

15,870,539

71,038,249

169,237,732

1,489,868

785,194,651

19,021,327

269,713,610

' 6,877,387

711,894,344

111,418,354

9,858,981

34,362,636

11,517,302

2,343,019

32,184,606

38,364,322

2,851,052

24,102,201

77,214,326

765,424

MANUFACTURES.
Manufactures, by totals, of states and territories, in I860.

705

States and Terri-
tories.

The United States

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Dist. of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi ....

Missouri

Nebraska

New Hampshire .

New Jersey

New Mexico ....

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington ....
Wisconsin

No.
140,433

1,459

518

8,468

3,019

615

429

185

1,890

4,268

5,323

1,939

344

3,450

1,744

3,810

3,083

8,176

3,448

562

976

3,157

107

2,592

4,173

82

22,624

3,689

11,123

309

22,363

3,191

1,230

2,572

983

148

1,883

5,385

52

3,064

AVERAGI

5 NUMBER OF

HANDS

EMPLOYED.

ire

tH

cd

©

>

> .

o .

<3§

m *»

r-H >■

a>

CO
C

Dollars.
1,009,855,715

9,098,181

1,316,610

22,043,096

45,590,430

5,452,887

2,905,865

1,874,125

10,890,875

27,548,563

18,451,121

7,247,130

1,084,935

20,256,579

7,151,172

22,044,020

23,230,608

132,792,327

23,808,226

2,388,310

4,384,492

20,034,220

266,575

23,274,094

40,521,048

2,008,350

172,895,652

9,693,703

57,295,303

1,337,238

190,055,904

24,278,295

6,931,756

14,426,261

3,272,450

443,356

9,498,617

26,935,560

1,296,200

15,831,581

No.

1,040,349

6,792
1,831

49,171

44,002
5,465
2,653
2,297
9,492

22,489

20,563
6,142
1,700

19,587
7,873

24,827

21,630
146,268

22,144
2,104
4,572

18,628
334

18,379

43,198

1,044

176,885

12,102

65,749

968

182,593

20,795
6,096

11,582

3,338

380

8,563

32,606
866

14,641

No.

270,897

1,097

46

55

20,467

956

495

157

2,083

479

732

165

35

1,671

916

9,792

6,773

71,153

1,046

19

203

1,053

2

13,961

12,829

30

53,227

2,115

9,853

10

39,539

11,695

898

946

111

9

1,934

3,568

4

773

'" CO

Ej

a m

° 3

S s

c0 "3
-2 be

O CO

Dollars.

378,878,966

2,132,940

554,240

28,402,287

19,026,196

1.905,754

1,139,154

619,840

2,925,148

7,637,921

6,318,335

1,922,417

880,346

6,020,082

3,683,679

8,368,691

7,190,672

56,960,913

6,735,047

712,214

1,618,320

6,669,916

105,332

8,110,561

16,277,337

341,306

65,446,759

2,689,441

22,302,989

635,256

60,369,165

8,760,125

1,380,027

3,370,687

1,162,756

231,701

. 3,004,986

8,544,117

453,601

4,268,708

T3

o
ft

Dollars.
1,031,605,092

5,489,963

1,280,503

27,051,674

40,909,090

6,028,918

2,884,185

874,506

9,986,532

35,558,782

27,142,597

8,612,259

1,444,975

22,295,759

6,738,486

21,553,066

25,494,007

135,053,721

17,635,611

1,904,070

3,146,636

23,849,941

237,215

20,539,857

41,429,100

367,892

214,813,061

10,203,228

69,800,270

1,431,952

153,477,698

19,858,515

5,198,881

9,416,514

3,367,372

439,512

7,608,858

30,840,531

502,021

17,137,334

Dollars.
1,885,861,676

10,588,566

2,880,578

68,253,228

81,924,555

9,892,902

5,412,102

2,447,969

16,925,564

57,580,886

42,803,469

13,971,325

4,357,408

37,931,240

15,587,473

38,193,254

41,735,157

255,545,922

32,658,356

3,373,172

6,590,687

41,782,731

607,328

37,586,453

76,306,104

1,249,123

378,870,939

16,678,698

121,691,148

2,976,761

290,121,188

40,711,296

8,615,195

17,987,225

6,577,202

900,153

14,637,807

50,652,124

1,406,921

27,849,467

700

MANUFACTURES.

Power used in manufactures in the United States, in 1880.

States and Territories.

The United States

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia . .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio...

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

"West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

No. of
estab-
lish-
ments.

WATER

-POWER.

STEAM-POWER.

Total
steam and

No. of

wheels.

Horse-
power.

No. of
boilers.

No. of
engines.

Horse-
power.

water
horse-
power.

85,923

55,404

1,225,379

72,304

56,483

2,185,458

3,410,837

1,257

931

11,797

616

551

15,799

27,576

21

8

160

15

14

370

530

729

149

2,024

555

545

13,709

15,733

1,000

205

4,850

990

779

28,071

32,921

181

52

1,849

158

152

3,953

5,802

2,028

1,784

61,205

1,670

1,124

57,027

118,232

79

36

803

56

55

1,421

2,224

317

232

4,785

365

254

10,643

15,428

115

15

880

127

118

2,263

3,143

244

70

939

291

193

6,208

7,147

2,074

1,917

30,067

948

799

21,102

51,169

67

48

1,136

23

22

546

1,682

3,722

751

17,445

4,143

3,445

126,843

144,288

4,066

1,143

21,810

3,889

3,634

109,960

131,770

1,546

1,093

20,363

1,229

1,068

33,858

54,221

578

299

7,611

426

396

13,468

21,079

1,767

653

9,012

1,636

1,494

45,917

54,929

402

13

90

491

430

11,256

11,346

1,918

2,887

79.717

747

511

20,759

100,476

1,532

1,004

18,043

1,202

914

33,216

51,259

5,173

3,046

138,362

5,105

3,096

171,397

309,759

3,581

1,746

34,395

4,109

3,085

130,352

164,747

964

650

28,689

760

569

25,191

53,880

893

301

3,449

676

635

15,001

18,450

2,428

537

8,162

2,448

2,128

72,587

80,749

63

39

954

31

31

544

1,498

262

245

5,495

128

126

2,999

8,494

26

6

108

27

23

608

716

1,653

2,122

69,155

598

456

18,595

87,750

2,226

1,213

27,066

2,253

1,619

72,792

99,858

78

69

932

19

19

427

1,359

11,776

9,752

219,348

8,101

6,672

234,795

454,143

2,323

2,370

30,063

699

616

15,025

45,088

6,684

2,080

38,641

7,081

6,215

222,502

261,143

443

373

9,255

196

176

4,334

13,589

10,381

7,075

110,276

12,095

7,913

402,132

512,408

608

386

22,240

1,164

476

41,335

63,575

1,259

1,057

13,873

592

509

11,995

25,868

2,108

1,382

18,564

1,074

967

33,388

51,952

1,334

174

2,508

1,229

1,167

28,026

20,534

243

214

3,535

55

55

1,154

4,689

1,582

2,138

52,226

378

272

11,088

63,314

2,768

2,399

37,464

982

899

19,710

57,174

70

46

1,185

96

61

3,210

4,395

1,190

670

9,454

934

816

28,456

37,910

2,154

2,022

45,356

1,879

1,366

60,729

106,085

10

2

38

18

18

717

755

MANUFACTURES.
The United States by specified industries in 1880.

701

Mechanical, and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

All industries

Agricultural implements . .

Ammunition

Artificial feathers and flow-
ers

Artificial limbs

Awnings and tents

Axle grease

Babbitt metal and solder . .

Bagging, flax, hemp and
jute

Bags, other than paper

Bags, paper

Baking and yeast powders .

Baskets, rattan and willow-
ware

Bellows

Bells

Belting and hose, leather . .

Belting and hose, linen . . .

Belting and hose, rubber . .

Billiard tables and mate-
rials

Blacking

Blacksmithing

Blueing

Bone, ivory, and lamp-
black ,

Book-binding and blank-
book making

Boot and shoe cut stock . . .

Boot and shoe findings

Boot and shoe uppers

Boots and shoes

Boots and shoes, rubber . . .

Boxes, cigar

Boxes, fancy and paper . . .

Boxes, wooden, packing . . .

Brass and copper, rolled . . .

Brass castings

Brassware

Bread and bakery products

Brick and tile

Bridges

Bronze castings

Brooms and brushes

Buttons

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

253,852

1,943
4

174
33

152

16

9

27

37

80

110

304

3

20

96

1

2

46

48

28,101

23

18

588

172

135

81

17,972

9

221

369

602

26

396

20

6,396

5,631

75

7

980

124

Capital.

$2,790,272,606

62,109,668
824,000

1,253,050

82,600

522,700

372,600

73,100

2,491,500
2,425,900
1,304,700
1,350,600

1,852,917

8,750

793,120

2,748,799

10,000

265,000

1,078,169

494,625

19,618,852

178,650

627,350

5,798,671
1,210,300

770,800

209,264
54,358,301
2,425,000
1,023,777
2,496,496
5,304,212
9,057,600
5,740,237

594,582

19,155,286

27,673,616

4,058,649

186,500
4,186,367
2,013,350

AVERAGE NUMBER

OF HANDS EM-

PLOYED.

00 CO

ce a> ±

£ £ N

2.019,035

531,639

38,313

73

498

553

550

3,577

71

526

699

67

2

44

1,330

1,226

1,175

903

546

883

660

326

1,976

552

15

570

14

1,138

39

10

342

2

849

251

174

33,992

18

88

53

198

2

5,127

4.831

1,235

1,422

758

652

245

174

104,021

25,946

2,514

1,984

1,274

718

2,194

6,836

6,611

405

4,105

673

5,573

263

662

336

18,925

2,210

59,032

268

4,153

140

6

5,798

1,715

2,128

3,052

Total
amount
paid in
wages dur-
ing the
year.

$917,953,79:,

15,359,610

361,778

1,081,040

43,833

334,463

41,407

18,745

827,759
776,026
439,620
466,252

657,405
6,875

280,169

606,087
4,500

131,721

400,779

168,183

11,126,001

50,245

80,249

3,927,349

735,482

451,075

170,425

50,995,144

1,469,038

748,657

2,373,948

2,769,135

2,524,169

2,729,794

411,329

9,411,328

13,443,532

1,882,179

64,072

2,424,040

1,645,130

Materials.

$3,396,823,549

31,531,170
1,223,452

2,444,418
31,370

1,230,558
209,152 '
214,193

2,058,017
8,027,770
3,037,319
3,333,868

867,031
13,500

525,175

5,019,853

12,000

863,000

1,080,466

710,629

14,572,363

197,463

440,068

5,195,771
5,939,249
1,188,817

448,104
114,966,575
6,023,053
1,389,700
3,578,827
7,674,921
9,523,157
5,894,452

948,118

42,612,027

9,774,834

5,669,793

498,470
5,694,855
1,792,891

Products.

$5,369,579,191

68,640,486
1,904,966

4,879,324
137,024

1,968,942
365,048
262,950

3,511,653
9,726,600
4,112,566
4,760,598

1,992,851
26,900

1,065,824

6,525,737
23,000

1,085,000

2,,289,758

1,491,474

43,774,271

344,824

661,376

11,976,764

7,531,635

2,144,945

790,842

196,920,481

9,705,724

2,903,465

7,665,553

12,687,068

14,329,731

10,808,742

1,523,098

65,824,896

32,833,587

8,978,122

670,912

10,560,855

4,449,542

708 MANUFACTURES.

The United States by specified industries in f 880. — Continued.

Mechanical and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

AVERAGE NUMBER
OF HANDS EM-
PLOYED.

Calcium lights

Cardboard

Card-cutting and designing

Carpentering

Carpets, rag

Carpets, other than rag. . . .

Carpets, wood

Carriage and wagon mate-
rials

Carriages and sleds, chil-
dren's

Carriages and wagons. . .

Cars, railroad, street, and
repairs, not including
statistics of establish-
ments operated by steam
railroad companies

Celluloid and celluloid
goods

Charcoal

Cheese and butter (f actory)

Chocolate

Cigar molds

Cleansing and polishing
preparations

Clock cases and materials. .

Clocks

Cloth-finishing

Clothing, horse

Clothing, men's

Clothing, women's

Coal tar

Coffee and spices

Coffins, trimmings, etc

Coke

Collars and cuffs, paper . . .

Combs

Confectionery

Cooperage

Coppersmithing

Cordage and twine ........

Cordials and sirups

Cork-cutting

Corsets

Cotton-compressing

Cotton goods

Cotton ties

4

8

9

9,184

396

195

5

412

67
3,841

130

6

175

3,932

7
3

21

2

22

20

3

6,166

562

3

300

769

149

13

38

1,450

3,898

98

165

16

46

113

29

1,005

6

Capital.

$19,500

443,000

13,793

19,541,358

252,604

21,468,587

41,600

7,034,718

770,000
37,973,493

9,272,680

1,214,000
457,484

9,604,803

530,500

69,800

412,325

6,000

2,474,900

137,350

410,000

79,861,696

8,207,273

385,000

6,366,392

5,735,392

5,545,058

901,233

533,390

8,486,874

12,178,726

915,102

7,140,475

128,400

872,884

1,611,695

3,243,800

219,504,794

70,500

• o x,

-j t >,

20
166

42

53,547

573

10,104

108

7,237

1,152

43,630

13,885

05-

126
12

74

88

8,570

35

70
273

13

Total

amount
paid in
wages dur-
ing the
year.

452

175

1,393

2

6,419

1,330

110

113

64

181

15

44

2

2,807

630

135

18

73

492

77.255

80,994

2,594

22,253

174

2,125

438

3,762

481

3,068

3

151

284

743

250

6,157

2,827

24,435

42

852

2

2,926

1,480

81

382

270

776

7,487

1,008

64,107

91,148

100

$10,912

116,410

18,215

24,582,077

190,792

6,835,218

23,750

2,733,004

462,852
18,988,615

5,507,753

242,798

390,697

1,546,495

82,258

32,020

91,455

15,000

1,622,693

62,790

137,400

45,940,353

6,661,005

65,500

1,370,699

1,895,805

1,198,654

151,576

374,785

3,242,852

8,992,603

520,302

1,558,676

42,928

232,846

1,745,969

573,005

45,614,419

38,069

Materials.

$25,031

637,971

15,610

51,621,120

424,943

18,984,87,7

23,500

4,781,095

868,054
30,597,086

19,780,271

389,262

320,735

18,363,579

812,403

55,210

237,070

19,000

1,908,411

71,960

453,700

131,363,282

19,559,227

285,200

18,201,302

3,776,222

2,995,441

1,166,000

341,719

17,125,775

18,441,064

1,227,947

9,330,261

210,506

976,274

3,686,821

326,808

113,765,537

170,198

Products.

$51,443

959,145

51,670

94,152,139

861,710
31,792,802

102,170

10,114,352

1,677,776
64,951,617

27,997,591

1,261,540

975,540

25,742,510

1,302,153
111,820

500,280

50,500

4,110,267

222,560

695,000

209,548,460

32,004,794

466,800

22,924,894

8,157,760

5,359,489

1,582,571

951,395

25,637,033

33,714,770

2,087,773

12,492,171

331,233

1,566,555

6,494,705

1,271,700

210,950,383

262,351

MANUFACTURES.

70£

The United States by specified industries, in 1880. — Continued.

Mechanical and MANUFACT-
URING INDUSTRIES.

Crucibles

Cutlery and edge tools —

Dentistry, mechanical

Dentists' materials

Drain and sewer pipe

Drugs and chemicals

Dyeing and cleaning

Dyeing and finishing tex-
tiles

Dye-stuffs and extracts

Electric lights

Electrical apparatus

Electroplating

Emery wheels

Enameled goods

Enameling

Engravers' materials

Engraving, dies, etc

Engraving, steel

Engraving, wood

Envelopes

Explosives and fireworks . .

Fancy articles

Felt goods

Fertilizers

Files

Fire arms

Fire extinguishers

Flags and banners

Flavoring extracts

Flax, dressed

Flouring and grist-mill
products

Food preparations

Foundry and machine-shop
products

Foundry supplies

Fruit-jar trimmings

Fruits and vegetables,
canned and preserved . . .

Fuel, artificial

Furnishing goods, men's..

Furniture

Furniture, chairs

Furs, dressed

Galvanizing

Gas and lamp fixtures

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

11
429
753
20
51
592
303

191

41

3

38

221

11

9

19

11

246

55

167

12

39

151

26

364

179

39

3

11

58

79

Capital.

$1,450,250

9,859,885

773,670

840,800

489,163

28,598,458
851,110

26,223,981

2,363,700

425,000

873,300

865,898

397,900

150,000

145,200

54,500

416,840

2,387,050

183,733

923,800

579,750

1,359,450

1,958,254

17,913,000

1,666,550

8,115,489

400,000

54,300

404,615

620,455

24,338 177,361,878
109 1,293,905

4,958

15

1

411

1

161

4,843

384

192

21

35

154,519,484
126,500
150,000

8,247,488
100,000

3,724,664
38,669,764

6,276,364

3,598,887
671,450

3,248,400

AVERAGE NUMBER
OF HANDS EM-
PLOYED.

691
9,458
469
405
270
8,144
893

a s M
nod

380
35
70

1,138
499

Total

amount

paid in

wages dur.

ing the

year.

12,788

2,038

976

10

214

335

35

1,257

89

111

211

113

54

66

3

698

62

1,118

661

468

20

233

948

313

217

1,676

654

1,203

233

8,377

75

2,191

49

4,578

87

117

15

50

238

104

786

57

58,239

42

863

312

140,459

675

72

230

93

10,638

15,463

70

1,274

9,565

45,186

917

7,832

1,301

1,453

2,604

501

2,660

243

$284,169
4,447,349
269,044
237,729
114,542
4,157,163
511,886

6,474,364

512,097

117,500

224,758

620,848

58,253

41,926

56,836

39,840

419,646

1,951,745

333,590

344,143

216,069

1,036,672

439,760

2,648,422

957,412

2,700,281

84,750

27,375

129,343

268,420

17,422,316
318,253

65,982,133

27,303

104,501

2,679,960

10,000

2,644,155

20,383,794

3,311,286

1,389,284

244,799

1,469,287

Materials.

$955,841
4,682,222
455,037
247,824
176,143
24,380,566
581,886

13,664,295

3,918,741

150,650

360,579

663,588

109,952

236,817

69,562

26,464

262,828

648,994

68,605

2,346,500

840,877

1,065,335

2,530,710

15,595.078

787,569

1,859,026

81,840

48,200

796,049

818,243

441,545,225
1,604,660

103,345,083
132,220
318,708

12,051,293

55,000

6,503,164

31,416,768
4,443,438
5,338,242
1,103,186
1,675,875

Products.

$1,445,641

11,661,370

1,860,647

860,758

480,261

38,173,658

1,613,943

32,297,420

5,253,038

458,400

1,074,388

1,975,700

322,022

321,511

182,758

85,764

1,180,165

2,998,616

734,728

3,000,617

1,391,132

2,817,230

3,619,652

23,650,795

2,486,533

5,736,936

204,693

119,600

1,195,637

1,310,231

505,185,712
2,493,224

214,373,468
215,650

485,503

17,599,576

102,000

11,506,857

68,037,902

9,807,823

8,238,712

1,884,695

4,329,656

710

MANUFACTURES.

The United States by specified industries, in 1880. — Continued.

Mechanical and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

Gas machines and meters .

Glass

Glass, cut, stained and orna

mented

Gloves aDd mittens

Glucose

Glue

Gold and silver leaf and

foil

Gold and silver, reduced and

refined (not from the ore)

Graphite

Grease and tallow

Grindstones

Gunpowder

Hairwork

Hammocks

Hand-knit goods

Hand-stamps

Handles, wooden

Hardware _

Hardware, saddlery

Hat and cap materials ....
Hats and caps, not including

wool hats

High explosives

Hones and whetstones

Hooks and eyes

Hosiery and knit goods ....
House-furnishing goods. . . .

Ice, artificial

Ink

Instruments, professional

and scientific.

Iron and steel

Iron bolts, nuts, washers

and rivets

Iron doors and shutters

Iron forgings

Iron nails and spikes, cut

and wrought

Iron pipe, wrought

Iron railing, wrought

Iron work, architectural and

ornamental

Ivory and bone work

Japanning

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

34
211

170

300

7
82

60

28
4

156
14
33

299

5

39

46

206

492
64
64

21

25
5
359
48
35
63

171
1,005

100

6

91

62

35

131

89
55
30

Capital.

$1,147,000
19,844,699

945,180
3,379,648
2,255,000
3,916,750

498,500

817,100

113,000
2,566,779

125,261
4,983,560

613,040
22,300

152,700

103,150

1,032,090

15,363,551

1,655,550

746,828

5,455,468

1,601,625

132,525

420,188

15,579,591

456,806

1,251,200

1,251,050

1,342,196
230,971,884

4,933,019

79,375

3,598,241

3,877,805

6,129,565

662,197

738,000

775,564

78,710

AVERAGE number
OF HAtfDS EM-
PLOYED.

(S 3 o3

807
17,778

1,281
2,102
1,167
1,486

542

299

12

741

139

5,249

5

186

383

69

17

1,075

3

231

988

20

205

937

28

49

50

1,378

151

8

1,504

11

14,481

814

2,167

321

819

355

11,373

5,337

328

1

136

83

139

63

7,517

17,707

405

137

389

50

339

79

1,011

37

133,203

45

4,261

182

211

2,977

95

2,011

519

4,909

13

728

1,152

843

137

135

24

Total

amount

paid in

■wages du i -

ing the

year.

$397,108
9,144,100

706,768

1,655,695

605,802

600,018

410,647

178,696

35,225
556,015

57,040
510,550
323,315

17,576
137,720

82,895

436,664

6,846,913

960,432

463,854

6,635,522

164,864

52,961

88,321

6,701,475

216,890

140,885

230,284

588,751
55,476,785

1,981,300

103,269

1,329,151

1,255,171

1,788,258

369,903

474,711

414,701

65,562

Materials.

Products.

$636,676
8,028,621

1,156,866
4,351,469
3,044,450

2,786,342

1,011,792

9,128,811

144,100

11,779,482

85,366

2,053,488

667,132

61,830

239,040

103,648

697,320

10,097,577

1,851,436

1,325,231

9,341,352

1,218,061

92,461

214,986

15,210,951

812,361

158,112

864,765

444,425
191,271,150

$1,334,091
21,154,571

2,535,009
7,379,605
4,551,212
4,324,072

1,614,040

9,548,188

210,000

13,730,013

184,555

3,348,941

1,467,723

110,352

446,354

318,618

1,656,698

22,653,693

3,651,021

2,217,250

21,303,107

2,453,088

234,130

370,078

29,167,227

1,332,188

544,763

1,629,413

1,639,094
296,557,685

6,097,011 10,073,330

296,600 i 495,060

3,960,780 6,492,028

3,312,602

9,480,049

615,648

5,629,240

13,292,162

1.300.549

1,083,817 ! 2,109,537

754,654 [ 1,454,901

63,743 19(1,080

MANUFACTURES.

11

The United States by specified industries, in 1880. — Continued.

Mechanical and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

Jewelry

Jewelry and instrument
cases

Jute and jute goods

Kaolin and ground earths

Kindling wood

Labels and tags

Lamps and reflectors

Lapidary work

Lard, refined

Lasts

Lead, bar, pipe, sheet and
shot

Leather, board

Leather, curried

Leather, dressed skins ....

Leather goods

Leather, Morocco

Leather, patent and enam-
eled

Leather, tanned

Lightning rods

Lime and cement

Linen goods

Liquors, distilled

Liquors, malt

Liquors, vinous

Lithographing

Lock and gun-smithing . . .

Looking glass and picture
frames

Lumber, planed

Lumber, sawed

Malt

Mantels, slate, marble

Marble and stone work

Masonry, brick and stone . .

Matches

Mats and matting

Mattresses and spring beds

Millinery and lace goods . .

Millstones

Mineral and soda waters . .

Mirrors

Mixed textiles

Models and patterns

Mucilage and paste

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

Capital.

739

17

4

63

213

19

. 74
55
26
62

32

24

2,319

202

57

2

3,105

20

615

5

844

2,191

117

167

607

645

1,203

25,708

216

46

2,846

1,591

37

12

357

247

16

512

7

470

230

4

$11,431,164

62,000

415,000
1,291,527
1,018,490

451,500
1,873,625

176,875
2,513,066

477,692

2,466,375

856,200

16,878,520

6,266,237
561,900

17,100

50,222,054

431,750

6,332,338

406,800

24,247,595

91,208,224

2,581,910

4,501,825

705,815

4,437,666

17,612.923

181,186,122

14,390,441

750,300

16,498,221

3,990,706

2.114,850

212,000

1,749,750

2,678,880

178,900

2,569,561

155,800

37,996,057

377,551

3,100

AVERAGE number
OF HANDS EM-
PLOYED.

-?2

S eg >>

10,050

102
205
866

1,187
191

1,478
207

1,030
497

551
342

10,808
4,966

864

20

23,287

168

5,493

211

6,452

26,001

781

3,641

818

5,224

14,614

141,564

2,320

690

21,112

15,877

868

199

1,770

971

170

2,480

74

17,471

699

1,C98

31

302
3

14

81
81
17
46
18

5

27

77

208

131

Total
amount
paid in
wages dur-
ing the
year.

2
188

7

200

10

29

57

308

6

316

23
425

23
1

1,120
12

468

5,248

1

27

$6,441,688

51,000
141,979
310,909
526,861
149,268
742,423
142,075
546,258
308,975

316,363

121,015

4,845,413

2,441,372

459,318

Materials.

Products.

$10,324,990 $22,201,621

20,520
21

12,800

9,204,243

73,718

1,579,313

124,046

2,663,967

12,198,053

216,559

2,307,302

368,967

2,471,105

5,890,724

31,845,974

1,004,548

313,009

10,238,885

6,880,866

535,911

125,129

868,325

1,661,044

96,534

1,065,633

42,900

13,316,753

389,837

3,090

48,550

447,094

697,006

1,403,010

492,855

1,852,906

226,277

21,948,826

221,905

4,363,209

400,975

59,306,509

11,063,265

1,097,373

65,136

85,949,207

526,691

2,649,189

381,875

27,744,245

56,836,500

1,340,629

2,755,264

398,642

4,831,248

24,477,543

146,155,385

14,321,423

476,431

12,743,345

10,123,478

3,298,562

233,707

3,116,471

6,142,091

172,725

2,117,764

212,500

37,227,741

168,696

8,770

131,670

696,982
1,455,757
2,480,953

865,825
3,357,829

544,089
23,195,702

765,296

5,600,671

689,300

71,351,297

15,399,311

2,020,343

166,000

113,348,336

801,192

5,772,318

602,451

41,063,663

101,058,385

2,169,193

6,912,338

1,317,810

9,596,219

36,803,356

233,268,729

18,273,102

1,030,660

31,415,150

20,586,553

4,668,446

439,370

5,288,234

9,577,840

355,519

4,741,709

304,000

66,221,703

908,830

16,700

712

MANUFACTURES.
The United States by specified industries, in 1880. — Continued.

Mechanical and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

Musical instruments and
materials (not specified) . .

Musical instruments, organs
and materials

Musical instruments, pianos
and materials

Needles and pius

Nets and seines

Oil, castor

Oil, cottonseed and cake. . .

Oil, essential

Oil, illuminating, not in-
cluding petroleum refining

Oil, lard

Oil, linseed

Oil, lubricating

Oil, neat's-foot

Oil, resin

Oilcloth, enameled

Oilcloth, floor

Oleomargarine

Painting and paper-hang-
ing

Paints

Paper (not specified)

Paper-hangings

Paper patterns

Patent medicines and com-
pounds

Paving materials

Pencils, lead

Pens, gold

Pens, steel

Perfumery and cosmetics . .

Photographic apparatus, . . .

Photographing

Photographing materials . .

Pickles, preserves and sauces

Pipes, tobacco

Plated and bntannia^vare. .

Plumbing and gasfitting . '. .

Pocket-books

Postal cards

Printing and publishing . . .

Printing materials

Puinps, not including steam
pumps

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

84
171

174

40

13

8

45

124

7
28
81
51
15
3
4
25
15

3,968

244

692

25

4

563

46

4

16

3

67

10

1,287

5

109

37

55

2,161

53

1

3,467

27

411

AVERAGE NUMBER
OF HANDS EM-
PLOYED.

Capital.

.$654,850

3,922,338

9,869,577

1,144,550

140,650

474,000

3,862,300

67,755

128,500
1,127,500
5,872,750
1,370,225

433,050
82,523

315,000
3,429,550
1,680,300

5,645,950
13,555,292
46,241,202

3,560,500

«2l

528
3,948

6,449

604

79

107

3,114
273

50

424

1,378

399

50

23

215

1,690

561

17,271
4,192

16,133
1,666

105,100

13

10,620,880

2,504

745,750

755

341,597

116

370,150

226

182,500

34

813,827

352

90,800

89

3,131,895

2,860

63,000

31

841,023

592

233,800

500

5,862,025

3,742

5,950,512

9.217

598,350

890

20,000

10

62,983,704

45,880

199,900

164

Total

amount
paid in
wages dur-
ing the
year.

29
89

114

33
1

17

2
5

18

131

188

7,640

150

48

1,186

144

19

230

357

9

986

30
230

65
831

15
416

18

6,759

7

2,383,482 1,692

$293,062
2,142,539

57 4,663,193
380 : 392,214

•54,112
44,714

880,836
24,030

20,950
161,672
681,677
208,145
16,554
14,590
116,627
733,235
219,952

7,920,866

2,132,255

8,525,355

874,921

40,538

1,651,596

244,339

102,233

172,207

88,500

238,259

41,314

1,751,118

25,310

259,454

226,306

2,453,361

4,770,389

484,947

10,000

30,531,657

98,878

652,749

Materials.

$385,776
2,692,332

5,283,119
591,013
180,215
384,890

5,091,251
125,167

414,600

4,184,450

12,874,294

2.129,589

210,524

189,622

864,200

3,118,708

5,486,141

8,762,780
17,062,552
33,951,297

3,629,222
44,000

6,704,729

576,301

97,344

190,906

38,950

1,201,409

40,658

1,671,455

89,900

1,472,639

209,518

4,100,116

9,095,308

930,033

200,000

32,460,395

190,353

Products.

.$853,746

6,136,472

12,264,521

1,378,023

291,765

653,900

7,690,921

248,858

510,000

4,721,066

15,393,812

2,925,501

259,086

238,471

1,062,000

4,752,587

6,892,939

22,457,560

23,390,767

55,109,914

6,267,303

512,550

14,682,494
1,024,243

279,427

533,061

164,000
2,203,004

104,305
5,935,311

142,000
2,407,342

628,688

8,596,181

18,133,250

1,769,036

190,000
90,789,341

421,316

2,038,634 ! 3,644,631

MANUFACTURES.
The United States by specified industries, in 1 880. — Continued.

13

Mechanical and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

ban-

Racking-hose

Refrigerators

Regalia and society
ners and emblems .

Registers, car-fare . .

Rice cleaning and polishing

Roofing and roofing mate-
rials

Rubber and elastic goods . .

Rubber, vulcanized

Rules, ivory and wood

Saddlery and harness

Safes, doors and vaults, fire
proof

Salt

Salt, ground

Sand and emery paper and
cloth

Sash, doors and blinds

Saws

Scales and balances

Screws

Sewing machine cases

Sewing machines and at-
tachments

Shingles, split

Ship-building

Shirts

Shoddy

Show cases

Silk and silk goods

Silversmithing

Silverware

Slaughtering and meat
packing, not including re-
tail butchering establish-
ments

Smelting and refining (base
scrap metal, not from the
ore)

Soap and candles

Soda water apparatus

Spectacles and eye glasses

Sporting goods. . .

Springs, steel, car and
carriage

Stamped ware . .

Num-
ber
of

estab-
lish-
ments.

1

71

47

1

22

493

90

3

6

7,999

40

268

6

1,288
89
64
20
18

106

45

2,188

549
73
93

382
38
39

872

4

629

8

62

86

59
26

Capital.

$500
727,220

452,590
300,000
562,200

2,329,277

6,057,987

226,200

54,200

16,508,019

2,201,600

8,225,740

322,900

121,500

20,457,670

3,281,135

3,814,981

4,265,000

741,300

12,501,830

17,770

20,979,874

6,841,778

1,165,100

341,970

19,125,300

257,198

1,640,900

49,419,213

162,100

14,541,294

413,000

643,825

1,444,750

1,769,293
2,175,940

AVERAGE NUMBER

OF HANDS EM-
PLOYED.

Total
amount
paid in
wages dur-
ing the
year.

to CD

Femal e s
above 15
years.

2

$1,200

975

14

423,680

175

376

174,097

7

4,876

376

94

110,467

3,019

22

1,411,133

3,693

2,281

2,295,972 \

335

150

154,700 |

52

1

19,974

20,024

561

7,997,752

2,173

1,096,504

4,125

20

1,260,023

149

47

44,997

52

21

30,970

20,544

79

8,540,930

2,288

23

1,226,370 ,

1,527

1

783,019 '

943

378

456,542

1,536

683,338

8,632

248

4,636,099

162

11

11,394

21,338

12,713,813

2,878

22,186

5,403,696

695

496

400,326

640

4

329,230

9,375

16,396

9,146,705

123

8

76,640

882

34

675,943

26,113

10,508,530

309

158,300

4,368

388

2,219,513

308

17

169,235

872

113

450,897

565

734

411,854

1,487

1

699,412

1,831

331

868,043 1

Materials.

Products.

$1,350

881,842

$5,512
1,739,731

429,227 815,638

870 6,600

2,666,497 3,133,324

3,382,354

9,249,967

391,200

16,075

19,968,716

1.431,083

2,074,049

280,693

148,477
20,790,919

1,744,083
654,711
935,800

1,239,400

4,829,106

20,470

19,736,358

11,306,444

3,366,650

519,585

22,467,701

102,058

1,028,502

267,738,902

8,171,900

19,907,444

565,538

417,472

692,616

2,346,818
2,104,141

6,227,284

13,751,724

767,200

66,200

38,081,643

3,352,396

4,829,566

361,656

262,374
36,621,325
3,943,105
3,252,460
2,184,532
2,064,837

13,863,188

47,952

36,800,327

20,130,031

4,989,615

1,172,172

41,033,045

263,931

2,253,630

303,562,413

8,411,100
26,552,627
1,075,569
1,182,142
1,556,258

3,654,862
3,512,423

714 MANUFACTURES.

The United States by specified industries, in 1 880. — Continued.

Mechanical, and MANUFACT-
URING INDUSTRIES.

Starch

Stationery goods

Steam fittings and heating

apparatus

Stencils and brands

Stereotyping and electrotyp-

ing

Stone and earthenware

Straw goods

Sugar and molasses, beet . .

Sugar and molasses, refined

Surgical appliances

Tar and turpentine, not in-
cluding farm products . . .

Taxidermy

Telegraph and telephone ap-
paratus

Terra-cotta ware

Thread, linen

Tinware, copperware and
sheet-iron ware

Tinfoil

Tobacco, chewing, smoking
and snuff

Tobacco, cigars and cigar-
ettes

Tobacco stemming

Tools

Toys and games

Trunks and valises

Type foanding

Umbrellas and canes

Upholstering „

Upholstering materials ....

Varnish

Vault lights and ventilators

Veneering

Vinegar

Washing-machines and
clothes- wringers

Watch and clock materials .

Watch and clock repairing .

Watch cases

Watches

Whalebone and rattan

Wheelbarrows

Wheelwnghting

AVERAGE NUMBER
OF HANDS EM-

Num-

PLOYED.

Total

of

estab-

Capital.

COCO

IK ITS

paid in
wages dur-

Materials.

Products.

lish-

-£a

C3 O) •

ing the

ments.

year.

139

$5,328,256

2,710

301

$919,197

$4,911,060

$7,477,742

159

3,286,325

1,871

1,028

1,159,893

3,501,426

5,896,322

95

3,075,751

2,425

1,305,739

2,857,000

5,127,842

104

224,525

261

11

139.639

144,554

472,514

45

536,000

562

44

312,208

200,491

724.689

686

6,380,610

7,205

948

3,279,535

2,564,359

7,942,729

77

3,333,560

3,278

7,501

2,556,197

5,455,559

9,345,759

4

365,000

350

62,271

186,128

282,572

49

27,432,500

5,832

2,875,032

144,698,499

155,484,915

71

843,142

308

154

265,372

286,720

906,303

508

1,866,390

9,955

338

1,623,061

2,324,637

5,876,983

16

25,750

27

102

22,000

21,850

82,500

40

636,458

797

37

458,406

755,891

1,580,648

15

496,550

407

206,650

168,561

554,343

1

500,000

200

730

260,000

750,000

1,200,000

7,595

22,252,290

23,903

853

10.722,974

25,232,281

48,096,038

. 4

686,000

101

70

100,673

198,942

416,849

477

17,207,401

14,886

10,776

6,419,024

34,397,072

52,793,056

7,145

21,698,549

40,099

9,108

18,464,562

29,577,833

63,979,575

52

1,089,342

567

596

170,871

1,409,502

1,897,535

145

4,384,109

3,042

29

1,489.531

1,532,556

4,236,568

106

915,575

1,153

618

512,786

595,833

1,562,513

265

2,792,256

3,805

254

1,786,586

3,910,133

7,252,470

48

2,772,690

1,327

406

958,693

660,748

2,330,298

172

2,658,725

1,504

1,859

1,158,682

4,502,777

6,917,463

781

2,885,401

2,456

690

1,353,334

4,150,884

7,158,893

79

1,690,200

961

306

523,417

1,023,154

1,837,705

81

3,778,100

550

366,716

3,699,684

5,721,174

12

138,450

115

66,204

108,981

273,395

5

261,500

105

6

35,730

137,082

292,205

306

2,151,766

1,160

44

413,451

1,888,173

3,418,038

61

652,549

398

18

176,287

587,643

1,182,714

20

117,550

184

45

86,050

130,315

300,195

1,202

1,704,571

1,547

32

866,966

763,249

2,712,819

27

1,584.740

1,418

139

976,041

2,812,922

4,589,314

11

4,144,327

2,127

1,219

1,712,276

982,224

3,271,244

12

166,450

123

42

75,003

371,450

526,777

22

266,200

220

72,489

101,853

227,392

10,701

10,641,080

15,821

17

5,074,799

6,703,677

1 18,892,858

MANUFACTURES.

The United States by specified industries, in 1880. — Continued.

1 15

Mechanical and manufact-
uring INDUSTRIES.

Whips

Wind-mills

Window blinds and shades

Wire

Wire-work

Wood-preserving

Wood pulp

Wood, turned and carved .

Wooden ware

Wool hats

Woolen goods

Worsted goods

Zinc

Num-
ber
of
estab-
lish-
ments.

69
131

40
305

2

50

710

287

43

1,990

76

16

Capital.

$1,078,070

697,100

1,385,515

4,230,071

3,681,893

120,000

1,898,450

3,450,710

3,606,794

3,615,830

96,095,564

20,374,043

2,022,600

AVERAGE

NUMBER

OF HANDS EM-

PLOYED.

G3

"is

Fern ales
above 15

years.

742

266

585

3

1,015

143

5,544

172

3,595

300

36

1,184

8

4,933

131

4,268

144

3,222

1,459

46,978

29,372 j

6,435

9,473

1,286

Total
amount
paid in
wages dur-
ing the
year.

$415,007

244,197

479,133

1,982,731

1,708,165

14,717

444,778

2,148,914

1,539,571

1,893,215

25,836,392

5,683,027

666,970

Materials.

$701,225

523,594

1,635,700

7,034,965

5,410,084

62,700

910,835

2,940,630

2,635,720

4,785,774

100,845,611

22,013,628

1,771,055

Products.

$1,698,633
1,010,542
2,826,518

10,836,605
9,127,818
101,110
2,256,946
6,770,119
5,235,474
8,516,569
160,606,721

33,549,942
2,725,165

716

MANUFACTURES.

The following table shows for each recognized occupation within this
class, which employs as many as 20,000 persons, first, the proportion in
which the total number of operatives engaged is made up of persons of
native and persons of foreign birth, and, secondly, the proportions in which
the total number of persons of foreign birth engaged is made up from the
different foreign countries on the list:

Industry.

OPERATIVES.

Bakers _ _

Blacksmiths

Boot and shoemakers

Brick and tilemakers

Butchers

Cabinetmakers

Carpenters and joiners

Carriage and wagonmakers .

Cigarmakers

Coopers

Cotton-mill operatives

Employes in manufacturing es-
tablishments (not specified)

Engineers and firemen

Fishermen and oystermen . . .

Gold and silver wkrs. & jewelers

Harness and saddlemakers

Iron and steel workers and shop
operatives

Leather curriers, dressers, finish-
ers, and tanners

Lumbermen and raftsmen

Machinists

Manufacturers

Marble and stone cutters

Masons, brick and stone

Mill and factory operatives . . .

Millers

Milliners, dressmakers, and seam-
stresses 1

Miners

Painters and varnishers

Paper-mill operatives

Plasterers

Printers, lithographers, and ster-

eotypers

Saw and planing-mill operatives .

Tailors and Tailoresses

Tinners and Tinwaremakers

Tobacco-factory operatives

ft'

90.76
43.84
72 71
64.24
68.17
61.66
58.23
77.04
75.45
55.43
67.09
55.37
71.56

72.82
73.33
72.91
74.50

63.67

54.26
65.82
69,88
73.73
55.41
64.63
74.21
84.63

83.95
46.11
76.05
66.80
72.44

83.00
73.29
46.48
75.86
91.31
60.72

9.24
56.16
27.29
35.76
31.83
38.34
41.77
22.96
24.55
44.57
32.91
44.63
28.44

27.18
26.67
27.09
25.50

36.33

45.74
34.18
30.12
26.27
44.59
35.37
25.79
15.37

16.05
53.89
23.95
33.20
27.56

17.00
26.71
53.52
24.14
8.69
39.28

FOREIGN PER CENT OP EACH CLASS.

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100

100

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100
100
100

14.55
11.53
27.04
25.13
20.28
11.92

5.35
16.65
11.36

3.38
20.25
26.04
26.97

32.28

9.39

12.01

19.29

40.21

44.16
8.42
20.70
12.51
42.15
34.79
26.74
10.94

35.36
20.17
20.06
52.75
43.17

22.96
8.33
14.38
17.73
22.63
36.85

32.09
65.68
32.10
40.09
27.21
62.15
63,00
35.46
50.57
47.48
54.79
2.64
33.65

19.94

6.94

42.27

43.11

22.37

30.13
9.36
26.94
43.86
19.76
32.71
21.20
41.07

20.30
7.94

33.33
9.88

20.05

27.00
24.13
52.65
44.59
37.33
10.88

18.03
7.85

15.93
9.66
7.74

10.67
6.91

15.41

11.58
5.61
5.03

21.43

16.86

30.27

5.27

20.17

11.08

24.45

6.92
7.13
32.26
23.20
21.91
15.83
23.52
23.72

15.51

37.58
20.57
15.95
20.08

25.39
5.43
7.01

15.42
7.94

30.36

a t>

a a

o a
m

4.00
1.23
4.78
3.62
4.04
0.99
5.99
6.20
4.44
0.82
2.34
0.37
2.00

13.45

4.18

12.93

10.92

30.04

3.84

6.71

17.55

12.99

2.08

8.18

48.03

8.85

2.41 9.15
8.28 25.53

3.24
2.38

2.51

3.19
12.56
3.20
1.32
1.75
3.65
3.05
441

3.62
3.82
5.71
1.13

2.68

2.99
14.36
5.67
3.03
1.69
1.39

5.73
11.91

5.33

8.53

53.78

9.04

6.07

7.43

6.15

16.11

10.93

15.39

4.50

10.19

15.19

8.00

13.41

33.69

3.23

8.99

4.62

17.63

17.88

9.53

7.22

10.58

10.69

10.43

12.04

8.73

9.06

40.63

9.41

1.49

11.67

5.95
44.59
16.58
12.23

5.13

7.06
8.75
7.87
13.03
7.01
6.87
9.38
8.93

9.82

25.99

10.14

5.10

6.02

8.25
14.06
17.06
10.24
25.79

2.82

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION

WEALTH.

Although young among the nations of the world, and with many of
her resources practically untouched and with none of these developed
fully, the United States ranks among the first in wealth. The latest
statistics concerning the wealth in real estate and personal property of the
principal countries of the world is seen from the following table. The
wealth is given in round numbers, but may be considered approximately
correct. The table shows the wealth in 1870 and 1880, the increase in
the decade, and the amount which would be the proportionate share of
each inhabitant at the time named: —

The wealth of the world.

Countries.

United States

Great Britain

France

Germany

Russia

Austria

Italy

Holland

Belgium ,

Spain

Portugal

Sweden and Norway

Denmark

Turkey, etc

Europe

Australia

Canada

South Africa

South America

The World

ESTIMATED WEALTH.

1870.

$30,068,000,000

41,500,000,000

35,610,000,000

' 26,750,000,000

16,450,000,000

14,150,000,000

8,750,000,000

5,400,000,000

4,500,000,000

6,200,000,000

1,275,000,000

3,165,000,000

1,700,000,000

3,750,000,000

169,550,000,000

1,730,000,000

2,620,000,000

355,000,000

4,500,000,000

210,355,000,000

1880.

$43,642,000,000

44,800,000,000

37,085,000,000

30,375,000,000

17,700,000,000

15,250,000,000

9,300,000,000

5,650,000,000

4,700,000,000

6,865,000,000

1,360,000,000

3,690,000,000

1,750,000,000

3,800,000,000

182,325,000,000

2,450,000,000

3,180,000,000

490,000,000

4,750,000,000

237,595,000,000

Increase in ten
years.

$13,574,000,000

3,250,000,000

1,475,000,000

3,625,000,000

1,250,000,000

1,100,000,000

550,000,000

250,000,000

200,000,000

665,000,000

85,000,000

225,000,000

50,000,000

50,000,000

127,775,000

720,000,000

560,000,000

135,000,000

250,000,000

22,240,000,000

RATIO PER
INHABITANT.

1870.

$ 780

1,320
935
705
220
395
330

1,515
890
380
320
575
950
155
555
950
690
400
180
560

1880.

$ 870
1,300
1,005
675
220
390
325
1,415
840
410
325
565
890
155
555
860
740
360
185
565

(717)

718

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

From the foregoing it appears that the wealth of our country stands
next to and almost equals that of Great Britain, including England, Scot-
land, Ireland and Wales; is nearly one-fourth that of all Europe, and
about one-seventh that of the world. At the rate of increase during the
decade noted, the wealth in 1886 can be little less than fifty billion dollars,
while, by the same rule, that of Great Britain would be less than forty-
five billions.

Table showing the industries of all nations in millions of dollars, for 1 870 and 1 880.

Countries

Commerce.

Manufactures.

Mining.

Agriculture.

Transpor-
tation,

Banking.

Total.

^"ct

1870

1880

1870

1880

1870

1880

1870

1880

1870

1880

1S7G

1880

1870

1880

|.SS

U. S

860

1,505

3,410

4,440

190

360

2,075

2,625

660

830

200

260

7,395

10,020

2,625

Gr. Brit. .

2,735

3,460

3,210

3,790

230

325

1,300

1,200

560

805

400

540

8,435

10,120

1,685

France . .

1,245

1,660

2,175

2,425

45

60

2,060

2,000

210

310

150

170

5,905

6,625

720

Germany

1,350

1,940

1,705

2,135

70

105

1,560

1,700

* 210

345

125

140

5,010

6,345

1,335

Russia.. .

550

955

1,025

1,145

40

55

1,750

1,850

140

220

60

75

3,565

4,300

735

Austria . .

415

700

915

1,030

25

35

1,200

1,315

80

120

70

85

2,705

3,275

580

Italy ....

370

480

515

575

10

10

650

725

55

75

25

30

1,625

1,895

270

Spain.. . .

155

190

385

440

25

35

475

545

35

60

10

15

1,085

1,275

200

Belgium .

320

515

365

420

30

40

170

175

35

40

15

15

935

1,210

275

Holland .

355

550

175

210

00

00

205

230

20

25

65

70

580

1,085

255

Sw.&Nor.

175

180

180

200

10

10

235

260

45

75

15

15

620

740

120

Denmark

75

95

70

90

00

00

125

135

5

10

5

5

280

335

55

Portugal.

50

65

50

55

00

00

115

125

0

5

5

5

220

255

35

Turk., etc.

415

315

400

340

00

00

265

235

15

30

15

15

1,110

935

*175

Australia

275

445

45

65

45

30

175

260

5

15

25

50

580

865

185

Canada. .

165

175

175

230

00

00

255

300

25

45

10

20

630

770

140

So. Africa

40

85

10

15

10

20

25

35

00

00

00

00

85

155

70

So. Amer.

425

450

90

110

35

40

350

400

15

30

20

25

935

1,055

120

All Europe. .

8,170

11,085

11,200

12,860 485

675

10,100

10,495

1,410

2,120

960

1,180

32,325

38,415

6,090

The World. . .

9,945

13,745

14,930

17,720.765

1,125

12,980

14,115

2,115

3,040

1,215

1,535

41,950

51,280

9,330

* Decrease.

BALANCE SHEET OF THE COUNTRY.

The entire business of the United States, all its receipts from custom
duties, internal revenue, taxes and various other sources, are shown in the
following tables. These tables take us back to the very beginning of the
Federal Union, and the business, year by year, is given from 1789 up to
and including 1884. Subsequent tables show the expenditures of the
country, by years, during the same period, the two sets making a com-
plete exhibit of the business of the country.

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Receipts of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1884.

"19

Balance in treas-

Year.

ury at com-
mencement of
year.

Customs.

Internal revenue.

Direct tax.

Public lands.

Miscellaneous.

1791

if 4,399,473 09

$ 10,478 10

1792

$ 973,905 75

3,443,070 85

% 208,942 81

9,918 65

1793. . . .

783,444 51

4,255,306 56

337,705 70

21,410 88

1794

753,661 69

4,801,065 28

274,089 62

53,277 97

1795

1,151,924 17
516,442 61
888,995 42

1,021,899 04

5,588,461 26

337,755 36

28,317 97

1796

5,567,987 94

475,289 60

If 4,836 13

1,169,415 98

1797

7,549,649 65
7,106,061 93

575,491 45

83,540 60

399,139 29

1798. . . .

644,357 95

11,963 11

58,192 81

1799

617,451 43
2,161,867 77

6,610,449 31

779,136 44

86,187 56

1800....

9,080,932 73

809,396 55

$ 734,223 97

443 75

152,712 10

1801....

2,623,311 99

10,750,778 93

1,048,033 43

534,343 38

167,726 06

345,649 15

1802....

3,295,391 00

12,438,235 74

621,898 89

206,565 44

188,628 02

1,500,505 86

1803....

5,020,697 64

10,479,417 61

215,179 69

71,879 20

165,675 69

131,945 44

1804....

4,825,811 60

11,098,565 33

50,941 29

50,198 44

487,526 79

139,075 53

1805....

4,037,005 26

12,936,487 04

21,747 15

21,882 91

540,193 80

40,382 30

1806....

3,999,388 99

14,667,698 17

20,101 45

55,763 86

765,245 73

51,121 86

1807....

4,538,123 80

15,845,521 61

13,051 40

34,732 56

466,163 27

38,550 42

1808....

9,643,850 07

16,363,550 58

8,190 23

19,159 21

647,939 06

21,822 85

1809....

9,941,809 96

7,257,506 62

4,034 29

7,517 31

442,252 33

62,162 57

1810....

3,848,056 78

8,583,309 31

7,430 63

12,448 68

696,548 82

84,476 84

1811....

2,672,276 57

13,313,222 73

2,295 95

7,666 66

1,040,237 53

59,211 22

1812....

3,502,305 80

8,958,777 53

4,903 06

859 22

710,427 78

126,165 17

1813....

3,862,217 41

13,224,623 25

4,755 04

3,805 52

835,655 14

271,571 CO

1814....

5,196,542 00

5,998,772 08

1,662,984 82

2,219,497 36

1,135,971 09

164,399 81

1815....

1,727,848 63

7,282,942 22

4,678,059 07

2,162,673 41

1,287,959 28

285,282 84

1816....

13,106,592 88

36,306,874 88

5,124,708 31

4,253,635 09

1,717,985 03

273,782 35

1817....

22,033,519 19

26,283,348 49

2,678,100 77

1,824,187 04

1,991,226 06

109,761 08

1818....

14,989,465 48

17,176,385 00

955,270 20

264,333 36

2,606,564 77

57,617 71

1819....

1,478,526 74

20,283,608 76

229,593 63

83,650 78

3,274,422 78

57,098 42

1820....

2,079,992 38

15,005,612 15

106,260 53

31,586 82

1,635,871 61

61,338 44

1821....

1,198,461 21

13,004,447 15

69,027 63

29,349 05

1,212,966 46

152,589 43

1822....

1,681,592 24

17,589,761 94

67,665 71

20,961 56

1,803,581 54

452,957 19

1823....

4,237,427 55

19,088,433 44

34,242 17

10,337 71

916,523 10

141,129 84

1824....

9,463,922 81

17,878,325 71

34,663 37

6,201 96

984,418 15

127,603 60

1825....

1,946,597 13

20,098,713 45

25,771 35

2,330 85

1,216,090 56

130,451 81

1826....

5,201,650 43

23,341,331 77

21,589 93

6,638 76

1,393,785 09

94,588 66

1827....

6,358,686 18

19,712,283 29

19,885 68

2,626 90

1,495,845 26

1,315,722 83

1828....

6,668,286 10

23,205,523 64

17,451 54

2,218 81

1,038,308 75

65,126 49

1829....

5,972,435 81

22,681,965 91

14,502 74

11,335 05

1,517,175 13

112,648 55

1830....

5,755,704 79

21,922,391 39

12,160 62

16,980 59

2,329,356 14

73,227 77

1831....

6,014,537 75

24,224,441 77

6,933 51

10,506 01

3,210,815 48

584,124 05

1832....

4,502,914 45

28,465,237 24

11,630 65

6,791 13

2,623,381 03

270,410 61

1833....

2,011,777 55

29,032,508 91

2,759 00

394 12

3,967,682 55

470,096 67

1834...

11,702,905 31

16,214,957 15

4,196 09

19 80

4,857,600 69

480,812 32

1835....

8,892,858 42

19,391,310 59

10,459 48

4,263 33

14,757,600 75

757,972 13

1836....

26,749,803 96

23,409,940 53

370 00

728 79

24,877,179 86

2,245,902 23

1837....

46,708,436 00

11,169,290 39

5,493 84

1,687 70

6,776,236 52

7,001,444 59

1838....

37,327,252 69

16,158,800 36

2,467 27

3,730,945 66

6.410.348 45

720 WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Receipts of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1 884.— Continued.

Yeah.

Balance in treas-
ury at commence-
ment of year.

Customs.

Internal revenue.

Direct tax.

Public lands.

Miscellaneous.

1839....

$ 36,891,196 94

$ 23,137,924 81

$ 2,553 32

$ 755 22

$ 7,361,576 40

if 979,939 86

1840...

33,157,503 68

13,499,502 17

1,682 25

3,411,818 63

2,567,112 28

1841....

29.963,163 46

14,487,216 74

3,261 36

1,365,627 42

1,004,054 75

1842....

28,685,111 08

18,187,908 76

495 00

1,335,797 52

451,995 97

1843*. . .

30,521,979 44

7,046,843 91

103 25

898,158 18

285,895 92

1844....

39,186,284 74

26,183,570 94

1,777 34

2,059,939 80

1,075,419 70

1845....

36,742,829 62

27,528,112 70
26,712,667 87

3,517 12

2,077,922 30

361,453 68

1846....

36,194,274 81

2,897 26

2,694,452 48

289,950 13

1847....

38,261,959 65

23,747,864 66

375 00

2,498,355 20

220,808 30

1848....

33,079,276 43

31,757,070 96

375 00

3,328,642 56

612,610 69

1849....

29,416,612 45

28,346,738 82

1,688,959 55

685,379 13

1850....

32,827,082 69

39,668,686 42

1,859,894 25

2,064,308 21

1851. . . .

35,871,753 31

49,017.567 92

2,352,305 30

1,185,166 11

1852....

40,158,353 25

47,339,326 62

2,043,239 58

464,249 40

1853....

43,338,860 02

58,931,865 52

1,667,084 99

988,081 17

1854....

50,261,901 09
48,591,073 41

64,224,190 27
53,025,794 21

' 8,470,798 39
11,497,049 07

1,105,352 74

1855....

827,731 40

1856....

47,777,672 13

64,022,863 50

8,917,644 93

1,116,190 81

1857....

49,108,229 80

63,875,905 05

3,829,486 64

1,259,920 88

1858....

46,802,855 00

41,789,620 96

*

3,513,715 87

1,352,029 13

1859....

35,113,334 22

49,565,824 38

1,756,687 30

1,454,596 24

1860. . . .

33,193,248 60

53,187,511 87

1,778,557 71

1,088,530 25

1861....

32,979,530 78

39,582,125 64

870,658 54

1,023,515 31

1862....

30,963,857 83

49,056,397 62

1,795,331 73

152,203 77

915,327 97

1863....

46,965,304 87

69,059,642 40

37,640,787 95

1,485,103 61

167,617 17

3,741,794 38

1864....

36,523,046 13

102,316,152 99

109,741,134 10

475,648 96

588,333 29

30,291,701 86

1865....

134,433,738 44

84,928,260 60

209,464,215 25

1,200,573 03

996,553 31

25,441,556 00

1866....

33,933,657 89

179,046.651 58

309,226,813 42

1,974,754 12

665,031 03

29,036,314 23

1867....

160,817,099 73

176,417,810 88

266,027,537 43

4,200,233 70

1,163,575 76

15,037,522 15

1868....

198,076,537 09

164,464,599 56

191,087,589 41

1,788,145 85

1,348.715 41

17,745,403 59

1869....

158,936,082 87

180,048,426 63

158,356,460 86

765,685 61

4,020,344 34

13,997,338 65

1870....

183,781,985 76

194,538,374 44

184,899,756 49

229,102 88

3,350,481 76

12,942,118 30

1871....

177,604,116 51

206,270,408 05

143,098,153 63

580,355 37

2,388,646 68

22,093 541 21

1872....

138,919,122 15

216,370,286 77

130,642,177 72

2,575,714 19

15,106,051 23

1873....

134,666,001 85

188,089,522 70

113,729,314 14

315,254 51

2,882,312 38

17,161,270 05

1874...

159,293,673 41

163,103,833 69

102,409,784 90

1,852,428 93

32,575,043 32

1875....

178,833,339 54

157,167,722 35

110,007,493 58
116,700,732 03

1,413,640 17

15,431,915 31

1876....

172,804,061 32

148,071,984 61

93,798 80

1,129,466 95

24,070,602 31

1877. . . .

149,909,377 21

130,956,493 07

118,630,407 83

976,253 68

30,437,487 42

1878....

214,887,645 88

130,170,680 20

110,581,624 74
113,561,610 58

1,079,743 37

15,614,728 09

1879....

286,591,453 88

137,250,047 70

924,781 06

20,585,697 49

1880....

386,832,588 65

186,522,064 60

124,009,373 92

30 85

1,016,506 60

21,978,525 01

1881....

231,940,064 44

198,159,676 02

135,264,385 51

1,516 89

2,201,863 17

25,154,850 98

1882....

280,607,668 37

220,410,730 25

146,497,595 45

160,141 69

4,753,140 37

31,703,642 52

1883....

247,349,258 62

214,706.496 93

144,720,368-98

108,156 60

7,955,864 42

30,796,695 02

1884....

346,088,937 07

195,067,489 76

121,586,072 51

70,720 75

9,810,705 01

21,984,881 89

5,267,307,819 36

3,220,161,403 22

27,989,292 51

230,285,892 38

523,068,430 43

*For the half-year from January 1, to June 80, 1843.

TAXATION,PER CAPITA,

OF THE

SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

1 47

I N.MEXICO 1

1 N

46
CAROLINA |

45

ALABAMA

44

TENNESSEE 1

1 43

S. CAROLINA 1

42

GEORGIA

41

MISSISSIPPI 1

40

FLORIDA

39 ARKANSAS

36 VIRGINIA

35 KENTUCKY

34 W. VIRGINIA

33 DAKOTA

32 DELAWARE

31 LOUISIANA

30 MISSOURI

29 KANSAS

28 VERMONT

27 MICHIGAN

26 MINNESOTA

2S WISCONSIN

24 MARYLAND

16 ARIZONA

15 NEW HAMPSHIRE

14 NEW JERSEY

13 ILLINOIS

12 MAINE

10 DIST. OF COLUMBIA

CONNECTICUT

RHODE ISLAND

6 WYOMING

MASSACHUSETTS

23

IDAHO

|

NEBRASKA

1

INDIANA

20

OREGON

19

PENNSYLVANIA

18

WASHINGTON

17

IOWA

CALIFORNIA

ASSESSED VALUATION, PER CAPITA,

OF THE

SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

47 new mexico__

46 mississippi

45 Alabama

44 arkansas

43 north carolina

42 FLORIDA

41 SOUTH CAROLINA

40 TENNESSEE

39 DAKOTA

38 GEORGIA

37 KANSAS

36 LOUISIANA

35 UTAH

34 IDAHO

33 NEBRASKA

32 TEXAS

31 VIRGINIA

30 KENTUCKY

28 WEST VIRGINIA

28 ARIZONA

27 IOWA

26 MISSOURI

25 ILLINOIS

24 VERMONT

23 OREGON

22 MICHIGAN

21 WASHINGTON

20 MINNESOTA

19 WISCONSIN

18 MAINE

17 INDIANA

16 COLORADO

15 PENNSYLVANIA

14 DELAWARE

13 NEVADA

12 NEW HAMPSHIRE

I I MONTANA

10 OHIO

9 NEW JERSEY

8 NEW YORK

7 CONNECTICUT

6 MARYLAND

S DIST OF COLUMBIA

4 WYOMING

3 CALIFORNIA

2 MASSACHUSETTS

I RHODE ISLAND

Real estate

Personal Property

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION. 721

Receipts of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1884.— Continued.

Dividends.

if 8,028 00

38,500 00

303,472 00

160,000 00

160,000 00

80,960 00

79,920 00

71,040 00

71,040 00

88,800 00

39,960 00

202,426 30
525,000 00
675,000 00
1,000,000 00
105,000 00
297,500 00
350,000 00
350,000 00
367,500 00
402,500 00
420,000 00
455,000 00
490,000 00
490,000 00
490,000 00
490,000 00
474,985 00
234,349 50
506,480 82
292,674 67

Net ordinary
receipts.

$ 4,409,951 19

3,669,960 31

4,652,923 14

5,431,904 87

6,114,534 59

8,377,529 65

8,688,780 99

7,900,495 80

7,546,813 31

10,848,749 10

12,935,330 95

14,995,793 95

11,064,097 63

11,826,307 38

13,560,693 20

15,559,931 07

16,398,019 26

17,060,661 93

7,773,473 12

9,384,214 28

14,422,634 09

9,801,132 76

14,340,409 95

11,181,625 16

15,696,916 82

47,676,985 66

33,099,049 74

21,585,171 04

24,603,374 37

17,840,669 55

14,573,379 72

20,232,427 94

20,540,666 26

19,381,212 79

21,840,858 02

25,260,434 21

22,966,363 96

24,763,629 23

24,827,627 38

24,844,116 51

28,526,820 82

31,867,450 66

33,948,426 25

21,791,935 55

35,430,087 10

50,826,796 08

24,954,153 04

26,302,561 74

Interest.

% 4,800 00
42,800 00

78,675 00
10,125 00

300 00

85 79

11,541 74

68,665 16

267,819 14

412 62

Premiums.

$ 32,107 64
686 09

40,000 00

Receipts from
loans and treas-
ury notes.

$ 361,391 34
5,102,498 45
1,797,272 01
4,007,950 78
3,396,424 00

320,000 00
70,000 00

200,000 00
5,000,000 00
1,565,229 24

2,750,000 00

12,837,900 00

26,184,135 00

23,377,826 00

35,220,671 40

9,425,084 91

466,723 45

8,353 00

2,291 00

3,000,824 13

5,000,324 00

5,000,000 00
5,000,000 00

2,992,989 15
12,716,820 86

Gross receipts.

$ 4,771,342
8,772,458
6,450,195
9,439,855
9,515,758
8,740,329
8,758,780
8,179,170
12,546,813
12,413,978
12,945,455
14,995,793
11,064,097
11,826,307
13,560,693
15,559,931
16,398,019
17,060,661
7,773,473
12,134,214
14,422,634
22,639,032
40,524,844
34,559,536
50,961,237
57,171,421
33,833,592
21,593,936
24,605,665
20,881,493
19,573,703
20,232,427
20,540,666
24,381,212
26,840,858
25,260,434
22,966,363
24,763,629
24,827,627
24,844,116
28,526,820
31,867,450
33,948,426
21,971,935
35,430,087
50,826,796
27,947,142
39,019,382

Unavailable.

1,889 50

63,288 35

722 WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Receipts of the United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1884. — Continued.

1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

.1873

1874

187

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

Dividends.

Net ordinary
receipts.

9,720,136 29

5 31,482,749

19,480,115

16,860,160

19,976,197

8,231,001

29,320,707

29,970,105

29,699,967

26,467,403

35,698,699

30,721,077

43,592,888

52,555,039

49,846,815

61,587,031

73,800,341

65,350,574

74,056,699

68,965,312

46,655,365

52,777,107

56,054,599

41,476,299

51,919,261

112,094.945

343,412,971

322,031,158

519,949,564

462,846,679

376,434,453
357,188,256
395,959,833
374,431,104
364,394,229
322,177,673
299,941,090
284,020,771
290,066,584
281,000,642
257,446,776
272,322,136
333,526,500
360,782,292
403,525,250
398,287,581
348,519,869

61
33
27
25
26
78
80
64
16
21
50
ss
33
60
68
40
68
24
57
96
92
83
49
09
51
20
19
38
92

82
09
87
94
91
78
84
41
79
00
40
83
98
57
28
95
92

9,278,532,974 19

Interest.

Premiums.

$ 71,700 83
666 60

28,365 91

37,080 00

487,065 48

10,550 00

4,264 92

22 50

$485,224 45

709,357 72

10,008 00

33,630 90

68,400 00

602,345 44

21,174,101 01

11,683,446 89

38,083,055 68

27,787,330 35

29,203,629 50

13,755,491 12

15,295,043 76

8,892,839 95

9,412,637 65

11.560,530 89

5,037,665 22

3.979.279 69

4.029.280 58
405,776 58
317,102 30

1,505,047 63
110 00

Receipts from
loans and treas-
ury notes.

$ 3,857,276 21

5,589,547 51

13,659,317 38

14,808,735 64

12,479,708 36

1,877,181* 35

204,259,220 83

28,872,399 45

21,256,700 00

28,588,750 00

4,045,950 00

203,400 00

46,300 00

16,350 00

2,001 67

800 00

200 00

3,900 00

23,717,300 00

28,287,500 00

20,776,800 00

41,861,709 74

529,692,460 50

776,682,361 57

1,128,873,945 36

1,472,224,740 85

712,851,553 05

640,426,910 29

625,111,433 20

238,678,081 06
285,474,496 00
268,768,523 47
305,047,054 00
214,931,017 00
439,272,535 46
387,971,556 00
397,455,808 00
348,871,749 00
404,581,201 00
792,807,643 00
211,814,103 00
113,750,534 00
120,945,724 00
555,942,564 00
206,877,886 00

Gross receipts.

11,594,810,415 84

if 35,340,025 82

25,069,662 84

30,519,477 65

34,784,932 89

20,782,410 45

31,198,555 73

29,970,105 80

29,699,967 74

55,368,168 52

56,992,479 21

59,796,892 98

47,649,388 88

52,762,704 25

49,893,115 60

61,603,404 18

73,802,343 07

65,351,374 68

74,056,899 24

68,969,212 57

70,372,665 96

81,773,965 64

76,841,407 83

83,371,640 13

581.680,121 59

889,379,652 52

1,393,461,017 57

1,805,939,345 93

1,278,884,173 11

1,131,069,020 56

1,030,749,516 52
609,621,828 27

696.729.973 63
652,092,468 36
679,153,921 56
548,669,221 67
744,251,291 52
675,971,607 10
691,551,673 28
630,278,167 58
662,345,079 70

1,066,634,827 46
545,340,713 98
474,532,826 57

524.470.974 28
954,230,145 95
555,397,755 92

1,458,782 93
37,469 25

Unavailable.

11,188 00

28,251 90

30,000 00

103,301 37

15,408 34

11,110 81

6,000 01

9,210 40

6,095 11

172,094 29

721,827 93

2,675,918 19

21,078,087,835 31

2,070 73

3,396 18

18,228 35

3,047 80

12,691 40

2,661,866 53

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Expenditures of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1884.

723

Year.

1791.

1792.

1793.

1794.

1795.

1796.

1797.

1798.

1799.

1800.

1801.

1802.

1803.,

1804.:

1805..

1806..

1807..

1808.,

1809..

1810..

1811..

1812..

1813..

1814..

1815..

1816..

1817..

1818..

1819..

1820..

1821..

1822..

1823..

1824..

1825..

1826..

1827..

1828..

1829..

1830..

1831..

1832..

1833. .

1834. .

1835..

1836..

1837..

1838..

1839..

1840..

1841..

War.

I 632,804

1,100,702

1,130,249

2,639,097

2,480,910

1,260,263

1,039,402

2,009,522

2,466,946

2,560,878

1,672,944

1,179,148

822,055

875,423

712,781

1,224,355

1,288,685

2,900,834

3,345,772

2,294,323

2,032,828

11,817,798

19,652,013

20,350,806

14,794,294

16,012,096

8,004,236

5,622,715

6,506,300

2,630,392

4,461,291

3,111,981

3,096,924

3,340,939

3,659,914

3,943,194

3,948,977

4,145,544

4,724,291

4,767,128

4,841,835

5,446,034

6,704,019

5,696,189

5,759,156

11,747,345

13,682,730

12,897,224

8,916,995

7,095,267

8,801,610

03

09

08

59

13

84

46

30

98

77

08

25

85

93

28

38

91

40

17

94

19

24

02

86

22

80

53

10

3'

31

78

48

43

85

18

37

88

56

07

88

55

88

10

38

89

25

80

16

80

23

24

Navy.

I 61,408 97
410,562 03
274,784 04
382,631 89
1,381,347 76
2,858,081 84
3,448,716 03
2,111,424 00
915,561 87
1,215,230 53
1,189,832 75
1,597,500 00
1,649,641 44
1,722,064 47
1,884,067 80
2,427,758 80
1,654,244 20
1,965,566 39
3,959,365 15
6,446,600 10
7,311,290 60
8,660,000 25
3,908,278 30
3,314,598 49
2,953,695 00
3,847,640 42
4,387,990 00
3,319,243 06
2,224,458 98
2,503,765 83
2,904,581 56
3,049,083 86
4,218,902 45
4,263,877 45
3,918,786 44
3,308,745 47
3,239,428 63
3,856,183 07
3,956,370 29
3,901,356 75
3,956,260 42
3,864,939 06
5,807,718 23
6,646,914 53
6,131,580 53
6,182,294 25
6,113,896 89
6,001,076 97

Indians.

f 27,000 00

13,648 85

27,282 83

13,042 46

23,475 68

113,563 98

62,396 58

16,470 09

20,302 19

31 22

9,000 00

94,000 00

60,000 00

116,500 00

196,500 00

234,200 00

205,425 00

213,575 00

337,503 84

177,625 00

151,875 00

277,845 00

167,358 28

167,394 86

530,750 00

274,512 16

319,463 71

505,704 27

463,181 39

315,750 01

477,005 44

575,007 41

380,781 82

429,987 90

724,106 44

743,447 83

750,624 88

705,084 24

576,344 74

622,262 47

930,738 04

1,352,419 75

1,802,980 93

1,003,953 20

1,706,444 48

5,037,022 88

4,348,036 19

5,504,191 34

2,528,917 28

2,331,794 86

2,514,837 12

Pensions.

Miscellaneous.

175,813 88

109,243 15

80,087 81

81,399 24

68,673 22

100,843 71

92,256 97

104,845 33

95,444 03

64,130 73

73,533 37

85,440 39

62,902 10

80,092 80

81,854 59

81,875 53

70,500 00

82,576 04

87,833 54

83,744 16

75,043 88

91,402 10

86,989 91

90,164 36

69,656 06

188,804 15

297,374 43

890,719 90

2,415,939 85

3,208,376 31

242,817 25

1,948,199 40

1,780,588 52

1,499,326 59

1,308,810 57

1,556,593 83

976,138 86

850,573 57

949,594 47

1,363,297 31

1,170,665 14

1,184,422 40

4,589,152 40

3,364,285 30

1,954,711 32

2,882,797 96

2,672,162 45

2,156,057 29

3,142,750 51

2,603,562 17

2,388,434 51

1,083,971 61
4,672,664 38
511,451 01
750,350 74
1,378,920 66
804,847 58
1,259,422 62
1,139,524 94
1,039,391 68
1,337,613 22
1,114,768 45
1,462,929 40
1,842,635 76
2,191,009 43
3,768,598 75
2,890,137 01
1,697,897 51
1,423,285 61
1,215,803 79
1,101.144 98
1,367,291 40
1,683,088 21
1,729,435 61
2,208,029 70
2,898,870 47
2,989,741 17
3,518,936 76
3,835,839 51
3,067,211 41
2,592,021 94
2,223,121 54
1,967,996 24
2,022,093 99
7,155,398 81
2,748,544 89
2,600,177 79
2,713,476 58
3,676,052 64
3,082,234 65
3,237,416 04
3,064,646 10
4,577,141 45
5,716,245 93
4,404,728 95
4,229,698 53
5,393,279 72
9,893,370 27
7,160,664 76
5,725,990 89
5,995,398 96
6,490,881 45

724 WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Expenditures of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1 884.— Continued.

Year.

War.

1812.
1843*
1841.
1845.
1816.
1817.
1818.
1819.
1850.
1851.
1852.
1853.
1851.
1855.
1856.
1857
1858,
1859
1860
1861.
1862
1863
1861.
1865
1866

1867,
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1871
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
18S0
1881
1882
1883
1881

Navy.

Indians.

$ 6,610,138 02

2,908,671 95

5,218,183 66

5,716,291 28

10,113,370 58

35,810,030 33

27,688,331 21

11,558,173 26

9,687,021 58

12,161,965 11

8,521,506 19

9,910,198 19

11,722,282 87

11,618,071 07

16,963,160 51

19,159,150 87

25,679,121 63

23,151,720 53

16,172,202 72

23,001,530 67

389,173,562 29

603,311,111 82

690,391,018 66

1,030,690,100 06

283,151,676 06

3,568,638,312 28
13,621,780 07

3,572,260,092 35

95,231,115 63

123,216,648 62

78.501.990 61
57,655,675 40

35.799.991 82
35,372,157 20
16,323,138 31
12,313,927 22
11,120,615 98
38,070,888 61
37,082,735 90
32,151,117 85
40,425,660 73
38,116,916 22
1 1,166,460 55
43,570,494 19
48,911,382 93
39,129,603 36

8,397,212 95

3,727,711 53

6,198,199 11

6,297,177 89

6,155,013 92

7,900,635 76

9,108,176 02

9,786,705 92

7,901,721 66

8,880,581 38

8,918,812 10

11,067,789 53

10,790,096 32

13,327,095 11

11,071,831 61

12,651,691 61

11,053,261 61

11,600,927 90

11,511,649 83

12,387,156 52

42,640,353 09

63,261,235 31

85,704,963 74

122,617,434 07

43,285,662 00

717,551,816 39
f77,992 17

717,629,808 56
31,034,011 04
25,775,502 72
20,000,757 97
21,780,229 87
19,431,027 31
21,249,809 99
23,526,256 79
3,1,932,587 12
21,197,626 27
18,963.309 82
11,959,935 36
17,365,301 37
15,125,126 81
13,536,981 71
15,686,671 66
15,032,016 26
15,283,137 17
17,292,601 11

Pensions.

1,199,099 68
578,371 00
1,256,532 39
1,539,351 35
1,027,693 64
1,430,411 30
1,252,296 81
1,374,161 55
1,663,591 47
2,829,801 77
3,043,576 04
3,880,494 12
1,550,339 55
2,772,990 78
2,644,263 97
4,354,418 87
4,978,266 18
3,490,534 53
2,991,121 54
2,865,481 17
2,327,948 37
3,152,032 70
2,629,975 97
5,059,360 71
3,295,729 32

103,369,211 42
t53,286 61

4,486,016,973 51

1,076,103,032 50

103,122,198 03
1,612,531 77
1,100,682 32
7,012,923 06
3,107,938 15
7,126,997 41
7,061,728 82
7,951,701 88
6,692,162 09
8,381,656 82
5,966,558 17
5,277,007 22
1,629,280 28
5,206,109 08
5,945,457 09
5,514,161 09
9,736,747 40
7,362,590 34
6,475,999 29

217,248,033 34

1,378,931
839,041
2,032,008
2,400,788
1,811,097
1,711,883
1,227,196
1,328,867
1,866,886
2,293,377
2,101,858
1,756,306
1,232,665
1,477,612
1,296,229
1,310,380
1,219,768
1,222,222
1,100,802
1,034,599
852,170
1,078,513
4,985,473
16,347,621
15,605,549

Miscellaneous.

119,607,656

|9,737

119,617,393
20,936,551
23,782,386
28,176,621
28,310,202
31,443,894
28,533,402
29,359,126
29,038,414
29,456,216
28,257,395
27,963,752
27,137,019
35,121,482
56,777,174
50,059,279
61,345,193
66,012,573
55,429.228

780,087,610 84

6,775,624 61

3,202,713 00

5,615,183 86

5,911,760 98

6,711,283 89

6,885,608 35

5,650,851 25

12,885,331 21

16,013,763 36

17,888,992 18

17,501,171 45

17,463,068 01

26,672,141 68

21,090,125 13

31,791,038 87

28,565,498 77

26,400,016 42

23,797,544 40

27,977,978 30

23,327,287 69

21,385,862 59

23.198.382 37
27,572,216 87

42.989.383 10
40,613,114 17

643,604,554 33
|718,769 52

644,323,323 85
51,110,223 72
53,009,867 67
56,474,061 53
53,237,461 56
60,481,916 23
60,984,757 42
73,328,110 06
85,141,593 61

71.070.702 98
73,599,061 04
58,926,532 53

53.177.703 57
65,741,555 49
54,713,529 76
64,416,324 71
57,219,750 98
68,678,022 21
70,920,433 70

1,776,555,532 62

*For the half-year from January 1, to June 30, 1843. -("Outstanding warrants.

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION. 725

Expenditures of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1884. — Continued.

Yeak.

Net ordinary ex-
penditures.

$ 1,919,589 52

5,896,258 47

1,749,070 73

3,445,299 00

4,362,541 72

2,551,303 15

2,836,110 52

4,651,710 42

6,480,166 72

7,411,369 97

4,981,669 90

3,737,079 81

4,002,824 24

4,452,858 91

6,357,234 62

6,080,209 36

4,984,572 89

6,504,338 85

7,414,672 14

5,311,082 28

5,592,604 86

17,829,498 70

28,082,396 92

30,127,686 38

26,953,571 00

23,373,432 58

15,454,609 92

13,808,673 78

16,300,273 44

13,134,530 57

10,723,479 07

9,827,643 51

9,784,154 69

15,330,144 71

11,490,459 94

13,062,316 27

12,653,095 65

13,296,041 45

12,641,210 40

13,229,533 33

13,864,067 90

16,516,388 77

22,713,755 11

18,425,417 25

17,514,950 28

30,868,164 04

37,243,214 24

33,849,718 04

26,496,948 73

24,139,920 11

26,196,840 29

Premiums.

Interest.

1,777,863 03
2,373,611 28
2,097,859 17
2,752,523 04
2,947,059 06
3,239,347 68
3,172,516 73
2,955,875 90
2,815,651 41
3,402,601 04
4,411,830 06
4,239,172 16
3,949,462 36
4,185,048 74
2,657,114 22
3,368,968 26
3,369,578 48
2,557,074 23
2,866,074 90
3,163,671 09
2,585,435 57
2,454,272 57
3,599,455 22
4,593,239 04
5,990,090 24
7,822,923 34
4,536,282 55
6,209,954 03
5,211,730 56
5,151,004 32
5,126,073 79
5,172,788 79
4,922,475 40
4,943,557 93
4,366,757 40
3,975,542 95
3,486,071 51
3,098,800 60
2,542,843 23
1,912,574 93
1,373,748 74
772,561 50
303,796 87
202,152 98
57,863 08

14,996 48
399,833 89
174,598 08
284,977 55

Public debt,

if 699,984 23
693,050 25
2,633,048 07
2,743,771 13
2,841,639 37
2,577,126 01
2,617,250 12
976,032 09
1,706,578 84

1.138.563 11
2,879,876 98
5,294,235 24
3,306,697 07
3,977,206 07
4,583,960 63

5.572.018 64
2,938,141 62
7,701,288 96
3,586,479 26
4,835,241 12

5.414.564 43
1,998,349 88
7,508,668 22
3,307,304 90
6,638,832 11

17,048,139 59

20,886,753 57

15.086,247 59

2,492,195 73

3,477,489 96

3.241.019 83
2,676,160 33

607,541 01

11,624,835 83

7,728,587 38

7,065,539 24

6,517,596 88

9,064,637 47

9,860,304 77

9,443,173 29

14,800,629 48

17,067,747 79

1,239,746 51

5,974,412 21

328 20

Gross expendi-
tures.

21,822 91

5,590,723 79

10,718,153 53

3,912,015 62

5,315,712 19

$ 3,797,436 78
8,962,920 00
6,479,977 97
9,041,593 17
10,151,240 15
8,367,776 84
8,625,877 37
8,583,618 41
11,002,396 97
11,952,534 12
12,273,376 94
13,270,487 31
11,258,983 67
12,615,113 72
13,598,309 47
15,021,196 26
11,292,292 99
16,762,702 04
13,867,226 30
13,309,994 49
13,592,604 86
22,279,121 15
39,190,520 36
38,028,230 32
39,582,493 35
48,244,495 51
40,877,646 04
35,104,875 40
24,004,199 73
21,763,024 85
19,090,572 69
17,676,592 63
15,314,171 00
31,898,538 4
23,585,804 72
24,103,398 46
22,656,764 04
35,459,479 52
25,044,358 40
24,585,281 55
30,038,446 12
34,356,698 06
24,257,298 49
24,601,982 44
17,573,141 56
30,868,164 04
37,265,037 15
39,455,438 35
37,614,936 15
28,226,533 81
31,797,530 03

Balance in treas-
ury at the end
of the year.

$ 973,905 73

783,444 51

753,661 69

1,151,924 17

516,442 61

888,995 42

1,021,899 04

617,451 43

2,161,867 77

2,623,311 99

3,295,391 00

5,020,697 64

4,825,811 60

4,037,005 26

3,999,388 99

4,538,123 80

9,643,850 07

8,941,809 96

3,848,056 78

2,672,276 57

3,502,305 80

3,862,217 41

5,196,542 00

1,727,848 63

13,106,592 88

22,033,519 19

14,989,465 48

1,478,526 74

2,079,992 38

1,198,461 21

1,681,592 24

4,237,427 55

9,463,922 81

1,946,597 13

5,201,650 43

6,358,686 18

6,668,286 10

5,972,435 81

5,755,704 79

6,014,539 75

4,502,914 45

2,011,777 55

11,702,905 31

8,892,858 42

26,749,803 96

46,708,430 00

37,327,252 69

36,891,196 94

33,157,503 68

29,963,162 46

28,685,111 08

726 WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Expenditures of United States from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1884. — Continued.

Year.

Net ordinary ex-
penditures.

Premiums.

Interest.

Public debt.

Gross expendi-
tures.

Balance in treas-
ury at the end
of year.

1842 . .

.$24,361,336 59
11,256,508 60
20,650,108 01
21,895,369 61
26 418 459 59

$ 773,549 85

523,583 91

1,833,452 13

1,040,458 18

842,723 27

1,119,214 72

2,390,765 88

3,565,535 78

3,782,393 03

3,696,760 75

4,000,297 80

3,665,832 74

3,070,926 69

2,314,464 99

1,953,822 37

1,593,265 23

1,652,055 67

2,637,649 70

3,144,120 94

4,034,157 30

13,190,344 84

24,729,700 62

53,685,421 69

77,395,090 30

133,067,624 91

$ 7,801,990 09

338,012 64

11,158,450 71

7,536,349 49

371,100 04

5,600,067 '65

13,036,922 54

12,804,478 54

3,656,335 14

654,912 71

2,152,293 05

6,412,574 01

17,556,896 95

6,662,065 86

3,614,618 66

3,276,606 05

7,505,250 82

14,685,043 15

13,854,250 00

18,737,100 00

96,097,322 09

181,081,635 07

430,572,014 03

609,616,141 68

620,263,249 10

$ 32,936,876 53

12,118,105 15

33,642,010 85

30,490,408 71

27,632,282 90

60,520,851 74

60,655,143 19

56,386,422 74

44,304,718 26

46,476,104 31

46,712,608 83

54,577,061 74

75,473,170 75

66,164,775 96

72,726,341 57

71,274,587 37

82,062,186 74

83,678,642 92

77,055,125 65

85,387,313 08

565,667,563 74

899,815,911 25

1,295,541,114 86

1,906,433,331 37

1,139,344,081 95

$30,521,979 44

1843 . .

39,186,284 74

1844 . .

36,742,829 62

1845 . .

1846

% 18,231 43

36,194,274 81
38,261,959 65

1847 . .

53,801,569 37
45,227,454 77
39,933,542 61
37,165,990 09
44,054,717 66
40,389,954 56
44,078,156 35
51,967,528 42
56,316,197 72
66,772,527 64
66,041,143 70
72,330,437 17
66,355,950 07
60,056,754 71
62,616,055 78
456,379,896 81
694,004,575 56

33,079,276 43

1848 . .

29,416,612 45

1849 . .

1850 .

82,865 81

32,827,082 69
35,871,753 31

1851 . . .
1852...

1853 . . .

1854 . . .

1855 . . .

1856 . . .

1857 . . .

1858 . . .
1859

69,713 19
170,063 42
420,498 64
2,877,818 69
872,047 39
385,372 90
363,572 39
574,443 08

40,158,353 25
43,338,860 02
50,261,901 09
48,591,073 41
47,777,672 18
49,108,229 80
46,802,855 00
35,113,334 22
33,193,248 60

1860

32,979,530 78

1861

30,963,857 83

1862

46,965,304 87

1863

36,523,046 13

1864

811,283,676 14

134,433,738 44

1865 . . .

1866 . . .

1,217,704,199 28
385,954,731 43

1,717,900 11
58,476 51

33,933,657 89
165,301,654 76

5,152,771,550 43
*4,481,566 24

7,611,003 56

502,689,519 27
*2,888 48

2,374,677,103 12
*100 31

8,037,749,176 38
*4,484,555 03

*4,484,555 03

1867 . . .

1868 . . .

1869 . . .

1870 . . .

1871 . . .

1872 . . .

1873 . . .

1874 . . .

1875 . .

5,157,253,116 67
202,947,733 87
229,915,088 11
190,496,354 95
164,421,507 15
157,583,827 58
153,201,856 19
180,488,636 90
194,118,985 00
171,529,848 27
164,857,813 36
144,209,963 28
134,463,452 15
161,619,934 53
169,090,062 25
177,142,897 63
186,904,232 78
206,248,006 29
189,547,865 85

7,611,003 56
10,813,349 38
7,001,151 04
1,674,680 05
15,996,555 60
9,016,794 74
6,958,266 76
5,105,919 99
1,395,073 55

502,692,407 75

143,781,591 91

140,424,045 71

130,694,242 80

129,235,498 00

125,576,565 93

117,357,839 72

104,750,688 44

107,119,815 21

103,093,544 57

100.243,271 23

97,124,511 58

102,500,874 65

105,327,949 00

95,757,575 11

82,508,741 18

71,077,206 79

59,160,131 25

54,578,378 48

2,374,677,203 43
735,536,980 11
692,549,685 88
261,912,718 31
393.254,282 13
399,503,670 65
405,007,307 54
233,699,352 58
422,065,060 23
407,377,492 48
449,345,272 80
323,965,424 05
353,676,944 90
699,445,809 16
432,590,280 41
165,152,335 05
271,646,299 55
590,083,829 96
260,520,690 50

8,042,233,731 41

1,093,079,655 27

1,069,889,970 74

584,777,996 11

702,907,842 88

691,680,858 90

682.525.270 21
524,044,597 91

724.698.933 99
682,000,885 32
714,446,357 39
565,299,898 91

590.641.271 70
966,393,692 69
700,233,238 19
425,865,222 64
529,627,739 12
855,491,967 50

504.646.934 83

160,817,099 73
198,076,537 09
158,936,082 87
183,781,985 76
177,604,116 51
138,019,122 15
134,666,001 85
159,293,672 41
178,833,339 54
172,804,061 32

1876 . .

149,909,377 21

1877 . . .

214,887,645 88

1878 . . .

286,591,453 88

1879 . . .

386,832,588 65

1880 . . .

1881 . .

1882 . . .

2,795,320 42
1,061,248 78

231,940,064 44
280,607,668 37
247,349,258 62

1883 . . .

346,087,437 07

1884 . . .

396,839,758 16

8,336,041,182 81

69,429,363 87

2,373,004,879 31

9,872,010,639 72

20,650,486,065 71

♦Outstanding warrants.

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION. 727

The condition of the Treasury of the United States on September 30,
18S5, is shown by the following tables:

Assets.

Gold coin $180,863,798 62

Gold bullion 71,271,013 65

Standard silver dollars 165,431,083 00

Fractional silver coin 23,526,351 44

Silver bullion 3,732,336 69

Gold certificates 22,491,510 00

Silver certificates 31,733,440 00

United States notes 50,926,529 49

National bank notes 6,488,526 23

Fractional currency ■ 2,668 52

Deposits held by national bank depositaries 15,515,514 23

Minor coin 791,596 84

Redeemed one and two-year notes

Redeemed certificates of deposit (Act of June 8, 1872) 1,075,000 00

Interest checks and coupons paid „ 150,246 57

Interest on District of Columbia bonds paid 13,930 20

Speaker's certificates paid

Unavailable funds 694,710 31

Total $574,708,255 79

Liabilities.

Postoffice department account $ 2,917,627 58

Disbursing officers' balances 24,220,056 14

Fund for redemption of notes of national banks failed, in liquidation, and reduc-
ing circulation 38,794,042 60

Undistributed assets of failed national banks 411,180 39

Five per cent fund for redemption of national bank notes 12,482,800 92

Fund for redemption of national gold bank notes 123,259 00

Fractional silver coin redemption account 59,605 80

Currency and minor coin redemption account 488,128 35

Interest account Louisville and Portland Canal Company 1,470 00

Treasurer United States agent for paying interest on District of Columbia bonds. 156,916 92

Treasurer's transfer checks and drafts outstanding 4,971,407 14

Treasurer's general account:

Interest due and unpaid 1,825.829 19

Matured bonds and interest 205,501 90

Called bonds and interest 3,137,328 34

Old debt 749,887 32

Gold certificates 140,387,030 00

Silver certificates 125,379,706 00

Certificates of deposit (Act of June 8, 1872) 24,070,000 00

Balance, including bullion fund 194,326,478 20

Total $574,708,255 79

728

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

The wealth of the United States, by the several states and territories, from last census.

States and Teehitories.

Total.

Real Estate.

Personal.

Real and Personal

Estate.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut ....

"Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia . .
Wisconsin

Arizona

Dakota

District of Columbia

Idaho ,

Montana

New Mexico

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

Total Territories

Aggregate

$122,867,228

86,409,364

584,578,036

74,471,673

327,177,385

59,951,643

30,938,309

239,472,599

786,616,394

727,815,134

308,671,251

160,891,689

350,503,971

160,162,439

235,978,716

497,307,675

1,584,756,802

517,884,359

258,028,687

110,628,129

532,755,861

90,585,782

29,291,459

104,299,531

572,515,361

2,651,940,006

156,100,202

1,534,360,508

52,522,184

168,345,016

252,536,673

133,560,135

211,778,528

320,364,515

86,806,775

308,455,135

139,622,735

438,971,759

$77,374,008

55,760,388
466,273,585

35,604,197
228,791,267

59,302,739

18,885,151
139,982,941
575,441,053
538,683,239
297,254,342
108,432,049
265,085,908
122,362,297
173,356,272
368,442,913
1,111,160,072
433,063,561
203,446,781

79,469,530
381,985,112

55,073,372

17,941,030

122,277,454

442,632,638

2,329,282,359

101,709,326

1,093,677,705

32,559,996

1,540,007,957

188,224,459

77,461,670
195,649,200
205,308,924

71,436,823
233,601,599
105,000,306
344,788,721

16,774,542,264

9,270,214

20,321,530

12,976,492,003

3,922,961

13,333,618

6,440,876
18,609,802
11,363,406
24,775,279
23,810,693
13,621,829

2,297,526
5,077,162
4,388,764
14,779,344
11,335,923
9,485,291

$45,493,220
30,648,976

118,304,451
38,867,496
98,386,118
9,348,904
12,053,158
99,488,658

211,175,341

189,131,892

101,416,909
52,459,640
85,478,063
37,800,142
62,622,474

128,864,762

473,596,730
84,820,798
54,581,906
31,158,599

150,810,689
35,512,407
11,350,429
42,022,057

129,885,723

322,657,647
54,390,876

440,682,803
19,937,118

143,451,059
61,312,214
56,098,465
16,131,338

114,355,591
15,370,152
74,853,536
34,622,299
94,183,030

3,708,050,201
5,347,255
6,987,612

4,143,350
13,532,640

6,574,642

9,995,935
12,474,770

9,436,538

128,213,629

60,020,889

68,492,740

16,902,755,893

13,035,512,952

3,866,242,941

$207,651,878

173,152,873

1,278,963,125

156,821,785

805,234,181

103,759,295

51,643,117

312,067,203

3,144,108,319

1,654,217,825

1,027,173,289

339,263,122

683,718,297

325,128,726

361,274,183

1,092,681,547

2,817,291,666

1,386,583,454

709,616,297

219,0U6,493

1,402.779,018

217,168,800

58,605,129

306,182,009

1,091,813,997

8,279,100,716

313,251,429

3,327,698,247

105,128,334

4,568,299,108

329,614,903

261,827,419

513,211,791

627,196,820

229,735,207

454,186,954

199,272,183

878,637,801

40,014,067,070
21,678,126
55,263,285
168,108,763
12,197,205
49,293,714
37,114,591
53,380,908
56,220,749
27,841,276

481,098,617

40,495,168,687

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

729

MONEY.

The money in circulation in the United States is nearly equally
divided between coin and paper notes. The total of gold and silver coin
in circulation July i, 1885, was $820,998,837, and of all kinds of money,
$1,845,005,156. The following schedule, taken from the report of the
Director of the Mint, gives the estimate of circulation:

United States Coin.

Circulation July 1, 1884

Deduct probable consumption in arts and manufact-
ures from July 1, 1873, to June 30, 1880

Corrected circulation July 1, 1884

Year's coinage

Net imports

Total.

Less deposits for recoinage.
Used in the arts

Total loss

Circulation July 1, 1885 .

Gold.

$ 551,632,442
30,000,000

521,632,442

24,861,123

1,006,281

547,499,846

325,210

*5,000,000

5,325,210

542,174,636

Silver.

$ 250,617,357

250,617,359

28,848,959

535,449

280,001,765

877,564
*300,000

1,177,564

278,824,201

Total.

802,249,799
30,000,000

772,249,799

53,710,082

1,541,730

827,501,611

1,202,774
5,300,000

6,502,774

820,998,837

* About amount reported to have been used by manufactures in 1883.

The form and location of the total circulation of the country on July
i, 1885, is as follows:

In Treasury.

In national
banks.

In other banks
and general Total,
circulation.

$ 66,847,095
*4,654,586

179,952,890

165,413,112

31,236,899

13,593,410

38,370,700

§45,047,378

9,945,710

3,285

$ 66,847,095

4,654,586

542.174,636

203,884,381

74,939,820

139,901,646

140,323,140

346,738,966

318,576,711

6,964,175

t$ 90,758,947
$7,000,000
$1,897,554
74,816,920
3,139,070
79,701,352
23,465,388
489,927

$ 271,462,799

31,471,269

41,805,367

51,491,316

98,813,370

221,990,236

285,165,613

6,470,963

Silver dollars

Silver certificates

United States notes

National bank notes

Fractional currency

555,065,065

281,269,158

1,008,670,933

1,845,005,156

* Cost value. + Includes Gold Clearing House Certificates $24,199,000.

i The total " Silver Coin " only is reported. The division is estimated.
§ Includes $29,585,000 held as security for currency certificates.

730

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY.

The fractional currency which was issued by the government during
the Civil war for convenience in trade, has passed out of circulation
entirely. It is only seen in collections of curiosities. As a matter of
historical interest, the time of issue, the denomination, and the amount of
each issue, is given below :

FKACTIONAL CUERENCY, FIRST ISSUE.

[Issue began August 21, 1862, and ceased May 27, 1863.]

Denomination.

5 cents . .
10 cents . .
25 cents .
50 cents . .

Total

Total issued.

if 2,242,889 00

4,115,378 00

5,225,696 00

8,631,672 00

20,215,635 00

Redeemed to
June 30, 1883.

$ 1,214,561 86

2,871,413 35

4,186,517 64

7,661,199 39

15,933,692 24

Redeemed dur-
ing fiscal year.

$ 30 00

40 10

75 26

100 00

245 36

Redeemed to
June 30, 1884.

$ 1,214,591 86
2,871,453 45
4,186,592 90
7,661,299 39

15,933,937 60

Outstanding
June 30, 1884.

if 1,028,297 14

1,243,924 55

1,039,103 10

970,372 61

4,281,697 40

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY, SECOND ISSUE.

[Issue began October 10, 1863, and ceased February 23, 1867.]

Denomination.

Total issued.

Redeemed to
June 30, 1883.

Redeemed dur-
ing fiscal year.

Redeemed to
June 30, 1884.

Outstanding
June 30, 1884.

$2,794,826 10
6,176,084 30
7,648,341 25
6,545,232 00

if 2,096,122 42
5,263,816 99
6,902,822 36
5,794,644 85

$ 45 00
60 20
75 13
50 00

if 2,096,167 42
5,263,877 19
6,902,897 49
5,794,694 85

if 698,658 68
912,207 11

10 cents

25 cents

745,443 76

750,537 15

Total

23,164,483 65

20,057,406 62

230 33

20,057,636 95

3,106,846 70

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY, THIRD ISSUE.

[Issue began December 5, 1864, and ceased April 16, 1869.]

Denomination.

Total issued.

Redeemed to
June 30, 1883.

Redeemed dur-
ing fiscal year.

Redeemed to
June 30, 1884.

Outstanding
June 30, 1884.

if 601,923 90
657,002 75
16,976,134 50
1,352 40
31,143,188 75
36,735,426 50

$ 511,603 66
524,529 04
15,924,196 20
75 46
30,240,514 67
35,927,702 55

$ 15 04

20 00

184 25

$ 511,618 70
524,549 04
15,924,380 45
75 46
30,240,817 66
35,928,206 05

$ 90,305 20

5 cents

132,453 71

10 cents

1,051,754 05

1,276 94

25 cents

302 99
503 50

902,371 09

807,220 45

Total

86,115,028 80

83,128,621 58

1,025 78

83,129,647 36

2,985,381 44

TOTAL NET INDEBTEDNESS

OF THE

UNITED STATES

Diagram showing the proportion of the Public, State ,
Local, County, Township,School and Municipal Taxes.

(. Compiled fromlast Census )

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

731

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY, FOURTH ISSUE.

[Issue began July 14, 1869, and ceased February 16, 1875.]

Denomination.

10 cents. .
15 cents. . .
25 cents . . ,
50 cents . . .
Unknown .

Deduct for unknown de-
nominations destroyed
in Chicago fire

Total.

Total issued.

Redeemed to
June 30, 1883.

$34,940,960 00.$ 33,562,278 12

5,304,216 00
58,922,256 00
77,399,600 00

176,567,032 00

5,063,371 75

57,889,489 94

76,316,351 25

32,000 00

172,863,491 06

Redeemed dur-
ing fiscal year.

i 716 20

356 02

1,208 94

2,920 75

Redeemed to
June 30, 1884.

5,101 91

$ 33,562,994 32

5,063,627 77

57,890,698 88

76,319,272 00

32,000 00

Outstanding
June 30, 1884.

172,868,592 97

$1,377,965 68

240,588 23

1,031,557 12

1,080,328 00

3,730,439 03

32,000 00

3,698,439 03

FRACTIONAL CURRENCY, FIFTH ISSUE.

[Issue began February 26, 1874, and ceased February 15, 1876. J

Denomination.

10 cents . .
25 cents. .
50 cents. .

Total

Total issued.

$ 19,989,900 00

36,092,000 00

6,580,000 00

Redeemed to
June 30, 1883.

62,661,900 00

; 19,491,309 46

35,489,894 80

6,383,034 55

61,364,238 81

Redeemed dur-
ing fiscal year.

Redeemed to
June 30, 1884.

$ 4,168 80 $ 19,495,478 26

6,855 07
3,002 25

14,026 12

35,496,749 87
6,386,036 80

Outstanding
June 30, 1884.

$ 494,421 74
595,250 13
193,963 20

61,378,264 93 1,283,635 07

DEPOSITS AND PURCHASES.

The deposits of gold amounted to $46,326,678.66, of which $29,079,-
596.33 consisted of gold bullion of domestic production, and $6,023,734.-
45 of foreign bullion ; $9,095,461.45 of foreign, and $263,117.17 of United
States coin, and $1,864,769.26 of jewelry, old plate, etc.

The silver purchased for coinage and contained in bullion deposits
amounted at its coining value to $36,520,290.36, of which $31,463,113.88
consisted of bullion of domestic production; $2,524,742.53 of foreign
bullion; $1,984,365.62 of foreign and $152,031.20 of United States coin,
and $396,037.13 of plate, jewelry, etc.

In addition to these several amounts received, fine and unparted bars
prepared at these institutions, were redeposited as follows:
Gold:

Fine bars , $1,382,778 81

Unparted bars 2,647,310 96

Silver:

Fine bars 1,029,887 29

Unparted bars 48,207 84

732

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

BANKS AND BANKING.

The following is a statement of the number of national banks organ-
ized and in operation, with their capital, bonds on deposit, and circulation
issued, redeemed, and outstanding on November i, 1885.

States and Territories

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Dist. of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

Mississippi

.Louisiana

Texas

Arkansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Missouri

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Iowa

Minnesota

Kansas

Nebraska

Nevada

Oregon

Colorado

Utah

Idaho

Montana

Wyoming

New Mexico

Dakota

Washington

Arizona

California

Add for mutilated notes
Total currency, banks .
Add gold, banks

United States

O"

81

54

61

262

64

94

415

82

332

16

47

11

37

26

18

14

23

6

13

8

13

71

8

81

47

67

279

147

224

138

79

167

66

93

80

2

12

34

9

4

20

3,406

3,406

H ~

679

679

■A «

71

49

47

249

61

84

317

72

285

16

44

6
24
21
15
14
17

5
10

6

9
68

6

68

32

42

203

90

165

102

49

126

49

75

77

1
12
25

6

4
15

5

8
45
15

17

2,727

2,727

Capital
stock paid

% 10,260,000

6,155,000

7,541,000

97,251,800

20,340,050

24,921,820

83,039,760

12,728,350

61,261,140

2,033,985

14,429,960

1,377,000

3,996,300

2,111,000

2,126,000

1,936,200

2,686,000

300,000

1,825,000

475,000

3,625,000

6,895,900

705,000

13,300,400

5,007,500

6,631,000

36,804,000

12,249,500

25,362,600

13,110,900

4,485,000

10,145,000

11,363,700

5,157.100

6,210,000

75,000

935,000

2,135,000

800,000

250,000

1,835,000

800,000

650,000

2,695,000

1,005,000

3,850,000

532,877,965

532,877,965

U. S. bonds
on deposit.

% 8,724,250

5,980,800

5,744,900

64,278,250

13,058,300

18,009,750

41,907,800

9,702,850

42,420,000

1,884,200

7,791,950

1,060,000

2,592,200

1,337,500

1,097,000

1,216,350

1,742,000

147,500

1,067,500

175,000

2,225,000

1,955,500

360,000

8,894,000

2,482,000

1,708,850

22,123,550

7,767,300

8,234,250

4,205,500

2,235,750

4,036,000

2,385,900

1,779,800

2,102,500

39,000

499,900

1,090,000

437.500

67,800

439,350

192,500

442,500

819,000

260,000

CIRCULATION.

Issued.

1,643,000

308,364,550

308,364,550

31,878,550

20,066,655

28,262,130

273,780,315

57,989,805

75,385,840

249,088,685

44,953,880

171.822,155

5,708,885

34,270,780

4,603,500

10,919.130

6,771,990

5,850,240

5,016.275

7,176,700

221,410

4,255,670

268,890

9,507,260

4,447,660

1,032,750

31,617,355

9,917,210

15,316,165

90,303,980

47,780,855

46,484,885

25,439,620

11,320,010

19,691,150

10,442,950

5,099,260

4,413,120

198,520

1,006,190

3,653,360

1,343,750

345,430

1,365,560

358,740

1,223,890

1,354.180

754,180

65,790

2,359,130

1,385,134,435

3,465,240

1,388,599,675

Redeemed.

23,344,953

14,722,096

22,515,651

211,975,698

44,808,048

58,706,730

204,899.703

35,603,693

129,167,320

4,120,145

26,125,231

3,734,771

8,509,462

5,317,867

4,620,190

3,946,930

5,407,011

110,260

3,174,947

107,599

7,038,118

2,475,301

678,600

22,007,444

7,415,111

12,646,834

65,821,269

38.230,733

37,383,696

19,900,308

8,761,987

14,835,762

8,127,577

3,396,989

2,453,065

168,418

577,430

2,494,857

912,301

259,674

890,446

217,000

833,767

590,915

269,970

29,910

903,830

1,070,239,617

3,080.971

1,073,320,588

*Ont-

standing

% 8,533,597

5,344,559

5,746,479

61,804,617

13,181,757

16,679,110

44,188,982

9,350,187

42,654,835

1,588,740

8,145,549

868,729

2,409,668

1,454,123

1,230,050

1,069,345

1,769,689

111,150

1,080,723

161,291

2,469,142

1,972,359

354,150

9,609,911

2,502,099

2,669,331

24,482,711

9,550,122

9,101,189

5.539,312

2,558,023

4,855,388

2,315,373

1,702,271

1,960,055

30,102

428.760

1,158,503

431,449

85,756

475,114

141,740

390.123

763,265

484,210

35,880

1,455,300

568,081

314,894,818

384,269

315,847,168

* Including $39,542,979 for which lawful money has been deposited with the Treasurer of the United States to
retire an equal amount of circulation which has not been presented for redemption.

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

733

The following shows the number and denominations of national bank
notes issued and redeemed, and the number of each denomination out-
standing, on November i, in each year, from 1875 to 1885.

Ones.

Twos.

Fives.

Tens.

Twenties.

Fifties.

One hun-
dreds.

Five
hun-
dreds.

One

thou-
sands.

1875.

Redeemed . . .

18,046,176
14,092,126

6,039,752
4,616,623

47,055,184
24,926,771

17,410,507
7,608,532

5,296,064
2,204,464

884,165
381,037

648,838
299,428

18,476
14,471

5,530

5,048

Outstanding

3,954,050

1,423,129

22,128,413

9,801,975

3,091,600

503,128

346,410

4,005

482

1876.
Redeemed . . .

18,849,264
15,556,708

6,307,448
5,124,546

51,783,528
32,382,056

20,008,652
10,369,214

6,086,492
3,052,246

985,615
515,784

710,900
395,785

18,721
16,217

5,539

5,272

Outstanding

3,292,556

1,182,902

19,401,472

9,639,438

3,034,246

469,831

315,115

2,504

267

1877.
Redeemed . . .

20,616,024
16,815,568

6,896,968
5,555,526

56,816,848
38,115,868

22,266,064
12,434,779

6,776,253

3,703,528

1,079,781
634,679

767,317
479,317

20,022
17,615

5,668
5,411

Outstanding

3,800,456

1,341,442

18,700,980

9,831,285

3,072,725

445,102

288,000

2,407

257

1878.
Issued

Redeemed . . .

22,478,415
18,194,196

7,517,765
6,026,692

61,191,288
42,683,433

24,157,293
13,859,149

7,344,167
4,133,178

1,147,578

728,222

812,903
541,859

20,210
18,895

6,204
5,900

Outstanding

4,284,219

1,491,073

18,507,855

10,298,144

3,210,989

419,356

271,044

1,315

304

1879.
Redeemed . . .

23,167,677
19,600,477

3,567,200

7,747,519
6,501,270

65,578,440
45,996,076

25,904,223
14,930,599

7,869,951
4,437,343

1,211,761

785,263

850,720
581,604

20,570
19,287

6,340
6,057

Outstanding

1,246,249

19,582,364

10,973,624

3,432,608

426,498

269,116

1,283

283

1880.
Redeemed . . .

23,167,677

20,875,215

7,747,519
6,943,889

69,131,976
49,149,824

27,203,168
15,821,110

8,266,398
4,684,820

1,253,865

825,499

879,490
610,601

20,763
19,484

6,363
6,124

Outstanding

2,292,462

803,630

19,982,152

11,382,058

3,581,578

428,366

268,889

1,279

239

1881.
Redeemed ...

23,167,677
21,838,565

7,747,519
7,286,434

73,612,504
53,516,488

29,477,519
17,346,635

8,940,817
5,084,992

1,357,574
891,890

959,712
660,202

21,959
20,495

7,144

6,943

Outstanding

1,329,112

461,085

20,096,016

12,130,884

3,855,825

465,684

299,510

1,464

201

1882.
Redeemed . . .

23,167,677

22,353,877

7,747,519
7,484,140

78,697,424
59,313,233

32,042,260
19,770,934

9,751,784
5,751,707

1,453,324

980,182

1,035,118
719,130

22,787
20,880

7,187
6,990

Outstanding

813,800

263,379

19,384,191

12,271,326

4,000,077

473,142

315,988

1,907

197

1883.
Redeemed . . .

23,167,677
22,593,909

7,747,519
7,570,903

83,447,208
65,142,567

34,544,086
22,712,355

10,578,846
6,424,638

1,556,009
1,090,703

1,114,722
789,125

23,163
21,367

7,277
7,092

Outstanding

573,768

176,616

18,304,641

11,831,731

4,154,208

465,306

325,597

1,796

185

1884.
Redeemed . . .

23,167,677
22,671,936

7,747,519
7,603,285

88,101,188
71,039,357

37,182,102
26,050,107

11,442,091

7,481,762

1,661,010
1,216,573

1,199,750
874,543

23,736
21,981

7,369
7,156

Outstanding

495,741

144,234

17,061,831

11,131,995

3,960,329

444,437

325,207

1,755

213

1885.
Redeemed . . .

23,167,677
22,731,963

7,747,519
7,628,877

93,208,400
76,817,066

39,804,001
29,382,872

12,318,173

8,563,797

1,758,533
1,345,762

1,287,686
971,922

23,924

22,727

7,369

7,238

Outstanding

435,714

118,64216,391,334

10,421,129

3,754,376

412,771

315,764

1,197

131

734

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION,

The following table exhibits by denominations the amount of national
bank and legal-tender notes outstanding on October 31, 1885, and the
aggregate amounts of both kinds of notes at the same periods in 1883
and 1884:

Denominations.

Ones

Twos

Fives

Tens

Twenties

Fifties

One hundreds

Five hundreds

One thousands

Five thousands

Ten thousands

Add for unredeemed fragments

of national bank notes

Deduct for legal-tender notes

destroyed in Chicago fire . . .

Total.

1885 .

National bank
notes.

$

435,714

237,284

81,956,670

104,211.290

75,087,520

20,638,550

31,576,400

598,500

131,000

-21,890

*$314,894,818

Legal-tender
notes.

22,703,459
23,235,136
84.068,279
71,003,390
56,941,267
22,896,595
29,645,390
15,152,000
21,910,500
95,000
30,000

-1,000,000

$346,681,016

Aggregate.

$ 23,139,173

23,472,420

166,024,949

175,214,680

137,028,787

43,535,145

61,221,790

15,750,500

22,041,500

95,000

30,000

+21,890

—1,000,000

$661,575,834

14.

Aggregate.

$ 27,258,839

27,067,206

163,363,205

180,491,886

135,277,089

44,817,045

66,170,690

16,063,500

19,659,500

105,000

60,000

-1-20,749

—1,000,000

$679,154,709

1883.

Aggregate.

$ 30.785,265

27,510,196

164,517,620

189,275,406

142,382,469

46,278,145

65,991,590

15,895,500

15,429,500

255,000

120,000

-1-19,761

—1,000,000

$697,460,452

*Exclusive of $568,081 due to banks for mutilated notes destroyed and to be replaced by new notes and of $384,269
notes of gold banks.

The amount of one and two dollar national bank notes outstanding is
a little more than one-fifth of i per cent of the whole circulation of the
banks; the fives constitute 26 per cent, the tens 33 per cent, the twenties
23.8 per cent, and the fifties and larger notes about 17 per cent of the
entire circulation.

Of the entire amount of national bank and legal-tender notes outstanding,
about 7 per cent consist of one and two dollar notes; nearly 32.2 per
cent of ones, twos, and fives ; 58.6 per cent are in notes of a less denomination
than $20, and about 78.6 per cent are in notes of a lower denomination
than $50. Of the entire issue, about 21.5 per cent is in denominations
of fifties, one hundreds, five hundreds, and one thousands.

There are outstanding nineteen legal-tender notes of the denomination
of $5,000, and three notes of the denomination of $10,000.

The only United States tax now paid by the national banks is the
semi-annual duty of one-half of one per cent upon the average amount of
their notes in circulation during the preceding six months.

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

735

The total taxes collected from the national banks to the end of the
present fiscal year are shown in the following table:

Years.

On circulation.

On deposits.

On capital.

Totals.

1864

$ 53,193 32
733,247 59
2,106,785 30
2,868,636 78
2,946,343 07
2,957,416 73
2,949,744 13
2,987,021 69
3,193,570 03
3,353,186 13
3,404,483 11
3,283,450 89
3,091,795 76
2,900,957 53
2,948,047 08
3,009,647 16
3,153,635 63
3,121,374 33
3,190,981 98
3,132,006 73
3,024,668 24
2,794,584 01

$ 95,911 87
1,087,530 86
2,633,102 77
2,650,180 09
2,564,143 44
2,614,553 58
2,614,767 61
2,802,840 85
3,120,984 37
3,196,569 29
3,209,967 72
3,514,265 39
3,505,129 64
3,451,965 38
3,273,111 74
3,309,668 90
4,058,710 61
4,940,945 12
5,521,927 47
*2,773,790 46

$ 18,432 07
133,251 15
406,947 74
321,881 36
306,781 67
312,918 68
375,962 26
385,292 13
389,356 27
454,891 51
469,048 02
507,417 76
632,296 16
660,784 90
560,296 83
401,920 61
379;424 19
431,233 10
437,774 90
=•=269,976 43

$ 167,537 26

1865

1,954,029 60

1866

5,146,835 81

1867

5,840,698 23

1868

5,817,268 18

1869

5,884,888 99

1870

5,940,474 00

1871 ,

6,175,154 67

1872

6,703,910 67

1873

7,004,646 93

1874

1875

1876

7,083,498 85
7,305,134 04
7,229,221 56

1877

7,013,707 81

1878

6,781,455 65

1879

6,721,236 67
7,591,770 43
8,493,552 55
9,150,684 35
6,175,773 62
3,024,668 24

1880

1881 ,

1882 ,

1883

1884

1885

2,794,584 01

Aererejrates

$61,204,777 22

$60,940,067 16

$7,855,887 74

130,000,732 12

*Six months to June 1, 1883.

To summarize the whole subject, the following table is given, in which
are found the amounts and kinds of the outstanding currency of the
United States, and of the national banks on January i, of each year, from
1 866 to 1885, and on November 1, 1885, to which is prefixed the amount
on August 31, 1865, when the public debt reached its maximum.

UNITED STATES ISSUES.

Notes of

Gold

Date.

Legal-tender
notes.

Old

demand

notes.

Fractional
currency.

national banks,
including
gold notes.

Aggregate.

price of
$100 gold.

price of

S100 cur-

rency.

$432,553,912

$402,965

$26,344,742

$176,213,955

$635,515,574

$144 25

$ 69 32

Jan. 1,1866

425,839,319

392,670

26,000,420

236,636,098

688,867,907

144 50

69 20

Jan. 1,1867

380,276,160

221,632

28,732,812

298,588.419

707,819,023

133 00

75 18

Jan. 1,1868

356,000,000

159.127

31,597,583

299,846,206

687,602,916

133 25

75 04

Jan. 1,1869

356,000,000

128,098

34,215,715

299,747,569

690,091,382

135 00

74 07

Jan. 1,1870

356,000,000

113,098

39,762,664

299,629,322

695,505,084

120 00

83 33

Jan. 1,1871

356,000,000

101,086

39,995,089

306,307,672

702,403,847

110 75

90 29

Jan. 1,1872

357,500,000

92,801

40,767,877

328,465,431

726,826,109

109 50

91 32

Jan. 1,1873

358,557,907

84,387

45,722,061

344,582,812

748,947,167

112 00

89 28

Jan. 1,1874

378,401,702

79,637

48,544,792

350,848,236

777,874,367

110 25

90 70

Jan. 1,1875

382,000,000

72,317

46,390,598

354,128,250

782,591,165

112 50

88 89

Jan. 1,1876

371,827,220

69,642

44,147,072

346,479,756

762,523,690

112 75

88 69

Jan. 1,1877

366,055,084

65,462

26,348,206

321,595,606

714,064,358

107 00

93 46

736

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

Amounts and kinds of the outstanding currency of the United States, etc. — Continued.

UNITED STATES ISSUES.

Notes of

national banks

including

gold notes.

Aggregate.

Currency
price of
$100 gold.

Gold

Date.

Legal-tender
notes.

Old

demand

notes.

Fractional
currency.

price of
$100 cur-
rency.

Jan. 1 1878

$349,943,776
346,681,016
346,681,016
346,681,016
346,681,016
346,681,016
346,681,016
346,681,016
346,681,016

$ 63,532
62,035
61,350

60,745
59,920
59,295
58,680
58,240
57,825

$17,764,109
16,108,159
15,674,304
15,523,464
15,451,861
15,398,008
15,365,362
15,347,277
15,337,096

$321,672,505
323,794,674
342,387,336
344,355,203
362,421,988
361,882,791
349,949,352
329,158,623

*315,847,168

$689,443,922
686,642,884
704,804,006
706,620,428
724,614,785
724,021,110
712,054,410
691,245,156
677,923,105*

$102 87
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00

$ 97 21

Jan. 1,1879

Jan. 1,1880

Jan. 1,1881

Jan. 1,1882

Jan. 1,1883

Jan. 1,1884

Jan. 1,1885

Nov. 1,1885

100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00
100 00

*Includes $384,269 notes of gold banks and $568,081 mutilated currency in transit.

MINTING.

The United States has four places for converting the precious metals
into circulating coin. These are located at Philadelphia, San Francisco,
Carson City and New Orleans. The coin minted at the three latter may
be known by a small letter stamped upon the reverse side, "s," meaning
that the piece was made at San Francisco, "cc" at Carson City, and
"o" at New Orleans.

The estimated amount of gold and silver produced from the mines of
the United States during the calendar year 1884 was stated to have been:
Gold, $30,800,000; silver, $48,800,000; a total of $79,600,000.

States and Territories.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

$ 200,000

930,000

13,600,000

4,250,000

3,300,000

137,000

1,250,000

2,170,000

3,500,000

300,000

157,000

660,000

57,000

120,000

2,000

85,000

6,000

76,000

$ 200,000

$ 4,500,000

3,000,000

16,000,000

150,000

5,430,00a

16,600,000

20,350,000

3,450,000

137,000

2,720,000

7,000,000

5,600,000

3,000,000

3,500

20,000

500

6,800,000

3,970,000

9,170,000.

Nevada

9,100,000

3,300,000

160,50a

680,000

South Carolina

57,500

Utah

6,920,000

2,000

1,000

89,000

Wyoming

6,000

5,000

81,000

Total

30,800,000

48,800,000

79,600,000

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

737

The following table shows the annual production of gold and silver in
the United States from 1845 to 1884. From 1845 to 1873, inclusive, the
estimate is made by Mr. R. W. Raymond, and from 1873 to 1884 by
the Director of the United States Mint.

Estimated product.

Yeah.

Estimated product.

Yeab.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

1845

$ 1,088,327
1,139,357
889,085
10,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
55,000,000
60,000,000
65,000,000
60,000,000
55,000,000
55,000,000
55,000,000
50,000,000
50,000,000
46,000,000
43,000,000
39,200,000
40,000,000
46,100,000
53,225,000

$ 1,008,327
1,139,357
889,085
10,000,000
40,050,000
50,050,000
55,050,000
60,050,000
65,050,000
60,050,000
55,050,000
55,050,000
55,050,000
50,500,000
50,100,000
46,150,000
45,000,000
43,700,000
48,500,000
57,100,000
64,475,000

1866....
1867....
1868....
1869....
1870....
1871 ....
1872....
1873....
1874....
1875....
1876....
1877....
1878....
1879....
1880*...
1881*...
1882*...
1883*. . .
1884*...

Total..

$ 53,500,000
51,725,000
48,000,000
49,500,000
50,000,000
43,500,000
36,000,000
36,000,000
33,500,000
33,400,000
39,900,000
46,900,000
51,200,000
38,900,000
36,000,000
34,700,000
32,500,000
30,000,000
30,800,000

$ 10,000,000
13,500,000
12,000,000
12,000,000
16,000,000
23,000,000
28,750,000
35,750,000
37,300,000
31,700,000
38,800.000
39,800,000
45,200,000
40,800,000
39,200,000
43,000,000
46,800,000
46,200,000
48,800,000

$ 63,500,000
65,225,000
60,000,000
61,500,000
66,000,000
66,500,000
64,750,000
71,7*0,000
70,800,000
65,100,000
78,700,000
86,700,000
96,400,000
79,700,000
75,200,000
77,700,000
79,300,000
76,200,000
79,600,000

1846.

1847..

1848..

1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864

$ 50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

500,000

100,000

150,000

2,000,000

4,500,000

8,500,000

11,000,000

11,250,000

1,651,586,769

647,050,000

2,298,636,769

* Calendar year.

The coinage of gold executed at the mints of the United States during
the year 1885, was $24,861,123.50; of silver, $28,848,959.65; and of
minor coins, $527,556.80; a total of $54,237,639.95.

Notwithstanding the increase in the amount of gold deposited at the
mints and assay offices during the year, the coinage was some $3,000,000
less than in the previous year. This was occasioned by a continued
falling off in the deposits at the mint at San Francisco, amounting for the
year to over $2,500,000, and by the fact that the mint at Philadelphia,
at which the coinage of gold received at the eastern institutions is
executed, was engaged principally on silver and minor coins.

The decline in the production of gold on the Pacific coast, is shown
by the continual falling off in the deposits at the mint at San Francisco.
The following table, exhibiting the deposits of gold bullion at that mint
for a series of years, together with their yearly diminution, shows

738

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

the decrease in production to have been in the last four years $8,-
072,438.07.

Fiscal Years.

1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.

Total decline.

Deposits. j Decline yearly.

I 28,846.898 04
27,724,391 09
26,499,222 38
23,417,948 16
20,774,459 97

$ 1,122,506 95
1,225,168 71
3,081,274 22
2,643,488 19

8,072,438 07

The number of pieces and standard value of the coinage executed in
1885 were as follows:

Description.

Gold

Silver

Minor coins

Total. .

Pieces.

1,748,158
31,699,096
24,610,760

58,058,014

Value.

$ 24,861,123 50

28,848,959 65

527,556 80

54,237,639 95

The following is a tabulated statement of coinage from the organiza-
tion of the mint to the close of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1883:

GOLD COINAGE.

Period.

Double

eagles.

Eagles.

Half
eagles.

Three
dollars.

Quarter
eagles.

Dollars.

Total.

1793-1848

$ 25,662,270

$ 45,265,355

$5,413,815 00

$ 76,341,440 00

1849-1873

$ 646,727,980

29,851,820

22,994,390

$1,169,913

20,804,702 50

$19,015,633

740,564,438 50

1874

48,283.900

383,480

809.780

125,460

516,150 00

323,920

50,442,690 00

1875

32,748,140

599,840

203,655

60

2,250 00

20

33,553,965 00

1876

37,896,720

153,610

71,800

135

53,052 50

3,645

38,178,962 50

1877

43,941,700

56,200

67,835

4,464

5,780 00

2,220

44,078,199 00

1878

51,406,340

155,490

688,680

137,850

408,900 00

1,720

52,798,980 00

1879

37,234,340

1,031,440

1,442,130

109,182

1,166,800 00

3,020

40,986,912 00

1880

21,515,360

18,836,320

15,790,860

9,090

3,075 00

3,030

56,157,735 00

1881

15,345,520

33,389,050

29,982,180

4,698

9,140 00

3,276

78,733,864 00

1882

14,563,920

44,369,410

30,473,955

75

62 50

6,025

89,413,447 50

1883

27,526,120

6,603,790

1,775,360

4,665

10,137 50

8,855

35,928,927 50

Total..

977,190,040

161,092,720

149,565,980

1,565,592 28,393,865 00

19,371,364

1,337,179,561 00

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

SILVER COINAGE.

739

Period.

Trade dollars.

Dollars.

Half dollars.

Quarter dollars.

Twenty cents.

1793 to 1852

$ 2,506,890
5,538,948

$ 66,249,153 00

33,596,082 50

1,438,930 00

2,853,500 00

4,985,525 00

9,746,350 00

3,875,255 00

225 00

3,275 00

4,677 50

5,537 50

2,759 50

$ 3,999.040 50

18,002,178 00

458,515 50

623,950 00

4,106,262 50

7,584,175 00

3,703,027 50

112 50

3,837 50

3,638 75

3,268 75

4,079 75

1853 to 1873

1874

$ 3,588,900

5,697,500

6,132,050

9,162,900

11,378,010

1875

5,858

1876

263,560

1877.

1,440

1878

8,573,500
27,227,500
27,933,750
27,637,955
27,772,075
28,111,119

142

1879 .

1880

1881

1882 . .

1883 .

Total

35,959,360

155,301,737 122,761,270 00

38,492,086 25 1 271,000

SILVER COINAGE.

Period.

Dimes.

Half dimes.

Three cents.

Total.

1793 to 1852

$ 3,890,062 50

5,170,732 00

497,255 80

889,560 00

3,639,105 00

2,055,070 00

760,891 00

45 00

1,575 00

3,695 50

2,507 50

717,511 90

$ 1,823,298 90

3,083,648 00

$ 744,927 00
536,923 20

$ 79,213,371 90

1853 to 1873

65,928,512 70

1874

5,983,601 30

1875

10,070,368 00

1876

19,126,502 50

1877

28,549,935 00

1878

28,290,825 50

1879

27,227,882 50

1880

27,942,437 50

1881

27,649,966 75

1882

27,783,388 75

1883

28,835,470 15

Total

17,628,012 20

4,906,946 90

1,281,850 20

376,602,262 55

MINOR COIN.

Period.

Five cents.

Three cents.

Two cents.

Cents.

Half cents.

Total.

1793 to 1873
1874

$5,276,140 00

244,350 00

94,650 00

132,700 00

25,250 00

80 00

1,175 00

1,247 50

177 75

220,038 75

1,022,774 40

$805,350 00

29,640 00

12,540 00

7,560 00

$ 912,020 00

$4,886,452 44

137,935 00

123,185 00

120,090 00

36,915 00

30,566 00

95,639 00

267,741 50

372,515 55

424,614 75

404,674 19

$39,926 11

$11,919,888 55
411,925 00

1875

230,375 00

260,350 00

62,165 00

30,694 00

1876..

1877..

1878

48 00
984 00
982 50
32,416 65
104 25
858 57

1879

97,798 00

1880.

V

269,971 50

405,109 95

644,757 75

1,428.307 16

1881 . .

1882

1883

Total. . . .

7,018,583 40

890,483 97

912,020 00

6,900,328 43

39,926 11

15,761,341 91

740

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

PUBLIC DEBT.

The public debt of the United States began when, by Act of Congress
in 1 790, the debts of the several states (mostly incurred in prosecuting the
War of Independence) were assumed by the general government. At
subsequent periods, especially during the financial panic of 1837-8, the
states incurred debts which were afterward assumed by the general gov-
ernment. Internal improvements, wars, etc., have contributed to increase
this debt at certain periods, as will appear in the following table, which is
a statement of outstanding principal of the public debt of the United
States on the 1st of January of each year from 1791 to 1843, inclusive,
and on the 1st of July of each year from 1843 to 1885, inclusive:

Yeab.

Jan. 1, 1791.
1792.
1793.
1794.
1795.
1796.
1797.
1798
1799.
1800.
1801.
1802.
1803.
1804
1805.
1806.
1807.
1808.
1809.
1810.
1811.
1812.
1813.
1814
1815.
1816,
1817.
1818,
1819,
1820,
1821.
1822,

Amount

$ 75,463,476 52
77,227,924 66
80,352,634 04
78,427,404 77
80,747,587 39
83,762,172 07
82,064,479 33
79,228,529 12
78,408,669 77
82,976,294 35
83,038,050 80
80,712,632 25
77,054,686 30
86,427,120 88
82,312,150 50
75,723,270 66
69,218,398 64
65,196,317 97
57,023,192 09
53,173,217 52
48,005,587 76
45,209,737 90
55,962,827 57
81,487,846 24
99,833,660 15
127,334,933 74
123,491,965 16
103,466,633 83
95,529,648 28
91,015,566 15
89,987,427 66
93,546,676 98

Year.

Jan. 1, 1823.

1824

1825.

1826.

1827.

1828.

1829.

1830.

1831.

1832.

1833.

1834.

1835,

1836.

1837.

1838.
Jan. 1, 1839,

1840.

1841.

1842.

1843.
July 1, 1843.

1844.

1845.

1846

1847,

1848,

1849.

1850,

1851.

1852.

1853.

Amount.

$90,875,877 28

90,269,777 77

83,788,432 71

81,054,059 99

73,987,357 20

67,475,043 87

58,421,413 67

48,565,406 50

39,123,191 68

24,322,235 18

7,001.698 83

4,760,082 08

37,733 05

37,513 05

336,957 83

3,308,124 07

10,434,221 14

3,573,343 82

5,250,875 54

13,594,480 73

20,601,226 28

32,742,922 00

23,461,652 50

15,925,303 01

15,550,202 97

38,826,534 77

47,044,862 23

63,061,858 69

63,452,773 55

68,304.796 02

66,199,341 71

59,803,117 70

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

741

Outstanding principal of the public debt of the United States, etc.

— Continued.

Yeab.

Amount.

Year,
i

Amount.

July 1, 1854

.$ 42,242,222 42

35,586,956 56

31,972,537 90

28,699,831 85

44,911,881 03

58,496,837 88

64,842,287 88

90,580,873 72

524,176,412 13

1,119,772,138 63

1,815,784,370 57

2,680,647,869 74

2,773,236,173 69

2,678,126,103 87

2,611,687,851 19

2,588,452,213 94

July 1, 1870

$ 2,480,672,427 81

1855.

1871

2,353,211,332 32

1856

1872

2,253,251,328 78

1857

1873

*2,234,482,993 20

1858

1874

*2,251,690,468 43

1859

1875.*

*2,232,284,531 95

I860

1876

*2,180,395,067 15

1861

1877

*2,205,301,392 10

1862

1878..

*2,256,205,892 53

1863

1879

*2,349,567,482 04

1864...

1880

*2,120,415,370 63

1865

1881....

*2,069,013,569 58

1866

1882

*1,918,312,994 03

1867

1883

*1,884,171,728 07

1868

1884. . .

*1,830,528,923 57

1869

1885

tl,863,964,623 14

*In the amount here stated as the outstanding principal of the public debt are included the certificates of deposit
outstanding on the 30th of June, issued under Act of June 8, 1872, for which a like amount in United States notes was
on special deposit in the Treasury for their redemption, and added to the cash balance in the Treasury. These certifi-
cates, as a matter of accounts, are treated as a part of the public debt, but, being offset by notes held on deposit for
their redemption, should properly be deducted from the principal of the public debt in making comparison with
former years.

fTo ascertain the exact status of the public debt on June 30, 1885, would require the following emendations:

Outstanding public debt as above $1,863,964,623 14

Add Pacific Eailroad bonds 64,623,512 00

1,928,588,135 14

Deduct certificates of deposit in cash $ 200,000 00

Deduct gold and silver certificates in cash 51,964,110 00

■ 52,164,110 00

1,876,424,025 14
Add discrepancy (1872) 250 00

Public debt as per United States Treasurer's revised statement, June 30, 1885 1,876,424,275 14

This table exhibits the proportions in which taxes for school purposes
and for all other purposes are levied by state, county, municipal, and
school district authority. The proportions are expressed in percentages.

SCHOOL PURPOSES.

ALL OTHER PURPOSES.

<B

Geographical Divisions.

"5
OQ

s
o

'32

r-H *

§.1

-a is

"cfl
O

£

1?
a
3
o
C

■A<£

'3£

o
H

a>

h
60
60

The United States

5.27

1.07

3.86

12.49

22.69

11.39

21.18

44.74

77.31

100

New England States

1.06
4.36
12.60
5.23
5.89

0.35
3.04
1.22

10.58

17.02
3.78
1.66
0.35

2.22
11.08

2.89
19.86

5.98

20.30
19.57
20.19
26.66
22.45

9.05

7.45

24.01

11.45

17.51

4.99
14.29
32.54
27.89
54.71

65.66
58.69
23.26
34.00
5.33

79.70
80.43
79.81
73.34

77.55

100

Middle States

100

Southern States

100

Western States

lflO

Territories

100

742

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

40

t> n hhh ioe)t-oa<DQ!00>a AOooooe

00000000

_^r

t- ffl r- Ir-Hi-IOCi-ctllOCNiaifflfflfflCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3

iHQOOOOOQOCOCD-*COOOTHt-t~t-(MD>OOQOOOOOOOOQOQ

•K*

o-io n(ij»t"SiniBHaio-ooMssioo8iooiooioooiopi6ia

J?

trO>Oi5l>X»'00!Ot-a«N»l>10l-t-HOSt-09^(IO!BC-rll>5lH(B

^S

0 fcD

cqooooo-*i— 1O1— iot— it-cocioto^rootoioooiowtot-ocsco

S5

0

(0(ooa'*io™coHnco<D(»toioo)oioocoi>a)3sn-*0)tOriiNffi

t- ■<* t- 0

itoconiooimiocoooo^tDt-^mtooaot-wffloooiMLO

.5

3 s

H 0QT* 00 ■* O lO.f- OlriHeilBNNfflrH^OOOIMOr'^l-MaOSOOfO

s

0 g

C0N^"S!00)»OlON00»'*O<0'*fflHHn(NHHO01Mffl<DMM

H-^

€/^

COL-COIlCOniNNHOfflCCt-t-t-t-t-l-t-t-tD^MC]

.©

£

03

• -rH. ■* tin oa 0 ia

03

•COOJCOOOCSOO

<:

•I010l0t-OHO<0

0

■OOCOCOQOCItHO)

0

t*

•■*iiaicootO(»H

CD

;tMrH«DOOOr((t-

ODl-ODHOtO-HO)

■^

O

lOffiflfflO^CCCO

to

*1

c4~ aT 0" -4" 0" co' oo" t-"

"&

NW»1>WHXW

C-

• H H H ffl CC OD ■*

"a

■ <y=-

0

a

fc-

cr

T—

r-

l0rHC0ClOC0(M<C<IOC»OOOOOOOOOOOO

t-

r

l—

r-

I-

CftOOJOOCOOOlOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOO

^■K*

to

T—

oc

> a

a

1 a

COlOCOCNICTSCftr-IO'ctlcNIfMOOOOOOOOOOO

a

ffl

it

cc

CC

cc

l>NH10!OM?0005Sl«OQl30ttl0100IOOO

■&

t-

, a

a

cr

l£

tosaKflH^oocoo-icoooot-otoajoco-jo

<U

0

c

r-

c

' ec

' -*

OOB^KNlOOONMNt-t-moO^QftHOHOOO

■+-

h

CO

t-

«

?c

cc

lOrtilOOfflMTKlOO^HffiOOCOINOQClHOOCDt-
COCO-^CO^^lOTtlCOCOCOOOOOCqOOOOeCiCDt-M

3

co

r"

C"

r-

_ 1-

r-

ft

OC

-t

~-

|—

" T-

l>^H(NMHIOmOO'*inCO'«HCOC'*-*XCQ10!D

■*-

CO

CN

c<

O

e

O

lOiO'W'OiHoooiTSt-t-fflHb-ooKoooioMaieoo!

CO

<j«

rH -* 00 N « H IO », (» N ffl M_ N (N H O! 00 L— CM <M rH

.c

H H H rT r-T 1— f rH i-T r-T i-T r-T r-T

O

—

C

e

c

OOOOCCIO1-H1— li— IOOOOOOOOOOOOO

<1>

c

c

c

c

c

OOOOCDCDOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

&

t»

c

C

c

c

c

ooooot-ioiomooooooooooooo

•t

0

2

r

c

cr

c

oooootMcMcocoooooioooiOLoooioinoio

lO

cd

c

C

c

X

CC

NOOTH^Oto^lHCOeO^WWOf-OOfflfflMOlM

00
00

cs

0:

* X

' t-

cr

«racocooiio(Mntoooa)ot-i-o5«LOfflfflo^H

cc

'X

cc

cm

t-

nooooHOt-oomoooooomffloiMWootooniO'*

ft

ffl

■<*

1-

T—

-*

OTH^Nt-HCOlOIOlOLOlNOlOfflHOON'ilOOCO

^^

cc

' cc

V.

- t-

" cc

COOOOlOOii— lOOi-Hi— It- l^-#>*Ot-rlCOfflOOT«b-

«fi

0

cc

"Ct

COMCOO-#tOOO!(NIMCTt-HHHOHOOOOOCO

■^.

«W(M(MH(M(N(MC]il'*iOW^t-t-10'*'*

^

00000000

3

00000000

"i

a

0 0 o'o OOOO

0

CO

OOOOOOOO

■*-

0

OOOOOOOO

*

CD

0

0" 0" 0" 0 0" 0" 0" 0"

"to

OOOOOOOO

l«

OOOOOOOO

00

^

OOOOOOOO

-*

■* ■# IO IO IO IO IO LO

T-»

HCNdCSKNCqcMlM

>**

t-ot-rfooeiooM

00000 ■

OOOOOOO

-a

a

CO
0

lOMOt-COOffllM
ffllflCDOt-OiLOH

00000
00000

OOOOOOO
OOOOOOO

HoomwiNt-csffl

00000

O O O O LO O O

HMfflCOriOOCCO

00000

O O Xj 00 CO CN t-

S

u

fflO)t-fflCCHI>H

00 00 00 00 00 '

O CM t- C~ O CM iH

CD

(NIN^OlHilCOO

t- t- b- t- t-

m <m -<*i ■* ■* rji ia

<s

ft

ffi CD_ IO -* ffl CO t-__ 00

ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl

oq_ ic to co_ co o\ o\

£

■"*

t-" 10 t-" d h t>"

00" H Ol" ffl Oi l» t>

IO O t- ffl O H

Oi ■>* CO CO CO CO CO

•\

«©• I— 1 1—1

t- t- t- t- br b-

CO

0 0 •

5i

m

0 0

0)

"3

0 0

-c

CD

0 0

"1^

°

O. CD .

V.

U
CD

ft

r-T CM"

0

ffl CO'

■^1 °

1«

CO

0" ci" •

ffl CO •

.«

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

«o

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3

fl

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

«s.

ooooooooooooooomo

<u

OOOOOOO o"o OOOOOOCOr-l

«c

OlOOmiOOOOOOOOOOO^cM

■w

CD

<O(M»C00fflOOO)OOO<OOOOOrH

«*«

a

Oi— llOODfflOOOOOOOOOOCMffl

0

CO

'*fflOl0^cH^-*-*T*i-*-*-#^tl^H'#00C0

ffl tO IO ■* IN r li— li— li— It— IpHrHi— li— li— Ir-HCO

.g

««- CO <M

CO

«■

c

*

tj

5D

r~

X

0

0

HOIMTlllOinfflt-OCISlOHIN M-«10tOI>000)OHIN03'*

IO

"2

in

10

CO

ffltofflffltotofflffltofflt-t-i- r-t-t~t-t— c— r~ooaoooa>oo

00

X

X

00

X1

00

X)

rc

X

X

cr

X

Xj

00

00

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

743

The following table exhibits the amount of the outstanding bonds of
the government, which represent the unmatured interest-bearing bonded
debt of the United States and the classification of the same on the dates
named :

Date.

Aug.
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July

31, 1865.
1, 1866. .
1,1867..
1,1868..
1,1869..
1, 1870. .
1, 1871 . .
1,1872..
1,1873..
1,1874..
1,1875..
1,1876..
1,1877..
1, 1878. .
1,1879..
1,1880..
1,1881..

Six per cent
bonds.

July 1, 1882.
July 1, 1883.

July 1, 1884.
July 1,1885.
Nov. 1, 1885.

$ 908,518,091

1,008,388,469

1,421,110,719

1,841,521,800

1,886,341,300

1,764,932,300

1,613,897,300

1,374,883.800

1,281,238,650

1,213,624,700

1,100,865,550

984,999,650

854,621,850

738,619,000

310,932,500

235,780,400

196,378,600

Continued at

3i per cent.

58,957,150

Five per cent
bonds.

Fonr and a half
per cent bonds.

$ 199,792,100
198,528,435
198,533,435
221,588,400
221,589,300
221,589,300
274,236,450
414,567,300
414,567,300
510,628,050
607,132,750
711,685,800
703,266,650
703,266,650
646,905,500
484,864,900
439,841,350

Continued at

3i per cent.

401,593,900

32,082,600

3 per cents.
304,204,350
224,612,150
194,190,500
194,190,500

Four per cent
bonds.

Total.

$140,000,000
240,000,000
250,000,000
250,000,000
250,000,000

250,000,000

250,000,000

250,000,000
250,000,000
250,000,000

$ 98,850,000
679,878,110
739,347,800
739,347,800

739,349,350

737,942,200

737,661,700
737,719,850
737,740,350

$1,108,310,191
1,206,916,904
1,619,644,154
2,063,110,200
2,107,930,600
1,986,521,600
1,888,133,750
1,780,451,100
1,695,805,950
1,724,252,750
1,707,998,300
1,696,685,450
1,696,888,500
1,780,735,650
1,887,716,110
1,709,993,100
1,625,567,750

1,449,810,400

1,324,229,150

1,212,273,850
1,181,910,350
1,181,930,850

Pacific sixes amounting to $64,623,512, the navy pension fund, amounting to $14,000,000 in 3 per cents, the in-
terest upon which is applied to the payment of naval pensions exclusively, and $223,800 of refunding certificates, are
not included in the table.

In the management of its debt the United States has been an example
to the world. Nothing has so much surprised European statesmen as the
fact that immediately after the termination of one of the most expensive
and, in some respects, exhaustive wars that has ever been carried on,
the United States should have commenced the payment of its debt and
continued its reduction through all reverses until nearly one-half of it has
been paid; that reduction in the rate of interest has kept pace with the
reduction of the principal ; that within a period of nineteen years the debt,
which it was feared would be a heavy and never-ending burden upon the
people, has been so managed as to be no longer burdensome. It is true
that all this has been effected by heavy taxes, but it is also true that
these taxes have neither checked enterprise nor retarded growth.

744

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION.

TAXATION.

The following table exhibits the total and per capita amount of taxes
levied for state and local purposes in the several states and territories:

Geographical Divisions.

The United States .

New England States. . .

Middle States

Southern States

Western States

Territories

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Ehode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

Mississippi

Aggregate
amount of tax-
es levied

.^312,750,721

42,010,217
101,486,347

37,507,417

129,117,979

2,648,761

5,182,135
2,697,640
1,745,111

24,326,877
2,692,715
5,365,739

56,392,975
8,958,065

28,604,334
604,257
5,437,462
1,469,254
4,642,202
2,056,979
1,916,132
1,839,983
3,207,008
605,180
2,061,978
2,384,475

Per

capita

tax.

$6 23

10 47

8 63

2 46

6 97

4 33

7 99

7 77

5 25

13 64

9 74

8 62

11 10

7 92

6 68

4 12

5 82

8 27

3 07

3 33

1 37

1 85

2 08

2 25

1 63

2 11

Geographical Divisions.

Louisiana

Texas

Arkansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin. . . .

Iowa

Minnesota . . .

Missouri

Kansas

Nebraska

Colorado

Nevada

Oregon

California . . .

Arizona

Dakota

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico.

Utah

Washington . .
Wyoming . . . .

Aggregate

Per

amount of tax-

capita

es levied.

tax.

$ 4,395,876

$4 68

4,568,716^

2 87

1,839,090

2 29

5,201,017

3 15

2,788,781

1 81

25,756,658

8 05

51 12,343,630

6 24

*24,586,018

7 99

8,627,949

5 27

*7,588,325

5 77

*11,061,605

6 81

*4,346,300

5 57

10,269,736

4 74

*4,979,650

5 00

2,792,480

6 17

2,152,008

11 07

871,673

14 00

1,113,942

6 37

12,628,005

14 60

293,036

7 25

478,066

3 54

195,887

6 01

383,947

9 80

126,942

1 06

435,238

3 02

505,417

6 73

230,228

11 07

-'Including township tax (and "seed-grain" tax in Minnesota), not given in detail tables.

The following table shows the proportions of the total taxation levied
by authority of state, county, municipality, and school district. The pro-
portions are expressed in percentages.

Geographical Divisions.

State.,

County.

Munici-
palities.

School
districts.

The United States ,

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

8.15
22.99
26.35
41.32

1.19

3.01
21.34
19.17
54.00

2.48

22.86
41.71

6.15
29.19

0.09

2.38

Middle States .

28.80

2.78

65.63

0.41

WEALTH, DEBT, AND TAXATION. 745

The taxation of cities having a population of 7,500 and over by states and territories.

States and Territories.

Total

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana . t

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia ......

Wisconsin

No. of
cities,
etc.

310

3

1

6

2

15

1

1

2

5

23

12

10

4

5

2

8

3

39

13

4

1

5

2

1

5

13

32

2

22

1

29

6

2

4

5

1

2

7

1

10

Population.

11,607,954

53,374

13,138

323,966

50,449

295,307

42,478

177,624

17,540

112,881

778,951

251,743

152,578

55,613

198,603

224,099

116,093

351,665

1,122,192

281,030

107,623

11,814

459,369

43,521

10,917

81,247

503,310

2,585,966

26,615

761,340

17,577

1,506,454

181,559

60,020

99,527

80,682

20,768

23,514

155,756

30,737

220,314

RATE OP LEVY ON $100.

State,

$0 23

65
65
56
50
15

53
38
27
39
15
54
42
61
39
19
03
29
15
35
40
61
55
23
25
32
32
29
60
03
16
49
20
50
60
45
46
36
11

County

%Q 18

50
1 50

66
1 67

10

34

58
36
77
46
70

1 12
52

1 01)
12
70
06
25
21

1 40
69

1 94

2 00
27
37
44
79
30
95
32

64
64
64
60
01

City.

ifl 76

54
32

Total.

17

2 42

AMOUNT OP LEVY.

State, county
and city.

$148,980,273

536,854

171,910

7,028,140

752,580

3,634,924

346,216

1,469,254

103,926

1,310,393

7,421,479

2,802,436

1.409,457

355,567

2,110,179

2,466,604

1,786,606

3,168,046

15,978,283

2,646,348

798,385

159,399

4474,228

425,511

176,414

812,391

5,537,939

43,315,279

209,662

10,730,628

269,441

17,782,543

2,232,157

761,753

871,306

944,651

124,174

189,005

1,561,690

238,054

1,866,461

Per
capita.

$12 83

10 06

13 08
21 69

14 92

12 31
8 15

8 27

5 93

11 61

9 53
11 13

9 24

6 39

10 63

11 01

15 39
9 01

14 24
9 42

7 42

13 49
9 74
9 78

16 16

10 00

11 00
16 75

7 88

14 09

15 33

11 80

12 29
12 69

8 75
11 71

5 98

8 04

10 03

7 74

8 47

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

INTERNAL COMMERCE.

The value of the internal commerce of the United States cannot be
stated as fully or as specifically as the value of imports and exports of
merchandise, yet there is a very large amount of available data in regard
to our industries, our transportation interests, and our internal trade.
Such data supply abundant indicia of the progress of the country in all
its business pursuits, and serve also to indicate very clearly the course of
the development of our commercial and industrial interests.

The wonderful development of the natural resources of the country
and the growth of our internal commerce are strikingly illustrated by
the following evidences of progress:

Material resources of the United States in 1 850 and 1880.

Resources.

Improved land in farms acres . .

Wheat produced bushels . .

Corn produced do

Horses on farms number . .

Milch-cows on farms do

Swine on farms /.do ... .

Pig-iron produced tons . .

Coal produced do

Railroads in operation miles . .

Value of products of manufacture

1850.

113,032,614

100,485,944

592,071,104

4,336,719

6,385,094

30,354,213

563,755

7,358,899

9,021

$1,019,106,616

1880.

*284,771,042

420,154,500

1,551,066,895

10,838,111

13,125,685

43,270,086

5,146,972

96,000,000

121,592

*$5,369,579,191

* For the census year 1880.

These eloquent facts tell the unvarnished story of our territorial expan-
sion, the progress of our agricultural pursuits, the wonderful development
of our mining industries, the creation of highways of commerce vast in
extent and marvelous in efficiency, and of an advance in the mechanic
arts which, in accordance with what appears to be good authority, con-
stitutes the United States the first manufacturing country on the globe.

These facts also serve to indicate and to illustrate the rapid growth
of the internal commerce of the country. during the last thirty years.

(747)

748 TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The tables which follow, with accompanying diagrams, exhibit the
various phases of the internal commerce of the country for a long number
of years. The certain, and in many instances, the rapid growth of trade,
is exceedingly gratifying and represents a condition of business that is
seldom equaled in any country. These tables have been collected with
great care, from the various manufacturing interests, trade centers, and
private sources generally. Though covering the main points of interest
to the general reader, and authentic to the minutest possible detail, there
is not, and, in the nature of the case, can not be, that comprehensive pre-
sentation of all minor details which appears in statistics gathered for the
government by its own agents.

The varying prices of the different products have more than a histor-
ical importance. That they have. They show at a glance how the prices
of our chief commodities have varied with the years and seasons, and, in
many cases, the causes of low and high prices are associated with political
events; in others, with drought or famine; in others, with monetary agita-
tions, labor troubles, etc. But, aside from this, to the man of affairs there
are important practical lessons to be learned. They enable him to fore-
cast the future with considerable accuracy. In ordinary circumstances,
the thing that has been will be again. The rules that have governed
prices during the years for which these statistics make record, still prevail.
It is a matter of fact that many most successful business men who have
had access to the tables herewith presented, owe their success largely to
a careful study of the same. Long-headedness and successful prediction
are not chance gifts to a few men ; they are rather the patient and pains-
taking study of facts and figures. What has hitherto been confined to
the few, because of their inaccessibility, is now presented in a shape to be
profitable to the many. The plan of illustrating the varying prices of the
principal grains and farm products of commerce, while not original to
this work, has never before been popularized. Nor has it been employed
so exhaustively, and with attention to detail as here. * Such illustration
in books issued by the government is so complicated with techni-
calities as to be practically useless for the general public. It has been
the aim to avoid such complications here, and at the same time preserve
all essential features.

Product and Export of Corn and Wheat

Average of Seven Years, 1877-1883, 1510 millions bushels.

Co

nswi

npii

on

1,4

38,0(

)0,OC

Obu

- —

— -

— :

Exp

Vrt~

^2,-000,0

00-6

x. —

Wheat

Average of Seven Years, 1877-1883, 436 millions bushels

Con,

iumi

otioi

i

5

95,0

00,0(

)0bi

t.

—

:...._.

— I~B

Expo

H

141,000,000 bu.
If 1

Sc-cde: 5,000,000 bu.pcr Square

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

749

Highest

a.' d lowest prices

of regular

No. 2 WHEAT each month for 15 ye

ars in Chi

cago.

1885

Per bu

1884

1883

1882

1881

1880

1879

1878

1877

1876

1875

1874

1873 1 1872 ' 1871

Per bu Per bu Per bu

Per bu

Per bu'Per bu

Per bu

Per bu

Per bu Per bu

Per bu Per bu Per bu

1

Per bu

1 33

1 08*

\

82
761

9011 041
881 93f

1 351
1 251

1 00

951

1 321
1 K

871
811

1 091
1 Oil

1 31

1 231

1 021
941

904
88

1 261-1 2611 25
1 17*1 19* 1 21

Feb'y..

!

781
73

961
904

1 114
1 031

1 321
1 161

991
961

1 254
1 181

934
851

1 ill

1 011

1 321
1 201

1 054
964

881
831

1 241
1 15*

1 2511 254!l 26*
1 18*1 23*;i 19^

March. .

\

78*
731

921
811

1 091
1 04

1 36
1 22

1 034

981

1 251
1 12

961

881

1 131
1 041

1 29
1 21

1 04

971

96
851

1 204
1 164

1 231
1 17

1 241 1 28
1 1811 124

April . .

\

911

741

944
751

1 12i

99

1 42
1 32

1 051
991

1 15
1 051

964
831

1 14

1 05f

1 75
1 251

1 044
96

1 04

944

1 271
1 181

1 26
1 14

1 37* J 32
1 191 1 21

May ..

\

91

m

95

841

1 141

1 071

1 29
1 23

1 121
1 01

1 19
1 12

1 024
904

1 13

98

1 77
1 42*

1 08

951

1 054
89

1 271
1 16

1 34

1 22*

1 60 1 31
1 35* 1 21

June . .

\

891
834

90
834

1 14

981

1 36
1 25

1 141
1 061

1 024

87

1 06
1 Oil

1 on

871

1 55
1 40

1 081
1 021

1 021
901

1 23

1 151

1 281
1 161

1 55
1 11

1 311
1-24

July . .

\

90
851

84f
791

1 031
961

1 36
1 26

1 22

1 081

961

861-

1 041

881

1 081
89

1 461
1 20

1 05f
83

1 30

1 02*

1 17
1 04

1 46

1 141

1 31

1 20

1 24

1 001

Aug...

\

881
77f

831

76f

1 031
1 00

1 09

97

1 38
1 19

901

861

881
834

1 08

89

1 23*
1 01

944
834

1 31

1 141

1 054
911

1 231
1 131

1 611
1 10

1 32
991

Sept . .

1

861
761

80
731

991
92

1 08

97

1 41
1 19

951

871

1 064

85

89*
851

1 18
1 09

1 11
931

1 161
1 06*

1 021
92f

1 171
80

1 284
1 16*

1 224
1 06

Oct.

\

91f

831

791
721

961
891

97
921

1 431
1 30

1 011
924

1 22
1 041

871
77

1 141

1 061

1 171
1 041

1 134

1 071

941

811

1 08
93

1 20

1 064

1 24

1 121

Nov . . .

\

91

831

741
701

981
92

941 1 32
904,1 231

1 1211 211
1 0111 101

841
80

111*

1 041

1 131
1 061

1 091
1 02

931

831

1 091
92

1 111
1 01

1 22

1 171

Dec . . .

!

884
83

76f
691

991
914

95 1 30
9011 241

1 0111 331
9311 22

841
811

1 114
1 061

1 261
1 144

1 041

94

921

871

1 181
1 15

1 23*
1 184

1 21
1 17

/

ligl

est and lowest prices

of No. 2 CORN

each

month for

15 years in Chicago.

Jan . . .

•!

381
341

581
51

71
491

621
601

371
36

401
351

311
291

431
381

44*
42

45
401

70
64

61f
49

311
30

411
394

541
421

Feb'y .

■1

381
36

551
514

591

54f

601
54

371
354

371
351

341

314

43*

38

43
404

43

381

651
611

581
62

311
301

411
39f

55
50

March.

\

39
37

524
49

584
501

661

571

391

371

364
321

344
311

431
41

414

371

471
414

691
631

641
531

331

30f

391

351

561
52

April . .

■\

484
371

561

441

55f

471

771
661

44

38f

371
311

344
304

421
371

58
381

484
444

741
68

651

581

381
301

431

, 371

56
52

May ..

■\

50

444

571
52

561

524

771
684

45
411

38f
361

361
331

41
344

574
434

49

441

761
60

654
55

424
37

48f
424

561
504

June . .

•i

49
431

561
51

571
501

75*
68f

48
411

371
334

37
351

371
35

474
421

461

434

71

624

641
56

401

27

461

411

544
514

July ..

■i

48
451

56

481

53

471

821
74f

501
45

374
331

37f
341

41
351

494
461

48
424

761
67

65f

584

381
321

421
391

531
461

Aug . . .

■S

471
43

551
50

53*
491

791

741

644

481

411
351

341
311

391
371

481
41

47
431

731
641

80
621

41*
35

431

371

48
411

Sept..

I

451
401

1 00

51*

521
47

741
571

731
601

41
391

381
321

37*
344

461
411

471
414

631

544

86
661

431

32*

391
341

484
431

Oct...

5

441
401

59*
41

494
46

724
59

76f
591

401
384

49
36

35
331

454
411

451
42

594
514

834
69

394
34

361
291

501
434

Nov . . .

■I

471
39|

45*
351

57
461

72
64

631

561

441
391

43
39

34
301

49

424

461
411

53*
49

851
711

47
321

33
30

50
404

Dec . . .

■I

434
36

431

341

54
63

591

481

621

581

421
351

431
39

311

29!

50
414

464
431

531

451

85

71f

541
44*

31*
301

424
391

750

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Highest and lowest prices of No. 2 OATS each month for 1 5 years in Chicago.

January \

February \

March j

April j

May j

June j

July j

August \

September ... \

October \

November j

December \

1885

1884

1883

1882

1881

1880

1879

1878

1877

1876

1875

1874

1873

1872

Per bu

Per bu

Per bu

Per bu1 Perbu

Perbu

Perbu

Per bu

Per bu

Per bu

Perbu

Per bu

44

38

Per bu

Per bu

324
31*

291

25*

34*
31*

39*

35*

44*
424

31*
30

351
32

20*
191

25

231

35*

33*

31*
29*

53

52

254
241

27f
26*

331
314

41*

37*

42*
394

32

284

32*
301

234
20

251

22*

36
33

32*
301

544
51*

\ 43*
411

27
251

324
32

28|
26*

31*

284

43*
39*

431
40

304

28*

31*

26

. 251
21f

24*
23*

334
311

331
311

57
521

451
42*

271
25

321
30

36!

271

34
26!

43

37

521
44

364
30*

29*
25

24*
21

271
221

42
304

341
30

631
56

464
41*

311

234

354
301

36i
311

331
30!

424
38*

564

48

391
361

35
291

31

24*

264
22*

454
371

311

28*

641
571

481
44

34
30

421
344

344
31*

34
301

41*
32

561
461

391
351

32f
23

35

29*

241
1 224

384
33

31*

281

63
501

471
431

311

251

431

27

34
26

321
281

37

27*

62
52

45
37

261
224

34
25

271
23*

331

28

301
27

551
48

59

421

30
271

28
35

27t
24!

30!
24f

291
261

59
37

394
30f

274
221-

26
21*

241
20

291
22

321
30

62

381

71
371

284
261

32
26

264
241

261
241

28^
25

36*
301

461
36

35

27f

27*
21*

20*
19

24*
23

35
30*

401
34

54
391

30*
26

261
23

261
244

28
25*

28*
26*

36
31*

474
441

33f

28*

324
261

194

18

244
221

341
31*

381
314

504
454

34

27

231

201

281
254

264
25*

31*

27*

39
334

461
414

33*

27"

34
311

21
19

26!
241

331
30*

314
301

551
461

35

261

244
201

29f

27

25*
23

361
30

421
34*

471
43f

331

29*

364
324

20*
191

27
24*

341
314

301
291

541
514

40*
34

254
231

1871

Per bu

47

39

49

451

511

481

511

46

51

471

501

474

501

321

314

27

32

29

301

271

341

291

33

Highest and lowest prices of MESS PORK each month for 15 years in Chicago.

■!

1885

1884

1883

1882

1881

1880

1879

1878

1877

1876

1875

1874

1873

1872

1871

Pr brl
12 50

11 15

Prbrl

Prbrl

Prbrl

Prbrl

Pr brl

Pr brl

Prbrl

Pr brl

Prbrl

19 45
19 00

Pr brl
19 00

17 70

Prbrl

Pr brl

Prbr]

Prbrl

Jan..

16 35
14 10

17 821
16 75

18 50
16 60

14 50

12 20

13 60

12 15

9 571
7 271

11 35

10 50

17 95
16 40

14 75
13 75

12 00
11 35

13 4C

12 50

23 00

18 271

Feb.

■\

13 30
12 20

18 50
16 25

18 70
17 75

18 65
16 60

15 40
13 25

12 50
11 00

10 40
9 40

10 70

11 00

10 60
14 25

21 50
19 45

18 50
18 00

14 60
13 75

13 00
11 85

12 8022 75
12 25 21 15

March j

12 80
11 55

18 10
17 35

18 30
17 90

17 30
15 85

15 67!
14 25

11 921
10 25

10 25
9 50

10 25
9 05

14 80
13 15

22 50
21 37!

20 15
18 00

15 00
13 75

15 10
13 00

12 35!21 80
11 05 19 45

April

I

12 50
11 50

17 70
15 50

19 52!
17 85

18 45
17 15

18 80
15 50

10 571
9 25

10 50
9 20

9 40
8 30

16 75
13 90

22 75
20 62!

22 35
20 50

16 75
15 10

18 00
15 40

12 80 20 50
11 20 16 50

May.

!

11 50
10 15

20 00
16 871

20 20
18 95

19 85
18 02!

17 65
15 60

10 60
9 75

9 80
9 25

8 65
7 50

16 00
13 50

21 30
19 40

22 20 17 80
19 50 16 10

18 00
15 25

12 90,18 00
12 40 15 25

June

i

10 65
10 05

20 00
19 00

19 321
15 75

21 80

19 25

16 65
16 00

12 22*
10 05

10 05
9 45

9 50
8 10

13 85
12 50

19 32*
17 70

20 00,17 65
18 5017 15

15 55
14 00

12 60
11 95

15 25
14 00

July

!

10 45
9 75

24 50
19 50

16 10
12 90

22 30
19 80

18 50
16 25

16 05
12 00

9 87*
8 40

9 70
9 00

13 90
12 90

19 75
18 40

21 10 24 50
19 00 17 50

16 00
14 25

16 00
12 50

15 00
13 25

Aug.

\

10 15

8 60

27 50
23 00

13 45
11 80

22 07*
20 30

18 25
17 20

17 12!
15 50

8 57*
7 77!

11 00
9 10

13 50
12 00

18 87*
16 40

21 75 24 75
20 00 22 75

16 25
15 45

15 00
13 90

13 50
12 00

Sept.

I

9 10

8 20

19 00
16 50

12 15
10 10

22 321
19 15

19 95
17 18

18 25
17 00

9 80

7 85

9 42*
8 82!

13 75
12 20

17 00
15 60

23 00 24 50
10 25 21 75

16 25
15 00

14 75
13 75

13 25
12 40

Oct..

s

8 59
7 95

16 50
15 50

10 90

10 171

24 50
20 25

19 25
16 15

19 50
18 00

13 50
9 75

8 00
6 75

15 00
13 75

16 75
15 20

23 50]22 25
20 50 19 00

i6 oo;is 00

12 00 14 25

13 25
12 50

Nov.

I

9 25
8 00

15 00
10 671

13 10
10 45

19 371
16 72!

17 20
15 40

14 50
12 10

11 50
9 20

8 40
6 45

15 25
11 85

16 75
15 40

22 00 20 75
20 00 17 50

13 00 15 00
11 00 12 25

13 00
12 35

Dec.

I

9 50
8 70

11 75
10 55

14 30
12 20

17 60
16 85

17 25
16 00

13 50
10 90

13 75
11 75

7 82! 12 05
6 02! |ll 40

17 00
15 67!

20 00 20 35
18 80|l8 50;

15 0012 25
13 0011 40

13 35
12 35

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

751

Highest an

d lowest prices of PRIME STEAM LARD eacf

r month for 1 5 years ir

Chicago.

1885

1884

1883

1882

1881

1880

1879

1878

1877

1876

1875

1874

1873

1872

1871

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

lOOlbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

100 lbs

Jan. . . \

7 021
6 65

9 171
8 55

10 971
10 121

11 371
10 90

9 45

8 371

7 75
7 30

6 45
5 35

7 40
7 15

11 55
10 65

12 371
12 00

13 60
13 15

9 20
8 20

7 37!
7 00

8 87!
8 00

12 75
11 121

Feb . . j

7 121

6 721

10 10
9 00

11 50
11 021

11 35

10 271

10 30
9 15

7 421
6 85

6 90

6 32!

7 37!
7 10

11 121
9 50

12 85
12 021

13 75
13 20

9 30
8 60

7 62!
7 25

9 00

8 75

13 00
12 00

March j

7 00
6 671

9 721
9 15

11 50
11 00

11 00
10 00

10 871
9 85

7 171
6 85

6 72!
6 30

7 25
6 80

9 82!
8 95

13 85
12 80

13 90
13 05

9 15

8 50

8 00
7 50

8 87!
8 12!

12 75
11 621

April. \

7 10
6 70

9 171
8 121

11 75
11 10

11 40

10 971

11 521
10 45

7 071
6 471

6 471
5.771

7 22!
6 75

10 25
9 30

12 65
11 25

15 75
14 05

9 80
9 10

9 37!

8 12!

8 75
8 37!

12 00
10 50

May.. |

6 87^
6 371

8 60

7 85

12 10
11 50

11 50

11 171

11 30

9 971

7 00
6 30

6 30
5 90

7 00

6 37!

9 87!
9 17!

11 421
10 52!

15 75

14 00

11 00
9 65

9 121
8 50

8 871
8 62!

11 25
10 00

June . j

6 671
6 35

8 20
7 05

11 75
8 95

12 321
11 10

11 40

10 471

7 00
6 35

6 25

5 97!

6 95

6 37!

9 30
8 50

11 30
10 65

14 371
12 90

11 15

10 60

8 50
8 00

8 87!
8 50

10 35
9 50

July..]

6 671
6 45

7 521
6 921

9 30
8 10

12 921
11 95

13 00
11 321

7 50
6 60

6 121
5 60

7 15
6 70

9 15

8 45

11 30

10 65

14 00
12 90

12 75
11 GO

8 75
8 00

11 00

8 621

10 371
9 621

Aug.. |

6 55
6 05

8 00
7 30

8 90
8 00

12 55
12 00

11 70
11 121

8 35
7 20

5 75
5 30

7 80
7 05

8 90
8 10

11 30
11 10

13 70
12 90'

15 00 8 00
13 00 7 50

8 87!
8 25

9 75
8 621

Sept.. j

6 30
6 00

7 80
7 00

8 40
7 70

12 771
11 15

12 30
11 30

8 15
7 75

6 25

5 471

6 921
6 20

9 05
8 35

10 65
9 55

13 621
12 75

15 25 8 12!
14 50J7 621

9 25
8 50

9 50
8 50

Oct... j

6 15

5 821

7 75
6 90

7 25
7 121

13 10

11 521

12 25
11 35

8 521
7 75

6 90
5 65

6 35

5 80

8 87!
8 15

10 621
10 15

14 00

13 121

15 50

12 25

8 00
7 00

8 75
7 62!

10 00
8 50

Nov.. j

6 271
5 85

7 25
6 771

8 40

7 121

12 00
10 50

11 55

10 721

8 80

8 02!

7 25

6 12!

5 87!
5 671

8 12!

7 721

10 75
9 60

12 87!
11 80

14 00
12 00

7 50
6 50

7 871
7 25

9 00

8 37!

Dec . . j

6 071
5 971

6 95
6 45

9 05
9 05

10 75
10 221

11 221
10 75

8 65
8 20

7 75
6 85

5 65

5 321

7 971
7 55

11 10

9 67!

12 80
12 10

13 50 8 50

12 80 7 371

7 25
7 00

8 871
8 371

Highest and lowest prices of LIVE HOGS each month for 10 years in Chicago.

January . . .
February . .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September .
October . . .
November .
December ,

1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876

100 lbs

$5 00
4 10

30
10
05
20
85
4 15
4 60
55
35
65
25
85
30
80
75
50
35
15
00
25
10
20

100 lbs

$6 75

6 20

fir,

90

65

90

25

6 75

4 80

6 80

4 05
6 00
3 80

5 05

3 75

4 55

100 lbs

.$5 60
7 10

6 10

7 65

6 50

8 20

7 00

8 15
6 75

100 lbs

$5 80

4 35

6 10

7 50

6 00

7 45

6 30

7 80

6 80

8 60

7 10

8 75
7 50

9 00
7 35
9 30
7 30
9 35

6 25
9 20

5 75

7 75
5 40
7 00

100 lbs

$4 40
5 90

5 00

6 75

5 00

6 75

20
65
50
60
40

6 35

5 70

7 10

6 00

7 00

6 00

7 50
5 75
7 40

5 50

6 90

5 60

6 65

100 lbs

$4 25

95
15

80

15
85

4 00
4 80
3 85
70
85
60
00

6 00
4 15

100 lbs

$2 50

3 10

10

20

75

35
00
00
20
00
00
00
80
20
00

30
40
80
20

100 lbs

13 60
4 35

3 65

4 15

3 15

4 10
3 20
3 90
3 00
3 60

3 05

4 35
3 80

100 lbs

$5 65

100 lbs

$5 75
7 80
7 00
9 00
7 50

10 00

7 00

8 85

6 10'

7 80

5 50

6 75

5 60

6 85
5 50
6

80

5 20

6 50

5 25

6 50
30

6 15

5 25

6 85

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Annual average currency prices of STAPLE ARTICLES in the New York market
from 1825 to 1880, and the average gold price for the whole period.

Superfine
flour.

Corn
meal.

Northern
wheat.

Eye.

Oats.

Corn.

Anthra-
cite coal.

COFFEE.

Date.

Rio.

Java.

Pr. bbl.

$5 13.0

4 81.0

5 14.0

5 58.0

6 45.2

4 98.5

5 71.0
5 77.0
5 56.5

4 98.0

5 85.5

7 49.5
9 14.0
7 95.6

7 30.0
5 29.5
5 58.5
5 57.0
4 85.5
4 67.0

4 93.5

5 06.0

6 68.5
5 96.0

4 51.0

5 55.0

4 52.0

5 00.5

5 78.0

8 94.5
8 76.0

6 42.0
5 78.5

4 29.5

5 11.0
5 19.0

4 96.5

5 16.5
5 69.0

8 06.2

7 70.6
7 92.0

9 16.4
7 91.2
5 72.5
5 02.9

5 85.2

6 21.0
5 84.1
5 30.2
4 92.1

4 37.3

5 66.4

3 95.6

4 10.5
4 13.5

Pr. bbl.

$2 88.0
3 90.5
3 24.5
2 88.0
2 77.0

2 75.0

3 60.5
3 44.5
3 85.0

3 45.0

4 07.5
4 72.0

87.5

3 86.0

4 04.0
3 22.5
3 10.0
2 72.0
2 76.5
2 60.0

2 70.5

3 55.0

4 19.5
2 86.0
2 95.0

2 97.0

3 08.5
3 43.5

3 42.5

4 00.0
4 64.5
3 54.5
3 62.5
3 60.0
3 89.0
3 57.5

2 88.0

3 17.5

4 37.0
6 98.9

5 91.6

4 74.3

6 01.6

5 93.1

4 89.4

5 04.5
4 04.8
3 55.6

3 36.4

4 16.8
3 99.4
2 84.3
2 95.9
2 43.4
2 43.6
2 80.4

Pr. bush.

$0 92.0
94.0
99.2
1 21.8
1 24.5
1 07.0
1 18.5
1 26.0
1 19.3
1 05.8
1 22.0
1 78.0
1 77.5
1 92.0
1 24.5
1 05.5
1 18.5
1 14.0
98.1
97.5
1 04.0
1 08.5
1 36.5
1 17.5
1 24.0
1 27.5
1 07.5
1 10.5

1 39.0

2 21.0
2 43.5
1 75.5
1 67.5
1 32.5
1 43.5
1 49.5
1 42.5
1 39.0
1 64.0

1 94.2

2 16.0
2 94.5
2 84.4
2 54.1
1 65.1
1 37.3
1 58.1
1 78.0
1 78.7
1 51.7
1 40.3
1 32.0
1 68.5
1 25.2
1 22.3
1 25.3

Pr. bush.

$0 53.8

70.7

68.0

53.6

66.0

65.0

78.2

83.0

80.0

66.2

91.0

1 04.0

1 12.5

1 04.5

96.8

59.8

63.8

65.5

62.1

67.5

68.5

74.6

99.0

73.5

60.1

64.7

73.0

81.5

92.0

1 19.5

1 33.5

96.0

94.0

72.0

85.5

82.5

70.0

79.5

1 06.5

1 57.5

1 19.2

1 05.0

1 48.0

1 76.0

1 29.8

1 02.2

99.9

92.0

95.9

1 02.2

97.6

83.5

79.7

64.7

68.3

93.4

Pr. bush.

$0 31.7
47.5
40.5
30.0
35.5
29.5
37.5
45.5
40.5
35.7
48.2
52.9
52.5
39.5
47.0
34.0
44.0
36.5
29.0
31.8
38.0
39.5
49.0
41.4
38.7
43.0
43.5
43.0
47.5
54.0
59.5
43.2
52.6
45.0
48.0
41.7
35.5
48.0
76.8
92.7
73.8
53.6
75.0
81.6
73.0
60.0
51.0
48.0
49.0
75.0
62.8
40.2
44.5
33.1
38.5
43.8

Pr. bush.

$0 55.0
76.5
61.0
52.5
56.5
56.0
69.5
68.0
73.5
65.9
90.5
95.0
1 04.5
84.2
86.5
57.0
62.5
59.5
55.0
50.0
54.8
68.0
85.5
63.5
62.7
62.5
61.7
67.5
71.0
84.5
99.0
70.5
81.0
80.5
86.2
74.0
61.0
62.5
89.0
1 50.2
1 23.6
90.4
1 21.0
1 18.2
1 01.4
97.5
76.1
68.3
62.6
89.7
80.7
57.1
61.2
51.8
49.0
54.7

Pr. ton.

$9 16.5

10 91.5

11 33.5
10 91.5
10 72.5

9 05.0

7 08.5
10 21.0

6 82.0
6 00.0

6 71.0

8 54.5

9 68.0

7 89.0

8 10.0
7 14.5

7 56.0
6 35.0
5 11.0
5 06.0

4 83.0

5 72.5
5 70.5
5 39.0
5 59.0
5 73.0
5 22.0
5 44.5

5 72.0

6 91.5
6 36.0
6 87.5

6 11.0
5 22.5
5 31.0
5 52.0
5 24.5
5 69.5

8 66.5

10 03.1

11 41.6

9 50.0

7 20.0

7 75.0

8 83.3
5 03.6
7 25.0
4 87.3

4 96.6

5 67.7
5 78.0
4 66.7
3 55.1

3 57.8
2 89.8

4 08.9

Pr. lb.

$0 17.0
15.0
14.2
13.0
12.3
11.2
11.2
12.5
12.3
11.5
11.9
11.5
10.6
10.4
10.8
10.1
10.0
08.3
07.2
06.5
06.7
07.0
07.0
06.0
06.9
10.6
09.0
08.5
09.2
10.1
10.0
10.7
11.0
10.3
11.2
13.5
13.7
22.0
30.3
41.5
24.5
20.7
18.5
16.9
12.6
15.4
16.5
18.0
19.9
22.0
18.4
15.6
14.6
13.7
14.7
12.8

Pr. lb.
$0 19.4

1826

16.6

1827

16.1

1828

15.0

1829

14.4

1830

14.0

1831

11.5

1832

13.1

1833

12.7

1834

1835

12.3
12.5

1836

13.2

1837

13.6

1838

12.4

1839

1840

12.5

12.8

1841

11.7

1842

11.0

1843

1844

11.0
10.0

1845

08.2

1846

08.3

1847

1848

07.7
07.1

1849 . .

06.6

1850

12.0

1851

1852

11.5
10.8

1853

11.2

1854

1855

1856

13.1
13.5
14.2

1857

15.4

1858

15.8

14.5

1860

15.5

1861

17.5

1862

27.0

1863

36.5

1864

47.6

1865

36.3

1866

26.2

1867

24.8

1868

23.4

1869

1870

21.1
21.1

1871

20.5

1872

21.3

1873

22.5

1874

25.6

1875 . . .

26.0

1876

1877

21.0
23.6

1878

22.4

1879

24.0

1880

21.6

Average gold price. .

5 44.8

3 40.0

1 34.9

79.4

43.7

70.0

6 35.6

12.2

15.3

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

753

Annual average currency prices of STAPLE ARTICLES in the New York market
from 1825 to 1880, and the average gold price for the whole period.

Copper
sheathing.

Upland
cotton.

FISH.

Flax.

Glass.

|

Date.

Cod.

Mackerel.

Rifle gun-
powder.

1825

Pr. lb.

$0 30.4
29.7
26.2
24.7
23.5
22.0
22.2
22.5
22.0
23.5
23.5
27.0
27.0
25.5
24.5
24.5
25.0
22.7
21.2
21.5
22.7
23.5
23.2
2L5
21.5
21.5
20.5
23.5
29.1
30.2
29.7
31.2
30.1
26.0
26.1
26.2
24.2
30.0
41.6
55.8
55.0
46.4
35.9
31.9
32.5
29.6
30.4
41.9
40.5
27.0
29.0
31.0
29.0
26.0
23.1
28.0

Pr. lb.

$0 18.2
11.1
09.7
10.0
09.0
10.0
09.0
09.5
12.5
12.5
16.7
16.6
12.0
10.7
13.3
08.7
09.8
08.0
06.6
06.6
06.2
07.3
10.3
'06.1
08.0
12.3
10.2
09.0
10.6
09.0
09.2
10.6
14.0
13.0
11.4
10.5
16.1
41.2
74.3
1 13.5
59.2
39.8
27.3
27.0
29.9
21.3
17.9
20.7
18.8
16.5
15.0
11.7
11.7
10.8
11.4
12.1

Pr. cwt.

$2 49.0
2 26.0
2 97.5
2 88.5
2 51.5
2 33.0
2 77.5
2 87.5
2 72.0
2 38.5

2 79.5

3 36.5
3 42.5
3 51.0
3 74.5
2 51.0
2 58.5
2 27.0
2 46.0
2 67.0
2 62.5

2 82.5

3 58.0
2 95.5
2 52.0
2 60.0

2 74.0

3 44.5
3 32.0
3 40.5
3 84.0
3 86.0
3 77.5

3 38.0

4 11.5
3 48.5
3 05.0
3 88.0

5 78.5

7 52.4

8 40.6
7 02.6

6 79.6

6 57.2

7 43.7
6 81.8
5 79.1

5 73.9

6 05.7

5 30.9

6 24.7
6 45.1
6 33.0
5 70.0
5 27.7
5 99.6

Pr. bbl.

$ 5 33.5
5 19.5
5 32.5
5 35.5
5 51.0

5 83.0

6 30.0

5 64.5

6 62.0

6 24.5

7 15.0
9 61.5
9 83.0

11 33.5
13 51.0

12 82.0

13 55.0
10 55.0

9 25.0
10 78.5
12 56.5

Pr. lb.

Pr. 100 ft.

% 6 17.5
6 24.0
6 12.5
6 12.5
6 12.5
6 12.5
6 12.0
6 12.0
6 12.0
5 75.0
5 10.0
5 37.0
5 75.0
5 75.0
5 75.0
5 75.0
5 75.0
5 75.0
5 75 0
5 75.0

Pr. 25 lbs.

$4 54.0

1826

4 52.0

1827

4 50.0

1828

4 50.0

1829

4 50.0

1830

4 50.0

1831

4 50.0

1832

4 50.0

1833

4 50.0

1834

4 50.0

1835

4 50.0

1836

4 50.0

1837

4 50.0

1838

4 50.0

1839

4 50.0

1840

4 00.0

1841

3 87.5

1842

3 87.5

1843

3 87.5

1844

3 87.5

1845

3 12.0

1846

10 64.5
9 99.0

8 44.5
10 55.5
10 79.5

9 94.0

10 06.0

13 45.5
16 91.5
20 10.0
20 89.5

20 50.0

11 68.0

15 93.0

16 71.0
11 63.5
15 32.0

17 46.0

14 23.9

18 82.2

19 43.7

19 24.3

21 06.2
27 18.7
25 50.0

15 41.6

13 39.5
17 87.5

14 18.7

17 36.0

18 80.0

20 50.0

18 70.0

19 40.0
17 20.0

2 75.0

1847

6 12.0
6 12.0
6 12.0
6 12.0
6 12.0
6 12.0
5 75.0
5 75.0
5 75.0

5 83.0

6 39.0
6 49.0
6 25.0
6 25.0
6 25.0
6 29.0
9 35.0

10 88.6
12 91.6
12 79.0

12 60.4

11 68.6
14 08.3
14 75.0

14 05.0

15 31.0

18 16.6

19 16.4
19 65.0
19 80.0

16 60.0

13 50.0

14 62.0
13 02.0

2 75.0

1848

2 75.0

1849

2 75.0

1850

2 75.0

1851

2 75.0

1852

2 75.0

1853

2 64.5

1854

2 62.5

1855

3 29.0

1856

4 46.5

1857

5 37.5

1858

5 28.5

1859

5 30.5

1860

5 12.5

1861

5 12.5

1862

6 45.5

1863

6 91.5

1864

$0 22.2
20.8
20.5
19.4
19.7
20.9
14.7
14.8
16.5
17.0
16.0
14.7
14.0
15.0
15.0

8 20.8

1865

8 66.6

1866

7 75.0

1867

6 91.6

1868

6 50.0

1869

6 50.0

1870

6 18.7

1871 .

5 75.0

1872

5 89.5

1873

5 41.6

1874

6 12.9

1875

4 92.5

1876

5 40.0

1877

5 40.0

1878

5 49.7

1879

5 65.0

1880

6 00.0

25.9

14.6

3 71.5

12 26.6

13.7

8 07.3

4 37.4

754

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Annual average currency prices of STAPLE ARTICLES in the New York market
from 1825 to 1880, and the average gold price for the whole period.

HIDES.

IRON.

T3

MOLASSES.

cc

Date.

a) 3

0

w

6

bo

q

J3
O

O

60

1-1

ll

o

60 3

3 2

jj 03

'8
q

q

o

Pr. lb.

Pr. lb.

Pr. lb.

Pr. lb.

Pr. ton.

Pr. ton.

Pr. cwt.

Pr. lb.

Pr. ga I.

Pr. gal.

Pr. gal.

Pr. lb.

1825 . . .

¥017.7

j>0 13.2

¥0 17.7

$2 19.7 $60 10.0

$106 00.0

$6 88.0

if 0 23.2

$0 35.0

$0 42.5

$0 29.0

1826 . . .

16.7

12.0

16.7

1 63.5 61 04.0

94 37.5

6 00.0

21.0

33.0

45.5

26.7

1827 . . .

16.6

10.7

13.5

1 71.5 51 50.0

85 43.0

6 00.0

20.1

35.5

45.1

30.5

1828 . . .

16.5

11.5

06.5

1 31.5

52 21.0

80 10.0

5 12.5

21.0

33.0

38.2

29.2

$0 07.5

1829 . . .

15.0

11.0

07.4

1 05.5

49 37.5

79 48.0

3 75.0

20.2

29.7

38.5

24.5

07.1

1830 . . .

15.3

11.3

13.0

92.0

43 96.0

74 93.5

3 00.0

20.0

29.7

37.2

23.6

05.5

1831 . . .

16.0

13.2

11.5

90.7

43 33.0

72 12.5

4 12.5

21.7

28.5

26.5

24.7

05.6

1832 . . .

14.4

11.3

18.5

93.5

43 23.0

72 62.5

5 50.0

20.2

30.0

27.8

26.0

05.8

1833 . . .

13.8

10.7

28.2

92.5

41 69.0

74 64.5

5 43.7

17.6

32.0

31.0

28.5

05.0

1834 . . .

12.7

09.7

14.9

99.0

41 39.5

71 71.0

4 87.5

16.2

29.0

27.1

23.5

05.5

1835 . . .

13.7

14.5

1 01.5

40 25.0

69 37.0

6 00.0

17.1

31.7

30.0

26.9

06.0

1836 . . .

13.4

14.6

1 02.5

52 68.5

94 04.0

5 87.5

18.5

44.0

39.2

36.1

06.5

1837 . . .

13.6

07.5

1 03.5

51 97.5

95 72.5

6 00.0

19.0

37.0

35.5

31.5

06.5

1838 . . .

08.2

1 07.1

43 54.0

88 23.0

18.6

37.0

34.5

30.7

06.0

1839 . . .

15.0

15.9

1 23.5

38 62.0

88 44.0

21.6

34.5

29.0

31.7

06.2

1840 . . .

14.6

37.5

1 07.5

35 18.5

70 62.5

18.6

26.1

22.0

25.5

05.5

1841 . . .

14.3

13.3

24.3

99.0

34 85.0

68 35.0

' 4 12.5

20.7

25.6

23.5

19.6

05.5

1842 . . .

12.5

11.2

13.5

76.5

28 66.0

57 08.0

3 06.2

17.1

20.7

18.1

15.9

04.0

1843 . . .

12.3

10.9

09.7

84.5

26 12.5

56 98.0

16.2

22.5

21.5

19.0

04.5

1844 . . .

12.1

10.8

08.6

76.0

32 56.0

61 33.0

15.6

29.7

27.0

24.5

04.5

1845 . . .

12.0

15.1

70.5

37 97.5

74 58.0

3 37.5

14.5

27.7

27.7

24.0

04.5

1846 . . .

11.5

09.8

19.6

61.5

38 21.5

78 25.0

4 15.5

12.8

29.5

24.5

18.8

04.5

1847 . . .

11.5

10.3

09.8

73.0

34 44.0

72 29.0

4 31.5

15.7

33.7

27.0

21.8

04.5

1848 . . .

09.1

07.8

05.0

64.5

29 10.5

59 06.0

4 18.5

13.7

24.5

21.5

18.5

04.5

1849 . . .

10.0

08.3

08.8

65.5

24 37.0

47 12,5

4 55.5

15.6

26.0

23.6

20.6

04.0

1850 . . .

12.5

10.6

13.8

69.4

22 33.0

41 87.5

4 71.5

15.7

27.0

24.3

21.0

03.5

1851 . . .

13.6

11.6

37.5

72.0

21 31.0

36 49.5

4 69.5

14.5

30.7

24.0

19.5

03.5

1852 . . .

14.7

11.7

30.6

72.0

22 71.5

39 80.5

4 73.0

15.2

29.2

22.5

18.5

03.2

1853 . . .

17.5

15.0

25.2

74.5

34 52.0

65 14.0

6 68.0

18.5

28.5

22.5

21.0

04.6

1854 . . .

21.2,

16.0

33.6

81.0

38 47.5

71 12.5

6 75.0

21.0

24.5

23.5

22.3

04.1

1855 . . .

21.4

17.8

19.1

82.0

28 75.0

58.75.0

6 44.5

22.5

30.5

29.0

27.2

04.0

1856 . . .

26.5

21.7

07.7

81.8

32 41.5

59 39.0

7 02.5

25.5

51.0

41.5

38.2

03.5

1857 . . .

32.7

26.6

08.5

76.0

31 12.5

56 14.0

7 03.0

26.6

65.5

45.5

40.0

03.3

1858 . . .

24.3

20.1

06.5

73.0

24 47.5

51 89.0

5 70.5

23.0

38.8

26.5

22.6

03.0

1859 . . .

25.5

22.7

11.8

85.5

25 27.0

45 46.0

5 69.5

24.5

39.0

26.5

23.0

03.0

1860 . . .

23.5

20.7

13.2

84.0

23 51.0

42 44.0

5 70.0

21.5

46.5

27.5

21.5

03.0

1861 . . .

19.5

16.5

20.5

87.5

22 25.0

43 89.5

5 50.5

19.5

39.5

18.3

22.0

03.0

1862 . . .

24.5

21.5

16.5

1 16.0

25 99.5

59 00.0

7 07.7

23.1

42.0

23.5

28.0

03.1

1863 . . .

28.6

24.1

22.0

1 11.5

37 16.5

73 57.0

8 73.3

29.1

49.3

43.4

37.0

05.0

1864 . . .

31.8

30.6

25.5

1 40.0

53 16.6

157 29.1

13 39.5

37.2

94.3

76.1

63.5

07.8

1865 . . .

24.8

22.1

36.1

1 31.4

51 22.7

129 58.3

11 19.2

36.2

1 13.7

53.6

44.7

07.4

1866 . . .

19.8

17.1

48.9

1 00.2

48 62.5

110 62.5

8 09.7

34.4

96.8

50.2

41.9

07.0

1867 . . .

20.9

19.2

57.2

84.1

43 25.0

99 27.0

6 78.0

30.6

84.8

51.0

45.7

06.0

1868 . . .

20.8

20.6

37.6

83.1

41 33.3

88 54.1

6 63.8

28.3

82.9

48.5

43.0

05.2

1869 . . .

22.4

21.9

15.3

89.8

40 37.5

88 75.0

6 59.2

30.0

79.7

50.5

45.8

04.8

1870 . . .

22.8

22.7

17.0

1 04.7

34 50.0

76 25.0

6 44.2

35.0

83.0

38.3

33.6

04.4

1871 . . .

25.4

24.0

16.4

1 12.2

33 81.2

70 66.6

6 32.5

28.5

56.4

35.5

31.3

04.6

1872 . . .

26.8

26.2

50.7

99.7

48 75.0

99 35.4

6 56.5

28.4

65.7

30.8

27.9

04.9

1873 . . .

26.1

26.1

44.0

79.6

51 22.9

88 41.6

6 87.9

27.9

68.7

30.3

28.1

04.9

1874 . . .

25.2

24.2

28.4

75.0

42 47.1

75 52.0

6 67.5

27.6

76.3

28.7

27.6

04.0

1875 . . .

22.7

21.6

17.2

70.7

5 88.8

26.9

67.3

43.7

03.8

1876 . . .

19.8
22.4
20.4
24.1
21.1

18.5
20.6
18.6
22.6
19.6

19.5
12.0
10.6

27.5
19.7

72.0
73.3
73.3

75.0

28 81.0
27 24.0

5 45.1
5 52.1

3 71.0
5 13.6

4 23.3

22.0
23.5
20.3
24.1
21.2

58.7
51.5
44.5
53.6
37.0

03.5

1877 . . .

03.2

1878 . . .

02.9

1879 . . .

04.3

1880 . . .

75.0 24 48.9

03.1

Average
gold price.

17.2

15.4

17.9

88.1 34 61.3

68 14.3

5 32.3

20.3

40.3

30.1

26.2

04.3

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

755

Annual average currency prices of STAPLE ARTICLES in the New York market
from 1825 to 1880, and the average gold price for the whole period.

Date.

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1835

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840 ,

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865.. ..

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873
1874 .....

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

Average
gold price.

3^

Pr. lb.

$0

13.5
13.1
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
12.0
12.0
12.5
13.5
13.2
13.5
13.5
13.5
11.5
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
12.0
10.2
09.0
09.0
09.0
07.0
08.5
09.3
09.5
06.5
05.9
04.7
03.6
04.2
04.2
04.3

05.1
04.8
04.6
04.5
05.6
04.5

09.2

NAVAL STORES.

CD o>
C-fl

H

Pr. gal.

$0 40.5
30.2
36.5
37 6
36.0
29.2
29.2
36.5
41.5
47.1
54.8
55.0
39.0
32.0
33.5
27.6
30.9
35.0
34.7
34.7
43.5
48.0
41.6
37.6
34.3
32.6
36.0
45.3
61.0
56.5
42.5
40.3
46.5
46.5
47.7
42.5
87.0
75.5
09.0
04.4
66.6
84.5
63.8
52.6
46.9
43.1
55.0
63.1
50.3
40.2
36.0
35.3
36.1
29.7
38.3
30.8

49.0

Pr. bbl.
$1 49.5

46.0
49.5
45.5
43.5
41.0
37.0
37.0
43.5
.5
71.0
73.5
68.5
66.5
83.1
50.5
35.0
17.5
89.0
69.0
68.5
65.5
64.0
84.5
01.0
16.0
48.5
36.0
79.5
36.0
12.0
86.0
68.5
32!5
45.5
09.0
03.5
14 21.0
28 27.5
35 95.8
12 54.1

06.6
80.5
81,7
28.7
99.6
08.4
01.4
15.9
43.0
88.8
94.1
93.0
49.5
56.9
39.7

2 98.3

£g

[^ EC

Pr. gal.

$0 66.5

71.5
72.0
70.0
78.0
80.2
90.0
95.5
1 01.3
94.1
96.6
98.7
95.6
93.5
1 16.1
1 12.8
1 07.6
85.3
73.0
94.5
94.8
95.6
13.2
14.6
17.0

1
1

1

1 23.5

30.0
31.7
35.5
60.2
01.5
90.5
50.0
31.0
39.0
51.0
54.0
91.5
94.5
93.0
21.6
53.3
36.6
96.8
86.3
35.5
30.3
49.3
49.1
60.2
65.4
34.5
21.4
93.4
00.5
83.8

1 17.6

Pr. gal.

$0 93.5
83.0
97.0
79.0
80.0
95.5
92.5
97.2
1 03.5
94.0
1 17.5
1 11.5
96.0
1 10.5
75.2
69.9
86.3
89.0
80.5
76.0
91.0
88.1
1 16.5
1 06.7
93.5
94.2
86.0
05.0
24.5
25.5
19.5
21.0
26.0
04.5
12.0
26.0
13.5
33.0
80.0
27.5
63.1
80.2
62.5
28.3
58.9
39.3
21.5
30.3
21.0
17.7
18.1
23.4
19.2
15.5
00.0
06.6

1 05.9

Pr. gal.

$0 78.5
76.0
73.5
72.7
78.0
79.5
96.0
91.0
91.2
90.5
1 09.5
1 02.5
82.5
79.0
1 05.5
1 09.0
1 31.6
92.0
84.4
92.6
73.8
74.3
66.0
58.7
63.7
78.5
74.0
63.7
65.5
77.6
85.5
86.0
76.5
63.5
60.5
57.8
59.0
90.0
36.5
56.5
39.6
56.5
26.9
09.0
99.9
92.3
83.7
83.5
94.8
87.9
66.9
56.8
63.4
59.9
67.9
66.1

79.3

Pr. cwt.

$9 47.5
9 81.0
9 47.0
9 25.0
7 32.0
6 74.0
6 55.0
6 75.0
6 64.5

6 50.0

7 00.0

7 87.5
9 00.0

8 50.0

88.0
50.0
50.0
12.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
25.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
25.0
75.0
37.5
75.0
16.5
00.0
00.0
25.0
25.0
87.5
75.0
17 29.1
15 35.4
12 56.2
14 67.7
10 97.9
10 85.4
9 70.0
9 04.1

8 91.6

9 10.0
9 00.0
8 35.5
8 20.0
8 20.0
8 97.0

6 56.0

7 90.0

7 36.3

Pr. cwt.

$16 54.1

15 95.8

16 16.6
14 25.0
13 16.6
13 29.0
11 40.0
11 33.3
11 40.6
11 50.0
11 30.0
10 89.0
10 46.0

9 70.0
8 10.0

8 80.0
7 40.0

9 54.9

PETKOLEUM.

Pr. gal.

Pr. gal

$0 40.6
40.9
27.0
17.6
19.3
22.7
18.2
14.3
17.4
08.3
06.0
06.4
12.5
08.9
06.3
03.7
04.7

12.0

168.3
76.1
60.5
44.6
35.8
32.2
26.1
24.6
23.9
18.7
13.7
12.9
23.8
15.7
10.7
09.0
08.0

22.1

Pr. bbl.

$13
11

12
13
12
13
13
13
14
13
16
22
21
21
19
14
11
8
9
9
12
10
14
11
10
10
14
17
16
13
16
18
21
17
16
17
15
12
14
30
29
29
22
23
2S
27
16
13
16
18
IS
18
13
11
12
10

73.5
39.5
96.0
50.0
55.0
21.5
90.5
46.0
58.0
71.5
39.0
46.5
08.0
37.5
35.5
30.5
12.5
41.5
90.0
30.0
46.0
78.0
43.5
11.0
78.5
62.5
01.5
20.0
09.5
77.5
06.0
56.5
89.5
01.0
38.5
98.5
89.5
28.5
40.0
58.7
88.5
48.6
35.2
42.1
32.2
11.9
73.7
81.1
76.5
39.5
57.9
31.9
84.8
56.8
47.6
14.3

14 87.0

756

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Annual average currency prices of STAPLE ARTICLES in the New York market
from 1825 to 1880, and the average gold price for the whole period.

Lard.

Butter.

Cheese.

Rice.

SALT.

SEEDS.

Date.

Cuba

Turk's Is-

sugar.

Liverpool.

lands.

Clover.

Timothy.

Per lb.

Per lb.

Per lb.

Per cwt.

Per sack.

Per btish.

Per lb.

Per bush.

Per lb.

1825

$0 08.6

$0 15.1

% 0 07.3

$2 59.5

$2 65.0

$0 51.6

$0 09.3

1826

07.7
08.5
06.8
05.6
*4 08 0

15.7
17.0
15.5
13,8
13.5

08.0
07.3
06.1
06.2
06.7

2 87.5

3 27.0
3 15.0
3 00.5
2 67.0

2 31.5
2 24.0
2 56.5
2 30.5
1 99.0

50.0
57.0
49.7
48.5
46.5

08.2

1827

08.5

1828

08.6

1829

07.6

1830

$0 08.2

07.0

1831

09.0

14.8

06.0

3 10.5

1 91.0

50.7

09.5

05.8

1832

08.5

15.5

06.0

3 35.5

2 00.0

48.5

09.5

$2 85.7

06.5

1833

08.6

15.6

07.0

3 22.0

1 83.5

43.5

11.7

3 07.7

07.2

1834

07.8

14.1

07.1

3 91.0

1 56.0

38.5

07.0

2 42.6

07.1

1835

09.4

17.3

07.2

3 49.5

1 77.5

36.2

08.0

2 74.4

07.8

1836

14.5

19.5

08.8

3 68.5

1 91.0

37.5

09.0

3 12.6

09.0

1837

10.5

18.0

09.5

4 01.0

1 99.5

38.5

10.4

2 91.2

07.0

1838

10.6

20.0

08.0

4 35.5

1 95.5

39.5

11.5

3 09.5

06.9

1839

11.8

19.0

09.1

4 36.5

1 74.2

37.3

21.5

3 42.8

06.8

1840

10.0

17.5

07.1

3 38.0

1 52.5

34.7

12.1

2 84.4

05.8

1841

07.3

11.9

05.7

3 46.0

1 59.0

30.0

08.3

3 95.2

06.0

1842

06.2

11.7

07.0

2 80.0

1 67.0

25.1

08.1

2 79.9

04.6

1843

06.2
05.7
07.3

08.6
09.9
13.5

05.2
04.6

06.8

2 64.5

3 03.0
3 81.0

1 46.5
1 40.5
1 37.0

06.9
08.1
07.1

2 55.8
2 45.6
2 33.3

05.7

1844

06.2

1845

37.5

05.9

1846

06.7

13.0

06.8

3 65.5

1 34.0

33.0

07.5

2 63.4

08.5

1847

09.5

16.0

06.9

4 12.5

1 35.5

30.0

06.9

3 18.5

07.7

1848

07.5

16.0

06.7

3 17.0

1 39.0

25.2

06.2

3 25.6

06.7

1849..

06.5

15.0

05.0

2 96.5

1 29.0

24.2

• 06.0

3 34.1

06.9

1850

06.4

15.1

06.2

3 18.5

1 36.5

23.4

06.8

3 28.9

07.4

1851

08.1

14.2

05.7

3 02.5

1 34.0

22.5

08.5

3 15.7

07.5

1852

10.0

19.2

07.0

3 71.5

1 20.0

21.5

08.0

3 14.2

07.0

1853

10.5

18.0

08.5

3 93.5

1 34.5

34.0

09.7

3 11.4

07.2

1854

09.7

19.5

09.5

4 39.0

1 59.5

47.0

09.5

3 22.6

06.7

1855

10.3

21.8

09.5

4 51.5

1 03.5

44.5

10.9

2 99.5

07.2

1856

11.5

21.6

08.5

4 16.5

92.5

29.2

13.2

3 45.5

09.8

1857

13.6

21.5

09.4

4 34.0

79.7

• 22.1

11.5

3 75.5

11.8

1858

10.2

18.5

06.8

3 26.5

65.5

18.5

08.3

2 34.5

08.7

1859

10.7

19.0

08.3

3 66.5

83.0

18.5

08.7

2 50.5

08.8

1860

11.2

16.7

09.8

4 08.0

90.5

18.5

07.8

3 40.0

08.5

1861

09.0

15.0

07.2

5 02.5

73.0

20.1

07.8

2 75.0

07.6

1862

08.3

17.5

07.5

7 20.5

1 10.5

28.5

08.0

2 03.5

10.2

1863

10.2

22.0

11.6

6 08.5

1 48.0

39.7

09.5

2 40.0

10.5

1864

17.0

38.2

16.8

11 00.0

2 59.1

67.8

17.0

4 19.3

17.5

1865

20.9

30.4

15.9

12 11.4

2 08.9

54.7

23.0

5 02.9

14.3

1866

17.7

33.2

17.7

12 82.2

1 86.2

48.8

12.2

4 82.2

10.5

1867

12.9

21.5

15.2

10 82.3

1 96.2

50.8

13.4

3 19.1

10.6

1868

16.3

31.0

14.3

10 20.2

2 11.2

46.5

12.5

2 77.5

11.0

1869

18.3

25.8

16.5

8 69.7

1 85.2

46.8

13.7

4 15.0

11.1

1870

15.0

23.1

14.8

7 51.1

2 35.1

40.0

13.4

5 79.1

09.1

1871

11.1

18.1

11.1

8 42.9

2 49.1

44.5

10.8

4 58.2

08.8

1872

09.0

17.0

11.9

8 71.9

2 38.7

40.1

09.9

3 47.5

08.4

1873

08.4

20.8

12.9

8 42.9

2 01.6

35.3

09.1

3 76.1

08.0

1874

11.7

28.3

12.0

8 01.5

1 11.7

29.1

09.9

3 06.0

07.8

1875

13.8

21.8

10.9

7 43.7

95.7

25.8

11.6

2 66.7

08.1

1876

10.6

22.8

10.5

5 88.0

89.2

27.2

15.1

2 20.9

09.2

1877

09.4

25.2

12.2

6 08.5

76.8

28.4

12.8

1 78.2

08.9

1878

07.0

23.5

10.0

6 20.0

65.6

26.6

07.4

1 32.0

07.3

1879

07.8

32.7

11.2

6 60.0

73.8

28.8

07.7

2 75.7

07-.6

1880

06.5

23.0

07.6

6 59.0

69.0

30.5

07.1

1 78.9

07.0

Average
gold price.

09.1

17.5

08.2

4 60.7

1 45.7

33.6

09.2

2 85.1

07.4

CORN
The highest and lo we =

. . r <t 1.1 U3 h- cr.
" o o o «

■

I- t- I-

W H

The highest and k ice paid i:

years.

■ . . ■-

■ 3 o © co e> K

- N O < ifl jd

ffi O B O q q
OfflQOO S 9) £ q

The highest and lowest price paid in New York for 60 years.

« o i* m « s o O O -- « cj «? li c t- o *i O _ « n 10 (S *■ » fl< '" o to I

■f 't -i -t * *; ■; "■■ s $ « m u a ' ro o I

■ o o a <*> &> i © © ca I

S 1-70

10

_L

i— I .—

too- ._cjn-Jtnar-o:oo-«o^tn'o>-a)Q.o^«o,twoh-osio-Cjn<ifl

-$ -i i ■$ 4 -J-r-i-t-t-r-ccacoraoo

.,:. o to .jo o a a to o a 03 a n> co to to co a> to 0 a p ffl

$1.90

1.40

.50

.40

.30

TIMOTHY SE

60 years.

irt uif-aiao-Nn'iwoi-affJO-N n * w o (- to a c _ w « <i m w ,VJr,ll?^':(5?:Pr?,02l?^

ooooDBDaoDioiloaDoQeiooiDocigog]

RICE

The Yearly Ava

Q

r-

r

C

-■1 f
n r.

■

F

a

r

-i

^

n

■i
co

i

in

•?
a

D

';:

CO

•1

0
CC

[

eg rctfiniot-ame
m to -m in in i .

*

ov o

tf
'.

u

I

c -

CO

h

r-

u

1

s

h

CC

I

$ 17. OC

16. 00

■ "

15. UU

14.00

■

13 00

/ I

/ 1

12 00

/ 1

/ I

/ \

I

1

1 1 00

1 " -

I

10.00

j | 1 i

\

9.00

— l—

1

B

1

8.00

i

\j

\

\

\

1

7.00

—

jl

-

i

/

— -

1 «

\ v

>v

6 00

X_

—

/

\/

AVERAGE PRICE $5.24

\

5.00

,

4.00

A

3

UL B_d

"

3.00

=

/

3

f

1

w ^

£

2.00

.

1.00

—

w oj-r; cm « o n
cocdtocjcdcoocccjco

HOPS

/VZ wi

co r- © tf> c — w fi it into r- (DmOrNwiW'iof*
n o n o ^^j^-*?^^^^ ■< ■» is a m in m m in u»

CO CO CO CO fc-COCOCOCOCOcOfOflJCDCCiCOcOCDCOCOcOCO

CO

m

O O — ft n *t in ID N o
IOtO'00<0CD(O(i:CO.(O
t0O10(0(CC0(0tD COO

en o *-

SO N f-

co to ©

W CI ■* 10 CO K CC O O _ (M tttflfl.ig

r- n. r- s r- r^NNtocoocococoa)

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CQCOCOCOCOCOCO

75
.70

65

60

1

i. "1

i

■ -

S5

11

I I I I

50
'45

/

J

'

j

.

1

1

->

_L~

i

T~

4

40

i 1

J

1

i I I

4

1

1

1

35
30

20
15
10

5

4

3

2
1

|

1

I

"

L

fi

--

4-

5

E

1

.

f

/■

/

Hn

ERAGE

_-2

'-

"-.:.

3

--

.

V

1

1

■"-1

A

T

1,

A

V]

1

\

— ' T

/ 1

1

A

5

1/

-l!

/ '

1

1

!

,

j

/

1

1

/

\

v:

f

J

:\

I

M

VJ

j

\

V

I

J

/

\

1

/

„ i

V

W

U

1

!

rmii

J__

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

757

Annual average currency prices of STAPLE ARTICLES in the New York market
from 1825 to 1880, and the average gold price for the whole period.

Loaf

Sugar.

American
tallow.

TEA.

Kentucky
tobacco.

WOOL.

Date.

Young
Hyson.

Sou-
chong.

Common

Merino.

Pulled.

1825

Pr. lb.
$0 18.0

17.8
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
15.8
15.5
15.8
15.8
15.0
16.2
15.5
15.5
15.5
12.5
12.0
10.0
10.7
11.0
11.4
11.0
10.0
08.0
08.5
09.5
09.0
08.0
08.3
09.0
08.6
10.7
12.6
10.0
09.5
09.8
08.0
11.5
14.6
20.2
18.3
15.1
14.6
14.8
15.0
12.7
12.6
11.8
10.4
10.4
10.1
10.4
10.2
08.9
09.0
08.6

Pr. lb.

$0 07.9
09.0
09.3
07.8
06.4
07.5
09.0
09.0
09.2
07.0
08.2
09.2
10.4
10.3
11.6
08.7
07.5
07.0
06.8
06.6
06.7
07.2
08.7
08.0
07.5
06.8
06.7
08.1
08.8
11.6
11.7
11.0
10.7
09.3
10.5
10.0
08.8
09.3
11.2
15.3
13.7
12.3
11.4
12.1
11.4
09.6
09.1
09.1
08.3
08.0
09.1
08.3
07.9
07.0
06.2
06.3

Pr. lb.

$0 99.2
92.0
96.5
93.3
92.0
88.5
97.7
88.0
74.5
61.0
62.8
63.7
61.5
58.0
63.3
67.7
74.9
64.0
60.0
60.0
59.5
58.0
52.0
48.5
47.5
49.6
51.3
50.5
45.0
42.5
36.8"
37.5
42.0
35.5
22.7
25.0
43.0
61.5
56.2
91.4
1 00.6
92.0
87.0
93.6
96.3
84.4
47.9
46.2
55.6
50.0
50.2
37.0
37.0
26.1
31.3
23.4

Pr. lb.

$0 62.5
58.7
66.5
62.6
62.0
60.0
63.5
50.0
36.5
30.0
27.5
32.0
30.5
27.5
27.5
45.5
58.9
49.4
43.0
37.0
36.5
39.0
56.0
27.0
34.7
40.0
34.3
30.5
27.0
23.0
21.0
17.7
28.7
26.5
29.5
30.0
27.0
44.0
59.1
95.8
93.1
91.2
97.7
99.1
90.3
84.1
69.1
58.7
46.5
43.3
44.9
47.5
47.5
34.7
31.5
32.6

Pr. lb.

$0 05.8
05.2
04.6
04.0
05.5
05.5
04.5
04.0
04.7
06.5
08.0
08.2
06.5
07.6
J 3.0
08.5
08.2
05.0
04.7
04.0
04.5
04.7
04.8
05.3
06.1
08.2
08.1
06.5
07.0
08.0
09.4
11.0
14.1
10,5
08.8
08.1
09.1
15.0
21.0
26.7
18.7
13.5
12.1
11.1
10.0
09.4
08.5
12.1
12.1
10.8
13.6
11.0
10.3
07.2
08.0
07.7

Pr. lb.

$0 33.5
30.0
25.0
25.0
21.5
22.0
27.5
27.5
31.5
30.2
33.7
42,8
43.5
30.7
38.5
28.0
27.0
19.3
20.5
30.0
27.0
23.5
26.2
26.1
29.2
32.6
35.5
32.0
41.0
32.4
29.8
33.5
36.8
30.0
38.0
36.7
32.5
50.0
67.6

39.9
342
32.2
30.0
29.8
22.6
31.7
35.0
31.6
29.0
28.9
25.3
27.0
24.3
32.6
25.4

Pr. lb.

$0 58.5
49.5
39.0
37.0
34.5
39.0
53.5
47.5
49.0
48.8
53.9
58.6
42.4
38.1
51.2
39.1
44.2
32.0
30.5
40.0
35.1
32.3
35.2
34.3
36.1
40.0
42.5
39.7
50.0
42.1
37.0
44.6
49.0
39.0
49.2
50.0
43.0
53,0
74.7
88.9
80.7
66.7
61.2
57.6
59 5
55.5
60.0
71.0
57.4
57.4
56.0
44.5
51.2
42.0
52.0
41.4

Pr. lb.
$0 32.6

1826

28.7

1827

21.6

1828

24.0

1829

25.0

1830

28.5

1831

55.0

1832

42.7

1833

46.7

1834

46.3

1835

47.1

1836

52.7

1837

42.2

1838

34.7

1839

42.5

1840

28.2

1841

33.0

1842

29.0

1843

23.0

1844

32.0

1845

29.7

1846

23.6

1847

28.0

1848

26.0

1849

27.6

1850

32.5

1851

347

1852

32.7

1853

40.0

1854

30.8

1855

25.0

1856

31.1

1857

32.8

1858

24.8

1859

32.0

1860

29.4

1861

26.5

1862

41.0

1863

58.6

1864

88.1

1865

76.6

1866

. 58.2

1867

50.8

1868

46.6

1869

43.9

1870

39.5

1871

41.3

1872

63.6

1873

48.6

1874

46.4

1875

44.6

1876

34.8

1877

38.0

1878

33.9

1879

41.4

1880

34.9

Average gold price

11.7

08.3

56.7

43.0

07.9

29.5

44.5

35.0

758

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

It is difficult to make a direct comparison of the relative cost of pro-
ducing wheat on the Pacific coast, and in the states east of the Rocky
Mountains. The advantages and disadvantages are about equal. The
following table shows the price per ioo pounds of wheat for each week of
the years named :

Weekly wheat quotations in San Francisco from 1 878 to 1 881 .

Date.

Range

Date.

Range

Date.

Ran

ge

Date.

Range

of prices.

of prices.

of prices.

of prices.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

Jan. 3

$2 10 to 2

Jan. 2

$1 77*fc)l in

Jan. 1

$2 00 to 2 fii

Jan. 6

$1 47*tol v.;'

Jan. 10

2 15

2 40

Jan. 9

1 75

1 65

Jan. 8

2 00

2 10

Jan. 13

1 40

1 42*

Jan. 17

2 15

2 30 i

Jan. 16

1 75

1 67*

Jan. 22

1 75

2 05

Jan. 20

1 30

1 40

Jan. 24

2 05

2 25

Jan. 23

1 80

1 72*

Jan. 29

1 85

2 00

Jan. 27

1 32*

1 40

Jan. 31

1 90

2 10

Feb. 6

1 75

1 67*

Feb. 5

1 85

2 00

Feb. 3

1 27*

1 35

Feb. 7

1 90

2 10

Feb. 13

1 75

1 65

Feb. 12

2 00

2 05

Feb. 10

1 30

1 32*

Feb. 14

1 90

2 05

Feb. 20

1 72*

1 65

Feb. 19

1 90

2 00

Feb. 17

1 30

1 37*

Feb. 21

1 90

2 10

Feb. 27

1 72*

1 65

Feb. 26

1 87*

1 97*

Feb. 24

1 30

1 37*

Feb. 28

1 90

2 05

Mar. 6

1 72*

1 67*

Mar. 4

1 92*

2 00

Mar. 3

1 35

1 45

Mar. 7

1 90

2 05

Mar. 13

1 72*

1 65

Mar. 11

1 90

1 95

Mar. 10

1 32*

1 40

Mar. 14

1 75

1 95

Mar. 20

1 70

1 62*

Mar. 18

1 85

1 97*

Mar. 17

1 35

1 42*

Mar. 21

1 80

1 95

Mar. 27

1 71)

1 62*

Mar. 25

1 90

2 00

Mar. 24

1 35

1 45

Mar. 28

1 85

2 00

Apr. 3

1 75

1 67*

Apr. 1

1 87*

1 95

Mar. 31

1 35

1 42*

Apr. 4

1 95

2 15

Apr. 10

1 70

1 65

Apr. 8

1 80

1 92*

Apr. 7

1 35

1 42*

Apr. 11

1 95

2 15

Apr. 17

1 65

1 60

Apr. 15

1 75

1 85

Apr. 14

1 32*

1 40

Apr. 18

1 85

2 15

Apr. 24

1 65

1 60

Apr. 22

1 70

1 80

Apr. 21

1 32*

1 42*

Apr. 25

1 85

2 15

May 1

1 65

1 60

Apr. 29

1 65

1 72*

Apr. 28

1 35

1 42*

May 2

2 00

2 15

May 9

1 65

1 60

May 6

1 60

1 70

May 5

1 37*

1 42*

May 9

2 00

2 15

May 15

1 67*

1 62*

May 13

1 60

1 70

May 12

1 37*

1 42*

May 16

1 90

2 10

May 22

1 72*

1 65

Mav 20

1 57*

1 65

Mav 19

1 37*

1 42*

May 23

1 80

2 10

May 29

1 67*

1 62*

May 27

1 55

1 65

May 26

1 37*

1 45

May 30

1 75

2 00

June 5

1 70

1 62*

June 3

1 55

1 65

June 2

1 37*

1 42*

June 6

1 75

1 85

June 12

1 75

1 67*

June 1 0

1 55

1 62*

June 9

1 37*

1 42*

June 13

1 75

1 85

June 19

1 72*

1 65

June 17

1 50

1 60

June 16

1 37*

1 42*

June 20

1 75

1 85

June 26

1 72*

1 67*

June 24

1 55

1 62*

June 23

1 37*

1 42*

June 27

1 65

1 82

July 3

1 72*.

1 65

July 1

1 55

1 67*

June 30

1 35

1 42*-

July 4

1 65

1 80

July 10

1 75

1 67*

July 8

1 50

1 60

July 7

1 35

1 42*

July 11

1 65

1 70

July 17

1 75

1 67*

July 15

1 45

1 57*

July 14

1 37*

1 42*

July 18

1 65

1 77*

July 24

1 85

1 70

July 22

1 50

1 52*

July 21

1 37*

1 42*

July 25

1 65

1 75

July 31

1 80

1 70

July 29

1 40

1 55

July 28

1 40

1 45

Aug. 1

1 65

1 75

Aug. 7

1 77*

1 67*

Aug. 5

1 50

1 631

Aug. 4

1 40

1 47*

Aug. 8

1 50

1 75

Aug. 14

1 75

1 65

Aug. 12

1 40

1 57*

Ang. 11

1 47*

1 55

Aug. 15

1 50

1 75

Aug. 21

1 70

1 62*

Aug. 19

1 40

1 55

Aug. 18

1 52*

1 62*

Aug. 22

1 50

1 80

Aug. 28

1 72*

1 65

Aug. 26

1 37*

1 47*

Aug. 25

1 62*

1 70

Aug. 29

1 40

1 80

Sept. 5

1 7b

1 67*

Sept. 2

1 32*

1 50

Sept. 1

1 65

1 72*

Sept. 5

1 40

1 80

Sept. 11

1 75

1 67*

Sept. 9

1 30

1 45

Sept. 8

1 60

1 65

Sept, 12

1 40

1 70

Sept. 18

1 77*

1 70

Sept. 16

1 32*

1 40

Sept. 15

1 65

1 72*

Sept. 19

1 40

1 75

Sept. 25

1 90

1 80

Sept. 23

1 30

1 45

Sept. 22

1 62*

1 70

Sept.26

1 40

1 75

Oct. 2

1 90

1 80

Sept. 30

1 35

1 45*

Sept. 29

1 65

1 72*

Oct. 3

1 40

1 75

| Oct. 9

1 97*

1 87*

Oct. 7

1 37*

1 45

Oct. 6

1 70

1 77*

Oct. 10

1 40

1 70

Oct, 16

2 00

1 90

Oct. 14

1 42*

1 55

Oct. 13

1 65

1 72*

Oct. 17

1 35

1 70

Oct. 23

2 25

2 00

Oct. 21

1 40

1 52*

Oct. 20

1 67*

1 75

Oct. 24

1 35

1 70

Oct. 30

2 07*

2 00

Oct. 28

1 42*

1 52*

Oct. 27

1 70

1 77*

Oct. 31

1 30

1 70

Nov. 6

2 07*

1 97*

Nov. 4

1 42*

1 52*

Nov. 3

1 70

1 76i

Nov. 7

1 40

1 80

Nov. 13

2 05

1 95

Nov. 11

1 40

1 52*

Nov. 10

1 70

1 76i

Nov. 14

1 35

1 75

Nov. 20

2 07*

1 97*

Nov. 18

1 40

1 55

Nov. 17

1 70

1 76ir

Nov. 21

1 35

1 75

Nov. 27

2 10

2 00

Nov. 25

1 47*

1 57*

Nov. 24

1 65

1 71i

Nov. 28

1 35

1 75

Dec. 4

2 12*

2 00

Dec. 2

1 45

1 57*

Dec. 1

1 60

1 67*

Dec. 5

1 40

1 80

Dec. 11

2 12*

2 00

Dec. 9

1 42*

1 55

Dec. 8

1 60

1 67*

Dec. 12

1 40

1 80

Dec. 18

2 10

2 00

Dec. 16

1 45

1 55

Dec. 15

1 60

1 65

Dec. 19

1 40

1 75

Dec. 25

2 07*

1 95

Dec. 23

1 40

1 52*

Dec. 22

1 55

1 60

Dec. 26

1 40

1 75

Dec. 31

2 12*

2 00

Dec. 30

1 42*

1 50

Dec. 29

1 55

1 62*

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 759

INTERNAL REVENUE.

The receipts of the internal revenue department from all sources, from
1862 to 1885, were $3,333,434,447.79. The net receipts for this period,
after deducting the commissions allowed on the sales of adhesive stamps,
were $3,321,387,585.95. The various sources of revenue and the amounts
collected from each, were as follows: From spirits, $1,123,649,155.42;
tobacco, $689,965,980.55; fermented liquors, $216,347,180.09; bank
circulation, $5,513,778.01; from penalties for violations of revenue
laws, $11,578,276.35; from collections under repealed laws, $1,286,-
380,077.37.

From this statement it appears that nearly one-third of the internal
revenue collected is from distilled spirits. The revenue from this source
is more than five times that from fermented liquors, and nearly twice
as much as from tobacco, and a little more than double that from the tax
on national bank circulation. The revenue from distilled spirits has
been increasing in recent years, as will appear in the tables which follow.
In these tables it will also be shown how the ratio of receipts from the
different sources of revenue has varied in different years. This branch
of the government revenue, though comparatively recent, has reached a
position of such importance that the loss would be seriously felt if any
source were cut off. It is most systematically managed, and administered
with carefulness and exactness. No branch of the government, unless,
perhaps, the postoffice system, can show a more perfect machinery, which
has been constantly improved with each necessity, until now it works
with such harmony as to be scarcely seen or felt, and with few infractions
of the laws overlooked.

In the tables which ensue, appear the complete operations of the
internal revenue department from its establishment as a branch of the
government, up to and including the latest year for which statistics are
available. The different tables are for the most part self-explanatory
and are readily understood. Only official sources have been consulted,
and the tables here given have the sanction of official approval. The
show how important a branch of the Government this department has
been during the years of the civil war and immediately subsequent
thereto, and the various amounts contributed from each source to the cur-
rent expenses of the Government. In the details of the tables are found
the relative importance of each source of revenue and the variations of
each during the different years for which reports are given.

7G0

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

A comparison of the receipts from all sources for the last two years,
ending June 30, 1884 and 1885, is given in the accompanying table
taken from the annual report of the commissioner:

Beceipts during fiscal years
ended June 30 —

Increase.

Objects of Taxation.

1884.

1885.

Decrease.

spirits.
Spirits distilled from apples, grapes, or peaches
Spirits distilled from grain arid other materials
Rectifiers (special tax)

$1,023,350 85

70,631,860 48

183,872 92

4,597,139 33

448,840 51

1,241 67

2,920 00

16,159 50

$1,321,897 58

60,920,324 39

167,930 23

4,641,783 99

415,503 49

1,194 20

2,665 45

39,909 30

$298,546 73

$9,711,536 09
15,942 69

Retail liquor dealers (special tax) . .

44,644 66

Wholesale liquor dealers (special tax)

Manufacturers of stills (special tax)

Stills or worms manufactured (special tax). .
Stamps for distilled spirits intended for exp't.

33,337 02
47 47

254 55

23,749 80

Total

76,905,385 26

67,511,208 .63

9,394,176 63

TOBACCO.

Cigars and Cheroots '

10,368,805 27

454,409 01

448,211 58

13,488,047 41

48,595 82

1,136,786 20

5,117 49

97,962 19

14,465 01

10,077,287 50

529,535 88

508,943 52

13,953,410 31

53,352 87

1,159,897 78

5,320 25

105,139 81

14,200 56

291,517 77

75,126 87

60,731 94

465,362 90

4,757 05

23,111 58

202 76

7,177 62

Snuff

Tobacco, chewing and smoking

Dealers in leaf tobacco (special tax)

Dealers in manufactured tobacco (spec, tax)

Manufacturers of tobacco (special tax)

Manufacturers of cigars (special tax)

Peddlers of tobacco (special tax)

264 45

Total

26,062,399 98

26,407,088 48

344,688 50

FERMENTED LIQTJOR3.

Ale, beer, lager-beer and porter

17,573,722 88
187,988 82
323,242 41

17,747,006 11
183,561 67
300,214 25

173,283 23

Brewers (special tax)

4,427 15

Dealers in malt liquors (special tax)

23,028 16

Total

18,084,954 11

18,230,782 03

145,827 92

banks AND bankers (not national).
Bank circulation, other than national, and
banks, bankers and other parties liable on
amount of notes of any person, State bank,
or State banking association, or of any
town, city or municipal corporation, paid

441 84

25,000 00

24,558 16

Total

441 84

25,000 00

24,558 16

MISCELLANEOUS.

Collections not otherwise provided for . . .

247,714 52
289,144 12

24,360 74
222,681 19

223,353 78

66,462 93

Total

536,858 64

247,041 93

289,816 71

Aggregate receipts

$121,590,039 83

$112,421,121 07

$9,168 918 76

Aggregate receipts in 1883 $144,553,344 86

te receipts in 1882 146,523,273 72

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

761

The fiscal year ends with June 30. The last one for which complete
returns are now available, ended June 30, 1885. In the subjoined table
the net receipts from all the states and territories ahd from all the sources
of internal revenue, are shown:

Receipts for last fiscal year.

States and Terri-
tories.

Distilled
spirits.

Tobacco.

Fermented
liquors.

Collections

not

otherwise

provided for.

Penalties.

Aggregate
receipts.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire
New Jersey ....
New Mexico . . .

New York

North Carolina.

•Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . .
Ehode Is] and . .
South Carolina .

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont.

Virginia

"West Virginia. .
Wisconsin

Total

? 45,102

58,988

1,563,858

64,100

177,793

44,511

9,504

258,073

20,545,812

3.484,597

1,837,564

67,347

13,312,095

133.105

24,008

1,453,806

1,072,849

156,591

105,577

29,304

2,686,906

52,470

1,795,931

5,543

60,936

664,064

51,315

2,589,247

563,588

9,033,074

53,417

2,776,990

38,148

61,937

924,439

91,435

11,970

306,792

278,613

955,644

$ 22,689

25,219

554,096

28,690

108,471

180,170

208.299

38,972

1,306,575

179,371

207,803

81,847

1,282,145

307,450

27,508

914,816

369,098

990,476

113,516

14,419

2,509,280

7,217

61,687

5,208

17,753

2,088,897

6,061

5,139,598

1,112,789

1,936,251

14,995

2,657,463

35,443

19,247

102,015

50,098

16,030

2,710,491

199,739

741,445

\ 2,749
919

486,857

100,901

125,632

19.453

725

11,605

1,141,517

344,631

171,438

20,826

237,083

87,351

1,728

401,730

839,038

378.944

271,485

3,648

1,073,808

30,226

111,086

25,331

302,249

900,088

9,413

6,052,592

1,705

1,589,022

50,859

1,891,316

52,973

9,463

9,846

35,247

1,533

30,231

63,658

1,334,423

31 28
294 38

100 00

8 78

1,857 71

362 14

614 72

3 37

1 04

50 00

32 55
64

10 10

1,954 67
3 10

889 42

14 08

311 76

32,047 19
229 50

2,539 22

63

45 35

1 95

2,445
1,558
2,817
1,502
628

299

5,491

78,328

3,242

5,171

180
8,883
2,511

654

384
6,371
1,915
1,569

568
5,031

300
2,389

584

2,919

179

29,138

6,273

5,067

408

11,547

792

3,869

15,185

4,861

355

4,542

1,131

1,492

73,016 85

86,979 48

2,607,629 86

195,194 89

412,626 19

244,134 79

218,837 09

316,000 71

23,072,595 85

4,012,457 92

2,221,982 25

170,202 02

14,840,208 94

530,418 59

53.950 16
2,770,738 41
2,287,439 66
1,527,928 96

492,148 99

47.951 13
6,275,026 93

90,215 20

1,971.094 19

36,083 34

383,478 83

3,655,971 86

66,969 85

13,811,466 34

1,684,371 41

12,563,727 12

119,681 40

7,369,365 71

127,587 62

94,518 23

1,054,024 91

181,692 62

29,889 83

3,052,058 79

543,188 59

3,033,007 50

67,447,111 79

26,393*353 56

18,223,399 25

41,403 58

220,593 93

112,325,862 11

762

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The following table shows the stock on hand, production, and move-
ment of spirits for the fiscal years 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885:

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

Quantity of spirits actually in
warehouses beginning of fis-
cal year

Gallons,

31,363,869
117,728,150

Gallons.

64,648,111
105,853,161

Gallons,

89,962,645
74,013,308

Gallons.

80,499,993
75,435,739

Gallons.

63,502,551
74,915,363

Quantity of spirits produced
during fiscal year

Total

149,092,019

170,501,272

163,975,953

155,935,732

138,417,914

Quantity of spirits withdrawn,
tax-paid, during fiscal year. . .

Quantity of spirits withdrawn
for exportation during fiscal
year

67,372,575
15,921,482

1,149,851

70,730.180
8,092,725

1,715,722

75,441,087
5,326,427

2,708,446

78,342,474
9,586,738

4,503,969

67,649,321
10,671,118

5,372,550

Quantity of spirits withdrawn
for scientific purposes, for use
of United States, for transfer
to manufacturing warehouse,
destroyed by fire, allowed for
loss by leakage in ware-
houses, etc

Total

84,443,708

80,538,627

83,475,960

92,433,181

83,692,998

Quantity of spirits remaining in
warehouses at end of fiscal
year

64,648,111

89,962,645

80,499,993

63,502,551

54,724,916

The following table shows the quantity remaining in distillery ware-
houses at the close of each of the seventeen fiscal years during which spirits
have been stored in such warehouses:

Date.

Quantity.

Date.

Quantity.

Remaining June 30, 1869

Gallons.
16,685,166
11,671,886

6,744,360
10,103,392
14,650,148
15,575,224
13,179,596
12,595,850
13,091,773

Gallons.
14,088,773

Remaining June 30, 1870. .

19,212,470

Remaining June 30, 1871 . .

31,363,869

Remaining June 30, 1872. .

64,648,111

Remaining June 30, 1873. .

89,962,645

Remaining June 30, 1874

80,499,993

Remaining June 30, 1875

63,502,551

Remaining June 30, 1876

54,724,916

Remaining June 30, 1877

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

763

The total taxes collected by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
from the national banks to the end of the present fiscal year are shown in

the following table:

Years.

1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.

Aggregates .

On circulation.

$ 53,193 32
733,247 59
2,106,785 30
2,868,636 78
2,946,343 07
2,957,416 73
2,949,744 13
2,987,021 69
3,193,570 03
3,353,186 13
3,404,483 11
3,283,450 89
3,091,795 76
2,900,957 53
2,948,047 08
3,009,647 16
3,153,635 63
3,121,374 33
3,190,981 98
3,132,006 73
3,024,668 24
2,794,584 01

61,204,777 22

On deposits.

f 95,911 87
1,087,530 86
2,633,102 77
2,650,180 09
2,564,143 44
2,614,553 58
2,614,767 61
2,802,840 85
3,120,984 37
3,196,569 29
3,209,967 72
3,514,265 39
3,505,129 64
3,451,965 38
3,273,111 74
3,309,668 90
4,058,710 61
4,940,945 12
5,521,927 47

*2,773,790 46

60,940,067 16

On capital.

f 18,432 07
133,251 15
406,947 74
321,881 36
306,781 67
312,918 68
375,962 26
385,292 13
389,356 27
454,891 51
469,048 02
507,417 76
632,296 16
660,784 90
560,296 83
401,920 61
379,424 19
431,233 10
437,774 90

*269,976 43

7,855,887 74

Totals.

167,537 26
1,954,029 60
5,146,835 81
5,840,698 23
5,817,268 18
5,884,888 99
5,940,474 00
6,175.154 67
6,703,910 67
7,004,646 93
7,083,498 85
7,305,134 04
7,229,221 56
7,013,707 81
6,781,455 65
6,721,236 67
7,591,770 43
8,493,552 55
9,150,684 35
6,175,773 62
3,024,668 24
2,794,584 01

130,000,732 12

*Six months to June 1, 1883.

The following table exhibits the taxes upon circulation, deposits, and
capital of banks, other than national, collected by the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, from 1864 to November 1, 1882, the date upon which
the taxation of capital and deposits ceased:

Years.

1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874

On circulation.

2,056,996 30

1,993,661 84

990,278 11

214,298 75

28,669 88

16,565 05

15,419 94

22,781 92

8,919 82

24,778 62

16,738 26

On deposits.

$ 780,723 52
2,043,841 08
2,099,635 83
1,355,395 98
1,438,512 77
1,734,417 63
2,717,576 46
2,702,196 84
3,643,251 71
3,009,302 79
2,453,544 26

On capital.

903,367 98
374,074 11
476,867 73
399,562 90
445,071 49
827,087 21
919,262 77
976,057 61
736,950 05
916,878 15

Totals.

2,837,719 82
4,940,870 90
3,463,988 05
2,046,562 46
1,866,745 55
2,196,054 17
3,020,083 61
3,644,241 53
4,628,229 14
3,771,031 46
3,387,160 67

7G4 TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Taxes collected upon circulation, deposits, capital of banks, etc. — Continued.

Yeaes.

On circulation.

On deposits.

On capital.

Totals.

1875

$ 2,2746 27

17,947 67

5,430 16

1,118 72

13,903 29

28,773 37

4,295 08

4,285 77

$2,972,260 27
2,999,530 75
2,896,637 93
2,593,687 29
2,354,911 74
2,510,775 43
2,946,906 64
4,096,102 45
1,993,026 02

$1,102,241 58
989,219 61
927,661 24
897,225 84
830,068 56
811,436 48
811,006 35
1,153,070 25
489,033 53

$ 4,097,248 12

1876

4,006,698 03

1877

3,829,729 33

1878

3,492,031 85

1879

3,198,883 59

1880

3,350,985 28

1881

3,762,208 07

1882

5,253,458 47

1882*

2,482,059 55

5,487,608 82

48,802,237 39

14,986,143 44

69,275,989 65

*Six months to November 30, 1882.

Tobacco has become a most important interest in this country. Its
culture is no longer confined to a few states in the south and middle of
the country, but is successfully carried on as far north as Wisconsin.
Pennsylvania raises large quantities of tobacco, and other states in the
east and middle. The statistics of tobacco are not so full and reliable as
of some other things; much of it is in small patches, many of which were
doubtless overlooked.

The following statement shows the estimated production, area and
value of the tobacco crop of the United States, from 1868 to 1883, inclu-
sive :

Yeaes.

1868
1869
1870
1871

1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883

Product.

Pounds.
402,000,000
393,000,000
385,000,000
426,000,000
480,000,000
506,000,000
315,000,000
522,000,000
535,000,000
580,000,000
429,200,000
472,000,000
460,000,000
449,880,014
513.077,558
451,545,641

Area.

Acres.

536,000
604,000
575,000
580,000
584,600
653,000
500,000
710,000
733,000
745,000
580,000
638,000
610,000
646,239
671,522
638,739

Values.

Dollars.

42,612,000
41,265,000
38,500,000
41,748,000
49,920,000
41,998,000
34,650,000
41,760,000
39,590,000
40,600,000
34,336,000
49,560,000
50,600,000
43,372,336
43,189,951
40,455,362

Value per
pound.

Yield per
acre.

Cents.

10.6

10.5

10.0

9.8

10.4

8.3

11.0

8.0

7.4

7.0

8.0

10.5

11.0

9.6

8.4

9.0

Pounds.
750
651
669
734
821'
775
630
735
730
778
740
740
754
696
764
707

Value per
acre.

Dollars.
79 50

68 32

66 90
71 96
85 39
64 32

69 30

58 81
54 01
54 49

59 20
77 68
82 95

67 11
64 32
63 34

77/r

)

I III-

hi

.!

CUBA
rune Price

SUGAR

ixiid in New

Y

a

L-

t

0)

• 00

iica't

.s.

10 N CD
CO (0 CO

a o .- w o ^

cj no© n ©

£0 © © CO © CO

1835

1836

1837

1838

183T

1P40

1841

1842

1843 <

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848 (

1849

1850

1861

1852

1853

1854 >

1855

1856

1857

1858

1853

1860

1861

1862

1863

(864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869 .

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874.

1875

187S

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

35
30

25

20

15

10

5

A

3
2

1

■

.

\

\

\

-

[\^

\

/l

\

1

A

Av

EF

AGE

P

*IC

E

O81/;0

I

\ 1

7 i

r*>

V

***'

i V-

1

-I \ '

■

LOAF SUGAR
The Yearly Average Price paki in New York' for 60 years.

©©©©©©©©©©©©m©o:.o:ca©©e>oeo©Gjttco©©©©©co©©ro©co©fflco©©©com©©©©©©©©©©raQ©©©©

35
30

25

20

15

1

1

■

~r

^

v

"S

V,

-^

s—

^

'

s_

\

\

s

V

,

1 ,

V

i

10

5

A
3
2

1

zL

A

"-*■

s

\

~»

i>

\-

-y

s

\

\

■ 1

V'

■

O *- CJ CT ■*

-_ & CD CO CD

HIGHEST
PRICE

LOWES^ [-
PRICE

The highest and lowest price ypaieliii^ew "York for; 60 years,

to r- co © o ,- « 01 -- i .-tocio»-«w-Tt,tf)(ot-foo)o^-wp),twt':'

COCOCOcOCOCOCOCOOeGCCiCOCOtt. COCOmcOCOcOQCJ'' 0JOffl'»t0iDffl([)l0(0(0(D'ffla(DC0ff>»«)IDO(0ffl(DO

o ,_ w n *t in to

CO CO to CO CO CO CO

co co to a k co (0

MA C

, ■ . .

:

$29.50

28.00

26.50

25.00

23.50

22.00

20.50

19.00

17.50

16.00

14.50-

13.00

11.50

10.00

8.50

7.00

5.50

■

'■'

-~>

D F I S H

i

■ ri < Li it> t~ n :; -J H «

1:1 i , ■ r- n o a to x a a ©

$9.50

:

'

— i -■

9.00

—

8.50

-

M

8.00
7.50
7.00

f |

A

X

1

/

i

ft

\ |

*

{

J 1

6.50

6.00
5.50

'

i

;

/

.

\

F\

■

y

\ j

\

K '

S3

f

I

_

\ '

_:-

(

V

5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00

J

1

t

55

1

VIERAQE PRICE $ 4

.

,

A

f— ■%

/ \ i

1 \

/ \ /

■

\

\ /

-

1

1

A

/-Pi

v

\ /

/

1

/

\

/ \ /

/
/

/ '

A /^

/

1

/

1

/

J \

V V

v

1.50

1.00

— -

The hi

p«

TlRS

t and lowest

RIO (C
oaicl

in. New Yoj

•k for 60

veaJ

'S

1826
1827
1828
1829
1830

1031
1832
1833
1834
183E
1836
1837
1830
1833

1341

1843
1844

1346
1347
1848
1849

1851 *

1354 ►

1855

1856

1857

1858

1853

1860

18 61

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869 ,

1070

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1376

1877

1878

1879

1380

1881

1802

1883

i 3 8 -

1885

1336

75
7.0

65
60

55
50

-1-5

35

25
20

HIGHEST
PRICE

LOWEST
PRICE

10

5

4
1

~l — r

T"T

i

I 1 1

1

1 1 1

V i

(X ^-

\

1

i

x

i-

I

~r

i

1

w

il

*!

I

14-

1

|t

I1 '-

1

mm

1

1

i

-wA

K? !

I 1

I

~|

:

ll

~! WM

1 'I

J 4-

-M

/'

i

1

1

i

wt

1

r—

i

H1

ik

\m

f/i

L. /

4-H

pr

imi

.

V//M

Wa

/

§§§i | :N®

\ 1 w

w^wiwM^

\\

m T\ \

1 W/////A\

fti i

AVERAGE

PRICE A -13%

I//////A. -

jl i«

^W///////Mk

Vi 1////A

wim

~^gH^/

^k / \ 1

:

VMs

, :-

' : ;

\;: y •''////

I Wi

\ WtK

WttlfaMMSfr

f

#i

:

W//////M

— r-

W///M. «B«iB«f

w

I i I

i

The highest and lowest price paid in ISe

a. 9 h o ti o - w n o v <■■' a i m id i* o tn .~<o«.#^wrp)^ioof-(OPo— nm^

N « N «J ■ T ff ".■ T •* • t- O O O (0 <0

C CD CO BJ 10 a o o o o to a Q ■

$ i-70

(0

«

CO

o

n

n

CO

N

C

M ■*

It]
P)
CO

77i

ID f~

ct co

CO CO

CO
CO

■tj t} ^ -7

\j in co

CO CO CO

r* CO

(U CO

CO

CO

CO

1

CO
CO

I

CO

CO

■

(0 t-

CO

CO

01

o
r-

0

CO

CJ

4

i'-

CO

CO
i-
CO

-

r-
:

CO

t-
co

-

CO

n

30

CO

CO

n

Ml

BO

co ;

30
25

.

1

| |

20

. 15
10,

k

\

1

i

\

^n<

A

\

.

VI

\

/\

/ \

/ \

/ \

N

/ \_/ \ AVERAGE PRICE .10 ^^

/ i \y\\ 1 II

\

/ \

\

A

f

V

\ /

/

\ / \

A

/

\

/ \

5

4

\ /

. / \

/

\

V

\ /"

\-J

V

V,

V

1

1

2
1

•

• Tlx

ijf- to c7>o<-« n«t in id f- to o> o <- « to ^t <o

CQCDCOtOCOCOCDCOCOCOffitOCOCO ec> to c

CO
J
CO

: A T H E K

0

h. (00)Cr«f)<fll)((ll-i0OOr(\|O\riDON 0JUlO'-f,lO',*lfi(0N
Tj -a ^J ii 10 10 ! ■ '-^ (X> <0 CO <d U> to ID (£> f- N- N N N f- N N
CO ft CO '■' ■ ■.-'OOtti<OtO(0<»(DQJfl>ff)K)CO<OCO{DCOa3CGCO

CO
CO

o o ,- w

S CO CO o

co co m co

40

35

30
25

!

/ '

1,

\

A

\

/

J

\

/ i

1

\

/

V

'

/

A

_A

/

\ \

AVERA

3E PRK

IE

.22'/

(

\

/

20

15
10

5

4
3

2
1

A

A

-

/

;

*J

\

V

/*

^-

/\ A

/ \ /

1

I

/

"p*

J

A y"A 7

.

'

1

1 1

. <3 01 O _

Yearly A

n o r n ^ *J q

/v.v

F
W

in to

LOUR (V/
Price paid h>. Ni'.io Yurie for (>0 years,

NQffO_wn*liniDr-c:<xo.-«oilinohQko-c\ici*i;>0Noro-«n,itflu

^I^Wltnir^UOIflmL'JSltcaifltlliflCD. W(OlflOKNSKt-Nh-r-hScCDQBCJo)0)

$ 11.00
10.50

10.00

9.50

9.00

8.50

8.00

_._

-

1

'

\

1-

■

II

' .

f

™

-

I I1

_

, 1

|

1

i \

V

\

__

-

—

•

7.50

.

—

-

—

7.00

J

.

6.50

1

\

■ ..::

l\

-■

6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00

/'

1

\

1

:

\

I

1

A

- j-

\

I

AyERAGE|_PBICE | S 5.68 |

fvft

r

3

1

~

/

/

-

.

1 '

'

i.i

1

1

1

1

^^

/

Hi

\

1

1
1

\ /

1 |

i

f

1

1

i

-

\

1 /

I

:,

l

\ 1

\l

-

—

_

-<j

.

1

i

V

■

\

\

f

t

-

\l

—

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

765'

The following is a statement showing the domestic and foreign leaf

tobacco used in manufactures in the United
inclusive:

States, from 1872 to 1884,.

CIGARS.

CIGARETTES.

Year Ended June 30.

Manufactured.

Leaf tobacco

used in the

manufacture.

Manufactured.

Leaf tobacco-
used in the
manufacture

1872....'

Number.
1,507,014,922
1,779,946,596
1,857,979,298
1,926,661,779
1,830,720,471
1,801,926,231
1,907,977,768
2,022,278,264
2,370,344,075
2,685,346,872
3,044,427,390
3,230,662,367
3,457,309,017

Poxmds.
37,675,373
44,498,664
46,449,482
48,166,544
45,768,011
45,048,155
47,699,444
50,556,957
59,258,602
67,133,672
76,110,685
80,766,559
86,432,725

Number.

20,691,050

27,088,050

28,718,200

41,297,883

77,420,586

156,465,257

174,378,594

254,255,817

449,815,745

605,058,043

618,545,686

716,909,713

994,334,225

Pounds.
103,455

1873

135,440

1874

143,591
206,489

1875

1876

387,102

1877

782,826

1878

871,892

1879

1,271,279

1880

2,249,079

1881

3,025,290
3,092,728

1882

1883

3,584,529'

1884

4,971,671

other manufactures.

LEAP TOBACCO USED IN MANUFACTURES.

Year Ended June 30.

Manufactured.

Leaf tobacco

used in the

manufacture.

Domestic.

Foreign.

Total.

1872

Pounds.
107,260,855
116,440,934
118,548,618
128,615,190
119,796,729
127,481,149
119,406,588
131,433,409
149,082,885
157,699,876
172,153,816
181,313,314
184,833,667

Pounds.
126,189,241
136,989,334
139,468,962
151,311,988
140,937,328
149,977,811
140,478,338
154,627,540
171,862,218
185,529,266
202,533,901
213,309,781
217,451,373

Pounds.
156,854,318
172,522,930
176,848,355
192,145,423
180,025,374
188,771,882
181,591,330
200,083,339
226,183,628
248,057,157
272,054,120
283,849,729
297,779,896

Pounds.
7,113,751
9,100,508
9,213,680
7,539,598
7,067,067
7,036,910
7,458,344
6,372,437
7,186,271
7,631,071
9,683,194
13,811,140
11,075,873

Pounds.
163,968,069
181,623,438
,186,062,035
-;199,685,021
187,092,441

1873

1874

1875 .

1876

1877

195,808,792.
189,049,674
206,455,776-
233,369,899
255,688,228
281,737,314
- 297,660,869
308,855,769

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

In calculating the quantities of leaf-tobacco consumed in the various
manufactures of tobacco, every thousand cigars is reckoned at 25 pounds,,
every thousand cigarettes at 5 pounds, and every 85 pounds of other manu-
factures of tobacco are reckoned at 100 pounds, a basis adopted by the
office of Internal Revenue in the Treasury Department, in close accord-
ance with its returns of material used in these forms of manufacture.

766

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

CO

a

OS

turol

a-3

CO

CO

, — 1

T)

-H

t-

OS

X

CO

IO

lO

05

no

o

3 Oi

1

i— 1

CO

to

IO

IO

-H

£lO

X

CO

co

01

00-*01INLONONnX'f!OH!Offi^l>NN'*

ooooot-fflowt-HiiMiofflHiocowait-
!CiocicoH-*omonoHoo'*ioio»miMto

00«310Ot-MISaH!BI>OilOt-t»^^9O

q co q o !-_ q in io to <n io io ■*_ cm co io cs <m oq oo

■* CO" CO" i-H os cf of t-" od oT io to* of io" CO* of o" [-"

CO IO O O) W O) «3 CO O t- O TH b- O -# iH

0_ rH ■*« IO O t-_ (M O) CO CI ■ tj< -<cH

r-T ef h h cf

IO

IO
CO

tomootoinn cotocicoci^iomtOHoomrjio^cOHCi-ii

MIINCIlCOCOCOCOt-OSt-TiHOt-OOCIlHOOTHCt^ffllMiniOTII
T»nciTj(DCOCSINlOOOHCO(DOOI>©COffiCOOOrta)OHH

NCOL0 05C<l<DCO(D3)^OClC010IO-*10lOt-

0»t-H!0. rtCOHriCMOJtO OS CO CD OS CO C—

rH t-; t-; t(H CM to rH -tf ^ 00 CO O i— i O O

i-h" CO co* r-T co* t- io cf ifl" fff H CO

r-l CM CM t— I rH rH

O rH
CM OS

OS O IO CM

o

CO

IO

io

o
x'

CO CM CO OS CO
O 00 IO CO OS

n i~-_ c q n

H H ■*" C-" IO*
CO OS IO CM

OS O X OS t- CO
O CM CO CD t- -H
CM O OS GO X t-

lO t-

iH CO

co co
o

CO

CM

■"H

co"
os

t-lfl'«IMCIOJ(Ot>C0010^HO)

(MSlCOriCSHIO^OOOlOCO^O

jhcoo^Mi^toficoiNHHcqaj

2 CD* t>* C0* O* CO* rf" ^" W* CO* t-* <M*
SiOCDlO^HOSdrHi-IClrtllO
g rH CM CO CM CO

CO •* OS t- IO

CM r« O OS CM

IO CO CO t> r-l

N CO* O" C-l -*" o"

CO IO OS CM O O

O r-l CO X rH

CO C~ CO CO

O C- X t-

q h q t-

o* o" h* h"

rH O CO CM

^H CM

oo1

rH

co

05

«0

to
OS

.5

to

>©
o

CS

cs

a
«es
©

OS

<;

v.
o

s;
.5

*•£
©

<co

00

©
to

.I5

o a>

COLOIM[>ffiC(I^M!OeiOl-^«Ctt-OH«)CO'*HIOiOIO

l>tOCOC101lOO)CICM-*lOO)HO)<*lOONI>'# 3S -<* CO -* CM

8 ri_ l> q H t>_ t; q ffl N q q il CO O ■* r t- ri IO t- H >* CO H rt

"2 co" H c-*' co" nT cc* r-T co" co" x" co" t> 10 ■* cc" CD* t)T os" o" o" t-*" r-T t-"~ co" E-~

;(NCO'*riNCOCOIOI>lOCOHt- COXXCOiOX CO O il i

5 h 01 00 h q th a, c» is 10 ^ os ra cc q cq h co q 10 in

ft, rH OS* CO* rH CO* t> t-~ cm" IO IO* r-T CO* r-T 10" io*

^ rH CMtMi— IrHi-H -*

OrHrH

2 3 CJ-*

& SOT
O fldrl

H o 3

t-»iocoi»iaiococoooo>. cocoo't'*Tii^Hc-

OiOfl-*COHOSCOt-t-CCriOSlOOt-COOIilt-
COtfliOOlOilOOlHHOCOCOri^cOOItOTlllN

^Ot-0)tOOClCOO)COO)!0"*
SCO CO ■* IO IO r I rH CI CM O rH
g CM IO OS CM CO

O CM

to b-

co
cm"

O IO r-l
C4IO H
r-l CO CO

lOt- 'K t-

oo a

O nj

O CD

t- CO "*

OIOIO
rH IO CM

HCOOllOL'-OlCOTtcCiiOCOCDt-t-ri'ilCDCOHCO
COT»OSCO'*CDCOCOHt)lTHCOHOiCOI>aiO)!OOt-
l> Cfl ■<* CN L<3_ CC q H » ffl Ok N <* ■* rH rH rH CM OS rH C~
■"*" TjT x" -*" co" OS* t-* CO* r)T CO co" t-" ^h" co" Os" rH t-*" t>T co" -H CO*

C-t-HOia^oOHt- XOOSr-ICOt- -*XXrH

tH ■* q i> h io -* iq it: cc; co cn q_ co-*^-*^

CO CM* r-T CO" t-* IO CM* IO* r-T rH CO* CO* IO*

r-l CM CM r-l r-l rH CO

cs t- x co

IO CM CO IO

h o_ q to

IO CO" r-T CO*

OS X

■"# O CM t~

OS X CO r-l

IO O CO OS

t- CO [» HJ IO (N
r- 1 r- 1 tH O CO t~

"i, °i *^1 s. "^ "^

cs" os" co" o" co" of

X lO CO IO CM CO
CO i— I x

cf

OS 00
rH CM
CJS O

of co"

C0 CM t-

CO ~» OS

« CO CO

"9 CM* CO"

s -*

CDlOCOr-lr-ICOt-lOCOCMCOCMC~CMOrHMIXCOr-iaS
COXCM-*r«COCOOSt-^tl-^CMCOCO^tlOasXX-*CO
00 CO ^dH CD ■* t> ffl o_ H W iq <* CC O CO CM rH O CM CO CM_
Of -* 00* H* OS rt" o" CO* CO* (M* H* c" O* CO* O* t>" CM* CO* -*" cf

C~-* HH ^1 OS IO 00 CO O) IO ■* CI O !OXC~lO

Ctq OSrHlO CO OCOOCOCOCM t-^«<M

^n" io" tjT rj* co* t-" ^n" cm" cm* ■<*"

t- OS t- O CO

CM -* OS OS IO

■* O OS, rH t-

co* t-" o co"

CO O C- CO

cm icq i—i ci^

r-i "r-T CM*

^

"2 o"

O t- X CM O

O CM CO CO O

cq cm x_ en o

CM* CD* CO* CO* ^*" IO*

IO H CM CI H
CO

CO l> C> NCIIO

co ■* to t> t> h

CO OS t- -* IO t-

CO" X~ CO" r-T OS* CO*

CM OS CM O CO
■* IO CD CM
of CO* r-T

HI t> IO Ol CO CO

-* OS CO X IO X

go ccq co; tH_ oq t-h_

t> t-* r-i r-i t~* CM*

X CM X CM IO

Oi CM X OS IO

CO* -HH* -*~ CO* t-*

CM r-l

CO'

CO t- O CO
HJIOCOO
Ttl CD IO O
O* Cf Cjf -*
X CO
CO CO

io"

CO

OS
CO

co
cf

CO

cc

X

of
t-

IQ

co"

•gaijocioBj
jo j'equinjj

CN

CC

CS

cfi

CO

to .

Cd rl

co rj cs

Pi 3 te

M S rt

<^ O P

o.SS

O M M

■ ■ CS

: - el

— CO

- ^2 o

* ■ t>^ CH i ,-""_": *^ . yj M t-i .CD .CD • *■«■ □

: | J -| 4 1 1 1 § £ -5 § : "S «; 1 '3 t> §

t II '3 s I « § i ^ ^-§ § a § &1 I

o."3k^ °i2v2aaH^5£'a s S S -a t? s

o
EH

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

767

■5

o

s.

Q>

«ss

-i~

«

^

6

-

=o

03
CO

"fi

c

c

~-

PI

•.

-s:

M-

o

on

oo

5

*>

-w

o

o-.

Si.

o

K

£

5

n

CD

£

c=

CO

03

^3

&o

~?3

CO

hki

5

s«

■^

Q

=5.

CI

»T

<:

13

-*-

03 "!3
03

•2 "5
t

*o

fl"3

5 °

. CO o

a 1°

SO) M
O OO CO

■* co"

co

m

T-H

t^

OS

I— 1

ffi!

CI

C '

en

to

if-

■*

to

-H

CO

ro

c

rH

(•-■

CO

©

-H

05

IO

r- 1

<1

t~-

OS

CO

©

c

IO

—

'

lO

■>*

t :•

T-H

V

CN

X

»o

to

o

T-H

co

©

CO IO
t- CO
[- CM

HjTjllOtot>l>fflCOO(N

IO t- 00 H

CD CO CIO CM

IO t£ CO lO^

' CO*" CO" l> io"

O0 CO CO -ij

o ® to, 00.

' i-T cm" ■>* io

O CO » IN

O O O CM

lO_ lO^ CO. IN

co" t-*' co" co'

CD IO 00 i— I

CO. CM. iq^ CO_

CD t-^ GO" CO"

C- CO

CO" -*
IO CM
CO CM

CO" co"

CM CM

C~ 00

oo" cm"

OO CO
CO CM

io" t>

HJ 00 W O0 IN I-

t- -di 00 O t-H ttH

OO CO CO tt) to ■*

cd" co" co" co" io" ■*"

CD 00 t- 00 o o

CO CM i-( CM O O

co" co" t-" o io" co"

M CI ri CM ri H

CO

. »o

w OO

O CO
Q 00"

CM CO t-

O CM CO
ffl Hj t>

co" o" co"

■<* CTJ t~
t-ffl O

CO'*CBOOOHO«^»H'*«tOC!llOO
OlCOOOHJOlCOtOOiOCOCDTllCCtDOH
t- H i* L^ H ® l> CO IO HJ q t> -* w ■* l> "

!D CD CO H ffl H o" 00" <N 00" O" to" CD Cff IN CO
COCOi>lO^(N<N10tCD(NC<l(OCaO"

COOH^H/H-ilt-HlO
nt-COCOOIHjcOOriNO

c^oqr^oo^o\ixa^cq.co.Oi.^ij.

' " rf t-" oT t-" hj" h" CO" CO rf CD
COIOHlOCOffllNB^CS

JINCSIlOCSOOt-miOHlOtOffllNlOillffl
CI H CO O IO ri t- IO O t- ■* H 0O W to O. CO. IC; H CO. ■* Ol cc co. o\ -4 ID
T-4»OCO"»o"eo"eN"^©"r-rcjO"^oi"c>o"c»odr-r
(D10'*COC010tO'*lOHJ!Otlil>TllcOtDCOtOHHOINNOtD10il

o

00

« CO^

a : ■ ' : : ■ ■ '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. *<£

~ ............................ . . <£>

* i i i ; : i i i i ; M i i I i I i . I . i i i I i I I i ;s

, CN

K t-

-§ ;;;;;;;; : • • i •■; ; :;;:;;: :. ;;;;;; -tf

o :::::::::::::::.:.:::::....::. t-„

C| <H

rHCOCNCOcMOOO
^iOlt-COt-OOO
S-OOIOCM^OCDO
5<M"co"c3i CO" CO o" O* O
-St-HlOOCMCOOOCD
°IOC~i— IIO^HCOOO

O t- i— I i— I
O t- CM t-
O GO t- CT>

Nt-0)tDCOT)IHl001>10aiOtDC6tOC001ffl
t-fflHCOiOHCOCOOlNtOtDiOlOtDOlCOCllN.
Ct^XO^CS^CMlO^^OC^iC^^OO^rH^CO^rHOCO^CO^O^'*.

co" o oi " -*" ^h" i-h of co* co" t-^" b-^ t-T c-f io" t-^" io" co" co" co" co" io" oo" ^tT

(NCO'*t>C»COt^OO'HO)CDCOClCO'ilTl<COC010(NCOO<N
l0^t-HKC0^l>^WC^i-^CM^CD^cniC^lC0^O-*C0_.i— I "2 H CO. ^ iH O. 00.

ccT t-*" cjT csT oT oo" c?

« CO

s. t~

5 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: t-"

'X ............... . ....... CO

« ::::■;:!: i i :: i • i i : i i i- i ! i : : i .! :g

T-H

'.'.'.'.'.'. ~. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.:'.:'.:'.'.:'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. co

£ CX)

C CD

5 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: CD-
's ; ;.;;.: °o

OOOO00-*CDO0C
.OOOOCOCDOO-rH

a q q. o_ Ob ci. h ■* t> h
aooco"oco"c6" of i-ToT

-SOOOOIOCOC^IOCO

'go^io^rHcq.t-^THcq^io ©

QC^r-rT-H"^trarrH"lo"oo"oi'
CMC0COCOCO00t~COt-

CC:

l—l

CO

CO

©

©

©

<n

o

<r.

©

©

—

O

~

tH

©

©

~.

©

o

-H

CO

T-H

CO

'.' .

(-.

5

■

-

~

...

c

C3

i-

■

—

—

©

CO

h-

IO

CO

CO

:

~.

©

—

C 3

-'

CM

—

—

'

o

C :

Of)

Ol

cr.

CO

CO

©

o

©

©

—

rt

• -

©

©

in

IO

r^

CC

©

C

»ra

©

o

■ -

c,i

CO

:

)

—

OS

©

CO

-H

©

IO

IO

CM

IO

OJ

CO

CO

CO

o

- )

■*

io

OJ

T(H

-+<

ni

©

C

05

c

rH

CM

r^

r-H

tH

IO

I— 1

CD

-n

IO

©

OS

Of)

CO

—

IO

oo

r-

CN

IN

CO

h-

— .

r-

nH

-«

05

t-H

t-

CO

CX)

CM

CN

CO

»o

ia

■Xj

IO

L^

CI

tH

tH

-H

~

CN

oo

t-

l.O

r)H

co"

©

CN

S^^2S!2!DI>(S®OH(NWT«lOt0t-C00>OHC<IC0'*10t0l>0001Ori
tflOlO>0>010>0)0>010>OOOOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHHHCICl

t-t>t^r>c-t>t>t-i>oocoooaooooooooooooooooococooocoooooooooooco

I— ItHi— li— It— Ii-Ht— (i— li— It— IHHHHHHHHHHHHrirlrtrlr I rl rl H rl

768

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

^TflOJlO^MMCOtDOjTjit-t-cccOHOOffltDCaU

ftCQ-*-*tl"CDftCO-#CO CV
tHIO^HcOOOO^cHOOt-I

<H^

OS-^-*rtl>^CqOc»^l>!OI>HCOMC»HTHIM01

°-s

HMtOtO^lOClOOOOMNMOLOHIDlOOH

t^CMOOCOCMCDcMCOOCO

0

CD 0

3 °

CO

(DratDCSlO^t-OlOt-lOOiOCOHOfflOONOil

IMCDOHtMOt-rtOCO

rS

t-^oiooriit-oiNOHOscdatflixiMisoro

cq t^ ro c- cq m i> oo cd co_

O)Q0tD«0StNDffll>O3rD(Ot>riHHXHa0HtO

ot^i^ocT^iH't^'^irt^'T-rcDt-^

*o

coBriooocototOHtNoctioocoaiacarof-Ttioo

oot-cpcococqcocNO

lOCOOl-^riOOHtOlO

C,

l0OI0!0riQffi["^c5C0H9010iriOOH»!0

CD

t-aLOHOi^ot-ootoffiTfoiLoooscowioffiifl

t~ftOOa0C0i-IOa0C~

ririCl»IN«t>)CqcNtOOINrilNCOHHCNririH

CqCOMtMCOW'*^^'

C0(0t>Nt>M10H,0)O00t-t-^e>IH00CSU5ffi00

ftCOHftlOCCCOfflCO-*

NCOtfltMt-OOt-OHtBCDTlH-OlMJHraOH

CM-^^fliOftCOOCOOT— 1

•4^

» t> IO t- IS H IO MO r ICDOi— lOlCOIDlOOOCOCOM

HlOtOOSlOOOHOCOCO

c

3

13

IOOCCIOCNt— IIOrMlOOOt^OCOC^T-IOCNOOCOCO

^c^oTocTt^T-riff^rcDt^

o

0)HT»cSlOOhi(i^OIMht-OHH10N10l>0>

roftftT»ioiocDcoi>oo

O

0

H

*©

03 ffl 00 n e cs q i> io 00 w •* en q 00 » 10 « in i> c»

(MCOiOO<MCDlOO-*CO

q

00" h m" te i> ■* to ■* » of 10 w" 0" d 00" m" to 10" CD ■*" l>

l> CO* io c" id" o" of ■*" o" lo"

tDlOCCOiOlOCDlO^OOt-OOIKcMOHKTHCOHOO

COO)OHri<HWtOOft

03

0Q

1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1—1 i—l

HTHHrlrlHtiH'

t-COftlMTHCCffilDC0C0CDtM(M^t-COintMCDiaN

COCOMHIOCDCOOCOCO

H

CNOOCOOL— OCMi— It- I LO CO CO ft OS il r- I^HOCD^

^^HftOOftCNftt-L-OO

•,

3

«

l0HHhC10iC0C0l0OftC0Ol0t5HOCD>0(Mri

CDCDft^OCO'jJlOCOlO

O

CM

■2

-Q

g

l-lT^Wt-CNOMftCOOOaJOOi— lOCOi-ICMftOOO

ef in th" h ft" io th" t-" io* i>

■<*KCOCOOHC010cOO(00'HH»CO«COCI3ftin

CNOCOOr-IOlOlOCDCO

"5

*©

BCOt-OOOftClOCOCOCIINOlcOCOCOCDrHCOcO

t~C-ft-*T«t— ooo>ot-

0

P

c

£)

■*COOtM»CqtMHCDl»COfl5l>TH 00.CN CO O rH t- ■*

iSaiOir^cSiacocoai'ixS'

e

CO-*lO(C1010CDOrt(t-COCO'*CDCCCD^X'*inCO

Cl[-COftOCTrt^W|>

t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 i-i1 t-+

03

CDOOOOCOOOfflCO'UfflOQOOOOCO^mrilH

CDcMOOCOOCMOOOOrH-

5

'JfflOCOt-COffl'tOOacOl^r- IOOOCMGOt-CM^+lt-

OOO'ilt-OHHLOCOCO

HCD"jlOCOHHftiaOI>CDlOCOI>^IOH050H

TfCBIOCOtOOCOilftt-

s^

03

q

'#cDCt)t>O,O6irtHC0CBH>*cD'O[>H00OC0C0

i-H^^C-COCDOCMOft

lONOOOQaHOOriOCSriNONc-eOCOrlt-^

t-COtDrHCO'tHOOH'*

©

fc

"o

10tOOI>0000^010C5 0)i-t-HO)HrlriOCO

LOCOCDCOCOOt-ftOCD

CO

©

1

C| CO 1 ■ - -

HCDIOCOLO^COlOt-H

(MWlOt-OMCOi(iOiM

T— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— 1 H CM

CNlOlOCO^OCCTtf-ffiTttDCOHlNtMOOHlOM

lOcnHCD^COHCOH'*'

CimOCOCOCOt-^OOt-t-lOtMCDCOO^t-COlO

COlOOOOOOftftCMOO

0(OCDlOO)05IOCOC00005LOCO^tN!OHC001t-

cvqo^t-^c^c-; cc o_ ^ h ob

e

(OOOlCOOH^hlOh^t-CDCOMNt-CDOOHOS

of -^T -<*r uf cox>cox i-T id" io" eo"

05

0

!>N(MftT|ICO^TH-olt-ftt-ralOCOtDH010CCN

COHCOCDCDCO-*t-ffiiO

E-f

0

<#HMIt-'*'*OCCHOt-acOl>[-H'tJCSOHO

i-HCMOQOt— IftCDTHCMO

C|

riHCOCOOcO^CICOCOCOt-Hilt-t-oiOOOOtC

loot-t-cot-osaocN

03

co

«

O

T— ICMt— ICMCNt-Ht— It— It— It— It— It— ICNt— It— It— 1 1— 1 i— 1

T-H I— i

CO»IOCO-*CDOHHCOI>ft010L~-CO^(!OftHTH

wcoHt-t-acoHt-io

PH

©

01~t-OOI»nOCOOOlO<DCNiOCO<«000)00[)IO

t-Omt-Oftt-COCOIN

~?3

X

3

COOOOCOIOmCOiliH^CCftlOtDOOOCOCCOJH'*

lOIQt-lOftilCMMftft

H

_§

C

ts

HCOcM'tTHt-t-t-t-ilOOHftCOOIcOcOt-loaiill

CDCNt-HCMCOCOIOCDCM-^

o

O^HcMOOrHCOCMCDCO-^li-IL-rtfCOOCDOOCMOO

lOCDt-OllOt-CNt-lOH

=)

i— IOO(NI>'*OH-*O^T)lrl(OOt-0)'*'*0»tNCC

^IftHiOCOlOCOCClOO

CO

s.

3
0

P

Hftl>(MftlOCOH(NtNQO!NOt>ftaT(1010'*'*

COCOOlOilCDcONCCffi

I— 11— It— 1 CM i— It— li— 1 1— 1 T— IrHi— li— It— 1

cBCSI0100liaC010cOt-t-WcDiOftcD5ilfflTHffl

coooftt-t~mcM-*ft

p..

ri(Bo5COWT)ICOT|lma)HOCOCOO)COOilCOl001

t-i-io^'jicoiNftcaiooiaocDcoHcoTliioooi

(O LO O Ol ■* O H CO IO O

»<

t-lOOtDCOCOOOHHrt

e

03

0)

H

THCOOOD!Oral>0)(10C)l0 10t-01'*COHOOIMCO'*
^MO8MHI>Hl>Tli^(DfflriC01010HO«5ffi

(Mi-HCOCMCMOlOftCMOO

OOOt— 1 -t< t— It— It— 1 ft T» CO

c

0

MCOHOOOOOOOOcOCOrlt-OiOc-fflcOOiftH

CDOlrHCOOO^OONID

.55

CD

HH riH iH ri U O t- 00-t- ■* » CD 03 M

1— 1

i-l (M CM CM iH rH CM CM tH <M

.0

lOHOOHOOCOIOOOJOIMOIO^ICOOCCOcCTtlH

-*CDCMlOft-*ftCOftX

S^

«

Oit-.t-HHCOOOHOt-ID^OOIDOOSlOOillt-
tCCOHCOI00100)0)HI>ftL-CMHOOINO>t-100

CDOCMCD'H^ftCMCJft
■*CDCOOCOCOHIO-*M

to

ca

HH01ffiC0010(»010Ht>ClT|lftO)OCOI)Dt-10

CO^iliTlCDCOCDffiHO

0

NCOtOCOftCOOla3NCOIN^OCOt-t-t-ftiOiOI>

COOOOi-iCMCOOOt-^t*
■*CDHO)TtlCDOHOI>'*

C

~5

OD^HriOmOOt-OOriOCDMOIIcSTtllNOO

O

C|

ClOOOtDHrthtlrOIOHajOCOOlOCDCOOCO

CNCMCOt-CMOprHCOOt-

Si.

t-^t-Clt-t-COCDCDftOlOOnt-COffllOftfflft

T*IOT-lT-ICM^t<'*C-T-lO

.5

T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 1— 1 1— 1

HHHHriHHCIO)

s^

COffi'HOOOTHOOCDinOlMHCqffl'UCDOOlOcOH

in-TtiTticoNin^coioco

0

COt>COCDO(D-*Nt-ftHOLOill.OCOO)-llHTHO

HI001I0001I>CO-#0

Eh

03 0!C51Bt-0!CDOtC'* OO.ffl T-KMIOHCIJCOCO^ICD

01Ht-OOC01>ffiCOIO

CO

K

r"

§

NOlDOlcOOOOt-OilftOBiOMftt-OlOcO'*

ft00CD-*COCMftt-00CM

03.

O

-9C00900NCOOOCOtOI>t-(NK3eiCOOft'«fNCO

t-CDOO)t-001>NHIO

S

PM

-H

"o

ftlOftCO^ICDr-lCOrtt-t-cDHftOSt-OOCDfflftlO

i-HCX>T-lftt-CM-*Tj<r-ICM

a

"a

P

C|

USOOb-lONNCONCCftcDTl.'SCOHSHNiOaHft

ftCOlOCDTtlCNlOlOHCt)

t-CDCOOOt-COt-COlOCOKt-lOt-ftt-OCOTtlCDCO

CMOOftftOCOCMinftOO

^-.

T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 1—t

03

-e:

N « OSilO Cl)Tlll3C»HOfflNCCC6Ot-ft!0HCCO

ffi0100t-t-ffilOC'<)IO

"*w

CDGlcOTKOt-COOOOOOOilOOililOHOSHftftt-

^IQftO^tlT-ICMftOOft

OS

OOCOftt-MftTtHXiClCOftlOlOOtOlOOOCDCOO'*

n-ntoococOTfiooco

■*.

8

COOCOCOOCOOHOOHt-HCOIOCOOCOcOHO

rtlCDt-OHCOCDHmt-

0

t-t

cMiococ3ooooooo^O"*r^oooiorOT-iOT-ico^n

lOCONftlOlOOlffliOCO

Fh

ffiffiHt-Ot-COrHlOHBCOilOOCDt-HCOCOOlO

CNftOffiCDCOt-OCDrt

03

S

03

■*-

a

Q CO : . -

COCOCOOC-COIOCOffi'*

Q

1

O

(NlOCDL'-lOiit-TllCDC)

HHHSlHrirlHrIN

«o

1 :
O
S5
H

H

H
H

CO

CD

B

(Mm^oCt-XftOHINCOrHIOCDr-COaOHIN
CM CM CM CM CM CI CI CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO tH "* **

CO .

M^lOCDt-OOffiOHN

30

Td^^i^iHi^iTjiioiaio

OOCCCCCOCOOOKCOCOCOfflCOCOOOCtDCOOOOOCOCOflO

OOMCOOOOOCOCOOOCOCO

rHT— It-lr- IrtriHriHHHHHHriHH HH.Hrl

ri HHHH riHrlHrr

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

76U

H3

s
c

O

9.

o

8

5-

©

CO

10fflH(0»HI0IMCDt0'*t-0Clt»l»Q0W10(N10'*ei510l0,#0SOint>ffil>(I)

h"9

OOOftlOaMiaOritBINWt-Wiat-N^M^NtOlOt-TtKSffllOOOMIX)

o-S

.Tdt-toococscoHOi^m^awoiooco^coOHTHiMcqMooiomajtoMio

CO CJ

.'«Ot-0<DC100IMt£lHOl01D(Nilt-(»M>O^IDtOO'*LOMei>rtO)IO

qS

5 a} ffl ffi ^ <» t- ffi ^ (N ci « ro h u t> t-t iq a CD h q_ w a to co h ^ cd co a oi oo

O 0

Kt>"~T-"af^^CD"HTcfadftft"uo"^CDcdcft^ccdcDOfft

O o

0!0»HC0ffi^aiCSCC)OCSlC0MinOC0l0HT(rl(NC)10t-C'10>a'*OC(lMCC

S~

Q^ffiHOCDOOOCOlON^tOOiODLOLlHjtOOlQlOH^HCQt-CCr- 1 CO (M

<A±

CC^TllilcOINCODOXDnCOOt-OOOCOHOINTllOTllLOOOIXOCTCOCOOO

' 3

lO CD IQ to CO ^rtlara^l»0!00t>tD!0l>CBOHC0»W^ «■« B5 CO Ol H H CB

TO

i— li— H r- It—It— I (M CM r It— li— 1 t— 1 t-H t— 1 i— 1 i— It- 1 CM d t— t

1

»fflOOC»OCOOU5lOOOc>JlOC£iTHTHC»m^CNt~miOc©O^^TH0103^C»

,TjIO^cOC5rtl>CONOCOCNCq^cO'*l>HHCSli:q(N!NCOMCOC'l't l^tH-rHCO
»HMCX)0)cN^CO^Ct)«CNCOlOCDI>'*COriilCBt-l>COt-HOHilC10HCS

.

' 3

SNCCOCrtCOM«OOOmcOOHCOIOrac5lT|(ClCOtDCOCOlOCSC«MC>l«lCO

»»C010Wrtt*CNCBffiMI>rilONTllt-UOOOCCWi!COriai>!OHCOtO'*

i O

•3 h q co_ cd iq b cc cn to co co_ h cd^ ■* q to w cc co c» to iq co_ g w co co ci cn ro u h

H

q o" to* h" o" tc of to" to" <* co" 10" h oi" m" h ■*" co" t» » o" •* o" oo" 10" oo" in eo to" Tjf t> w" tyf

iObCOC5niiriCOt-t>C100CXCO-*OHOH(NOH'*cl3(NMlOe)OOiC

co
Eh
PS
O

CN«!NC)COCNmM«H«ffi(NilWCO^^OCOCOl010-c«T)l'*-c«COCOt-l>CO

«lOCD»(»il^^mM^^^t»t-l>CCI>HT)IONOOCC|COffiri'>)IOriCDLO

nc5Oc0CC00O^Ol0INl0Ht-t-CCC001COOOC;lC0OC0'*C0CDIOI>l0CC

Bin^co^H^o^ccciiot-raiNfflooicooioicoocoowHcoiooi^HH

0)

CM

rfi

S^inO^CBOCDrtO^CCOOlfflOl^fflt-t-t-TlHNHCOCBilTllt-TflWHO

g

^!NCnCO^CDCOCOffiCOCC'c«lOlOT|Ht-10l>OOCNC)0(NOOlOlOri-*0000

oT(iat-oiocoffi»oiTfcooiinMiococoiii-iH(N'tLOCDoiMriO'*cco>co

EH

ft

fllOMHOBI>ffiN^I)OOlNffiCDCC01000lOnC)COaC<llCllO«OML0 01

Pm

NlOOrJCOCO'UCDOINdcDCOCOIOCOCOOt-COCOOt-OOCCaiOCOOO'*

Z

MINIMNNHtJINNHHCTHCOCOCOCOil^lO^^cOMCBCJlOJ'clTjiaiO'*

BWT|OI>ffiCOffiNI>COinCCffil>'<)lril>CC)OOt-HNTtll>lQCO[-OCOcOH

.HCOt-bOCNOCOINTjlOCSOlOCCIOTllHCOiHCNOCOOilCOCDl-CDt-flOO

acDOOBilHOilOOO)l>OC>lCOt-'1IHi(T)i|>^^-*t-l>COl-COC!iOOOO

0)
s-.

8lN«WWCNC')CD'HHNC0!NI>HH»CDO^CDl001l0in«O^T|IC0^33C0

~MlOHO^O)OffiN^C^CDffilNCDHt>roOI>OciMIDimOT)ICNl-jlcorocDCD

fa

o i> ffl c5 cq ffl tN ffl^ w •* » q h q, h ^ us h » cq cccOi-Hcqcqcqo co cm t~ \o co t—
(5 -d* cm" of of ctT id co* od t-*^ of © oo" cz t-* cq -#" h" of io* w" h" cc' ci co* co* t-* oo* ■* m* co* i>* cf

«(NCI^'*lOCDCOcO'*MCO'*10ClHC)rt»'JI^'JI-*COCOCOCOOOSOC!)0

HHHHHHriNHCCIHCCI

O •* CO NNHH^!l>t-10HIOOIMffl0100IOet)» H'lH CBCOHlOaiOOt-

aOCDCOt»TjrJt-cOrit-COCOlO(NCOCC)OCll>lOCOHrHINaCSiOOO(Mt-n

" H. 't m. "^ °. "i *i "^ "i **» ffl. °l 9. ■*. ro. °l °. °1 "i ■*. "^t ""i ^ ^^ ,*Civco..K> *& t~ t~

So^OQrJt^OGiCO^&cScOlJSr^oZcJr^lO^cS^OSCC^^&COei^cyi&CO

c

~NHi0»HC0OC0l0N<0C0C0'*HCDL0L0(M0iil'*l0OOl0C:C6OOH^

H

5qt--_Hi>fflcoioctiqocoHOwi>ioqH'*!DMi»HCCcOHOco'*cocoQ

^C0*T-"cd^-Tj*O"H#t^Hj,-r^ldft*I-*^CqC"cD~^O

co
H

(S

o

HOC0C0t>HOC0C0HI>T|lt>M'!ilClffiC0C9OC0C0Hl0HCCffi®(NC000'<tl

CM

CD

B-QOiaHCO'^IO)100JCOt»C005^ICONt-'al. CNCOCDCM10(NHC»HOrlrtOSWt-

X

3

^ iq cq x_ i> q co^ o_ th cq i> co. h t-_ ci^ q q ■* co ffl a o io h ci <m h o co h o o co

s

•So"t^T-*CO"T-*cfO~CO"^C^UO"cfcdTl"t^OOft^

_cd

C5

~t-o-*mroocoM«-cHTjii>ocoTiicsa:'Ocicj)ciHOt>c]--i-nco(Nioi>co
o rH lo q q «q cq q. q ffi h t- cq. q ^* o^ co_ -* ^ uq h o io cm t~ co ft r- co l— cm t— ^h

Q

P

O

^ h* co* cs" h" o" th" o" h o" »" cf cf ■*" a* i" h" d io" co* ii" t" co" o* c »* a" t-" t-" 01* o* o" a

r-H r-l i— I t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 T—irH rt H d t— It—It— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t—I t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t— 1

C!lNO-*OOHHffi!DCOI>(Ot-COt-HffiTHLOt»HOOLOOIMOM3)C<ICO

jCOH1.0 00lOCC|-«CNOcDCDOIOOCllOCOOffilOcOfflOOODilCOCOIMCOCO

!-Lqicqocq^coaq^cqt^rH^co_rHi>^co^ioco^cq as cm -m t- co

3 ft" t-* CO* ■** IO* H* ft" O* ft" CO* LO* CO* Cd" t- rt" cf O* IO* CO* o" o" c" -*" CD* ft" I>" CO* CO* CO* in" o" id

fa

~i<OHTj(MlOlNinOI>HCDlMOI>t-^'*CCiCOClCOLOC'JC-COBM001'JI-ilH

a "?. "'I L"i h q ^ ^ i» i> » cq ft_ ^_ ft^ co co t)i t- oo rii_ Tfj_ cq^ ft o t)i cq co o i> o cc h

c"M*cdcoH^io*Kcfo"mcfocM-'s'r-* TH"co"co"afHjHjHH^^THjo6"t-"oft-*

lOTt»OCqT(lHO)(Nl-lOCOO<DCDOCSCOT|lt.OCNCOOOINLOCOCOT(lT|l»

,CDftOHTilLOTjlHTHNHCCOOCDCt)t*C~OOOi>HT)(COftOCOt-TtC)|>Hm
»CH»l>COCOCOCOH10CDCCC1l0004lfflT)ICOO(NCOTjHH10I>l>COlOaco

=8

nt-COCOCC|COCOCOCDOCOLOt-10CqHCOCDCOC010COCDLOHCOHt»ilT)lclOt-

O

Sri

-.t-OOMCqCt)COHHlOCO'*TtlHCOCOOlOINOCOOOTilcU')t-LO!OCOCOC5

3 t> « oo_ ■* ■* ro q q q » w <* t> co_ i> ■* q cq w lo h -* o t- co o fc- ft co co r-i co

Q CO* t-" l> O" 00* M* H* CO* ft* ft* CO* CO* 00* -*" IO* t-* t>" io" O* t" cf t-" CO" O rt' t-* IO* t-" cf ■*" CO* l>"

CDftLOHT)ICOCOlOCCtOTjlHCOCOftlOHCO(N<N'*CDCOCOlOCO'*CO'*CI(NCD

cq«cNcococicococqHcqMCiTj(coco^'*iocDcoiniOT|iTiiTii'^cocoi>i>cD

cot-^cDioioiiOHriiHrt^iOHai>(fii>T)icoofti>Hfit-oeoHi^coa

CD

.3

,HTjcOCOCOI>H^GC1ftlOCDT)IOlOOOCC|-Tt1cO(N»Oi>-t-COt-COCOCOftO

« h q H_ in a^ q q q h q q ft^ q q q o cd co ft oo co io io ci cd cq ci oo o io h lo

8 IO CO* CO" -J* O* CO* t-* rH* O* IO* CO* o" ® CO t>" IO* ft" t-" IO* t-" d tJ* IO* ft" ^" co* d cf co" o* d co"

O

~aTiii>cocoaTii[-cocoacqiNcocqT|]OHracic5cicqNmt~roio[-coi>H

Cm

3

n

o q q q q h in o_ q h q q^ co cq t- co cq co co co co co a t- co io t- o co h o cd co

QcdcfrHI>rTijfcMC3fofcO*CD'cO*lo"HjlOcfcflo"w

COC^cqOftOlOl^rHCOOC-ftL^t-TMftT-lOOt-ftT-IOOcMr-HftOlO^r-lrHlO

CNlNINCqCIN(NINCIH(NcNHCOCOCOCO'*^lOil'*COCOCOCqcO'*-illOlO'*

*3fc^^fcffl^aHm^N®®in,-|tNcoi>cO'*(Nt>wcqiOiocot>i>coT«

,iO-*«t-ot-cqNioiocqcoHcqacoacocorioo<ocqHLocoocD<*OHct)

CD

» h ^ q o_ q i> M ■* q q oc; m q q ^ i> q i> t-_ cq^ co t- ft ft -^< cm io 00 o o t— t-J

^COOCOTtlCOT)ICO^CO«^CqH«COffl^^OOcOHMI>COOONXOftF-OCO

fa

O H. *". ^. ^. "i °. *1 ^, H. ^. w„ H„ ffl. O H ri ^ H "O CI CO t(I (N CO i> N CD CO t)I io to W
l"^ IO CO CM HXT-*cfcO~rH~cflO*TH"-rj"cft*cdirfTHO"cdi>'^*r^

(

1
1

:
i

5

H

5
4

^1!^"StcS"J0rtCTM^^®^®tS0'HNCOTtllOcDi>COftOHClCO-*

i
>

4

lOIOLOl010lOLOCOCOCDCO(DCDcD<DcDcOt-i>N^|ib-l>r>r?^cOCOcbcOCO

COCOCOCOCOCO00«<Ba)X00a)00 00I»MW00COM00CO»COCOCOCOCOCOCCCO
r- It— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— It-It— It— It— It— It— It— 1 t-H t— 1 t— 1 t-H t— 1 t— 1 t— It— It— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t— 1 t-H

CO

770

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Values of merchandise imported into the United States, by countries, during the year

ended June 30, 1883.

Countries.

Great Britain and Ireland .

France

Cuba

Germany

British North American Possessions .

Brazil

Belgium

China

British East Indies

Japan

Netherlands

Italy

Spanish Possessions, other than Cuba and Porto Rico.

British West Indies

Hawaiian Islands

Mexico

Spain

Argentine Republic

British Guiana

Venezuela

Porto Rico

United States of Colombia ,

Central American States

British Possessions in Australasia.

Uruguay

Austria

Havti

French West Indies.
Dutch East Indies . . .

Russia

Peru

Turkey

Hong-Kong

British Possessions in Africa and adjacent islands

Sweden and Norway ,

All other countries in South America, not elsewhere specified .

All other countries in Africa, not elsewhere specified

San Domingo

Greece

Portugal

Gibraltar, and all other British Possessions not elsewhere specified.

Dutch West Indies

British Honduras

Dutch Guiana

Chili

French Possessions in Africa and adjacent islands.

Danish West Indies

Denmark

All other countries in Asia not elsewhere specified .
All other countries

Total

Values.

$188,622,619

97,989,164

65,544,534

57.377,728

44,740,876

44,488,459

23,161,200

20,141,331

19,467,800

15,098,890

12,253,733

11,909,658

10,617,563

8,736,112

8,238,461

8,177,123

7,794,345

6,192,111

5,946,429

5,901,724

5,477,493

5,171,455

5,121,315

4,021,395

3,980,110

2,984,923

2,971,515

2,895,857

2,645,917

2,599,995

2,526,918

2,168,967

1,918,894

1,840,020

1,831,171

1,621,150

1,441,007

1,417,519

1,231,580

1,093,476

1,021,854

882,058

531,839

473,043

435,584

388,483

384,003

302,886

175,962

1,224,665

$723,180,914

Per cent of
total.

26.08

13.55

9.06

7.93

6.18

6.15

3.20

2.78

2.69

2.09

1.69

1.65

1.46

1.21

1.14

1.13

1.08

.86

.83

.80

.76

.72

.71

.56

.55

.42

.41

.40

.37

.36

.35

.31

.27

.25

.25

.22

.20

.20

.17

.15

.15

.13

.07

.07

.06

.06

.05

.04

.02

.16

100.00

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

771

Values of domestic merchandise exported from the United .States, by countries, during

the year ended June 30, 1883.

Countries.

Values.

Per cent of
total.

Great Britain and Ireland.

Germany

France

British North American Possessions.

Belgium

Russia

Netherlands .

Spain

Cuba

Mexico

Italy

British Possessions in Australasia .
Brazil

British West Indies

United States of Colombia .

Portugal

Denmark

China

Hong-Kong

Hawaiian Islands
Japan

Argentine Republic .

Hayti

Chili

Sweden and Norway

Dutch East Indies

British Possessions in Africa and adjacent islands.

Venezuela

British East Indies

Porto Rico

British Guiana

Central American States

French West Indies

Austria

Uruguay

Turkey

San Domingo

All other countries in Africa, not elsewhere specified

Gibraltar and all other British Possessions, not elsewhere specified .

Danish West Indies

Azore, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands

Dutch West Indies

British Honduras

Peru

Dutch Guiana

Miquelon, Langley, and St. Pierre Islands

Spanish Possessions, other than Cuba and Porto Rico

French Possessions in Africa and adjacent islands

All other countries in South America, not elsewhere specified .

Greece

All other countries

$420,433,473

64,340,490

55,965,191

42,831,005

26,730,731

19,123,248

18,538,161

16,815,708

14,567,918

14,370,992

10,114,548

9,638,997

9,159,330

8,241,622

6,719,787

5,363,122

4,442,077

4,079,522

3,766,231

3,683,460

3,375,885

3,357,670

3,162,738

2,837,551

2,822,115

2,407,131

2,405,901

2,363,211

2,185,611

2,116,499

1,973,422

1,936,813

1,783,332

1,715,382

1,385,755

1,369,703

1,179,200

981,796

847,663

694,565

621,724

579,690

487,535

487,360

447,778

434,465

315,942

257,758

195,233

91,017

477,574

Total

$804,223,632

52.28

8.00

6.96

5.32

3.32

2.38

2.31

2.09

1.81

1.79

1.26

1.19

1.14

1.02

.84

.67

.55

.51

.47

.46

.42

.42

.39

.35

.35

.30

.30

.29

.27

.27

.25

.24

.22

.21

.17

.17

.15

.12

.11

.09

.08

.07

.06

.06

.06

.05

.03

.03

.03

.01

.06

100.00

772

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Values of merchandise imported into the United States, by articles, during the year ended

June 30, 1883.

Articles.

Sugar and molasses:

Sugar

Molasses, melada, sirup of sugar-cane, etc .

Total

Wool, and manufactures of:

Wool, raw

Manufactures of

Total

Silk, and manufactures of:

Silk, raw

Manufactures of

Total

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines.

Coffee

Iron and steel, and manufactures of

Cotton, and manufactures of:

Cotton, raw

Manufactures of

Total

Hides and skins, other than furs .
Tin, and manufactures of

Flax, and manufactures of:

Flax, raw

Manufactures of

Total

Fruits of all kinds, including nuts .
Tea

India rubber and gutta-percha, and manufactures of.

Breadstuffs, and other farinaceous food

Wood, and manufactures of

Leather, and manufactures of

Jute, and other grasses, and manufactures of:

Raw

Manufactures of

Total

Wines, spirits and cordials

Tobacco, and manufactures of

Provisions, including eggs, fish, and potatoes

Earthen, stone, and china ware

Fancy goods, perfumery, and cosmetics

Furs, dressed and undressed

Glass and glassware

Precious stones

Articles, the produce or manufacture of the United States, brought back .
Paper materials

Values.

Per cent of
total.

Dollars.

91,539,330

7,787,065

99,326,395

13.73

10,949,331

44,274,952

55,224,283

7.64

14,043,340

36,764,276

50,807,616

7.03

43,126,285

5.96

42,050,513

5.81

40,796,007

5.64

800,532

36,853,689

37,654,221

5.21

27,640,030

3.82

23,917,837

3.31

1,621,839

18,115,703

19,737,542

2.73

19,313,041

2.67

17,302,849

2.39

15,844,302

2.19

15,830,605

2.19

14,857,578

1.05

13,104,415

1.81

5,994,429

6,612,084

12,606,513

1.74

12,308,307

1.70

11,771,596

1.63

10,653,273

1.47

8,620,527

1.19

8,358,471

1.16

7,959,759

1.10

7,762,543

1.07

7,692,385

1.06

6,514,999

.90

5,329,876

.74

TOBACCO {Ky. Leaf)
The highest and lowest price paid in New York for 60 years.

(OSDOiOrNn^miDNoioi O*-wo^«0(0r- a)cno^oJO^wtONComo~(\iW^incDNtoc>o.--c\JC'3*ttn<oh-too">o,_ t in <o
wNNwnnonnrtnonn *j*t^^^^^t^ 'J^mwinminm infflinmiflicai'iDajiodiioiOhSNSh-ssNNNioiijo to to co

<D CO CD COcOCOCOiOCOCOCOCOtD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD fOCOCOtOCOCOCOtO CO CO CD CO CO CO [Q CO CO CD CO fl) CO ID CO CO JO CO CO CO CO COCOCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO

75
70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

IO

HIGHEST
PRICE TT:

5

LOWEST Wft,
PRICE — g

I

-

|

'

1

!

1

P

1

j|t

j

1 |

■■

:
■

l

'■

;

i

\

S

\

l

1 t

^

\

I

\

1

—

M-

'

-4-1

.-4-4-

t

l

Y

-

\t

1

't

-

m

/

/

2
1

PULLED WOOL

TJie Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

<DNID<T)OT-WW^lDOr^(DOO^WO^in(DSflOCnO^NfOTlinONC300^(\jn^(ft(DKC)010^WM<WOSCOmO^O)n^tlD{D
cyOliMWflOWOOOOOO CO v^<'*1^',t^ ^"ttmwuliIlKllomirilOfflOiolOiOioicOIDlflNSSSNNSNNNOJtoOaKDffllD
to CO CO CD to CO CO CD CO CO (D CO CC. CO c;> CO CO CO CO CO CO CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO COCDCO CO ID Q) O CO (o CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

* 95
•9
.8.
• 8(

.75
.7(

.6;
4;

r

1

1

T

T

J

J

1

;

1

!

/

.4(

1

.

.

:

.3!

' —

■

1

;

1

1

.25

;

1

■

'

\

\

-

1

-

1

$ 1-70 -
160

c

(D

r-

o

a

o

I

ID

ii

to

g

h

to

3S

0!

t

o

1C

1]

O

1

Lo

4

It

r

5t

-J

0

p

o
__.

c

ri

c
■3

]

C<

0

ir.

31

)a

<

i(

b

i

4

L

in

I

to

ID

0

V

1

C!

Y

O
10

ork

- w

(0 ID

a to

for

» ^ «i

> ID ID

3

3

10

y

CD

ID

23

(0

r

0

h

3.

f-

i-
m

«

id

r-

t-

0,

S

9)

o
a
(0

s

o

R

a

D

to
(0

a

s

|.50 -
I-40-
1.30-

1-20 -
1 10

1.09

1.08
1-07
1.06

__:_

-

_.

1.03 -

— ir

1 01 -

—

—

.80 -

-

-

j .

'

.70 -

- ■

-

5t

«t

tz

'

_ J

Jz

:

—

— f"

-

-

=

-

—

m

F

—

H-

.

■

-

:

4

-

~

~

\

I

.40-

HIGHFST
PRICE

■

_

_

-

-

-

—

—

5fi

_

_^

42

_

ii

IS.

r

.::

r

-

-

r:

r

|

_

f_

--

_-

_

—

LOWEST
PRICE .30 -

-

$

-

4

-

:

~-

-

-

;-_

-

-

■

1 —

-

—

-

"

-

-

....

'~

~

i

■

f—

— \

-

~h

-

_ :

_

"\

20-

—

i

-

—

—

.10-

9 -

8 -

7 "

e -

s -

3 -

':

■IMUttU

WOOL (Merino)
The Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

ION C 0) O ^ N 01 *) 10 ID N ID CD O — CM CO Tj W CO r- (DO)O^Nf)<lil CDh-C00)O^Cj',''t'intD *"- O tn O t- W P!^U)(0St(IIDO^Hip)TtUliII

w«w<\ionn or o o o n o ■q^^^*}^'^^ ^^mifliflifliflifl io intniDtocoioWtocDto acuDr-ShNNf-sNhNtom o co to to co

(0 CO CO (DtOCOtOCOODCOCDOCC CO Ct> CO CD CO CO CO CO CO tDCOCt'COCOCOCOCO CO ID O C CO CO (C (0 CO CO CO D CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO CO

$ 1.00
.95

.90
.85
.80
.75
.70
.65
.60

.55

.50

1

1

„1

1

1

!

1

!

:

;

[

:

1

1

I

1

1

;

'

.

/

V

(

I

/

\l

V

/

/

1

/

:

/

1

f

1

;

iA

1

1

■■

V

-1

ll

1

1

i

1

I

\

!

'•

/

!

1

1

■-•

Lit

(■

,;

.45
.40
.35

.30
.26

!

/

i

1

j

1

!

, 1

1

n

V

/

1

,

i

A

_

\

'

1

v

ll

\l

1

1

\

A

i;

1

\

1^

V

t

H

'

/

1

J

i

V

1

1

i

1

1

1

1

I

1

1

CHEESE

The Yearly Average PHce paid in New York for 60 years.

1882
1883
1884
1835
1886

30
25

20

15

10

5

4

3
2

1

-

N

I

t\

•

--

.

s

\

\

/

i

I

~ I

u

^

i

I

A

/E

RA

GE

=

'R

CE

,c

J

1

I

/

— '

.

7V

?

i

' -

/

\

.

\

I

V

1

1

!*

■

V

, —

N

~ >

*

BUTTER

The Yearly Average Price paid in New Yot

mi-oac-Ko^mioi-o o> c-wo^inmN amo^Nnim "'■"Or"™;
ijcoco<ococococDcococococococc,coa>cococococo<i/CDtocococDcocococococococotococ(

k for 60 years.

•W<0 ^ (0 a O r PI M'JlOtON<DCnOT.

tocDtotocDh-f-r-r>-i'-r"-r-Nr-r~coct
cocococococococococococococococoa

. 01 CI Tf 10 10

O CO CD CO CO
CO CO CO CO CO

40
35

30

25

20

15

10

5

4
3

2
1

i

rq.

i

B

_:1-

i

H

.3

^

L

f

h

t

f\

.1

,

1

1

/

<■

1

/'

(

1

;

\

\

,

:

1

-

!

_,

'

I

It

\C

e

PI

ilc

E

.2

0

,

/

j

\

•-^

1

■

■'

1

K

/

\

'

\

— -

— -

I

/

\

—

-

^

,

\

I

' i

\

~t

i

\

i

i

~~r

N

5 «

m

s

o

n

8

TJ

to to

3

t-

n

eaW

co 0>

n

e/1

a

M

E

re

ft

i i

3

PO

paid

« n <J

ffl CO CD

RK

ft to h- a

ft 10 w in

0) o

Yon

fc /or 60

") ^ in to h.
o to to CO (0
ID CO Co , to to

year,

i> a o _
0 CO K r-
3 CD CO CO

s.

f- I- H

CO CO CD

10 U>

t- CD
- h-

ffi o -
CD o (0

n a 4 o

ID

to
eg

$32.00
30.50
29.00
27.50
26.00
24.50
23.00
21.50
20.00

__J

L

i

j

_ L_

- t

_ V

v—

-

±

zt

_Z]

:

—

-

'-:

— -

_.

-

:-:~

__

- ■

.. 1

1

lA-

1

-fV

—

u

t

—

JZ

fc

—

X

zt

zt _

zt

ji""

3

zti

ZJ

ztzt

ZJ

zfczt

-

w

18.50
17.00

■

1=

_

-

¥EE

■ '

-

■

t

jz

t

_,

IZ

±

J

ZJ

1

I

-i

I

-■ -

5

t

+j —

E

-j

-

~T~

—

—

—

E —

rz

T

±

t

t

r

t

ZJ]

t

X

^zr_

t

rt

■

1

t

t

"T

V-i

^

-r-

=

-h

—

I--

15.50
14.00
12.50
11.00
9.50

—

^4:

-F-

t~

;— t

_

-

i__

(

t

IZ

t

ZJ

t

IZ

x

zj

—

-

-H-

-

— 4

4

i

■jfl

= 4

fflH

-4

—

-

-

—

H

— i

t —

.. .

■

- ■- -

1 1

±

-■-

4s

4:

_:

4

J=

=fi-

\

-

%

•

-

Jl-

4

fii

i-

=

1

i

=:-

■

j==

S

-

-

-L

N

TT

-

u

(0

f-

a

a

a

g

1

'lie

<4 in

V

SO

rly

0) 0 .

^4 ye

r 4 * ^

10

1

]

/e

<o ►
a a

SI

p

<D
0

E S
■ice

0 C

<l in
o CD

£

oa

3
id

E
h

L0

E F

i JVc

io n a

0 O .-

in u) to

3/

10 10

"or

ID 10
O . CO

60 ,

s a>

10 to
(D (0

a. o

(0 K

p i

ID

4 n
- r-
3 a

1 UJ

ii!

(0

to

en

s

E

0

L0

a
n
n

03 ^

D

CD

$ 20.0C

19. oa

18.00
17.00
16.00

-

— \ —

—

1

/

/

X

/

1 1

\

1

H

4-

—

4

i

i

t

—

-f

— \

._

f

4

/-

15.00

14 oa

1

.

—

- '

13.00

-j-

—

/

J

X-

I

t

,

t

.

4--

- H

4

\-

+

—

— r

"7

1

\-

r

4-

+

■' -

+

<

-

4=

":P

-

f

•

12.00

; i oo

-

-

—

-

f

\

t

1

it

j

I

*

+u

-

-

-

—

-f

-+f

■s

\~

-

1

i

£

1

—

1

1

<

--

;

- -

10.00
9.00
8.0u

J

—

.'

1

i

1

>

i_

t

t

t

■

7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00

±

l

±

it ;

■

\

1

tt

l_

!

X

\

^_

.1

I

T

—

t

1

t

t

i

.. 1

1

t

t

31

—

—

±

—

- —

±_

—

ZL

.1

^r

r^

-

<0 r-

(M 01

CO CD

CO

o

CM
CO

e
r
to

CO

TALLOW (American)
The Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

cnnr. nnnnn •^^•^^■^t^^^t <^^inintr)ioifl«)tou>tflcfltD^<0(o<D^o{DOf^SNr^i^f^i^NNi^coa3Qcococoa>

CO CO CO CO CO CO £ iD C&COCOtDtOCOtOCOCOCOCOCOcOCOCOCOCOCOCOlDCOCOcoCOcOcoCO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCCCCCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

30
25
20
15
10

I

■

!

V,

J

r-

/

V

A

X

3
2

—

1

*s

'

-*^r

s

'■■■■

-

k,

-

.-*-

HIDES (South American)
The Yearly Average Price paid in Neiu York for 60 years.-

(Dt-tficio^«f)*niDhDOio^«r)"*W(oi-a)OO^Nf)^in(DMDcio^«r)^i()iflKiocno^wn4rtosioaiOt.«n<tui'0

n)(Ococorn(D(fi(pcoiDK'ffl[OfOtora(oa)io(C[o(Da)0]aa)a)fflo[0(Ocoo)roo)[Oa)Ofl)a)^fflfflDffl»fflo3Diofflo:fflmcOfl)ffifflcoffla3

35

30

25
20,

'

.

I

;

■■

>

'

i

15
10
5

A
3
2

1

-"I

1

'

\

^

-

'

'1

V

!

I

I

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 773

Values of merchandise imported into the United States, by articles, during the year ended

June 30, 1 883. — Continued.

Articles .

Hemp, and manufactures of:

Raw

Manufactures of

Total

Buttons of all kinds, and button materials

Animals, living :

Books, pamphlets, engravings, and other publications

Straw and palm-leaf, manufactures of

Paintings, chromo-lithographs, lithographs, and statuary

Metals, and manufactures of, not elsewhere specified

Oils, of all kinds

Watches, and watch materials

Hair of all kinds, and manufactures of

Spices of all kinds

Household and personal effects, old and in use, of persons arriving from

foreign countries

Coal, bituminous

Paper, and manufactures of, not elsewhere specified

Seeds

Salt

Musical instruments

Paints, of all kinds

Bristles

Cocoa, crude and manufactured, not including chocolate

Clothing (except of silk, and hosiery, etc., of cotton and wool)

Beer, ale, and porter, and other malt liquors

Marble and stone, and manufactures of

Cork bark and wood, unmanufactured

Jewelry, and other manufactures of gold and silver, not elsewhere specified

Guano, except from bonded islands

Brass, and manufactures of

Bolting cloths

Copper, and manufactures of

Barks used for tanning

All other articles

Total 723,180,914

Values.

Dollars.
4,927,269
191,239

Per cent of
total.

5,118,508

4,223,161
4,042,367
3,651,590
3,565,137
3,403,874
2,897,972
2,736,753
2,522,111
2,496,699
2,474,088

2,315,353

2,085,972

1,958,113

1,702,345

1,674,308

1,652,528

1,336,229

1,228,543

1,213,371

1,182,355

1,122,010

1,011,363

933,935

912,625

535,742

530,281

418,711

394,765

343,998

27,384,337

.71

58
.56
.50
.49
.47
.40
.38
.35
.35
.34

.32
.29
.27
.24
23
23
18
17
.17
.16
.16
.14
.13
.13
.07
.07
.08
.05
.05
3.79

100.00

The values in the foregoing table of " chemicals, drugs, dyes, and med-
icines " comprise the following classes: Argols; barks, medicinal; cam-
phor, crude; chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines not elsewhere speci-
fied (free and dutiable); chloride of lime, or bleaching powder; cochineal;
cutch or catechu; dye woods in sticks; gums; indigo; madder, not includ-
ing the extract of; soda, nitrate of; saltpeter; sulphur, or brimstone,
crude; opium, and extract of; soda, and salts of; sulphur, refined.

"Metals, and manufactures of, not elsewhere specified,11 comprise
lead, and manufactures of; metals, metal compositions, and manufactures
of, not elsewhere specified ; zinc, spelter, or tutenegue and manufactures of.

774

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Values of domestic merchandise exported from the United States, by articles, during the

year ended June 30, 1883.

Articles.

Cotton, and manufactures of:

Raw

Manufactures of

Total.

Values.

Dollars.

247,328,721

12,951,145

260,279,866

Bread and breadstuffs 208,040,850

Provisions 107,388,287

Mineral oils j 44.913,079

Wood and manufactures of I 26,793,708

Iron and steel, and manufactures of

Tobacco, and manufactures of

Animals, living

Leather, and manufactures of

Oil cake

Hops ,

Seeds

Spirits of turpentine

Drugs, chemicals, medicines, anddyestuffs.

Coal

Furs and fur skins

Agricultural implements

Carriages, cars, carts, and parts of

Sugar and molasses:

Sugar, refined

Sugar, brown, molasses, etc.".

Total

Tallow

Naval stores

Fruits

Copper, and manufactures of

Spirits, distilled

Metals, and manufactures of, not elsewhere specified.

Paper and stationery

Clocks and watches

Ordnance stores

Hides and skins

Musical instruments

Fancy goods

Manures

Quicksilver

Books, pamphlets, maps, and other publications

Glass and glassware

Wearing apparel (including hats, caps, and bonnets) . ,

Ginseng

Animal oils

22,826,528
22,095,229
10,789,268
7,923,662
6,061,699
5,616,370
4,420,413
4,366,229
4,284,753
4,241,247
3,935,603
3,883,919
3,508,405

2,454,210
961,328

3,415,538

3,248,749

3,242,818

3,005,942

2,348,004

1,982,883

1,751,097

1,589,908

1,479,731

1,376,611

1,220,158

1,203,612

1,202,212

1,082,501

1,020,827

1,018,138

998,857

977,392

848,393

823,496

Per cent of
total.

32.36

25.87

13.35

5.58

3.33

2.84

2.75

1.34

.99

.75

.70

.55

.54

.53

.53

.49

.48

.44

.42

.40
.40
.37
.29
.25
.22
.20
.19
.17
.15
.15
.15
.14
.13
.13
.12
.12
.11
.10

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

775

Values of domestic merchandise exported from the United States, by articles, during the
year ended June 30, 1883. — Continued.

Articles.

Hemp, and manufactures of -.

Cordage, rope, and twine of all kinds, not elsewhere specified

Soap, common

Whalebone

India-rubber and gutta-percha manufactures

Marble and stone, and manufactures of

Beer, ale, and porter

Hair, and manufactures of:

Unmanufactured

Manufactures of

Total

Paints and painters' colors

Jewelry, and other manufactures of gold and silver ,

Lamps ,

Vegetable oils ,

Wool, and manufactures of:

Raw

Manufactures of

Total

Paintings and eDgravings

Starch

All other unmanufactured articles

All other manufactured articles

Total

Values.

Dollars.

800,011
749,505
647,105
599,550
569,296
541,553
490,442

438,897
35,567

474,464

470,289
422,854
408,743
404,724

22,114
366,214

388,328

387,157

325,575

1,614,864

9,723,190

Per cent of
total.

10
09

08
07
07
07
06

06

06
.05
.05
05

804,223,632

.05

.05

.04

.20

1.21

100.00

The values in the foregoing table of " iron and steel, and manufact-
ures of," comprise the following classes: Iron and steel, and manufact-
ures of; printing presses and type; sewing-machines, and parts of; scales
and balances ; steam and other fire-engines and apparatus.

"Drugs, chemicals, medicines, and dyestuffs " comprise: Acids; ashes,
pot and pearl; drugs, chemicals, and medicines; dyestuffs.

"Metals, and manufactures of," comprise: Bells, and bell and bronze
metal; brass and manufactures of; gas fixtures and chandeliers; lead, and
manufactures of; mathematical, philosophical, and optical instruments;
plated ware, of silver and other metal; tin and manufactures of; zinc, and
manufactures of.

" Fancy goods" comprise: Fancy articles; combs; perfumery; soap,
perfumed, and all toilet.

776

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The following table shows the total declared value of the imports of
foreign merchandise into, and exports of domestic, and foreign merchan-
dise from, the United States, from and to each country, in the years
ended June 30, 1884 and 1885:

Countries.

Argentine Republic

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Central American States

Chili

China

Denmark ,

Danish West Indies

Greenland, Iceland and Faroe Islands ....

France

French West Indies

French Guiana

Miquelon, Langley and St. Pierre Islds. . .
French poss'sns in Africa and adj. islds.. .

French possessions, all other

Germany

England

Scotland :

Ireland

Gibraltar ,

N. Scotia, N. Brunswick and P. Ed. Island.
Quebec, Ont., Manitoba and N. W. Ter. . .

British Columbia

Newfoundland and Labrador

British West Indies

British Guiana

British Honduras

British East Indies

Hong Kong

British possessions in Africa and adj. islds

British possessions in Australasia

British possessions, all other

Greece

Hawaiian Islands

Hayti

Italy

Japan

Liberia

Mexico

Netherlands

Dutch West Indies

Dutch Guiana

Dutch East Indies

Peru

188-1.

Imports. 1 Exports.

$ 4,110,038

7,744,965

10,923,160

50,265,889

6,161,227

537,936

15,616,793

545,886

387,863

106.029

70,842,413

3,136,402

2,321

565

351,691

408,097

65,019,163

137,328,720

16.968,061

8,252,827

4,748

5,538,881

31,572,603

1,288,351

616,005

9,791,616

4,095,536

262,791

19,550,458

1,504,580

2,224,150

4,373,465

1,248,928

1,039,984

7,925,965

2,389,173

16,706,357

11,274,485

57,427

9,016,486

4,872,933

647,592

623,118

3,507,727

2,077,645

$ 5,074,593
2,489,882
22,588,655
8,695,659
3,177,853
3,270,562
4,626,578
3,804,909
590,040

50,899,885

1,820,118

103,607

449,434

242,183

436,719

60,603.059

322,008,515

35,520,332

28,709,539

1,118,166

3,666,006

38,128,798

2,511,392

2,105,254

8,849,314

1,884,416

431,084

3,714,767

3,083,849

1,532,939

9,387,326

119,746

185,485

3,523,353

2,770,109

8,071,030

2,528,529

131,030

12,704,292

16,558,282

583,958

319,475

2,110,323

1,070,528

Imports,

$ 4,328,510

5,745,580

8,695,084

45,263,660

6,409,015

604,525

16,292,169

350,451

336,303

113,847

56,935,352

1,147,515

1,803

18,686

142,856

387,659

63,241,753

114,586,954

14,301,327

7,813,499

3,563

5,350,570

29,673,458

1,671,657

264,856

10,363,381

921,354

218,360

17,699,257

983,815

1,509,258

2,823,393

854,183

596,707

8,857,497

2,471,436

14,492,908

11,767,956

71,085

9,267,021

5,652,749

386,668

265,339

3,261,671

1,764,890

Exports.

$ 4,676,501
2,714,537
26,458,249
7,317,293
2,762,531
2,211,007
6,396,500
4,538,523
586,159

46,708,950

1,418,973

110,844

414,547

450,562

382,305

62,222,791

332,274.029

37,152,471

28,676,703

1,261,611

2,865,049

31,584,559

3,796,026

1,879,273

7,210,879

1,640,657

369,753

4,110,368

4,149,311

1,514,617

10,648,192

369,181

207,822

2,787,922

3,307,307

11,974,417

3,057,415

101,703

8,340,784

16.804,263

666,842

299,018

2,103,066

742,105

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

777

Value of foreign imports into and of foreign and domestic exports from, the United
States, from and to each country, etc. — Continued.

1884.

1885.

Countries.

Imports.

Exports.

Imports.

Exports.

$ 1,262,800

58,416

4,249

$ 4,618,931

500,845

82,521

2,778

8,314,100

2,842,835

139,377

1,294,170

11,895,190

10,910,753

2,224,615

80,081

194,925

2,443,162

4,016

615,866

. 481,809

357,808

6,381,821

1,368,418

2,427,961

629,894

228,746

128,809

142,605

$ 1,007,150
100,517

47,485

1,771,640

1,218,083

101,726

1,461,419

4,703,945

42,306,093

6,104,263

127,366

7,789,756

2,610,671

13,863,432

880,631

2,036,799

236,470

2,342,077

2,734,617

6,309,580

753,601

57,082

1,044,204

9,142

$ 4,598,346

Azore, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands

Portuguese poss. in Africa and adj. islds ....

415,738

5,307

11,088

Russia on the Baltic and White Seas

1,567,705

1,133,909

78,045

1,439,853

6,207,520

57,181,497

6,890,456

113,672

12,339,531

3,049,838

16,464,034

857,133

2,436,016

257,992

3,891,843

2,128,981

6,674,041

1,346,612

74,129

1,105,264

.213,107

5,447,981
2,197,357

117,408

986,701

11,991,068

9,006,160

Porto Rico

1,569,205

Spanish possessions in Africa and adj. islds .
Spanish possessions, all other

157,987
169,354

3,118,278

46,360

420,166

433,083

Turkey in Africa

549,442

United States of Colombia

5,583,369

1,682,443

Venezuela

3,043,609

All other ports in S. Am. not elsw. specified.
All other ports in Asia, not elsw. specified . .
All other ports in Africa, not elsw. specified.
All other islands and ports, not elsw. specfid

428,011
372,821
407,055
165,803

Total

667,697,693

740,513,609

577,527,329

742,189,755

From the foregoing exhibit it is seen that the total exports of the
country exceeded the imports by the sum of $72,815,916 in the year 1884.
In the following year, the last year for which there is a report, the balance
had increased to $164,662,426. This is a very decided gain, and shows
a healthy financial growth. This fact receives emphasis when it is noted
that the volume of trade is even less in 1885 than in 1884, thus making a
greater ratio of increase. The sum total of imports and exports in 1884
was $1,408,211,302; in 1885 it was less by nearly $100,000,000, being
$1,319,717,084. The preponderance of exports over imports was more
than doubled.

78

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The following is a statement showing the quantities of raw cotton of
domestic production exported from the United States to the principal and
other foreign countries during the ten years from 1875 to 1884, inclusive:

Countries to which Exported.

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

France

Germany

England

Scotland

Ireland

Gibraltar

Brit. W. Ind. and Brit. Honduras
British poss. in North America. .

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

Portugal

Azore, Madeira, Cape Verde Isls.

Russia

Spain

Cuba

Sweden and Norway

South America

All other countries

Total.

187 5.

Pounds.

3,113,752

155,139,454
75,284,980

878,442,263

618,045

32,881,451

3,561,511

9,041,936

1,305,276

4,070,675

4,990

1,000

65,708,178

29,813,227

1,432,165

1,260,418,903

1876.

Pounds.

15,538,299

203,975,759
108,545,768
920,917,121

36,412,618
11,484

4,980,616
23,379,304

6,972,575
34,265,719

1,057

80,896,983

47,561,153

449,607

7,497,271

1877.

Pounds.

2,298,777

219,088,761
77,605,283

967,117,624

71,295

53,176,517

5,508,304
11,547,892

3,969,812
26,855,697

25,109,482

46,030,632

387,756

6,601,298

1878.

Pounds.
1,818,151
14,191,544

236,030,981
121,649,103
990,734,163

49,214,262
429,487

7,082,535
18,110,597

3,422,162

27,954,214

733,667

85,428,896
40,685,242

1,491,405,334 1,445,369,130 1,607,533,511

10,043,697

4,810

1879.

Pounds.
1,266,597
9,563,696

196,988,105

137,434,413

966,283,833

34,200

17,456,475

40

7,740,308

23,808,610

9,898,129

25,867,229

611,827

154,323,552

70,607,355

308,935

6,027,903

99,273

2,353

1,628,372,833

Countries to which Exported.

1880.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

France

Germany

England

Scotland

Ireland

Gibraltar

Brit. W. Ind. and Brit. Honduras
British poss. in North America. .

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

Portugal

Azore, Madeira, Cape Verde Isls.

Russia

Spain

Cuba

Sweden and Norway

South America

All other countries

Total

Pounds.

849,245
8,948,166

Pounds.

2,109,274
9,159,081

179,846,277

154,022,564

1,192,259,737

772,328

23,595,119

276,926,806

233,095,704

1,348,595,027

1,309,765

14,931,104

114,248

Pounds.

94,691

2,366,009

2,588,838

166,770,677

162,481,105

1,159,224,826

1,736,768

19,934,879

Pound,s.

2,327,820

21,027,632

2,754,930

214,414,623

269,291,378

1,379,741,668

723,551

7,739,943

Pounds.

880,905

15,431,564

1,161,403

228,684,355

181,527,646

1,186,200,356

1,064,665

4,861,773

9,809,633

29,563,180

9,881,543

32,662,603

238,749

379

102,250,075

66,936.354

530

10,309,645

112,311

2,676

12,980,173

37,572,345

13,386,186

33,751,127

835,813

501

133,857,066

63,870,379

2,060

8,154,840

260,004

17,269

2,900
17,579,730
22,036,587
12,537,650
16,909,966

450

92,116,230

57,631,800

435

5,763,109

194,160

5,151

1,036

16,318,236

40,303,470

20,577,771

28,804,998

678,175

867

173,677,013

98,469,352

10,956,038

9,607,914

25,862,332

11,184,207

26,956,649

52,338

552

96,819,455

67,964,108

466

4,299,203

266,561

12,639

1,822,061,114

2,190,928,772

1,739,975,961

2,288,075,062

1,862,572,530

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

779

"to l

• du

30

N

oo

C S.

3>r « .

_2T3 u to

iNiot^ffiuqqijioi^iNfflHHffltsoooi^oqHiaftcDTtioiocNrjo

53 CD

iddc6tBcDido'Hi>i>'dmffleoi()Hcdioto^MffiiniNNoadtDti3

jo '

0} Co

fl-Jj'fe'®

t-t-lXOtBWIOilONCOMWnmCOlMINDIOCOSMOIHHHHHH

OJfiS
u cS H a>

CM

co <U

OMrtNO!O^IN^cfllNI>t-^acOtOHO'*fflt-aaMOOOOt>(9

CD Co

lOlNNOIOtOHOOJOllOO^COajacOIN^TtlHlNCSOCOHOilTKtO

OOXlOIOlOOt-lOOfflOCOtOt-COClOIMtOiOWtDCOtOCOtOt-OOOD

03

s; =»

i;'!ilOt-t>05100a310S(X)01>a)CO(NO!)fflC'*'*100)000'JtHOOO

■a

"OiniOl0(X)0iHCIL0rtC0COC1^0)L'-(Mro00C0O^HO^!>U--MNB

3!0Xni0OJffll>O(X)^0JHL0'>jl00^C000CDit0)OlOl'-l>OOC0l>00

o

~HMI>10e)^10^ffi'*0(3)aitOH(NC)OlM(SN'*OCICOl-Ot>t-flt-

s« cj

H

S'tllNOOltSWMOOtDOrlc-it-aMri-SIHH^aHOHt-tflOHOO

03 '£

Ht5t-C9cOI>U5<#lOCO(0000»OOOHtNCc)COINHH01INt£l(D10COlOCO

GO

E-

.*^

t0CBt-ri03BSrtll0^H(0i|lffiai(0«H!0t-[>tBC5«Ot-HH10H
l>0)OH0)t-01C0^(NffiOt-HC(II>tDL0OH00C0(NC00)HOHa)O

#

"•5

O

a

lOt-ININt-OIINtDlOHtDTKOO^lOtOCOHlOOHOHOIlOOXtHiOO

0) -53

^; cd

M

Md

itOClOCDOOOIOOBOtSOtBNt-CiltDWtOOO'ilOHftlOtSOOOOO'CJ

H

(•WiHtDHilt-HlOGJHNmTHniNO^^OOOlOINOiCOtOlOOSrariO

8 "3

3COIOOXO'*OOt-0(NM10MIOC005l>IM^COCJO)Cl-*LO'*IOrJN

a

cj ■■!.

nOrt'JMQOHilOOMOOOOaoOCOlOffleBMtBHiat-HOt-ajOlOO

<= fc

k

^ 0

<

a >

land ve
tage ca

H
«
O

P-

a

■*t-^Ht-0000HCOlMHTHfl5<NH(NHlN'^INHHep(NeOMloci)(N'*

a

ca

t~cMOOOOOOi-Ht-OOC-'^Ot-t-OL^OC3500it^OOOC5'*Oi— IOOi— 1

jINOCOCOt-t-TH^rlfOOajOliat-ilHHlOOl-HNOOCCtOOOIMillD

hi
<

c! co
W CO

SOOHHHt-tOONHNHTdHcOaTKHtBHt-tOOOlOIOQOCONOO

■SffltOCS<*iHC9t-tOOH03(»atO<DWOinin^!OiOHOOOIOHlNH

■5 « co H t- in o/£ oo_o THNoo»qc»» WKte;il,«o,tBK0,OK0^q ffl^t-^rN

«jg

O

(S e<f cT t^ 10" t- r-T t-^ i-T -hT t> o" t-T t-^" cjT cf co iS cc~ o -*" r-T cd" co c-i o co cn h t»" m"

O 03

"to **■
5 CD

H

CCH^tBOCOH^OCtOClOlOCOinO^TtHOHHHrit-CCCOTHtOtDIN
^«5^TjlOCON(NHHCOCT(NC>l»COncOCOCOCOCi:cOC)cq«C]<NC)(N

rn

000[10Q<*OillOHCOr|KOO'*

13 ®

• 1— 1 t- t- ij CO 10 H (B [ Mi— IC

3 SH S

. LOt-auClHCCCOtSHtSO^fflM

£s

gS2

e

; ;ooacicow'*t-cocor-«Mso

. ; 00 IO CO CM CO l> CO t- CS1 CB op CO CO « CC

e-^:

0

. o\ cq_ co^ o_ co^ rij ^ •* "* c-J, co_ t> w cs 10

« &

2 *

q

; 'c<rt^i>^coco"a6'i>-"o*ar^oo'roic'co''co'

•5 oT

M 3

.(NCIlMIMIMHHOIHCNCiCOlOlOlO

CC10COO)'*O^HOOOCOCOHHC001050Hffll>«T)IC01>ClCOt01NH

CJ

^ClC0O0)atfla»C0O(0CDC0l>MN00t-i(C0OtDC0C0C0Ol01>^

tUO gC,

bc^i^co"r^CTTc4~t>^oc>for^ocr^c^^r^afirf'^cd^

So^iOt-COc-HCC^Winoat-QOONHOOCOHOCOCDt-OlNINCOlO

> ^

K CO

•£: °

CJ -S

O co

■s co i> h h q_ co^ w m ■* cc t> i> a^c^t^cq^c^c^coc^c^co^o^c-^© q q h i> cd

CD

1=1 •*

l-l

Q^rH^t^^ar^c^t^c4"r^o~T^ircTarc>fco"^cor^c4~o~<^

OHBOWOOCSWtB'OcoOCOIMCSaOlMOffiCOOOfflfflOOHtfi'*

1^
CD 00
K- 00

r-l 1-H1-I HHN«MO)WcflM05CO'*10IO'ilW100[-t-Ot-tOC9

d

cqi>ooniscocOHffl<otococccoi(ff)0)cococci>T)iTHQoc»cowroco

cS

(010COlOOfflHO)OiO!DCD-*il<NfflO)10HCDtDH(MWTHOI>CO(NtO

"to *»

H

o .

B-I^COCNroC»t-C0C0^l>^r^a0C0l^0t)^t^t-c>JiO^C?<X>COC>105C»C0t~i-l

•5 ©

«

CD CD

si

hl0^rH't^c4'cfr^C^C3ft^pH'lO~<^^^C«5V^CO"^l^cxr«5'rt^C^
SO>HfflHXt-0(MTHHI>fNHtt3»l>'*(DINCOCClMin(MHCOtDiQ(N»

O

S. ■£

fn

~«(N'*tOO01'ilH00Oca!0Orit-C0OlO'*CCHD0010'*0)fflC0t-10l>

a «o

<!g

QflHCCl»0)0110i:)«COC00 1.'3COaOCCH'*tOI>ilClCOlOrifflH(NN
HCOlOi(^t-l>HCOO»HCOI>lOO)ffltOt-l>10tDCOCDWH(NlJ>HHffl

el

cj U5
co 00

NNNNINHHHH CNt-Ii— IrHi— It— l>-li— li— Ir-lrHr- li-HrHi— II- 1 i-li-H

•

• COCJlOiOCDt-OOCMOcMOcNt-t--

» *«.

-0 a

'iocoraot-cot-totDot>iooaH

■w

a -3

• HOmiMOJ^HCOCOat-H^auD

CO ©

^

e

;0010affi'*^C-HOO'*(D(DCD'*

gja'S

.fflrifflOONCOHCOaCOtDt-COJ)

'o

. .t-ot-Locofflt-ioiit-coot-nt-

2°^

"to «

Q

; :t~oooot-cocot-t~cooo-*icot^"*

CD r

5 |

iH iH t-H CN <M CM

c: cu

OHTHNacOCoOCOScOlSCOHOTllCOlOiOCOOCOlOOaOKrtfflO
931>COO»05IN^H33(OCOCOMH'*a)tDCOtOOCOtOOLOC001tDHiO

51 =S .

d

.2PoD

.•T»aHi>cootDncoiot-oin«iotDt>i>HioioooioiOriioHffl(Nm

"®i— "

it-C0CD<*H!0t-iaOOH«ffiC>l'OO(DOOaffiLc)MSt»[.ffll0»^

^tot-HT»oofflt-ioi>i>(NiaH'<ticiHO(M'*n(ooaa'*LOOt-'#

~OI>ffltBOH*riMHT|l!0!010HO^!0»9HO'*'*»<B'*aM10

to^-5

d >

Q^riOO(Nfll'*COCOCO'<JICOOCOOffiCOlOHIO«HOt-OONCCCNOra
^550t-«»fflH'<il'!jlt-MO? O'OtOilt-OOOcqNOH t- OD ffl t- IN CO

<: cj
«o o g

i—l HHHHriOHMCOMMMCOT(iil^cOcOCOCOCOOOl-0 010'*

d

IMOtDCOl01000t~tDincDaTHt-OcM-«COO^I>lNCOtD^t-OacO

*> CD

os;

rf

Ht-HdlOIOOCOt-riffiCOCqflt-HOMNINOtDCOLOO'OCOCllMt-

OS

o .

M'lOi-IO-*COOt-llOOr- ICOOCilOOI>WCOI>M>OtMMOOCOCCt-Ct)

5- &5.0

pj

a)1©
d cc
d co

S(NcCOW'<JlT«'!«ilc>«lOOroiO(Nt-10(Dffit-IMfflTH»Ot>0)tOffiHt>

°t-i-ioc^cx)^i^^THco^o<r>oc»cocococ^t^oococsiC3cocoa)iooco

* s; -5

o

CD "> -^

CM

~OHh-HHlO(NI>!MCOO«acCIN(NlNt-OflOCDa)ilOOOaffiClCO

"to .3 -■©
S ^"to

° o,- §

og

a

aOC^Cf^^od~r^C<rorr^^cfl^c>fcxrco"oCrt^^C£rt^CO^

H

a
i— i

CNCMCNCNIcMCN 1—1 rH iH i-h i-H i-l 1- IrHrHi— li— Ir-Hi— li— 1 iH iH i-H «-l i-H 1— 1 1— 1

r«

^HooooNorocoHtoffl^cot-

!0-< C3

"a M

LOOO-^COlOCO^ffiNCBCMiNIMHCO

ti CD

cotDiomcctotoacociafflooco

por
ess
oin,

8 :

c-^ tn- 0 co" co" cc" t-^ 10 co" t-T csf lo" m" co" in

OOCOt-HCO^OcooOOOtOO^M

eSif t>

h tq q_ in q_ h to cq cq o iok co oo ^q.0?.

5 =» cj

°0^

0 .

Mcft^t^^co"cfo"cfT-Tt-^oTio'oo"«cr'--i'

"-• c >.

.3 cd

rHi-Hi— 1 1— It- IrHrHi-Hi— li— I 1— 1 CI CN N CO

"*• js s:

m ca

HO

os c "5;

Qco

H

CD -5 «

.3

co"

t>

CO

~j

0

r-l

CM

CO

■*

in

0

b-

CO

C35

c

T—

CN

cc

~f

IC

cc

t>

X

~

c

c

M

-+l

tn

1010lffllOtD!OCOtOtOtOtOtOtOCOt-l>t-l>t^t^t-l>I>t-COOOXCOCOCO

00

cc)

00

CO

00

00

CO

co

co

CO

CO

CO

00

CO

a.

cc

cc

cc

CC

CC

cc

CC

oc

oc

X

cc

00

X

00

X

780

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The following is a complete summary of the financial and economic
transactions of the United States from March i, 1877, to December 1,
1882, prepared from reports of the Treasury Department:

Total receipts

Total expenditures

Total debt, less cash in treasury

Decrease of debt

Annual interest charge

Available cash in the treasury includ-
ing Resumption fund

Gold coin and bullion held by treasury
Silver coin and bullion held by treasury

Exports of live stock

Exports of other food

Total exports, merchandise

Total exports, specie

Total imports, merchandise

Total imports, specie

Production of cotton, number of bales .
Production of wool, number of pounds .
Production of wheat, number of bushels
Production of corn, number of bushels .
Production of pig iron, number of tons
Production of coal, number of tons

For year ended
March 1, 1878.

For year ended
March 1, 1879.

? 265,342,831 86

218,289,531 58

2,042,037,129 08

46,744,013 96

92,537,283 50

72,920,913 38

121,738,854 95

8,453,909 29

4,205,893 00

269,752,809 00

639,485,209 00

47,103,365 00

475,838,318 00

25,209,050 00

4,485,423

207,000,000

364,194,146

1,342,558,000

2,066,459

54,308,250

$

262,058,817 04

235,094,982 91

2.026,207,541 66

15,825,587 12

101,515,647 50

144,635,042 50

133,265,559 43

35,621,660 28

10,853,241 00

326,752,030 00

725,856,296 00

26,391,143 00

432,094,129 00

26,999,280 00

4,811,265

211,000,000

420,123,400

1,388,218,750

2,301,215

52,130,554

For year ended
March 1, 1880.

if 308,762,742 93

280,047,644 51

1,995,112,221 17

31,095,320 49

82,211,663 00

150,031,706 86

146,750,758 04

62,676,711 57

12,005,459 00

374,568,342 00

767,875,740 00

23,722,972 00

555,569,696 00

92,714,233 00

5,073,531

232,500,000

448,756,630

1,547,901,790

2,741,853

65,808,398

Total receipts

Total expenditures

Total debt, less cash in treasury

Decrease of debt

Annual interest charge ,

Available cash in the treasury including Resumption fund

Gold coin and bullion held by the treasury

Silver coin and bullion held by the treasury

Exports of live-stock

Exports of other food

Total exports, merchandise

Total exports, specie

Total imports, merchandise

Total imports, specie ,

Production of cotton, number of bales ,

Production of wool, number of pounds ,

Production of wheat, number of bushels

Production of corn, number of bushels

Production of pig iron, number of tons

Production of coal, number of tons

For year ended
March 1, 1881.

For year end-
ed Dec. 1, 1882.

f 356,386,715 41

257,023,527 93

1,879,956,414 77

115,155,808 40

76,845,937 50

160,662,822 20

173,038,253 01

84,108,826 08

20,681,738 00

456,244,111 00

915,271,563 00

16,028,803 00

703,139,889 00

98,570,197 00

5,761,252

264,000,000

480,849,723

1,537,535,900

3,300,000

69,200,934

$ 403,525,250

257,981,440

1,607,543,676

166,281,506

71,077,207

312,924,016

148,435,473

123,176,912

1,800,227

272,941,533

750,542,257

49,417,479

724,039,574

42,472,390

6,700,000

298,000,000

502,789,000

1,624,917,800

3,780,000

72,150,524

GLASS

The Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

$ 2 1 .00

20.00

19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00

10.00
9,00

_

—

_

—

—

I

—

J?

i

£

_^,r-

zi

X

i

£

£

—

1

-t-

- :

—

—

— i —

t

1

1

>—

1

-J-

J

~

n

3

X

X

£_

£

t

1

i

'

._

til

□

ttt

if

Jz J

•

X

t

•

rj

i

17

If

it

_±_

I—

-

—

'

\

•

\

•

1

|>

X

■

f

■

1

i

\

1

\

1

'

t

i

1

—

t

1

1

(-

F

i

t

[A

i

^

-

.

8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00

•:

/

•

—

-

-

01

CD

SALT (Liverpool)
Tlie Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

r- to o o .- cm n *t in 10 s to o o .- cm o ^ w id r- moiCrNn'tin to t- co o o t- cj ci <t m co t- co o o — cm o^wto s co e> o ,_ w n «j in to

NN«wrt^^Jno^ooo^^'t<1v^f^^^|;)lOll^ll)lf)lOlI)ll)lOlDlDlD(alDlOlDlol!)lD^D^^^^^■^.^^^^(DlDO[0(oloo)

(DCO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CC- CO CO ID (D O ID CDOCOCOCQCOCOCOCO CO COCOO D CO to O CO (D O CO CO CO CO COCOCOCOflJCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO CO CO CO

2.60
2.45
2.30
2.15
2.00
1.85
1.70
1.55
1.40
1 15
1.10
i>5
80

65
50

-

1

!

1

!^

1

JL

1

1

\

^

1

r

\

t

\

4

4

\

1

'

1

i

k

'

i

;

/

■

1

)

,

i

v

1

\

\

/

y

/

\

'.

■>

1

/

.

,

U

/

1

t

i

th

7\E

fE"

m

t

-

1

i

.

^

IT

"1

i

In

\

i
i

-

i

1

"1

i

i

\

i

1

/

'

;

.

1

l

i

IT

I

~

1

k

'

1

1

i i

1

_

-

> CO

i a

t~

3

Ti

0) o _ « n

he Year I

it 10 CO t- ffl ff!

y

0

1

[
ve

n

A
ra

R

D

CO

c

•M

o

<

i

A

N

L

,/rZ

in

in o

w Ifl

*7

r

.17

en

■

o

rite)

fork for 6

.. « O * 10 CO

if) CO CO (J) ID 10

0 years.

h- CO 0. O - CV O

O 10 o (- h- i- r-
(0 (0 CO CO O CO CD

4

in id
f- c-

^ 1- K

O w

03

to

Q

B

O a)

O

SI 1.50

1 1.00

10.50
10.00
9.50
9.00

a. 50

8.09
7.50
7.00

4—

_J

_j_

i

!\

' i

|

i

.

|

1

L_

t

T

±

±

i

1

3 :

-L

it

it

it

A -- -

A - -

_ . .

—

t

t t

II t

31

£

t

■

t :

J

t

1 .

I

t - -

1

i— - -

— 1 1 —

rr

— 3-=r::

_JA

II

if II

3

II II

If

It 11

It

I

±

I

jt

it

I

.

.

r

U

— E- --

-3

- — m

-3

i £±

3

it

±

4

t

3

f :

i

t

t

l_

I

I

:

1

•

,

1

'

,

i

t

t

t

l

r

1

j

. .

T»

..

M

F

J 31

■:ri

Cfi

n

S

c

-R

=Sj

6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00

=e\.

=i=— 1=

:P

^

t

1

t

V—

r

__

__

4

=^

t

ri ^

±

i

1

.

i

. q

i

1

i

i

4

-\

1 —

+-

i

i

i

j

1

d

i

zi

i

■

t

n

1

\

n

/

1

r

I

f

\

(

1

]

1

1

1

t

1

i

rc-

±

r^

1

I

".

1

V

;'

'.

_J

1

1

1

:

3

i

I

I

V i

4

—

V

J-

if

1

it

!\-

+

\

1

E

b

-

-

x-

4

4

J3

"1

•

_

I

y

h=

1

1

i

—

3.50

a.»o

• .30

320
3.10

I

1

'$2.89

TEA ( Hi/son)
The Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 .//ears.

10 (osmoiO-No^iotot-mcno^N n<tifi<o^cotj>o_(Nin*fifluji-a>(Jio .-tto^woKtoa. o - n o 4 iduniiiiiopNO^iii«i
<m [McyNtvoooooonnoofl^^ ^rf^^'j^^inifliDioinuiiniomin(DU)U3io<oto'o«>iou h- r- i- t- r- t~r-h-r-r-co<D<ofora(D(o

<0 (D <0 O (0 CD{0(D(D(D<DCQCO(D(0<D(DI»<0<DCO(DQCQ<D CD ffi 0! ffl (0 (D m O CD <D CO CO(0(J)CQCO,CQCOCD(D CD £0 Q> CO (0 JD ID 0){D<DcO<DC0CDffla)c0

$ 1-70

160

|.50

1.4-0
(.30
1-20
MO

1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05

—

— ! —

i

-

~

—

-

—

~

Vol

IOO

90
.80
.70
• 60
.50
.40
.30

20
10

9

e

7
6
5
A
3
2
i

I

/

\

\

/

(

\

\

1

\

/

/

)

\

I

/

\

r

\

1

\

/

\

i

\

S

/ \

1

\

\

\

■'

\

S

A

—

V

I

\

—

—

—

-

—

■A

■+

1

I

1

1

t

1

1

\

\

\

I

—

i

-.-

-1— -

—

—

-

-

—

-

—

--

~

"t"

\

—

\

'

I

1

;

j

—

=

--■I

"k:

—

—

■

i

'.

\

■

1

!

\

i

1

1

\

•

i

1

—

■

1

f

_.

r

-

•

-

\

rz

1

1

\

1

\

i

_l

\

i

i

\

z

\

t

-

IKON (Scotch)

The Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

ifli^i-cDmo_Nn^if)(0S(D(iio^«n^in(D^03(no«.«n^ui<fih-cDflio^«o^[0«3>-(D(to^«n^iflu)h-[n<Po^wn^i()©

CD CD CC ffi d CO CO CO CO COC0(Oc0CDfl>mcjCDCOCDCJCDCJ i j C (DffltCCOfOOcDa) Ct com tOtOcOCOID.COCDQCO'OCOCO QCDiscDCDCDCQcdCDCDOCDcOq)

$62. bU
60.00
57.50
55.00
52.50
50.00
4-7.50
45.00
42.50
40.00

H —

1

1

■'

1

_

—

—

I

!

I

-

,

- -

—

t

•■

5

i

•

. 1

-

'

t

/

1

3:

. tz

\

±

t

-

—

X

t

\

.

±

zt

I

. z!

t

t

1

t

zj:

L

- 1

—

-- ;

t

I

L

I •

—

~3—

±_

-

—

d

j

1

—

—

tz

[Z

tz

Jz

1

t

t

1

t

\

~

t

X

~i

T

\

±

_

-

.

u

zj

V

5: :

z]

x

V .

zl_

—

—

-\~

— h

—

—

tz

.

■

—

—

—

4

37.50
35.00
32.50
30.00
27.50
25.00
22.50

22.00
2 1.. 50
21.00

20.00

t

—

—

-

-

i^

-

~

.

-

-;

|l:

Ei .

-

-

-

n

i

j

i

t

V

-h

— 1

4 —

—

Y-—

— P—

~

-j-

—t

.—

—

—

i

_J

j

ZJ

■

Z]

t

zl

|

j-

q

I

->:: :

-

i

— r

1 — r

— x —

t

—

t

1

1

'

jr

—

""

M

-

;-

-

'

,

-

- \-

-

-

-

-

1

it

"

iz

£

j-

1

+

'

1

rt

-i

■;:

—

—

I

, —

-

1

|

-

^

i

-

t

~~

—

"

^

-

:

1

-

-

--

*

f:

V

■

-Fr

1

T:

"

T,

4

-

Z

-

J

J

S 19.00

NAILS ( Oat)
The Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

u.r-toco.-cvo^iotDNco o e .- cm « ^ tn 10 r- como^-cMfo^tio ©scdoOt-cj ci *t ^ (0 n cocnot-w o 't in a s to 01 o ,. « 0 <t in

N^l«NWf)0(,)n(l)n(1oo^,t,}^1^1^1<|!1ll|LOl^)lDlnll)lI)|'llIllD'l'(il'O^D^D^^^OlO(D^.^^^^^^^^^'')[o□[ocoll)

<OCO0ja>C0COCO(0C0a)COC0C0(DtoCOCO(DCOCOe0(Dfl><OCOCQffl<DC0m

(0

o

(0

35
30

25

20

15

10

5

A
3

2

1

1

!

tt

i I

„h

!\

/

S\

tt

v_

j

■ i i i

-

'

10

\*

-*■

*

/

i —

N

-

I

I

CLOVER SE ED

J7te Yearly Average Price paid in New York for 60 years.

wojNfy«onr)n(onono^t^j^^j^^^^«j'jLiifim(nifiir)intninintD'Oto'Ou)(otou)(Ou)t--^NNr-r-i^NNNCoa)OcO(D(DCD

35
30

25

20

15

10-

5

4
3
2
1

'

/

'.

\

;

\

\

\

,

\

f

b

H,

:

-.-.

c

/

\

\

7

,

1

I

1 1

I

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

781

The last year for which statistics are available at this time is the one
from June, 1884, to the same month of the following year. A detailed
statement of the operations of the government for this year will make an
interesting and profitable supplement. For the time not given in the
foregoing table the following tabulation is given showing balances to close
of the fiscal year, June 30, 1885 :

Years.

Receipts.

Expenditures.

Balances in

the treasury, per

warrants paid.

To June 30, 1883

954,230,145 95
555,399,255 92
568,839,911 73

855,491,967 50
504,646,934 83
471,987,288 54

374,189,081 98
424,941,403 07
521,794,026 26

To June 30, 1884

To June 30, 1885

Total

21,649,805,641 27

21,128,011,615 01

Years.

Appropriations.

Surplus fund.

Balances of
appropriations.

To June 30, 1883

914,686,304 85
523,846,431 29
449,276,159 20

4,785,482 02

16,467,072 58

5,839,431 95

99,156,636 52

101,889,060 40

73,338,499 11

To June 30, 1884

To June 30, 1885

Total

21,713,599,992 15

512,036,827 59

Grand total receipts from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1885, as above $21,649,805,641 27

Grand total expenditures from March 4, 1789, to June 30,

1885, as above $21,128,011,615 01

Balance in treasury June 30, 1885, as above 521,794,026 26

21,649,805,641 27

Grand total appropriated from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1885, as above 21,713,599,992 15

Grand total expenditures from March 4, 1789, to June 30,

1885, as above 21,128,011,615 01

Grand total surplus fund from March 4, 1789, to June 30,

1885, as above 512,036,827 59

Amount erroneously carried to surplus fund in 1847 and
restored to the appropriations in 1850, by order of First
Comptroller 152,249 94

Re-payments where there were no expenditures

in 1851 $21,621 05

Re-payments where there were no expenditures

in 1852 14,179 45

Amount repealing warrant appropriated for naval hospital

at Kittery, Me., (Act March 4, 1864)

Balances of appropriations June 30, 1885, as above

35,800 50

25,000 00
73,338,499 11

21,713,599,992 15

782 TRADE AND COMMERCE.

A statement of the net receipts (by warrants) during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1884

CUSTOMS.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 $57,402,975 67

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 43,660,280 68

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 50,221,598 84

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 43,782,634 57

INTERNAL REVENUE.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 29,662,078 60

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 31,152,817 67

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 26,686,466 58

Quarter ended June 30, 1884. ...% 34,084.709 66

SALES OF PUBLIC LANDS.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 2,932,635 17

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 2,866,606 95

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 2,163,670 26

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 1,847,792 63

TAX ON CIRCULATION OP NATIONAL BANKS.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 1,557,800 88

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 5,997 30

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 1,539,035 96

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 5,895 99

REPAYMENT OF INTEREST BY PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANIES.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 250,962 24

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 603,371 54

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 334,927 14

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 182,102 29

CUSTOMS FEES, FINES, PENALTIES, AND FORFEITURES.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 298,696 78

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 306,153 27

Quarterended March 31, 1884 221,364 89

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 248,450 52

FEES, CONSULAR, LETTERS PATENT, AND LAND.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 863,209 80

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 817,565 26

Quarter ended March 31, 1884. 726,317 77

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 841,844 74

$195,067,489 76

121,586,072 51

9,810,705 01

3,108,730 13

1,371,363 21

1,074,665 46

3,248,937 57

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 783

A statement of the net receipts ( by warrants ) during the fiscal year ended

June 30, 1884.— Continued.

PROCEEDS OF SALES OF GOVERNMENT PROPERTY.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 ..% 112,562 23

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 , 197,805 35

Quarter ended March 31, 1884: 70,402 37

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 165,864 79

$ 546,634 74

PROFITS ON COINAGE.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 t 950,229 46

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 779,109 34

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 1,872,226 85

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 649,043 65

4,250,609 30

REVENUES OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883 256,017 99

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 902,742 40

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 155,387 23

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 656,578 51

1,970,726 13

MISCELLANEOUS.

Quarter ended September 30, 1883. 1,679,748 21

Quarter ended December 31, 1883 1,340,790 91

Quarter ended March 31, 1884 961,335 22

Quarter ended June 30, 1884 , 2,502,061 76

6,483,936 10

Total ordinary receipts 348,519,869 92

Cash in treasury June 30, 1883 346,088,937 07

Total 694,608,806 99

A statement of the net disbursements ( by warrants ) during the fiscal year ended

June 30, 1884.

CIVIL.

Congress $ 6,219,528 65

Executive 10,615,924 48

Judiciary 3,507,517 60

Government in the Territories 261,191 48

Sub-treasuries 362,700 30

Public-land offices 827,500 91

Inspection of steam- vessels 279,490 78

Mint and assay offices 239,053 51

Total civil $23,312,907 71

FOREIGN INTERCOURSE.

Diplomatic salaries .■ 267,845 39

Consular salaries 486,424 09

784 TRADE AND COMMERCE.

A statement of the net disbursements ( by warrants ) during the fiscal year ended

June 30, 1 884.— Continued.

FOREIGN INTERCOURSE.-Continued.

Contingent expenses of foreign missions % 90,678 49

Contingencies of consulates 117,441 85

Prisons for American convicts 14,794 02

Expenses under the Neutrality Act 25,993 80

Publication of consular and commercial reports 18,435 42

American and French Claims Commission 46,154 38

International Fishery Exhibition of 1883 at London 10,000 00

Expenses Court of Alabama Claims 181,400 00

Miscellaneous 1,598 93

Total foreign intercourse $1,260,766 37

T

MISCELLANEOUS.

Mint establishment 1,054,572 37

Life-saving Service 811,968 19

Revenue-cutter Service 930,216 97

Engraving and printing 478,153 96

Coast and Geodetic Survey 639,419 00

Light-house establishment 2,330,549 57

Marine-hospital establishment 465,387 45

Custom-houses, court-houses, postoffices, etc 2,989,210 66

Repairs and preservation of public buildings 149,673 31

Pay of assistant custodians and janitors for public buildings 339,156 48

Fuel, lights, and water for public buildings 465,701 07

Furniture and heating apparatus for public buildings 438,143 82

Vaults, safes, and locks, and plans for public buildings 76,599 90

Storage of silver 84,165 55

Collecting revenue from customs 6,709,485 76

Detection and prevention of frauds on customs revenue 66,482 65

Refunding excess of deposits, etc 5,063,806 37

Debentures and drawbacks under customs laws 3,651,013 74

Compensation in lieu of moieties 30,209 54

Expenses of regulating immigration 235,443 86

Inspection of neat cattle shipped to foreign ports 47,574 70

Assessing and collecting internal revenue 4,216,885 87

Internal-revenue stamps, paper, and dies < . 464,382 57

Redemption of internal-revenue stamps 294,601 54

Punishing violation of internal-revenue laws 54,624 64

Refunds, reliefs, etc., under internal-revenue laws 39,986 34

Allowance or drawback under internal-revenue laws 51,249 04

Rebate of tax on tobacco. 3,535,049 42

Payment of judgments, Court of Claims 33,999 55

Preventing the spread of epidemic diseases 54,967 54

Expenses of national currency 23,617 35

Distinctive paper for United States securities 35,000 00

Suppressing counterfeiting and other crimes 61,266 50

Propagation, etc., of food-fishes 220,977 59

Expenses under Smithsonian Institution 81,803 78

Contingent expenses independent treasury 63,071 33

Sinking-fund, Pacific railroads 1,127,125 00

Mail transportation, Pacific railroads 915,868 29

Expenses of the District of Columbia 3,178,232 73

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

785

A statement of the net disbursements ( by warrants ) during the fiscal year ended

June 30, 1 884.— Continued.

MISCELLANEOUS— Continued.

Charitable institutions, District of Columbia $ 208,816 89

Washington Aqueduct 20,000 00

Water fund, District of Columbia 106,744 13

Increasing water supply of Washington, D. C 312,911 24

Refunding taxes, District of Columbia 2,021 73

Special trust funds, District of Columbia 11,266 51

New engine-house for engine No. 5 2,105 00

Furniture, etc., buildings, Columbia Hospital for Women 5,000 00

Buildings, Reform School 7,500 00

Buildings and grounds in Washington under chief engineer 129,258 29

State, War, and Navy Departments building 434,549 34

Furniture, etc., for State, War, and Navy Departments building. . . . 10,000 00

Fuel, lights, etc., for State, War, and Navy Departments building. : 34,000 00

Completion of Washington Monument 176,000 00

Various monuments and statues 63,360 53

Support and treatment of transient paupers 15,000 00

Department of Agriculture 425,170 35

Capitol building and grounds 147,923 10

Interior Department building , 62,560 00

Pension Office building 188,996 34

Government Hospital for Insane 304,666 11

Columbia Institution for Deaf and Dumb 58,000 00

Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum 46,671 63

Howard University 18,500 00

National Museum 162,612 82

Expenses of Tenth Census 133,793 80

Surveying public and private lands 563,267 17

Geological Survey 306,585 13

Yellowstone National Park 40,000 00

Hot Springs Reservation, Arkansas 89,490 44

Deposit by individuals for surveying public lands 1,116,331 92

Re-payment for lands erroneously sold 32,699 64

Swamp lands and swamp-land indemnity 48,988 53

Depredations on public lands 85,229 98

Protecting public lands 87,278 45

Five, three, and two per cent fund to States 239,491 28

Photo-lithographing, etc., Patent Office 102,188 30

Miscellaneous items 38,136 97

Total miscellaneous $47,346,759 62

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.

Indians ' 6,475,999 29

Pensions 55,429,228 06

Total Interior Department 61,905,227 35

MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.

Pay Department _ 11,761,455 82

Pay Department, bounty and miscellaneous 544,811 58

786 TRADE AND COMMERCE.

A statement of the net disbursements ( by warrants ) during the fiscal year ended

June 30, 1884.— Continued.

MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. -Continued.

Commissary Department $ 1,420,654 30

Quartermaster's Department 10,856,035 19

Medical Department 372,599 18

Ordnance Department 1,956,986 85

Military Academy 89,931 84

Improving rivers and harbors 8,228,703 54

Fortifications 285,540 73

Construction of military posts, roads, etc 350,905 35

National cemeteries, roads, etc 187,760 53

Purchase of the Arlington estate 25,000 00

Mississippi Eiver Commission 150,000 00

Expenses of recruiting 95,832 27

Contingencies of the Army 19,298 34

Signal Service 810,507 26

Expenses of military convicts 7,218 53

Publication of Official Kecords of the War of the Rebellion 37,416 51

Miscellaneous surveys 16,199 70

Support of National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 1,122,088 03

Support of Soldiers' Home 485,534 66

Support of military prison, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 93,412 25

Relief of sufferers from overflow of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers 497,262 96

Miscellaneous items 14,447 95

Total military establishment $ 39,429,603 36

NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT.

General account of advances 588,604 56

Pay and contingencies of the Navy 7,380,371 55

Marine Corps 841,943 35

Naval Academy 180,181 70

Navigation 155,132 60

Ordnance 316,126 09

Equipment and recruiting 865,892 31

Yards and docks 869,886 25

Medicine and surgery 164,083 99

Provisions and clothing 942,223 79

Construction and repair 1,370,325 82

Steam engineering 1,083,587 00

Increase of the Navy 1,794,597 75

Miscellaneous 739,644 68

Total naval establishment 17,292,601 44

Interest on the public debt 54,578,378 48

Total net ordinary expenditures 244,126,244 33

Redemption of the public debt 53,642,804 50

Total expenditures '". 297,769,048 83

Cash in treasury June 30, 1884 396,839,758 16

Total 694,608,806 99

TRADE AND COMMERCE,

787

TRANSPORTATION.

The following table, taken from Poor's Railroad Manual, shows the
number of miles of railroad in operation and the number of miles con-
structed each year in the United States, from 1830 to 1885, inclusive:

Yeah.

1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857

Miles in
operation
at the end

of each
year.

Miles

con-
structed
each year

23

95

72

229

134

380

151

633

■ 253

1,098

465

1,273

175

1,497

224

1,913

416

2,302

389

2,818

516

3,535

717

4,026

491

4,185

159

4,377

192

4,633

256

4,930

297

5,598

668

5,996

398

7,365

1,369

9,021

1,656

10,982

1,961

12,908

1,926

15,360

2,452

16,720

1,360

18,374

1,654

22,016

3,647

24,503

2,647

Yeab.

1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863 .
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.

Miles in
operation
at the end

of each
year.

26,968
2S,789
30,635
31.286
32,120
33,170
33,908
35,085
36,801
39,250
42,229
46,844
52,864
60,291
66,171
70,268
72,383
74,096
76,808
79,088
81,774
86,497
93,543
103,332
114,928

1883 121,454

1884 |125,379

1885 : 128,407

I

Miles

con-
structed
each year

2,465
1,821
1,846
651
834
1,050
738
1,177
1,742
2,449
2,979
4,615
6,070
7,379
5,878
4,107
2,105
1,712
2,712
2.281
2,687
4,721
7,174
9,789
11,591
6,741
3,825
3,028

From the foregoing it appears that in a half century the railways of
the country have increased from 23 miles to 128,407. There has been a
constant increase, though some years show greater gains than others.
The years 1881 and 1882 were remarkably railroad-building years. The
last two years show a large falling off; this does not mean a diminution
of interest in this business so much as that the previous years had supplied
the immediate demand. From the same authority is gleaned the follow-
ing table. It shows the number of miles of railroad in operation in

788

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

each state and territory of the United States during the years 1865, 1870,
1875, and from 1877 to 18S3:

State oe Territory.

1882.

1881.

1880.

1879.

1878.

1877.

1875.

1870.

1865.

1,056

1,038

920

1,967

212

962

1,027

1,021

918

1,959

212

959

1,004

1,014

916

1,915

211

922

1,009

1,019

873

1,870

210

922

989
1,009

873

1,872

208

922

989
964
872
1,863
204
922

980
934
810
1,817
179
918

786
736
614
1,480
136
742

521

New Hampshire

Vermont

Rhode Island

667

587

1,297

125

Connecticut

637

New England

6,155

6,096

5,982

5,903

5,873

5,814

5.638

4,494

3,834

New York

7,037

1,870

6,857

282

1,063
813

6,332

1,781

6,331

275

1,030
706

6,062

1,692

6,166

275

1,005
691

6,008
1,663

6,068
280

966
694

5,877

1,663

6,011

280

952
669

5,725
1,661
5,902

272

944
638

5,423
1,511

5,705
272

929
615

3,928

1,125

4,656

197

671
387

3,002

New Jersey

864

Pennsylvania

3,728

Delaware

134

Maryland and District

of Colombia

West Virginia

446
365

Middle States

17,922

16,455

15,891

15,679

15,452

15,142

14,455

10,964

8,539

Virginia

2,446
1,759
1,517
2,874
973
1,909
1,309
1,032
2,067
1,807

2,224
1,622
1,479
2,540

702
1,859
1,188

937
1,902
1,734

1,897
1,463
1,427
2,438

557
1,845
1,133

675
1,845
1,592

1,672
1,446
1,424
2,460

519
1,832
1,140

544
1,701
1,595

1,646
1,435
1,419
2,415

487
1,832
1,126

466
1,665
1,528

1,635
1,426
1,406
2,339

485
1,801
1,088

466
1,656
1,509

1,608
1,356
1,235
2,264

484
1,800
1,018

466
1,630
1,326

1,449

1,178

1,139

1,845

446

1,167

990

450

1,492

1,017

1,407
567
984

1,296

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

1,007

Alabama

1,420

Mississippi

416

.Louisiana

805

Tennessee

898

Kentucky

335

Southern States

17,693

16,187

14,872

14,333

14,019

13,811

13,287

11,173

9,129

Ohio

6,931

4,654

5,018

8,752

3,824

3,974

2,133

6,968

2,494

3.864

4,500

350

1,533

6,007

2,772

1,076

613

472

967

659

6,321

4,326

4,406

8,309

3,471

3,577

1,733

6,165

2,273

3,653

4,206

285

1,033

4,926

2,193

1,034

564

251

782

267

5,824

3,981

4,020

7,900

3,169

3,390

1,320

5,401

1,949

3,444

3,964

279

889

3,257

1,576

745

500

182

747

no

5,521
3,673
4,336

7,578

2,896

3,008

400

4,779

1,634

3,103

3,740

275

808

2,591

1,208

118

472

220

593

10

5,151
3,593
4,198
7,448
2,810
2,535

320
4,266
1,344
2,427
3,286

275

783

2,428

1,165

8

472
80

543

4,878
3,477
4,057
7,334
2.701
2,194
290
4,134
1,286
2,352
3,198
275
767
2,210
1,045

4,461
3,346
3,963

7,109
2,566
1,990

275
3,850
1,167
2,150
2,905

275

740
1.685

807

3,538
1,638
3,177
4,823
1,525
1,092
65
2,683
705
1,501
2,000

256
711
157

3,331

Michigan

941

Indiana

2,217

Illinois

3,157

Wisconsin

1,010

Minnesota

213

Dakota Territory

Iowa

891

Nebraska

925

Kansas

Missouri

38

465
122

40

Colorado

New Mexico Territory. .
Wyoming Territory ....
Idaho Territory

465

459

429

Utah Territory

Montana Territory

506

506

257

Western States

67,561

59,775

52,647

46,963

43,132

41,169

38,254

24,557

13,350

948
2,643
765
807
434

894
2,315
549
627
434

738
2,201
401
561
250

720
2,209
183
295
212

627

2,149

27

283

212

627
2,080

601
1,503

593
925

California

214

Arizona Territory

19

Oregon

248
197

248
110

159

Washington Territory . .

Pacific States

5,597

4,819

4,151

3,619

3,298

3,152

2,462

1,677

233

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

789

The following table, taken from the same source as the previous tables,
shows mileage, capital, cost, and revenue of all the railroads of the United
States for 1884:

States and Territories.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Florida

Oeorgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey 1,881

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania . <

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia . . . .'

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Length

Length

CAPITAL, ACCOUN1

Cost of rail-

of

of line

Total
investment.

road and

line.

operated.

Capital stock.

Funded debt.

equipment.

1,984

. 1,452

32,548,253

38,062,740

73,013,319

63,693,690

455

71

21,495,000

11,330,000

33,125,000

31,774,003

1,098

405

18,936,909

21,394,510

41,940,456

42,170,025

3,546

3,403

144,795,061

137,821,630

289,530,342

297,317,406

2,251

778

54,169,500

41,140,991

99,643,537

91,861,784

994

984

36,640,748

11,858,800

50,230,209

47,835,892

358

5,954,000

5,954,000

11,908,000

11,908,000

225

222

5,845,764

6,900,000

12,759,764

4,224,326

1,123

788

20,375,800

16,222,500

30,598,300

33,209,995

3,049

2,360

44,049,589

42,119,000

88,219,190

78,657,406

13,051

14,605

330,521,953

297,633,116

638,579,493

597,392,415

6,572

6,244

142,442,096

152,435,782

307,394,953

283,324,374

3,516

1,793

63,690,621

54,198,820

118,956,767

116.701,571

4,065

4,033

89,919,936

76,582,500

174,773,320

169,033,477

2.521

1,943

61,401,013

102,700,662

170,559,413

141,621,990

1,592

951

33,360,600

45,804.000

79,314,600

79,532,944

1,213

1,066

18,967,514

22,342,930

42,199,067

40,138,574

1,256

1,079

45,505,268

43,085,896

92,992,617

104,149,009

2,399

2,656

103,068,211

80,390,438

193,830,160

178,862,870

4,827

4,830

92,397,725

97,985,012

201,502,606

202,530,971

5,806

5,695

174,973,739

145,420,191

325,267,297

334,707,039

548

341

10,281,978

9,824,541

20,593,101

18,365,864

6,485

5,630

187,349,104

174,648,059

365,263,131

318,622,291

81

4,

1,496,000

1,436.000

2,932,000

2,932,000

2,482

2,181

64,735,000

124,108,297

192,231,306

168,967,098

502

147

12,307,750

5,765,000

18,091,003

15,352,195

847

661

16,709,500

5,772,000

23,631,930

23,739,898

1,881

1,390

115,120,570

131,465,612

257,725,083

215,251,975

1,070

735

61,699,100

35,185,264

103,099,949

99,589,339

7,399

7,811

466,141,904

386,802,075

886,084,951

835,973,890

1,675

1,366

21,642,750

19,358,970

41,413,342

39,932.984

9,205

8,623

365,097,827

358,031,976

751,846,324

700,272,172

1,040

871

44,929,000

25,478,000

70,898,617

58,926,314

7,061

6,848

399,319,058

403,609,790

843,496,128

508,792,476

147

139

4,663,631

2,219,575

6,909,305

5,774,161

1,627

1,570

17,061,160

26,743,011

44,614,326

42,956,094

1,742

3,399

69,599,338

84,664,500

156,259,325

160,260,155

5,962

9,530

106,236,283

140,142,000

256,018,346

234,939,789

1,293

871

21,057,860

19,813,000

41,234,363

40,779,757

874

900

24,548,300

14,113,000

40,097,809

37,773,398

2,963

2,853

95,019,508

94,123,064

197,864,010

181,167,845

55

1,076,000

901,000

1,977,000

1,977,000

437

169

18,275,021

8,358,400

27,236,883

16,750,261

6,310

6,173

84,088,744

130,680,000

216,935,412

217,213,227

632

596

13,102,000

14,495,000

27,957,000

27,597.000

790

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The distribution, by states, of the mileage, capital, cost and revenue
of all the railroads of the United States for the year 1884, is shown
below:

States and Territories.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire.

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island
South Carolina. . .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia . . .

Wisconsin

Wyoming

GROSS EARNINGS.

From
passengers.

$1,510,073

13,141

602,447

8,228,781

631,498

5,467,305

269,626

478,841

2,723,283

23,106,467

8,191,670

1,166,889

4,940,115

3,306,475

4,364,531

1,825,732

3,189,930

14,746,493

7,946,280

8,152,052

350,890

8,294,580

3,810

4,423,252

55,375

1,397,573

8,812,128

239,391

21,448,032

1,012,819

15,817,234

1,437,754

20,567,214

845,722

1,314,730

2,923,436

5,589,590

860,078

1,413,273

3,228,468

From

freight.

.$4,613,620

132,887

782,280

14,414,837

2,144,657

5,120,906

294,227

6,894,788

222,749

564,240

895,504

5,614,735

65,165,564

20,623,926

3,800,096

16,915,388

8,325,529

2,157,043

2,795,173

10,454,386

16,051,105

17,144,882

20,570,757

818,707

25,730,073

40,682

12,274,828

725,775

2,271,024

12,587,027

771,219

45,354,161

2,302,674

41,306,226

2,569,235

81,630,775

583,254

3,134,184

6,773,787

11,965,422

2,234,810

2,629,218

9,043,042

From all
sources.

$6,482,113
156,502

1,499,415
24,701,978

2,964,908
11,393,263

532,547

18,541,922

695,803

867,922

1,494,568

8,945,440

96,234,548

30,871,136

5,190,646

23,023,163

12,675,554

6,854,681

4,487,536

13,820,186

33,020,816

26,124,720

30,007,001

1,222,480

36,673,699

44.492

18,826,369

809,698

3,906,866

22,520,686

1,986,862

77,146,692

3,721,701

61,257,759

4,549,442

107,115,169

1,538,275

4,843,536

10,282,177

16,906,511

3,313,096

4,212,157

13,335,738

Net
earning

Interest paid
on bonds.

$2,052,641

67,776

520,404

9,869,559

256,109

3,341,202

837,164

27,280,743
1,059,200

227,084

493,171

2,581,425

39,237,515

6,323,458

1,480,359

9,332,393

4,807,100

2,342,266

1,484,816

6,206,248

8,719,301

6,765,096

12,644,744

313.138

16/255,707

28,911

9,076,526

331,834

1,188,319

6,659,024

123,332

20,553,977

1,156,055

18,907,628

2,172,616

43,312,992

522,526

1,398,094

4,089,486

3,244,425

1,482,983

1,261,845

4,698,107

190,862

10,855,077

288,639

$1,818,110

667,920

214,365

7,002,462

562,550

545,882

311,780

89,000

384,282

1,799,125

15,419,983

6,358,371

1,755,214

2,780,496

3,704,593

2,260,866

1,000,757

2,146,072

4,722,674

4,932,199

7,737,264

297,996

10,410,580

100,520

5;645,801

51,500

356,564

8,719,779

490,470

16,772,508

536,135

11,876,122

617,578

22,588,121

154,532

1,131,350

2,947,439

5,488,850

949,810

423,971

4,091,565

Dividend
paid on
stocks.

$ 130.000

1,882,110

108,454

2,409,528

91,590

1,458,922

16,066,706

288,892

595,136

2,890,313

220,735

6,665,018

735,240

400,000
803,889
1,648,679
4,568,274
1,499,657
2,591,052

3,211,438

1,065,197
210,000
830,049

5,204,340

11,600,057

451,592

6,658,721

1,800,000

18,655,435

277,213

134,245

379,727

417,080
228,708
286,870

16,394
3,343,567

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

;«ji

A recapitulation of the items contained in the two preceding tables by
groups of states is shown below:

Groups and Tereitoeies

LeDgth
of line.

Length

of line

operated.

Capital stock.

3APITAL ACCOUNT.

Funded debt. Total investment

Cost of rail-
road and equip-
ment.

6,405
18,256
19,826
72,704

7,961

6,407
17,520
17,025
66,122

6,098

$ 204,597,904
1,050,207,585

405,339,989
1,795,111,437

307,359,771

$ 136,696,843
980,215,773
470,622,988

1,836,286,254
236,293,914

$ 356,898,480
2,120,295,426

908,448,926
3,732,799,948

557,956,274

$ 334,124,293
1,685,141,937

839,398,967
3,520,173,233

545,716,014

Middle States

Western States

Pacific States

Total United States. .

125,152

113,172

3,762,616,686

3,669,115,772

7,676,399,054

6,924,554,444

GEOSS EARNINGS.

Interest paid
on bonds.

Groups and Teeeitories

From
passengers.

From freight.

From all
sources.

Net earnings.

paid on
stocks.

New England

Middle States

Southern States

"Western States

Pacific States

25,678,097
54,581,157
21,213,506
93,982,421
11,334,520

29,450,680
151,123,136

43,678,825
257,768,506

20,848,763

58,558,913
222,307,819

69,857,988
377,964,310

34,617,578

16,513,814
77,150,187
23,831,483
135,216,991
13,801,436

7,204,380
50,536,215
18,971,461
80,994,343

9,579,740

9,117,661
37,216,495

3,241,356
39,319,133

4,309,190

Total United States.

206,790,701

502,869,910

763,306,608

266,513,911

167,286,139

93,203,835

There is no legal authority compelling the railroads of the country, to
exhibit statements of their business ; but most of the roads do publish
annually such a statement. Previous to the year 187 1 it was impossible
to obtain any complete statistics; since that time the following table
compiled from Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the United States,
exhibits the main business facts:

Miles
operated.

Capital and
funded debt.

EARNINGS.

Year.

Gross.

Net.

From freight.

From

passengers.

Dividends
paid.

1871

44,614

$2,664,627,645

$403,329,208

$141,746,404

$294,430,322

$108,898,886

$56,456,681

1872

57,523

3,159,423,057

465,241,055

165,754,373

340,931,785

132,309,270

64,418,157

1873

66,237

3,784,543,034

526,419,925

183,810,562

389,035,508

137,384,427

67,120,709

1874

69,273

4,221,763,594

520,466,016

189,570,958

379,466,935

140,999,081

67,042,942

1875

71,759

4,415,636,630

503,065,505

185,506,438

368,960,234

139,105,271

74,294,208

1876

73,508

4,468,591,935

497,257,959

186,452,752

361,137,376

136,120,583

68,039,668

1877

74,112

4,568,597,248

472,909,272

170,976,697

342,859,222

130,050,050

58,566,312

1878

78,960

4,589,948,793

490,103,351

187,575,167

365,466,061

124,637,290

53,629,368

1879

82,223

4,762,506,010

529,012,999

219,916,724

386,676,108

142,336,191

61,681,470

1880

84,225

4,897,401,997

615,401,931

255,193,436

467,748,928

147,653,003

77,115,411

1881

94,486

6,055,798,785

725,325,119

276,654,119

551,968,477

173,356,642

93,344,200

1882

107,158

6,640,493,397

770,356,716

310,682,877

506,367,247

202,140,775

102,031,434

1883

110,414

6,746,579,147

823,772,924

298,367,285

549,756,695

215,287,824

102,052,543

1884 , ,

115,672

7,431,732,458

770,684,908

268,064,496

506,925,375

208,300,940

93,244,835

792

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

In the annual report of the Bureau of Navigation, the number, ton-
nage and distribution of the shipping of the United States, as this existed
June 30, 1885, is as follows:

States and Terri-
tories IN WHICH
Documented.

Sailing vessels.

Steam vessels.

Canal boats.

Barges.

Total.

Alabama

No.

82

16
706
522
160

41
379

82
226

ns.

4,800

367

149,385

45,959

14,847

1,099

27,920

11,807

52,446

No.

49

2

194

148

26

30

110

51

177

60

68

74

189

119

173

156

511

64

44

155

21

7

105

1,274

62

252

129

461

44

52

106

36

8

101

79

112

150

Tons.

5,697

131

101,757

36,565

5,099

8,580

11,568

24,024

21,076

8,728

9,128

17,315

54,313

22,242

53,370

68,941

110,859

6,665

4,801

54,474

4,013

388

13,688

457,038

4,738

96,642

42,626

133,796

21,209

6,761

20,422

- 3,297

2,318

8,346

9,424

13,479

31,391

No.

Tons.

No.
11

Tons.
460

No.

142

18

900

835

186

72

489

133

403

60

68

74

598

2,477

2,280

2,068

1,071

78

164

283

21

66

1,078

5,564

350

424

184

1,080

270

227

106

252

33

1,236

166

112

395

Tons.

958

498

California.

251,142

Connecticut

Delaware

2

251

165

25,896

108,672
19,945

Dist. of Columbia.

1

508

10,188

Florida

39,489

j...

35,831

Illinois

73,522

Indiana

1

8,728

Iowa

|

9,128

17,315

Louisiana

409
2,356
2,098
1,902

504
1

120

15,639

464,510

91,261

370,925

99,008

88

4,534

69,952

Maine

2

9

10

56

13

82

2,207

2,971

16,529

1,615

487,574

Maryland

146,889

Massachusetts

442,838

Michigan

226,391

Minnesota

-

8,369

Mississippi

9,334

Missouri

128

112,872

167,347

Nebraska

4,013

New Hampshire . .

59
924

2,808
288
166
47
543
226
175

10,502
61,491

564,764
10,167
65,820
10,592

136,104

18,577

6,045

10,891

New York

North Carolina . . .

1

68

279
90,118

48
514

13,954
106,193

89,412

1,218,113

14,906

Ohio

6

8

32

2,172
5.973
6,693

164,634

Oregon

59,192

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island. . . .

44

5,822

282,416
39,786

South Carolina. . .

12,806

Tennessee

20,422

212

13

1,135

87

4,732

1,062

37,441

4,352

4

590

8,619

Vermont

12

1,211

4,591

Virginia

45,787

49,776

West Virginia. . . .

13,479

Wisconsin

245
16,532

51,634

83,025

Total

2,373,884

5,399

1,494,917

1,027

97,681

1,005

299,451

23,963

4,265,934

SUMMABY.

Atlantic and Gulf
Coasts

14,354

856

1,322

1,860,059
200,696
313,129

2,671

404

1,175

1,149

773,443
153,939
335,859
231,676

256

27,521

746

8

111

140

148,290

5,973

30,810

114,378

18,027
1,268
3,379
1,289

2,809,323

360,608

Northern Lakes. . .
Western Rivers . . .

71

70,150

749,949
346,059

United States, Tot.

16,532

2,373,884

5,399

1,494,917

1,027

97,681

1,005

299,451

23,963

4,265,934

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

793

During the year 1885, the increase in the shipping facilities of the
country was not great; the exact number of vessels built, the class and
tonnage, is shown below:

Grand Divisions.

Sailing

vessels.

Steam
vessels.

Canal boats.

Barges.

Total.

Atlantic and Gulf Coasts

No.
465

38
30

Tons.

59,331

2,170

3,861

No.

155
38
64
81

Tons.
44,016

8,867
20,228
11,220

No.
3

Tons.
. 315

No.

23

Tons.

6,309

N. ' Tons.
6<^' 109.972

Pacific Coast

76

117

81

11,038

Northern Lakes

18

1,968

5

768

26,826
11,220

Western Rivers

Grand total

533

65,362

338

84,333

21

2,283

28

7,077

920

159,056

The following table shows the tonnage of all vessels built in the United
•States and the localities in which the building was done, for every year
from 1857 to T883.

TONNAGE BUILT.

Year Ended June 30.

On the New

England

coast.

On the
entire sea-
board.

On the

Mississippi
River and
tributaries.

On the
Great
Lakes.

Total.

1857

Tons.

183,625

103,862

79,322

134,289

104,675

45,595

79,576

112,611

133,040

121,333

135,189

98,708

103,604

110,584

64,366

46,269

76,406

136,251

151,497

95,288

90,992

90,386

55,874

46,374

54,488

93,965

110,226

Tons.
285,453
177,412
133,294
169,836
179,767
112,487
215,667
310,421
291,306
232,388
230,810
175,812
191,194
182,836
156,249
128,097
218,139
277,093
244,474
163,826
132,996
155,138
115,683
101,719
125,766
188,084
210,349

Tons.
41,854
35,659
17,128
32,970
29,960
8,785
27,407
56,169
66,576
70,555
35,106
52,695
34,576
56,859
73,080
36,344
48,659
63,646
23,294
23,636
34,693
68,928
62,213
32,791
81,189
35,817
26,443

Tons.

51,498

31,642

6,180
11,992
23,467
53,804
67,972
49,151
36,719
33,204
39,679
56,798
49,460
37,258
43,897
44,611
92,448
91,986
29,871
16,124

8,903
11,438
15,135
22,899
73,504
58,369
28,638

Tons.
378,805

1858

244,713

1859

156,602

1860

214,798

1861

233,194

1862

175,076

1863

311,046

1864

415,741

1865

394,601

1866

336,147

1867

305,595

1868

285,305

1869

275,230

1870

276,953

1871..

273,227

1872

209,052

1873

359,246

1874

432,725

1875

297,639-

1876

203,586

1877

176,592

1878 :

235,504

1879

193,031

1880

157,409

1881

280,459

1882

282,270

1883 \...

265,430

79i

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The distribution of the tonnage of all vessels built, from 1869 to 1883,
as to steam or sailing vessels, is shown below:

Yeab Ended June 30.

Sailing vessels.

Steam vessels.

Total.

1869

Tons.

1,039

679

2,067

Tons.

3,545

7,602
13,412
12,766
26,548
33,097
21,632
21,346

5,927
26,960
22,008
25,538
28,320
40,097
37,613

Tons.
4,584

1870

8,281

1871

15,479

1872

12,766

1873

26,548

1874

33,097

1875

21,632
21,346

1876

1877

5,927
26,960

1878

1879

22,008

1880

44

36

25,582

1881

28,356

1882

40,097

1883

2,033

39,646

From the annual reports of the Register of the Treasury, the follow-
ing table is eompiled, showing the tonnage of sailing vessels and of steam
vessels comprising the merchant marine of the United States, from i860
to 1883, inclusive.

Year Ended
June 30.

Sail.

Steam.

Total.

Year Ended
June 30.

Sail.

Steam.

Total.

1860

Tons.

4,485,931
4,662,609
4,401,701
4,579,537
4,008,440
1,212,805
2,816,838
2,442,012

785,254
2,834,535

278,072

3,118,895

33,449

3,041,073

Tons.

867,937

877,204

710,463

575,519

977,960

367,189

699,950

926,267

157,245

1,122,980
68,900

1,199,415

Tons.
5,353,868
5,539,813
5,112,164
5,155,056
4,986,400
1,579,994
3,516,788
3,368,279

942,499
3,957,515

346,972

4,318,310

33,449

4,144,641

1870

Tons.

3,171,412
3,194,970
3,326,194
3,539,584
3,615,042
3,685,064
3,107,086
3,071,403
3,045,087
2,993,429
2,856,476
2,792,736
2,810,108
2,822,293

Tons.
1,075,095
1,087,637
1,111,553
1,156,443
1,185,610
1,168,668
1,172,372
1,171,197
1,167,678
1,176,172
1,211,558
1,264,998
1,355,825
1,413,194

Tons.
4,246,507

1861

1871. . .

4,282,607
4,437,747
4,696,027
4,800,652
4,853,732
4,279,458

1862

1872. . .

1873

1864

1874.

1875.

1876

1866

1877.

4,242,600
4,212,765
4,169,601
4,068,034
4,057,734

1866

1878.

1867

1879. .

1867

1880.

1868

1881. .

1868

1882.

4,165,933
4,235,487

1869

1,103,568

1883. .

The appended table shows the tonnage of vessels of the United
States employed in the foreign trade, in the coastwise trade, in the

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

795

whale fisheries, and in the cod and mackerel fisheries, from i860 to
18S3, inclusive:

Year Ended June 30-

1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1865.
1866.
1866.
1867.
1867.
1868.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.

Foreign
trade.

Tons.
2,379,396
2,496,894
2,173,537
1,926,886
1,486,749

509,199
1,009,151
1,031,541

356,215
1,300,852

214,796
1,460,940
33,449
1,496,220
1,448,846
1,363,652
1,359,040
1,378,533
1,389,815
1,515.598
1,553,705
1,570,600
1,589,348
1,451,505
1,314,402
1,297.035
1,259,492
1,269,681

Coastwise
trade.

Tons.
2,644,867
2,704,544
2,606,716
2,960,633
3,245,265
1,016,199
2,365,323
2,162,220

557,401
2,528,214

132,176
2,702,140

2,515,515
2,638,247
2,764,600
2,929,552
3,163,220
3,293,439
3,219,698
2,598,835
2,540,322
2,497.170
2,598,183
2.637,686
2,646,011
2,795.776
2,838,354

Whale
fisheries.

Cod

fisheries.

Tons.

166.841

145,734

117,714

99,228

95,145

1,380

89,136

76,990

28,180

52,384

71,343

70,202
67,954
61,490
51,608
44,755
39,108
38,229
39,116
40,593
39,700
40,028
38,408
38,551
32,802
32,414

Tons.

136.653

137,846

133,601

117,290

103,742

36,683

28,502

51,139

503

44,567

83,887

62,704
91,460
92,865
97,547
109,519
78,290
80,207
87,802
91,085
86,547
79,885
77.538
76,137
77,863
95,038

Mackerel
fisheries.

Tons.

26,111

54,795

80,596

51,019

55,499

16,533

24,676

46,589

31,498

Total

merchant
marine.

Tons.

5,353,868
5,539,813
5,112,164
5,155,056
4,986,400
1.579,994
3,516,788
3,368,479

942,299
3,957,515

346,972
4,318,310
33 449
4,144,641
4,246,507
4,282,607
4,437,747
4,696,027
4,800.652
4,853,732
4,279,458
4,242,600
4,212,765
4,169,601
4,068,034
4,057,734
4,165,933
4,235,487

The following table exhibits the tonnage of all American and foreign
vessels, sailing and steam, which cleared from the seaports of the United
States for foreign countries, for each year, from 1864 to 1883:

^ 1

^0

TONNAGE CLEARED.

SAILING VESSELS.

steam: VESSELS.

TOTAL SAIL AND STEAM.

American.

Foreign.

Total.

American.

Foreign.

Total.

American.

Foreign.

Total.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

1864..

a

a

a

a

a

a

1,662,282

2,616,951

4,279,233

1865..

a

a

a

a

a

a

1,710,330

2,450,201

4,160,531

1866..

a

a

a

a

a

a, . .

2,029,755

3,131,077

5,160,832

1867. .

a

a

a

a

a

a

2,270,096

3,230,392

5,500,488

1868..

a

a

a

2,625,031

3,186,200

5,811,231

1869..

a, ....

a. ....

u .

a

2,502.200

3,612,138

6,114,338

1870. .

1,707,477

2,164,120

3,871,597

822,121

1,667,910

2,490,031

2,529,598

3,832,030

6,361,628

1871..

1,850,075

2,467,078

4,317,153

784,766

1,815,883

2,600,649

2,634,841

4,282,961

6,917,802

1872..

1,784,277

2,858,253

4,642,530

813,334

2,282,894

3,096,228

2,597,611

5,141,147

7,738,758

1873..

1,689,018

3,118,218

4,807,236

885,003

2,822,631

3,707,634

2.574,021

5,940,849

8,514,870

1874..

1.899,883

3,799,956

5,699,839

1,061,220

3,296,991

4,358,211

2,961,103

7,096,947

10,058,050

1875..

1,891,248

3,145,920

5,037,168

1,170,106

3,133,425

4,303,561

3,061,354

6,279,345

9,340,699

1876..

1,937,100

3,484,177

5,421,277

1,100,262

3,317,919

4,418,181

3,037.362

6,802,096

9,839,458

1877. .

1,930,203

3,889,534

5,819,737

1,112,955

3,455.902

4,568,857

3,043,158

7,345,436

10,388,594

1878..

2,045,168

4,484,098

6,529,266

1,151,323

4,163,042

5,314,365

3,196,491

8,647,140

11,843.631

1879. .

1,948,664

5,255,170

7,203,834

1,122,623

5,290,233

6,412,856

3,071,287

10,545,403

13,616,690

1880..

1,918,949

5,813,302

7,732,251

1,158,775

6,404,671

7,563,446

3,077,724

12,217,973

15,295,697

1881..

1,798,769

5,278,390

7,077,159

1,240,775

7,476,063

8,716,838

3,039,544

12,754,453

15,793,997

1882..

1,576,359

4,621,672

6,198,031

1,359,153

7,289,284

8,648,437

2,935,512

11,910,956

14,846,468

1883. .

1,584,768

4,008,616

5,593,384

1,310,309

6,661,329

7,971,638

2,895,077

10,669,945

13,565,022

a During these years the sailing and steam vessels were not reported separately.

796

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

-5J

<u

;*-

5

©

©

©

5
©

•53
CO

S.

a
©

© ©

§-1

c ©

© *"

<>>
goo

53 On
© ©
"^K

«oo

© *«.

© CO
©3.©

co -ft

B 5

© a

c «

■S>s:

© .©j

co s^
O ©

l09

«

©

to

o

-=:

-©
«

©

©

OH(OOlOH-*COr(CTI»HGOOONCI500000iHOt>t-09N

(D»fieoei!Ooei3conoDMm(NOiOL-oo)iOB!t-o9ffl!OiN

•OCOiirat-t-IN(NiOOO-*U03t2(»t^uOOOillOlO!2!DOlT|IO

•pjsjoo, ptrejg

SriOt^l^ft^COftOOOririi— lt-03Ttl00O0)I10CI5<0IO(0OlO

> as to to c o .^[-(otoOHHOHaHio^coooiiriciaiito *

sooitxci-*Nn(NrtHioa)H»oii»iaonix)o3iiociMX)io

■**'*IO'*'*'*-*^l01010(0»(St-000«0>Ort»W10'<jfco

1—1 1 — t l — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 , — | i — | ! — |

!0!0i0l0OfflN«OlOfflHO00HHi-l0)45)Q0Ht-^^MI>

t-ititoMOHOoniaaMooiiHsioioioioisxN^rtt-

M-^t>^m^r^t>^wc^OTt>^oo_c^iooocoo!-! co, co i— i ■* cn t- io io o

•uBOjjaniy

= » t-' io* h w" t> to n o" a" o" ia" n a" •*" t-" >* h h" i> m" to" h t>." oi" o" in

(.OfflfflHOt-tOtOtOHINIXNOflCOOllXOtBWilfflt-NtOWOl

MilH03lOOOl0^1Dt-OWt010lO<OlOIOOOOOr 1 O O O ft 00

MMco«ci««HHcqiNoiiN«c]«iN«Mmcomnw(o«d'

^H)rtHiaOOINHHI>fflOOOOHt-9Ma<D(008»e80ia

osnot-oooaiot-oorocotDii^^TnaiMcoot-ioiO'*

■ HOHoooriajaiMccoNHOOHiBoicooitioiffi^oa

•nSlOJOI TPIOT 1 5»t- tO »OH OfflWCillSriOeOllMBt-iab-^OOJ
u ■ * lB+uA .OCSOOlOCOMl-M10ronCOnKIODT»-*0)t-0'*T|l'*HlOH(D

MOSniat-OtCOtB^HIMHtDOOfflHOlOMOOWtOQOt-flltO

HHHririri«««osMffl«»i*aiai>to®i-a)ONnrio

Hri H HiH

.CslririCOlOftCNOtOin..' COOStOHHCfOint^OOlTlllOHMfl

•n3ia

enO^HCOdMOOOHMO^COOOHCOlOOOffi^OWII-OtO

= qi*K3tDffl^x»^ioMoooTiitot-'<*mwt8Bato[-oiNia

-jo j aai^o fjy

£ o" t~" to" •*" of o" ■<*" oo" 'n" h w a" m" to" h to n" h o" »" a" a" x" io" io" •* to"

(Mi— 1 i— 1 ri riHCMC01N(NCSICO(N(NC<l^'*10mW^'*raTl<T|H'*

OCO-*ffiaiOt-00!tOHCMO(l>fflHOatOOCOODtDOt-03tD

stoiocoatotDiiioaacaiOHTHoaootofflaoccHco^cO'*

■8san3n^ao,j

CCS S) Q tO O H a CO H t- 00 CO H IO t> ri_H U IN t- tO.OO tO CO ri O «

£ to" co" *" co' ^" m t-" i>" o" io* t-" 4 ^" o" h" « co" io" co" co" oo" cf o" o" to" d a"

i-ll— 1 i-t T-H i-H i-H i— 1 rt (M M ?1 H « r 1

COt-Or-t-HCOLOilCOt-OIMr't-MilCOOl'HO'fOllOOOO

,Ht-cooio«ootoio^o«««to ao «nat-c>io)b-ioot-

« to oo_ co, m ■* co^ a ■* cj w h w n w to_ in ■* cj o, iob h h i> a_ to ■* co

■qsinBfj

5 d o" o" ft a' d a co" oo" co" o" h" of co" to" oo" co" h* k>" oo" co" ef n pi" m ^" »

hH i-l H«COHrtHHi-IHHnPIMHHCMfl^t-'t-00G

1—1

coacoioococoHCONatDHioamoiiiiiciHOiNicaccto

.ooaMNcoLOcotoatoooOHtot-tOHtsiot-atoooto^oi

jaoooNcoco'dOiotDtoarKaeoiat-ioooot-ooHWtoa

■qoojnd

0ftO-*0I(MntCC0H0lHC0C<ll0C0t>a'*HOOilC0C<It-a(0

M HHHriHHN«HHrtHHHHM^t-tOtOl-01H«lO«3

1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1

cot-aco^Haaaoato^to^ciiCTOioo^cMootococo

.iNTHiHt-OC0C000C0OC0!NO01l0OO00C0hOOC00]|>L0

"COa.tOrflCOIOOt-^^OOOOOCOnTKHOlCNCOOOloaLOaC

•iibissujj

3 h" t-" h -»" o* io" d ■*" d of h o" h cc" d 4 o io" o' co" d d h" d t-" h" h"

El i — 1 l — 1 i — 1 H N ■* H H H ri riCN10[~COt-t~CDOriftt-e-

1—1 i-H

■*rttoaocaoooo(Ncit-tOTnaHO]tDoocMo^ooooiiit-

.CSHHCOCMtOl-riOOCqiOlOCOIOtOCOlOrilOHOrtCOflHCO'*

» oo, i> oq h co, cq ft, ft, on oo t~ ■* h to °°. °. ^ "* ^ *. * "* ^. °. H. l-. t^

3 CO" ■*" cf Hldrf cf "*" r-T CO" IO cf to" tD CO" rH CO" cm" ri" ri O" CO ri •*$

• aBiSjag

hi-* H-#ooaafitocot-cNCN'

H ri N OI CO CO

t-ooi(Hooooai5i>5toiOHmiocoioi>io^o«^t-ioiacc

. ri ri CO LO to t^ to CO t> N IO LO CI ■* r- laHtSOCOOOt-^'IO t> CS IO

2 CO, tO, », CN H O T|H, •* t- a_ ■* ri 1> H t-_ H H 00, IO, IO, CO, ©_, IO, CN H tS l>

o h" h cf t-" cf io of rif to" to" co" co" io" "*" a" cf co" a" co" lo" of h a" »" a* h co"

•nBiJojsny

Eh rt ri OO CI i-ri CNtOriOlOtOCOftriOOCOlO

i— l ri ri i— ICNi— ICNi— li-Hi— 1

Ol O 00 00H t-BOOriOS^t-OOCO^CO OOl 00 O t-'H O l> ri

. t- CD CN IO a Q>t- COt-COIOOIOtDHtOt- CO H Tff .tO CD ■* t- CO CO SO

»(Na^cotDT|(coari<csio<Mt-Ht-t»cOHaiOTiiciacocot-o

•ijsiuB'Jg

o co co* cf co" io" co" t> co" io" cn" cn" ft" io o" o" •*" 6" cf a" cf ri" co" b-T ,_£ „" co" to"

W l> to I- IO H H CNCNCOCNCOCOftCOftftCNOOfttOCOtOt^lO

i-H i— li-Hi— li— ICNCNCNCN

■riiOricotoot-^ciaaoaooCT^cMocooiocoHOriat-

.coriCriericoocoatootoacocot-aiocot-cociiococori

» N tO 00 LO O O a C-rit^t-OOCOOOOOOCOC-t-riCOftt-ftOC-

•ipneaj

o cf t-" ■-" o" ri 00" ri" ri" ft" co t-" o" cd o" to cd co" o" go" 10" od co" to" t^ ri

EiCOiriC)ClHri<MOO-*lO[-l>a»aHCSlTHCOtDCOIMTdCOOCOri(

ririi-rii-Hi-riCNCNCNCNCOCOCO

tet-oaioiot-tDootoaMi>ioi>^Hacpoot-tocoO'^"*i-

.riftc-HIOlOrilOCOOTllOOaatOCOt-a^Xri.C-OOtOririt-

SCOQlO^tOOiOCNt-t-IOCOlQt-lOai-CO^^HCOacOONCOtO

■UBipm

QtOtOaClt-Nt-(NtDtOCI'*COriCOtOaOOO'*tOtDlMriCOIOO

Ei ri ri CN CO i— ii— IClriOICOlOCOrilOlOftlOCOaOCOftftClririCOri

HCONClCOlOIOtOtO^ri

tOCOCOCOSlO"*OICOaiNOOOOTjriincOriO-*t-I>COtOlNtD'*

tooriiocoriootooooocoNcocjtoriioaotoot-LOiointoci

„; 00, CO, t--, r-tn t- CO CO t- CO_ 'O, CO, IO ON Oj l> l> l> CO, IO IO, 0_ 1> 00, O, ri h O)

•qsipaMg puB

s o* o" r" oo th" in" i> w m" ■* tk" cf o" cf to* t-" to cf id co" to" t-" a" ■*" ■* o" h

nn'iSaaao ft

.OClCICOriCO^lOtDCOIOCOt-OrilOCOOOtDt-aCICCtOatDIOH
Ei HHH«C0tO^tOC-O0HOj,C)00C-

rt* ri" r-T

i>rtritoaoitoriffitoocoooririoaftt>riotOrtoariri

tOt-riOOOftOriririOOOlOOrit-COCOCIOOriritOriaritO

„-t-iai>t-iocriio«ao)t>rtoociiacoainioricoorioocoa

•nBtujaf)

!riO)COOIt-ritCriOt-riftririOO<t-0100tOC001COOriCO

,OriO)OCCOODriC0 10 0lOOrifttOOOOIt-0 01toCO(NCOO)'*ri

woiciw«c<iNcoco«Ti<^iototoi(i>coo_acocoaorHHcNH

l— " r-T ri ri" ri ri

Ol^COriOOiOtOOOariLOtOCCCOCOrit-ftriririOOCOaiOlO

COXOOrtPlriOOtOCCritDOlt-OtOriaciriaOririftC-CO

,;rtrit-Ot-ftriCOCOC OatDCOtOt-COridtOtOriOt-IOtOtO

'qsii«a

StOOOritOtOriCOritOOOOIffiCOOIOlCOLOnriMOrilOCoeOOO
ot-r-tcOOOlOfti— Iftl0t-00t--*t~ri00l0ftlc~t0t0ri"*t~ft000

EiaaocMHHinaa^THcotot-wtoocoacN'^cNi^corijxco

HHriHHriH«CSICIC)(NCOCO'*'*»'ri^lOtOt-00l>tD

—08 eunf

t-coaorncsicoMiintot-coaoricicoriiotDt-coaoHcico

IOLOiOtOtOtDtOtOtOtOtDtOtO^I>l>t-l^l>C^^t-I>COCO 0000

papua JBex

OOCXDOOCOOOOOOOOOCOCOOCCCOCOCOCOOOOOOOaOOOCOCOCOCOOOCOCO

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

797

In the following tables, some of the schedule rates of transportation by
water and rail will be given. The following table gives the joint tariff
on live-stock and dressed meats which has been in effect since November
23, 1885, on the roads lying east of the Mississippi river. This is from
points on the east side of the Mississippi river, namely, from East Bur-
lington, East Keokuk, Quincy, East Hannibal, or East St. Louis, to the
various other eastern points named:

To—

Boston per 100 lbs .

New York do

Philadelphia do

Baltimore do

Washington do

Albany do

.....do. ...

Troy

Schenectady do .

Buffalo do.

Toronto do.

Suspension Bridge do .

Pittsburgh do .

"Wheeling do .

Bellaire do .

a

C3
<D CD

VJrH

0 s

w.a

Cents

CD

a
O

Cents

CD

cm

0

w

d

CD
CB

m

ISO
cu

CO uT

o^3

Cents

Cents

Cents

65

30

35

45

52*

65

30

35

45

52*

63

28

33

43

49

62

27

32

42

47

62

27

32

42

47

53

25

33

37

43*

53

25

33

37

43*

53

25

33

37

43*

35

m

20

25

30*

35

17*

20

25

304

35

17*

20

25

30*

35

17*

20

25

30*

35

17*

20

25

30*

35

17*

20

25

304

CD QD

go

Cents
454
40*
38*
37*
37*
37*
37*
37*
25
25
25
25
25
25

When dressed beef, dressed sheep, and dressed hogs, or any two of
them, are loaded together in same refrigerator cars, the total shipment
making a car-load, each class of meat in such shipment shall be charged
at the car-load rate. The minimum weights per car-load will be as follows :
Horses, cattle, and mules, 20,000 pounds ; sheep, single deck, 1 4,000 pounds ;
hogs, single deck, 16,000 pounds; sheep, double deck, 18,000 pounds; hogs,
double deck, 22,000 pounds; dressed beef and dressed hogs, 20,000 pounds.

The following are the joint rates on transportation of cotton, which
went into effect November 24, 1885:

From East Saint Louis, III., to—

Boston, Mass

New York, N. Y

Philadelphia, Pa

Baltimore, Md

Albany, Troy, and Schenectady, N. Y

Pittsburgh, Pa

Buffalo, N. Y

Parkersburg, W. Va

In cents per
100 pounds.

35
30
28
27
25
21
21
21

798

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Table showing the joint rates of all the railroad companies between the points named,
which went into effect November 23, 1 885.

Articles.

Apples:

Green, C. L., 140 barrels or over per 100 lbs

Less than 140 barrels do . .

Bacon, packed do. .

Beef:

Dressed, C. L do . .

In barrels, 390 lbs. per barrel do . .

In tierces do . .

Butter do . .

Cheese, in boxes or casks do . .

Fertilizers:

In packages, L.C.L do . .

C. L do . .

Flour:

In barrels, quantities of 125 barrels and over. . . .do. .

In barrels, quantities less than 125 barrels do. .

Grain :

In bulk, C. L. (minimum weight 24,000 lbs.) do . .

In bulk, less than 24,000 and more than 15,000 lbs . do . .

In lbs. or sacks, L. C. L do . .

C. L do..

In packages, L. C. L do . .

Hams:

Packed do . .

Hides:

Dry, loose, or in bundles or sacks, C. L do . . ,

Green, in bundles, C. L do . . .

Hops do . . ,

Hogs, dressed, common cars do". . .

Lard do . . .

Lumber:

Not over 27 feet long, C. L do . . .

L.C.L do...

Potatoes :

O. R, C. L, P. P do. . .

In bags or barrels, O. K., P. P., L. C. L do . . .

Salt:

C. L do...

Table, in boxes or bags do . . .

Wool:

Compressed square bales, C. L do . . .

Compressed square bales, L. C. L do . . .

Horses and mules do . . .

Cattle do . . .

Hogs do . . .

Sheep do . . .

East Burlington, East Keokuk, and East
Hannibal to —

c >

S °

On.

*0 45:
51:

40

52!
40
40
86

741

57
34

34

40

34

40
40
34
57

40

1 08!

40
1 08|

45!

40

451
57

34

57

34

57

741

m

65
30
35
45

$0 401
461
33

521

35

35

81

691

52

29

29
35

29
35
35

29
52

35

981

35

98

401

35

401
52

29
52

29

52

691

81

65

30

35

45

5t3 a

S 5'2

$0 381
444
33

49
33
33

79
674

50

27

27
33

27
33
33

27
50

33

961

33

961

381

33

381
50

27
50

27
50

671

79

63

28

33

43

$0 371
43
32

47
32
32

78
661

49
26

26
32

26
32
32
26
49

32

951

32

951

37!
32

371
49

26
49

26
49

661

78

62

27

32

42

2 =s a

aim

37!
42!
33

43!

33

33

76

64!

47
28

28
33

28
33
33

28

47

33

33

88!
374.
33

371
47

28
47

47

641

76

53

25

33

37

•$0 23
26
20

30!
20
20
45

37!

28!
17

17

20

17

20
20
17
281

20

60
20
60
25
20

23
28!

17
281

17
28!

37!

45

35

171

20

25

C. L.- Car-load.

L. C. L.— Less than car-load.

O. R.— Owner's risk.

P. P.— Prepaid.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

799

Table showing the joint rates of transportation, etc. — Continued.

> Articles.

Apples in barrels P. P., or guaranteed:

C. L per 100 lbs .

L. C.L do...

Bacon in bags:

C.L do...

L. C.L do...

Beef:

Dressed, C. L., common cars do . . .

Pickled, C. L • do. . .

Butter, in wood or tin, O. R.:

C.L do...

L.C.L do...

Cheese, in boxes or casks :

C.L do...

L.C.L do...

Cotton :

Pressed in bales, C. L do . . .

Pressed in bales, L. C. L do . . .

Fertilizers, (except guano):

C.L do...

L.C.L do...

Flour, in barrels:

C.L do...

L.C.L do...

Hams, in bags, boxes, barrels, or casks:

C.L do...

L.C.L do...

Hogs, dressed:

C. L., common cars do . . .

O. R, L. C. L do. . .

Lard:

In boxes, barrels, or casks, C. L do . . .

In barrels or tierces, L. C. L do . . .

Lumber:

Hard, C. L do . . .

All kinds, ±j. C. L do . . .

Pork, packed:

C.L do...

L.C.L.. do...

Potatoes, in sacks or barrels:

O. R, C. L do...

O. R, L.C.L do...

Salt, in sacks, boxes, or barrels:
' C.L do...

L.C.L do...

Tobacco, unmanufactured, in hhds. or cases.do . . .

Wool do . . .

Wheat do . . .

Corn, rye, oats, and barley do . . .

Hay do.. .

Horses and mules per car .

Cattle and calves do . . .

Hogs, single deck, do . . .

Sheep, single deck do . . .

From Leavenworth .
Saint Joe, Atchison,
and Kansas City, to —

"3 "»

c

ofl

0 **

40
20

3D

20

40
55

44
55

30
40

15
30

20
30

20
30

35

55

20
30

22
40

20
30

20
30

30
30
70
20
15
15
50 00
47 50
30 00
25 00

*0 30
50

25
75

45
25

50

75

60

75

35
50

20
35

25
35

25
35

45

75

25
35

291
50

25
35

25
35

35
35
90
25
20
20
67 50
65 00
42 50
40 00

$0 37
60

321
89

55
32-|

60
89

71

89

43
60

25
43

30
43

321
43

55
89

321
43

37
60

321

43

30
43

43
43
07
30
25
25
87 50
85 00
55 00
55 00

To Saint Joe, Atchison, Leaven-
worth, and Kansas City from—

$0 361
60

38
89

38

60
89

71

89

43

60

38
43

43

38
43

43

89

38
43

37
60

38
43

43

25
43
43
43

1 07

$0 30
50

30
75

30

50

75

60
75

35

50

23
35

35

30
35

35
75

30
35

291
50

30
35

35

21|

35
35
90

*0 27^
45

271
65

271

45
65

52
65

32

45

20*
32

32*

27|
321

32,
65

271
321

27
45

27*
32|

321

321
321
80

T3 £

n

.2 J
§9

$0 254
40

25
55

25

40
55

44
55

30
40

18

30

30

25
30

30

55

25
30

22

40

25
30

30

16}

30
30
70

C. L.— Car-load.

L. C. L.— Less than car-load.

O. E. — Owner's risk,

800

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Table of rates in effect on the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's lines since December 1 ' ,
1 885. The rates eastward on other routes are substantially the same.

Articles.

Apples:

O. L., 140 bbls. or over, per 100 lbs .

Less than MO barrels do. . .

BacoD, packed do . . .

Beef:

Dressed do . . .

In barrels or tierces do. . .

Beans:

C. L do...

L. C. L do...

Butter do . . .

Cabbage, O. R, C. L do. . .

Cheese, in boxes or casks do. . .

Eggs, actual weight, O. R do . . .

Fertilizers:

C. L do...

In packages, L. C. L do . . .

Fruit:

Green, C. L., O. R. released. . do . . .

Dried, in bbls. L. C. L do . . .

Flour, C. L.

Of 125 barrels and over do. . .

Less than 125 barrels do. . .

Guano :

In packages, L. C. L do . . .

C. L do...

Hams, packed do . . .

Hides:

Dry, loose, C. L., minimum
weight 14,000 pounds do. .

Green, in bundles, C. L do. .

Hops do . .

Hogs, dressed, C. L., refrigera-
tor cars, O. R do . .

Lard do . .

Lumber :

Not over 27 feet long, C. L . .do. .

L. C. L do..

Potatoes :

O. R, C. L., P. P do..

In bags or barrels, O. R., L.

C. L..P. P do..

Salt:

C. L do..

Common, in barrels, L. C. L . do . .
Wool, compressed square bales :

C. L .....do..

L. C. L do..

Grain, in bulk:

Minimum weight 24,000 lbs.
C. L do..

Less than 24,000 and more
than 15,000 lbs do..

In barrels or sacks, L. C. L. .do. .

Cattle do. .

Sheep do. .

Hogs, live do. .

Horses and mules do . .

Chicago to—

$0 40
45
35

43i
35

30
35

75
30
65

75

30
50

55
65

30
35

50
30
35

95
35
95

60
35

40
50

30

50

30
50

95

95

£%

30

35

35
25
40
30
60

$0 35
40
30

43J
30

25
30
70
25
60
70

25
45

50
60

25
30

45
25
30

85
30
85

55
30

35
45

25

45

25
45

85

85

Qj <D

25

30
30
25
40
30
60

$0 33
38

28

40

28

23
28
68
23
58
68

23
43

48
58

23

28

43
23

28

83
28
83

53

28

33
43

23

43

23

43

83
83

23

28
28
23
38
28
58

n a

$0 32
37

27

384

27

22
27
67
22
57
67

22
42

47
57

22

27

42
22

27

82
27
82

52
27

32
42

22

42

22
42

82
82

*M

32

37

27

22

27

27
22
37
27
57

27

22

27
67
22
57
67

22
42

47

57

22

27

42

22
27

82
27
82

52

27

32

42

22

42

22
42

82
82

22

27

27

East Saint Louis to-

$0 454
514
40

52|
40

34
40
86
34

744

86

34
57

63

744

34
40

57
34
40

1 084

40

1 084

68
40

454
57

34

57

34

57

1 084
1 084

34

40
40
30
45
35
65

) 40
464
5

524
35

29

35

81

29

694

81

29
52

58
694

29
35

52
29
35

984

35

984

63
35

40^
52

29

52

29
52

98,1

29

35

35
30
45
35
65

$0 384
444
33

49
33

27
33
79
27

674
79

27
50

56
674

27
33

50
27
33

964

33

964

61
33

384
50

27

50

27
50

964
96s

27

33
33
28
43
33
63

ma

$0 374
434
32

47
32

26
32

78
26
664
78

26
49

55
664

26
32

49
26
32

954

32

954

60
32

374
49

26

49

26
49

954
954

26

32
32
27
42
32
62

C. L— Car-load.

L. C. L.— Less than car-load.

O. R.— Owner's risk.

P. P.— Prepaid.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

801

Tabh showing the rates charged by the steamship companies, in effect since December 1 ,

1 885, between the points named.

Articles.

Apples per bbl .

Bacon per 100 lbs .

Beef per bbl .

Butter per 100 lbs.

Cheese do . . .

Cotton, compressed per bale.

Fertilizers per 100 lbs .

Flour per bbl .

Hams per 100 lbs .

Lard do . . .

Lumber per 1,000 feet.

Pork . : per bbl .

Potatoes do . . .

Salt do...

Tobacco, unmanufact'ed,in hhds. per bhd.

Wheat per bush .

Corn do. . .

Rye do . . .

Oats do . . .

Barley do . . .

Cattle, O. R., released each . .

Horses, O. R., released do . . .

Sheep, O. R do...

New York to-

Nor-
folk.

$0 25
10
35
23
23

12;

20

15

18

6 00

35

25

25

2 00

06

06

06

06

06

9 00

9 00

1 50

Peters-
burg.

$0 30
15
40
30
30

15

30

*45

20

00

40

30

35

00

074

07*

08

07

08

12 00

12 00

2 00

Rich-
mond.

30
14
38
25
20

12,

28

*43

20

6 00
38
30
30

2 00
06
06
06
06
06
10 25
10 25

2 00

New-
port
News.

$0 25
10
35
23
23

121

20

15

18

6 00

35

25

25

2 00

06

06

06

06

06

9 00

9 00

1 50

New York from—

Nor-
folk.

$0 25
15

23
23

1 00

20
15
20

5 00

25

2 00
06

05
06
06
06

8 00

8 50

50

Peters-
burg.

$0 30
15

30

30

1 00

30

20
7 00

30

2 35
07*
08
08
07

12 00

12 00

2 00

Rich-
mond.

$0 30

25

25
75

264

27

00

074

074

064

064

10 25

10 25

2 00

New-
port
News.

$0 25
15

23

23

1 00

20

15

20

5 00

25

2 00
06
05
06
06

00
50
50

O. R.— Owner's risk.

*Per barrel.

Monthly statement of lake freight rates from Chicago to Buffalo, November, 1885 .

Date.

Corn, per
bushel.

Wheat, per
bushel.

Rye, per
bushel.

Oats, per
bushel.

Barley, per
bushel.

Cents.

24

3

3

3

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

3

3

3

24

24

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

24

21

3

3

34

34

34

Cents.
3

34
34
34
34
34
31
34
31
34
31
34
3
3
24
24
24
2
2
2
2
2
2

24
24
34
34
34
34
34

Cents.

24

3

3

3

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

3

3

3

24

24

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

24

24

3

3

34

34

34

Cents.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Cents.
2

November 2

2

November 3

2

November 4

2

November 5

2

November 6

2

November 7

2

November 8

2

November 9

2

November 10

2

November 11

2

November 12

2

November 13

2

November 14

2

November 15

2

November 16

2

November 17

2

November 18

2

November 19

2

November 20 ,

2

November 21

2

November 22

2

November 231

2

November 24

2

November 25

2

November 26

2

November 27

2

November 28

2

November 29

2

2

802

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

The following table shows the freight rates charged by the ocean steamship companies,

in effect since December 1 , 1 885.

Articles.

Anchor Line
—New York
to Glasgow.

Wheat per bush . .

Corn do

Flour per bbl . .

Flour (sacks) per 2,240 lbs. .

Bacon do

Lard do

Cheese do . . . .

Tallow .do

Beef per tierce . .

Pork per bbl . .

Oil-cake per 2,240 lbs . .

Cotton per lb . .

Hops do

Tobacco per hhd. .

Rosin per 280 lbs . .

Lard, in small pkgs. per 2,240 lbs . .
'Tobacco, in cases, per 40 cubic ft. .

Apples per bbl . .

Hams per 2,240 lbs. .

Butter do ... .

Measurement, per ton, 40 cubic ft . .
Primage per cent . .

$0 09
09
42

3 60

7 20
6 00

8 40

4 80
1 20

90
3 60

01
4 80

48
7 20
4 80

72

7 20

8 40
4 80

05

Inman Line —

New York to

Liverpool.

White Star Line— New
York to Liverpool.

fO 06

06

36

3 00

6 00

00
20
80
08
72
2 04
5-16

oo;

4 80

42

7 20

4 80

60

6 00

7 20
60 to 4 80

05

$0 54 to

3 00 to

4 80 to
4 80 to
6 00 to

•$0 05
05
60
60
00
00
20
60

84 00 to 96 00

66 00 to 72 00

1 80

9-32 to 5-16

001

3 60 to 4 20

54 00 to 60 00

6 00

3 60
60.

6 00

7 20

4 80
05

4 80 to
6 00 to
3 60 to

Guion Line— New
York to Liverpool.

$0 05
04*

6 00

6 00

7 20
3 60

84
66

5-16

004

3 60 to

60

6 00

7 20
4 80

05

Articles.

Monarch Line

— New York to

London.

General Trans-
Atlantic Co,
—New York to
Havre.

North German Lloyd

Steamship Co. —
New York to Bremen.

Wheat per bushel

Corn do . .

Flour per barrel

Flour (sack) per 2,240 lbs

Bacon do . .

Lard do . .

Cheese do . .

Tallow do. .

Beef per tierce

Pork per bbl

Oil-cake per 2,240 lbs

Cotton per lb

Hops do . .

Tobacco per hhd

Bosin per 280 lbs

Lard, in small packages per 2,240 lbs

Tobacco, in cases per 40 cubic feet

Apples per bbl

Hams per 2,240 lbs

Butter do . .

Measurement per ton, 40 cubic feet

Primage per cent

$0 07
07
42
00
80

$0 06

07

80

*20

CO
80
96
72
70

*20

*35

*20

1 25

1 00

004
4 80

42
6 60

3 60
72

4 80
6 60
3 60

05

00|

01

6 00 to 8 00

*25 to 30, 35

7 00

75

*40

*40

6 00 to 8 00

05

*$0 13

*13

70

*20

*20

*24

*36

*24

1 25

72

*18

|7-16

toot

6 00

36

*30

Jl 68

72

*24

*60

5 00 to 10 00

*Per 100 pounds.

f And 6 per cent primage a pound.

JPer case.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

803

POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT.

The following table shows the comparative statistics of the entire
postal service of the United States, from the beginning of the Union, by
the several years up until the present time:

Years.

1790
1795
1800
1805
1810
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852

No. of
postoffices.

Extent of

post -routes

in miles.

75

1,875

453

13,207

903

20,817

1,558

31,076

2,300

36,406

3,000

43,748

3,260

48,673

3,459

52,089

3,618

59,473

4,000

67,586

4,500

72,492

4,650

78,808

4,709

82,763

4,043

84,860

5,182

84,860

5,677

94,052

6,150

94,052

7,003

105,336

7,530

105,336

8,004

115,000

8,450

115,176

8,686

115,486

9,205

104,466

10,127

119,916

10,693

119,916

10,770

112,774

11,091

118,264

11,767

141,242

12,519

134,818

12,780

133,999

13,468

155,739

13,778

155,026

13,733

149,732

13,814

142,295

14,103

144,687

14,183

143,940

14,601

152,865

15,146

153,818

16,159

163,208

16,749

163,703

18,417

178,672

19,796

196,290

20,901

214,284

Revenue

of the

department.

I 37,935
160,620
280,804
421.373
551,684
1,043,065
961,782
1,002,973
1,130,235
1,204,737
1,111,927
1,059,087
1,117,490
1,130,115
1,197,758
1,306,525
1,447,703
1,524,633
1,659,915
1,707,418
1,850,583
1,997,811
2,258,570
2,617,011
2,823,749
2,993,356
3,408,323
4,236,779
4,238,733
4,484,657
4,543,522
4,407,726
4,546,849
4,296,225
4,237,288
4,289,841
3,487,199
3,955,893
4,371,077
4,905,176
5,552,971
6,727,867
6,925,971

Expenditure

of the
department.

$ 32,140
117,893
213,994
377,367
495,969
748,121
804,422
916,515
1,035,832
1,117,861
1,160,926
1,184,283
1,167,572
1,156,995
1,188,019
1,229,043
1,366,712
1,468,959
1,689,945
1,782,132
1,932,708
1,936,122
2,266,171
2,930,414
2,910,605
2,757,350
3,841,766
3,544,630
4,430,662
4,636,536
4,718,236
4,499,528
5,674,752
4,374,754
4,296,513
4,320,732
4,084,297
3,979,570
4,326,850
4,479,049
5,212,953
6,278,402
7,108,459

AMOUNT PAID FOB —

Salaries of
postmasters.

$ 8,198

30,272

69,243

111,552

149,438

241,901

265,944

303,916

346,429

375,828

352,295

337,599

355,299

360,462

383,804

411,183

447,727

486,411

548,049

559,237

595,234

635,028

715,481

826,283

897,317

945,418

812,803

891,352

933,948

980,000

1,028,925

1,018,645

1,147,256

1,426,394

1,358,316

1,409,875

1,042,079

1,060,228

1,320,921
1,549,376
1,781,686
1,296,765

Transport'n
of the mail.

$ 22,081

75,359

128,644

239,635

327,966

487,779

521,970

589,189

664,611

717,881

782,425

815,681

788,618

767,464

768,939

785,646

885,100

942,345

1,086,313

1,153,646

1,274,009

1,252,226

1,482,507

1,894 638

1,925,544

1,719,007

1,638,052

1, 996,727

3,131,308

3,285,622

3,296,876

3,159,375

3,087,796

2,947,319

2,938,551

2,905,504

2,716,673

2,476,455

2,394,703

2,577,407

2,965,786

3,538,064

4,225,311

804

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Comparative statistics of the entire postal service of the United States, etc. — Continued.

Years.

1853.

1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.

No. of
postoffices .

Extent of

post-routes

in miles.

22,320
23,548
24,410
25,565
26,586
27,977
28,539
28,498
28,586
28,875
29,047
28,878
20,550
23,828
25,163
26,481
27,106
28,492
30,045
31,863
33,244
34,294
35,547
36,383
37,345
39,258
40,855
42,989
44,512
46,231
47,863
50,017
51,252

Revenue

of the

department.

217,743
219,935
227,908
239,642
242,601
260,603
260,052
240,594
140,139
134,013
139,598
139,171
142,340
180,921
203,245
216,928
223,731
231,232
238,359
251,398
256,210
269,097
277,873
281,798
292,820
301,966
316,711
343,888
344,006
343,618
353,166
359,530
365,251

$ 5,940,725

6,955,586

7,342,136

7,620,822

8,053,952

8,186,793

8,668,484

8,518,067

8,349,296

8,299,821

11,163,790

12,438,254

14,556,159

14,386,986

15,237,027

16,292,601

18,344,511

19,772,221

20,037,045

21,915,426

22,996,742

26,477,072

26,791,360

27,895,908

27,468,323

29,277,517

30,041,983

33,315,479

36,785,398

41,876,410

45,508,693

43,338,127

42,560,843

Expenditure

of the
department.

$ 7,982,957
8,577,424
9,968,342
10,405,286
11,508,058
12,722,470
15,754,093
19,170,610
13,606,759
11,125,364
11,314,207
12,644,786
13,694,728
15,352,079
19,235,483
22,730,593
23,698,131
23,998,837
24,390,104
26,658,192
29,084,946
32,126,415
33,611,309
33,263,488
33,486,322
34,165,084
33,449,899
36,542,804
39,251,736
40,039,635
42,816,700
46,404,960
50,942,415

AMOUNT PAID FOR-

Salaries of Transport'n
postmasters, of the mail.

$ 1,406,477
1,707,708
2,135,335
2,102,891
2,285,610
2,355,016
2,453,901
2,552,868
2,514,157
2,340,767
2,876,983
3,174,326
3,383,382
3,454,677
4,033,728
4,255,311
4,546,958
4,673,466
5,028,382
5,121,665
5,725,468
5,818,472
7,049,936
7,397,397
7,295,251
7,977,852
7,185,540
7,701,418
8,298,743
8,964,677
10,319,441
11,283,831
11,431,305

$ 4,906,308

5,401,382

6,076,335

6,765,639

1 7,239,333

8,246,054

7,157,629

8,908,710

5,309,454

5,853,834

5,740,576

5,818,469

6,246.884

7,630,474

9,336,286

10,266,056

10,406,501

10,884,653

.11,529,395

15,547,821

16,161,034

18,881,319

18,777,201

18,361,048

18,529,238-

19,262,421

20,012,872

22,255,984

23,196,032

22,846,112

23,067,323

25,359,816

23,178,637

Of later years the larger part of the transportation has been by means of the railroads;
this has created a special department, called the Railway Mail Service. The following
is a comparative statement of the Railway Mail Service, 1830 to 1885.

Fiscal Year Ending
June 30.

Miles of
railroad

in the
United

States.

Miles of
railroad
upon which
mail was
carried.

Miles of annual

transportation

of mail by

railroads.

Annual cost
of railroad
mail trans-
portation.

Average
annual cost

per mile
of railroad
mail trans-
portation.

Number
of em-
ployes of
railway
mail

Annual expen-
diture for all

employes of the

railway mail

service.

1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1834.
1835.
1836.
1837.
1838.

23

95

229

380

633

1,098

1,273

1,497

1,913

78

974

*1,878,296
*1,793,024
*2,413,090

$*307,444
*410,488

$0 17.14
17.01

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

805

Comparative statement of the Railway Mail Service, 1830 to 1 885. — Continued.

Fiscal Yeah Ending
June 30.

Miles of
railroad

in the
United

States.

Miles of
railroad
upon which
mail was
carried.

Miles of animal

transportation

of mail by

railroads.

Annual cost
of railroad
mail trans-
portation.

Average
annual cost
per mile of
railroad
mail trans-
portation,

Number
of em-
ployes of
railway

mail
service.

Annual expen-
diture for all

employes in the
railway mail

1839.

1840.

1841.

1842.

1843.

1844.

1845.

1846.

1847.

1848.

1849.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1864

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

2,302

2,818

3,535

4,026

4,185

4,377

4,633

4,930

5,598

5,996

7,365

9,021

10,982

12,908

15,360

16,720

18,374

22,016

24,503

26,968

28,789

30,635

31,286

33,170

33,908

35,085

36,801

39,250

42,229

42.229

46,844

52,914

60,283

66,170

70,278

72,383

74,096

76,808

79,089

81,776

86,497

93,671

104,813

113,329

120,552

125,150

128,407

3,091

3,714

4,092

4,402

4,735

5,497

6,886

8,255

10,146

12,415

14,440

18,333

20,323

22,530

24,431

26,010

27,129

122,018

|21,338

-j-22,152

|22,616

123,401

32,092

34,015

36,018

39,537

43,727

49,834

57,911

63,457

67,734

70,083

72,348

74,546

77,120

79,991

85,320

91,569

100,563

110,208

117,160

121,032

*3,396,055

*3,889,053

*3,946,450

*4,424,262

*5,692,402

*5,747,355

*6,484,592

*7,781,828

4,170,403

4,327,400

4,861,177

6,524,593

8,364,503

11,082,768

12,986,705

15,433,389

19,202,469

21,809,296

24,267,944

25,763,452

27,268,384

27,653,749

123,116,823

|22,777,219

122,871,558

123,301,942

|24,087,568

30,609,467

32,437,900

34,886,178

41,399,284

47,551,970

55,557,048

62,491,749

65,621,445

72,460,545

75,154,910

77,741,172

85,358,710

92,120,395

93,092,992

96,497,463

103,521,229

113,995,318

129,198,641

142,541,392

151,912,140

% *520,602

*595,353

*585,843

432,568

*733,687

531,752

*843,430

*870,570

597,475

584,192

635,740

818,227

985,019

1,275,520

1,601,229

1,758,610

2,073,089

2,310,389

2,559,847

2,828,301

3,243,974

3,349,662

|2,543,709

12,498,115

t2,538,517

12,567,044

12,707,421

3,391,592

3,812,600

4,177,126

4,723,680

5,128,901

5,724,979

6,502,771

7,257,196

8,589,663

9,216,518

9,543,134

8,053,936

9,566,595

9,792,589

10,648,986

11,963,117

13,127,715

13,887,800

15,012,603

16,627,983

$15.32
15.30
14.84

9.77
12.88

9.25
13.06
11.18
14.32
13.49
13.07
12.54
11.77
11.50
12.33
11.39
10.79
10.59
10.54
10.97
11.90
12.11
11.10
10.96
11.09
11.01
11.23
11.08
11.75
11.97
11.41
10.78
10.30
10.40
11.05
11.85
12.26
12.27
10.60
10.38
10.51
11.03
11.55
11.51
10.75
10.53
10.95

43

J186

148

185

235

257

348

394

451

491

548

582

|427

t474

|525

f572

|612

702

827

995

1,129

1,106

1,382

1,647

1,895

2,175

2,242

2,415

2,500

2,608

2,609

2,946

3,177

3,570

3,855

3,963

4,387

$ J22,987 00

128,965 00

$29,744 00

J37.513 00

J42,406 00

$46,153 00

J54,063 00

161,512 00

1107,042 00

£145,897 00

J196,936 00

176,722 00

197,090 00

254,498 00

287,187 00

339,388 00

392,739 00

429,175 00

405,819 00

|314,179 00

J295,823 00

f324,524 00

t352,701 00'

|342,071 00

542,401 00

729,680 00

839,975 00

973,560 00

1,109,140 00

1,441,020 00

1,709,546 00

1,958,876 00

2,186,330 00

2,410,490 00

2,504,140 00

2,484,846 00

2,579,013 00

2,624,890 00

2,850,980 00

3,108,801 00

3,486,779 00

3,688,032 00

3,972,071 00

4,246,209 51

* Including steamboat service ; no separate report. t Service suspended

mail messenger service. The cost of the service is taken from the reports of

in Southern States.
the Second Assistant

X Including
P. M. General.

806

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Table showing the number of presidential postoffices in the several states and territories,
and the aggregate salaries of the postmasters thereat, to take effect July 1 , 1 885.

States and Territories.

Alabama . ,

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Indian Territory

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi ,

Missouri ,

Montana ,

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey ,

New Mexico ,

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island ,

South Carolina ,

Tennessee ,

Texas

Utah

Vermont ,

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Totals .

Number of
presiden-
tial post-
offices; ad-
justment of
July 1, 1885.

20

4
16
59
30
56
43
7
1

15

28

5

181

86

1

121
92
38
12
34
19

118

103
48
23
73
11
54
8
30
63
7

213
22

132
13

155
11
17
24
72
4
26
31
11
14
78
4

2,233

Aggregate
salaries of
postmasters.

$ 31,500

7,200
24,700
96,400
48,300
94,600
61,600
10,800
5,000
25,400
46,300
6,400

280,900

138,200
1,000

191,100

144,000
60,500
18,600
54,800
32,100

205,800

167,100
76,300
32,700

114,100
17,700
79,700
11,400
47,200

111,400
11,800

363,800
34,600

227,300
20,200

262,200
22,100
25,900
39,100

111,500
7,500
40,900
53,300
17,400
21,900

121.500
6,800

Aggregate re-
ceipts, four
quarters ended
March.31, 1885.

$ 151,407 64

26,045 30
103,458 95
900,654 29

275.614 54
621,519 41
185,001 35

63,945 54

293,973 58

105,820 33

319,124 40

15,634 00

2,954,633 00
695,527 87
1,921 47
837,417 89
551,448 62
442,359 96
312,171 07
320,988 25
598,116 35

2,495,761 07
981,165 42
599,305 03
100,585 17

1,393,306 27
71,641 28

346.615 97
C2,987 07

189,991 17

666,: ; 19

30,472 65

6,899,340 40

129,CCJ 50

2.003.303 43

113,:. : 49

2.977.304 62
267,244 33
132,027 03
312,719 00
500,462 39

50,614 54

152,522 40

334,283 74

59,234 16

98,671 83

1,034,677 51

27,312 05

3,630,600 31,792,220 55

Grand total gross receipts $31,792,220 55

Grand total postmasters' salaries 3,630,600 00

Percentage of gross receipts absorbed by salaries 11 .42

Note. — The grand total of gross receipts of presidential offices for the four quarters ended
March 31, 1885, amounts to 75.36 per cent of the revenue of the postoffice department for the same
period.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

807

Table showing the number of presidential postoffices in each state and territory, June
30, 1 884, and June 30, 1 885, with increase and decrease, also the number of post-
offices of each class, together with the number of money-order postoffices and sta-
tions by states and territories, June 30, 1885.

States and Territories.

3 .

"S^

hqo

CD t-H
■75 .
•M o

OD co

**— t l— s

O cd

CD

si

.a o

S CO

P o

r3 .

'Ilia

gs

• r-O

£s

0 *

CutQ
.Q Q

s»

a g

CD
CO

CD

u

O

a

CD

CO

cd
0

A

O

CD
CD
O

3 CO

So

ft-s

CCO
K CO
CD J

a

O

CD

<D

£i

•sg

O CD

CD CD
J2.S

a~
5

O

CO
CD
O .

Sfl CO
O 71

o_

«H*rH

°+s

CD —

a

CM
O

m

CD

oa

O O

. *M

Jj

53

g CO

oS

0 CD

O H

q-l CD
O

|s

!3n

— CD

0^

ha

0 2

5$

CD

o-y oo

,C '-'OO

8irt,

22

20

2

4

16

1,389

7

139

1,098

940

476

410

864

117

6

556

1,339

173

2,007

1,786

145

1,515

1,554

1,674

586

984

822

668

1,521

962

899

1,917

224

924

133

479

694

182

2,944

1,842

2,593

450

3,739

115

794

1,841

1,612

236

490

2,053

353

1,145

1,416

106

90

6

18
56
33
55
41

7

1

14
29

4

189

93

4
16
59
30
56
43

7

1
15
28

5

181

86

1

121

92

38

12

34

19

118

103

48

23

73

11

54

8
30
63

7

213

22

132

13

155

11

17

24

72

4
26
31
11
14
78

4

Y

2

2

2

3

4
1
3

1
3

4

3

13

5

3
13
51

26

40

38

6

16

99

181

81

77

105

17

1

58

107

23

575

305

7

514

317

107

66

119

63

180

336

182

100

300

27

179

24

78

91

25

486

108

456

62

389

21

57

118

252

23

94

108

29

62

266

11

California

5

Colorado

Dakota

1
1

District of^Columbia

3

Florida

1

Y

Y
'3'

2
4

13
22

5

150

69

1
103
77
31
10
25
15
92
80
38
19
65

9
46

8
24
47

5

159

19

94

11

117

6
15
20
61

2
20
23

8
12
64

3

Georgia

1

2

Idaho

8

7

3
1

28
16

8

Indiana

Indian Territory

132
89
39
12
37
19

117

115
51
23
78
12
49
9
32
62
7

221
24

136
13

166
11
19
27
77
5
26
31
11
17
84
4

11

1

2
1
1
1

2
1
5
2
2

16
14

6
1
7
3
21
21
8
4
5
2
6

Kansas

1

Kentucky

Louisiana

1

3

1

12
3

16

Mississippi

Missouri

'5'
Y

5
1

1
2

3

2

3

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

3

6

13
2

44
3

32
1

35
4
1
2
9
2
6
6
3
2

13
1

4

New Mexico

New York

8
2
4

10

6
1
3
1
1
2
2

18

Ohio

4

Pennsylvania

11

10

South Carolina

2
3
5

1

Utah

2

3
6

1

Wisconsin

2

Wyoming

Total

2,323

2,233

19

109

70

382

1,781

49,019

6,992

75

808

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Table showing cost of carrying the mail and other postal expenditures in each state and
territory, with receipts from sale of postage stamps and from all other sources,
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1 885.

States

and

Tebhitories.

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California.

Colorado

Connecticut

Dakota

Delaware

Dist. of Columbia .

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indian Territory. .

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts. . . .

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire. .

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina. . .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Ehode Island

South Carolina. . .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Total

Deduct miscella-
neous items (not
classified by
states)

Add miscellaneous
items

Grand total.

Postage
stamps,
stamped en-
velopes and
postal cards.

Dollars.

293,533

420

56,358

238,447

1,104,950
334,667
725,725
343,614
91,138
291,563
212,617
483,999
55,330

3,424,502

27,233

976,135

1,215,799
863,200
628,411
397,163
524,293
729,628

2,710,178

1,306,562
807,468
226,756

1,778,434
105,792
537,606
54,550
314,051
824,703
72,973

7,600,418
305,836

2,494,182
176,199

3,665,075
285,488
240,618
497,471
754,887
98,896
287,798
603,833
101,799
215,597
935,972
46,351

40,068,218

11,991

40,056,227

Total
receipts.

Dollars.

309,463

420

63,200

252,097

1,181,209
375,699
781,907
376,337
93,202
299,790
224,273
501,373
60,339

3,575,984
28,195

1,041,293

1,322,231
935,940
652,181
416,113
553,893
743,293

2,850,008

1,404,178
861,886
241,395

1,837,758
123,386
579,286
62,561
335,242
864,385
81,260

7,815,668
318,027

2,611,019
193,846

3,784,071
305,918
249,988
510,402
813,127
108,144
302,691
620,667
115,149
223,668
999,080
51,680

42,052,928

14,249

42,038,679

Compensa-
tion of post-
masters.

Dollars.

156,644
415

36,269
136,238
286,065
126,099
208,766
197,759

32,185

6,448

108,500

183,702

36,299
717,525

19,735
400.715
530,944
393,124
227,184

99,087
228,769
141,757
427,838
475,479
255,668
139,664
418,569

55,152
231,943

34,106
149,614
255,638

44,799
978,333
173,054
667,799

80,065
852,696

51,418
113,210
185,771
349,791

51,291
147,823
275,090

58,463
117,070
359,027

24,293

11,247,898

183,407

11,431,305

Transpor-
tation by
states.

Dollars.

393,298
1,600
191,669
259,042
922,018
469,304
266,791
248,326
31,161

206,706
521,088
140,231

1,250,271
55,760
808,446
844,812
676,096
517,373
252,732
243,280
456,086
476,781
645,097
854,588
301,072

1,168,051
119,085
751,513
151,785
110,601
298,056
145,789

2,124,501
335,749

1,838,878
257,481

1,090,219
48,365
277,261
288,684
866,654
231,205
150,101
634,930
289,155
150,309
620,405
211,560

23,193,905

15,328

23,178,637

Total ex-
penditures.

Dollars.

614,605

2,015

236,691

472,850

1,580,920
723,952
689,726
498,189
88,810
411,825
368,075
909,801
183.014

3,374,015
76,612

1,534,197

1,767,499

1,265,635
913,621
517,951
613,306
905,726

2,017,419

1,480,142

1,365,319
482,503

2,358,557
208,036

1,138,760
198,825
323,097
773,303
212,255

5,838,708
573,291

3,801,137
388,045

3,413,877
199,458
468,274
672,029

1,445,014
325,270
341,319

1,079,171
367,195
325,158

1,228,268
239,910

49,013,375

235,983

49,249,359

Excess of
expendi-
tures over
receipts.

Excess of
receipts
over ex-
penditures.

Dollars.
305,142
1,595
173,491
220,753
399,711

• 348,254

121,852

112,034
143,803
408,426
122,674

48,418
492,904
445,268
329,696
261,440
101,837

59,413
162,432

75,964
503,432
241,108
520,798

84,650
559,474
136,263

130,995

255,264

1,190,118

194,199

218,287
161,627
631,887
217,126
38,628
458,504
252,046
101,490
229,187
188,230

10,648,420

235,983

10,884,403

Dollars.

92,181
' 4,392

201,969

832,589

12,145
91,082

' 1,976,966

370,194
106,460

3,687,972

,249

3,673,724

Excess of expenditures over receipts, of fiscal year 1885, $7,210,679.

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 809

From the last report of the Postmaster-General is taken the following
statement regarding the history and use of postal cards in the United
States:

"Postal cards were first introduced under the Act of June 8, 1872, the
issue beginning on the 1st of May, 1873, and amounting, for the months
of May and June of that }^ear, to 31,094,000 cards. The number of cards
issued during the year ended June 30, 1874, was 91,079,000, and for the
succeeding year (1875), 107,616,000, an increase of 16,537,000, or 18.15
per cent. The increase for the year ended June 30, 1876, over the pre-
ceding year, was 'at the rate of 40 per cent; for 1877 over 1876, 12.73
per cent; for 1878 over 1877, 18 per cent; for 1879 over 1878, 10.55 Per
cent; for 1880 over 1879, 22.80 per cent; for 1881 over 1880, 13.20 per
cent; for 1882 over 1881, 13.90 per cent; and for 1883 over 1882, 7.97
per cent. The average annual rate of increase for the nine years to June
30, 1883, was 17.47 per cent, and the issues for the year ended on that
date amounted to 379,516,750 cards. Since then, however, there has
been a steady reduction; the issue for the year ended June 30, 1884,
amounting to only 362,876,750, a decrease of 16,640,000, or 4.38 per
cent, and for the year ended June 30, 1885, to 339,416,500 cards, a
decrease of 23,460,250, or 6.46 per cent. This decrease was due in part
to the depression in business, but very much more largely to the reduc-
tion, on the 1 st of October, 1883, in the letter rate of postage to 2 cents,
leading to the substitution, to a considerable extent, of sealed letters and
printed matter for written postal cards and unsealed circulars. It is
probable, however, that sufficient time has elapsed for the public to
become fully informed of the advantages of sealed matter over postal
cards, and that the demand for the latter has reached a minimum. If so,
the issue of cards must be expected to increase in the future; and, indeed,
the present revival of business may lead to a large augmentation for the
purposes of trade."

The mail matter carried by the government service is divided into
four classes, and information regarding these is given below:

First-class Mail Matter. — This class includes letters, postal cards
and any thing sealed or otherwise closed against inspection, or any thing
•containing writing not allowed as an accompaniment to printed matter
under class three. The postage is two cents only each half ounce or frac-
tion thereof. On local or drop letters, at free delivery offices, two cents.
At offices where no free delivery by carrier, one cent. Prepayment by
stamps invariably required. Postal cards, one cent. Registered letters,

810 TRADE AND COMMERCE.

ten cents in addition to the proper postage. The Postoffice Department
or its revenue is not by law liable for the loss of any registered mail
matter.

Second-class. — This class includes all newspapers, periodicals, or
matter exclusively in print and regularly issued at stated intervals as fre-
quently as four times a year, from a known office of publication or news
agency. Postage, two cents a pound or fraction thereof, prepaid by
special stamps. Publications designed primarily for advertising or free
circulation, or not having a legitimate list of subscribers, are excluded
from the pound rate, and pay third-class rates.

Third-class. — Mail matter of the third-class includes books, transient
newspapers and periodicals, circulars, and other matter wholly in print,
legal and commercial papers filled out in writing, proof-sheets, corrected
proof-sheets, and manuscript copy accompanying the same. MS. unac-
companied by proof-sheets, letter rates. Limit of weight, four pounds
each package, except single books — weight not limited. Postage, one
cent for each two ounces or fractional part thereof, invariably prepaid by
stamps.

Fourth-class. — Embraces merchandise and all matter not included in
the first, second or third-class, which is not liable to injure the mail matter.
Limit of weight, four pounds. Postage one cent each ounce or fraction
thereof, prepaid. All packages of matter of the third or fourtl>class
must be so wrapped or enveloped that their contents may be examined
by postmasters without destroying the wrappers. Matter of the second,
third, or fourth-class containing any writing, except as here specified, or
except bills and receipts for periodicals, or printed commercial papers
filled out in writing, as deeds, bills, etc., will be charged with letter post-
age; but the sender of any book may write names or addresses therein,
or on the outside, with the word "from'1 preceding the same, or may
write briefly on any package the number and names of the articles
inclosed.

Postal Money Orders. — An order may be issued for any amount
from one cent to fifty dollars, inclusive, but fractional parts of a cent can
not be included. The fees for orders are: On orders not exceeding $15,
ten cents; over $15 and not exceeding $30, fifteen cents; over $30 and
not exceeding $40, twenty cents; over $40 and not exceeding $50,
twenty-five cents. When a larger sum than $50 is required, additional
orders must be obtained ; but no more than three orders will be issued in one
day from the same postoffice to the same remitter in favor of the same payee.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

811

Free Delivery. — The free delivery of mail matter at the residences
of the people desiring it is required by law in every city of 50,000 or
more population, and may be established at every place containing not
less than 20,000 inhabitants. The present number of free delivery offices
is ninety. The franking privilege was abolished July 1, 1873, but the
following mail matter may be sent free by legislative saving-clauses, viz.:

1. All public documents printed by order of Congress, the Congres-
sional Record and speeches contained therein, franked by members of
Congress or the Secretary of the Senate, or Clerk of the House.

2. Seeds transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture, or by any
member of Congress, procured from that department.

3. All periodicals sent to subscribers within the county where printed.

4. Letters and packages relating exclusively to the business of the
government of the United States, mailed only by officers of the same,
publications required to be mailed to the Librarian of Congress by the
copyright law, and letters and parcels mailed by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. All these must be covered by specially printed "penalty" envelopes
or labels.

All communications to government officers, and to or from members
of Congress, are required to be prepaid by stamps.

The following is the table of postage rates charged by the department
for carriage to foreign countries. The standard single rate is one-half
ounce avoirdupois for letters and two ounces for newspapers. An
asterisk (*) indicates that prepayment of postage is optional; the mail
will be carried without full postage attached, but double the rate will be
collected on delivery:

Destination.

Africa, British Colonies on W. coast
Africa, French, Portuguese and

Spanish Colonies

Africa, all other

Algeria

Argentine Republic

Australia, except New So. Wales,

Victoria and Queensland

Austria-Hungary

Azores

Bahamas

Barbadoes

Belgium

Bermudas

Bolivia, British Mail

Borneo

Brazil

Le^

News-

ters.

papers.

Cents.

Cents.

*5

1

*5

1

15

4

*5

1

*5

1

5

2

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

17

4

*5

1

*5

1

Destination.

British Columbia . .

Buenos Ayres

Bulgaria

Burmah

Canada

Canary Islands

Cape Colony

Caroline Islands . . .

Ceylon

Chili

China, British Mail

Cochin China

Colombia, U. S. of

Corea

Costa Rica

Cuba

Curacoa

Let-
ters.

Cents.

2

*5
*5
*5

2
*5
15
*5
*5
*5
13
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5

News-
papers .

Cents.
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1

812

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

Rates of postage between the United States and foreign countries. — Continued.

Destination,

Cyprus

Denmark

Ecuador

Egypt

England

Falkland Islands

Earoe Islands

Fiji Islands

Finland

France

French Colonies

Germany

Gibraltar

Great Britain

Greece

Greenland

Guadaloupe

Guatemala

Guiana

Hawaiian Islands

Hayti

Honduras

Hong Kong ,

Hungary

Iceland

India, British

Ionian Isles

Ireland

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Java

Liberia

Luxemburg

Madagascar ,

Madeira

Malacca

Malta

Martinique

Mauritius

Mexico

Moldavia

Moluccas

Monaco

Montenegro

Morocco, Spanish colonies in
Morocco, except Spanish W. coast.

Nassau, N. P

Natal

Navigator's or Samoa Islands

Netherlands

New Brunswick

Newfoundland

Let-

News-

ters.

papers .

Cents.

Cents.

*5

1

*5

i

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

5

2

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*-5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

23

6

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

*5

1

15

2

2

1

15

4

5

2

*5

1

2

1

*5

1

Destination.

New Granada

New Guinea

New South Wales

New Zealand ,

Nicaragua ,

Norway

Nova Scotia

Orange Free State

Panama

Paraguay

Persia

Peru

Philippine Islands

Pitcairn's Island

Porto Rico

Portugal

Prince Edward Island..

Queensland

Roumania

Russia

St. Croix

St. Domingo

St. Helena, British Mail

St. Thomas

Salvador

San Marino

Scotland

Servia

Shanghai

Siam

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Soudan

Spain

Sumatra

Surinam

Sweden

Switzerland

Tangier

Tasmania

Transvaal , .

Trinidad

Tripoli

Tunis

Turkey

Turk's Island

Uruguay

Vancouver's Island ....

Van Diemen's Land

Venezuela

Victoria

Wallachia

West Indies

Let- News-
ters. papers .

*5
*5
12
12
*5
*5

2
15
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5

5
*5
*5

2
12
*5
*5
*5
*5
15
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5

5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5
*5

5
21
*5
*5
*5
*5
"=5
*5
*5

5
*5
12
*5
*5

Cents.
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1

INDEX.

A.

PAGE.

Accidents and Injuries, Deaths from 545

Acquisitions of Russia 251

Adams, John, Administration of 298

Adams, John Q. , Administration of 305

Administrations of the Presidents of the U.S. 297-321

Advent of Europeans in the U. S 179

Africa, French Settlements in 245

Ages, Geologic 20

Agriculture... 579

Agriculture, Different Occupations in — Classified

and Alphabetically Arranged 419

Agriculture, Different Occupations in, by Sex and

Nativity 419

Agricultural Implements, Extent of Manufacture

of 693

Agricultural Laborers in County Cork, Ireland,

Wages paid 456

Agricultural Laborers near Dundee, Wages paid. . . 452

Agricultural Laborers in England, Condition of.. 443
Agricultural Laborers and Servants in France,

Wages paid 463

Agricultural Laborers and Servants in Germany,

Wages paid 472

Agricultural Laborers near Liverpool, Wages paid. 444
Agricultural Laborers and Servants in Switzer-
land, Wages paid 485

Agriculture, Number of Persons Engaged in 403

Agriculture of all Nations for 1870 and 1880 718

Agricultural Statistics, Methods of Obtaining 579

Agriculture in U. S., Number and Sex of Persons

engaged in 408

Alabama admitted to the Union 303

Alaska, Climate of 31

Albany, Freight Eates to 798

Algeria, Area and Population of 245

Algonquin Indians, History of 176

Alien and Sedition Laws passed 298

Alsace-Lorraine, Wages paid Railway Employes 470
America, Average Annual Rainfall in Various

Pa-ts of 41

American Colonies, Characteristics of People of... 389

American Colonies, Religious History of 387

American Colonies, Religious Institutions of 389

American Desert 28

America, Discovery of by Columbus 180

America, French Settlements in 246

America named after Vespucius 181,

America, Population and Area of the Political

Divisions of 238

American Rebellion, Enlistments by States dur-
ing 558

American Vessels employed in Foreign Trade,
Coastwise Trade, 'Whale Fisheries, Cod Fish-
eries and Mackerel Fisheries, Tonnage of 795

PAGE.
American Vessels, Percentage of Exports and Im-
ports carried in 779

Analysis of Public Debt of U. S. from 1 856 742

Anatolia, Population of 280

Anchor Line Steamship Rates to Glasgow 802

Ancona, Prices paid for Food in 507

Anglican Church in different countries, Number

of Members of 400

Anglican Ministers, Number of 398

Animals, Proverbs relating to 50

Annaberg, Wages paid Trades in 467

Annual ( average ) Rainfall in Europe 41

Annual ( average ) Rainfall of the United States. . . 39
Annual ( average ) Rainfall in various parts of

America 41

Ante-Mound Builders 174

Anthracite Coal, where found 133

Anti-Federalists 296

Antwerp, Wages paid Trades in 429

Appalachian Gold District 141

Appalachian System 22

Appalachian System, Ranges of 22

Approaching Storms, Local Indications of 117

Appropriations for Payment of Pensions 572

Appropriations for Pension Office, for Settling

Claims :.. 573

Appropriations for Signal Service Bureau 37

Arabia, Population of 282

Area of Algeria 245

Area of Austro-Hungary 249

Area of Coal in Europe 132

Area of Coal in the United States 132

Area of Districts of France 241

Area of "English Possessions 230

Area of Great Britain and Ireland 227

Area of Lakes of Switzerland 264

Area and Population of Argentine Confederation. 287

Area and Population of Australasia 232

Area and Population of Bolivia 286

Area and Population of Brazil 288

Area and Population of British North America... 230

Area and Population of Central America 284

Area and Population of Chili 286

Area and Population of China 291

Area and Population of Denmark 269

Area and Population of Ecuador 285

Area and Population of the German Empire 233

Area and Population of the Governments of Rus-
sia 253

Area and Population of Greece 274, 275

Area and Population of Japan 289

Area and Population of Mexico 283

Area and Population of Montenegro 278

Area and Population of Norway 271

(813)

814

INDEX.

PAGE.

Area and Population of Paraguay 287

Amsterdam, Wages paid Trades in 429

Area and Population of Peru 285

Area and Population of Portugal 273

Area and Population of the Political Divisions of

America 238

Area and Population of the Provinces of Belgium. 265

Area and Population of the Provinces of Holland. 267

Area and Population of Provinces of Italy 258, — 260

Area and Population of Roumania 276

Area and Population of Servia 277

Area and Population of Spain 272

Area and Population of the States of Europe 238

Area and Population of Sweden 270

Area and Population of Switzerland 263

Area and Population of the T urkish Empire 278

Area and Population of the United States of Co-
lombia 284

Area and Population of Uruguay 288

Area and Population of Venezuela 285

Area of Eussia at Different Periods 252, 257

Area of the United States 21, 28

Argentine Confederation, Area and Population of 287
Argentine Confederation, Nationality of Popula-
tion of 287

Arkansas Admitted to the Union 307

Armies of Different Countries, Statistics of 563

Army of U. S., Extent of 555, 559

Army of U.S., Generals of since 1775 562

Army and Navy 555

Army of U. S., Officers of 561, 562

Army of U. S., Pay of Officers of 562

Arthur, Chester A., Administration of 319

"Articles of Confederation" Adopted by the Con-
tinental Congress 295

Assessed Valuation of Property by States, Last

Census 728

PAGE.

Army of U. S. since 1789, Strength of 563

Asia Minor, Extent of Employment of Women in 531

Assessments of Mining Companies 148

Asses in each State, Number of 605, 673

Assets of U. S. in 1885 727

Atchison, Freight Bates to and From 799

Atlantic Slope 24

Atlantic Slope, Climate of..- 29

Atlantic Slope, Drainage of 26

Atlantic Slope, Bivers of 26

Atlantic Slope, Source of Bains for 41

Attendance, Daily, of Public Schools of U. S 344

Auckland, Cost of Food in 540

Australasia, Colonization of 231

Australia, Area and Population of 232

Australia, Cost of Food in Agricultural Dis-
tricts of • 540

Austria, Condition of Laboring Classes in 489

Austria, Cost of Provisions and Clothing in 492

Austro- Hungary, Foreigners Dwelling in 250

Austrians and Hungarians in Foreign Countries.. 250

Austro-Hungary, Population of Countries of 249

Austro-Hungary, Population of, by Sex 250

Austro-Hungary, Population of 247

Austro-Hungary, Political Divisions of 247

Austria, Price Paid for Meats and Groceries in 433

Austrian Tonnage, Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796

Austro-Hungary, Territorial Changes in 247

Austria, Wages Paid, Bail way Employes in 432

Austria, Wages paid Trades in 428, 490

Australasia, the " Workingman's Paradise " 537

Average Annual Bainf all in America 41

Average Annual Bainf all in E urope 41

Average Annual Bainf all of the United States 39

Average Workman in England, Earnings and Ex-
penses of 447

Asia, French Settlements in 246

B.

Balance (Annual) in U. S. Treasury from 1791,719 725

Balance Sheets of the U. S. from 1789 to 1884... 718
Baltic Provinces and Petersburg, Population and

Area of 254

Baltimore, Freight Bates to 798, 800

Banking of All Nations for 1870 and 1880 718

Banks and Banking 732

Banks, Internal Bevenue Beceipts for Two Years 760

Banks, Money Circulation in 729

Banks (National), Total Internal Bevenue Taxes

Collected from 763

Banks (Other than National), Total Internal

Bevenue Taxes Collected from 763

Baptist Church in British America, Statistics of.. 397

Baptist Church in the British Islands, Statistics of 397

Baptist Communicants in U. S., Number of 399

Baptist Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Baptist Church in Different Countries,Members of 400

Baptist Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Baptist Ministers in U. S., Number of 399

Baptist Ministers, Number of 398

Barges of the U. S., by States and Territories, . 792

Barley Produced in each State, Amount of 598, 609

Blacksmithing Industry, by States, Extent of 691

Barley Produced in each State, Amount per Acre

and Price of 674

Barley Chicago to Buffalo, Lake Freight, Bates on 801
Barmen, Germany, Wages paid in Ironworks and

Mines in 471

Barmen, Wages paid Trades in 467

Basin, Central, Bivers of 26

Battles of the Bebellion 314

Belgium, Condition of Laboring Classes in 477, 479, 481

Belgium, Cost of Provisions, Clothing and Bent in 480

Belgium, Expenses and Earnings of Family in. . . 480

Belgium, Price paid for Meats and Groceries in. . . 433

Belgium, Wages paid Bailway Employes in 432

Belgium, Wages paid Trades in 428, 431,478

Bellaire, Freight Bates to 798

Belgium, Political Divisions of 265

B elgium, Population and Area of 265

Belgium, Beligion of 265

Belgian Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796

Berlin, Wages paid Trades in 467

Berne, Wages paid in Factories of 484

Berne, Wages paid Trades in 429

Bill of Bights Passed by Continental Congress 294

Birds, Proverbs Belating to 55

INDEX.

815

PAGE.

Birmingham, Wages Paid in Foundries in 432

Birmingham, Wages paid Trades in 437

Bituminous Coal, Where Found 133

Blast Furnaces tor Manufacture of Iron and Steel,

by States, Number of, etc 701

Blind in the U. S., Number of 369

Blind in the U. S. in 1880, by Sex, Nativity and

Race 372

Boiler Shops in Liverpool, Wages Paid in 439

Bolivia, Area and Population of 286

Bonds on Deposit, by National Banks, by States. 732
Bonds of U. S. Outstanding from 1865, Annual

Classification of 743

Books Published in Germany, Number of 386

Boots and Shoes, Extent of Manufacture of 690

Bordeaux, Wages Paid Trades in ., 460

Boston, Freight Rates to 798, 800

Bounties Paid to Soldiers of the Rebellion 558

Bradford, Eng., Wages Paid Trades in 437

Brahmins, Number of 400

Brazil, Area and Population of 288

Brazil, Nationality of Population of 289

Brazil, Population of According to Sex 289

Brazil, Wages Paid Trades in 527

Eremou, Steamship Rates to 802

PAGE

Bremen, Germany, Wages Paid Household Ser-
vants in 471

Bremen, Wages Paid Trades in 429 467

Bristol, Eng., Wages Paid Trades in 437

British America, Religious Denominations of 397

British Islands, Religious Denominations of 397

British North America, Population and Area of... 230

British Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796

Buchanan, James, Administration of 313

Buckwheat Produced in Each State, Amount

of 598, 609

Buckwheat Produced in Each State, Amount Per

Acre and Price of 675

Buddhists, Number of 400

Buffalo, Freight Rates to. 798

Buffalo, Lake Freight Rates from Chicago 801

Bullion, Production of 146

Bureau of Education, Aim and Purpose of 332

Burlington (East), Freight Rates from 798

Business Colleges in the U. S 349

Butter, Amount Made in U. S 587

Butter, Prices in New York During Forty-Five

Years 756

Butter Produced in Each State, Amount of. . .608, 673

a.

Cabinets of the Presidents of the United

States 297 to 321

California, Extent of Production of Mercury in. . . 164

California, Southern Climate of 31

Canada, An Advance Since 1878 in Wages Paid in 515

Canal Boats of the U. S. by States and Territories 792

Canterbury, Cost of Food in 540

Cantons of Switzerland, the Original Thirteen 261

Cantons of Switzerland, Population and Area of.. 263
Capacity of Iron and Steel Blast Furnaces, by

States 701

Capital of Banks, Total Internal Revenue Taxes

Collected Upon 763

Capital Invested in Blast Furnaces for Manufact-

• ure of Iron and Steel, by States 701

Capital Invested in Manufactures by States

703, 704, 705

Capital Invested in Manufactures of U. S 680

Capital Invested in U. S. by Specified Industries

in 1880 787

Capital of National Banks by States 732

Capital of National Banks, U. S. Tax Collected

Annually on 735

Capital of Railroads for 1884, by States 789

Capital Stock of Gold and Silver Mines 142

Cardiff, Wales, Wages Paid Trades in 438

Carpentering Industry, by States, Extent of 691

Carriages and Wagons, Extent of Manufacture of 693
Catholic Church in the British Islands, Statistics

of 397, 983

Catholics in Countries of Europe, Number of 401

Catholics, Roman, in Africa, Number of 400

Catholics, Roman, in America, Number of 400

Catholics, Roman, in Number of 400

Catholics, Roman, in Australia and Polynesia,

Number of 400

Catholics, Roman, in Europe, Number of 400

Cattle in each State, Number of 606, 673

Cattle, Transportation Rates on 797

Caucasus, Stadtholdership Population and Area of 256

Causes of Death, Census Reports of 544

Causes of Excess of Deaths in Males 552

Causes of Emigration from Germany 476

Causes of Emigration from Holland 496

Causes of Emigration from Ireland 455

Causes of Emigration from Switzerland 482, 486

Census Bureau, Nature and Extent of Work Per-
formed by ' 187

Census Bureau, Object of 187

Census, Decennial, Nature of 541

Center of Manufacturing Industries in U. S 693

Central America, Area and Population 284

Central America Political Divisions of 284

Central Asia, Population and Area of 256

Central Basin, Rivers of 26

" Central Coal Field," Extent of 134

Central Plain 24

Central Plain, Climate of 29

Central Plain, Drainage of 27

Cereal Crops of U. S., Aggregate Amount of 538

Cheese, Amount Made in U. S 587

Cheese, Prices in New York During 45 Years 756

Cheese Produced in each State, Amount of 608

Chester, Pa., Price paid for Meats and Groceries in 433

Chicago to Buffalo, Lake Freight Rates 801

Chicago, Freight Rates To and From 799

Chicago, Freight Rates from 800

Chicago, Prices of Live Hogs each Month for 10

Years in 75 1

Chicago, Prices of Mess Pork each Month for 15

Years in 750

Chicago, Prices of Oats each Month for 15 Years

in 750

Chicago, Wages paid Trades in 429, 431

816

INDEX.

PAGE.

Chicago, Prices of Prime Steam Lard each Month

for 15 Years in 751

Chicago, Prices of Wheat each Month for 15 Years

in. 749

Chicago, Price paid for Meats and Groceries in 433

Chicago, Wages paid Dry Goods Employes in 435

Chicago, Wages paid in Foundries in 432

Chicago, Wages paid Household Servants in 435

Chicago, Wages paid Printers, Proof-Readers, etc.,

in 434

Chicago, Wages paid Railway Employes in 432, 435

Children Engaged in Gainful Occupations, Num-
ber of 403

Children in Manufacturing Industry 696

Children and Youth in Industrial Pursuits, by

Cities, Per centages of 698

Children and Youth in Industrial Pursuits, by

States, Per centages of 697

Chili, Area and Population of 286

Chili, Nationality of. Population of 286

China, Area and Population of 291

China, Foreign-born Population 292

China, Political Divisions of 291

China, Population of Principal Towns of 292

Chinese in the U. S. at Different Periods, Number of 199

Christian Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Christians, Number of 400

Church of England in British America, Statistics

of 397

Church of England in the British Islands, Statis-
tics of 397

Church and State during Colonial Period in Amer-
ica 390

Churches in the U. S., Increase of 395

Church Members iu Different Countries, Number

of 400

Church Members in U. S., Number of 399

Circulation of Banks, Total Internal Revenue

Taxes Collected upon. 763

Circulation of Money in U. S., Estimate of 729

Circulation of National Banks, by States 732

Circulation of National Banks, U. S. Tax Collected

Annually on 735

Cities of Denmark, Population of 269

Cities of England, Scotland and Ireland, Popula-
tion of 226

Cities of Europe, Wages paid Trades in 429

Cities in German Empire, Population of 236

Cities of Greece, Population of 275

Cities of Norway, Population of 271

Cities of Scotland, Wages paid Trades in 448

Cities, Statistics of Occupations in 407

Cities of each State. Rates and Amounts of Taxes

Levied in 745

Cities of U. S., Population of . ., 224 407

Civilized Indians at Different Periods, Number of 199

Civil War 314

Classes of Occupations in England, Number En-
gaged in each 436, 437, 438

Classification of Mail Matter and Postage Rates... 809
Classified Proportions of Persons Employed in

Industrial Pursuits, by Principal Cities 698

Classified Proportions of Persons Employed in

Industrial Pursuits, by States 697

Classification of Wheat, Corn and Oats 676

Cleveland, Grover, Administration of 320

Climate 29

PAGE_

Climate of Alaska 31

Climate of Atlantic Slope 29

Climate of the Central Plain 29

Climate of Mountain Regions 30

Climate of the Pacific Slope 31

Climate of Southern California 31

Clothing in Austria, Cost of 492

Clothing in Belgium, Cost of 480

Clothing in the Consular District of Rome, Prices

of 507

Clothing Industry, Extent of 690

Clothing, Prices Paid in Rio de Janeiro for 529

Clothing, Price Paid for in Liverpool 445

Clothing in Switzerland, Cost of 487

Clouds, Proverbs Relating to 63

Coal, Anthracite, Where Found 133

Coal, Area in Europe 132

Coal, Area in the United States 132

Coal, Bituminous, Where Found -. 133

Coal, Formation of 131

Coal, Kinds of 132

Coal, Layers or Seams of 132

Coal, Prices in New York During Forty-five

Years 752

Coal, Produced in the United States 135

Coal, Semi-bituminous, Where Found 133

Coal, World's Production of 136, 140-

Coast Line of the United States 28

Coastwise Trade, Tonnage of American Vessels

Employed in 795

Cod Fisheries, Tonnage of American Vessels Em-
ployed in 795

Coffee, Prices in New York During Forty-five

Years 752

Coinage of Gold, Silver and Minor Coin from Or-
ganization of Mint, by Years Since 1 873 .. 738, 739

Coinage in 1885, Number of Pieces and Value 738

Coke, Manufacturer of 136

Colleges (Business), in the United States 349

Colleges in the United States, Number of . f . . 353, 356

Colleges of the United States, Value of Property .

of 357

Colonization of Australasia 231

Colonies, American, Religious History of 387

Colonies, English 229

Colonies of New England, Characteristics of

Early Settlers of 388

Colonies of the South, Characteristics of Early

Settlers of 388

Colored Race, Kind and Number of Schools in the

United States for 347

Colored Race, Number and Enrollment of Schools

in the United States for 348

Colored Troops Engaged in the American Rebel-
lion 558

Columbus, Discovery of America, by 180

Commerce of All Nations in Millions of Dollars,

forl870and 1880 718

Communicants of Certain Denominations in Dif-
ferent Countries 400

Companies, Mining, Assessments of 148

Companies, Mining, Dividends of 148

Companies, Mining, Financial Showing of 149

Comparative Growth of City Population and Total

Population of the United States, by Decades. . 694

Compensation of Postmasters, by States . 808

Comstock Mills and Mines, Wages Paid in 155

INDEX.

817

PAGE.

Comparative Increase in Industrial Employment

of Womenand Children 696

Condition of Agricultural Laborers in England. . . 443

Condition of Laboring Classes in Austria 489

Condition of Laboring Classes in Belgium, 477,

479, 481

Condition of Laboring Classes in France 459, 465

Condition ot Laboring Classes in Germany 469

Condition of Laboring Classes in Spain 502

Condition of Laboring Classes in Switzerland 482

Condition of the Tobacco Business in the Several

States 766

Confederacy of Switzerland 260

Confucius, Followers of, Number of 400

Congregational Church in British America, Statis-
tics of 397

Congregational Church in the British Islands,

Statistics of 397

Congregational Church in Different Countries,

Number of Members of 400

Congregational Church in the U. S., Statistics of.. 396
Congregational Communicants in U. S., Number

of 399

Congregational Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Congregational Ministers, Number of 398 399

Congregations in the U. S., Number of 399

Conquests of Russia 251

Constitution adopted by the United States 296

Consumption, Deaths from 545

Consumption of Gold and Silver 154

Continental Congress "Articles of Confederation" 295

Consular District of Rome, Females Employed in. 504

Copenhagen, Average Retail Prices of Food in 501

Copenhagen, Imaginary Yearly Budget of Working

Man and Family in 501

Copenhagen, Wages paid Female Adults in 500

Copenhagen, Wages Paid Trades in 429, 498

Copper, Cost of Production 163

Copper, Prices of 163

Copper Production in U. S., Extent of 161

Copper production of the World 163

Copper Sheathing, Prices in New York during 45

Years 753

Copper, Where Found 160

Cordilleran Gold District ^ 141

Cordilleran System 23

Cordilleran System, Ranges of 23

Cork, Wages Paid in Factories and Mills of 457

PAGE.

Corn, Chicago to Buffalo, Lake Freight Rates on. . 801
Corn Each Month for 15 Years in Chicago, Prices

of 749

Corn Prices in New York During 45 Years 752

Corn Produced in Each State, Amount of 599 609

Corn Produced in Each State by Counties, Amount

of 613to 672

Corn Produced in Each State, Amount per Acre

and Price of 674

Corn, Rain Required by 47

Corn, Rules Governing the Inspection of 676

Cornmeal, Prices in New York During 45 Years. . . 752

Cost of Food and Clothing in Austria 492

Cost of Food in Agricultural Districts of Australia 540"

Cost of Living in Jerusalem 535

Cost of Living to the Laboring Classes in Mexico. 52a
Cost of Living to Laboring Classes in Venezuela. . 527
Cost of Living to a Mason in U. S. of Colombia... 525

Cost of Production of Copper 163

Cost of Railroads and Equipments for 1884, by

States 789

Cost of Railroad Mail transportation, Annual 804

Cotton Exported From U. S., by Countries, for 10

Years 778

Cotton Goods Industry, Extent of 688

Cotton Prices in New York During 45 Years 753

Cotton Produced in Each State by Counties,

Amount of 613 to 672

Cotton Produced by States, Bales of 589'

Cotton Produced in Each State, Amount Per Acre

and Price of 675

Cotton Produced in Each State, Amount of 601 612;

Cotton, Rain Required by 47

Cotton, Transportation Rates on 797'

Countries of Austro-Hungary, Population of 249'

Cows, Milch, in Each State, Number of 606 673'.

Crefeld, Wages Paid Trades in 467"

Cross Section of the United States 26-

Cumberland Presbyterian Church in the U. S.,

Statistics of 396

Currency Outstanding from 1865, Annual Sum-
mary of 735

Currency Price of Gold Annually from 1865 735

Customs Receipts of U. S. (Annual) from 1791 to

1884 719

Czardom of Astrachan, Population and Area of 255

Czardom of Kasan, Population and Area of L 254=

D.

Dakotas, History of 178

Danish Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796

Deaf Mutes in the U. S., Number of 369

Deaf Mutes in the U. S. in 1880, by Sex, Nativity

and Race 373

Death Rate at Certain Ages 544

Death Rate of Colored Population in 1880 543

DeathRateof 1880 543

Death Rate of Females 544

Death Rate of Males 544

Deaths and Diseases 541

Deaths, Census Reports of Causes of 544

DeathB, Comparison with Regard to Sex, Age and

Color 552

Deaths from Accidents and Injuries 545"

Deaths from Consumption 545

Deaths from Diphtheria 544

Deaths from Enteric (Typhoid) Fever 545

Deaths from Malarial Fevers 545

Deaths from Ten Principal Causes 551

Deaths iu Males, Causes of Excess of 552

Deaths, Total Number of 546

Deaths, with Distinction of Sex 547

Deaths, with Distinction of Sex and Certain Ages 550

Deaths, with Distinction of TSex and Color 548

Debt of U. S., Annual from 1791 740

Decennial Census, Nature of 541

"Declaratory Act," Nature of 294r

818

INDEX.

PAGE.

Declaration of Independence Passed by the Conti-
nental Congress 295

Decrease and Increase in Population of France 243

Deep Mines, Extent of Workings 143

Deep Mines. Personnel of 143

Denmark, Area and Population of 269

Denmark, Political Divisions of 269

Denmark, Religious Sects of 269

Denmark, Territorial Changes of 268

Denmark, Wages and Condition of Laborers

in 497, 499

Denmark, Wages Paid Railway Employes in 432

Denmark, Wages Paid Trades in 431

Denominations of National Bank Notes Issued,

Redeemed and Outstanding 733

Denominations of the U. S., Religious, Statistics

of 396

Denominations, Religious, in British America 397

Denominations, Religious, in Europe 401

Denominations, Religious, of the British Islands 397

Density of Population of the U S 191

Department U. S. Postoffice 803

Deposits and Purchases of Gold and Silver 731

Deposits of Banks, Total Internal Revenue Taxes

Collected Upon 703

Deposits of National Banks, U. S. Tax Collected

Annually on 735

Desert, American 28

De Soto, Discovers the Mississippi River 181

Detroit, Freight Rates to and from 799

Dew, Proverbs Relating to 70

Dimensions of the Tunnels of the World 156

Diphtheria, Deaths from 544

Direct Tax Receipts of U. S. (Annual) from 1800 719

Disbursements of U. S. for One Fiscal Year, 783

Disciple Communicants in U. S., Number of 399

Disciple Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Disciple Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Disciple Ministers in U. S., Number of 399

Discoveries Made by Norsemen 180

Discoveries Made by Thorwold, and Eric the Red. 180

PAGE.

Discovery of America by Columbus 1 80

Diseases and Deaths 541

Distilled Spirits Industry, Extent of 693

Distilled Spirits, Internal Revenue, Receipts by

States and Territories from 761

Distribution as to Steam or Sailing Vessels of

Tonnage built from] 869 to 1 883 794

Distribution of Manufacturing Industries, Geo-
graphical 681

Districts of France. Population and Area of 241

Dividends of Mining Companies 148

Dividends Paid on Stocks by Railroads for 1884, 790
Dividend, Receipts of United Slates (Annual)

from 1792 to 1836 721

Drainage of Atlantic Slope 26

Drainage of Cemral Plain 27

Drainage of Gulf Region 26

Drainage of the Pacific Slope 28

Dressed Beef, Transportation Rates on 797

Dressed Hogs, Transportation Rates on 797

Dry Goods and Provisions in Holland, Cost ot 495

Dry Goods Employes in Chicago, Wages Paid 435

Dundee, Wages Paid Agricultural Laborers near.. 452
Dundee, Wages Paid in Foundries, Machine Shops

and Tron Works in 450

Dundee, Wages I'aid Railway Employes in 450

Dundee, Wages Paid Trades in 448

Dunfermline, Wages Paid Trades in 448

Dunkard Communicants in United States, Num-
ber of 399

Dunkard Congregations in the United States,

Number of 399

Dunkard Ministers in United States, Number of. 399

Dunkirk, Freight Rates to 798

Dusseldorf, Wages Paid Trades in 468

Dutch Settlements 183

Dutch Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of the

United States Annually for Seventeen Years.. 796
Duty Collected by United States During Ninety-
three Years 767

Dwelling Houses in German Empire, Number of. 234

R.

Earliest Inhabi tants of North America 173

Early Discoveries in the New World 181

Earnings and Expenses of Average Workman-in

England 447

Earnings and Expenses of Man and Family in

Germany 474, 475

Earnings and Expenses of Workman and Family

in Belgium 480

Earnings and Expenses of Workmen of France.. 465

Earnings and Expenses of Workmen of Ireland.. 458

Eastern Churches, Number of 400

Eastern Gulf States, Extent of 45

East St. Louis, Freight Rates From 799, 800

Ecuador, Area and Population of 285

Education in France, Statistics of • 383

Education in Germany, Statistics of 385

Education in Great Britain, Statistics of 380

Education in Ireland, Statistics of 381

Education in Scotland, Statistics of 381

Eggs and Poultry, Statistics of 590

Eighth Administration, from 1817 to 1821 303

Eighteenth Administration, from 1857 to 1861.. 313

Elementary Scho <ls United States, Number of. . . 352

Elevation Above Sea-level, Population in 1 92

Eleventh Administration, from 1829 to 1833 306

Embargo Act, Nature of 300

Emigration from France 244

Emigration from Germany, Causes of 476

Emigration from Great Britain and Ireland 228

Emigration from Holland, Cause of 496

Emigration from Ireland, Causes of 455

Emigration from Switzerland, Causes of 482, 486

Emigration from the German Empire 235

Employes of the United States Railway Mail Ser-
vice, Number of and Expenditure for 804

Employment of Women in Asia Minor, Extent of, 531

England and Wales, Area of 227

England and Wales,Average Wages Paid Trades in 438

England and Wales, Population of 227

England and Wales, Population, According to Sex 228

England and Wales, Religious Denominations of, 397

England, Condition of Agricultural Laborers of 443

INDEX.

819

PAGE.

England, Number Engaged in Each Class of Em-
ployment 436,437, 438

England, Population of Cities of 226

England, Price Paid for Meats and Groceries in. . . 433

England, Wages Paid in Foundries ia 432

England, Wages Paid Trades in. . . .428. 431, 437, 438

English Colonies and Foreign Possessions 229

English Possessions 229

English Possessions in Europe 230

English Settlements 1 82

Enlistments by States During the'Mexican War. . 557

Enlistments by States During the Revolution 556

Enteric Fever, Deaths from 515

Episcopal Church in United States, Statistics of. . 396

Episcopal Communicants in the U. S., Number of 399

Episcopal Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Episcopal Ministers in the U. S., Number of 399

Epochs, Geologic 20.

Eras, Geologic 20

Eric the Red, Discoveries Made by 180

European Cities, Wages paid Trades in 429

Europeans, Advent of, in the U. S 179

Europeans in Algeria 245

European States, Foreign Possessions of 239

Europe, Average Annual Rainfall in 41

Europe, Coal Area of 132

Europe, Population and Area of the States of 238

Europe, Price Paid for Meats and Groceries in 433

Europe, Religious Denominations in 401

Europe, Statistics of the Armies of 563

Europe, Wages paid in General Trades in 428, 431

Europe, Wages paid Railway Employes in 432

Evangelical Association Communicants in U. S.,

Number of 399

Evangelical Association Congregations in U. S.,

Number of 399

Evangelical Association Ministers in U. S., Num-
ber of 399

Events of the Administration of Buchanan 313

Events of the Administration of Garfield 319

Events of the Administration of Harrison and

Tyler 309

Events of the Administration of Hayes 318

Events of the Administration of Jackson 306

Events of the Administration of John Adams 298

Events of the Administration of John Q. Adams. . 305

PAGE.

Events of the Administrations of Grant 316

Events of the Administrations of Jefferson 299

Events of the Administrations of Lincoln 314

Events of the Administrations of Madison 301

Events of the Administrations of Monroe 303

Events of the Administration of Pierce 312

Events of the Administration of Polk 310

Events of the Administration of Tayior and Fill-
more 311

Events of the Administration of Van Buren 308

Events of the Administrations of Washington 297

Excess of Deaths in Males, Causes of 552

Expenditure for Employes of Railway Mail Service 804

Expenditure for Schools in Recent Slave States.. 346

Expenditure of the Post-office Department 803

Expenditure, per Capita in Public Schools of U.S. 343
Expenditures and Receipts for One Fiscal Year by

States, Postal 808

Expenditures for the Schools of the TJ S 338, 342, 345

Expenditures of Pension Office in Settling Claims 573

Expenditures of the U. S. (Annual), from 1789 .. 723

Expenditures on Account of Pensions 572

Expenses and Earnings of Man and Family in

Germany 474, 475

Expenses and Earnings of Workman and Family

in Belgium 480

Expenses and Earnings of Workmen of France.. 465

Expenses and Earnings of Workmen of Ireland... 458

Exports from U. S. Carried in Foreign Vessels 779

Exports of Cotton from U. S., by Countries, for

Ten Years 778

Exports of Merchandise from TJ. S., by Articles,

Values of 774

Exports of Merchandise from U. S., by Countries,

Values of 771

Exports and Imports Carried in American Vessels,

Percentage of 779

Exports and Imports of U. S. during 93 Years,

Values of and Duties Collected 767

Exports, by Countries, from U. S. for Two Years,

Declared Value of 776

Exports from U. S., Carried in American Vessels. 779

Exports from TJ. S., Carried in Cars 779

Extent of Post-Routes in Miles 803

Extent of Workings of Deep Mines 143

F,

Factories of Cork, Wages Paid in 457

Factories in France, Wages Paid in 346

Factories in Germany, Wages Paid in 469

Factories in Ireland, Wages Paid in 454

Factories of Leith, Wages Paid in 449

Factories of Switzerland, Wages Paid in 484

Falmouth, England, Wages Paid, Trades in 437

Farm, Definition of 580

Farm Lands in Each State, Extent of 583

Farm Lands in TJ. S., Total Number of Acres of. . . 586

Farms in Each State, Average Size of . 596

Farms in Each State, Cultivated by Owners or

Rented, Number of 583

Farms in Each State, Improved Land in 590, 591

Farms in Each State, Number of 581

Farms in Each State, Number of Acres in 590

Farms in Each State, Value of 596

Farms in Each State, Value of Implements on 597

Farms in U. S., Average Number of Acres in 586

Farms in TJ. S., Improved Land in 586

Farms in TJ. S.. Increase in Number of 586

Farms in TJ. S., Total Number of 586

Farms in TJ. S., Unimproved Lands in 586

Farms in U.S. in 1880. Statistics of 586

" Federalists" and "Anti-Federalists" 296

Female Adults in Copenhagen, Wages Paid 500

Female School Population of the United States. . . 336
Females Engaged in Gainful Occupations, Num-
ber of 403

Females Employed in Germany, Number of 466

820

INDEX.

PAGE.

Females Employed in Ireland, Number of 454

Females Employed in the Consular Districts of.

Rome 504

Females in Industrial Pursuits by Principal Cities,

Percentages of 698

Females over Fifteen Years in Industrial Pursuits

by States, Percentages of 697

Females, Wages Paid in Certain Trades in Rome . 505

Female Teachers in the United States, Number of 345

Fences, Cost of Building and Repairing 594

Fermented Liquors, Internal Revenue Receipts

by States and Territories from 761

Fermented Liquors, Internal Revenue Receipts

for Two Years from 760

Fertilizers, Amount Expended for 594

Fevers, Enteric, Deaths from 545

Fevers, Malarial, Deaths from 545

Fifteenth Administration, from 1845 to 1849 310

Fifth Administration, from 1805 to 1809 300

Fillmore, Millard Administration of 311

Financial Panic of 1837 308

Financial Showing of Mining Companies 149

Financial Transactions of the U. S., Summary

of 780, 781

First Administration, from 1789 to 1793 297

First-Class Mail Matter, What is Included in and

Postage on 809

"First Continental Congress," Bill of Rights

Passed by 294

First Permanent Settlements in the U. S 1 82

Fish, Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 753

Fish, Proverbs Relating to 71

Flax, Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 753

Florida, Purchase of 303

Flour and Grist Mill Industry, Extent of 685

Flour, Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 752

Fog or Mist, Proverbs relating to 74

Foligno, Prices Paid for Food m 507

Followers of Confucius, Number of 400

Food in Austria, Cost of 490

Food in Copenhagen, Average Retail Prices of 501

Food in Glasgow, Prices Paid for 453

Food, Prices Paid ior,in Liverpool 445

Force Employed at Ontario Mill v. 155

Foreign Born Population of France 245

Foreign Born Population of Greece 274

Foreign Born Population of Italy 259

Foreign Born Population of Norway 271

Foreign Born Population of Roumania 277

Foreign B orn Population of Spain 272

Foreign Born Population of Sweden 270

Foreign Born Population of Turkish Empire 281

Foreign Born Population, Place of Birth of 206

Foreign Countries, Population, Statistics of 225

Foreigners in Manufacturing Industries G94

Foreigners in Switzerland, Number of 264

Foreign Population of Austro-Hungary 250

Foreign Population of China 292

Foreign Population of Great Britain and Ireland. 226

Foreign Possession of European States 239

Foreign Trade, Tonnage of American Vessels Em-
ployed in ygg

PAGE'

Forests, Influence of on Rainfall 42

Forests of the United States 43

Formation of Coal 131

Form of Government of Switzerland 261

Foundries in Chicago, Wages Paid in 432

Foundries in England, Wages Paid in 432

Foundries in France, Wages Paid in 462

Foundries in Germany, Wages Paid in 471

Foundries in Liverpool, Wages Paid in 439

Foundries in Scotland, Wages Paid in 450

Foundries in Waterford. Ireland, Wages Paid in.. 457

Foundry and Machine Shop Industry, Extent of. . 688

Fourth Administration, from 1801 to 1805 299

Fourteenth Administration, from 1841 to 1845.. 309
Fourth-Class Mail Matter, What is Included in

and Postage on 810

Fractional Currency, Historical Account of 730

Framework of the United States 21

France by Districts, Population and Area of 241

France, Condition of Working Classes in 459, 465

France, Educational Statistics of. , 383

France, Emigration from 244

France, Households of 245

France, Increase and Decrease of Population of.. 243

France, Nationalities in 245

France, Political Divisions of 240

France, Price Paid for Meats and Groceries in 433

France, Territorial Changes of 240

France, Wages Paid Agricultural Laborers and

Servants in 463

France, Wages Paid in Foundries and Iron Works

of 462

France, Wages Paid in Mills and Factories in 463

France, Wages Paid in Stores and Shops of 464

France, Wages Paid Railway Employes in 432, 462

France, Wages Paid Trades in 428, 431, 460

Frankfort-on-the-Main, Wages Paid in Foun-^T, .',

dries and Mills of 469

Frankfort, Wages Paid in 468

Free Baptist Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Free Church of England in the British Islands,

Statistics of 397

Free Delivery of Mail Matter, Where Established,

Etc 811

French Emigration 244

French Huguenots in American Colonies 392

French Settlements 183

French Settlements in Africa 245

French Settlements in America 246

French Settlements in Asia 246

French Settlements in Oceanica . 246

French Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S., 796

Friends Church in British America, Statistics of.. 397
Friends Church in the British Islands, Statistics

of 397

Friends Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Friends Congregations in U. S.,Number of 399

Friends Members In U. S., Number of 399

Friends Ministers in U. 8., Number of 399

Fuel in Germany, Prices of 473

Furniture Industry, Extent of 692

INDEX.

821

Q.

PAGE.

Garfield, James A. , Administration of 319

Generals of U. S. Army since 1775 562

General Trans-Atlantic Co. Steamship Kates New

York to Havre 802

Genoa, Wages Paid Trades in 505

Geographical Distribution of Manufacturing In-
dustries 681

Geological Survey 19

Geologic Ages 20

Geologic Epochs 20

Geologic Eras 20

Geologic Periods 20

Geologic Strata 20

Geologic Structure of the United States 17

Geologic Upheavals, Results of 18

Geology 17

German Empire, Area and Population of 233

German Empire, Emigration from 235

German Empire, Nationalities of 234

German Empire, Number of Dwelling Houses in.. 234

German Empire, Population of, by Sex 234

German Empire, Population of Towns in 236

German Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796

Germany, Causes of Emigration from I . . 476

Germany, Condition of Laboring Classes in 469

Germany, Educational Statistics of 385

Ge -many, Expenses and Earnings of Workman

and Family in 474, 475

Germany, Prices of Provisions in 473

Germany, Prices Paid for Meats and Groceries in. 433
Germany, Wages Paid Agricultural Laborers and

Servants in 472

Germany, Wages paid Household Servants in 471

Germany, Wages Paid in Factories and Mills in.. 469

Germany, Wages Paid in Mines in 471

Germany, Wages Paid in Stores in 470

Germany, Wages Paid Railway Employes in. .432, 470

Germany, Wages Paid Trades in 428, 431, 467

Gironde, Wages Paid in Iron Works in 462

Glasgow, Anchor Line Steamship Rate to 802

Glasgow, Cost of Rent in 453

Glasgow, Prices Paid for Food in 453

Glasgow, Wages Paid Household Servants in 451

Glasgow, Wages Paid in Stores and Shops in 451

Glasgow, Wages Paid Trades in 448

Glass, Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 753

Gloucester, England, Wages Paid Trades in 437

Gold and Silver, Industrial Consumption of 154

Gold and Silver, World's Production of 154

Gold, Circulation in U. S 729

Gold Coinage from Organization of Mint,by Years,

Since 1 873 733

Gold, Deposits and Purchases of 731

Gold Deposits at San Francisco Mint, Decrease in 738

Gold District, Appalachian 141

Gold District, Cordilleran 141

Gold in California, Discovery of 310

Gold Mines, Capital Stock of 142

Gold Mines, Number of 142

Gold Mines of the U. S., Where found 141

Gold Price of Currency Annually from 1 865 735

Gold Producing States 147

Gold Product, Estimated Annual, from 1845 737

Gold Product for One Calendar Year, by States

and Territories 736

Gold, Production of 146

Governments of Russia, Area and Population of. . 253

Grand Dutchy of Finland, Population and Area of 255

Granite, Where Found 172

Grant, Ulysses S., Administrations, of 316

Graphite, Extent of Production 167

Graphite, Where Found 166

Grass Produced in U.S., Amount of 590

Great Britain and Ireland, Emigration from 228

Great Britain and Ireland, Foreign Population of. 226
Great Britain and Ireland, Population, According

to Sex 228

Great Britain and Ireland, Population of 227

Great Britain, Population of Cities of 226

Great Britain, Religious Denominations of 397

Great Britain, Statistics of Schools of 380

Great Lakes, Area of 27

Great Russia, Population and Area of 253

Greece, Area and Population of 274. 275

Greece, Foreign Born Population of 274

Greece, Population of Principal Towns of 275

Greece, Religious Sects of 274

Greece, Territorial Changes of 273

Greek Church in Countries of Europe, Number

of Members of 401

Grinding, the Greatest Manufacturing Industry. 685

Grindstones, Value of ^Production 169

Grindstones, WhereFound 168

Groceries and Meats in Europe, Prices Paid for . 433

Groceries and Meats in U. S., Price Paid for 433

Groceries in Austria, Cost of 492

Groceries in Belgium, Cost of 480

Groceries in Germany, Cost of 473

Groceries in Glasgow, Cost of 453

Groceries in Holland, Cost of 495

Groceries in Liverpool, Cost of 445

Groceries, in Rio de Janeiro, Cost of 529

Groceries in Switzerland, Cost of 487

Groceries in the Consular District of Rome, cost of 507
Guion Line Steamship, Rates New York to Liver-
pool 302

Gulf Region, Drainage of 26

Gulf System, Rivers of 26

Gun powder. Prices in New York During Forty-
five years 753

H

Hands Employed in Blast Furnaces 701

Hands Employed in Manufactures, by Totals of

Stales 703, 704, 705

Hands Employed in U. S., by Specified Industries, 707

Hannibal, East, Freight Rates From 793

Harrison, Wm. H. , Administration of 309

Havre, Steamship Rates to 802

Hayes, R. B., Administration of 318

Hay Produced in Each State, Amount per Acre

and Price of 675

Hay Produced in Each State by Counties, Amount

of 613 to 672

822

INDEX.

PAGE.

Hay Produced in Each State, Amount of 602 0 1

Hebrew Church, in British America, Statistics of 397

Hebrew Church in U. S., Statistics of 39G

Hebrew Church, Number of Members of 400

Hides, Prices in New York, During Forty-five Years 754

High Schools in U. S., Number of 352

History and Use of Postal Cards, in U. S 809

History of Iron Manufacture 137

History of the Indians 176

History of the People 1 73

Hogs— Transportation Rates on 797

Holland, Area and Population of 267

Holland -Cause of Emigration From 496

Holland, Cost of Provisions, etc., in 495

Holland, Political Divisions of 266

Holland, Price paid for Meats and Groceries in. . . 433

Holland. Religious Sects of 268

Holland, Territorial Changes of 266

Holland, Wages paid Railway Employes in 432

PAGE.

Holland, Wages paid Trades in 423, 493

Hi>ly Head, Wages paid in Foundries in 432

Hops, Prices iu New York During 45 years 754

Hops Produced in each State, Amount of 611

Horses and Mules, Transportation Rates on 797

H rses iu each State, Number of 604 673

Household Servants in Chicago, Wages paid 435

Household Sjrvants in Glasgow, Wages paid 451

Household Servants, Wages paid 442

Households of France 245

House Rent in Belgium, Cost of 480

House Rent in England, Amount paid for 446

Houses Occupied in Switzerland, Number of 264

Huguenots in the American Colonies, Brief His-
tory of 392

Hull, England, Wages paid Trades in 437

Hungarians in Foreign Countries 250

Huron, Iroquois Indians, History of 177

I.

Idiotic in U. S. In 1880 by sex, Nativity and Race 371

Idiotic in the U. S, Number of 369

Illinois Adiritted to the Union 303

Illiteracy by States 364

Illiteracy by States, in 1860, Table Showing 366

Illiteracy by States, in 1870, Table Showing 367

Illiteracy by States, in 1880, Table Showing 368

Illiteracy iu England 381

Illiteracy in France 384

Imaginary Yearly Budget of Working Man and

Family in Copenhagen 501

Implements (Agricultural), Extent of Manufac-
ture of 693

Imports and Exports of U. S. during 93 years, 767
Imports, by Countries, into U. S. for two years,

Declared Value of 776

Imports into U. S. Carried in American Vessels. .. 779

Imports into U. S. Carried in Cars 779

Imports into U. S. Carried in Foreign Vessels 779

Imports of Merchandise into U. S. by Articles

Values of 772

Imports of Merchandise into U. S. by Countries,

Values of 770

Income of Public Schools of U. S 345

Increase and Decrease in Population of France 243

Increase in Churches in the U. S 395

Increase in Occupation and iu Population 405

Increase in Population and Manufacturing, Com-
pared by States and Territories 682

Increase of Manufacturing Industry of U. S 678

Increase of Population of the U. S., Percentage of. 190
Increase of the World's Wealth in ten years, by

Countries 717

Indiana Admitted to the Union 302

Indian Reservation 1 79

Indians at Different Periods, Number of 199

Indians, Expenditures of U. S.(Annual) from 1791 723

Indians, Families and Tribes 3 76

Indians, Manner of Living 176

Indians, Number of 176

Indications of Approaching Storms 117

Indigo, Prices in New York during 45 years 754

Individual Industries 683

Industrial Consumption of Gold and Silver 154

Industrial Statistics, Methods of Collecting 677

Industries Employing Large Proportion of Women

and Children 696

Industries Employing Small Proportion of Women

and Children 696

industries Grouped in Respect to Value of Mater-
ials, Manufacturing and Mechanical 699

Industries of all Nations for 1870 and 1880, in

Millionsof Dollars 718

Influence of Forests on Rainfall 42

Injuries and Accidents, Deaths From 545

Iuman Line Steamship Rates, New York to Liv-
erpool 802

Insane in the U.S., Number of 369

Insane in U. S. in 1880 by Sex, Nativity and Race 370

Insects, Proverbs Relating to 79

Inspection of Grain, Rules Governing 676

Instrumental Indications of Approaching Storms 117

Intemperance Among Working Classes 441

Interest Expenditures of U. S. (Annual) from

1791 to 1884 725

Interest on Public Debt paid by U. S. since 1862. 571
Interest paid on Bonds by Railroads for 1884, by

States 790

Interest Receipts of U. S. ( Annual) from 1795 lo

1818 a 721

Internal Revenue 759

Internal Revenue, Comparison of Receipts for

two years 760

Internal Revenue, Receipts by States and Terri-
tories 761

Internal Revenue, Receipts of U. S. ( Annual ) from

1792to 1884 719

Iowa Admitted to the Union 310

Ireland, Area of 227

Ireland, Causes of Emigration from 455

Ireland, Earnings and Expenses of Workmen in. . 458

Ireland, Educational Statistics of 381

Ireland, Foreign Population of 226

Ireland, Number of Females Employed iu 454

INDEX.

823

PAGE.

Ireland, Population According to Sex 228

Ireland, Population of 227

Ireland, Population of Cities of 226

Ireland, Relitrious Denominations of 397

Ireland, Wages paid Agricultural Laborers and

Servants in County Cork 450

Ireland, Wages paid in Foundries, Machine Sho s

and Iron Works in 457

Ireland, Wasres paid Trades in 456

Irish Laborers in England, Condition of 444

Iron and Steel Manufactures, by States,Blast Fur-
naces for 701

Iron and Steel Manufactures G8G

Iron and Zinc Works in Newark, N. J., Wages

paid in 435

Iron Industry of the U. S., Extent of 139

Iron Manufacture, History of 137

PAGE.

Iron Ores, WhereFound 137

Iron, Prices in New York during 45 years 754

Iron Works in Chicago, Wages paid in 432

Iron Worksia England, Wages paid in 432

Iron Works in France, Wages paid in 402

Iron Works in Germany, Wages paid in 471

Iron Works in Scotland, Wages paid in 450

Iron Works in Waterford, Ireland, Wages paid in. 457

Iron, World's Production of 140

Iroquois Indians, History of 177

Islands of Japan, Population of 289

Italian Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. 6. 79G

Italy, Foreign Born Population of 259

Italy. Politic il Divisions of 2.>8

Italy, Population and Area of 258

Italv. Religions Sects of 259

Italy, Wages paid Trades in 431, 505

J,

Jackson, Andrew, Administrations of 306

Japan, Area and Population of 289

Japanese in the U. S. at Different Periods, Num-
ber of 199

Japan, Nationality of Population of 290

Japan, Population of Islands of 289

Jefferson, Thomas, Administrations of 299

Jerusalem, Cost of Living in 535

Jerusalem, Wages paid Trades in 532

Jerusalem, Remarkable Characteristics of its Pop-
ulation 533

Jewish Church in British America, Statistics of .. 397

Jewish Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Jews in Countries of Europe, Number of 401

Jews, Number of 400

Johnson, Andrew, Administration of 315

Joint Rates Between Points Named of all Rail-
road Companies 789

K.

Kansas City, Freight Rates to and from 799

Kehl, Wages paid Trades in 468

Kentucky Admitted to the Union 297

Keokuk (East), Freight Rates from 798

Kindergarten Schools in U. S 349

Kinds of Employment in England, Number

Engaged in 436,437, 438

Kindsof Coal 132

Kingdom of Poland, Population and Area of 255

L.

Laborers in Denmark, Wages and Condition

of 497, 49g

Laborers in Mexico, a Different Race from their

Employers 518

Laborers in Mexico, Wages paid 5-0

Laborers in Russia, Wages paid 512

Laborers in St. Petersburg, Prices Paid for Food

by 514

Laborers in the District of Rome, Wages paid 507

Laborers in Victoria, Wages paid 539

Laboring Classes in Austria, Condition of 489

LaboringClasses in Belgium, Condition of.477,479, 481

Laboring Classes in Mexico, Cost of Living to 523

Laboring Classes in Switzerland, Condition of 482

Laboring Classes in Venezuela, Cost of Living to. 527

Labor, Wages and Cost of Living 427

Lake Freight Rates Chicago to Buffalo 801

Lakes, Great, Areas of 27

Lakes of Switzerland, Areas of 264

Lard, Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 756

Latitudes, Population In Different 195

Layers or Seams of Coal 1 32

Leading Cities in Industries Specified, Rank of . . 695
Leading Industries in Thirty Cities Specified,

Rank of 702

Lead Ore, Where found 158

Lead, Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 754

Lead-Producing States 160

Lead Production, Extent of 159

Leaf Tobacco Used in Manufactures in U. S 7G5

Leather, Prices in New York During Forty-five

Years 754

Leather Tanning Industry, Extent of 691

Leavenworth, Freight Rates to and from 799

Leeds, England, Wages Paid Trades in 437

Legal School Age, Minors of 365

Leipsic, Wages Paid Trades in 468

Leith, Wages Paid in Factories of 449

Leith, Wages Paid Trades in 448

Letters, Postage Rates to Foreign Countries 811

824

INUExX.

PAGE.

Liabilities of U. S. in 1885 727

Lightning and Thunder, Proverbs Relating to 107

Lignite, Nature and Extent of 134

Lincoln, Abraham, Administration of ... 314

Little Russia. Population and Area of 253

Live Hogs Each Month for Ten Years in Chicago,

Prices of 751

Liverpool, Steamship Rates to 802

Liverpool, Wages Paid Agricultural Laborers near 444
Liverpool, Wages Paid in Foundries, Machine

Shops, Etc., in 439

Liverpool, Wages Paid Railway Employes at. 432, 440

Liverpool, Wages paid Trades in 437

Live Stock in Each State, Value of 604, 673

Live Stock in U. S., Increase of 593

Live Stock on Farms, Value and Number of. .592, 673

PAGE.

Local Indications of Approaching Storms 117

Loans and Treasury Notes Receipts of U. S., An-
nual, from 1791 to 1884 721

London, Steamship Rates to 802

London, Wages Paid Railway Employes in 432

London, Wages Paid Trades in 429, 438

Longitudes, Population in Different 1 96

Louisiana, Purchase of 299

Lower Lake Region, Extent of 45

Lower Mississippi Valley, Extent of 46

Lumber Industry, Extent of 687

Lutheran Church in British America, Statistics of 397

Lutheran Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Lutheran Communicants in U. S., Number of 399

Lutheran Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Lutheran Ministers in U. S., Number of 399

M.

Machine Shop Industry, Extent of 688

Machine Shops in France, Wages paid in 462

Machine Shops in Germany, Wages paid in 471

Machine Shops in Liverpool, Wages paid in 439

Machine Shops in Scotland, Wages paid in 450

Machine Shops in Waterford, Ireland, Wages paid

in 457

Mackerel Fisheries, Tonnage of American Vessels

Employed in 795

Madison James, Administrations of 301

Madrid, Wages paid Trades in 503

Mail Matter, Free Delivery 811

Mail Matter, Postage Rates and Classification of 809

Mail Service of U. S., Railway 804

Mail Transportation by Railroads, Annual Miles

and Cost of 804

Mail Transportation by States, Cost of 808

Maine Admitted to the Union 303

Malarial Fevers, Deaths from 545

Male School Population of the United States 355

Males in Industrial Pursuits, by Principal Cities,

Percentages of 698

Males over Sixteen Years in Industrial Pursuits, by

States, Percentages of 697

Male Teachers in Schools of U. S., Number of 345

Malt Liquor Industry, Extent of 693

Manchester, Wages Paid Trades in 438

Manufactured Products o£ U. S., Value of. ...678, 679

Manufacture of Coke, Extent of 136

Manufacture of Iron, History of 137

Manufactures 677

Manufactures and Mining in U. S., Nativity of

Persons Engaged in 416

Manufactures and Mining in U. S., Number, Age

and Sex of Persons Engaged in 415

Manufactures in U. S., Number and Sex of Per-
sons Engaged in 409

Manufactures and Mining in U. S., Number in

Each State Engaged in 415

Manufactures by Totals of States and Territories

703, 704, 705

Manufactures of all Nations, for 1870 and 1880 718
Manufacturing and[Mechanical Industries Grouped

in Respect to Value of Materials 699

Manufactures of U. S. , Capital Invested in 680

Manufacturing and Population by States, Com-
parative Increase in 682

Manufacturing Centers of U. S 693

Manufacturing, Each Class of, by Sex and Nativity

423, 426

Manufacturing Industries, Geographical Distribu-
tion of 681

Manufacturing Industry Increase of 678

Manufacturing Industry, Nationality in 694

Manufacturing and Mining Industries in U. S.,

Classified and Alphabetically arranged 423 to 426

Manufacturing, Number of Persons Engaged in.. 403

Manufacturing, Wages paid in U. S 680

Marble, Where Found 172

Marlborough, Cost of Food in 540

Marseilles, Wages paid in Iron Works in 462

Marseilles, Wages paid Trades in 429, 460

Mason in U. S. of Colombia, Cost of Living to 525

Material Resources of the United States 747

Materials Used in U. S., by Specified Industries 707

Maximum Temperature, Population According to 194

Meat Packing, Extent of 686

Meats and Groceries in Europe, Price paid for 433

Meats and Groceries in Liverpool, Price paid for.. 445

Meats and Groceries in U. S., Price paid for 433

Meats in Belgium, Cost of 480

Meats in Germany, Cost of 473

Meats in Glasgow, Cost of 453

Meats in Switzerland, Cost of 487

Meats in the Consular District of Rome, Prices

of 507

Meats, Prices paid in Rio de Janeiro for 529

Mechanical and Manufacturinglndustries Grouped

in Respect to Vaiue of Materials 699

Mechanical Industries, Each Class of by Sex and

Nativity 423 to 426

Mechanical Industries in U. S., Classified and Al-
phabetically Arranged 423 to 426

Mechanical Industries in U. S., Number and Sex

of Persons Engaged in 409

Melbourne, Wages paid Trades in 538

Members of Churches in Different Countries, 400

Members of Churches in U. S., Number of 399

INDEX.

825

PAGE.

Men Engaged in the Mexican War, Number of 557

Men Engaged in the War of 1812, Number of 556

Mennonite Church, in U. S., Statistics of 396

Mennonite Congregrations in U. S., Number of 399

Mennonite Members in U. S., Number of 399

Mennonite Ministers in U. S., Number of : . . 399

Merchandise exported from U. S., by Articles,

Values of 774

Merchandise Exported from U. S. by Countries,

Values of 771

Merchandise Imported into U. S. by Articles

Values of 772

Merchandise Imported into TJ. S. by Countries

Values of 770

Merchant Marine of U. S., Each Year from 1860

to 1883 inclusive 791. 795

Mercury, Extent of Production in California 164

Mercury, Prices of T 11 63

Mercury, Where Found 164

Mercury, World's Production of 165

Mess Pork Each Month for Fifteen Years in Chi-
cago, Prices of 750

Mess Pork, Prices in New York during Forty-five

Years 755

Metals and Minerals 131

Meteors or Stars, Proverbs Relating to 99

Methodist Church in British America, Statistics of 397
Methodist Church in Different Countries.Number

of Members of 400

Methodist Church in the British Islands, Statis-
tics of 397

Methodist Church in the U. S., Statistics of 396

Methodist Communicants in U. S., Number.of 399

Methodist Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Methodist Ministers, Number of 398, 399

Mexican War 310

Mexican War, Enlistments by States during 557

Mexican War, Number of Killed, Died of Wounds

and Wounded in 557

Mexico, Areaand Population of 283

Mexico, Cost of Living to the Laboring Classes

in 523

Mexico, Laborers a Different Race from Their

Employers in 518

Mexico, Nationality of Population of 284

Mexico, Political Divisions of 283

Mexico, Wages paid Laborers in 520

Mexico, Wages paid Trades in 521

Mica, Extent of Production 170

Mica, Prices of 170

Michigan Admitted to the Union 307

Middle Atlantic States, Extent of 46

Middle Eastern Rocky Mountain Slope, Extent of 46

Middle Pacific Coast Region, Extent of 46

Middle Plateau District, Extent of 46

Mileage of Railroads for 1884, by States 786

Miles of Annual Transportation of Mails by Rail-
roads 804

Miles of Post-Routes 803

Miles of Railroad Constructed and in Operation

EachYearSince 1830 787

Miles of Railroad in Operation in Each State and

Territory During Several Years 788

Miles of Railroads carrying Mails 804

Military and Naval Forces engaged in Wars of U.

S., Number of 569

PAGE.

Military Division of the Atlantic, Extent of 560

Military Division of the Missouri, Extent of...... 560

Military Division of the Pacific, Extent of 560

Military Establishment of U. S., Disbursements

for". 785

Military Statistics of Principal Countries of the

World 563

Mills and Factories in France, Wages paid in 463

Mills, Comstock, Wages paid in 155

Mills in Cork, Wages paid in 457

Mills in Germany, Wages paid in 469

Mills in Ireland, Wages paid in 454

Mills in Switzerland, Wages paid in 484

Mills in Leith, Wages paid in 449

Minerals and Metals 131

Mineral Springs of the TJ. S 170

Miners and Foremen, Wages received by 144

Mines, Comstock, Wages paid in 156

Mines, Deep, Extent of Workings 143

Mines, Deep, Personnel of 143

Mines, Gold and Silver, Capital Stock of 142

Mines, Gold, Number of 142

Mines, Gold, Where found 141

Mines in Germany, Wages paid in 471

Mines, Silver, Number of 142

Mining and Manufactures in U. S-, Nativity of Per-
sons Engaged in 416

Mining and Manufactures in U. S., Number, Age

and Sex of Persons Engaged in 415

Mining and Manufactures in U. S., Number in

Each State engaged in 415

Mining Companies, Assessments of 148

Mining Companies, Dividends of 148

Mining Companies, Financial Showing of 149

Mining Industries, Each Class of.by Sex and Na-
tivity 423 to 426

Mining Industries in U. S., Classified and Alpha-
betically arranged 423 to 426

Mining inU. S., Number and Sex of Persons en-
gaged in J 409

Mining, Number of Persons Engaged in 403

Mining of all Nations for 1870 and 1880 718

Mining, Profits of 147

Ministers in Different Countries, Number of 398

Ministers in U. S., Number of 399

Minnesota Admitted to the Union 313

Minors of Legal School Age 365

Minting for one Calendar Year, by States and Ter-
ritories 736

Miscellaneous Expenditures of U. S. (Annualjfrom

1791 to 1884 723

Miscellaneous Receipts of U. S. (Annual) from

1791 tol884 719

Mississippi Admitted to the Union 303

Mississippi River 27

Mississippi River Discovered by De Soto 181

Mississippi River, Tributaries of 27

Mississippi Valley, Source of Rains for 41

Missouri Admitted to the Union 303

Missouri Valley, Extent of 46

Mist or Fog, Proverbs Relating to 74

Mobilians, History of 178

Mohammedans in Countries of Europe, Number of 401

Mohammedans, Number of 400

Molasses, Prices in New York during 45 years 754

Molasses Produced in U. S., Amount of 590

82G

INDEX.

PAGE.

Monarch Line Steamship Rates, New York to

London 802

Money, Estimate of Circulation in U. S 729

Money Order Postoffioes and Stations by States

and Territories, Number of 807

Money Orders (Postal), Fees, etc 810

Monroe, James, Administrations of 303

Montenegro, Area and Population of 278

Months in Active operation of Iron and Steel

Blast Furnaces, by States 701

Moon, Proverbs relating to 83

Mormon Church in British America, Statistics of. 307

PAGE.

Mormon Church in U. S., Statistics of 306

M jravian Cnurch in U. S., Soatistics of 306

Moravian Church in Different Countries, Num-
ber of Members of 400

Moravian Church in the British Islands, Statis-
tics of 307

Moravian Congregations in the U S., Number of 309

Moravian Members in U. S., Number of 399

M iravian Ministers, Number of 398, 399

• Mound Builders" 173

Mountain Regions, Climate of 30

Mules in each State, Number of G05, 673

N.

Nails, Prices in New York during 45 Years 754, 755

National Bank and Logal-Tender Notes Outstand-
ing in 1883-4-5, by Denominations 734

National Bank Notes, Number Issued, Re-
deemed, and Outstanding Annually 733

National Bank Notes Outstanding Annually

from 1865 735

National Banks, Number Organized and in Oper-
ation, with Capital, Bonds, and Circulation 732

National Banks, U. S. Tax paid by 734, 735

National Bureau of Education, Aim and Purpose of 332

Nationalities in France 245

Nationalities of the German Empire 234

Nationality in Manufacturing Industry 694

Nationality of Population of Argentine Confed-
eration 287

Nationality of Population of Australia 232

Nationality of Population of B razil 289

Nationality of Population of Chili 286

Nationality of Population of Japan 290

Nationality of Population of Mexico 284

Nationality of Population of Paraguay 288

Nationality of Population of Peru 286

Nationality of Population of Venezuela 285

Nationality of Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U.

S. each year, from 1S57 to 1883 inclusive 796

Nations of the Earth, Industries of in Millions of

Dollars, for 1870and 1880 718

Native-born Population according to the State or

Territory of Birth 200

Natives in Manufacturing Industries 694

Nativity of Persons engaged in Professional Ser-
vices, in the United States 412

Nativity of Persons engaged in Trade and Trans-
portation, in the U. S 414

Nativity of Persons in all Classes of Occupations in

Cities of U. S 417

Nativity, Population of the U. S by 188

Naval and Military Forces engaged in Wars of U.S.,

Number of 569

Naval Establishment of U. S., Disbursements for.. 786
Naval Stores, Prices in New York during 45 years. 755

Navies of Different Countries, statistics of 568

Navigation, Number, Tonnage and Distribution of
Shipping of U. S., by States and Territories in

which documented 792

Navy Department of U. S., Pay of all connected

with 567

Navy Expenditures of U. S., (Annual) from 1794 to

1884 723

Navy of U.S.,Number of Officers.Men and Vessels of 564

Navy of U. S., Time of Services of Officers of 506

Nelson, Cost of Food in •. 450

Net Ordinary Expenditures of U. S., (Annual) from

1791 to 18S4 721

Net Ordinary Receipts of U.S. (Annual) from 1791

to 188 4 721

Newark, N. J., Prices paid for Meats and Groceries

in 433

Newark, N. J., Wages paid in Iron and Zinc Works

in 435

Newcastle, Eng., Wages paid Trades in 438

Newcastle Forges, Wages paid in Foundries in 432

New England Colonies, Characteristics of Early

Settlers of 388

New England States, Extent of 46

Newport News, Steamship Rates to and from 801

New Sovereign States, Extent and Nature of 276

Newspapers and Periodicals in U. S., Classification

of 377

Newspapers and Periodicals of France, Number of 385
Newspapers and Periodicals of the U.S., by Periods

of Issue 379

Newspapers and Periodicals of the U. S., 1880,

Number and Languages of 376

Newspapers and Periodicals of the U. S. in 1880,

Religious 378

Newspapers and Periodicals of the World, Statis-
tics of 375

Newspapers, Postage Rates to Foreign Countries

for 811

New York, Freight Rates to 798, 800

New York, Price paid for Meats and Groceries in.. 433
New York, Prices for 45 Years of Staple Articles in 752

New York, Steamship Rates from 801 , 802

New York, Steamship Rates to and from 801

New York, Wages paid Trades in 428, 434

Nickel, Extent of Production 168

Nickel, where made 167

Nineteenth Administration, from 1861 to 1865... 314

Ninth Administration, from 1821 to 1825 304

Norfolk, Steamship Rates to and from 801

Normal Schools in the U. S., Number of 350, 351

Norsemen visit New England 1 82

North America, Earliest Inhabitants of 1 73

North Carolina, Admitted to the Union 297

North German Lloyd Steamship Rates, New York

to Bremen ; 802

Northern Plateau District, Extent of 46

Northern Rocky Mountain Slope, Extent of 46

INDEX.

827

PAGE.

Northern Pacific Region, Extent of 46

Norway, Area and Population of 271

Norway, Foreign- born Population of 271

Norway, Religious Seots of 271

Norwegian and Swedish Tonnage Cleared from

Seaports of U. S. Annually for 17 years 796

Nottingham, England, Wages paid Trades in 438

Number of Chinese in the U. S. at Different Pe-
riods 199

Number of Civilized Indians at Different Periods.. 199

_. PAGE.

Number of Deaths 546

Number of Females Employed in Germany 466

Number of Gold Mines 142

Number of Japanese in the U. S. at Different Pe-
riods 199

Number of Postoffices by the Several Years 803

Number of Presidential Postoffices Aggregated by

States and Territories 806

Number of Silver Mines 142

o.

Oats, Chicago to Buffalo, Lake Freight Kates on. 801
Oals, Each Month for 1 5 Years in Chicago, Prices

Of 750

Oats, Prices in New York during 45 Years 752

Oats Produced in Each State, Amount of 599, 610

Oats Produced in Each State, Amount Per Acre

and Price of 674,

Oats Produced in Each State by Counties,

Amount of 613, 672

Oats, Rules Governing the Inspection of 676

Objects of Vital Statistics 542

Observations of the Signal Service Bureau 39

Oceanica, French Settlements in 246

Occupations and Population in U. S., Increase in. 405

Occupations, Statistics of 403

Occupations in Belgium, Wages paid 478

Occupations in Chicago and New York, Wages

Paid in 428

Occupations in Cities of U. S., Statistics of 4(>7

Occupations in Europe, Wages paid in 428, 431

Occupations in Germany, Number of Females En-
gaged in 466

Occupations in Germany, Wages paid 467

Occupations in Holland, Wages paid 493

Occupations in New York, Wages paid 434

Occupations in Switzerland, Wages paid 483

Occupations in U. S., Number, Age and Sex of

Persons Engaged in 410

Occupations, Number Engaged in Cities of U. S. . . 407
Occupations, Gainful, Number of Children Engag-
ed in 403

Occupations, Gainful, Number of Females Engag-
ed in 403

Occupations of all Classes in Cities of U.S., Na-
tivity of Persons Encaged in 417

Occupations of all Classes in Cities of U. S., Num-
ber, Age and Sex of Persons Engaged in 417

Occupations of all Classes, Number Engaged in... 403
Occupations of all Kinds in U. S., Classified and

Alphabetically Arranged 419to 426

Occupations, Professional, Nativity of Persons

Engaged in 412

Occupations, Professional, Number, Age and Sex

of Persons Engaged in 411

Officers and Men Engaged in War of 1812, Num-
ber of 556

Officers of Standing Army of U. S., Pay of 562

Officers of U. S. Navy, Time of Service of 566

Ohio Valley, Extent of 45

Oil, Prices in New York during 45 Years 755

Ontario Mill, Force Employed at 155

Oregon Admitted to the Uuion 313

Orchard Products in each State, Value of 610

Otago, Cost of Food in 540

Ottawa, Wages paid Trades in 516

Outstanding Bonds of U. S. Annually Classified 743
Outstanding Currency from 1865, Annual Sum-
mary of 735

Output of Coal of the U. S 135

Output of Coal of the World 136

Oxen on Farms, Number of 592

Oxen, Working in Each State, Number of 605

F>.

Pacific Slope, Climate of 31

Pacific Slope, Drainage of 28

Pacific Slope, River System of 28

Paint.Prices in New York During Forty-five Years 755

Palestine 533

Paraguay, Area and Population of 287

Paraguay, Nationality of Population of 288

Paupers in U. S. in 1880 by Sex, Nativity and

Race 374

Pay of all Connected with the Navy of U. S 567

Pay of Officers of Standing Army of U. S 562

Pennsylvania Co., Freight Tariff 800

Pension Agencies, Number of 572

Pension Claims Filed and Allowed since 1801 577

Pension Claims of Each Class Filed and Ad-
mitted, Number of 574, 575

Pensioners on Roll, Number of 572, 577

Pension Office, Expenses of, in settling Claims... 573

Pensions allowed from Wars of U. S., Number of. 569

Pensions, Appropriations for Payment of 572

Pensions Expenditures of U. S. (Annual) from

1791 to 1884 ,. 723

Pensions, Expenditures on Account of 572, 577

Pensions paid Army and Navy Invalids, Rates of. 576

Pensions paid by U. S. since 1862 571

Pensions paid Survivors of the War of 1812 572

Pensions paid Widows of Soldiers of War of 1812 572

Peoria, Freight Ra'eatoand from 799

Percentage of Exports and Imports Carried in

American Vessels 779

Percentage of Increase of Population of the U. S. 190

Periodicals of France, Number of 385

828

INDEX.

PAGE.

Percentage of Taxes Levied by State, County,

Municipal and School District Authority. 741, 7-14

Periodicals ot the U S by Periods of Issue 379

Periodicals of the U S in 1880, Classification of. 377
Periodicals of the U, S. in 1880, Number and Lan-
guage of 376

Periodicals of the World Statistics of 375

Periodicals Religious, of the U. S. in 1880 378

Periods. Geologic 20

Periods. Different. Population by States in 19

Personal Services, Each Kind by Sex and Nativity 41
Personal Services in U. S , Classified and Alpha-
betically arranged 419, 420

Personnel of Deep Mines 149

Persons in all Classes of Occupations in Cities of

U. S., Nativity of 417

Persons in all Classes of Occupations in Cities of

U S., Number, Age and Sex of 47

Persons Pursuing Gainful Occupations, Statistics

of 403

Peru, Area and Population of 285

Perugia. Prices paid for Food in 507

Peru, Nationality and Population of 286

Peru. Religious Sects of 286

Petersburg, Steamship Rates to and from 801

Petroleum, Extent of Production 157

Petroleum, Prices in New York during 45 Years . . 755

Petroleum, Where Found 156

Philadelphia, Freight Rates to 798, 800

Pierce, Franklin, Administration of 312

Pittsburgh, Freight Rates to 798

Place of Birth of Foreign-Born Population 206

Place of Birth of Native-Born Population 200

Places of 4,000 Inhabitants and Over, Population

of 209

Plain, Central, Climate of 29

Plain, Central, Drainage of 27

Planing Lumber Industry, Extent of 685

Plants, Proverbs Relating to 88

Plumbago, Extent of Production 167

Plumbago, Where Found 166

Plymouth, Eng., Wages paid Trades in 438

Political Divisions of America, Population and

Area of 238

Political Divisions of Austro-Hungary 247

Political Divisions of Belgium 265

Political Divisions of Brazil, Population of 288

Political Divisions of Central America 284

Political Divisions of China 291

Political Divisions of Denmark 269

Political Divisions of Europe, Population and

Area of 238

Political Divisions of France 240

Political Divisions of Holland 266

Political Divisions of Italy : 258

Political Divisions of Mexico 283

Political Divisions of Portugal 273

Political Divisions of Roumania 276

Political Divisions of Russia 251

Political Divisions of the Turkish Empire 279

Political Divisions of the United States of Colombia 284

Political History of the United States 293

Polk, James K., Administration of 310

Popular Vote for President by States from 1824 to

!884 321 to 330

Population 187

PAGE.
Population According to Maximum Temperature 194
Population According to Minimum Temperature 194

Population According to Rainfall 194

Population and Area of Australia 232

Population and. Area of Bolivia 286

Population and Area ot Brazil 288

Population and Area of British North America.. 230

Population and Area of Central America 284

Population and Area of Chili 286

Population and Area of China 291

Population and Area of Ecuador 285

Population and Area of France by Districts 241

Population and Area of Japan 289

Population and Area of Paraguay 287

Population and Area of Peru.. 285

Population and Area of Political Divisions of

America 238

Population and Area of Provinces of Belgium. .. 265
Population and Area of Provinces of Italy.. 258, 260

Population and Area of Switzerland 263

Population and Area of the German Empire 233

Population and Area of the Governments nl Russia 253

Population and Area of the States of Europe 238

Population and Area of Uruguay 288

Population and Manufacturing by States, Com-
parative Increase in 682

Population by Sex, of the German Empire 234

Population by States, indifferent Periods 197

Population, Foreign-born, Place of Birth of 206

Population, Foreign, of Great Britain and Ireland 226
Population in Accordance with Temperature of

January 193

Population in Accordance with the Temperature

of July 193

Population in Different Latitudes 195

Population in Different Longitudes 196

Population in Different Temperatures 1 93

Population in Elevation above Sea-level 192

Population, Native-born, According to State or

Territory of Birth 200

population of Africa 400

Population of Algeria , 245

Population of America , 400

Population of Anatolia 280

Population of Argentine Confederation 287

Population of Argentine Confederation, National-
ity of 287

Population of Asia 400

Population of Australia and Polynesia 400

Population of Austro-Hungary 247, 249

Population of Austro-Hungary, by Countries 249

Population of Austro-Hungary, by Sex 250

Population of Brazil, According to Sex 289

Population of Brazil, Nationality of 289

Population of Chief Towns of Central America 284

Population of Chief Towns of Mexico 283

Population of Chief Towns of Venezuela 285

Population of Chili, Nationality of .'. 286

Population of China, Foreign-born 292

Population of Cities of England, Scotland and

Ireland 226

Population of Cities of U. S 4'»7

Population of Cities of U. S., total 224

Population of Denmark 269

Population of Europe 400

Population of France, Foreign-born and Native. . . 245

INDEX.

829

PAGE.

Population of France, Increase and Decrease of... 243

Population of Great Britain and Ireland 227

Population of Great Britain and Ireland, Accord-
ing to Sex 228

Population of Greece 274, 275

Population of Direct Possessions of Turkish Em-
pire, in Europe and Asia 280

Population of Indirect Possessions of Turkish

Empire in Europe, Asia and Africa 281

Population of Japan, Nationality of 290

Population of Mexico 283

Population of Montenegro 278

Population of Norway 271

Population of Paraguay, Nationality of 288

Population of Peru, Nationality of 286

Population of Places of 4,000 Inhabitants and

overin United States 209

Population of Portugal 273

Population of Principal Towns of Brazil 289

Population of Principal Towns of China 292

Population of Principal Towns of Denmark 269

Population of Principal Towns of Japan 290

Population of Principal Towns of Norway 271

Population of Principal Towns of Turkish Em-
pire 282

Population of Provinces of Holland 267

Population of Rome 259

Population of Roumania 276

Population of Roumelia 280

Population of Russia by Sex 257

Population of Russia at Different Periods 252, 257

Population of Servia 277

Population of Spain 272

Population of Sweden 270

Population of Syria 282

Population of the Turkish Empire 278

Population of the U. S. by Sex, Nativity and

Race 188

Population of the U. S., in Different Regions 192

Population of the U. S., Density of 191

Population of the United States of Colombia 284

Population of the U. S., Percentage of Increase of. 190

Population of the United States, Total 224

Population of Towns in German Empire 236

Population of Towns in Roumania 277

Population of Towns in Greece 275

Population of Turkish Arabia 282

Population of U. S. by States and Territories 408

Population of U. S., Increase in 405

Population of Venezuela 285

Population of Venezuela, Nationality of 285

Population Statistics of Foreign Countries 225

Portugal, Area and Population of 273

Portugal, Political Divisions of 273

Portuguese Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U.

S. Annually for Seventeen Years 796

Possessions in Europe, English 230

Postage Stamps, Stamped Envelopes and Postal

Cards sold during one Fiscal Year by States. 808

Postage Rates and Classification of Mail Matter.. 809
Postage Rates to Foreign Countries on Letters

and Newspapers 811

Postal Cards in U. S., History and Use of 809

Postal Cards.Postage Stamps and Stamped Envel-
opes sold during one Fiscal Year.by States 808

Postal Expenditures and Receipts for one Fiscal

Year, by States 808

PAGE.

Postal Money Orders, Fees, Etc 810

Postal Service of the U. S., Statistics of 803

Postmasters by States, Compensation of 808

Postmasters (Presidential), their Number, Salaries

and Receipts, by States and Territories 806

Postoffice Department, U S 803

Postoffices by the Several Years, Number of 803

Postoffices of Each Class, by States and Territor-
ies, Number of „ 807

Post-Routes, Miles of 803

Potatoes, Irish, Produced in Each State, Amount

of 603, 612

Potatoes Produced in Each State, Amount per

Acre and Price of 675

Potatoes Produced in Each State by Counties,

Amount of 613 to 672

Potatoes Sweet, Produced in Each State, Amount

of 603, 612

Poultry and Eggs, Statistics of 590

Power used in Manufactures, by States 706

Premiums Expenditures of U. S. (Annual) from

1845 to 1881 726

Premiums Receipts of U. S. (Annual) from 1815

to 1880 721

Preparatory Schools in U.'S., Number of 353

Presbyterian Church in British America, Statis-
tics of 397

Presbyterian Church in Different Countries, Num-
ber of Members of 400

Presbyterian Church in the British Islands, Sta-
tistics of 397

Presbyterian Church in the U. S., Statistics of 396

Presbyterian Congregations in the U. S., Number

of 399

Presbyterian Members in U. S-, Number of 399

Presbyterian Ministers, Number of 398, 399

Presbyterians from Scotland in American Colon-
ies, Characteristics of 392

Presidential Popular Vote, by States, from 1824

to 1884 321 to 330

Presidential Postmasters, Their Number, Salaries

and Receipts, by States and Territories 806

Presidential Postoffices with Increase and Decrease

States and Territories, Number of 807

Presidential Vote from 1824 to 1884 320

Presidentsof the U. S 297 to 321

Production of Bullion 146

Prices of Copper 163

Prices of Corn Each Month for 15 Years in Chicago 749
Prices of Live Hogs Each Month for 10 Years in

Chicago 751

Prices of Mercury 165

Prices of Mess Pork Each Month for 15 Years in

Chicago 750

Prices of Mica 170

Prices of Oats Each Month for 15 Years in Chicago 750
Prices of Prime Steam Lard Each Month for 15

Years in Chicago 751

Prices of Produce at St. Lawrence, Retail 517

Prices of Provisions and Dry Goods in Holland. . . 495

Prices of Provisions in Berlin, Germany 473

Prices of Staple Articles in New York for 45 Years 752
Prices of Wheat Each Month for 15 Years in Chi-
cago 749

Prices of Wheat Weekly for Four Years in San

Francisco 758

Prices Paid for Food and Clothing in Austria 492

830

IND£X.

PAGE.
Prices Paid by Laborers for Food in St. Peters-
burg 514

Prices Paid for Food in Consular District of Rome 507

Prices Paid for Food in Glasgow 453

Prices Paid for Goods in Rio de Janiero 529

Prices Paid for Meats and Groceries in Europe 433

Prices Paid for Meats and Groceries in U. S 433

Prices Paid for Meats, Groceries and Clothing in

Liverpool 445

Prices Paid for Provisions in Belgium 480

Prices Paid for Rents, Provisions and Clothing, in

Switzerland 487

Prime Steam Lard Each Month for 15 Years in

Chicago, Prices of 751

Printers in Chicago, Wages Paid 434

Private Schools of U. S., Number of Pupils in 344

Produce'at St. Lawrence, Retail Prices of 517

Produce, Prices Paid in Rio de Janeiro for 529

Production of Certain Specified Manufactures 083

Production of Copper, Cost of 1 G3

Production of Copper in the World 1G3

Production of Gold and Silver 140, 154

Production of Graphite, Extent of 167

Production of Grindstones, Value of 109

Production of Lead, Extent of 159

Prod i iction of Mercury in California, Extent of 1 04

Production of Mercury in the World 105

Production of Mica, Extent of 170

Production of Nickel, Extent of 108

Production of Petroleum, Extent of 157

Production of Plumbago, Extent of 107

Production of Spelter in the U. S., Extent of 105

Products in U. S. by Specified Industries in 18S0 707

Products of Each State by Counties 013 to 072

Products of Manufacturing and Mechanical Indus-
tries, Relation of Wages and Materials to 700

Professional and Personal Services, Each Kind by

Sex and Nativity 419

Professional and Personal Services in U. S., Classi-
fied and Alphabetically Arranged 419, 420

Professional Services in TJ. S., Number and Sex of

Persons Engaged in 408

Professional Services, Nativity of Persons Engaged

in 412

Professional Services, Number, Age and Sex of

Persons Engaged in 411

Professional Services, Number in Each State En-
gaged in 41 1

Professional Services, Number of Persons Engaged

in 403

Profits of Mining 147

Property Valuation from Last Census, by States,

True and Assessed 728

Proportion of Deaths of Males to Deaths of

Females 552

Proportions of Persons Employed in Industrial

Pursuits, by States, Classified 697

Proportions of Persons in Industrial Pursuits, by

Principal Cities, Classified 698

Proportions of Women and Children Employed in

Certain Industries 096

Protestant Episcopal Church in U. S., Statistics

of 396

Protective Tariff Laws, Adopted 297

PAGE

Protestants in Africa. Number of 400

Protestants in America, Number of 400

Protestants in Asia, Number of 400

Protestants in Australia and Polynesia, Number of 400

Protestants in Europe, Number of 100, 401

Protestants, Number of 400

Proverbs Relating r,o Animals 50

Proverbs Relating to Birds 55

Proverbs Relating to 'CLuds 03

Proverbs Relating to Dew 70

Proverbs Relating to Fish 71

Proverbs Relating to Foir or Mist 74

Proverbs Relating to Insects 78

Proverbs Relating to Plan; s 89

Proverbs Relating to Rain 94

Proverbs Relating to Rainbows .96

Proverbs Relating to Reptiles 97

Proverbs Relating to Snow 100

Proverbs Relating to Stars or Meteors 99

Proverbs Relating to the Moon 83

Proverbs Relating to the Sun 1 03

Proverbs Relating to Thunder and Lightning 1 07

Proverbs Relating to Trees 110

Proverbs Relating to Wind Ill

Providence, Freight Rates to 70S

Provinces of Belgium, Population and Area of 205

Provinces of Brazil, Population of 2SS

Provinces of Holland, Area and Population of 207

Provinces of Italy, Population and Area of . . .258, 200

Provisions and Dry Goods in Holland, Cost of 495

Provisions in Beigium, Cost of 480

Provisions in Germany, Prices of 473

Provisions in Glasgow, Prices paid for 453

Provisions in Liverpool. Prices paid for 445

Provisions in Switzerland, Cost of 487

Provisions in the Consular District of Rome,

Prices of 507

Publications of Germany, Number of 386

Public Debt Expenditures of U. S. (Annual) from

1791 to 1884 725

Public Debt of U. S., Analysis of 742

Public Debt of TJ. S., Interest paid on since 1802. 571
Public Lands Receipts of TJ. S. (Annual ) from

1796to 1884 719

Public Normal Schools in TJ. S 351

Public Schools of the TJ. S., Annual Expenditure.. 3 12

Public Schools of U. S., Daily Attendance 344

Public Schools of TJ. S., Expenditure of 345

Public Schools of the TJ. S., Expenditure per

Capita 343

Public Schools of TJ. S., Income of 345

Public Schools of U. S., Number Enrolled in 344

Public Schools, Support of 333

Public Schools, Taxes for Support of 334

Public School System of the United States 331

Pupils Attending School in 1880 in TJ. S., Num-
ber of 340

Pupils Receiving Secondary Instruction, Num-
ber of 354

Purchase of Florida 303

Purchase of Louisiana 299

Purchases and Deposits of Gold and Silver 731

Puritans in the American Colonies, History of 390

INDEX.

Q,

831

PAGE.

Quicksilver, Extent of Production in California.. 104
Quicksilver, Prices of 165

Quicksilver, Where Found

Quicksilver, World's Production of.

PAGE

.. 146
.. 168

R.

Eace, Population of the U. S. by 185

Races of Europe, Three Principal, Number of, and

Where Found 239

Railroad Companies, Joint Rates Between Points

Named 798

Railroad Mail Transportation, Miles and Cost of . . 804
Railroads, Annual Business Statements 1871 to

1884 Inclusive 791

Railroads by Groups of States, Mileage, Capital,

Cost and Revenue forl884 791

Railroads by States, Mileage, Capital, Cost and .

Revenue for 1 884 789, 790

Railroads Carrying Mails, Miles of 804

Railroads, Miles Constructed and in Operation

Each Year Since 1830 787

Railroads, Miles in Operation in Each State and

Territory during several Years 788

Railway Employes at Dundee, Wages paid 450

Railway Employes at Liverpool, Wages paid 440

Railway Employes in Chicago, Wages paid... 432, 435

Railway Employes in Europe, Wages paid 432

Railway Employes in France, Wages paid 462

Railway Employes in Germany, Wages paid 470

Railway Mail Service of U. S 804

Rainbows, Proverbs Relating to 96

Rainfall, Average Annual, in Europe 41

Rainfall, Average Annual, in Various Parts of

America 41

Rainfall, Average Annual, of the United States 39

Rainfall, Influence of Forests on 42

Rainfall, Population According to 194

Rain, Poverbs Relating to 94

Rain Required by Corn 47

Rain Required by Cotton 47

Rain Required by Rice . 47

Rain Required by Sugar, &c 47

Rain Required by Wheat 47

Rains for the Atlantic Slope, Source of 41

Rains for the Mississippi Valley, Source of 41

Rains, Winds Followed by 44

Rains, Winds not Followed by 45

Rank of Six Leading Industries in Thirty Cities

Specified 702

Rank of the Seven Leading Cities in Specified

Industries 695

Rates of Postage to Foreign Countries on Letters

and Newaspapers 811

Rates of Transportation, Water and Rail 797

Ratio of Wealth per Inhabitant in 1870 and in

1880, by Countries 717

Rebellion, American, Bounties paid Soldiers of... 558

Rebellion, American, Elistments, by States 558

Rebellion, American, Number of Casualties during 559
Receipts and Expenditures for one Fiscal year, by

States, Postal 808

Receipts and Expenditures for Schools in the U.S. 338

Receipts of U. S. forone Fiscal Year, Statement of 782

Receipts, (Annual,) of U. S., from 1789 to 1884... 719
Receipts at Presidential Postoffioes, Aggregated by

States and Territ ,ries 806

Reformed ChurchCongregations in U.S., Number of 399

Reformed Church Members in U. S., Number of.. 399

Reformed Church Ministers in U. S., Number of... 399

Reformed Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Reformed Episcopal Church in U. S., Statistics of 396
Reformed Presbyterian Church in U. S., Statistics

of 396

Region, Gulf, Drainage of 26

Regions, Population of the U. S., in Different 192

Regular Army of U. S., Since 1789, Strength of.. 563

Religion of Belgium 265

Religion or Spain 272

Religious Denominations in British America 397

Religious Denominations in Europe 401

Religious Denominations of the British Islands. 397
Religious Denominations of the U. S., Statistics

of 395, 396

Religious Divisions of the World 400

Religious History of the American Colonies 387

Religious Institutions of American Colonies 389

Religious Liberty of the U. S 393

Religious Newspapers and Periodicals of U. S., De-
nomination and Number of 378

Religious Sects of Denmark 269

Religious Sects of Greece 274

Religious Sects of Holland 268

Religious Sects of Italy 259

Religious Sects of Norway 271

Religious Sects of Peru 286

Religious Sects of Roumania 277

Religious Sects of Sweden 270

Religious Sects of the Turkish Empire 281

Rent, House, in England, Amount paid for 446

Rent in Glasgow, Cost of 453

Rent in Switzerland, Cost of 487

Reptiles, Proverbs Relating to 97

"Republican-Democratic" party 296

Resources of the United States, Material 747

Retail Prices of Food in Copenhagen, Average 501

Revenue, Internal 759

Revenue of Railroads for 1884, by States 790

Revenue of the Postoffice Department 803

Revolution, Enlistment by States during 556

Rheims, Wages paid in Stores and Shops of 464

Rheims, Wages paid Trades in 460

Rhode Island Admitted to the Union 297

Rice, Prices in New York during 45 Years 756

Rice Produced in each State,Amount of 612

Rice, Rain Required by 47

Richmond, Steamship Rates to and from 801

Riga, Wages paid Trades in 429

Rio de Janeiro, Prices paid for Goods in 529

Rio de Janeiro, Wages paid Trades in 527

Rio Grande Valley, Extent of 4g

832

INDEX.

PAGE.

Eivers of Central Basin System 29

Kivers of the Atlantic Slope 26

Rivers of the Gulf System 26

Kivers of the Pacific Slope 28

River-Systems 26

Rock Oil, Where Found 156

Roman Catholic Church in British America, Sta-
tistics of 397

Roman Catholic Church in the British Islands

Statistics of 397, 398

Roman Catholic Church in TJ S., Statistics of 396

Roman Catholic Church, Statistics of 395

Roman Catholics in Africa, Number of 400

Roman Catholics in America, Number of 400

Roman Catholics in Asia, Number of 400

Roman Catholics in Australia and Polynesia,Num-

ber of 400

Roman Catholics in Europe, Number of 400

Roman Catholics, Number of 400

Rome, Females Employed in the Consular Dis-
tricts of 504

Rome, Population of 259

Rome, Prices paid for Food in 507

Rome, Wages in Certain Trades paid Females in. . 50°

_ , PAGEV

Rome, Wages paid Laborers in the District of 50T

Rouen, Wages paid in Iron Works in 462

Rouen, Wages paid Trades in 429, 460

Roumania, Area and Population of 276

Roumania, Foreign-born Population of -277

Roumania, Political Divisions of 276

Roumania, Religious Sects of 277

Roumelia, Population of 280

Rules for Inspection of Grain 676

Russian Territory under Different Monarchs 252

Russian Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796

Russia, Political Divisions of 251

Russia, Population of,at Different Periods 252, 257

Russia, Social and Family Life of the Working

Classes in 513

Russia, Territorial Changes of 251

Russia, Wages paid Laborers in 512.

Russia, Wages paid Trades in 428, 510

Rye.Chicago to Buffalo, Lake Freight Rates on. .. 801

Rye, Prices in New York during 45 Years 752

Rye Produced in Each State, Amount of 600, 610

Rye Produced in Each State, Amount Per Acre

and Price of 674

s.

St . Joseph, Freight Rates to and from 799

St. Lawrence, Retail Prices of Produce at 517

St. Louis and East St. Louis, Freight Rates to and

from 799

St. Petersburg, Prices Paid by Laborers for Food

in 514

Salaries of Presidential Postmasters Aggregated

by States and Territories 800

Salt, Prices in New York during 45 Years 756

Salt Product of the U S., Extent of 169

Salt, Where Found 169

San Francisco Mint, Decrease in Gold Deposits at 738
San Francisco, Prices ol Wheat Weekly for Four

Years in 75 8

Saw-Mill Industry, Extent of 687

Schenectady, Freight Rates to 798

School Attendance in U. S. in 1880 340

School Buildings in U. S., Number of 352

School Funds of the U. S., Amount of 345

School Population in recent Slave States 346

School Population of the United States by States

and Territories 337

School Population of the United States, Minor

Females 336

School Population of the United States, Minor

Males 335

School Population of U. S , 344

School Property in U. S., Value of 352

Schools for Business Training in U. S 349

Schools for Secondary Instruction in U. S., Num-
ber of 353, 354

Schools for Superior Instruction, Number of

Students in 358

Schools for Superior Instruction oi Women,

Number of 355

Schools in U. S., Elementary, Number of 352

Schools in U. S. for Colored Race, Kind and Num-
ber of 347

Schools in U. S. for Colored Race, Number and

Enrollment of 348

Schools in U. S., High, Number of 352

Schools, Kindergarten, in U. S 349

Schools, Normal, in the U. S 349 to 352

Schools of Dentistry Statistics of 3ii2

Schools of Germany, Kind and Number of 385

Schools of Great Britain, According to Creeds 380

Schools of Great Britain, Amount Expended for.. 380

Schools of Great Britain, Number of Scholars.Etc 380

Schools of Great Britain, Statistics of 390'

Schools of Law, Number of Students and Instruc-
tors in 361

Schools of Medicine, Statistics of 362

Schools of Pharmacy, Statistics of 362

Schools of Science in U. S., Number of 353

Schools of Science in U. S., Number of Students

and Instructors in '. 359, 360

Schools of Theology, Statistics of 361

Schools of the U. S., Number of Teachers in. 344, 345-
Schools of the U. S., Receipts and Expenditures

for 338

Schools. Preparatory, Number of in U. S 353

Scotch-Irish Presbyterians in the American Col-
onies 39 2

Scotland, Area of 227

Scotland, Educational S tatistics of 38 1

Scotland, Population of 227

Scotland, Population of, According to Sex 228

Scotland, Population of Cities of 226

Scotland Religious Denominations of 397

Scotland, Wages paid in Foundries, Machine Shops

and Iron Works in 450

Scotland, Wages paid Trades in 448

Seaports of U. S., Tonnage of Vessels Cleared from 795

Second Administration from 1 793 to 1797 297

Second Advent Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Second Advent Members in U. S., Number of 399

inl:eix.

833

PAGE.

Second Advent Ministers in U. S., Number of 399

Second Class Mail Matter, What is Included in, and

Postage on 810

Seeds, Prices in New York during 45 Years 756

Semi-bituminous Coal, Where Found 133

Servants and Agricultural Laborers in Germany,

Wages paid 472

Servants and Agricultural Laborers in Switzer-
land, Wages paid 485

Servants, Household, in Chicago, Wages paid 435

Servants, Household, in County Cork, Ireland,

Wages paid 456

Servants, Household, in France, Wages paid 463

Servants, Household, in Germany. Wages paid 471

Servants, Household, in Glasgow, Wages paid 451

Servants, Household, in Switzerland, Wages paid.. 485

Servants, Household, Wages paid 442

Servia, Populati n and Area of , 277

Settlements in the U. S., First Permanent 182

Settlements Made by the Dutch 183

Settlements Made by the English 182

Settlements Made by the French 183

Settlements Made by the Swedes and Finns 183

Seventeenth Administration, from 1853 to 1857.. 312

Seventh Administration, from 1813 to 1817 302

Sex, Population of the U. S. by 188

Sheep in Each State. Number of 607, 673

Sheep, Transportation Rates on 797

Sheffield, Eng., Wages paid Trades in 438

Shinto Religion, Number of Followers of 400

Shops and Stores in Glasgow, Wages paid in 451

Shops in France, Wages paid in 464

Showing, Financial, of Mining Companies 149

Siberia in Northern Asia, Population and Area of 256

Signal Service Bureau, Appropriations for 37

Signal Service Bureau, Geographic Divisions 46

Signal Service Bureau, Nature of 36

Signal Service Bureau, Observations of 39

Silk Manufactures, Extent of 689

Silver and Gold, World's Production of 154

Silver Circulation in the U. S 729

Silver Coinage from Organization of Mint, by

years sinee 1873 739

Silver, Deposits and Purchases of 731

Silver, Industrial Consumption of 154

Silver Mines, Capital Stock of 342

Silver Mines, Number of 142

Silver Mines of the U. S., Where Found 142

Silver Producing States 147

Silver Product, Estimated Annual, from 1845 . 737

Silver Product for one Calendar Year, by States

and Territories 736

Silver, Production of 146

Sioux Indians, History of 178

Sixteenth Administration, from 1849 to 1853 311

Sixth Administration, from 1809 to 1813 301

Slaughtering and Meatpacking, Extent of 686

Slavery, Opposition to its Extension 303

Slope, Atlantic, Climate of 29

Slope, Atlantic, Drainage of 26

Slope, Atlantic, Source of Rains for 41

Slope, Pacific, Climate of 31

Slope, Pacific, Drainage of 28

Smyrna, Wages paid Trades in 532

Snow, Proverbs Relating to 100

Snow, Winds Followed by 44

Snow, Winds not Followed by 45

PAGE.

Snuff and Tobacco Produced in the Several States 76
Social and Family Life, of the Working Classes in

Russia 513

SodaVailey 28

S'onneberg, Wages paid Trades in 468

Source of Lead Produced in the U. S 160

Source of Rains for the Atlantic Slope 41

Source of Rains for the Mississippi Valley 41

South Atlantic States, Extent of 46

Southeastern Rocky Mountain Slope, Extent of... 46

Southern California., Climate of 31

Southern Plateau District, Extent of 46

South Pacific Coast Region, Extent of 46

South Russia, Population and Area of 254

Spain, Area and Population of 272

Spain, Condition of the Working Classes in 502

Spain, Foreign Born Population of 272

Spain, Religion of 272

Spaiu, Territorial-Changes of 271

Spanish Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. 796
Specific Industries, Rank of the Seven Leading

Cities in 695

Specific Manufactures, Production of 683

S; elter, Extent of Production in the U. S 165

Spelter, Where Found 165

Spelter, World's Production of 166

Spirits, Internal Revenue Receipts for Two TTears 760

Spirits, Quantity in Distillery Warehouses 762

Spiiits, Stock on Hand, Production and Movement 762

Spiritualists in the U. S., Statistics of 396

S] rings, Mineral, of the U. S 170

"Stamp Act," Nature of 294

Stamped Envelopes, Postal Cards and Postage

Stamps Sold during one Fiscal Year, by States 808

Standing Army of U. S., Extent of 555, 559

Standing Army of U. S., Officers of.. 561, 502

Standing Army of U. S., Pay of Officers of 562:

Staple Articles in New York, Prices for 45 Years of 752

Soars or Meteors, Proverbs Relating to 99-

Statement of Disbursements of U. S. for one Fis-
cal Year 783

Statement of Receipts of U. S. for one Fiscal Year 782

States of America, Population and Area of 238

S lates of Europe, Population and Area of 238

States of Mexico, Area and Population of 2S3

States Producing Gold 147

States Producing Lead 1 60

States Producing Silver ] 47

Statistics of the U. S. Postal Service 803

Statistics, Vital, Objects of 542

Statistics, Vital, Registration of. 542

Steam-Power Used in Manufactures, by States 706

Steamship Rates from New York 802

Steel and Iron Manufactures 686

Steel, World's Production of 140

Stock of Gold and Silver Mines 142

Slores and Shops in Glasgow, Wages paid in 451

Stores in France, Wages paid in 464

Stores in Germany, Wages paid in 470

Stores in Switzerland, Wages paid in 486

Storms, Local Indications of Approaching 117

Strasburg, Germany, Wages paid in Stores in 470

Strata, Geologic 20

Students and Instructors in Schools of Science in

TJ. S 359, 360

Students in Schools for Superior Instruction,

Number of 358

834

INDEX.

PAGE.

Students in Universities and Colleges of the U. S. 3.3(3

Sugar Cane Produced in Each State, amount of Gil

Sugar, Prices in New York during 45 years 756, 757

Sugar Produced in U. S., Amount of 590

Sugar, Kain Required by 47

Summary of Financial Transactions of U. S.,780, 781
Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes for Pres-
ident and Vice-President, 1789 to 18S4.327to 330

Sun, Proverbs Relating to 103

Support of Public Schools, from where Derived. . . 333

Swede and Finn Settlements 183

Swedeuborgian Church in the U. S., Statistics of 396

Swedenborgian Ministers, Number of 398

Sweden, Area and Population of 270

Sweden, Foreign Born Population of 270

Sweden, Religious Sects of 270

Sweden, Territorial Changes of 269

SwineinEach State, Number of 607. 673

Swiss "Factory Law," Result of 484

Switzerland, Area and Population of 263

PAGE.

Switzerland, Area of Lakes of 264

Switzerland, Causes of Emigration from 482, 486

Switzerland, Condition of Laboring Classes in 482

Switzerland, Cost of Rents, Provisions and Cloth-
ing in 487

Switzerland, Form of Government of 261

Switzerland, Number of Foreigners in 264

Switzerland, Number of Houses Occupied in 264

Switzerland, Price paid for Meats and Groceries in 433

Switzerland, Territorial Changes of 261

Switzerland, Union of the Cantons of 260

Switzerland, Wages paid Agricultural Laborers

and Servants in 485

Switzerland, Wages paid Household Servants in 485

Switzerland, Wages paid in Factories of 484

Switzerland, Wages paid in Stores of 486

Switzerland, Wages paid Trades in.... 428, 431, 483

Syria, Population of 282

System of Free Education in the U. S 331

T.

Tallow, Prices in New York during 45 Years 757

Tanning of Leather, Extent of 691

Taxation of Cities, by States and Territories, Rates

and Amounts of 745

Taxation of the Colonies 294

Taxation, Total and Per Capita, by States and Ter-
ritories 744

Taxes for Support of Public Schools 334

Taxes Levied by State, County, Municipal and

School District Authority, Percentages of, 741, 744
Taxes (U. S.) Collected Annually from National

Banks 735

Taylor, Zachary, Administration of 311

Teachers Employed in the U S 339,341,344, 345

Teachers Employed in U. S., Salaries paid 339, 341

Teachers, Female, in U. S., Number of 345

Teachers, Male, in Schools of U. S., Number of 345

Tea, Prices in New York during 45 Years , . . . . 757

Temperature in the United States 32

Temperature of January, Population in Accord-
ance with 193

Temperature of July, Population in Accordance

with 193

Temperatures, Population in Different 193

Tennessee Admitted to the Union 298

Tenth Administration, from 1825 to 1829 305

Territorial Changes in Austro-Hungary 217

Territorial Changes of Denmark 268

Territorial Changes of France 240

Territorial Changes of Greece 273

Territorial Changes of Holland. .'. 266

Territorial Changes of Russia 251

Territorial Changes of Spain 271

Territorial Changes of Sweden 269

Territorial Changes of Switzerland 261

The People, History of 173

Third Administration, from 1797tol801 298

Third Class Mail Matter, What is Included in and

Postage on 810

Thirteenth Administration, from 1837 to 1841.. 308

Thorwold, Discoveries made by 180

Thunder and Lightning, Proverbs Relating to 107

Tin 168

Tobacco Business in the Several States, Condi-
tion of 766

Tobacco, Estimated Production, Area and Value

ofinU. S 764

Tobacco Exported in the Several States 766

Tobacco, Internal Revenue Receipts by States and

Ter 'itories from 761

Tobacco, Internal Revenue Receipts for Two Years

from 760

Tobacco, Leaf, Used in Manufactures in U.S. dur-
ing Thirteen Years 765

Tobacco on Hand Jan. 1, 1884, in the Several

S tates 766

Tobacco, Prices in New York during Forty-five

Years 757

Tobacco Produced in Each State, Amount of. 602, 612
Tobacco Produced in Each State, Amount Per

Acre and Price of : 675

Tobacco Produced in Each State by Counties

Amount of 613 to 672

Tobacco Production by States, Pounds of 589

Tobacco Sold In the Several States 766

Tobacco Stamps required in the Several States... 766

Tobacco to be accounted for in the Several States 766

Toledo, Freight Rates to and from 799

Tonnage Built from 18G9 to 1883, Distribution

as to Steam or Sailing Vessels 794

Tonnage Cleared from Seaports of U. S. Each Year 796

Tories and Whigs, Principles of 293

Total Population of Cities of the U. S 224

Total Population of the United States 224

Total Vote for Presidents, from 1824 to 1884. . . . 320

Towns in German Empire, Population of 236

Towns of Bolivia, Population of 286

Towns of Brazil, Population of 289

Towns of Central America, Population of 284

Towns of Chili, Population of 286

Towns of China, Population of 292

Towns of Denmark, Population of '. 269

Towns of Greece, Population of 275

Towns of Japan, Population of 209

INDEX.

83J

Towns of 4,000 Inhabitants and Over, Population

of

Towns of Mexico, Population of

Towns of Norway, Population of

Towns of Roumania, Population of

Towns in the United States of Colombia, Popula-
tion of

Towns of Venezuela, Population of

Trade and Commerce, Internal

Trade and Transportation in U. S., C'assified and

Alphabetically Arranged

Trade and Transportation in U. S., Each Class of,

by Sex and Nativity

Trade and Transportation in U. S., Nativity of

Persons Engaged in

Trade and Transportation in U. S., Number, Age

and Sex of Persons Engaged in

Trade and Transportation in U. S., Number and

Sex of Persons Engaged in

Trade and Transportation in U. S., Number in

Each State Engaged in

Trade and Transport jfcion, Number of Persons

Engaged in

Trades and Industries in Germany, Number of

Females Employed in

Trades in Austria, Wages paid 428,

Trades in Belgium, Wages paid 428,431,

Trades in Chicago and New York, Wages paid in..

Trades in Chicago, Wages paid 429,

Trades in Cities of Europe, Wages paid

Trades in Cities of Scotland, Wages paid ,

Trades in Copenhagen, Wages paid '.

Trades in Denmark, Wages paid

Trades in England, Wages paid in.. .428,431,437,

Trades in Europe, Wages paid in 428,

Trades in France, Wages paid in 428,431,

Trades in Genoa, Wages paid

Trades in Germany, Wages paid 428,431,

Trades in Holland, Wages paid 428,

Trades in Ireland, Wages paid

Trades in Italy, Wages paid

Trades in Jerusalem, Wages paid

Trades in Madrid, Wages paid

Trades in Melbourne, Wages paid

Trades in Mexico, Wages paid

Trades in New York, Wages paid

Trades in Ottawa, Wages paid

Trades in Rio de Janeiro, Wages paid

Trades in Russia, Wages paid 428,

Trades in Smyrna, Wages paid

Trades in Switzerland, Wages paid 428,431,

209

283
271
277

285

285

747

421

421

414

413

409

413

403

466

490

478

428

431

429

448

498

431

438

431

460

505

467

493

456

431

535

503

538

521

434

516

527

510

532

483

PAGE

Trades in TJ. S.„of Colombia, Wages paid 524

Trades in Venezuela, Wages paid 525

Transportation in U.S. .Classified and Alphabetic-
ally Arranged 421

Transportation in U. S., Nativity of Persons En-
gaged in 414

Transportation in U. S., Number, Age and Sex of

Persons Engaged in 413

Transportation in U. S., Number and Sex of Per-
sons Engaged in 409

Transportation in U. S.,Number in each State En-
gaged in 413

Transportation, Miles of Railroad 787

Transportation, Number of Persons Engaged in. . 403
Transportation of all Nations for 1870 and 1 880. . 718
Transportation of Mails by Railroads, Annual

Miles and Cost of 804

Transportation of Mails by States, Cost of 808

Transportation of U. S., Each Class of, by Sex

and Nativity 421

Transportation Rates, Water and Rail 797

Treasury, Money Circulation in 729

Treasury Notes and Loans Receipts of U. S. ( An-
nual) from 1791 to 1884 721

Treatyof Paris 184

Trees, Proverbs Relating to HO

Tribes of Indians 176

Troy, Freight Rates to 798

True Valuation of Property from Last Census,

by States 728

Tunstall, Wages paid Trades in 438

Tunnels of the World, Dimensions of 156

Turkish Empire, Area and Population of 278

Turkish Empire, Foreign Born Population 281

Turkish Empire, Political Divisions of 279

Turkish Empire, Population of Principal Towns . . 282

Turkish Empire, Religious Sects of 281

Turkish Empire's Direct Possessions in Europe

and Asia, Population of 280

Turkish Empire's Indirect Possessions in Europe,

Asia and Africa, Population of 281

Turin, Wages paid Trades in 429

Twelfth Administration, from 1833 to 1837 307

Twentieth Administration, from 1865 to 18G9 315

Twenty-first Administration, from 1869 to 1873.. 316
Twenty-second Administration.from 1873 to 1877 317
Twenty-third Administration, from 1877 to 1881 318
Twenty-Fourth Administration, from 1881 to

1885 319

Twenty-Fifth Administration, from 1885 to 1889 320

Tyler, John, Administration of 309

Typhoid Fever, Deaths from 545

u.

Unavailable Receipts of U. S. (Annual) from 1832

to 1874 721

Union of the Cantons of Switzerland 260

Unitarian Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Unitarian Church, Statistics of 395

Unitarian Ministers, Number of 398

United Brethren Church in the U. S., Statistics of 396
United Brethren Congregations in U. S., Number

of 399

United Brethren Members in U. S., Number of 399

United Brethren Ministers in U. S., Number of . . . 399

United Presbyterian Church in U. S., Statistics of 396
United States, Amount of Vegetable Production

of by Counties in 61 3 to 672

United States, Area of 21, 28

United States, Average Annual Rainfall of 39

United States, Balance Sheets from 1789 to 1S84 718

U. S. Bank Established 297

United States, Bonds Outstanding from 1865, An-
nual Classification of 743

836

INDEX.

PAGE.

United States, by Specified Industries in 1880... 707

United States, Climate of 29

United States, Coal Area in 132

United States, Coal Produced in 135

United States, Coast Line of 28

United States, Cross Section of 20

U. S. Currency Outstanding Annually from 1805. 735
United States, Disbursements for one Fiscal Year,

Statement of 783

United States, Estimate of Money Circulation in 729

United States, Forests of 43

United States, Framework of 21

United States, Geologic Structure of 17

Uui'ed States, Iron Industry of 139

United States of Colombia,Area and Population of 284

U. S. of Colombia, Cost of Living to a Mason in. 525

United States of Colombia, Political Divisions of. 284

U. S. of Colombia, Wages Paid Trades in 524

United States, Material Resources of 747

United States, Political History of 293

United States Postal Service, Statistics of 803

United States Postoffice Department 803

United States, Price Paid^'or Meats and Groceries

in 433

United States, Railway Mail Service 804

PAGE.

United States, Receipts for one Fiscal Year, State-
ment of 782

United States.School Population of, by Star.es and

Territories 337

United States, Summary of Financial Transac-
tions of 780, 781

United States, Temperature in 32

United States, Total Population of 224

United States, Values of Merchandise.by Articles,

Exported from 774

United States, Values of Merchandise Exported.by

Countries, from 771

United States, Values of Merchandise Imported,

by Articles, into 772

United States, Values of Merchandise Imported,

by Countries, into 770

United States, Wealth of, by States, from Last

Census, True and Assessed Valuations 728

Universalist Church in U. S., Statistics of 396

Universalist Church, Statistics of 395

Universities in U . S , Number of 353, 356

Universities of the U. S., Value of Property of.... 357

Upper Lake Region, Extent of 46

Upper Mississippi Valley, Extent of 46

Uruguay, Area and Population of 288

V.

Valuation of Property from Last Census, by

Slates, True and Assessed 728

Value of Mica 170

Values (Declared) of Imports and Exports of Mer-
chandise, by Countries, for Two Years 776

Values of Exports and Imports Carried Respective-
ly in Cars, etc., and in Vessels 779

Values of Imports and Exports of U. S. and Duties

Collected during 93 Years 767

Values of Manufactured Products of U. S 678, 679

Values of Materials and of Products of Manufact-
ures by Totals of States 703, 704, 705

Values of Merchandise Exported, by Articles, from

U. S 774

Values of Merchandise Exported from U. S., by

Countries 771

Values of Merchandise Imported into U. S., by

Articles 772

Values of Merchandise Imported into U. S , by

Countries 770

Van Buren, Martin, Administration of 308

Venezuela, Area and Population of 285

Vegetable Productions of Each State by Counties,

Amount of 613 to 672

Venezuela, Cost of Living to Laboring Classes in 527

Venezuela, Wages paid Trades in 525

Vermont Admitted to the Union 297

Vespucius, America Named After 181

Vessels, Boats and Barges Built in U. S. during

1885 793

Vessels Built in U. S. during Each Year from 1S57

to 1S83 Inclusive 793

Vessels Cleared from Seaports of U. S. Each Year

from 1864 to 1883, Tonnage of 795

Vessels (Steam and Sailing) of the U. S. by States

and Territories 792

Vice-Presidents of the U. S. . . . , 297 to 321

Victoria, Wages paid Laborers in 539

Vienna, Wages paid Trades in 429

Vital Statistics, Objects of 542

Vital Statistics, Registration of 542

Vote for President, by States, from 1824 to 1884

321 to 330

w.

Wages and Condition of Laborers in Denmark 497 to499
Wages and Hours of Labor in Blast Furnaces for

Manufacture of Iron and Steel, by States 701

Wages and Materials in Relation to Products of

Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries 700

Wages paid Agricultural Laborers and Servants in

County Cork, Ireland 456

Wages ]aid Agricultural Laborers and Servants in

France 463

Wages paid Agricultural Laborers and Servants in

Germany 472

Wages paid Agricultural Laborers and Servants in

Switzerlanu 485

Wages paid Agricultural Laborers near Dundee. . . 452

Wages paid Agricultural Laborers near Liverpool 444

Wages paid Dry Goods Employes in Chicago 435

Wages paid Female Adults in Copenhagen 500

Wages paid Females in Certain Trades in Rome.. 505

INDEX.

837

PAGE.

Wages paid Household Servants in Germany 471

"Wages paid Household Servants in Glasgow 451

Wages paid Household Servants in Switzerland... 485

Wages paid in Canada, an Advance since 1878... 515

Wages paid in Comstock Mills and Mines 155

Wages paid in Factories and Mills in Germany 4G9

Wages paid in Factories and Mills of Cork 457

Wages paid in Factories and Mills of Ireland 454

Wages paid in Factories of Berne, Switzerland 484

Wages paid in Factories of Leith 449

Wages paid in Foundries and Iron Works of France 462

Wages paid in Foundries in Chicago 432

Wages paid in Foundries in England 432

Wages paid in Foundries, Machine Shops and Iron

Works in Waterford, Ireland 457

Wages paid in Foundries, Machine Shops and Iron

Works of Scotland 450

Wages paid in Foundries, Machine Shops, etc. in

Liverpool - 439

Wages paid in General Trades in Chicago and New

York 428

Wages paid in General Trades in Europe 428, .431

Wages paid in Iron Works in Germany 471

Wages paid in Manufactures by States 703, 704„ 705

Wages paid in Mines in Barmen, Germany 471

Wages paid in Stores and Shops in France 404

Wages paid in Stores in Strasburg, Germany 470

Wages paid in Stores in Switzerland 48G

Wages paid in U.S.by Specified Industries in 1880 707

Wages paid Laborers in Mexico 520

Wages paid Laborers in Rus:ia 512

Wages paid Laborers in the District of Rome 507

Wages paid Laborers in Victoria 539

Wages paid Manufacturing in U. S 680

Wages paid Mills and Factories in France 463

Wages paid Miners and Foremen 144

Wages paid Printers,Proof -Readers, etc. in Chicago 434

Wages paid Railway Employes at Dundee 450

Wages paid Railway Employes at Liverpool, Eng. 440

Wages paid Railway Employes in Chicago 432, 435

Wages paid Railway Employes in Europe 432

Wages paid Railway Employes in France 462

Wages paid Railway Employes in Germany 470

Wages paid Stores and Shops in Glasgow 451

Wages paid Trades in Austria 428, 490

Wages paid Trades in Belgium 428, 431, 478

Wages paid Trades in Chicago 429, 431

Wages paid Trades in Cities of Europe 429

Wages paid Trades in Denmark 431

Wages paid Trades, in England and Wales 428,

431,437, 438

Wages paid Trades in France 428,431, 460

Wages paid Trades in Genoa 505

Wages paid Trades in Germany 428, 431, 467

Wages paid Trades in Holland 428, 493

Wages paid Trades in Ireland 456

Wages paid Trades in Italy 431

Wages paid Trades in Jerusalem 535

Wages paid Trades in Madrid 503

Wages paid Trades in Mel bourne 538

Wages paid Trades in Mexico 521

Wages paid Trades in New York 434

Wages paid Trades in Ottawa 516

Wages paid Trades in Rio de Janeiro 527

Wasres paid Trades in Russia 428, 510

Wages paid Trades in Cities of Scotland 448

Wages paid Trades in Smyrna 532

PAGE.

Wages paid Trades in Switzerland 428, 431, 483

Wages paid Trades in U. S. of Colombia 524

Wages paid Trades in Venezuela 525

Wagons and Carriages, Extent of Manufacture of 693

Wales, Wages paid Trades in 428, 438

War Expenditures of U. S. (Annual) 1791 to 1884 723

Warof 1812 301

War of 1812, Number of Officers and Men Engaged

in 556

War of 1 8 1 2, Pensions paid Survivors of 572

Warof 1812, Pensions paid Widows of Soldiers of 572

Wars in the United States 556

Wars of the U. S , Number of Military and Naval

Forces Engaged in 569

Wars of U.S., Number of Pensions Allowed from.. 569

Washington, Freight Rates to 798, 80O

Washington, Geo., Administration of 297

Water-power Used in Manufactures, by States 706

Wealth, Debt and Taxation... 717

Wealth o£ the World in 1870 and 1880, with In-
crease and Ratio per Inhabitant, by Countries 717
Wealth of U. S. by States from Last Census, True

and Assessed Valuations 728

Weather Proverbs 50

Western Gulf States, Extent of 46

Western Russia, Population and Area of 254

Whale Fisheries, Tonnage of American Vessels Em-
ployed in 795

Wheat, Chicago to Buffalo, Lake Freight Rates on 801
Wheat Each Month for 15 Years in Chicago, Prices

of 749

Wheat in San Francisco, Weekly Prices for Four

Years of 758

Wheat, Prices in New York during 45 Years 752

Wheat Produced in Each State, Amount of .600, 610
Wheat Produced in Each State, Amount per

Acre and Price of 674

Wheat Produced in Each State by Counties,

Amount of 613 to 672

Wheat, Rain Required by 47

Wheat, Rules Governing the Inspection of 676

Whigs and Tories, Principles of 293

White Star Line Steamship Rates, New York to

Liverpool 802

Widows of Soldiers of War of 1812, Pensions

paid 572

Wind, Proverbs Relating to Ill

Winds Followed by Rain or Snow 44

Winds not Followed by Rain or Snow 45

Winebrennarian Congregations in U. S., Number of 399

Winebrennarian Members in U. S., Number of 399

Winebrennarian Ministers in U. S., Number of... 399

Wisconsin Admitted to the Union 310

Women in Manufacturing Industry 696

Women, Schools for Superior Instruction of 355

Woolen Manufactures, Extent of 689

Wool, Prices in New York during 45 Years 757

Wool Produced in each State, Amount of 601

Working Classes in France, Condition of 459, 465

Working Classes in Spain, Condition of 502

Working Classes, Intemperance Among 442

Working Classes of England and U. S. Compared,

Condition of 439

Workings of Deep Mines, Extent of 143

Workman, Average Earnings and Expenses of... 447
Workman and Family in Belgium, Expenses and

Earnings of 480

838

INDEX.

Workman and Family in Copenhagen, Imag-
inary Yearly Budget of 501

Workmen in Germany, Condition of 469

Workmen of France, Expenses and Earnings of.. 465

Workmen of Ireland, Earnings and Expenses of.. 458
Work-people of V. S., Compared with those of

England 439

World's Production of Coal 136, 140

PAGE.

World's Production of Copper 163

World's Production of Gold and Silver 154

World's Production of Iron 140

World's Production of Mercury. : 165

World's Production of Spelter 166

World's Production of Steel 140

World's Wealth in 1870 and in 1880 with Increase

and Ratio per Inhabitant, by Countries 717

Y.

Youth and Children in Industrial Pursuits
Cities, Percentage of

by

698

Youth and Children in Industrial, Pursuits, by

States, Percentage of ' ;. 697

z.

Zinc, Extent of Production in the U. S 165

Zinc, Where Found 165

Zinc Works in Newark, N. J., Wages paid in 435

Zinc, World's Production of 166

INDEX TO

MAPS and DIAGRAMS.

A.

PAGE.

Accidents, Number of Deaths rrom 544

Acreage of Cotton, by States 534

Acreage of Tobacco, by States 603

Acres in Farms, by States 578

Advanced Age in Europe and U. S., Deaths at 552

Agricultural Products, Increase of Values of 578

Agriculture, Number by Sex and Age Engaged in 418

Agriculture of Different Countries Compared 562

Alabama, Acreage of Cotton 584

Altitudes, U. S. Map of 28

Altitudinal Distribution of Plants North of Equa-
tor Frontispiece

American Race, World's Map Showing 178

Animals of the "World, Distribution of 18

PAGE

Annual Rainfall, U. S. Map of 104

Annual Variation in Yield of Corn 602

Arkansas, Acreage of Cotton 584

Armies of Different Countries Compared 562

Ashes (The), Distribution of 168

Attacks from Rheumatism among Troops, Propor-
tion of 542

Attendance, Enrollment and School Population... 381

Attending School, Number Engaged in 418

Australia, National Debt inl870 and 1880 740

Austro-Hungary, National Debt in 1870 and 1880. 740

Autumn, Map Showing Mean Cloudiness in 74

Autumn, Map Showing Moisture in 88

B.

Baptist Church Accommodation, by States 394

Barley, Income per Acre, by States 666

Barley, Increase in Production by Decades of 608

Barley, U. S. Maps of Yield of 584, 644

Beet Sugar produced in U. S 578

Birds of the World, Distribution of 18

Blind, by States, Sex, Color, Nativityandlncrea.se 358

Bonded U. S. Debt, Statistics of 730

Bronchitis, Deaths from 544

Bronchitis, Prevalence of, by Months 552

Buckwheat, Income per Acre, by States 666

Buckwheat, Increase in Production by Decades of 608
Buckwheat, Production of, to Area of Improved

Land 658

Buckwheat, U. S. Map of Yield of 598

Bureau of the Signal Service, District Map of 44

Butter, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 772

a.

California, Average Monthly Wages in

Canada, National Debt in 1870 and 1880

Cancers, Number of Deaths from

Catarrhs, Prevalence of, by Months

Catholic (Roman) Church Accommodation, by

S tates

Cattle by States, not on Ranches, Number of

Cattle in U. S. , Value of

Caucasian Race, World's Map Showing

Cereal Production, by States

Cereals, Product and E xport of , in 1 879

Cereals, Product per Head in Europe and U. S

Cerebro-Spinal, Typhus and Enteric Fevers,

Deaths from, Proportioned to Total Deaths . .
Cheese, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years -

432 Christian Church Accommodation, by States. 394

740 Church Accommodation, Comprehensive Classin-

544 cation of 394

552 Churches and Buildings, by Denominations, Num-
ber of 388

394 Church Periodicals, Statistics of 388

588 Clergymen, by Denominations, Number of 388

585 Cloudiness (Mean), for Spring, Summer, Autumn

178 and Winter, Maps Showing 74

580 Clover Seed, Yearly Average Price in New York for

614 60 Years 780

614 Coal (Anthracite), Yearly Average Prices in New

York for 60 Years 780

548 Codfish, Yearly Average Prices in New York for 60

Years 764

772 Colleges, Number and Property Valuation of 342

(839)

840

INDEX TO MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

Coffee (Rio), Yearly Extreme Prices in New York

for 60 Years 7 64

Colored Population by States 198

Colored Population, Proportion to Aggregate 214

Communicants, by Religious Denominations, 388

Comparative Diagram of Nations 562

Comparative Progress of Education, by Countries 380

Congregational Church Accommodations, by State 394

Congregations, by Denominations, Number of 388

Consumption, Number of Deaths from 544

Consumption of Sugar in U. S 578

Consumption, Proportion of Deaths Among Troops

from 54-

Com, Annual Variation in Yield of 602

Corn, Effect of Varying Product on Price of 671

Corn, Highest and Lowest Price in New York for

Sixty Years 756

Corn, Income Per Acre, by States 666

PAGE.

Corn, Increase in Production by Decades 608

Corn, Product and Export of 748

Corn Product, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Corn Production, Progress of, by Decades 602

Corn, Product of, Per Capita, in 1879 670

Corn, Yield of 584, 632, 670

Cotton, Acreage of, by States 584

Cotton, Export and Production of, during Forty-
four Years 614

Cotton, Highest and Lowest Price in New York for

Sixty Years 756

Cotton Product, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Cotton Production in Each State Proportioned

to Total Production 581

Cotton, Yield of, by States 581

County Taxes, Compared to Other Taxes 730

Cows, Milch, by States, Number of 588

o.

Dairy Products, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Deaf Mutes, by States, Sex, Color, Nativity and

Increase 368

Death by Different Diseases at Different Ages 545

Death Rate as to Sex and Color, in Cities 552

Death Rate, by Groups of States 552

Deaths Among Troops from Consumption, Pro-
portion of 542

Deaths from Intestinal Diseases in Proportion to

Total Deaths 548

Deaths at Advanced Age in Europe and U. S -552

Deaths at One to Five Years,of Age Proportion of

by. Countries 543

Deaths from Consumption in Proportion to Total

Deaths 548

Deaths from Enteric, Cerebro-Spinal, and Typhus

Fevers, Proportioned to Total Deaths 54S

Deaths from Malarial Diseases in Proportion to

Total Deaths 518

Deaths from Specified Diseases Among Whitts,

Colored and Indians 544

Deaths from Specified Diseases, Proportioned by

Color 552

Deaths from Specified Diseases, Proportioned by

Irish and German Parentage 552

Deaths Under One Year of Age, Proportion of, by

Countries 542

Debt of the U. S., Statistics of 730

Debts, National, by Countries 740

Debts of Different Countries Compared 562

Decrease in National Debts, by Countries 740

Denmark, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Denominational Schools, Statistics of 388

Denominations, Religious, Compared 388

Density of Forests, U. S. Mipof 134

Density of Population in Each State 204, 244

Diarrhoeal Diseases, Deaths from 544

Diarrhaeal Diseases, Prevalence of, by Months 553

Diphtheria, Number of Deaths from 544

Diseases at Different Ages, Deaths by 545

Diseases, Malarial and Intestinal, Deaths from,

Respectively Proportioned to Total Deaths... 548

Diseases of Digestive System, Deaths from 544

Diseases of Nervous System, Deaths from 544

Diseases Specified, Deaths from, Prop jrtioned

by Color 552

Diseases Specified, Deaths from, Proportioned by

Irish and German Parentage 552

Diseases Specified, Months of Prevalence of 552

D leases. Specified, Number of Deaths from 544

Distribution, Altitudinal, of Plants north of the

Equator Frontispiece

Distribution of Animals, etc., of the World 18

D istribution of Pines in U. S 142

Distribution of Rainfall of Spring and Summer. . . 118

Distribution of Steam and Water Power 696

Distribution of the Ashes 168

Distribution of the Oaks 152

Distribution of Walnut, U. S. Map of 160

District Map of Signal Service Bureau 44

Domestic Cane Sugar Produced in U. S 578

Dutch Reformed Church Accommodation, by

States 394

El.

Eastern States, Average Monthly Wages In 432

Education, Comparative Progress of, by Countries 380

Effect of Varying Product on Price of Corn 671

Elevation Above Sea Level, U. S. Map of 28

Enteric, Cerebro-Spinal and Typhus Fevers,

Deaths from, Proportioned to Total Deaths.. 548

Enrollment, Attendance and School Population... 381

Enteric Fever, Deaths from 544

Enteric Fever Prevalence of , by Months 552

Episcopal Church Accommodation, by States 394

Europe, Cross Section of Frontispiece

Export and Product of Cereals in 1879 614

Export and Product of Corn and Wheat 748

Export and Product of Cotton during Forty- four

Years 614

Exports of Different Countries Compared 562

INDEX TO MAPS AND DIAGEAMS.

841

F.

PAGE.

Farm Animals, Increase in Thirty Years 008

Farm Animals in U. S., Value of 585

Farm Area. Increase in Thirty Years 615

Farmer's Income 602

Farm Lands, to Total Land Surface, Proportion of 609

Farm Products in the States, Comparative Value of 608

Farms and Farm Products, by States 578

Farms, Value of, Per Acre 602

Farm Values of Agricultural Products, Increase of 578

Farm Waxes t 602

Fevers, Enteric, Cerebro-Spinal and Typhus,

Deaths from, Proportioned to Total Deaths... 548

Fishes of the World, Distribution of 18

PAGE.

Florida, Acreag* of Cotton 584

Flour, Yearly Average Price in New York for Sixty

Years 765

Foreign- born Population, byStates 198

Foreigners in Each State, Percentage of 244

Foreign Population in Proportion to Aggregate

Population, U. S. Map of 280

Foreign Sugar Consumed in TJ. S 578

Forests, TJ. S. Map of Density of 134

France, National Debt in 1 870 and 1 880 740

Frigid Zone, Growth of Vegetables iu 24

Frigid Zone, Mean Annual Temperature of 30

a

Gainful Occupations, Number.by Sex andAge.En

gaged in 418

Georgia, Acreage of Cotton 584

German Empire, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Grain, Production of, to Area of Improved Land. 620

Glass, Yearly Average Price in New York for Sixty

Years , 780

Great Britain, National Debt in 1870 and 1880. . . 740

Greece, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Growth of Vegetables of the World 24

£i.

Hams, Yearly Extreme Prices in New York for

Sixty Years 764

Hay, Income Per Acre, by States 666

Hay Product, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Hay, U. S. Map of Yield of 588

Hides, Yearly Average Price in New York for Sixty

Years 773

Heights of Principal Mountains Frontispiece

Holland, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Hops, Yearly Average Price in New York for Sixty

Years 757

Horses, by States, Number of 588

Horses in U. S., Value of 585

Human Races of the World, Map Showing 178

I.

Imports of Different Countries Compared 562

Income of Farmers 602

Income per Acre of Various Products, by States. . . 666

Increase in National Debt s, by Countries 740

Increase of Farm Animals in 30 Years 608

Increase of Farm Area in 30 Years 615

Increase of Farm Values of Agricultural Products 578

Increase of Production of Grain in 30 Year» 608

Insane, by State, Sex, Color, Nativity and Increase 350
Intestinal Diseases, Deaths from, Proportioned to

Total Deaths 548

Iron, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 780

Italy, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

J.

January Temperature, TJ. S. Map of.

64 July Temperature, TJ. S. Map of 54

Land in Farms, to Total Land Surface, Proportion

of 609

Land, Percentage Unimproved in each State 580

Lard, Yearly Average Price in New Yoik for 60

Years 764

Lead, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 781

Live Stock on Farms, by States, Value of 578, 588

Leather, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 764

Linseed Oil, Yearly Average Price in New York for

60 Years 780

Local Taxes Compared to other Taxes 730

Louisiana, Acreage of Cotton 584

Lutheran Church Accommodation, by States 394

842

INDEX TO MAPS AND DIAGEAMS.

M.

PAGE.

Mackerel, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 701

Malarial Diseases, Deaths from, Proportioned to

Total Deaths 548

Malarial Fever, Deaths from 544

Malarial Fever, Prevalence of, by Months. 553

Malayan Race, World's Map Showing 178

Manufactures of Different Countries Compared... 562

Manufacturing and Mining, Number Engaged in 418

Mil le Sugar Produced in TJ. S 578

Mean Annual Temperature of the U. S 32

Mean Annual Temperature of the World 30

Measles, Number of Deaths from 544

Meat Product, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Mess Beef, Yearly Average Price in New York for

60 Years 772

Mess Pork, Yearly Average Price in New York for

60 Years 772

Methodist Church Accommodation, by States 394

PAGE

Middle States, Average Monthly Wages Paid in. . 432

Middle States, in Relation to Bonded Debt 730

Milch Cows, by States, Number of 588

Mining of Different Countries Compared 562

Mississippi, Acreage of Cotton 584

Moisture in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter,

Maps Showing 88

Molasses, Yearly Extreme Prices in New York for

60 Years 764

Mongolian Race, World's Map Showing 178

Monthly Death Rate by Groups of States , 552

Months of Prevalence of Certain Diseases 552

Mormon Church Accommodation by States 394

Mountains (Principal), Heights of Frontispiece

Mules, by States, Number of 588

Mules in U. S., Value of 585

Municipal Taxes, Compared to other Taxes 730

Mutes (Deaf), by States, Sex, Color, Nativity and

Increase 368

N.

Nails, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 780

National Debts, by Countries 740

Native-Born Population by States 198

Navies of Different Countries Compared 562

Negro Race, World's Map Showing 178

Newspapers Compared with Population, Number

of 376

New England States, in Relation to Bonded Debt 730

Normal Schools and Seminaries, Pupils in 342

Normal Schools, by States and Territories 342

North Carolina, Acreage of Cotton... 584

Northeastern States, Monthly Death Rate in 552

Norway and Sweden, National Debt in 1870 and

1880 740

o.

Oaks, Distribution of 152

Oats, Highest and Lowest Price in New York for

60 Years 756

Oats, Income per Acre, by States 666

Oats, Increase in Production, by Decades of 608

Oats, TJ. S. Map of Yield of 584, 638

Occupations, by States, Comprehensive Classifica-

cation of 418

Outstanding Bonded Debt of TJ. S 730'

F\

Percentage of Foreigners in Each State 244

Percentage of Total Production of Cotton in Each

State 581

Percentage of Unimproved Land in Each State 5K0

Pines in TJ. S., Distribution of 142

Plants North of Equator, Altitudinal Distribution

ot Frontispiece

Pneumonia, Number of Deaths from 544

Pneumonia, Prevalence of, by Months 552

Population, by States, as to Color and Birthplace 198
Population, by States, Increase by Decades from

1800 i90

Population, Colored, Proportion to Aggregate 214

Population, Foreign, in Proportion to Aggregate,

TJ. S. Map of 280

Population in each State, Density of 244

Population in TJ. S., Density of 204

Population of Countries of the World, Compared. 562

Population, U. S. Map of Density of 244

Portugal, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Potatoes, Income per Acre, by States 666

Potatoes, TJ. S. Map of Yield of 598

Poultry Products, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Power, Water and Steam, Distribution of 696

Predominating Sex in Degrees of Density, TJ. S.

Map of 222

Presbyterian Church Accommodations, by States. 394

Prevalence of Specified Diseases, by Months 552

Price of Butter in New York, Yearly Average for

60 years 772

Price of Corn, Effect of Varying Product on 671

Price of Corn, Highest and Lowest, in New York,

for 60 Years 756

INDEX TO MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

843

PAGE.

Price of Cotton in New York, Highest and Lowest,

for GO Years 756

Price of Cheese in New York, Yearly Average for

60 Years 772

Price of Clover Seed in New York, Yearly Average

for 60 Years 780

Price of Coal in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 780

Price of Codfish in New York, Yearly Average for

60 Years 764

Price of Flour in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 765

Price of Glass in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years .• 780

Price of Hides in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 773

Price of Hops in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 757

Price of Iron in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 780

Price of Lard in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 764

Price of Lead in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 781

Price of Leather in New York, Yearly Average for

60 Years 764

Price of Linseed Oil in New York, Yearly Average

for 60 Years 780

Price of Mackerel in New York, Yearly Average

for 60 Years 764

Price of Mess Beef in New York, Yearly Average

for 60 Years 772

Price of Mess Pork in New York, Yearly Average

for60 Years 772

Price of Nails in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 780

Price of Oats in New York, Highest and Lowest,

for 60 Years 756

Price of Rice in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 756

Price of Eye in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 756

Price of Salt in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years... 780

Price of Sugar in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 764

Price of Tallow in New York, Yearly Average for

60 Years 773

Price of Tea in New York, Yearly Average for 60

Years 780

Price of Timothy Seed in New York, Yearly Av-
erage for 60 Years 756

Price i 'f Tobacco in New York,Highest and Lowest,

for 60 Years 772

Price of Wheat in New York, Highest and Lowest,

for 60 Years 756

Prices (Average and Extreme) of Wool in New

York, for60 Years 772

Prices of Hams in New York, Yearly Extreme for

60 Years 764

Prices of Molasses in New York, Yearly Extreme

for 60 Years 764

Prices of Rio Coffee in New York, Yearly Extreme

for60 Years 764

Product and Export of Cereals in 1 879 614

Product and Export of Corn and Wheat 748

Product and Export of Cotton during 44 Years.. 614

Production of Cereals, by States 580

Production of Cotton by States in Proportion to

Total Production 581

Production of Grain, Increase in 30 Years of 608

Production of Grain to Area of Improved Land. . . 620

Production of Rye to Area of Improved Land 650

Production of Sugar in U. S 578

Production of Tobacco, by States 603

Production of Wheat, Thirty Years Progress in. . . 592

Product of Corn per Capita in 1879 670

Product of Wheat Per Capita in 1879 by States.. 592

Product per Head of Cereals, in Europe and U.S. 614

Product per Head of Wheat, in Europe and U. S... 593

Products, Agricultural, Increase of Values of 578

Products, Farm, "Value of by States 578

Product (Varying), Effect on Price of Corn 671

Professional and Personal Service, Number En-
gaged in 418

Progress of Corn Production in Thirty Years 602

Progress of Education Compared, by Countries. . . 380

Progress of Wheat Production in Thirty Years 592

Proportion of Attacks Among Troops from Rheu-
matism 542

Proportion of Deaths Among Troops from Con-
sumption 542

Proportion of Deaths as to Sex and Color 552

Proportion of Deaths at One to Five Years, by

Countries 543

Proportion of Deaths from Certain Fevers to

Deaths from all Causes 548

Proportion of Deaths from Consumption, to Total

Deaths 548

Proportion of Deaths from Intestinal Diseases, to

Total Deaths 548

Proportion of Deaths from Malarial Diseases, to

Total Deaths 548

Proportion of Deaths under One Year of Age, by

Countries 542

Proportion of Land in Farms, to Total Land Sur-
face 609

R.

Eaces (Human) of the World, Map Showing 1 78

Rainfall, Annual, U. S. Map of 104

Rainfall, of Spring and Summer, Distribution of. 118

Religious Denominations of TJ. S. Compared 388

Reptiles of the World, Distribution of 18

Rheumatism, Prevalence of, by Months 552

Rheumatism.Proportion of Attacks Among Troops 542
Rice, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 756

Roman Catholic Church Accommodation.by States 394

Romania, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Russia, National Debt in 1870 and 1 880 740

Rye, Income per Acre, by States 666

Rye, Increase in Production, by Decades 608

Rye, Production of, to Area of Improved Land 658

Rye, TJ. S. Map of Yield of 598

Rye, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 756

844

INDEX TO MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.

B.

PAGE.

Salt yearly Average Price in New York for Sixty

Years 780

Scarlet Fever, Deaths from 544

School Expenditure, by States and Territories 342

School Interests, by States and Territories 342

School Population, Enrollment and Attendance.. 381

Schools, by States and Territories, Number of 342

School Taxes, Compared to other Taxes 730

Scrofula, Number of Deaths from 544

Seasons of Prevalence of Certain Diseases 552

Seminaries and Normal Schools, Pupils in 342

Sex Predominating, in Degrees of Density, U. S.

Map of 222

Sheep, byStates, Number of 589

SneepinU. S., Value of 585

Signal Service Bureau, District Map of 44

Sorghum Sugar Produced in U.S 578

South Carolina, Acreage of Cotton 584

Southern States, Average Monthly Wages paid in. 432

Southern States, in Relation to Bonded Debt 730

PAGE.

Southern States, Monthly Death Rate in 552

Spain, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Spring, Map Showing Mean Cloudiness in 74

Spring, Map Showing Moisture in 88

States and Territories,Assessed Valuation of, per

Capita .' 721

States and Territories,Taxation of, per Capita 720

State Taxes, Compared tootherTaxes 730

Steam and Water Power, Distribution of 696

Sugar, Consumption and Production in U. S 578

Sugar, Yearly Average and Extreme Prices, for GO

Years 7G4

Summer, Map Showing Mean Cloudiness in 74

Summer, Map Showing Moisture in 88

Sunday Schools, by Denominations, Statistics of. 388
Sweden and Norway, National Debt in 1870 and

1880 740

Swine by States, Number of 589

Swine In U. S., Value of 585

T.

Tallow, Yearly Average Price in New York for GO

Years 773

Taxation.per Capita.of the Several States and Ter-
ritories 720

Teachers' Salaries, by States and Territories 342

Tea, Yearly Average Price in New York for 60

Years 780

Temperate Zone, Growth of Vegetables in 24

Temperate Zone, Mean Annual Temperature of... 30

Temperature Extremes 36, 40

Temperature of January, U. S. Map of 64

Temperature of July, U. S. Map of 54

Temperature of the World, Mean Annual 30

Temperature ot TJ. S., Mean Annual 32

Tennessee, Acreage of Cotton 584

Territories, in Relation to Bonded Debt 730

Timothy Seed, Yearly Average Price in New York

for 00 Years 756

Texas, Acreage of Cotton 584

Tobacco, Highest and Lowest Price in New York

for 60 Years 772

Tobacco Interests in the U. S G03

Tobacco, TJ. S. Map of Yield of 598

Torrid Zone, Growth of Vegetables in 24

Torrid Zone, Mean Annual Temperature of 30

Township Taxes, Compared to other Taxes 730

Trade and Transportation, Number Engaged in. .. 418
Troops, Proportion of Attacks from Rheumatism

Among 542

Troops, Proportion of Deaths from Consumption

Among 542

Turkey, National Debt in 1870 and 1880 740

Typho-Malarial Fever. Prevalence of, by months. 552
Typhus.Cerebro-Spinal and Enteric Fevers,Deaths

from, Proportioned to Total Deaths 548

u.

Unimproved Land in Each State, Percentage of.. 580
United States, about 40th Parallel, Cross-Section

of Frontispiece

United States Debt, Statistics of 730

United States, National Debt in 1870 and 1880.. 740
Universalist Church Accommodation, by States.. 394
Universities, Number and Property Valuation of. 342

V.

Valuation (Assessed) per Capita of the States and

Territories 721

Value (Comparative)of Farm Products in the States 608

Value of Farm Animals in U. S 585

Value of Farms and Farm Products by States 578

Value of Farms per Acre G02

Value of Live Stock on Farms, by States 578, 588

Vapor (Watery) in Air, Maps showing Weight of . . 88

Vegetables of the World, Growth of 24

Venereal Diseases, Deaths from 544

Vote by States for 1880-1 884 318

INDEX TO MAPS AND DIAGEAMS.

845

w.

PAGE.

Wages, by Groups of States, Average 432

W apes of Farm Laborers G02

Walnut Distribution, U. S. Map of 160

Water and Steam Power, Distribution of 696

Watery Vapor in Air, Maps showing Weight of. .. 88

Western States. Average Monthly W ages Paid in. 432

Western States in Relation to Bonded Debt 730

Wheat, Highest" and Lowest Price in New York for

60 Years 756

Wheat. Income per Acre, by States 666

Wheat, Increase in Production by Decades 608

Wheat, per Capita in 1879, by States, Product of. 592

Wheat, Product and Export of 748

PAGE.

Wheat Product, Increase of Farm Values of 578

Wheat Production, Thirty Years' Progress of 592

Wheat, Product per Head in Europe and U. S 593

Wheat, U. S. Map of Yield of 584, 624

Wheat, Yield per Acre in 1879, by States 592

White Population by States 198

Winter, Map Showing Mean Cloudiness in 75

Winter, Map Showing Moisture in 89

Wool, Average and Extreme Prices in New York

for60 Years 772

World's Animals, Etc., Distribution of 18

World's Temperature, Mean Annual 30

World's Vegetables, Growth of 24

Y.

Yield of Barley, U. S. Map of 584, 644

■Yield of Buckwheat, U- S. Map of Yield of 598

Yield of Corn, Annual Variation of 602

Yield of Corn in 1 879 and 1 883 by Group of States 670

Yield of Corn per Acre, 1879 670

Yield of Corn, U. S. Map of 584, 632

Yield of Cotton, by States 581

Yield of Grain to Area of Improved Land 620

Yield of Hay, U. S. Map of 588

Yield of Oats, U S. Map of 584, 638

Yield of Potatoes, U. S. Map of 598

Yield of Tobacco, U. S. Map of 598

Yield of Wheat per Acre in 1879, by States 592

Yield of Wheat, U. S. Map of 584, 624

Yield of Eye, U. S. Map of 598

ROlllT ST'Hfi

R°mi 57„a