Yaman, its early mediæval history

YAMAN

ITS EARLY MEDIAEVAL HISTORY

BY

NAJM AD-DIN 'OMAPtAII AL-HAKAMI

ALSO THE ABRIDGED HISTOIIY OF ITS DYNASTIES

IBN KHALDUN

AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE KARMATHIANS OF YAMAN

BY

ABU 'ABD ALLAH BAH A AD-DIN AL-JANADI

The Okiginal Tests, with Translation and Notes

BY

HENRY CASSELS KAY

M.R.A.S.

LONDON

EDWARD ARNOLD

^ublisiijtr to tljr ifn^ta <?^{&fc

1892
'Net Pnce, Sevenlecn Shillings and Sixpence

87,912

LONDON :
PElrfTED BY GILBKST AND RIVINQTON, LIUITBO,

sr. John's house, ci.kbkbnwuli., k.c.

HI

INTEODUCTION

The history of tlie Ai'abs of Yaman under Islam has, as it
seems to me, hitherto received less attention from Western
scholars than it may fairly be said to deserve ; and hence
it no doubt arises that readers desirous of information on
the subject, find their endeavours to obtain it attended with
almost insuperable difficulty. Lists of the dynasties have
been included by Mr. S. Lane-Poole in his Catalogue of
Coins at the British Museum, and he has added such brief
explanations as the special purpose of his work would
permit ; but, with that exception, the subject is in English
literature simply a blank. And the labours of continental
scholars, it must be added, are in this particular case, of
less assistance than might be expected.

The only book that treats, in a European language, of
the Muhammadan history of Yaman, is a small volume by
C. T. Johannsen, written in Latin and published at Bonn in
1828. It is an abstract of the history of Zabid by the
Arab author Dayba^, itself an abridgment, but one that
supplies a historical sketch of the dynasties into whose
possession the city successively passed, from the date of its
foundation down to the tenth century of the Hijrah.
Johannsen's work affords, therefore, a brief account ot the
leading families that ruled over Yaman previous to the
sixteenth century of the Christian era. But some, to
whom Zabid never belonged, such for instance as the
Zuray'ite Princes of Aden, are necessarily excluded.
Johannsen's book is, moi'eover, at the present day some-
what rare.

A certain lack of interest in the fortunes of the petty
states and dynasties of a country so slightly connected with
the gi*eat streams of Muhammadan history, can without
much difficulty be accounted for. It is no more than
natural also, that the attention of scholars should be
mainly attracted to the country as the ancient seat of
an extinct and as yet little known civilization. But
its history under Muhammadan influences is nevertheless

A 2

i V Introdu ction .

neither destitute of interest, nor altogether uninstruc-
tive. Yaman, moreover, borders at the present day upon
one of the great highways of the world. Its principal sea-
port has for more than half a century been in the possession
of England, whose influence over the adjoining districts is
willingly acknowledged by the inhabitants. A contribu-
tion to its past history may therefore, not unreasonably
be expected to prove acceptable to English readers.

Of the not inconsiderable number of native writers by
whom the history of Muhammadan Yaman has been treated,
the earliest in date, and in certain respects the most impor-
tant, is 'OmTirah " the Yamanite." His reputation among
his countrymen rests perhaps somewhat too exclusively upon
his merits as a poet, but he is held in remembrance also as
the leading historian of his native countiy, and as the
writer to whom almost all is due that can be learnt of its
history over a period of at least two centuries and a half.
'Omai'ah's successors have freely acknowledged the debt
they owe him, and indeed, for the period in question, they
have done little or nothing more than reproduce what he
has written, in a more or less abridged form, whilst very
generally retaining his actual words.

Whatever, therefore, the deficiencies in 'Omarah^s work,
it was to be expected that it would be cai*efully preserved.
Bud so far is this from being the case, that until quite re-
cently, no copy was known to exist. None has been in-
cluded in the important collections of MSS. that have come
of late years from Yaman, and, so far as I am aware, a
general belief has prevailed that the recovery of 'Omarah's
History was all but hopeless. The event has happily turned
out othei'wise, and a copy of the book is actually in the
possession of the British Museum library, acquired in 1886,
according to a note on the fly-leaf of the volume.

It is somewhat remarkable to find that the book has
evidently been owned by a European. Not only is the
binding of Western fashion, but other signs, pencil marks
and the label on the back of the volume — Vocuments re-
latlfs au Yemen — put the matter beyond all doubt. Another
and indeed more singular circumstance is that the portion
of the volume consisting of 'Omarah's History, is to all
appearance a modern transcript, dating, so far as I can
judge from the description of paper and from the style of
writing, no further back than last century, or perhaps the
early part of the present.

Introduction. v

•

The volume (Or. 3265) is a small quarto. It comprises
three separate parts. The first, of 85 folios, is Dayba"s
History of Zabid. The third, 102 pages (52 folios), con-
tains an account of events in Yaman from a.h. 1215 to
A.H. 1258 (a.d. 1800 to 1842). The second part, consisting
of 84 folios or 166 pages, is'Omarah's history. Neither the
name of the transcriber nor the date of the copy is given.
The handwriting is not that of an accomplished penman,
and the copyist, it may readily be perceived, could make
no claim to scholarship. Errors, both of commission and of
omission, are indeed numerous.

Even for the sole purpose of translation, the book, it
was evident, would offer difficulty. But I had reason to
believe that many deficiencies in the MS. would be supplied
by the works of the author^s successors. My expectations,
it will be seen, have been amply fulfilled, and I have found
it possible to print the original text, as well as to translate
it, a task which without that assistance, I could hardly have
ventured to undertake.

A life of 'Omarah is included in the Biographies of Ibn
Khallikan (de Slane, vol. ii. p. 367). For his account of
our author's earlier years, down, that is to say, to the time
of his final departure for Egypt, the biographer seems to
have drawn most of his material from the History of Yaman,
in which 'Omarah touches upon sundry events in his own
life. He was born, he tells us, at az-Zara'ib, a town on or
near the coast of northern Yaman, in the district of the
Banu Hakam, the tribe of which he was a member, as shown
by his denomination, the Hakamite.* His name and
designations seem to have been Najm ad-din ^Omarah ibn
Abi T-Hasan 'Aly ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad Zaydan. On
the title-page of the British Museum copy of his History, he
is styled the Kadi ; but there is nothing to show that he
ever exercised the office of Judge, and we find him invariably
spoken of under the title of Faklh, the Jurist. He became
a student at the College of Zabid, as he himself tells us,
in A.H. 530, and he was probably born not earlier than
A.H. 515, the year mentioned, by Suyiiti (i. 238).

* Ibn Khallikan says, according to de Slane, that 'Omarah was
born in the city of Martan, in the valley of Wasa', a place I am
not able to identify. It will be seen that we have mention of
Matran (p. 68 etc.), but it is evidently not the place here in ques-
tion.

vi hitrodtiction.

•

His final departure from Yaman occurred in a.h. 552,
when he proceeded to Mecca, and thence to Egypt. The
spiritual head of tbe Fatimite Empire and Sect was at that
time the Khallfah al-Fa'iz, who at the age of five years, had
been raised to the throne on the assassination of his father
az-Zafir in a.h. 549. The Khalifahs were still the nominal
rulers of the Empire, but it was and had long been
governed in reality by the Wazirs, as they continued
to be styled, although not only possessed of the fullest
political power, but actually invested with the title of Malik
or King, first bestowed upon one of their predecessors in
A.H. 530, by the Khalifah al-Hafiz.* The office, at the time
of 'Umarah's arrival at Cairo, was held by Tala'i' ibn
Kuzayk, under the title of al-Malik as-Sdlih, the Virtuous
King, Our author was already personally known to the
Wazir, by whom, on the occasion of an earlier visit to
Cairo, he had been treated with distinguished favour, and
who now again heartily welcomed him to his court.
Tala'i', a zealous Ismailite, endeavoured to prevail upon
'Omarah to join the sect. He failed in his purpose, but con-
tinued nevertheless, throughout the remainder of his life, to
extend his friendship and patronage to the Yamanite poet.

The Khalilah al-Fa'iz died in a.h. 555,and was succeeded
by al-'Adid, the last of the dynasty. Tala'i' perished the
following year.f His son was raised to his place under the
title ot al-Malih al-'Adil an-Ndsir, but was assassinated in
the first month of a.h. 558. The dissensions that followed
supplied the Atabek Nur ad-din Mahmud, Sultan of Aleppo,
with a pretext for intervention in the afiairs of the country.
He despatched an army to Egypt under the command of
the Kurdish General Asad ad-din Shirkidi. The re-instate-
ment of Shawar, one of the rival claimants to the wazirate
was speedily eflected. But the restored wazir soon had
occasion to direct his efibrts to the object of ridding him-
self of his Turkish protectors. He solicited and obtained
the aid of the Christian King of Jerusalem. During the
next five years Egypt was the scene of a series of struggles,
which soon resolved themselves into a conflict between the
troops of Nur ad-din and the Christian Crusaders for the

* Makrizi, vol. i. p. 440, I. Athir, xi. 31. See also Suyuti, ii.
155 and 1G2-63.

f An interesting mosque, built by Tala'i' at Cairo close to Bali
Zmvaylah, is .still in existence.

Introduction. vii

possession of Egypt. Asad ad-dln, the Atabek's general,
eventually" triumphed. The Crusaders were coinpelled to
abandon the country, in which their rapacity and cruelty
had caused them to be thoroughly detested. Shawar was
slain in a.h. 564, and Shirkuh, though still acknowledging
the authority of Nur ad-din, was formally installed as
Wazir by the helpless Khalifah al-'Adid, under the title of
al-Malik al-Mansur (the Victorious King). He died before
the end of the year, and his nephew Salah ad-din Yiisuf
(Saladin) was appointed his successor and invested by al-
'Adid with the office of wazir, and with the title of Malik
an-Ndsir (the Succouring King), which he bore throughout
his subsequent career and which he contentedly retained
until his death.

In the first month of the year 567, Saladin, yielding to
his own inclinations, as well as to the solicitations of his
followers, and to the commands of his master Nur ad-din,
proclaimed the deposition of the Fatimite Khalifah and the
re-establishment of the supremacy of the Abbasides. Al-
'Adid was at the point of death, and it is doubtful whether
he ever knew that his dynasty had come to an end. The
country was ripe for the change. It was accepted, out of
Cairo, with scarcely a murmur on the part of the people.
To them, indeed, hardly a sign of the great revolution
that had occurred was perceptible, apart from an alteration
in the form of the Khutbah, thenceforward recited in the
name of the Khalifah of Baghdad. But, ere long, a con-
spiracy was found to be in existence at the capital, for
the restoration of the Fatimites, with the aid of the Christian
King of Jerusalem. It was speedily suppressed, and the
leaders arrested. Among those accused of being concerned
in the plot was 'Omarah. He was found guilty and con-
demned to death. The sentence was carried into execution
on the 2nd Ramadan, of the year 569, and his body was
gibbeted and exposed to public view for three days. It
has been said that it was by 'Omarah's advice that the con-
quest of Yaman was undertaken and the army of invasion
placed under the command of Turan Shah, whose absence,
in the event of the death of his brother Saladin, would, it
was thought, afford greater assurance of success to the
objects of the conspirators.

Among other noteworthy personages of that period, was
the Kadi Abu *Aly 'Abd ar-Kahim al-Baysiini, more com-
monly known as the Kadi al-Fadil. He had formerly held

viii Introduction.

au important office as cliief secretary under the Fatimite
Government, and enjoyed a high reputation for general
ability and for familiarity with the details of Egyptian
administration. He was, moreover, widely noted for his
talent as an elegant and ingenious letter-writer. The
British Museum possesses two volumes (Add. 7307 and
7465) containiug a collection of the Kadi's sayings and
of his writings, which are still regarded by his countrymen
as models of epistolary style, of a kind, it must however be
said, generally too florid to commend itself to the taste of
Western readers.* In personal appearance the Kadi al-
Fadil was ill-favoured, indeed deformed. He was never-
theless exceedingly popular. Few names are oftener met
with than his in the pages of Makrizi's Khitaf. He was
held in the highest estimation by Saladin, of whose cause
the Kadi became a warm adherent, and who was in the
habit of listening to his opinions, and of consulting him
on the most important affairs of the State. He became
possessed of great wealth, and among his charitable founda-
tions was one, the revenues of which were applied to the
ransom of Muslim captives from the hands of the Christians.
He built also a college, which he endowed with a library
composed of more than 100,000 volumes. f The Kadi, it
remains to be added, was one of those who most strenu-
ously urged upon Saladin the deposition of the Fatimite
KhalTfah.

'Omarah enjoyed for a time the favour of the Kadi al-
Fadil, and it was at the latter's request, as will be seen, that
the History of Yaman was composed. But between two
men of such opposite character, friendship, if indeed it
ever existed, could not long endure. Political events parted
them, and 'Omarah, ere long, knew the Kadi only as an
enemy. It is related, that when sentence of death was
pronounced upon him, the Kadi approached Saladin and
spoke to him in private. " My lord," cried 'Omarah,
" listen not unto what he says concerning me ! " The Kadi
departed in anger, and Saladin, turning to the unhappy
man, answered with the words : " He was interceding for

* I liad occasion in a paper, printed in the Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society (vol. xxiii.), to insert a short passage, quoted by
Makrizi, which may be taken as a favourable specimen of the
Kadi's literary performances.

t Makrizi, vol. ii. pp. 79 and 366.

Introduction. ix

thy life." 'Omarah drooped his head in silence. To him-
self, and to all present, the incident was a manifest sign
that his fate was ordained by diviue and irrevocable
decree.

Whether or not 'Omarah was guilty of the crime with
which he was charged, this much is certain, that he excited
the mistrust and finally the hatred of Saladin's adherents,
by his bold not to say reckless advocacy of the fallen
dynasty, and by the impassioned words with which he was
ever ready to defend it. On one occasion he was along
with another poet in the presence of Najm ad-din Ayyub,
the father of Saladin, then inhabiting a palace or pavilion
known by the name of tlie Fearl, formerly a place of resort
for the Fatimite Princes, and still bearing the decoration
with which it had been enriched for the use of its original
masters. 'Omai'ah's companion recited to Najm ad-dln four
lines of verse, in which he spoke of the palace as receiving
greater honour from the Prince's presence than it had ever
derived from that of its former occupants. " The palace,"
he ended, " is a pearl, whilst they that formerly inhabited it
were nought but shells. Thou art a pearl, unto whom the
palace is but a shell." 'Omarah indignantly answered his
companion, in lines of the same metre and rhyme. He
dealt with the rhetorical figure in which the shell is spoken
of as the occupant of a pearl, and ended with a line in
which he denounces the poet as of less account than a dog,
an animal which, at least, practises the virtues of gratitude
and fidelity. The story is told by Makrizi, who has pre-
served also a considerable fragment of a poem by 'Omarah,
a lament over the fate that had overtaken the Fatimite
dynasty. The following is the opening line, to which I add
a few passages taken almost at random : —

Thou hast blighted, 0 Fortune, the noblest of hands — Thou hast
stripped a graceful neck of the jewels that once adorned
it. . . .

0 censurer of my love for the sons of Fatimah. . . . Come, I ad-
jure thee, cease weeping over Siflfin and the Camel,* and join
in my tears over the desolate halls of the twin Palaces. . . ,

* The battles of the Camel and of SiSin were fought in a.h,
36 and 37, between the two contending parties into which the
Muslim world had already divided itself. At Siflfin, although on
the verge of victory, 'Aly was induced to agree to the reference
of his claims to arbitration, and thereby brought about the ruin of

X ' Introduction.

May Imp ye will return CO sons of 'Aly), that the world may be

released of its bonds. . . .
They that have been false in their allegiance, will not escape the

effects of God's anger . . . Their burning thirst will not be

slaked by the hand of the noblest of created beings, the

Seal of the Apostles, . . .
Love of the Imams is the foundation of faith in God, and of all

good works.
They are the divine Light of true guidance, torches piercing

through the darkness of night.

The composition of that poem, says Makrizi, was the
cause of 'Omarah's death. And, indeed, if the verses have
reached us in the form in which they left the author's hands,
it is not surprising that he was regarded as an Ismailite,
and, on the contrary, difficult to understand why he pei--
sistently refused to be enrolled as a member of the sect,*
at a time when every consideration of ambition and self-
interest must have urged him to do so.

'Omarah's History of Yaman, it must be confessed, is
not such as can entitle its author to be ranked among the
great historians of the world. The object of the book, as
may be seen at almost every page, is simply that which he
himself avows. It was written, not tor purposes of in-
struction, but to amuse the leisure moments of a great
personage. All that could serve the object is prominently
and skilfully brought into relief. Matters of graver im-
port are lightly touched upon, and some are, no doubt,
passed over in sileuce. But in his own way, 'Omarah has
preserved for us the leading facts of Muhammadan history
in his country, down to his own time. The style in whicb
he has written is one of perfect simplicity, and one which,
in many passages, exhibits a natural sense of the pic-
turesque, and a power of expressing it, somewhat remark-
able in a writer of his nation and of his time. And finally,
though not his least merit, 'Omarah has preserved for us
an exceedingly curious picture of Ai-ab life and manners,
such, I may perhaps venture to say, as is only excelled in

his cause,. and the creation of fresh subjects of dissension among
the followers of Islam.

By the twin palaces are meant the two great historic palaces of
the Fatimites, the sites of which are still held in remembrance by
the modern inhabitants of Cairo.

* See infra, Note G8.

Introduction. xi

Arabic literature by the tales of the Thousand and One
Nights.

The MS. of the British Museum is, as I have already-
had occasion to remark, very imperfect. Errors of
all descriptions are numerous, and nothing is more
evident than that the copyist has not, as a rule, given
himself the trouble to understand the plain sense of
what he wrote. Some faults are habitual, but of a class
not unfreqiiently met with. Such for instance are the
erroneous substitution of Alif for ya in defective verbs,
the i-etention of the letter Alif in the word ihyi when it
ought to be omitted and its omission when it ought to be
retained. The taskdid and hamzah are, as a rule, omitted,
even when the absence, especially of the former, prevents
the true sense in which the word is used from being readily
apprehended. The two points over the final ta in words of
the feminine form are almost invariably omitted. All these
are in addition to orthographical errors of a varying
character and to omissions, sometimes of single words and
at others of entire sentences.

Without speaking of omitted and misplaced diacritical
points, I have said enough to show that it was out of the
question to reproduce the text precisely as it stands in the
MS. I have followed that course as a general rule ; but
wherever it seemed useful — perhaps in some cases where
I need not have done so — I have supplied the missiug
tashdld and hamzah as well as diacritical points. I have
refrained from reproducing or noticing certain verbal
errors, the correction of which could be made without any
reasonable doubt and which, while in some cases an offence
to the reader's eye, were in others calculated to produce
perplexity, more or less momentary it is true, but likely
to be an interruption to the reader. It may perhaps
be considered that I have not been sufficiently careful
to lay down to myself a strict rule, and I must, indeed,
confess that I have not heeded a certain degree of in-
consistency between what I have done in some places and
abstained from doing in others.

Ibn Khallikan's Biographies, more particularly that of
"^Aly the Sulayhite, Yakut's Geographical Dictionary,
Ibn Khaldun's History, and some other books, to be
hereinafter more particularly mentioned, have each in their
turn assisted me in the performance of my task. But my
chief debt is due to the Histories of al- Janadi and of al-

xii Introduction.

Khazraji, o£ whicli it remains for me now to offer tlie reader
some brief notice.

It must, however, in tlie first place be stated that, with
one exception, ^Omarah mentions no writer on the history
of Muhammadan Yaman of a period previous to his own.
The exception is a history of Zabid, written by Abu ■'t-
Tami Jayyash, one of the early kings of the dynasty of the
Banu Najah. The book bore the title of KiUlh al-MufldJi
akhhdr Zahul, the Book of Instruction on the History of
Zabid, under which it is mentioned in the Kashf az-Zunun.
That identical title is usually attributed to Omavah''s own
History, but it does not appear in the Brit. Mus. MS.,
which is simply entitled Book of Chronicles by the illustrious
Kadi 'Omdrah the, Yamanite. Khazraji mentions that
Jayyash's History was exceedingly rare in his day (see
infra, Note 75). 'Omarah quotes the book at some length
in his account of the death of 'Aly the Sulayhite and of the
restoration of the Banu Najah. It is highly probable that
these passages are all that survives at the present day.

Janadi's work is mentioned in the Kashf az-Zunun under
the title of Kitdb as-Sulu/cfi tahakdt il-JJlamai wa 'l-Mulah,
Book of the Pearl-threads, containing the consecutive
Series of Scholars and Kings. An excellent copy is pre-
served in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, No. 2127,
Suppl. 767. It is a large-sized volume comprising 207
folios, and is dated a.h. 820. It is written in a good and
generally clear hand, diacritical points as a rule absent, but
on the other hand, the vocalization in the case of names,
both personal and geographical, is frequently specified with
great care. The title of the book is absent, but its identity
with that mentioned in the Bibliographical Dictionary is
beyond all reasonable doubt. The copy at the Bibliotheque
appears to have been the property of one of the last
Princes of the Rasulite dynasty, Ahmad, son of Sultan az-
Zahir Yahya who reigned from a.h. 831 to 842. The
inscription on the fly-leaf to that effect is imperfectly legible
through the edges of the paper being partly cut and partly
worn away, and owing to slips pasted upon the sheet, but
I read it as follows :

(S *iUl) .... 1

In iroduction . x i i i

Al-Janadi's full name was Abu 'Abd Allah Balia ad-din
(Yusuf ?) ibn Yusuf ibn Ya'kub, but he is best known by
his surname al-JanacU, that is to say, the native of Janad, or
it may be, member of the tribe of Janad, a subdivision of
the Banu Ma'afir.* He died in a.h. 732. His History
extends, according to al-Ahdal, to a.h. 724, but in
some copies it was probably continued to a later date.
The work is really, as iodicated by its title, a series of bio-
graphies, for the most part of men renowned for piety
and learning. The author does not exclude princes and
dynasties, but they occupy a subordinate place, for the rea-
son he expressly gives, that they are of far less importance.
He begins with the days of the Prophet, passes on to the
Prophet's successors, and proceeds to sketch the lives of all
who can claim the slightest connection with Yaman. He
includes therefore the Imam ash-Shafi'y, the originator of the
Shafi'ite school of religious law, of whom it has been said
that he was born in Yaman. His account of the Imam is
little more than a panegyric, in which he conspicuously
dwells upon the contention that asli-Shaii'y, had he
not exclusively devoted himself to theology and juris-
prudence, would have ranked as one of the greatest
of poets. t At fob 30 obv. commences a history of
the Karmathians in Yaman, of which I have included a
copy and translation in this volume. He then fairly enters
into the subject that forms the main object of his book, the
lives of the Jurists of Yaman, which he gives in geogra-
phical order, that is to say, under the heading of the places
in which they were born or in which they abode.

* I find al-Janadi everywhere styled Yusuf son of Ya'kiib ; but
he himself (fol. 21 rev.) gives his father that name, and Khaz-
raji ('Ukud, fol. 133, obv.), mentions Yusuf ibn Ya'kub al-
Janadi, father of Baha ad-din the historian.

f It was not without surprise that I found al-Janadi attribu-
ting to the Imam, in a tone of perfect gravity, certain lines of
verse which, according to Ibn al-Athir, were written by the
Okaylite chief Abu 'l-Musaj^yib Rafi'. Janadi says they were
addressed by ash-Shafi'y to his mother, when on the point of
leaving her for the purpose of devoting himself exclusively to
religious studies. A portion, of far too ardent a character to l^e
directed to a mother, is not included. The lines, together with
a translation, may be found in a paper I contributed to the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xviii. p. 518.

X i V Introduction .

Al-Janadi tells us, in his Preface, that he has derived
most of his information from the works of several pre-
decessors— from the History of Ibn Samurrah, from the
work of ar-Kazi, from that of Ibn Jarlr, from 'Omai^ah's
Mxifid, and finally from the collection of biographies of Ibn
Khallikan. The notices of these works in Hajji Khalifah's
Bibliographical Dictionary (excepting- of the last men-
tioned), seem to be borrowed from al-Janadi and add little
or nothing to what the latter tells us in his Preface.

The History of Ihn Samurrah is entitled Tabakdt Ftikahd
'l-Yamau wa. Ru'asd uz-Zaman (the Consecutive Series of
the Jurists of Yaman and of the Chiefs of their time). Its
author was Abu Hafs 'Omar ibn 'Aly ibn Samurrah, who
died, according to Hajji Khalifah, in a.h. 586. This, says
al- Jauadi, gives the most complete account of the scholars
and Jurists of Yaman from the time of the introduction of
Islam down to a date somewhat later than a.h. 580. The
book seems to have supplied al-Janadi with the model he
followed in the composition of his own work.

Only second to Ibn Samurrah's History, continues al-
Janadi, is the work of Abu ^l-'Abbas Ahmad ibn 'Abd
Allah ibn Muhammad ar-Eazi, a native, as his surname
indicates, of ar-Ray, but settled at San'a. Many copies,
says al-Jauadi, are in existence, but all, he adds, represent
themselves as being the third volume of the work, and
though diligent inquiry has been made by the scholars of
Yaman for the missing portion, the search has been unsuc-
cessful. The volume in question, he continues, carries
down the history to about a.h. 460. It has supplied him,
he adds, with much that was deficient in Ibu Samurrah.
The British Museum possesses a book (Or. 2903) by the
same author, copied in a.h. 1090. The title is not given,
but the book consists of legends and tales relating to
Yaman and more particularly to San'a, not, so far as I have
been able to gather, of much interest or value, and it is
obviously not the book referred to by Janadi.

Next comes the History of San'il by Ishak ibn Yahya ibn
Jarir, a descendant of al-Aswad ibn 'Auf, brother of 'Abd
ar-Rahman ibn 'Auf.* It is a book, says al-Janadi, of

* 'Abd ar-Uahmnn ibn 'Auf, of the tribe of Kuraysli, was one
of the earliest of the converts and conipanions of the Prophet.
lie died at ^ledinah in A.ii. 31.

Introduction, xv

sniall bulk but of great value. The titles neither of this
nor of ar-Riizi's book are mentioned.

I come now to al-Khazraji, who, of all the writers to
whose works I have had access, has been of the greatest
assistance to me. His name was Abu '1-Hasan *Aly ibn al-
Hasan al-Khazraji, that is to say, of the tribe of Khazraj.
He was surnamed Ibn Wahhas, and he died in a.h. 812.
Hajji Khalifah says that al-Khazraji was the author of
three historical works. In one the writer, he says, followed
the chronological order; the second was arranged in
alphabetical order of the names ; and the third gave a sepa-
rate history of each dynasty.

The first of these is probably the History of Yaman under
the Rasulites, of which the India Office Library posseses a
well preserved and valuable copy. The book is entitled
Al-'Ukiul al-Lulu'hjah fi aklthdr id-daulat ir-Basulujali,
" The Necklaces adorned with Pearls, being the History of
the Rasulite Dynasty.'^ * It consists of 367 folios. The
author commences with a chapter on the pedigree of the
Banu Rasul, who, he declares, were of Arab race, descen-
dants of Jabalah ibn al-Ayham, the last king of the Ghas-
sanite dynasty. The history ends with the death of the
Rasulite Sultan al-Ashraf Isma'il in a.h. 803. Fully two
thirds of the book are a compilation, for the most part from
three works, the Strat al-3Iuzaff arty ali, the ^Ikd ath-ihamm,
and Janadi^s History, from each of which long passages are
incorporated.

The first mentioned seems to be a life of Sultan al-
Muzaffar Yiisuf (a.h. 647-694). The 'Ikd atlt-thamhi exists in
the Library of the British Museum (Add. 27541), under the
title of Kitdh as-Simt il-Ghdly ith-thamau fi Akhbdr Muluk
il-Yaman, written by Badr ad-din Muhammad ibn Hatim,
a descendant of the Hamdanite Kings of San'a. The
volume is composed of 1 14 folios, and it carries down the his-
tory of the Rasulites to the death of Sultan al-Muzaffar in
A.H. 694. The titles of the book so largely quoted by Khaz-
raji and of that at the British Museum, though verbally

* I have reason to believe that the text and a translation of the
History of the Rasulites, or at least of its most important parts,
were prepared for the press by the late Sir James Kedhouse, but
that certain difficulties unfortunately prevenied the publication of
his work.

XVI

Introduction.

different, have the same sio-nification, and I feel satisfied,
after comparison of several passages, that the two works
are one and the same. It must, however, be mentioned
that Khazraji gives, in his Kifayah, an extract from the
'Ikd ath-thamin, relating to the successors of Ibn Mahdy,*
not to be found in the British Museum MS. It seems pro-
bable therefore that the books are two separate editions. f

Some other writers are refei*red to by Khazraji, among
whom I may mention the Sharif *Imad ad-din Idris, a de-
scendant of Suleyman ibn Hamzah. In the Ukud (fol. 178
obv.), the death is recorded of the Sharif's father, Jamal
ad-din 'Aly ibn al-Hasan ibn Hamzah, in a.h. 699_, and
Khazraji adds that the Sharif Idris was author of several
historical works, among others of one entitled Kitclh Kanz
il-AJchydr ji H-tdrlkki wa 'l-ahhhdr, a book which, if it is
still in existence, will probably be found to throw light
upon the history of the Zaydite Imams of Yaraan.

The other works by Khazraji mentioned in Hajji Khali-
fah's dictionary are probably represented by the MSS. pre-
served in the Library of the University of Leiden, Nos.
DCCV. and DCCCLXViii. (Old Cat. vol. ii. pp. 173 and 196).

The last mentioned, despite its large size and its 369
pages, is but a fragment. It is entitled Tirdz A'ldm iz-
Zaman ji tahakclti A'ydn il-Yaman. The book, according
to the explanation of its plan given by the author in his
preface, commences with an Introduction, containing in
the first place a life of the Prophet, and next that of each
of the Khalifahs, from Abu Bakr to al-Musta'^sim. A bio-
graphical dictionary, supplying an account of the scholars,
kings, etc. of Yaman, the chief purport of the work, begins
at p. 280 and the MS. ends abruptly at p. 369, before com-
pletion of the first letter of the alphabet. The author tells
us that the book was composed by command of the Rasu-
lite Sultan al-Ashraf Isma'il (a.h. 778-803), who, he says,
prescribed its form and the arrangement of its contents.
Al-Khazraji, it must be added, handsomely acknowledges
the debt he owes to the earlier labours of al-Jauadi. " We
have drawn,'' he says, " from his abundant springs, and we
have drunk under his guidance. Without him we had not

* See infra, Note 101.

t The British Museum MS. is dated a.h. 1062 (a.d. 1052), and
a note which follows the colophon states that the copy was care-
fully collated at the end of the following year.

Introduction. xvii

ventured to enter so deep a gulf, neither could we have
found our way to this our resting-place."

The Leiden MS. dcccv. is entitled iiCt7«6 tarlkh il-Kifdyati
wa 'l-A'ldm fima7i ivaliya 'l-Yamana wa salcanaha min al-
Islcim. It consists of 384 pages. The author appears to
have divided his work into five books, each subdivided into
chapters, but the Leiden MS. contains the fourth and fifth
books only. The fourth is divided into ten chapters. In
the first five, the author, after citing certain traditions pro-
ving the high estimation in which the country and people of
Yaman were held by the Prophet, gives an account of its
conversion to Islam, of its government in the days of the
Prophet and of his immediate successors, and under the
Omayyads and Abbasides. The sixth contains the history
of the Karmathians in Yaman, and the seventh (fol. 38)
gives an account of the subsequent condition of San'a
until it was taken by 'Aly the Sulayhite. (See infra, Note
8.) The eighth chapter is the history of the Sulayhite
dynasty, the ninth that of the Hamdanite Kings of San%
and the tenth that of the Zuray'ite Princes of Aden.

The fifth book is divided into twelve chapters. The first
four (pp. 77-108) contain the history of the Ziyadites, of their
successors the Banu Najah, of the Abyssinian Wazirs who
became the actual rulers of the country, and of 'Aly ibn
Mahdy ; the fifth that of the Ayyubite dynasty. With the
sixth commences the history of the Rasulites, and it includes
the reign of Sultan al-Mansur 'Omar (a.h. 626-647), the
first of the dynasty. To each of his successors one of the
remaining chapters is devoted, and the work ends with the
twelfth chapter at the same point as the MS. of the India
Office Library.* The three last chapters of the fourth book
and the first four of the fifth, that is to say, pp. 47 to 108,
are for the most part an adaptation of 'Omarah's History.
The author omits some passages and abridges others, often
very slightly, and 'Omarah's language is frequently repro-
duced almost verbatim.

I have already had occasion to speak of a writer of much
later date, Dayba', and of the small volume to which he has
given the title of History of Zabid. The British Museum
Library possesses two copies. Or. 3265 and Add. 27540.
It will be sufficient to add that the book is to all intents
and purposes an abridgment and adaptation of a larger

* See Dozy's Catalogue of the Leiden Library, vol. ii. p. 173.

a

xviii Introduction.

work by the same author, entitled Kitdh Kurrat il-'Uyunfi
ahhhdr il-Yaman al-Maymun. The name of the author was
Wajih ad-dln 'Ahd ar-Bahmdn ihn 'Ah/ ad-Dayba', of the
tribe of Shmjbdn* He died in a.h. 944 (a.d. 1536-7). The
British Museum possesses two copies of the work. Add.
25111 and Or. 3022. The latter is a modern transcript of
a MS. belonging to the Khedivial libraiy at Cairo, executed
in A.H. 1295 (a.d. 1878). Add. 25111 consists of 191 folios.
The end of the book is wanting, but according to the Cairo
copy only one folio is absent.

The greater portion of the book is little, it might almost
be said nothing, but an epitome of the Ki/dyah. The author
commences with Khazraji's fourth book, which he calls his
first.f He reproduces it in an abridged form, chapter by
chapter, in the same order as that of the Ktfdyah and each
under the same heading. Next follows his second book,
Khazraji's fifth. The twelfth chapter ends at fol. 133
rev. To this he adds six more, in which he carries the
history of the Rasulite dynasty to its conclusion. Then
follows the third book, commencing at fol. 144 rev. It is
divided into three chapters, containing the history of the
Banu Tahir, down to the end of the dynasty and to the
conquest of Yaman by the troops of the last Mamluk
Sultan of Egypt. It will be seen, therefore, that it is only
the latter part of the work, commencing at fol. 133, that
can be said to be of any material value from the
historian's point of view. In his Preface the author
acknowledges his indebtedness to Khazraji, to whose book,
it may be noted, he gives the title of Kitdh al-'Asjad.

Another writer to whom I have had occasion to refer in
the following pages is al-Ahdal. He was the author of
several works, of some of which the titles are given by
Eajji Khalifah, and whereof one exists in the Library of the
British Museum (Or. 1315). The first and last pages of the
MS. are wanting and have been replaced by a fabricated
title-page and colophon. There is, however, no room to
doubt that it is al-AhdaFs work, the same to which Hajji
Khalifah gives the title Tuhfat az-Zaman fi A'ydni Ahl il-
Yaman. The full name of the author was Abu 'Abd Allah

* Tlie author of the TdJ aJ-'Arus says that Dayha' is a Nubian
word and that it signifies v:hite.

t lie hegins, therefore, at the same pouit as tlic Leiden MS.
of Kiiazraji's Kifayalt.

Introduction. xix

al-Husayn ibn 'Abd ir-Rahmrm il-Alulal al-IIa.=!ayni, and ho
was member of a family of some note in Yamau, but origin-
ally fi-om 'Irak. He was born, accoi'ding to his own state-
ment, about A.H, 779, and was living in a.h. 848. He him-
self designates his work an abridgment of Janadi's History.
It is, indeed, but little more, though it contains sundi-y
additions, which bring it down to the author's own time.
The British Museum MS. consists of 318 folios.

Al-Ahdal complains that his copy of al-Janadi was very
imperfect, and he makes the following remarks on the
subject :

Here end my abridgments from al-Janadi and the additions
with which I have been able to supplement them. The copy of
his book which has served me, contains many faulty passages,
which I have striven to elucidate to the best of my ability.
Let him who finds errors in my work correct them. From God
Cometh the aid that ensureth success.*

Of the geography of Yaman — excluding, it must be said,
the portion of the country recently surveyed by Dr.
Eduard Glaser — our knowledge is as yet very imperfect.
I have endeavoured to supplement the information obtain-
able from Western authorities, by reference to the works of
native writers, but the task is one attended with much diffi-
culty. Hamdani's Description of Arabia (he died a.h. 334)
treats largely of Yaman, and the work is one the merits of
which it is hardly possible to overstate. The well-known
edition published by D. H. Miiller has been of the greatest
service to me.f But al-Hamdani's Geography pre-supposes
in its reader a certain knowledge of the chief features of
the country, of the direction of its principal chains of moun-
tains and valleys and of the situation of many towns. It

* Fol. 2G2. See also fol. 312.

t Miiller's second volume, containing his notes and indices, had
not yet appeared at the time I occupied myself with Hamdani,
nor did I become aware of its publication until after 1 had passed
on to other matters. The book reached me, howevei', in time to
be still of much service.

a 2

XX Introduction.

is not possible to construct a map, however rude, from his
descriptions. A correct map, showing the general outlines
of the country, is on the contrary necessary for the purpose
of enabling the student to follow the author in his descrip-
tions. That published by Dr. Glaser in Petermann's Mitthei-
lungen (1886, I.), may be said amply to fulfil the required
condition. Indeed, a sure test of its excellence may be
found in the fact that the student is able, with its assis-
tance, to follow al-Hamdani step by step, with hardly any
other difficulty but that of identifying, in certain cases, the
modern with the ancient names of places. And of that
difficulty, in many important particulars, the reader is
relieved by explanations supplied in the letter-press.

But, unfortunately, Dr. Glaser's map comprises only the
northern part of the country. For the southern portion I
have chiefly relied upon the map published by Manzoni in
1884 along with the account of his travels. Apart, how-
ever, from the delineation of his own lines of travel, the
accuracy of which can no doubt be fully trusted, Mr.
Manzoni has been compelled to rely upon the work of his
predecessors, and creditably as his task has been performed,
it is beyond all question that he is often led astray. The
difficulties to be overcome by the student will be at least
partially perceived on attempting to reconcile the great
divergencies to be found between Dr. Glaser's and Mr.
Manzoni's maps on the border country, where the two
ought to combine into one, and where, on the contrary,
their disagreement could hardly be exceeded.

During the course of my work, I marked down, for my
own use, on a roughly drawn sheet, the situation, as nearly
as I could arrive at it, of several places, the localities of
which require to be understood in following 'Omarah in his
history and al- Janadi in his account of the Karmathians. I
have, with some hesitation, decided upon printing the
map, such as it is. But the reader will understand that,
so far at least as hitherto undetermined localities are con-
cerned, I presume to do no more than indicate, more or less
approximately, where certain of these places, or their
remains, are to be sought — such, for instance, as Mudhay-
khirah, Sharjah, 'Aththar, Harad or Mahall Abi Turab, az-
Zara'ib and others. Considerable difficulty in the attempt
to determine the situation of some places is caused by the
great changes that have occurred on the coasts of the Red
Sea and of Yaman in particular. For many centuries past

Introduction. xxi

the sea has gradually but steadily retired, with the result
that old harbours have silted up and have disappeared, and
that new ones have been created, where at one time only
deep water was to be found. See Dr. Glaser's remarks on
the subject, p. 3. The coast line on the accompanying map
is that of the Admiralty Chart.

The frequent inaccm-acy of native writers — Yakut, Ibn
Sa'id, Ibn Khaldun and others — are a further addition to the
difficulties that attend the study of the subject. Such, for
example, are the misleading statements that Dhu Jiblah
stood on Mount Sabir, that Mudhaykhirah and Aden La'ah
adjoined one another, that Aden Abyan and the well-known
seaport of Aden were two different places. Yakut borrows
(probably at second hand) much of his information from
'Omarah. In such case he adds nothing to what we have
in our text. In others I have generally found that his
information requires some scrutiny before it can be re-
ceived. He seldom gives us the situation of a place with
any degree of precision, and when he says, as he often
does, that it is "near Zabid " or "^near San'a," the asser-
tion must always be received with caution. His Geogra-
phical Dictionary, in fact, useful as it undoubtedly is, is a
compilation from writings of a very varying degree of
merit, and, according to a custom unfortunately very
common among his countrymen, he does not, as a rule,
make known the source from which his information is
borrowed.

The author of the Commentary on the Kamus, known
as the Taj al-'Arus, deals to a considerable extent with
geographical names. He was a native of Yaman, and it
might be expected that his great work would be of material
assistance in the study of the geography of his country.
But it is not so. He tells us occasionally, when mention-
ing a place, that he has visited it, but he adds no informa-
tion of his own, and contents himself with simply copying
the words of old writers and principally of Yakut.

I have been hardly less disappointed with the extracts
from Ibn al-Mujawir, given by Dr. Sprenger in his
Reiserouten. Ibn al-Mujawir gives in most cases the dis-
tances in parasangs between places mentioned ; but they
cannot be trusted. They are not only in frequent contra-
diction with one another, but also quite irreconcilable with
certain measurements obtainable, with small risk of serious
error, from modern maps.

xxu

Introduction.

It is only by the labours of competent travellers, who
may make the topography and the arch£eological remains of
the country an object of study, that any material advance
in our geographical knowledge of Yaman will be achieved.
I shall be well satisfied if the few notes I have collected in
the pages of this volume prove of some little assistance to
the explorer, and above all if I have succeeded in showing
that a not unimportant and an interesting work offers itself
to anyone able and willing to undertake it.

I have had occasion, when speaking of Janadi^s book, to
mention his chapter on the Karmathians of Yaman, a copy
and translation of which are included in this volume.
*Omarah barely mentions the Karmathians, and it is hard to
explain the omission, excepting on the supposition that the
subject was not likely to commend itself either to the
taste of his Ismailite patrons at Cairo, or to his own
Ismailite sympathies. Al-Khazraji,in his ^t/i/ya/i, likewise
gives us an account of the Karmathians, drawn from the
same source as al-Janadi's. He has not, on this occasion,
contented himself with borrowing at second hand, but he
adds nothing of material importance to the particulars
given by al-Janadi.

I have, moreover, included the text and a translation of
Ibn Khaldun's epitome of the History of Yaman, extracted
from his General History. Ibn Khaldun, it will be seen,
has fallen into sundry errors, chiefly, as it appears to me,
attributable to his having placed undue reliance upon the
works of his countryman Ibn Sa'^id. I have thought that
a copy of his version, as it exists in the best MSS. would,
nevertheless, be acceptable to most readers. It is preceded
by a slight sketch of the early Muhammadan history of the
country, and the geographical details with which it con-
cludes, though requiring correction in certain particulars,
are not without interest.

The version of Ibn Khaldun's text here printed is founded
upon that contained in the Bulak Edition, which however,
1 have carefully collated with the valuable MS. in the
British Museum Library (Add. 23272, fols. 68 to 79), of
which it is consequently a reproduction. The chapter on
the Banu Rassi has, in like manner, been collated with the
MS. at the Bibliotheque Nationale, " Suppl. Ar. 742 M/'
fol. 50.

I had practically completed my task when I first became
aware of an important addition to the Oriental Department

Introduction. xxiii

of the Britisli Museum Library, through the acquisition by
the Trustees of a considerable number of MSS. relating to
the Zaydites of Yaman. Some unavoidable delay occurred
before I was able to examine them and the result of the
work, though by no means fruitless, has, I must confess,
been somewhat of a disappointment. I have found the
Zaydite writers far more deficient in historical matter,
properly so called, than I had allowed myself to expect.
The particular information which, at the cost of no incon-
siderable labour, I had sought in other quarters, and which
I found for the most part in the pages of Khazraji and of
al-Ahdal, conld have been more easily obtained from the
Zaydite MSS., but rectifications as well as additions have
not been as important as I anticipated.

The two most useful works for my purpose have been
the Hadd'ik al-Wardiijah and the YatvakU as-Siyar* Of
the former the Museum Library has acquired two copies,
each in two volumes, Or. 3785-86 and Or. 3812-13. It
contains the lives of the principal Imams down to
the thirteenth century of our era, eighteen in number,
beginning with al-Kasim the Rassite and ending with al-
Mansur 'Abd Allah.

The Yawaklt as-Siyar (Or. 3771) commences with the
history of the Creation, with that of Adam, then with the
lives of the prophets who succeeded him, and next with a
life of Muhammad, based upon that contained in an earlier
work, the Jawdhir wa 'd-durar (Or. 3911). At fol. 141 the
Yawaklt enters into an account of the Zaydite Imams,
descendants of 'Aly. It is little more than a list of their
names, and where fuller particulars are given, the author
has for the most part copied or abridged the Hada'ik. The
book, which is evidently incomplete, ends at fol. 173, with
the death of the Imam Ahmad ibn Husayn in a.h. 656,
and with a few words on the dissensions that followed.

The other historical MSS. treat of special subjects, each
however, as is likewise the case with the Jawahir, pre-
ceded by an account of the succession and pedigrees of the
Imams. Discrepancies in the several accounts of the succes-

* Dr. Eieu's descriptive list of the MSS., which he was good
enough to place in my hands, was of great service to me, enabling
me, as it did, to select at a glance the books most likely to serve
iny objects.

xxiv Introduction.

sion are numerous, and the absence of dates so frequent
that it is almost the general rule.

The Bugliyat al-Murld (Or. 3719) is an account of the
descendants of 'Aly al-Amlahy (died in a.h, 977 — a.d. 1569),
descendant of Yusuf ad-Da'y and grandfather of the
Imam al-Kasim son of Muhammad surnamed al-Mansur, of
whom I have had occasion to speak in the latter part of
Note 130.

The Kdshifat al-Ghummah (Or. 3791) is for the most
part devoted to the religious opinions and controversial
writings of the Imam au-Nasir li-din Illah, who reigned at
the end of the seventh and beginning of the eighth cen-
turies of the Hijrah. The value of the introductory portion,
on the succession of the preceding Imams, is much im-
paired by the general absence of dates, even more notice-
able in the present instance than in others.

It remains for me to express my sense of obligation for
the friendly help I have received throughout the course of
m.y work. I owe my acknowledgments to Dr. E,ieu and
Dr. Rost for assistance always so readily afforded in the
recourse I have had to the libraries under their charge.
To my old friend, M. Henri Lavoix, I am indebted for
never- failing good offices, of special service to me on
the present occasion, in the futherance of my work at
the Bibliotheque Nationale. I am under great obligation
to M. Zotenberg, keeper of Oriental MSS. at the Biblio-
theque, and in particular for the favour he has done me in
collating with the original the passages I have printed
from al-Janadi. And finally I have to offer my thanks to
Professor de Goeje for facilities so cordially granted to me
at the Library of his University, for his kindness in revising
with the original the principal extracts I have printed from
Khazraji, and, let me add, for the pleasant memories wiih
which my visit to Leiden is associated.

XXV

MUIIAMMADAN AND CIllUSTIAN DATES.

{From WmienfehVs Tahh's.)
Began A.D. A.H. Be^an

Wed., July -30
Thur., June 6
Fri., April 13
Sat., Feb. 18
Sun., Dec. 26
Sun., Oct. 31
Mon., Sept. 7
Tues., July 15
Wed., May 22
Thur., Mar. 28
Fri., Feb. 2
Fri., Dec. 9
Sat., Oct. IG
Sun.. Aug. 23
Mon.', June 29
Tues., May 6
Wed., Mar. 13
Wed., Jan. 17
Thur., N"ov. 24
Fri., Sept. 30
Sat., Aug. 7
Sun., June 14
Mon., April 21
Mon., Feb. 25
Tues., Jan. 1
Wed., Nov. 8
Thur., Sept. 15
Fri., July 23
Sat., May 29
Sat., April 4
Sun., Feb. 9
Mon., Dec. 17
Tues., Oct. 24
Wed., Aug. 30
Thur., July 7
Thur., May 13
Fri., Mar. 20
Sat., Jan. 25
Sun., Dec. 1
Men., Oct. 8

816
821
826
831
835
840
845
850
855
860
865
869
874
879
884
889
894
899
903
908
913
918
923
928
933
937
942
947
952
957
962
966
971
976
981
986
991
996
1000
1005

401
406
411
416
421
426
431
436
441
446
451
456
461
466
4?1
476
481
486
491
496
501
506
511
516
521
526
531
536
541
546
551
556
561
566
571
576
581
586
591
596

Tues., Aug. 15
Tues., June 21
Wed., April 27
Thur., March 4
Fri., Jan. 9
Sat., Nov. 16
Sun., Sept. 23
Sun., July 29
Mon., June 5
Tues., April 12
Wed., Feb. 17
Thur , Dec. 25
Fri., Oct. 31
Fri., Sept. 6
Sat., July 14
Sun., May 21
Mar. 27
Feb. 1
Dec. 9
Oct. 15
Aug. 22
Fri., June 28
Sat., May 5
Sun., March 12
Mon., Jan. 17
Mon., Nov. 23
Tues., Sept. 29
Wed., Aug. 6
Thur., June 13
Fri., April 20
Sat., Feb. 25
Sat., Dec. 31
Sun., Nov. 7
Mon., Sept. 14
Tues., July 22
Wed., May 28
Thur., April 4
Thur., Feb. 8
Fri., Dec. 16
Sat., Oct. 23

Mon

Tues.

Wed.

Wed.

Thur

A.U.

1010
1015
1020
1025
1030
1034
1039
1044
1049
1054
1059
1063
1068
1073
1078
1083
1088
1093
1097
1102
1107
1112
1117
1122
1127
1131
1136
1141
1146
1151
1156
1160
1165
1170
1175
1180
1185
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THE HISTOEY OF YAMAN

BY

NAJM AD-DllSr 'OMARA.H AL-YAMANI.

In the name of God, the Merciful, the Gkacious.

Praise be to God, the most meet to be praised, the
most worthy of worship. His blessings and saluta-
tions of peace be upon Muhammad tbe Prophet, the
most pure in lineage, the most beneficent of apostles,
and upon his family, the most perfect in knowledge,
the most steadfast in judgment.

And after. In the year 563 I attended the
receptions of tlie most illustrious and learned Kadi
(al-Padil) Abu 'Aly 'Abd ar-Rahlm, son of the most
noble ' Kadi Bah'a ad-Dln Abu '1-Majd 'Aly al-
Baisani (native of Baisan). May God preserve his
greatness and perpetuate his dignities. He was
Chancellor and Chief Secretary to the Khalifali al-
'Adid. He urged me, nay, he gaided me, to the
composition of a book comprehending all that is pre-
served in my memory touching the land of Yaman,
its plains and its hills, its dry land and its waters,
the extent of its kingdoms and the course of its
roads, the wars of its people and their battles, their
memorable deeds and their achievements, the history
of its Kadis and of its Da'ys,^ of its nobles and of

B

2 ^ Omar ah.

its princes, of its poets, those of whom he had heard
and those I had seen.

I obeyed his commands, and I placed reliance
upon his indulgence on my work being submitted
to him. He is not one in whose presence I feel
overcome by the reverence with which I regard his
exalted station, and were I not encouraged by my
knowledge that judgment (upon my work) rests in
his hands, yet would my own lowliness (through
his graciousness) convert my fears into boldness.

It has been related to me by the Sheykh and
Jurist Nizar ibn 'Abd al-Malik, the native of Mecca,
and by the Jurist Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ash'ari
— and both are well acquainted with the histories of
the people, with their genealogies and with their
poetry — and I have also read in the book entitled
Al-Mufld U-Ahhbar ZabJd (the Instructor on the
history of Zabid), composed by the mighty King
Abu 't-Tami Jayyash, son of Najah, Naslr ad-dJn
(Defender of the Faith), sovereign of Zabld — they
report that in the year 199 (a.h.) certain persons,
descendants of ^Ahd Allah ('Obayd Allah) son of
Zii/dd* were brought to (the Klialifah) al-Ma'mun,
2 son of ar-Rashid. One, named Muhammad,
grandson of 'Abd Allah ibn Ziyad, claimed to be
descended from ('Obayd Allah son of) Ziyad.
Another represented himself to be descended from
Huleyman, son of (the Omayyad Khahfah) Hisham
son of 'Al)d al-Malik. Khalf ibn Abi Tahir, w^azir
of the Amir Jayyash son of Najah, was a descen-
dant of that man.

Al-;^^a'm^ln, in reply to the Omayyad, objected
that 'Abd Allah ibn (j\luhammad ibn) 'Aly ibn'('Abd
Allah ibn) 'Abbas beheaded Suleyman ibn Hisham,
and caused his two sons to be executed on the
same day. "I am a descendant," answered the
Omayyad, "of Suleyman's youngest son, then in
* Kciul adherenU of the Oinai/yads.

The Ziyadites. 3

his cliildhood. We form a tribe at Basrali, where
we Uve in a state of obscurity." Another man,
Muhammad, son of Harun, claimed to be a member
of the tribe of Taghhb. On hearing his name,
al-Ma'mun wept and exclaimed : " Verily I am
answerable for Muhammad son of Harun ! " He
referred to his brother al-Amln. He then ordered
the two Omayyads to be put to death, but the
Taghlibite to be pardoned for the sake of his name
and of that of his father.

Ibn Ziyad thereupon exclaimed, addressing the
Khali f ah : " How falsely do people speak, 0 Prince
of the Faithful, when pretending that thou art lenient,
forgiving, and averse to shedding blood without
just cause ! If it be thy purpose to slay us by
reason of our misdeeds, behold, we have not for-
saken obedience unto thee, neither have we, in our
allegiance, dissevered ourselves from the counsels of
the nation. And if thou desirest to punish us for
the crimes of the Omayyads against thy race, behold
God, be he exalted, hath said : — 'No hurdened soul
shall hear the load that helongeth to another.''^ ^ Al-
Ma'mun approved and commended the words of
Ibn Ziyad. All his prisoners were pardoned, and
they were more than one hundred in number. He
placed them under the care of Abu 'l-'Abbas al-Fadl
ibn Sahl Dhu W-Bi'asatayn, or, according to others,
under that of al-Fadl's brother, al-Hasan.

In Muharram a.h. 202, the proclamation took
place at Baghdad of Ibrahim, son of (the Khalifah)
al-Mahdi (and uncle of al-Ma'mun — in pursuance
of an attempt to usurp the throne). At that same
time a letter came from the governor of Yaman
with tidings of the revolt of the Ash'arites and
3 'Akkites.^ Al-Fadl ibn Sahl spoke to al-Ma miin
in praise of Muhammad ibn Ziyiid, of the Marwanite,
and of the Taghlibite. He urged that they were
men of distinction, and unsurpassed in their capacity

B 2 •

4 ^ Omar ah.

to render ^ood service. He advised their being
sent to Yaraan, Ibn Ziyad as Amir, Ibn Hisliam as
WazTr,'and the Ta.^hUbite as Jud.ore and Mufti*
From the sons of the Taghhbite Muhammad ibn
Harun, are descended the Kadis of Zabid, known
as tlie Banu Abi 'Akamah, and the office continued
to be inherited in the family until they were deprived
of it by *Aly ibn Mahdy, on the dissohition at his
hands of the Abyssinian dynasty (of the Banu
Najfdi)/

The hberated. prisoners accompanied the army
despatched by al-]\fa'mun to Baghdad against
Ibrahim, son of al-Mahdi. In a.h. 203 Ibn Ziyad
and his companions performed the pilgrimage. He
proceeded on liis way to Yaman and conquered the
Till amah (of Yaman), f after a war with the Arabs
■who inhabited that province. In Sha'ban,A.H. 204,
the date of the death, at Misr (in Egypt), of the
Jurist and Imam Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'y
(the mercy of God be upon him), Ibn Ziyad laid the
foundations of the city of Zabid.^ In km. 205,
Ja'far, freedman of Ibn Ziyad, started from Yaman
to perform the pilgrimage, carrying with him a
considerable sum of money and presents. He
proceeded to 'Irak, where he was received in audience
Ijy al-Ma'mun. He returned to Zabid in 206,
bringing with him one thousand horsemen, including
seven hundred adherents of the Abbasides of
Khurassiin. The rule of Ibn Ziyad extended itself,
and he became possessed of the whole of Yaman,
both of the mountains and of the maritime provinces.
Ja'far was appointed governor of al-Jibal (the
lliglilands), where he founded a city known by the
name of al-Mndliaykhirah, situated in the district
of Raymat al-Asha'ir, possessing streams of water
and extensive gardens." The country over which

* Tlio Mnfti is the oflicial expounder of religious Law.
\ For tin; wonl Tiliumah rice hifm (Geographical Index).

The Ziyadites. 5

he ruled is known to this day under tlie name of the
Mikhlaf of Ja'far. The word MlJ,-Jdaf, as used by
the people of Yaman, signifies an extensive district.
This Ja'far was a man of great capacity and
astuteness. It was through him that the dynasty
of Ibn Ziyad acquired its greatness, and for that
reason Ibn Ziyad received a surname actually
4 derived from the name of Ja'far. It was he who
stipulated with the Arabs of Tihamah that they
should not make use of riding horses. Ibn Ziyiid
became master of Hadramaut, of Diyiir Kindah, of
Sliihr, of Mirbat/ of Abyan, of Lalij, of Aden and
of the maritime provinces on the Eed Sea as far as
Haly. From Haly to Mecca (may God guard it)
is eight days' journey. He possessed also in the
Highlands, Janad and its dependencies, Mikhlaf al-
Ma'afir, Mikhlaf Ja'far, San'a, Sa'dah, Xajran and
Bayhan. Ibn Ziyad and his posterity after him
caused the Khutbah to be recited in the names of
the Abbaside Khalifahs, and sent them tribute and
valuable presents.

His descendants were Ibrahim, son of this same
Muhammad the first of the dynasty. Next after
Ibrahim came his son Ibn Ziyad (Ziyad P), whose
reign did not long endure. He was succeeded by
his brother Abu '1-Jaysli Ishak, son of Ibrahim,
whose life was prolonged over a long period. When
he had attained a great age, and his reign had
endured for eighty years, some of the provinces
separated themselves from his kingdom. Among
those who manifested an evil disposition was the
King of San'a, a descendant of the Tubbas and of
Himyar,^ His name was As'ad ibn Ya'fur. The
Khutbah was recited and the coinage was struck, in
his provnice, in the name of Abu '1- Jaysh ibn Ziyad ;
but As'ad paid him neither voluntary offerings nor
contributions of stores nor tribute. His revenues
did not exceed 400,000 (dinars) a year, most of which

6 ^ Omar ah.

he expended in charitable deeds and in hospitality.*
The rulers of Bayhrm, of Najran, and of Jurash^
were likewise subject to Ibn Zijad. As for Sa'dah,
it became the scene of the revolt of the Hasanite
Sherlf (al-Hfidi Yahya) known by the surnames of
the Eassite and the ZeycUte. It would not be
proper to relate his history at this place, although^"
.... there is not in all Yaman a larger, pleasanter,
or more populous city than San'a. It is situated
on the equator, and enjoys a temperate climate, so
that no person requires throughout the course of his
life to move his residence from one spot to another,
5 either for winter or for summer, and the length
of the da3^s in either season is almost the same.
It contains a large building, now in ruins and
reduced to a high mound. It is known by the name
of Ghumdan. None of the (later) kings of Yaman
have built a palace like unto it, or so lofty.

In the kingdom of As*ad ibn Ya'fur, Prince of
San'a, is the mountain Mudhaykhirah, and it has
been reported to me that it is about twenty para-
sangs in height. It contains cultivated lands and
(running) waters, and it produces the plant known
as War.Sgf similar to saffron. The mountain is
accessible by only one road.

Muhammad (read 'Aly) ibn al-Fadl the Da'y,
(was?) known as the Sheykh of La'ah, and this
place La'ah, which adjoins it, is a pretty village
known as 'Adcn-La'ah,^^ It is not the same as the
seaport of 'Aden-Abyan. I have visited 'Aden-
La'ah. It is the place at which the Alide supremacy
was first proclaimed in Yaman, and thence issued
forth Mansur al-Yaman. The Da'y Muhammad
(read *Aly) ibn al-I'adl was a native of the place,
and among others who came to it was Abu 'Abd
Allah asli-tSliiya'i, who proclaimed the Alide su-

* Cf. II. n Ilaukal, p. 20.

t ^kiUL'cylon tiiictorium (Freytag).

The Ziyadites, 7

preraacy in JVortli Africa. It was tliere also tliat
'Aly, son of Muhammad the Sulayhite, studied in
his youth. It was one of the centres of the Alide
mission in Yaman.

Muhammad ('Aly) ibn al-Fadl, whom I have here
mentioned, conquered Mount Mudhaykhirah and
estabhshed there the Khutbah in the name of the
AHdes in the year 340 (read 291 ?). Then it was
retaken by the people of As'ad ibn Abi Ya'fur, but
the followers of Muhammad ('Aly) ibn al-Fadl again
recovered possession of it.

The mountain of Shibam was situated in the
dominions of As'ad ibn Abi Ya'fur, Prince of San'a.
It is a strong place of defence, containing villages
and cultivated lands, as also a great mosque, and. it
forms an independent government. Cornelian and
onyx are found upon it. These are hard stones, the
beauty of which appears when they are cut.

Among other governors of Abu '1-Jaysh son of
Ziyad, who revolted, was Suleymau ibn Tarf, ruler
of 'Aththar. He was one of the Princes of
Tihamah. His dominions extended over a lensfth
of seven days' journey by two in width, namely,
from ash-Sharjali to Hali. His annual revenues
amounted to 500,000 ('Aththarlyah) dinars. Al-
though he refused to attend in person at the Court
of Ibn Ziyad, he caused the Khutbah to be recited
and the coinage to be struck in the name of that
6 Prince. He paid him also an annual tribute and
sent him presents, but I know not the amount
thereof.

Among the Princes of Tihamah who, like Ibn
Tarf, recited the Khutbah and struck the coinasfe
in the name of Ibn Ziyad and paid him a fixed
amount of tribute, was al-Harami, ruler of Hali, a
Prince of inferior power to that of Ibn Tarf.

The portion of Yaman that remained subject to
Ibn Ziyad in his old age extended in length from

8 ^Oniarah.

ash- Sliar jail to Aden, a distance of twenty days'
journey, and from Ghulafikali to San'a, five days'
journey. I have seen a statement of the revenues
of Ibn Ziyad in A.H. 366, and notwithstanding the
reductions they had undergone, they amounted to
a million of 'Atbthariyah dinars. ^^ This did not
include various duties he levied upon ships from
India, nor contributions of musk, camphor, amber-
gris (spikenard), sandal-wood and china. It was
exclusive also of taxes levied upon ambergris on the
shores of Bab al-Mandab, at Aden, at Abyan, and
at ash-Shihr and other places, and exclusive of
imposts on the pearl fisheries, and of tribute im-
posed upon the ruler of the city (read island) of
Dahlak, comprising, among others, one thousand
head of slaves, whereof five hundred were Abj^s-
sinian and Nubian female slaves. The Kings of
the Abyssinians, on the further side of the sea, sent
him offerings of presents and sought his alliance.

Abu '1-Jaysh died in the year 371, leaving a child
of the name of 'Abd Allah, or, as it is also said, of
the name of Ziyad. The guardianship of the child
was assumed by his sister Hind, daughter of Abu '1-
Jaysh, and by one of the slaves of Abu '1-Jaysh, an
Abyssinian eunuch of the name of Rushd. The
latter [did not long survive, but he] possessed a
Nubian slave known by the name of riusayn ibn
Saliiraah, Salamah being the name of Husayn's
mother. Husayn grew up a man of ability and
resolute character, and abstemious in his habits.
On the death of his master Rushd he became wazlr
to the son of Abu '1-Jaysh and to the Prince's sister
Hind. The outlying provinces of their dominions
had fallen into a state of decay, and the governors
of \\\Q fortresses in the Highlands had possessed
themselves of the districts entrusted to them.

The Kaid Husayn ibn Salamah made war upon
the mountain chiefs and compelled them to submit.

The Ziyadites, 9

Ibn Tarf and Tbn al-Harami also re-entered into
subjection. Ibn Salamah recovered the original
limits of the kingdom, and he founded the cities of
al-Kadra on the AYadi Saham, and of al-Ma'kir on
1 the Wadi Dhuwal, He was a just ruler, profuse in
bestowing alms and donations for the love of God
(whose name be exalted), and following generally
in his conduct the example of (the Khallfab) 'Omar
ibn 'Abd al-'Azlz. He ruled for thirty years, and
died in a.h. 402.^^

Among the splendid works executed by Husayn
ibn Salamah must be reckoned the construction of
great mosques and lofty minarets along the road
from Hadramaut to the city of Mecca (may God
Most High guard it). The distance extends over
sixty days' journey. He dug wells and channels
with running water in solitary wildernesses, and he
erected along the road constructions on which were
indicated the distances in miles, in parasangs and
in stages. Some of these works I have seen, either
in good order or in ruins, and of the remainder I
have received descriptions from other persons, all
ao;reeinCT with one another. The first stations were
at Shibam and Tarim, two cities of Hadramaut.*
A series of mosques was built extending thence to
Aden, to Abyan, and to Lahj, a distance of twenty
days' journey. At each interval of one day's jour-
ney, there stood a mosque with a minaret and a
well. As to Aden, it contained a mosque built by
(the Khallfah) 'Omar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, which was
restored by Husayn ibn Salamah.

From Aden the road to Mecca divides itself into
two, one of which ascends the mountains and the
other passes through the low country (Tihamah).
The highland road is bordered by the mosque of

* See note 11. Of TarIm, al-HamJani merely says that it was
a large city (p. 87, 1. 17).

lo *Omurah,

al-Hawali (al-Juwwali ?),* a large building, wMcli I
have seen in good order, as erected by Husayn
ibn Salamah. Of the other mosques on the high-
land road, I have seen that of al-Janad, which is
like unto the mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulim at Misr.
There stood formerly on its site a pretty mosque
originally erected by Mu'iidh ibn Jabal, on his
being sent to Yaman. Mu'adli was one of the
companions of the Apostle of Grod, upon whom be
blessings and peace/^ The people of Janad and
of the surrounding villages relate singular stories
touching the merits of that mosque. They affirm
that a visit paid to it, in the first week of the
month of Rajab, is equivalent to a visit to the holy
places of Mecca, or even to the performance of the
rites of pilgrimage. The custom of annually resort-
ing to it grew, until at length the practice was
regarded as one of the religious ceremonies attend-
ing the pilgrimage to Mecca, and the building was
looked upon by the people as a sacred place of
resort. If one man owe a debt to another, he will
beg to be allowed to remain undisturbed until after
the pilgrimage, by which he simply means the visit
to al-Janad. Next is Dhu Ashrak, where there is
a mosque with the following inscription, carved in
stone over the entrance : One of the mosques the
erection of which teas ordered by ''Omar son of 'Aid
8 al-'Az~iz son of Marivan. Next is the city of Ibb,
then an-Nakil, then Dhamar. [Thence to San'a is
a distance of five days' (?) journey, at each of which
a station has been built. J Then the mosque of
San'a, a large building. From San'a to Sa'dah is
ten days' journey [with a mosque at each stage],
and from Sa'dah to Taif, seven days. At eacii
interval of a day's journey there are a mosque and
reservoirs for water. Then the traveller reaches
the pass of Taif, which occupies a day to him who
* For al-Juwwuli, see note 111, the latter part.

The Ziyadites. 1 1

ascends from Mecca, and half a day to liim tliat
goes down to the city. The road was constructed
by Husayn ibn Salamah of such width that three
laden camels can travel abreast upon it.

The above is the highland road. The Tihamah
(low country) road likewise divides itself into two
branches. One, the maritime road, extends along
the coast. The other, the royal highway, runs half-
way between the coast and the mountains. The
two roads diverge from Tihamah (Aden ?), and
upon both, at each interval of a day's journey,
stands a great mosque. On the maritime road
stands al-Makhnak, at a distance of one night's
journey from Aden. It has a well eighty (thirty)
fathoms in depth, which I have several times
visited, as also a ruined mosque. Then al-'Arah,
then 'Athr, and next as-Sukya, with a mosque,
and a well forty fathoms in depth. Then Bab
al-Mandab, and then Mokha. Then as-Suhari,
al-Khauhah, al-Ahwab, Ghulafikah, Bi'ah (?),
al-Jardah (al-Hirdah), az-Zar'ah (?), ash-Sharjah,
al-Mufajjar (al-Hajar ?), al-Kandir (?), and 'Aththar,
which is the seat of an ancient kins^dom.^^ Then
ad-Duwaymah, Hamidah, Dhahaban, Hali, as-
h^irrayn and Juddah. These are the mosques on
the maritime road, every one of which I have seen
either in good repair or in ruins.

On the middle road stand Dhat al-Khayf
^(Khubayt?), Mauza', al-Jadim (?), Hays, Zabld,
Fashal, ad-L)ija' (written with Kisra to the letter
JJad), al-Kahmah, al-Kadra, which was the resi-
dence of Ibn Salamah and was founded by him,
al-Jaththah, 'Irk an-Nasham, al-Mahjam, Maur, al-
Wadiyani, Jizan, al-Musa'id, Ta'shar, al-Mabny,
Riyah and al-Fajr. Then the royal highway and
the maritime road unite. They diverge on leaving
as-Sirrayn. Thence to Mecca are five days' jour-
ney. The first building erected by Ibn Salamah

12 ^ Omar ah.

which is reached by the pilgrims, is Bayn (Blr ?) ar-
Riyndah, then Sabakhat al-Ghurab, next al-Llth.
Then they reach AVadi Yalamlam, where there is a
well with an abundant supply of drinking water,
ten fathoms in depth and five or six in width. Here
the travellers separate into two parties. Those
whose destination is Mecca find on their way Ibn
Salamah's buildings at Birad, next al-Bayda, then
al-Karin, and finally Mecca. Those proceeding to
'Arafat reach a well constructed by Ibn Salamah in
Wadiar-Rahm, thence to Na'man,and then 'Arafat.
He built also a mosque on Jabal ar-Rahmah, at
'Arafat. May God have mercy upon him ! ^^

I have been informed by the Fakih (Jurist) Abu
Muhammad 'Abd Allah ibn Abi '1-Kasim al-Abbiir,
under whom I studied the Shafi'y doctrines, that the
following incident was related to him by his father,
Abu '1-Kasim. The same was reported to me by
*Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Aly al-'Absi, and by al-
Mukry (the Kur'an reader) al-Husayn, grandson of
Husayn, son of Salamah. All these attained the
age of nearly one hundred years. They relate that
people were, on a certain occasion, assembling in
crowds to attend the morning reception of Husayn
ibn Salamah, when a man approached and said
unto him : " The Apostle of God (upon whom be
blessings and peace) hath commanded me to come
unto thee, that thou mayest pay me one thousand
dinars." " It may be," answered Husayn, " that
the Evil Spirit hath visited thee in a false shape."
" It is not so," replied the man, " and the sign
between me and thee is, that for twenty years past,
thou hast every night, two hundred times invoked
blessings on the Apostle." Husayn, on hearing
these words, wept and exclaimed : " This I swear
by Allah is a true sign, for none knew of it but God
alone ! " And he ordered the money to be paid.^^

The following anecdote has moreover been re-

The Zlyadites. 13

ported to mo by the Jurist Abu *Aly ibn Tallk,
LO who was a pious man and eminent scholar, and who
inhabited the city of al-Ma'kir. It had been
related to him, he said, by his father and by others
his predecessors, all members of families dis-
tinguished for learning and for sober living. A
man, it was said, complained in that valley, to
Husayn ibn Salamah, who was on his way from
Zabid to al-Kadra, that he had been robbed of a
leathern bag, containing one thousand or, as it is
also said, two thousand dinars. This, he said, had
occurred in "Wadi Manr, which is several days
distant from the place where he made his complaint.
Husayn ordered the man to be brought to him, and
made him sit down among his followers (in the
mosque of al-Kadra). He rose to perform his
devotions, and he prolonged them to an unusual
length. He then lay down in the Mihrab and slept,
and the people gradually crowded towards the
spot from all parts of the mosque. The narrator's
father said that he was one of those who approached
nearest to the Prince, and he heard him command
one of his followers to proceed with the man to such
and such a village on the coast, to receive the
property from so and so, son of so and so, and to
do that person no harm. " For," he said, " the
Apostle of Grod (upon whom be blessings and
salutations of peace) hath interceded for him, in-
forming me that the person in question is one of
his descendants, and hath acquainted me with the
facts of the case." The history of Husayn and a
relation of his good deeds in Yaman, would fill
volumes.

Sovereignty over the dominions of the Banu Ziy ad
then passed on to a child of the family, whose name
I do not know, but I believe it to have been 'Abd
Allah (read Ibrahim ?). He was placed under the
guardianship of a paternal aunt and of a eunuch of

14 'Omar ah.

the name of Marjan, one of the slaves of Husavn
ibn Salamah, who exercised the office of wazir. He
had two Abyssinian slaves, vigorous men, whom
he had brought up from their childhood, and whom,
on their attaining manhood, he appointed to the
administration of affairs. One bore the name of
Nafis,* and was entrusted with the direction of
affairs at the capital. The other was named Najah,
and he was the ancestor of the kings of Zabkl,
whose dynasty was brought to an end by * Aly ibn
Mahdy in a.h. 554. He was father of the king
Sa'id al-Aliwal, the slayer of the Amir 'Aly ibn
Muhammad as-Sulayhi, who was" Da'y (guardian
and propagator) in Yaman of the Fatimite doctrines
and of the supremacy of the (Egyptian) Khalifate,
at that time held by al-Mustansir. Najah was
likewise father of the most excellent and righteous
King Abu 't-Tib (read Abu 't-Tami) Jayyash, in
whose hands and in the hands of whose descendants,
supreme authority remained until the above-men-
tioned date.
11 Najah ruled over al-Kadra, al-Mahjam, Maur
and al-Wadiani, and these four districts are the
finest provinces north of Zabid. Jealousy arose
between him and Nafis touching the exercise of
the office of wazir at the capital. Nafis was of a
tyrannical disposition and was dreaded by the people,
whilst Najah was merciful, righteous, and beloved.
Their master, Marjan, nevertheless inclined unto
Nafis, and favoured him at the expense of Najfih.
It was intimated to the former that the aunt of his
master Ibn Ziyad, was in correspondence with
Najrdi, and that she favoured him. Nafis com-
plained thereof to Marjan, who laid hands upon the
Princess and upon her brother's son, and delivered
them to Nafis.

The young Prince in question was the last of his
* See note 13, last par.

The Ziyadites. 15

race. With him the dynasty of the Banu Ziyad
came to an end in Yanian, and their power passed
into the hands of men, originally their slaves. The
dynasty endured two hundred and three years
(read two hundred and six years, a.h. 203 to 409),
for they founded Zabid in a.h. 204, and the dynasty
ended in a.h. 409.

Nafis, having gained possession of the Princess
and of her nephew, caused them to be immured.
They stood, praying for mercy, and adjuring him in
the name of God Most High, so long as an aperture
remained, and until the wall was completely closed
upon them.

When the Ziyadites received tidings of the
weakened condition of the Abbaside Khalifate, of
the assassination of al-Mutawakkil (in a.h. 247),
and of the deposition of al-Musta'Tn (in a.h. 252),
they appropriated to themselves the entire revenues
of Yaman and, when riding forth, the royal
umbrella was borne over them ; ^^ but they tran-
quillized the minds of their subjects, by continuing
the recitation of the Khutbah in the name of the
Abbasides. When Nafis murdered Ibrahim (or
*Abd Allah), son of his master, and the boy's aunt,
he assumed the royal dignity, adopted the use of
the umbrella, and struck the coinage in his own
name.

Najah, on hearing of the treatment his master
had undergone at the hands of Nafis, summoned his
neighbours to his assistance, Arabs and non- Arabs.
He marched upon Zabid, and repeated battles were
fought between the two rivals — the battles of Rima'
and of Fashal, in both which Najah was worsted,
that of al-'Ukdah in which he was victorious, and
that of al-'Irk in which ISTafis was killed near the
Gate of Zabid, with the loss on the two sides of
five thousand men. Najrdi captured the city of
Zabid in the month of Dhu '1-Ka'dah of the year

1 6 'Omar ah.

412. He then asked Marjiin : " Wliat hatli NafTs
12 done with thine own and our masters ? " " They
are in that wall," he replied. Najfdi removed the
bodies, prayed over them, and erected a mausoleum
over their place of burial. Marjan was immured
alive along with the corpse of Nafis, in the wall in
which the two bodies were found.

Najrdi now adopted the use of the royal umbrella
and struck the coinage in his own name. He
entered into correspondence with the supreme
authorities in 'Irak, tendering them his submission,
and he received the title of al-Miiayyad Nasir
ad-JJJn. He was empowered to appoint as Kadi
whomsoever he chose, and to administer all the
affairs of the country of Yaman. He continued to
rule over Tihamah, and to exercise control over
most of the people of the Highlands, and he was
styled King, both in the Khutbah and in official
documents, with the title of Our Lord. He had
several children, among whom were Sa'ld, Jayyash,
Mu'arik, adh-Dhakhirah and Mausur.

But the governors appointed by Husayn ibn
Salamah in the Highlands, seized upon the mountain
fortresses.^® Aden, Abyan, Lahj, ash-Shihr and
Hadramaut were taken by the Banu Ma'n, who, I
believe, were not descendants of Ma'n ibn Za idah
the Shaybanite."° Samadan, a place of greater
strength than Dumluwah, also the fortress of Sawa,
that of Damluwah, the fortresses of Sabir, of
Dhakhir, of Ta'kar (which commands Janad), also
the provinces of Janad (Ja'far), of 'Unnah and of
al-Ma'afir were appropriated by a family, descended
from Ilimyar, known as the Banu '1-Kurandi. They
achieved distinction by generous and noble deeds, by
their powerful rule and brilliant estate. The fortress
of Habb, which is like unto at-Ta'kar, that which
bears the name of 'Azzau, that of Beyt 'Izz, that
of as-Sa'r (ash-Sha'ir), a great fortress, that of Niir

The Ziyadiles. 1 7

(Anwar), an-Nakll, and as-Sahfil, the fortresses of
Khadid, and of ash-Sbawaki (Sliawafi). All these
were conquered by the Sultan Abu 'Abd Allah al-
ii usayn ibn at-Tubba'y, and by his son. Sahul is
the place in which the cloth known by the name of
Sahullyah is woven, of which two pieces were used
as winding-sheets for the Apostle, The valley
belongs to the Banu Asbah, a tribe to which the
Jurist Malik al-Asbahi, Imam of the City of the
Flight, belonged.2^ Sultan Abu 'Abd Allah al-
33 Husayn is he who contrived the stratagem whereby
Sa'Id al-j^hwal, son of ]N"ajah, who had killed the
Amir 'Ali, son of Muhammad the Sulayhite, was
himself slain. The province of Uhazah (also called
Wuhazah), of which the seat of government is
the stronghold of Baybars (Yarls ?), was likewise
appropriated. Among its other fortresses are
Dahwan (Zahran), Yafiiz, Sha'r (Sha'b?), and al-
Ivhadra. Its chief city is Shahit. Nizar, son of
the Jurist Zayd ibn al-Husayn al-Wuhazi, wrote
the following lines on the Sultan of the country : —

They told us the Sultan was at Shahit. — He ascends the mountains

from the barren plains.
I asked, Does the Sultan occupy the highest point? — Nay, they

answered, he has gone dowu.-'-

The fortresses- of Wuhazah were conquered by
the Banu Wail, who are descendants of Dhu '1-
Kala'. They are an ancient family of chieftains,
but their people are a silly folk, who imagine them-
selves to be absolutely the noblest race descended
from Adam. I may mention that I was once on a
hot summer's day travelling along the road from
the market of Jabhab (Jabjab), the greatest market
held in the district, when I was overtaken by two
horsemen of the tribe, who were urging on their
horses with their heels, and whose lances were held
by the riders pointed in my direction. I alighted
from the beast upon which I was mounted, and I

0

1 8 ''Omar ah.

climbed up tlie side of the bill. The horsemen, ou
reaching me, said that the question who are the
noblest descendants of Adam was in dispute be-
tween them, and that they had agreed to abide by
my decision. One of them maintained that the
Banu Wa'il are absolutely superior to every other
race. The second contended that the Banu Wa'il
and Banu Kuraysli are equal in nobility. To rid
myself of them I replied that the Apostle (upon
whom be blessings and peace) is the noblest of all
mankind, and that the Banu Wa il exceed in nobility
the tribe of Kuraysh. One of the two men answered :
" By Allah, hadst thou spoken otherwise, thou
hadst not escaped me ! " and thereupon they left
me. The Sultan As'ad ibn Wail ibn 'Isa, cele-
brated for his generosity and the theme of exuberant
praise, is a member of the tribe of Wa il.

The fortress of Ashyah, seat of the King and
Da'y Saba, son of Ahmad the Sulayhite, and the
fortress of Wusab and its territories, were con-
* quered by a family belonging to the tribe of Bakil,^^
^^ descended from Hamdan. San'a and its depen-
dencies were conquered by a Hamdanite family.
That of 'Abd al-Wahid seized the provinces of
Bura', al-'Amad, and Li'san. They possessed
themselves also of the fortress of Masar, which has
no equal in Yaman, with the exception only of at-
Ta'kar, of Samadan, and Habb. It was at Masar,
in Haraz, that as-Siilayhi first arose proclaiming
the supremacy of the Fatimite Khallfah al-Mustan-
sir. Haraz is the name of the district, and its
inhabitants are designated after it. They are
closely allied with the tribe of Hamdan, and it was
with their support that the Da'y 'Aly, son of
Muhammad the Sulayhite, raised himself to power.^^

The Sulayhiies. 19

The History of the Da'y 'Aly, son op Muhammad

THE SULAYHITB. ThENOE PROCEEDS THE MObT
IMPORTANT PART OP THE HiSTORY OP YaMAN, AND
THEREWITH THE SUBJECTS OP THE REMAINDER 0+'
THIS BOOK, TOUCHING THE KaDTS, THE Da'YS, THE
DISTINGUISHED MEN AND THE POETS OP THE COUN-
TRY ARE CLOSELY CONNECTED.

The Kadi Muhammad son of 'Aly, fatlier of the
Da'y 'Aly the Sulayhite, was a follower of the Sunni
doctrines, and he exercised great influence over the
men of Haraz, who were 40,000 in number. When
the office of Da'y was transferred to 'Amir ibn 'Abd
Allah az-Zawahy (ar-Rawahy ?), so named after a
village in the province of Haraz, ^'^ he applied himself
to win the favour of the Kadi Muhammad ibn 'Aly,
father of the Da'y *Aly ibn Muhammad, the Sulayh-
ite. Az-Zawahi was in the habit of riding to the
dwelling-place of the Kadi, who was a man of
authority, holding the dignity of a chief, and both
virtuous and learned. He steadily persevered in
his designs and finally won the affection of the
Kadi's son 'Aly, then below the age of puberty, in
whom he had perceived signs of future greatness.
It is said that 'Amir possessed a description of as-
Sulayhi, contained in the Kiiiib as-8u'war (Book of
Delineations), one of the treasures of the ('Obaydite)
Imams, upon whom be peace. ^® He made known to
'Aly the revelations contained in the book touching
the destinies reserved for him in the future, and the
noble career he was to fulfil. He did this secretly,
without the knowledge of the youth's father and
family. Az-Zawahi ere long died, bequeathing to
'Aly his writings and his learning. Before his death

c 2

20 '■Omarak.

'Aly's mind had become deeply impressed by az-
Zawrdii's teacLing. He was highly intelligent, and
applied himself to study. Ere he had reached the
age of manhood, he had become filled with know-
15 ledge, by means of which and of good fortune, he
attained the highest objects of his ambition. He
was learned in the jurisprudence of the Imperial
sect, and versed in the science of (mystical) interpre-
tation (of the KurTm). He began his career as
leader of the pilgrims, for several years, by way of
as-Sarat * and Ta'if. He alone led the pilgrimage
during that time, and in his early years his condi-
tion gradually rose from lowliness to exaltation,
from poverty to wealth. Illustrations thereof were
related to me by the Jurist Abu '1-Husayn 'Aly ibn
Suleyman. He was a man of advanced age, a poet,
author of the following lines referring to 'Omar ibn
*Adnriu the 'Akkite : —

Though my night watchings be attended with forebodings of evil —
(yet I know that) Ibn 'Adniin will be unto me a protector
from oppression. t

Similar circumstances were related to me also by
az-Zibrikan ibn al-Fuwaykar (Ghuwayfar ?), the
*Akkite, on the authority of a certain poet. He
was the author of the following lines, part of an ode
in which be satirized his own people : —

Who will buy the 'Akkites at the cost of a copper ? —
Eehold I will sell them all, absolutely, and without the option of
cancelling the bargain.

Both these men and other persons have repeated
to me an anecdote related by the Kodi 'Omar ibnal-
]\lurajjai, who bore the surname of the Hanafite and
belonged to that school of religion, and who was a
distinguished scholar. He said that near the gate

* For the words Sarat and Sarawut, see infra (Geographical
Index).

+ The accurncy of these lines, as they stand in the MS., is, I
think, very doubtful.

The Szilay kites. 2 1

of Zabld, witliin the walls, there was the house of
an Abyssinian of the name of Faraj as-Sahrati (the
Sahrite) a man of benevolence and of exceeding
charity. Whoever entered his mosque he welcomed
and entertained. His thoughts were occupied with
his guests, and he was in the habit of entering tho
mosque and of making private inquiries respecting
them, without the knowledge of his agents and
servants. He went forth one night and found in
the mosque a person occupied in reading the Kur'an.
He questioned him touching his evening meal, and
the man in rei^ly recited the following lines of al-
Mutanabbi : —

AVlio hath taught the mutilated negro the performance of generous

deeds % —
His noble-minded masters or his enslaved forefathers % "'

The Abyssinian took the man with him. He led
him to the chief room of his house, and treated him
with the most liberal hospitality. He asked his
guest the reason of his journey to Tihamah. As-
Sulayhi replied that he had a paternal (read
maternal) uncle named Shihab, whose daughter
Asma had few equals in beauty, and was unmatched
16 in literary culture and intelligence. He had asked
her in marriage, and had been met with a demand
for dowry exceeding in its amount the bounds of
moderation, her mother urging that she should be
married to none other but to one of the Hamdanite
Kings of San'a, or to one of the kings of the family
of tlie Banu Kurandi in Mikhlaf Ja'far. They, in
short, exacted a sum which it was wholly beyond
his power to command. He was now, he added, on
his way either to the Banu Ma'n at Aden, or to the
Banu Kurandi in the district of al-Ma'atir. The
Ka'id Faraj as-Sahrati, continued the narrator,
supplied him with a large sum of money, double the
amount that as-8ulaylu actually pa;d. The bride

2 2 '•Omar ah,

and bridegroom were equipped on a scale sucli as
kings strive to provide when allying themselves
with women of the most noble lineage. As-Sulayhi
returned, by direction of the Abyssinian, to his
uncle and married Asma. She was the mother of
the king al-Mukarram, husband of the Lady, the
Queen Sayyidah (the Lady Arwa ?), daughter of
Ahmad the Sulayhite. Asma was of a generous
and noble disposition, liberal in the rewards she
bestowed upon poets, and in the large sums she
granted in furtherance of the service of Grod, of
acts of benevolence, and of other good deeds. The
renown of her splendid virtues extended to her
children, her brothers, and her kindred. Her
husband's poet, named As'ad ibn Yahya al-Hay-
thami, spoke of her in the following terms, in an
ode which commences with the words : " She of the
white hands hath bestowed gifts : "

She hath impressed upon beneficence the stamp of generosity — Of
meanness she allows no trace to appear.

I say Avhen people magnify the throne of Bilkis — Asma hath ob-
scured the name of the loftiest among the stars. ^^

Among other anecdotes of the Da'y 'Aly as-
Sulayhi is that related to me by Ahmad ibn Husayn
al-Amawy, surnamed ibn as-Sahah (as-Sabkhah?).
He held it from his father, who had beeu told the
story by my informant's grandfather. He dwelt,
he said, in the city of Hays, distant a night's jour-
ney from Zabid. As-Svdayhi, on conquering Zabid,
rode to the Court of the Kadi, and delivered to him
a judicial deposition he had sworn in the days of his
youth. Then, after some private conversation with
the Kadi, he took his leave. After the Amir's de-
parture, the Kadi repeated what had been told him
by the Prince. He had ou one occasion, he related,
come to the city of Hays for the purpose of gaining
17 intelhgence touching the two slaves of Marjan,
Nafis, and Najah. He was met by a person who

The SiilayJiites. 23

knew liim, whereupon he changed his garb, and
assumed the dress of an oil-presser, a seller of oil
at one of the oil-mills of Hays. The statement of
evidence referred to, he took to the house of a man
of the name of as-Sabkhah. After he attained
supreme power, an aged woman came to him with
the paper in his handwriting. He immediately
recognized it, and could allow himself no rest until
he had fulfilled his obligation. His deposition, he
said, was in precise accordance with what he had
written at the time he undertook the duty. 'Aly
ibn Muhammad, Kadi of Haraz, bore witness to the
truth of this anecdote, and he committed it to writing
Avith his own hand, that under the will of God Most
High, it might be borne in remembrance.

Another anecdote of as-Sulayhi, relating to the
commencement of his career, was told ijie by the
Sultan Nasir, son of MansCir the Wailite, who held
it from his grandfather 'Isa ibn Yazld. 'Aly, son
of Muhammad the Sulayhite, was, he. said, leader of
the pilgrimage by the road of the Sarawat for
fifteen (years). The people were in the habit of
telling him, when he first rose to eminence, that
according to what had come to their knowledge, he
was destined to reign over the whole of Yaman, to
earn a great name, and to be the founder of a
dynasty. As-Sulayhi censured and disavowed what
was thus said to him, though it was a thing that
had spread far and wide among the people, and was
on the lips of all, both high and low.

In the year 429, as-Sulayhi raised his standard on
the summit of Masar, the highest peak of the moun-
tains of Haraz. He was then at the head of sixty
men, from whom he had received an oath of fidelity
at Mecca in a.h. 428, during the celebration of the
pilgrimage ceremonies of the month of Dhu '1-Hijjah.
They had sworn to stand by him unto death, in
support of his work as Da'y for the establishment

24 ''Omarah.

of the Ismailite doctrines. Every one of his com-
panions was a member of his family, and of his
tribe, which comprised numerous and distinguished
men. No building existed on the summit of the
mountain. It was a peak, forming a defensive
position of great natural strength. Before noon of
the day following the night on which as-Sulayhi
seized upon the spot, he was surrounded and
besieged by 20,000 swordsmen, who reviled and
insulted him. "Come down," they said, "or we
will cause you and all that are with you to perish
by famine." He told them in reply that all he had
done was occasioned by his apprehensions for their
own safety, as well as for the protection of himself
and of his companions. If, he added, they would
leave him, he would guard the place. If not, he
would come down to them. Thereupon they de-
parted.

Before the expiration of many months, he had
erected buildings on the mountain and had strongly
fortified the place. He remained at Masar, gradu-
ally increasing in power, from the year 429, the
commencement of his career, concealing his purpose,
that of winning adherents to the Ismailite supremacy.
18 He lived in dread of Najrdi, the Prince of Tihamah,
but sought to win his favour, assuming a humble
demeanour, but never desisting in his efforts against
him, until he succeeded in bringing about the death
of Najah by poison, with the help of a beautiful
female slave whom he sent as a present to his
rival. Najah died at al-Kadra in the year 452.

As-Sulayhi wrote to the Imam al-Mustansir (at
Cairo),^" asking permission to make open proclama-
tion of the Ismailite doctrines and supremacy. He
received an answer granting his prayer. He rapidly
overran the country and conquered both the (moun-
tain) foi'trcsses and the low country. Before the
end of the year 455, he had subjected the whole of

The Stilay kites. 25

Yaman to his autliority. None of its plains or of
its hills, of its lands or of its waters remained
unsubdued. No parallel case can be found of so
rapid a conquest, either in the days of ignorance or
in the days of Islam. On a certain occasion when
delivering the Khutbah (sermon) at al-Janad, he
declared that on the day corresponding with that
on which he spoke, he would, under the will of God,
preach from the pulpit of Aden. A man exclaimed
derisively, " 0 holy one, 0 worthy of praise ! " As-
Sulayhi ordered the man to be arrested, and on the
day he had indicated, he preached the Khutbah
from the pulpit of Aden. The same man thereupon
exclaimed, " 0 twice worthy of praise, O twice
holy ! " and forthwith took the oath of allegiance
and joined the Imperial sect.

From the year 455, the residence of as-Sulaylu
was established at San'a. He brought thither the
Yamanite kings whom he had deprived of their
thrones, giving them places of abode near himself,
and appointing governors over the strongholds
they had formerly possessed. He built several
palaces at San'a. I was told by one of the citizens,
Muhammad ibn Bisharah, in a.h. 535, when he
stated himself to be nigh unto eighty years of age,
that all the palaces of as-Sulayhi were in ruins,
and, he added, all who have built houses at Sau'ii,
from that time down to the present, have made use
of materials taken from as-Sulayhi's palaces.
Neither the brick nor the stone nor the timber have
l)erished.

As to Zabid and its dependencies in Tihamah,
as-Sulayhi had sworn that he would appoint as
governor only such as would pay him a sum of one
hundred (thousand) dinars. Afterwards he repented
19 of his oath and he desired to appoint his brother-in-
law As'ad ibn Sbihab, brother of his wife Asma,
daughter of Shihab. She weighed out the money

26 '■Omar ah.

to liirn on belialf of her brother. " My lady," he
said, " ■w'hence hast thou obtained this?^* "It is the
gift of God,'' she answered. " Verily, God hestoweth
His hoiinty uijon u-hom He unlleth, and taJteth no
account thereof'' * As-Sulayhi smiled and under-
stood that the money came from his own treasury.
He received it saying : " This is our iwoperty lohich
hath come hack unto us." ^ To which As ma quickly
added (in the remaining words of the verse), " And
we tvill i^rovide for our kinsfolk and care for our
brother."

As'ad ibn Shihab entered Zabid in 456, and
distinguished himself by his just treatment of his
subjects. He protected the Sunnis in the public
exercise of their reliction. He established his resi-
dence in the palace of Shahar. This is a building
against which the assaults of Ruin are made in vain,
and which Decay, the most powerful of kings, is
unable to subdue. It was erected by Shahar, son
of Ja'far, the ruler of Mikhlaf Ja'far.

*' I was one day reposing," said As'ad ibn Shihab,
" and, as I lay extended on my back, I reflected
over my affairs. Behold, I said to myself, as-
Sulayhi is a man held in the highest honour, who
has appointed me ruler over Zabld, and regards me
as equal to Sultan As'ad ibn 'Arraf, to 'Amir ibn
Suleyman az-Zawahi, and to such and such other
kings. My Lady Asma has overwhelmed me with
kindness, and whenever I measure my deserts by
the increasing flow of her favours, I perceive how
unworthy I am of her benevolence. On the other
hand, I am wholly averse to laying my hands
tyrannically and extortionately upon my subjects and
subordinates. "Whilst occupied with these thoughts
1 fell asleep. I was awakened by dust that fell and
sprinkled my face, and which was charged with

* Kuran, S. iii. v. 32.
t Kur'an, S. xii. v. 65.

The Sulayhites. 27

gold. I mounted upon tlie roof, and on examining
it and the ceiling I found chests containing gokl and
silver and treasure exceeding in value three hundred
thousand dinars. I first set apart one third of the
amount and expended it in works of charity. The
second third I sent to the Lady Asma, in discharge
of m}^ obligations to her. With the remainder I
acquired unto myself goods and property, and I
vowed unto God. Most Hioh that I would not
oppress any of his creatures. I continued ruler of
the province for fifteen years, and no arbitrary act
20 during that period is, within my knowledge, charge-
able upon my conscience."

Continuing his narrative, As'ad ibn Shihab stated
that as-Sulayhi appointed three men to assist him
in the administration of the country, who, in the
performance of their duties, obeyed his wishes by
entirely abstaining from all unlawful interference
with the property of the people. One of them was
Ahmad ibn Salim, who had the superintendence of
affairs from Wadi Harad to near Aden. He relieved
As'ad of the cares proceeding from the contentions
of local officials, and of the task of levying the
imposts.

No sums were exacted from him excepting on
distinct accounts, or in accordance with payments
actually received. The second was the Kadi Abu
Muhammad al-Husayn ibn Abi 'Akamah, a descen-
dant of Muhammad ibn Harun the Taghlibite,
whom the Khallfah al-Ma'mun appointed as Chief
Judge over Yaman in conjunction with Ibn Ziyad.
He was As'ad's deputy in administering the sacred
law, and in the execution of his duties, he displayed
sound judgment and efiectually protected the people
from wrong.* The third was Abu '1-Hasan 'Aly ibn

* The above doubtless conveys the general sense intended by
the writer, but I am not able to translate the passage, as it stands
in our text, without considerable hesitation.

28 ■ ''Omarah.

Muhammad al-Kiimm, father of Husayn ibn 'Aly
ibn Muhammad al-Kumm, the poet, and one of the
most distinguished of men for generosity, for his
fitness to command, and for his business abihties.
He was, moreover, a distiuguished poet, and it was
he who wrote in a short piece the following line
touching his brother, whom he reproached for the
exaggerated affection he displayed towards his son
Husayn : —

Beliold him ever watching — his sons. Truly all men are not
manly.

Abu '1-Hasan 'Aly, it was stated by As'ad ibn
Shihab, was placed with him as wazir and private
secretary by his master, the Da'y 'Aly ibn Muham-
mad as-Sulayhi. The Prince and the Lady Asmil
gave him strict orders to decide nothing without
first consulting 'Aly ibn al-Kumm. " I used to
send him each year," said Ibn Shihab, " as my dele-
gate to San'a, accompanied by Ahmad ibn Salim,
governor of Tihamah. I levied every year from
Tihamah, in money alone, a sum of one million of
dinars, and my two friends invariably returned to
me with presents from my master and mistress,
amounting to fifty thousand dinars, which I divided
with my followers."

Among other events in the life of the Amir 'Aly
ibn Muhammad as-Sulayhi, it is related, that in the
year 4G0, he received intelligence that Ibn Tarf had
been joined by the Kiugs of Abyssinia and by a
21 mixed multitude of Africans. As-Sulayhi marched
against them at the head of two thousaud seven hun-
dred horsemen. The two armies met at az-Zara ib,
in the dominion of Ibn 'i arf, the place in which I was
born and which my family inhabits to the present day.
The Arabs on the first day sufiered severe losses.
Then, however. Fortune turned against the Blacks,
and their force was reduced to one thousand men.

The Sulay kites. 29

whom my grandfather, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, re-
ceived in his castle at 'Ukwah. AI-' Uktvatdni (the
two 'Ukwahs) are two mountains of great natural
strength, which no one wouki wilhngly attack.
They are the places mentioned by the leader of the
Caravan of pilgrims, when he says, addressing his
eyes inflamed with want of sleep, —

When ye behold the two mountains of 'AkaJ,
And when the two 'Ukwas rise before you,
Kejoice, 0 weary eyes, at the prospect of rest.

The two mountains of 'Akad look down upon the
city of az-Zara'ib, and their inhabitants have pre-
served the Arabic language in its purity from pre-
islamitic days down to the present. Their speech
has been preserved from corruption, through their
refraining from intermarriage, or association with
townspeople. They are a sedentary people, who do
not wander or quit their homes.^''

I may mention that in the year 530, being then
under twenty years of age, I came to Zabid for the
purpose of studying jurisprudence. The Professors
of all the Colleges were much surprised to find that
I never committed a solecism in speaking. *' I take
oath by God Most High," said the Jurist Nasr Allah
ibn Salim, " that this youth has made a deep study
of grammar." After a considerable lapse of time,
friendship having been established between us, he
used, whenever we met, to exclaim : *' Welcome he
on whose account I have forsworn myself." When
my father visited me at Zabid, along with seven of
my brethren, I arranged a meeting between them
and the Jurists. They conversed together and by
Allah, with one exception, no solecism was com-
mitted by my friends, whilst the author of that
single inaccuracy of language was immediately
reproved by his companions.

But let us return to the history of the Dfi'y 'Aly

30 ^ Omar ah.

ibn Muhammad the Sulayhite. I myself have seen
the bones and horses hoofs, that are uncovered on
the battle-field, and exposed to view whenever a
22 violent wind blows. After visiting Zabid, as-
Sulayhi returned to San'a (may God ^uard it), and
he remained there for twelve years without moving
from the city.

Among other passages in the history of Yaman is
the story of the slaughter of the Da'y 'Aly the
Sulayhite, an event which occurred on the twelfth
of the month of Dhu '1-Ka'dah of the year 473, or
as it is also said of the year 459, and the latter is
the correct version.^^ The Amir, the Glorious Da'y,
the Triumphant in the wars for the Faith, the
Friend of the Prince of the Faithful, *Aly, son of
Muhammad the Sulayhite, had appointed as gover-
nors over the fortresses and highlands persons whom
he could trust. Having determined upon going to
Mecca (may God Most High guard it), he resolved
to take with him the kings (to whom he had given
places of abode at San'a), and also the Lady Asma,
daughter of Shihab, and mother of the king al-
Mukarram. He made the latter governor of San'a,
and appointed him his deputy. He set forth at
the head of two thousand horsemen, of whom one
hundred and sixty were members of the Sulayhi
tribe. On reaching al-Mahjam he halted on a
cultivated tract, near the outskirts of the city,
known under the name of Umm ad-Duhaym, and
also under that of Bir (Well of) Umm Ma'bad. He
encamped his soldiers, and placed around his own
tent the Princes, among whom were Ma'n (read
Aly ?) ibn Ma'n, Ibn al-Kurandy, Ibn at-Tubba'y,
Wa il ibn 'Isa al-Wuhazy, and others, all of whom
he had brought with him for fear of their raising a
revolt against him during his absence. Suddenly
and without warning the news spread among his
people, who were occupying themselves with their

The Szilay kites, 31

personal affairs, scattered and divided into separate
parties, that the Amir *Aly and his brother *Abd
Allah ibn Muhammad the Sulayhite had both been
beheaded. The troops were surrounded, and not
a man escaped. Power passed into the hands of
Sa'Id, son of Najah al-Ahwal, who caused the men
to be massacred by his spearmen. He spared Wa'il
ibn 'Isa al-Wuhazy, Ibn Ma'n, and Ibn al-Kurandy,
but he slew the others, and captured Asma, daughter
of Shihfib and mother of the king al-Mukarram.
Sa'id then started from al-Mahjam on his way back
23 to Zabid, with the two heads borne in front of the
Princess's litter. On his arrival at Zabid he raised
them on high, opposite the casement of a house he
assigned for her residence. And Asma remained a
full year the captive of Sa'id ibn Najah.

How THE King al-Mukarram Ahmad, son of 'Alt,
SON OF Muhammad as-Sulayhi, Supreme Chief
OP THE Arabs, Sultan under the Prince of
THE Faithful, proceeded from San'a to Zabid
to release HIS mother Asma, daughter of
Shihab, from her captivitf.

It is related that all attempts to transmit a letter
from Asma to al-Mukarram, or from him to his
mother, having failed, the Princess herself devised
an artifice whereby the object was accomplished.
She hid a letter in a cake of bread, and contrived
means by which it was given to a mendicant. The
latter transmitted the letter to al-Mukarram, who
received it in the month of Shawwal of the year
475. The Princess wrote to her son as follows :
" I am great with child by the squint-eyed slave

32 ''Omar ah.

(al-Ahwal).^^ See that tliou come unto me before my
delivery. If not, everlasting disgrace will ensue."

Al-Mukarram, on reading the letter, assembled
his friends and showed it them. They burst into
lamentations, but soon became eager to vindicate
the honour of their tribe. Al-Mukarram marched
from SauTi at the head of a body of three thousand
horsemen, whom he had sworn to fidelity, whose
assistance he claimed, and whose spirit he stimulated
by his addresses. He was an eloquent speaker and
a brave warrior, widely known for his resolute
character as well as for his bravery. Ko one in his
day was his equal in strength and stature, or able
to wield his arms, his lance, his sword, and his bow.
At each halting-place he exhorted the people, saying
that whosoever cared only for the preservation of
his life should not be one of them. Sixteen hundred
horsemen * from among his allies steadfastly adhered
to him, and fourteen hundred drew back.

I have been told by the Sheykh and Jurist al-
Mukri (the Kur'an teacher) Suleyman son of Ya-Sin
that the following anecdote was related to him by
the pious Sheykh Muhammad son of 'Ulayyah. " I
was on a certain Friday," said Sheykh Muhammad,
** at near the hour of daybreak, in the mosque of
Turaybah. The country people had taken refuge
24 in the city of Zabid out of fear of the Arabs. I
was engaged in a recitation of the entire Kur'an,
and had reached the chapter commencing with the
words. By the Heavens containing the mansions of
the stars.^ I had no other occupation and the
mosque in which I sat, stood on a desolate spot. I
was suddenly startled by the arrival of a horseman,
whom I could not distinctly see on account of the
still lingering darkness. He deposited his lance on
the ground, with its point resting against the wall

* Or, according to Janadi, three thousand.
t Kur'an, S. Ixxxv.

The SuIayJntes. -i^Z

of tbe western aisle, in which I was seated. Then
he dismounted, and a person approached me, than
whom I have seen none among the sons of Adam of
more perfect form, or of more noble appearance,
a man of kingly aspect. Standing up at my side
he performed his morning devotions. The early
light soon began to shine, and I perceived that the
stem of his lance was a Kulamite cane (or bamboo),
an equal to which could not be met with.* His
horse resembled (in its powerful appearance) a
beast of burden. He desired me to finish the
section of the Kur'an upon which I was engaged.
I obeyed and he listened to my chanting. He then
desired me to pray. I did so, and to each of my
petitions he responded with ejaculations of Amen.
The sun now rose, and horsemen began to issue
forth in detachments and troops from the hollows
of the plain. Each party as it came forward saluted
the Chief and then stood still. The words they
used were, ' Godb grant a day of bounteous grace
unto our Lord, and perpetuate Ids renown ! ' In
his reply he confined himself to the words, * Wel-
come, ye Arab nobles ! ' On their number being
complete, certain persons came forth unto him at
the mosque. The only one known to me was As'ad
ibn Shihab, with whom I was acquainted, seeing
that he had been governor over us citizens of Zabid.
I inquired of him who were these persons. ' That
man,' he answered, ' is al-Mukarram, al-Malik as-
Sa'id (the auspicious king) Ahmad ibn 'Aly, the
Sulayhite, that is al-Karam f the Yamite, and that is
'Amir az-Zawidii, the most generous Arab that ever
bestrode a horse.' The men called upon a fourth
to come forward, but he declined. He was the

* Kulami I take to signify imported from Kulam, now known
as Quilon, on the Malabar coast. See Ibn Klionladhbah, ed. de
Goeje, p. 62, also Yule's Marco Polo, ii. p, 312, note.

■\ 'Abbas son of al-Karam 1

D

34 ^ Omar ah.

paternal uncle of As'ad ibn Shiliab and of tlie Lady
Asma, and not inferior to the other four in nobility
of race or in personal merit. Then al-Mukarram
arose and addressed them, speaking so that he
could be clearly heard. The followmg passage of
his speech has remained in my memory : —

* 0 ye believers, if the undertaking upon which ye have
entered were but newly resolved upon, I would of a certainty
25 seek to sharpen your determination. But I will not now add to
what ye heard from me yesterday, and to what I have said before
yesterday. The words I have spoken are sufhcient. I offered
you the option of returning when the distance ye had travelled still
permitted you to draw back. But now the choice is with your
enemy. Ye have penetrated into his country as into a lion's den,
and your only alternatives are to encounter death or to suffer
dishonour by unavailing flight.' "

He then recited the words of Abu 't-Tayyib al-
Mutanabbi, as follows : —

•' Grasping my death-dealing sword, I will go down among my

foes, —
A field Avhence only they return who deal effectual blows." *

The Abyssinians had assembled to the number of
twenty thousand foot. The right wing of the Arab
force was under the command of As'ad ibn Shihab,
and the left under that of his uncle. " Ye are not,"
said al-Mukarram, "like unto the other members
of this army. Ye have personal wrongs to avenge,
for our lady is sister to one of you and niece to the
other." Al-Mukarram himself took command of
the centre. The two armies entered into action.
The centre of the Abyssinians fought strenuously
for a time, but the two wings closed upon them.
The Abyssinians were defeated, and immense num-
bers were slain. Sa'ld ibn N"ajah and those
surrounding him fled from the field and took refuge
in Dalilak and its neighbouring islands. The
slaughter of the Abyssinians, near the gate of the

* See Dieterici's MutanahU, p. 463.

The Siilay kites. 35

city, ceased not until tlie hour of midday prayer.
The first warrior to reach the spot where the two
heads were set up, and to stand below the casement
of Asma, daughter of Shihab, was her son, al-
Mukarrara Ahmad. He said unto her, and she did
not recognize him, " May Grod safeguard and per-
petuate thy renown, 0 our lady." " "Welcome,"
she replied, "0 noble Arab!" Ai-Mukarram's
two companions saluted her in the same words as
his. She asked him who he was, to which he
answered that his name was Ahmad, son of 'Aly
son of Muhammad. *' Verily the name Ahmad sou
of 'Aly," she answered, "is borne by many Arabs.
Uncover thy face that I may know thee." He
raised his helmet, whereupon she exclaimed, " Wel-
come, our Lord al-Mukarram ! "

At that moment he was struck by the wind, a
shudder passed over him, and his face was con-
tracted by a spasm. He lived many years
26 thereafter, but continued subject to involuntary
movements of the head and spasms in his face.
She then asked who were his two companions, and
he named them. Upon one she conferred a grant
of the revenues of Aden for that year, amounting
to one hundred thousand dinars. To the other she
gave the two fortresses of Kaukaban and Hauban (?),
together with their territories, the assessments upon
which are not inferior to the revenues of Aden.

Then the army entered by detachments, whilst
she stood at the casement with her face uncovered.
Such had been her custom in the days of her hus-
band, a sign of her exalted rank over the men from
whom other women are secluded. Al-Mukarram
ordered the two heads to be taken down, and he
erected over them a mausoleum, which I have
known as the Mausoleum of the Two Heads
{Mnshhad ar-lia'sayii). It is said that when al-
Mukarram ' uncovered his face Asma exclaimed :

D 2

o

6 'Omura/i.

" He whose coming is like unto thy coming hath
not tarried, neither hath lie erred."

The statement in her letter, that she was with
child by the slave Sa'id, son of Najah, was not
actually true, but she thought thereby to excite
and stimulate her son to the vindication of his
honour. Al-Mukarram's heralds now proclaimed
his orders to unsheathe the sword against the
people of the captured city. But he warned the
army that the Arabs of Tihamah beget children
by black concubines, and that a black skin was
common to both slave and free. " But if ye hear
a person pronounce the word azm, azm (as if it
were written with the letter z), know that he is an
Abyssinian and slay him. If he pronounce it azm
(with the letter z), he is an Arab, and ye shall spare
him."

He appointed his maternal uncle, Ahmad (As'ad?
see below) ibn Shihab, to be ruler over Tihamah as
before, and he then departed for San'a, serene in
mind after his victory, and accompanied by Asma,
daughter of Shihab. A saying became common
among the people of Zabid which has been pre-
served down to my own time. If a man of the
lower classes revile one of his neighbours, and if he
be reproached for his evil language towards the
man, he will answer : " By Allah ! the man who
took his mother from ZabId, and who slew on her
account twenty thousand Abyssinians, by my life !
he was truly a man ! " "^^

Al-Mukarram having appointed his maternal
uncle As'ad ibn Shihab to the rulership over Zabid
and its dependencies, (joined with him?) on that
occasion Ahmad ibn Salim. As'ad sent him to
San'a in charge of the tribute of the province of
Tihamah. Asma distributed the greater part
among the Arab envoys. Ahmad ibn Salim there-
upon began to tear his beard, saying : — " I have

The Siilayhites. ^y

passed through fire for the sake of this money, and
see now what has been done with it ! " "If money
27 be not spent upon those who are deserving of it,"
answered Asma, " then it is but vanity and un-
profitableness."

But she wrote to her brother As'ad ibn Shihab
desiring him to pay twenty thousand dinars to
Ahmad ibn SaUm out of the current year's revenue,
as a present and mark of good-wilh

]Vot long after, Asma, daughter of Shihab, died,
at San'a, in the year 497.* That same year al-
Mukarram ordered the MaliJci dinars to be struck.
They are so named after him, and they are the
dinars of Yaman. The inscription they bear is
the following : The King and Lord al-Miikarram,
Suyreme Chief of the Arabs, SvUcin under the Prince
of the Faitliful. They continued to be struck ac-
cording to that design until the present day (that is
to say), until the Da'y 'Imrim ibn Muhammad ibn
Saba the Zuray'ite made the inscription as follows :
The Unfaragoned among the Kings of the age. King
of the Arabs and of Yaman, ^Imran, son of Muham-
mad.^^

In that same year the Banu Najah returned.
They drove Ahmad (read As'ad ?) ibn Shihab out of
Zabid, and made themselves masters of the city.
But they were themselves again expelled by al-
Mukarram ibn 'Aly, and Sa'Id al-Ahwal, son of
JVajTdi, was killed under the walls of the fortress of
ash-Sha'ir, the result of a stratagem effected by the
Sultan Abu 'Abd Allah at-Tubba'i, the particulars
of which will be recounted in the history of the
Honourable Lady the Queen Sayyidah, daughter of
Ahmad. The death of Sa'Id al-Ahwal took place
in the year 481. That same year Jayyash, son of
Najah, together with the wazir Khalf ibn Abi lahir
the Omayyad, escaped in disguise to Aden, and
* Kead 479, as in al-Janadi and Dayba'.

«7^1 2

38 ^Oinarah.

travelled thence to India. There they remained for
six months, and then returned to Zabid, which they
conquered before the expiration of the year. At
that period As'ad ibn 'Arraf was named ruler of
Zabld, and 'Aly ibn al-Kumm, son (read father) of
al-Husayn ibn *Aly ibn al-Kumm the poet, was
appointed his wazir and private secretary, in ac-
cordance with the precedent of his former appoint-
ment under As'ad ibn Shihab. There are persons
28 who affirm that 'Aly, son (read father) of Husayn,
son of 'Aly ibn al-Kumm, ruled over Zabid, under
As'ad ibn vShihab, before the appointment of As'ad
ibn 'Arraf.^^

TiiE History of the Honoueable Lady the Queen
Sayiddah, Dadghter op Ahmad.

Her name was Sayyidah, daughter of Ahmad, son
of Ja'far, son of Musa the Sulayhite, and her mother
was ar-Radah, daughter of al-Fari', son of Musa.
Ar-Radrdi was left a widow by the death of her
husband Abmad, father of the Lady Sayiddah, and
she then married 'Amir, son of Suleyman, son of
'Amir, son of 'Abd Allah az-Zawahi, to whom she
bore Suleyman, son of 'Amir, son of 'Abd Allah the
Zawrdiite. The latter was therefore half brother
to tlie Lady Sayyidah. By her authority he was
appointed Da'y of the Hashimites,* but he was
assassinated by the Amir al-Mufaddal, son of Abu '1-
Barakat, son of Abu 'l-Walld, who caused poison
to be administered to him. May God have mercy
upoTi him !

The Lady Sayyidah was born in the year 440
(read 444), and Asma, daughter of Shihab, superin-
tended her education. It is related that she one
* Read Faiimiles. See infra (chapter on the Da'ys of Yaman).

The Sulayhites. 39

day told Asma that slie had dreamt she held in her
hand a broom with which she swept the king's
palace. " It is as though T had shared thy vision,"
exclaimed Asma. " By Allah ! 0 fair-complexioned,
thou shalt sweep away the dynasty of the Sulayhites
and thou shalt appropriate their kingdom."

In her personal appearance, Sayyidah was of fair
complexion tinged with red, tall, well proportioned,
but inclined to stoutness, perfect in beauty, of a
clear-sounding voice, well read and a skilful writer,
her memory stored with history, with poetry and
with the chronology of past times. JNTothing could
surpass the interlinear glosses, upon both verbal
construction and interpretation, inserted in her
handwriting on the pages of books. Al-Mukarram
married her during the lifetime of his father 'Aly
son of Muhammad the Sulayhite, in the year 461.
She bore him four children, Muhammad, *Aly,
latimah, and Umm Hamdan. Muhammad and
'Aly died in childhood at San*a. Umm Hamdan
was married to Sultan Ahmad ibn Suleymiln the
Zawahite, son of her maternal uncle, to whom she
29 bore a son 'Abd al-Musta'la. Fatimah, daughter
of the Lady Sayyidah and of al-Mukarram, married
Shams al-Ma'ali 'Aly, son of the Da'y Saba, son
of Ahmad (the Sulayhite). Umm Hamdan died in
516 (or 510 ?). As for Fatimah, her death occurred
two years after that of her mother, namely in
A.H. 534. I have heard more than one aged man
amonsf the natives of Dhu Jiblah afl&rm that as-
Sulayhi treated Sayyidah, in her earliest years,
with a degree of deference he showed to no other
person. " Show her respect," he used to say to
Asma, for, by Allah, she will be the preserver of
our race and the guardian of our crown unto
whoso endureth of our dynasty." Much more, my
informants added, was heard from him to the same
effect and in different places.

40 *Oinarak.

The circumstances that led to al-Mukar ram's
removal from San'a to the city of Dhu Jiblah were
the following. Upon the death of his mother Asma,
daughter of Shihab, he made over the superinten-
dence of affairs to his wife, Queen Sajyidah,
daughter of Ahmad. He, on his part, gave himself
up to the pleasures of music and wine. The queen
remained alone in charge of the affairs of the king-
dom. It is said she begged to be accorded her
persDual freedom, and liberty to attend to the task
on which she was engaged, saying that a woman who
was desired for the marriage-bed, could not be fit
for the business of the state, but he would not
consent.

After a time she departed from San'a at the head
of a large army, and she went forth to behold Dhu
Jiblah. Jiblah was the name of a Jew who sold
pottery on the spot where the first royal palace was
afterwards built, and the city was named after
him.^^ Its founder was 'Abd Allah, son of Muham-
mad the Sulayhite, who was killed at al-Mahjam by
Sa'id al-Ahwal, together with his brother the Amir
and Da'y 'Aly. The latter had appointed him
governor of the fortress of Ta'kar, a stronghold
which looks down upon Dhu Jiblah. That city
stands below the fortress, between two streams
flowing with water both in summer and in winter.
It was founded by 'Abd Allah, son of Muhammad,
in the year 458.

The people of Mikhlaf Ja'far gathered together
around Sayiddah's stirrup, acknowledging her
30 authority. On her return to San'a she said* to
al-Mukarrara : " My lord, send notice to the people
of San'a to assemble to-morrow and to come unto
this plain." On their assembling she told him to
cast down his eyes upon the people and to look at
what he should see. He did so, and nought met
his eyes but the lightning-flashes of drawn swords

The Sulayhites. 41

and of lance-blades. On going to Dbu Jiblali she
desired al-Mukarram to assemble its people and
those of the neighbourhood. They gathered to-
gether on the morning of the following day, where-
upon she said ; " Look down, my lord, and behold
these people." He did so, and his eyes fell upon
men leading rams or carrying vessels filled with ghee
or with honey. " Life among these (industrious)
people," she said to al-Mukarram, " is to be pre-
ferred." The Amir al-Mukarram removed to Dhu
Jiblah, and he built the second royal palace upon
an uncultivated tract of land. It was surrounded
by a garden and by numerous trees, and looked
down upon the two streams and upon the first
palace. The Queen Sayyidah ordered the latter to
be converted into a cathedral mosque. It is the
second cathedral mosque. It contains the tomb of
the queen, which exists to this day. May God be
merciful unto her! The second, the great palace,
bearing (like its predecessor) the name of Dar al-'Izz
(abode of majesty), was erected in the year 481.
Al-Mukarram appointed as his deputies over San'a,
*Imran ibn al-Fadl, of the sub-tribe of Yam and of
the tribe of Hamdan, and As'ad ibn Shihab.

In that year also, the queen encompassed by a
stratagem the death of Sa'id ibn Najali al-Ahwal.
She desired al-Husayn ibn at-Tubba'y, Prince of
Sha'ir to write to Sa'ld al-Ahwal at Zabid, to re-
present to him that al-Mukarram was afflicted with
paralysis, that he had abandoned himself to the
pursuit of pleasure, that the business of his govern-
ment was conducted by his wife, and that Sa'id
himself was now the most powerful king in Yaman.
Further, he suggested, as commanded, a joint attack
upon Dhu Jiblah, by Sa^id from Tihamah and by
al-Husayn himself from the mountains. Sa'id, he
represented, could then relieve himself of his enemy
and recover possession of the entire country, '* If

42 ^Omarah.

you approve of my advice," he said, " let it be acted
upon. For your rule," he continued, "is better in
31 the eyes of the Muslims than that of these heretics."
When Sa'ld ibn Najah read the letter of Husayn
ibn at-Tubba'y, he greatly approved of what was
proposed, and he was filled with gladness. On the
day appointed by at-Tubba'y, he set forth from
Zabid for Dhu Jiblah at the head of thirty thousand
spearmen. The Queen Sayyidah had meanwhile
sent orders to As'ad ibn Shihab, and to 'Imran ibn
al-Fadl at San'a, desiring them to march into
Tihamah in the rear of Najah, with three thousand
horsemen, and to follow him stage by stage.
They obeyed, and upon Sa'Id ibn Najah halting
below the fortress of ash-Sha'ir, the two armies
fell upon him from either side. He and all his
followers were put to the sword, but it is also said
that two thousand escaped. His head was put up
below the window of the palace Dar al-'Izz, in-
habited by the Queen Sayyidah. His wife Umm
al-Mu'arik was with him, and it was by her means
that his head was recognized among the slain. It
was set up close to the window of the apartment
that was assigned to her. "0 that thou hadst eyes,
Lady Asma," exclaimed the Queen, " wherewith to
see the head of the squint-eyed slave below the
window of Umm al-Mu'arik ! "

Al-Mukarram, son of 'Aly, died in a.h. 484, be-
queathing the office of Da'y to the Most Noble
Amir, the Unparagoned, the Victorious, the Pillar
of the Khalifate, Prince of Amirs, al-Mansur Abu
Himyar Saba, son of Ahmad al-Muzaffar, son of
*Aly the Sulayhite.'^

The Sulayhites. 43

History of the Da*y Saba, son op Ahmad, son op

AL-MUZAPFAR, SON OF 'AlY THK SuLAYHITE.

In Ills external appearance, the Da'j Saba was ill-
favoured [and short in stature], nor did he appear to
advantage in the saddle. But he was of a benevo-
lent and generous disposition, an accomplished poet,
learned in the doctrines of the Pure Sect, well
32 acquainted with the sayings of the wise, nurtured on
poetry. He requited eulogists with eulogy, as well
as with substantial rewards. On that point 'Aly
ibn al-Kumm has said of him : —

When I panegyrized al-Hayzari,* the son of Ahmad — he rewarded

me and he requited me "with praise for my praise.
He gave me verses for my verses, and added — gifts, those my

capital in trade, these my profits.
I forced my way through the crowd until I beheld him — as one

that hath pierced through darkness unto morning's light.
An evil time it were, deprived of the son of Ahmad ! — but assuredly

free from evil is the age in which he liveth ! '^^

His residence was a stronghold called Ashy ah, a
lofty castle equal in stateliness and strength to
Masar and Ta'kar. It has been related to me by
the Kur an reader, Suleyman ibn Ya-Sln, who was
a Hanafite, that he once spent several nights in
the fortress of Ashyah. In the morning, he said,
he could see the sun rising in the east, but shedding
no light (upon the country). Turning towards
Tihamah, so much lingering darkness still prevailed
as to prevent the wayfarer from recognizing a
companion walking close beside him. Ibn Ya-Sin
supposed this to be caused by clouds or mists, but
he eventually determined it to be the result of a
protraction of the darkness of night. He vowed,
in consequence, always to reckon the hour for the
performance of morning prayer according to the
* Hayzar, according to the K^amiis, is a proper name.

44 ^Omarah,

rules of the Sbafy'ites ; for tlie followers of Abu
Hanifah postpone the hour until the sun has almost
risen over the lo^-ljing plains of Tihamah. The
actual fact is simply that the eastern aspect from
33 Ashyali is unimpeded by mountains, in consequence
of its own situation on a lofty summit.

The fortresses of the Banu Muzaffar overlooked
the plain of Tihamah. They bordered closely upon
the territories of Zabid ; and of all the mountains,
those upon which these fortresses stand, are the
nearest to Tihamah. Among other strongholds in
the possession of the family were Makr, Wusab,
Kawarir, az-Zarf, and ash-Sharaf. The last
mentioned is the place where Ibn Mahdi rose in
insurrection. The remaining places were Dhu 'r-
Rassah, Zafar (Zafiran ?), and Raymah, with its
districts.* As his territories adjoined Tihamah,
Saba used to make Jayyash taste the vicissitudes
of war. His Arabs, on perceiving the approach of
winter, were iu the habit of descending into the
low country. Jayyash would tliereupon retire, but
to no great distance, and Saba would collect the
revenues. He was careful, nevertheless, not to act
oppressively towards the inhabitants, and on the
contrary, in reckoning with the collectors, he made
allowance for the sums raised by Jayyash during
the summer and autumn months. When winter
and spring passed away, the Arabs withdrew from
Tihamah to the mountains, and Jayyash re-entered
into possession. The withdrawal of the Arabs was
sometimes attended with fighting, and sometimes it
was peaceful.

On the return of Jayyash to Zabid, the Kur'ans
were spread open, his subjects joined in supplica-
tions for his prosperity, the Jurists came forth, and
the 'Ulama (the doctors of the law) offered up
prayers for the prolongation of his reign. In
* See note 24.

The Sulay kites. 45

reckoning with the governors and collectors,
Jayyash likewise allowed for the sums levied by
Saba during the months of winter and spring.

That situation continued until the wazir Khalf
ibn Abi Tahir advised the son of Jayyash to im-
prison his father, to seize his treasure and property
. . . and to appoint Muhammad ibn al Ghifari his
wazir. This was carried into execution. After a
time, Khalf pierced an opening through the walls of
his prison, and took refuge with Saba, by whom he
was well received. He ceased not to urge upon
Saba the invasion of Tihamah, and indicated to
him means and artifices whereby he could reduce
Jayyash to utter ruin ... to Saba a stated sum
to stand in lieu of the half, and that he should
stipulate with Saba for the banishment of the wazir
Khalf from his court. Jayyash followed the advice
of the wazir, but thereupon the greed with which
the Arabs coveted the country increased, and they
reckoned themselves to be secure . . . The Ka'id
Rayhan al-Kahlani, freedman of Sa'Icl, son of Najrdi,
34 at the head of ten thousand men, surprised the
Arabs by night near the gate of Zabid, where they
were arrayed to the number of three thousand horse
and ten thousand foot. Only a small remnant
escaped. Nearly all were speared, and Saba fled
on foot among a mixed and disorderly body of
fugitives. Towards the end of the night a party
met and rescued him. The Arabs did not thereafter
return to Tihamah.^^

Among other passages in the life of the Da'y
Saba, son of Ahmad, is that related to me by the
Jurist Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn 'Aly al-Bajali,*
who had learned it from his father. The latter
resided at Dhu Jiblah, and was one of the retainers
of the Da'y. When, he said, al-Mukarram son of
'Aly died, leaving the Queen Sayyidah daughter of
* That is to say, member of the tribe of BajTlah.

46 * Omar ah,

Ahmad a widow, the Da'y Saba asked her in
marriage. She refused, whereupon he collected
troops and marched from Ashyah, purposing to
attack her at Dhu Jiblah. She likewise assembled
a host, more numerous than his. The two armies
met and the fire of war was kindled and raged for
several days. The queen's half-brother, Suleyman
ibn 'Amir az-Zawtdii, son of her mother, then said
to Saba : " By Allah ! she will not agree to that
which thou desirest excepting by command of the
Imam al-Mustansir billah, Prince of the Faithful."
The Da'y Saba ibn Ahmad al-Auhad (the Unpara-
goned) al-Mansiir desisted from fighting against
her troops and returned to Ashyah. He despatched
to the Imam al-Mustansir two messengers, the
Kadi (Abu 'Abd Allah al-) Husayn ibn Isma'il al-
Isfahani and Abu 'Abd Allah at-Tayyib. In the
course of the correspondence the Khalifah wrote to
the Lady three lines, commanding her to wed the
Da'y Saba, and be sent her also one of his own
eunuchs, known under the designation of Hamil al-
Madyah, who bore moreover the honorific surname
of Yaman ad-Da'ivah (right hand of the Ismailile
Mission), empowered to enter into the presence of
the queen. Al-Jabali (Bajaly) relates that he was
one of the persons sent by the Da'y Saba from the
castle of Ashyah to Dhu Jiblah to accompany the
two envoys and the eunuch who had arrived from
Cairo the Mu'izzite. Upon their entering into the
presence of Queen Sayyidah, daughter of Ahmad,
in the palace, the Dar al-'Izz at Dhu Jiblah, the
eunuch, surrounded, said the narrator, by her
ministers, her secretaries, and the ofiicials of the
state, all standing np as he stood, addressed her in
the following words : " The Prince of the Faithful
35 returueth salutations of peace unto the Honourable
Lady, the Queen Sayyidah, thp Favoured, the Pure,
the Unparagoned of her time, Sovereign Lady of

The SulayJiites. ' 47

the Kings of Yaman, tlie Pillar of Islam, the
Treasure of the Faith, Refuge of the truly directed,
Asykim of tliose who seek aid, the Friend of the
Prince of the Faithful, the Guardian of his favoured
servants, and he saith unto her : Vnio no believer,
male nor female, helomjeth liherty of choice when
God arid His apostle have decreed a command, and
luhosoever opposeth God and His apostle wandereth
signaUj/ astray.'^ Our lord, the Prince of the
Faithful, gives thee in marriage to the Da'y, the
Unparagonedj the Victorious, the Triumphant, the
Pillar of the Khahfate, the Prince of the Amirs,
Abu Himyar Saba, son of Ahmad, son of al-Muzaffar
*Aly the Sulayhite, with the dowry he has provided,
of one hundred thousand dinars in money, and fifty
thousand dinars in articles of rarity and value, in
perfumes and in robes." Sayiddah answered :
" As for the letter of our lord, I say of it : Verily a
gracious letter hath been conveyed unto me. It is
from Solomon, and behold it saith : In the name of
God, the Merciful, the Gracious. Resist me not but
come unto me with submission. I say not touching
the command of our lord, 0 ye counsellors advise me,
and nought will I determine until ye shall have
spolcen}^ But as for thee, 0 Ibn al Isfahani, by
Allah ! thou hast not carried unto our lord from Saba
a sure and truthful message. Ye have wrested the
words from their true sense and your souls have
prompted you to commit an act of wickedness. My
recourse is noio to the com,ely virtue of patience, and
God is He ivhose help is to be implored against the
evil ye have setfo7ih." * The queen's wazir Zuray*
ibn Abi '1-Fatli al-Isfahani and others of her chief
ofi&cers advanced, and ceased not to speak to her in
pacifying terms until she gave her consent. A
marriage contract was drawn up, and Saba hastened
to Dhu Jiblah, accompanied by a large retinue.
* Kur. xii. s. 18.

4$ '"Omar ah.

He remained for a month, during which his camp
was the scene of profuse feasting, and he expended
upon his soldiery a sum equal to the dowry he paid
to the Princess. But the contemplation of her
lofty aims, and of her noble deeds, caused the Da'y
Saba ibn Ahmad to feel humbled in his own esti-
mation. He perceived that his reputation was
dimmed, and that no person could be fitly compared
36 with her. All her people were in the habit of saying
that their Lady was their Mistress.

The Da'y Saba secretly sent a message to the
queen, requesting her to receive him in her palace,
that it might be believed by the people that the
marriage had been consummated, to which she
consented. Some of the inhabitants of Dhu Jiblali
assert that she received him in her own apartments
for one night, and that in the early morning he
departed. Others say that she sent him one of her
female slaves who bore an exceeding resemblance
to herself, that he received warning thereof, and that
the girl remained standing throughout the night at
the head of his couch, whilst he sat without ever
raising his eyes upon her, until when day dawned,
he performed his morning devotions and ordered
the drums to be beat for departure. He then said
to the slave girl : " Tell our lady that she is a
precious pearl, to be worn only by whoever is
worthy of her." He then departed, and they did
not meet again. ^^

It is reported of the Da'y Saba that he never had
intercourse with a slave girl, and that he never
tasted intoxicating beverages. His wife al-Jumanah,
daughter of Suwayd, son of Yazld the Sulayhite,
was in the habit of saying that she was undisturbed
by jealousy on account of her Lord Saba, seeing
that he abstained from all intercourse with concu-
bines, and it was a common saying among the Arab
women that none among the posterity of Eve had

Al-Mufa(Jdal. 49

been so privileged as al-Jumanali, with, the excep-
tion only of Asma, daughter of Shihab.

At this period Shuja' ad-Daulah arrived in Yaman.
He was enriched by the gifts bestowed upon him,
and Shams al-Ma'ali (son of Saba and husband of
Fatimah daughter of al-Mukarram and of the
Queen Sayyidah), who was of a most generous dis-
position, gave him sums of money amounting to
thousands. After a time Shams al-Ma'ah took a
second wife and Fatimah wrote to her motlier
imploring her aid. The Princess sent troops to
her assistance, under the command of al-Fadl (al-
Mufaddal), son of Abu '1-Barakat. Fatimah, having
put on the garb of a man, escaped from her hus-
band's castle to the camp of al-Mufaddal, who sent
her on to her mother. He continued to besiesfe
the Prince until an arrangement was arrived at,
whereby Shams al-MaTdi was banished from his
kingdom, under a safe conduct against all personal
harm. He reached the court of al-Afdal (at Cairo),
and implored his assistance, but al-Afdal paid no
regard to his request and showed him no hospi-
tality/^ The Amir Shuja' ad-Daulah, whom Shams
al-Ma'ali had enriched in Yaman, sent him thirty
ardebs of barley, but did not supply him with a
morsel of bread, nor did he admit him into his
57 society. *Aly Shams al-Ma'ali son of Saba re-
turned to Yaman, and gained possession of his
father's fortresses, but the Amir al-Mufaddal
employed a person who poisoned him in the year
495.

The Story of the King al-Mufaddal, son of
Abu 'l-Barakat son of al-WalId, the Him-
YARiTE, Prince of Ta'kar.

When al-Mukarram, son of 'Aly, built the palace of
Dar al-'Izz at Dhu Jiblah, and removed from San'a

E

CO ^Oinurah.

to the Province of Ja'far, 'Abd Allah ibii Ya'la
composed the following lines : —

The gentle zephyr blew, and I spent the night as one distracted, —

yearning after family and friends.
Not Cairo, nor Baghdad, neither can Tiberius — be compared to the

city enclosed between two streams.
Khadid commands the north, Habb overlooks the east — and to

Ta'kar the lofty, belong the southern climes of Yaman.

At-Ta'kar was at that time in the hands of
Sultan As'ad son of 'Abd Allah son of Muhammad
the Sulayhite, son, therefore, of the paternal uncle
of the King al-Mukarrara, the same 'Abd Allah who
was killed at al-Mahjam, along with his brother the
Da'y Aly son of Muhammad. His conduct became
bad, and al-Mukarram removed him from Ta'kar,
giving him in exchange the fortresses of Eaymah.
[He placed Abu '1-Barakat, son of al-Walid, in
command over Ta'kar and its dependencies, and he
appointed] Abu '1-Barakat's brother Abu '1-Fath
(read Futidi) son of al-Walid, over the fortress of
Ta'izz.^ Al-Mufaddal entered the service of the
King al-Mukarram at Dhu Jiblah. He was one of
the young pages of the palace, admitted into the
presence of the Honourable Lady the Queen with
messages from al-Mukarram, touching matters of
business between them. Upon the death of the
Amir al-Mufaddal's father Abu '1-Barakat, which
followed that of the King al-Mukarram, the Queen
appointed al-Mufaddal successor to his father in the
governorship of Ta'kar. That fortress was used
by the Sulayhites as a depository for the treasures
they had won from the kings of Yaman. The
88 Queen was in the habit of going up thither, and
making it her place of residence during the summer,
returning to Dhu Jiblah for the cold season. Al-
Mufaddal exercised the powers which the Princess
delegated to him and had access unto her, along
with her chief wazlrs, with the Amirs and with her

Al-Mufaddal. 5 1

principal slaves. He was supreme administrator of
affairs. In all things reliance was placed upon his
judgment and upon his sword. The Queen came
to no decision without his advice. He rose, conse-
quently, to a state of great dignity, and his words
were listened to with respect. He invaded Tihamah
on several occasions, with results sometimes in his
favour and at others against him. He also several
times made war upon Aden, and ere long no per-
sonage in Yaman could rival him in power. Having
attained this exalted position, he one day said to
the Queen at Ta'kar : " Consider, my lady, the
treasures that are contained in this castle. Carry
them away, I pray you, to the Dar al-'Izz, or remove
them to some other palace, and leave this place
(meaning thereby Ta'kar) entirely to me, renouncing
henceforward your authority over it." " Hadst
thou not spoken these words," she replied, "I would
not have allowed any cause for their utterance to
exist. The castle is thine. Thou art the confi-
dential m.inister in my palace, and I have forbidden
thee nothing in the past, in consideration of thine
exalted condition." He was filled with confusion,
and hung his head. The Queen went down to Dhu
Jiblah, but made no change in her conduct towards
al-Mufaddal. He used to go down to her and en-
treat her to return to Ta'kar, as she had been in
the habit of doing, but she never consented. She
nevertheless applied herself to conciliate his good
will by presents such as were most agreeable to
him, of singing girls, valuable stuffs and perfumes,
slaves, eunuchs, and other gifts. She would not
listen to those who blamed her on his account, or
who cautioned her against him. And his faine is
connected with memorable battlefields, in which he
defended her, and protected her territories. He
fought against the Da'y Saba ibn Ahmad when
the latter asked her in marriage. She refused, and

E 2

52 'Omarah.

al-Mufaddal marched against Saba with a large
army. He fought also against 'Aly ibn Saba
(Shams al-Ma'clli), Prince of Kaydan (Kayzan),''^
and expelled him from his province, and against
'Amru ibn Karma tah (read 'Arkatah) al-Janbi, and
against others of the tribes of Sinhan, of 'Ans, and
of Zubayd. He recovered for her also, from the
Banu Zuray', one half of the revenues of Aden,
39 [which amounted to] one hundred thousand dinars
a year.

Sheykh Abu Tahir al-Kabuni has related to me
that he was on one occasion with al-Mufaddal ibn
Abi '1-Barakat, at at-Ta'kar, when half the revenues
of Aden, fifty thousand dinars, reached him. He
immediately sent the money to the Queen at Dhu
Jiblah, without retaining any portion of it. Sheykh
Abu Tahir disapproved of such scrupulous conduct,
but al-Mufaddal replied that he required nothing
besides what the Queen gave him. When the
money reached her she returned it, desiring him to
retain it, " for," she said, " you have more need of
it than we." Al-Mufaddal, said Abu Tahir, divided
among the people present ten bags, and he gave me
one containing one thousand dinars.

Al-Mufaddal was in the habit of secluding himself
until people despaired of again seeing him. Then
he would re-appear. The messengers who had
gathered around his gates had to wait, whilst both
weak and powerful (claimants) were admitted. He
examined into the affairs of the governors and of
their provinces, and answered every letter that had
reached his gates. He would then again disappear,
and could neither be seen, nor could any message
be transmitted to him. Such was his custom from
the time when he attained his exalted position.

AVhon al-Mansur, son of [Fatik son ofj Jayyash,
was driven forth from Zabid, and replaced by his
brother (read uncle) 'Abd al- Wahid son of Jayyash,

Al-MtifaddaL 53

he fled with his slaves to Mufaddal, and they pledged
themselves to deliver unto him one fourth of the
country in return for his assistance. Al-Mufaddal
marched with them against their enemies, expelled
*Abd al- Wahid from the city, and reinstated al-
Mansiir and his followers. He then, however,
conceived treacherous designs against them, and
purposed making himself master of Zabld.

But al-Mufaddal's absence in Tihamah had pro-
longed itself, and Ta'kar, deserted by the Prince,
was committed to the charge of a deputy, known by
the name of al-Hamal. This man was held in great
respect, and was strongly attached to the (orthodox)
faith. Seven jurists, brethren of al-Hamal, went
up to him at Ta'kar. Among them were Muhammad
ibn Kabas (Kays?) the Wuhazite, 'Abd Allah ibn
Yahya and Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Zeydan. The
latter was their acknowledged leader, and he was
my uncle, the full brother of my father by both
parents.^*^ They received possession of the fortress
from al-Hamal. The Sunni subjects of the Su-
layhites had desired the jurists, on their gaining
possession of the fortress, to kindle a fire on the
summit. They did so during the darkness of night.
In the morning twenty thousand men assembled at
the gates of the castle in support of the jurists, who
became possessed of an amount of wealth such as had
never before been seen. The news reached the Ann r
40 al-Mufaddal in Tihamah. He set out and turned
neither to the right nor to the left till he reached
Ta'kar. He besieged the jurists, but the Banu
Khaulan rose to their assistance. The siege, how-
ever, continued, and ere long the garrison perceived
that the Khaulanites were prepared to abandon
them. Thereupon Ibrahim ibn Zeydan declared to
his companions that he was determined not to die
until he had slain al-Mufaddal, after which, death,
he said, would be welcome. He seized the concu-

54 ^Omarah.

bines of al-Mufaddal, and brought tbem forth
wearing their most magnificent apparel. Placing
tabours in their hands, he set them upon the roof
of the palace, whence al-Mufaddal, who was in a
tent at 'Azzan at Ta'kar, and all that were with
him, could see and hear them. Al-Mufaddal was
the most jealous and sensitive of men, and it is said
that he died that night. Bj some it is stated that
he sucked the poison from a ring he wore, prepared
for a case of need, and that he was found dead in
the morning with the ring in his mouth. His death
occurred in the month of Ramadan of the year 504.

The Queen thereupon ascended from Dhu Jiblah,
and encamped on the open ground, near the
gate of the fortress. She wrote to the jurists,
and adopted with them the most conciliatory
measures, even to giving them a bond under her
own hand, granting them all their demands, their
personal safety, and retention of the treasure they
had seized. They stipulated that she should depart
with her forces, that she should send them, as
governor, a person whose appointment should be
subject to their approval, and that they should
remain with him (in occupation of the fortress)
until their booty should be in a place of safety.
The Queen faithfully observed the conditions agreed
upon, and she appointed over Ta'kar her freedman
Fath ibn Miftah. I have been told by Sultan Xasir
ibn Mansur, that my uncle Ibrahim ibn Zeydan
informed him, after his withdrawal from Ta'kar,
that his share of ready money amounted to twenty
thousand dinars.

Part of the tribe of Khaulan had entered and
settled in Mikhlaf Ja'far before the death of al-
Mufaddal, to the number of six thousand souls, a
mixed muUitude consisting chiefly of Banu Bahr,
Banu iJinnah, Marran, Rawah (Bazih ?), Sha'b-Hay,
and Banu Juma'ah.^' Al-Mufaddal dispersed them

J

The Khaulaniies. 55

among the strongliolds of the country and made
them take the oath of ahogiance to the Queen.
Upon the death of al-Mufaddal, a man of the sub-
tribe of Marran, of the name of Muslim ibn az-Zarr,
41 attacked the fortress of Khadid, drove therefrom
the Sultan 'Abd Allah ibn Ya'la the Sulayhite, the
accomplished poet and learned scholar, and took
possession of the stronghold. 'Abd Allah ibn Ya'la
was possessed of great wealth, which passed into
the hands of Muslim ibn az-Zarr, whose power was
thereby greatly increased. He joined the Queen,
and her adherents, and formed hopes that she
would appoint him to succeed al-Mufaddal, son of
Abu '1-Barakat.'*^ He sent her his two sons,
'Imran and Suleyman, whom she received with
kindness and by her command, although they had
reached the years of maturity, they were taught to
read and write. Afterwards she married them to
two of her slaves brought up under her care.
They visited their father by turns, at Khadid, and
they were protected by the tribe of Khaulan, which
possessed great power and influence. Upon the
death of Muslim, his son Suleyman succeeded to
the fortress of Khadid. 'Imran remained with the
Queen and acquired favour with her. Fath ibn
Miftah had, after the death of Muslim, entered into
a state of opposition to the Queen his mistress, and
had declared himself independent at the fortress of
Ta'kar. 'Imran made friendly advances to Fath,
and after his rebellion, asked his daughter in
marriage. On the night of the wedding Suleyman
and 'Imran gained possession, by treachery, of the
castle of Ta'kar, but 'Imran protected his father-in-
law from personal harm. Fath stipulated with the
two brothers for certain things, which they granted.
One was that they should give him, as a free gift, a
certain castle called Shar.* Thither he removed all
* Sliar is mentioned by Yakut as the name of a castle in Yaman.

56 ^0 mil rah.

that lie held most valuable. On obtaining possession
of the fortress of Ta'kar, 'Imran sent the Honour-
able Lady the Queen repeated assurances of loyalty
and homage, of which she took no heed. The
Khaulanites stretched forth their hands against the
people, whom they oppressed and plundered. The
night on which they gained possession of Ta'kar
was that of Sunday, the twelfth day of E,abi' al-
Awwai of the year 505.

Such continued to be the condition of things be-
tween the Banu Khaulan and the Queen. When she
saw their exceeding wickedness, she sent a letter to
'Amru ibn 'Arkatah al-Janbi (of the tribe of Janb),
consisting of one or two lines in her handwriting.
She ordered the country of Suleyman and 'Imran to
be occupied by an army of horse and foot, and they
were not to be relieved of its presence, until they
42 humbled themselves unto her and made a request for
its withdrawal. Sultan Yazid ibn 'Isa the Wa ilite
told me that he remembered being sent to the Queen
by 'Imran ibn az-Zarr, then facing the Arabs of
*Amru in order of battle. 'Imran asked her assist-
ance, and she sent him ten thousand dinars to serve
for the purchase of supplies. But the money was
returned. " Does she not know," exclaimed 'Imran,
"what it is that can be of real service to me?"
Slie thereupon wrote an order with her own hand,
added Yazld ibn 'Isa, to 'Amru ibn 'Arfatah al-
Jabani ('Arkatah al-Janbi) in the following terms :
" On receiving this our command, depart from the
country of the Banu Zarr, with our thanks for your
services." On reading the order 'Amru immediately
directed the signal for departure to be proclaimed
to his people. It consisted in the utterance of the
words 0 Iia^Ud, son of Mariilif' Before an hour had
elapsed, not one of his people remained in the place.
"This, by the Lord," said 'Imran to his brother,
"is truly (a receiving of) honour and obedience ! "

Ibn Najib ad-Daulah. 57

The Histoey of Ibn Najib ad-Daulah.

In the year 513 Ibn Najlb ad-Daulali came to Yaman,
and the following is the history of al-Muwaffak Ibn
Najlb ad-Daulah : —

At the commencement of his career, he was
custodian of the library of al-Afdal (Shahinshah, at
Cairo). He had a well-stored memory, had studied
the doctrines of the Pure Sect (the Ismailites), was
constant in recitations of the noble Kur'an, and
recited it according to its various readings. His
name was 'Aly, son of Ibrahim, son of Najib ad-
Daulah, and his titles were al-Amlr al-Muntahliah
(the Chosen Amir), Glory of the Fatimite Khalifate,
Fakhr ad-Daulah (Lustre of the State), al-Muwafak
fi-'d-dJn (Aided in the Faith), Da'y of the Prince of
the Faithful. He started from Cairo accompanied
by twenty mounted men, carefully chosen from
among the HujarJya/is.^'^ On arriving at the Island
of Dahlak, he was met by an emissary (?) from
Aden, Muhammad ibn Abi 'l-*Arab the Da'y, one of
the sons of Sa'id ibn Hamid ad-Din. This man
instructed him in the secret politics of Yaman, the
condition of the chiefs, their names, their personal
appearance and their surnames, even the dates of
43 their births and particulars of marks, traces of
wounds and cauterizations, concealed by their
clothing. When Ibn Najlb ad-Daulah (afterwards
spoke of those things and) put questions touching
their occult significations, his hearers became con-
vinced that he possessed knowledge of the invisible
world.^^ The first thing he did on arrival at Dhu
Jiblah was to lay hold of a Khaulanite of the name
of Suleyman ibn 'Obayd, belonging to (the sub-
tribe or family of) the Banu 'Amru and a kinsman
of 'Imran ibn az-Zarr. He was a man widely

58 '•Omarah.

known and held in great respect. Ibn Najib ad-
Daulah beat liim with a stick until it caught in his
clothes. The Banu Khaulan withdrew from Dhii
Jiblah. Suleyman ibn Ahmad (read Ahmad ibn
Suleyman) the Zawahite, son of the Queen's (half)
brother and husband of Umm Hamdan daughter of
al-Mukarram, hurried to the spot and released the
Khaulanite from the hands of Ibn Najib ad-Daulah
without seeking the latter's consent. He gave the
man a dress of honour and sent him back to his
family. Thenceforward the Khaulanites restrained
themselves from stretching forth their hands against
the people.

Ibn Najib ad-Daulah then proceeded to make war
upon the inhabitants of Wadi Maytam/^ of (Wadi)
Zabid and of the plains. Good order, together with
cheapness and plenty, became prevalent throughout
the country and evil-doers were repressed. He
himself respected the property of its inhabitants,
he dealt righteously with them and maintained the
laws. Through him the Queen's fame was enhanced,
and the neiglibouring nations of Yaman found
themselves constrained to desist from coveting
the outlying provinces of her dominions. He took
into his service three hundred horsemen of the
Banu Himas and Sinhan, and appointed at-Tauk
the Hamdanite to command them. When al-Afdal
(Shahinshah) died in the year 515, al-Ma'mun (al-
Bataihi) confirmed the authority of Ibn JNajib
ad-Daulah. He strengthened him and sent him
letters delegating to him the fullest powers over the
people. Al-Ma'mun sent him four hundred Ar-
menians and seven hundred black archers. Ibn
Najib ad-Daulah established his residence at Janad,
which stands in the centre of the country, and
whose districts have unceasingly been trampled
under the hoofs of armed men's horses.

But the authority he exercised was impatiently

Ibn Najib ad-Daulah. 59

endured by the kings of the time, namely, Suley-
man and 'Imran, the two sons of az-Zarr, Mansur
son of al-Mufacldal ibn Abi 'l-Barakat, Saba ibn Abi
SuTr], and Mufaddal ibn Zuray'. In the year 518
Ibn Najlb ad-Daulah attacked Zabid, which was
then ruled by the wazir Mann Allah the Fatikite.
44 Ten of bis archers had allied themselves with the
citizens, and as the two armies entered into action,
one of the archers shot an arrow which struck the
muzzle of the horse upon which 'Aly ibn Ibrahim
Najib ad-Daulah was mounted. He fell to the
ground and lost his horse. His army was put to
ilight, all his black troops were killed, and only
fifty out of four hundred Armenians escaped. As
to the Da'y (Ibn NajTb ad-Daulah), the Hamdanites
fought strenuously in his defence, until one of them,
a man of the name of As-Sa'y, took him up and
seated him upon his horse behind him. The Ham-
danite horsemen who exerted themselves to save
him were fifteen in number, and the chief, at-Tauk,
was one of them. Ibn Najib ad-Daulah' s horse
disappeared from the battle at the hour of mid-day
prayer on Friday. Early on the Saturday morning
he appeared in the city of Janad, situated at a
distance of four days' journey from Zabid, or of
three days' at a forced pace. Before evening a
report was spread at Dhu Jiblah that Ibn Najib
ad-Daulah had been killed at Zabid. He reached
Janad four days after and rode to Dhu Jiblah,
where he conferred with the Queen.

He suffered in health, but recovered, and for four
months he carried on war in the country of Suley-
man ibn az-Zarr. A truce was concluded between
them and he returned to Janad. Next he made
war upon the family of Zuray' and penetrated to
al-Juwwah. He was attacked at Hima Bani
Salmah (?) by al-Mufaddal ibn Zuray*. ' Ibn Najib

6o 'Omarak,

horseman he fell to the ground. He was attacked
by a slave belonging to Mas'ud (al-Mufaddal ?) ibn
Zuray' named Musafir, but the slave was charged
and killed by Tauk the Hamdilnite, who stood by
Ibn Najib ad-Daulah until he remounted, whereupon
the Da'y returned to Janad. He lost his breast-
plate, which fell to the ground during the struggle,
and Mufaddal ibn Zuray' composed the following
lines upon the occasion : —

He fled forgetting his breast-plate — In terror of the Banu Yrim,

lest their lances should pierce him.
But flight saveth not from death — a truth held by every steadfast

and believing soal. "'^

In the year 519 his conduct towards the Queen
45 assumed an evil aspect. Her mind, he said, had
become weakened, and he asserted that in his
opinion it was necessary to place her in seclusion.
But, meanwhile, she was joined by the four (six F)
kings, Suleymiin and 'Imran, sons of az-Zarr, Saba
son of Abu Su'ud, Abu '1-Gharat (son of Mas'ud),
As'ad ibn Abi '1-Futuh and Mansur ibn al-Mufaddal.
They asked her permission to besiege Ibn Najib
ad-Daulah at Janad, which she granted. The city
was defended by walls, and Ibn Najib ad-Daulah
had a force, part of the garrison, consisting of four
hundred picked horsemen belonging to the tribe of
Hamdan. The kings arrived with an army, con-
sisting of three thousand horse and three thousand
foot soldiers, with which they surrounded the city.
Ibn Najib ad-Daulah had with him certain men,
each of whom was equal to one hundred horsemen.
Among them were at-Tauk ibn 'Abd Allah, Mu-
hammad ibn Ahmad ibn 'Imran ibn al-Fadl ibn 'Aly
the Yamite, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd Allah, who exer-
cised the functions of Da'y after Ibn Najib ad-
Daulah and wlio was a member of the family of
tSulayhi, also 'Aly son ot" Suloyman az-Zawahi,
Abu '1-Ghayth ibn Samir, Muhammad ibn al-A'azz,

Ibn Najib ad-Daiilah. 6i

who lived until he was treacherously slain by Ibn
Malidi, and al-Faridayn (?). The siege was carried
on with vigour, and Ibn INTajib ad-Daulah was
put to great straits. The Queen, thereupon wrote,
according to her custom, to 'Amru ibn 'Arkatah
al-Janbi, who came to her and encamped at Dim
Jiblah. She sent also to the chiefs of the tribes
and distributed among them ten thousand Egyptian
L dinars, desiring her messengers at the same time to
■ spread a report among the soldiers, to the effect
P that Ibn Najib ad-Daulali had distributed a sum of
ten thousand Egyptian dinars among their leaders.
The soldiers thereupon demanded that a share of
the Egyptian gold be granted to them, else they
would depart. The kings made promises, but when
night closed in they started each for his own
country. Next morning the troops found them-
selves without leaders. They broke up tlieir
encampment and abandoned the siege.* *'Per-
ceivest thou," it was said to Ibn NajIb ad-Daulah,
" the artifice accomplished by her of whom thou
4g hast said that her mind is weakened ? " He rode
to Dhu Jiblah and strove to justify and to excuse
bimself to the Princess.

The Queen was the accepted representative of
the Imam, upon whom be peace. . . .

^The cause of this arrest^* of Ibn Najib ad-Daulah
was [as follows according to what was related by]
the jurist Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn 'Aly al-
Halaby (al-Bajaly). Al-Ma'mun (al-Bata'ihy), when
wazir (in Egypt), sent an envoy to Yaman, en-
trusted with military power, known by the name
of al-Amir al-Kadhdhab. On his reaching Dhu
Jiblah, he was present at a crowded assembly held
by Ibn Najib ad-Daulah. The latter did not wel-
come him and he neither treated him as a guest,
nor did he notice him. He sought to humiliate
* This, according to al-Khazraji, occurred in Muharram, a.h. 520.

62 Omar ah.

him and asked him whether he was not superin-
tendent of the city pohce at Cairo. " Yea, and
indeed," answered the envoy, " they whom I smite
with my hand, are amongst the most eminent of
those who boast of a rabble following of ten thou-
sand men." Ibn Najib ad-Daulah was himself
hnmihated by the reply he received, and his enemies
thenceforward attached themselves to the envoy.
They extolled his merits. He, on his part, plied
them with presents and promised them the destruc-
tion of 'Aly ibn Ibrahim (ibn Najib ad-Daulah) by
means of two expedients. He recommended them
in the first place to give him letters for the Khalif ah
al-Amir, stating that Ibn Najib ad-Daulah had in-
vited and called upon them to recognize Nizar as
supreme Imam and that they had refused. In the
second place, they were to strike coins in the name
of Nizar, which the envoy promised to transmit to
our lord al-Amir bi-Ahkam Illah. They followed
his advice, and his return to Cairo occurred simul-
taneously with the arrest and imprisonment of the
wazlr al-Ma'mun. The envoy sent the letters and
the coins to the Khalifah, who commanded the
Amir al-Muwaffak ibn al-Khayyat to be sent to
Yaman, for the arrest of Ibn Najib ad-Daulah. ^^
He started from the Imperial Gate, accompanied by
a hundred men belonging to the military body, HiPj
Hujariyahs, all men fitted for the most arduous en-
terprises. Among the companions of Ibn al-Khayyat
were 'Izz id-dm and his own son Sa'd al-Mulk. On
hearing of the envoy's arrival at Dahlak, Ibn Najib
ad-Daulah set forth for the country of Zabidj not-
withstanding the objections and repugnance he
felt to doing so. A Da'y, he said, must not skulk
away in hiding. Death, he added, was preferable
to disgrace. His enemies addressed themselves to
the Queen and warned her to secure his person,
for, they urged, the Imam would hold her alone

Ibn Najih ad-Datilah. 63

responsible for his safe keeping. The Queen
feigned to be ill and sent to Ibn Najib ad-Daulah
47 the Sharif As'ad ibn 'Abd as-Samad ibn Muhammad
al-Hawwaly. This man was his most faithful friend.
He overtook Ibn Najib ad-Daulah at the distance of
a night's journey from Janad and told him that the
Queen, the chosen representative of the Prince of
the Faithful, was on the point of death. — " She
places confidence in thee alone," he added, and
urged him to return to her. He did so, and she
ordered him to be arrested, but she treated him
with lenity and fettered him with silver chains
weighing fifty ounces. The envoy arrived from
Aden and demanded the surrender of Ibn Najib
ad-Daulah. The Queen refused. " Thou art the
bearer of a letter from our lord," she replied.
" Take charge of my answer, or if thou preferrest,
I will write to the Prince of the Faithful, and wait
thou here until I receive his reply." But the two
kings Suleyman and 'Imran, the sons of az-Zarr,
interfered. The Queen confided greatly in the
judgment of 'Abd Allah ibn al-Mahdi al-Ma'mari.
They offered him ten thousand dinars, besides two
castles in her dominions. He alarmed the Queen
with representations of the evil consequences of
rumours connecting her with the Nizarites, and
directed the envoy and his companions to spread
reports on the subject. The Queen yielded, but
allayed the fears she entertained of the envoy, on
Najib ad-Daulah' s account, by exacting many
solemn oaths from Ibn al-Khayyat. She wrote also
to our lord al-Amir bi-Ahkam Illah. the Prince of
the Faithful, interceding with the Khallfah for Ibn
Najib ad-Daulah, and she sent unto him her secre-
tary, Muhammad ibn al-Azraki, a man of culture,
the draftsman of the council, an elegant writer,
eloquent, and remarkable for his benevolence.
■ Among the presents she sent was a suit of

64 Omctrah.

armour, enriched with jewels of the value of forty
thousand dinars. Tbn Najib ad-Daulah was carried
forth from Dhu Jiblah in a wooden cage. The
people looked on, and he said unto them : " That
which ye look upon is a lion imprisoned in a cage."

On reaching the distance of a night's journey
from Dhu Jiblah, his custodians attached an iron
weight of one hundred pounds to his feet and they
reviled him and humiliated him. He was made to
sleep naked in the vestibule, although it was winter.
They hurried him away from Aden in a ship belong-
ing to the port of Sawakin. They detained the
Queen's messenger, Ibn al-Azraki, for five days.
48 Then they sent him off and they ordered the captain
to wreck the ship. The vessel was sunk with all
she contained, near Bab al-Mandeb, and Ibn al-
Azraki was drowned.

The Queen was greatly afflicted, when regrets
could no longer avail.^'' Suleyman and 'Imran, the
sons of az-Zarr, went into her presence, exulting
over the fate of Tbn Najib ad-Daulah. They came
forth exclaiming that the Jurist had indeed spoken
the truth in reporting the words of 'Abd Allah ibn
'Abbas (cousin of the Prophet) : — " We used," he
said, " to listen to the traditions preserved by
'A'ishah (the Prophet's widow), but never left her
presence without having been reminded that she was
a woman." This was their last interview with the
Queen.

The History of [the Dynasty op] az-Zuray% son
OF al-'Abbas, son of al-Kakam the Yamite,
Prince of Aden.

The Banu Zuray* were descended from Hamdan,
and from Jusham, son of Yam, son of Asgha.

J

The Zurayites. 65

Their ancestor, Ibn al-'Abbas* son of al-Karam,
had gained Credit by his conduct in past times, and
especially by the assistance he gave to the Da'y
*Aly, son of Muhammad the Sulayhite, when the
latter was engaged in promoting the Fatimite Kha-
llfah al-Mustan sir's supremacy over Yaman, and
again by joining the Da'y al-Mukarram, son of Aly,
in his attack upon Zabid and in the release of the
Honourable Lady Asma, daughter of Sliihab, from
the hands of Sa'Id al-Aliwal, son of Najrdi.

The events that raised the family to the Princi-
pality of Aden were as follows. When ' Aly son
of Muhammad the Sulayhite conquered Aden, the
city was under the rule of the Banu Ma'n [who had
subdued it as well as Lahj, Abyan, Shihr and Had-
ramaut. He allowed them to remain in possession
as governors under his authority. When al-Mukar-
ram married tlie Honourable Lady Sayyidah, his
father gave her Aden and its neighbourhood as
her dowry. The Banu Ma'n accordingly paid her
tribute so long as the Da*y 'Aly son of Muhammad
the Sulayhite lived ; but when he was killed, in the
year we have mentioned (a.h. 473), they declared
themselves independent].^'

The King al-Mukarram thereupon marched
against them, conquered the city and put an end to
the supremacy of the Banu Ma'n. He placed their
country under the rule of al-'Abbas and Mas'iid,
the two sons of al-Karam. He appointed the resi-
dence of the former at Ta'kar-'Aden, which adjoins
the gate of the city, and [gave him authority over]
the trade with the interior. To MasTid he gave the
castle of al-Khadra, with authority over the coast
and shipping, and command of the city.^® He made
49 them take oath to the Honourable Lady the Queen
Sayyidah, daughter of Ahmad, because as-Sulayhi
had endowed her with the city of Aden when he
* Read Tlieir ancestor al-'Ahbiis.

P

66 'Oniarah.

married her to his son al-Mukarram in the year
461. From that year * the revenues of Aden were
•uninterruptedly paid to her until [the death of] al-
Mukarram. The amount was one hundred thousand
dinars, occasionally somewhat more, and in other
years somewhat less. On the death of al-Mukarram,
al-' Abbas and Mas'ud, the two sons of al-Karam,
continued faithfully to fulfil their obligations to the
Queen. But after their death [and that of Zuray'
son of al-'Abbiis, Abu Su'ud son of] Zuray' and
Abu '1-Gharat son of Mas'iid proclaimed their
independence at Aden.f Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-
Barakat marched against them and a war took
place which ended in a treaty, whereby it was
agreed that half the revenues of Aden should be
paid to the Queen. Upon the death of al-Mufaddal
ibn Abi '1-Barakat, the Princes of Aden discon-
tinued the payment of the Queen's half of the
revenues. As'ad ibn Abi '1-Futuh, son of al-Malik
al-Mufaddal's uncle, proceeded to the spot and con-
cluded an agreement, whereby a fourth of the
revenues was to belong to the Queen. When the
Banu az-Zarr rebelled at Ta'kar, the Princes of
Aden again discontinued payment, and the Queen
was thenceforward unable to draw anything from
Aden, in consequence of the death of all her leading
men. Ibn Najib ad-Daulah made no attempt to do
anything in the matter.

Such were the circumstances under which the
Banu '1-Karam ruled over Aden, and I will now
proceed to relate the divisions that occurred between
them.

Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi 'l-Barakat, in the course of
one of his wars, attacked Zabid. He was accom-

* Kead From tlie time of the appointment ofal-'Ahhds and Mas'ud.

t Zuray' and liis uncle Mas'ud were killed, as will be seen,
before the walls hi Zalnd. A table showing the succession of the
Zuray'itc Princes is given in iS'^ote 113.

The Ztirayites. 67

paiiied by Zuray', son of al- 'Abbas, and by tlie
latter's uncle Mas'ud, son of al-Karam, who were
at that time Princes of Aden. Both were killed at
the gates of Zabid, and they were succeeded at
Aden by Abu 's-Su'ud son of Zuray', and by Abu
'1-Gharat son of Mas'ud. " They were succeeded
in the rulership over Aden by tlie Da'y Saba, son
of Abu 's-Su'iid, and Muhammad, son of Abu '1-
Gharat. Next came Saba's son *Aly al-A'azz al-
Murtada, together with 'Aly, son of Abi '1-Gharat,
and then the Da'y Muhammad, son of Saba.^^ 'Aly
ibn Abi '1-Gharat was the last descendant of Mas'ud.
)0 The Da'y Muhammad ibn Saba was succeeded by
his son 'Imran. He died, and after him the country
remained faithful in its allegiance to the family of
Zuray', until the Zurayites were deposed by Sultan
al-Mu'azzam Shams ad-Daulah Turan Shah, brother
of Saladin son of Ayyiib, in the month of Dhu '1-
Ka'dah [a.h. 569]. The Princes of Aden were at
that time Muhammad and Abu 's-Su'iid, the two sons
of 'Imran, son of Muhammad, son of Saba. Ibn
Huraba.h took a part in the events at Aden, neither
the particulars nor the date of which I am able to
recollect ; but there have been none in the family
of al-Karam nobler than 'Imran, son of Hurabah
(Muhammad ?), or than Mufaddal, son of Zuray'.
Nobility of character, though less than theirs, would
be beyond power of description. The family of the
Banu '1-Karam are also known by the name of adli-
BKih. They were, next to the Sulayhites, the most
distinguished of the Arab ruling families in Yaman.
Upon the death of Muhammad, son of Abu '1-
Gharat, son of Mas'ud, son of al-Karam, he was
succeeded by his brother 'Aly son of Abu '1-Gharat.
He possessed the castle of al-Khadra, commanding
the sea, the shipping and the city. The Da'y
Saba, son of Abu Su'ud, son of Zuray', son of al-
' Abbas, son of al-Karam the Yamite, who bore the

F 2

68 ^ Omar ah.

titles of the Unparagoned, the Victorious, Glory of
the Empire, Honour of the Khalifate, Right Arm of
the Empire, Sword of the Imam, Crown and Chief
of the Arabs, Da'y of the Prince of the Faithful, —
shared the sovereignty over Aden with the Sultan
'Aly son of Abu '1-Gharat. He held its gates and
wielded authority over all that entered the city
from the land side. He owned the fortress of
Dumluwah,* Ar-Rama (?), Sami', Matran (?), and
Dhubhan ; also part of al Ma'afir and of Janad.
His possessions in the highlands were extensive.^**
His sons were al-A'azz 'Aly, Muhammad, al-Mu-
faddal, Ziyad, and Rauh.

How THE SOVEEETGNTY OP 'AlY I.BN AbI 'l-GtHAEAT
CAME TO AN END AT AdEN, AND HOW IT PASSED
INTO THE HANDS OP THE Da'Y SaBA.

It has been related to me by the Da'y Muhammad
son of Saba and by certain Sheykhs of Aden, that
they knew Ibn al-Khazary Abu '1-Kasim as deputy
of 'Aly ibn Abi 'l-Gharat over one half of Aden, and
51 Sheykh Ahmad ibn 'Attab al-Hadhaly as deputy of
Saba son of Abu 's-Su'iid, over the other half.
Ibn al-Khazary dealt unrighteously, in the division
of the revenues, with Ahmad ibn 'Attab, and (his
friends) the dependents of *Aly son of Abu '1-
Gharat, stretched forth their hands oppressively
over the people. The}^ created disorder and dis-
turbance in the city and they cavilled at the Da'y
Saba, making use of language calculated to excite
anger and to offend, their adversaries' pride. The
Da'y was meanwhile assiduously occupied, through

* Kliazraji says (see extracts in Note 57) tliat DumlLnvah was
ca^jtured by Zuray' in a.u. 480.

The Zurayites. . 69

good report and through evil report, in the collec-
tioD of money and corn. All who looked to him
for protection were ill-treated and oppressed, the
followers of 'Aly being the more powerful party.
The Da'y bore his injuries in silence, but when his
patience seemed likely to lead to the extinction of
his authority, he determined upon an open struggle
with his enemies. He appointed his deputy, the
Sheykh as-Sa'id al-Muwati'ak BiM son of Jarir,
over Aden, and ordered him to stir up the people,
and to promote war in the city. Bilal, who was a
man of energy and sagacity, obeyed. Saba mean-
while collected a force of Arabs from among the
Banu Hamdan, and from among the tribes of Janb
ibn As'ad (ibn Hurab ?), *Anbas ('Ans ?), Khaulan,
Himyar, Madhhij, and others. He hurried down
from the mountains, [from Dumluwah,] and con-
fronted his enemies in Wadi Lahj. The Da'y Saba
possessed in that valley a walled village, known by
the name of Bany Abbah,*'^ which he occupied with
his brethren of the family of Zuray'. The retainers
of his kinsman Mas'iid possessed in the same valley
a large walled city called az-Za'azi'. The two
parties encamped near their respective towns, and
they fought one another with unexampled determi-
nation.

The cruelty of our kindred inflicts a deeper wound — than the
blows of a sharp-cutting sword. "^

I have been told by the Da'y Muhammad ibn
Saba, that he was out on one occasion with a recon-
noitring party for Saba. They came in sight of
'Aly ibn Abi '1-G-harat and of his uncle Man? ibn
Mas'iid. No horse, said the son of Saba, ever
carried braver or bolder men than these two. " "We
took to flight," he continued, *' but we were over-
52 taken by Man? ibn Mas'iid." " Tell your father, 0
youth," he shouted, " to stand firm, for this evening

yo ^Omarah.

there shall surely be kisses bestowed upon us by
the Jushamite maidens within his tents."*'^ AVhen
I informed my father of these words, he rode fortb
in person and addressed the Banu adh-Dhib, who
were present, and who were his nearest kinsmen :
*' The mercenary Arab horsemen (their allies) were
not equal," he said, " to the heat of battle. Fire
can be mastered only by him that kindles it. Meet
your kinsmen and bear the fierce heat of battle
yourselves, otherwise there is nought before you
but defeat and disgrace."

The two armies joined in action and one of our
horsemen, charging Mani' son of Mas'ud, dealt
him a thrust with his lance, which divided his
upper lip and the extremity of his nose. The battle
raged on both sides with lance-thrusts, heavy blows
of the sword and the destruction of horses. The
assembled Arabs looked eagerly on, but the Banu
Hamdan at length charged, and interposed them-
selves between the two parties. At the same
moment, the combatants were separated by the
Lahj, which came rushing in a torrent down its
bed. The two parties stood still on either bank of
the stream, conversing with one another. The Da'y
Saba, or some other person, turned towards Mani'
ibn Mas'ud. " What sayest thou," he asked, " 0
Abu Mudafi', of the Jushamite maidens' kisses this
evening ? " "I say of them," answered ManI', " as
has been said by the poet al-Mutanabbi: —

Lance-thrusts to those that love them are as kisses." "

Mani'u's answer has ever since been greatly
praised and admired, by reason of the aptness of his
quotation to the circumstances.

The war at az-Za'azi', said to me the Da'y
Muhammad ibn Saba, endured for two years. 'Aly
son of Abu '1-Gharat at first distributed money
without taking account thereof, whilst the Da'y

The Zurayites. ji

abstained from similar liberality, and the minds of
the people were nigh to being turned against him ;
but when 'Aly's cause gave way, the Da'y expended
money with a liberality which it would never have
entered the mind of any man to expect. I recollect,
he continued, that on a certain day, a member of
the tribe of Hamdan came into the presence of the
Da'y Saba, who was then occupying a tent in his
53 camp. " Let me be a partaker of thy bounty, 0
Abu Himyar," said the Hamdanite. No one was
with them but myself. " Thou knowest," continued
the man, " that war is a devouring fire, and that
men and horses are its fuel. I desire of thee that
thou pay me the price of my blood, which amounts
to one thousand dinars." The Da'y consented.
" Also," continued the man, *' the blood money of
my son So and so, and of his brother." He received
two thousand dinars on their account. " May God
preserve thee from evil, 0 Abu Himyar," he there-
upon said, " but there remains a claim for the
horses that were destroyed." '' Did destruction
extend to the horses ? " asked the Da'y. " Pay me
the price of the horses," answered the Hamdanite,
" as thou hast paid me the blood money." The
Da'y handed over to him a purse containing five
hundred dinars. " But there is," said the man,
*' another thing which I think thy generosity, O
Abu Himyar, will not allow thee to deny me."
" What is it ? " "I desire to marry So and so,
daughter of Such a one. Thou knowest how dis-
tinguished a family they are, and I am not possessed
of sufficient wealth to approach them in a suitable
manner." The Da'y gave one hundred dinars.
" May est thou prosper and increase in wealth,"
said the Hamdanite. " There remains but one
thing more. It would ill become me to marry
whilst my two sons are unable to do so." The
Da'y gave him two hundred dinars, for each

72 ^Omarah.

son one liunclred. The Hamdanite arose, but on
reaching the entrance of the tent, he came back and
said : " By AUah ! I will not, of a certainty, ask
thee another thing save this one, for which I have
returned. I have a daughter who has not a
husband. An evil thing it were that I and her
brothers should marry, whilst she remains single.'*
" What is to be done ? "' asked the Da'y. " Pay me
a sum wherewith I may be able to marry her."
The Da'y gave him one hundred dinars more and
quoting the poet's saying, in the rajaz metre, he
exclaimed : —

*■ Zayd's beard had to be thinned, and it was plucked out by the
roots."

I was informed by the Da'y Muhammad ibn Saba
and by Bilal ibn Jarir al-Muhammady, that Saba
expended upon the war with Sultan 'Aly son of
Abu I'-Gharat, three hundred thousand dinars. His
means were then exhausted, and he borrowed money
from the merchants of Aden who supported his
cause, such as the Sharif Abu '1-Hasan Muhammad
ibn Abi 'l-'Omari, a descendant of (the second
Khalifah) 'Omar ibn al-Khattab, Sheykh Abu '1-
Hasan 'Aly ibn Muhammad ibn A'yan, Zafir ibn
Farah and others.
54 The Da'y Saba died at Aden, seven months after
his conquest of az-Za'azi', still owing on account of
the money he had borrowed, a debt of thirty
thousand dinars, which was paid by his son,
al-A'azz 'Aly ibn Saba. The Sheykh as-Sa'id
Bilal, son of Jarlr al-Muhammady, told me that
wdien he took the fortress of al-Khadra at Aden,
and captured the Honourable Lady Bah j ah, mother
of Sultan *Aly ibn Abi '1-Gharat, he found treasures
under her keeping which it was not possible for hira
to match, although the whole of Aden had been in his
possession for a considerable length of time. From

The Zurayites.

/ o

Aden to Lalij, he also said, is the distance of a
night's journey, and he remembered writing from
Aden with the news of the conquest of the city,
and of his having captured al-Khadra. He sent a
messenger with the glad tidings to the Da'y Saba
ibn Abi Su'ud. The same day on which he took
al-Khadra, the Da'y captured the city of az-Za'Tizi',
and Bilal's messenger met one bringing similar glad
tidings from the Da'y, a coincidence which, as he
observed, was one of the most remarkable recorded
in history.

'Aly ibn Abi '1-Grharat took refuge in the two
fortresses of Munif and al-Jabalah (?). They be-
longed to the people of Saba Suhayb, whose country
is the higher portion of Lahj.'^^ He, Muhammad ibn
Man? ibn Mas'ud and Ri'yah son of Abu '1-Gharat,
were slain by Muhammad ibn Saba at Lahj in the
year 545.

The Da'y Saba entered Aden, but, as we have
stated, he lived in it for only seven months. He
was buried at the foot of at-Ta'kar within the city.
' He bequeathed his crown to his son 'AI3" al-A'azz.
His death occurred in a.h. 533, one year after the
death of the Honourable Lady, the Queen (Sayyi-
dah).

The Amir al-A'azz al-Murtada 'Aly, son of Saba,
dwelt at Dumliiwah. He meditated putting Bilal
to death at Aden, but died of consumption. He
bequeathed the crown to his sons Hatim, 'Abbas,
Mansiir, and Mufaddal, all of whom were in their
infancy. He appointed Anis al-A'azzi and the
Governor Yahya ibn 'Aly, who was his wazir and
secretary, to be guardians of the children.

Muhammad son of Saba, had fled from his
brother, seeking refuge at Ta'izz and Sabir with
the Amir Mansur ibn Mufaddal ibn Abi 'l-Barakat,
from whom he received protection. When 'Aly
died at Dumluwah, Bilal sent certain Hamdanites

74 'Omcu^ak.

from Aden. They took Muhammad ibn Saba from
under the protection of Mansur ibn al-Mufaddal,
65 and brought him down to Aden. Bilal placed him
upon the throne and made the people and officers
of the goverument swear obedience unto him. He
married him to his daughter and the wedding was
celebrated with great splendour. He besieged Anis
and the Governor Yahya ibn *Aly at Dumluwah.
The fortress was taken, and the whole country
submitted to Bilal. When I reproached Anis for
having surrendered Dumluwah, a place of great
strength, he answered that had he not submitted
the female slaves and women would have beaten
him to death with their clogs. Whilst the siege
was proceeding he heard them, he said, saying to
one another: "Curses be upon the slave who covets
the like of what we require. Who is he to oppose
one so much better for us than himself?" meaning
thereby the brother of their lord, Muhammad ibn
Saba.

The Kadi ar-Rashid Ahmad ibn az-Zubayr had
started from the Holy Gates (of the Imperial Palace
at Cairo) in a.h. 534, with a charter of investment
to the noble office of Da'y, in the name of al-A'azz
al-Murtada 'Aly, son of Saba. On his arrival, he
found that *Aly was dead, and he invested Muham-
mad son of Saba, giving him the titles of the Most
Great, the Groivned, the Mighty. Upon Muhammad's
wazlr Bilal son of Jarir, he bestowed the titles of
the Auspicious Chief, the Divinely -assisted, the
Righteous.

The Da'y Muhammad was a man of a generous
disposition, universally praised, fond of eulogy,
liberal in his rewards to those who eulogized him,
and himself a skilful improviser. He treated men
of culture and learning with generosity and often
introduced one or more verses in his conversation.
I once saw him on a feast day in the Musalla,*^'' out-

The Zttrayitcs. 75

side the city of al-Juwwali (Hinwali ?), seated on a
spot where he suffered from the hot rays of the sun.
Poets were present who strove with one another for
liberty to recite their verses. " Tell them," he
said to me, '* and raise your voice so that they may
hear, that they need not crowd around me, for I
will not leave this place until they have finished."
The poets were thirty in number and he rewarded
each one.

I remember being with him one night in his
palace at al-Juwwah, whence I intended proceeding
to Aden. He had with him the two Kadis, Abu
Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Yafi'y the Janadite and
Abu M-Fath ibn as-Sahl, besides others of his prin-
cipal courtiers, such as the two sons of Kasim, Saba
and Muhammad, both of whom were shining lights,
and one of the two, Muhammad, was a physician
and astrologer. Several of the eulogists I have
spoken of, ten in number, had assembled at his
gates. The Da'y produced the poems and, turning
to the persons assembled around him, he asked what
reward he ought, in their opinion, to bestow upon
the authors. His companions mentioned various
sums, not one of which exceeded one hundred
56 dinars. " Make it," he said, *' three hundred
dinars. It is little enough." Thereupon he arose,
and we superintended the division of the money.

We were present with him one day at the palace
of al-Hajr, at a place known as al-Jannat. Several
poets were in his company, among others Safy ad-
Daulah Ahmad ibn 'Aly al-Hakly and the chief
Kadi Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Yafi'y the Janad-
ite. He was a distinguished poet and author of
extemporaneous verses, which no studied lines have
ever excelled. Also the Kadi Yahya ibn Ahmad
ibn Abi Yahya, Kadi of San'a, who, in the opinion
of the people of Yaman, occupies a rank among
poets equal to that of Ibn al-Kumm. The Da'y

76 ^ Omar ah.

extemporized two lines of verse on a certain metre
that occurred to him, and he promised to give the
robes he wore and the money about his person, to
him among the persons present, who should be the
first to supplement his verses. The poets were
slow in the accomplishment of their task and the
Kadi Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Yafi'y distanced
his compauions in the race. He was close to me.
I stole the paper out of his hand and I contrived
to have his words in readiness on my lips. I
thus appropriated the two lines he had composed.
Standing up, I recited them to the Da'y, and re-
ceived the Kadi's prize. His shot hit the mark, but
I had purloined the arrow, and I carried off the
money and the robes. The stream of the Da'y's
liberaUty flowed in torrents for the benefit of the
talented men about him. Not one of them but re-
ceived a dress of honour and was rewarded with
generous gifts.

In the year 549 (read 547) the Da'y Muhammad
ibn Saba purchased, from the Amir Mansur son of
al-Mufaddal, all the strongholds that had formerly
belonged to the Sulayhites.* They consisted of
twenty-eight castles and cities, among which were
the cities of Dhu Jiblah, Dhu Ashrak, and Ibb.
He bought them at the price of one hundred thou-
sand dinars. Mansur adopted his two fortresses of
Sabir and Ta'izz as his places of residence and he
divorced his wife.^' Her name was Arwa, daughter
of 'Aly, son of Abd Allah the Sulayhite. The Da'y
went up to Mikhlaf (Ja'far). He made Dhu Jib-
lah his place of residence and married the repudiated
wife of the Amir Mansur ibn al-Mufaddal. He
married also the Honourable Wuhazite Lady,
the daughter of Sultan As'ad ibn Wail ibn 'Isa.
He removed her place of residence from as-Sarihani
to the palace of Ibn Siba'. The poets vied more
* See Note 5G.

The Zurayites. yy

tlian ever with one another in eulogies and con-
gratulations on the subject of the fortresses he had
acquired, and of the guarded and hidden jewels, the
two wives above mentioned. The Da'y was intoxi-
cated with gladness by his successes and his hands
were widely opened in distributions of gifts. One
morning I went up to Dhu Jiblah, accompanied by
^7 the Sheykh Abu '1-Hasan ibn 'Aly ibn Muhammad
the Sulayhite and by the Sheykh al-Murajja al-
Harani, and from Dhu Jiblah we proceeded to the
fortress of Habb. Every paper that was handed to
the Da'y, he marked with the words, Honour he-
longeth to God alone. On reaching the castle, we
reckoned up the papers in the possession of the poets.
The Da'y's treasurers were the Sheykhs Ahmad ibn
Musa ibn Abi 'z-Zarr the governor and Rayhan
al-Muhammady. The sum to be paid was found to
amount to five thousand dinars. Sheykh Ahmad
ibn Musa objected to it as unreasonably large and
proposed that we should consult the Da'y on the
subject. Sheykh Rayhiln, however, answered that
as for him, he was not wearied of his life. " By
Allah ! " he said, " if you speak to him on the sub-
ject, you will not leave his presence without under-
going the effects of his anger." The entire sum
was paid that same day. The Kadi Yahya ibn
Ahmad ibn Abi Yahya eulogized the Da'y at Dliu
Jiblah in an ode, for which he was rewarded with a
donation of five hundred dinars and with a dress of
honour.

I arrived from Tiharaah at a time when I was
indebted to the Prince for a sum he had confided to
me for certain purposes of his own. I received a
letter at Zabid, sent from Dhu Jiblah, in which he
invited me to join him, which I did. When I stood
before him, he asked me what I had brought him.
I answered enumerating the things I had procured
for him, to which he replied that he wanted noufdit

78 ^Omarah.

l)ut verses. " By Allah ! " I said to him, " I have
not composed a word of poetry, nor can I do so for
fear of the people of Zabid, who make my verses a
subject of reproach to me." He, however, desisted
not from pressing me until he put me to shame and
I improvized lines on the same metre as that upon
which the Kadi Yahya ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Yahya
composed his verses. When I recited them he ex-
claimed : "1 rewarded the Kadi with five hundred
dinars and a dress of honour. I reward you with a
like sum out of the amount in your hands, but in
bestowing upon you a dress of honour, I will distin-
guish you over him, by giving you the robes I have
on at this moment." I received the money and the
robes, and the circumstance was one of the causes
of the hatred the Abyssinians entertained against
me, and of their desire to kill me, a design from
which I was preserved by God Most High.^^

The generous deeds performed by the Da'y Mu-
hammad ibn Saba are more than it is possible to
enumerate. He died in the year 548,* and was suc-
^8 ceeded by his son 'Imran ibn Muhammad ibn Saba.
The people of Zabid prohibited me from going to him,
and God decreed my journey to Egypt in a.h. 551,
as envoy from the prince of the two great and holy
cities. I obtained, on returning to Yaman, a letter
from Malik as-Salih (Talai' ibn Ruzayk) to the Da'y
'Imran son of Muhammad, asking him for a settle-
ment of the account of moneys, for which, at the
time of his father's death, I was still indebted and
which amounted to three thousand dinars. " What
is the purport of Malik as-Srdili's letter," inquired
the Da'y. The Kadi ar-Rashid informed him in
reply that it asked for a settlement of the account.
" Let 'Omarah offer us two lines of verse," answered
the Da'y, " in which he shall strictly observe the

* Sec Note 70.

The Zurayites. 79

laws of rhyme, and tlie acconnt sliall be regulated."
Then he asked for paper, and wrote as follows : —

"In the name of God, the Merciful, tlie Gracious. I hereby
declare, and I am 'Imrfm, son of the Mighty Da'y Muhammad,
son of the Most Noble Da'y Saba, son of Abu Su'ud. son of Zuray',
son of 'Abbas the Yamite, that the Jurist 'Omarah, son of al-
Hasan * the Hakamite, is exempt from all liability for the money
he owed and was unable to pay to our lord the Da'y Muhammad
son of Saba, amounting to two thousand seven hundred Malikiyah
dinars."

I again departed from Arabia in the year 552.
Travellers arriving in Egypt from Yaman never
ceased relating, touching the strength of character
of the Da'y and his generosity, things fit to humble
Fortune when it shapes the course of events and
the rain of heaven, when its copious and beneficent
showers water the thirsty soil.

He died in the year 560, leaving three sons,
Muhammad, Abu Su'ud and Mansiir, none of whom
has yet attained the years of manhood at the present
time, namely the month of Muharram of the year
564 of the Hijrah, the blessings of God and His
peace be upon its originator.*'®

The following is a slight sketch (a supplement to
the foregoing particulars), poor and inadequate as
the residue of liquid at the bottom of a cup, of the
history of the Auspicious, the Divinely-assisted, the
Righteous Chief, Abu 'n-Nadi Jarir son of Bilal
(read Bilal son of Jarir) al-Muhammady.

We have already mentioned that he governed

59 Aden on behalf of his master Saba. *Aly al-A'azz

allowed him to remain, and the city continued under

his rule from the year 534 until 546 or 547, when

he died. Worldly greatness is surely vanity ! ^"

I have been told by Sheykh Ma'mar ibn Ahmad
ibn 'Attab, and by the learned scholar Abu Bakr
ibn Ahmad al-'Abdi, both of whom possessed

* Son of Abu '1-Hasan 'Aly ?

8o ^Oniarah.

special knowledge of all that relates to Bilal, that
lie left in money alone six hundred and fifty thousand
Maliki dinars and upwards of three hundred
thousand dinars in Egyptian coin. He left also
several huhars weight ^^ of silver plate, consisting
of ornaments, horses' and mules' trappings, swords
and lances, inkstands, basins and ewers, candle-
sticks, Ma'ash (?) articles for presents, bath-basins,
drinking-cups, cloaks (?), silver lace, utensils en-
crusted with gold, Sulayhi daggers, silver goblets
and haHiyat (?), weighing altogether livebuhars and
two hundred pounds. As to clothing and merchan-
dise, stores and warehouses were filled with them;
Thus it was also in the matter of perfumes and such
like. Also accoutrements and arras, rarities from
India and beautiful objects from China, from North
Africa and from 'Irak, variegated stuffs (?) from
Egypt, from 'Oman and from Kirman, all in
quantities which it is impossible to reckon. All
passed over by his bequest into the possession of
his master the Da'y Muhammad, son of Saba. The
latter in the course of two years spent the whole in
works of piety and benevolence.

Bilal died leaving several sons, grown up men.
Among them were the Sheykh Mudafi' son of Bilal,
who succeeded him in the office of wazir. He died,
and the wazir Abu 'I-Faraj Yasir, son of Bilrd al-
Muhamraady, assumed the guardianship of the two
young Amh^s, the sons of 'Imran ibn Muhammad,
as well as that of their brother Mansiir.* Yasir is
not inferior to his father in resolution and strength
of character, or in bravery. As for the virtue of
generosity, he is renowned for it, he is celebrated
for it, and he is surnamed after it.

* The above is the nearest sense I can give to the much
mutiUitod sentence in our MS. But there is practically no room
for doubt that a version, which represents Yusir as the guardian
of 'Imran's children, is substantially incorrect. See Note C9.

The BanTi Najah. 8i

60 History of the Family op Najaii, the Abyssinian
Kings op Zabid.

AL-Mn'ayyad Nasir ad-dIn Najali continued to rule
over Tihrimah, from the dominions of Ibn Tarf to
Aden, the kings of the highlands showing respect for
his dynasty, and dreading his power. This endured
until the Da'y 'Aly son of Muhammad the Sulayhite
brought about his death, by means of a slave girl,
whom he sent to Najilh as a present, in the year 452.
The sons of .Najah retained possession of Tihamah
for two years after their father's death, and during
that period affairs were conducted by one of their
freedmen, of the name of Kahlan. They were men
of resolute character, but some members of the
family were still in their youth.

Ere long the Da'y 'Aly the Sulayhite dispossessed
them of their kingdom (in a.h. 455), and after their
arrival in the Island of Dahlak they became dis-
persed. Mu'arik, the eldest of the family, in an
access of folly committed suicide. As for adh-
Dhakhirah, she had barely attained the age of
puberty. Sa'id al-Ahwal, who afterwards slew the
Sulayhite, (and Jayyash) were the two manliest
characters of their house. Each cultivated litera-
ture, and enjoyed a prolonged life and great power.
But their father Najah brought up their elder brother
Mu*arik to succeed him.

Jayyash disguised himself and entered the city of
Zabid. Having recovered possession of certain de-
posits due to him by 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Tahir al-
Kaybi, he returned to Dahlak, where he remained
for a certain length of time, in the days of as-
Sulayhi, applying himself with distinguished success
to the acquisition of learning. Sa'id al-Ahwal and
he were born of the same mother, but Sa'id was

82 * Omar ah.

the elder, and the adventures lie met with are the
strangest that ever were recorded.

He departed from Dahlak for Zabid in anger
with his brother Jayyash, who had prevented him
from practising treachery against the Prince of
Dahlak. Sa'id concealed himself at Zabid in the
house of the Ea'is Mula'ib the Khaulanite. This
man belonged to the lower orders of the people,
but he was more than any other person attached
to the family of Najah. Sa'id dug for himself a
refuge in the grounds occupied by the dwelling-
places of Mula'ib, and he generally abode therein.
He then wrote to his brother Jayyash at Dahlak,
ordering him to come to Zabid, and announcing the
speedy downfall of the Sulayhites and the restora-
tion of their own family. On Jayyash's arrival,
Sa'id openly rose against his enemies at the head of
a band of seventy men. Not one of them possessed
a horse, nor had the}'' any other weapon than iron
61 nails mounted on palm-sticks. Ahmad ibn Falah,
chief of the Office of Control * at Zabid, has told
me that when Sa'id went forth from the city, he
and his followers met a mounted soldier. They
killed him, and Sa'id appropriated the horse he was
riding. Sa'id started from Zabid, on his way to
attack as-Sulayhi, at the close of the ninth day of
Dhu '1-Ka'dah', of the year 473.

" We set forth," says Jayyash son of Najah, "by
the sea-board road, avoiding the royal highway for
fear of being intercepted by the enemy. By forced
marches the distance to al-Mahjam could be per-
formed in three days. The news of our insurrection
had preceded us and had reached as-Sulayhi. Both
the highlands and the plains were, at the time,
filled with rumours. •{* The time had come, it was

* Diwan at-Taliklk. See Makrizi's Khitat, vol. ii. p. 401.
t The conjunction tlmnima, which occurs at this point, perhaps
indicates an omission in the MS.

The Band. Najah. 8

a

said, for the uprising of Sa'id al-Ahwal son of
Najah, and there was hardly a mosque or place of
assembly, a college, or market, or public road, in
which the matter was not discussed, though we
endeavoured, from motives of prudence, to act
secretly. But Sa'Id openly made oath by Grod Most
High, that he would slay his enemy, that he was
the destined master of the day, and he spoke in
that tone to most people.

" As-Sulayhi, on hearing of our revolt, despatched
against us a detachment of his army, consisting of
five thousand Abyssinian spearmen, most of whom
were our own servants and kinsmen, and he
ordered them to bring him the heads of the squint-
eyed Sa'id, of his brother, and of his other com-
panions.

" By adopting the sea-board road, we avoided the
troops. I remember that when night closed in
upon us at al-Murawi'ah,* in the province of al-
Kadra, a man stepped forward from behind the
hillocks in the valley, and addressing us, said that
we had doubtless strayed from our way. We
replied that it was so, whereupon he desired us to
follow him, and he walked before us until day broke,
when we lost sight of him. We underwent great
fatigue and suffering from travelling barefooted by
day and by night. Sa'id, walking in our midst
whilst the horse was led, continually exclaimed :
' 0 morning of prosperity, of triumph, and of
happiness ! Make ye haste unto the man, lest to-
morrow he die otherwise than by our hands. By
Allah ! to-morrow's sun shall not rise and he still in
this world ! " We continued our march without
'2 intermission, until we at length entered the borders
of the camp.

* Al-Murawi'ali is mentioned in tlie Taj al-'Ariis as the name
of a village in Yaman, the burial-place of a member of the family
of al-Ahdal.

G 2

84 ^Oinurah.

" We were mistaken for servants and followers of
as-Sulayhi, and none heeded us, saving 'Abd Allali
son of Muhammad the Sulayhite, who, mounting his
charger, suddenly called to his brother : * To horse,
my lord ! for this, by Allah, is al-Ahwal son of
Najah, with his armed following, of whom we have
received warning by As'ad ibn Shihab's letter from
Zabid.' As-Sulayhi, in reply to his brother, ex-
claimed that he was destined to die at no other
place but ad-Duhaym and Bir (the well of) Umm
Ma'bad. He believed that the well (referred to in
the prediction) was that bearing tlie same name, at
which the Apostle of God (upon whom be blessings
and salutations of peace) halted, on the occasion of
his flight in company with Abu Bekr. But Mash'al
the 'Akkite exclaimed : ' Defend thyself, for this,
by Allah, is the well of Duhaym ibn 'Abs, and that
mosque stands on the site of the tent of Umm (the
mother of) Ma'bad, son of al-Harith the 'Absite.'
On hearing these words,*' says Jayyash, " as-Sulayhi
was overcome with despair, and he urined into his
chain-armoured tunic. He never moved from the
place where he stood, until we struck off his head
with his own sword. I was the first to strike him,
but one of ISTajah's slaves took part with me in the
deed. He it was that pierced as-Sulayhi with his
spear, and T struck off" his head with my own hand
and mounted it upon the shaft of the royal umbrella.
I ordered the drums to be beat and the trumpets to
be sounded, and I mounted Sulayhi's Hadraniauti
horse named adh-Dhabbal. As for 'Abd Allali son
of Muhammad the Sulayhite, the bravest of Arab
horsemen, he charged us and killed several of our
people. One of our men grappled him, and both fell
to the ground. ' Kill us'both,' cried the man, ' for
my people will rejoice at my not having perished
at the hands of the vile.' Sa'Id thereupon," says
Jayyash, " transfixed both with a spear at one blow.

The Ban a Najah. ^^

He t,lien struck off the head of 'Abd Allah, imagin-
ing him to be his brother *Aly the Sulayhite.

" Sa'id mounted the horse of 'Abd Allah, and
with the two heads borne aloft before him he pro-
ceeded to the door of the mosque, in which the
Lady Asmaj dano:hter of Shihab and wife of as-
Sulaylii, was. ' Come forth,' he said to her, and
offer thy morning greeting unto the two Sultans ! '
' May God never bestow upon thee the greeting of
his favours, 0 Ahwal ! ' she replied. And, with her
face uncovered, she recited the line composed by
Imru '1-Kais the Kindite, —

63 Verily none so insolently trample upon thee as — the feeble boaster.
None so arrogant in humbling as he that hath been abased.''

" Sa'id sent a messenger to the five thousand,
whom as-Sulayhi had despatched on the previous
night with orders to slay him. ' As-Sulayhi,' he
said, ' has suffered death. I am a man of your own
race, and the honours I gain are acquired by you.'
He remained at the gate of the mosque, the two
heads set up before him, and the air filled with the
sound of the beating of drums, until the men arrived.
They saluted him, and with their aid he plundered
and captured and massacred the soldiers of
as-Sulayhi. Sa'id," continues Jayyash, " became
intoxicated with pride, and assumed a haughty
demeanour even towards me his brother, son both
of his father and of his mother. I advised him to
show kindness to the Lady Asraa, and to grant an
amnesty to the Princes of the Sulayhite family who
accompanied her. They were one hundred and
seventy in number, all mistrusted by Sulayhi, who
feared lest, in his absence, they should betray him.
I advised him also to spare the Kahtanite chieftains,
who were likewise with her, thirty-five in number,
to send, through the Princess, a letter to her son
al-Mukarram son of 'Aly, to write that his blood

86 ^ Omar ah.

feud was satisfied, that he had won back his king-
dom, that in kindness to al-Mukarram lie sent him
his mother, guarded and protected, and that he had
granted an amnesty to al-Mukarram's kinspeople.
' By Allah, my lord,' I said to him, ' if thou do this,
the Banu Kahtun will not dispute thy sovereignty
over Tihamah, and if thou decline my advice, their
sense of wounded honour will to a certainty stir and
impel them to invade thy country.' Sa'id answered
me in the words of the ancient poet, —

Beware of sparing the viper, after crushing her tail. — If thou art
wise, her head shall share the fate of her tail.

" He then ordered the Sulayhites to be brought
forth, and they were slain to the last man. The
mercy of God be upon them ! I saw an old man
among them, who sought to protect himself behind
his son, and the spear passed through the bodies of
both. May God preserve us from the grievous
pressure of calamity ! I shall never forget," con-
tinues Jayyash, " the sight of as-Sulayhi's head
mounted upon the shaft of the royal umbrella, nor
the voice of the Kur'an reader : S^cm/, 0 God, Lord
of Eminre, Thou givest sovereignty unto ivhom Thou
ivillest, and Thou takest it from ivhom Thou ivlllest.
Thou raisest luhom Thou wiliest, and Thou a^hasest
whom Thou iviUest. In Thy hands is all good, and
04 Thy boundless power is over all things* Neither
can I forget the words of the poet al-'Othmani, part
of an ode which he improvized on the spot, and in
which he described the royal canopy : —

How unsightly was his face under its shade ! — How comely his
his head upon its stem ! "

Three days after the battle, Sa'id departed for
Zabid, carrying the two heads with him. The vain
possession of a kingdom was one of the spoils of his

* Kur'an, S. iii. v. 25.

The Banii Najah. 87

victory, together with a large amount of booty. It
comprised two thousand horses and three thousand
camels, with their harness and furniture. He en-
tered Zabid on the sixteenth day of the month of
Dhu '1-Ka'dah of the year 473, with the heads of
as-Sulayhi and his brother borne before the htter
of the Honourable Lady Asma daughter of Shihab.
He placed her in the house of Shahar, and the two
heads were set up opposite her casement.

As'ad ibn Shihab fled from Zabid, and took
refuge with al-Mukarram at San'a. The death of
as-Sulayhi filled the hearts of all men with dread of
Sa'id ibn Najah. The governors of the (mountain)
fortresses seized possession of the places confided
to their rule, and the authority of al-Mukarram was
all but destroyed. That of Sa'ld in Tihamah, on
the contrary, acquired great strength, and he sent
persons to Abyssinia to purchase for him twenty
(thousand) spearmen. Al-Mukarram continued
deprived of all knowledge of his mother, the
Honourable Lady Asma daughter of Shihab, until
he attacked Zabid, and rescued her in the manner
we have already related. Sa'id subsequently re-
turned,* recaptured the city, and expelled the
governors appointed by al-Mukarram. He continued
to rule over it until he was killed in a.h. 481, in the
battle of the castle of Sha'ir, the result of a strata-
gem contrived by Queen Sayyidah, daughter of
Ahmad, and wife of the King al-Mukarram, as has
likewise been mentioned.

* From Dahlak, in a.h. 479 {KM.).

^ Omar ah.

How Jatyash son of Najah went to India, accom-
panied BY THE WAzIe KasIM AL-MuLK AbU

Sa'Id Khalf son of Abu Tahir the Omayyad,
descendant of soleyman ibn hisham son of
'Abd al-Malik.

Jayyash proceeds witli Lis relation as follows : —
*' After these events I disguised myself, and I went
to Aden, accompanied by the wazir Khalf, son of
65 Abu Tahir. We proceeded to India in the year
481, and after remaining in that country for six
months, we returned the same year to Yaman.
One of the most wonderful things I experienced in
India was on the occasion of our meeting a man
who came from Sarandib. Everyone rejoiced at
his presence, and it was believed that he possessed
knowledge of the future. Upon our questioning
him respectiugour affairs, he gladdened us with pre-
dictions, not one word of which failed to be accom-
plished. I bought an Indian slave girl, and she
arrived with me in Yaman, being at that time in
her fifth month of pregnancy. On landing at Aden,
I sent the wazir Khalf in advance of me to Zabid,
by the sea-board road, and I ordered him to spread
reports of my having died in India, to apply for a
personal amnesty, to acquaint me with the actual
situation of our affairs, and to inform me who of
our people remained with the Abyssinians. I my-
self went to Dhu Jiblah, where I fully acquainted
myself with the condition of al-Mukarram ibn *Aly,
liow ho had given himself over to the pursuit of
pleasure, how he had become physically weakened,
and how he had abandoned the direction of affairs
to his wife, Queen Sayyidah daughter of Ahmad,
From the highlands I descended to Zabid, where I
joined the wazir Ibn Khalf, and received from him

The Banu Najah. 89

intelligence respecting our friends, our kinsmen
and our servants, wliicli filled me with satisfaction.
He told me that they were in great numbers in the
country, but that they wanted a leader. I assumed
the guise of an Indian, allowed my beard to spread
over my face, my hair and nails to grow long, and
I covered one of my eyes with a black cloth. I
dwelt close to the royal palace, and when people
went forth in the morning, I used to proceed to the
mastabah (bench at the outer gate) of 'Aly ibn al-
Kumm, who was wazir to the governor appointed
by the King al-Mukarram ibn 'Aly. I heard him
say one day (as he went past?), 'By Allah, if I could
find a dog of the family of Najfdi, of a certainty I
would make him King of Zabid.' This was said in
consequence of some cause of offence that had arisen
between him and the governor As'ad ibn Shibab.
Husayn, son of 'Aly the Kummite, the poet came
forth on a certain day. He was at that time the
most skilful chess-player of all the inhabitants of
Zabid. ' Indian,' he asked me, ' art thou a good
chess-player? ' I answered that I was. A¥e played,
and I beat him at the game, whereupon he barely
restrained himself from violence against me. He
went in to his father and told him that he had been
66 beaten at chess. His father replied that there had
never been a person at Zabid who could overcome
him, excepting only Jayyash the son of Najah, and
he, he continued, has died in India. 'Aly, the father
of Husayn, then came forth to me. He was an ex-
ceedingly skilful player and we played together. I
was unwilling to defeat him, and the match ended
in a drawn game. He was greatly pleased with me,
and admitted me to his intimacy. Every day and
every evening he used to say: ' God speed you unto
us, 0 family of Najah ! ' At night I used to joia
the wazir Khalf, and we were parted during the
day. I occupied myself, meanwhile, in writing to

90 ^ Omar ah.

the Abyssinians who were scattered in the pro-
vinces, ijidding them to be in readiness. When five
thousand spearmen had assembled, dispersed in the
outskirts of the city and within its walls, I told
the wazir Khalf that a certain sura was due
to me by 'Omar ibn Suhaym. I desired him to
receive ten thousand dinars and to distribute the
money among the men who had assembled, which
he did. I (again) saw the wazir at night, and
informed him that my Lord the Ka'id Husayn ibn
Salamah had appeared to me in my sleep. He had
promised me that the kingdom we desired to
regain would return unto us, and that the event
would occur on the night of the delivery of the
Indian slave girl. Husayn, I moreover told him,
after speaking these words, had turned to a man on
his right hand and had asked : 'Is it not so, 0
Prince of the Faithful ? ' and the man so addressed
replied : ' Yea verily, and sovereignty will belong
to the descendants of the child for a long period of
time.' ^^

" I remember that on a certain day," continues
Jayyash, " 'Aly ibn al-Kumm returned from the
palace to his own house, in a state of extreme anger.
On becoming calmer he said to me : ' Come up,
Indian, that I may play chess with thee.' "Whilst
we were playing, his son Husayn entered and beat
one of his slaves with a whip. I was struck by
the end of the whip, and I heedlessly uttered an
exclamation such as habitually escaped me whenever
anything startled me. The words I used were :
' I am Abu 't-Tami ! ' ' Indian,' asked the old
man, 'what is thy name?' I answered, ^Balir.^
' Bahr ! ' he said, ' by Allah ! the epithet Abu' 't-
Tami is well suited to that name.' ^* I repented,"
continues Jaj^yaish, " of what I had said, and I began
to mistrust my companions.

" When the time had come for the recovery of our

The Danu Najah. 91

possessions, in accordance with God's decree, it
happened that I phiyed. chess with Husayn, the
poet, son of al-Kumm. No person was present but
67 his father 'Aly, who sat on a raised seat, giving
directions to his son. He promised Husayn that
if he defeated me, he would send him to al-Mukar-
ram and to Queen Sayyidah, in charge of the
revenues of that year, and that he would give him
the present that would, as customary, be offered,
to the Grovernor of Tihamah, a sum amounting to
several thousand dinars. I purposely played a care-
less game with Husayn, desiring to conciliate his
father, and I allowed him to win. Husayn became
intoxicated with joy and gave vent to his feelings
in foolish words, with which he exulted over me. I
bore with him for his father's sake, but he stretched
forth his hand and snatched away the black cloth
that covered one of my eyes. His father stood up
reprobating the act, whilst I arose in extreme anger.
An involuntary exclamation escaped me according
to the habit I had contracted, and I uttered the
words : ' I am Jayyash ! ' It was not possible
for me to remain, but 'Aly ibn al-Kumm sprang
after me, bare-footed and trailing his cloak. He
overtook and stopped me, and then bringing forth
a copy of the Holy Volume, he swore an oath upon
it, which completely tranquillized me. No person
was present, and 1 also took oath unto him. He
ordered the palace of as-Sulayhi, the Dar al-'Izz,
to be vacated. It was carpeted and hung with
curtains and the Indian slave girl was removed
thither, together with male and female servants,
provisions and furniture. He retained me in his
house until night had set in, when he allowed me
to depart. I entered the palace and found that the
slave girl had given birth to my son al-Fatik, between
sunset and the hour of evening prayer. 'Aly ibn
al-Kumm came to me that night. He warned

92 ^Omarah,

me that what had occurred could not long remain
concealed from As'ad ibn Sliihab, and in reply I
informed him that I had five thousand spearmen
in the city. ' Victory is in thy hands,' replied
'Aly ; ' declare thyself publicly.' I told 'Aly I was
unwilling that harm should befall As'ad ibn Shihab,
who had done all he could for our family and chil-
dren, and through whose influence they had been
spared and treated with kindness. Ibn al-Kumm
desired me, in reply, to act therein as I thought
proper."

Jayyash ordered the drums and trumpets to be
sounded. The people of the city and five thousand
Abyssinians rose in arms along with him. Ibn
Shihab was taken prisoner. " Naught can defend
us against you, 0 family of Najah," he said to
Jayyash, " for man's fortunes are as the buckets of
a well (which rise full of water for the benefit now
of one, then of another). But such as I ask not
for mercy." " And such as thou, 0 Abu Hassan,"
68 answered Jayyash, " shall not suffer harm." Jayyash
treated As'ad and his children with kindness, and
sent him forth with all the property he possessed,
and with all his family.

"I took possession," says Jayyash, "of theGovern-
ment House and of its contents, in the morning that
followed the night on which my son Fatik was
born, and the promises made to me by Husayn ibn
Salamah were exactly fulfilled.

*' Ere a month had elapsed, I was at the head of
twenty thousand spearmen, men who were our
servants and kinsmen and who were hitherto dis-
persed in the provinces.* Praised be He who
exalteth them that were abased, and giveth abun-
dance unto them that were in want ! "

* I have suggested in a note to the Arabic text, the substitu-
tion— tliough licit altogether satisfactory — of (^Li;«.* for ^ n»<;-....
The "word ^■kJix.J):^^ has since then occurred to me as a more pro-
bable reading.

The Ban II Najah. 93

Thenceforward Jayjasli suffered no material
harm at the hands of al-Mukarram, none greater
than incursions into the territories of Zabid. It
was in this condition of affairs that Hasayn ibn al-
Kumm composed the following line, addressed to
Jayyash upon his slaying the chief Kadi al- Hasan
(Husayn ?) ibn Abi 'Akamah : — ■

Dost tliou flee when al-IMukarram poiseth his lance ? — And dost
thou display thy bravery against one who neither sought
favour nor excited hostility % '^

He alluded also to the same subject in an ode
"which will be mentioned hereafter.

Thou hast dealt unrigliteously, 0 Jayyash, in slaying al-Hasaii. —
By his wicked slaughter, thou hast destroyed (lit. trans-pierced)
the glory (the eye) of his age.

Jayyash continued ruler of Tihamah from 482
until the year 498, when he died, in the month of
Dhu '1-Hijjah (the last month of the year). The
children he left were al-Fatik son of the Indian
concubine, Mansur, Ibrahim, 'Abd al-Wahid, adli-
Dhakhirah and Mu'arik. It is also said that Jayyash
died in the month of Ramadan of the year 500, but
the first-mentioned date is the more probable one.

He was succeeded bj^ his son al-Fatik, who how-
ever was opposed by his brothers Ibrahim and 'Abd
al-Wahid. The former was a perfect horseman as
well as benevolent, cultured and generous, whilst
* Abd al-Wahid was beloved and trusted by the army.
They fought with one another, their father's slaves
taking part in their divisions, but eventually al-
Fatik son of Jayyash triumphed over his brother
'Abd al-Wrdiid. He pardoned him, treated him
69 with kindness, enriched him and conciliated him.
As for Ibrahim, he took refuge with As'ad ibn
Wa'il ibn 'Isa the Wuhiizite, who received him with
such hospitality as has never been surpassed. The
slaves of Filtik had meanwhile increased in number
and had waxed in power.

94 ^Omarak.

Fatik died in the year 503, leaving a son Mansiir,
below the age of maturity. His father's slaves
placed him upon the throne, but Ibrahim son of
Jayyash, upon the death of his brother Fatik, col-
lected troops and invaded Tihamah. He was con-
fronted by the slaves of Jayyash, and the two parties
halted opposite one another near a village named
[Huwayb, in Wadi Zabid]. The city having been
vacated by the officials of Fatik, who held the power
of Ibrahim son of Jayyash in small estimation, 'Abd
al- Wahid, Ibrahim's brother, arose in arms, took
possession of Zabid and seized the Grovernment
House. The eunuchs and servants came forth by
night with their master Mansur, and fearing 'Abd
al-Wahid on his account, they enabled him to escape
by letting him down by means of a rope, from the
walls of the city. Mansur took refuge with the
retainers of his father Fatik, but the people turned
away from him and from his supporters, and
attached themselves to 'Abd al-Wahid on his be-
coming master of Zabid, he being beloved by the
troops.

When Ibrahim son of Jayyash beheld that his
brother had forestalled him in the attainment of
supreme power at Zabid and in the possession of
the country's strongholds, he joined Husayn ibn
Abi '1-Hafat al-Hajury, who was at that time at
al-Jurayb. The Banu Abi '1-Hafat belong to the
family of the Banu Jurayb son of Sharahbll, and they
are regarded as descendants of Hamdan.^^ As for
al-Mansiir son of Fatik and his father's slaves, they
sought refuge with the King al-Mufaddal son of
Abu '1-Barakat the Himyarite Prince of Ta'kar,
and at Dim Jiblah, with the Honourable Lady the
Queen Sayyidah, daughter of Ahmad the Sulayhite,
at whose hands they met with a hospitable recep-
tion. After a time the slaves of Fatik bound them-
selves by an agreement with al-Mufaddal to relin-

The Banu Najah. 95

quisli in his favour one fourth of their country, in
return for his alliance and for his aid against 'Abd
al-AVahid son of Jayyash. Al-Mufaddal accord-
ingly drove 'Abd al- Wahid out of Zabid and placed
the supporters of Mansur in possession of the city.
[This was in the year 504.] He then, however,
formed a design to act treacherously towards the
family of Fatik and to take possession of the coun-
70 try. But he received intelhgence that the fortress
of Ta'kar had been seized by certain Jurists and
that they had possessed themselves of an amount
of wealth such as no person had ever known. Al-
Mufaddal hastily left Zabid, turning himself unto no
one, and there happened that which we have already
related, how he inflicted death upon himself by
poison, on beholding his concubines in the midst of
men, and clad in bright coloured apparel, singing
with tabours in their hands.

Thenceforward supreme power was held by
Mansur, son of Fatik and by his father's retainers.
The descendants of Fatik occupied the throne as
Princes of the countr}^ and the wazirs were selected
from among the descendants of his slaves. Of
these princes there was Mansur son of Fatik. Next
was Fatik son of Mansur, whose mother was the
Honourable and virtuous Lady, the distinguished
Pilgrim ['Alam]. When Fatik son of Mansur
died without issue, the succession passed on to the
son of his paternal uncle, who bore likewise the
name of Fatik, and who was son of Muhammad son
of Mansur, son of Fatik son of Jayyash (read son
of Muhammad son of Fatik son of Jayyash). His
accession took place in the year 553 (read in 531,
and he perished in 553). With him the dynasty
came to an end, and in the year 554 its power
passed into the hands of 'Aly ibn Mahdy, who had
rebelled in Yaman.

The descendants of Fatik son of Jayyash pos-

96 '■Omarah.

sessed none but fclie outward attributes of royalty.
The Kliutbali was recited in their names next after
that of the Abbasside Khalifah, the coinage bore
their titles, they rode forth under the royal um-
brella on festival days, and they ratified the deci-
sions of the Council. But all actual power, that of
commanding and forbidding, the conduct of affairs,
the defence of the frontiers and the accrediting of
envoys, belonged to their slaves the wazlrs, the
slaves of Fatik son of Jayyash and of JVlansur his son.
Although these wazlrs were Abyssinians, no Arab
king surpassed them in personal merit or in aught
but in nobility of lineage. They were noted for
generosity, for their brilliant estate, and for com-
bining renown in war with celebrated achievements
in times of peace.

The first to hold the office of wazir was Anis al-
Fatiki, who was member of an Abyssinian tribe
named the Jazalis, to which the kings of the dynasty
of Najah themselves belonged. Anis was stern and
harsh, greatly feared, but brave, celebrated among
the people, and just. He fought against the Arabs
71 with the result that they were effectually deterred
from making attacks upon Tihamah. After a time
he became arrogant and tyrannical, and raised for
himself a vast and strongly-built palace, the halls
of which measured thirty cubits in width, and which
contained saloons of the width of forty cubits. He
adopted also the use of the royal umbrella, and
struck coins in his own name. He formed at
length treasonable designs against his master al-
Mansur ; but knowledge of his intentions was
divulged, through his favourites, to the slaves of
Fatik, who contrived a plan for his overthrow.
Their master Mansiir son of Fatik [who had at-
tained the years of discretion], prepared a feast in
the Government House, to which he invited Anis,
and on the arrival of the wazir he struck off his

The Banu Najali. 97

head. He made a selection from tlie goods and
harim of the wazir. Amoug that which MaDsiir
acquired by pm^chase out of the heritage of Auls,
was a slave girl, an accomplished singer, named
'Alam, who bore him a son of the name of Fatik.
She was the Honourable and pious Lady, the assi-
duous performer of the pilgrimage by land and by
sea, attended by natives of Yaman, whom she pro-
tected from the dangers of the journey and against
unjust taxation and exactions.

Among other wazirs, after AnTs, was the Sheykh
Mann Allah al-Fatiki, the next after Husayn ibu
Salamah to build walls around Zabld. In his life
are combined things that were creditable to him
and others that were discreditable. Of the former
were his splendid generosity, his bravery and his
gravity of character. He it was who defeated Ibn
Najib ad-Daulah near the gate of Zabid, and killed
of his followers one hundred Arabs, three hundred
Armenian archers and five hundred Blacks. [This
was at the end of the year 518.] He fought
another battle with As'ad ibn Abi '1-Futuh, in
which upwards of one thousand Arabs were killed.
He also granted endowments to the Hanafite and
Shafi'ite Jurists' Colleges, which enriched them
beyond all other similar establishments, with lands,
articles of utility and convenience, and houses. He
liberally rewarded his eulogists. 1 was told by the
Jurist Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn 'Aly as-
Sahhami (the mercy of God be upon him !), who was
tutor to the wazir Mann Allah's sons, that he could
remember having bound eulogistic verses in praise
72 of the wazir, and that they formed ten large volumes,
the compositions of excellent, celebrated and well-
known poets. It was Mann Allah who expelled
Ahmad ibn Mas'fid al-Oazali and Mufiih al-Fatiki,
They were the two leaders of the Abyssmian cavalry,
and possessed the power of binding and loosing at

H

98 ''Omarah.

Zabid. The fears they entertained of Mann Allah
compelled them to fly, and they sought refuge in
the highlands. He thereby acquired absolute
power, and his voice became supreme.

Other circumstances in the life of Mann Allah,
such as here follow, must be remembered to his
discredit. His first act, on being appointed wazir
after the slaying of Anis, by Mansur son of Fatik
son of Jayyash in the year 517, was to bring about
the death of his master Mansur by poison, and to
set upon the throne the Prince's son Fatik ibn
Mansur, at that time a young child."

Mansur, his father Fatik and others of the family
of Jayyash left at their death more than a thousand
concubines. Every one of these fell into the hands
of the wazIr Mann Allah, with the exception of ten
women, favourites of MansCir son of Fatik. Among
these was the Honourable Lady, the Queen, mother
of Fatik son of MansCir. She forsook the palace
and built unto herself a house outside the city,
wherein the wazir could not penetrate by night,
either under a false pretence or with valid reason.
Such Avas her position, notwithstanding that her son
was King ; but she guarded herself from danger
by abandoning her son's palace, and she confided
the care of the Prince to the eunuchs, his father's
slaves. Another of these women was Umm Abi
'1-Jaysh (mother of Abu '1-Jaysh), a native by
birthplace and breeding. She had a daughter
by Mansur, and received the name of Umm Abi '1-
Jaysh on account of the disorders we are relating.'^^
She was of surpassing beauty and an accomplished
singer. Her life was prolonged down to my time.
I was in the habit of entering into her presence and
of sitting before her, being trusted with the care
of letters that passed between her and Sultan 'Abd
Allah ibn As'ad ibn Wa il the Wuhazite, who had
married the daughter she had borne to Man stir son

The Banu Najah. 99

of Fatik. Another was the IJouourable Lady Rijad.
Also the Ladies Umm Abiha, Jiiiaii al-Kubra and
Tamanni. The mother of Fatik had no fellow-
73 wife but the last-mentioned.

God having decreed the destruction of Mann
Allah al-Fatiki, the wazlr fixed his desires upon the
daughter of Mu'arik son of Jayyash, who was cele-
brated for her beauty, and he asked her to surrender
herself to him. Siie offered to ransom herself with
forty virgins chosen from among her slaves, but he
refused. She made complaint to the adherents of
her uncle Fatik and of her cousin Mansur son of
Fatik, but they dreaded the wazir and could not
help her. Thereupon the Honourable Lady Umm
Abi '1-Jaysh said : "I will protect you against
him." She brought the daughter of Mu'arik son
of Jayyash from the royal Palace to her own dwell-
ing, and she then sent a message to Mann Allah : —
" You have given rise to reports by your manner of
acting," she said to him, " injurious both to your-
self and to us. If you had addressed yourself to tne,
I would have served you effectually and no person
would have known." The wazir was overjoyed and
letters passed between him and the Lady, until at
length he sent to tell the Princess that he would
visit her at her house, in disguise, on the ensuing
night. *' God," she answered to the messenger,
" hath raised the wazir to an exalted rank, which
forbids his doing as he proposes. I myself will
visit him at his house." When it was night she
accordingly came. She sang to him and he drank,
and he w^as intoxicated with delight. She yielded
herself to him, but she then brought about his
death by means of a cloth impregnated with a deadly
poison. His flesh mouldered away and he died
that same nisfht. The son of Mansur buried the
body in his stables. The earth was levelled and
smoothed over the grave, and its site continues

H 2

lOO ^Oinarah.

unknown unto this day. Mann Allah's death
occurred on the night of Saturday, the fifteenth
of Jamadi '1-Awwal of the year 524.'^^

He was succeeded in the office of wazir to Fatik
son of Mansiir, by Ruzayk al-Fatiki, a brave and
generous man.

As to his bravery, it has been related to me by
Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah the Yafi'ite and Hira-
yarite, who was secretary to the wazIr, that he saw
Ruzayk al-Fatiki one Friday, a memorable day of
rivalry between him and Muflih. Seven spearp
were pointed against him, he wearing a double suit
of mail. He cut through the greater number oi
the spears with his sword, and although two struck,
him, he retained a firm seat in his saddle. Muflih
74 called out : " Out down the horse, or the rider
will not fall to the ground ! " Euzayk thereupon
charged Muflih, and with one blow aimed at the
horse's back behind the saddle, he divided the
animal into two separate parts. Muflih fell to the
ground, and the Banu Mash'al, who are an Arab
tribe,* interposed for his protection. As to his
generosity, it was chiefly shown to poets.

No man could eat so much as he, and his power
to devour large quantities of food was such, that ib
became jjroverbial. He had thirty children, male
and female. [After his death], the claims of the
heirs to his estate and of those among his children
and his children's children who died before the
division, passed from one to another. The rights to
the succession became subdivided and the problem
of the division so comphcated, that not one among
the Doctors of the law was able to undertake its
solution. The wazh' Muflih, and the Ka'ids Ikbal
and Mas'ud, retainers of Fatik, were each desirous
of making purchases of land and houses from the
estate, but were unable to do so in consequence of
* See Note 90.

The Banu Najah. loi

the impossibility of determining the portion belong-
ing to each heir,

in the year 539 I found at Aden an old man, a
native of Hadramaut, oi* the name of Ahmad ibn
Muhammad al-Hasib (the Reckoner). He was an
accountant, skilled in the laws of inheritance, up-
wards of eighty years of age, and he was on his
way to perform the pilgrimage. He was extremely
poor and had never, since God created him, pos-
sessed so much as two dinars. Jle disbelieved the
statement of any person who asserted he had seen
a sum of one thousand dinars, for he had been
brought up in a part of the country of Kindah
adjoining ar-Raml. A ship was wrecked on the
neighbouring sea--shore, and one of the persons on
board, a learned and pious man, was cast on shore
On the sands of ar-Raml, in the country of Kindah.
This was the Sheykh Ahmad al-Farady the Jurist.*

I took him to my dwelling-place at Aden, I
clothed him and gave orders that he should be
hospitably treated and fed, that he be cleansed and
that his beard and his hands and feet be stained
with henna. Having thus provided for his com-
fort, we travelled together on the same camel from
Aden to Zabid, balancing one another's weight in
the litter on either side. I promised that he should
accompany me on the pilgrimage and that I would
75 supply him with all his requirements. He rejoiced
thereat, and relying upon my promises, his mind
was set at ease.

I spoke to him one night, as we were riding, on
the subject of the succession of the family of Ru-
zayk, in which there were fifty-one separate interests.
He rehearsed the particulars as if he were learning
them by rote, and continued thus until dawn. Sleep

* The above and the foregoing passages are printed as they
stand in the MS. They have suffered greatly at the hands of the
copyists, but the general sense is sufficiently plain.

I02

'Oniarah.

did not take possession of me, owing to my exceed-
ing rejoicing over his learning. He then said to
me that if I would consent to halt at the well we
had reached, foregoing our journey for that day, he
would undertake not to recite his midday prayers
without having first solved the problems of the
division and acquainted me with the share of each
heir, one by one. I agreed to his proposal, and at
the hour of the midday meal he handed over to me
a complete statement of the division, written by his
hand. And, by Allah ! a long period of time had
been spent, in combined efforts to solve the problem,
by 'Othman ibu es-Saffar, by Muhammad ibn 'Aly
as-Sahhami, and by other experts in the laws of
succession, each one of whom affected to regard
Ibn al-Labban ^^ as a mere learner and follower of
his own, in all matters relating to the laws of in-
heritance, to wills and bequests, to astronomical
calculations (?), and to the science of integration
and compensation {al-Jahar wa 'l-Mukcibilahj i.e.
Algebra). For a long period of time, the wazirs
had been in the habit of inviting these men to
banquets and of rewarding tliem with presents,
which were fruitlessly divided amongst them.

On our arrival at Zabid 1 lodged the Jurist in
the inner part of the house, so that none but myself
should see him. At night I studied under him the
laws of inheritance, and by day the reading of the
noble Kur'an, according to the teaching of Abu
'Amru ibn al-'Ala,^^ the seven readings being one of
the subjects upon which the Jurist gave instruction.
I next devoted myself to the problem relating to the
heirs of E-uzayk, until I was able to repeat all the
particulars to myself by rote. I then presented
myself to the Kaid Surur al-Fiitiki, and asserted
my ability to solve the problem. He was one of
the persons most keenly desirous of making pur-
chases from the estate, and he promised that if my

The Banu jYaJak. 103

assertions proved correct, he would give mo a certain
sum of money, the amount of which I have for-
gotten. Upon the statement being prepared, ho
brought forth the money and handed it over to the
Jurist Abu Muhammad *Abd Allah ibn al-Kasim
al-Abbar. Ibn al-Kasim was at that time chief of
the Shafi'ites at Zabid, and it was under him that
I studied the Shafi'ite doctrines. Surur then
assembled the Jurists in rooms, the floors of which
were spread with fine sand, and each one sat down
apart from the other, tracing his calculations in
76 the sand. Whenever the amount of a share was
substantiated, it was transferred from the sand to
paper, until the division of the entire estate was
completed and proved to be correct. Surur never
moved from the spot until he had divided the
money among the Jurists, and he gave me a large
share. I returned to my house and placed the gold
before the Hadramauti Jurist. " I ask forgiveness
of God, 0 my son," he said, " for whosoever told
me that he had beheld one hundred dinars, I used
to treat as a liar." He then gave me the money,
saying he had no use for it, since I provided him
with all that he required. I took him with me, and
he died (may God have mercy upon him), after
having completed the pilgrimage. When the Abys-
sinians of Zabid sought to kill me in the year 550,
the Kaid Surur said unto them, " Is he not the
person who solved the problem of the estate of
Ruzayk? By Allah ! he shall not be slain ! "

Ruzayk was not skilled in military administra-
tion, neither was he possessed of experience in the
management of public business. Ere long he
resigned the ofi&ce of wazlr, and Abu Mansiir Muflih
al-Fatiki, who w^as then absent in the highlands,
was called upon to fill his place.

I04 ^Omiirah.

WazIrate of Muflth al-Fatiki.

MuFLiH beloDged to an Abyssinian tribe known
by the name of Sahrat. He bore the surname of
Abu Mansur (father of Mansur), the latter beiu^

' the name of one of his sons. (Abu) Mansur was
noted among the most distinguished of his con-
temporaries for his righteousness, and was remark-
able also for his knowledge of affairs, for his skill
as a Jurist, for his literary culture, for his handsome
appearance, his bravery, his clemency, and for the
perfection of his talents as a leader. People were
in the habit of saying that, had his lineage been
that of Kuraysh, every condition required to fit him
for the office of Khalifah would have been combined
in his person. The retainers of Fatik nicknamed
him al-Baghl, the mule. He was called Muflih
al-Baghl, and he showed no displeasure nor anger
thereat. I was told by his secretary, Himyar ibn
As'ad, that he was so named on account of a phy-
sical conformation, in which he resembled a muele.

He was distinguished for continence, and was
never known to have been the prey of passion, either
in his youth or in his mature age. Himyar related in
iUustration of his master's self-control, that Muflih,
when holding the office of wazir, sent for him one
day, and complained that life had become a weari-

77 ness unto him through the reports he continually
heard respecting the singing of Wardah, the slave
girl of the Amir 'Othman al-Ghuzzi, and the de-
scriptions he received of her beauty. He was bent,
he said, upon contriving means whereby she might
be brought to him. *' I answered," said Himyar,
*' that if the wazir sought her society for the satis-
faction to his desires, my best faculties would be
used in his service. ' By Allah ! ' he replied, ' 1
have never yet, since the day of my creation, allowed
my passions to make me sin against God.' ' At

The Danu Najah. 105

what price,' I asked, * will then the wazir purchase
her ? ' 'At whatever price her master demands,'
he answered."

Her master was a distinguished leader, a man of
high rank in tiie service of the state, greatly
respected and considered. He was commander of
the Ghuzz (Turkish or Northern soldiery), whom
Jayyash had brought to the country to fight against
iSaba ibn Ahmad the Sulayhite. 'Othman was their
leader and chief. They numbered four hundred
mounted archers, and with their assistance the
Abyssinian dynasty defended itself against the
Arabs. The body of troops, as originally enlisted
by Jayyash, numbered three thousand bows, but
when two thousand marched from Mecca for Zabid,
Jayyash repented of his design, perceiving that they
would drive him out of the country and seek to take
possession of it. In anticipation of their arrival,
he sent orders to the officers he had placed in com-
mand of the Ghuzz at Mecca, to cast poison into
their food, into their drink, and into their raiment.
A great number died, and only one thousand horse-
men, or less, reached Zabld. Jayyash sent five
hundred to the highlands, and they conquered the
districts trodden by the hoofs of their horses.
When they reached the province of San 'a, Jayyash
employed a person to spread death among them by
poison. They were finally exterminated through
the effects of war and of other calamities, and there
remained with Jayyash in Tihamah only four hundred
and fifty horsemen. He made them a grant of a
wide tract of land, extending to a valley (or river)
known by the name of Dhu'al, a district inhabited
by the 'Akkites and Ash'arites. These lands occu-
pied a width of one day's journey, and in length,
from the mountains to the sea, a space of two days
or less. They were distant one day's journey from
Zabld .^^ The Ghuzz continued to collect the

io6 ^Oiuarah.

"8 revenues of the valley from the year 486 to 524.
They were respected and mcreased in wealth, and
ruled over the country. The chieftainship was lastly
held by Shat (Suli?), by Taytas, and by 'Othman
the above mentioned. The former two died, and
'Othman remained alone ; but the number of the
Ghuzz was now reduced to one hundred horsemen,
all aged men. As to their children, born in Zabld,
they did not prosper. They had neither the strength
of character that inspires fear, nor the benevolence
that gives rise to hope.

The wazir's secretary Sheykh Himyar ibn As'ad,
continuing his narrative, said that he reflected over
the means whereby he might succeed in gratifying
the wishes of the wazir, and he found that of which
he was in quest. Addressing Muflih, he indicated
the means whereby the old distribution of the lands
could be annulled. The men, he said, whose ser-
vices were formerly prized by the state, were now
dead, and valuable grants of land had passed into
the possession of their children, who were use-
less. He advised the wazlr to act in the matter
with firmness, to order all holders of fiefs to leave
their estates and assemble at Zabld, and to transfer
the owners to other districts. Upon that policy
being carried into execution by the wazir, it occa-
sioned, said Himyar, great hardship to the great
officials of the government, but to none so great as
to 'Othman, for the property of those of his com-
panions who had died, had passed into his posses-
sion.

" When he was about to depart from Zabld with
his people, and the matter on the point of being
irretrievable settled, I went," said Himyar, " to his
house. We drank together, and Wardah, as well
as other slave girls, sang to him."

None of the people of Tihamah were in the habit
of secluding either their singers or the freed women.

The Banii Najah. 107

mothers of their children, ^'^ from Ibn Himyar's
presence, for most of their concubines and singers
were supplied by him and educated in his house.
He had served several of the highland kings, then
he had come down to Tihamah and occupied a con-
fidential position under Ahmad ibn Mas'ud ibn
Faraj al-Mu'taman (the Trusted), governor of Hays.
After that he became secretary to Mann Allah al-
Fatiki, and then to the Sheykh Abu Mansur Muflih
al-Fatiki. It was from this same Himyar that the
kings purchased the poison they used for destroying
their enemies. He had brothers and uncles in the
79 country of Bakil and Hashid, and the tree that pro-
duces the poison is grown exclusively on a farm
attached to a building, one of their strongholds.
The owners carefully preserve the plant, precisely
as, in Egypt, that which produces balsam is tended,
and they do so with even, greater care. All the
members of the d^^nasty of ISTajah and all those of
their wazirs, who died (by poison), were victims to
the drug supplied by Himyar ibn As'ad.* People
of rank, when in his society, used to say to him, " We
eat and we drink, 0 Abu Saba, and we are in your
power," whereupon he would laugh and say, *' Just
so." He was quick with pleasant repartees, pos-
sessed a well-stored memory ; he was witty, and more-
over liberal in bestowing his substance in the service
of God and in works of charity. He frequently
acted as envoy between the Abyssinian Princes, he
repaired breaches of friendship, and grave disputes
became, in his hands, matter of easy settlement.
He subsequently dwelt at al-Kadra with the Raid
Ishak ibn Marzuk as-Sahrati (the Sahratite), from
whom he received a liberal welcome, and who took

* Yakut copies this passage in his account of the country of
Bakil (vol. i. p. 706-7). Instead of d— J he writes cu~.J
piobably the correct reading, and one which requires the subse-
quent word ^1 to be retained.

io8 ^Oniarah.

him into his confidence. He died at al-Kadra in
the year 553, at the ao^e of upwards of seventy
years. When he visited Zabid, where he had no
kinsfolk, he used to take up his abode with me and
with other friends, and he was in consequence on
terms of familiarity and unreserve, with me.

Himjar, proceeding with his narrative, said,
" When the wine began to produce its effects upon
'Othman, he spoke to me as follows : ' I have
longed,' he began, * to meet you, being desirous of
settling matters with that tyrannical slave Muflih,
and of finding means to be left in peaceful posses-
sion of our fiefs and of our property, which we did
not acquire in his days and for the possesion of which
we are not indebted to his liberality.' I answered
that notwithstanding the wazir's self-sufficiency and
pride, he was in reality of a kind disposition and
quick to turn back from harsh measures. I pro-
mised that on the following day, when Muflih
returned from his morning visit to the King, I
would, God willing, strive to prevail upon the wazir
to act indulgently. ' 1 know,' I continued, * that
if he eat at your table and drink of your wine, and
if your slave girls sing to him, he will feel shame
and will renounce his design.' 'Othman was
almost beside himself with joy, though he could not
believe that the wazir would visit him. I advised
80 him to come on the following night, uninvited, to
the house of the wazir, and to announce himself as
a guest who desired to be honoured by being al-
lowed to share in the pleasures of music and wine.
On the following night, when *Othman came to us,
I advised the wazir to bring forth the singing girls
and female cup-bearers. He did so, and he pro-
mised 'Othmau that he would, on the next day,
be his guest. A large sum of money was that
night by 'Othman's orders brought to his house.
On the following day, after the usual morning

The Banu Najuh. 109

attendance at the Prince's palace, we rode to
'Othman's place of abode. We found sumptuous
banquets spread out (for tlie several classes of
guests). Eor one party alone 1 counted tliirty
roasted sheep and thirty vessels of sweetmeats.
The banquet at which the wazir was seated, oc-
cupied the front of 'Othman's garden, from one end
to the other, a length of fifty cubits. The wazir on
beholding the sight was filled with envious anger
against 'Othman, for the arrogance he attributed to
him and for the promptitude with which he was
able to provide so splendid a feast, composed of
four separate banquets. 'Othman next distributed
among the members of the wazir' s suite three
huhdrs of sweetmeats, a quantity equal to nine
kantars (nine hundred pounds).* We then with-
drew to the wine-room, seven in number, [besides
myself, the eighth. I acted as cup-bearer and con-
trived to produce intoxication in five members of
our company, who soon withdrew]. ^^ Thereupon,
addressing 'Othman, I said : ' Truly thou art as
one of a herd of cattle, deprived of sense. Think-
est thou that the wazir hath visited thee for the sake
of meat or drink ? What hath happened to abridge
thine understanding and to blind thine eyesight P '
* Instruct me then how to act,' he replied. I de-
sired him to enumerate his possessions. He spoke
of horses and accoutrements, camels and articles of
curiosity and of value. I objected to all these
things, and I affected to depreciate them. He
begged me to advise him. I desired him, in reply,
to think of a present such as would not be hidden
away in a treasury, and which would never be out
of the recipient's sight. ' What is wanted,' I
added, ' is that the present should, whenever he
sees it, remind him of you.' After consideration he
81 said : ' I have nought else but Wardah, and she is

* See Note 71.

I lO

'Ojnarak.

dear to me as my soul. But if she be suitable, I
will part with her, even though I die.' ' If the
wazlr consent to accept of her,' I replied, * she is
such as will be a suitable present.' ' Speak then of
her to the wazir,' he answered, ' and if he accept
her, I will reward thee with one thousand dinars.'

" We then ordered Wardah to be brought into
our presence, together with nine other slave girls.
They kissed the wazir's hand and commenced sing-
ing before him, with uncovered faces. I advised
the wazlr to pay no heed to Wardah and to pretend
admiration of the others. He did so, with the effect
of stimulating her master's desire that he should
accept of her. After a time 'Othman became intoxi-
cated and slept. The women likewise were overcome
with wine, all but Wardah, who, I desired, should
retain her faculties. I made use of a pretext to
leave the room, and sending for Wardah, I informed
her of the facts of the case. 'I have no desire,'
she replied, 'but to my lord.' I then requested
the wazlr to enter a sitting-room, in which I joined
him along with Wardah. He flattered her with
promises and coaxed her. I wanted to leave, but
he stopped me, saying : ' By Allah, this shall not
be.' We returned to the public room, and I swear
that the wazh' did not even satiate his eyesight, nor
did he allow the girl to kiss his hand when bidding
farewell. When her master recovered, we took
leave of him. It was near the latest hour for
evening prayer, and before it had lapsed, Wardah
stood before us. In the morning I went back to
'Othman. I restored the thousand dinars he had
given me, and I questioned him touching a farm
in the valley of Dhu'al.^^ The wazir sent for me in
the evening and gave me a dress of honour. ' Your
daughter Wardah,' he said, 'has sworn that I
shall not approach her until I have satisfied you.
What, therefore, will content you ? ' ' The lands

The Banii Najah. 1 1 1

of 'Abada,' I replied, 'with all the contents of the
farm, its oTowiug crops and its cattle.' The wazir
ordered the lands to be conveyed to me; and they
are a possession," added Himyar, ''which has the
property of never occasioning loss to its pro-
prietor." *

To return to the stories told of the wazir Mnflih.
Among them is that related by the Sheykh Abu 't-
Tami Jayyash, son of Isma'il, son of Albuka. At
82 an early period of the wazirate of the Sheykh and
Ka'id Muflih, Abu '1-Ma'ali ibn al tiabbab arrived at
Zabid from Egypt. He purchased an Abyssinian
slave to attend upon him. The Abyssinian escaped
from his master [and attached himself to certain
of the wazlr's dependants. Abu '1-Ma'ali there-
upon wrote to the wazir] two lines of verse as
follows : — ^^

Thou art the cloud whose beneficent floods fertilize the outspread
earth. — Its bounty, a fortuitous obstacle has withheld from
nie.

But if its ample and generous showers do not refresh me — Even
so its consuming thunderbolts will not come near me.

Muflih, on reading the lines, perceived their
veiled meaning, and he awoke to the merits of
Abu '1-Ma'ali. He sent for the youth and returned
him to his master accompanied by a gift of four
other slaves of the same nation. He invited Abu '1-
Ma'ali to his court and commanded him to compose
a eulogistic ode. Abu '1-Ma'ali obeyed, and recited
it in the presence of the wazir, who rewarded him
with five hundred dinars. Mansur son of Muflih
gave him likewise three hundred dinars for another
ode written in his own praise, and he took him to
Mecca, may God guard it.

I will now relate what occurred to Muflih with
the soldiery. Certain men among the slaves of the

* I need perhaps hardly say that the combination of jingle and
pun, which I have here endeavoured to imitate, is a thing much
appreciated by Arab readers.

112 'Omar ah.

Honourable Lady the Queen, ('Alam) the mother
of Fatik, were brought up in the palace of al-Fatik
son of Mansur. Their names were Sawab, Rayhan,
Yumn, ['Anbar ? ] and Rayhan the elder. They were
the leading personages, and holders of the highest
rank in the state. Besides these there were cer-
tain powerful men, likewise educated in the palace,
namely Ikbal, Masrur (or Burhan ?), Barih (?) and
Surfir. The last mentioned was the chief of both,
parties, the foremost in influence and in ability.
These men spoke in the name of the Sultan. The
wazlr, in all the affairs of the kingdom, became as
a stranger among them, and by their aid, the
authority of the Queen was greatly increased. They
contrived also to attach to themselves a large por-
tion of the troops, both horsemen and foot soldiers,
and they began to concert measures for the expul-
sion of Muflih from Zabid. Suriir advised them to
address themselves to the wazir on the subject of a
pilgrimage, to be performed by the Queen to Mecca,
and to ask him to provide her with a sum of thirty
thousand dinars for her expenses. On application
83 being made to the wazir, he refused, saying that the
monej'' could be spent more worthily on the defence
of the state against its enemies than in the in-
dulgence of such foolish whims. " Our Lady," he
added, " has ample occupation with her spindle and
distaff and in the privacy of her own house." They
continued to press the matter upon him until he
exclaimed : " Our Lady wants a totally different
thiug ! See that ye find it for her and it will satisfy
her." " What then does she want ? " they asked.
]\Tuflih's reply and the gesture by which it was
accompanied, caused such deep offence, that he
could repair the evil only by consenting to the
Lady's pilgrimage, by supplying her with the tliirty
thousand dinars and by sending his son Mansur
to accompany her to Mecca.

The Banu N'ajuh. 113

In pursuance of his purpose for the expulsion of
Muflih, Surur then sent the wazlr to Aden, to make
war upon Sabil son of Abu Su'iid and upon 'Aly son
of Abu '1-Gharat, the Zuray'ites. When he had
reached the distance of a night's journey from
Zabid, Muhammad son of Fatik son of Jayjash
suddenly rose in rebellion against the Queen and
her son, and thereby obliged Muflih to return.

Surilr then sought to bring about the departure
of Muflih by writing to the Arab tribes of Zi'l and
*Imran to join in the invasion of the district of al-
Mahjam, then occupied by the Ka'id Mas'ud the
Zaydite.* Muflih was thereby compelled to start
for al-Mahjam, a distance from Zabid of three days'
journey. He had not accomplished more than one
night's journey, when his troops secretly deserted
him and returned to the city. He was left with
only his personal dependants and marched with
them to the mountains of Bura'. He took posses-
sion of the fortress of al-Mukarrishah (al-Karish ?)®'
and he attacked Tihamah, harassing it with raids,
in the early morning and late at eve, whilst the
retainers of Fatik attacked him in his encampments.
Then leaving his women in the fortress, he joined
the Arabs of al-Mahjam, members of the tribes of
84 Mash'al, 'Imran and Zi'l, accomplished and valiant
horsemen. They gave him, as place of residence,
a fortress which belonged to them, situated at a
distance from al-Mahjam of half a day's journey or
less, known by the name of Dabsiin. Muflih des-
patched depredating parties into the territories of
al-Mahjam, and he entered into correspondence
with the Amir and Sharif Ghanim son of Yahya the
Suleymanite and Hasanite, who then ruled over the
province of Ibn Tarf.^^ Muflih entered into a
pledge with the Sharif and his kinsmen to abolish
the tribute they rendered to the Prince of Zabid,
* Or, according to Khazraji, Surur al-Kurandi.

I

114 ''Omar ah.

for which Ghrmim was yearly hable and which
amounted to sixty thousand dinars. He also en-
gaged to add to their territories the wide district of
al-Wadiyaui. The Sharif marched with one thou-
sand horsemen and ten thousand infantry, to the
aid of Muflih against the people of Zabid. The
allies were encountered by the Kaid Surur, who de-
feated Muflih, the Sharif s and the Arabs, near al-
Malijam. Whilst Surur was at that place, he received
from ZabId a deed of investiture, granting him the
territories and dependencies of al-Mahjara, consisting
of Maur and al-Wadiyani. Surur established his
residence in the province, and Muflih returned to
the fortress of al-Karish, where he died in the vear
529.*

His son Mansur succeeded him and continued the
war with his father's enemies, making them taste of
its calamities in many forms. But after a time his
followers began to desert him, and their numbers
gradually diminished. They were wearied with the
sufferings of war and with separation from their
homes.

Mansdr surrendered [himself to the Ka'id Surur,
claiming his protection, and accompanied him to
Zabid, where Ikbal was then wazlr. The young
Amir received a dress of honour] and his father's
house was given him as a place of residence. On
the following morning he was seized, and at night
he was slain in the house of the wazir Ikbal. The
King Fatik [and the Ka'id Surur] denounced the
act, and the King meditated putting Ikbal to death,
but he resolved to spare his life for a time. I was
told by Himyar ibn As'ad, that a messenger from
the wazir Ikbal bought poison of him. For whom
it was destined, Himyar swore he knew not. Ikbal,
by ingratiating himself with the Prince, succeeded
in administering the poison to his master Fatik son

* In AM. f)Tl, according to al-Janadi.

TJie Banii Najah. 1 15

of the Lady 'Alam, and the Prince died in the month
of Sha'ban [a.h. 531].^'^

Wardah, the shive girl of the wazir Muflih, relates
55 that when her master died in the highlands, at the
castle named al-Karish, or al-Mukarrishah, she was
asked in marriage by the wazir Ikbrd, by the Ka'id
Suriir, by the Ka'id Ishak ibn Marziik and by the
Ka'id 'Aly ibn Mas'ud, Prince of Hays. " I made
flattering promises to the messenger of each," she
said, " but I consulted on the subject my lord
Mansiir son of Muflih. He indicated his preference
for Suriir, but recommended me to seek advice of
Himyar ibn As'ad. I accordingly sent for him to
Tihamah. ' As for 'Aly ibn Mas'ud,' said Him-
yar, ' he has ninety concubines and four wives. As
for Ikbal, he has twenty singing girls ; he has
moreover Najiyah, who has been carefully educated
by the slave dealers, and the love he bears her son
Mansiir is carried to an extreme. As for the Ka'id
Ishak ibn Marziik, he has the daughter of 'Uwayd,
mother of his son Faraj, and also Ulidula, the
daughter of his uncle. By Allah, none equal to
her treads the ground of Tihamah. 1 recommend
to you the Ka'id Abu Muhammad Surur al-Fatiki.
He is a man of a prudent disposition, and he was
reared by the King Fatik son of Mansiir (by Man-
sur ?) and by our Lady the mother of Fatik.' I
was married," continued Wardah, " to the Ka'id
Abu Muhammad Suriir al-Fatiki. I found him
to be one whose thoughts were diverted from
the world, from the society of women and from
pleasure, by his absorption in affairs of supreme
importance. But ere long I made him feel his
dependence upon me. I contrived to make myself
his intimate companion, and 1 finally obtained com-
plete ascendency over him. With all his roughness
and severity of character, and the shrinking fear
with which his female slaves regarded him, he never

I 2

] 1 6 ^ Omar ah.

opposed my wishes, and if I happened to be dis-
pleased with him, he seemed as if about to part
with his hfe."

An illustration of the above is to be found in an
anecdote related by Sheykh Muslim ibn Yashjub,
wazir of the Prince and Sharif Ghanim son of Yahya
the Hasanite. " I came," he said, " from my coun-
try as an envoy to Surur al-Fatiki, to negotiate a
truce between ourselves and him. His wazir
*Obayd ibn Bahr said to me : ' Would that thine
arrival had happened either sooner or later ! Thou
hast come to the Ka'id at a moment when his mind
is greatly disturbed.' I waited two or three days
without being able to see the Prince, but then Him-
86 yar ibn As'ad arrived. ' Now,' said 'Obayd ibn
Bahr, ' Himyar having come, the knot that caused
thy trouble is unloosed ! ' ' How is that ? ' I
inquired. ' Wardah, mother of 'Amru,' he an-
swered, * is angry with the Ka'id, and has sworn
that she will not speak to him nor allow him to
approach her, until her father shall come to her ' —
meaning thereby Sheykh Himyar ibn As'ad.
That same night," continued Muslim, "we were
invited to an assembly, for which were prepared
wine and music and perfumes. We had hardly sat
down, when the Ka'id approached and we saluted
him. We then heard behind a curtain a confused
sound of voices and a jingling of gold ornaments,
such as never was before. And behold it was
Ward ah, who, a reconciliation having been effected
by Himyar between her and her master, now came
to sing to him. An unfavourable impression was
produced upon me by the sight of the helplessness
and weakness of Surur. He seemed to guess what
was passing in my mind, and he recited the words of
the poet : —

"SVe aie a people whom a woman's large and lustrous eyes will
melt — And Ave are men to whom iron must yield."

The Banu Njaah. 1 1 7

Amono: the slaves of Fiitik was lie with the men-
tion of whom I conchide this account of the
Abyssinian dynasty, and whose mention I have
postponed to the last, although in order of merit
he unquestionably ranks first. He of whom I
speak was the noble Kaid Abu Muhammad Surur
Amharah al-Fatiki. He belonged to the Abyssinian
tribe of Aynharah, and all I can relate of him is but
as a drop in the sea of his great merits.

Of his early history it may be recorded that
Mansur ibn Fatik, having slain the wazir Anis, pur-
chased from his estate the Honourable and pious
Lady, the Pilgrim and Lady of Zabid, by whom he
had a son, whom he named Fatik ibn Mansur. She
bought for her son certain young Abyssinian slaves,
of whom Surur was one. He was brought up
under her immediate care, and ere long, as he ad-
vanced in years, he became distinguished for his
superior merits and great qualities. She placed him
in charge of the Mamluks, and appointed him chief
over all who abode in the palace. He became
ruler and director, with the power of showing
indulgence and of exercising severity. He was
next appointed to the command of a division of the
army, and he won popularity among the troops by his
kindness and indulgence. He continued to advance
in dignity, and became the intermediary between the
87 principal wazirs and the Sultan, who thenceforward
dispensed with the services of the stewards of the
palace. The Chief Steward at that time was the
Sheykh Sawab, a religious man, who devoted him-
self exclusively to the worship of God. Whenever
he was reproached for his disregard of what had
occurred, he would answer that the Kii'id Abu
Muhammad Surur was the authorized holder of the
right to command and to forbid, over himself, over
his censors, and over the Queen herself, and that in
no wise should Suriir's authority be curtailed, he

ii8 ''Omar all.

bein^ the most worthy to direct the affairs of the
people, to reward and to punish, to bind and to
loose. Surur continued to advance in power and
dignity. He eventually succeeded in driving Muflih
out of Zabid, and he made war upon him until his
adversary died in the highlands, after prolonged
fighting, in which large numbers of men perished
on both sides. The final result was the triumph
of Surur, and he became possessed of supreme
authority.

It has been related to me by Sheykh 'Abd al-
Muhsin ibn Isma'il, secretary of the Ka'id Suriir,
that he remembered the occasion when the Amir
and Sharif Ghanim, son of Yaliya the Hasanite,
marched to the assistance of Muflih. " Ghanim,"
he said, "had a thousand horsemen and ten thou-
sand infantry, all of whom combined with the troops
of Muflih. They were joined also by certain Arabs,
in great numbers, by the Banu Mash'al, men who
spent their lives in the saddle and who were the
champions of their age, by the Banu 'Imran, the
Banu Zi'l, the Banu Haram and the Hakamites.^"
All gathered together into one body and advanced
against us. Our troops were few in number, and
the Ka'id Surur had written to the people of ZabId
for re-inforcements. The battle was fought at
al-Mahjam, which is three days' journey from
Zabid." 'Abd al-Muhsin said he pointed out to
Surur, that to attack these people would surely be
rashness, his forces being in comparison to theirs as
a drop in the sea, or as a morsel between the jaws
of a ravenous animal. "Be silent," answered Surur,
"for, by Allah, death will be lighter unto me than
^ defeat." The two armies engaged, and the fortunes
of the day went against Muflih and Ghanim and their
allies. Thenceforward conviction of the high destinies
reserved for Surur acquired double strength in the
minds both of his friends and of his opponents.

The Banu Najah. 1 19

It was previous to these events that Muflih
started from Zabid for Aden, and that when he had
reached the distanceof half a day's journey, Muham-
mad son of Fatik son of Jayyash, seeing the town
denuded of troops, rose in insurrection, and gained
possession of the Government House. The Kur'an
readers came into his presence and the people of the
city flocked unto him, offering their congratulations.
His wazir was Mansur son of Mann Allah al-Fatiki.
The Queen took refuge, along with her son, in the
upper apartments of the palace. The news was
brought to the Ka'id Surur, who commanded the
rearguard of the army. He turned back, and having
scaled the walls, he entered the town. He pro-
ceeded to the back of the Grovernment House, and
calling to his mistress, he made himself known unto
her, and desired her servants to let down a rope for
him. The eunuchs and women pulled him up with
ropes, and entering into the presence of his mistress,
he saluted her and quieted her fears. His troops, he
told her, were following him. Having selected one
hundred slave girls and fifty eunuchs, he habited them
in the garb of men and supplied them with armour
and weapons. The casements were then thrown
open, and the women and eunuchs cried aloud with
one voice : Fdiik son of Mansur ! Muhammad son
of Fatik was at that moment occupying a raised
seat below the windows of the palace. The Ka'id
cast a stone which unerringly hit the mark, and
striking Muhammad ibn Fatik, bruised his face at
the same instant of time when the cry was uttered.
He, the wazTrs and their followers instantly fled, and
in the evening they left the city by one of its gates.
The soldiers did not reach Zabld until noon of the
following day. These were some of the circum-
stances which necessarily operated to bring about
Surur' s advancement over all other members of the
government.

I20 ^ Omar ah.

He next acquired rule over al-Mahjam, a royal
seat of government. The Arabs, tlie Banu 'Imran,
89 the Banu Zi'l and the Hakamites, dispersed them-
selves, and the Amir Ghanim ibn Yahya theHasanite,
whose dynasty has acquired great renown, separated
himself from his allies.

The Ka id Surur used to inhabit Zabid from the
beo-inning of Dhu '1-Ka'dah (the eleventh month)
until the end of Sha'ban (the eighth). Then he
would leave Zabid and spend Ramadan at al-Mahjam,
occupying himself witli the affairs of his province.
His expenditure and charities in the month of
Eamadan, amounted to a large sum. Sheykh
'Obayd ibn Bahr, his wazir, informed me that the
allowances for his kitchen expenses, in the month of
Ramadan, amounted to one thousand dinars a day.
I witnessed for several years the ceremonial attend-
ing his entrance into Zabid. The people, on his
arrival from al-Mahjam, used to go forth from the
city in crowds to meet him. They divided them-
selves into classes and stood on a lofty hill awaiting
his arrival. The first to salute him were the Jurists
of the Malikite, the Hanafite and the Shiifi'ite
schools. The Prince used to dismount in token of
respect, a thing he did for no other class. They
were followed by the merchants, after whose de-
parture the soldiery came forth in crowds. On
entering the city, after saluting and paying due
honour to the Sultan, he proceeded to the palace of
the Honourable Lady his mistress. On his enter-
ing, all who w^ere present, young and old, withdrew,
with the exception only of the Lady's slave girl
Ghazrd, who was his wife's sister, and of two slave
girls formerly belonging to her Lord Mansur ibn
Fatik. These women conducted themselves accord-
ing to her pious example and imitated her in her
good works. On his approach, the Princess would
rise from her seat in token of welcome and of

The Band. Najah. i 2 i

respect for his exalted rank, and she would say unto
him : " Thou, 0 Abu Muhammad, art not simply our
wazir, but our master and the manly ruler of the
kingdom, one whose authority it is not in aught
lawful unto us to disregard." ^^ He would weep
aloud in her presence and bend down his face to
the dust, until she would raise him from the ground
with her own hands. The women would then with-
draw to a short distance at the end of the saloon,
whilst he reported to her the measures he desired
to be put into execution that year, appointments,
supersessions, rewards and sentences of death. He
would remain seated before the Princess,^^ with the
90 three women standing near him, until he arose for
midday prayer. He used to repair for the purpose
to his mosque, which stood close to the gates of his
palace. It was then impossible to follow him on
account of the crowds that surrounded him, com-
posed of people who had been unable to go forth
from the city to meet him on his arrival.

A PaEAGRAPH describing what I HAVE SEEN IN THE

Handweiting of HIS Segretaeies.

I have seen a list of the gratifications which
Surur was in the habit of conferring, on his arrival
at Zabid, upon the Jurists, Kadis, and upon the
most distinguished scholars, learned in the tradi-
tions, in grammar, glossology, theology, and juris-
prudence. The whole amounted each year to twelve
thousand dinars, besides gratuities to the military
classes, notwithstanding their great numbers.

I have been told by 'Obayd ibn Bahr and others,
that the presents he made each year to the Sultan's
officials, to the King's nobles, stewards and per-
sonal retainers, amounted to twenty thousand
dinars, in addition to the fixed emoluments of each
person's office. Others have told me that the sums
transferred from his province to the public treasury

122 'Omar all.

of the King, amounted each year to sixty thousand
dinars, and that he used to pay over to the house-
hold of his mistress the Princess, to her retainers
and companions and to the persons under her pro-
tection, in the form of presents, fifteen thousand
dinars.

Another Paeageaph. — The Ka'id Abu Muhammad
Surur al-Fatiki — May God have mercy upon him ! — •
was in the habit of going forth unto his mosque,
after the expiration of half or one third of the night.
He was better acquainted than any other person
with the places of abode and habitations of the
principal people. He used to say that he went
forth at that hour, lest any persons spending their
nights in anxiety or grief, or others devoted to reli-
gious practices, were unable to come into his pre-
sence by day, either on account of the crowd or by
reason of their bashfulness. After morning prayer
he used to go either on a visit to a Jurist, to the
bedside of some sick person, to a house where there
was mourning for the dead, to a feast or to a wed-
^1 ding. He did not confine his visits to the great
military chiefs, to the learned and to merchants,
and neglect those of a humbler rank. Who-
soever, on the contrary, appealed to him was
attended to. People who believed themselves to
be oppressed came into his presence, and stated
their case in bold and even in unseemly language.
Such a person was safe from all danger of awaken-
ing his sense of dignity and pride, or of provoking
his anger. If sent for by the Judges, he attended
in person, not deputing another to take his place
[as is done by men puffed up with pride, even
though of inferior rankj. He would seat himself
opposite the Judge in token of respect, and in testi-
mony of his willing obedience to the ordinances of
divine law. [On returning to the palace, after accom-
panying the Sultan's procession, he would enter,

The Band. Najah. 123

and after rendering obeisance, lie would stop at the
royal gate, where he dispensed justice to the people
with perfect judgment. (Next lie would occupy
himself in the transaction of military) business, and
at the hour of the midday meal, he returned to his
house. There he would rest until the sun beofan to
decline, when he would proceed to the mosque. ]^^
From that time until the hour of afternoon prayer,
he occupied himself exclusively in hearing the
authentic traditions of the Apostle of God, whom
Grod bless and hail with salutations of peace ! He
would then withdraw to his palace, but before sun-
set he would come forth to the mosque, and after
sunset prayer, the Jurists would engage in debates
before him until the end of the latest hour for even-
ing prayer, sometimes, however, prolonging their
discussions to a later hour. He used then, riding
an ass and with only one servant before him, to
proceed to the palace of the Queen, to take counsel
with her upon public affairs.

Such was his mode of life from the year 529
until he was slain in his mosque at Zabid (May
God be merciful unto him !), whilst performing the
third prostrations of afternoon prayer, on Friday
the 12th of Eajab [a.h. 551]. He was killed by a
man of the name of Mujrim, one of the followers of
*Aly ibn Mahdy. The murderer was put to death
that same evening, after killing several persons.''^
The Abyssinian dj nasty did not long endure after
the death of Suriir. It was subverted by 'Aly ibn
Mahdy, who conquered Zabid and its dependencies,
in the year 554.
92 I will now proceed with an account of 'Aly ibn
Mahdy in Yaman. In that chapter I will set forth
a summary comprising the outset and the close of
his career.

124 ^ Omar ah.

The Insurrection of 'Aly ibn Mahdy in Yaman.

As to his lineage, lie was a descendant of Himyar,
and his name was *Aly ibn Mahdy, native of a
villao-e named al-'Anbarah, situated on the coast
near Zabid. His father was a virtuous and pure-
hearted man, whose son 'Aly was brought up in
his religious tenets and followed his examples, in
his devotion to religious exercises and to the prac-
tice of good works. After a time 'Aly went on the
pilgrimage and visited the holy places. He met the
pilgrims, the doctors and preachers of *Irak, and
he became filled with the knowledge they imparted
to him. On his return to Yamaif he led a life of
retirement, but he exhorted the people, warning
them against association with the soldiery.* He
was an eloquent man, of prepossessing appear-
ance, dark complexioned, with sunken cheeks,
bearded, tall, of a spare figure, and marked be-
tween his eyes with the traces of his prostra-
tions.^^ He had an agreeable voice, which he skil-
fully modulated in chanting, and a winning manner
of imparting instruction. He possessed a well-
stored memory, was constant in exhorting, and in
expounding the Kur'an and the teaching of the
Sufis. He used to speak of things that were re-
served to him in the future, and the accurate fulfil-
ment of his predictions became one of the most
powerful means by w'hich he won the hearts of the
people.

His career commenced on the coast of Zabid, in
the village of al-'Anbarah, in that of Wasit, that
of Kudayb, at al-Ahwab, al-Mu'tafi (?) and the
shores of al-Farah (al-'Arah ?). He used to journey
thence, and the respect in which he was held ever
increased with the lapse of time. I had at that

* Janadi and Khazraji here add that Ibn Mahdy's public career
coiumeuced in a.h. 531.

The BcDiii Mahdy. 125

period devoted myself to liira, and for tlie space of
a year I was in almost constant attendance upon
him. But my father heard that I had abandoned the
study of Jurisprudence and that I had given myself
up to a religious life. He came from his home,
took me from the society of 'Aly Mahdy and
replaced me at the college of Zabid. I used to
visit 'Aly Mahdy once every month, but when his
93 power waxed great throughout the country, I
detached myself from him, out of fear of the people
of Zabid. From the year 531 until 536, he con-
tinued to preach to the people in the open plains,
and on the approach of the pilgrimage season
he used to go forth to Mecca, mounted on a
dromedary. The Lady, the mother of Fatik son of
Mansur, then relieved him, his brethren, his kin-
dred and those under his protection, from payment
of the assessment (kharaj) on their lands. In a
brief period of time they became prosperous and
rich, they rode horses and were such as are de-
scribed by the poet al-Mutanabby : —

It seemed as thoupjh their horses were foaled beneath them — •
And as though the riders were born mounted upon their
horses' backs.'"*

Certain persons, inhabitants of the highlands,
were brought to 'Aly ibn Mahdy and an alliance
sworn between them. He went to these people in
the year 538 and assembled an army, which attained
the number of forty thousand men, wherewith he
marched to attack the city of al-Kadra. He was
met by the Ka'id Ishak ibn Marzuk as-Sahrati at
the head of his people. Ibn Mahdy 's army was
defeated. Many of his people were killed, but the
greater number were spared. He returned to the
highlands, where he remained until the year 541.
He then wrote to the Queen at Zabid and asked
protection for himself and for his followers, and
permission to return to his country. Notwith-

126 ^ Omar ah.

standing the disapproval of the officials of her
government and of the Jurists of her time, she
granted his request, ilmt God should (thereby) ac-
complish the things that were ordained* 'Aly ibn
Mahdy applied himself for several years to the cul-
tivation of his property, which he held free of all
assessment, and he thus amassed considerable
wealth. When preaching he used to say : " 0 ye
people, the time approacheth. The event draweth
nigh ! Almost ye may behold with your own eyes
the things I have foretold unto you."

The Queen died in the year 545, and hardly had
that event occurred, when 'Aly Mahdy appeared in
the highlands, at a place named ad-Dashir, subject
to the Khaulanites [where he remained for a
timej.^^ Thence he ascended to a fortress named
ash-Sharaf, which belonged to a tribe of the sept
of Khaulan known by the name of Banu Haywan
(Haydan ?), a word which is pronounced with a
94 quiescent y. These people he surnamed (in
imitation of the Prophet) al-Ansar (the Auxilaries),
and those who had accompanied him from the low
country, he distinguished by the title al-Muhajirun,
(the Emigrants). But he then began to mistrust all
his companions and to fear for his own safety. He
appointed over the Ansar a Khaulanite of the name
of Saba ibn Yusuf, to whom he gave the title of
Sheykh al-Islam, and over the Muhajirim a man
[of the tribe of Mmran], named an-Nuby, who
received the same title. He appointed them to be
chiefs over the two parties, and none but these two
persons was allowed to speak to him, or even to
approach him. At times he secluded himself even
from them, and they would organize military expe-
ditions into the neighbouring country, on their
own authority. This they continued to do, and to
harass the people of Tihamah with raids, both
* Kur. viii. v. 43, 46.

The Banii Mahdy. 127

in the early mornings and late at eve, until
the country bordering upon the highlands was
utterly ruined. The Abyssinians at that time sent
liberal supplies to their military stations, but their
troops were unable to cope with their enemy for
several reasons. Among others, because asli-
Sharaf, besides being defended by large numbers
of Khaulanites, was in itself an exceedingly strong
fortress. Also, because a person desiring to reach
the stronghold had to perform a day's journey, or
part of a day's journey, through a narrow valley
enclosed between two mountains. On reachino-
the foot of that upon which the fortress stood, the
traveller had to ascend a torrent for half a day,
ere he could attain the summit. Another reason
was, that the torrent which occupied the valley
flowed past great gorges, commencing near the
low country, in which armies, with large quanti-
ties of stores and baggage, might lie hidden for a
month before their presence could be suspected.
Ibn Mahdy's raiders, when they entered a district
in the low country, plundered and burnt, and on
daylight appearing, they withdrew to the valley
in which were these gorges. There they remained,
where none could reach them or venture to attack
them.

Thus he continued to act with the people of
95 Zabid, until the country was forsaken by its inhabit-
ants. The land ceased to be ploughed, and the
roads were deserted. His orders to his people were,
to drive away the cattle and slaves, and to kill the
prisoners and animals incapable of marching. They
obeyed his commands, which stimulated their own
greed, struck terror into their enemies, and accom-
plished the ruin of the country.

I met 'Aly ibn Mahdy in a.h. 549, at the Court of
the Da'y Muhammad ibn Saba Prince of Aden, in
the city of Dhu Jiblah. He was seeking aid against

I2S ^Ofndrak.

tlie people of Zabid, which the Da'y, however, would
not consent to give. Ibn Mahdy tendered me his
friendship and offered to place me at the head of all
his followers.

On his return that same year from Dhu Jiblah to
ash-Sharaf, he occupied himself in contriving the
death of the Kaid Surur al-Fatiki. The Kaid was
slain in Rajab of the year 551. Among the
causes that contributed to the success of Ibn Mahdy
against the people of Zabld, was the circumstance
that their chiefs were filled with jealousy and envy,
at the sight of the eminence attained by the Ka'id
Surur. After his death, the closed gates of evil
were thrown open against the Abyssinian dynasty,
and the bonds of its stability were unloosed. Ibn
Mahdy left the fortress of ash-Sharaf and came
down to ad-Dashir, distant less than half a day's
journey from Zabid. The people and Arabs of the
district, subjects of the Abyssinians, strove to con-
ciliate him. And whenever one of IbnMahdy's people
came in contact with a brother or a kinsman, living
among the Abyssinians, a tiller of the soil, or a
camel driver or cattle-herd in their service, he
perv^erted him.

Thus matters continued until Ibn Mahdy pene-
trated, with an innumerable host, to the gates of
Zabid. I have been assured by several natives of
Yaman, who witnessed the siege of the town, that
no people ever withstood their enemies with so much
firmness, or fought so bravely as the citizens of
Zabid, They fought Ibn Mahdy in seventy-two
96 engagements, heedless of the slaughter by which
their numbers were reduced. They suff'ered from
hunger until their misery constrained them to the
necessity of eating carrion. They at length im-
plored assistance of the Zaydite and Rassite Sharif
Ahmad ibn Suleyman, Prince of Sa'dah. He gave
them aid, impelled thereto by his eagerness to

The Banu Mahdy. 129

acquire sovereign power over the city and people.
They pledged themselves to appoint him their
King, and the Sharif promised that if they slew
their Lord Fatik, he would bind himself unto them
by oath. The slaves thereupon rose against their
master.

(They were the slaves of Fatik) son of Jayyash
son of Najah. This Najah was the freedman of
Marjan, who was the freedman of Abu 'Abd Allah
al-Husayn ibn Saliimah, and Husayn ibn Salamah
was the freedman of Rushd the steward, who was
the freedman of Ziyad son of Ibralum son of Abu '1-
Jaysh Ishak son of Muhammad son of Ibrahim son
ofAbdallah (son of Muhammad) ibn Ziyad.^^

The slaves above mentioned slew Fatik in the
year 553. But the Sharif found himself unable to
defend the people of Zabld against 'Aly ibn Mahdy.
The war continued between them and Ibn Mahdy.
Several battles were fought and the citizens
sheltered themselves behind their walls, but he at
length succeeded in capturing the town. The
Abyssinian dynasty came to an end and Ibn Mahdy
established himself in the Government House, on
Friday the 14th of Rajab of the year 554.

'Aly ibn Mahdy survived the event through the
remainder of that month and throughout Sha'ban
and Ramadan. He died in the following month of
Shawwal. He held possession of the city for two
months and twenty-one days. He was succeeded
by his son al-Mahdy and next by his son 'Abd an-
Naby. The latter was deposed, and was replaced
by 'Aly ibn Mahdy's son 'Abd Allah, but he was
afterwards re-instated, and at the present day he is
ruler of the whole of Yaman, with the exception
only of Aden, whose people have entered into a
treaty with him, under the conditions of which they
pay him an annual tribute.

'Abd an-Naby is sovereign both of the Highlands

K

I^.O

'O^narah.

and Lowlands, and all the kingdoms and treasures
of the Kings of Yaman have passed into his hands.
Muhammad ibn 'Alj, a citizen of Dhu. Jiblah, has
97 informed me that the riches of twenty-five Yamanite
dynasties have been absorbed into the treasury of
Ibn Mahdy. Therein is included the wealth of the
nobles of Zabld. None of the slaves of Fatik, the
Princesses of his family or the nobles of his dynasty
died, but left a large amount of wealth including
great sums of money. [All was acquired by Ibn
Mahdy] ; for he became possessed of their chil-
dren and women, who revealed to him where their
masters' treasures were to be found, their gold and
silver ware and ornaments, their pearls, jewels,
precious stones and splendid apparel of all kinds.
These nobles were as they of whom God Most High
hath said : B-Ow much they have left I Gardens and
springs of ivater, corn-lands and splendid places of
abode and ivealth, 'wherein they spent a life of enjoy-
ment ! Thus have we dealt with them, a7id we have
made these things to be an heritage unto another
people.*

The dynasty of Ibn Mahdy acquired the
kingdom of the Suleymanite Sharlfs, that of
the Banu Wa'il Sultans of Wuhazah, a ruling
family of ancient and noble race, likewise the
fortresses of the surviving members of the
Sulayhite family, unto each of whose strong-
holds a wide extent of territory and large re-
venues were attached. As to the possessions of
the King Mansur son of al-Mufaddal son of Abu
'1-Barakat son of al-Walld, the Himyarite, he lost
all his strongholds, which it is unnecessary to
enumerate, also all his treasures, in which were
comprised those of the Da'y *Aly son of Muhammad
the Sulayhite, those of al-Mukarram Ahmad son
of *Aly, husband of the Honourable Lady the
* Kur. s. xliv. V. 25-27,

The Bann Mahdy. 1 3 1

Queen Sayyidah, and those of the Queen herself.
The whole of her predecessors' wealth became the
property of the Lady Sayyidah. She deposited it
in the fortress of Ta'kar, and al-Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-
Barakat gained possession of the castle and of its
contents. They were inherited by his son Mansur
ibn al-Mufaddal. For it is believed that Mansur
reigned for thirty years and that he died in the
decade of his hundredth or of his ninetieth year.^*'

Among other places that passed into the posses-
sion of Ibn Mahdy, were the fortresses of al-Maj-
ma'ah and of Ta'kar, including, it is said, the wealth
they contained ; also the city of Dhu Jiblah, the
chief centre for the propagation of the Fatimite
supremacy and capital of the Sulayhites, likewise
the city of al- Janad and its dependencies, and in
98 like manner Thalithah and Sharyak, and Dhakhir
together with its dependencies. And the possessions
of that chieftain, 'Aly ibn Muhammad Prince of
Dhakhir, were not inferior to those of Mansur ibn
al-Mufaddal. Ibn Mahdy next acquired the kingdom
of the Banu'z-Zarr and the cities of Dhu Jiblah, of
Dhu Ashrak and of Ibb, the fortresses and country
of the Banu Khaulan, the fortresses of the Banu
Rabi'ah, namely 'Azzan, Habb and ash-Shamakhi.
He captured Sultan Abu 'n-Nurayn Abu '1 Fath,
and the fortress of as-Sawa remained in the pos-
session of Ibn as-Saba'i (the Khaulanite). Ibn
Mahdy next conquered the strongholds of the Da'y
*Imran ibn Muhammad, that is to say, the fortresses
of Sami' and Matran [and Numayr] situated in the
district of al-Ma'afir. He became possessed also of
the chief stronghold of Yaman, that which has no
equals other than Ta'kar and Habb, that is to say,
the fortress of Samadan, the strength of which has
become proverbial. No created being can prevail
against that stronghold, unless aided by the executors
of the Creator's decrees. This enumeration is that

K 2

1^2

'Omurak,

wliicli I have styled a dro]) from the ocean of Ihn
Malidifs conquests. And in the foregoing I have not
mentioned the country of the Banu Muzaffar, Saba
son of Ahmad the Sulayhite, nor the districts of
Haran (Haraz ?), nor Bura', nor the country of Bakll,
nor that of Hashid, nor Jublah (Jublan Raymah ?)
with its fortresses and provinces, nor "Wadi 'Unnah
nor Wadi Zabid, nor other places, such as the valleys
of Rim'a and of Raymat al-Asha'ir, their castles and
their villages, Mudhaykhirah and its dependencies,
which are several days' journey in extent, Damt and
Wadi Tahlah (Nakhlah?).^^^

Now, as to the sect to which Ibn Mahdy belonged
and the doctrines he held ; he followed the rules of
the Hanafite school in the interpretation of religious
law, but he added to its fundamental articles of
faith, the doctrine that regards sin as infidelity and
punishable with death. He held in like manner that
the penalty of death was to be inflicted upon all pro-
99 fessing Muslims who opposed his teaching, that it
was lawful to reduce their captured women to the
condition of concubines, their children to slavery,
and to treat their country as a land of infidels (Dar
al-Harb). I have been told, but the responsibility for
truth rests upon the original narrator, that Ibn
Mahdy did not implicitly trust the faith of a Muhajir,
excepting he proved his sincerity by slaying his own
son or his father or his brother. He used to recite
the following passage: — Thou shalt not find people
who believe in God and in the Day of Judgment, bear-
ing love unto them that oppose God and His apostle,
even though such be their fathers, their sons, their
brethren or their kinsfolk. He hath inscribed faith
in the hearts (of the true believers), and He aideth
them with a, Spirit proceedi7ig from Himself.* I
knew (added the narrator ?) a youth among them,
who was my neighbour and a student of Juris-
* Kur'an, s. Iviii. v. 22.

The Banu Mahay. 133

prudence. His motlier went on a visit to liim and
he slew her.

As to the faith which his followers placed in him,
it was beyond what is commonly held in respect of
the Prophets, the blessings of God and His peace
be upon them. One of the family of Tbn Mahdy
might think fit to kill several of his soldiers, and
even though (the latter' s comrades were ?) able to
prevail against the slayer, they abstained, through
submission and religious conviction, from killing
him. If Ibn Mahdy were moved to anger against
one of their greatest chiefs or leaders, the person
who had incurred his displeasure would confine
himself to a spot exposed to the rays of the sun.
He would neither be fed nor given to drink, neither
his son nor his wife could approach him, nor durst
any person intercede for him, until Ibn Mahdy
pardoned him of his own free will. Their perfect
submission was such that every man carried to the
public Treasury the woollen yarn which his wife
or daughters had spun. Tbn Mahdy supplied him
and his family with clothing. Not one of the sol-
diers possessed a horse his own property, or could
keep one in a stable attached to his dwelling, neither
did he possess accoutrements, or weapons, or aught
else. Horses were kept in Ibn Mahdy' s stables,
and arms were stored in his arsenals. If necessity
arose, he distributed among his men the horses and
weapons they required. A soldier who fled from
the enemy was beheaded. By no means could his
life be spared. Whoso drank intoxicating liquors
suffered death, and death was the penalty for listen-
ing to songs, for adultery, and for absence from the
Fridays' prayers or from the two assemblies at
which he preached to the people, on Thursdays and
Mondays. Anyone who neglected to visit his
100 father's grave on these two days suffered death.
To these laws the soldiery alone were subject.

134 *Omarah.

Those applicable to the people were of a more leni-
ent character, and I am informed at the present
time, that is to say, in the year 553 (read 563 or
564), that the severity with which these laws were
carried into effect has been relaxed/^^

Chapter in which aee enumerated the Persons who

HAVE held in YaMAN THE OfFICE OF Da'Y FOR

the Fatimites.

Of their number was the Da'y *Aly son of Muham-
mad the Sulayhite, who combined the office of Da'y
with supreme power as temporal sovereign. Next
was his son al-Mukarram Ahmad the Sulayhite,
who likewise combined both offices. After him
Sultan Suleyman az-Zawahi exercised the functions
of Da'y, but did not hold sovereign rule. Then
the Kadi * ibn Malik the Sulayhite com-
bined the office of Da'y with that of Judge, but
did not exercise sovereign rule. Next 'Aly son
of Ibrahim al- Muwaffak fi 'd-din, son of Najib
ad-Daulah, held the office of Dii'y and exercised
sovereign rule, under the authority of the Honour-
able Lady Queen Sayyidah, over part of her
dominions. ^°^

Then, when the official notification was received
from our Lord the Imam al-Amir bi-Ahkam Illah,
Prince of the faithful — upon whom be peace — bring-
ing to the Queen, his accepted Representative in
the country of Yaman, the glad tidings of the birth
of his son, our Lord the Imam at-Tayyib Abu
'1-Kasim, and of the new-born Prince's designation

* Lacuna in the ]\IS.

The DTCys of Yaman. 135

as successor to the Imamate, (it was) conceived in
the following terms : —

In the name of God the Merciful, the Gracious.

From the servant o£ God and His beloved, al-Mansur Abu
'Aly al-Amir bi-Ahkam Illah, Prince of the Faithful,

Unto the Honourable Lady, the Queen, the hig'hly esteemed,
the pure, the stainless, the unparagoned of her ag-e, Sove-
reign Lady of the Kings of Yaman, the Pillar of Islam, the
Special friend of the Imam, Treasure of the Faith, Support
of the true believers, Refuge unto them that seek aid. Pro-
tectress of the truly directed, Favourite of the Prince of the
Faithful, Guardian of his favoured servants. May God per-
petuate her power and prosperit}^, and grant her increasing
support and assistance. Peace be with thee !

The Prince of the Faithful praiseth God, than whom there
is none other God but He, and prayeth Him to bless his
101 ancestor Muhammad, the seal of the Prophets and Lord of
the Apostles. May God bless him and his pure family the
truly directed Imams, and hail them with salutations of
peace.

And after. Verily the favours of God unto the Prince of
the Faithful cannot be reckoned. Their magnitude is beyond
all power of measurement and their limit cannot be deHned.
The mind of man cannot encompass them. For they are
even as the clouds in the heavens, of which one departeth
and another ever cometh, as the flashing rays of the sun that
perpetually issue forth and envelop the earth, and as the
lion whose visits are unceasing, who cometh in the morning
and returneth in the shadows of evening.

But God's noblest gift to the Prince of the Faithful, the
greatest and the most widely renowned, the most brilliant in
honour and distinction, is that recently conferred upon him
by the birth of a child, pure and highly prized, virtuous and
pious, on the night that ushered in the dawn of Sunday the
fourth of the month of Rabi'u '1-Akhir of the year 524. The
pulpits of the world have exhaled fragrance on the procla-
mation (therefrom) of his name, and the hopes of all men, of
the people of the plains and of the dwellers in cities, are
directed to the wealth-imparting clouds of his beneficence.
The darkness of night hath been illumined by the light of
his noble presence and by the shining beauty of his counten-
ance, and through him the necklace of disjointed precious
jewels are strung, to add increased lustre to the brilliant

6 '■Omar ah.

dynasty of the Fiitimites. God hath broug'ht him forth from
the lineag-e of the Prophet, like as li^-ht is brought forth from
light, and the Prince of the Faithful hath obtained, through
his birth, showers of brilliant sparks proceeding from the flint
and steel of felicity. He hath named him at-Tayyib, for the
sweetness of his nature, and he hath surnamed him Abu '1-
Kasim, the surname of his ancestor the Prophet of true
guidance, from whose substance his substance hath sprung.

The Prince of the Faithful praiseth God Most High for
the grace he hath bestowed upon him by raising a shining star
in the firmament of the Imperial dynasty and a light-giving
orb in the empyrean of its glory, and for filling him with the
thankfulness that tendeth to the continuance of God^s mercies,
and to an abundant downflow from the beneficent clouds of
His indulgence and goodness.

He prayeth that God may grant unto him, through the
birth of this child, the accomplishment of his furthest hopes,
that he may through him be linked with the Imamate as
long as day continues to be joined unto night; that God
may make this child a refuge for the truly directed, a living
proof against them that deny, a help unto them that are
under constraint, a succourer unto them that seek assistance,
an asylum to them that are in feai', and a source of happiness
J 02 to the patient ; that the world through him may attain its
most abundant happiness and prosperity, and that each day,
as it ariseth, may disclose its pearly teeth in smiles.

By reason of the lofty rank bestowed upon thee by the
Prince of the Faithful and of thy position unequalled and
unmatched, I make known unto thee these auspicious tidings,
glorious and important and widely celebrated, that thou
mayest abundantly rejoice thereat, and that thou mayest
spread them among thy servants and divinely favoured people,
that they may be equally known to them that are distant
and to them that are near, that by knowledge of these tidings
the necklace of happiness be strung, and that their sweet
fragrance be exhaled as that of fresh aloes-wood from Mandal
and of camphor.* Be this known unto thee and make it
known, with the permission of God Most High.

Written on the day above mentioned. May God bless his
Apostle our Lord Muhammad and his family the pure Imams,
hail them with salutations of peace, exalt them and honour
them unto the last day ! '"^

* Mandal is said to be the name of a place in India (the
Indian Archipelago ?), celebrated for its aloes- wood.

The Da^ys of Yainan. 137

Soon after the sceptre departed from the hands
of our Lord al-Amh% and al-Hafiz succeeded. The
first edict that reached the Queen from him pur-
ported to proceed from the appointed heir to the
Empire of the MusHms.

In the second 3^ear of the Prince of the Faithful,
the Queen appointed the noble Da'y Ibrahim ibn
al-Husajn al-Hamidi.

She next transferred the office of Da'y on behalf
of the Khalifah al-Hafiz to the family of Zuray'.
** Sufficient," said the Queen, " for the Banu as-
Sulayhi, is that which they know respecting (the
fate of ?) our Lord at-Tayyib." *

Then the office was held by his son Hatim ibn
Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn al-Hamidi, until that time.

It was transferred under the reign of al-Hafiz to
the family of Zuray'. One of them (or, the first)
was the unparagoned Amir Saba son of Abu Su'ud,
son of Zuray' son of al-'Abbas the Yamite, who
combined the office of Da'y with sovereign rule.
He was succeeded by his son, the great, the crowned,
the powerful Da'y, Da'y of the Prince of the Faith-
ful, Muhammad son of Saba, in whose hands like-
wise the functions of Da'y and the royal office were
combined.

We have now, in this abridgment, supplied an
abstract of the history of the kings of the country
of Yaman and of the Da'ys.

End of the auspicious history. Praise be to God,
by whose grace all good works are brought to com-
pletion.

* See Note 102. It will be noticed that in Janadi we find the
verb J^c to do instead of Jlc to know.

W3 THE HISTOEY OF YAMAN

EXTRACTED FROM THE GENERAL HISTORY OF

^ABD AR-RAHMAlSr IBN KHALDt^N.

The History op Yaman and op the Islamitic
States that have existed therein subject to

THE 'AbBaSIDES AND 'ObAYDITES, AND OP ALL ITS

Arab Kings, a general Account op their
Rise and Vicissitudes, followed by separate
Historical Notices, under the heading op
each City and Kingdom of the Country, one
BY one.

We have related, in the latter part of the Pro-
phetical History, how Yaman became part of the
Islamitic Empire, througli the submission of Ba-
dhan, its governor under Kisra (Chosroes), to
Islam. The people were converted along with him,
and the Prophet appointed him Amir over all its
provinces. His residence was at San'a, the seat
of government of the ancient kings, the Tubbas.
AVhen the Prince died, after the Farewell Pilgrim-
age, the Prophet (may God bless him and hail him
with salutations of peace) divided Yaman among
provincial governors, subject to himself, and
appointed Shahr son of Badhan over San'a.

We have likewise related the story of al-Aswad

Early Governors under I shun. 139

al-'Ansi (the 'Ansite), how he drove the governors
of the Prophet out of Yaman, how he marched
upon San'a, possessed himself of the city, how he
slew Shahr son of Badhan, took his wife in mar-
riage, made himself master of the greater part of
Yaman, and how most of its people apostatized.
The Prophet wrote to his followers and deputies, as
also to all who had steadfastly adhered to the faith.
Through the medium of Fayriiz son of her uncle,
they entered into communication with the wife of
Shahr, whom al-Aswad had married. The leading
part, in these occurrences, was taken by Kays ibn
'Abd Yaghiith,* the Muradite. He, Payruz and
Dadhwayh came to al-Aswad by night, with the
concurrence of his wife, and slew him. The
governors of the Prophet returned to their pro-
vinces, and this occurred shortly before the Pro-
phet's death.

Kays became sole ruler at San'a and he collected
together the scattered soldiery of al-Aswad. Abu
Bakr appointed Fayruz and the Abnas who owned
his authority, over Yaman, and commanded the
04 people to obey him. Fayruz attacked Kays ibn
Makshuh and put him to flight.^''*

Abu Bakr then appointed al-Muhajir ibn Abi
Umayyah to be commander in the war against the
apostates of Yaman, and likewise 'Ukrimah ibn Abi
Jahl, who was ordered to commence by operating
against the apostates of 'Oman, and then to join al-
Muhajir. At a later date, Yaman was placed under
the government of Ya'la ibn Munyah. He after-
wards joined 'A'ishah at Mecca, whence he accom-
panied her and took part in the battle of the
Camel.^"^

*Aly appointed over Yaman 'Obayd Allah ibn
*Abbas, and then 'Obayd Allah's brother 'Abd
Allah. Afterwards Mu'awiyah appointed over
* Also known as Ibn Makshuh.

140 Ibn Khaldun.

San'a Fayriiz the Daylamite, wlio died a.h. 53. In
A.H. 72, when 'Abd al-Malik sent al-Hajjaj against
Ibn Zubayr, Le named him governor of Yaman.
When the dynasty of the 'Abbasides was established
(the Khalifah Abu '1-' Abbas 'Abd Allah) as-Saffah
appointed over the province his uncle Da-ud ibn
*Aly, and upon Da-iid's death, in a.h. 138, he re-
placed him by Muhammad, son of his maternal
uncle Yazid (read Ziyad), son of 'Obayd Allah son
(descendant) of 'Abd al-Madan.

Thenceforward the governorship passed succes-
sively from one ruler to another, all of whom estab-
hshed their residence at San'a, until the accession of
al-Ma'mun to the Khallfate. The missionaries of
the Talibites appeared in the provinces, and Abu 's-
Saraya, of the Banu Shayban, proclaimed in 'Irak
the supremacy of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Tabataba,
son of Isma'il, son of Ibrahim, the latter, brother
(read uncle) of the Mahdi, an-Nafs az-ZakJijah (the
pure in spirit), Muhammad, son of 'Abd Allah son of
Hasan (son of Hasan son of 'Aly son of Abu Talib).
Disturbances increased in violence and Muhammad
ibn Tabataba appointed rulers over the various pro-
vinces. He was eventually killed, and Muhammad
son of Ja'far as-Sadik was proclaimed in the Hijaz,
whilst in Yaraan, Ibrahim son of Musa al-Kazim
rebelled in a.h. 200.* He did not succeed in his
designs, and he was surnamed al-Jazzdr (the
Butcher), by reason of his blood-shedding disposi-
tion. Al-Ma'mun sent troops to Yaman, who sub-
dued the country. They removed large numbers
of the leading men, and Yaman acquired a settled
condition, in the manner we will proceed to relate.

* See Genealogical Table of Imams, Note 107.

The Ziyudites. 141

The Dynasty of Ziyad under the supeemaoy of

THE AbBASIDES,

Among the leading men of Yaman sent up to al-
Ma'mdn there was one, Muhammad son of Ziyad,
a descendant of 'Obayd Allah son of Ziyad son of
Abu Sufyan. He propitiated the Khalifah, and
105 having engaged to protect Yaman against the
Alides, he won his favour and was appointed to the
government of the province, where he arrived in
a.h. 203. He conquered the Tihamah of Yaman,
that is to say, the western country adjoining the
sea-coast, and founded there the city of Zabid, which
became his place of residence and the capital of his
kingdom. He appointed over the highlands his
freedman Ja'far. Tihamah was conquered after a
struggle with the Arab tribes, and they were sub-
jected to a stipulation that they should not make
use of riding horses. Ibn Ziyad became sovereign
of the whole of Yaman. His authority was
recognized in the provinces of Hadramaut, ash-
Shihr and Diyar (the country of the) Banu
Kindah, and he acquired the power and dignity
formerly enjoyed by the Tubbas (the ancient Kings
of Yaman).

There existed at San'a, the chief city of Yaman,
the Banu Ya'fur,- descendants of Himyar, one of the
noblest families that had survived the rule of the
Tubbas. They exercised supreme authority over
the city and owned allegiance to the Abbasides.
Besides San'a they possessed Bayhan, Najran,*
and Jurash. The last of the family were As'ad ibn'
Ya'fur and, next after him, his brother Muhammad.
The Banu Ya'fur recognized the supremacy of Ibn
Ziyad.

'Aththar, likewise one of the kingdoms of Yaman,

* See infra, p. 172, and •Omarah, mi>ra, p. 6. The Paris MS.
writes Tajrat.

142 Ibn Khaldun.

was under the rule of Suleymau ibn Tarf, who also
submitted.

Muhammad ibn Ziyiid perished, and he was
succeeded by his son Ibrahim. Then followed
Ziyad son of Ibrahim, then the brother of Ziyad,
Abu '1-Jaysh Ishak son of Ibrahim. His reign
endured for a long period, until he attained
the age of eighty years. 'Omarah says that he
reigned eighty years over Yaman, Hadramaut and
the maritime islands. When Abu '1-Jaysh heard of
the assassination of the Khallfah al-Mutawakkil
and afterwards ' of the abdication of al-Musta'in
(a.h. 252) and of the subjection of the Khalifate to
the Turkish freedmen, he discontinued the payment
of tribute, and when riding forth, he caused a
canopy to be borne over his head, according to the
usage of the independent Persian kings.^°^

Under his reign Yahya son of al-Husayn son of
al-Kasim ar-Rassy son of Ibrahim Tabataba arose
in Yaman proclaiming the supremacy of the Zayd-
ites.^*^^ He came from Sind, whither his grand-
father al-Kasim had fled, upon the suppression of
the insurrection led by his brother Muhammad and
by Abu 's-Saraya. of which we have related the
history.

Al-Kasim sought refuge in Sind and there his son
Husayn and his grandson Yahya were born. Yahya
appeared in Yaman in a.h. 288 and proceeded to
IO6 Sa'dah, where he made open profession of the doc-
trines of the Zaydites. He then marched upon
San'a and wrested it from the hands of As'ad ibn
Ya'fur, but the Banu Ya'fur recaptured the city
and Yahya returned to Sa'dah. His followers gave
him the title of Imam and his descendants occupy
the country at the present day. We have herein
before related their history.*

It was likewise in the days of Abu '1-Jaysh, that
the claims of the 'Obaydites were proclaimed in
* Infra, p. 184.

The Ziyudites. 143

Yaman. Muhammad (read 'Aly) ibn al-Fadl estab-
lished his authority in their name, in a.h. 340, over
Aden La'ah and over the highlands of Yaman, as
far as Mount Mudhaykhirah.

The country that remained subject to Abu '1- Jaysh
extended from ash-Sharjah to Aden, twenty days'
journey, and from his own province to San'a, five
days' journey. When Muhammad ('Aly) ibn al-
Fadl overcame him by spreading recognition of
the 'Obaydite supremacy in Yaman, the rulers
of the ontlying provinces cast off their allegiance
to Abu '1- Jaysh. Among them were the Banu
As'ad ibn Ya'fur at San'a, Suleyman ibn Tarf at
'Aththar and the Imam ar-Rassy at Sa'dah. Abu
'1- Jaysh adopted a conciliatory policy with them.

He perished in a.h. 371. He had extended his
kingdom and had increased its revenues. Ibn Sa'Id
says that he had examined a statement according
to which the revenues of Abu '1-Jaysh amounted to
1,366,000 'Ashariyah dinars,* besides duties levied
upon the shipping from Sind, upon ambergris
arriving at Bab al-Mandeb and at Aden-Abyan, on
the pearl fisheries, and besides the taxes collected
in the Island of Dahlak, which included one thou-
sand slaves. The Kings of Abyssinia, on the
opposite shores, were in the habit of offering him
presents, and sought his friendship.

At his death he left a young child of the name of
*Abd Allah or Ibrahim or, as is also said, of the
name of Ziyad. His sister and his freedman Rashid
the Abyssinian became the guardians of the child.
Rashid appointed over the highlands his mamluk
Hasan (Husayn) ibn Salamah the Nubian. Thence-
forth the office of wazir passed from one Abyssinian

* Eead : Amounted in a.h. 366 to one million 'Aththariyah
dinars. It will be observed that Ibn Sa'Id's statement is simply
appropriated from 'Omarah, who, as we have seen, borrowed his
information from Ibn Hankal. (Note 12.)

144 ^'^'^ Khaldmi.

or Nubian freedman to another. They acquired
absolute control over the state, and the Ziyadite
dynasty at length carae to an end in a.h. 407 (read
409).

The child died and was succeeded by another,
also of the family of the Banu Ziyad, younger
than his predecessor. Ibn Sa'id remarks that
107 *Omarah knew not his name, in consequence of the
absolute control exercised over the Prince by the
chamberlains. He means ' Omarah, the historian of
Yaman. It is, however, said that this second child
bore the name of Ibrahim. He was placed under
the guardianship of his aunt and of Marjan one of
the freedmen of Hasan (Husayn) ibn Salamah.
Marjan became possessed of supreme power. He
had two freedmen, Kays * and Najah. He placed
the infant Prince, the nominal King, under the care
of Kays (Nafis), who was appointed to reside at
Zabid along with the child. Najah he appointed
over all the provinces other than Zabid, including
the cities of al-Kadra and al-Mahjam. Marjan
preferred Kays (Nafis) to Najah, between whom
jealousy consequently arose. It was stated to
Kays (Nafis) that the child's aunt favoured Najah,
and was in secret correspondence with him. He
seized her (and the child), with the concurrence of
his master Marjan, and buried them alive. He
assumed exclusive and supreme power, adopted the
use of the royal umbrella, and put his own name on
the coinage.

In extreme anger at what had occurred, Najah
placed himself at the head of an army, and marched
against Kays (Nafis), who came forth to meet him.
Several engagements and battles took place and
Kays (Nafis) was eventually defeated and killed,
along with five thousand men of his army. Najah
gained possession of Zabid in a.h. 412, and buried
* See Note 13, last par.

The Sulay kites. 145

Kays (Nafis) and his master Marjan in the place
of the child and its aunt. He assumed paramount
authority and the coinage was struck in his
name. He wrote to the supreme council of the
Khallfah at Baghdad, and was formally appointed
to rule over Yaman. He continued to exercise
absolute sway over Tiliamah and the highlands,
and he abolished in the mountain districts, the
authority of the rulers appointed by Hasan (Hu-
sayn) ibn Salamah. The neighbouring kings
dreaded his power, and he continued in the en-
joyment of that high estate until his assassina-
tion by 'Aly as-Sulayhi, the representative of the
'Obaydites, who encompassed his death, in a, h. 452,
by means of poison administered by a female slave
he sent to the King.

Najah was succeeded at Zabid by his freedman
Kahlan. Afterwards as-Sulayhi possessed himself
of the city and ruled over it, as will be related.

The Histoey of the Ba>^u 's-Sulayht,who euled

UNDEE THE AUTHOEITY OP THE 'ObAYDITES, AND
PEOPAGATED THEIE SDPEEMAOY IN YaMAN.

The Kadi Muhammad ibn *Aly the Hamdanite,
surnamed as-Sulayhi, was the chief of Haraz in the
country of the Hamdanites. He was descended
from the tribe of the Banu Yam, and there grew
up unto him a son named 'Aly. The office of Da'y
for the 'Obaydites was at that time held by 'Amir
son of 'Abd Allah az-Zawahi (the Zawahite), so
108 named after a village in Haraz. It was said that
he possessed the book al-Jafr, one of the treasures,
it was represented, of the 'Obaydite Imfims, and it
was pretended that the name of 'Aly, son of the
Kadi Muhammad, was mentioned in the book.

L

146 Ibn Khaldiin.

'Aly studied under the directions of the Da'y and
received his teaching. When the youth's merits
and talent became manifest, the Da'y showed him
his name and particulars describing him, set forth
in the book. " Take care of your son," he said to
the Kadi, " for he will be ruler over the whole of
Yaman."

*Aly grew up a Jurist noted for piety. For fif-
teen years he was leader of the pilgrimage by way of
Ta if and the Sarawat. He attained a great repu-
tation, his name became widely known, and people
commonly spoke of him as Sultan of Yaman. The
Da'y 'Amir az-Zawahi died bequeathing to him his
writings and appointing him his successor. 'Aly
led the caravan of pilgrims in a.h. 428, according to
his previous custom, and during the celebration of
the ceremonies of the Mausim,^ he assembled certain
men belonging to his tribe, that of Hamdan, who
had accompanied him, and called upon them for
their assistance and support. They consented and
swore allegiance to him. They were sixty in
number, ranking among the most manly members
of the tribe.

On his return, he established himself at Masar, a
fortress on the summit of one of the mountains of
Haraz, which he strengthened. His power waxed
great, and he wrote to al-Mustansir, then ruling in
Egypt, requesting to be allowed to make open
proclamation of the 'Obaydite doctrines. He re-
ceived the desired permission and carried his design
into effect. He made himself master of the whole
of Yaman, and took up his residence at San'a,
where he built palaces and made the Yamanite
Kings, whom he had conquered, take up their abode
beside him. He drove forth the Banu Tarf, Kings
of 'Aththar and Tihamah, and in a.h. 452, as we

* Between the 8th and 13th of the month of Dhu 'I-Hijjah.

The Sulay kites. 147

have mentioned, he brought about the death of
Najah, freedman of the Ziyadites and King of
Zabid, by means of a slave girl, he sent as a
present to the Prince.

He then proceeded to Mecca by command of al-
Mustansir the ruler of Egypt, for the purpose of
putting an end to the 'Abbaside supremacy and to
the rulership of the Hasanites. He appointed his
son, al-Mukarram Ahmad, his deputy at San'a, and
he took with him his wife Asma daughter of Shihab,
as also the kings who had their abode with him,
such as Ibn al-Kurandi, Ibn Ya'fur at-Tubba'y,
Wail ibn 'Isa al-Wuhazy, and others. Sa'id ibn
Najah made a night attack upon him at al-Mahjam
and killed him. This happened in a.h. 463 (read
473).

He was succeeded by his son al-Mukarram
Ahmad, who possessed himself of supreme power
and established himself at San'a. His mother,
109 Asma daughter of Shihab, had been captured by
Sa'id ibn Najah, on the night of the attack. She
sent a letter to her son al-Mukarram. " I am with
child," she wrote, " by the squint-eyed slave Sa'id,
al-Ahwal. Come to me before my delivery, or dis-
grace will ensue, such as time will never efface."
Al-Mukarram started from San'a in the year 475,
at the head of three thousand men. The Abyssin-
ians numbered twenty thousand, but he routed
them. Sa'id ibn Najah fled to the Island of Dah-
lak. Al-Mukarram presented himself to his mother,
who was seated in the archway (or casement) near
which the heads of as-Sulayhi and of his brother
were displayed. He took them down and buried
them, and unsheathed the sword in vengeance
against the city. He re-instated his maternal uncle
As'ad ibn Shihab over Tihamah as before, giving
him Zabid for his place of residence, and he then
departed with his mother for San'a.

L 2

148 Ibn Khaldun.

She conducted tlie affairs of his kingdom. After
a time, As'ad ibn Shihab having collected the
tribute of Tib amah, transmitted it under the charge
of his wazir Ahmad ibn Salim, and Asma dis-
tributed the money among the envoys from the
Arab tribes. She died in a.h. 477,* and in 479,
al-Mukarram lost possession of Zabid, which was
recovered by Sa'Id ibn Najah. Al-Mukarram re-
moved to Dhu Jiblah in 480 and appointed over
San'a 'Imran ibn al-Fadl the Hamdanite.

'Imran became independent and transmitted the
sovereignty to his descendants. His son Ahmad
assumed the title of Sultan, under which he
acquired great celebrity. He was succeeded by his
son Hatim son of Ahmad, but after him there was
at San'a no Prince of any renown, until the city was
conquered by the Suleymanites, upon that family
being overcome at Mecca by the Hashimites, as is
mentioned in their history. f Dhu Jiblah is a city
founded by 'Abd Allah son of Muhammad as-Sulayhi
in the year 458. Al-Mukarram removed thither by
the advice of his wife Sayyidah daughter of Ahmad,
who acquired the direction of the affairs of his king-
dom, after the death of his mother Asma. He made
Dhu Jiblah his place of residence and built in that
city the Bar al-'Izz (the abode of Majesty). He
applied himself to contrive the death of Sa'id ibn
Najah and succeeded in his design, as we will relate
in the history of Ibn Najah,

Al-Mukarram became absorbed in the pursuit of

* Read 479. See supra, p. 37.

t See infra, p. 187 and Note 130. It is hardly necessary to add
that the Suleymanites never conquered Sau'ii. Ibn Khaldun,
misled, it would appear by Ibn Sa'id, has liopelessly confused the
Suleyma-nites and Kas-sites. But it will indeed be seen that the
Rassite Imams themselves did not at the period referred to, nor for
long after it, become permanently possessed of San'a. And Ibn
Khaldun's statement touching 'Imran ibn al-Fadl and his de-
scendants, is likewise incorrect. See Note 8, the latter part.

The Siilay kites. 149

pleasure, living in a state of seclusion with his wife.
When on the point of death in 484, he bequeathed
his dignities to the son of his paternal uncle, al-
Mansur Saba son of Ahmad son of al-Muzaffar
son of 'Aly as-Sulayhi, Lord of the fortress of
Ashjah/'^'* He was invested by al-Mustansir the
'Obaydite and made that fortress his place of
110 residence, whilst Sayyidah daughter of Ahmad re-
mained at Dhu Jiblah. He sought her in marriage,
but she refused, whereupon he laid siege to the
castle she inhabited. Her uterine brother Suley-
man ibn 'Amir az-Zawfihi assured him that she would
not consent, unless commanded by al-Mustansir the
Egyptian Khalifah. Al-Mansdr accordingly made
application to al-Mustansir, who complied with his
request. A eunuch arrived from the Court of the
Khalifah, and acquainted the Princess with the
purpose of his mission. He recited to her the
verse : Vnio no believer, male nor female, helongeth
liberty of choice tvhen the decree of God and of His
Apostle hath gone forth.* " The Prince of the
Faithful," he continued, " marries thee to the Da'y
Mansiir Abu Himyar Saba son of Ahmad son of al-
Muzaffar, and appoints unto thee a dowry of one
hundred thousand dinars in money and fifty thou-
sand dinars in articles of rarity and value." The
contract of marriage was entered into and Saba
proceeded from the fortress of Ashyah to Dhu Jib-
lah, and joined his wife in the Dar al-'Izz. It is
said that she sent him a slave girl who bore an
exceeding resemblance to herself, that the girl
stood at the head of his couch, and that he never
raised his eyes unto her until morning, when he
returned to Ashyah, whilst the Princess remained
at Dhu Jiblah.

The person possessed of paramount influence
over the Queen was al-Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-Barakat

* KurTm. S. xxxiii. v. 3G

150 Ihii Khaldiin.

of the Banu Yam, the tribe to which the Sulayhites
belonged.* He invited his allies of the tribe of
Janb to join him. He appointed an abode for
them at Dliu Jiblah, close to his own place of resi-
dence, and they supported him in warlike enter-
prises.

Sayyidah was in the habit of spending the sum-
mer at Ta'kar, where she kept her treasury and
valuables. On the approach of winter she returned
to Dhu Jiblah. After a time al-Mufaddal remained
alone in possession at Ta'kar, without interruption
to their friendly intercourse. He departed to make
war upon the family of Najah. A Jurist, who bore
the surname of al-Jamal, seized the opportunity to
raise an insurrection in the castle of Ta'kar, assisted
by several (or seven) other men of his profession,
one of whom was Ibrahim ibn Zeydiin, paternal
uncle of 'Omarali the poet. They swore allegiance
to al-Jamal, on the condition that he should put an
end to the supremacy of the Imamites. Al-Mufad-
dal hastening back besieged them, and the Banu
Khaulan came to the assistance of the rebels. Al-
Mufaddal adopted a conciliatory and temporizing
policy towards the Khaulanites, but perished in the
course of the siege, in a.h. 504.

The Lady Sayyidah thereupon came to the spot
and prevailed upon the Khaulanites to enter into
an alliance, the terms of which she faithfully
111 observed. She constituted herself guardian of the
family and son of al-Mufaddal. The castle of
Ta'kar passed into the hands of 'Imran ibn az-Zarr
the Khaulanite and of his brother Suleyman, and
'Imran acquired the influence formerly exercised by
al-Mufaddal over the Lady Sayyidah. At her death,
he and his brother remained sole masters of the
castle of Ta'kar.

* 'Omarah speaks of Abu '1-Barakat as a Himyarite.

The Sulayhites. 151

Mansur, the son of al-Mufaddal son of Abu '1-
Barakat, became possessed of Dbu Jiblab, and held
the fortress until he sold it to the Zuray'ite Da'y,
the ruler of Aden, as will hereafter be related. He
established his residence in the stronghold of
Ashyah, which had formerly belonged to the Da'y
al-MansLir Saba son of Ahmad.

Al-Mansur Saba had died in a.h. 486 (read 492),
after which discord arose among his children. His
son 'Aly succeeded in gaining possession of the
castle of Ashyah. He gave annoyance to al-
Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-Barakat and to the Lady Say-
yidah, and they felt themselves helpless against him,
until al-Mufaddal at length contrived, by means of
poison concealed in a quince, to bring about the
death of his enemy.

The family of Abu '1-Barakat possessed itself of
the fortresses of the Banu Muzaffar, and al-Mu-
faddal died soon afterwards, as has been related.
Sayyidah undertook the guardianship of his son
Mansur, who did not hold independent authority.
But upon his advancing in years, he became
possessed of the dominion held by his father over
the fortress of Ta'kar and its castles, over Dhu
Jiblali and its fortresses, and of that formerly exer-
cised by the Banu Muzaffar over Ashyah and its
fortresses. After a time he sold the castle of Dhu
Jiblah to the Zuray'ite Da'y, the Prince of Aden,
for 100,000 dinars, and he continued to sell his for-
tresses, one after the other, until none remained
unto him but that of Ta'izz, of which he was de-
prived by 'Aly son of Mahdy, after he had reigned
for eighty years and had attained the age of one
hundred.* And God, be He magnified and exalted,
possesseth supreme knowledge of the truth.

* See Note 56, the latter part, and Note 99,

152 Ibn Khaldun.

The History op the dominion, at ZabId, of the
Banu Najah, fkeedmen of the Banu Ziyad,
their early career and the vicissitudes they
underwent.

'Aly as-Sulayhi, as has been related, gained posses-
sion of Zabid from the hands of Kahlan, after having
destroyed him (read JSTajah) by poison in a.h. 452
with the assistance of the slave girl he had sent
him.
1 ] 2 Najah had three sons, Mu'ilrik, Sa'id and Jayyash.
Mu'arik committed suicide, and the two remaining
brother stook refuge in the Island of Dahlak, where
they abode, occupying themselves in the study of
the Kur'an and of literature. After a time Sa'id
departed, in anger with his brother Jayyash, and
returned to Zabld, where he concealed himself in a
cave, which he dug for himself in the ground. He
then sent for his brother Jayyash, who joined him
and they remained together in concealment.

It next happened that the Hashimite Amir of
Mecca, Muhammad ibn Ja'far, having renounced the
supremacy of the 'Obaydite Khalifah of Egypt al-
Mustansir, the latter wrote to as-Sulayhi, command-
ing him to make war upon the Amir and to compel
him to maintain the Alide supremacy at Mecca.
'Aly as-Sulaylii accordingly marched from San'a, and
thereupon Sa'id and his brother issued forth from
their hiding-place. As-Sulayhi obtaining intelli-
gence thereof, despatched against them a force of
about five thousand horsemen,* with orders to put
the two brothers to death. But Sa'id and Jayyash
avoided the troops and went in pursuit of as-Sulayhi
and his army. They made a night attack upon him
at al-Mahjam, which he had reached on his way to
Mecca. He had with him five thousand Abyssiniansf

* Kead Aljyssinians. Sec supra, p. 83.
t See supra, p. 30.

I

The Bamt Najah. 153

wlio, however, made no attempt to defend him.
His troops were scattered and as-Sulayhi was killed,
falling, it is said, at the hands of Jay y ash. This
occurred in the year 473. 'Abd Allah as-Sulayhi
brother of 'Aly, was likewise killed, as well as one
hundred and seventy men of the family of Sulayhi,
and 'Aly's wife Asma, daughter of his uncle Shihab,
was captured together with thirty -five Kahtanite
kings, who had been deprived of their dominion in
Yaman. Sa'id sent to the troops that had been des-
patched against himself and against his brother,
granted them an amnesty and took them into his
own service. He then marched upon Zabid, which
was ruled by As'ad ibn Shihab the brother of Asma,
wife of as-Sulayhi. As'ad fled to San'a, and Sa'id
made his entrance into Zabid with Asma, the wife
of as-Sulayhi, borne in front of him in a litter, close
to which were carried the heads of 'Aly and of his
brother. He placed Asma in the palace of Zabid,
and set tip the two heads opposite the casement of
her apartment. The hearts of the people were filled
with dread, and Sa'id assumed the title of Nastr ad-
113 Daulah (Defender of the State).

The commanders of the fortresses made them-
selves masters of the places that had been en-
trusted to them. At San'a, al-Mukarram son of
as-Sulayhi, was thrown into a state of stupor and
all but utter helplessness.

His mother Asma wrote to him from Zabid,
stimulating and inciting him : " I am great with
child," she wrote, " by Sa'id. Come therefore unto
me, before disgrace light upon thee and upon the
whole Arab nation." Al-Mukarram thereupon con-
trived to instigate Sa'id son of Najah into an attack
upon San'a, employing as his medium one of the
commanders on the frontier, and flattering Sa'id with
promises of victory.^"^

Sa'id consequently advanced at the head of

154 ^^/^ Khaldiui.

twenty thousand Abyssinians. Al-Mukarram issued
forth from San'a, and put the enemy to flight. He
turned their position so as to intercept the road
to Zabld, and Sa'id fled to the Island of Dahlak.

Al-Mukarram entered Zabid and proceeded to his
mother, whom he found seated at the casement near
which were exposed the heads of as-Sulayhi and of
his brother. He took them down and buried them.
And he appointed over Zabid his maternal uncle
As'ad in the year 497 (read 475). He then departed
for San'a, but Sa'id subsequently returned to Zabid
in A.H. 479.

Al-Mukarram wrote to - Abu ' 'Abd Allah ibn
Ya'fur (read Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn), Lord of
the fortress of Sha'ir, desiring him to incite Sa'Id
against himself, to urge upon him the capture of
Dhu Jiblah and to represent, as the motive of his
action, that al-Mukarram was absorbed in the pur-
suit of pleasure, that he lived in a state of subjec-
tion to his wife Sayyidah daughter of Ahmad, and
that he was afflicted with paralysis. The artifice
was crowned with success. Sa'Id came forth at the
head of thirty thousand Abyssinians, and al-Mukar-
ram prepared an ambush for him below the castle
of Sha'ir. Sa'id fell a victim to treachery. His
troops were routed and he himself killed. His
head was put up at Zabid on the spot, close to
the casement, where the head of as-Sulayhi was
formerly exposed. Al-Mukarram became master
of the city of Zabid, and its subjection to the Abys-
sinians ceased. Jayyash fled accompanied by his
brothers wazu'Khalf son of Abu 1 ahir the Marwan-
ite. They entered Aden in disguise and thence
they proceeded to India, where they remained for
six months. They met in that country a diviner,
who came from (the island of) Sarandib and who
cheered them with happy predictions concerning
their future fortunes. They returned to Yaman

The BantL Najali. 155

and the wazir Khalf proceeded in advance to Zabid,
where he spread a report of the death of Jayyash,
and obtained an amnesty for himself. Jayyash also
came to Zabld, but remained in concealment.

The Governor of Zabid at that time was As'ad
ibn Shihab, the maternal uncle of al-Mukarram,
114 and along with him 'Aly ibn al-Kumm, wazlr
of al-Mukarram. This man entertained feelings
of intense hatred against al-Mukarram and his
dynasty. The wazir Khalf contrived to win his
confidence and played chess with Husayn the son of
*Aly. After a time he played with the father. He
won his favour and then revealed to him the plans
he had conceived touching the government, inform-
ing him that he was an adherent of the family of
Najah. Whilst playing, Khalf was one day speak-
ing in a manner calculated to stimulate the dislike
of his hosts to the Sulayhites,* when 'Aly ibn al-
Kumm overheard him. 'Aly questioned him and
Khalf revealed his purpose, swearing him to
secrecy. During that time Jayyash was collecting
his Abyssinian followers and spending money upon
them, until they gathered to the number of five
thousand men. He then suddenly, in the year 482,
rose in insurrection at Zabid. He seized the Govern-
ment House, but treated As'ad ibn Shihab with
kindness, in consideration of the infirmities with
which he was afflicted, and set him at liberty.
Jayyash became King of Zabid and of Tihamah and
instituted the Khutbah in the name of the 'Abbas-
ides, whilst the Sulayhites recited it in the name
of the 'Obaydites. Al-Mukarram unceasingly sent
the Arabs on predatory expeditions against Zabid,
until Jayyash died at the commencement (read at
the end) of the fifth century. He bore the surname

* I have read "^1 instead of ^~^\ but Ibn Khaldun's story, it
will be observed, is not perfectly clear, nor is it consistent with
'Omarah's narrative.

] 56 Ibn Khaldiui.

of Abu 't-Tfimi (the Exalted), and was celebrated for
bis justice.

He was succeeded by bis son al-Fatik, wbo,
however, was opposed by his two brothers, Ibrahim
and *Abd al- Wahid. A struggle took place between
him and his two brothers, in which he eventually
triumphed. He perished in the year 503.

His slaves raised to the throne his son Mansur
ibn Fatik, a boy below the age of puberty, and they
conducted the affairs of his kingdom ; but \hQ
Prince's uncle Ibrahim came forth to attack him,
and the slaves prepared troops to defend their own
and the young Prince's authority. His other uncle
'Abd al- Wahid thereupon rose in the city. Mansur
sent to al-Mufaddal son of Abu '1-Barakat Prince of
Ta'kar, who came professedly to his assistance, but
concealing treacherous designs. He heard that the
people of Ta'kar had revolted against him, and
turned back.

Mansur remained king of Zabid until one of his
slaves, Abu Mansur Mann Allah, was appointed his
wazh' and poisoned him, in the year 517.

Mann Allah raised to the throne the Prince's sou
Fatik, a young child, in whose name he governed
the kingdom. The wazlr was accused of attempt-
ing the honour of the women of the family of Najah,
so that even the mother of the infant king Fatik fled
from him, and took up her residence outside the city.
Mann Allah was enterprising and brave, and he is
celebrated for his wars with the enemy. He was
115 attacked by Ibn Najib (ad-Daulah), the Da'y of the
Alides, against whom he successfully defended him-
self. It is he who erected stately colleges at ZabId
for the study of Jurisprudence. He also applied
himself to the protection of the pilgrims and it was
he til at built the walls of the city. But after a time
he addressed solicitations to the daughter of Mu'arik
son of Jayyash. Perceiving no means of escape

The Damt Najiih. 157

from him, slie' consented, but having surrendered
herself to him, she brought about his death by means
of a cloth saturated with poison, which caused his
flesh to waste away. This occurred in the year 524.
He was succeeded in the guardianship of the young
Prince, "by Zurayk (or Ruzayk),a freedman of the
family of Najah.

*Omarah says of Zurayk that he was a sagacious
man, remarkable for his bravery and fitness to com-
mand, and father of many children. After a time
he became enfeebled, but no one- succeeded to a firm
hold of his office until the appointment, as wazir, of
Surur the Abyssinian, who was surnamed al-Fatiki,
and who was one of the freedmen in the personal
service of the mother of Fatik.

According to 'Omarah, Fatik son of Mansur died
in A.H. 531. He was succeeded by the son of his
paternal uncle, Fatik son of Muhammad son of
Fatik, with Surur as his wazTr, the conductor of the
affairs of the realm and of the wars with his enemies.
Surur was a constant attendant at the Mosque,
where he was at length slain by an assassin, whom
*Aly ibn Mahdy the Kharijite employed for the
purpose, and who killed him whilst he was engaged
in the afternoon prayer on Friday, 12th Safar, 551.
The people rose to attack the impious murderer.
He killed several attendants of the mosque, but
was overpowered and slain. The freedmen of the
family of Najah were thrown into a state of con-
sternation. They were attacked by 'Aly ibn Mahdy
the Kharijite, who fought many battles with them
and besieged them for a long period of time. They
besought assistance of the Sharif al-Mansur Ahmad
ibn Hamzah the Suleymanite, who ruled over
Sa'dah.* He consented to help them, on condition
of their raising him to the throne after killing their
master Fatik ibn Muhammad. They agreed to his
* See Note 130.

1^8 Ibn Khaldun.

conditions. The Prince was slain in a.h. 553
and tlie Sharif Ahmad was proclaimed King.
But he was unable to withstand ibn JVlahdy and
fled under cover of night. *Aly ibn Mahdy pos-
sessed himself of the city in 554, and the dynasty of
Najah came to an end. Perpetuity belongeth unto

God!
-I -jg Abu I'-Jaysli ibn Ziyad.

Rashid the Abyssinian, his freedman.

Hasan (read Husayn) ibn Salamah the Nubian, his freedman.

Marjan, his freedman.

I
I. Najah, his freedman.

II. Sa'id. III. Jayyash.

*Abd al- Wahid. Ibrahim. IV. Fatik. Mu'arik.

Muhammad. V. Mansur.

' I r

VII. Fatik. VI. Fatik.

The History op the Dynasty op the Banu Zuray'
AT Aden, Da'ys op the 'Obaydites in Yaman,
OF ITS Rise and Progress.

Aden is one of the strongest cities of Yaman. It is
situated on the shores of the Indian Ocean, and has
ever been a city of trade since the days of the
Tubbas. Most of its inhabitants' houses are con-
structed of reeds, and in consequence thereof fires
frequently break out at night.

In the early years of Islam it was the seat of
government of the Banu Ma'n, who according to

The Ztirayites. 159

al-Bayhaki claim to be descended from Ma'n ibn
Za idah, and who possessed themselves of the city in
the days of al-Ma'mun.^^*^ They refused submission
to the Banu Ziyad, who were obliged to content
themselves with having the Khutbah and coinage
in their names.

When the Da'y *Aly ibn Muhammad as-Sulayhi
conquered Yaman, he maintained in favour of the
Banu Ma'n the protection due to them as Arabs,
and imposed upon them the payment of a fixed
tribute. But his son Ahmad al-Mukarram expelled
the Banu Ma'n from the city and appointed over it
117 the Banu '1-Karam, a family belonging to his tribe,
that of Jusham ibn Yam, a subdivision of the Banu
Hamdan. That family was the most nearly re-
lated to him in the tribe. The province remained
under their rule for a time, but discord arose among
them and they became divided into two parties, the
family of Mas'ud son of al-Karam, and the descen-
dants of Zuray' son of al-^Abbas son of al-Karam.
The latter after severe fighting prevailed over their
opponents.

Ibn Sa'id says that the member of the dynasty
who first attained celebrity, was the Da'y Saba
son of Abu Sii'iid son of az-Zuray'. He was the
first to exercise undivided power over the State,
after the disappearance of the Sulayhite supremacy,
and his children inherited the throne. Saba was
attacked by the son of his uncle, 'Aly son of Abu '1
Gharat son of Mas'iid son of al-Karam, lord of
Za'azi*. He (Saba) wrested Aden from his ('Aly's)
hands, after the infliction of much suffering and at
the cost of a heavy expenditure of money on the
desert Arabs. He died in a.h. 533, seven months
after the capture of the city. He was succeeded by
his son al-A'azz, whose place of abode was the castle
of ad-Dumliiwah, the fortress, which (by reason of
its great streugth) no enemy ever desires to

i6o Ibn Khaldun.

attack. ^^^ Bilal ibn Jarlr, a freedman of the Banu
Zuray^ opposed al-A'azz at Aden and desired to
transfer the authority exercised over the city by the
retainers of the Prince, to Muhammad son of Saba
son of Abu Su'ud son of Zuray'. Muhammad ibn
Saba, in fear for his own safety, fled to Dhu Jiblah
and placed himself under the protection of Mansur
ibn al-Mufaddal, the Sulayhite King of the High-
lands of Yaman.

Al-A'azz died shortly after, and Bilal sent for
Muhammad ibn Saba, who thereupon came to Aden.
A deed of investure had come from Egypt in the
name of al-A'azz. The name of Muhammad ibn
Saba was substituted for that of his predecessor.
Among the titles of honour which the charter con-
ferred were those of ilie Great, the Crowned, the
Mighty Da'ij, the Sivord of the Prince of the Faith-
ful, all which were assumed by Muhammad. Bilal
gave him his daughter in marriage and placed at
his disposal the wealth he had accumulated in his
treasury. After a time Bilal died leaving immense
riches, which were inherited by Muhammad ibn
Saba and which he devoted to great and benevolent
objects. He purchased the fortress of Dhu Jiblah,
the residence of the Sulayhite kings, from Mansur
ibn al-Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-Barakat, as we have
already mentioned, and he married Sayyidah (read
Arwa) the daughter of (' Aly son of ?) 'Abd Allah the
Sulayhite. Muhammad died in a.h. 548 and was
succeeded by his son 'Imran son of Muhammad son
of Saba. The affairs of his government were con-
ducted by Yasir son of Bilal, and 'Imran died in
118 A.H. 560, leaving two infant sons, Muhammad and
Abu Su'iid. Yasir confined them to the palace, and
exercised supreme power over the State.

He was greatly eulogized and was liberal in his
rewards to the poets. Among those who came to
his court and wrote in his praise, was Ibn Kalakis

The Bann Mahdy, i6i

the poet of Alexandria. The following line is from
an ode he wrote in praise of Yasir : —

Abandon thy home if thou desirest greatness — The crescent,
having travelled, becomes a full moon."'-

Yasir was the last sovereign of the Zuray'ite
dynasty. When Shams ad-Daulah Sayf al-Islam
(read Turan Shah), brother of Saladin, invaded and
conquered Yaman in a.h. ^^^ (read 569) he came to
Aden, .took possession of the city and laid hands
upon Yasir ibn Bilill. The dynasty of the Zuray*ites
came to an end, and Yaman became subject to the
Ghuzz (Turks, Kurds, Circassians, etc.), and to
their chiefs, of the dynasty of Ayyiib, as we will
relate in their history. The city of al-Juwwah,
near Aden, was founded by the Zuray'ite kings.
The Ayyubite princes, when they became supreme,
forsook that city and established their residence at
Ta'izz in the mountains, as will hereafter be set
forth."^

The History op Ten Mahdy the Kharijite and

OF HIS SONS, THEIR RULE IN YaMAN, ITS RiSE

AND ITS Fall.
This man was a native of al-'Anbarah on the
borders of the sea near Zabid. His name was *Aly
ibn Mahdy, the Himyarite. His father Mahdy was
noted for his virtue and piety. 'Aly was brought
up in the religious opinions of his father, and he
lived in retirement, devoting himself to a rehgious
life. After a time he went on the pilgrimage. He
met and became acquainted with certain doctors of
'Irak, and he learnt from their preachers the art of
warning and exhorting the people. He returned to
Yaman, where he withdrew himself from society

1 62 Ibn Khaldun.

and occupied himself in preaching. He was an
eloquent expounder of the Kur an, and he foretold
events about to occur in his career. His predic-
tions were followed by their fulfilment. The people
listened to him with favour and he acquired popu-
larity.

From the year 561 he travelled to and fro on the
pilgrimage, preaching to the people in the deserts.
At the season of the Maiisim he attended it mounted
on a dromedary he possessed. When the mother of
Fatik gained paramount influence over the Banu
Jayyash, in the days of her son Fatik son of Mansur,
she became a firm believer in him, and she released
him, his kindred and the families with which he was
allied by marriage, from payment of the imposts
on their lands. They prospered and were held in
honour, they made use of riding horses, and the
119 party they formed became powerful. It became
'Aly's habit to say in the course of his sermons, that
the time was near, meaning thereby the time of his
manifestation, a thing that was widely spoken of
throughout the country. The mother of Fatik, until
she died in a.h. 545, restrained the state officials
from molesting him.

The people of the highlands had induced Ibn
Mahdy to biud himself by oath to support them, and
in 538 he came forth from (mto ?) Tihamah and
reached al-Kadra ; but he was defeated and returned
to the mountains, where he remained until 541.
After that, the Lady the mother of Fatik restored
him to his home, and she died in 545. Thereupon
he departed and joined the Banu Khaulan, taking up
his abode with one of their tribes known by the name
of Hay wan (Hay dan ?), the owners of a fortress
named ash-Sharaf. The ascent to the castle is of
exceeding difficulty and extends a distance of a
day's journey from the foot of the mountain, over a
painfully laborious road, and through a narrow and

The Barm Mahdy. 163

steep pass. 'Aly Mahcly gave these people the
designation of jLnsdr, and upon his companions,
who had accompanied him from Tihamah, he be-
stowed the name al-Muhajirfin. He appointed a
chief over the Ansdr, of the name of Saba, and
another over the Muhajirun to whom he gave
the title of Sheykh al-Islam, and whose name
was an-Nubah. With the exception of these two
men, 'Aly Mahdy allowed no one to penetrate into
his presence.

He now despatched depredating parties into the
province of Tihamah, and his success was pro-
moted by the deserted condition of the country ad-
joining Zabid. He stopped the traffic on the public
roads, spread ruin throughout the district, and he
penetrated to the castle of ad-Dathir (read Dashir),
half a stage from Zabid. He plotted the assassi-
nation of the Regent Surur and succeeded in his
design, as has already been related. He now began
to harass the city with repeated attacks. 'Omarah
says that he attacked it on seventy occasions and
besieged it for a long period of time. At length
the citizens besought assistance of the Sharif Ahmad
ibn Hamzah, the Suleymanite Prince of Sa'dah.
He gave them aid, but stipulated that they should
slay their master Fatik son of Muhammad, and
they accordingly killed him in the year 553. The
Sharif was proclaimed sovereign, but was unable
to withstand his enemies and took to flight. There-
upon 'Aly Mahdy seized the city in Kajab 554, but
he died three months after his conquest.

He had assumed in the Khutbah the titles of the
Imam, the Mahdy , Prince of the Faithful, Subjugator
of infidels and of the ivicked. He followed the
doctrines of the Kharijites, denying the authority
120 both of 'Aly and of 'Othman, and treated sin as
infidelity. He established rules and laws for his
sect, which it would be tedious to describe. He

M 2

164 IbJi Khaldun.

punisliecl tlie use of wine with death. According
to 'Omarah, the penalty of death was likewise in-
flicted npon any Muslim, of whatever sect, who
opposed him, and the wives and children of the
condemned were reduced to slavery. His people
believed him to be under Divine protection. Their
property was in his hands. He supplied their wants
and they possessed nothing, neither money, nor
horses, nor weapons. He slew any one of his
followers who fled from the field of battle. The
fornicator, the drinker of wine, the listener to
songs, were put to death, and death also was the
punishment of any person who absented . himself
from the Friday prayer's, or from the sermon he
delivered on Mondays and Thursdays. In matters
of Jurisprudence he was a Hanafite.

'Aly ibn Mahdy was succeeded by his son 'Abd
an-Naby. The latter's brother 'Abd Allah rebelled
against him and obtained possession of Zabld, where
the Khutbah, in which he received the title of
Imam, was recited in his name. But 'Abd an-Naby
succeeded after a time in overcoming him. He ex-
pelled him from the city, and made himself master
of the whole of Yaman. There were at that time
twenty-five separate governments in the country, all
of which be conquered. Aden alone remained un-
conquered, and 'Abd an-Naby subjected it solely to
the payment of tribute.

When Shams ad-Daulah Turan Shah ibn Ayyub,
brother of Saladin, invaded the country in a.h. 566
(read 569) and overthrew the government of
Yaman, he seized 'Abd an-Naby, extorted from
him such information as he required, and took from
him a great amount of riches. He carried him to
Aden, wliich he captured. Then he went to Zabid
and made it the seat of government. Conceiving ere
long an unfavourable opinion of its salubrity, he
made a journey to the mountains, accompanied by

Geography of Yaiiian. 165

his physicians, for the purpose of selecting a si)ot
with a healthy atmosphere and wholesome water,
ill which to establish his place of residence. Their
choice fell upon the site of Ta'izz, Avhere Turan Shah
founded the city, which became the seat of govern-
ment to himself, to his descendants (read to his
successors of the Ayyubite family), and to their
freedmen, the Banu Rasul (who followed the Ayyub-
ites), as we will relate in their history.

With the fall of the Banu Mahdy, Arab
sovereignty came to an end in Yaman, and supremo
rule was thenceforth held by the Grhuzz and by their
freedmen.

The Provinces and Cities of Yaman.

\Ye will now proceed to give a brief historical sketch
of the capitals and cities of Yaman, one by one, as
supplied by Ibn Sa'ld.

Yaman forms part of the Arabian Peninsula and
comprises seven royal seats of government. It is
divided into two parts. Tihamah and al-Jibal (the
highlands). Tihamah consists of two kingdoms,
that of Zabid and that of Aden. The name Tiha-
mah denotes the low country of Yaman adjoining
the sea-coast and extending from as-Sirrayn on the
borders of Hijaz, to the extremity of the province
of Aden, round by the Indian Ocean. Ibn Sa'Id
states that the Arabian Peninsula is situated in the
First Climate and that it is bounded by the Indian
Ocean on the south, by the Sea of Suez on the
west, and by the Persian Sea on the east. Yaman
belonged in ancient days to the Tababi'ah (the
Tubbas). It is a more productive country than the
Hijaz. Most of its inhabitants are descendants of
Kahian, but it contains also people of the tribe of

1 66 Ib7i Khaldun.

*Anz son of Wail.^^'' It is ruled at the present day
by the Banu Rasul, clients of the Banu Ayyub, and
their capital is Ta'izz, which succeeded al-Jawwah,
where the Rasulites at first took up their abode.
The Imam of the Zaydites resides at Sa'dah in
Yaman.
4 ZabId (named after its capital) is one of the king-

doms of Yaman. On its north is Hijaz, on the south
the Indian Ocean, and on the west the Sea of Suez.
The city was founded by Muhammad ibn Ziyad in
the days of al-Ma'mun, a.h. 204. It is enclosed in
walls, and a stream of running water penetrates
into the city, introduced by its kings. Close to it
are low-lying grounds planted with palm trees, a
spot resorted to during the dry season.* Zabid is
now part of the kingdom of the Banu Rasul. It
was formerly the seat of government of the Banu
Ziyad and of their freedmen, and it was conquered
by the Banu Sulayhi, whose history has been re-
lated.

'Aththak, Halt and ash-Shaejah are provinces
of Zabid, in its northern part, and are known as
the dominions of Ibn Tarf . They extend over a dis-
tance of seven days' journey by two days*, from
ash-Sharjah to Haly. From the latter to Mecca is
eight days' journey. 'Aththaris the seat of govern-
122 ment, and it is situated on the borders of the sea.
Suleyman ibn Tarf held the place against Abu '1-
Jaysh ibn Ziyad, and his revenues amounted to
500,000 dinars. After a time he submitted to Abu '1
Jaysh, introduced his name in the Khutbah and paid
him tribute. At a later period, the kingdom passed
into the hands of the Suleymanites, descendants of
Hasan, and Amirs of Mecca, on their being expelled
from that city by the Hashimites.f Ghahb (read

* See Ibn Batutah, vol. ii. p. 167-8.

t Touchinjf this statement and others by Ibn Klialdun to the
same efl'ect, see Note 130.

Geography of Yauian. 167

Glianim) ibn Yaliya belonged to that family, and he
paid tribute to the Prince of Zabid. It was from
him that Muflih the freedman of Fatik sought assist-
ance against Surur. Ghanim was succeeded by 'Isa
the son of Hamzah, who was one of the sons of
Ghanim. When the Ghuzz conquered Yaman,
Yahya the brother of 'Isa was taken prisoner and
carried to 'Irak. . 'Isa contrived to obtain his
brother's release, and Yahya returned to Yaman,
where he slew his brother and became ruler of the
principality.

Al-Mahjam is one of the provinces of Zabid, at a
distance of three days' journey from that city. The
Arabs who inhabit it belong to the tribes of Hakam
and Ja'far (read Ju'fi ?), twQ sub-divisions of the
tribe of Sa'd al-'Ashirah. Ginger is exported from
that province.

As-SiKRAYN is the furthermost place of the Tiha-
mah of Yamau. It is on the borders of the sea,
unwalled, and its houses are built of reeds. It was
conquered about a.h. 650 by Rajih son of Katadah,
Sultan of Mecca, and he possessed a castle at half a
day's journey 'from the town.

Az-Zaba'ib is one of the proviuces north of
Zabid. It belonged to Ibn Tarf . He was supported
in that district by twenty thousand Abyssinians.
When the Da'y as-Sulayhi arose, he attacked Ibn
Tarf at az-Zara'ib, with about three thousand men,
put him to flight and killed all the Abyssinians that
were with him.

Ibn Sa'Id says, speaking of the provinces of Zabid
and of those that border on the middle road between
the sea and the mountains, that az-Zara'ib stands
on the Zabid road, north of that city, and that the
road is the great highway to Mecca. 'Omarah says
that it is the royal highway, that it is distant
a day's journey, or less, from the sea and at the
same distance from the mountains, and that the

1 68 Ibii KJialdun.

two roads, the middle one and that running along
the sea-shore, join and diverge at as-Sirrayn.
123 Aden is one of the kingdoms of Yaman, south of
Zabld. The city is the seat of government, and it
is situated on the shores of the Indian Ocean. It
has been a place of trade since the days of the
Tubbas. It is thirteen degrees distant from the
equator. Its soil produces neither crops nor trees,
and the food of its inhabitants consists of fish. It
is the port of embarkation for India from Yaman.
It was at first ruled by the descendants of Ma'n son
of Zaidah, who resisted the authority of the Banu
Ziyad, but paid them tribute. When the Sulayhites
became supreme over the country, the Da'y 'Aly
confirmed the Banu Ma'n in their government. But
his son Ahmad al-Mukarram afterwards ejected
them, and appointed over the country the Banu al-
Karam, of the sub-tribe of Jusham son of Yam, his
kinsmen, and like himself, descendants of Hamdan.
The Banu Zuray', a family of the Banu Karam, be-
. came possessed of exclusive power, and they inherited
the office of Da'y held by the Sulayhites, as well
as their sovereignty, all which has already been
related. 'Aly ibn Mahdy was not able to subdue
the Zuray'ites, and he was obliged to content himself
with the tribute they paid him, until they were con-
quered by Shams ad-Daulah Turan Shah son of
Ayyub, as hereinbefore mentioned.

Aden-Abyan is a well-built city in the neighbour-
hood of ash-Shihr.*

Az-Za'azi' stands in the valleys of Aden, and
belonged to the Banu Mas'ud ibn al-Karam, the
rivals of the Banu Zuray'.

Al-Jawwah was built by the Zuray'ite kings in
the neighbourhood of Aden. The Ayyubites made
it their place of residence, but afterwards they re-
moved to Ta'izz.

* SecONote 11.

Geography of Valium. 169

Thi] Castle of Dhu Jiblah is one of the fortresses
of the Mikhlaf of Ja'far. lb was built, by 'Abd
Allah the Sulayhite, brother of the Da'y ('Aly), in
A.H. 458, 'Aly's son al-Mukarram removed thither
from the castle of San'a togetlier with his wife
Sayyidah daughter of Ahmad, who gained absolute
control over her husband. It was she who com-
pleted the castle to its full height, in the year 480.

Al-Mukarram, before his death, had committed
supreme authority, that of King and of Da'y, to
Saba son of Ahmad son of al-Muzaffar the Sulayh-
ite, who occupied the castle of Ashyah. Sayyidah
relied for support upon the chief of the Banu Janb,
a people who, in pre-Islamitic days, were of small
repute, but who gained a conspicuous position in
the province of Ja'far. After a time Ibn Najib ad-
124 Daulah came from Egypt as Da'y. He abode in
the city of Janad and obtained support from the
tribe of Hamdan. Sayyidah fought against him,
aided by the Banu Janb and Khaulan, until he em-
barked at sea and was drowned. After the death of
her husband al-Mukarram, her affairs were directed
by al-Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-Barakat, who established
his influence over her.

At-Ta'kar, in Mikhlaf Ja'far, belonged to the
Banu Sulayhi and subsequently to Sayyidah. Al-
Mufaddal ibn Abi '1-Barakat having asked for it,
she delivered the place to him and he dwelt therein,
until he went forth and besieged the Banu Najah at
Zabid. His absence prolonged itself, and certain
fakihs (Jurists) revolted at Ta'kar, killed al-Mufad-
dal's deputy and proclaimed Ibrahim ibn Zaydan, one
of their number, who was uncle of 'Omarah the poet.
They asked assistance of the Banu Khaulan, and
al-Mufaddal thereupon returned and besieged them,
as we hfive already related.

The Fortress of Khudad (Khadid) belonged to
'Abd Allah ibn Ya'la the Sulayhite, and is situated

I70

Ibn K /laid art.

in tlie Mikhlilf (province) of Ja'far. Al-Mufaddal
had introduced into the fortresses of the province,
a large number of Khaulanites belonging to
the tribes of Bahr, Munabbih, Rizah (Razih?) and
Sha'b (Sha'b-Hay). AVhen al-Mufaddal died, the
Khaulanites seized the fortress of Ta'kar, but Dhu
Jiblab continued in the possession of Mansiir son
of al-Mufaddal, under the guardianship of Sayyidah,
as already related. Muslim ibn az-Zarr the Khau-
lanite suddenly arose and captured the fortress of
Khudad from 'Abd Allah ibn Ya'la the Sulayhite.
'Abd Allah fled to the fortress of Masdud and Sayyi-
dah appointed Muslim ibn az-Zarr successor to al-
Mufaddal. She acted with scrupulous good faith
towards him and towards his two brothers (read
sons) 'Imran and Suleyman. He died and his son
Suleyman succeeded him in the joint possession,
along with Sayyidah, of the fortress of Khudad,
replacing his brother (read his father) Muslim.
She married him to the daughter of the Ka'id Fath,
governor on her behalf of the fortress of Ta'kar,
of which Suleyman contrived by treachery to dis-
possess him. The Khaulanites extended their hands
(oppressively) over the people, and Sayyidah sought
assistance against the two brothers from the Banu
Janb. 'Imran and Suleyman were the Queen's ad-
visers, and it was they who by her orders expelled
the Da'y JSTajib ad-Daulah from the city of janad
and from Yapian.

The Fortress of Masdijd is one of the (great)
fortresses of the province of Ja'far, which are five
125 {sic) m number, namely, Dhu Jiblah, at-Ta'kar and
Khudad. When the Banu Khaulan wrested Khudad
irom the hands of 'Abd Allah ibn Ya'la the Sulayh-
ite, he took refuge, as we have mentioned, in the
fortress of Masdud. The Khaulanites took it from
him likewise, but they were dispossessed by Zaka-
rlya ibn Shakir the Bahrite.

Geography of Ya?nan. 171

The Banu Kurandi, descendants of Hirayar, were
Kings in Yaman before the days of the Sulayhites,
and were dispossessed by the latter. They owned
the province of Ja'far and its fortresses, the province
of Ma'afir, that of Janad, of Had,* and the fortress
of Samadan.

The fortress of Masdiid was afterwards held by
Mansiir son of al-Mufaddal son of Abu 'l-Barakat,
who sold it to the Banu Zuray', as already men-
tioned.

San'a was the capital of the dynasty of the
Tubbas before the days of Islam, and was the
first city built in Yaman. It is said to have been
built by 'Ad, and it was called Uwal (or Uwwal),
signifyhig primacy, in the dialect of the country. ^^^
Kasr Ghumdan, in its neighbourhood, was one of
the seven temples. It was built by ad-Dahhak and
dedicated to Zuhrah.f It was an object of pil-
grimage, and was destroyed by '0th man (the third
Khalifah). San'a is the most celebrated city of
Yaman. It possesses, it is said, a temperate
climate. At the commencement of the fourth cen-
tury, it was subject to the Banu Ya'fur, a family
dating from the days (descendants ?) of the Tubbas,
but they resided at Kahlan, and San'a did not acquire
celebrity as a royal seat (at that period), until it
became the residence of the Banu Sulayhi. It was
conquered by the Zaydites and then by the Suley-
manites, after it had been held by the Sulayhites.

The Castle of Kahlan is one of the dependencies
of San'a, and it belonged to the Banu Ya'fur, a family
(descendants ?) of the Tubbas. J It was built near

* The name Ha4 ^&. is not in the printed edition. It looks,
I think, like a copyist's error for ^^-a*.

t Commonly regarded as the Arabian Venus.

J Dr. Glaser marks upon his map a place KohUm, about ten
miles N,E. of Hajjah, a position which does not correspond with
that mentioned in our text. But Ibn Klialdun's statements must
not unfrequently be received with caution. See Note 8, footnote.

172 Ibn KJialdiin,

SaiiTi by IbraliTm (son of Muhamnicad son of Ya'fur),
who possessed Sa'dah, San'a, Najran and other
places in the highlands of Yaman. The Banu 'r-
Rassy, the Zaydite Imams, made war upon the Banu
Ya'fur and conquered Sa'dah and Najran. The Banu
Ya'fur had recourse, for protection against their
enemies, to the walls of the castle of Kahlan. Al-
Bayhaki says that the castle was strengthened by
As'ad ibn Ya'fur and that he fought against the
Banu 'r-Eassy and against the Banu Ziyad in the
days of Abu '1-Jaysh Ishak.

The Fortress of as-Samadan is also a dependency
of kSan'a. It contained the treasury of the Banu
'1-Kurandi the Himyarites, until the fortress was
taken by 'Aly as-Sulayhi. Al-Mukarram restored
12(3 to them some of their fortresses, which they held
until they were deprived of power by 'Aly ibn
Mahdy. They possessed the province of Ja'far, in
which the city of Dhu Jiblah and the fortress of at-
Ta'kar are situated. The Mikhlaf Ja'far consists
of the provinces of Janad and of Ma'afir. The seat
of government of the Banu Kurandi was Samadan,
a fortress stronger than Dumluwah.

The Castle of Minhab is one of the castles depen-
dent upon San'a, situated in the highlands. It was
taken by the Banu Zuray' and was appropriated
by a member of that family, al-Mufaddal, son of
'Aly son of Rudi son of the Da'y Muhammad son of
Saba son of Zuray'. The author of the Kharidah ^^^
gives him the title of Sultan. He further mentions
that al-Mufaddal was owner of the castle of Minhab
and that he was alive in the year 586. After his
death the castle passed into the possession of his
brother al-A'azz ibn 'Aly.

JNIouNT AL-MuDHAYKHiRAH is near San'a. The
province of Ja'far was founded by Ja'far, freedman
of Ibn Ziyad Sultan of Yaman, and was named after
him.

Geography of J ^ainan. 173

*Aden-La'au is close to al-Muclhajkliirali.* It is
the place in which the ShI'ah doctrines were first
openly preached in Yanian. The Da'y Muhammad
(read 'Aly) ibn al-Fadl was a native of 'Aden-Lii'ah,
and it was to that place that Abu 'Abd Allah ash-
Shiya'i, the Ismailite missionary to North Africa,
came. It was there also that 'Aly son of Muham-
mad the Sulayhite studied in the days of his youth.
'Aden-La'ah was the chief centre for the propaga-
tion of the Ismailite doctrines in Yaman. Muham-
mad ('Aly) ibn al-Fadl was the Da'y in the days of
Abu '1-Jaysh ibn Ziyad and of As'ad ibn Ya'fur.

Bayhan is mentioned by 'Omarah among other
districts in the mountains, f It was possessed by
Nashwan ibn Sa'Td the Kahtanite (and Himyarite).

Ta'izz is one of the greatest of the mountain for-
tresses that overlook Tihamah. It has always been
one of the royal strongholds. It is now the seat of
the Rasulite dynasty, and it is regarded as one of
the chief cities of their kingdom. Among other
Yamanite kings by whom it was inhabited, was
Mansur son of al-Mufaddal son of Abu'l-Barakat, of
the family of the Sulayhites (read the Himyarite).
His father was (became) possessed of Ashyah and
made himself master of the fortresses owned by the
Banu Abi '1-Barakat and by the Banu '1-Muzaffar.
His son IVIansui- inherited them, but sold them one
]^27 after the other to the Da'y the son of al-Muzaffar
and to the Zuray'ite Da'y (read, sold them to the
Da'y Muhammad ibn Saba the Zuray'ite), until
none remained to him but Ta'izz, of which he was
deprived by Ibn Mahcly.

The Fortress of Ashyah is one of the greatest of
the mountain strongholds, and it contained the
treasures of the Banu Muzaffar. It was owned by
the Da'y al-Mansur Abu Himyar Saba son of Ahmad
son of al-Muzaft'ar the Sulayhite, to whom it was

* See :N'otes 10 and 11. t See Note 9.

1 74 Ibn Khaldun.

bequeathed by the son of his paternal uncle al-
Mukarrara, Lord of Dhu Jiblah. (The Egyptian
Khalifah) al-Mustansir appelated him supreme Da'y,
and he died in a.h. 486 (read 492). His son 'Aly
gained possession of the royal fortress of Ashyah.
Al-Mufaddal was unable to prevail against him, but
eventually contrived an artifice whereby he brought
about his rival's death by poison, and the fortresses
of the Banu Muzaffar passed into the possession of
the family of Abu 'l-Barakat. Al-Mufaddal died
and was succeeded by his son Mansur. The latter
after a time disdained the kingdom bequeathed to
him by his father and sold all its fortresses. He
parted with Dhu Jiblah to the Zuray'ite Da'y, Prince
of Aden, for one hundred thousand dinars. He
sold also the fortress of Sabir, after having sworn
the oath of divorce that he would not do so. His
wife was consequently divorced from him and was
taken in marriage by the Zuray'ite. Mansur enjoyed
a long life. He succeeded to the throne at the age
of twenty and reigned for eighty (thirty ?) years.*
The fortress of Ta'izz was taken from him by 'Aly
ibn Mahdy.

Sa'dah is a kingdom adjoining that of San'a and
situated on the east thereof. It contains three
seats of government, Sa'dah, Jabal Kutabahf and
the fortress of Thula, besides other strongholds.
The entire country is known as that of the Banu 'r-
Rassy, whose history we have already related {injra,
p. 184).

The Fortress oe Thola is the place that first
witnessed the rise of al-Muti, who restored to the
Banu 'r-Rassy the Zaydite Imamate, of which they
had been deprived by the Banu Suleyman.| The
adherents of the Rassites withdrew to Jabal Kuta-
bah, and in the year 645 they swore allegiance to

* See Note 99. t See below.

+ See Note 130.

Geography of Yam an. 175

Ahmad al-Muti. He was a Jurist and a pious man.
Nur ad-Dln ('Omar) ibn RasCd besieged him in. the
fortress for a year. He collected troops for the
purpose of (renewing ?) the siege, but he died in
28 A.H. 648 (read 647). His son al-Muzaffar ( YCisuf )
became absorbed in the siege of ad-Dumluwah,
whilst al-Muti acquired great power and became
possessed of the fortresses of Yaman. He marched
upon Sa'dah and the Suleymanites, whose Imam, as
has been related in the history of the Banu Rassy,*
was Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, swore allecriance to
him.

KuTAr.AH is a lofty mountain on the east of Sa'dah,
upon which stands a castle and villages."^ The
Banu '1-Hadi made it their place of refuge when
the Suleymanites took Sa'dah from them, and there
happened that which we have related.

Haraz and Masar. Haraz is part of the country
of the tribe of Hamdan, and it is also the name
of one of their sub-tribes, to which as-Sulayhi
belonged ,^^^ whilst the fortress of Masar, in the dis-
trict of Haraz, is the place where he first manifested
himself. Al-Bayhaki says (of the Banu Hamdan)
that their country is in the eastern (read western)
portion of the highlands of Yaman. f They became
dispersed after the appearance of Islam, and there
are now no wandering communities of the Banu
Hamdan elsewhere but in Yaman. They are the
greatest tribe of Yaman. It was with their sup-
port that al-Muti rose to eminence. They became
masters of several fortresses in the highlands,
where they possess the districts of the Banu Bakil
and Banu Hashid, the two sons of Jusham, son of
Habwan (read Khaywan) son of Nauf son of Ham-
dan. Ibn Hazm % says that the- sub-tribes of Ham-
dan branch forth from Bakil and Hashid. End of

* Infra, p. 189. f See Note 23.

{ Ibn Hazm the genealogist died in a.h. 456.

176 Ibn Khaldun.

the quotation (from al-Bayliaki). To the tribe of
Hamdan belonged the family of Zuray', who exer-
cised sovereignty and held the office of Da'y at
Aden and at al-Jnwwah. The Banu Yam, tlie
tribe of tlie Rulayhites, are one of the subdivi-
sions of tlie Banu Hamdan. The Banu Hamdan
are Shi'ahs. At the present time they carry heresy
in their country to an extreme, and most of them
are Zaydites.

The Country op (the Banu) Khaulan, according
to al-Bayhaki, is situated in the east of the high-
lands of Yaman, adjoining the country of the Banu
Hamdan. The Khaulanites possess the strongest
fortresses of the hioflilands and of Mikhlaf Ja'far.
They invaded the province of »la'far in the days of
the Sulayhite dynasty, and the Banu 'z-Zarr, who
were members of the tribe, possessed themselves of
the fortresses of Khudad, of Ta'kar and of others.
The Banu Khaulan and the Banu Hamdan are the
greatest tribes in Yaman. The Khaulanites have
many sub-tribes, and they dispersed themselves
throughout the countries of Islam, but at the pre-
sent time not a tent of the tribe is to be found else-
where but in Yaman.
129 The district op the Banu Asbah is situated in
Wadi (valley of the) Sahiil. Dhn Asbah, from
whom they claim descent, has been mentioned in
tracing the genealogy of the Tubbas and Akyal
(kings, descendants of Himyar).

The DisTitLCT op Yahsub borders upon that of the
Banu Asbah. Yahsub and Asbah were brothers.

The District op the Banu Wa'jl. The chief city
of this province is Shahit. Its ruler was As'ad ibn
Wa il and the Banu Wa il are a tribe of Dhu '1-Kala'.
The latter are descended from (Himyar and) Saba.
They conquered the country upon the death of
al-hasan (Husayn) ibn Salamah, governor of the
highlands on behalf of the Banu Naiah (read
Ziyad).

Geography of Ya7nan. 177

The District of Yarbu' is in the highlands. It
was conquered bj the Banu 'Abd al- Wahid after the
death of Hasan (Husajn) ibn Sahlmah. The in-
habitants of the country had seized the frontier
places. They were attacked by Hasan (Husayn)
ibn Salamah, who made war upon them until they
submitted. He built the city of al-Kadra on the
Mikhlaf (read river) Saham and that of al-Ma'kir
on the river Dhu'al. He died in a.h. 402.

The Country op the Banu Kindah is in the por-
tion of the highlands of Yaman that borders upon
Hadraraaut and upon Abjar and ar-Raral. The
Banu Kindah were ruled by a dynasty of kings, and
their capital was Dammim, which is mentioned by
Imru '1-Kays in his poems.*

The Country of Madhhij adjoins the mountain-
ous district of al-Janad, and it is inhabited by the
Banu 'Ans, Zubayd and Murad, sub-tribes of the
Banu Madhhij. A portion of the Banu 'Ans are in
North Africa, allied with the native wanderino-
tribes. The Banu Hurab, a subdivision (read kins-
men) of the Banu Zubayd, inhabit the country
between Mecca and Medmah in Hijaz. The Banu
Zubayd of Syria and Mesopotamia are a subdivision
of the tribe of TVy, and do not belong to the tribe
here in question.

The Country of the Banu Nahd lies in the hol-
lows of the Sarawat and so also Tabalah. The Sara-
wat (plural of Sarat) are (the chain of mountains)
between Tihamah on the one side, and the highlands
30 of Yaman and of Hijaz on the other. They bear a
resemblance to the back (sarat) of a horse. The
Banu Nahd are derived from Kuda'ah, and they
settled in Yaman in the neighbourhood of the Banu
Khath'am. The Banu Nahd are like wild beasts,
and the vulgar call them as-8arwa. Most of them

* See Hamdani's Geograpliy, p. 85.

N

1 78 Ibn Khaldun.

are a mixed race, partly descended from tlie Banu
Khath'am and Bajilah.

Tabalah is in the country of the Banu NaM, and
it is inhabited by a people possessed of considerable
power, who belong to the tribe of 'Anz ibn Wa'il.
This is the place of which al-Hajjaj was appointed
ruler, and which he disdained and relinquished.

The Counteies adjoining Yaman.
Al-Yamamah is the first. Al-Bayhaki says that
it is a separate country with its own rulers, but the
actual fact is that it is part of Hijaz, precisely as
Najran is part of Yaman. Such is also the opinion
of Ibn Haukal. Yamamah, as a kingdom, is inferior
to Hijaz.* Its territory is called al-'Arucl, on
account of its interposing between Hijaz and Bah-
rayn. On the east it is bounded by Bahrayn ;
on the west by the outlying extremities of
Yaman and Hijaz ; on the south by Najran, and on
the north by the Najd (highlands) of Hijaz. It is
twenty days' journey in length, and it is four days
distant from Mecca. Its capital is Hajr, written
with fath. The city of Yamamah was the seat of
kings before the days of the Banu Hanifah. The
latter afterwards adopted Hajr as their place of
residence. Between the two cities is a distance of
a day and a night's journey. The high-lying por-
tions of the country are inhabited by sections of the
tribesmen of Yarbu', derived from the Banu Tamlm,
and of Banu 'Ijl. Al-Bakri says its name was Ja.ww,
and that it was named after Zarka '1-Yamamah, by
the last Tubba' (read by Hassan ibn Tubba'). It is
situated, as well as Mecca, in the Second Climate,

* de Goeje's ed. p. 18, There seems reason to suspect an
error here, perhaps committed by Ibn Khaldun himself. Ibn
Haukal writes, speaking of the chief city of Yamamah Ijja* ^^}i .^
aIJI Jj^j (p. 2G). See also the corresponding passages in Istakhri,
pp. 14 and 18.

Geog7'aphy of YiDJian. 179

and the two cities are equally distant from the
equator. Among the inhabited places of Yamamah
are Tudih and Karkara.* According to at-Tabari,
Rami 'Alij is between Yamamah and ash-Shihr. It
is a country of nomads. Yamamah and Ta'if be-
longed formerly to the Banu Hizzan son of Ya'fur
son of Saksak. The tribes of Tasm and Jadis con-
quered the country, but were eventually overcome
by the Banu Hizzan, who thenceforward ruled over
Yamamah, with the Banu Tasm and Jadis, as their
dependants. The last king of the Banu Hizzan
was Kurt son of Ja'far. Upon his death, the Tasm-
ites possessed themselves of supreme power.
*Amlik, whose history is well known, was one of
the tribe. The supremacy of the Tasmites Avas
followed by that of the Banu Jadis, Al- Yamamah,
31 after whom the city of Jaww was named, belonged
to that tribe. Her history is well known. Yama-
mah was next conquered by the Banu Hanifah.
Of them was Haudhah son of 'Aly, King of Yama-
mah. He wore a crown, or according to other
accounts, jewels strung together, none of the de-
scendants of Ma'add having ever made useof acrown.
After Haudhah, Thumamah ibn Uthal reigned over
Yamamah in the days of the Prophet. He was
taken prisoner, adopted Islam, and continued stead-
fast in the faith throughout the days of apostacy.
Musaylimah (the false prophet), whose history is
well known, likewise belonged to the tribe of Hani-
fah. Ibn Sa'id reports having asked the Arabs of
Bahrayn and certain members of the tribe of Madh-
hij, to what people Yamamah belonged in his day.
He was told in reply, that it was in the possession
of Arab tribes descended from Kays 'Ay Ian, and
that the fame of the Banu Hanifah had perished
throughout the country. ^^^
The Provinces of Hadramaut. They are situ-

* See Hamdrlni, p, 16-4.

N 2

i8o Ibn Khaldiin.

ated, says Ibn Haiikal, eastward of Aden on tlie
borders of the sea.* The chief city of Hadramautis
small, but its provinces are of wide extent. It is
separated from Aden on the one side, and from
'Oman on the other, by sandy wastes known by the
name of the Ahkaf (sand heaps). It was the
dwelling-place of 'Ad, and it contains the tomb of
Hiid, upon whom be peace. In its midst is the
mountain of Slrdbam (Shibam). Hadramaut is
situated in the First Climate and twelve degrees
distant from the equator. It is reckoned as part of
Yaman. It is a cultivated country and is planted
with palms and other trees. Most of its inhabitants
uphold the supremacy of the descendants of 'Aly
and Fatimah, but they abhor 'Aly for having con-
sented to submit his rights to human judgment.
The largest city of Hadramaut in the present day is
the fortress of Shibam, in which the horses of the
king are kept. Along with ash-Shihr and 'Oman,
it originally belonged to 'Ad, from whose people it
was conquered by the Banu Ya'rub son of Kahtan.
It is said that (the Banu) 'Ad were led to the
Arabian Peninsula (to Hadramaut ?) by Rukaym
son of Aram (Rukaym son of 'Abir son of 'Ad ?),
who had formerly visited the country in company
with the Prophet Hud. He returned to the people
of 'Ad and led them in ships to the country and to
its invasion. They wrested it from the hands of its
inhabitants, but they were themselves subsequently
conquered by the Banu Ya'rub son of Kahtan. ^^"^
Kahtan ruled over the country, and it was governed
by his son Hadramaut, after whom it was named.
132 Ash-Shihr is, like Hijazand Yaman, one of the
kingdoms of the Arabian Peninsula. It is separate
from Hadramaut and 'Oman. Ash-Shihr is so
named after its capital. There is no cultivation,
neither are there palm trees in the country. The
* de Goeje's ed. p. 32. See also Tsatkhri, p. 25.

Geography of Va?nan. i8i

wealth of the inhabitants consists in camels and
goats. Their food is flesh, preparations of milk and
small fish, with which they also feed their beasts.
The country is also known as that of Mahrah, and
the camels called Mahriijah camels are reared in it.*
Ash-Shihr is sometimes conjoined with 'Oman, but
it is contiguous to Hadramaut and it has been de-
scribed as constituting the shores of that country.
It produces frankincense (lubau, olibanum), and on
the sea-shore the Shihrite ambergris is found.
It is bounded on the east and on the west (south ?)
by the shores of the Indian Ocean, on which Aden
is situated, on the east (also ?) by 'Oman. The
Indian Ocean extends along the south and on the
north Hadramaut, as if Shihr were the sea-shore of
the latter. Both belong to one king. Shihr is situated
in the First Climate and it is hotter than Hadramaut.
It belonged in ancient times to the people of 'Ad,
who were succeeded by the tribe of Mahrah,
descended from Hadramaut, or according to other
accounts, from Kuda'ah. The people who inhabit
these sandy deserts are like wild beasts, and their
religion is that of the Kharijites, according to the
tenets of its branch sect, the Ibadites.f

The first of the Kahtanites who settled in Shihr
was Malik son of Himyar. He revolted against his
brother Wa'il (or Wathil), who was king at Kasr
Ghumdan. A lengthened war endured between
them, and Malik died. He was succeeded by his
son Kuda'ah. Saksak son of Wa'il continued the
war, until he subdued his enemy, and Kuda'ah was
restricted to the possession of the country of Mah-
rah. He was succeeded by his son al-Haf, who was
followed by Malik son of al-Haf. The latter re-
moved to 'Oman, where he thenceforward reigned.

* See Mas'udi (Barbier de Meynard), vol. i. p. 333-41, as also
Istakhri and Ibn Haixkal.

t iSee Mas'udi, vol. vi. p. 67.

1 82 Ibn KJialdun.

Al-BajLaki says that Mahrali son of Haydan son
of ('Amru son of) al-Haf reigned over tlie countries
of Kuda'ali, and made war upon his paternal uncle
]\lalik son of al-Haf, Prince of 'Oman, and conquered
that province. These people are now no longer
borne in remembrance beyond the limits of their own
country.

MiEBAT and Zafar, of the same measure as the
word nazal, are two cities of Shihr.* Zafar was the
seat of empire of the Tubbas, and Mirbat was situ-
ated on the sea-shore. Both cities are now in
ruins. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-
133 Himyari, who bore the surname al-Bakhudah (al-
Hamiidi ?), was a wealthy merchant. He obtained
access to the prince of Mirbat with his merchandise,
and gained his confidence. After a time the prince
appointed him to the office of wazlr, and upon his
death Ahmad al-Bakhiidah (al-Harafidi) obtained
possession of the throne. In the year 619 he de-
stroyed the cities of Mirbat and Zafar, and he built
on the sea-coast the city of Zufar, written with the
letter z moved by damm, which he surnamed al-
Ahmadiyyah after himself. He destroyed the old
city because it possessed no anchorage. ^^^

Najran. The author of al-Kamaim (?) says
that it is a distinct district and separate from
Yaman, others say it is a province thereof. Al-
Bayhaki describes it as extending over a space of
twenty days' journey. It lies to the north-east of
San'a, bordering upon Hijaz. It contains two
cities, Najran and Jurash, of nearly equal impor-
tance.! The greater part of the country consists
of desert, and its inhabitants resemble the wander-
ing Arabs in their mode of life.

It contained the Ka'bah of Najran, which was
built on the model of Ghumdan, the Ka'bah of

* See Note 7.

i Cf Istakhri (de Goeje's ed.), p. 24, and Ibn Haukal, p* 31.

Geography of Ycwian. 183

Yaman. Some of the Arab people made it an
object of pilgrimage and a place for sacrifices. It
was known by the name of ad-Dayr (the Convent).
Kuss ibn Sa'idah was in the habit of worshipping
at the place.^^^ The Kahtanites who settled in the
country were a section of the Banu Jurhum, but it
was aftewards conquered by the Banu Himyar.
They governed the country under the authority of
the Tubbas. The rulers bore successively the title
of al-Af'a (the Viper). One of the Af'a of Najran
bore the name of al-Falammas (Kalammas ?) son of
*Amru son of Hamdan son of Malik son of Muntab
son of Zayd son of Wa'il son of Himyar. He was a
diviner, and it was to him that the sons of Nizar re-
sorted and referred their dispute, as is mentioned
in this work. Al-Falammas was governor of
JNTajran on behalf of Bilkis. She sent him to Suley-
man, upon whom be peace. He became a believer
and spread the Jewish faith among his people. He
lived to a great age. It is said that both Bahrayn
and al-Mushallal belonged to him.^^^

Al-Bayhaki says that the Banu Madhhij next
invaded Najran and conquered it. Of them were
the Banu '1-Harith son of Ka'b. Another authority
relates that when the Yamanites went forth on the
occasion of the floods of al-'Arim, they passed
through Najran. They were attacked by the Banu
Madhhij, and it was there that they became dis-
persed. Ibn Hazi;n says that the tribe of al-
Harith ibn Ka'b ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Malik ibn Nasr
ibn al-Azd settled, under a peaceful agreement, in
the neighbourhood of the Banu Madhhij. After-
134 wards they wrested the country from the Banu
Madhhij and held sway over it. Christianity was
introduced into Najran through the means of Fay-
miin (Faymiyyun), whose history is commonly found
in biographical works. ^^* The rulership over Najran
by the Banu 'l-Hiirith the Madhhijites descended to

t84 J^bn Khaldun.

tlie Banu 'd-Dayyan (Rayyan?) and to the posterity
of 'Abd al-Madan (son of Dayyan). Yazici (son of
*Abd al-Madan), who lived in the days of the
Prophet (whom God bless and hail with salutations
of peace), made the profession of Islam to Khalid
ibn al-Walld. He came as envoy to the Prophet
with others of his people, but is not mentioned by
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, and this is an amendment of that
writer's omission. ^^^ Yazid's nephew Ziyad, the
son of his brother 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd al-Madan,*
was maternal uncle of (the Khalifah Abu '1-' Abbas)
as-Saffali, who appointed him governor of Najran
and Yamamah. He left two sons, Muhammad and
Yahya. The fourth century commenced with
supreme authority exercised by the family of
Abu '1-Jud ibn 'Abd al-Madan and rulership con-
tinued in their hands. War repeatedly arose be-
tween them and the Fatimites of Egypt, who at
times dispossessed them of Najran. The last of
the dynasty was 'Abd al-Kays, who was deposed by
'Aly ibn Mahdy. He is mentioned and eulogized
by 'Omarah.^2^

And unto God, be He extolled and magnified, be-
longeth perfect knowledge of the truth.

135 History or the Dynasty of the Banu 'e-Rassy,
THE Zaydite Imams at Sa'dah, the Rise of
THEIR Dynasty and its Vicissitudes.

"We have herein before given an account of Muham-
mad ibn Ibrahim, he whose father bore the sur-
name of Tabataba, the son of Isma'il son of Ibrahim

* Ecad Zi^-ad, descendant of Yazid's brother, was, etc.

The Bamt 'r Rassy. 185

son of Hasan the second, (son of Hasan son of
'Aly), of his revolt in the days of al-Ma'mun, of his
recognition by Abu Saraya and of all that relates to
him. Upon his death and upon the death of Abu
Saraya, and upon the failure of their enterprise, al-
Ma'mun issued an order for the arrest of Muham-
mad's brother al-Kasim ar-Rassy, son of Ibrahim
Tabataba. He fled to Sind, where he remained
until his death in a.h. 245. His son al-Hasan (read
Husayn) returned to Yaman, and of his posterity
were the Imams of Sa'dah in Yaman, where tbey
founded a Zaydite dynasty, which has endured to
the present day.^^^

Sa'dah is a mountain east {pic) of San'a, on
which are many fortresses, the most celebrated of
which are Sa'dah, the fortress of Tula (Thula), and
the mountain of Kutabah. The whole of that
country is named after the Banu Rassy. Yahya
son of al-Husayn son of al-Kasim ar-Rassy was the
member of the family who first rose to eminence.
He proclaimed himself at Sa'dah, adopted the sur-
name of al-Hady, and received oaths of allegiance in
A.H. 288, during the lifetime of his father al-Husayn.
He collected a force consistinsr of his sectaries and
other persons, and attacked Ibrahim ibn Ya'fur, or
according to other authorities As'ad ibn Ya'fur, who
had arisen at San'a and at Kahlan (?), and who was
a descendant of the Tubbas. Al-Hady seized upon
San'a and JS^ajran, ruled over them and struck coin-
age in his own name. But the Banu Ya'fur soon
again wrested these places from him, whereupon he
136 returned to Sa'dah, and died in a.h. 298, after a
reign of ten years. Such are the particulars given
by Ibn al-Mujab. He adds that Yahya was the
author of works treating of things lawful and unlaw-
ful. According to other statements, he was an
assiduous investigator of religious law. He held
doubtful opinions on questions of Jurisprudence, and

1 86 Ibn Khaldun.

was the author of books that are well known among
the dissentient sects.

As-Suli^-® says that he was succeeded by his son
IMiihammad surnaraed al-Murtada. The people rose
against him, and he perished in the year 320, after a
reign of twenty-two years. He was succeeded by
his brother an-Nasir Ahmad, whose authority was
firmly established and passed on to his children after
him.

His successor was his son Husayn al-Muntakhab,
who died a.h. 324, and he was succeeded by his
brother al-Kasim al-Mukhtar, who reigned until he
was slain by Abu '1-Kasim ad-Dahhak, the Ham-
danite, in a.h. 344.

As-Suli says that the sons of an-Nasir who suc-
ceeded to the throne were ar-Rashid, al-Munta-
khab, al-Mukhtar and al-Mahdy.* Ibn Hazm, in
speaking of the descendants of Abu '1-Kasim (read
al-Kasim) ar-Rassy, says as follows : — " Among
others of his posterity there were the princes who
ruled at Sa'dah in Yaman. The first was Yahya
al-Hady, who held opinions on Jurisprudence which
I have investigated. They are not widely or funda-
mentally different from the received doctrines. His
father (read, his son) Ahmad an-Nasir had several
sons, of whom the followmg ruled over Sa'dah after
him, namely, Ja'far ar-Rashid, next after him his
brother al-Kasim al-Muhktar,then al-Hasan al-Mun-
takhab and Muhammad al-Mahdy. f The Yamanite

* For al-Mukhtar, see Note 8 (footnote). The other three
names are not mentioned by the author of the Hadd'ih, although
he enumerates the sons and daughters of an-Nasir. See next
footnote.

t The names of an-Nasir's sons, as given by the author of the
JIada'ik, were al-Kasim Abu Muhammad (al-Mukhtar), Isma'il,
Hasan, Ja'far, Yahya and 'Aly. The name al-Mahdy Muhammad,
cited in the text, may perhaps be referred to the Persian Imam,
who died in Tabaiistan a.h. 3G0. But he was a descendant of al-
Kasim son of Hasan, and not a member of the Rassite family. See
the genealogical table, Note 107.

The Bcuni ^?'-Rassy. 1S7

wlio was at Merida in 343 styled himself 'Abdailali
son of Ahmad an-Nasir brother of ar-Rashld, of al-
Mukhtclr", of al-Muntakhab and al-Mahdy."

Ibn al-Mujab says that the succession to the
Imamate of the Banu Rassy continued until dis-
sensions arose among tbem. The Suleymanites
came from Mecca, on being expelled by the Hashim-
ites. They conquered Sa'dah, and the dominion
of the Banu Rassy came to an end in the sixth
century.*

Ibn Sa*id relates that among the members of the
family of the Banu Suleyman, there was at the
time of their removal from Mecca to Yaman,
Ahmad son of Hamzah son of Suleyman.f The
people of Zabid besought his assistance against
'Aly ibn Mahdy tlie Kharijite, who was besieging
the city, then under the rule of Fatik ibn Muham-
mad, of the dynasty of Najah. He consented on
137 condition of their slaying Fatik, which they accord-
ingly did in a.h, 553. They raised Ahmad ibn
Hamzah (Suleyman) to the throne, but being un-
able to withstand the power of 'Aly ibn Mahdy, he
fled from Zabid and the city was taken by Ibn
Mahdy. Ibn Sa'Td adds that 'Isa son of Hamzah,
brother of Ahmad, possessed 'Aththar, one of the
fortresses of Yaman. J Another member of the
family was Ghanim son of Yahya. Then the power
of the Suleymanites perished throughout the whole
of Tihamah, throughout the highlands, and through-
out Yaman, at the hands of the Banu Mahdy. Next
afterwards the Ayyubites conquered these countries

* With reference to the above and to most of what follows, see
Note 130.

t Read Ahmad son of Suleyman. See Notes 88 and 130.

;}; Instead of brother of Ahmad, we may perhaps read brother
of Yahya (father of Ghanim). See Note 88, But see also supra,
p. 167, where Ghauim is said to have been succeeded by a grand-
son named 'Isa son of Hamzah.

i8S Ibn K/ialdun.

and held the Suleymanites in subjection. The
Suleymanite sovereignty was lastly held by al-Man-
sur 'Abd Allah son of Ahmad son of Hamzah.* Ibn
al-'Adim,^-^ says that he inherited the throne at
Sa'dah from his father. He displayed a hostile
demeanour towards the 'Abbaside Khalifah an-
Nasir (a.h. 575 — 622), with whom he affected a
tone of equality, and he sent his Da'ys to the
Daylamites and to Jllan, with the result that the
Khutbah was recited among these people in his
name, and that he appointed governors over them.
An-Nasir endeavoured to raise the Arabs of Yaman
against al-Mansiir by means of subventions, but
could not prevail against him.

Ibn al-Athir says that al-Mansiir 'Abd Allah,
son of Ahmad son of Hamzah, Imam of the Zayd-
ites at Sa'dah, collected troops in a.h. 592 and
marched upon Yaman. Al-Mu'izz son of Sayf al-
Islam Tughtakln ibn Ayyub was filled with alarm,
but went forth to meet him, and put him to flight.
Al-Mansur again collected, in a.h. 612, an army
composed of Hamdanites and Khaulanites. Great
agitation was produced in Yaman, and (the Ayyub-
ite Sultan al-Mas'ud (Salah ad-din Yusuf) son of
al-Kamil, at that time sovereign of the country, was
filled with apprehension. He had Kurdish and
Turkish troops, and the commander-in-chief, 'Omar
ibn RasLil, recommended promptitude of action, ere
the enemy could gain possession of the fortresses.
Disputes broke out among the followers of al-
Mansur, and on being attacked by al-Mas'ud his
army was routed.

Al-Mansur died in a.h. 630 at an advanced age.f
He left a son named Ahmad, whom the Zaydites
raised to the throne. They did not recognize him
as Imam, but they waited for the increase of his

* Read 'Ahdallah son of Hamzah.
t Read, in 611, aged 53 years.

The Banu ^r-Rassy. 189

years and for evidence that in liis character he ful-
filled the requisite conditions. In a.h. 645, certain
Zaydites, inhabiting the fortress of Tula (Thula),
proclaimed allegiance to al-Muti, a member of the
Rassite family. His name was Ahmad ibn al-
Husayn, a descendant of al-Hady. When the Banu
Rassy were driven from the seat of their Imamate at
^^ Sa'dah by the Suleyinanites, they took refuge on the
mountain of Kutabali, east of Sa'dah {sic). There
they remained, and members of the family succes-
sively and uninterruptedly exercised the office of
Imam, publicly asserting their right to supreme
authority. This continued until the Zaydites recog-
nized Ahmad al-Milti.

He was a highly trained jurist, learned in the
doctrines of his sect, constant in prayer and assi-
duous in fasting. He received the oaths of fealty in
A.H. 645.

His career raised apprehension in the mind of
Nur ad-dln 'Omar ibn Rasid. He besieged al-Muti
in the fortress of Tula (Thula) for a year, but the
Imam was successful in his defence. Nur ad-din
relinquished the siege, and set about collecting
troops from the neighbouring fortresses for the
purpose of resuming it. He was assassinated (a.h.
647), and his son al-Muzaffar (who succeeded him)
devoted his efforts exclusively to the fortress of
Dumluwah. Al-Muti increased in power. He
made himself master of twenty fortresses, then
marched upon Sa'dah and wrested it from the hands
of the Suleymanites.

They had proclaimed Ahmad, son of their Imam
*Abd Allah al-Mansur, and upon al-Muti being re-
cognized as Imam at Thula, they gave Ahmad the
surname olal-Mutawakkil. They had waited for his
advance in years, but on al-Muti receiving oaths of
allegiance, they recognized Ahmad as Imam. When
al-Muti took Sa'dah, Ahmad al-Mutawakkil went

I go Ibn Khaldun.

down to him, swore allegiance and placed himself
under liis protection. This was in the year 649. In
650 he went on the pilgrimage, and the Zajdites of
Sa'dah continued under the authority of the descen-
dants of al-Muti/^"

I was informed in Egypt that the Imam of Sa'dah,
previously to a.h. 780, was 'Aly ibn Muhammad, a
descendant of the family. He died before that date
and was succeeded by his son Salah, who received
the oaths of allegiance from the Zaydites. Some
of them maintained that he was not a lawful Imam,
by reason of his not possessing the qualifications
required in the holder of the office. He was in the
habit of answering that he was prepared to be what-
ever they chose, Imam if they pleased, and if not.
Sultan. Salah died at the end of a.h. 793 and was
succeeded by his son Najah. The Zaydites refused
to recognize him, whereupon he said that he
rendered account to God alone. This is what we
heard in Egypt, touching the Zaydites, during our
sojourn in that country.

And God is the Inheritor of the earth and of
all that therein is.

>3o ACCOUNT

OF THE

KAEMATHIANS IN YAMAN,

EXTRACTED FROM

THE KITAB AS-SULUK,

OF

BAHA 'D-DIN AL-JANADI.

In the days of As'acl ibn Ya^fur, the Karmathians
appeared in Yamau, 'Aly ibn Fadl in the country of
Yafi', and Mansiir ibn Hasan, who was known under
the designation of Mansur al-Yaraan/^^

I will now, therefore, briefly relate their history,
as it has been told by Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad
ibn Malik ibn Abi '1-Kaba il, a Jurist of Yaman and
a learned Sunnite. He was one of the persons who
joined the Karmathian sect in the days of as-
Sulayhi, and he acquired a thorough knowledge
of its character. On becoming convinced of the
depravity of the Karmathian doctrines, he abjured
them, and he composed a celebrated treatise, in
which he has described the principles upon which
they are founded, he demonstrates their wickedness
and warns his readers against their deceptions.

'Aly ibn Fadl, he says, was an Arab of the tribe
named al-Ahdun (Ajdun ?), who trace their descent
from Dhu Had an (Dhu Jadan ?).^'^^ He was a
Shi'ite of the Dodekite sect. He went on a pil-
grimage to Mecca, and thence he went forth with
the pilgrim caravan of 'Irak, for the purpose of
visiting the tomb of Husayn (son of 'Aly;. On
reachmg it he began uttering lamentations and cried

192 A I- B aha 'l-Janadi.

aloud, saying : " AYould that (I liad been) one of
thy companions, 0 son of the Prophet, when the
hosts of the wicked came forth against thee ! "

Maymun was in charge of the mausoleum and his
V son 'Obayd was with him as assistant.-^^^ When
they beheld the condition of Ibn Fadl, they were
filled with the desire to enlist him in their service.
Maymun spoke to him in private and made known
unto Ibn Fadl that his son 'Obayd was destined to
be the founder of a dynasty, which would be an
inheritance unto his descendants, but that this
thing could come to pass only after being prepared
for in Yaman, at the hands of certain of his mission-
aries (da'ys). " That may well be accomplished in
Yaman," answered Ibn Fadl, " for ingenuity in the
conduct of affairs is general among its people."
Maymun ordered him to remain and to wait until
140 he had considered the matter.

Maymun was originally a Jew, who regarded
Islam with envy. With the object of protecting
his own religion, he made outward profession of
Islam and devoted himself to the care of the tomb
of Husayn at Karbala.* He was a native of
Salamiyah, a city in Syria, and claimed to be a de-
scendant of the family of 'Aly. Most of the Alides
deny his pretensions, and God is all-knowing. Ibn
Malik pronounces him to have been a Jew.

A certain man, who belonged to Karbala, entered
into terms of friendship with Maymun. He was
known by the name of Mansur son of (Husayn son
of ?) Zadan son of Haushab son of al-Faraj son of
al-Mubarak, a descendant of 'Akil son of Abu Tahb.
His grandfather Zadan was a Dodekite ShI'ah,
and one of the chief men of Kiifah, and he appointed
his sons to dwell at the tomb of Husayn. When
Maymun came, he attached himself to Mansur, [and

* I translate this passage with considerable hesitation. Dia-
critical points liere, as throughout the book, are generally absent.

The Karmathians in Ya7?ian. 193

perceiving] his eminent qualities and his fitness to
command, he sought his friendship and his society.
Maymim was a man possessed of remarkable
ability, which he employed for the furtherance of
his objects. He was learned in the science of the
stars, and it became known unto him that Mansur
was destined to rule, and that he was to be one of
the propagators of his son's claims. When Ibn
Fadl came and attached himself to him, Maymun.
perceived that what he sought was found, Ibn Fadl
being a native of Yaman, well acquainted with the
country and with its people.

Maymiin, speaking to Mansur said unto him :
" 0 Abu '1-Kasim, verily submission to the law of
God belongeth to Yaman, wisdom belongeth to
Yaman, the foundation of all things is there, all
great events have their beginning in Yaman and the
issue endureth whilst its star endureth.^^* I am of
opinion that thou and our friend 'Aly ibn Fadl pro-
ceed to Yaman. Ye shall call upon its people to
recognize the authority of my son, and ye shall
attain in that country power and dominion." Man-
sur had learned much from Maymun of the means
whereby their ends could be gained. He agreed to
what was proposed. Maymun brought him and
Ibn Fadl into one another's presence, he made them
enter into a mutual compact, and solemnly charged
each one to deal justly by his companion. Man-
sur's relation is as follows : —

" When Maymun decided upon sending us to
Yaman he exhorted and instructed us. He de-
sired me, on my arrival, to conceal my objects, so
that they might be more surely attained. Twice
repeating the name of God, he charged me with the
care of my companion, to protect him, to act justly
towards him, and to enjoin upon him the practice of
righteousness. * He is one,' he added, ' unto whom a
high destioy is reserved, and yet I cannot withal be

194 Al-Baha 'l-Janadi.

free of uneasiness respecting him.' Then turning
to Ibn Fadl, lie said unto him : ' In the name of
141 God ! In the name of God ! I charge thee to deal
righteously with thy companion. Respect him, re-
cognize what is due to him and obey him. His
knowledge is greater than thine, and it is greater
than mine. If thou disregard his authority, thou
shalt be deprived of safe guidance.'

" He bade us farewell, and we travelled with the
pilgrims until we i*eached Mecca. "We performed
the rites of pilgrimage and then proceeded with the
pilgrims of Yaman and reached Ghulafikah.^^^ We
parted after mutual promises not to forget one
another, and pledges that each should keep his com-
panion informed of his proceedings. I went forth
and arrived at al-Janad, then in the possession of
al-Ja'fari, who had conquered it and wrested it from
the hands of Ibn Ya'fur.

" The Shaykh Maymun had solemnly enjoined me
to commence the accomplishment of my mission at
no other place but at one named 'Aden-La'ah,
' for,' he said, ' it is the town in which thy talents
will find their field and in which thou shalt accom-
plish thine objects.' I was unacquainted with the
place, and I reached 'Aden-Abyan. I sought infor-
mation respecting 'Aden-La'ah and was informed
that it was in the neighbourhood of Hajjah. I next
inquired after any natives of the place who might
have come to 'Aden-Abyan, and was directed to
certain persons who had come for purposes of trade.
I made their acquaintance and frequented their
society and contrived to win their friendship. I
told them that I was a man devoted to study, that
I had heard they were natives of a mountainous
country, and that I desired to visit it in their com-
pany. They bade me welcome, and when they
departed I accompanied them. On the road I
entertained them with the recital of traditions. I

TJic Karmathians in Yaman. 195

urged upon tbem the observance of the duty of
prayer, and they followed the examples I set them.
On arrival at La'ah, I inquired for its principal city,
and was directed to it. T proceeded thither and
I became an assiduous frequenter of certain of its
mosques. I devoted myself to the worship of God,
and a large number of persons attached themselves
to me. When I perceived that affection for me had
taken possession of their hearts, I informed them
that I had come to their country for no other pur-
pose but to call upon them to recognize the Mahdy
announced by the Prophet, whom God bless and
hail with salutations of peace. I made a large num-
ber swear to be faithful, and they commenced .pay-
ing me the legal alms. When a considerable sum had
accumulated in my hands, I told them it was neces-
sary I should possess a place of defence, where
the alms could be preserved in safety and which
should be a treasure-house unto the Muslims. 'Ayn
Muharram was accordingly built for the purpose.
142 The fortress belonged to a people known by the
name of Banu 'l-'Ad'a, and thither I removed the
corn and money that had accrued to me.* When I
proceeded to the fortress, carrying with me my
possessions, five hundred men, who had sworn to
be faithful, accompanied me, bringing with them
their property and their families. I now openly
exhorted unto submission to 'Obayd Allah the V
Mahdy, son of the Shaykh Maymun, and the people,
without exception, showed themselves disjoosed to
conform."

On gaining possession of the mountain of Mas-
war, al-Mansiir adopted the use of drums and of
standards. He was attended by thirty drummers,
and whatever place he came to, the sound could
be heard from a great distance. Al-Hawwali (Ibn

* Al-Khazraji says that 'Ayn Muharram stood at the foot of
Mount Maswar.

0 2

196 A I- B aha H-Janadi.

Ya'fiu') possessed a fortress on the mountain of
Maswar, under the charge of a governor, from
whose hands the place was wrested by al-Mansfir.
The latter, seeing that his authority was securely
established, now wrote to Maymun informing him
thereof, and of his having overcome all opposition.
He sent him splendid presents and articles of value.
This was in the year 290. Maymun, on the news
reaching him, and on receiving the presents, said to
his son 'Obayd (Allah) : " Behold thy supremacy is
now established, but my desire is that it shall be
publicly proclaimed only from North Africa." ^^"^
He then sent Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn son of
Ahmad son of Muhammad son of Zakariya, known
under the name of ffs/^-/9/r?ya'7/ (the Shrite) and a
native of San'a, to North Africa, and ordered him
to organize its people and to subject them to his
son 'Obayd (Allah). Abu 'Abd Allah accordingly
went forth, as ho was commanded. He was a man
of remarkable ability, one of those whose names, on
account of their talents in the science of govern-
ment, become proverbial. His task was not com-
pleted until the year 296, when he wrote to the
Mahdy informing him that the people recognized
his authority, and he bade him come. 'Obayd
(Allah), surnamed the Mahdy, hastened to comply,
and arrived in the province of Africa. Abu 'Abd
Allah had become possessed of supreme authority,
and on arrival of the Mahdy, he delivered it
into his hands. His brother reproached him say-
ing : " An evil thing is this that thou hast done !
Supreme power was in thine hands, and thou
givest it unto another ! " He continued to repeat
these words until they impressed themselves upon
his brother's mind. Abu 'Abd Allah resolved to
betray the Mahdy, but the latter received informa-
tion of what was occurring. He was filled with
alarm, and instigated against his rival a person, by

The Kannathians in Yajuan. 197

whom Abu *Abd Allah and his brother were slain
on the sarae day, the fifteenth of Jamad al-Akhir of

1^3 the year 298.

This man, 'Abd Allah ('Obayd Allah) sur-
named the Mahdy,* was ancestor of the sovereio^ns

, of North Africa who afterwards held Egypt. Ibn
Khallikan says, touching the 'Obaydites' pedigree,
that they were descendants of 'Obayd AUali, and
that some persons term them Alides, thereby ac-
knowledging their pretensions. And God is all-
knowing. f

In the foregoing abstract, I have set forth the
rise of the Karmathian power in Yaman, the events
in which Mansiir, a man of singularly sound judg-
ment, was concerned, and his objects. The history
of Ibn Fadl will now be entered into at such length
as to make known his achievements and adventures.
His pedigree and birth-place have already been
mentioned. Those who compiled the history of his
life relate that when he parted from Mansiir at
Ghulafikah, as hereinbefore stated, he ascended the
mountains and proceeded to Janad. Thence he
went forth to Abyan, which was at that time in
the possession of a man of the tribe of Asbah named
Muhammad ibn Abi 'l-'Ula. From Abyan he pro-
ceeded to the country of Yafi'. He found its
people to be a medley of the basest of mankind.
He withdrew into the valle^^s, and devoted himself
to the worship of God. The people brought him
food, of which he ate very sparingly, and only at
the hands of those who believed in him. They in-
habited the summits of the mountains % and, filled

* On his coinage the name is written 'Abd Allah.

t See De Slane's Ibn Khallikrm, vol. ii. p. 77. The account in
our text of the death of Abu 'Abd Allah is evidently borrowed
from Ibn Khallikan (De Slane, vol. i. p. 465).

X Khazraji states the contrary, namely, that Ibn Fadl abode on
the summit of the mountaiuo and that the people dwelt in the
valleys.

198 A I- Baku H-Janadi.

T\itli admiration for liim, they requested him to
dwell in their midst. For a long time he would
not consent, until, when they persisted in their
demand, he told them that he was prevented from
dwelling- among them by their disobedience to the
commands they had received enjoining the practice
of righteousness, and by their neglect of the prohi-
bitions to do evil and to indulge in intoxicating
drinks and in wickedness. They swore to be faith-
ful unto him, and to obey his commands, whereupon
he promised that they should be rewarded. They
now began to collect and to pay him the legal alms
and tithes, and large sums accumulated in his hands.
He attacked Abyan, slew the ruler of the province,
declared the country and all it contained to be law-
ful booty unto his followers, and possessed himself
of a larffe amount of wealth. He then marched

o

upon Mudhaykhirah,* a large city on Mount Ray-
mah, which was under the rule of the Ja'farite.f
He attacked him repeatedly, his efforts were
crowned with success, and the Prince was slain. J
His country was declared to be lawful booty, and
the women were reduced to captivity. Ibn Malik
has entered, in his treatise, into full particulars of
these events, but they are not necessary for the
purposes of this book and may be deferred to
another occasion. Ibn Fadl having reached al-Mu-
dhaykhirah was pleased with it. He there openly
avowed his doctrines and made the city the seat of
his government. Soon after he declared himself a
prophet, and as such he proclaimed to his followers
44 the lawfulness of wine, and of intercourse with their

* In A.H. 291 according to Khazraji.

t Ja'far ibn Ahmad al-Manakhi, according to Khazraji ; but the
correct reading soems to be Ja'far ibn Ibrahim. See Note 6.

X A.H. 292 (Khazraji). Al-Hamdani says (p. 75, 1. 9) that Ja'far
ibn Ibraliim al-Manfikhi was killed at Khawalah, close to one of the
Sources of the "Wadi Nakhlah.

The Karmathians in Yainan. 199

dangliters and sisters. He proceeded to Janad at
the season of the festival, the first Thursday of
Kajab.* He mounted the pulpit and recited the
well-known verses of which the following is a
copy :—

Seize the tabour, 0 maiden, disport thyself, sing thy merriest
songs and rejoice.
The prophet of the line of Hashim hath passed away. But
another hath arisen, and he of the stem of Ya'ruh.
Every prophet hath his law. Hearken now unto the law of this
other prophet.
He hath released us from subjection to prayer and to
fasts. No longer shalt thou suffer under their burden.
When others pray thou needest not rise; when they fast, eat thou
and drink.
Seek not the course between Safa and Marwah,f nor to visit
the tomb at Yathrib.J
Deny not thyself tlie marriage-bed of thy nearest, whilst consent-
ing to that of the stranger.
How canst thou be lawful unto the stranger, and forbidden
unto thy father %
Doth the plant not belong unto him that tended it and watered
it in the days when it was yet unproductive %
Wine is lawful as the waters of heaven, and its use is now
" hallowed by the law."'

Ibn Fadl's authority acquired increasing strength
and stability. He conquered Mikhlaf Ja'far and
Janad, and then determined upon attacking San 'a,
at that time under the rule of As'ad ibn Ibrahim
ibn Ya'fur. He marched by way of Dhamar and
captured the fortress of Hirran. Its governor and
most of the people accepted the doctrines of the new
sect. The remainder took refuge with As'ad ibn
Ya'fur. The latter on learning the strength of his
enemy's forces fled, and Ibn Fadl entered San'a on
Thursday, third of Ramadan of the year 299.^^^

At the time of his arrival exceedingly heavy rains

* See mjjra, p. 10.

I One of the ceremonies of the pilgrimage at Mecca.

\ j\Iedinah.

200 A I- B aha 'l-Janadi.

occurred. Ibn Facll alighted at the mosque and
caused the channels, provided for carrying away the
water, to be closed. He ordered the women, cap-
tured at San'a and elsewhere, to be brought to him,
and he ascended the minaret. The women were
cast into the water with uncovered faces and
145 naked, and those that found favour in his eyes he
took into the minaret and dishonoured. It is said
that many virgins underwent that fate.

The water was retained in the mosque. It
filled the building up to the ceiling, and the traces
thereof may be perceived to this day. The fact
is mentioned by the Kiidi Surayy (ibn Ibrahim),
whose life will be related hereafter (among other
biographies of Jurists).

Ibn Fadl now shaved the hair of his head, and
one hundred thousand persons followed his ex-
ample. He ordered the house of Ibn 'Anbasah to
be destroyed, expecting to find a large sum in gold,
but only ten thousand dinars were found, although
Ibn 'Anbasah was one of the leading men of
San'a, who fled from the city along with As'ad.
On hearing of the destruction of his house, he
sickened and died.

When Mansur heard of Ibn Fadl's capture of
San'a he was filled with gladness. He came unto
him and they met and rejoiced with one another.
Ibn Fadl then went forth unto Haiaz * and besieged
al-Mahjam, which he captured. Thence he pro-
ceeded to al-Kadra and took it likewise. He then
reached Zabid, at that period under the rule of
Abu '1-Jaysh Ishak son of Ibrahim, son of Muham-
mad who came to Yaman from Baghdad. It is said
that Abu '1-Jaysh lied from Zabid, and according
to other accounts, that he fought and that he was

* Khi says, to Hai-;lz and MilluTn. The latter, also called
Rayslian, is a mountain that overlooks Mahjam. See Yakiit and
Hamdaui, p. 68, 1. 25.

The Karmathians in Yainan. 201

slain by Tbn Fadl.* Zabid was declared lawful spoil.
The women were reduced to captivity, and historians
relate that about four thousand virgins were cap-
tured, besides mothers of children. Ibn Fadl then
started with his army for al-Mudhaykhirah, by
way of al-Mirad (?), a mountain east of Zabid. On
reaching a place named al-Madalils, or al-Masha-
khis,^^*' he ordered his criers to proclaim a halt.
The troops accordingly halted and were summoned
to assemble. They obeyed and gathered around
him, whereupon Ibn Fadl spoke unto them, saying :
*' Ye know that ye have come forth for no other
purpose but that of striving for the advance-
ment of the cause of God. Ye have captured
a large number of the women of al-Husayb, but
I cannot trust them with you, lest they fasci-
nate you by their allurements and divert you
from the holy war.^^° Let every man, therefore,
sla}^ the women that have accompanied him." They
obeyed. The traces of their victims' blood con-
tinued visible for many years, and for that reason
the place was named al-Madahis or al-Mashakhls.
On reaching al-Mudhaykhirah, Ibn Fadl ordered the
roads to be closed to traffic, especially the pilgrim
-^^" roads. " Perform the pilgrimage," he said, " to
al-Harf, a place near al-Mudhaykhirah, and perform
the minor ceremonies at ath-Thalathi (?)." The
latter is a valley in the vicinity of al-IIarf.f

When Ibn Fadl beheld that his power over
Yaman was securely established, he cast off his
allegiance to 'Obayd (Allah) ibn Maymun, for

* See Xote 13.

f Al-Hamdani mentions al Harf (p. 69, 1. 5) in the high-lying
portion of Sarat Kudam, not far therefore from Hajjah. But
if that be the place referred to in our text, it is a long distance
from Mudhaykhirah. Thalithah has heen mentioned at p. 131,
and Note 100, as a place in Mikhlaf Ja'far. See also in Sprenger,
p. 153, Hisn Thalath, near San'a.

2C2 Al-Baha W-Janadi.

whose cause he had hitherto professed to labour.
He wrote informing his colleague Mansur. The
latter answered, reproaching him and saying :
" How canst thou renounce the authority of him
through whom alone thou hast acquired all that is
good, and how canst thou discontinue the propaga-
tion of his supremacy? Rememberest thou not
the pledges entered into between him and thee, and
hast thou forgotten the identical injunctions he
placed upon us to act together in harmony ? " Ibn
Fadl heeded him not, but again wrote, saying :
" My case is that of Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi ! ^^^ Is it
an evil thing in him that he hath proclaimed himself
paramount ? If thou dost not come hither and
submit thyself unto me, I will make open war upon
thee." When Mansur read these words the con-
viction of Ibn Fadl's treason was forced upon him.
He ascended Mount Maswar and occupied himself
in strengthening its works. " I have fortified this
mountain," he said, " solely against that insolent
rebel and against his like, for I perceived in his face
the evil that was in him, when we met at San'a."
Soon after sending his letter, Ibn Fadl prepared
to attack Mansur. He collected for the purpose
ten thousand men, the choice of his army. He
marched from Mudhaykhirah and reached Shibam.*
Repeated battles were fought between his troops
and those of Mansur. He then entered the district of
La'ah and he ascended Mount Jamimah, a word of
which the first letteris moved by the vowel a. It is the
same as Mount Faish, near Maswar, and belonged
to a tribe known by the name of Banu Muntab.f

* The place here referred to, I presume to be Shibrira-Akyfin,
See JS'ote 11.

t 1 do not find the name Jamimah in Hamdani's Geography.
For Jabal Fa'ish, s(^e Note 11. Dr. Glaser has Dj. Djemime in
lut. about IG^ 6', but that can hardly be the same.

The Karmatkians in Yainan. 203

For eight raontlis be besieged Mans ur witlioufc suc-
cess. His long detention became grievous unto him,
and Mansur received information thereof. He sent
proposals of peace, but Ibn Fadl replied that he
would not agree thereto, unless Mansur sent him
his son to remain -with him, subject to his authority.
It should not, he said, be reported of him that he
had departed without gaining his ends, but it should
be known and spread among the people, that he
had left Mansur of his good grace and not for lack
of power. Mansur complied with his demands.
He came, accompanied by one of his sons, unto
l^*^ Ibn Fadl, who placed upon his neck a golden
collar.*

On his return to al-Mudhaykhirah, Ibn Fadl
directed his efforts to the task of legalizing things
prohibited by the law and of inculcating liberty to
do that which is forbidden. He erected a large
building, in which he was in the habit of collecting
most of his sectaries, men and women, decked with
ornaments and perfumed. The place was lighted with
candles and the guests entertained one another with
conversation of the most attractive and alluring cha-
racter. Then the lights were extinguished and each
man laid his hands upon a woman, whom having
seized he did not abandon, even though she were unto
him within the forbidden degrees. Sometimes it hap-
pened that what fell to a man's lot did not please
him, either on account of his partner's years, or
for some similar reason. He might endeavour to
escape from her, but she would allow him no excuse.
Ibn Malik relates that a very aged woman once fell
to the lot of a certain man. On discovering the
fact he desired to slip away from her, whereupon

* According to Khazraji, it was Mansur who placed a collar of
gold round the neck of Ibn Fadl.

204 A I- B aha H-Janadi.

she said to him : ^' Buhiddamin dhi hnhniiU-Amir.*^
iJn is the negative in certain dialects of Yaman, and
diti is used for the relative pronoun illadhi. The
sentence therefore signifies : There is no escape
from that "which is an ordinance of the Amir, that
is to say, of Ibn Fadl.

Such practices are most shameful and pernicious,
and they are repudiated by all who follow the
doctrines of Ismaihsm. They are things that
cannot be proved against anyone but Ibn Fadl.
I have inquired of many persons, from whom
correct information can be obtained respecting
the doctrines of the sect. They condemned these
misdeeds, and I found all agreed in regarding 'Aly
ibn Fadl as an atheist, whilst upholding Mansiir
al- Yaman as one of the most distinguished and
most worthy men of their sect. These opinions are
in conformity with the conclusions I have myself
arrived at, and they are firmly established in my
mind.

When Ibn Fadl in consequence of his partiality
for al-Mudhaykhirah made it his place of residence,
he appointed As'ad ibn Ya'fur, of whom mention
has been made, to be his deputy over San'a. lie
was not convinced that As'ad had really allied him-
self with him, and he was, on the contrary, appre-
hensive of treacliery. He therefore made him his
deputy at San'a. As'ad was, indeed, keenly desirous
to avenge the Muslims, and he was also filled w^ith
mistrust and with resentmeut against Ibn Fadl. He
rarely abode at San'a, througli fear of a sudden
14-8 attack. Ibn Jarlr says that the heading of Ibn
Fadl's letters to As'ad was as follows : *' From him
tvlio hath spread Old the ])kiins of the earth and extended
them as a caiyet, who maketh the mountains to shake
and who hath firmly rooted them, 'Alij ihn Fadl, unto
his slave As'ad.'' Naught besides these words is

The Karmathians in Yam an. 205

reqnii'ed to convict hira of atlieism, from which
God g-raiit us to be preserved.

Whilst As'ad was acting as deputy for Ibn
Fadl, there came unto him a stranger, said to
be a Sharif and native of Baghdad. He became
an associate and companion to As'ad. It is said
that he was sent by the Sovereign of Baghdad
for the purpose of contriving the death of Ibn
Fadl, and he abode with As'ad for a time.
This man, who was a surgeon, had a perfect know-
ledge of therapeutics, he was highly skilled in
venesection, in the cure of wounds and in the ad-
ministration of beneficial remedies. Perceiving the
intensity of As'ad' s fear of Ibn Fadl, he said to the
Prince : " I have resolved upon making my life an
offering unto Grod, and an alms unto the Muslims,
that T may relieve them of this tyrant. Grive me
now thy promise, that if I return unto thee, thou
wilt share with me the sovereignty thou shalt
acquire." As'ad gave his consent, and the stranger
equipped himself for his undertaking and left the
Prince, who was then dwelling in al-Jauf, in the
country of Hamdan, in perpetual fear of Ibn Fadl.*
The stranger travelled until he reached al-Mudhay-
khirah. There he sought the society of the
foremost and greatest officials of the State. He
attended upon them, bled them, and administered
healing draughts and boluses. They mentioned him
to Ibn Fadl, praised him and described the skill he
displayed, which, it was said, was such that its
possessor's services were meet for none but for such
as Ibn Fadl or his equals in rank.

On a certain day Ibn Fadl desired to be bled.
He inquired for the stranger, who was brought to

* Al-Jauf is the name given to a large district in the country
of Hamdan, watered by four rivers, of which the most important
is the Kharid (Hamdani, p. 81).

2o6 Al-Balia ' l-Janadi.

him. Tli3 physician, on being summoned, applied
poison to his own hair on the front of his head, and
his hair was very thick. On entering into the pre-
sence of Ibn Fadl, he was ordered to divest himself
of his raiment and to put on other garments pro-
vided for the purpose. Ibn Fadl then commanded
him to draw near for the purpose of performing the
operation. He obeyed, and seated himself in front
of him. He then produced the lancet and, placing
it between his lips, he sucked it, to show that it was
free from poison. Then he wiped it upon his hair at
the spot where he had placed the poison, some of
which adhered to the lancet. He now bled his
patient from one of the veins of his hand, and having
bound up the wound, h.e hastily departed. Resting
149 his fears upon the praise he rendered unto God, he
travelled forth from al-Mudhaykhirah, hastening to
rejoin As*ad ibn Ya*fur.

When Ibn Fadl had rested for a while, he began
to feel the effects of the poison. He became aware
that he had been deceived by the phlebotomist and
commanded him to be sent for, but the man could
not be found. Ibn Fadl's desire for his capture in-
creased, and he ordered him to be pursued whither-
soever he might have gone, and to be brought
back. Soldiers went forth seeking him in various
directions, until one of them overtook the physician
in Wadi Sahul, close to the mosque known by the
name of Kaijiiaii.^ He would not surrender, but de-
fended himself and was killed. His tomb is on that
spot. It is a mosque for congregational prayer,
supplied with a minaret. It is much visited, and
blessings attend those who resort to it. I visited it
in the year 696.

* Al-Hamdani mentions Kayniin as situated in the province of
SaliQl and in the northern portion of the country of Dbu 'l-Kalf/,
pp. 68, G, and 100, 15.

The Karmathians in Yaiuan. 207

The death of the physician was soon followed by
that of Ibn Fadl, on the night of Thursday the
fifteenth of Rabl'u 'l-Akhir of the year 303. The
Mushms suffered under the trials of his usurpation,
for a period of seventeen years. When As'ad heard
of his death he rejoiced, and so did all the people of
Yaman, with exceeding joy. They wrote to As'ad
requesting him to attack Mudhaykhirah, and to
destroy the dominion of the Karmathians. He
consented and collected a strong force from
San'a and its neighbourhood. On his arrival
in Mikhiilf Ja'far, he was joined by its inhabit-
ants, as also by the people of Janad and of al-
Ma'afir, and the army marched upon al-Mudhay-
khirah.

Ibn Fadl had left a son who was known by the
name of al-Ghafai, by reason of a whiteness on the
iris of his eyes. As'ad besieged al- Mudhaykhirah
with his troops. He encamped upon Mount Thau-
man, which I have hereinbefore mentioned, when
speaking of al-Ja'fari. It is now known by the
name of Mountain of Khaulan, because it is in-
habited by Arabs of that tribe, known under the
name of Banu '1-Bi'm (?). The army remained at
this place, and whenever troops issued forth from
the city, the Muslims defeated them. This occurred
time after time, until the enemy was utterly dis-
heartened and humbled. As'ad then erected man-
gonels, by means of which most of the houses in
the city were destroyed, and he finally captured the
place by force of arms. The son of 'Aly ibn Fadl
and as many of his followers, members of his family
and persons who had embraced his sect, as As'ad
could lay his hands upon, were put to death. His
150 daughters, three in number, were captured. As'ad
selected one, named Mu'adhah, and gave her to his
nephew Kahtan, unto whom she bore 'Abd Allah, of

2o8 Al-Bahu 'l-JiUKxdi.

whom intMitioii will bo matlo hereafter.* Her two
sisters fell to tlie lot of two cliiefs. The siege of
al-]\rii(lhaykhirah by the Muslims endured for a
whole year, and it is said that during all that time
As'ad never ])ut off his armour or divested himself
of his sword. The rule of the Karmathians was
extirpated fromMikhlaf Ja'far, and al-]\ludliaykliirah
has continued in ruins from that period unto the
present.

As for Mansur, he continued in the condition
above described, but (in contrast with Ibn Fadl)
he was an able ruler who took pleasure in the per-
formance of good works, the record whereof en-
dureth. He did not leave the district of La'ali, and
he died before Ibn Fadl, in the year 302, after
bequeathing his authority to a son of the name of
liasan and to one of his followers, named 'Abd
Allah ibn al-'Abbfis ash-Shawiry. Mansur placed
vspeeial confidence in this man, and had sent him
on a mission with letters and presents to the
Mahdy ('Obayd Allah), to whom ash-Shawiry
became personally known, and whose esteem he
also won. Mansur, on becoming sensible of his
ap])roaching death, sent for these two ])ersons and
said unto them : " I charge you both wiMi the care
of our dominion. Be cai-efid to preserve it, and
cease not to propagate the authority of 'Obayd
(Allah) ibn Maymun. We are one of the trees his
iamily hath planted, and but for our appeals to their
rights and authority, our ends could not have been
gained, it will be your duty to communicate, by
means of letters, with our Imam the Mahdy, and
upon naught shall ye decide without consulting
liini. I have not gained the dominion we possess
by means of great riches nor with the help of multi-
tudes of men. I came to this countiy unwillingly,

* Sec Note H.

'/7/f' KiUnnalJiums ni )\i))l\ii.

ly*^)

iiiitl I li.'iivc nlhiiiUMl lli(> rcMiiIlM lli.il ;iro kiKtwii
iiiilo \(>ii, iimlrr Mu* I'^ood iiUMjiici'S ol llie M;ili(h',
of \\lhts(« comiii)'; I In* \A-m\ lidiiij^'S wtM'c !^'i\(Mi
by lli(* l'r(»|ilicl , wlioiii (!imI I)I(<sm mikI linil with
hmJii1.;iI ions (»!" |k':i('i>." 'I'Ii<>s(* words \\k\ ol'ltMi rc-
|)(>M.I('d l)t'r()i(« imill il iidt's (>r |i(M»|>l(\

lI|)on llit> d(';iMi ol" l\l:iiism\ nsli-Sli;iw ii')', IIk'
(vxcciilor ol his wdl, wrolo lo the Mididy, (hen rc-
HidinL»'Mi MiiluhvM.h, iid'oniiiiin' him of I ho ov<miI ;iiid
Hhlliu!'" Ihiil. (ho oHict' of h.ry rotnnincd in siis-
])(MIS(\ }i\V!ii( ill!'; (h(* M.ihdv's comiii.oid;. Kiit. \\k'
S(Mi(. ;ilso jissunui(%>s (h:il ho w;is |>i'o|i;u-(m| (,o (>\i'r-
('ist> (Jit* oOici* o(" \'Sa''\ with loviihy ;iiid lidolily,
n|).'ir(. I"n)in ( hi* sons ol' Mniisiii'. Ono oi' ( ht* hil (cr
\v;is (*nlriisl(Ml with (lit*lo((oi'. I Ii* S(*(. fori h ii|)oii
his j(Mii'nov, ;ind on lu-i'ivinu^ \\\^ nJ-M.ihdiy.'ih ho
(l(*liv<M'(Ml (Ji(» Ii>(((M', willi (h(> con((*n(s of which \\ks
w:is iiii.ic(|imin(iod. Tlit* Mnlidy knt*w :ish-SiiiiW'irv,
who li:id nroro(inios coiik* nnio hiiii with inissi\'os
1,M lV(un Mmiisui*. II(* know liiiii (o Ik* well (|ii:ili(i(*d
lt> rnllil (li(* ollifi* ol l^.i'v, and Ik* ro:ii-(*d l(*s|. (ho
Hons ol" IMiinsiir slionld provo nn(*(|n;d (o (lu* (nsk.
TIk* MM.iidy i'o|)Ii(*d (M)nst*n( in<^ (o (Ik* ;i,|)|»oin( nK*nli
of Jish-Slmwiry alone, and (Ik* son ol" Mansiir I'o-
lui'iu*d (() Naiiian ileceived in his (*\|)(*e(a( ions.
\\\\i h(* (•oiK'(*altMl liis disa|»|)inii! iiieiil^ and d(*liv(*l'ed
tin* Malnlv's K*(((*r. Il(*antl his biv*! hi't*ii eon! iiiii(*d
(Ml (ernis of l"rit*iidi\' in((*i'eonrs(* w i( h asli-Shawii'\ ,
vdio 4)11 his side sliow't*d ( lK*in honoiii' Miul rt*s|)(M'(..
Ii(* did nol |)reeliidt* I hem rioiii l'rt*(* access iiiito
liiiii. 'rii(*\ (*nlei'ed his |»i*t*seiice w li(*nMO(*\(*r ( hey
|>l(*as(*tl, wiliioiil lilt* in(t*i"ri*i'(*iict* t>r a (•hainl)t*rlain.
A( lt*ii;''(h, lit* wlit> liati l»t*t"ii si*n(i (.o (In* l\lalitl\
canii* 1111(0 him, ami st*i/aii<'; an o|i|)or( unit \' when
ash-Shawiry was olT his ufiiard, Ik* slt*w him. lit*
iiiatlt* Jiinisi*!!' inas(i(*r t)l" (Jit* ct)iiii(i-\, ami colK-cl iii^'
(In* |iet)|)li* from (*V(*i'y dislnel. In* lt)t>k (hem (t»wil-

2 1 o Al-Baha 'l-Janadi.

iiess that lie abjured his father's sect, and that he
joined that of the Sunnis. The people listened
With approval, they rewarded him with their love
and they submitted to his authority. One of his
brethren, named Ja'far, came unto him. Ja'far con-
demned his brother's conduct and upbraided him,
but his brother would not listen. Ja'far left him in
anger and went unto the Mahdy at Kayrawan. He
found that 'Obayd Allah was dead and that he
had been succeeded by his son al-Kaira (bi amr
Ulah). These events, had occurred in the year
822. The son of Mansur remained with the new
Khalifah.

Meanwhile his brother massacred the members
of his father's sect, and drove them forth, until
none remained around him but such whose religious
tenets were held in secret. Only a small number
continued to dwell in the country and they corre-
sponded with the family of 'Obayd (Allah) son of
Maymun at Kayrawan. The son of Mansur then
went forth from Maswar unto 'Ayn Muharram,
which has been previously mentioned, and where
there was a man of the family of al-'Arja, sultans of
that country. The son of Mansur (before starting)
appointed a deputy over Maswar, a man named
Ibrahim ibn 'Abd al-Majid (al-Hamid ?) ash-Shiya'y.
He was ancestor of the Banu '1-Muntab, after whom
Maswar has been named and is called al-Muntab.
When the son of Mansur reached *Ayn Muharram,
Ibn al-'Arja suddenly attacked him and killed him.
Ibn 'Abd al-Hamid, on hearing thereof [tarried at
Maswar and proclaimed himself sovereign of the
district]. The members and women of the family
of Mansur Avho were with him, fled to Mount al-
liashab (Bani A'shab ),* but they were attacked

* The tribe of A'shab son of Kudam dwelt, according to
Ilanidrmi, in tlie mountains between the rivers La'ah and Surdiid
(p. 112,1. 19s4q.).

TJie Kiwmathians in Yavian. 211

1^2 by the people, who robbed, plundered and murdered
them.

Ibn al-'Arja and Ibn 'Abd al-Hamid arrived at an
agreement, Id accordance with which, the country
was divided between them. Ibn 'Abd al-Hamid ab-
jured the doctrines of Mansur. He built a mosque,
in which he placed a pulpit, and the Khutbah was
recited therein in the names of the 'Abbasside
Khalifahs. He sought out the Karmathians wher-
ever he could hear of them, until they were almost
exterminated, and only a small remnant continued
to subsist in the neighbourhood of Maswar, who
held the doctrines of their sect in secret and who
recognized as their chief a man known by the name
of [Ibn at-Tufayl. He was slain by Ibrahim. But
after the latter' s death and during the reign of al-
Muntab son of Ibrahim, at-Tufayl was succeeded in
the office of Da'y by a person named] Ibn Rahim
(Ibn Juftam ?), a man of resolute character. His
dwelling-place was kept secret lest al-Muntab or
other Sunnites should lay hands upon him, but he
was in correspondence with the family of the
Mahdy whilst they were at Kayrawan and after-
wards* in Egypt. It was in his days that al-Mu'izz
son of (al-Mansur billah son of) al-Ka'im son
of the Mahdy ('Obayd Allah) came ibo Egypt
and built Cairo, which became his place of resi-
dence.^^^ When Ibn Juftam felt the approach of
death, he appointed over his sectaries a man named
Yusuf ibn al-Asad (?). Ibn Juftam died when al-
ii akim (grandson of al-Mu'izz) was on the throne
at Cairo (a.h. 386 — 411).^^^ Ibn al-Asad secretly
laboured to spread al-Hakim's supremacy, and re-
cognized it himself until he knew that his end was
nigh, when he appointed as his successor a man
named Suleyman (read 'Amir) ibn 'Abd Allah ar-
Eawahy, a native of the district of Shibam. He was
a man of great wealth, of which he made use in

p 2

12

A I- B aha '/-Jaiiadi.

beguiling the people and in protecting his own fol-
lowers fi'om persecution. If any person meditated
putting him to death, he would say : " I am a
Muslim and I bear testimony that there is no God
but God. How then can the spilling of my blood
or the seizure of my property be lawful unto you ? "
Thereujion he would be left to go his way. On the
approach of death, he appointed as his successor
'Aly son of Muhammad the Sulayhite. The latter's
family was originally from al-Aliraj (al-Akhruj),^^^
and he was a member of the community of Shi'ahs
of Haraz.

NOTES.

Note 1 to p. 1. — The Da'ys, a word derived from a verb
signifying- to invite or sammon, were missionaries em-
ployed by tlie Ismailites, to teach and propagate the
doctrines of their sect. Their Chief, whose residence,
under the Fatimite (or Ismaihte) Khalifahs, was at Cairo,
was styled the Dd'y of Dd'ys. The title was hardly in-
ferior to that of Kddij of Kildys, and both offices were fre-
quently held by the same person. It has been suggested
that the word is the origin of the designation Bey, applied
by Europeans to the Viceroys of Algiers.

Note 2 to p. 3. — These words occur in five separate
passages of the Kur'an. That in Ch. xxxv. v. 19 is as
follows : —

No burdened soul shall {on the day of resurrection) bear
the load that helongeth unto another. And though one call
lopon another to assume its burden, that other shall not be
laden therewith, even though the appeal proceed from its
nearest kindred.

NoTK 3 to p. 3. — The Ash'arites were Kahtanites, descen-
dants of 'Arib. A noteworthy member of the tribe was
Abu ^1-Hasan 'Aly al-Ash'ai^i, originator of the religious
sect known as the Ash'arites. The 'Akkites are like-
wise often described as Kahtanites, descendants of Malik
and Kahtan and of 'Udthau. But it is said that the last-
mentioned name must be read 'Adiidn, and that the
'Akkites are to be reckoned as an Ishmaelite tribe. They
removed at an early date to the Tihamah of Yaman, where
they entered into close alliance with the Ash'arites. The
two tribes are stated to have been the first to apostatize in
Yaman upon the death of the Prophet.

In all works on Arab history and on the geography of
Arabia, continual reference is made to seemingly endless
numbers of tribes, and more especially is this so when tlie
Yamanite provinces are in question. Readers unfamiliar
with the subject, may find it useful to be supplied with its

214

Notes. NOTE 3.

general outlines^ and I accordingly add to this note an
enumeration of the principal tribes of Yaman. Carefully
prepared tables have been constructed by F. Wiistenfeld, and
they will be found of great service to anyone desirous of
studying the Arab tribal system. For the following slight
sketch, not having Wiistenfeld' s book within easy reach, I
have contented myself with following Ibn Khaldiiu's
chapters on the descent of the tribes, making, however,
certain corrections and additions, chiefly derived from
Hamdani's Description of Arabia, from Yakiit's Geogra-
phical Dictionary, and, in a small number of instances, from
one or two other works.

The subject, it must be remarked is beset with so many
discrepancies and with such frequent disagreements, that it
would be impossible to supply, within a moderate compass,
anything approaching to an exhaustive account of the
tribes and of their genealogies, as taught by the native
traditionists. Many tribes, moreover, some of common,
others of entirely distinct lineage, bear the same name, and
their origin is not unfrequently matter of dispute. Al-
Hamdani, speaking of certain Arabs bearing the name of
Ja'dah (p. 89-90), who, he says, claimed to be descendants
of the Ishmaelite tribe of Ja'dah derived from Kays 'Aylan,
makes the remark that it was a common practice for a
tribe of desert Arabs to avail itself of such similarity of
name, and to assert a claim to identity of lineage with that
of a greater and more illustrious namesake. The thing,
he continues, was of frequent occurrence and had often
come under his personal observation.

The inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula are by com-
mon consent divided into two great Septs or Nations,
one of which, the more ancient of the two, is generally
known under the designation of the Yamanite tribes, be-
cause for the most part they inhabited, and still inhabit, the
southern provinces of Arabia. They claim to be the direct
descendants of Kahtan, whom the Arabs identify with
Joktan of the Jewish Scripture, the ancestor of Hazar-
maveth (Hadramaut), Uzal, Sheba (Saba) and others. It
is admitted that a more ancient tribal race at one time in-
habited the Arab Peninsula, but one the greater part of
which has long been extinct, whilst of the remainder it is
only known that no traces of its posterity can be distin-
guished. The traditions respecting the aboriginal race, it
is further allowed, rest upon no sure authority, with the

NOTE 6.

Notes. 2 1

exception only of the few particulars preserved in the pag-es
of the Kur'an. It is universally held that these people
were, like the Kahtanites, descenda,nts of Shem the sou of
Noah, and it is generally believed that their language was
Arabic, a fact positively stated in respect to some of the
tribes.

The second great division consists of the race descended
from Ishmael son of Abraham. The Ishmaelite Arabs are
sometimes termed Nizfirites or Ma'addites because they
are descended from Nizar son of Ma'add, son of 'Adnau.
The precise links in the chain of descent from Ishmael to
'Adnan cannot be authoritatively stated, but the truth of
that descent is absolutely unquestioned.

'Adnau is said to have been contemporary with the pro-
phets Jeremiah and Baruch, and with Nebuchadnezzar
{Bukht Nassar). The latter, according to Arab tradition,
by command of God invaded Northern and Central Arabia,
and exterminated all but a small fraction of its inhabitants.
Ma'add son of Adiian was at that time in his childhood. He
was conveyed, for safety — miraculously, it is said — to the
ancient town of Harran in Mesopotamia. On his return he
collected the remnant of his father's people, who had sought
refuge with the Yamanites. The Ishmaelite Arabs, accord-
ing to the commonly received version, are descendants of
Ma'add, precisely as the Yamanite Arabs are held to be
descendants of Kahtan.

The postei'ity of Ishmael divide themselves into three
great stems. That of al-Ya's son of Mudar son of Nizar,
to which belonged, among others, the tribe of Kiirdrislo,
whereof the Prophet was a member, that of Kays 'Aylan,
brother of al-Ya's, and that of Rabi'ali, brother of Mudar
and son of Nizar.

The Yamauite tribes are in like manner divided into
three great stems, all descended from Saba or 'Abd ash-
Shams (servant of the Sun) son of Yashjub, son of Ya'i'ub
son of Kahtan.

There are in the first place the Himyarites, composed of'
the descendants of al-'Ai'anjaj, better known under his sur-
name of Himyar, son of 'Abd ash-Shams. Among the prin-
cipal Himyarite tribes and those whose names ai-emost fre-
quently met with in the histories of Yaman., were the Banu
^har'ah, the Banu Sha^Odn^ and numerous tribes descendetl
from Zayd al-Jamhur, such as the tribes of Dhu Ilu'ayn or
Yarlm, Ydfi', Wuhdzah, Dim 'l~Kald', Hardz, Maytamy

2 1 6 Notes. NOTE 3.

Salmi, Auzd' and Dim Ashah. It will be noticed that many-
places in Yaman were named after the tribes by which they
were inhabited.

The other two great Kahtanite stems consist of the de-
scendants of Malik and of 'Arib, sons of Zayd son of Kahlan
sou of 'Abd ash- Shams.

Among the tribes of Malik, the chief place may be as-
signed to that of Ilamddu, descendant of al-Khiyar son of
Malik. The Banu Hamdan branch forth into an almost
endless number of subdivisions, all connected together by
common descent, and like other Arab sister-tribes, for the
most part, though by no means always, in more or less
close aUiance with one another. Of the Hamdanite sub-
tribes, it may be sufficient here to mention the names of
Hdshid and Balal (seldom dissociated from one another)
the Banu Yam, Jusham and Shihdb. Next in importance
to the Banu Hamdan may be reckoned the Azdites, a name
borne by the most important section of the people who in-
habited the country of Saba and its capital Ma'rib, at the
time of the rupture of the dyke of 'Arim and of the ruin to
which that portion of Yaman was in consequence reduced.
All but a small section of the Azdites abandoned the
country.* A portion proceeded to 'Oman. The chief
body went to the Tihamah of Yaman, inhabited by
the tribes of 'Akk and Ash'^ar. Here they settled in
the neighbourhood of a Pool named Ghassdn, situated
between the rivers Zabid and E,ima*. After a lengthened
stay, dissensions with the original occupants ' of the
country compelled the Azdites to depart. A portion of
the tribe established itself in Najran, in the neighbour-
hood of the Madhhijites who had long occupied and
ruled the country. Another section led by Harithah
son of 'Amru, attacked and overcame the Jurhumites at
Mecca and became known as the KJmzd'ah, a designation
given to them, it is said, because they " separated " them-
selves from their brethren led by Tha'labah son of 'Amru.
The Azdite sub-tribes of Aus and Khazraj, so named after
the two grandsons of Tha^abah, possessed themselves of
Yathrib (the ancient name of Medinah). Their descend-
ants were the first Arab community to embrace Islam, and
their recognition of the Prophet, at a time when his pro-

* This occurred, according to Caussin de Perceval's conjecture,
in A.D. lis.

NOTE 3. Notes. 2iy

spects seemed suuk into a depth of utter hopelessness,
became the chief means that eventually brought about the
triumph of Lis cause. He accepted the refuge they offered
him and he bestowed upon them the title of al-Anstir, the
Defenders, whilst the small party that accompanied him on
his flight from Mecca, received the designation al-Mu-
hajirvn, the Emigrants or Refugees. The Ghassanite
Azdites gradually travelled northwards and eventually
reached Syria, where they founded the kingdom known as
that of Ghassan, which endured under Roman supremacy,
until the conquest of Syria by the Muslims. Other two
tribes of the stem of Malik are the Banu Khath'am, and
Banu Bajilah, descended from al-Ghauth, father of al-Azd.
But according to some authorities these two tribes were
Ma'addites.

The third great stem of the Kahtanite Arabs consists, as
already mentioned, of the descendants of 'Arib, brother of
Malik. It subdivides itself into four branches, three of
which, the Banu Tayy, Banu Madlihi'^ and Banu, Murrah,
comprise a large number of sub-tribes. The fourth is the
tribe of Ashlar, the associates of the Banu 'Akk in the
Tihamah of Yaman.

The Banu Tayy abandoned Yaman shortly after the dis-
persion of the Azdites, and settled for the most part in
Northern Arabia, near the mountains of Aja and Salma,
whence they spread into 'Irak and into the Syrian desert.
Among the sub-tribes of the Madhhijites are the Banu,
Ju'fl, Zuhayd, Hakam, and Sinhdn, derived from Sa'd al-
'Ashirah son of Madhhij, also the Banu 'Jws, Banu Murdd
Banu Jald, Banu Hurah, Nakha', Munabhih or Janh, and
the Ba'}iu 'l-Hdritli ibn Ka'b, who conquered Najran and
dwelt there for many centuries. According to some ver-
sions, the Banu Sinhan and Harith were included in the
designation Janb.

From the Banu Murrah were descended the Banu
Kliauldn, who are described as sons of 'Amru son of Malik
son of al-Harith son of Murrah and their kiusmen thei>a?X'M
Jurrali sons of Rakla son of 'Amru son of Malik. Other
authorities, however, pronouuce the Banu Khaulan to be a
sub-tribe of Kudd'ah, sons, that is to say, of 'Amru son of
al-Haf son of Kuda'ah. Al-Hamdani, if the version given
by Yakut (vol. iv. p. 437-38) can be trusted, admits two
separate tribes of the same name, one of which he distin-
guishes under the name of Khaulau al-'Aliyah, and the other

2i8 Notes. KOTE 4.

as Kliaulaa-Kiulfi^ali.* The tribes of Hamdau and of
Khaulau were by far fhe largest and most powerful tribes
in Yaman.

There were many other subdivisions of the branch of
Murrah. Among these may be mentioned the tribe of
Ma'(7fir (son of Ya'f ur — see Hamdaui, p. 67, 25, and Yakut
iv. 570),t that of Kindali and its sub-tribes Sakun, Tujib
and SalcsaJc, also the Banu Lcd-hm, and Banu Judhdm.

There remains to be noticed the great Arab stem of
Kuda'ah, respecting which the generally accepted opinion
is that they are descendants of Malik son of Himyar.
Some, however, contend that Kuda^ah was son of Ma'add
and that his descendants are Ishmaelite Arabs, whilst on
the other side it is held that he was only the adopted and
step-son of Ma'add, According to another version, the
Banu Kuda'ah were expelled from Najran by the Banu '1-
Harith ibn Ka'b the Azdites, and it is said that they went
to the Hijaz and there became allied with the Ma'addites.
The sub -tribes of Kuda'ah are very numerous. It may be
sufficient to mention here the Banu Kalb, Banu Taniikli,
Banu Jarm, Banu Nahd, Banu 'Udhrah and Banu Fahm.
I have already stated that the Banu Khaulan, according to
some accounts, were a sub-tribe of Kuda'ah.

Note 4 to p. 4.— Most of what precedes is reproduced,
almost verbatim, by Yakiit in his article on Zabid. Ibn
Khaldiin, in his account of the descendants of Abu Talib
(vol. iv. p. 115), repeats what he tells us in his history of
Yaman [supra, p. 141) touching the Khalifah al-Ma'mun's
motives for sending Muhammad ibn Ziyad to that country.
He was sent, he says, on a mission to suppress the rebel-
lion of the Alides, who, under the leadership of Ibrahim
al-Jazzar (the Butcher), threatened to detach the province
from the rest of the Empire. And Ibn Ziyad, he con-
tinues, was chosen by al-Ma'miin on account of the intense
hatred he was known to entertain against the family of
^Aly.t

* In Miiller's edition the passage referred to occurs at p. 107.
See also pp. 109 and 113. It will be observed that Yakut supplies
us with a different reading.

t Ibn al-Atliir describes the Banu Ma'afir as a Himjaritic
tribe (vol. viii. p. 499).

X Another rebellion is stated to have occurred in Yaman in
ji.il. 207 (Tabari, iii. p. 10G2), led by the Alide 'Abd ar- Rahman

NOTE

Notes. 2 1 9

ILn Ziyad's descent seems to be traced through Ziyad's
son 'Obayd Allah, the same who took a leading part in the
slaughter of the Imam Husayn, grandson of the Prophet, a
memorable event which Gibbon has made familiar to Eng-
lish readers. Ziyad himself, the ancestor of the founder of
Zabid, was regarded as son of Abu Sufyan, brother therefore
of Mu'awiyah the first Khalifah of the Omayyad dynasty. The
circumstances of his birth were such, it is true, as to cast
grave doubt upon his claims. He was therefore generally
known by the surname Ibn Abihi, the son of his father.
Mu'awiyah eventually acknowledged him as his brother,
far less, there is reason to suspect, out of conviction, than for
the purpose of disarming an ambitious and dangerous sub-
ject. Ziyad owed, probably, much of his success and
influence to his talent as an orator. It is related of him,
that when a young man, barely over twenty years of age,
he preached a Khufbah at Medinah, the eloquence of which
filled his hearers with admiration. " How marvellous a
talent hath Grod granted to that youth ! " exclaimed 'Amru
ibn al-'As, " Were his father of the tribe of Kuraysh, it were
easy for him to drive the Arab nation before him with a
switch ! '^ " By Allah," answered Abu Sufyan, " I know
who is his father.'^ 'Aly, who was close at hand; turned
round and stopped the discussion of so dangerous a topic :
" Silence, Abu Sufyan, for thou well knowest, were 'Omar
to hear thy language, its punishment would quickly follow ! "
Ziyad was born in the first vear of the Hijrah and died in
A.H. 53.

Suleyman ibn Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik, from whom one

ibn Ahmad. It was suppressed, we are told, by Dinar ibn 'Abd
Allah, sent for the purpose, at the head of a strong force, by al-
Ma'niun. The insurrection is said to have occurred in the coun-
try of the 'Akkites. There is some difficulty in reconciling the
story witb the statement that the district in question was, at
that time, absolutely subject to Ibn Ziyiid. But it may well be
that the latter's rise in the Tihamah of Yaman was far less rapid
than is represented by 'Omfirah. Al-Hamdani, who died in a.h.
334, indeed tells us (p. 103) that, from the time of al-Mu'tasim
(a.h. 218—227) to that of al-Mu'tamid (a.h. 256—279), a certain
family of the Banu Shurah (subdivision of the tribe of Dliu Ru'ayn
tlie Himyarites) exercised sovereign rule over the Tihamah of
Yaman. Elsewhere (p. 120, 1. 7) he says that the Banu Shurah
held paramount sway, at Zabid, over all the neighbouring Arab
tribes. See also p. 119, 1. 23.

220

Notes. NOTE 5.

of the Ziyadite's companions claimed to be descended,
was, as is indicated by bis name, sou of the Omayyad
Xballfab Hisbam. He was slain in a.h. 132, one of the
many victims of tbe first Abbasside Kbalifab 'Abd Allah
as-Safiah, the Blood-spiller. Ibn Ziyad's companion, it
will be observed, is also designated the Martvdnite, after
his ancestor the Kbalifah Marwan, father of "^Abd al-Malik.
The Banu Taghlib were a Ma'addite (Ishmaelite) tribe
descended from Rabi'ah son of Nizar. The Taghlibite com-
panion of Muhammad ibn Ziyad bore the same name as
Muhammad (al-Arain), son and successor of Hariiu (ar-
Rashid). Al-Amin was deposed from the Khalifate in
favour of his brother 'Abd Allah al-Ma'mun, and in
A.H. 198 he was captured and slain by Tahir ibn al-Husayn,
the general in command of al-Ma'mun^s troops. The new
Khalifah, it is said, never ceased secretly to lament the
slaughter of his brother. On one occasion, at the sight of
Tabir, he burst into tears, and when asked the cause of his
grief, he replied that he wept at the remembrance of a
thing, the mention of which was dishonour and its sup-
pression momming. The circumstance was reported to
Tahir, who, greatly alarmed, solicited and obtained the
government of Khurasan, where he soon became practi-
cally independent, and founded the dynasty known as that
of the Tahirites.

Note 5 to p. 4. — Al-Khazraji, at this point of his his-
tory (p. 78), enters into certain particulars touching the
town of Zabid. The city, he says, is circular in form.
It stands half-way between the mountains and the sea,
at a distance of about half a days' journey from either.
On the south flows the river Zabid * and on the
north the river Rima'. Elsewhere (p. 81), the same
writer describes the walls of Zabid, which he says were
originally built by Husayn ibn Salainah, rebuilt by Mann
Allah al-Fatiki, iu a.h. 520 and odd years, again by the
Banu Mahdy, and again, in a.h. 589, by Sayf al-Islam
Tughtakin the Ayyubite. It has, he says, four gates.
One on the east called Bah ash-Shihdrik, leading to Shi-
barik, a village situated on the river Zabid, and thence
to the fortress of Kawarlr. One on the west, which in his
day was called Bad an-Nahhl, but which at an earlier period

* Al-Janadi tolls us that the city of Zabid was named after the
river (fol. 29 obv.).

■SOTK 6. Notes. 22 1

bore tlie name of Tn'ih Ghuldfikalb. The road leads to
Ghulilfikali and to al-Ahwab. The former, he says, served
at one time as the port of Zabid, but it fell into decay
and was 1 superseded by al-Ahwab, which was in his time
known under tlie name of al-Buk''ah. The third gate,
on the north, bore the name of Bah Salidm. It led
to Wadi Eima' and Wadi Saham. The fourth gate, Bab
al'Kurtub, on the south, led to Wadi Zabid and thence to
the village of Kurtub, situated upon that river.*

Al-Khazraji next enters into lengthy details touching the
extent of the walls, in which it is needless to follow
him. In describing the city walls and bastions, he quotes
the work of Ibn al-Mujawir, written about A.H. 630, a book
freely used by Sprenger, in his valuable work upon East-
ern Geography, under the title of Tarihh al-Mustansiry. It
may be worth remarking that in the Leiden MS. of al-
Khazraji, the word, excepting in one instance, is written
al-Mustahsiry.

Note 6 to p. 4. — 'OmaraVs statements touching the
foundation of al-Mudhaykhirah and on the derivation of
the name Mil-hlaf Ja'far are mentioned, but absolutely
contradicted by al-Janadi. The city of Mudhaykhirah,
situated on Mount Thauman, was built, he says (fol. 182
rev.), by Ja'far ibn Ibrahim al-Manakhi. Elsewhere, in his
chapter on the Abbasside governors of Yaman, he says (fol.
28 rev.), that the founder of the principality was Ibrahim
ibn Abi Ja'far al-Manakhi, who conquered Mount Thauman
in the days of al-Ma'mun. Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Hamid,
appointed Governor of Yaman in a.h. 213, marched against
al-Manakhi in the following year, but was defeated and
killed. Janadi specifies the orthography of the name

^jL^', but adds that the form of the word is that of the dual
of ^y.

Yakut gives ^Onmrah's description of Mudhaykhirah, as

* Johannsen gives most of these particulars (pp. 120, 253,
261) as they are borrowed from al-Khazraji by Dayba', but having
misread Jb-*! for J.a:jl, a not iuexcusable error in the absence of
diacritical points, he has missed the sense of the writer's words re-
garding the name Buk'ah. Khazraji writes : aj i 11 iJ^I Ja^l
ijtLll ^^♦--.J ^^\\ ^J.JI J i-jlja"^''. It will be observed that there is
room for doubt whether the name Buk'ah is meant to api)ly to
Ghul^fikah or to al-Ahwab.

222

Notes. NOTE G.

also the greater part of the passage relating to Ibn Ziyad's
freedman Ja'far, as is shown in the notes I have appended
to the Arabic text. Yakut begins by stating that Mudhay-
khirah stood on Mount Sabir, which I need hardly say is
an error. (See infra, Note 11.)

Abu Ja'far al-Manakhi was descended, according to
Janadi, from Dhu '1-Muthlah (aI-JI ji ; but cf. Hamdani
p. 100, 1. 25 and 26), the Himyarite, and from Dhu '1-
Manakh. His posterity continued in existence down to the
writer's days, and they were known as Sultans of Kiyad
(? (jtfli) Bayt 'Izz, Raym (Raymah ?) and Karm 'Amim.
Ibrahim Abu Ja'far possessed himself of Mount Raymah
as well as of Thauman, and it acquired the name of Raymat
al-Manfikhi. He made himself master of the greater part
of Mikhlaf JaTar.

Some further particulars touching the petty dynasty of
Manakhi, are supplied in the accounts preserved by al-
Janadi and Khazraji, of the circumstances under which the
Karmathian or Ismailite doctrines were established in
Yaman. Mudhaykhirah, it will be seen, was conquered by
Ibn Fadl. Its ruler at that time, says al-Khazraji (who
derives his information from the same soui'ce as al-
Janadi), was Ja'far ibn Ahmad (Ibrahim ?) al-Manakhi,
after whom Mikhlaf Ja^far is named. Aly ibn Fadl
marched against him in a.h. 291, but was defeated and
compelled to fall back upon the country of Yafi'. Five
months later, in a.h. 292, he again attacked the city and
he succeeded in gaining possession, first of Mudhaykhirah
and next of the fortress of Ta'kar, Ja'far ibn Ibrahim
(«ic) fled to Tibamah and reached al-Kurtub in the valley
of the river Zabid. He was assisted with troops by the
Prince of Zabld (Abu '1- Jaysh Ishak ?). With these he
resumed the struggle. A celebrated battle was fought,
says Khazraji, in Wadi Nakhlah, in which Ja'far ibn Ibrahim
(.sic) and his nephew Abu '1-Futuh were killed. Ja'far' s
rule, adds the same writer, endured from a.h. 249 to 292,
forty-three years.*

* Hamdani (p. 75,1. 9) says that "Ja'far ibn Ibrahim al-
!Maiiakhi " was killed at or near the fortress of Kbawalah,
situated close to one of the sources of the Wjldi Nakhlah.

Dr. Glaser visited the town of Menakha near Shibam-Haraz,
which I need hardly say is geographically quite distinct from
Mikhlaf Ja'far, or the country of al-Manakhi, as it is sometimes
called. I find no mention of Manakha in Hamdani or other

NOTES 7—8. Notes. 223

Al-Mudtiaykliirah, as will be seen, was re-captured from
the Ismailites by As'ad ibn Ya'fur, in or shortly after a.h.
303. The city was destroyed, and Janadi adds that it con-
tinued in ruins down to his time. It will be noticed that
Jabal Thauman was, in the writer's days, known under the
name of Mountain of Khaulan.

Note 7 to p. 5. — For Bkjdr Kindah, Shikr and Mirhdt,
see supra, pp. 177, 180 and 182. See also de Goeje's ed.
of Ibn Haukal, note to p. 32 (vol iv. p. 4-32), whence it
appears that a note appended to the Paris text in the
sixth century of the Hijrab, describes Mirbat as a sea-
port situated at a distance of one and a half days^ journey
from Zafar, whilst accoi'ding to Yakiit the distance is five
parasangs. All these places are marked on modern maps.

Note 8 to p. 5. — We have seen that Ibn Ziyad was sent
to Yaraan as Amir, a word of somewhat doubtful meaning,
since it may be taken to signify a Prince, a Governor, or
a military Commander. But it is tolerably clear that lie
was not intended to supersede the Governors of the pro-
vince of Yaman, whose residence was at San% and who con-
tinued to be appointed by the Khalifah al-Ma'mun and his
successors long after the foundation of the Ziyadite Prin-
cipality.

The family of the Banu Ya^fur, who eventually estab-
lished themselves as a virbually independent dynasty at
San'a, was, according to our text, descended from the

native writers I have at my command, and the name in its
application to the town in question, is perhaps of more modern
date.

AI-Hamdani mentions another place, Mandhi, written, accord-
ing to Miiller's edition, with the letter ha not kka. He describes
it (pp. 82^ 12; 110, 6, 8) as situated at the junction of the two
main streams of the Wadi Kharid — one of which flows down
from San'a. The other has its chief sources in the neighbourhood
of Shibam-Akyan and Hadur Bani Azd. Its upper course bears,
according to Dr. Glaser's map, the name of Wadi Ivhuzfimir and,
lower down, that of Wadi Slmwabah (cf. Hamdani, p. 82, 1. 6,
and p. 110,1. 6). Among its affluents is, as shown by Dr.
Glaser, the small stream of Dhi Bin (or Dhu Bin), in Balad
as-Sayad (Hamdani, p. 82, 1. 8, and 111, 25). The town
of Dhu Bin, the burial-place of the Imam Ahmad ibn Husayn,
is frequently mentioned in the histories of the Zaydite Imams.

224

Notes. NOTE 8.

Tubbas or ancient Himyarite Kings, and Ibn Klialdiin, in
his chaptei' on tlie Rassite Sharifs of Sa'dab, likewise
speaks of them as of the posterity of the Tubbas. Else-
where, when describing the genealogies of the Yamanite
princes and tribes (vol. ii. p. 243), he gives us the pedigree
of the family of Ya'fur, from which, however, it seems diffi-
cult to trace their descent from the Tubbas, excepting inas-
much as they were of the posterity of Zar'ah (Himyar the
younger), son of Saba the younger.

Among their ancestors were two who bore the name of
Dhu Hawwal,* whence probably the surname the Haw-
walites, by which the family is frequently designated.
Ya'fur ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, founder of the dynasty, is first
heard of, accoi'ding to Janadi, under the Governorship of
Aytakh, who was appointed over Yaman by the Khallfah
al-Mu'tasim, according to at-Tabari, in a.h. 225 (vol. iii.
p. 1302).' Al-Wathik (a.h. 227—232), replaced Aytakh by
Ja'far ibn Dinar, who had formerly ruled over the country,
but had been deposed in favour of Aytakh. The appoint-
ment of Ibn Dinar took place in a.h. 231, according to
Ibn al-Athir, and he tells us that the new Governor pro-
ceeded to San^a accompanied by a force of 4000 horse and
1000 foot soldiers. Janadi says that Ibn Diniir attacked
Ya'fur ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, but that peace was eventually
concluded between them. Al-Mutawakkil, who succeeded
to the Khalifate in a.h. 232, appointed Himyar ibn al-
Harith. The new Governor was unable to withstand the
attacks of Ya^fui', and was at length compelled to return a
fugitive to 'Irak. Al-Mutawakkil's assassination occurred
shortly afterwards (a.h. 247), and Ya'fur made him-
self master of San'a and of Janad, but not of Tihamah,
which since a.h. 204 was in the possession of the Banu
Ziyad.

Ya'fur was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Ya'fur.
He recognized the supremacy of the Khalifah al-Mu'tamid
(a.h. 256 — 279), who in a.h. 259, formally invested him with
the Government of San 'a. Hadramaut and Janad were
included in the dominions of Muhammad ibn Ya'fur, but
he owned allegiance to the Ziyadites and paid them tribute.
He started on the pilgrimage in a.h. 262, after appointing
his son Ibrahim to be his deputy. On his return he built,

* The name is pointed Hiwiil in Milller's edition of Hamdani
(see Note 11). Yakut, .s-.r. u^-a* writes Hawwal.

NOTE

N'oicS. 2 2

ia 265, the mosque of San'ti according to the design wliieli,
al-Janadi says, it still retained in his own day. Muhim-
niad was assassinated by his son Ibrahim, and the latter,
according to al-Janadi quoting Ibn al-Janzi,* is said to have
murdered not only his fatlier, but also his uncle, his cousin
and his father's mother.f This occurred, he adds, six
months before the death of al-Mu'tamid, in Muhirram,
therefore, of a.h. 279. Ibrahim continued the alliance with
the Ziyadite Princes, but his reign did not long endure,
and he was succeeded by his son As'^ad, in whose days
the Karmathians or Ismailites acquired dominion over the
greater part of Yamau. Al-Janadi here proceeds with his
account of their com^uests and of the subjection of As'ad to
'Aly ibn al-Fadl, which is included in this volume.

The statement that Muhammad ibn Ya't'ur was assassi-
nated by his son Ibrahim is not contained in Khazraji's ver-
sion of the history of that period (fol. 29). His account,
which at this particular point, differs materially from that
supplied by al-Janadi, is to the following eifect : —

Ibrahim, he says, continued to administer the affairs of the
kingdom after his father's return from Mecca. A rebellion
broke out at San'a some time after a.h. 270, and the in-
surgents offered supreme authority to Ja'far ibn Ahmad
(ibn Ibrahim ?) al-Manakhi. Eventually the entire family
of the Banu Ya'fur were driven out of the city, and
Muhammad ibn Ya'fur was shortly afterwards killed at
Shibam. He was succeeded, not by Ibrahim, but by
a nephew, 'Abd al-Kadir, son of Ahmad ibn Ya'fur, a
circumstance that may perhaps be accounted for by the
charge made against Ibrahim of being the assassin of
his father. 'Abd al-Kadir retained power for only a few
days. A governor, 'Aly ibn Husayn Juftam, arrived from
Baghdad in Safar 279, the next month after that in which,
according to Janadi, Muhammad lost his life. Juftam ruled
until A.H. 282, when he returned to 'Irak. Ibrahim ibn
Ya'fur now attained absolute sovereignty, but his reign did

* The writer quoted by Janadi is perhaps the grandson of 'Abd
ar-Rahman ibn al-Jauzi, namely, Alju '1-Muzaffar Yiisuf ibn
Kizughli, generally known as Sibt ibn al-Jauzi. He was author
of a history, Mirdt az-Zamun, which the author of the Kashf az-
Zuniin says consisted of forty volumes. A small portion of the
work exists in the Library of the British Museum.

f Janadi, fol. 29 rev.

2 26 Notes. NOTE 8.

not long endure. He died and was succeeded by liis son
As'ad.

In A.H. 288, San'a was conquered by tbe Eassite Imam
al-Hady (see Tabari, iii. p. 2204 and Ibn al-Athlr, vii.
p. 052). He imprisoned the chief members of the family of
Ya'fur, but they were released and escaped to Shibam,* ,
where As'ad's authority over his followers was maintained
until he was able to compel the Imam to abandon San'a.
The city was finally conquered by the Karmathians, in
A.H. 299 according to both al- Janadi and al-Khazraji.f

Upon the death of 'Aly ibn al-Fadl the Karmathian, in
A.H. 303, As'ad speedily re-established his authority in
Yaman, and it endured until his death in a.h. 332, the
vear in which al-Mas'udi commenced writing his Golden.
Meadows, in which he describes in glowing terms the wealth
and power of the Himyarite Prince. J

Ibn Khaldun says [supra, p. 141) that As'ad was succeeded
by a brother named Muhammad, but after As'^ad's death,
the Banu Ya'fur never again recovered the brilliant posi-
tion to which he had raised the family. The ensuing twelve
years were occupied in the suppression of repeated attempts
at rebellion, accompanied by incessant strife between the
various members of the family.

In A.H. 345, the Rassite Imam of Sa'dah, al-Mukhtar, son
of an-Nasir Ahmad son of al-Hadi, acquired possession of
San'a, but before the end of the year, he was assassinated
by a powerful Hamdanite chief, known by the name of
Pahhak.§ A freedman of the Banu Ya'fur, 'Aly ibn
Wardan, supported by Dahhak, was recognized as Prince
of San'a. He was barely able to withstand the opposition
of the Khaulanites, led by al-Asmar Yiisuf ibn Abi '1-Futuh,

* Shinam-Akj^an ? See Kote 11.

f See jS^ote 138. According to the Iladd'ik, al-Hadi acquired
possession of San'a in 297, and appointed his son over it as
Governor. The Imaiu died, as will be seen (Note 127), in
A.H. 298.

The particulars that follow hereabove are for the most part
taken from Dayba' (seventh chapter), that is to say therefore,
from Khazraji at second hand,

J Vol. ii. p. 55, of Barbier de Meynard's printed text and trans-
lation.

§ Al-Kasim, surnamed al-Mukhtar, is mentioned by the Zayd-
ite historians, but they do not reckon him among the Imams, nor
do they say that he was assassinated.

NOTE 8. Notes. 227

and he died in a.h. 350. He was succeeded by his brother
Sapur, with whom Dahhak continued in alliance. In the
following yeai" they made an unsuccessful attack upon the
Khaulanites. They were put to flight, and whilst en-
deavouring to escape to Dhamar, Sapur was overtaken by
al-Asmar and killed.

Dahhak now tendered submission to the Prince of Zahlfl,
Abu ^1-Hasan (Abu '1-Jaysh ?) ibn Ziyad. Al-Asmar the
Khaulanite, on the other hand, offered the throne to the Amir
'Abd Allah ibnKahtan (grand-nephew of As'ad ibn Ya'^fur),
by whom the offer was accepted (a.h. 352). He entered
San% whence Dahhak hurriedly fled. Next followed a
series of struggles between the contending parties, in which
a Rassite Imam, Yiisuf son of Yahya son of an-Nasir
Ahmad, took a prominent part, with the result of his
being for a time recognized as sovereign Prince of the city
and province.* 'Abd Allah succeeded, however, in re-
covering his authority, and he enjoyed a long but disturbed
reign. In a.h. 379 he was able to invade Tihamah at the
head of an army, with which he attacked and utterly de-
feated '' Ibn Ziyad. '^ f Zabid was taken and sacked, and
'Abd Allah, having abolished the Abbasside Khuthah
throughout his dominions, proclaimed the supremacy of the
Egyptian Fatimites.J He died in a.h. 387 and was suc-
ceeded by his son As'ad. But the fortunes of the Banu
Ya^fur, as one of the great ruling families of Yaman, were
now at an end. The last vestige of their authority in the
city of San'a disappeared. Their condition became at best
that of obscure and petty chiefs, and we are henceforward
left in ignorance even of their names. We find mention of
them, however, so late as a.h. 679, when we read in
Khazraji's 'JJkud (fol. 115 obv.) as well as in Ibn Hatim

* The name of the Imam Yusuf son of Yahya is mentioned by
the Zaydite writers, but I can find ro account of his career. The
author of the Jawahir gives him the title ot Da'y, and simply sa3's
that he was contemporary with al-Mansur al-Kasim. The latter
was surnamed al-'Ayani, after the name of the place in which he
proclaimed himself in A h. 389.

f Husayn ibn Salamah, we have been told, was regent from
A.H. 372 to 402.

X The Fatimite Khalifah al-'Azlz reigned from a.h. 365 to 3SG.
It deserves perhaps to he here borne in mind that 'Abd Allah
was, through his mother, grandson of Ibn Fadl the Karmathian.
{Supra, p. 207.)

Q 2

2 28 Notes, NOTE 8.

(fol. 105 obv.), that the Rasfilite Sultan of Yaman regained
possession of the fortress of Kaukabau from the Bana
Hawwrd:

San 'a, until its conquest by 'Aly the Sulayhite, became
the scene of perpetual strife, not only between the rival
tribes of Hamdan and Khaulan, but also between various
pretenders to the dignity of Imam. In 389, the Imam
al-Mansur al-Kasim son of 'Aly appeared from the country
of the Banu Khath'am. With the assistance of the Ham-
daniteSj he drove the Imam Yusuf son of Yahya fron
Sa'dnh and placed the city under the command of his son
Ja'far. He next reached Raydah,* where he received the
submission of Ja'far son of ad-Dahhak and of the people oF
al-Baun. He thence despatched to San 'a a Zaydite Sliarif,
named al-Kasim ibn Husayn, a descendant of the Imam
Zayd son of 'Aly Zayn al-'Abidin, and the Zaydite sectaries
readily submitted to his authority. f

As'ad son of 'Abd Allah the Ya'furite had established
his residence at Kahlan, and he recognized the supremacy
of the Imam al-Kasim. J But ere long the Zaydite Sharif
renounced his allegiance to al-Manslr al-Kasim ibn 'Aly,
and declared himself in favour of the authority of the
Imam Yusuf son of Yahya. The Imam al-Kasim died in
A.H. 393. Sau'a became the scene of prolonged strife, a
prey to contending factions of rival Imams and Arab
families, among which Hamdanites and Khaulanites played
a prominent part, but none able to establish a settled or
permanent government. In A.H. 401, Husayn son of al-
Kasim declared himself, as has been done by so many pre-
tenders, both before and since his time, to be the Malidij,
whose coming, according to an old tradition, was foretold
by the Prophet. He obtained a large following among
the Himyarites and Hamdanites, who abandoned the cause
of the Zaydite Sharif. The latter was driven out of San'a.

* Kaydah was a town of considerable importance, in the dis-
trict of al-Baun.

f I find 1)0 mention elsewhere of this " Zaydite Sharif."
X I have mentioned {mirra, p. 171 footnote) that Dr. Glaser
has Kohlan on his map, north-east of Hajjah, probably the old
fortress of the Banu Ya'fiir. YakQt says that the Yamanites
[tronounce the name Kuhljin, but he calls the place a Mikhluf.
Ilamdani mentions it as the name of a totally different place, in
the neighbourhood, it would appear, of Yarim or Dhu Ru'ayn.
Kuhlan, according to the Kamfis, was the name of an Arab tribe.

NOTE 8. Notes. 229

He was pursued, overtaken, and killed in a.h. 403. But iu
the following year, the Mahdy was himself expelled from
the city, and lost his life near Dhu Bin, in the course of an
attack by the Hamdanites, from among whom a chief of
the family of Dahhak had been called to the throne by tin;
citizens. The Mahdy had not yet attained the age of
thirty years, and long afterwards his adherents, it is said,
believed him to be living. In a.b. 413, the Sharif Ja'far,
brother of Husaya the Mahdy, arrived from Sa'dah on the
invitation of tbe Haradanites and Himyarites, the former of
whom, after the death of Husayn, exercised intermittent
authority over San'a. In 418, a new and unknown pre-
tender appeared at Ma'rib, who proclaimed himself Imam,
under the title of al-Mu'id li-clin Illah (He who brings the
people back to the religion of God). He succeeded in
making himself master of San'a,* but was killed iu 421,
during which and the following year, severe famine prevailed
throughout Yaman. In 422 the Imamate was claimed by
Abu Hashim al- Hasan son of 'Abd ar- Rahman, who was
accompanied by his son Hamzah, from whom the Hamzite
Sharif's derive their distinctive appellation.f He possessed
himself of San'a, from which Ibn Abi Hashid escaped, whilst
Mansur ibn Abi ^l-Futiih tendered his submission. Abu
Hashim's authority endureduntil a.h. 429, when he was driven
I'orth by the Hamdanites. On their invitation, after an interval
of two years, Ja'far son of al-Mansiir al-Kasim re-established
his rule over the city. The next seven years were occupied
in conflicts, during the course of which Abu Hashim, on the
invitation of Ibn Abi Hashid returned and recovered posses-
sion of San'a for a brief period. Meanwhile a new pretender
to the Imamate, named Abu ^1-Fath Nasir the Daylamite,
had appeared. Aided by the Hamdanites, he captured and
plundered Sa'dah, and next made himself master of San'a. J

* I can find no trace of this personage in the Zaydite historians.

f I do not find the date of Abu Hashim's death. His son
Hamzah was killed in a.h. 459 fighting the troops of 'Aly the
Sulayhite.

J An-Nfisir Abu 'l-Fath the Daylamite was a descendant of
Zayd son of Hasan (see the genealogical table added to Note 107).
He arrived in Yaman, from Persia, between a.h. 430 and 440, and
is said to have been killed by ''Aly the Sulayhite shortlj'' after
440.

Ja'far son of Mansur al-Kfisim is likewise stated to have made
war upon the troops of as-Sulayhi (see infra, Note 29).

230

Notes. NOTE 8.

His supremacy was for a time recognized by Ja'far son of
the Imam al-Kasim, and lie maintained liis authority on a
comparatively ' secure basis, until he was in his turn driven
forth from the city by Ja'far and by Ibn Abi Hashid the
Khaulauite. Yahya ibn Abi Hashid, to whom the writer
gives the title of Sultan, died at the commencement of
A.H. 440. His son was invited by the people to succeed him
and received oaths of allegiance from the Hamdauites.
San'a was conquered (about a.h. 453) by 'Aly the Sulayhite,
whose first manifestation in Yaman, adds the writer, dates
irom the night of Monday, third of the month of Jamadi
'i-Akhir of the year 439 (429 ?), the night of the conjunction
of the planet Jupiter.

We have seen (aupra, p. 41) that when al-Mukarram
Ahmad son of 'Aly transferred the seat of the Sulaybite
dominion to Dhu Jiblah in 480, he appointed over San'a
'Imran ibn al-FacU the Yaraite. Upon the death, in
A.H. 492, of Saba ibn Ahmad, the city and adjoining country
was formed into an independent Principality, under Sultan
Hatim ibn al-Ghasbim, also a member of the tribe of
Hamdan (see Note 42), He died in a.h. 502 and was suc-
ceeded by his two sons, by 'Abd Allah, who died of poison
after a reign of two years, and then by Ma'n ibn Hatim,
who was deposed in a.h. 510.

Another Hamdanite family reigned until a.h. 533, when
Hamid ad-Daulah Hatim son of Ahmad son of 'Imran son
of al-Fadl — gTandson, therefore, of the governor appointed
by al-Mukarram the Sulayhite — was invited by the tribe to
assume the crown.*

He was attacked in a.h. 545 by the Zaydite Imam al-
Matawakkil Ahmad son of Sulayman, against whom, how-
ever, he succeeded eventually in defending himself. Hatim
died in a.h. 556, and was succeeded by his son 'Aly, sur-
named al- Wahid. 'Aly took the leading part in an alliance,
formed in the early part of a.h. 569, against 'Abd an-Naby
son of 'Aly ibn Mahdy (see Note 101), and he was the
reigning Prince of San'a when, six months after his

* It will be seen that, according to the above, Ibn Khaldun's
statement {suj/ra, p. 148), to the effect that 'Imran ibn al-Fadl
became independent at San'a and transmitted the crown to his
descendants, is erroneous.

The historian Ibn Hatim was a descendant of HamiJ ad-
Daulah,

NOTES 0, 10. Notes. 231

campaign against tlie Malidyites, Yaman was invaded and
conquered by Turan Shah the Ayyubite and brother of
Saladin.

Muhammad son of Ahmad son of 'Imran, mentioTied at
p. 60, must have been brother of Sultan Hamld ad-Daulah
Hatim.

Note 9 to p. 6. — Wadi Bayhan is marked on Walker's
map of Arabia, south-west of Ma'rib and north-east of
Dhamar, at about the same distance from either.

Nash wan ibn Sa'id, who according to Ibn Khaldun {supra,
p. 173), was ruler or chief of Bayhan, wrote the Kasldat
al-Himyarlijah, published some five and twenty years
ago at Vienna, by Baron von Kremer, with a translation
into German.

A description of Najrau and Jurash,with a sketch of
their early history, are given by Ibn KhaldCin {supra,
p. 182).

Note 10 to p. 6. — There is evidently an omission here, as
I have indicated in the translation.

As to the descriptions of San'a, of al-Mudhaykhirah and
of Shibam that follow, they are copied almost verbatim
from Ibn Haukal.* The latter borrowed them from al-
Istakhri,f and transferred the passages to his own book,
those especially relating to San'a and to al-Mudhaykhirah,
with such slight alteration, that it is only just possible to
pronounce with some degree of certainty, that Ibn Haukal's
Geography was the authority to which 'Omarah had re-
course. The statement that San'a stands on the equator is
made by Ibn Haukal, but is not to be found in al-Istakhiu.
Yakut quotes the description of San'a as given by our
author, but the latter's name is printed 'Inirdn ibn Abi '1-
Hasan instead of 'Omarah.

The statement that follows in our text, to the effect
that the mountain of Mudhaykhirah was twenty parasangs
or sixty miles in height, appears in both Istakhri and Ibn
Haukal. I do not know how it can be explained. Even
if we read circuit for height, it would be a manifest exag-
geration.

* de Goeje's ed. p. 31.

t Id. p. 24. Istakhri seems to have borrowed his account of
the climate of San'a from al-llamdfini. See Miiller's edition,
p. 195, 1. 24.

232 Notes. NOTE 11.

Note 11 to p. 6. — It must be through a corruption of
the text that 'Omarah is made to speak of Ibn Fadl as
" Sheykh of La'ah/' a designatiou which could only be pro-
perly given to his colleague and eventual rival Ibn Haushab
or Mansiir al-Yanian. I have omitted in my translation,
the conjunction that appears in the MS., icVj sJa, which
reduces somewhat the difficulty of making sense of the
passage. It seems to be intended to signify that the town
of Aden-La'ah was in the neighbourhood of al-Mudhay-
khirah. That this is incorrect is shown with sufficient clear-
ness by 'Oraarah himself, when he tells us that Mudhay-
khirah stood in the province of Ja'far (see Note 6).

Yakut has the following passage (vol. iii. p. <322) s.v.

icV ijjc IJ Jliu. ift-U proceeding as in our text down to the
words ^j^[) ijjUll to which, however, he adds oh^^' -^"f-
Here we have probably the origin of the statement that al-
Mudhaykhirah stood on Mount Sabir, and indeed other
quotations to be found in Yakut, as well as the above, lead
to the suspicion that his MS. of 'Omarah was by no means
perfect.

Al-Mukaddasi mentions al-Mudhaykhirah in his enumera-
tion of towns in Yaman (p. 58 and p. 70), along with Janad,
Dhamar, Yahsib (or Yahdib), Khaulan, Sahiil, etc. Ham-
dani mentions the place only twice in his Geography, but he
tells us (p. 68, 1. 3 sqq.) that it was situated in the country
of Dhu ^1-Kala', along with ath-Thujjah (which, it may be
inferred (p. 75, 1. 23), stood at the foot of Ta'kar), and to-
gether with Ta'kar itself, 8ahul, Kaymah, etc. At p. lUO
(1. 10 sqq.) he tells us that al-Mudhaykhirah, Thauman (see
.supra, p. 207), the mountain of Ba'dan, also Raymah, etc.,
were in the district of Sahfil.

Ibn Khaldun, as will be seen, distinctly says that Mu-
dhaykhirah and 'Aden-La'ah were close to one another
{sujrra, p. 173), misled probably by Yakiit or by Ibn Sa'id,
from whom, as I have already had occasion to say, he seems
to have borrowed freely.

1 may here add tbat Ibn Khaldun commits a similar
error when he speaks {supra , p. 168) of Aden-Abyan as a
separate and distant place from the well-known seaport ot
Aden. They are in fact one and the same.*

The town of 'Aden-La'ah stood probably on or close to

* See, inter alia, al-Mukaddasi, p. 85.

NOTE 11. Notes. 2 '^2)

the banks of the Wiidi LiVah, an important affluent of the
Wadi Maui', one that retains its name to the present day. A
similarity of name, taken by itself, must, it is true, count for
little and may, indeed, at times be very misleading.* But
other evidence is not wanting. Al-Harndfiui tell us, p. 69,
1. 1) that La'ah was situated in the Sarat or mountain-range
of al-Ma?aui'. At p. 112, he tells us that La'ah marked the
beginning of the country of Hashid, north-west of San'a.
Other passages from the same author are to the same effect
(p. 106, 1.23; 113,1.19; 193,1.12). We are distinctly told,
moreover {sup7-a, pp. 194, 195, etc.), that 'Aden-La'ah was
in the neighbourht od of Hajjah and of Jabal Maswar, both
which will be found on Dr. Glaser's map. Al-Janadi tells
us (fol. 6 obv.) that 'Aden-La'ah, " one of the towns of Hajjah
in which Mansur al-Yaman proclaimed the 'Obaydite supre-
macy,'^ had long been in ruins.

Al-Llamdani mentions another important mountain in
the Masani' range, Jabal Tukhla (pp. 69 and 190 sqq.). In
his detailed account of the mountain, of the roads that
wind round it, its villages and strongholds, the produc-
tiveness of its soil, its healthy climate, its freedom from
noxious animals and insects, our author writes in a glowing
style, by no means usual with him.

Though not attaining the elevation of the highest sum-
mits of the Masani', it overlooks, he tells us, a wide extent
of country. On the south, Bura', Haraz and other moun-
tains are distinctly visible. On the west, the view extends
from the centre of the country of the Hakamites to Mah-
jam, and the white stream of the Wadi Maur is seen
glistening through the haze that rests upon the plains of
Tihamah. Farther away is sjjread the sapphire -tinted sea,
and, in the extreme distance, those endowed with superior
powers of vision may distinguish the Farasan Islands.
On the east the view is obstructed by the higher range of
the Masani'.

Jabal Baj/t Fd'isli, he tells us, is the name of one of the
highest summits of Mount Tukhla.

I feel somewhat at a loss to identify the mountain on the

* Eeynaud, in his translation of Abu '1-Fada's Geography, has
thus been misled into correcting a supposed error of Lis author.
He adds a footnote to his translation, in which he declares that
Sharjah was not a seaport. It is true that Niebuhr mentions an
inland village named Sharjah, south of Hays.

2 34 Notes. NOTES 12, 13,

ma]i pnblislied by Dr. Glaser in the " Mittheilungen," but he
mentions its name, and says that it stands due west of Jabal
Mas war.

'Omarah, still following- Ibn Haukal and al-Istakhri, pro-
ceeds {sul)ra,^^. 7) with an account of Shibrim. Besides one
in Hadramautj there were two places in Yaman of that
name. One stood on the mountains of Haraz, situated be-
tween Wadi Saham and Wadi Surdud (Hamdani, p. 105).
The other, which Hamdani calls Shibam-Akyan, stood close
to Kaukaban, at the foot of the mountain of Dhukhar,
whence the river Surdud has its source {ih. p. 106-7). Both
these places are marked upon Dr. Glaser's map.

The province of Akyau, accordino" to Hamdani, belonged
to the Hawwalis or Banu Ya'fur. He adds that the coun-
try was the scene of the contests, whereby YaTur ibn 'Abd
ar-Ilaliman, in the days of al-Mu'tasim, of al-Wathik, and
of al-Mutawakkil, raised himself to power.

Yakut, in his Mushtarik, mentions still another place
named Shibam, three parasangs north-east of San'a, but this,
I think, requires confirmation.

Shibam in Hadramaut was, says Hamdani, the chief city
of the province. It had thirty mosques, but half the town
was in his day in ruins. Its original name, he adds, was
Sbibat (pp. 86,1. 25; 87,1. 25).

NoTJ] 1 2 to p. 8. — The " statement of revenue " and the
particulars that follow are simply borrowed, with some
slight exaggeration, from Ibn Haukal (De Goeje's ed.
p. 20), and the same remark applies to the information
(supplied (supra, pp. 5 and 7) respecting As'ad ibn Ya'fur
and Ibn Tarf. In Ibn Haukal, the distance from Sharjah to
Aden is stated at twelve, instead of at twenty days' journey.

The 'Aththariyah dinar, accordiug to al-Mukaddasi
(p. 1)9), v.as two-thirds of a mithkal, the standard or original
weiglit of a dinar. It would therefore be equal to aliout
seven shillings in gold of modern money. See also Pro-
fessor de Goeje's glossary to Ibn Haukal and al-Mukaddasi,
p. 296. * ■

Ibn Hauk^a calls the Prince of Hali al-Kliazdmi, but
Midler's edition of al-Hamdani (p. 120^ 1. 12, and 14) gives
the reading al-lLlrdiiii.

Note 13 to p. 9.— According to Khazraji (p. 78), Muham-
mad ibn Ziyfid died in a.h. 215. His sou Ibrahim, he con-

NOTE 13. Notes. 235

tinues, died in A,H. 289, after a reign of tliirty-eight years
(.s'/'c). Next to Ibrahim followed Ziyfid son of Ibrahim, who
did not long reign and the date of whose death the writer is
uaable to give. Abu '1-Jaysh Ishak succeeded his brother
Ziyad, and is said to have reigned eighty years. He is
stated by Khazraji to liave died in a.h. 391, for which we
must read 371, as in our text and in Janadi. This would
place his accession in a.h. 291, and would give a duration
of two years to the reign of his brother and predecessor
Ziyad. The latter may have been the prince who is re-
ported to have been killed when Zabid was captured and
looted by theKarmathians under 'Aly ibn Fadl [supra, p. 200);
but as the capture of Zabid must have occurred after a.h. 292,
when Ibu Facll conquered Mudhaykhirah, it may with
at least equal plausibility be conjectured that it was really
Abu '1-Jaysh who was attacked, and that he did not lose his
life. But how, on the other hand, are we to believe that
Abu ^1-Jaysh, at the end of a reign of eighty years, left an
infant son to succeed him ? (See Note 98.)

Al-Mas'udi says (vol. iii. p. 35) that in his day (a.h. 332
or shortly after) the Prince of Zabid was Ibrahim ibn
Ziyad, which adds to our difficulties. The Prince, he
further tells us, bore the surname Sahib al-Harmcdi, which
I have nowhere else met with.

A valuable date is supplied by a dinar, published by Mr.
S. Lane-Poole in the Journal of the Numismatic Society
(1887, part iv.). The coin purports to have been struck
by Abu '1-Jaysh Ishak, at Zabid, in a.h. 346, and it bears
the name of the 'Abbasside Khalifah al-Muti' (a.h. 334-3t)3).

Of the last princes of the dynasty we are told next to
nothing, and even their names are doubtful. That of the
infant successor of Abu '1-Jaysh was, according to our text,
either 'Abd Allah, or Ziyad. According to al-Janadi and
Khazraji, it was 'Abd Allah, or Ziyad, or Ibrahim. After
the death, in a.h. 402, of Husaynibn Salamah, who we are
told, ruled the country as Wazir for about thirty years, we
find another child on the throne, the last of his race, to
whom al-Janadi gives the name 'Abd Allah. In our text
he is called 'Abd Allah at p. 13 and Ibrahim at p. 15. He
was assassinated in a.h. 409.

Al-Janadi (fol. 184 rev.) says it may clearly be shown,
that the Banu Ziyad held supreme rule for one hundred and
sixty-eight years, from a.h. 203 to 371. From that date
until the death of the last prince in 409, they reigned, ho

236 Notes, NOTE 14,

continues, as titular sovereigns, for tliirty-eiglit years.
Next followed a struggle between Najah and Anis, which
endured for three years, until 412, when Najah became
supreme ruler. He and his descendants and their wazirs,
adds al-Janadi, ruled for 145 years, including the three
years of war between Najah and Anis, that is to say, from
409 to 554, when Zabid was captured by Ibn Mahdy.

The original passage of which the above is the substance,
will be found in Note 98. In the MSS. both of al-Janadi
and Khazraji, the year 407 is given as the date at which the
Ziyfidite dynasty came to an end, and so it is also to
bo found in Dayba* and in al-Ahdal. Al-Janadi's own
words, however, show conclusively that a.h. 409, as in our
text, is the correct date.* It must be remarked that
'Omarah tells us Zabid was founded in ah. 204, the year in
which the Imam ash-Shafi' died. Al-Janadi (fol. 29 obv.)
gives the same date for the conquest of Tihamah and for
the foundation of the city, stating, however, likewise, that
Ibn Ziyad arrived in a.h. 203.

The freedman of Abu '1-Jaysh, Rushd, the master of
Husayn ibn Salamah, is also so styled by al-Janadi and by
Ibn Khallikan. Al-Khazraji and Ibn Khaldun give him
the name of Rashid.

The assassin of the last Piince of the Ziyadite dynasty is
called in our text Nafis, u-^, and so also in Khazraji. Ibn
Kballikan and Ibn Khaldun give him the name of Kays,
(j-J ; Al-Janadi that of Anis, ^^^\ . He specifies the ortho-
graphy and vocalization of the name and elsewhere returns
to the point (see Note G5). He is followed by al-Ahdal
(p. 264 obv.), but the latter adds that other writers call him
Nafls.

Note .14 to p. 10. — Mu'adh ibn Jabal, of the tribe of
Khazraj, was sent to Yamnn by the Prophet, and remained
there until the latler^s death. He himself died at 'Amwas
(Kmmaus) in a.h. 18. His life is given by Ibn al-Athlrin
his biographies of the Sahabis, the Usd al-Ghdhah, "the
Lions of the Jungle " (Bui. ed. vol. iv. p. 377). It contains
the following passage, which tends to bear out a sugges-
tion I have elsewhere had occasion to offer (Journal of the

* All Arabic students are aware how easily the words signify-
ing i<even and nine may be mistaken for one another, and how frc-
, quently the mistake occurs.

NOTE 15 Notes 237

R. A. S. vol. xiv. p. 2i0), tliat the word al-Ka\j\jmi, in the
Ayat al-Kursy, ought in accordance with the definition of
the commentators, to be rendered ilie Watchful, or the
Vigilant.

When IMuTidh devoted a night to watchfulness and prayer, he
was in the habit of using the following words : —

" 0 God, the eyes of men are closed in sleep, tlie stars are
sinking into the mighty deep, whilst Thou, the Living, Thy
never-ending watch dosb keep. 0 God, my yearnings for heaven
have been tardy, my strivings to escape the fires of heJl
have been weak. 0 God, grant unto me true guidance, in Thy
keeping, Avhich Thou Avilt restore to me on the day of resurrection.
And verily, thou wilt not fail in Thy promises."

Note 15 to p. 11. — Sharjah and 'Athfhar were two
important seaports on the coast of Northern Yaman. I
am not able to identify their precise position, but careful
comparison of the iuformation supplied by various writers
renders it possible to determine their sites approximatively,
pending the time when further inquiry, or perhaps investi-
gation on the spot, may enable the point to be settled with
absolute precision.

Ibn Bututah landed at Sharjah on his way down the
Red Sea, in the fourteenth century. He describes it as a
place occupied, by merchants of Sa'dah. Then he sailed to
the New Haven,* where, however, he did not land, and then
on to al-Ahwab.

Al-Hamdani, in describing the coast of Yaman, proceed-
ing from south to north (p. 52), next after Kamaran men-

* The Neio Haven, Marsa '1-Hadith, is doubtless either Luhayy or
Hudaydah. The earliest mention I have met with of the former
is in I)ayba"s account of the invasion and conquest of Yaman by
the forces of the Egyptian Sultan al-Ghuri. The army, composed of
Circassians, Kurds and other Asiatics, landed in the Island of
Kamaran in Dhu '1-Ka'dah a.h. 921 (December, 1515). Their first
operations were directed against the seaporttownof Jadldah (Huday-
dah ?), which was looted and destroyed. The Governor of Luhayy
tendered his submission and actively assisted, the invading army
in its advance into the interior. Zabid was taken in Jamad Awwal,
922. The conquest of the country was completed in Rabi Awwal

2

8 Notes. NOTE 15.

tions 'Ufaynah. At p. 120, 1. 1, we read 'Ifnah instead of
the diminutive form 'Utaynah, and the author says that it
and al-Hirdah are the ports of al-Mahjam. Al-Mukaddasi
(p. 53) writes 'Itnah.

Next to 'Utaynah, Hamdani mentions Hirdah, then
Munfahik Jabir, a dangerous headland, where (violent)
winds are frequent. Its Hmits exteud to Sharjah, the sea-
port of the country of the Banu Hakam. Next Bdhaf,
Jdzdn and on to 'AtJithar. At the headland of 'Aththar the
sea, he says, is remarkable for its heavy waves. See also
p. 188, where, as well as at p. 120, the author mentions
Wjidi Harad among other places in the country of the
Hakamites.

Al-Ahdal (fol. 5 obv.) says that Sharjah is the port of
Harad, Sdldl Harad, and Khazraji gives it the name of
Sharjat Harad, which practically conveys the same mean-
ing.

Ibn Hatim tells us (fol. 2 obv., see Note 101), that
Ilarad was also called Mahall Abi Turdb. I find " Harrad "
marked upon Walker's and other modern maps of Ai'abia.
Its situation corresponds with the indications given by
the Arab writers, and I think we may conclude that the
port of Sharjah stood at or not far from the spot, which on
the Admiralty chart bears the name of Has Musahib,
about thirty- three miles north of Luhayy, or it may be
somewhat farther south. It is hardly necessary to say that
the village of the name of Sharjah, marked on Niebuhr's
and subsequent maps south of Zabid, is an entirely differ-
ent place. I have met with no mention of it in any of the
Ai-ab writers 1 have had occasion to consult.

of the following year, when the last Sultan of Yaman, defeated
and flying before the invader, was killed near San'a.

It is a somewhat remarkable circumstance that Avhilst an
Egyptian army was occupied in sul^jugating Yaman, the Turks
under Sultan Sellm were engaged in the conquest of Egypt, and
Tumfin-Bay, the last Mamluk Sultan, was hanged by order of
Sehm at Cairo, a few days before the Sultan of Yaman was
killed.

The Egyptian army in Yaman comprised, according to Dayba',
a formidable body of 1000 men armed with matchlocks, lent to al-
Ghuri by Saltan Selim, These, however, had been supplied, not
for purposes of conquest, but to assist the Egyptians in resisting
the Franks, who liad made their appearance in the southern seas,
and were intercepting the road to India.

NOTE 16. Notes. * 239

As to 'Aththar, accordino^ to Haradfini as quoted above,
it stood north of BdJiut Jdzan, which may be presumed to
be the same as Gizan of the Admiralty chart. At p. 54
he calls the place 'Atlir, but the Arabs, he continues,
generally pronounce the name 'Aththar. It is, he says,
the port of Baysh (the same perhaps as Bish of modern
maps). 'If trad, he adds, is a village in the plains of 'Aththar,
both which places, he continues, are well-known haunts of
lions. (See also p. 127,1. 16.) " Etwid " is mentioned on
the Admiralty chart. Al-Ahdal (fol. 5 obv.) says that
'Athr (sic) was a village situated between Hali and Harad,
and, he adds, has long been in ruins. Opposite it, he con-
tinues, is an island that bears its name. Mukaddasi, who I
need hardly remind the reader writes at a very much earlier
date, calls 'Aththar (sic) a large and well-known city. At
Baysh, where the Sultan or chief resides, the air, he says,
is healthier and the water purer.

The only map upon which I have found 'Aththar to be
marked, is a Spanish sixteenth century map of the world,
of which a copy exists in the India Office Library.

Note 16 to p. 12. — Of the numerous other places described
as standing on the pilgrim roads from Yaman, besides those
referred to iu the preceding notes, there are several which
I am not able to identify.

Dhai al- Khayf stsinds, in Khazraji (fol. 60) Dhat al-Hubayt
or al-Khubayt. Mauza' must surely be the " emporium "
marked on Plolemy's map, but it is somewhat puzzling to
find it described by our author as an inland town. Ibu al-
Mujawir, however, mentions it {apud Sprenger, p. 149)
as a seaport south of As-Suhari, al-Khauhah and Maushij
(travelling from north to south). Al-Hamdani mentions
the town, but is not clear as to its precise position.
Al-Jadun is written in Khazraji al-Hadun. Ad-BijcV is
somewhat vaguely described by Yakut as a town near
Zabid. Both al-JatJithah and 'Irk an-Nasham are omitted
by Khazraji, but ol-Jathth i^U is mentioned in the Mara-
sid as a village in Yaman. Al-Wadiydni is mentioned by
Yakut as an important town in the province of Zabid, from
which a large revenue is collected ; but it will be observed
that 'Omarah invariably speaks of it as north of Mahjam
and Maur. Jizdii might be taken to be the same as Gizan
or Bdhat Jdzdn mentioned in the preceding note, but it is

240 ' Notes. NOTE 16.

not given as a seaport, which the hitter is. In Khazraji the
name is written Hayriia, and Jizan may perhaps be better
identified with ijayian, which is mentioned by Haradaai
(p. 1 20) along with ^Yd^{i Ta^shar, as a town in the countty
of the BaTiu Hakam. Al-Mu-idid is called by Khazraji a.s-
^V7•'?VZ, aud the name is so written in al-Haradani (p. 119,
1. 26). Al-Mahni and Biydh (?) are given by Khazraji, but I
Lave nowhere else met with any mention of them. Instead
of al-Lltli, Khazraji has al-Haht (Khabt?), but al-Lith is men-
tioned by Ibn Khurdadhbah (p. 148) and by Hamdiini (p. 120,
]. 16). Al-Baydd and Wddi UvJxlimah (?) by the same writer
in the next line. Khazraji writes Bir al-Baydd instead of
al-Bayda, but Ibn al-Mujawir, according to Sprencer, gives
it the same name as in our MS. Khazraji has B'tr Addm
instead of Blrdd. We may perhaps read Ai/dam, the name
given by Ibn al-Mujawir (Spi'eno-er, p. 131.) The names of
the first stations travelling southward from Mecca, as given
by him, are as follows : —

From Mecca to al-Karin, then to al-Baydd, then to Ay dam.
Kext to Wcidi Muhram (Yalamlam 1) where the Yamanite pilgrims
assume tlie Ihrum.

Sahalxhot al-Glmrdh is so given by Khazraji. Ihn al-
3Jiijdwir (Sprenger, p. 150) mentions a place al-Baydd in
the desert or Kd' of Sabakhat al-Ghurab, near Aden, which
I do not know how to account for. Al-Karin is men-
tioned by al-Mukaddasi, as standing between Mecca and
Juddah, Nd'mdn, or Na'man al-Ardk, is described by Yakut
aud is also mentioned by Ibu al-Mujawir (Sprenger, p. 125).

The following is Khazraji's version of the road between
Yalamlam and Mecca : —

Then the travellers reach Yalamlam, the MiJcdt of the people of
Yaman (the place where the Yamanite pilgrims assume the garb
and commence the ceremonies attendant upon the performance of
jujgrimage). Yalamlam has a well, constructed by Ibn Salamali.
Kext is B'lr (the well of) Adam, which yields an abundant supply
of drinking water. It is ten fathoms in length (depth) and it is
five fathoms in width. Then tlie roads diverge. He whose
destination is Mecca reaches Bir al-Baydu, a well constructed by
Ibn Salamah, next al-Karin and then Mecca.

Of the places on the maritime road, al-MaJchnak is men-
tioned by Hamdani (p. 188, 1. 14). Mf/t/' (?), on the southern
coast, I was once inclined to think might be the same as
'Abrah of Hamdani (p. 188, 1. 15) ; but although omitted in

NOTES 17, 18. Notes. 241

the MS. of Khazraji, it is given by Dayba', and it is more-
over mentioned by Ibn al-Mujawir (Sprenger, p. 150), as
distant three parasangs from 'Arah, Next to Bdi) al-
Mandah our MS. has as-Suhari. Hamdani writes Suhari,
Ibn al-Majawir {apud Sprenger, p. 149) gives tbe name as
in our text, but be places Suhari north of Khauhab, and it
is so marked on the Admiralty chart. xil-Hirdah and
'Itnah, as stated in tbe preceding note, are mentioned by
Hamdani as the porta of al-Mahjam. For al-Miifajjar we
may perhaps read Hajar (Hamdani, p. 188, Sprenger, 133).
Buwnymah and Hamidah are referred to by al-Mukaddasi
(p. 69 and footnote), and tbe last-mentioned by Hamdani
(p. 52,1. 14 and 120, b 16).

Hamdani says (p. 51, 13) tbat Hamidab stood near a
mountain which be calls Kudtimmul. Tbe name Kotumhle
appears on tbe Admiralty chart, but is given to a small
island near tbe coast. See Miiller^s Notes, p. 33.

Note 17 to p. 12. — Niebubr beard a precisely similar
anecdote (vol. i. p. 302), with tbe addition tbat in order to
prevent a repetition of so troublesome a miracle, the donor
of tbe money ordered the tomb of tbe royal saint, wbo takes
tbe part of tbe Propbet in tbe modern version of tbe story,
to be securely walled up.

Note 18 to p. 15. — Makrizi, in bis Kbitat (vol. i. p. 448)
gives tbe following description of tbe Imperial umbrella,
wbich was borne on state occasions over tbe bead of the
Khallfab : —

The umbrella was composed of twelve segments, each three and
a third cubits in length and one span (cubit 1) in width at the
lower end.* The upper extremities were extremely narrow. They
were joined together and fitted round the end of the stem. This
was a lance-shaft made of ash and enclosed in tubes of gold. The
uppermost tube, which was close to the head of the shaft, was pro-
vided with a ledge forming part of itself and projecting to the ex-
tent of a thumb's width. The extremities of the segments were
made fast to a golden ring, which was loosely fitted on to the head
of the shaft, the latter being here reduced in thickness. The ring,
coming in contact with the ledge, was supported and prevented

* Makrizi has previously mentioned that the umbrella, as well
as the Khalifah's robes, was white, the Fatimite colour. The
colour of the 'Abbasides, it will be remembered was black, to this
day that of the covering over the Ka'bah at Mecca.

R

242

Notes. NOTE 19.

from slipping down the shaft. The umbrella bad square ribs made
of Khalanj wood, equal in number to the segments and of the same
length. They were light in weight and coated with gold. They
•were fitted Avith small hooks and there were rings to correspond,
tlie hooks and rings fastening into one another. The umbrella
could be closed and opened after the manner of the folding seg-
ments of a leathern purse (?). The stem was surmounted by a ball
the shape of a pomegranate, above which was another similar ball
of a smaller size. Both were of gold, studded with jewels, con-
spicuous (by their brilliancy) to the spectator. The umbrella had
a valance, which encircled the opening and was of corresponding
material. The Vcdance exceeded a span and a half in depth. Below
the pomegranate-shaped ball, there was a space of about three
iinger-bruadths. Upon the ring, to which the extremities of the
segments were attached, being placed on the end of the shaft,
the ball was fitted over it. It was wrapped in a piece of Dabikite
cloth of gold,* which was removed by the bearer upon the umbrella
being delivered to him.

Note 19 to p. 16.— Al-Janadi states (fol. 182 obv.)> t^^t
when the Karmathiaa dominion came to an end (a.h 304),
Yaman became subject to three families or dynasties, be-
tween w^liora the whole country was divided. The Banu
Ziyad ruled over Zabid (Tihamah) and Aden. Sa'dah and
the country on the north were in the possession of the
Zaydite Imams. Janad as well as the city and province of
Saa'a was held by the Banu Ya'fur.

As'ad ibn Ya'fur appointed the Himyarite family, the
Banu Kurandi, to be governors of the province of Janad.
When, upon the death of Ibn Salainah in a.h. 402, the
governors appointed by the Banu Ziyiid usurped absolute
power over their provinces, the Banu Kurandi likewise
declared their independence. They were deprived of their
kingdom by 'Aly the Sulayhite, and the deposed prince,
as will be seen, was one of the chiefs who accompanied
as-Sulayhi to al-Mahjam, and one of the few whose life was
spared by Sa'Id son of Najah. Some of these fortresses, as is
stated by Ibn Khaldun, were restored to the Banu Kurandi
by al-Mukarram Ahmad son of 'Aly, and of these they con-
tinued in possession until they were deprived of their
principality by Iba Mahdy. Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayu
ibu at-Tubba'y appears to have been the chief of the family
at the time of its restoration. The part he took in the

* Dciblk was a small Egyptian town near Tinnis, on an island
in Lake Menzalah.

NOTE 19. Nofcs. 243

scheme to which Sa'id son of Najah fell a victim, is related
further on, and it may be noticed that he is there styled
Prince of Shamir.

Al-Hamdiini says (p. 54^ 1. 21) that the family of
Kurandi belonged to the Banu Thumamah, descendants
of Ilimyar al-Asghar (ancestor of the Banu Ya^fur and
Banu Auza').

The following is al-Khazraji's enumeration of the petty
dynasties that sprang up in Yaman upon the death of Ibn
Sahimah in A.H. 402, and of the territories and fortresses
which they appropriated (fol. 83) : —

The governors of the mountain districts and fortresses took
possession of that with which they were entrusted. Among others,
the Hamdanites seized upon San'a, as already mentioned.

The Banu Ma'n took possession of Aden, of Lahj, of Abyan, of
Shihr and of Hadramaut. They are not descendents of Ma'n ibn
Zu'idah the Shaybanite. The Banu Kurandi, a family descended
from Himyar, possessed themselves of Samadan, an exceedingly
important fortress, of the strongholds of Sawa, of Dumluwah, of
Sabir, of Dhakhir and of Ta'kar, a fortress which commands
Janad.* They made themselves masters of (large portions of)
the provinces of Ja'far, of 'Unnah and of al-Ma'afir. 'Omarah
says of the Banu Kurandi that they held brilliant sway over their
possessions, and were a conquering race of kings. Abu 'Abd
Allah al-Husayn ibn at-Tubba'y took possession of the fortress of
Habb, which resembles in strength at-Ta'kar, also of Azzfin, of
Khadid, of Eayt 'Izz, of the fortresses of Sha'ir, of Abwar (Anwar),
of Nakil, of Sahul and of Shawafi.

The Banu Wa'il ibn 'Isa seized upon Wuhazah and upon its
strongholds, Yaris, Zahran, al-KhacIra, Sa'ab and Yafuz. The
Banu Wfi'il are descended from Dhu l-Kala'. They are an ancient
race of rulers, but they are a silly folk, who fancy themselves to
be absolutely the noblest of mankind. Among others of the
family, was As'ad ibn Wa'il, noted for his generous qualities and
for the praise of which he was the theme. He was a pious man,
and upheld the orthodox sect of the Sunnis, above all others.
He sought the companionship of Kur'iin readers and of wor-
shippers, he held in high honour the practice of frequenting the

* The name of this fortress, and of that of the same name at
Aden, is thus given in the Kamus, Ta'kar, and it would appear
to have been generally so pronounced. But in Midler's Ham-
dani, it is for the most part written Ta'kur, which, or its alternative
Ta''kir, is perhaps the more correct orthography.

Al-Janadi tells us (fol. 191 rev.) that the castle of Ta'kar above
Dliu Jiblah was demolished in a.h. 594 by the Ayyubite Sultfin
al-Mu'izz Isma'il.

E 2

244 Notes. NOTE 19.

mosques. He venerated the early Companions of the Prophet
and followed the good examples of those who protected their
names from insult. He was free from all taint of new doctrines.
He was slain (and died a martyr) in the year 515, and was buried
in the mosque of al-Ja'ami (al-Ju'fy X),

I omit the words that follow, evidently an imperfect
rendering of the passage in 'Omarah, wherein he speaks
of the fortresses and territories taken by a family of
the tribe of Bakil and by that of 'Abd al- Wahid.

j^^^ 3 \J^) 3 y 3 U"^ (i*^ d^ y^. ^r^ 3 ^^ V-^ US fls:-fl ^c ^^X^s»
^}c J Ipl ^^^ Jc J J^^ ^ o^^ ja J ijl^ Jl ^ =^ ^ ^^

u-o. ,^a. ;Jc (jt^l ^^ ijrr-^ "^^^ '^'^ J?^ ^'^ 3 i»^^ ^J-*J i'*^^ aJalw
t^^\ C)"**-? >^^ C^"**" J J^ '^^ J ■^•^* J l^i^'^ (J^ J J^JtJl y;iaj j» 3

^^ J ^"^i^' l5^ c;* ^J* ^'i 3^. 3 j3^ 3 '■r^-' J Ir^ 3 k}j^) 3 o-y
Ji^J \^. d* 3 S^^^ ll^ C^^ (i? ^-^^ f*"^ CJJL/- -^^ (^r^ 3 +^^'^^
^^ li'Lo ^ ■ ^ ^ji-si-Jll L;Jl J (jiiJ^l j%j\ll L_**-U> Jjlj ^^> .\.x-.l i^a>

Al-Khazraji has borrowed these particulars from al-
Janadi, but in the Paris MS. of the latter (p. 183 obv.),
the sense is partially obscured by what seems to be a
copyist^s error, the omission probably of one, or it may
be, of two lines. I have therefore preferred Khazraji's

version.

t •'. jj>\ I 'Omiirah, ijjl:;* i*lj. § J. \j.^Z,

NOTES 20-22. Notes. 245

Note 20 to p. 16. — Ma'n ibn Zn'idah, of the Tshraaelite
tribe of JShaybiin and of the great Sept of Kabi'ah, was
appointed governor of Yaraan by the Abbaside Khalifah
al-Mansur 'Abd Allah. His life is giveu by Ibn Khallikau
(de Slane, vol. iii. p. o98), and from al-Janadi (fol. 27 obv.)
it appears that he was Governor of Yaman from a.h. 145
to 151. It will be seen that the claim of the Banu
Ma'n of Aden to be descendants of Ma'n ibn Za'idah is
mentioned by Ibn Khaldun and distinctly contradicted
by al-Khazraji (see the preceding note), as well as by
'Omarah.

Note 21 to p. 17. — The Imjim Malik ibn Anas al-Asbahi
was the founder of one of the four great schools into which
the Suunite Muharamadans are divided. He was born, lived
and died at Medlnah, for which reason he is styled Imam of
the City of the Fliglit.

NoTK 22 to p. 17. — The places mentioned on this and
the preceding page were situated, as will be sten, in the
Mikhlaf Ja'far, but, with few exceptions, I have been un-
able to ascertain their position. Dumlmcah is mentioned
by Niebuhr in his Description of Arabia (p. 212) and is
marked upon his map, a short distance east of Ta'izz. Ham-
daui's description of the fortress will be found in Note 111.
The fortresses of Sahir and Bhalihir stood without doubt
on the mountains after which they appear to be named.
These two mountains, according to al-Hamdjini, are separated
by an opening, in which stands the town and fortress of
Jaba, the residence of the Banu Kurandy (p. 99, 1. 6).
Mount Sabir, he adds (1. 21), separates Jaba from Janad.
The valley of 'Unnah, so named after a sub-tribe of Himyar,
was watered by a stream which flowed into the Wadi Zabid
(Hamdani, p. 71,1. 16; 100,1. 5). I find no mention of
Savva (supra, p. 131) in al-Hamdani, nor of Samaddn,
which is stated to have been one of the most important
fortresses in Yaman. According to Yakfit, the former stood
upon Mount Sabir.

The Mountain of Hahh was, according to Hamdani, in the
country of Dhu Ku'ayn (p. 101, 1. 12). It cannot have been
far from the town of Ibh, perhaps to the eastward, and over-
looking the valley that extends downwards and sweeps round
Jabal Khubban. I do not find the name of Ibb in Ham-
dani, and although it and Habb are mentioned as separate

246 Notes. NOTE 22.

places by 'Omarali {supra, p. 131), there seems to me reason
to suspect that the two may turn out to be, at least to all
intents and purposes, one and the same place.

K/iadid is so written in Miiller's Hamdani. In the
British Museum MS. of Ibn Khaldun, it is pointed Khudad.
Yakut has Khadad, and he mei'ely says that it was aforti-ess
situated in MikhlafJa'far. Hamdani tells us (p. 78,1. 17),
that it stood at a distance of an hour's journey from the
castle of the Wuhazites, and that it contained a magnificent
palace.

It is reached by tAvo roads leading to the gates of the castle,
near each of which there is a supply of water. Close to the road on
the south side there is a cistern (Karif 1) known by the name of
al-Wafayt, excavated in black rock. Its depth is fifty cubits. Its
width twenty, and its length fifty cubits. It is protected and
surrounded by a wall, to prevent accidents. The other source of
water supply is close to the northern gate. It is a pit in the
rock like a well, lined with masonry composed of flag stones.
There are steps whereby the water can be reached from the sum-
mit of the castle, with the help of torches, both by day and
by night. It takes an hour's time to reach the Avater, and a
person at the entrance of the well cannot be distinguished from
above.

The Castle of Khadid must, I conclude, have stood on the
north or north-west of Ibb.

'Azzdn, according to Yakiit, stood on the mountain of
Raymah in the country of al-Manakhi, not far, therefore,
from al-Mudhaykhirah. Yakut mentions also 'Azzan-Khabt
on Mount Sabir near Ta'izz, and 'Azzcin-Dhakhir, which he
says stood on Mount Sabir likewise. Bayt 'Izz, as we have
seen (Note 6), stood in the country of al-Manakhi ; and a-s/i-
Shn'ir, so written by al-Janadi, the place where Sa'id son of
Najah met his death, must likewise have been in that neigh-
bourhood, or near the banks of the Wadi Sahiil. Janadi,
instead of Nur has Anwar {swpra, Note 19). This place is
mentioned by Yakut, who says it stood in Mikhlaf Kayzan.
Hamdani makes mention of Kaynfin, which, he says, was in
the district of Sahul, and in the northern part of the coun-
try of Dhu '1-Kala' (p. 100, h 15; 68, 6). An-Nakll (the
mountain pass) is doubtless Nakll Sayd, near Yahdib al-
'Ulu, or the ruined city of Zafar. Sc'ihid stood in the dis-
trict of Dhu '1-Kala', and it is likewise the name of a stream
that flowed into Wadi Zabld. (Hamdani, p. 68, 1. 4; 71, 15.)
Instead of Shcnrdkivfe must read, as in al-Jauadi, Shawdfi,
"which according to Hamdani was one of the inhabited

NOTE 23. N'otcs. 247

places ia the province of Sahul (p. 100, 1. 16). It is men-
tioned by the author of the Marasid.

Wulidzali is described by al-Hamdrmi as part of the low-
lying lands of the district of Dhu '1-Kala' and contained a
castle of the same name, also called Suba,^ (p. 68, 1. 6 ; 78,
15). The name Bayhars is without doubt erroneous. Al-
Janadi and Kliazraji write YarU (^u-y). The same
writers have Zahrdn and 8a'b (Sha'b ?) instead of Dahwdii
and Sha'r. Yakut says that al-K/mdrd a,nd al-Ydb is are a
fortress {sic) on Mount Wusab. Al-Janadi says of Shdhit
that it had formerly been the abode of kings, but that it
had lost its impovtauce. It is mentioned by Yakut, but he
adds nothing to what we are told by 'Omarah. He includes
the verses given in our text, which he doubtlessly borrows
from our author. Their point consists in the double signi-
fication of the principal words, and their more obvious
ineaniug is so gross, tbat I have gladly exempted myself
from the task of rendering it in English. I may here men-
tion that al-Hamdiini explains (p. 84, 1. 12) that the word
. al-Glid'it is used in Yaman to signify the desert.

Jahjah, mentioned a few lines farther on, is marked on
Manzoni's map (Gebgeb), and is referred to by Hamdiini,
(p. 68, 1. 5, 12; 104, 17). Wusdhal-'Ahi^ and Wmdb al-
Asfcd are identified by Glaser with Jubliin al-'Arkabali,
which Hamdani tells us (p. 103, 12) stood between Wadl
Zabid and Wadi Rima', adding elsewhere (p, 71, 22) that
Wadi Rima' flows between Jubliiu al-'Arkabah and Jublau
Raymah.

Note 23 to p. 18. — The Hamdanite sister tribes of
Hashid and Bakil were, as is mentioned by Ibn Khaldun on
the authority of al-Bayhaki and of Ibn Hazm [supra, p. 1 75),
the progenitors of most of the subdivisions of the Banu
Hamdan. The Banu Bakil and Banu Hasbid were closely
allied, and held high rank among* the most powerful Arab
communities in Yaman. And they have, in fact, continued,
as is show^n by Niebuhr, to occupy that position down to the
present day. The Banu Yam, to which the iSuhiyhites and
the family of Zuray' belonged, were a subdivision of tlio
Banu Hashid.

According to Hamdani (p. 109), the country of his tribes-
men extended from San'a to Sa'dah.* The Banu Bakil, he

* Sa'dah belonged to the Banu Khaulau and in pie-Islamitic
times it bore the name uf Juvui^ (Hamdani, p. 07.)

248 Notes. NOTES 24, 25.

adds, possessed, as a general rule, the country on the east
of a line drawn from San'a to Sa'dah and the Banu Hashid
that on the west. The latter owned also the district of al-
^'Vahs]l, the western portion of the province of Sahul,
Iving" next to the country of Dhu '1-Kala' and enclosed by
the streams that combine to form the Eiver Zabid. (Ham-
dani, p. 100, 20 )

Note 24 to p. 18. — Jahal Burd' is described by Hamdani
as a north-westerly extension of Julian Raymah, standing
between Wadi Elma' and Wadi Saham, precisely as is
shown in Dr. Glaser's map. The name al-'Amad (?), 1 have
not met with elsewhere. Li'sdn, according to Dr. Glaser's
map and as described by Hamdani, extends to the western
elopes of Haraz. Masdr is one of the important group of
mountains known by the name oi Hardz.

It will be seen by what follows at p. 44, that most of the
strongholds above mentioned, were held at a subsequent
period by the family of Muzaifar the Sulayhites. Among
other places there mentioned are Makr, az-Zarf and Bliu
L'assaJi, touching which I have met with no information.
Kawarlr is referred to by Khazraji [iiupra, Note 5). For
Zafdr we may perhaps read Zafirdn, mentioned by Yakiit
as a fortress situated on the Mountain of Wusab. The
mountain of Baijmah stood in the neighbourhood of Thau-
man, and is consequently a different place from Jublan
llaymah above referred to. 'Omtirah speaks elsewhere
(pp. 4 and 132) of Boymat al-Aslid'ir, and al-Janadi of
Baymat al-Mandkhi {supra, Note 6). See also Eaymah in
Hamdani, p. 68, 4. The lortress of Baymat al-Kald' of the
last mentioned (p. 125, 22), is referred to as separate and
distinct from Eaymah, and he speaks also of Mount Baymdri
in the same locality, that is to say, next to the mountain of
Ba'dan ([). 71, 16; 100, 21 ; 125, 6). Ba'diin and Eayman
appear to have been the names of tribes inhabiting the pro-
vince of Sahul (p. 100, 7), after which the mountains were
doubtless named. Jublan was likewise (p. 103, 17) the
name borne by the ancestor of certain Himyarite tribes.

The word Eayman must probably in certain cases be
understood in its natural sense, a hill.

Note 25 to p. 1 9.— Al-Janadi (fol. 183 obv.) and also
al-Alidal and al-Yafi' write ar-Batvdhy (yod^^l ULU ^ -"i^lj .
Yakut repeats the statement in our text that az-Zawalai

NOTE 26. Notes. 249

was a village in the district of Haraz, to which he adds,
"also in the district of an-Najm, situated where the coun-
try of Yaman commences." Hamdrmi tells us (p. 120, 6)
that the tribe or family of an-Najm inhabited al-Mahjam.
He also mentions a place named az-Zawdhi (p. 100, 16),
but it is distinctly described as situated in the district of
Sahiil and in the country of Dhu ^1-Kala'', in other words
therefore, in Mikhlaf Ja'^far. I feel quite at a loss to sug-
gest how these various statements are to be reconciled with
one another.

Note 26 to p. 19. — This book is spoken of under the
same title by al-Janadi and Khazraji, Kitdb as-Smvar. It
is mentioned in the Bibliographical Dictionary, the Kashf
az-Zunun, in which it is stated that if the book ever existed,
it consisted of three (astrological) treatises written by
Aristotle.

It will be seen that Ibn Khaldun gives the book in the
possession of 'Amir the name of Kitdh al-Jafr. In his
Prolegomena (translated by Baron de Slane), Ibn Khaldun
enters into considerable detail on the subject. The book, he
tells us, was said to have been originally in the posses-
sion of Ja'far as-Sadik (the sixth Imam) and it contained
particulars relating to the descendants of 'Aly, revealed by
divine grace to Ja'far and other leading members of the
family of 'Aly, Ja'far as-Sadik was said to have communi-
cated its contents to a certain chief of the sect of the Zayd-
ites, who committed them to writing. The book was
named after the original copy Kitdh al-Jafr, because it was
written upon sheets of kid-skin or vellum.*

Ibn Khaldiin remarks that the chain of tradition, whereby
it is sought to vindicate the authority of the book, is faulty.
What became of the oi'iginal volume, he further states, is
not known. But the Fatimites asserted that 'Obayd Allah
was acquainted with its contents, and they cite examples
in proof of the knowledge he and his associates had acquu-ed
of the future, as showu^ for instance, in the case of Iba
Haushab (Mansur al- Yaman), who, when he sent Abu 'Abd
Allah ash-Shiya'y to North Africa, knew that there the
destinies of the family of 'Aly were to be fulfilled, and the
foundations of their empire to be laid. Abu 'Abd Allah
himself, on his arrival in Africa, announced to the men of

* See also Kashf ajf-ZunCm, s.v. al-Jafr.

250

Notes. NOTES 27-2^.

the Berber tribe of Katuinah that tliey were the people,
bearing a name derived from mystery (al-Kitman), who
were destined to be champions of the Mahdy. (Ibn al-Athir,
viii. 24, MakrTzi, i. 350.)

In a curious extract from the Dastvr al-Munajjim'tii
printed by Professor de Goeje, one of the appendices to
his work on the Karmathians of Bahrayn, it is stated that
'Obayd Allah, on starting from Egypt for North Africa,
was attacked by robbers at a place called at-Tahunah.
They plundered him of a large portion of his possessions ;
but his heaviest loss was that of certain books, in which the
occult sciences of the Imams, his forefathers, were contained.
When 'Obayd Allah's son al-Kfi'im, continues the writer,
was sent forth on his fii'st invasion of Egypt (a.h. 301), he
succeeded in capturing the robbers, and he recovered
possession of the books. On hearing thereof, the Mahdy
rejoiced with exceeding joy. " The recovery of these
books,'' he exclaimed, " is of itself a sufficient conquest."
The anecdote, somewhat more briefly told, is to be found
also in Ibn al-Athlr.

Note 27 to p. 21. — See Dieterici's Mutanabbi, p. 695,
where the line quoted stands as follows : —

Note 28 to p. 22. — The first of these two lines of verse
is not given by al-Janadi, nor have I found it elsewhere.
The name Asmd is regarded as derived from the verb
wasama, with which the first line begins, and which signi-
fies to mark, but it is also connected with the verb ffawa
to be lofty, samau the sky, and with is7n a name. Queen
Bilkls is mentioned in Note 41.

Note 29 to p. 24. — This, according to both al-Khazraji
. and Ibn Khallikan, was in a.h. 453. Al-Janadi adds (p. 183
obv.) that as-Sulayhi's envoys were Ahmad ibn Muham-
mad, father of Sayyidah, who was killed at Aden by the
falling in of a house at a time when his daughter was still
in her childhood (Ah., p. 268), and that the other was
Abu Saba Ahmad ibn al-Muzaft'ar, father of Sultan Saba
ibn Ahmad. He furthur mentions that as-Sulayhi sent the
Fatmiite Khallfah valuable presents, comprising seventy
swords with cornelian handles. Al-Khazraji, after mention-

NOTE 29. Notes. 251

iog that as-Sulayhi proclaimed the supreme authority of
the Fatimite Khalifah al-Mustansir, proceeds as follows : —

"When as-Sulayhi raised his standard on the mountain of Masar,
where he was supported by a number of people of the tribes of
Sinhan, of Yam, of Jusham and of Habrah, a large army advanced
against him led by (Ja'far) son of the Tm:im al-Kasim ibn 'Aly,
hereinbefore mentioned,* and by a man named Ja'far ibn al-
'Abbas, who Avas a Shafi'ite and greatly respected in the western
districts of Upper Yaman. He marched along with Ja'far son of
al-Kfisim at the head of 30,000 men, but was attacked in his
encampment by as-Sulaj'hi in the month of Sha'ban of the year
above mentioned. He was killed along with a large number of
his followers and his army dispersed. As-Sulayhi then ascended
the mountain of Hadiir, took possession of it, and seized the
fortress of Yana'.f Ibn Abi Hashid collected an army, and an
engagement took place between them at Sauf, a village between
Hadur and Bir Bani Shihab. Ibn Abi Hashid was killed to-
gether with one thousand of his followers. The name of the place
has become proverbial in Yaman, in the phrase Slaughter of Sauf
(i.e. great carnage). As-Sulayhi then proceeded to San'a and
captured it. The whole of Yaman submitted to him, its hills and
its plains (etc. as in 'Omarah).

At p. 48, I. 16, al-Khazraji says that as-Sulayhi subdued
the whole country, from Mecca to Hadramaut, but that
Sa'dah held out against him for a time, under the descen-
dants of au-Nasir (Ahmad). He however succeeded in slay-
ing their chief and captured the city.

^J^ J ^l— <• j^ Us {J-^i:^^ ^alkll ^^ jkx* <*lilj ^,.a;^«JLl ^1 *lcjjl j^\ j
^Jc ^ ,»->.\i!l jXt>)l\ ^J^ ijjos- i^ J ^i&. J />\i J (j^"* o^ f*f ^1? '^**
%>.j J^ L-Jfcjil ijbU tj-LslI (jJ y«a. ^J^, ^j J jJS »^ ^ V_jl jj> JJ.'

J,:a J aI^ ijSj.\,\ i«Jl ^J■» ijUx^ jj A..WS.* ^ (j-'-sJl ^J> jixsi ^/i

* See supra, ISTote 8.

t Al-Hamdani mentions Yana' (p, 106, 1. 12) as one of the
places situated at the foot or on the lower slopes of Jabal Hadtir,
which, he says, is so named after the ancestor of the Pru[)het
Shu'ayb. Hadiir is one of the mountains of the Saiat of Alhan,
which extends from NakU as-Saud to Harfiz, and it must not be
confounded with Hadur Bani Azd (Hamdiini, p. 68), farther
north, one of the mountains of al-Masaui'. (See Glaser, p. 42-'i3,)

252 Notes, NOTES 30, 31.

j^l J isi'^^U j^Ja. J-s. ^Is jc a:>c ij-W' (jyi^ |/:^^ ^* -^^^^ o"

. 5^Cj _j 4^4-^ LL> ^•^J1 l5j^' ^4X1«.9

Note 30 to p. 29. — All these places, az-Zaralh, JahaJd
*Akdd (the two mountains of 'Ahld) and al-'Ukwatdni
(the two 'Ukwas) are mentioned by Yakut, who quotes the
lines g^iven in our text, but again adds nothing to what we
are told by 'Omarah, excepting a statement that the moun-
tains overlook Zabld, which is manifestly wrong, 'Omfirah
tells us that they stood in the country of Ibu Tarf, or in
other words in that of the Banu Hakam, the tribe to which
•Omarah belonged. Yakut, instead of 'Akdd as in the
KamCis and Taj al-'Ariis, writes 'UkJcad.

Note 31 to p. 30. — a.h. 459 is the year given by Khaz-
raji (p. 83) and also by Ibn al-Athir (vol. x. p. 38). A
comparison of dates shows that the death of as-Sulayhi
must have occurred in a.h. 473, as stated by 'Omarah else-
where (supra, p. 82), as well as in this passage, and also by
Ibn Khallikan and by al-Janadi (fol. 183 obv. and rev.).
It seems exceedingly probable that the words in our text,
to the effect that the date 459 is assigned to the event and
that it is to be preferred to the other, are an interpolation ;
but the error, it may be, proceeds from the confusion of an
earlier expedition to Mecca with that projected in 473.

Ibn Khaldun, in his chapter on the history of the Hiishim-
ite Amirs of Mecca (Bui. ed. iv. p. 103) says, as in his
history of Yamau {supra, pp. 147 and 152), that the expedi-
tion of 473 was undei-taken by command of the Fatimite
Kbalifah, and that its purpose was the reinstatement of the
Sulaymanites, in the place of Abu Hashim Muhammad
son of Ja'far, who had renounced the Fatimite supremacy,
and proclaimed that of the Abbasides.

Ibn al-Athir mentions in his Chronicles (vol. x. pp. 19
aud 38) that as-Sulayhi made himself master of IJiIecca in
A.H. 455, aud won pi-aise by establishing order in the city,
by adopting measures for the importation of food, and by
extending protection to the pilgrims. He draped the

NOTES 32-36. Notes. 253

Ka'bah with a covering of white china silk * and restored
its treasures. These, continues the historian, had been
carried to Yaman by the Hasanites, from whom they were
repurchased by as-Sulayhi, See Dr. Snouck Hurgronje^s
Mekka, pp. 02 and 63-4. It will be noticed that Abu
Hrishim Muhammad was raised to the rulership of Mecca
by as-Sulayhi.

Note 32 to p. 32. — The word al-Ahival may also be trans-
lated the Astute, and the latter is probably the sense in
which it was applied to Sa^ld by his people.

Note 33 to p. 36. — Khazraji supplies us here with speci-
mens of 'Aly the Sulayhite's talents as a poet. They will
be found in Baron de Slane's translation of Ibn Khallikan,
vol. ii. p. 348.

Note 34 to p. 37. — See the description of a dinar of
'Imrfm ibn Muhammad, by Mr. S. Lane- Poole, in the cata-
logue of coins at the British Museum. The defaced and
illegible word is probably MaliJci.

Note 35 to p. 38. — 'Omarah tells us (snpra, pp. 41 and
42) that when al-Mukarram adopted Dhu Jiblah as his
place of residence, he appointed As'ad ibn Shihab over
San^a together with 'Imran ibn al-Fadl. We learn from
al-Janadi (fol. 184 obv.) that As'ad, upon the death of
Sa'id (in 482), was transferred from San'a to Zabid. His
expulsion by Jayyash occurred the same year. It is some-
what difficult to understand at what time As'ad ibn 'Arraf
can have ruled over the city ; but it will be observed that
our text is again in a very unsatisfactory condition at this
particular point.

Note 36 to p. 40. — Yakut, in his Geographical Dic-
tionary, reproduces 'Omarah's derivation of the name Dhu
Jiblah. But, as appears from Wiistenfeld's printed edition,
an error has been committed by the author or by his tran-
scribers, whereby the sense of the passage is singularly
misrendered. It reads as follows : —

i.)j^l Ji l^^y'^ ijJX iJ o:; t^JJl ^Ji,\\ J J^^ ^i-r-i ^^=>

* See Note 18, footnote.

254 N'otes. NOTES 37, 38.

The words Ddr al-Tzz loa hihi being misread, it becomes
obvious that the sentence could not end with the word
Summi)jaL The writer has accordingly taken upon him-
self, according to a practice unhappily far too common, to
add on his own authority the word h'isniiJia, besides intro-
ducing a conjunction after hihi, and thus, whilst escaping
one difficulty, he has plunged, without perceiving it, into
another.

Yakut says that Dhu Jiblah stood at the foot of Mount
Sabir, an error which appears also in Ibn Sa'id's Geogra-
phy. It is in point of fact none other but the place shown
in Niebuhr's and subsequent maps south-west of Ibb.

Note 37 to p. 42. — Al-Janadi says (fol. 184 obv.) that
al-Mukarram died at Bayt Tunis, or at the fortress of
Ashyah, in a.h. 484 or in 480 or in 479. The context here
and elsewhere {supra, p. 88) shows that al-Mukarram was
living in 481. The same writer mentions that although
Saba succeeded to the office of Da'y (which could not be
held by a woman), Sayyidah retained in her own hands
full sovereignty or temporal power over her husband's
dominions.

ISToTE 38 to p. 43. — Al-Janadi (fol. 184 obv.) adds the
following (see also al-Khazraji, p. 53j — whence it would
appear that a passage is here omitted from our text.

'Omarali relates that Ibn al-Kumm, standing before Saba,
recited the ode in Avliich these lines occur. The Prince, on hear-
ing the verses, forbade him to stand, and casting a cushion at his
his feet, commanded him to be seated. This he did for the pur-
pose of showing him honour and of exalting him over all that were
present. When the poet ended his recitation, Saba exclaimed :
" Thou art unto us, 0 Abu ^Abd Allah, such as is described by
al-Mutanabbi :

My heart is that of Kings, though — it be perceived that my tongue
is that of a poet.*

\jtSj J A UJ^I l^Jc .Jjjtflllj i^\ J 8^3=* a1 *, J Aji\ ^JJ^ Axlo oloVl

Jli \S liJ^ oil <c]l xs. M; A JU .illiVl ^^ C.J IJ J ijlj^^ o^'

See Dieterici's Mutanabbi, p. 633.

NOTE 39. A^oics. 255

Note 39 to p. 45. — The omissions, that are here evident
in the text, render it impossible to interpret the authoi"'s
meaning with auy degree of certainty. Those omissions
I apprehend to be three in number, as shown by the
lacunas I have left in the translation. In the first, we may
infer it to have been related that Khalt's plot was dis-
covered and that he was imprisoned. In the second, that
Saba made certain demands, which Jayyash, by the advice
■of his wazir, met with counter offers; and in the third, that
the Arabs refused the proffered terms and proceeded to
attack ZabTd.*

I find no mention of these events in either al- Janadi or
■al-Khazraji ; but the former has the followiag passage
(p. 188 obv.), which is copied almost verbatim by Khazraji
(p. 88).

Among the leading men of the Abyssinian dynasty was the
Wazir of Iving Jayyash, namely (Abu Sa'id) KhalE son of Abu 't-
Tahir the Omayyad. He was one of the most remarkable men of
the day for his distinguished capacity and merits. He attached
himself to Jayyash when the Ziyadite Ivingdom came to an end,
and he accompanied him to India. Jayyash promised the wazir,
that in the event of their success in the recovery of his kingdom,
Khalf should share with him the royal dignity and authority.
But when Jayyash won the throne, he simply appointed Khalf
Wazir and gave him the title of Kasim ol-Mulk, Participator in
the royal authority. Khalf's reward was confined to the receipt
of that barren title, although but for his assistance, Jayyash
had never succeeded in his enterprise. Ere long hostility arose
between them. The Avazir fled and Jayyash wrote him in concilia-
tory terms, inquiring after his welfare. Khalf replied in the
following lines: —

If there be a country where I am not held in honour — though it

call unto me, I Avill not answer.
Even though its loveliness he that of the gardens of Paradise —

and so also its sweetness. Yet an abject life therein would

make its fragrance hateful.
I would fly to where I may be held in honour — even though it

be a land whose barren plains resound with the howls of

famished wolves.

* The statement that the Arabs, after their defeat on that
occasion, did not again invade Tihamah is in contradiction, it
will be observed, with what we read elsewhere. Supra, pp. 96
and 97.

256 Notes. NOTES 40, 41-

^\ ^aiyi J^l ^ (_ttU ja J ijiL* isJlU y„;j i^i^ ilji u^'^' c^* J
>:> J XL Jl; *^ l^L:^ l^s-* j :i^ j '% jt^\ i\j\ ^^ j{ ^y>'i\
6jjyJ\ Ciilil aJI ilc U>i »W A— .U aJI jlc lil^*Vl i;)! JflU_j X4SI Ax*
J 1" L ^LI- 1j' U t Vj! J ^^t^, Ua ^^ 6^-i ^j liilU-i j«^«i aU- J
o » _s2^-~i J Aiiaxl-J iJl c^Xs i_>^ (J-^s=f C^i-? J -»•':;-? i^>-jl^ ol-a*.

Note 40 to p. 47. — Kur'an S. xxxiii. v. 36. It is ex-
plained in the Kashshdf that this verse was revealed for
the purpose of reproving Zaynab daughter of Jahsh and
cousin of the Prophet. The latter had arranged a marriage
between her and his freedman Zayd and had provided the
dowry. The marriage took place, but the lady and her
brother made no disguise of their profound dissatisfaction
with her being the wife, as they complained, of a slave.
She aspired, it was said, to being taken in marriage by the
Prophet himself. Her wishes were eventually gratified,
but for the particulars of that ancient piece of scandal, I
may confine myself to referring the. reader to Sir William
Muir's Life of Muhammad.

Note 41 to p. 47. — Kur'an xxvii. 29, 30 and 32. These
words are those of Bilkls Queen of Sheba (Saba), on
receiving a letter from Solomon, commanding her and her
people to recognise his authority. Bilkis sought the advice
of her counsellors, an example which Queen Sayyidah de-
clares she will not follow. The King had heard of Bilkls
and of her splendour from the hoopoe, who said to Solo-
mon that he came unto him from (the country of) Saba
with truthful tidings, words which Queen Sayyidah, as will

* Khi, ^j^ t Khi, »V^^ j^Vl X Khi, ^^

§ Khi, l^--:*! II Khi, c:^s-»l ^ Khi, «^

** ^y4 ? t^^V '?

NOTES 42-44. Notes. 257

be observed, turus to account in the subsequent sentence.
The words liesist me not, etc., are omitted by 'Omarah, but
are inserted by Khazraji, as in the text of the Kur'an.
The abrupt change from the singular to the plural arises
from strict adherence to the sacred text. The expression
Ye have wrested the words from their true sense is likewise
borrowed from the Kur'an, which in several passages
applies it to the Jews.

Note 42 to p. 48. — Al-Khazraji proceeds as follows
(p. 54) :-

He (Saba son of Ahmad the Sulayhite) continued to inhabit
his castle of Ashyah until he died in the year 492. At his death,
Sau'a and the surrounding country were dissevered from the
Sulayhite Kingdom. The Queen continued to inhabit I)hu
Jiblah, until her death in tlie year that will be mentioned here-
after (a.h. 532). San'a was conquered by Sultan Hfttim ibn
al-Ghashim, whose history will be found in this book.

The same date for the death of Saba, a.h. 492, is given
by al-Jauadi ; but Ibn Khaldun writes 486 (supra, p. 151).
Al-Janadi adds the correct orthography of the name Ash-
yah. In the British Museum MS. of 'Omarah it is written
Ashyakh, which I have rectified in the printed text.

Note 43 to p. 49. — Al-Afdal Shahinsbah was wazir,
and virtually absolute ruler of the Fatimite Empire, under
the Khallfahs al-Musta'la and al-Amir. He was assassin-
ated by order of the latter in a.h, 515,

Note 44 to p. 50. The words enclosed within square
brackets are absolutely necessary to complete the sense,
and we are able to restore them, with little short of cer-
tainty, from the corresponding passages of other writers.
But another and larger omission may still be suspected,
certain particulars on the rise of the family of al-Walid,
supplied at this point both by al-Jauadi and by al-Khazraji.
The latter writes (p. 54) as follows : —

At-Ta'kar belonged to 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad the Sulayh-
ite, brother of 'Aly ibn Muhammad ibn as-Sulayhi. Al-iVIukar-
ram, upon the death of his father and of his uncle Abd Allah,
appointed his cousin, As'ad son of Abd Allah, Governor of the
city. As'ad's conduct became bad, and al-Mukarram removed

S

258 Notes, NOTE 44.

him and placed him in command of Raymah. He appointed
Abu '1-Barakut son of al-Walld over at-Ta'kar and its dependen-
cies, and Abu 'l-Barakiit's brother Abu '1-Futuh son of al-Walid
over the fortress of Ta'izz. Al-Mufaddal, then in his early youth,
was in the service of al-Mukarram at Dhu Jiblah and was admitted
into the presence of the Princess.

Upon the death of Abu 'l-Barak:Tt, which occurred after that
of al-Mukarram, the Queen confided the Governorship of at-
Ta'kar to his son Khalid. The latter remained in command for a
period of about two years, at the end of which he was slain by the
Jurist *Abd Allah ibn al-Masu'. This Ibn al-Masu' was a learned
Jurist and a man of an earnestly religious disposition. He pro-
fessed attachment to the Amir Khiilid ibn Abi '1-Barakat, who
was ruler over his country Dhu 's-SufaL* (Though a Sunni) he
ran no danger of being molested and Khalid trusted him. He
had issued orders that the Jurist should not be hindered from
coming up to him at whatsoever time he listed. This man's
soul nevertheless instigated him to slay the Governor, the shedding
of whose blood he regarded as lawful, seeing that Khalid was a
member of the Ismailite sect. He consulted no person, but per-
suaded himself that the officials, on finding him prepared with
money for the payment of salaries, would submit to him and do
his bidding. He engaged the services of an oil-dealer, whose
wont it Avas to go up to the castle with oil, for sale to the people
Avho dwelt in the fortress. He filled his leathern oil-vessel with
gold and silver coin and the two went up together. On finding
himself alone with the Amir Khalid, he slew him. In his excite-
ment he cried aloud. The people of the castle hastened unto him,
and finding the Amir dead, they killed the Jurist.

Al-Janadi (Paris MS. fol. 194 rev.) proceeds in the
cor re. spending passage of his history as follows : —

The Queen appointed al-Mufaddal to replace (his brother
Khiilid). From the day of his arrival at at-Ta'kar he pursued the
Jurists with his enmity. He openly manifested the hatred he
bore them and he seized the lands both of the assassin and of his
family, their ancient possessions situated in Dhu 's-Sufal. Most
of the Jurists fled from the neighbourhood of at-Ta'kar in dread
of his severities. I have mentioned what he did to the people of
the Jurist Zayd, Avhen relating the latter's history.

Al-Mufaddal became the Queen's trusted adviser and adminis-
trator of her kingdom. The Queen decided upon nothing
without his advice. He attained great power, and his word was

* Dhu 's-Sufal is marked on Niebuhr's and Manzoni's maps
southwest of Dhu Jiblah. Y:lkut writes SafaJ and Siful.

NOTE 44. Notes. 259

raised on high. There was not only none among the nobles of
the land who could pretend to surpass him, but none that
could equal him. He made incursions into Tihamah on
several occasions, with results at times favourable and at others
against him. He was a man distinguished by generous and noble
qualities. But in supreme nobility and generosity of character,
he ranked below Saba (sou of Ahmad) hereinbefore mentioned.
Al-Mufaddal was liberal and the object of praise. Poets came to
him from all parts and eulogized him, and he rewarded them
Avith surpassing rewards. His Court was visited by Mawahib ibn
Jadid al-Maghrabi, who panegyrized him in several odes, one
of which contains the following lines : —

O thou that ownest the Faith and the World and their people,

That clingest with firm grasp to the saving tenets of Islam,

Men say, he that would riches must dwell by the sea or with a

King.
And thus have I done, son of Walld, for thou art a Sea and thou

art a King," *

Among the still existing memorials of al-Mufaddal's rule, is the
watercourse he constructed^ extending from Hinwah (?) to the
city of Janad.f It passes over places where its channel has been
excavated in the living rock, in such wise that a description of
the work is hard to be believed. Many such channels were
made, and a stream of water is led through them. On reaching a
spot between two mountains, the craftsmen provided for its
passage by means of a wall, about two hundred cubits of the
new measure in length from one mountain to the other, its height
from the ground about fifty cubits and its width about ten cubits.
These are the dimensions according to my own measurements and
estimates. A person contemplating that great work, feels convinced
that it can have been executed only by the Jinn, and but for
absolute certainty of its visible existence, it were impossible to
believe in it.

Another "reat work of al-Mufaddal was the reconstruction of

* See Note 74.

t Al-Ahdal (fol. 280 rev.), when mentioning the foundation of
the city of Mansurah by Sayf al-Islam Tughtakin in a.h. 592,
states that it was built at the distance of a quarter of a day's march
south of Janad. He adds that the Sultan revived the prosperity
of its valley, known by the name of Khanioah Jsj^i., which had
become the abode of wild beasts, and that in the village of
Hinwah (?) 'iy^, he built a hospital for the entertainment of
strangers. The village in question must have stood near the
Castle of Damluwah.

s 2

26o Notes. NOTE 44,

the mosque of Janad. The portions he bnilt are the front and the
two aisles. The rear was built by a Kadi, one of the Jurists
attached to the mosque. The portion erected by al-Mufa(]dal
may be distinguished through its being built of stone. He roofed
it and it continued in existence until Mahdy son of 'Aly ibn
IMahdy captured the city. He demolished the mosque and burnt
it with fire, as will be related hereafter, if it please God. It re-
mained a ruin until the Ghuzz (the Turkish and Northern soldiery
under the Ayyubites) arrived in Yaraan. The power of the family
of Mahdy did not long endure after the destruction of the mosque,
nor had it been long in existence before. When Sayf al-Islara
reached the city, he restored the mosque and added to its height
the existing portion, built of brick. This will be mentioned here-
after, when the history of the Ayyubite conquest is related.

The Kfidi Abu Bakr al-Yaf'y mentions the story of the water-
channels, in the verses he composed in praise of Mansur son ot
al-Mufaddal, wherein he eulogized the father as well as the son,
extolling al-Mufaddal as the constructor of that great work, I
doubted to whom it was to be rightly attributed, until I found
the passage in question in the Kadi's poem. I have already, when
giving an account of al-Yaf^y's life, said enough to render it un-
necessary to recur to the subject here, but I desire to add the lines
in which he refers to the artificial watercourse, and to its author
al-Mufaddal, as follows: —

I say, rendering honour unto him and of his noble work — in leading

the waters along their rocky bed,
He cleft the lofty mountains and their streams became — as heaven's

rains, flowing over a level plain.

The words He cleft the lofty mountains are sure evidence to the
truth of what we have said.

Al-Janadi's doubts as to the authorship of tlie rock-cut
water-channels and aqueduct, suggest the question whether
the work were not of far more ancient date than he sup-
poses, and whether al-Mufaddal' s share in it may not have
been confined to its restoration. It would be interesting
to learn from modern travellers the present condition of a
monument, of which important remains or traces can
hardly fail to be still in existence.

U^ ) ft^j'-^ ^^' J ^"'^ ^'-"^ *«^'^ "^i? C^ -ij^* J^fl-ll 8J-.-.11 l_*las?

l^Jl cJli ^y* J JlflJl ^0 ^ i*.jill d^Vl ^ J A._ji J Jj-yi ^\J[

NOTE 44. Notes. 261

ijjjjl (jLcl ^ jj-.) J_j Alio olc ^ ajli ^Wc el!j->9 ijjj \jjS »Jl^-J1 AWiJ

^ \js^\ sA^aj U-A** l-i'j^ J-aall ^J^ J tf^^ (•J'si' V-' cj^"^ CJJ-^ ^^-3^1
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% Mj ^J^ oil ^ ^«9 Ji ^ K_l.. J I^SJJ^ II jJ^ jj^ JJ J.i

J

cUJl jbs.1 ^^JU. (J-; "U. U J l^:^ ^\X\ ijj>-\ J »ajJj= l^fli^ Wll ^J ^J
J AcliJ^l ^ ^l^i J.1L ^ l> J-U Jl jil ^* a]> i^b=. ^li ttllo ^^

^jiJl IJA J J^iJ-^^^ Pb'^^ t*"*^ O* b*^ A«a/C J ^1^^ c>:^-**^ C^* Ij^ U^y)
j^-«*^' l^ ^ isLiiill (_^30 »U-9^&^1 LI ^ ly^a-Lil ^ j,jiil ajUj J>>. j JJ^i

jujV a^J* ^ Jtr^il ^■^s li^y ^ • -^' , .-^1^1 5ii ^ J ^y^ ^^ '^'^ U^
Ji J J™' (C^ "^ (3^ ^3 ^-^ ^J'-* A>J-« a1<^ ^-jA |J«»-^ A:fc-X* II j^j»i»

CiUi ^ j«j!flj' Ai J ^jSjJl ^Ifijl^ii ^ AJj>>j ^j*. J-xll tfl^?- (^^ cilxJ:-)!

U! AJl liilli J J^l li a3^ U .Si i_^>a.l ^jXj AJjlcl ^ jA-jy U »;Si >Lo

* Khi, i_»a1j* t Khi, .J^iil t iiaxj ? § Khi^ »j^

II Khi, '^ j^\^ H Khi, eiiUI J ysi;!^ aJjII ^.b co-il j

** Khi, dJA-^JjJ Jus It Read ^^^>1

2 62 Notes. NOTES 45-47.

jUj *c_jU; c>il^3 WL^=j lls^'*U oU.-'l^l jCU J J:,

lj/1 L is.-' ^ JJ:> olsr'l^ll jCil j^:. Jji J j

Note 45 to p. 52. — Kbazraji lias ^^ and Yakut
Kaijzaa. ^J^, in the neighbourbood, be says, of Dhu
Jiblab. Tbe tribe of Janb, also called Munabbih (Ham-
dani, p, 115), and those of Sinhan^ 'Ans and Zubayd were
sub-tribes of the Banu Madhbij.

Note 46 to p. 53. — Al-Janadi (p. 185 obv.) says that
this man was son of al-Mufaddal's uncle, and such, he adds,
is the statement of Ibn 8amiirrah. whilst 'Omarah, he
continues, attributes tbe capture of the fortress to certain
men among whom was a cousin of his own. Al-Janadi
himself is of opinion that both versions may be adopted,
to the effect, tbat is to say, that the insurgents were aided
by the co-operation of a person who was kinsman of al-
Mufaddal, and by that^ of 'Omarah's cousin. He mentions
also that al-Mufaddal was buried at 'Azzan at-Ta'kar (the
slopes of Ta'kar ?)

Note 47 to p. 54. — Hamdani speaks of the Banu Bahr
as derived from Rabfah (p. 114, 1. 20), a name borne by,
amongst others, a sub-tribe of Khaulan (Rabi^ah son of Sa'd
al-Akbar son of Khaulan {ih. 1. 13). Eabfah was also the
name of a sub-tribe of the Banu Janb (Hamdani, p. 93, 1. 9,
33). Bahr was, moreover, according to Hamdani, a sub-
division of the ^adif, a sub-tribe of the Banu Kindah,
inhabitants of Hadramaut and descendants of Murrah and
of 'A rib. And, at p. 112, 1. 23, he mentions a tribe or
family (>f the name of Buhr, descendants of Ilimyar.

The Banu Dinnah he mentions as a sub- tribe of the Banu
'Udhrah, derived from Kuda'ah, and elsewhere as descen-
dants of the Banu Numayr, an Ishmaelite tribe (p. 116,
1. 17, and p. 165, 1. 1).

The Banu Marran are described as a subdivision of Ham-
dan (p. 107, 1. 9), but also (p. 113, 1. 15) as Himyarites.
The Banu Zarr, we are told, belonged to the tribe of Jabar
(descendants of Yafi') and consequently Himyarites like-

* Kbi, J^

NOTES 48 -50. Notes, 263

wise, but in speaking of a member of the family {■supra,
p. 57) it is said that he was a Khniilanite,

The Banu Kazih and Baiiu Juma'ah are stated by Ham-
dani to have been Khaulauites (p. 73, 1. 18, and p. Ill,
1. 18, 20).

The tribes of Sha'b and Sha'b-I.Iay, he tells us, dwelt in
the Sarat of Khaulau (p 69, 1. 24), and the Banu Hay he
describes as Khaulauites (p. 114, 1. 26).

Note 48 to p. 55. — The Queen, says al-Jauadi (fol. 185
obv.) appointed in the place of al-Mufaddal the sou of bis
uncle, As'ad sou of Abu 'l-Futilh, as administrator and
guardian of her kingdom. He was the son of Abu'l-Futiih,
son of al-'Ala son ot al-Walid. He resided at the fortresses
of Sabir and l^a'izz, over which his father had ruled before
him. He continued to exercise the authority formerly
held by al-Mufac]dal, until the year 514, Avhen he was
assassinated at Ta'izz by two of his retainers.* This event,
continues al-Janadi, occurred after the arrival of Ibn JSTajlb
ad-Daulah.

Note 49 to p. 53. — Al-Khazraji, speaking elsewhere of
the Banu Jaub (fol. 105), says that when about to march, it
was their custom to shout the words mentioned in the text.

Note 50 to p. 57. — The Hujarhjah were a body of men
in the service of the Fatimite Khalifahs. They were so
named because they occupied barracks, known by the name
of al-Hujav, the Chambers, situated between the great
palace at Caii*o and Bab au-Nasr. They were originally a
body of skilled craltsmen, first selected by the Khalifah al-
Mu'izz, but they were subsequently made use of in a
military capacity. Being led by al-Afdal Shahinshah
against the Franks at Ascalon, they deserted their leader,
who was compelled to retreat, alter sebting fire to his stores.
The body was re-organized by al-Afdal. He fixed their
numbers at 3000 men and placed them under the command
of an Amir who received the title of al-MiiwaJj'ak. Pre-
vious to that time, the Hujariyahs consisted, partly if not
"wholly, ot native Egyptians. They were selected with the
greatest care by the provincial governors, from among the

* Khazraji mentions the same date, 514 ; but As'ad^ according
to 'Omarah, must have lived to a later period. See pp. 60 anil 97,

264 Notes. NOTES 51, 52.

most promising youths or children to be found in each dis-
trict, special regai^d being paid to both physical and intel-
lectual capacity. The native element was ehminated by al-
Afdal, who replaced it by a selection of youths from among
the families of the foreign soldiery. (Makrizi's Khitat, vol.
i. p. 443.) Makrizi's words, I may add, are that the new
levies were selected from among the children of the Ajnad,
a word which properly signifies simply soldiers. The
singular is Jundy, which in Egypt is vulgarly pronounced
Gincly, and is used to denote a Turkish soldier, and also
generally a Turk of the poorer class.

So far as I am aware, al-Afdal's experiment is the only
serious attempt ever made to utilize the native population
of Egypt in a military capacity, from the time of the Arab
conquest down to the days of Muhammad 'Aly, in the
early part of the present century. The fact is all the more
curious, considering the incessant struggles there have
been for the acquisition of military power. The supremacy
of any one of the ever contending factions has invariably
depended upon the numbers and bravery of its followers.
Muhammad 'Aly was the first to depart from ancient tradi-
tion, and to form an army composed of native levies, but to
the end of his life he retained also in his service foreign
troops, a policy finally abandoned by his successors some
five and twenty years ago. Negro troops have at various
times played an important part in the military history of
Egypt, and they were especially numerous under the
Tulunites and under the Fatimite Khalifah al-Mustansir,
whose mother was indeed a negress.

Note 51 to p. 57. — The Ismailite Da^ys taught their
neophytes that mystical and spiritual significations attached,
not only to passages and single words of the Kur'an, but
also to numberlci-s particulars observable in the natural
world, and especially in the structure of the human body.
It would appear from the text, either that they extended
similar occult meanings to accidental marks and blemishes,
or that Ibn Najib ad-Daulah did so, on the occasion in
question, on his own authority, for the purpose of impressing
upon the people a belief in his supernatural knowledge.
See Makrizi's Khitat, vol. i. p. 392, and de Sacy's Expose
de la reliijion des Druzes.

Note 52 to p. 58. — Maytam was, according to Hamdani,

NOTES 53-55. Notes. 265

the name of a mountain and of a miJih/rlf or district. The
river was probably one of the affluents of the Wadi Raghfi-
dah. If I rightly understand HaaidJini's. explanations
(pp. 75, 1. 22; 92/16; 101, 19, 21), Maytam was south or
south-east of Dhamar and j^robably at no great distance
from Jabal Khubban.

The Banu Hiraas, spoken of a few lines farther on, are
mentioned by Ibn Kutaybah as a sub-tribe of Madhhij.
(Eichhorn, p. 143.)

Note 53 to p. 60. — The allusion is to a verse in the
Kur'an : Say, flight will not serve you, if ye flee from death
or from slaughter (S. xxxiii. v. 16).

Note 54 to p. 61. — There can be little doubt that a tran-
scriber's omission occurs here, and indeed if the word //ad/ta,
this, be not an interpolation, the fact of such an omission
may be regarded as absolutely certain. The words I have
placed in the translation within square brackets may, I
think, be supplied with little or no hesitation, for the pur-
pose of conveying the sense that the story that follows was
derived from Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn, the same who
has figured before as one of 'Omarah's authorities. The
subsequent sentence, which I translate "they whom I smite
with my hand," etc., has without doubt been incorrectly
transcribed.

Note 55 to p. 62. — Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihy was arrested
by the Khalifah al-Amir on the fourth of Ramadan 519,
and was put to death in 522. Al-Makrizi says (Khitat,
vol. i. p. 463), that al-Ma'mun was accused of liaving sent
(Ibn) Najib ad-Daulah Abu '1-Hasan to Yaman, with orders
to strike coins bearing the name of the Imam al-Mukhtar
Muhammad son of Nizar.

Nizar was son of the Khalifah al-Mustansir. Upon the
latter's death in a.h. 487, Ahmad, a younger brothei-, was
raised to the throne by the Wazir al-Afdal Shahinshah,
under the title of al-Musta'la billah. Nizar fled to Alex-
andria, where he caused himself to be proclaimed Khalifah
and assumed the title of al-Mustafa li-d'm Illah. He was
soon compelled to surrender himself to al-Afdal, by whom
he was conveyed to Cairo and put to death. The Eastern
Ismailites embraced the cause of Nizar, who, as they pro-
bably with truth asserted, had been appointed by his father

266 Notes. NOTE 5G.

heir to the Empire. They renounced the supremacy of al-
Musta'la and of his successors, whom they denounced as
usurpers. Hence they are commonly known in Eastern
history by the designation Nizdrites. They were also styled
by their enemies al-Muldhidah, the Impious, and in the
popular traditions still current in Egypt, they are remem-
bered under the name of al-Fidaivii/ah, because in the
perilous adventures they were in the habit of undertaking,
they devoted their lives as a ransom {fida) for the libera-
tion and propagation of their Faith. By western historians
they are best known under the designation of the At<sassins.
Their Chiefs, now represented by an Imam who resides at
Bombay, claim to be descendants of Nizar.

As a curiosity of history, I may add that not many years
since certain claims advanced by Indian Dodekite"t5hiahs,
which practically involved the right of existence of the Bom-
bay Ismailites as a separate body, had to be investigated
by an Eno-lish Court of Justice. Sir Joseph Arnould,
before whom the case was tried, delivered an elaborate
judgment, in which he reviewed the history of the Alides
from the days of the Prophet down to the present time,
arriving at the conclusion, that a small and obscure sect at
Bombay was able to prove its right to be recognised as re-
presentatives of the erewhile formidable Karmathians, of the
no less dreaded Assassins, and of the once powerful Empire
of the Fatimites.

Note 56 to p. 64. — According to Ibn Khaldun {supra,
p. 160), Ibu NiijTb ad-Daulah was drowned at sea, a state-
ment wliich is probably correct, but for which no authority
is given. Al-Khazraji's account of the end of Ibn Najib ad-
Daulah's career is copied from 'Omarah, and corresponds in
every particular with that supplied by our author, saving
only certain verbal distinctions, most of which are shown
in the notes I have appended to the printed text. Al-Janadi
makes the following remarks (fol. 185 rev), which clearly
prove that if we have not the words of 'Omarah in their
original purity, their corruption is of ancient date : —

The Queen then delivered up Ibn JSTajlh ad-Daulah, but she
sent along with liim one of her secretaries. On reaching Atlen,
the envoy departed with Ibu Najil) ad-Daulah, and the secretary's
journey was delayed for some days. Tlien he was sent off in a
ship, the captain of which received orders to drown him, which
he did, at Bab al-]\Iandalj. I am in ignorance of the fate of Ibn

NOTE 5/.

N'ofes. 267

Najib ad-Daulah, seeing that 'Omfirah does not mention it. The
Queen repented of having surrendered Ibn iSTajib ad-Daulah, and
of having sent away her secretary, whose presence with her she
esteemed of happy augury.

Al-Janadi's account of the Sulaybite dynasty ends at
fol. 185 rev. with the following passage, which al-Khazraji
incorporates almost verbatim in his history (p. 58-9).

Upon the death of the Queen, at the date I have mentioned
when relating the end of her career,* Mansur son of al-Mufaddal
succeeded, by her bequest, to the kingdom of the Sulayhites.
He sold Ta'kar and Hal)b and the fortresses (I read k-^x^. for ^_^-a^fc
uJ^s.*'^) of the Mikhlaf (Ja'far) and dependencies to the Da'y
Muhammad ibn Saba ibn Abi Su'iid. This was in the year 547,
fifteen years after the Queen's death. The sovereignty of the
Sulaybite dynasty, reckoning it from the year 429, endured there-
fore 119 years. . .

Mansur continued to inhabit the fortress of Ta'izz until he
died. He was the first to adopt Tba'bat | as a place of recreation.
He was wont to go down and spend tliere several days. His death
occurred in the year 540 and odd. He left a son Ahmad, who
succeeded him, and who followed the same course of life as his
father until the year 658. Mahdy son of Aly ibn Mahdy then
came up from Tihamah and purchased of him Sabir and Ta'izz.
Ahmad then inhabited Janad until the year 563, when he died.

Note 57 to p. 65. — An obvious omission here occurs in
our text, which is indeed, in this chapter, more than usually
mutilated. The general import of the missing passage is
not diflBcult to conjecture, buc its sense and doubtless almost
its precise words are supplied by Khazraji. I have not
hesitated therefore to incorporate the passage in my trans-
lation.

This and other amendments are distinguished by being
enclosed within square brackets.

* At fol. 184 rev., al-Janadi says that the Queen died at Dhu
Jiblah in a.h. 532. So also in Khazraji. The latter adds that
she had attained the age of eighty- eight years, and Dayba' says
that she was buried in the mosque she had built at Dhu Jiblah,
in the foremost part of the building and on its western side.
Her reign, he continues, extended over a period of thirty-one
years.

t Kiebuhr marks upon his map Tlwhad close to Ta'izz, pre-
sumably the place here mentioned. On Manzoni's map the name
is written Thahud.

268 Notes. NOTE 57.

The following is Khazraji's version of the early history
of the Zurayite dynasty (Leiden MS. pp. 58 and 59), which
the reader will be able to compare with the corresponding
passages in 'Omarah. The only actual addition to the
information given by the latter, is Khazraji's state-
ment that Zuray' gained possession of Dumluwah in
A.H. 480.

^J,C J L^U IjIiJ Ji ^^ j^J J>--oyJ ^^:j9 ijfo ^jAC ^~l'>-« j;-^-s' J ^j*^^ i3^
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NOTE 57. Notes. 269

(_jl j^ J-aflJ! l»'-Jl (.i^u^jtJ 1^1 iji* ^c Llx:^ :>jK.-4 j^) *cjl,li]l ^3! J
I^^IjIm ».>;sJ1 i3' c^ •^"**'' J-^*-^' (•'= cH^ i**;'' ci*V ^1' ^y=^ ^'^ b^^

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^VjVl ^J^* a] ijl^ J ljJ:.^=a A_3t*.lj aJI_^1 oiK J JJ._ii ^XJ J ^sUJl

It will be observed that the name borne by the ancestor
of the Hamdanite Princes of Aden, stands in our text

^;_5CJ1 . In the Leiden MS. of Khazraii and in the Paris MS.

" ■ ■ <^

of Janadi the name is for the most part written j»y^JI . But

not invariably so. Thus in Janadi, at p. 186 rev. (see infra.
Note 69), it is distinctly written ^^jCll and so also in the
corresponding passage in Kbazraji, p. 77.

The surname of 'Aly son of Saba is in our text and in
Khazraji generally writtenyiVl . But in some instances the
diacritical point is absent. In others it is not quite clear to
which letter the point is intended to apply. In Janadi the
name is distinctly wvittenjcVI al-A'azz. So also in al-Ahdal.
In the British Museum text of Ibn Khaldun the two names

are invariably written ^^\ and^cVl.

* Written here and elsewhere ol.Ul

270 Notes. NOTES 58-00.

Note 58 to p. 65. — The author of the Taj al-'Arns says
that Ta'kar is oue of tlie mountains of Aden, on the left-
hand side of a person proceeding from the gate to the
mainland. 'Omarah, as will be seen (p. 73), speaks of it as
within the city, but we may perhaps understand Mm to
mean within the peninsula. It may perhaps be identified
with the spot I find marked on Colonel F. M. Hunter's
plan of Aden, under the name of Orrus al Hosn, near the
" Main Pass Gate." Colonel Hunter mentions the fort of
Ta'kar {Statistical Account, p. 18-i) and also the Castle
(Hisn) al-Akhdar (pp. 190 and 191), but without giving an
indication of their position. The latter, I presume, must
have stood at no great distance from the Island of Seerah.

Note 59 to p. Ql. — The name of Muhammad son of Saba
is followed in the text by the words, '* and he was the last
of the Banu Zaray^" They are clearly erroneous, and I
omit them in the translation. Al-Janadi confines himself
to saying that *Aly ibn Abi '1-Gharat was the last of the
family of Mas'ud.

The subsequent sentence, in which the conquest of
Yaman by Turan Shah is mentioned, is evidently an inter-
poliition. 'Omarali tells us (p. 79) that he wrote his history
in 564, and he was executed at Cairo on the 2nd Ramadan
569, more than two months before the capture of Aden by
the Ayyubites, on the 20th Dhu T-Ka'^dah according to Ibn
Hatim.

Note 60 to p. 68. — Al-Janadi adds that 'Aly ibn Abi '1-
Gharat possessed in Lahj the city of Za'tizi^ i:jj>* ^ j> a1
cjlcpl . In enumerating the possessions of Saba ibn Abi
's-Su'ud, al-Janadi, like Khazraji, omits the name \*J\ . He
writes as follows : — J'-^.^j jj*^ j o\^ j ^■'^ j »j^J>51 Jax* *! .

The name of the place that follows after ;^1^W* looks in
Khazraji (p. 69 ; see Note 57), and also at p. 108 (see
foot-note 5 to p. 98 of the printed text of 'Omarah), like
^^ or ^^i . But both Janadi, as quoted above, and Ibn
J.Jatim (see Note 101) have^-^ which it may be presumed
stands for Numayr. For the mountain of Sami', see Ham-
dani, p. 74, 14 ; 76, 6 ; 77, 1 ; and 78, 6. Instead of Za'azi'

NOTES 61-65. Notes. 271

tlie name in Mliller's edition of Haradani and also in
yprenger's lleise-roxden is written Ka'ari'.

Note 61 to p. 69. — The name of this villaofe is written
in the text without the diacritical points. But al-Janadi
mentions it when speaking of the learned men of Lahj (ft»l.
69 rev.). There, as well as at fol. 186 obv., he calls it Bani
Abbah al-'Ulya. He supplies the vocalization of the word,
and tells us that it was vulgarly pronounced Mani/ahhah.
See also Hamdani, p. 98, 1.,

iky ^^^ J»j I^jIj J^l jjV Jj^l (•-'^^f 0:m»-' j ;i; '^L »U JljUj>OJ^>

Note 62 to p. 69. — The line quoted in the text is from
the Mu'allakah of Tarafah ibn al-'Abd, al-Bakri.

Note 63 to p. 70. — The family of Zuray', as has been
seen, were members of the Banu Jusham, a sub-tribe of
the Banu Yam, themselves a subdivision of the great Sept
of Hamdan.

Note 64 to p. 70. — See Dieterici's Mutanabbi, p. 402.
The entire verse, of which, for obvious reasons, only the
second hemistich was quoted, and which, as will be noticed,
is inaccurately rendered, is as follows : —

The noblest of Empires are built up with the sword — and to those
that love (desire to win) them, lance-thrnsts are as kisses.

The affixed pronoun, rendered by t/iein,\a in the feminine,
the word mamdlik, kingdoms, to which it refers, being a
feminine plural.

Note 65 to p. 73. — As-Suhayb, according to Hamdani

272 Notes. NOTE 65

(p. 54, 24), was iuhabited by a people descended from Saba,
and they were known by the designation of Saba-Suhayb.
Elsewhere (p. 189) he mentions Suhayb as ou the pilgrim
route from Aden, next after Lahj. Manzoni marks Jabal
" Menif " on his map, about twelve miles north of Lahj, as
also a stream of the same name flowing thence into the
Wadi " Saib/' Yakut mentions Munif as the name of a
fortress situated on Mount Sabir, which, it seems to me,
requires confirmation.

The following are the corresponding passages in al-
Janadi (fol. 186 obv.). The words of al-Khazraji (p. 70),
who indeed cites al- Janadi as his authority, are substantially
the same :

" War continued to rage between the two parties and many
battles were fought between them, ending eventually in the victory
of Saba over his kinsman. 'Aly son of Abu '1-Gharat fled to
Saba-Suhayb, M^here he and his friends entrenched themselves in
two fortresses, Munif and al-Jabalah (1). A wonderful thing was,
that on the day upon Avhich Aly was defeated, Bilfil the freedman
of Saba captured the fortress of al-Khadra. He sent a messenger
Avith the glad tidings. . . .

" Bilal brought down the Honourable Lady Bahjah (from al-
Khadra.) into the city (of Aden), where she continued to reside
until her death. I believe that the mosque known under the
name of Masjid al-TIurrah (the Lady's Mosque), situated near the
principal mosque of Aden, is named after her.

" On the termination of the war, the Da'y Saba entered Aden,
where he abode for seven months and then died.''' He was
buried at the foot of at-Ta'kar, in the year 538. After the year
700, signs of excavation in a mound at the foot of at-Ta'kar
became visible through the action of the rains. It was surmised
that treasure was concealed on the spot, and information was
carried to the Governor of the city. He went up and stood by
whilst the workmen uncovered a large chest, closely fastened with
nails. It was opened and found to contain the body of a man,
wound in sheets, but upon being touched the body crumbled into
dust. The chest and remains were restored to their original place,
as was also tlie earth that had been dug out. It may be that this
was the body of the La'y, but God is ail-knowing.f

* Khazraji (p. 70) quotes Janadi to the effect that Saba died in
533, the same year as stated in 'Oinarah ; but the event occurred,
he adds, in 532, " the year in which Queen Sayyidah also died."

t The practice of burying the dead enclosed in coffins is, so far
as I am aware, altogetlier unknown in ]\Iuhammadan countries at

NOTE 65. Notes. 273

" The Da'y Saba died after having appointed his son 'Aly al-
A'azz to succeed him. The latter did not long survive, and died
of consumption.* He had four sona of tender age, whom he
placed under the guardianship of an [Abyssinian] eunuch named
Anis [al-A'azzi], the same name, Anis, as that of the man who
slew the last Prince of the Banu Ziyad."

A_? ^j)\ Ac L-j i^ljJl ^l-aJLJl ^1 v:>.flil ijt^-i VjL/*" W**-i '■^'S^/--'

i_:j>Jl ^1 is.*? 6;i* J^' J l^^-i-* tl*»-i l^-a^i r;'^:*' W

§ ^oU j^ (_y ^_^c »^' jsT**! >_i^« i^JJl j.sr-*^' J cuJ^' ^j^ I4J cuiJj

dJlftjuiai jjtj ^jo I J J 0 rr ILm* *^ 1^ ^_;AxiJ I i-yj ^^fli ^jj J jf^^ iju.*i I4J

AJl (j-LJl **J^ ^WJI S/Jsl l'^-^;_Xs:Jl ^-mJ ^A— j1 ^^C ll^Ul^iii
-iJ U J J-cl <*ll^ J (jp^jJl A1«^ J A^>. J AijX-af Alia. Ac Bj ^Icls

the present day. But it would seem to have been otherwise in
former times. Khazraji (fol. 73) tells a story not unlike the
above, to the effect that a coffin made of ebony was found, in the
days of Sultan al-Mansur 'Omar ibn Easul (a.h. 626 — 647), in
a graveyard at Mansurah, that upon its being opened it was
found to contain remains, believed to be those of the D'l'y
Muhammad son of Saba (who died at Dumluwah). See also Ibn
al-Athir, vol. xii. p. 269, where it is related that on the grave of
Katadah Amir and Sharif of Mecca being opened in a.h. 620, the
coffin it contained was found to be empty.

* At Dumluwah in A.H. 534, according, to Khazraji. He goes
on to say that 'Aly's sons were Jabir, 'Alphas and Mansur. The
name of the fourth he did not remember. He adds, immediately
after, that al-A'azz bequeathed the kingdom to his son Hatim.

t Khi, i-*l5 t Khi, dJU-U

§ Khi, ^^l^ II ^_;-Ul ? H ■iS\? Khi, J..I j

T

2 74 Notes. NOTES 66-69.

yj'j^- J^ li*" >'^=***'- -^ (^- r'^ -'"^^ '^'^ "^^ ^^"'' (*^^ ^' "^^ ^^^'^^

^ *^ ^^"^ A»-.l ^ili- Jl ^]\^ ^^ j\k^ J^jl ia;^l a1 J JJI

. 2^i\ |A.> ^i-1 <jJ'j* J.i-9 t?^'' "^^^ i*^^

Note QQ> to p. 74. — A Musalla is an enclosed place in
the open air, set aside for the performance of prayer.
Under the Fatimites, the Khalifah resorted to the Musalla
in state, on the occasion of the two great festivals of the
year. Makrizi says that the Musalla of Cairo was enclosed
by Jauhar outside the walls in A.H. 358, and he describes
the cremonies that took place on the occasion of the
Khalifah's visits. (Khitat, vol. i. p. 451. See also de Sacy's
Chrestomathie, note to the Life of al-Hakim.)

Note 67 to p. 76. — The reason why Mansur divorced his
wife is explained by Ibn Khaldun [supra, p. 174), and has
perhaps been accidentally omitted fi^om our text by the
transcribers.

Note 68 to p. 78. — 'Omarah's verses in praise of the
Da^y Muhammad ibn Saba probably contained, like those
he afterwards M^rote at Cairo, eulogistic allusions to the
Ismailites and to their pretensions, sure to be regarded
by the people of Zabid as doubly offensive, proceeding as
they did, from the pen of one who professed to be an or-
thodox Sunni.

Al-Ahdal writes as follows : —

'Omarah is profuse in his praise of the Da'y 'Imran and speaks
in exaggerated terms of his great qualities. This is to be ex-
plained by the kindness he received from the princes of the
djTiasty of Zuray* and by the love he bore them — nay, it is said,
by his partiahty to their religion, that is to say, to Shi'ism and
Isma'ilism. Be this known unto you. ^^x-^-s.-" Jl 4?» j *^^ *4jLj..V

The following is a passage in which 'Omarah speaks of 'Imran
in more h^gitimate terms :

They will not be contradicted, etc. (See next Note.)

Note 69 to p. 79. — Al-Janadi lias the following passage
* Khi, ^t^ il::-,! ^ j ijj(^)l\ ^\

NOTE 69. Notes. 275

(fol. 186 rev.), from which it may be inferred that our text
of 'Omarah is incomplete at this point. See also Khazraji,
p. 77.

The following words of 'Omfirah, when relating the history of
'Imrfm^ are singularly eloquent and appropriate :

'' Truly a gift from God were the qualicies of the Da'y 'Imran.
How copious were the showers of his generosity, how abundant
the springs of his beneficence % How greatly was he missed in the
pathways of life by those who had daily beheld him ! How few,
in the estimation of Kings and Princes, the occasions on wliich
they enjoyed his companionship.* They will not be contradicted
who declare that generosity and beneficence were the nature of
'Imriin, its necessary result, nay, its fulfilment and seal. Were
there no other evidence of God's favour unto him, it were proved
by his having been rescued from the tyranny of Ibn jMahdy."

He died in the year 560. Tire learned scholar, Abu Bakr, car-
ried his remains to Mecca and buried them in one of its ceme-
teries. The mercy of Godf for the mightiest of Kings

ardently desire to be buried at Mecca, and though striving, at the
cost of heavy expenditure to compensate themselves for that of
which they are deprived, their efi'orts are vain. We have here,
therefore, another proof of the divine favour, of which 'Imran was
the object. Among the enduring memorials of him in existence
at Aden, is the pulpit in the principal mosque. His name is
inscribed upon it, and it is a monument comforting to the soul and
beautiful to the eye.

'Imran left three sons, Muhammad, Abu 's-Su'ixd and Mansur, all
in their early youth and under the care of the Chamberlain Abu
Durr Jauhar al-Mu'azzami, in the fortress of Dumluwah. The
administrator at Aden of the affairs of the kingdom was the Chief
Yasir son of Bilal, hereinbefore mentioned. In that condition
matters remained until the arrival of Sultan Shams ad-Daulah
Turan Shah son of Ayytib (in Dhu '1-Ka'dah 5G9). He con-
quered Aden, and Yasir fled to the fortress of Dumluwah, where
Jauhar was. I have already related what hapjiened to him. The
family of Zuray' lost their sovereignty over Aden and its depen-
dencies, and naught remained to them but the fortress of Dum-
luwah, in the hands of Abu Durr, until he sold it to Sayf al-
Islam (read to Turan Shah — see Xote 101), shortly after the
year 570.

* 1 translate the foregoing sentence with much hesitation. It
is omitted by Khazraji.

t I cannot attempt to translate the words that follow. The
sentence has no doubt been corrupted and Kiiazraji omits it,

T 2

2/6 Notes. NOTE 69.

It now only remains for me to speak of the chief nobles of the
Zuray'ite dynast3\ The first was the auspicious chief Bilal,
already mentioned. He died in the year 546 or 547. It was he
who was eulogised by the accomplished scholar al-'Abdy, as I
have hereinbefore stated, when mentioning him. Sultan Mu-
hammad son of Saba appointed Mudafi' to succeed his father, and
then the brother of Mudafi', Abu '1-Faraj Yasir son of Bilal. Yfisir
held his ofhce under Sultan Muhammad and under Muhammad's
son ('Imran). He exercised great power and enjoyed a wide
celebrity. He was greatly praised and liberally rewarded his
eulogists, nor did he disappoint any one that came to his court.
'Omfirah has given a brief account of Yasir's life in his memoirs
of the Poets (?) He built the mosque at Aden, known as the
mosque of Ibn al-Basri, the name of one who made it his place of
resort for prayer and holy living.

When Yusir left Dumluwah he proceeded to Dhu 'Udaynah^ in
disguise, accompanied by his niamluk Miftah who was surnamed
as-Sudasy. A person gave information against him, to the of3Eicials
of the Government. He was arrested, and notice of his capture
was sent to Shams ad-Daulah^ who commanded him to be
strangled. The order was carried into execution, and his slave
(Miftah) shared his fate. It is also said that Shams ad-Daiilah
ordered them to be bisected. Yasir's death took place in the year
571, and he was the last of the Zuray'ite wazirs.

'Omarah says that the descendants of al-Karam, father of al-
'Abbas and Mas'ud, whom al-Mukarram appointed (over Aden),
are known under the designation family of adh-DJil'h, and that
next to the Sulayhites, they were the most distinguished Arabs in
Yam an.

I have mentioned^ in speaking of Jauhar, how he parted with
the castle of Dumluwah, and there now only remains to me
to give an account of the Abyssinian kings (of Zabid).

^^ s^^ ^J) ijj*c- ^_/lJJl ji aD syj i^jl ^.>. aJ b^I^ JjS ^j.-^\ U j
U^ Jl5 ^J^^ (_jA_5.j V J ^;;l^^l J CiJ^lJl ^JJ> l^ d.Jlj* JJl j (j|_;liJl

ijl * jS--3 t)\ *_^,^V1 Ai'S 01. iiw ij'lsj (Jl^iO J ^S^-t, ^ji\ ^jS- AXa!!)L»

ijjfc (^c /uaj J J Ijjb ^J^^:>^^ (J?.AjV1 ajJI 3.^ la^oLio i i.'J:i j i^=**
* Klii, (^J-jJl S*sf ^j)

NOTE 69. Notes. 277

Vljol liiJilJ AJjlio ji 'j-JJ'-r-i U^ J A.^3»»J (jsjl lj:>^-i djU'l ^^1 ijL»
^j1m[9 i—Jjil ^^>1 lli uby il^J'll (J-*-*" (jUal-JI j«J>i |^» Cilljj IjlW-i j,U

^^x^M J «^J L0J.9 us j,^Vl *_a--» jj* l^clj ^:> jj^ll ^\ j.-j sjLjJI

«jjj a* _j As* j^l'sli J^ ^Ji ^-W r*^^' Ji' "J*^ (^ ^Ux> a*j1 Jj«j
L_*jSiV J vy(.i.^Ul C-A^^i U-A** LijI jij.]\ j^^ jJftJl ji-^ir-^ M*. U^J

T^»* (^-a J"^S? ^>u'X-Hj L_*flUl — •Uio aSj1»* ax*. [^XJJlo ioJsC IJ J^-^J

».)-c A3u> jj^j aH:.^) ^*U aJjJ.!! ,j-i.»i AJ Jcl J ^-a-i9 aJjjJI JaI aJ^
jj^ J ovi ii^ '^.}-^. '^'■^ J W? 'i^''^ J^^9 l»^kj^j:;_j ^l Jj J,5 J

j^<<!U Lj;jJl A;i i/:^'^' ^_5J ^; -fc J t-»jJJI Jb ^^^^^ ^^5CjI UaVj

* sLJl ? or A.lc ^^1 ?
t ^\ ? Khi, ^^\.-Jl A-lc ^ \'j^=s^ ?

278 Noles. NOTES 70-72.

Janadi's statement that the children of 'Imian were
placed under the guardianship of Abu Durr Jauhar is con-
firmed by Khazraji, who reproduces the preceding passages
almost verbatim, and the statement is indirectly confirmed
by Ibn Hatim. See Note 101. The corresponding pas-
sage in our MS. of 'Omarah (supra, p. 80, footnote) is
hopelessly mutilated, and the sense that can with difficulty
be extracted is undoubtedly incorrect. There are, so far as
I am aware, no means to attempt a textual restoration, and
a restoration of the sense, as no doubt originally conveyed
by our author, would require fat' more thorough amend-
ments than those offered in the footnotes to the printed
text.

Note 70 to p. 79. — So also in Janadi, a.h. 546 or 547, as
in the preceding note. Khazraji says that Bilal died in
545. Fi'om Omarah's own words, on the ensuing page, it
would appear that Muhammad ibn Saba, who he has told
us died in 548, survived Bilal at least two years. But
al-Janadi, on the other hand, casts doubt over the
precise year of Muhammad ibn Saba's death, which
he says occurred in a.h. 548, or in 549, or in 550. He
adds that 'Imran received, on his accession, the title of al-
Mukarram.

Note 71 to p. 80. — The Bululr fpl. abhirah) is a weight
variously described as 300 or 400 or 600 or 1000 rati or
pounds, also as the proper load of a camel. Our author,
it will be seen {supra, .p. 109), describes it as equal to
three kantars.

Note 72 to p. 85.— See Baron de Slane's ed. of 'Imru '1-
Kays, p. 23, Ahlwardt, p. 117.

The death of as-Sulayhi occurred, according to Janadi
(fol. 183 rev.), on the 12th of the month of Dhu'l-Ka'dah
473. Khazraji adds that three men were spared in the
massacre that followed, Wa'il ibn *isa Prince of Wuhazah,
'Aly ibn Ma'n Prince of Aden and Ibn al-Kuraudi Prince
of al-Ma'a(ir.

NOTES 73-75. Notes. 279

Note 73 to p. 90. — The person here referred to is pro-
bably the Khalifah 'Omar ibu 'Abd al-AzIz. bee supra,
p. 9.

Note 74 to p. 90. — The word Bahr, the Sea, is in con-
stant use among Arabs, as a figure of speech implying
infinity, boundless, that is to say, in generosity, learning,
etc. (see supra, Note 44, p. 259). Abu 't-Tami signifies
Exalted.

Note 75 to p. 93. — Literally, who made himself neither
sweet nor bitter. There is a favourite Arab proverb, by
which men are warned not to make themselves too sweet or
they will be swallowed, nor too bitter or they will be spat
forth.

There seems again reason to suspect an omission in this
portion of the MS. Al-Janadi and, following him, Khaz-
raji, al-Ahdal and Dayba', enter into particulars touching
Jayy ash's literary acquirements. His poetical works, they
say, on the authority of 'Omarah, filled a large volume.
They quote a long epistle in rhymed prose, which he is said
to have addressed to bis son's tutor. They speak also in
laudatory terms of his history of Zabid. Khazraji adds
that the book had become excessively rare and could with
difiiculty be found in any of the libraries of the counti-y.
Al-Janadi mentions that according to *Om*drah, Jayyash
bore the title of al-'Adil Abu 't-Tdmi. Among the verses
composed by Jayyash, he quotes the following : —

If a man's lenity be a help unto his enemy — against himself, then
is sternness, of a certainty preferable and more conducive
to tranquillity.

In severity is strength. In thy clemency is weakness — if thou
extend it to the ungrateful.

^jJ J ^J^^ *J4^ U^ ^^ »J-^^ 03^ >^^ f^ 0^^=» '^^

'Omarah, continues al-Janadi, ranks the following line
among the most remarkable of Jayyash's compositions.

*Jr\ ? t Khi, jy : Khi, Jii

28o Notes. NOTE 75.

A mound of the fairest sand, the graceful stem of the ban-tree. —
Over all, the beauteous moon. And its gift a night of Avatch-
fulness.

.JfcL) JJ * aJ_^ .J.) 6^_cIj iJb Ijp. ii^ ^jA LflJ t— A;^

'Omarah's praise seems at first sight somewhat puzzling,
but he reckons upon his Eastern reader's quickness to ap-
prehend that the poet is not simply describing a desert
moon-lit scene, that he is on the contrary descanting upon
the charms of his mistress, her rounded form, her figure
flexible and graceful as the ban-tree, and her face resplendent
■with beauty as the full moon.

Khrazraji relates the circumstances that led to the death
of Ibn Abi 'Akamah. Jayyash sought the hand of a woman,
of whose extreme beauty he had been informed. She was
daughter of an Arab tribe, descended from Rabi'ah son of
Nizar, inhabiting the valley of Mauza^t There was a
division of opinion among her people, on the question
whether the demand should be complied with. The Kadi,
who as a Taghlibite was akin to the tribe, advised them not
to consent unless all were agreed. Jayyash, by a liberal
expenditure of money, eventually gained his ends, and the
woman, when she joined her husband, acquainted him with
the part played by the Kadi in the matter.

The same writer gives three, instead of one line only,
of the verses composed by Husayn ibn al-Kumm, as
follows : —

Thoix hast dealt unrighteously, 0 Jayyash, in slaying al-Hasan —
Thou hast darkened, by his destruction, the glory of his age.

* iJji ? Khi, diy

t Ilamdani says that the country in the neighbourhood of
Mauza', Mukha and Bab al-Mandab, which was occupied by the
Banu ^lusili (a tribe derived from the Banu Majid, themselves a
subdivision of the Banu Haydfin), was inhabited also by the Banu
Farasan, descendants of tbe Banu Taghlib. The Himyarite genea-
logists, he adds, claimed them as descendants of Himyar.

The Farasan Islands, he further says, were named after the
tribe, who, he also tells us, were originally Christians and at one
time possessed churches in the islands. The Banu Farasan are
described as enterprising merchants, who conducted a large trade
with Abyssinia and protected commerce. (Miiller's Hamdani,
p. 5.3, 1. 20 sqq. and p. 98, 1. 22 sqq )

NOTES 76-78. Notes. 281

He sought not the accumulation of riches. — Pure and free from

evil,
His reward for raising thee to the throne of Yaman, — is his

slaughter at thy hands and a dishonoured grave.

p .. ^ » •»

«

^^_j % 4-liJ J A-5>J-:-5 ij-e^-11 *ii^^j ly^ *!)-*■ u^-^^

Note 76 to p. 94. — Jurayb is described by Hamdaui
(pp. 69 and 113) as a place where an important market was-
held, largely frequented by the people of Tihamah and
by the Ai-ab inhabitants of the country of the Banu Ham-
dan.

The Banu Jurayb are said to be descendants of Huzayl
son of Sharahbil, one of the contemporaries and successors
{tdhi') of the Prophet's Companions, mentioned in Ibn al-
Athir's Tlsd al-Okdhah. (Bui. ed. v. p. 60.) Khazraji
writes al-Hdrith instead of Jurayb. The town of Jurayb
is described by Hamdani (p. 113, 1. 6) as situated in the
district of Hajiir. The latter is marked in Dr. Glaser's
map.

Note 77 to p. 98. — Al-Janadi, like 'Omarah, does not
mention the date at which Mansiir son of Fatik died, and
Khazraji remarks that he had not been able to ascertain it.
But 'Omarah's words may be held to imply that the death
of Mansur followed immediately after the accession of Mann
Allah as Wazlr.

Note 78 to p. 98. — It is difficult to extract a consistent
meaning from this passage, and hardly less so from the ver-
sion given by al-Khazraji, shown in a ibotnote to the
printed text. His words must signify that the lady received
the title of Hurrah (free, virtuous, honourable, etc.) because
she had borne a child to Mansur, an explanation which in
her case in particular — that of a native of the country — is
hardly satisfactory. I have preferred to read oij as in
Khazraji, instead of lia^h, but iJ-j:^ as in our text in the
next line, instead of oij , repeated in Khazraji. The pas-
sage, however, remains very doubtful.

The surname Abu 'l-Jaysh is best known through its

282 Notes. NOTES 79-82.

having been borne by one of tlie Princes of the Eo-yptian
dynasty of Tuluu^ and may be translated the Possessor of
the great Army. But the word Jaysh may also be trans-
lated agitation, turmoil, in which sense it is perhaps
used in the text. I may add that the name Jayyash, de-
rived from the same root, may be translated Jugh-sjpii^ited,
fiery.

Note 79 to p. 100. — Al-Khazraji adds that, according to
statements made to him by several persons, Mann Allah
was buried in a mosque at Zabid, which stood on a spot called
al Hadcl. In Khazraji's own day it bore the name Mosque
of Ibn ar-Ruddd, after one who, when the building threatened
ruin, repaired it. In earlier times, he continues, the mosque
was universally known under the name of Mosque of the son
of Mann Allah.

Note 80 to p. 102. — Abu 'l-IIasan Ibn al-Labban al-
Fai'adi, an eminent Jurist and authority on the laws of in-
heritance, died at Baghdad in a.h. 402.

Note 81 to p. 102. — Abu 'Amru ibn al-'Ala, one of the
seven principal readers, that is to say, recensionists of the
Kuranic text, died in A.H. 153 or 157, aged eighty-six years.
Of the other six, the earliest died about a.h. 118 and the
latest about a.h. 181.

The differences between the several readings are of so
slight a character that it would be misleading to speak of
them as so many versions of the Kur'an.

Note 82 to p. 105. — The copyist must be suspected of
being again at fault in this passage. It is difficult to
make sense of the words Jl?^l ^^j , as they stand, in the text,

and they are not to be found in the corresponding passage
in Khazraji. He writes as follows (p. 89) : —

r'lf'*' cy^**~i

Yakiit mentions a village named Wasd' in the district of
'Aththar, a place which, if it is correctly described, is far too
distant to be here in question.

NOTES 83-87. Notes. 283

Note 83 to p. 107. — It is hardly necessary to remind the
reader that^ in Muhaniraadan countries, a slave who bears a
child to her master, thereby becomes free.

Note 84 to p. 109. — Al-Khazraji supplies us at this point
with a short passage, omitted by the transcriber of our
text, but which I include in the translation. The words are
as follows : — •

. A\ ^)l^ ij:*Lai l^.a3l \jJk^ l^j lj^^» ivji-^i' A,«.*il

Note 85 to p. 110. — My translation here again follows
al-Khazraji : —

w

Khazraji proceeds with the words l^ j jwjs . Reading

the verb in the passive, the general sense agrees with
*Omarah.

Note 86 to p. 111. — Some words, omitted in the text, I
have supplied in the translation, from al-Khazraji's version,
as follows ; — ■

Note 87 to p. 113. — It will be observed that further

on, 'Omarah gives this place the alternative name of J^^~\\ .
Al-Hamdani has the same, but for a totally different place,
namely between Mount Sabir and Aden (p. 77, 6-9).
Khazraji vocalizes the name al-Karish. Yakut writes al-
Kirsh and says it is a castle in the district of al-Mahjam,
but his information, such as it is, is probably nothing more
than what he has gathered from 'Omarah. Al- Janadi writes :

Q^^^\ a) Jliu s.J> J-a- ^J^ U-2». cT^ J (^^^- 1^^ I'G"^-)^ intima-
ting in plain words, that the castle stood upon Mount Bura',
The name of the castle of Dahsdn, mentioned in our text

284 Notes. NOTE 88.

a few lines further on, is thus likewise given by Khazraji,
but I have nowhere else met with it.

Note 88 to p. 113. — Ibn Khaldun says (sup-a, p. 166-7)
that Ghanim ibn Yahya was a descendant of the Suley-
manite Sharif s of Mecca, who, he tells us, not only here,
butJlso in his chapter on the history of the Suleymanites
of Mecca, sought refuge in Yaman upon their expulsion by
the Banu Hashim. But Ibn Khaldun^s statements, in cer-
tain portions of his general history require to be received
with some caution. Thus he tells us^ on the authority of
Ibn Sa'Id, that the Suleymauite refugees conquered
Sa'dah from the Rassites, that they and their descendants
were the recognized Imams of Yaman throughout a period
of at least a century and a half, that the Imam Ahmad (al-
Mutawakkil) who brought about the assassination of Fatik
ibn Muhammad in a.h. 553, and even the celebrated Imam
al-Mansur 'Abd Allah, were members of the Suleymauite
family. All these statements we know to be absolutely
incorrect, as I shall yet have occasion to show.*

It must, however, be observed that not only 'Omarah,
but also every writer on the history of Yaman, including
the authors of the Hada ik and of the YaivakU (Brit. Mus.
Or. 3786 and 3771) invariably speak of the Hasanite family,
to which Gbilnim ibn Yahya belonged, under the designa-
tion of the Suleymanites. I was for a moment inclined to
think that the circumstance simply pointed to the fact of
their having obtained possession of the district, commonly
known, at that time, as the Province of Suleyman ibn Tarf.
But the explanation was one which I soon found reason to
abandon.

With the exception of Ibn Khaldun, none of the writers
I have referred to, so far as I have been able to discover,
explain who these people were, nor whence they came. I
have nowhere found any allusion to kinship between them
and the Imams of Sa'dah, some trace of which could hardly
fail to appear, if it had existed. Ibn Khaldun, I am much
inclined to think, is right so far as the origin of the family
of Ghaiiim ibn Yahya is concerned. Khazraji gives us a
fuller pedigree of the Sharif than any I have found else-
where, and calls him Ghanim son of Yahya son of Hamzah

* See Note 130.

NOTES 89, 90. Notes. 285

sonof Wahlias [infra, Note 101), It seems not improbable
that Ghaiiim's graudt'atlier llamzah iba Wahlias was the
identical Suleymauite Prince, who unsuccessfully disputed
the sovereignty over Mecca with the Banu Hashim, as may
be read in the history of Mecca by Dr. Saouck-Hurgronje.*

I may add that I find mention in the HadaiJc of two
other members of the Saleymanite family, namely, at fol.
128 obv., 'Aly son of 'Isa son of Hamzah son of WaTmas,
living in a.h. 540, and at fol. 1G8 obv., Nizam ad-din Yahya
son of ^Aly (son of the pi-ecediug ?), ruler over the old pro-
vince of Suleyman ibn Tai^f in a.h. 594-5, in the days, that
is to say, of the Ayyubite dynasty.

I have made no attempt to trace the subsequent history
of the Suleymiiuites, but I find them mentioned in the life
of the Imam al-Mutawakkil Yahya (Brit. Mus. Or. 3731).
The author says (fol. 59 obv.) that in a.h. 963 (a.d. 1556),
the Imam received letters from the Sulaymanite Sharifs in-
forming him of the success with which they had resisted
the troops brought by the Turks from Egypt.

Al-Mutawakkil, a descendant of Yusuf the Da'y, died in
A.H. 965.

Note 89 to p. 115.— The death of Fatik son of Mansur
occurred, according to both al-Janadi and Khazraji in the
month of Sha'baa of the year 531. The omission of the
year from our text is probably an accident. Neither al-
Jauadi nor Khazraji give us particulars of the circumstances
under which al-Fatik ibn Muhammad, the successor of al-
Fatik ibn Mansur, was raised to the throne. Al-Janadi
merely repeats (fol. 187 rev.) what Ave have been told by
'Omarah, with the addition, as in Khazraji, that the Prince
died leaving no issue. (Supra, p. 95.) The sentences I
have enclosed in square brackets are wanting in the text
and are supplied from Khaz"raji.

Note 90 to p. 118. — I have not found to what Arab stems
these tribes, the Banu Mash'al, Zi'l and 'Imran are to be
assigned. Bijt it is probable that like the Hakamites
they were subdivisions of the Banu Madhhij. The Banu

* See also the passage from Ibn al-Athlr (stipra, Note 31), in
which certain Hasanites are spoken of as having removed 10
Yaman, at some time previous to a.h. 455.

286 Notes. NOTES 91-9-4.

Haram are mentioned by Hamdani (p. 116) as the principal
subdivision of the Banu Nahd.

Note 91 to p. 121, — It has been sufficiently shown in the
course of 'Omarah's narrative, that at least some ladies of
exalted rank in Yaman, were by no means rigorous in their
observance of the strict rules, that exclude Eastern women
from personal intercourse with men. But in regard to this
particular instance, it must be borne in mind, that Surur
was technically the slave of the Lady 'Alam. His admission
into her presence was consequently no violation of Muham-
madan law.

Note 92 to p. 121. — To stand, or even to sit before, that
is to say facing a person, is a mark of respect to one superior
in rank. (See supra, p. 122.)

Note 93 to p. 123. — Our text is manifestly corrupt at this
point, and the portion of the translatiou enclosed within
square brackets is from al- Janadi's version, which, through-
out tbe description of Surur's character and habits is, as is
likewise that of al-Khazraji, an almost verbatim copy of
'Omarah. The following is the passage as it stands ia the
Paris MS. (p. 188. obv.)!

i—iiw J A^ tJ^J.i jlkUl ^b Jl tJ.oj *c->j^Jl Jju jlc J.* J^ J

. Jl SsT^^ J! _.^is J vj>l' 1^=^ ^'H t»'-* J^-^- J ^^

The words in the translation, placed within ordinary
brackets, are taken, as will be seen, from 'Omarah.

Note 94 to p. 123. — Al-Jcinadi continues at this point as
follows : —

V J S.JJ i.iA»j ;^s^' 1 1 ^J^ ^-?> jj> J-s— ? i_i,4 JVl Jl iSsr^ J

• Khi, \j/^ U^oUl J g^ljiJ f Khi, J^.

: Khi, >A^ § Khi, JWl Jl^; J^l ^ II Khi, ^h^.

NOTE 94. Notes. 287

•His mosque is known to the present day under the name of
Mosque of Surur. It is situated in 'the city of Zabid, on the
western side of MarUV al-'Ajuz (the Old Woman's Pasturage).
Hardly any of the inhabitants of the town, saving a few of the
best informed class, know who Surur was. The vulgar only know
that it is one of the mosques, the erection of which is ascribed to
the Abyssinians,

Al-Janadi admits that his history of the early dynasties
is much abridged. " If," he says to his readers, after re-
cording the death of Mann Allah, —

If you desire fuller information, you will find it in the Muf'id of
'Omarah. I have abridged much of his history, but always in
such wise, that in what I mention there shall be, either in ex-
press terms or by implication, something that points to what I
have omitted.

(JxJ 8,Li.l ^jA \^S^=a O^^i.1 ^U 5jl^ SJio yiaili l^i iji^ Cjij\ lil

In treating of the life and character of Suriir, al-Janadi
departs from his rule, and introduces into his pages an
almost verbatim copy of 'Omarah's account of the celebrated
Wazir. The examples afforded by the life and conduct of
a pious Muslim furnish, in the eyes of an Arab writer, a far
worthier theme for the historian^s pen, than the record of
the rise and fall of dynasties or of any merely secular events.
Here are al-Janadi's own words on the subject : —

A full account of Surur's qualities, of his nobility of character,
of his bravery and of his righteousness, would be of great length.
What 'Omsirah has recorded on the subject is widely known.
Let him who more would read, turn to that writer's book al-
Mufid. The student may do so, although, in the case of Surur, I
have written at far greater length than I have allowed myself to
do in other instances. Thus have I done on account of Surur's
great merits. I have studied to acquaint myself with all that to
which 'Omarah directs attention, and I have entered into detailed
particulars on the subject of Surur's virtues, such as justify in-
difference to other things which I have omitted.

288 Notes. NOTE 95.

Note 95 to p. 124. — Al-Janadi mentions the pedigree of
*Aly iba Malady, bat it is more fully given by Khazraji
(p. 97) as follows: — Abu 'l-Hasan 'Aly son of (Mahdy son
of) Muhammad, son of 'Aly son of Da-ud, son of Muhammad
son of 'Abd Allah, son of Muhammad son of Ahmad, son
of 'Abd al-Kaiiir (?) son of 'Abd Allah son of al-Aghlab
sou of Abu 'i-Fawaris son of Maimun, of the tribe of Him-
yar and subtribe of Ru'ayn.

Al-Janadi's rendering of the geographical names men-
tioned in our text is as follows : —

The commencement of his career was at al-'Irk, the lower por-
tion of the valley of the river Zabld. It commences with the
village of al-'Anbarah and (comprises) al-Kudayb, al-Ahwab, al-
Mu'tafi (?), Wasit and its neighbourhood. He acquired there a
great reputation for piety.

A few lines further on he supplies us with the vocaliza-
tion of the name al-Kudayb.

ell J i^^sJl hj) l^ljl S^j ^^\j Ja-- jA jj.il d;s]lj 8^1 j^\s L Jjl

I have nowhere else met with the name e)/Jl . Al-'Trk
j^l has been mentioned at p. 15 as close to Zabid. See
also Janadi, p. 183, and Yakut. Ibn al-Mujawir (Sprenger,
p. 149) says that Wadi 'l-'Irk is another name for Kuwayd
ij^iy half a parasang from Wadi Rima' and four from
Zabld. Al-Fdrah or al-'Arah, it will be noticed, is omitted
by both Janadi and Khazraji ; but al-A'rah is described by
Ibn al-AIujawir, who says that its inhabitants are fisher-
men and that close to it are the ruins of a city, among
which the remains of two mosques could still be distin-
guished. (Sprenger, p. 149-50.)

To 'Omarah's description of Ibn Mahdy, al-Janadi adds
that he was of a tender heart, quick in shedding abundant

-^Jh ^

NOTE 96. Notes. 2 89

tears, ^j..^ i*«jJl i_^^ t-Jlall jjJ^ ^ ^ au account of liim which
need not perhaps be regarded as wholly inconsistent with the
savage cruelty he displayed. The autlior's meaning, how-
ever, is that Ibn Mahdy was in the habit of lamenting with
tears his unworthiness in the face of God.

The woi'ds, " he bore between his eyes the traces of his
prostrations," are an allusion to a passage in the Kur'an
(S. xlviii. V. 29) : Thou shalt see them (the believers)
howing down and pro><tratlii(j themselves, wuDiinq the rjrace
of God and his approbation. Their distinguishing mark is
on their hroivs, the traces of their prostrations.

It is related by the commentators that 'Aly Zayn al-
'Abidin, grandson of 'Aly the Prophet's son-in-law, and
'Aly son of 'Abd Allah son of 'Abbils, ancestor of the
Abbasides, were surnamed Dhu 'th-thafindt, because the
frequency of their prostrations in prayer had caused
induration of the skin on the part of their foreheads that
touched the ground. There is a tradition that the Prophet
disapproved of such marks, but his disapproval is recon-
ciled with the reverence in which the memory of the two
'Alys is held, by an explanation that what the Prophet
condemned were marks purposely produced, by undue
pressure of the forehead upon the ground. Such marks
are signs of hypocrisy and impiety, from which, adds the
pious writer quoted by the author of the Kashshaf, we must
pray God to deliver us.

The word i'tazala, which occurs in Ibn Khaldiiu as well as
in 'Omarah, and which I have translated he led a life of
retirement, might also be taken to" signify that Ibn Mahdy
joined the sect of the Mu'tazilites. But Ibn Khaldiin
styles him the Kharijite, and is supported therein by
'Omarah's statement that Ibn Mahdy held the doctrine
which treats sin as infidelity {^upra, p. 132). It deserves,
perhaps, to be remarked that 'Omarah speaks of Ibn Mahdy
as al-Khdrij {supra, p. 95), which, however, simply signi-
fies the rebel.

Note 96 to p. 125. — See Dieterici's Mutanabbi, p. 2S0,
where the line is given as follows : —

■Jul oJ_ O ' M

Al- Janadi says that it was in the year 536 that the Queen
'Alam relieved Ibn Mahdy and his foUowei-s from payment

U

290 Notes, NOTE 96.

of the K/ian'ii (land assessment), and that after the death, of
the queen (in a.h. 545), his followers greatly increased in
numbers.

The same writer gives us the following kliufhah or ser-
mon, delivered by Ibn Mahdy to his followers : —

" ' I swear by Allah, unto none but unto me and unto you
hath God committed the doom ot the Abyssiniaus. Soon, under
Ills will, ye shall know. By Allah the most great, the Lord of
]\loses and of Abraham, I shall be unto them as the suffocating
"wind of 'Ad and as the exterminating cry of Thamiid.* Verily, I
speak unto you and ye are not deceived, I promise and your hopes
shall not be frustrated. Of a certainty, though now ye be few ye
shall be many, though ye be humble ye shall be honoured, though
ye be lowly ye shall be exalted, and your fame shall be a proverb
among Arabs and non-Arabs ; that God may requite them that
do evil according to their deeds, and that nnto them that do
good he may grant his surpassing rewards.^ The time is near.
Await with patience. By the Divine Truth of God most great,
charged unto every believer and maintainor of the Unity, I will of
a certainty give unto you the dauglaters of the Abyssiniaus and
their sisters, to be your servants, and I will deliver into your
hands their riches and their children.'

'' Then he recited the verse: God. hath promised unto such of you
as believe and are toell-doing, that they shall of a certainty inherit
the earth, as it hath been inherited by those (the faithful) that ivere
before them. Verily, he loill establish among them the faith they
have willingly received j and of a certainty, for their fears he will
substitute saftty.'" X

aDI (jaji 'i\i'i\ slj^U (^--srl^ ly.--A.l lj^>Jl (jj)?; j UU^ U^ ^y\^\ (^.JJI

* The tribe of 'Ad, for its disregard of the prophet Hud, was
destroyed by a suffocating wind. That of Thamud, for its defiance
of the prophet Srdih, perished at the sound of an appalling cry
that issued from the heavens. (Kur'an, s. vii.)

t KurTm, liii. 32. * I Kur'an, xxiv. 54.

NOTES 97, 98. Notes. 291

*)y J,l ol)»-U!l [jl? J j,C* 1^1 ^^iJJI dill Acj ]/ J *ft^Vjl J i^lj^l

. L*l JUj

NoTE 97 to p. 126. — Janadi says that after the queen's
death, a great number of people swore allegiance to Ibn
Mahdy at the village of Kudayb. This he adds was in
A.H. 546. Ibn Mahdy then proceeded to ad-Dashir, where
he remained for a time, and thence he went up to the for-
tress of ash-Sharaf. I have substituted in our text the
name Bdshir for Sharaf. The latter, as is shown by the
words that follow, cannot be correct, and Khazraji, as well
as Janadi, writes Dashir, In the printed edition of Yakut's
Geographical Dictionary, the name appears as Ddsir, and
the author says it stood at the distance of a night's journey
from Zabid. (See supra, p. 128.) Ash-Sharaf was one of
the fortresses situated on Mount Wusab.

Instead of Hay wan, the name of the tribe to which ash-
Sharaf is said to have belonged, we may perhaps read
Haydan. Haradani mentions the Banu Haydan as sons of
'Amru son of al-Haf (p. 53, 1. 20). They were, therefore,
descendants of Kuda'ah, but it has been seen (see supra,
Note 3, pp. 217 and 218), that certain Khaulanites in Yaman
were reo^arded as Kuda'ites.

Note 98 to p. 129. — By omitting the words printed in
italics, in accordance with the amendments I have indicated
in the footnotes to the printed text, the succession of the
Zijadite Princes here presented will agree with that pre-
viously given by 'Omarah in his history of the dynasty
{supra, p. 5), and after him by al-Jauadi and subsequent
writers. The present passage, it is true, may be suspected
of being an interpolation and has, perhaps, been corrupted
by the transcribers. But the accuracy of 'Omarah's pre-
vious account of the succession is itself by no means free
from doubt, and the interpolation, if it be one, is perhaps
capable of helping us to a more correct appreciation of the
facts. Thus Abu '1- Jaysh Ishak is here stated to have been
graudson, instead of son of Ibrahim — Ishak, son of Muham-
mad son of Ibrahim. The latter, in like manner, is repre-
sented as grandson of Muhammad ibn Ziyad — Ibrahim son
of 'Abd Allah son of (Muhammad iba) Ziyad. Ibrahim, we
have been told, died in a.h. 289, eighty-six years there-

u 2

292

Notes. NOTE 98.

fore after the arrival of Muhammad ibn Ziyacl ' In Yaman,
and Abu 'J-Jaysh Ishak in a.h. 371, eighty-two years after
the death of Ibrahim, who it is said was Ishak's father.
(See suj)ra, Note 13.)

Al-Janadi offers some remarks which may be taken to
show that his mind was open to doubt as to the perfect
accuracy of 'Ouiarah's account of the Ziyadite succession.
He mentions and quotes (fol. 182 rev.) certain marginal
nptes he found on a copy of 'Oinarah's Maflcl. As to their
subject matter, it is sufficient to say that, the writer omits
the reign of Ziyad son of Ibrahim, that he represents
Husayn ibn Salamah as having, in a.h. 371, succeeded Ishak,
and that he helieves the latter was he who bore the surname
Abu ^1-Jaysh. Al-Janadi proceeds as follows : —

According to the annotator, each of the Br.iiu Ziyad enjoyed a
long life, and the members of the dynasty were few in number.
According to 'Omarah they were many, of some the life was long,
of others it was short. God knoweth the truth. The annotator
says also that Husayn ibn Salamah died in 403, one year later
than the date mentioned by 'Omarah. Know that in such his-
torical details, both truth and falsehood, amplitude and scantiness
are to be found. This is caused by transcribers' variations, which
give rise to diversities in historical works. Discrepancies will be
found even between one copy and another of the same hook,
written by the same author. The well-informed are fully aware
of these facts. It may be that some critic will take exception to
the matter I have extracted from the Miifld and other works, but
the only grounds for his censure will be his own inadequate study
of historical works, and his neglect to compare diiferent copies
with one another. That Avhich clearly appears is, that the uncon-
trolled rulership of the Eanu Ziyad endured from a.h. 203 to 371,
168 years. . . .

The substance of what follows has already been given in
Note 13, and the following is the Arabic text of the entire
passage : —

i^ J] j.^"^' J 5^L? ^j^= J L (Jc i:^ i-^^>.J^> ^'^ i^-*> ^y iji^'^ o^
lj,s-lj >_a.:-aJI J lj-3.lj u_a..flll ^J^> Si ^.^VJl ^^^=a v_j!^i.l J JaJI

NOTES 99, 100. Notes. 293

U.J .9 V 5,1x11 i^y^ 1 \js.\ (j;_;i-Vl ,jC ^^^Is."-'^' iJJ^lj J>-jJ. Lo t aJusi J

C^LVl jj;C 5;^-a9 VI (ii).I JJ l_*--.V »;;C j J.-flJl ^S. oLaj L ^xJll ^^XJ

d^L 5J.* ijl dJ ij^s.*i jfl-9 Ijsr-' 5AC ^ ^^11 J •_j^1^:l.11 (-^.^= ^

JI9 »^_S J L<»J.9 U ^J-;jl ^^J ijO (J^a- jW^"-* ^^*^U* ^.^Jljl Ijl^l 1^0

^_^c (5;"-!1j a1-9 i>. {jji-\ s^\ Ij^ 4j''^. J !>-^5^ l;^- c^:;'"*' "^-^ ^"^

U3.1jj" Ija ij ,j J fir i;-j iij.3iiill j^^o ^i J^j uj'j

^JJ^^ j^Vl ijlj^, Jlj^l i^J^i'-f 1^1 UJ^' ^H* \j^} (•ft'l;^ l_j>*- 'ii'^Jl
. ji«»-jl 5 ;^^^ ^4;^ 9-'y-^ '■^*" V** ^''**' cJJ*'j J <i->~j^ J Ai-< i),l-o Jj*.a:^jl

Note 99 to p. 131. — I can make no other sense of the
words as they stand in the text. They have no doubt been
inaccurately transcribed, but they have also very much
the appearance of an interpolation, and it is to be remarked
that they are not to be found in the corresponding passage
of al-Khazraji. We have seen that according to both al-
Janadi and Khazraji {.supra, Note 56), Mansur son of al-
Mufaddal was living in 547 and. died before a.h. 550. On
the other hand, the present passage may be compared with
what is said by Ibn Khaldun [stcpra, p. 151 and p. 174).
But again it must be remarked that if Mansur was twenty
years of age, or even less, when his father died in a.h. 504,
and if he lived to the age of one hundred or even ninety,
then he must have survived 'Omarah. And 'Omarah^s his-
tory, we are told, was written in a.h. 56i. The word (^.3^,
thirty, in our text, might be an error for t^^*J, ('i(jhty. But
if, as seems probable, Mansur was in his childhood when
his father died in 504, then it may well be that when he
himself died, say in 548, he had been in possession of his
inheritance for about thirty years.

Note 100 to p. 132. — Ash-8hamuhi {sic) is mentioned by
Khazraji (fol. 103 and 108) as also the Ibrtress of Ifo/m^'a/t,

* Read ^^JlM ^ ioU j iJU f Read I'.'J

294 Notes. NOTE 101.

Sharxjdk and Thdlithah, and he allows it to be inferred that
these three were situated in Mikhlaf Ja'far. Yakut says
that Majraa'ah stood on Wadi Nakhlah. Janadi has ath-
Thdlathi {supra, p. 201), and Sharyak is mentioned in the
passages borrowed from Ibn Hatim in Note 101 (p. 297).
J) ami is iu eluded in the list of places given by Khazraji.
It is mentioned by Hamdaai (p. lUO, 1. 18) as situated in
the district of Sahul, also by the author of the Marasid, on
the authority of al-Janadi, from whom he adds a not very
intelligible extract. Tahlah is not mentioned by Khazraji,
and looks as if it might be a careless repetition of Nakhla/i.

Note 101 to p. 134. — According to al-Janadi, 'Aly ibn
Mahcly was buried in Zabid, at a spot he had himself
selected. The mosque built over his grave was known as
al-BIashhad (the Mausoleum) and it stood opposite the
college known under the name of al-Maylin (or al-Mayluu).
The miuaret was still standing in al-Janadi's days, but the
mosque had been converted into a stable for the use of one
of the Turkish kings. According to al-Khazraji, the
Rasiihte Sultan al-Ashraf Isma'il (a.h. 778-803) laid the
foundations of a college on the site of the tomb, but aban-
doned his intention of building. The spot was converted
into a halting-place for the Sultana's camels, and continued
to be so used down to the writer's days.

Mahdy, son and successor of 'Aly ibn Mahdy, attacked
and massacred the inhabitants of Lahj in 556 and 557. Next
he captured Janad, slaughtei-ed its inhabitants and cast the
bodies of the slain into the well of the mosque. This was
in 558. He returned to Zabid suffering from a disease
under the effects of which his body, after being covered
with marks described as having the appearance of being
the effects of fire, became a mass of open sores. Such was
his condition that he had to be carried down from Ta'izz in
a litter lined with carded cotton wool. He died on the first
of Dhu '1-Ka'dah 558.

Al Khazraji, after quoting the above from al-Janadi, pro-
ceeds to say that a different account of the succession is
given by the author of the 'Ikd atli-Thamin. According,
he says, to that writer, Ibn Mahdy was succeeded by his
two sous, Mahdy and 'Abd an-Naby, the latter as general
administrator of th(^ affairs of the kingdom and the former
as military chief. Mahdy is stated by the writer to have
returned from his expedition to the Highlands in Muharram

NOTE 101. Notes. 295

559, and to have died at Zabid on the 18th of that month.
*Abd an-Naby now became sole ruler, and continued his
brother's career of conquest and devastation. In 560 he
attacked the Sulaymanite Sharifs. A party of the enemy,
commanded by the Amir Wahhas ibn GLauim ibn Yahya
ibn Hamza ibn Wahhas, was utterly destroyed, the AmTr
himself being among the slain. Khazraji says that 'Abd
an-Naby composed on that occasion a poem of the class
styled Musammatah, which further on (p. 106) he gives in
full. He does so after quoting a passage from 'Omarah
which is not to be found in the British Museum text. It is
to the effect that *Abd an-Naby was an excellent poet as
well as a brave warrior, and that he was the author of a
collection of poems in which is included the Musammatah
in question.

Continuing to write on the authority of the author of the
'Ikd atli-Thamln, al-Khazraji gives us particulars of 'Abd
an-Naby's conquests and depredations in the Highlands of
Yaman, In 568 he laid siege to Aden, whereupon Ilatim
son of 'Aly son of the Da'y Saba son of Abu Su'iid pro-
ceeded to San'a and prevailed upon the Hamdanite Sultan
'Aly ibn Hatim, ancestor of the historian, to assist the
Zuray'ites against the common enemy. '^Aly ibn Hatim,
a member, like the Zui*ay'ites, of the sub-tribe of Yam, con-
sented, on condition of his being supported by the tribes of
Janb and Madhhij. Hatim the Zuray'ite proceeded to
Dhamar and obtained prooiises from Saltan 'Abd Allah ibn
Yahya and from Sheykh Zayd ibn 'Amru, chiefs of the two
tribes, to join in the alliance. 'Aly ibn Hatim thereupon
marched from San'a, in the month of Safar 569, at the head
of the Hamdanites, accompanied by tribesmen of Sinhan,
Shihab, Nahd and others.* The Arabs combined their foi'ces
in the district of Sahul. The army of 'Abd an-Naby was
attacked and utterly routed near Ibb, by the allies, who
advanced successively to Dhu Jiblah and to Janad, both of
which were found to have been abandoned by the enemy.
The Mahdyites were again attacked and dispersed at Dliu
'Udaynah near Ta'izz. Intelligence came from Aden that

* The Banu Shihab are mentioned by Hamdani (p. 114, 23) as
a sub-tribe of the Banu Kindah. The Banu Xalid were a sub-
tribe of Kuda'ah, but the name was also borne by a sub-tribe of
Hamdiln. At p. 92, 1. 18, Hamdani calls the Nahdites sub tribe
of the Banu 'Ans.

296 Notes. NOTE 101.

its siege was raised, and tliat the camp formed by 'Abd an-
Naby at Zn'jizi had been abandoned. The Hamdanite Sul-
tan 'Aly ibn Hatim would have pursued the enemy into
Till amah, but his allies of the tribes of Janb and MadUhij
refused, and he returned to San'a. His brilliant but brief
campaign thus came to an end. He started from Janad on
Saturday 19fch Rabi* Awwal, reached Dhu Ashrak in the
eveuiiig, and Dhu Jiblah on the following day. Here he
halted for six days and ordered the dismantling of the great
palace, then occupied by a Sulayhite Princess, Arwa,
daughter of 'Aly son of 'Abdallah son of Muhammad.

'Abd an-Naby returned to Zabid, where he soon after-
wards received intelligence that Tiiran Shah the Ayyubite
was at Mahall Abi Turab, and that the Sharif Kasim son of
Ghanim son of Yahya son of Hamzali son of Wahhas, eager
to avenge the death of his brother^ had allied himself with
the invaders.

I have mentioned in the Introduction to this book, that
the foregoing particulars, extracted by al-Kliazraji from the
Jkd ath-ThamJ)i of Ibn Hatim, are not to be found in the
copy of the MS. by the same author preserved in the
Library of the British Museum. The latter commences with
a somewhat detailed account of the conquest of Yaman by
Tiiran Sbah, of which the following is a brief summary.

On the arrival of Tiiran Sbah, he was joined at Harad,
also called Mahall Abi Turab, by the Sulaymanite Amir
Kasim ibn Ghanim, within whose dominions Harad was
situated. The allies marched thence at the end of Rama-
dan A.H. £69. On the 7th Shawwal they reached Zabid, of
which they gained possession at sunrise on the 9th. The
town was looted, 'Abd an-Naby and his two brothers were
taken prisoners, and the Sharif Kasim started on his return
to his country on the 3rd (read 13th?) of the month.
Turan Shah remained at Zabid until the beginning of the
following month of Dhu '1-Ka'dah. He then marched upon
Ta'izz, which surrendered. Next he took possession of
Janad, and thence he marched upon Aden, which was cap-
tured on the 20th and looted.* The Sultan returned to
thp'Mikhlaf J a'far, possessed himself of 'la'kar, and then
marched against the northern provinces. He started from

* The author here says that the children of the Da'y 'Imran were
made prisoners at Aden, together with Yasir sou of Bilal, clearly
an or: or. See next page and suj/ra, Note 69.

NOTE 102. Notes. 297

Dhu Jiblah and ascended Nakll Sayd on tbe 28tli Dhu '\-
Hijjah. At Darwan (?), Sultan 'Abd Allah ibn Yahya
the Janbite tendered his submission. Al-Musannafali
(Masua'ah ?) * was captured from Shaykh Muhammad ibn
Z:iyd al-Ba'yari al-Janbi. Thence the Sultati proceeded to
Dhamar, near which he was attacked by the Janbites and
other Arabs. The advance of the Ayyubites was severely
contested, but the Arabs were eventually defeated, and
driven with heavy loss into the fortress of Hirrau.
Turan Shah reached the outskirts of San'a on the 7th
(1 7th?) Muharram 570. 'Aly ibn Hatim escaped to the
ibrtress of Birash and Turan Shah, without stopping to
secure the city, set out on his return to Zabld. March-
ing by way of Nakil as-Saud, he was harassed with attacks
by the Banu Sinhan and Shihab, and next by the people of
Bura', but he reached his destination in safety. In Jamadi
'1-Awwalhe returned to Janad, and thenceforward occupied
himself in gaining possession of the mountain fortresses.
He successively captured Sabir, Bridiyah (? <u:iIj) Sharyak,
*Azzan-Dhakhir, Numayr which belonged to the Amir
Mansur (son of 'Imran ?) son of Muhammad son of Saba,
then Munif, then Samadan. He did not attack Sawa, which
was held by Ibn as-Saba'y. Next he besieged Dumliiwah,
whei^e the children of the Da'y 'Imran were living under
the guardianship of Jauhar. Mangonels were erected,
wherewith to batter the walls of the fortress, but the
missiles rebounded harmlessly from the rocks below.
Finally, however, Jauhar surrendered the castle in ex-
change for certain low-lying lands in the neighbourhood. f
In Sha'baa, Turan Shah was at Dhu Jiblah, where he re-
ceived intelligence of disturbances in Tihamah and ordered
*Abd an-Naby and his two brothers Ahmad and Yahya to
be put to death. They were executed at Zabid on the
7th Eajab, 670. Twelve months later, after ordering
the execution of Yasir ibn Bilal, Turan Shah started from
Yaman on his return to Egypt.

Note 102 to p. 134. — Our MS. omits the name of Saba
son of Ahmad son of al-Muzaffar, who, we have been dis-

* Yakut mentions Masna'ah, the name of a fortress that over-
looks Dhamar. Hirran he describes as one of the strongholds of
Dliamar. See also Hamdfini, p. 80, 1. 20-21.

f See a description of the fortress of Dumluwah in Note 111.

298 Notes. NOTE 102,

tinctly told, succeeded to the office of Da'y, on the death of
al-Mukarram {s}q)ra, p. 42 and Note 37). Saba ibu Ahmad,
as has been seen, died in a.h. 492. Ibn Najib ad-Daulah
arrived in Yaman, bearing the title of Da'y, in A.H. 513.
We have, therefore, an interval of twenty-one years during
which, if oar MS. can be trusted, the Da'yship was success-
sively held by two men. The name of one is left in blank,
and as to the designation of Sultan, accorded to the other, it
need not perhaps detain us, considering how indiscriminately
the title seems to have been used. See, for instance, the
two extracts from Ibn Hatim in the preceding note, also
Hamdani, p. 119, 1. 22-24.

But there is much else calculated to cast doubt upon the
accuracy of our text. Its many corruptions obscure the
sense of several passages and the unsatisfactory manner in
which the edict of the Khalifah al-Amir is introduced and
interrupts the subject of the chapter, is of itself suspicious.
On its being resumed, we find no mention of 'Abd
Allah ibn 'Abd Allah, the Sulayhite, who, we have been
told {svpra, p. 60), exercised the functions of Da'y after
Ibn NajTb ad-Daulah ; nor any explanation of the title of
Da'y given to a certain Muhammad ibn Abi 'l-'Arab, who
is stated (sxpra, p. 57), to have met Ibn Najib ad-Daulah
on his arrival at Dahlak. The sentence (p. 137) beginning
with the words. She 'next transfGrred — or, the office of Dd^y
was neH ivani^ferred to the family of Zuraij', is probably an
interpolation, borrowed, it may be, from al-Janadi, but any-
how misplaced. Al-Janadi writes as follows (fol. 184 rev.): —

When Ibn Najib ad-Daulah departed, as will hereafter be
related, the queen appointed in his place the Da'y Ibrahim ibn
al-Husayn al-Hamidi. When she received tidings of the death of
the reigning Khalifah (al-Aniir) and ot the accession of his successor
al-Hafi? to the Egyptian Khalifate, she transferred the office of
Dfry to the family of Zuray', as will herealter be clearly explained.
" Sufficient," she said, "for the family of as-Sulayhi, is what they
have done in the cause of our Lords (the Fulimite Khali labs), upon
whom be the blessings of God." This occurred after the death of
the Da'y Ibrahim, and the first of the family of Zuray' to be in-
vested with the dignity was Saba son of Abu Su'ud.

* Read^.Vl

NOTE 102. Notes. 299

.jjxJl ;3j ^^ L- ^j^j Jl j^ l^Ljl ^^ Jjl ^j\f_,

Further on (fol. 185 rev.), after relating the end of Il)n
Najib ad-Danlah's career in Yaman, al-Janadi repeats the
above in almost the same words, but adds that Ibrahim
al-Hamidi did not long survive his appointment, and that
at about the time he died, came tidings of the death of the
reigning Khalifah at Cairo, whereupon the queen trans-
ferred the oflBce of Da'y to the Zuray'ites.

Al-Amir was assassinated at Cairo by the Nizarites, in Dhu
'1-Ka'dah (the eleventh month) of the year 524. Our MS,
of 'Omarah tells us that Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn al-Hamidi
was appointed in the second year of the reign of al-HTifiz,
say therefore in a.h. 526. If this were so, the presumption
would be that the Da'y 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd Allah held
the office from the date of the disappearance of Ibn Najib
ad-Daulah in 520, for six years.

But al-Janadi's version, that Ibrahim al-Hamidi was
appointed on the departure (or not long after the depar-
ture ?) of Ibn Najib ad-Daulah, seems the more probable one,
and it is supported by his further statement that Ibrahim
al-iy^amidi died at about the time when intelligence of
al- Amir's death reached Yaman, say the beginning of
A.H. 525.

If we now adopt 'Omarah^s statement that Ibrahim was
succeeded by his son Hatim, we find ourselves naturally led
to the further date mentioned in 'Omarah, namely the
second year of the reign of al-Hafiz, which, however,
must, in such case, be regarded as the probable date
when the Da^yship was finally transferred to the family of
Zm-ay'.

There is, however, another point which requires to be
taken into consideration. Hatim son of Ibrahim son of
Husayn al-Hamidi is known to have been a powerful
Hamdauite chief, who for three years disputed the throne
of San'a with the reigning Sultiln 'Aly ibn Hatim, and
this occurred between the years 561 and 564. These dates
can only be reconciled with those given above, on the sup-
position that Hatim son of Ibrahim received the office of
Dji'y when little more than a child. But that may pos-

300 Notes. NOTES 103, 104.

sibly help to explain how it came to pass that he held it for
so short a time.

Note 103 to p. 136. — The Khalifah al-Amir died- leaving
DO male issue, six mouths after the birth of the child men-
tioned in the text. The infant son, in whom such brilliant
hopes were centred, cannot, therefore, have lived more than
a few weeks. But at the death of the Khalifah, one of the
ladies of his harim was found to be enceinte. Al-Hafiz was
consequently allowed to reign only as regent until the
birth of the child, which turned out to be a girl. This may
perhaps explain the statement in our text, that in his first
communication to the queen, al-Hafiz assumed only the title
of heir-apparent to the Khalifate.

Note 104 to p. 139. — Ibn Khaldiin's narrative is by no
means clear at this point, and something has doubtless
been omitted, either through inadvertence on the part
of the author, or through carelessness on that of the tran-
scribers.

Upon the death of al-Aswad the 'Ansite, Fayruz
assumed the government of San^a, in which he was con-
firmed by the Pi'ophet's successor Abu Bakr, who appointed
Dadhwayh and Kays ibn MakshCih to be his colleagues and
assistants. But tidings of the Prophet's death having
spread in Yaman, a rebellion again broke out. Kays
placed himself at its head and summoned the apostate fol-
lowers of al-Aswad to his assistance. He concealed his
designs from his colleagues, and invited them to a feast.
Dadhwayh was the first to arrive and was immediately
massacred. Fayriiz, when approaching the appointed spot,
obtained information of what had occurred, through acci-
dentally overhearing the conversation of two Arab women.
He turned and fled, and reached the mountain of Khaulan
in safety. Here he was joined by such as had continued
faithful to the religion of the Prophet, and with the aid of
the Banu 'Okayl, he marched upon San'a, attacked and
defeated Kays and put him to flight. Kays eventually fell
into the hands of Muliajir ibn Abi Umayyah. He was sent
to Abu Bakr, by whom he was pardoned.

The word Ahna was used to designate a mixed race, the
naturalized descendants of the Persian troops sent to Yaman

NOTES 105-107. Notes. 301

by Anvisliii'wan, with whose assistance the Abyssinians were
expelled from Ai-abia.

Note 105 to p. 139. — Ya'la is also called son of Umayyah.
The latter, it is explained, was the name of his father, and
Munyah that of his mother. The Camel which gave its name
to the sanguinary battle fought between ^Aly and his oppo-
nents in A.H. 36, and upon which 'A'ishah was mounted, is
said to have been given to her by Ya^a.

Note 106 to p. 142. — The assassination of al-Mutawakkil
and the abdication of al-Musta'in occurred long before the
reign of Abu '1- Jaysh. The words in the text must therefore
be applied to his predecessors. Cf. siq^ra, p. 15 and Note
13.

Note 107 to p. 142, — Ibn Khaldun's account of the
Zaydite Imfims of Sa^dah, known under the designation of
Rassites, will be found at p. 184.

In his chapter on the Shi'ites (vol. i. p. 164), he enters
into particulars of the principal sects into which the
adherents of 'Aly have divided themselves, and he gives an
account, among others, of the Zaydites.

All the Sln^ites, he begins by pointing out, agree upon
the fundamental point that 'Aly, son-in-law of the Prophet,
was his appointed and legitimate successor. But the ques-
tion of the principle upon which his rights are founded has
become matter of dispute. A large section, the Imamites,
in which are comprised the Dodekites * and Ismailites, con-
tend that 'Aly's appointment to the office was absolutely
in virtue of his personality, that his descendants and heirs
have followed in regular succession under the same rule,
and that no human right exists to withhold recognition of
his or their claims. The Imamites, therefore, disown the
authority of the "two Eiders " (Abu Bakr and 'Omar).

The Zaydites, on the other hand, whilst admitting that
*Aly was the appointed heir of the Prophet, maintain that
he was appointed not by reason of his individuality, but in
virtue of his personal merits. They claim, consequently,

* So nsAwedi—Itlina ^ashariyyah — because they recognize twelve
Imiims, the last of Avhom was the Mahdy, whose re-appearance is
awaited by his followers.

302 Notes. NOTE ]07.

tbe right, of selection from among the descendants of
Fatimah. The person to be invested with the office of
Imam must, they contend, be learned, pious, generous and
brave. It is further required that he shall stand forth and
publicly claim recognition of his authority. They own the
existence of a limitation of choice, one that prohibits the
actual substitution of the consideration of merit for that of
individuality, although they refrain at the same time, from
disavowing the Imamate of the two " elders,^' consequently
admitting, as is remarked, the authority of the inferior
(Abu Bakr and then ^Omar), notwithstanding the presence
of the superior, namely 'Aly. A charge is moreover made
against them, that they are tainted with the doctrines of
the Mu'tazilites, and their founder Zayd, it is said, studied
under Wasil ibn 'Ata.

The Zaydites, as was to be expected, have separated
themselves from the Dodekites and Ismailites, on the ques-
tion of the rightful holders of the Imjlmate. All agree in
the recognition of 'Aly, of his two sons Hasan and Husayn
and^ according to Ibn Khaldun, of his grandson 'Aly Zayn
al-'Abidin.* But whilst their opponents assign the succes-
sion, next after Zayn al-'Abidin to his son Muhammad al-
Bakir, the Zaydites attribute it to Muhammad's brother
Zayd, the founder of their sect, who, they say, was succeeded
by his son Yahya. Starting from that point, the Zaydites are
not, however, in complete accord. Some, according to Ibn
Khaldun, hold that Yahya was followed by his brother
*Isa. Others assert that Yahya before his death bequeathed
his office to Muhammad an-Nafs az-Zakiyyah, the Pure in
Spirit, thus transferring the Imamate from the family of
Husayn to that of Hasan. Muhammad, they further hold,
was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim, who was killed to-
wards the latter end of a.h. 115, and survived his brother
only two months. According to others, Muhammad^s suc-
cessor was Muhammad son of al-Kasini son of 'Aly son of
'Omar brother of Zayd. Others again assign the succes-
sion to Idris, brother of an-Nafs az-Zakiyyah and originator
of the Idrisite dynasty in Africa, where he founded the
city of Fez.

As a matter of fact, the Zaydites have no authentic

* The author of the YaivaTcU omits the name of 'Aly Zayn al-
'Abidin, and substitutes that of Hasan son of Hasan.

ivIANSUE

Muhammad
Hasan an-
Hr lil-Hakk
trush. D. 304.

I
11 '1-Hasan

l-Adlb. D. 304.

Hasan.

Hasan
usayn.P).

Lhmad Ja'far.

Ahda/lah al-
yn an-Nilsir.
D. 472.

'Abd ar-Ealiman. Mnl

GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL ALIDE IMAMS D^WN TO THE DEATH OP AL-MANRUE BILLAH 'ABD ALl iH.

Ismail.
Muhammad.

I. A. 'ALT IBN ABI TALIB. d.

■Aly.
'Abdallah.

Muhammad. 'Abdallah,

•Abdallah. IbrahiE

'Abd Allah aUKanil.

an-Nafs az-
Zakiyyah.

Da-ud.
Snleyman,

Ibrahim.
Isma'Il.

i.a. 40. = FATIMAH. d. .

"Omar al-
Aahra.',

I

m. C. HCSATI.
lY. D. 'AlT ZiTK it

MtihatQmad. Ahmad al-

al-n,m„t ,M-

Ndtir ia-n„kk

Y. S. Mahammad
al-Ba'kir.
i
VI. F. Ja'far aB-Sadii.

Ilbrahlmal- VIII. 'Al

H. Malammad
al-Msktum.

mad

Ad-Da-y
ila Allah
al- Hasan.

Abu 'l-Kasim Mu-
hammad al-Mur-
tada. AU.:m. d. 3io.

'Abd ar-Kahman

'Aly.

■Aly.

S. -AJyal-Hadi.
Xl. Hasan al-'Askary.

al-Hnsayn.

' 1

Abo 'l-Hosayn Ahmad.

Talib al-A&hir.

An-NaBir
Abu '1- Fath
ad-Day lami

SuleymSn. Nasir.

Hasau.

I

Hamzah.

Hanizah.

Abn Ahmad Ja'far.

Malikab.

'Abdallah.

Al>u 'l-Hatm
'Aly al-Hali
al-Rakayn%.

NOTE 107. Notes. -xo-L

a^o

record of the succession of their Imuras. At a subsequent
period to that just referred to^ the two great sections, that
of the Persian and that of the Yamanite or Arabian Zayd-
ites, have in only a few isolated instances submitted to the
authority of the same Imiim. Oa both sides the absolute
supremacy of the lawful Imfim over the entire body is dis-
tinctly admitted. But the distance that separated the two
sections geographically from one another, and the impossi-
bility of active co-operation between them in the political
objects for which they respectively strove, created a
practical difficulty, which only in a few rare instances was
partially overcome. In Arabia itself, moreover, there has
been frequent rivalry between different claimants, each of
whom has been recognized by one party and disavowed by
the other. It follows, consequently, that great discrepancies
are found between the lists of Imams given by different
writers.

Among the books I have had the opportunity of con-
sulting, the YaivakU as-Sit/ar gives the fullest list of the
Imams, and the author brings it down to the middle of the
seventh century of the Hijrah. He mentions many names
omitted by other writers, and I have included them in the
Genealogical Table appended to this note.

The table will enable the reader to follow more easily the
relation which the different families bear to one another.
The names of the Persian Imams, who successively gained
supreme power in the provinces of Day lam and Tabaristan,
are printed in italics. Hasan son of Zayd and his brother
Muhammad (descendants of Hasan son of Zayd son of
Hasan) are included, because, although they are not
reckoned as Zaydites, they undoubtedly prepared the way
for the Imams, who afterwards, like themselves, attained
supreme power on the southern shores of the Caspian.

I have added, for the sake of convenience, the succession
of the Dodekite and of the early Ismailite Imams, The
former are distinguished by Roman numerals and the latter
by capital letters. The Ismailites seceded upon the death
of the sixth Imam Ja'far as-Sadik. His son Isma'il died
before him, but the Ismailites hold that the latter was the
designated seventh Imam, and that the succession passed
on to his son, Muhammad al-Maktiim, tJte Shrouded or
Concealed, from whom 'Obayd Allah " the Mahdy,^^ fouuder
of the Fatimite Khalifate and Imam of the Ismailites, claimed
to be descended.

304 Notes. notes lOS, 109.

Note 108 to p. 149.— In the Bi-itish Museum MS. of
Ibn Khaldun a genealogical table is added at the end of
this chapter, according to which al-Mansur Saba was
descended from 'Aly the Salayhite, father of the Kadi
Muhammad and grandfather of the Da'y 'Aly.

'Aly the Sulayhite.

Al-Muzaflfar. The Ka^i Muhammad.

r I

Ahmad. 'Abd Allah. The Da'y 'Aly.

I (Builder of Dhu Jiblali.) |

I I

Al-Manaur Abu Himyar Saba. Al-Mukarram Ahmad,

I
'Aly.

Note 109 to p. 153. — Ibn Khaldiin seems here to con-
fuse with one another the incidents of the expedition
undertaken by the Da'y al-Mukarram for the rescue of his
mother, and those of the conspiracy that brought about the
death of Sa'id son of Najah.

The year 497, as that in which al-Mukarram released
his mother from captivity, is so given in both the London
and Paris MSS. as well as in the Bulfik edition. But it is
manifestly wrong, as indeed may be judged from the date
479, which immediately follows. We may probably read
475. As-Sulayhi was killed at the latter end of 473 (see
Note 31), and his mother's captivity, we are told by 'Omarah,
lasted an entire year.

Ibn Khaldun's account of Sa'id's death also requires cor-
rection. The introduction of the name of Ya'fur, although
it is to be found in both MSS. as well as in the printed
edition, is quite unsustainable, and has perhaps simply
arisen through the copyist — perhaps, indeed, the author —
having carelessly allowed his eye to be caught with the re-
semblance (especially in the Arabic character) between the
verb Yiujliri, which occurs in the text, and the name
Yafur. The statement that Sa'Td's head was, carried to
Zabid is likewise an error.

It will, moreover, be remarked that Ibn Khaldun's account
of the proceedings of Jayyash and of his wazir Khalf, on

NOTES 110, 111. Notes. 305

their return to Zabid, differs considerably from that sap-
plied by 'Omfirah. All these erroi's, it may be suspected,
are the result of a careless readiug of the original text, for
which, however, Ibu Sa'id is perhaps in the first place
responsible.

Note 110 to p. 159. — Bayhak is the name of a district
near Naysapur, after which several persons of note have
been named.

One, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn 'Aly al-Bayhaki,
is identified by Johannsen with the writer quoted by Dayba*
in his history of Zabid. He died in a.h. 458 and his life is
given by Ibn Khallikau (de Slane, i. 57). His son Isma'il
ibn Ahmad al-Bayhaki, also a distinguished man, died in
A.H. 607.

But the author, so frequently quoted by Ibn Khaldiin, is
one who appears to have written on the history of a much
later period. He speaks of al-Muti, the title attributed by
Ibn Khaldun to the Imfim Ahmad ibn Husayn, who arose
in A.H. 64>6. See supra, p. 175, and cf. the passage in Ibn
Khaldiin's enumeration of the tribes of Kahlan, vol. ii.
p. 252 (Balak ed.). Ibn al-Athir (vol. xi. p. 249) quotes a
work entitled Kitdb Masdrib it-Tajdrih by Abu '1-Hasan
ibn Abi 'l-Kiisim al-Bayhaki, who was apparently a con-
temporary of the historian and who may have survived
him. If, however, this be the person referred to by Ibn
Khaldun, he must have lived and have continued to write
down to a period more than twenty years subsequent to the
death of Ibn al-Athir in a.h. 630.

Touching the descent of the Banu Ma^n, see Notes 19
and 20.

Note 111 to p. 160. — A description of the fortress of
Dumluwah is given by al-Hamdani in his Geography of
Arabia (ed. D. H. Miiller, p. 76). It was built, he says,
upon a hill, the summit of which, measuring four hundred
cubits in length and the same in width, comprised dwelling-
places, a large mosque, and a tree capable of sheltering one
hundred men, which he calls al-Kulhtimah* The hill was
an ofl:shoot of Mount Silu, from which it was, however,
completely isolated, and which rose at a distance of one

* See Note to JuynljoU's ed. of the Marasid, vol. v. p. 489,
where it is stated that the tree was a species of oak.

X

3o6 Notes. note 112.

bundrod cubits on the south. On its eastern side, Khadlr
was distant two hours' journey.* On the north was the
market-place of Juwwah and the stream Wadi al-Jannat.
On the west, where the height of the hill was double that on
the south, was a tethering-place for the horses belonging to
the owner of the fortress. He inhabited a castle on Mount
Silu, at the distance of a bow-shot. The gate of the fortress
of Dumluwah was on its northern side, and access was
obtained to the summit by means of two ladders, each of
fourteen steps. Between the two was the prison, and
the guard house above it. Water of excellent quality was
abundantly supplied to the inhabitants by a stream, flow-
ing close to the foot of the lower flight of steps.

This stream flowed into Wadi al-Jannat, which, after re-
ceiving numerous other streams and torrents, was joined
by the Wadi Warazan (see JJ. Varascm on Mauzoni's map),
and the united waCers, increased on their way by other
tributaries, flowed down to the sea in the neighbourhood of
Aden.

Hamdani's words as above, in speaking of Juwwah, indi-
cate a position for that place at or very near the town,
marked in Manzoni's map under the name of Mama (Mawi-
yah ?). Juwwah, as is shown by our text, stood on the
highway Irom Aden, and it seems very probable that it and
Mavia are one and the same place. Reynaud, in his trans-
lation of Abu '1-Fada, writes : " Aldjoue, nom d'une petite
ville tres-connue sur la grande route des montagnes."

Hamdani (p. 190, 1. 8,) mentions the castle of Juwwah,
which seems to be one and the same with Dumluwah.

Note 112 to p. IGl.— The life of the poet Ibn Kalakis
the Lakhmite is given by Ibn Khallikan (de Slane's trans-
lation, vol. iii. p. 587), where a continuation of the line
quoted in the text is supplied. Ibn Kalakis, we are told,
was born at Alexandria in 532 and died in 567.

* In the " district of Khadir " there existed in Hamdani's days
the vestiges of a large and ancient town, Saluk, " now known,"
he says, " under the name of Ilabll ar-Rayhah, l^J\ J--s.." (In
Yakut, who copies Hamdani, the name is written iJ^l J-«*»-)
Among its remains, adds Hamdani, iron scoriae, fragments of gold
and silver and coins are found. Salukiyah armour and dogs, he
further says, were so named, after the Yamanite city. This last
statement, though in accordance with the commonly received defi-
nition, I am disj)osed to think requires confirmation.

NOTE 113.

Notes,

Z^l

Note 113 to p. 161. — Ibn Khaldan, it will be observed,
derives most of his int'ormatioQ touching the Zurayite
dynasty from Ibn Sa'id, who himself is without doubt in-
debted, directly or indirectly, to 'Omarah. But Ibu Khal-
diiu seems to be misled by the ambiguity of language, be
it his own or be it borrowed from Ibu Sa'id, which he uses
when speaking of the rivalry between the two brothers
'Aly and Muhammad, sons of Saba. In a genealogical
table he appends to the chapter, he evidently confuses 'Aly
al-A'^azz with 'Aly son of Abi '1-Gharat, and the table is so
incorrect that I omit it altogether.

I understand the Hamdanite Princes of Aden to have
succeeded one another in accordance with the subjoined
list.

The Banu Zuray'.

Al-Karam, of the sub-tribe of Jusham the Yamites.

I. 'Abbas, A.H. 476.

I
11. Zuray', his son.

I
III. Abu Su'ud, his son.

IV. Saba, his son, died 533.

I. Mas'ud, A.H. 476.

I
11. Abu '1-Gharat, his son.

I
III. Muhammad, his son.

IV. Aly, his brother, deposed
A.H. 533 (died 545).

V. 'Aly al A'azz al-Murtada, his

son, 533-534.

VI. Muhammad, his brother, 534-

548.

VII. 'Imrfm, his son 548-560.

VIII. The waz'ir Yasir son of Bilal,
under the nominal supremacy
of the sons of 'Imr n, until
tlie Ayyubite conquest in
A.H. 569.

Of their predecessors, the Banu Ma'n, we have only a

X 2

v3

08 Notes. NOTE 114.

very meagre account. They established their power over
Aden, in the days of al-Ma'mun according to Ibn Khaldun,
or, according to 'Onicirah, on the downfall of the Ziyadite
dynasty, previous to which time, we are told, Aden was
subject to the Banu Ziyad. In about a.h. 451, the Bauu
Ma'n submitted to 'Aly the Sulayhite, who imposed a tri-
bute upon them which, in a.h. 401, he settled upon his
niece and daughter-in-law Sayyidah. Upon 'Aly^s death,
in A.H. 473, the Banu Ma'n declared their independence,
but two or three years later, their country was reconquered
by al-Mukarram son of 'Aly. He deposed the family of
Ma'n and placed Aden under the joint authority of the two
brothers 'AbbJis and Mas'ud sons of al-Karam, who were
tribesmen of the Sulayhites, and to whom both 'Aly and
his son were indebted for past services.

Our MS. of 'Omarah represents 'Abbas and Maa'iid as
having survived al-Mukarram the Sulayhite, who died in
A.H. 484. But, as I have already had occasion to remark,
the MS. is, at this particular point, exceedingly corrupt.
The statement is, moreover, not confirmed by Khazraji,
from which it can only be gathered that the tribute due to
Queen Sayyidah was regularly paid until the death of Mas'iid
and Zuray'. Khazraji says that Dumluwah was conquered
by Zuray' in a.h. 480, whence it may be inferred that he
had succeeded his father previous to that date.

Zuray' and his uncle Mas'iid were killed at Zabid j but
the only clue to a date is the fact that the event occurred
during the lifetime of al-Mufaddal, who died in a.h. 504.

The dates of the death of Abu Su'iid and of Abu '1-Gharat,
under whose reign the payment of tribute finally ceased,
are also wanting ; but it may perhaps be inferred Irom
what is elsewhere stated by 'Omarah {swpva, p. 60), that
Abu '1-Gharat and Saba son of Abu Su'iid were both on
the throne in 519.

The appointment of Saba as Da'y was probably in
A.H. 525, or a.h. 526. (See Note 102.)

From and after the capture of Aden by Saba in 533,
the Banu Zuray' held undivid-ed sway over the principality
of Aden.

Note 114 to p. 166. — The Banu 'Anz son of Wa'il were
a sister tribe to the Banu Bakr and Banu Taghlib, and de-
scendants of Rabi'ah son of Nizar.

NOTES 115-119. Notes. 309

Note 115 to p. 171. — Ibn Khaldun makes elsewhere
(vol. ii. p. 64-) the same statement, and professes to do so
on the authority of as-Subayli,* to the effect, namely, that
the ancient name of Sau'a was TJwCd (or Uwwal). Two of
the MSS. used by Juynboll for his edicion of the Mardsid
have likewise the name in that form. It is not therefore
through mere inadvertence that the word is so written.
But the generality of Arab writers have Azdl, which is
identified with the biblical Uzal.

Note 116 to p. 172. — The Kharidat al-Kasr iva Jaridat
alil il-'asr was written by 'Iraad ad-din al-Isfahani, who died
in A.H. 597. His life is given by Ibn Khallikau, vol. iii.
p. 300, de Slane's translation. Another book, the Kharidat
al-'Ajd'ih has for its author Zayn ad-dln 'Omar ibn al-Wardi,
who died in a.h. 749.

Note 117 to p. 175. — Hamdrmi mentions Kutabah (p. 69)
as the name of a village or town in the less elevated portion
of Sarat Kudam, and it may have stood on or near a moun-
tain of the same name. The town seems to have been
situated not far from Hajjah, consequently almost directly
south of Sa'dah, and at a considerable distance from it.
Manzoni has Qataba on the road from Aden to Yarim,
which, it is needless to say, cannot be the place here in
question. It is probably a name of much more recent date.

Note 118 to p. 175. — A sub-tribe of Hamdan may possibly
have borne the name of Haraz, but it seems more likely
that Ibn Khaldiin is here in error. Al-Hamdani says, in his
Geography of Arabia (p. 105, Miiller's ed.), that the Banu
Haraz were a tribe descended from Himyar the elder, and
sons of al-Ghauth son of Sa'd son of 'Auf son of 'Ady (son
of Malik son of Zayd al-Jamhiir). See also 'Omarah, p. 18.

Note 119 to p. 179.— Both the Banu 'I jl and the Banu
Yarbu' were Modarite tribes. The former, stated by Ibn
Khaldiin to have become extinct, were a sister tribe of the
Banu Hanit'ah and descendants, through the Banu Bakr ibn
Wa'il, of Eabi'ah son of Nizar. The Banu Yarbii' were, as
stated in the text, derived from the Banu Tamim, descen-

* See for as-Suhayli, who died in a.h. 581, Baron de Slane's
translation of Ibn Khallikan, vol. ii. p. 99.

2,10 Notes. NOTE 119.

dants of Tabikhah son of al-Ya's son of Modar. But
another tribe^ of the same name, claimed to be descendants,
through the Banu Hanlfah, of the Banu Bakr ibn Wa'il,
and were therefore closely connected with the Banu 'Ijl.
The latter, as well as the Banu Hauifah and other sub-tribes
of the Banu Bakr, are mentioned by Hamdani among the
inhabitants of Yamamah,

Tasm and Jadis, grandsons, or the one grandson and the
other great-grandson of Shem, were the ancestors of two
great aboriginal tribes of Arabia, and their language is said
to have been Arabic,

Saksak, who according to our author was ancestor of the
Banu Hizzan, was, as he tells us elsewhere (vol. ii. p. 302),
son of Wathil (or Wa'il) son of Himyar.* But according
to other and perhaps preferable authorities (see Hamdani,
p. 1G2, and Yakut, vol. iv. p. 417), the Banu Hizzan of Ya-
mamah were derived from the Banu 'Anazah, descendants of
E-abi'ah son of Nizar, and were consequently of the same
stem as the Banu Hanifah, the Banu 'Ijl and, according to
what is stated above, as the Banu Yarbu'. The name
Hizzan was also borne by the ancestor of an ancient people,
descendants of Lawadh son of Shem, (Tabari, vol. i. p. 213 ;
Ibn Kbaldun, vol, ii. p, 7.)

The story of 'Amlik, or 'Amliik, and Yamamah will be
found in Mas'udi (Barbier de Maynard, vol. iii. p. 276,
^qq^. It tells how Hassan ibn Tubba', King of the
Himyarites, marched at the head of an army against the
Jadlsites. The king was warned that a certain woman at
Jaww, as it was then still called, possessed such marvellous
strength of vision, that she was able to descry a horseman
at a distance of three days' journey. He ordered his
soldiers each to hew down a tree and to carry it before
him. Yamamah watched the enemy's army and reported
that she beheld a forest advancing against them, with a
man behind each tree. She was disbelieved, the city was
surprised and taken, and the Jadlsites, who had exterminated
the Tasmites, in revenge for the tyranny to which they were
subjected by the Tasmite king 'Amluk, were now them-
selves massacred to the last man.-|-

* The name Hamddii, which occurs iu the passage above men-
tioned, is clearly a misprint for Hizzan.

t Yamjlmah's words describing -what she first saw, are somewhat
more intelligi})le as given by Yiikut (iv. 1033) than according to
to 'J'abari's and Mas'iidi's versions.

NOTES 120-122. Notes, 311

The story is to be found not only in Mas'udi, who wrote
in A.D. 944, but it is also told by Tabari (i. 771) who died in
A.D. 923. And the latter relates it on the authority of Ibn
Ishrik, who died in a.h. 151, a.d. 768.

Note 120 to p. 180. — The tribe of 'Ad has been men-
tioned in Note 96. The 'Adites were, like Tasm, Jadls,
Thamud, etc., one of the aboriginal Arab tribes, all of
whom have disappeared. The statement in the text, re-
lating to the people conquered by the posterity of Ya'rub,
must, I presume, be applied to the second or later 'Adites,
descendants of those members of the tribe who escaped
destruction in the days of the prophet Hud.

Both Hadramaut and Ya'rub are usually described as sous
of Kahtan.

Note 121 to p. 182. — Zafar was conquered in a.h. 678
by Sultan al-Muza£far, the second king of Yaman of the
dynasty of the Banu Rasul. The Prince of Zafar was at
that time Salim son of Idrls, grandson, it is to be presumed,
of Ahmad ibn Muhammad, the person mentioned in the
text, and the founder of a short-lived dynasty. A full
account of al-Muzaffar's conquest is given by Ibn Hatirn
(fol. 100 obv. sq<l.). It is also mentioned by al-Janadi
(p. 181 obv.), and Khazraji, in his 'Vkud (fol. 115 obv.),
follows Ibn Hatim.

Khazraji calls the city Zafar al-Hamiidi (^_^J*** sic). In

Ibn Batutah's travels the name is written ^joj^ J^ which his
translators have rendered Zhafar aiw plantes salines et
ameres. Zafar al-Hamudi may be the correct reading, but
whether or not, we may infer that the town was named
after the founder of the dynasty. In Janadi he is called al-
Habvdi ^J>^ {sic) and in al-Ahdal (fol. 2(]0 rev.), who,
in his account of the place, simply copies al-Janadi, the
word appears as al-IIabuti ^^^' Sprenger (p. 144, 146)

has 1^^-

In saying that the seaport of Zafiir was the seat of the
Tubbas, Ibn Khaldun evidently confuses it with the ancient
city of the Himyarites of the same name, which stood
south of San'a, and of which some traces still exist (see
swpra, Note 22).

Note 122 to p. 183.— The Ka'bah of Najran is said to

312 Notes. NOTES 123, 124.

have been a Christian church, built by the family of 'Abd
al-Madau ibu Dayyan (Rayyan ?), of whom mention -will be
made in a subsequent note (No. 126).

For Kuss ibn Sa'idah, see Mas'udi's Golden Meadows
(Barbier de Meynard, i. 133). He died towards the com-
mencement of the Prophet's career, and the Taj al-'Aru3
mentions, on the authority of the Lisan al-'Arab, that Kuss
ibn Sa'idah was styled Bishop of Najran.

Note 123 to p. 183. — A translation of the story of the
sons of Nizar and of the Jurhumite Af'a of Najran will be
found in Mas^udi (Barbier de Meynard, iii. 228).

Mushallal is the name of a place situated between Mecca
and Medinah.

The Jurhumites were descended from Jarhum son of
Kahtan and brother of Ya'rub. The patriarch Ishmael
married a daughter of the tribe, and from them was de-
scended 'Adnan grandfather of Nizar and ancestor of the
Ishmaelite or insititious Arabs. Another, a primeval tribe
known as the first Jurhumites, is mentioned by Arab writers.
They were contemporaries of the 'Adites, and like them
they perished and utterly disappeared. I do not know
whence Ibn Khaldun derives his authority for the name
and pedigree given in the text to the Af'a, but he men-
tions both name and pedigree elsewhere likewise (vol. ii.
p. 255).

Note 124 to p. 183. — Faymiyyiin was a Syrian Chris-
tian, but a follower of the true faith afterwards re-estab-
lished by the Arabian Prophet. Having been captured by
a band of wandering Arabs, he was brought to Najran and
there sold into slavery. Through the example of his piety,
and through the influence of the miracles he wrought in the
name of the true God, the people of Najran, until then
steeped in idolatry, became converted to the faith.* The
period at which this occurred is not mentioned, but not
long before the birth of the Prophet, the Christians of

* Tabari, i. 920, sqq. The inhabitants of Najran, we are told,
worshipped a pahn tree, which on certain feast days, they deco-
rated with coloured cloths and with the ornaments of their women.
At so late a period as that of the Prophet, the Madhhijites of
Najrfin appear to have worshipped the idol Yayhuth. See Pro-
fessor Kobertson-Smith's "Kinship," p. 192.

NOTES 125, 126. Notes. 313

Najran became victims to the hostility of Dhu Nuwas, the
last of the long line of the Tubbas or Himyarite Kings of
Yaman. He sought to force them into the acceptance of
Jadciiism, the religion he had himself adopted, and the
savage cruelty with which he pursued his design is de-
Bouuced in the Kur'an (S. Ixxxv.), where he is proclaimed
as doomed to the torments of hell. These persecutions of
the Christians of Najran bi'ought about the invasion and
conquest of Yaman by the Abyssinians, who were themselves
subsequently expelled by the Persians.

The Arab traditions on the proficiency acquired by the
people of Najra-n in the practice of supernatural arts, may
serve to show that long before the rise of Islam, the
Christian inhabitants of that province had made consider-
able progress in civilization.

It will be noticed that they are spoken of in our text as
having themselves held the Jewish faith in early days.
Tabari mentions that when Baruch fulfilled his mission
to Bukht Nassar (sujjra, Note 3), he came from Najran.

Note 125 to p. 184, — Abu 'Omar Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-
Barr, a famous traditionist, was a native of Cordova and
died in a.h. 463. His life is included in the biographies of
Ibn Khallikan (de Slano, iv. p. 398).

It may be remarked that (in vol. ii. p. 256), Ibn Khal-
dun himself omits the name of Yazid and substitutes that
of his brother 'Abd al-Hajr son of 'Abd al-Madan. In his
biography of the Prophet (p. 53) he, however, follows the
narrative of Tabari.

Note 126 to p. 184. — Ibn Khaldun repeats in vol. ii.
p. 255, that a portion of the Azdites remained in Najran and
shared the authority of the Madhhijites over the country ;
but he makes there no mention of the Banu '1-Harith ibn
Ka'b of the tribe of Azd. Al-Mas'udi tells us (Barbier de
Meynard, iii. 390) that the Azdites in Najran were absorbed
in the tribe of Madhhij, a statement which seems more
probable than that quoted in our text from Ibn Hazm.
The chieftainship seems to have remained permanently in
the hands of the Banu Harith the Madhhijites. Jt passed
on to a family of that tribe, known as the Banu Dayyan (or
Rayyan ?), descendants of Yazld surnamed Dayyan. His
sou was 'Abd al-Madan, mentioned in the text and in Note
122, father (ancestor ?) of Yazid son of 'Abd al-Madan, who

3H

Notes. NOTE 127.

was converted to Islam. Ibn Khaldun proceeds witli a
quotation from Ibn Sa'id, to the effect that in the sixth
century, supreme power was held by '^Abd al-Kays of the
family of Abu ^1-Jud descendant of 'Abd al-Madan. He
says in our text, probably on the same authority, that 'Abd
al-Kays was deposed by Ibn Mahdy, but it will be observed
that there is no mention of him in our copy of 'Omarah,
nor is Najran mentioned as one of the places over which Ibu
Mahdy ever exercised authority. I must add that I know
of no other instance in which the name 'Abd al-Kays was
borne by any person in Muhammadan times.

Note 127 to p. 185. — I have nowhere found confirmation
of Ibn Khaldiin's statement that al-Kasim fled to India and
died there. Al-Khazraji says (p. 291) that certain Yamau-
ites, on the appearance of the Karmathians in their country,
proceeded to the Mountain of liass at Medinah, in a.h.
284, and raised to supreme authority the Imam al-Hady
Yahya son of Husayn son of al-Kasim, who, with their assis-
tance, conquered the country between Sa'dah and San'a.
Al-Ahdal tells us (fol, 12 rev.) that al-Kasim died at ar-Kass,
leaving two sons, Muhammad and Husayn.

The Zaydite MSS. recently acquired by the library of
the British Museum, give a fairly consistent account of
the life of al-Kasim, the ancestor ot the long line of Imams
of Yaman. According to the H add' Ik al-JFardlijah (Or.
3786 and 3813), when Muhammad son of Ibrahim Tabataba
died in a.h, 199, his brother al-Kasim was in Egypt. He
remained there about ten years, living in a state of
obscurity and in concealment, but recoguized as the suc-
cessor of his brother by the Alides, who sent him emis-
saries from all parts of the empire, from Mecca and from
Medinah, from Ki'ifah, from Rayy and from Kazwin.

When 'Abd Allah ibn Tahir was appointed to the
Government of Egypt (in a.h. 211 according to Makrizi,
in A.H. 210 or 211 according to Ibn al-Athir), the new
Governor adopted measures for the arrest of al-Kasim.*
The latter contrived, however, to make his escape from
Egypt and to reach Hijfiz. There he sought refuge with
an Arab tribe, among whom he lived concealed, throughout
the reign of al-Ma'mun and of his immediate successors.
The lapse of years brought about a relaxation of the enmity

* Cf. Tabari, vol. iii. p. 1094, sqq.

NOTE 127. Notes. 315

with wliicli he had been so long pursued, an d towards tho
end of his life al-KJisim purchased a property, named ar-
Bass, situated near Dhu Hulayfah " on the further side of
Jabal al-Aswfid." * Here he built himself a house^ in which
he died in a.h. 246.

The successor of al-Kasim to the Imamate was, according
to the author of the YawakU, Muhammad son of al-Kasim,
descendant of 'Aly Zayn al-'Abidiu and of Husayn
brother of Hasan. As Muhammad is generally admitted
to have disappeared in a.h. 219, the introduction of his
name seems an anachronism, but the case is not excep-
tional.

Of Husayn and Muhammad, the two sons of al-Kasim the
Rassite, no record seems to have been preserved.f

Yahya son of Husayn, who afterwards assumed the title
al-Hddj/ ila H-Hakk, the Leader unto Truth, was born a
year before the death of his grandfather. Al-Hady asserted
his claim to the Imamate in a.h. 280 and proceeded to
Sa^dah, where he used his influence to put an end to the
strife with which the city was distracted. But he was soon
compelled to abandon his task and to return to the Hijaz.
Early in 284, he received invitations from the citizens to
place himself at their head, and accordingly, in Safar of that
year, he re-appeared at Sa'dah accompanied by his uncle
Muhammad. He conquered Najran, and was next engaged
in warfare with the Karmathiaus. The Zaydite author of
the Hada'ik is silent over most of the particulars given by
al-Khazraji [supra, Note 8) as well as by the author of the
History of the Karmathians in Yaman, but he mentions that
al-Hady sent his son Muhammad al-Murtada to assist the
people of San'a against the Ismailites, to which he adds that
the Imam became master of Yaman. Al-Hady died at Sa'dah
in Dhu 'l-Hijjah 298, of poison it is said. He left three sons,
Abu '1-Kasim Muhammad al-Murtada, Ahmad surnamed
an-Nasir and Hasan.

* Dim Hulayfah is described by Yakut as a village situated six
or seven niiles from Medinah and as the MilcCd (see Note 16) of
the people of that city.

f The names of other sons are mentioned by genealogists, and
there seems little doubt that certain descendants of al-Kasim
settled in Egypt. See the Taj al-'Arus, s.v. Rass, and of, Ibn
Khallikfiu (de Slane), vols. i. 115 and ii, 46.

o

1 6 Notes. NOTES 128, 129.

The next Imam of the Zaydites, it is stated, was Hasan
ibn 'Aly surnamed an-Nasir lil-Hakk, but better known in
history as al-U/rush. He arose in Persia in a.h. 301, and
died at Amul in Tabaristan in 304<.

But we are also told that next in succession to al-Hady was
his son Muhammad al-JSJurtada. He succeeded upon the
death of his father, and abdicated in 301 in favour of his
brother Ahmad an-Nasir. This leaves no room for al-
Utrush. The author of the Yaivaklt, on the other hand,
tells us that the Imamate of both the sons of al-Hady is
disputed. Al-Murtada died at Sa'dah in a.h. 310.

Ahmad an-Ndsir li-din Illah was chiefly engaged in wars
with the Karmathians of Maswar, whose ruler, it is stated,
was 'Abd al-Hamid son of Muhammad son of al-Hajjaj.* A
battle is said to have been fought in Sha'ban 307, m which
the Karmathians were utterly defeated, but 'Abd al-Hamid
succeeded in making his escape. Ahmad an-JSTasir died,
according to the author of the Hada'ik, in a.h. 325.

For the subsequent Imams down to the middle of the
seventh century of the Hijrah, I may content myself with
referring the reader to the Genealogical Table, Note 107,
and to Note 130.

I must add that I have not been able to identify the
writer Ihn al-Mujdh, mentioned by Ibn Khaldun.

Note 128 to p. 186. — Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya
as-Siili died in A.H. 335. His life is given by IbnKhallikan
(de Slane, vol. iii. p. 68). He was a voluminous writer,
and it will be noticed that among his works was a History
of the Karmathians, He is doubtless the author quoted by
adh-Dbahabi, as reproduced by Prof, de Goeje in his "His-
toire des Carmathes " (p. 35).

Note 129 to p. 188. — Kamal ad-din 'Omar ibn 'Abd al-
'Aziz, surnamed Ibn al-'Adim, was author of an important
work in ten volumes on the history of Aleppo, entitled
Butjhyat at-Talah fi tarlWi Halah, a title which may be
translated " Object of the Student^s furthest desires in re-
spect to the History of Aleppo." He afterwards wrote an

* This 'Abd al Hamid, it must be presumed, was father of
Ibrahim ibn 'Abd al-Hamid, mentioned iu Janadi's history of the
Karmathians {supra, p. 210).

NOTE 130. Notes. 317

abridgment of the work, to which he gave the name
Znhdai al-Halah, a portion of which has been published by
Freytag. Ibn al-'Adim was born in a.h. 580 and died in
6G0.

Note 130 to p. 190. — Ibn Khahlfin's chapter on the
Rissite Imams is so incorrect that I have felt inclined to
omit it altogether. Bat I have eventually thought that a
more useful purpose may be gained by allowing it to form
part of this volume, and by pointing out its inaccuracies.
Touching the Suleymanite Sharifs of Yaman, it will be
sufficient to refer to what I have said in Note 88.

I have there pointed out Ibn Khaldun's error in respect
to the Imam Ahmad (al-Mutawakkil) son of Suleyman,
whom he erroneously calls son of Hamzah, and of whom he
still more inaccurately says, that he was nearly related to
the Suleymanite Ghanim ibn Yahya. The Imam in ques-
tion was in point of fact a direct descendant of au-Nasir
Ahmad son of al-Hady Yahya. 'Omarah is therefore right in
styling him the Eassite. (See the Genealogical Table to
Note 107.)

Ahmad al-Mutawakkil 'al' Allah issued his proclama-
tions asserting his claims to the Imamate in a.h. 532, and
was recognized in Najran as well as at Sa'dah. With the
assistance of the neighbouriug Arab tribes, he attacked and
defeated the Hamdanite King of San'a, Hatim ibn Ahmad,
in A.H. 515. In 549, he marched against the Karmathian
tribe of Yam, who, if the Zaydite historians are to be
believed, still persisted in the practices described in Janadi's
account of the sect [supra, pp. 199 and 203). The country
was plundered and laid utterly waste by the Imam's troops,
the remnant of the population seeking refuge in Najran.
His expedition to Zabid took place in ah. 552. The account
of it given by the Zaydite writers differs materially from
'Omarah's. The Prince of Zabid, Fatik son of Muhammad,
was, they say, a man of unparalleled wickedness and
addicted to unnatural crimes. He fell into the hands of
the Imam, who, refusing an enormous ransom, ordered his
prisoner to be put to death in obedience to the Divine law.
The Imam remained eight days at Zabid. He appointed a
governor over the city and departed victorious and triumph-
ant. He continued to wage war in defence of the faith and
his fame spread abroad. The Khutbah was recited in his
name in Khaybar and at Yaubu'. He reigned thirty-three

o

1 8 Notes. NOTE 130.

years. Towards the latter end of his life he became blind,
and he died in a.h. 566.

Al-Mansur billah 'Abd Allah was likewise a member of
the Rassite family, descendant of Hamzah (son of the Imam
Abu Hashim al-Hasan) and of 'Abd Allah grandson of al-
Kasim the Rassite (see the Grenealogical Table, Note 107).
He was born in a.h. 561, proclaimed himself Imam in 5^3,
and was solemnly recognized in the following year. He
took up his residence for a time at Sa'dah, then moved
southwards, and in 594 or beginning of 595, he entered
San'a, where the citizens submitted to his rule. In 595 he
made himself master of Diiamar and its neighbourhood,
but was soon compelled to relinquish his conquests and to
retreat northward.* He nevertheless continued to increase
in power and reputation, which not only extended into the
Hijaz, but his authority as Imam was formally recognized
by the Zaydites of Persia. In a.h. 600 he restored and
strengthened the fortress of Zafar. In 611 he regained
possession of San'a and Dhamar and occupied himself in
subjecting the Miifarrijiijah, whom, according to his own
historians, he treated with great cruelty. +

At the instigation of the Abbaside Khallfah an-Nasir, a
strong force was sent, in a.h. 612, against al-Mansur by
al-Mas'ud, the last Ayyubite Sultan of Yaman. The Imam
retreated to the neighbourhood of Kaukaban and intrenched
himself in a strong position, where he built a substantial
house for himself and quarters for his followers, and where
he also set up a mint. That position he occupied for three
months and a half, during which time frequent engage-
ments took place between his troops and their enemies.
In 613 a truce was agreed upon. The Imam removed to
Kaukaban and then to Zafar. His health now gave way,
and he died at the former place in the first month of
a.h. 614.

The death of al-Mansur billah was followed by a division
in the ranks of the Zaydites. The people of Sa'dah and

* Ibn al-Athir mentions in his Chronicles (vol. xii. 113) the
defeat of al-Mansur 'Abd Allah by the Ayyubite Sultan al-Mu'izz
Isma'il, and the date ho gives is a.h. 597, not 592 as in our text
of Ibn Khaldun.

t The word LsJ^sW frequently occurs in the Zaydite histories.
I have nowhere met with an explanation, but it seems to be a
designation for the Sunnite Muslims and is very generally accom-
panied by the epifch(!t shakhjah, the vile.

NOTE 130. Notes. 319

its neighbourhood recognized as Imam the Sharif Majd
(or Najm) ad-din Yahya ibn al-Muhsin (read Muhammad),*
who adopted the surname of al-Hady ila '1-Hakk, the same
as that of his namesake and ancestor, the originator of the
dynasty. In the southern districts, 'Izz ad-din Muhammad,
surnamed an-Nasir li-dln Illah, son of al-Mansur 'Abd
Allah, was proclaimed Imam. He was defeated, in a.h. 623,
in an engagement near San'a with the troops of the Ayyub-
ite King al-Mas'ud. He fled to Thula, wounded by an
arrow in the eye, and died before the end of the year. He
was succeeded by his brother Shams ad-dm Ahmad, al-
Mutawakkil 'al' Allah. Al-Mansur 'Abd Allah, it must be
stated, left a large family of sons besides the two I have
here mentioned.

The Imam Ahmad ibn Husayn (ibn Ahmad ibn al-Kasira),
surnamed al-Mahdi, was proclaimed at Thula in a.h. 646.
On the question of his descent there is a singular disagree-
ment between the writers I have had the means of con-
sulting, a thing all the more strange considering the
importance attached by the Zaydites to the purity of
their Imam's pedigree. Al-Ahdal makes Ahmad ibn
Husayn great grandson of Kasim (Abu 'l-Kfisim al
Husayn ?) son of al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad (one of the
Persian Imams), descendant of Zayd son of Hasan and
consequently not a member of the Rassite family. f The
author of the Yawaklt identifies his great-grandfather with
al-Mansiir al-Kasim, who died in a.h. 393, and among whose
children no son of the name of Ahmad has been mentioned.
The author of the BugUyat al-Miorld says that he was de-
scendant, as well as Malikah the mother of the Imam Ahmad
ibn Suleyman, of Ahmad son of Isma'il Abu '1-Barakat,
descendant of Muhammad son of al-Kasim the Eassite.
This agrees with what is said by the author of the Jawdhir,
who, however, confines himself to the statement that the
Imam's great-grandfather al-Kasim was descended from
Muhammad son of al-Kasim the Rassite. On the other
hand, a comparison of dates — the Imam Ahmad ibn Suley-
man having been born in a.h. 500 — leaves the question in a
doubtful condition.

The designation al-Muti I find nowhere but in Ibn

* Compare the Kushifat al-Glmmmali, fob 22 rev., with the
Ilada'ik, fol. 206 rev. 1. 14.
t See the Genealogical Table to Note 107.

320 Notes. NOTE 130.

Klialdun, who, it would appear, has borrowed it from al-
Bayhaki.* The word signifies one appointed to subjugate.

Ahmad ibn al-Husayn was raised to the Imamate with
the full consent and approval of the family of al-Mansiir
'Abd Allah. Ere long he was able to treat on terms of
equality with the Rasfdite Sultan, at that time al-Muzaffar
Yusuf. Such a state of things was necessarily most dis-
tasteful, not only to the Sultan, but to all orthodox Muslims.
Khfizraji tells us, in his 'Ukud, that the Abbaside Khallfah
al-Musta'^sim sent the Sultan orders to put an end to the
dominion of the heretical Imam. The Zaydite historians
relate a different and a somewhat curious story. According
to their version (Yawakifc, fol. 171 rev.), al-Muzaffar asked
assistance of al-Musta'sim against the Imam. The Khallfah,
it is related, sent the Sultan certam Hashlshiym, otherwise
called, he continues, Fiddwii/lri. These are persons, he
further explains, " who sell themselves and risk their lives
in accomplishing the slaughter of a person whose death is
required of them.'^ f ^^ i^ ^^^ without interest to observe
that the word Haslnshiyln (or Ilashishiyun) is the same as
that found by Mr. Lane (" Thousand and One Nights,"
Note 46 to ch. ii.) in Idrisi's Geography, applied to the
people we call the Assassins. The word, as Mr. Lane re-
marks, is precisely synonymous with Ha!<hshc2shl)i. The
latter is the form in common use at the present day, though
it now simply signifies persons addicted to the use of the
drug.

Sultan al-Muzaffar sent the assassins on a pretended
mission to the Imam. They were received in audience, and
very nearly succeeded in effecting their purpose. The
Imam was wounded by the dagger of his assailant, but
was rescued from the struggle by his attendants. J

Ere long the Imam was beset with more serious trouble.
The fidelity of the family of al-Mansur to their oaths of
allegiance did not long endure. The distribution of com-
mands brought about jealousy and dissensions, not only on

* See supra, p. 175, and compare with the passage in vol. ii.
p. 252 of Ibu Khalilun's General History (Bui. ed.).

t See supra, Note 55.

X We arc told by the same writer (fol. IGG obv.) that the
Persian Imfun Abu '1-Hasan 'Aly al-Hadi al-Hakayni, who pur-
sued the Ismailites with his enmity, was murdered in a.h. 440 by
a Hashishy, sent for the purpose from the castle of Almut.

NOTE 130. Notes.

321

tlieii' part, but also on that of other powerful chiefs.
Denunciations were launched against the Imam, of whom it
was declared that he was devoid of the qualities required
by Divine law for his sacred office. The people were called
upon to transfer their allegiance to the Sharif Hasan ibn
Wahhas. Certain acts of extortion committed by order of
the Imam Ahmad ibn Husayn filled up the measure of his
unpopularity. The malcontents called upon Shams ad-din
Ahmad (al-Mutawakkil), chief of the Hamzites and son of
the Imam al-Mansur '^Abd Allah, to place himself at their
head. They received support and assistance from the
Rasulite king of Yaman. The rival forces met at Shuwfibah
in A.H. 656.* The Imam's troops were defeated and fled,
leaving him almost alone on the field of battle. Surrounded
by a band of his enemies, he was overpowered and killed,
and his head carried to the tent of Shams ad-din. The
event is said to have occurred on the identical day upon
which the last Abbaside Khalifah of Baghdad was put to
death by Hulaku. The Sharif Abu Muhammad al-Hasan
ibn Wahhas was proclaimed Imam, but was not universally
acknowledged.

For about two years before that time, the country had
been devastated by famine, which now resulted in pestilence.
Among its eai-liest victims was Shams ad-din Ahmad, and
he was followed, before the end of the year, by two other
sons of al-Mansdr 'Abd Allah, Najm ad-din Musa and
Hasan. The chieftainship over the Hamzites consequently
devolved upon their brother, Sarim ad-din Da-ud_, son of
the Imiim al-Mansur 'Abd Allah.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the
Imamate of Yaman was held by a family descended from
al-Manstlr al-Kdsim son of Muhammad son of 'Aly al-
Amlahi, a descendant of Yusuf ad-Da'y great-grandson of

* For Shuwabah see supra, Note 6 (footnote). The author of
the Jawahir says that it stood east of Zaffir ; Yakut, that it was
at a distance of four miles from San'a (elsewhere he says four
parasangs) on the banks of the river Daraiodn, which ho tells us,
flowed between Shuwabah and a town named after the river. The
distance from San'a, as will be seen, must have been considerably
more than even four parasangs. Yakut adds a strange account of
the savage and desolate nature of the country. No bird, he says,
will pass over it, and the bed of the river, he continues, is strewn
with stones resembling the fangs of a dog.

Y

322

Notes. NOTE 131.

al-Hacly Yahya, the founder, as has been seen, of the Rassite
dynasty.

Mausiir al-Kasim was born in A.H. 967 and died in
A.H. 1029 (a.d. 1620), after a reign of twenty-three years."
He is the Imtim " Khassem ibn Mohamed " spoken of by
Niebuhr as.ancestor of al-Mahdi 'Abbas, the reigning Imam
of Yaman at the time of the traveller's visit to San 'a in
A.D. 1763. Niebuhr prints in his Description de VArabie a
genealogical table giving the names and tracing the descent,
from al-Kasim, of the Imams who successively occupied the
throne down to the accession of al-Mahdi 'Abbfls. The
Bughyat al-Murul contains a minute account of the numer-
ous descendants of al-Kasim, the effect of which is to show
that Niebuhr's table requires correction. Thus, al-Kasim
was succeeded, according to the Bughyat, not by his son
Isma'il, but by his eldest son, al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad,
born in a.h. 990, and who reigned from a.h. 1029 until his
death in a.h. 1 054, twenty-five years. His successor was
his brother Isma'il al-Mutawakkil, who died in a.h. 1087
(a.d. 1676), aged sixty-six years.* The life of the Imam
al-Mansur al-Kasim forms the subject of a MS. in the
British Museum library. Or. 3329.

The biography of an earlier Imam, al-3Iutawakhil 'al'
Allah Yahya, will be found in one of the Zaydite MSS.
(Or. 3731). Al-Mutawakkil, who died in a.h. 965 (a.d.
1558), likewise claimed to be a descendant of Yusuf the
Da'y, but the line of descent is separate and distinct from
that of al-Kasim.

Note 131 to p. 191. — Some words are, I think, here
omitted in the text, but the general sense of the passage is
sufficiently obvious.

There is some difficulty in arriving at the correct
names of the two personages who play so important a part
in the history of the Karraathians, or Ismailites, in Yaman.
Ibn Fadl is called Muhammad by Ibn Khaldiin, so also by
Ibn al-AthIr, and probably thei-efore by other writers
whose works I have not within reach. On the other hand,
ho is called 'Aly not only by 'Omarah, but also by Janadi,
Khazraji, etc., by Mas'udi and by the author of the Dastur

* The year of al-Kasim's birth is recorded in a chronogram
(ilj »_*ftj jK> j ^fij"^ = 967; also the date of al-Mutawakkil
Isma'il's accession [jjS^ J ^^- c_jj = 1054.

NOTE 132. Notes.

323

al-Munajjimin, whom I have already had occasion to
mentiou {supra, Note 26). See also the footnote to the
printed edition of Tabari, iii. p. 2256.

In the case of his companion, the discrepancies between
the different names attributed to him are even greater.
But in styling him Mansur, as if it were a proper name,
Janadi and Khazraji have allowed themselves to bo led into
error, through the fact that the Ismailite emissary was
known by the designation Mansur aUYaman, he, that is to
say, who was endowed with divine assistance in Yaman,
meaning further, he who was victorious or who triumphed
in Yaman. Khazraji gives him the name of Mansur son of
Husayn.

The author of the Dastiir calls him Abu '1-Kasim (see
supra, p. 193), al-Faraj ibn Hasan ibn Haushab ibn Zadan
al-Kufi (native of Kufa). In Makrizi (vol. i. p. 349) we read
Abu '1-Kasim al-Husayn ibn Faraj ibn Haushab al-Kufi ;
in Ibn '1-AthIr (vol. viii. p. 22), Rustam ibn al-Husayn
(or al-Hasan) ibn Haushab ibn Dadhan an-Najjar. The
difference between the two last mentioned is somewhat
singular, seeing that a comparison of the two passages re-
lating to Ibn Haushab clearly shows that both writers
have borrowed, whether directly or indirectly, from one
and the same source. In Makrizi, it may be remarked, the
word kkarraba, to ruin or devastate, has been wrongly
substituted for haratha, to plough, with the result of
destroying the sense of the phrase.

Note 132 to p. 191. — There is here a divergence between
the statements of al-Janadi and Khazraji touching the
pedigree of Ibn Fadl, all the more noticeable, since both
evidently derive their accounts of the Karmathians in
Yaman from the same origin, that is to say, from Ibn Miilik,
the writer mentioned in the text.

In Khazraji there is no mention of Dhu Jadan. Ibn
al-Athir, it deserves perhaps to be noticed, says that Ibn
Fadl was member of a family, natives of al-Janad. Al-
Khazraji simply says that Ibn Fadl was descendant of
" Khanfar son of Saba son of Safi (Sayfi ?) son of Zur*ah
(Himyar the younger) son of Saba the younger.'^

The tribe or family of Khanfar is mentioned by al-
Hamdani (p. 204, 1. 10), and elsewhere (p. 53, 1. 19) the
same writer tells us that Khanfar was the name of a town
in Abyan.

Y 2

324 Notes. NOTES 133-136.

Note 133 to p. 192. — It is of course altogether out of the
question to suppose that Ibn Haushab and Ibn Facll were
sent to Yamau by Maymun, or that 'Obayd Allah the Mahdy
was his son.

'Abd Allah son of Maymun, the real author of the
Ismailite conspiracy, was perhaps still living when the two
emissaries were despatched ; but Prof, de Goeje shows that
it was doubtless Abdallah's son Ahmad who organized the
mission to Yaman.

'Obayd Allah must at that time have been in his child-
hood. He died in a.h. 322, at the age, according to Ibn
al-Athir, of sixty-three years.

Note 134 to p. 193. — These words are founded upon a
traditionary saying of the Prophet. It is cited in both the
works of Khazraji preserved in the Leiden Library, and also
in the book by ar-Razi at the British Museum.

Note 135 to p. 194. — Al-Khazraji here adds that Ibn
Haushab and Ibn Fadl arrived in Yaman shortly after the
assassination of Muhammad ibn Ya'fur, an event which we
have been told by al-Janadi, on the authority of Ibn al-
Jauzi, occurred in the first month of a.h. 279 (supra,
Note 8, p. 225).

Prof, de Goeje arrives at the conclusion that the Ismail-
ite mission was sent to Yaman in a.h. 266, a date in accord
with Makrizi and with the author of the Dastur. The
latter states that the two missionaries were despatched in
266, whilst both agree in saying that they arrived in Yaman
in 268 and that the Ismailite supremacy began to be freely
preached in 270.

It would follow that Ibn Fadl's final conquest of San'a
(see Note 138) must have occurred thirty-one years and
Ibn Haushab's death (a.h. 302) thirty-four years after their
arrival in the country. It would in fact appear that they
laboured for many long years, before they gained the com-
manding position which they eventually held for a brief
period.

Note 136 to p. 196.— It will be noticed that Abu 'Abd
Allah is here represented as having been sent to Africa by
Maymun, or as it may be understood, by the ruling chief
of the Ismailites at that period, and not by Ibn Haushab as
is stated by other writers. But it is probably true that

NOTE 137. Notes. 325

some time previous to his mission, Abu 'Abd Allah was
absent from his native country, that he had an interview
with the " grand master '^ (de GoejOj p. 19, footnote), and
that he returned thereafter to Yaman.

As regards the question of the date at which his mission
to Africa occurred, the year 290 is to be found in Khazraji
as in our text. Makrizisays (vol. i. p. 350) that Abu 'Abd
Allah arrived in the country of Katfimah in a.h. 2(S8. In
Ibn al-Athir we read 280, the date adopted by de Sacy, on
the authority of Baybars al-Mansury and of Abu ''1-Fada.
According to Ibn al-Athir, not only was Abu 'Abd Allah
in North Africa before the death (at the latter end of
A.H. 289) of Ibrahim ibn Ahmad the Aghlabite, but it would
further appear that he had previous to that event acquired
sufficient power in the country, to enable him to enter into
a state of open warfare with the troops of Ibrahim. (Ibn
al-Athir, vol. viii. pp. 25, 26.) The author of the Dastur
cannot be accepted as a safe guide, but it is not without
interest to notice that, although he explicitly mentions the
totally inadmissible year 296 as that of Abu 'Abd AUah^s
arrival, he does so immediately after mentioning jBgures,
145 + 135 (245 + 35 ?) which gives us the date of
A.H. 280.

The year 296, mentioned in our text as that in which
'Obayd Allah started for Noi'th Africa, must be wrong. Our
author is, it is true, by no means singular in his error, but
Professor de Goeje shows that ^Obayd Allah's departure
from Syria occm*red, in all probability, not later than ah. 287
or 288.

A statement by the author of the Dastiir may be noted,
to the effect that when 'Obayd Allah arrived in Egypt he
intended proceeding to Yaman, that he was deterred
by news of the insubordination of Ibn al-Fadl, and that he
remained in concealment in Egypt until he departed for
North Africa.

Note 137 to p. 199. — Professor de Goeje has reproduced
these verses from Khazraji. Two lines are added, expressive
of the indignation they aroused in the mind of the orthodox
Muslim who has preserved them. The two lines are of the
same character as the following, interpolated by Dayba',
immediately after the passage in which the supposed new
Prophet is represented as proclaiming the abolition of prayer
and of fasting : —

2,26 Notes. NOTES 138-140.

^>ai« J^iJ *^^ *!>*■' J *"*^? Jj i_i *'J^ -"^

Maxj God curse Mm in every land. — May God abase Jam
whithersoever he go (or among the followers of all religions).

Note 138 to p. 199. — According to Khazraji, Ibn Fadl
first obtained possession of San'ji in 293, a statement which
is indeed confirmed by Tabari (vol. iii. pp. 2256 and 22(37),
and by Ibn al-Atliir (vii. p. 378). Al-Khazraji's narrative
(pp. 34, 35) is to the effect that Dliamar having been seized
by the Karmathiaus, As'ad ibn Ya'fur tendered bis submis-
sion, but that he fled upon Ibn Fadl making his entry into
San'a. The citizens applied for aid to the Zaydite Imam
of Sa'dah, al-Hadi Yahya, who despatched against their
enemies an army under the command of his son Abu '1-
Kasim Muhammad al-Murtada. They gained possession of
Dhamar and compelled the Karmathians to abandon San'a.
But the latter recaptured Dhamar from the hands of al-
Murtada in A.H. 294, and drove him to seek refuge at San'a,
where he joined his father. Al-Hadi was now attacked by
the troops of As'ad ibn Ya'fur and, the citizens of San'a re-
fusing to support the Imam against their old masters, he
abandoned the city and retreated to Sa'dah. The Karma-
thians again regained possession of the city for a short
period, until they were for a second time expelled with the
assistance of al-Hadi. But again the latter was put to
flight by the approach of a strong force of the enemy. Al-
Hadi died in 298. The Banu Ya'fur once more succeeded
in wresting the city from the hands of the Karmathians, but
they were themselves soon again driven forth, and Ibn
Fadl, in Kamadan 299, made his entry into San% which re-
mained thenceforth under his dominion, until the termina-
tion of his career.

Note 139 to p. 201. — These two words have a truly
ghastly signification. They are derived from the verbs
dahasa, to agitate one's limbs in the agonies of death, and
shakhasa, to fix orie's eyes in the stare of death. Al-Khazraji
calls the place al-Mashahlt, from shahata, to welter in
blood. Miiller's Hamdani mentions al-Malahiz, situated
on the banks of the river Zabid (p. 71, 1. 17, and"lOO,l. 21).

Note 140 to p. 201.— The author of the Taj al-'Arus
writes as follows : —

NOTES 141-144, * Notes. 327

Husayb, pronounced like Zuhayr, is the name of the river (or
valley) of Zabid. It has an excellent climate, and its women are
distinguished for their surpassing beauty and for their grace and
kindliness. Hence the well-known saying: "On entering the
town of Husayb put your beasts to the trot "—meaning, hasten
your pace lest you fall a victim to the women's fascinations.

See also Hamdani, p. 53, 1. 24, and 119, 1. 17.

Note 141 to p. 202. — Abu Sa^id al-Jannabi was chief of
the Karmathian Principality of Bahrayn. He died in
A.H. 301, and throughout his life remained faithful in his
allegiance to 'Obayd Allah. I do not know how to explain
the allusion in the text to his having declared his indepen-
dence of the Mahdy, excepting by the fact that his fidelity
seems at one time to have been suspected. See de Goeje's
Carmathes, p. 69.

Note 142 to p. 211. — Egypt was conquered by Jauhar,
the Fatimite general, and the foundations of the fortress of
al-Kahirah (Cairo) were laid, in a.h. 358. Al-Mu'izz arrived
in Egypt and established the seat of the Fatimite Empire
at Cairo in a.h. 362.

Note 143 to p. 211. — Dayba' adds here that Ibn al-Asad
exercised the office of Da'y under the reigns of the Fatimite
Khalifahs al-Hakim and az-Zahir (a.h. 411-427), and during
the earlier years of al-Mustansir (a.h. 427-487).

Note 144 to p. 212. — Instead of al-Ahrdj or AJchrcij,!
think we must read al-Akhruj,. which, Hamdani tells us
(p. 106), adjoins the lower country of Hadfir and was in his
day the dwelling-place of the Banu Sulayhi, the Ham-
danites. See Dr. Grlaser, pp. 38 and 10. He identifies the
district with the modern Hujrah, shown upon his map, east
of Haraz. The place is mentioned, I may add, by al-
Mukaddasy, who, according to Professor de Goeje's edition,
writes JJkhruJ.

GENEEAL INDEX.

[TTie letters S, K, 8, and T, form separate headings. For geographical
names, see page 352.1

A.

Al-A'azz. See 'Aly ibn Saba and

Muhammad.
'Abbas SOD of 'Aly al-A'azz, 73.
'Abbas ibn al-Karam, Prince of Aden,

33 (f.-note), 64, 65, 66, 307, 30S.
Al-Mahdy 'Abbas Imam of Yaman,

322.
'Abd Allah ibn al-' Abbas, cousin of

the Prophet, appointed Governor

of Yaman, 139.— 64.
'Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas ash-Sha-

wiry, the Da'y, successor to Ibn

Ilaushab, 208, 209.
'Abd' Allah ibn 'Abd Allah the

Sulayhite, adherent oflbnNajTb

ad-Daulah, and his successor as

Da'y, 60, 298, 299.
'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd al-Madan, 184.
'Abd Allah son of Imam Ahmad an-

Nasir, 187.
•Abd Allah ibn 'Aly ibn Mahdy, 129,

164.
'Abd Allah ibn As'ad ibn Wa'il the

Wuliazite, son-in-law of Mansur

ibn Fatik, 98.
Al-Mansilr 'Abd Allah ibn Hamzah,

Zaydite Imam, 188. His history

318, 319.
'Abd Allah ibn Hatim ibn al-

Ghashlm the Hamdanite, Prince

of San'a, 230.
'Abd Allah (or Ziyad), infant son

and successor of Abu '1-Jaysh

Ishak, 8, 143.
'Abd Allah (or Ibrahim), successor

of the preceding and last of his

race, 13 sqq., 144.
'Abd Allah ibn Kahtan of the Banu

Ya'f ur, 227. "
Ahu Muhammad 'Abd Allah ibn Abi

'l-Kfisim al-Abbar, one of

'Omarah's informants, 12, 103.

'Abd Allah ibn al-Mahdy al-Ma'mari,

63.
'Abd Allah al-Ma'mun the Abbaside

Khalifah. Sends Ibn Ziyad to

Yaman, 2-4, 141, 218.— 27, 140,

141, 159, 185, 220, 221, 223, 308,

314.
'Abd Allah ibn al-Masil', 258.
'Abd Allah ibn Maymiin al-Kaddah,

324. See also Maymun.
'Abd Allah ibn (Muhammad ibn)

'Aly ibn 'Abd Allah ibu al -Abbas,

as-Saffiih, the first Abbaside

Khalifah, 2, 140, 184.
'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad, al-

Mansilr, the second Abbaside

Khalifah; 245.
'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad the

Sulayhite. His death, 31, 84,

153. Builder of Dhn Jiblah, 40,

148, 169. Owner of Ta'kar,

257.— 50, 160, 169.
Ahu 'Abd Allah ash-Shlya'i. See

Ilusayn ibn Ahmad.
'Abd Allah ibn Taiiir, 314.
Abu 'Abd Allali ibn Ya'fur. Eead

Abu 'Abd, Allah al-Husayu at-

Tubba'y, which see.
'Abd Allah ibn Yahya, 53.
'Abd Allah ibn Yahya, Chief of the

Banu Janb, 295, 297.
Sidtan 'Abd Allah ibn Ya'la the

Sulayhite. Owner of Khadid,

55, 169, 170. His verses, 50.
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr. See Abu 'Omar

Yusuf.
'Abd al-Hajr son of 'Abd al-Madan,

313.'
'Abd al-Hamid son of Muhammad

son of al-llajjaj, 316.
'Abd al-Kadir son of Ahmad the

Ya'furite, 225.
'Abd al-Kays, 184, 314.
Banu 'Abd al-Kays. See al-'Abdi.

330

General Index.

'Abd al Madfin, 184, 312, 313.

Khali fall 'Abd al- Malik son of Marwiin ,
liO, 220.

'Abd al-Muhsin ibn Isma'Tl, one of
'Oiniirah's informants, 118.

'Abd al-Masta'la ibn Ahmad the
Zawahite, 39.

'Abd an-Naby son of 'Aly ibn Mahdy.
Succeeded his brother and ruled
over Yaman when 'Omiirah
wrote, 129, 130, 164. His con-
qaests and eventual defeat by
'Alv ibn Hatim, 294-296. His
death, 297.*

Abu 'Ah 'Abd ar-RahTm al-Kadi al-
Fadil, 'Omfirah's history written
at his request, 1. His relations
with the author, vil.-ix.

'Abd ar-Rahmiln ibn Ahmad the
Alide. His rebellion in Yaman,
218-19 (f.-note).

'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Aly al-'Absi,
one of 'Omarah's informants, 12.

'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Auf, xiv.

'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Tahiral-Kaybi,
81. ■

Ahu 'l-Faro/j 'Abd ar-Rahman sur-
named Ibn al-Jauzi, 225.

'Abd ash-Shams. See Saba.

Banu 'Abd al-Wahid, 18, 177.

'Abd al-W;lhid son of Jayyfish, 93.
His rebellion and subsequent
expulsion from Zabld, 94, 95. —
156.

.<lZ-'Abdi (i.e. of the tribe of 'Abd al-
Kays, descendants of Rabi'ah
son of Nizar). See Ahu Bakr
ibn Ahmad.

Abhirah. See Buhar.

It'll Ablhi. See Ziyad.

Abna. Meaning of the word, 300.

Banu 'Abs, Ishmaelite tribe, de-
scendants of Sa'd sou of Kays
'Aylau. See 'Abd ar-Rahman
ibn 'Aly.

Abyssinian conquest of Yaman, 313,

Abyssinian tribes. See Amharah,
Jazali and Sahrat.

'Ad a«(J 'Adites, 171, 180, 290, 311.

Banv, 'l-'Ad'ii, 195.

Al-'Adid li-din lUah, the last Fat'-
mite KhalTfah, vi., vii., 1.

Al-Malik al-'Adil an-Nasir, son and
successor of Tala'i', vi.

Ibn al-'Adim. See Kamdl ad-dln
'Omar.

'Adnau, Patriarch of the Ishmaelite
Arabs, 215.

The Af'fi of Najr.in, 183, 312.

Al-Afdal. . See Shfihin-Shilh.

AI-Agharr, 269. See 'Aly al-A'azz
ibn Saba.

Al-Ahda\, xviii. sq. His history
referred to, 236, 239, 248, 2.50,
259 (f.-note), 274, 311, 314, 319.

Ahmad son of 'Abd Allah son of
Maymun, 324.

Shams ad-din Ahmad ibn al-Mansur
'Abd Allah, al-Mutawakkil, the
Zaydite Imam, 175, 188, 189.
Appointed Imam, 319. Heads
a rebellion against the Imam
Ahmad ibn Husayn, 321. His
death, 321.

Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Hamid, Governor
of Yaman, 221. '

Ahmad son of 'Aly ibn Mahdy, 297.'

Ahmad ibn 'Aly al-Hakly, Safy ad-
Daulah, poet, 75.

The Jyu'y al-Mukarram Ahmad ibn
'Aly the Sulayhite. Appointed
deputy to his father, 30. Re-
captures Zabld and releases his
mother, 31-36, 147, 154. Origi-
nates the Malikite dinars, 37.
Loses and recovers Zabld, 37,
148. Hia marriage with Sayyi-
dah, 39. Removes to DhuJiblah,
40-41, 148. Deposes the Banu
Ma'n at Aden, 65, 159, 168.
His death, 42, 254.-22, 30, 50,
65, 85, 87, 91, 93, 130, 134, 147,
169, 172, 174, 230, 242, 257.

Ahmad ibn 'Attabal-Hadhaly, deputy
of Saba ibn Abi 's-Su'ud at
Aden, 68.

Ahmad ibn Palah, one of 'Omfirah's
informants, 82.

Ahmad ibn Husayn al-Amawy, Ibn
as-Sahah, 22.

Imam Ahmad ibn Ilusayn al-Mahdy.
Doubts as to his lineage, 319.
Surname al-Muti, 319. His his-
tory, 319-321. ' His place of
burial, 223 (f.-note), 175, 189-
190.

Ahmad ibn 'Imran ibn al-Fadl, 148.
Ibn Khaldfm's error in styling
him Sultan of San'a, 230.

Ahmad son of Ja'far son of Musa
the Sulayhito. Father of Queen
Sayyidah, 'J3, 94. His death at
Aden, 250.

Ahmad ibn Mansur ibnal-Mufaddal,
267.

Ahmad ibn Mas'ud ibn Fax-aj al-

General Index,

Zl"^

Mu'taman, governor of II ays,
lOG. See 'Ahj ibn Mas'ild. '

Ahmad ibn Slas'ud al-Jazali, an
inflnontial leader at Zabid, 97.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ash'ari,
one of 'Omi'irah's informants, 2.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Hamudi,
ruler of Mir bat and Zafar, 182,
311.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Hfisih al-
Faradij, 101-103.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad theSulayhite.
See Ahmad son of Ja'far.

Ahmad ibn Muhammad, grandfather
of 'Omarah, 29.

Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Abi 'z-Zarr, 77.

Abu Saha Ahmad son of al-MuzafFar
son of 'Aly the Sulayhite, father
of the Da'y al-Mansur Saba, 42,
149, 250, 301.

Alimad ibn Siilim, Ibn Shihab's
assistant at Zabid. 27, 28, 3fi-37.

Imam Ahmad ibn Suleyman al-Muta-
waliiiil. The citizens of Zabid
ask him for aid against 'Aly ibn
Mahdy, 128, 129, 157, 1G3, 187.
Ibn Khaldun's erroneous ac-
count of the Imiim, 281, 317.
His history, 317.— 230.

Ahmad son of Suleyman the Zawa-
hite, nephew and son-in-law of
Queen Sayyidah, 39, 58.

Ahmad ibn Tulun, sovereign of
Egypt, 10.'

Imam Ahmad an-Ndsir son of al-
Hady Yahya, 186' 251, 316.

Ahmad son of the Rasulite Sultan
az-Zahir Yahya, xii.

Kadi Ahmad ar- Rashld ibn az-Zubay r,
envoy from Cairo to 'Aly al-
A'azz, 74, 78.

Al-Ahwal, 253. See Sa'Td ibn Najah.

'A'ishah, wife of the Prophet, 64, 139,
301.

Baivu, Abi 'Akamah, 4.

Abu 'Akamah. See Abu Muhammad
al-llasan.

'Akkites (Banu 'Akk). Their revolt
in the days of al-Ma'mun, 3. —
105, 213, 216.

Akyal. See Kayl.

Hajjah 'Alam, mother of Patik ibn
Mansfir, originally slave of
Anis, 97, 98. Grants her pro-
tection to 'Aly ibn Mahdy, 125,
162. Her death, 126, 162.— 95,
112, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 156,
286.

'Alas. See Dhu Jadan.

'Aly son of 'Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas,
289.

•Aly son of al-Mukarram Ahmad, died
in infancy, 39.

'Aly al-Amlahy, ancestor of recent
Imams of San 'a, xxiv.

Abu 'l-Sasan 'Aly al-Ash'ary, 213.

'Aly ibn Fadl the Karmathian.
His history, 191-207. His name,
322. Date of his arrival in
Yaman, 324 (Notes 133 and 135).
Date of his conquest of San'a,
326.-6-7, 143, 173, 222,' 225,
226, 232.

'Aly ibn Abi '1-Gharat, joint King of
Aden. Succeeds his brother
Muhammad, 67. War with his
kinsman the Da'y Saba ibn Abi
Su'ud, 68-73. His death, 73. —
113, 272.

'Aly ibn Ilatim ibn Ahmad, al-Wahid,
King of San'a. Heads a con-
federacy against 'Aly ibn Mahdy,
295, 296. His flight from San'a
on arrival of Turan Shah, 2J7. —
230, 299.

'Aly ibn Husayn Juftam, sent from
Baghdad as Governor of Yaman,
225.

'Aly Zayn al-'Abidin son of Husayn
son of 'Aly, 289, 302.

Da'y 'Aly ibn Ibrahim ibn Najib ad-
Daulah, al-Muwaffah. His his-
tory, 57-64. Arriva'l in Yaman,
57. Establishes order and wins
the Queen's confidence, 58,
Defeated at Zabid, 59, 97. Makes
war on the Zurayites, 59-60, QQ.
Becomes disaffected to the Queen
but is reduced to submission,
60-61. Charged with treason
against the Khalifah, 61-62.
Arrested, 63. Carried to Aden
and embarked for Egypt, 64.
His ultimate fate in doubt
266.-134, 156, 169, 170, 263!
264, 265, 298.

'Aly son of -Isa son of Hamzah son
of Wahhas, Suleymanite Sharif,
living in A.h. 540, 285.

Imam Abu 'l-Hasan 'Aly ibn Ja'far
al-Hddy al-Hakayni, 320 (f.-
note),

'Aly ibn al-Kumm. See 'Aly ibn
Muhammad.

'Aly ibn Mahdy. His histoiy, 121-
134, 161-165. Lineage, 288, 289.

33-

General Index.

Ravages Tihamah, 126-7. Be-
sieges aud captures Zabid, 128.
His death, 129. Place of burial,
294. His doctrines and laws,
132-134. His Khutbah, 290.
His riches and conquests, 130-
132.— xvi. 123, 151, 157, 168, 172,
173, 174, 184, 187, 242, 275, 314.

'Aly ibn Ma's, 30, 278.

'Aly ibn Mas'ud, Prince of Hays,
115. See Ahmad ihu Mas'ud.

'Aly ibn Muhammad, Zaydite Imam
of Sa'dah, 190.

Dd't/ 'Aly ibn Muhammad as-Sulay-
hi. His history, 19-31,' 145-47.
Parentage and education, 19,

145. Succeeds the Da'y 'Amir
az-Zawahi, 19, 146. Marries
Asma daughter of Shihab, 21-
22. His seizure of Masar, 23,

146. His rapid conquest of
Taman, 24, 25, 146. Assassi-
nates Najfih and takes Zabid, 24,
81, 151. Conquest of Aden, 25,
65, 159, 168, 308. Capture of
San'a, 25, 228, 230. Starts for
Mecca by order of the Fatimite
Khallfah and is killed, 30, 31,
83-86, 147. Objects of the pro-
jected expedition to Mecca, 252.
—7, 14, 17, 18, 130, 134, 159, 167,
168, 172, 173, 212, 242, 250, 251.

'Aly ibn Muhammad, Prince of
Dhakhir, 131.

'Aly ibn Muhammad, Kadi of Haraz,
23.

Al)u 'l-Sasan 'Aly ibn Muhammad
ibn A'yan, merchant at Aden, 72.

Ahu 'l-Hasan 'Aly ibn Muhammad
al-Kumm, wazTr at Zabid to
As'ad ibn Shihab, 27-28, 38
(Husayn ibn 'Aly? 43, 254),
8y'-92, 155.

Shams al-Ma'dli 'Aly, son of the
Da'y Saba the Sulayhite and
son-in-law of Queen Sayyidah,
39. Prince of Kaydan, 52. Pos-
sessed the fortress of Ashyah,
151, 174. Takes a second wife
and is banished, 49. His death,
49, 151, 174.

'Aly al-A'azz al-Murtada son of Saba
the Zurayite. Succeeds his
father at Aden, but dies shortly
after. 67, 73, 159, 160, 273.-72,
74, 269.

Abu 'l-Husayn 'Aly ibn Suleyman,
one of 'Omarah's informants, 20.

'Aly Ibn Suleyman az-Zawahi, adhe-
rent of ibn NajTb ad-Daulah, 60.

'Aly ibn Ahi Talib, s<m-in-law of the
Prophet, ix. (f.-note), 139,163,
180, 219, 301-2.

Abu 'Aly ibn Talik, one of 'Omarah's
informants, 13.

'Aly ibn Wardan, freedman of the
Banu Ya'fur, 226.

Amharah, an Abyssinian tribe, 117.
See Abyssinian tribes.

Al-Amin. See Muhammad son of
Harun.

The I)(Vy 'Amir ibn 'Abd Allah az-
Zawahi, 19, 145-6, 211, 248-9.

Al-'Amir bi-Ahkam Illah, the Fati-
mite Khallfah. His official in-
timation of the birth of his son,
134-7, 300.— 62, 63, 257, 265,
298-9.

Al-Amlahy. See 'Aly.

'AmlTk or 'Amluk, 179, 310.

Banu 'Amru, subdivision of the tribe
of Khaulan, 57.

Abu 'Amru ibn al-'Ala, 102, 282.

'Amru ibn 'Arkatah the Janbite, 52,
56, 61.

'Amru ibn al-'i^s, 219.

'Amru son of Wardah, 116.

'Anbar (?), slave of Princess 'Alam,
112.

Ihn 'Anbasah, 200.

Anis, 236, 273. See Nafis, freedman
of the Ziyadites.

AnIs al-A'azzi, guardian of the chil-
dren of al-A'azz 'Aly and one of
'Omarah's informants, 73, 74,
273.

Anis al-Fatiki al-Jazali, wazTr of
Mansur ibn Patik, 96-97, 117.

Banu 'An 8, 52, 69, 139, 177, 217, 262,
295 (f.-note), 300.

Al-Ansar, designation given by Ibn
Mahdy to his auxiliaries, 126,
163. See also 217.

Al-'Ansi. See al-Aswad.

Sanu 'Anz ibn Wa'il, 166, 178, 308.

Al-'Aranjaj, surname of thepatriarch
Himyar.

'Arlb, ancestor of one of the three
great stems of Yamanite tribes,
216, 217.

I)yl<e of 'Arim, 183, 216.

Banu 'Z-'Arja rulers of 'Ayn Mu-
harram, 210.

Ihn 'Arkatah. See 'Amru,

Sir Joseph Arnould, 266.

Al-'Ariid, surname of Yamamah, 178.

General Index.

Arwa, name of Queen Sayyidah (?),
22.

Arwa daughter of 'Aly ibn 'Abd
Allah ibn Muhammad the Su-
layhite, wife of Mansfir ibn al-
Mufaddal, and subsequently of
Muhaoimadibn Saba, 76, 160,296.

As'ad ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Muham-
mad, kinsman of the Dfi'y Ahmad
al-Mukarram and Lord of Ta'kar,
50, 257.

As'ad son of 'Abd-Allah ibn Ya'far,
227.

SAarZ/' As'ad ibn 'Abd as-Samad ibn
Muhammad al-Hawwaly, 63.

As'ad ibn 'Arraf, 26, 38.

As'ad ibn Abi '1-Futuh, 60, ^^?>.

As'ad ibn Shihab, brother of Asma,
Governor of Zabid, 26. Anec-
dotes, 25-7. His three assis-
tants, 27-8. Re-appointed over
Zabid, 36. Driven forth by the
Banu Najah, 37. ApjDointed over
San'a, 41. Flight from Zabid,
87, 153. His honourable treat-
ment by Jayyash, 92, 155. — 21,
27, 33, 34, 38, 42, 84, 89, 154,
155, 253.

As'ad ibn Wa'il ibn 'Isa, the Wuhaz-
ite, 18, 76, 93, 176, 243.

As'ad ibn Ta'fur. His family, 223.
Their surname, Hawwfilites, 224.
Driven out of San'a by 'Aly ibn
Fadl, 199, 326". Appointed Ibn
Fadl's deputy at San'a, 204.
Conspires against the life of
Ibn Fadl, 205. Besieges and
captures Mudhaykhirah, 207.
Retains his independence until
his death, 226.-6, 7, 141, 142,
173, 185, 191, 234, 242.

As'ad ibn Yahya al-Haythami, 22.

£anu Asbah. See Dhu Asbah.

Al-Asbahi. See Malik ibn Anas.

^arm'A's'hab, 210 (f.-note).

Banu Ash'ar, 3, 213, 217.

Al-Ash'ary. See Ahmad ibn Mu-
hammad and Abu '1-Hasan 'Aly.

Kltdi) al-'Asjad, name given to
Khazraji's KiJdyaJi by Dayba',
xviii.

Asma daughter of Shihab. Her mar-
riage to the Da'y 'Aly the Sulay-
hite, 22. Her eminent qualities,
22. Procures the appointment
of her brother As'ad over Zabid,
26. Captured by Sa'Id ibn
Najah, and carried to Zabid, 31,

35. Rescued from her captivity,

31, 35-6, 85-87, 147, 153-4. Her

death, 37, 148.— 21, 27, 28, 30,

38-9, 42, 65, 250.
Al-Asmar. See Yusuf ibn Abi '1-

Futuh.
The Assassins, 266, 320. See also

Nizarites, Ismailites and Kar-

matliians.
Al-Aswad al 'Ansi, 138-9, 300.
Al-Aswad ibn 'Auf, xiv.
Ihn al-AthIr, quoted, iv. (f.-note),

188, 218 (f.-note), 224, 226, 250,

252, 285 (f.-note), 305, 314, 318

(f.-note), 323, 325, 326.-236,

281 (U£d al-Ghabah).
'Aththarlvah dinars, 8, 143 (f.-note),

234. '
Banu Aus, 216-7.
Banu Auza', 216, 243.
Ihn A'yan. See Abu '1-Hasan 'Aly

ibn Muhammad.
Al-'Ayani, surname of the Imam

al-Mansur al-Kasim, son of 'Aly.
Najm ad-din Ayyub, father of Sala-

din, ix.
Azal. See Uzal.
Banu Azd, 183, 216, 313.
Al-'AzIz, the Fatimite Khallfah, 227

(f.-note).

B.

Badhan, Governor of Yaman, con-
version to Islam, 138.

Bahjah, mother of 'Aly ibn Abi '1-
Gharat, 72, 272.

Banu Bahr, 54, 170, 262.

The Bahrite. See Zakarlya ibn
Shaklr.

Al-Bajali. See Abu, 'Abd Allah al-
Husayn ibn 'Aly.

Tribe of Bajllah, 45 (fl-note), 178, 217.

Al-Biikhudah. See Ahmad ibn Mu-
hammad al-llamudi.

Bakii, sub-tribe of Hamdan, 18, 107,
132, 175, 216, 247.

Abu Bakr, successor of the Prophet,
139, 300.

Abu Bakr ibn Ahmad al-'Abdi, one of
'Umarah's informants, 79, 275,
276.

Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Yafi'y,
75, 76, 260.

Al-Bakri, the geographer, 178.

Egyptian Balsam, 107.

Abu '^-Barakat, sou of al-Walid the
Himyarite, 50, 258.

334

General Index.

Banu (Ahi) 'Z-Barakat, 173.

Ibn Abi 7-Barakat. See al-Mufad-
dal.

Bamch, 215, 313.

Al-Basri, 276.

Al-BatiVihy. See al-Ma'mrm.

Ibn Batutah, 166 (f.-note), 237.

Al-Ba'yari. See Mahammad ibn
Zayd.

Al-Bayhaki. Several writers of that
surname. The one probably here
in question, 305.— 159, 172, 175,
176, 178, 182, 183, 247.

Bilal ibn Jarlr as-Sa'id al Mawatfak.
Deputy of Saba ibn Abi Su'ud
over Aden, 69. One of 'Omarah's
informants, 72. His capture of
the fortress of al-Khadra at
Aden, 72-3, 272. Places Mu-
hammadibn Saba on the throne,
74, 160. Titles granted to him
by the KhalTfab, 74. Hisgovern-
ment of Aden and death, 79-80,
276, 278. Hia great wealth,
80, 160.

Bilkls Queen of Saba, 22, 183, 250,
'256.

Banu 'Z-Bi'm (?), sub-tribe of Khau-
lan, 207.

An Arab Birnam-wood, 310.

Bughyat al-Murld, MS. at the Brit.
Museum, xxiv., 319, 322.

Buhar, a weight, 80, 278.

Banu Buhr, 262.

Bukht Nassar, 215, 313.

Burhan (or Masrur), slave of Queen
'Alam, 112.

D.

Dadhwayh, 139, 300.

Ad-Dahhak Abu '1-Kasim, 186, 226,

*227.
Kitdb Daatur il-MunajjimIn, 250,

322-3,324, 325.
Da'ud Sarim ad-dIn son of 'Abd

Allah ibn Hamzah, 321.
Da'ud ibn 'Aly, uncle of 'Abd Allah

as-Saffah, Governor of Taman,

140.
Da'y, 1. Meaning of the word, 213.

Succession of Fatimite Da'ys in

Yaman, 134, 298-9.
Ad-Dayba', historian of Yaman, iii.,

v., svii.-xviii. His account of

the conquest of Yaman by the

troops of the Egyptian Sultan

al-Ghuri, 237 (f.-note).— 221

(f.-note), 226 (f.-note), 236, 241,

325, 327.
Ad-Dayr (monastery), name given to

the Ka'bah of Najran, 183.
Banu Dayyan of the Banu '1-Harith

the Madhhijites, rulers of Naj-
ran, 184, 313.
Adh-Dhabbal, name of 'Aly the

Sulayhite's horse, 84. c

Adh-Dhahabi, 316.
Adh-Dhaklilrah, daughter of Jayyash

son of Najah, 93.
Adh-Dhakhlrah daughter of Najah,

16, 81.
Banu 'dh-Dhlb, surname of the

family of the Banu '1-Karam,

67, 70.
Banu Dhu Asbah, their country,

176.— 17, i97,'216.
Dhu Hawwal, ancestor of the Banu

Ya'fur, 221,
Dhu Jadan, 191, 323.
Dhu '1-KaUi', 17, 176, 215, 232.
Dhu '1-Manakh, ancestor of Abu

Ja'far al-Manakhi, 222.
Dhu '1-Mnthlah, 222.
Dhu Nuwas, the last Himyarite

king, 313.
Dhu Ru'ayn, or YarTm, 215, 219

(f.-note), 245, 288.
Dhu 'th-Thafinat, surname of 'Aly

Zayn al-'Abidin and of 'Aly son

of 'Abd Allah son of 'Abbas, 289.
Dieterici's Mutanabbi. See Al-

Mutanabbi.
Dinar ibn 'Abd Allah, 219 (f.-note).
Malikite Dinars, first struck by al-

Mukarram Ahmad, 37, 79, 80,

253.
Banu Dinnah, 54, 262.
Dodek'ite Shi'ahs, 301, 302, 303.
Duhaym ibn 'Abs, 84.

F.

Abu 'l-Fada's Geography, 233, 306.
Al-Kddi al-Fadil. See 'Abd ar-

Rahlm.
Ibn al-Fadl. See 'Aly ibn al-Fadl

and 'Imran ibn al-Fadl.
Al-Fadl ibn Sahl Dhu 'r-Ri'asatayn,

3."
Banu Fahm, sub-tribe of Kuda'ah,

218.
Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr lllah, the Fatimite

Khallfah, vi.

General Index,

Ihn Falfih. See Ahmad.

Al-Falammas the Afa of Najran
(Kalammas?), 183, 312.

Faraj son of Islu'ik ibn Marzuk as-
Sahrati, 115.

Faraj as-Salirati the Abyssinian, 21.

Banu Farasan, 280 (f.-note).

Fath ibn Ivliftah appointed over
Ta'kar, 54. Father-in-law of
'Imrau son of Muslim ibn az-
Zarr, 55, 170. (Ibn Khaldfm
writes Suleymfm instead of
'Imriin.)

Alu 7-Fath. See Imam an-Nasir the
Daylamite.

Kadi Ahu 'Z-Fath ibn as-Sahl, 75.

Abu 'Z-Fath ibn al-WalTd. See Abn
'J-Futuh.

Ahu '?-Fath. See Sultan Abu 'n-
Nfirayn.

Al-Fatik son of Jayyash son of the
Indian concnbine, 91, 93. Suc-
ceeds his father, 93, 156. His
death, 94, 156. His descendants
exercised only nominal rule, 95-6.

Al-Fatik son of Mansiir ibn Fatik
ibn Jayyash. His accession, 98,
156. His death. 115, 157, 285.—
95, 100, 114, 117, 162.

Al-Fatik son of Muhammad ibn
Fatik ibn Jayyash, 95. Killed
at the instigation of the Imiim
Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, 129, 158,
163, 187. Account of his death
as given by the Zaydite histo-
rians, 317.

Fatimah daughter of al-MuT<,arram
Ahmad the Sulayhite. Married
to Shams al-BIa'uii 'Aly son of
the Da'y Saba the Sulayhite,
39. Escapes from her husband,
49.

Fatimah daughter of the Prophet,
■ 180.

Faymiyyun, converted the people of
Najriln to Christianity, 183,
312.

Fayruz the Daylamite appointed
Governor of Yaman by Abu
Bakr, 139, 300.

Fidawiyah. See Assassins.

IhH al-Fuwaykar. See az-Zibrikan.

Abu 'l-Futiih, nephew of Ja'far ibn
Ibrahim al-Maufikhi, 222.

Abu 7-Futuh ibn al-Walid, 50, 258,
263. The author says here" son
of al-'Ala son of Walld," but cf.
p. 258.

G.

Al-Ghafa'i, son of 'Aly ibn Fadl,
207.

Al-Gha'it, meaning of the word in
Yaman, 247.

The Sharif Ghanim ibn Yahya the
Suleymanite. Ally of Maflih
and defeated by Surur, 113, 114,
118, 167. His envoy to Surur,
116. Abandons his Arab allies,
120.— 166-7, 187, 284, 317.

Ahu' I- Ghar at son of Mas'ud, Prince
of Aden, 60, 66, 67.

Ahu '1-Gha.jth. ihn Siimir, adherent of
Ibn JNajTb ad-Daulah, 60.

Gliazal, slave-girl of Queen 'Alam
and sister-in-law of Surur, 120.

Ihn aZ-Ghifari. See Muhammad.

Kasr Ghumdan, the Ka'bah of Ya-
man, 6, 171, 182-3.

Al-Ghfiri, Sultan of Egypt, 237
(f.-note).

Ghuzz, 161, 165. According to the
Sihah {apiid Taj al-'Arus), a
Turkish tribe, but the word is
commonly used to denote na-
tives of Western and Central
Asia (Turks, Tartars, Kurds,
etc.), employed in a military
capacity, 161, 165.

The Ghuzz enlisted by Jayyash.
Their history, 104-6.

Dr. Eduard Glaser, xis. sqci., 171
(f.-note), 222, 223, 228, 233, 234,
247, 251 (f.-note).

Frof. de Goeje, 316, 324, 325, 327.
See also Ibn Haukal, Istakhri,
Khurdadhbah, etc.

H.

Banu, Habrah, 251.

Al-Hadhaly. See Ahmad ibn 'At-
tab.

Imam al-Hady. See Abu 'l-IIasan
'Aly ibn Ja'far, Yahya ibn Hu-
sayn and Yahya ibn Muhammad,

Banu Hamdan. They and the Banu
Khaulan were the two most
powerful tribes in Yaman, 175,
176, 218. Their descent. 216.
—18, 58, 59, 60, 64, 69, 70, 71,
145, 146, 148, 159, 168, 16y, 186,
188, 226, 228, 229, 230, 243, 247,
262, 295, 309.

Al-Hamdani the Geographer, six..

General Index.

214, 217, 219 (f.-note), 232-3,

237, 243, 245, 247-8, 280 (f.-note),

327, passim.
Banu Hashim, Amirs of Mecca, 147,

148, 152, 166, 252, 284, 285.
Ahu Hashim. See Abit Hashim al-

Hasan ibn 'Abd ar-Rahmfm.
Haudbah son of *Aly of the Bann

HanTfah, King of Yamiimah, 179.
Al-Hayzari ibn Ahmad, 43.
Al-Haythami. See As'ad ibn Yahya.
Hind, daughter of Abu 'l-Jaysh

Ishak, 8. Aunt of 'Abd Allah

ibn Ziyad {?), 14. Her death, 15.

—143-4.
Ihn Hisham, descendant of Hisham

the 'Omayyad KhalTfah, 2, 4.
Banu Hizzan, 179, 310.
Hud, the prophet, 180, 290 (f.-note),

311.

H,

Hada'ik al-Wardlyah, MS. at the

Brit. Mus., xxiii., 226 (f.-note),

284, 285, 314.
Hadramaut, son of Kahtilu, 311.
Al-Haf, son of Kuda'ah, 181.
16 ii Ahi 'Z-Hafat. See Husayn.
Barm Ahi '?-Hafat, 94.
Al-Hafiz li-din Illab, the Fatimite

Khalifah, vi., 137, 298, 300.
Al-Hajjah. See 'Alam.
Al.Haj]aj, 140, 178.
Al-Hajuri. See Husayn ibn Abi '1-

Hafat.
BaWHakam, v., 217, 118, 120, 238,

252, 285.
Al-Hakami, surname of 'Omarah, v.,

79.
Al-IIakayni. See Imum Ahu'l-Hasan

'Aly ibn Ja'far.
Al-Hfikim bi amr Illah, the Fatimite

Khalifah, 327.
Al Hakly. See Ahmad ibn 'Aly.
Al-Hamal (or al-Jamal), leader of

the insurrection against al-Mu-

faddal, 53, 150.
Hamid ad-Daulah. See Hatim ibn

Ahmad .
Ihn Hamid ad-Din. See Sii'id.
Al-Hamidi. See Ibrahim ibn al-

Ilusiiyn and Hatim ibn Ibrahim.
Hamil al-Madyah, 46.
Al-Hamal. See also al-Jamal, 53.
Al-Haraudi. See Ahmad ibn Mu-
hammad.

Ilamzah son of the Imam Abit, Hashim

al- Hasan, 229, 318.
Bamt Hamzah, 321.
Hamzah ibn VVahhas. Suleymanite

Prince of Mecca, 285.
Banu Hanifah, 178, 179, 309, 310.
Banu Haram, 118, 286.
Al-Harami (or Hirami), 7, 9, 234.
Al-Harani. See al-Murajja.
Banu Haraz, 175, 215, 309.
Banu 'Z-Hririth ibn Ka'b sub-tribe of

Azd,183, 216, 313.
JBamc 'Z-IIarith ibn Ka'b sub-tribe of

Madhhij, 217, 183-4, 313-14.
Harithah son of 'Amru, 216.
hahih al-Harmali, 235.
Hasan son of the Imam al-Mansur

' Abd 'Allah. 321.
Imam Ahu Hdshim al-Hasan ibn

'Abd ar-Rahman, 229," 318.
Hasan ibn Ahmad ibn Yahya al-

Muntakhab, mentioned by as-

Suli, and by Ibn Ilazm, 186.
Ah(, Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abi

'Akamah, 27, 93, "280.
Abu ' l-llasan ibn 'Aly ibn Muham-
mad the Sulayhite, 77.
Hasan ibn 'Aly al-Utrush an-Nasir

lil-IIakk, 316.
Ahit ' l-Ilsisan ibn .4fci'Z-Kasim al-

Bayhaki, 305.
Al-Hasan ibn Sahl, 3.
Hasan son of MansQr al-Yaman, 208.
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn

Wahhas, proclaimed Imiim, 321.
Hasan son of the Imam al-Hady

Yahya, 315.
Hasan son of Zayd, descendant of

Zayd son of Hasan eon of Aba

TiUib, 303.
Abu 'Mlasan (Abu '1-Jaysh ?) ibn

ZiySd, 227.
Banu Ilashid, anb-tribe of Hamdan,

107, 132, 175, 216, 233, 2J7.
Ibn Abi Ilashid the Khaulanite. See

Yahya.
HashTshiyln. See Assassins.
Hassan ibn Tnbba', 178, 310.
Ihn Hatim the historian. See Mu-
hammad.
Ibn Hatim. See 'Aly ibn Hatim.
Uanud ad-Baulah Hatim ibn Ahmad,

148, 230, 317.
Hatim son of 'Aly son of Saba the

Zurayite, 73, 295.
Hiitim ibn al-GhashIm, Saltan of

SanTi, 230, 257.
Hatim ibn Ibrahim ibn al-llusayn al-

General Index.

337

llamidi, succeeded his father as
i)a'y, 137, 299.

Ihn Ilaukal the Geographer, 6 (f.-
note)'. 143 (f.-note), 178, 180, 231,
23i.

Ibn Haushab. See Mansur al-Yaman.

Banu Ilawwal or Hawwalites, sur-
name of the Banu Ya'fur, 195,
224, 234.

Al-Hawwiili (al-Jawwali ?). See
As'ad ibn 'Abd as-Samad.

Banu Hay, 263.

Banu Haydan, 126, 162, 280 (f.-note),
291.

Banu Ilaywan. See the preceding.

Ibn Hazm, the Genealogist, 175, 183,
186, 313, 247.

Banu Himas, 58, 265.

Banu Ilimyar, 215. Ally themselves
with Bilal ibn Jarir, 69. Con-
quered Najran, 183. Join the
Hamdanites in supporting Hu-
sayn, son of al-Mansur al-
Kasim, 228.

Ilimyar son of 'Abd ash-Shams (al-
'Aranjaj), ancestor of the Him-
yaiites, 215, 5, 124, 176.

Ilimyar al-Asghar, or Zur'ah, son of
Saba al-Asghar, 224, 243.

Abu Himyar, surname applied to
Saba ibu Abi Su'ud the Zurayite,
71 ; also to al-MansCir Saba son
of Ahmad the Sulayhite.

Himyar ibn As'ad, secretary of Surur
al-Fiitiki and one of 'Omarah's
informants, 104. His history,
106-7. His story of the slave-
girl Wardah, 106-111. A dealer
in poison, 107.— 108, 114-16.

Himyar ibn al-Harith, Governor of
Yaman, 224."

Al-Hirami. See al-Harami.

Banu Iliwal. See Ilawwal.

Al-Hujariyah, 57, 62. Meaning of
the word, 263.

Banu 'Ilurab, sub-tribe of Madhhij,
177, 217.

Ibn Hurabah, 67. See 'Imrau.

Al- Hurrah, meaning of the word, 281.

Abu 'Ahd Allah al-Ilusayn ibn Ah-
mad ibn Muhammad ash-Shiya'i,
the Ismailite missionary to
Africa, 6, 173, 196, 249. The
date of his arrival in Africa, 325.

Abu''l-Kdsim al-IIusayn son of al-
Mu'ayyad Ahmad, 319.

Abu Muhammad al-Husayn ibn Abi
'Akamah. See al-Hasan.

Abu 'Ab<i Allah al-Husayn ibn 'Aly
al-Bajali, one of 'Omarah's in-
formants, 45, 46, 61, 265.

Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn 'Aly
ibn Muhammad al-Kumm, the
poet. His versos in praise of
the Da'y Saba (Read Husayn
instead of 'Aly ?), 43. His rela-
tions with Jayyash son of Na-
jah, 89-91.-28, 38, 75.

Husayn ibn Abi 'I-Hafat al-Hajury,
94.

Husayn son of 'Aly ibn Abi Talib,
191, 219, 302.

The Kildi Husayn ibn Isma'il al-
Isfahani', 46, 47.

Husayn, son of the Imam al-Kasim
the Rassite, 142, 185, 315. *

The Mahdy Husayn son of the Imam
al-Mansur al-Kasim, 228-9.

Husayn ibn Salamah, freedman of
the Ziyadites and wazlr to the
son of Abu'l-Jaysh, 8. Mosques
and wells constructed by Hu-
sayn along the road to Mecca,
9-13. His death, 9.— 16, 90, 92,
97, 129, 143, 145, 177, 220, 227
(f.-note), 235-6, 292.

Al-Muhri/ al-Husayn, grandson of
Husayn ibn Salamah, one of
'Omarah's informants, 12.

Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn at-
Tubba'y, Prince" of Sha'ir. The
fortresses he conquered, 17.
The part he took in the discom-
fiture of Sa'id ibn Najah, 37, 41-
42, 154. Erroneously named
Ya'fur by Ibn Khaldun, 304.
Was chief of the Banu Kurandi,
242.

Ibadites, a Muslim sect, a division
'of the Kharijites, 181.

Ibrahim ibn 'Abd Allah, brother of
Muhammad an-Nafs az-Zakly-
yah,' 302.

Ibrahim ibn 'Abd al-Majid (or 'Abd
al-HamId). Abjures the Ismail-
ite doctrines and declares him-
self independent, 210-11, 316.

Ibrahim ibn Ahmad the Aghlabite,
325.

The Dd'y Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn al-
Hamidi, 137, 298-9.

Ibrahim Abu Ja'far al-Manakhi,
founder of a dynasty in Mikhlaf
Ja'far, 221-2.

Z

338

General Index.

Ibrabim son of Jayyash. Seeks to

oppose the succession of his

brother Patik and again that of

his nephew Mansur, 93-4, 156.

Ibrahim, sou of the Abbaside Khall-

fah al-Mahdy, 3.
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ta'fur,
172, 185, Outlines of his his-
tory, 221-6.
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Zaydan,
uncle of 'Omarah. Joins in a
conspiracy against al-Mufaddal
and brings about the latter's
death, 53-1, 150, 16D, 262.

Ibrahim son of Muhammad ibn
Ziyad, succeeds his father to
the Principality of Zabid, 5,
231-5, 291-2.

Ibrahim al-Jazziir son of Musa al-
Kazim, 110, 218.

Ibrahim (or 'Abd Allah), last Prince
of the dynasty of Ziyiid, 13-15,
144.

Idrls son of 'Abd Allah, descendant
of Hasan son of 'Aly, regarded
as one of the early Zaydite
Imams, 302.

'Imcld ad-din Idris, author of a his-
tory of Yaman, xvi.

Banu 'Ijl, a Modarite tribe, 178,
309.

Kitab al-'Ikd ith-thamln, History of
Yaman, xv. See Muhammad
Ibn Hatim.

The wazir Ikbal. Originally one Of
the slaves educated by Queen
'Alam, 112. Poisons King Fa-
tik son of Mansur, 114-15.— 100,
115.

'Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, 139.

'Imad ad-din al-Isfahani, author of
the Kharidat al-Kasr, 309.

Imams of the tShiahs, 301-3.

Banu 'Imriin, allies of Muflih and of
the Sharif Ghfinim ibn Yahya,
113, 118, 120, 126, 285.

•Imraa ibn al-Fadl the Yamite. Al-
Mukarram's deputy over San'ii,
41, 148. His grandson Hamid
ad-Daulah Hatim becomes king
of San'a, 230.-42.

'Imran ibn Huriibah, 67.

The Dd'y 'Imran ibn Muhammad ibn
Saba, Zurayite King of Aden.
His coinage, 37. Succeeds his
father, 67. Forgives Omarah's
debt, 78. His death, 79,-80,
131, 274, 275, 278.

'Imran, son of Muslim ibn az-Zarr.
Placed by his father under the
care of Queen Sayyidah, 55.
Dispossesses Fath ibn Miftiih of
Ta'kar, 55. His insubordina-
tion and treatment by the queen
56.-56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 150,
170.

'Imru '1-Kays, 85, 278, 177.

'Isa ibn Hamzah, brother of Ahmad
(of Yahya, father of Ghanim ?),
167, 187. See Notes 88 and 130.

'Isa ibn YazTd the Wa'ilite, 23.

'Isa son of Zayd son of 'Aly Zayn
al-'Abidin, 302.

Al-Isfahani. See Husayn ibn Is-
ma'Il and 'Imad ad-din.

Ibn Ishak. See Muhammad.

Abu 'l-Jaysh Ishak ibn Ibrahim ibn
Muhammad the Ziyiidite. Suc-
ceeds his brother, 5. His death,
8, 143. His power and wealth,
8.-7, 129, 142, 166, 172, 173,
200, 222, 227, 235, 291-2.

Ishak ibn Marzuk as-Salirati, 107.
Suitor for the hand of Wardah,
115. Defeats 'Aly ibn Mahdy,
125.

Ishak ibn Yahya ibn Jarlr, author
of a History of San'a, xiv.-xv.,
204.

Ishmael son of Abraham, and Ish-
maelite Arabs, 215, 812.

Al-Ashraf Isma'Il ibn al-'Abbas,
Rasulite Sultan, xv., xvi., 294.

Imam Isma'Il al-Mutawakkil, son of
al-Kiisim, 322.

Banu Isma'Il. See Banu Mash'al
and the Arabic text, p. a v.

Al-MuHzz Isma'Il, Ayyubite King of
Yaman, 188 (f.-note), 318, 243.

Ismailites (or Karmathians, or Fa-
timites. See also Assassins, Su-
layhites, Zurayites, etc.). His-
tory of the sect in Yaman, 191-
212;— vi.-x., 150, 213, 225, 226,
249, 258, 264, 265-6, 274, 301-3,
317, 320,

Al-Istakhri, the Geographer, 231,
234.

Ithna'ashariyyah. See Dodekites.

'Izz ad-dIn, a member of Ibn al-
Khayyat's mission to Yaman, 62,

Al-Jabarwa '1-Mukabilah (Algebra),
102.

Gene7^al Index.

339

Banu Ja'dah, 214.

Banu Jadls, 179, 310, 311.

Banu Ja'far. See Ju'fi.

Ja'far ibn al-'Abbas, killed in an
attack upon 'Aly the Sulayhite,
251.

Ja'far ar-Rashld, mentioned as son
and successor of the Imam Ah-
mad an-Nasir, 186.

Ja'far ibn Dinar, Governor of Ya-
man, 224.

Ja'far son of Ibrahim al-Mandkhi.
Gave his name to Mikhliif Ja'far
and was the builder of Mudhay-
khirah, 221. Attacked by 'Aly
ibn al-Fadl the Karmathiau and
killed, 222.

Ja'far sou of the Imam al-MansuT
al-Kasira, 228, 229, 251.

Ja'far son of Mansur al-Yaman
(Ibn Hanshab), 210.

Ja'far as-Sddik, son of Muhammad
al-Bakir, the sixth Imam, 249,
303.

Ja'far, freedman of Muhammad ibn
Ziyad, 4-5, 141.

Ja'far, son of Musa the Sulayhite,
38.

Kitah al-Jafr (or as-Suwar), 19, 145,
249.

Banu Jald, sub -tribe ©f Madhhij, 217.

Battle of al-Jamal (the Camel), ix.,
139, 301.

Al-Jamal, 150. See al-Hamal.

Al-Janadi, his History of the
Scholars and Kings of Yaman,
xi.-xiv., xvi., xix. Chapter on
the Karmathians in Yaman, 191-
212. Extracts from his His-
tory, 254, 258-262, 236-7, 271,
272-4, 275-7, 279-80, 283, 286-8,
290, 291-3, 298-9. References,
passim.

Banu Janb, or Munabbih, sub-tribe
of Madhhij, 56, 69, 150, 169, 170,
217, 262, 295-6.

Ahu Sa'ld al-Jannabi, 202, 327.

Ibn Jarir. See Ishak ibn Yahya.

Banu Jarm, sub-tribe of Kuda'ah,
218.

Abu Diirr Jauhar al-Mu'ajzami,
guardian of the children of 'Im-
ran, the last Zurayite King of
Aden, 275. Surrenders the
castle of Damluwah to Turan
Shah, 297.

Ibn al-Jauzl. See Abu 'l-Faraj 'Ahd
ar- Rahman.

Z

Al-Jawahir wa 'IDurar, MS. at the
Brit. Mus., xxiii., 227 (f.-note),
319, 321 (f.-note).

Abu '1-Jaysh. See Ishak.

Abu 't-Tdmi Jayyash son of Isma'il
son of Albuka, one of 'Ocnarah's
informants, 111.

Abu 't-Tdmi Ndsir ad-din Jayyash
son of Najah. Author of a His-
tory of Zabid, xii., 2. Joins
with his brother Sa'Td in re-
covering Zabid from 'Aly the
Sulayhite, 82, 152. His narra-
tive of the expedition and of
subsequent events, 82-6, 88-92.
Takes part in the attack upon
the camp of 'Aly the Sulayhite,
82-4. His advice to his brother,
85. Upon the recapture of Za-
bid by the Snlayhites he seeks
refuge in India, 37-8, 88, 154.
Returns and succeeds in regain-
ing the city, 88-92, 155. His
generous treatment of As'ad iba
Shihab, 92, 155. His death, 93.
His literary talents, 279. His
slaughter of the Kadi Ibn Abi
'Akamah, 93, 280. His ingrati-
tude to the Wazir Khalf, 255. —
14, 16, 44, 45, 81, 153, 154.

Jazali, name of the tribe to which
the Banu Najah belonged, 96,
97. See Abyssinian tribes.

Al-Jazzar (the Butcher). See Ibra-
him, son of Musa.

Jinan al-Kubra, freed woman of
Mansur ibn Fiitik.

C. T. Johannsen. His abstract of
Dayba's History of Zabid, iii. —
221 (f.-note).

Family of Abu 'l-Jud, rulers of Naj-
rSn, 184.

Banu Judham, sub-tribe of the Banu
Murrah, 218.

Juftam. See 'Aly ibn Husayn.

The Dd't/ Ibn Juftam (or Rahim ?),
one of Ibn Haushab's succes-
sors, 211.

Banu Ju'fi, sub-tribe of Madhhij,
167, 217.

Banu Juma'ah, a Khaulanite tribe,
54, 263.

Jumiinah, darughter of Suwayd, aud
wife of the Da'y al-Mansur
Saba, 48.

Banu Jurayb son of Sharahbil, 94,
281.

Banu Jurhum, 183, 216, 312.

2

;40

General Index:.

Hanu Jurrah, 217.

Jusham ibn Khaywan, ancestor of

the B. Baku and B. Hashid, 175.
Jiann Jusham ibn Yiim, sub-tribe of

Hamdiin to which the Sulayhites

and Zuravites belonged, 64, 70,

159, 168, 216, 251, 271.
Jnynboirs edition of the Marasid,

239, 294, 305 (f.-note), 309.

K.

The Ka'bah of Mecca, 241 (f.-note),
253

The Ka'bah of Najran, 182, 311-2.

The Ka'bah of Yanian. See Ghnm-
dan.

Al-AinJr al-Kadhdhab, envoy to
Yaman from Cairo, 61.

Kahlan freedman of Najiih, 81, 145,
152.

Banu Kalb, sub-tribe of Kuda'ah,
218.

The author of al-Kama'im, 182.

Kitab Kanz il-Akh^ar, a historical
work, xvi.

Al-Karam, or al-Kazam, the Yamite
ancestor of the Zurayite Kings
of Aden, 65, 2(j9.

Banu 'l-Karam, 66. 67, 159, 168.

The Karmathians, 222, 226,235. 242,
250, 314, 316. See also Assassins
and Ismailites.

Kashifat al-Ghummah, MS., at the
Brit. Mu3., xxiv. 319 (f.-note).

Katamah, a Berber tribe, 250, 325.

Ibn Khaldun, xi., xxi. His History of
Yaman , xxii. His account of the
Arab tribes, 214. Al-Ma'mun's
motives in sending Ibn Ziyad
to Yaman, 218. His account of
the Shi'ah sects, 301. Errors
in hia history of Yaman,
namely : — In his description of
Mudhaykhirah, Aden La'ah and
Aden Abyan, 232. In his ac-
count of the Suleymanites, 284.
In that of the early Governors
of Yaman, 300. In that of Sa'id
ibn Najah's death and of Jay-
yash's relations with Ibn al-
Kumm, 304. In his history of
the Zurayites, 307. In his ac-
count of the Kassite Imams,
314, 317 sc,q—22,6, 236, 242,
245, 249, 2y2, 266, 274, 293, 304,
305, 309, 312, 313, 322.

Khalf ibn Abi Tahir the Oroayyad,
wazir of Jayyash, 2. His es-
cape with Jayyash to India, 37,
88,154. They reconquer Zahld,
88 sqq., 155. Hostility between
.Jayyash and him, 255. His
rebellion, 45.

Khalid son of Abu '1-Barakat ibn al-
Walld, his assassination, 2^8.

Khalid ibn al-Walid (" the Sword
of God"), 184.

Hajji KhalTfah, author of the Kashf
az-ZuniJn, xii., xiv., xv., xvi.,
xviii., 249.

Ihn Khallikan, v., xi., xiv., 236, 245,
250, 252, 253, 309, 313, 315,
(f.-note), 316.

Khanfar son of Saba, 323.

Sect of the Kharijites, 161, 163, 181,
289.

Bann Khath'am, 177, 178, 217, 228.

Banu Khaulan. Part of the tribe
settled in Mikhlaf Ja'far, 54,
170. According to certain
authorities the B. Khaulan were
a division of Kuda'ah, 217. — 53,
55, 56, 57, 69, 127, 131, 150, 162,
169, 217, 226-30, 262-3.

Banu Khaywan the Hamdiinites, an-
cestors of Hashid and Bakil,
175.

Ibn al-Khayyat, al-AmIr al-Mu-
waOak, 62, 63,

Ibn al-Khazami. See al-Harami.

Ibn al-Khazary. See vibw 't-Kasim.

Tribe of Khazraj, xv., 216-7, 236.

Al-Khazraji, xii. His Histories of
Yaman, xv.-xvii. Extracts, 243-
244, 251 2, 257-8, 268-9, 280-1,
282, 283. References, passim.

Ibn Khurdadhbah, the Geographer,
33 (f.-note), 240.

Tribe of Khuza'ah, 216.

Al-Kifayah. History of Yaman by
Khazraji, xvi., xvii.

Banu Kindah (sub-tribe of the B.
Murrah) and their country, 101,
177, 218, 2'i2, 295 (f.-note).

Baron von Kremer, 231.

Banu '/-Kurandy the Himyarites, 16,
21, 171, 172, 242-3, 245.

Ibn al-Kurandy, ruler of al-Ma'afir,
30, 147, 278.

Ibn Kabas.
Al-Kabuui.

See Muhammad.
See Abu 'I'ahir.

General Index.

341

Kahtfin, ancestor of the tribes of

' Yainaa, 165, 214, 215.
Kahtan, nephew of As'ad ibn Ya'fur,

■ 207.
Kahtanites, 85, 153, 165, 181, 183._
Al-Ka'im bi amr Illah, the Fatimite

Khalifah, 210, 250.
Ibn Kah'tkis the poet, 160-1, 308.
Kasldat al-Himyariyah, 231.
;Kasim, father of Saba and Muham-
mad, retainers of Muhammad

ibn Saba, 75.
Al-Kasim son ot al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad.

Read Abu 'l-Kdsim al-Husayn.
Al-Kasim al-Mukhtar son of an-

'Nanr Ahmad, 186 (and f.-note\

226.
Imam aZ-ilian.mral-Kasim son of 'Aly,

228, 319.'
Sharif Kasim son of Ghanim son of

Yahya the Saleymauite, 296.
Al-Kasim ibn Husayn, the Zaydite

*8harif, 228-9.
Al-Kasim son of Ibrahim Tabataba,

ancestor of the Rassite Imams

of Yaman. Sketch of his his-
tory, 314-5.— 142, 185, 186, 318,

319.
Abu 'l-Kasim, surname of the Pro-
phet, 136.
Ahu 'i-Kasim ibn al-Khazary, deputy

at Aden of 'Aly ibn Abi '1-

Gharat, 68.
Imam al-Mansur al-Kasim ibn

Muhammad, 321.
Kasim al-Mulk, an empty title given

to Khalf ibn Ab= Tahir, 255.
Kasr Ghumdan. See Ghumdan.
Al-Kaybi. See 'AbJ ar-Rahman ibn

Tahir.
Kayl, singular of AkyiU, title given

to the Himyaiite Kings, 176.
Kays ibn 'Abd Yaghuth, the slayer

of al-Aswad the 'Ansite, 139,

300.
JKays 'Aylan son of Mudar, one of

the patriarchs of the Ishmaelite

Arabs, 179,215.
Kays. See Nafis, freedman of the

Ziyadites.
Al-Kayyum, meaning of the word,

'237.
Kuda'ah son of Malik sou of Ilim-

'yar, 181.
Banu Kuda'ah, 181 , 218, 262.
Ibn al-Kumm, see 'Aly ibn Muham-
mad and Husayn ibn 'Aly.
^iuran, quoted, 3, 26, 32, 47, 86, 12'J,

130, 132, 149, 213, 257, 265, 289,

290.
Tribe of Kuraysh, 18, lOt, 215, 219.
Kurrat al-'Uyua, History of Yaman

by Dayba', xviii.
Kurt son of Ja'far, last King of the

Banu Hizzaa, 179.
Kuss ibn Sa'idah, Christian Bishop

of Najran, 183, 312.
Ibn Kutaybah, 265.

L.

Ibn al-Labban al-Faradi, 102, 282.
Banu Lakhm, sub-tribe of Murrah,

218.
Mr. S. Lane-Poole, iii , 235, 253.

M.

Ma 'add son of 'Adnan, ancestor of
the Ishmaelite Arabs, 215.

Banu Ma'iifir, xiii., 218.

Abu, 'J-Ma'ali ibn al-IIabbab, 111.

Banu Madhhij, 69, 216, 217, 262,
295-7.

Al-Mahdy. Designation of the
Imam Ahmad ibn Husayn. Also
of the Persian Imam Muham-
mad, 186. See moreover Do-
dekites, Husayn son of al-
Mansur al-Kasim, 'Obayd Allah,
'Abbas and the Table of Imams
at p. 303.

Banu Mahdy, 220.

Ibn Mahdy. See 'Aly.

Mahdy son of 'Aly ibn Mahdy. His
conquests and death, 294. — 129,
260, 267.

Atabek Niir ad-dln Mahmud, vi., vii.

Tribe of Mahrah (Mahrah son of
Ilaydiin), 181, 182.

Banu Majld, 280 (f.-note).

Al-Makrizi, vi. (f.-note), viii., ix., x.,
82' (f.-note), 241, 250,264,265,
274, 314, 3z3, 324.

Ibn Makshuh. See Kays ibn 'Abd
Y'atclmth.

Imam Mfilik ibn Anas al-Asbahi, 17,
245.

Mfilik ibnal-llaf, 181.

Malik ibn Himyar, 181.

Malik son of Zayd son of Kahlan,
ancestor of one of the three great
Kahtanite stems, 2l6.

The Kadi Ibn Malik the Sulayhite,
chief Da'y in Yaman, 134.

342

General Index.

Ibn Malik. See Abu 'Ahd Allah
Muhammad ,

Malikite dinars, 37, 79, 80.
Mfilikah, mother of the Imam Ahmad
ibn Suleymfin, 319.

Ma'mar ibn Ahmad ibn 'Attab, 79.

Al-Ma'mari. See 'Abd Allah ibnal-
Malidy.

Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihy, wazir of the
Khalifali al-'Amir, 58, 61, 62,
26x

Al-Ma'mun the Abbaside Khalifah.
See 'Abd Allah.

Banu Ma'n, Princes of Aden. Out-
lines of their history, 307-8. —
16, 21, 65, 158, 159, 243, 245.

Ma'n son of Ilatim ibn al-Ghasbim,
Sultan of San'ii, 230.

Ma'n ibn Za'idah, Governor of
Yaman, 16, 159, 243, 245.

Manakh. See Dhu '1-Manakh.

Al-Manakhi, See Ibrahim Abu
Ja'far and Ja'far.

ManT' ibn Mas'ud the Zurayite.
Anecdote, 69, 70.

Mann Allah al-Patiki, wazTr of
Mansur ibn Fatik. His military
achievements, 97. His absolute
power, 98. His death, 99.
Place of burial, 282.— 156, 157,
220, 281.

Mansur son of al-A'azz 'Aly ibn
Saba the Zurayite, 73.

Imam al-Mansur. See 'Abd AUali
ibn Hamzah, al-Kasim ibn 'Aly
and al-Kiisim iba Muhammad.

Mansur ibn Fatik ibn Jayyiish.
Succeeds his father and receives
assistance from al-Mufaddal,
94, 156. Slays his wazir Anis,
96-7. Is poisoned by Mann
Allah, 98, 156, 281.— 52, 95, 117,
120.

Mansur son of Ikbal, 115.

Mausur, one of the three children of
'Imran the last Zurayite King of
Aden, 79, 80, 275, 2y7.

Mansur son of Jayjash, 93.

Mausur son of JVIann Allah, 119.

Mansur son of Al-Mufaddal ibn
Abi '1-Barakat. Sells the
strongholds he had inherited,
76, 151, 174. His death and
age, 130-1, 267, 293.-59, 60, 73,
150. 151, 160, 171, 173, 260, 274.

Mansur son of Muflih, 111, 112, 114,
115.

Mansur son of Najah, 16.

Mansur al-Yaman (Ibn Ilaushab),
His history, 191-208. His name,
192, 323. Date of his arrival in
Yaman, 324. His death, 208.—
6, 208, 232, 249, 324 (Note 133).
R. Manzoni, xx., 247, 267 (f.-note),

306, 309.
Marasid al-Ittila', Geographical Dic-
tionary. See Juynboll.
Marjan, freedman of Husayn ibn
SaHmab, 14-16, 22, 129, H4, 145.
Banu Marran, 54, 55, 262.
Maruh. See Rashid.
Kittib Masarib at-Tajarib, 305.
Mash'al the 'Akkite, 84.
Banu Mash'al, 100, 113, 118, 285.
Masrur (or Burhan ?), freedman of

Queen 'Alam, 112.

Mas'ud son of al-Karam, joint ruler

of Aden, 65. His death, 66, 67.

— 159, 276, 307, 308.

Mas'ud, retainer of King Fatik, 100.

The K/l'id Mas'ud, the Zaydite in the

district of Mahjam, 113.
Al-Mas'udi (Barbier de Meynard),
226, 235, 310, 311, 312, 313, 322.
Al-Mausim, meaning of the word,

146, 162.
Mawiihib ibn Jadid (al-Maghrabi ?).
His verses in praise of Al-Mu-
faddal, 259.
Maymun (or 'Abd Allah ibn May-

mun), 192-4, 196, 324-5.
Bami, Maytam, 215.
Miftah as-Sudasi, mamluk of Yasir

ibn Bilal, 276.
Mikhlaf, meaning of the word, 5.
Mikat, meaning of the word, 240,

' 315 (f.-note).
Mu'adh ibn Jabal, 10, 236.
Mu'adhah, daughter of 'Aly ibn

Fadl, 207.
Mu'arik son of Jayyaah, 93, 156.
Mu'arik son of Najah, 16. Com-
mitted suicide, 81, 152.
The Khalifah Mu'awlyah, 219.
Al-Ma'ayyad Niisir ad-dln. See

Najah.
Imam al-Mu'ayyad. See Muhammad.
See also the Table of Imams,
p. 303.
Mudati' son of Bilal, 80.
Abu'l-Muda&'. SeeMani'ibn Mas'ud.
Mudar son of Nizar, 215.
Al-Mufaddal son of al-A'azz 'Aly,

Prince of Aden, 73.
Al-Mvifaddal son of 'Aly son of
Radi the Zurajite, 172.

General Index.

343

Al-Mufaddal ibn Ahi '?-Birakat the
Himyarite, 150 (f.-note). His
history, 49-54. Confidential
minister of Queen Sayyidah, 50-
51,149-50,258-9. His services,
49, 51-52, 6f>. Introduces the
Khaulanites into Mikhlaf Ja'far,
54, 170. Expedition to Zabld,
return and death, 53-4; 94-5,
156. His successor, 263. Me-
morials of his rule, great aque-
duct, etc., 259-60.-38, 49, 131,
151, 169, 173.

Al-Mufaddal son of Saba ibn Abi
Sa'u(l,'68, 269.

Mufaddal ibn Zuray', 59, 60, 67.

Z"iitf6al-Mufid, history of Zabid, xii.

Abu Manmr Muflih al-Fatiki as-
Sahrati, wazTr to King Fatik
son of Mansur, 103-4. Story of
the slave-girl Wardah, 104-111.
Anecdotes, 111, 112. His ex-
pulsion from Zabld, 113. De-
feated along with his Arab
allies by SurQr, 114, 118. His
death, 114.— 97, 100, 119, 167.

Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayyah, 139,
300.

Al-Muhajirun, surname given by
Ibn Mahdy to his followers
from Tiharaah, 126, 132. See
also 217.

Muhammad ibn al-A'azz, 60.

'Izz ad-din Muhammad, son of the
Imam al-Ma7isur 'Abd Allah,
319.

Muhammad son of 'Abd Allah, an-
Nafs az-Zakiyyah, 302.

Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah the Ya-
fi'ite, one of 'Oms'irah's infor-
mants, 100.

Mnhammad son of the Da'y al-
Mukarram Ahmad, died in in-
fancy, 39.

Muhammad son of Ahmad ibn 'Im-
"ran ibn al-Fadl, 60, 231.

Muhammad al-M(tMy (son of Ah-
'mad?), 186 (f.-note).

Muhammad ibn 'Aly, one of 'Oma-
rah's informants, 130.

Abu 'Ahd Allah Muhammad ibn 'Aly
as-Sahh;imi, one of 'Omfirah's
informants, 97, 102.

Muhammad son of 'Aly the Sulayh-
ite, father of the Da'y 'Aly,
19, 50, 145, 304.

Mnhammad al-Bakir, son of 'Aly
Zayn al-Abidln", 302.

Muhammad ibn Abi 'l-'Arab, " the
Da'y," 57, 298.

Muhammad ibn al-Azraki, secretary
to Queen Sayyidah, 63, 64.

Muhammad ibn Bisharah, one of
'Oraarah's informants, 25.

Muhammad ibn Fadl, 322-3. See
■'Aly ibn Fadl.

Muhammad son of Fatik son of
Jayyash, 95. His rebellion, dis-
comfiture and flight, 113, 119

Muhammad ibn Abi '1-Gharat, Prince
'of Aden, 67, 307.

Mnhammad ibn al-Ghifari, 45.

Al-Amln Muhammad, son of Harun,
the Khallfah, 3, 220.

Muhammad ibn Harun the Taghlib-
ite, one of Ibu Ziyad's com-
panions, 3, 4, 27, 220.

Muhammad ibn Ilatim the historian,
XV., 227, 230" (f.-note), 270, 296,
311.

Muhammad son of Ibrahim Taba-
'taba, 140, 142, 184-5,314.

Muhammad ibn Idris, Imam ash-
'Shafi'y, xiii., 4, 236.

Mnhammad ibn Ishak, 311.

Muhammad al-Maktum, son of the
Imam Isma'il, 303.

Muhammad, one of the three sons
of 'Imran ibn Muhammad the
Zurayite, 67, 160. See Mansur,
son of 'Imran.

Abu Hfishim Mnhammad ibn Ja'far,
Amir of Mecca, 152, 252-3.

Muhammad son of Ja'far as-Sadik,
'l40.

Muhammad ibn Kabas (Kays F) the
'Wuhazite, 53'.

Muhammad son of al-Kasim, physi-
cian and astrologer, 75.

Muhammad son of al-Kasim ibn
'Aly, descendant of Zayn al-
'Abidla, 107, 315, and Gen.
Table, p. 3U3.

Muhammad son of al-Kasim the
Rassit.e, son of Ibrahim, 315.

Imam Muhammad al-M/i'aiiyad ibn
al-Kasim iba Muhammad, 322.

Muhammad ibn Maui' ibn Mas'ud
the Zurayite, 73.

Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Malik
ibn Abi '1-Kaba'il, author of a
history of the Karmathians,
191, 192, 198, 203.

Muhammad ibn Nizar, Imam al-
Mukhtdr, grandson of al-Mus-
tansir, 265.

544

General Index.

Sharif Mnhammad Alu 'l-Hasan ihn
AM 'Z-'OmarT, merchant at Aden,
and descendant of the second
Khallfah, 72.
Muhammad son of Saba the Zuray-
ite, Prince of Aden. His acces-
sion, 67, 73-4, 137. One of the
author's informants, 68-72.
Marries the daughter of Biliil,
74. His character and liberality,
7-1-78. Purchases the strong-
holds of Mansur, ibn al-Mu-
faddal, 76, 267. His death,
78," 278. Kefuses Ibn Mahdy's
request for assistance, 127-8. —
73,80, 160, 269, 270.
Muhammad ibn Ahi 'Z-'Ula, ruler of
Abyan at the time of Ibn Fadl's
arrival in Yaman, 197.
Muhammad ibn 'Ulayyah, 32.
Abu 'l-Kdsim JNIuhammad a-I-Mwrtarfa
son of Yahya al-Hadi, 186, 315,
316, 326.
Ahu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya as-

SQli, 186, '316.
Muhammad ibn Ya'fur, Prince of

' San'ii, 224-5, 324.
Muhammad ibn Zayd al-Ba'yari the

■janbite, 297.
Muhammad ibn Ziyad. His ancestor
'Ziyad, 219. History of his
dynasty, 2-18. Sent to Yaman
by al-Ma'mun, 4, 141, 218, 223.
Conquered Tihiimah, and even-
tually the whole of Yaman, 4.
Founder of the city of Zabid, 4,
His descendants, 5, 129, 234-6.
291-2. Hisdeath, 234.— 2,5, 27,
141, 142, 166,223.
Muhammad son of Ziyad, descend-
ant of 'Abd al-Madan, Governor
of Yaman under the KhalTfah
'Abd Allah as-Saffah, 140, 184.
Imam al-Sln'Td li-dTn Illah, 229.
Al-Mu'izz li-din Illah, the Fatimite

Ki.alifah, 211, 2fJ3, ;527.
Al-Mu'izz Isma'Tl. See Isma'Il.
Ihn al-Mujab, 185, 187, 316.
Ibwal-Mn'javvir, xxi., 221, 239, 240,

241, 288.
Mujrim, assassin of Surur al-Fatiki,

123.
AI-Mukaddasi, the geographer, 232,

234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 327.
Al-Mukarram, title of 'Imriin ibn
Muhammad the Zurayite, 278.
See also Ds'y Ahmad ibn 'Aly.
Jmdvn al-Mukhtar. See Kasim son

of Ahmad an-Nasir and Mu-
liammad ibn Nizar.
Al-Mulahidah, 266.
iZa'Js Mula'ibal-Khanlani, citizen of

Zabld, 82.
D. R. Miiller. His edition of Ham-

dani's Geography, xix.
Tribe of Munnabbih. See Banu

Janb.
Tribe (or family) of Mnntab, 202,

210.
Al-Muntab, son of Ibrahim ibn 'Abd

al-Hamid, 211.
Al-Muntakhab. See Ilasan ibn Ah-
mad.
Banu Murad, 139, 177, 217.
Shayhh al-Murajja al-IIarani, 77.
Banu Murrah, 217-8.
Al-Murtada. See 'Aly son of Saba

and Muhammad ibn Yahya.
Najm ad-dtn Musa son of Imam al-

Mansur 'Abd Allah, 321.
Musafir, slave of Mufaddal ibn

Zuray, 60.
Musalla, meaning of the word, 274.
Musaylimah, the false prophet, 179.
Banu Mnslh, 280 (f.-note).
Muslim ibn Yashjub. Envoy to
Surur from Ghanim ibn Yahya,
116.
Muslim ibn az-Zarr, of the sub-tribe
of Marriin. Captures the fort-
ress of Khadld, 55. His death,
55, 170.
Al-Mustafa li-dTn Illah. See Nizar

son of al-Mustansir.
Al-Musta'Tn, the Abbaside Khalifah,

15, 142.
Al-Musta'la, the Fatimite Khalifah,

257, 265.
Al-Mnsta'sim, the last Abbaside

KhalTfah, 320, 321.
Al-Mnstansir billah, the Fatimite
Khallfah, 14, 18, 24, 46, 65, 146,
147, 149, 174, 250-1, 264, 327.
Al-Mu'taman. See Ahmad ibn

Mas'ud.
Al-Mu'tamid, the Abbaside Khallfah,

224.
Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbaside Khalifah,

224, 234.
Al-Mutanabbi, the poet, 21, 34,70,

125, 250, 254, 271, 289.
AI-MutarrifTyah, meaning of the

word, 318.
Al-Mutawakkil, the Abbaside Khali-
fah, 15, 142, 224, 234.
Al-2iluta\vakkil. See Ahmad ibn al-

General Index.

345

MansQr 'Abd Allah, Ahmad ibn
Saleymfin, Isma'il son of al-
Kasitn and Yahya.

Sect of the Mu'tazilites, 289, 302.

Al-MutI', the Abbaside Khallfah,
235.

Al-Muti. See Ivulm Ahmad ibn Ila-
sayn al-Malidy.

Al-Muwaffak. See 'Aly ibn Ibra-
him, Biliil ibn Jarir and Ibn al-
Khayyftt.

Same Muzaifar, the Sulayhites, 44,
132,151, 173, 304.

Al-MuzafFar, Rasulite Sultan of
Yaman. See Yusnf ibn 'Omar.

N.

Nafis, freedman of the Ziyadites,

assassin of the last Prince of the

dynsisty, 14-16, 22, 144-5, 236.

Banu Nahd. Their country, 177.

A mixed race derived from

Kada'ah, 177-78.— 218, 286, 295.
Najah, al-Mu'ayyad Ndsir ad-dtn.

His history, 14-16. Defeats his

rival, Nafis, near Zabid, 15, 144.

Is recognized as supreme ruler

by the Abbasides, 16, 145. His

death, 24, 81, 145, 147.— 22.
Bynastij oj Najah. Their history,

14-16, 81-123,' 152-58.— 107, 158,

169.
Najah son of Salah son of 'Aly, Zayd-

ite Imiim, 190.
Ihn NajTb ad-Daulah, See 'Aly ibn

Ibrahim,
Banu Nakha', sub-tribe of Madhhij,

217.
Nashwan ibn Sa'Td the Himyarite,

Prince of Bayhan, 173, 231.
An-Nasir. *See Imam Ahmad son of

Yahya.
Sultan Nr.sir son of Mansur the

Wa'ilite, one of the author's in-
formants, 23, 54.
An-Nasir li-din Illah, the Abbaside

Khallfah, 188, 318.
An-Nasir li-dm Illah, Zaydite Imam,

xxiv.
Imam an~Nasir Ahu 'l-Fath the Day-

lamite, 229-30.
Nasr Allah ibn Salim the Jurist,

friend of the author, 29.
Negro troops in Egypt, 264.
Niebuhr,233 (f.-note), 241, 247, 254,

267 (f.-note), 322.

Nizar ibn 'Abd al-Malik, one of the

author's informants, 2.
Nizar son of Ma'add son of 'Adnan,

215. Dispute between his sons

referred to the Af 'a of Najran,

183, 312.
Nizar son of Zayd ibn al-Husayn al-

Wuhazi. His lines on the Sultan

of VVuhazah, 17.
Nizar son of al-Mustansir, aZ-MM.s<(-</a

li-dln Illah, first Imam of the

Eastern Isma'ilites, 62, 265,

266.
Nizarites, 63, 266, 299. See also

Assassins.
An-Nuby, Sheykh al-'islam, chief of

Ibn Mahdy's Muhajii-un, 126,

163.
Banu Numayr, Ishmaelite tribe,

descendants of Kays 'Aylan,

262.
Nurad-din. See Mahmud the Atabek

and 'Omar ibn Rasid.
Sultan Abu 'n-Nurayn Abu 'l-Fath,
■ 131.

O.

'Obayd ibn Bahr, wazlr of Surur al-
Fatiki, one of the author's in-
formants, 116, 120, 121.

'Obayd Allah ibn 'Abbas, Governor
of Yaman under 'Aly;139.

'Obayd Allah the Mahdy, founder of
the Fatimite Khalifate, 192, 195,
196, 201, 208. 209, 210, 250, 303,
324, 325.

'Obayd Allah son of Ziyad, Ibn Abihi,
219.

'Obaydites (or Fatimites), 19, 145,
146, 184. See Isma'ilites.

Bami 'Okayl, Ishmaelite tribe, de-
scendants of Kays 'Aylan, 300.

'Omar ibn 'Adnan the 'Akkite, 20.

Kamfd ad'din 'Omar ibn al-'Adim,
188, 316.

Nur ad-dtn 'Omar ibn Rasid, the first
Rasulite Sultan of Yaman, xvii.,
175, 188, 189, 273 (f.-note).

'Omar ibn 'Abd al-'AzTz, the Omay-
yad Khallfah. His mosque at
Aden, 9.-9, 10, 279.

Kadi 'Omar ibn al-Murajjal the
Hanafite, 20.

'Omar ibn Snhaym, 90,

'Omarah. His native place and
family, v., 28-9. Student at
ZabTd, 29. His uncle Ibrahim
ibn Zaydfm, 53, 150, 169, 262.

346

General Index.

At the Court of the Prince of
Aden, 75-6, 77. Incurs the hos-
tility of the people of Zabid by
his eulogies of the Zurayites, 78,
103, 27-4. His liberal treatment
by the Dfi'y 'Imran. 78-9. His
part ia the solution of a problem
attending the division of the
estate of Ruzayk, 100-3. Becomes
a follower of 'Aly ibn Mahdy,
124-5. His subsequent meeting
•with 'Aly ibn Mahdy, 127-8. His
final departure from Yaman, 79.
Arrival in Egypt and reception
by the reigning wazir, vi. Ac-
cused of being concerned in a
conspiracy against Saladin, and
execution, vii. His relations
with the Kadi al-Fcldil, viii.
His attachment to the Fatimites,
ix., X., 274. His History of
Yaman, x. Its date, 79, 134. —
142, 144, 164, 167, 169, 184.

'Othnian ibn 'Afian, the third Kha-
lifah, 163, 171.

Anilr 'Othman al-Ghuzzi. Story of
his slave-girl, 104-10.

'Othman ibn as-Safiar, 102.

Al-'Othmani, the poet, b6.

R.

Rabi'ah son of Nizar, one of the

patriarchs of the Ishmaelite

Arabs, 215, 280.
Banu Eabi'ah, sub-tribes of Khau-

lan and of Janb, etc., 131, 262.
Ar-Radiih, mother of Queen Sayyi-

dah, 38.
Ihn Raliim. See Ibn Juftam.
Rajih ibn Katadali, Amir of Mecca,

i67.
Ar-Rashid. See Ja'far son of the

Imam Ahmad.
A'rtrfi ar-Rashid. See Ahmad ibn az-

Zubayr.
Raehld, freedman of Ishfik ibn Ziyad.

See Rushd.
Ya Rashid ibn Mrirfih. Marching.

cry of the Banu Janb, 56, 263.
The Rassite Imams. Their history,

184 sqq., 314-15, 317 sqq., 172,

174, 226 sqq., 284, 175 (Banu ':-

Hadi).
Rasulite Saltans of Yaman. Their

}iistory by Khazraji, xv. — 16'>,

166, 173. See also Nfir ad-d'm

'Omar, al-Mfizaffar Yuenf, al-

Ashraf Isma'il, etc.
Rauh son of Saba ibn Abi Sa'ud,

68, 269.
Ar-Rawahy, 19, 248-49. See Az-

Zawfihy.
Ray ban and Rayhiin the Elder, f reed-
men of Queen 'Alam, 112.
Rayhiin al-Kahlani, freedman of

Sa'Id ibn Najali, 45.
Rayhan al-Muhammadi, treasurer of

Muhammad ibn Saba the Zaray-

ite,77.
Banu Rayyan. See Dayyan.
Ar-Riizi, author of a History of

Yaman, xiv,, 324.
Bayiu Razih, 54, 170, 263.
Biyad, freedwoman of Mansur ibn

Ffitik, 99.
Ri'yah son of Abu 'l-Ghar.it, 73.
Ru'ayn. See Dhu Ru'ayn.
Ihn ar-Rudad, 282.
Rukaym son of Aram, 180.
Rushd (or RashTd), freedman of Abu

'l-Jaysh Ishiik, 8, 129, 143, 236.
Ruzayk al-Fatiki, wazir of al-Fatik

ibn Mansur, 100, 157. His large

family and the diflBculty of

dividing his estate, 100-103. His

resignation, 103.

Saba or 'Abd ash-Shams, ancestor of
the Yamanite tribes. 215.

Al-Man.y/ir Abu Himyar Saba son of
Ahmad the Sulayhite. Succeeds
as Da'y, 42, 169, 254. Owner
of Ashyah, 43, 151, 173. His
wars with Jayyash and eventual
defeat, 44-5, 255 (f.-note). His
marriage to Queen- Sayyidah,
45-48, 149. Eulogized by Ibn
al-Kumm, 254. His death, 151,
257'.— 51-2, 105, 132, 230, 297-8,
304.

Saba son of Kasim, 75.

Bd'y Saba son of Abu Su'ud, Prince
of Aden. Succeeds his father
as joint ruler, 67-8. Enters
into a struggle with 'Aly ibn
Abi '1-Gharat, 69. Anecdotes,
69-70, 71-72. His conquest of
Za'azi' and 'Aden, 72-3, 272.
His death and place of burial,
72, 272. His sons, 68, 269.-59,
60, 113, 159, 2'J8.

General Index.

347

Saba ibn Yusuf, Sheykb al-Tslfim.

Cbief appointed by 'Aly ibu

Mabdy over bis Ansar, 126, 1G3.
Abu Saba. Surname griven to Him-

yar ibn As'ad, 107.
Jhn as-Saba'i, 131, 297.
As-Sabkhah, 23.
De Sacy, 264, 274, 325.
Sa'd al-'Ashlrab, son of Madhb'j,

167, 217.
Sa'd al-Mulk son of Ibn al-Kbayyat.

62.
As-Saflfih. See 'Abd Allab ibn

Muhammad,
Sahrat, an Abyssinian tribe, 21, 104,

107. See Abyssinian tribes.
Banu Sahul, a Himyaritic tribe, 216.
Ahu Sa'id. See al-Jannfibi.
Sa'id al-Ahwal son of Najah.

Seeks refuge, after the death

of his father, in the Island of

Dahlak, 81. Attacks and kills

'Aly the Sulayhite, captures

Asma and regains possession of

Zabid, 30-1, 81-7, 147, 152-3.

Defeated by al-Mukarram and

driven out of Zabid, 34-6, 87,

147. Returns to Zabid, 37, 87.

His death, 37, 41-2, 87, 153-4,

304.— 14, 16, 36, 65, 148, 242,

243.
11% Sa'id, xxi., xxii., 143, 144, 159,

165, 167, 179, 187, 232, 254, 284,

305, 307.
Ihn Sa'id. See Nashwan.
Saksak son of Wa'il (or Wiithil), son

of Himyar, 179, 181, 310.
Banu Saksak, sub-tribe of Kindah,

descendants of Murrah, 218.
Banu Sakun, sub-tribe of Kindah,

218.
Saladin, vii. — ix.
Ibn Salaniah. See Husayn.
Salim ibn Idris, Prince of Zafar, 311.
Sellm son of Bayazid, Sultan of the

Ottoman Turks, 238 (f.-note).
Ibn Samurrah, the historian, xiv.,

262.
Sapur, freedman of the Banu Ya'fur,

227.
Sarawat, meaning of the word, 177.
Abu 's-Saraya, 140, 142, 185.
Sarwa, designation of the Banu

Nahd, 177.
As-Sa'y, one of Ibn Najib ad-Dau-

lah's Hamdanite followers, 59.
Sayf al-Islam. See Tughtikin.
Sayjidah, wife of al-Mukarram Ah-

mad son of 'Aly. Her parentaere
and early history, 38-9. Her
marriage and children, 39.
Received the revenues of Aden
as h.er dowry, 65-6. Assumes
the direction of public afiairs,
40, 148. Removes the seat of
Government to Dhu Jiblah, 40.
Her marriage to the Da'y Saba
son of Ahmad. 45-8. Al-Mufaddal
becomes her confidential adviser,
50-1, 150, 169, 258-9. Terms
accorded to the insurgents at
Ta'kar, 54, 150. The Queen and
Ibn Najib ad-Daulah, 58-61,169.
Orders his arrest, 63. Her
letters and presents to the
KhalTfah, 63-4. Official notifica-
tion from the Khalifah of the
birth of his son, 135-136. Her
death and place of sepulture, 41,
73, 257, 267 (f.-note), 272 (f.-
note).— 22, 37, 49, 55, 58, 87, 88,
91, 94, 131, 134, 148-51, 169, 170,
250, 254, 256-7, 263, 266-7.

Banu Sha'b Hay, 54, 170, 263.

Sanu Sha'ban, 215.

Imam ash-Shafi'y. See Muhammad
ibn Idrls.

Shat, or Suli, one of the last chiefs
of the Ghuzz, 106.

Shahiir son of Ja'far, 26, 87.

Al-Afdal Shahin Shah, the Patimite
wazTr, 49, 58, 257, 265.

Sbahr son of Badhan, Governor ap-
pointed by the Prophet over
San'ii, 138, 139.

Ibn Shakir. See Zakariya.

Shams ad-Daulah. See Turan Shah.

Shams ad-diu. See Ahmad son of
al-Mansur 'Abd Allah.

Shams al-Ma'ali. See 'Aly son of
Saba.

Banu Shar'ab, Himyaritic tribe, 215.

Sharahbil, 94, 281.

Shawar, Fatimite wazTr, vi., vii.

Ash-Shawiry. See 'Abd Allah ibn
al-Abbas.

Sheykb al-Islam. See an-Nuby and
Saba ibn Yiisuf.

The Shi'ahs, their principal sects,
301-3.

An Arab Shibboletb, 36.

Shihiib, father of Asma and of As'ad,
21.

Banu Shihab, 216, 295, 297.

Asadj ad-dm Sbirkuh, al-Malik al-
Mansur, vi., vii.

548

Gene7^al Index.

Shujit' ad-Daulah, 49.

Bann Shurah, 219 (f.-note).

Ihn Siba', 76.'

As-Simt al-Ghaly, History of Yaman
by Ibn Katim, xv.

Banu Sinhriii, 52, 58, 217, 251, 262,
295, 297.

Baron de Slane, v., 249. See also Ibn
Khallikan.

Professor Sohertson Smith, 312 (f.-
note).

Dr. SnoTick Hurgronje, 253, 285.

Dr. Spreuger. His Reiserouten, xxi.,
221, 271. See also Ibn al-
Mujawir.

As-Sudasi. See Miftah.

Abu Snfyan, 219.

Ibn Suhaym. See 'Omar.

As-Suhayli, 309.

Suleyman ibn 'Amir az-Zawahi, half-
brother of Sayyidah, 38, 46, 134,
149.

Suleyman ibn Da'ud (Solomon the
son of David), 183.

Suleyman son of Hisham son of 'Abd
al-Malik, 2, 219-220.

Suleyman son of Muslim ibn az-Zarr.
Succeeds his father in the posses-
sion of Khadid, 55. His insubor-
dination to Queen Sayyidah and
subjection, 56. Joins in making
war against Ibn Najlb ad-Daulah,
60.— 59, 63, 64, 170.

Suleyman ibn Tarf , ruler of 'Aththar,
7, 9, 28, 81, 142, 143, 146, 166,
167, 234.

Suleyman son of Ya-Sln, one of
'Omarah's informants, 32, 43.

Banu Suleyman, the Hasanite Sharifs,

113, 130, 148, 157, 166, 171, 174,
187, 284, 317. See also Ghanim
ibn Yahya.

Suleymanite AmTrs of Mecca, 252,
284. See Banu Suleyman.

Puli. See Shah.

The Kadi Surayy, 200.

Abu Muhammad Surur the Amharite,
wazlr of Fiitik ibn Mansur and
of the Lady 'Alam. His history,
117-123. Leader in a conspiracy
against Muflih, 112-114, 117.
Attains supreme command, 118.
Defeats Muflih and his allies,

114, 118. Rescues the Lady
'Alam from the rebellion of
Muhammad son of Parik, 119.
Receives a grant of Mahjam,
114, 120, Ma;ries tho widow of

Muflih, 115. Anecdote, 116.
His habits, piety, and charity,
120-123. His death and place
of burial, 123, 128,287.-157, 163,
167.

Surur al-Kurandy, 113 (f.-note).

Abu Su'ud, one of the three children
of 'Imran the Zurayite, 67, 79,
160. See Mansur son of 'Imran.

Abu Su'ud, son of Zuray', joint Prince
of Aden, 66, 67, 159, 307. 308.

Snwayd son of YazTd the Sulayhite,
48.

Sahib al-IIarmali, 235.

Sii'id ibn Harald ad-din, 57.

Salah son of 'Aly ibn Muhammad,

Imarn of Sa'dah according to

Ibn Khaldrm, 190.
Malik as-Sa\ih. SeeTalii'i' ibn Ruzayk.
Sawab, freedmanof Queen 'Alam, ii2.

Chief Steward of the Palace,

117.
Battle of Sifffn, ix. and f.-note.
The Sulayhites. Their history, 19-

49, 145-15 i. Duration of their

dynasty, 267. Their original

home, 212, 327.-67, 130, 166,

168, 171, 247, 2'J8.
As-Suli. See Abu Bakr Muhammad

ibn Yabya.
Kitdb as-Suwar. See K. al-Jafr.

T.

Tabiibi'ah. See Tubbas.

Banu Taghlib, 3, 220, 280 (f.-note).

Taj al-'Arus, Commentary on the

Kanius, xviii. (f.-note), xxi., 83

(f.-note), 270,31 5 (f .-n ^te), 326-7.
Tamanni, wife of Mansur son of

Filtik, 99.
Banu Tamim, 178, 309.
Banu Tanukh, sub-tribe of Kuda'ah,

218.
Tarjuman ad-dIn, surname of al-

Kasim ibn Ibrahim the Rassite.
Tha'labah son of 'Amru, 216.
Tribe uf Thamud, 2i)0, 311.
Banu Thumamah, 243.
Thumamah ibn Uthal, 179.
The Tribes of Arabia, 213-8.
The 'I'ubbas, 138, 141, 158, 165, 168,

171, 17ii, 178, 182, 183, 313.
Ibn at-Tubba'y, 30. See Abu 'Abd

General Index.

349

Allah al-IIusayn ; also Ibn

Ya'fur.
Tughtiklu, Sayf al-Islam, the Ayyub-

ite, 220, 259 (f.-note), 280.
Tuhfat az-Zaman, History of Yaman

by al-Ahdal, xviii. See Ahdal.
Banu Tujib, sub-tribe of Kindah,

218.
Turaa Shah, Shams ad~Daulah, the

Ayyubite. His conquest of

Yaman, 296-7.— vii., 67, 161,

164, 168, 231, 270, 275, 276.

T

At-Tabari, the historian, 179, 218

(f.-note), 224, 311, 312 (f.-uote),

313, 314 (f.-note), 323, 326.
Tabatabii. See Muhammad son of

Ibrahim.
Tahir ibn al-Hueayn, 220.
Ahu Taliir al-Kabuni, one of the

author's informants, 52.
Tim A hi Tahir. See Khalf.
Talil'i' ibn Ruzayk, al-Malik as-Salih,

the Fatimite vvazTr, vi., 78.
Ibn Talik. See Abu 'Aly.
Abu 't-Tami, 279. See Jayyash.
Ihn Tarf, 146, 167. See Suleyman.
Tarafah ibn al-'Abd al-Bakri, quoted,

69, 271.
Tribe of Tasm, 179, 310, 311.
At-Tank ibn 'Abd Allah, commander

of Ibn Najib ad-Daulah's Ham-

danite auxiliaries, 58-60.
Ty tfis (TaytQs ?), one of the last

Chiefs of the Ghuzz, 106.
Bavu Tayy, 217.
At-Tayyib Abu 'Abd Allah, 46.
Imam at-Tayyib Abu '1-Kasim, infant

son of the Khalit'ah al-'Amir,

134-6, 300.
Tiraz A'lam iz-Zaman, historical

work by Khazraji, xvi
Ihn at-Tufayl, chief Da'y of the

Ismailites of Yaman, 211.
Tuman-Bay, last Sultan of Egypt,

238 (f.-note).

U.

Banu Udhrah, sub-tribe of Kuda'ah,

218, 262.
Uhdula, wife of Ishak ibn Marzuk,

115.
Ibn Uthal. See Thumamah.

'Ukriraah ibn Abi Jahl. Read 'Ikri-
mali, which see.

Al-'Ukud al-Lu'lu'iyah. History of
the Rasulites by Khazraji, xv.

Uram Abiha, freedwoman ofMansur
ibn Filtik, 99.

Umm Fatik. See al-I/ajjah 'Alam.

Umm Hamdiin, daughter of Queen
Sayyidah and wife of Ahmad iba
Suleyman az-Zawahi, 39, 58.

Umm Abi '1-Jaysh, freedwoman of
Mansur ibn Fatik, 98.

Umm Ma'bad, 84.

Umm Mu'ilrik, wife of Sa'Id ibn
Najah, 42.

'Uwayd, father-in-law of Ishak iba
Marzuk, 115.

Uzal, 214. See also Azal, a geo-
graphical name.

W.

Ibn Wahhas, surname of Khazraji,

XV.

Wahhas ibn Ghanim, the Suleymanite
Sharif, 295.

Al-Wahid. See 'Aly ibn Ilatim.

Banu Wa'il (or Wa'ilites), descen-
dants of Dhn'1-Kala'. Con-
quei-ed Wuhazah, 17, 176, 243.—
18,130. See'As'ad ibn Wfi'il,
'Isa ibn Yazld, Nasir ibn Man-
sur and Yazid ibn 'laa.

Wa'ii ibn 'Isa al-Wuhazy, 30, 147,
278.

Wa'il (or Wathil) son of Ilimyar.
181.

Family of al-WalTd, 257 sq.

Wardah, slaye-girl of the Amir
'Othman. Her story, 104-111,
Her marriage to Surur, 115.
Anecdote, 116.

Wasil ibn 'Ata, the Mu'tazilite, 302.

Al-Wathik billah, the Abbaside Kha-
llfah,' 224, 234.

Banu Wuhazah the Himyarites, 215.

The Wuhazite. See Muhammad ibn
Kabas and Wa'il ibn 'Isa.

Al-Wuhaziyah, daughter of As'ad
ibn Wa'il and wife of Muhammad
ibn Saba, 76.

Y.

Banu Yafi.', sub-tribe of Himyar,
215.

;5o

Genei^al Index.

Al-Yafi'y (author of a MS. at the Br.

Mns. Add. 16645), 248.
Al-Yafi'y. See Muhammad ibn ' Abd

Allah and Ahu Bakr ibn Muham-
mad.
Banw Ya'fur. Outlines of their

history, 141, 142, 171, 185, 223

sqq., 234, 242, 326. See also

Banu Hawwal.
Ya'fur ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, 224,

234.
Ibn Ya'fur at-Tubba'y, 147. Doubt-

less in error for Abu 'Abd Allah

al-Husayn ibn at-Tubba'y. See

Note 109.
Banu Yahsub, a Himyarite tribe,

176.
Yahya ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Yahya,

Kadi of San'a, 75, 77.
Yahya ibn 'Aly, wazTr of al-A*azz

" 'Aly, 73, 74.
Nizam ad -din Yahya, son of 'Aly the

Suleymanite, 285.
Yahya son of 'Aly ibn Mahdy, 297.
Yahya son of Hamzah son of

' Ghcanim, 167.
Yahya ibn Abi Hashid, 229, 230,

■ 251.

Imam Yahya, al-Hady ila '1-Hakk,
son of Husayn son of Al-Kasim
the Rassite. Outlines of his
history, 314, 315.— 6, 142, 143,
185, 186, 226, 322, 326.

Az-Zdhir Yahya ibn Isma'il, Rasulite
Sultan of Yaman, xii.

Imam Majdad-dM Yahya ibn Muham-
mad, al-Hady, 319.

Imam Yahya al-Mutawakkil, 285,
322.

Yahya son of Zayd son of 'Aly Zayn
'al-'Abidin, 302.

Yahya son of Ziyad ibn 'Abd al-

■ Madan, 184.

Yakut al-IIamawi, the Geographer,

■ xi., xxi., ]07 (f.-note), 214, 221,
222, 228 (f.-note), 231, 232, 239,
245, 246, 247, 248-49, 252, 253,
254, 258 (f.-note), 282, 283, 288,
291, 294, 297 (f.-note), 306 (f.-
note), 310 (f.-note), 315 (f.-note),
321 (f.-note). See also foot-
notes to the Arabic text.

Ya'la ibn Munyah (also styled ibn
Umayyah), 139, 301.

Banu Yam, sub-tribe of Hamdan, to
which the Sulayhites and Znray-
ites belonged, 60, 64, 79, 145,
159, 176, 216, 247, 251, 271, 295.

Yamamah az-Zarka daughter of
Murrah, after whom Yamamah
was named, 178, 179, 310.

Yaman ad-Da'wah. See Hamil al-
Madyah.

Banu Yarbu', 177, 178, 309, 310.

Banu Yarim. See Dhu Ru'ayn.

Banu Ya'rub son of Kahtan, 180,
199,215,311.

Al-Yas son of Mudar son of Nizar,
one of the Ishmaelite patri-
archs, 215.

Aim 'l-Faraj Yasir son of Bilal, wazlr
to Muhammad ibn Saba and to
'Imran, Princes of Aden, 80,
160, 161, 275, 276, 296 (f.-note),
297, 307.

Yawakit as-Siyar, MS. at the Brit.
Mus., xxiii., 284, 303, 315, 319,
320.

YazTd son of 'Abd al-Madan, 184,
313-14.

Sultan YazTd ibn 'Isa the Wa'ilite,
one of 'Omarah's informants,
56.

Yule's Marco Polo, 33 (f.-note).

Yumn, freedman of Queen 'Alam,
112.

Abu 'Omar Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Barr,
184, 313.

Yusuf ibn al-Asad, Chief Da'y of the
Ismailites of Yaman, 211.

Al-Asmar Yusuf ibn Abi '1-Fatuh,

226, 227.

Al-Mas'ud Saldh ad-dln Yusuf, the
last Ayyubite King of Yaman,

188, 318.

Al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn 'Omar, second
Rasulite King of Yaman, 175,

189, 311, 320.

An-Ndsir Saldh ad-din Yusuf ibn

Ayyub. See Saladin.
Imam Yusuf (ad-Da'y) son of Yahya,

227, 228, 321, 322.

Z.

Az-Zafir (or Zahir) bi amr Illah, the

Fatimite Khalifah, vi.
Zafir ibn Farah, merchant at Aden,

72.
Az-Zahir li-l'zaz dm Illah, the

Fatimite Khalifah, 327.
ZakarTya ibn Shakir the Bahrite,

170.
Az-Zarka. See Yamamah.
Banu 'z-Zarr, 66, 131, 176. See

Muslim, 'Imran and Suleyman.

General Index.

35T

Az-Zawahy. See 'Abd al-Mnsta'la,

'Aly ibn Suleyman, 'Amir,

Suleyman and Ahmad, also ar-

Kawahy.
Zayd, the Jurist, 258.
Zayd sen of 'Aly Zayn al-'Abidin,

228, 302.
Zayd ibn 'Amrn, Cbief of tlie Banu

Madhhij, 295.
Zayd al-Janihur (or Jumhur), the

Himyarite, 215.
Zaydites. Origin and Doctrines of

the Sect, 301-303.— 6, 128, 142,

166, 171, 172, 174, 176, 226-229.

See also Hassite Imams.
Ihn Zaydan. See Ibrahim ibn

Muhammad.
Az-Zibrikan ibn al-Fuwaykar the

'Akk'ite, 20.
Banu Zi'l, 113, 118, 120, 285.
Ziyad (or 'Abd Allah) son of Ishak.

See 'Abd Allah.
Ziyad, descendant of 'Abd Allah ibn

'Abd al-Madan, 184.

Ziyad son of Ibrahim, Prince of
Zabid, 5, 129, 142, 235.

Ziyfidsonof Abu Sufyan,2, 141,219.

The Ziyildites, Princes of Zabld.
Their history, 2-16, 129, 141-44.
Succession of their dynasty,
234-36, 291-92.— 159, 168, 172,
224. See also Muhammad ibn
Ziyad, Ibrahim, etc.

Banu Zubajd, 52, 177, 217, 262.

Zuhrah, to whom the temple at
San'a was dedicated, 171.

Zuray' ibn al-'Abbas, Prince of
Aden, 64, 66, 67, 159, 268, 307.

Zuray' ibn Abi '1-Fath, wazir of
Queen Sayyidab, 47.

The Zurayites, their history, 64-80,
158-161. Appointed to the office
of Da'y, 137, 298, 299. Succes-
sion of the dynasty, 307. — iii.,
52, 59, 151, 159, 168, 171, 172,
173, 174, 176, 247.

Zuray^c. See Ruzayk.

Zur'ah (Himyar al-Asghar), 224.

GEOGKAPHICAL INDEX.

[J.n aster iskindicates that the name will he found, on the map. The word Wadi
signifies either Valley or River. Exceptinj after heavy rains, the river-heds in
Yaman are, as a ge^ieral rule, dry before they reach the sea.']

A.

'Abada, landed property in Wadi
Dhu al, 111.

Abjar, 177.

Abwar. See Anwar.

*Abyan, 5, 8, 9, 16, 197, 198, 243.

Abyssinia, 8, 87, 280 (f.-note).

*Aden. It and Aden-Abyan the
same place, 232. Taken by tte
Banu Ma'n, 16, 65, 158-59, 243.
Placed under the rule of the
Banu Karam, 65, 159, 168.
Captured by Turan Shah, 296.
Described, 168. History under
.the Zurayites, 64-80, 158-161.
— iii., 5, 8, 9, 21, 25, 27, 35, 37,
51, 52, 57, 63, 101, 113, 129, 143,
151, 154, 164, 165, 176, 242, 250,
269, 270, 272, 295, 306, 307.

*Aden-Abyan, 6, 143, 168, 194. See
Aden.

Aden-La'ah. Described, 173. Its
real situation, 232-33.-6, 143,
194, 195, 202.

Al-Ahkaf. Sandy deserts on either
side of Hadramaut.

Al-Alimadlyah, surname of Zafar,
182.

*Al.Ahw5b, 11, 124, 221, 237, 288.

Mount Aja, 217.

'Akad, 29, 252.

Hisn al-Akhdar. See al-Kha4ra.

*Ai-Akhruj, 212, 327.

♦Akyan, 234.

Almut, 320 (f.-note).

Al-'Amad, 18, 248.

Amul in Tabaristan, 316.

*Amwas, 236.

Al-'Anbarah, 124, 161, 288.

Anwar, 17, 243, 246.

'Arafat, 12.

•Al-'Arah, 11, 124, 241, 288.

* Julian al-'Arkabah, 247.

A1-' Arud, surname of Yamamah,

178.
Ascalon, 263.
Mount Bani A'shab, 210.
Ashyah. Described, 173-74.— 18,

43-44, 46, 149, 151, 169, 173,

254, 257.
Jahal al-Aswad {not Aswad), 315.
*'Aththar. Described, 166. Its

situation, 237-39.-7, 11, 141-42,

143, 146.
'Athr, 11,240-41.
'Ayn Muharram, 195, 210.
Azal,309'.

'Azziin, 16, 131, 243, 246.
'Azzan Dhakhir, 246, 297.
'Azzan Khabt, 246.
'Azzan at-Ta'kar, 54, 232.

B.

*Bab al-Mandab, 8, 11, 64, 143, 266,

280 (f.-note).
*Mount Ba'din, 232, 248.
Badlyah, 297.
Bahat Jazan, 238, 239-40.
Bahrayn, 178, 183.
Country of BakTl and Hashid, 107, 132,

175, 247-48.
Bani Abbah, or Manyabbah, 69, 271.
*A1-Baun, 228 and f.-note.
Baybars (Yaris r Yarim ?), 17, 247.

See Dhu Ru'ayn.
Al-Bayda, 12, 240.
Bayhan," 5, 6, 141, 173, 231.
Bayn (Bir?) ar-Riyadah.
*Baysh, 2.39. (Yakut says that the

town of Abu Turab (Harad ?)

stood in the valley of Baysh.)
Bayt 'Izz, 16, 222, 243.
Bayt Yunis, 254.
Bi'ah, 11.
Birad, or Bir AydSm, 12, 240.

Geographical Index.

\SZ

Bir al-Bayda. See Bayda.
Bir Bani Shihab, 251.
*Birash, 297.

Al-Buk'ah, 221 and f.-note.
*Jixhai Bura', 18, 113, 132, 233, 248,
283, 297.

D.

Dabik, a town in Egypt, 242 (f.-
note).

Dabsan, fortress near Mahjam, 113,
283-84.

Dahwan. See Zahrfm.

Dahlak, 8, 34, 57, 62, 81, 82, 143, 147,
152.

Dammun, capital of the Bauu Kin-
dab, 177.

Damt, 132, 294.

Darawiin, 3:^1.

Dar al-'Izz. At Dhu Jiblab, 41, 42,
46, 51, 148. At Zabid, 91.

Darwan, 297.

Ad-Dashir, 126, 128, 163, 291.

Daylam, 188.

*Dhahaban, 11.

*Dhakhir (mountain and fortress),
16, 131, 243, 245. See 'Azzan
Dbakbir.

*Dbamar, 10, 199, 227, 265, 295, 297
and f.-note, 318, 326.

Dhfit al-Khayf (al-Kbubayt ?), 11,
239.

*Dhi Bin. See Dhu Bin.

*WiUi Dhu'al, 9, 105, 110, 177.

-Dhu Ashrak, 10, 76, 131, 296.

*Dhubhan, 68, 269, 270 (Note 60).

*Dhu Bin, 223 (f.-note), 229.

Dhu llnlayfah, 315.

*Dhu Jiblah. Derivation of its
name, 40. Its locality, 254.
Described, 169. Adopted as the
capital of the Sulayhites, 40-1,
149,230. Burial-place of Queen
Sayyidah, 41, 267(t.-note). Sold
by Mansiir ibn al Mufaddal, 76,
151, 160, 174. Possessed by Ibn
Mahdy, 131.— 39, 45-52, 57-9, 61,
64, 77, 94, 127, 148-51, 154, 160,
169, 170, 172, 174,253-54, 257,
267 (f.-note), 295-97.

*Q<mntry oj Dhu 'l-Kalfi', 246, 247.

*JIom)f Dhukhar, 234.

Dhu 'r-Rassah, 44, 248.

Country oj Dhu Ru'ayn 228 (f.-note),
245. See Yarim,

•Dhu 's-Sufill, 258 and f.-note.

Dhu 'Udaynah, near Ta'izz, 276,
295.

Ad-Dija', 11, 239.

Duhaym, or Umm Duhaym, 30, 84.

*Fortress of DumlQwah. Described,
305-6. Acquired by the Bana
Kurandi, 243. Taken by Zuray*
son of 'Abbas, 268. Besieged
by Biira, 74. By Turfm Shah,
297.— 16, 68, 73, 159, 172, 175,
189, 245, 269 (f.-note), 270, 273
(f.-note), 275.

Duwaymah, 11, 241.

F.

Al-Fajr (al-Hajar ?), 11.
Al-Farah, 124, 288. See al-'Arah.
Farasan Islands, 233, 280 (f.-note).
*Fashril (mentioned by Yakut as

situated on Wadi Rima'), 11,

15.
Mount Faish, 202, 233.

G.

*Pool of Ghassan, 216.

*Ghuiatikah, port of Zabld, 8, 11,

194, 197, :i21 and f.-note.
*Gizan, 239.

*IIabb, one of the four strongest
fortresses in Yaman, 18. Held
at one time by the Banu
Rabl'ah, 131.— Its locality, 245-
246.-16, 50, 77, 131, 243, 267,

Ilabll ar-Raybah, 306 (f.-note).

Al-Habt, 240.

Frovime of Had, 171 and f.-note.

Al-Hadd, a place at Zabid, 282.

Iladramaut. Description and early
'history, 179-80. Subject to Ibn
Ziyad, 5, 141, 142; to Muhammad
ibn Ya'lur, 224; to the Banu
Ma'n, 16, 65, 243.-9, 101, 180,
181.

*Mount Iladur, 251 and f.-note.

*Iladar Bani Azd, 223 (f.-note), 251
(f -note).

Al-Hajar (Mufajjar?), 11, 241. (The
word Hajar, according tq
Hamdani (p. 86, 1. 3), siguities

A a

354

Geographical Index.

a village in the language of the

Himyarites.j
*najjah, 194, 233, 309.
Al-Hajr, residence of Muhammad

ibn Saba, 75.
Ilajr, capital of Yamfimah, 178.
*Hajur, 94, 281.
* Country of the Banu Ilakam, 233,

252
*Hali, 5, 7, 11, 166, 239.
Country of the Hamdanites, 145, 175.

See Coventry of Bakll and

Hashid.
*namidah, 11, 241.
*Wildi' W&v&d, 27, 238. See also

Mahall Abi Turab.
*Province and mountain of Haraz, 18,

19, 132, 145, 175, 200. 212, 233,

234, 248, 249.
Al-Ilarf, 201 and f.-note.
Ilarriin (in Mesopotamia), 215.
Mount al-Hashab. See Bani A'shab.
Country of Ilashid, 233. See

Country of Bakil.
Castle of llauban, 35.
Ilayran, 240. See Jlzan.
*nays, 11, 22, 23, 107, 115.
Highlands of Yaman. See al-Jibal.
Ilijiiz, 165, 166, 177, 178, 182, 314.
Ilima Bani Salmah, 59.
ilinwah, 75, 259 and f.-note.
*llirdah, 11, 238, 241. Read, IJirdah

and 'Itnah were, according to

Hamdani, the ports of al-Mahi'am

and of al-Kadra.
*Hirran, fortress close to Dhamar,

199 297
*Al-IIudaydah, 237 (f.-note).
*Al-llusayb, 201, 327.
Huwayb, 94.

I.

*lbb. Its locality, 245-46.— 10, 76,

131 295.
India, 38, 88, 168, 314. See Sind.
'Irak, 4, 16.
Al-'irk, 288.

Al-'Irk, close to Zabld, 15, 288.
*Irk an-Nasham, 11, 239.
'Itilah, 238, 241. See llirdah.
*'itwad, 239.

J.

Al-JaTimi, 214. See Ju'fi in the

^■eiieral Index.
*Jaba, 245.

Al-Jabalah (?), 73, 272.

*Jabjab, 17, 247.

Al-Jadun, 11, 239.

Mikhldf Ja'far. So named after
Ja'far al-Manakhi, 221. Subject
to the Banu Ziyiid, 4-5. Taken
by the Banu Kurandi, 21, 171,
243—40, 50, 76, 169, 170, 172,
176, 199, 207, 245.

Mount Jamimah, 202 and f.-note.

*Janad (city and district) in Mikh-
laf Ja'far. Subject to the Banu
Ziyad, 5. Held by the Banu
Ya'fur, who appointed the Banu
Kurandi as Governors, 224, 242.
Was in the possession of the
family of Manakhi at the time
of Ibn Ilaushab's arrival, 194.
Captured and looted by Ibn
Mahdy, 294. Its mosque a place
of pilgrimage, 10. Was rebuilt
by Al-Mufaddal and by Tugh-
tikin, 259-60!— 16, 25, 58, 59, 60,
63, 68, 131, 169-72, 197, 199, 207,
245, 259, 267, 295-97.

Al-Jannat, 75.

*ir«cZJal-Jannat, 306.

Al-Jardah. See llirdah.

AlJaththah, 11, 239.

Al-Jauf, 205.

Jaww, ancient name of the city of
Yamamah, 178, 310.

Al-Jibal (the Highlands of Yaman),
4, 8, 9, 82, 105, 115, 118, 125,
126, 127, 141, 143, 145, 162, 164,
165, 172, 177, 294.

Jiblah. See Dhu Jiblah.

Jilan, 188.

Jlzan (Ilayran?) 11, 239-40.

Jublah,132.

Jubliin. See al-'Arkabah and Ray-
mah.

Jnddah, 11, 240.

Juma', ancient name of Sa'dah, 247
(f.-note).

Jurash, 6, 141, 182, 231.

Al-Jurayb, 94, 281.

*A1-Juwwah. Its locality, 306. —
10, 59, 75, 161, 166, 168, 176.

K.

*A1-Kadr5, on Wadi Saham, 9, 11, 13,
14, 108, 125, 144, 163, 177, 200.

Castle of Kahlan, 171, 172, 185,
228.

Island of Kamaran, 237 (f.-note).

Geographical Index.

55

Karbala, 192.

Al-Karish (or Mukarrishah), 113,
114, 115, 2S3.

Kai'in 'Amlm, 222.

Katfimah (name of a Berber tribe),
250, 325.

*Fortrcss of Kaukaban, 35, 228, 234,
318.

Al-Khabt, 240.

Castle of Khadid (or Khudad), de-
scribed, 246.— 17, 50, 55, 169,
170, 176, 243.

Khadir, 306 aad f.-note.

Castle of Al-Khadra at Aden, 65,
67, 72, 73, 270, 272.

Al-Kbadra in Wuhazah, 17, 243, 247.

Khanfar, 323.

Khanwah, 259 (f.-note).

*IF«d'i Kbarid, 205 (f.-note), 223 (f.-
note).

*A1-Khaubab, 11, 239.

Country of Khauliin, 170, 176.

Mountain of Khaulan, 207, 223, 232
(.?), 300.

*Fortress of Kbawalah, 222 (f.-note).

Khaybar, 317.

*Jabal Khnbban, 245, 265.

Khudad. See Khadid.

*Wddi Khuzamir, 223 (f.-note).

Country of the Banu Kindah. De-
scribed, 177.— 5, 101, 141, 223.

Kirsh. See Al-Karish.

*Kudummul, 241.

Kulam, 33 (f.-note).

K.

Al-Kahirah al-Mu'izziyah (Cairo),
'46, 49, 50, 62, 211, 263, 274, 29y,

327.
*A1-Kahmah, 11.
Al-Kandir, 11.
AlKarin, 12, 240.
Karkara in Yam amah, 179.
*KawarTr, 44, 220, 248.
Kayuiiu, 206 and f.-note, 246. See

Kayzan.
Kayr'awd'u, 210, 211.
Kayzan, 52, 246, 262.
Kiyad, 222.
*Sardt Kadam, 309.
Kudayb, 124, 288, 291.
*Kurtiib, 221.
KutSbah, 175, 189, 309.
Kuvvayd (or Wadi 'l-'lrk^, 288.

L.

La'ah. See 'Aden La'ah.

*iradi;La'ah, 233.

*Lahi, 5, 9, 16, 65, 73, 243, 272, 294.

Wttcli Lalij, 69, 70.

*Li'8an, 18, 248.

Al-Llth, 12, 240.

*Luhayy, 237 (f.-note).

M.

*District of Ma'^fir, 5, 16, 21, 68, 131,

171, 172, 243, 269.
Ma'bad. See Umm Ma'bad.
Al-Mabny, 11, 240.
Al-Madahis, 201.

Country of the Banu Madhhij, 177.
*Mahall Abi Tarfib, or Harad, 238,

296.
MahdTyah, 209.
*A1-Mahjam, 11, 14, 30, 31, 50, 82,

113, 114, 118, 120, 144, 147, 167,
200, 233, 241, 242.

Mahrah, or Shihr, 181.

Al-Majma'ah, 131, 293-4.

*Al.Makhnak, 11, 240.

*A1-Ma'kir, 9, 13, 177.

Makr, 44, 248.

Al-kalahiz, 326.

Manahi and Menakha, 222-3 (f.-note).

Mandal, 136 (f.-note).

*Mansarah, 259 (f.-note).

Manyabbah. See Bani Abbah.

Ma'rib, 216, 229, 231.

Martiin, v. (f.-note).

*Sardt al-Masiini' [not Masani'), 233,

251 (f.-note).
*Ma8ar, one of the four strongest

fortresses in Yaman, 18. — 23,

43,146,175,248,251.
Masdud (?), 170, 171.
Al-Mashakhis, 201, 326.
Masna'ah. See ]\Iusannafah.
*Ma8war, 195 (f.-note), 202, 210,

211, 233, 316.
Matriln, in the district of al-Ma'a-

fir, 131.— 68, 269, 270.
*Maur, and Wadi Maur, 11, 13, 14,

114, 233.
*Mauza', 11, 239.
Mavia. See Juwwah.
Al-Maylun, College at Zabid, 294.
May tarn, 58, 2rt4-5.

Mecca, 5, 9, 11, 30, 105, 111, 112,
125, 166, 167, 177, 178, 216, 22j,
252-3, 275, 314.

a 2

356

Geographical Index.

Medinah, 177, 216, 314.
Mikhlaf, meaning: of the word, 5.
*Milhan (noi MilhSn), 200 (f.-note).
Ckisile of Minhab, owned by a

member of the Ziirayite family,

172.
Al-Mirad, 201.
Mirbat, 5, 182, 223.
*Mokha, 11, 280 (f.-note).
*A1-Mudhaykhirah. Its locality,

232. Its destruction, 207-8.—

4, 6, 7, 132, 143, 172, 198, 201,

202, 203, 204, 205, 221-23, 235,

246.
Al-Mufajjar, 11, 241.
WddA Muhram (Mikat of the Tama-

nite pilgrims ?), 240.
Al-Mukarrishah. See al-Karish.
Munfahik JSbir, 238.
*MnnTf, 73, 2 -2, 297.
*A1-Murawi'ah, 83 and f.-note.
*Itas Masahib, 238.
Al-Musa'id. See Sa'id.
Al-Musannafah, 297 and f.-note.
Al-Mushallal, 183, 312.
Al-Mu'tafi, 124, 288.

N.

Naid (Highlands) of Ilijilz, 178.
* Wffdi Nakhlah, 132, 222, 294.
An-Najm, 249.
Najran. Outlines of its history, 182-

184.— 6, 141, 172, 178, 185, 216,

311, 312, 313-14, 317.
*An-NakTl (Nakll Sayd), 10, 17, 243,

246, 297.
*NakTl as-Saud, 251 (f.-note), 297.
Na'man (Na'man al-Arak), 12, 240.
Nur. See Anwar.
Numayr, 131, 269, 270, 297.

R.

Ra'iiri, 270-71. See Za'azi'.

* IFddi Raghadah, 265.

Wddi ar-Rahm (Rukhmah?), 12, 240.

Jahal ar-Rahmah (Rnkhmah ?), 12.

Ar-Rama, 68, 270 (Note 60).

Ar-Raml (and Rami 'Alij), 101, 177,

179.
Ar-Rass, 315 and f.-note.
Rassah. See Dhu Rassah.
Ar-Rawahi, 248-49. See Zawahi.
Raybah. See llabll.
*Raydah, 228 aud f.-note.

Raym, or Raymah, Raymat al-
Asha'ir, Raymat al-Manakhi, 4,
44, 50, 198, 222, 232, 246, 248.

*JubUn Raymah, 132, 248.

* Mount Rayman, 248.

Fortress of Raymat al-Kala', 248.

*Mount Rayshan, 200 (f.-note).

Riyah, 11, 240.

*Wddi Rima', 15,132,220,221,247,
248.

S.

Sa'b (or Sha'b), 243, 247. See Sha'r.

Saba Suhayb. See Snhayb.

Sabakhat al-Ghurab,'l2, 240.

*Sabir, mountain and fortress, 16,
73, 76, 174, 232, 243, 245, 254,
263, 267, 297.

Sa'dah. Held by the Ziyadites, 5.
Original seat of the Zaydite
Imiims, 6, 185, 315. Subject to
the Banu Ya'fur, 172. Con-
quered by 'Aly the Sulayhite,
251.— 10, 128, 142, 157, 166, 174,
185-190, 242, 247-48, 284, 309,
314-15, 317-19, 326.

*Wddi Saham, 9, 177, 221, 234, 248.

*Sahul, river, town and district, 17,
176, 206, 232, 243, 246, 248.

Sa'id, 11,240.

Salamlyah, 192.

Saluk, 306 (f.-note).

Samadan, one of the most important
strongholds in Yaman, 16, 18,
131, 171, 172, 243, 245, 297.

Sami', mountain and fortress in the
district of Ma'afir, 68, 269, 270.

*San'a. Described, 6, 171. Its
ancient name, 171, 309. Taken
by Ibn Fadl the Karmathian,
199-200, 326. Outlines of its
history until its conquest by
'Alv the Sulayhite, 138-40, 146,
SOO", 223-31. The Sulayhite
seat of Government removed to
Dhu Jiblah, 40-41, 148, 169. The
Hamdanite Princes of San'a, 18,
230-31, 243, 257, 295-97.-5, 10,
25, 30, 32, 36, 41, 42, 49, 105,
141, 142, 147, 153, 172, 174, 182,
185, 202, 204, 247-48, 251, 253,
314-15, 317-22.

Sarandib, 88, 154.

Sa'r. See Sha'ir.

Sarawat (plural of Sarat), meaning
of the word, 177.— 20, 23, 146.

Geographical Index.

357

Sanf, 251.

Sawa, 131,243, 245, 297.

Sawakin, 64.

*As-Sayad, 223 (f.-note).

Shahit, 17, 176, 247.

Sha'ir, 16-17,37, 41-42, 154, 243, 246.

Ash-Shamaklii, 131, 293 (Shamahi).

Shfir, 55 and f.-note.

Sha'r, 17, 247. See Sa'b.

*Ash-Sharaf, 44, 126, 127, 128, 162,

291.
•Ash-Sharjah. Its locality, 237-8.—

7, 8, 11, 143, 166, 233 (f.-note).
Sharvak, 131, 294, 297.
Shawafi, 17.

Shibam (in Iladramaut), 9, 180, 234.
•Shibam, on 'Mount Ilaraz, 7, 211,

222 (f.-note), 234."

* Shibam Akyan, 202, 223 (f.-note),

226, 234.

Shibarik, 220.

Shihr. Description and early his-
tory, 180-82. Was subject to the
Ziyadites, 5, 8, 141. Conquered
by the Banu Ma'n, 16, 65, 243.
—179, 223.

♦Shuwfibah, 223 (f.-note), 321 (f.-
note).

As-Sirrayn. Described, 167. — 11,165,
168.

*Mount Silu, 305.

Sind, 142, 143, 185. (India), 8,
168.

Saba', 247.

•Suhari or §uh&ri, 11, 239, 241.

Safal. See Dhu 's-Sufal.

*Snhayb, 73, 271-2.

*As-Sukya, 11.

* Province of Snleyman ibn Tarf, 7,

113, 146, 166, 167, 252, 284.
*TF«cliSurdud, 234.

T.

Tabalah, 177, 178.

At-Tahunah, 250.

Ta'if, iO, 20, 146, 179.

*Ta'izz, described, 173.— 50, 73, 151,
161, 165, 166, 174, 258, 263, 267,
296.

*Fortress o/At-Ta'kar. Its position,
40. Taken from Ja'far al-Ma-
nSkhi by Ibn Fadl, 222. Ap-
propriated by the Banu Ku-
randi, 16, 243. Given by
al-Mukarram the Sulayhite to
the family of Abu 'l-Barakat,

50, 257-58. Taken by Ibn
Mahdy, 131. By Turiiu Snaii,
296. Dismantled by al-ilu'izz
Isma'Il, 213 (f.-note).— 16, 18,
43, 50-56, 66, 94, 95, 150, 151,
156, 169, 172, 176.

Castle of At-Ta'kar at Aden. Its
locality, 270. Assigned to al-
'Abbfis son of al-Karam, 65.
Place of sepulture of Saba son
of Aba Su'ud, 73, 272.-243
(f.-note).

Country of Ibn l^avi. See Country of
Suleyman ibn Tarf.

Tarim, city in Iladramaut, 9.

Ta'shar, 11, 240.

*Tha'bat. 267.

Ath-Thrdathi, 201. (Manzoni has
*Suk ath-Thaluth S.E. of Yarlm.)

Thalithah, 131, 201 (f.-note).

Mount Thauman (or Khaulan), 207,
221, 223, 232.

Ath-Thujjah, 232.

*Thula, 174, 185, 189, 319.

Tihamah of Yaman. Meaning of the
word, 165.— 4, 5, 9, 11, 16, 21, 24,
25, 28, 36, 41, 43-5, 51, 53, 77, 81,
86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 96, 105-7, 113,
115, 126, 141, 145-48, 155, 162-63,
167, 173, 177, 213, 216, 217, 236,
255 (f.-note), 259, 267.

Tudih, in Yamamah, 17t>.

Mount Tukhla, 233.

*Turaybah, near Zabid, 32.

U.

Uhazah. See Wuhazah,

Al-'Ukdah, 15.

Al-Ukhruj. See Akhruj.

'Ukwah, castle of 'Omarah's grand-
father, 29.

Al-'Ukwatani (the two 'Ukwas), 29,
252.

Umm Duhaym. See Duhaym.

Umm Ma'bad (or Bir Umm Ma'bad),
30, 84.

*'Unnah, river and district, 16, 132,
243, 245.

Usab. See Wusab.

'Dtaynah, 238. "

Uwai, 171, 309.

Uzal, 214, 309.

W.

Al-Widiyani, 11, 14, 114, 239. (In-
stead of al-Wadiyani, aa in our

158

Geographical Index.

text at p. 14, Khazraji writes

Al-Wahsh, 248.

* Waiii Warazan, 306.

WasaS 282.

Wasit, 124, 288.

*PTOvince o/ Wuhazah, 17, 130, 243,

247.
♦Wusab, mountain and fortress, 18,

44, 247, 291.

Al-Yabis, 247.

Yathrib, 199, 216.

*Oountry of Yafi', 191, 197, 222.

Yafuz, 17, 243.

*Yabdib, 232, 246.

Yala'nilam, 12, 240.

Yana', 251,

Yanbu', 317.

*Yarim, 309. See Dhu Ku'ayn.

Yarls, 243, 247.

Z.

Az-Za'azi', in Wadi Lahj, 69, 70, 72,
73, 270-71.

*Zabid. Its fonndation, 4, 141.
Described, 166, 220-21. Its his-
tory under the Ziyadites, 4-16,
141-45. Looted by Ibn Fadl,
200-1. By 'Abd Allah ibn

Kahtan, 227. Subject to Na,jah,
16, 144-45. Taken and re-taken
by the Sulayhites and Banu
Najah : — By the Sulayhites, 24,
81, 144-5, 147. By Sa'Id son of
Najah, 31, 87, 147, 153. By al-
Mukarram, 35-6, 147. By Sa'Id,
37, 87. Again by al-Mukarram,
37, 42. By Jayyash, brother of
Sa'Id, 38, 92, 155. Subject to
Jayyash and to his descendants,
92-123, 152-58. Captured by
Ibn Mahdy, 123, 129, 158, 1G3.
By Turiin Shah, 164, 296.— 21,
22, 25, 29, 30, 31-36, 41, 45, 52,
58, 59, 62, 65, 67, 77, 82, 84, 86,
88-91, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130,144,
148, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169, 187,
218, 222, 235-36, 238, 242, 252,
253, 255, 282, 287, 288, 294-96,
305, 308, 317, 327.

*Wddi Zabid, 132, 216, 220, 222, 245,
246, 248, 288, 327.

*Zaf<ar (the ancient cit.y), 246, 311.

Zafar (the sea-port\ 182, 311.

*Zafar (Zafar az-'Zahir?), 318, 321
(f.-note).

Zafar (Zafiran ?), 44, 248.

Zahran,'l7, 243,247.

Az-Zar'ab, 11.

Az-Zara'ib, v., 28, 29, 252.

Az-Zarf, 44, 248.

Az-Zawahi (not Zawahi), 19, 145,
248-49.

Zufar (the sea-port). See Zafar.

GOEEIGENDA.

p. I footnote 1, for J\y read Jyy
I) "■ » 11. J) 3L«LL^^ ,, isUj ^^

,, A line 7, ,, Jjlil „ s^lil

„ 1 1 f.-note 2, for Jl c>*i:> read Jl c:,*:^ ?
„ M 1.14, for \i\^y. read U.j^)^
„ r- 1. 14, ^j Ji;i ^) I have read ^ji jf)jj
,, f 1. 1, for o«J read o-J

„ r? 1. 19, ,, ia,J ,, lsJ.\

^^.U

>'• 1. 14, ,, ^^ u ,, j^v

"■■ 1. 2, „ ^ „ ^1

fA footnote 4, for \^ read '!^)

„ „ 5, for ^1 >i!j ^v „ ^ jjj ^- ?

"• 1- 14, ,, W'V „ i^u

el f.-note 6, ,, ^J..^ ,, ,j-iE H

»« 1. 20, ,, L-'a.'V' , <_■ 1-

11 1. 9, for jj^ili- "^1 and ?,U ^1 read

^^jjL^'^l and s^U^l

VI 1. 2, for is^\ ^ read Xa-lj

AT f.-note, for J-l^l read J-1^!

A? 1. 16, for Li'u read LL

, , 1. 17, read LU^ j J; Uy^ ^ Jj

„ 1. 18, „ -^

1 r 1. 12, oJ^i read cj>a^-

"■ f.-note 5, for ;_ijjiJ read i_3^^l

i-v I. 19, for sjcji) read s^cjo

II- 11. 5, 6, for jj^' J read jj^. jjl

(see p. i-c)
irA 1. 10, for ^ J read vi j , as in

vol. ii., p. 252 of Ibn Khaldun's

General History.
in 1. 20, jjl,?.l . So in L. In B,

irr 1. 3, lok read jlak

irc f.-note 2. :fc^j? Add^U/j?

ir. 1.10. The MS. has laJ-^ ef J

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Ah. Ahdal.

D. Dayba' (Kurrat al-'Uyun).

J. Jauadi.

Kan. Ibn Khallikan.

Kdn. (or Ku.). Ibn Khaldfm.

B. Ibn Khaldfm, Bulfik Ed.

L. ,, British Mnseum,

Add. 23,272.
P. Ibn Khaldun, Bibl. Nat.,Suppl.

Ar. 742 M.
Yak, Yakut's Mu'jam.

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Khi, J,*^'*

Khi. tjK..^'>\j^:^\ ^.

^^jdi/«Jl Jli' [aS 'Jl^i
LyjIjao ^Ic l^jk!^ l^i^ ^ f^^ Ulj.!> c:^s:\-i l-tJl^

^^ ^ciuls^ 15-*; ij:^^'*' ^'^^ ^iLol ;J.i^/iL> t_^iA^ jJ ^Ic ^Ul .

»^>».L^ j^s J *-G Jjsl ■ l^ Jj^ j^'i] <^j\ c:^5^!l 1>J i^Ull l«.^J

' Khi, ^l^. I ' \j^:^J ]

•' J. and Khi, i;-- Jl I4)

Ul

e;^.'^=^ __»!< ^^_»U1 ^ =^1 '^.-^■^ '>^-^' (j^ ^ ' ^J X'-**!' kxs'^ ^^

\JU^A\ ^j»*^ j;j'.s:*" ^^ ^i **"sr'' ^»s:^ A^'iSl JV^ ^s"

L,i' J ia-^lj hj's J «^Aji>*ll <O^Aj lX^jJ i^sJ^ x^l ^«li . *J'.*]1

* J. and Khi, iAs.- 1 ' Khi, oUU

* Kbi, (_J.-aJ ' Deest in Klii.
^ J. ^A\j ujIjaYIj V'j-ifl!! ^ J- and Khi, ^.4^^!^.* j (sJ^lil
' Deest, J. and Khi. | cri i^.^ j^ Sjj^U ^J^ j

' Khi, JyV ; ivad J^J?

1 1

-s <):_! ^^;is^?. J iAc ^asr_ ^Acyl ^^ ^IIsaaII ^J^ J JCjIs-1 »'xO
*iv^ ei^l^iiS JCjjii\ ii.fo i>»jo_ * J Jcciyi CL^sr c_^^.!l .-clj^

w w

»_«j.i aa«j ^^ ^I'vi^ jiuVa Jjj J . Ji,»/iu>«>ll KIaI! s^s^l^ «_^ss^_ is"-'^*"

' J. jl Vjv'^ "^'H •^^'^ 1^ U^ J J
see note 93.

•' Khi, sjl^o oi)

'" J. and Khi, joi 'i:.^ ^«

" Cm. Jc?

' J. and Khi om. j Ai.»a.
' Klii, A);c

■' Decst in rT. and Khi.

j_^.ij! ^j~Ia!! ^^ ^^ ^aL ^ 2!J>^i s.b u_>L> L yu , sj.s"^ Jl

*^j^i »^ .Xj^Caww^II icLc 1^ —;'•*" '^■'^'*' lI-^ 15' ' ^-^^ r^^ if-^^'

ij*« J.^ ^3 UxJci>^_ ill 'j'j^^ll ^jl ^>i:j ^2Sr ^J ii,AAC ! ^=>- J

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2 As***-* Jl ^^_ ildll A>t.rs-, ^^jClall .^.*« J.A=s-<i^l Jo'Jill ^^^ A.*a3

ly^lj _. * JjUaIIj U^a^ (^IjJl Ac] Ji^ ^ aX\S _j1 (JaUI u-LaJ Af<.)
e_5j^J^-Jl (Jjbl ^_^* 1a=^1 (J.^ Lll^i'^jll liot> J ^^' ''^' J'^. 9

LiLl Ul fl^Jil^ ;_cAJic Jl J_j-s_jll ^^jii ij^j'^. ^ ^A«*!! (—jlj.l ^

j' !$,_jjj_ <i:j.Ai J' Ul <*--^ A--2^1 J-^ l'3li ^'i^S^' i3;Al jl ^J^'^1

11 u

* J. i— »a. ; Khi, i^jI

' Om. J.

^ J. and Khi, Ul

' J, and Khi, ei^^^jl

'" Khi, 4:jj^-^ss

*' J. sj>_4_i^

^ Khi, ibxil i5j.Jl
Khi, ^Ljj
Khi, »Vj*

' J. c^r^^lj c^^r-j^lj

A? .XA.J-1^ i',U.c ,.»-'<J^l <*^ <Xj>ii.ail

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<X^L-« i.A^li'j C:^J^ ^JJj yi^ t^ '^;^ ^'^i ^_J J'j' ^^
^i/^ iijvc jsAal/il ci^xT ^ ^'^•^:>.«^ ' — ail j*y. (J^ ^ ^;l-^-c; ^ 'i\^

iSjd:: J.«*j 'iso')o J_j'i Jlc Jo ^ vj^^^ *— ^ ^ l^f''^ ^lU-1

l^yail IJ'i ^'s^"Jl --SiAjo ;P^_,sr, ^ c;^^^. j«^' |«^-^*J ^ ; ^

L: ^Ul ^^ ^^ ^ 'kxi\^\ (Jivti lil ^ U^lyl L ,C*«1! CL^f'-r^

^"Jil (^Jiil l^jlc Ji-0 IJ'i S>S1 Xil^^ ^b Jl ^_^^< J.lai«Jl

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w

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=* Blank in MS., Khi, J J:5j

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Khi, J..J [a|)j1 jj^5-ai* ^Jfi.

Khi, Jlj'.yjjIU
J. on i»*i

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^ Khi, ^j (jUnJ-i (^J^i* t_*s.U

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'• Khi, .L» J

'■' Khi, J»^«

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^ Khi, ^ ^c

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' Khi, U

Khi, >JI (JIjuj L_i^jJl t_>>.49 ;
^ Khi, ^5lj«]l [^^ee note 86.

^ Khi, ^cl^JI

c:j^^1 ^^) ^ Uc Li^lJ ^ \Si e^il^ ^^U ^^^.j ^^^ 'idj^ ^y*^

l^Lj ^j'J l^J.i a>^ tjL>jl::^T-9 J'i <x! XaJ' 1.4^ ^^ai l^jj" ^J. LH^iJ*

<iuj_jc ^_5jii' l/iwo lLAIJ ^Jtoi U.J.C |^M».sa.«j.> J JStJ.^ ^.c (^^>^/o. jji
ijj.. ^1 L«*i!l ._Cwj _5 *lj ^ ^^l^ X«j Uls <icjUi '>^*A3 j,i la>^^-o

Jl :k^' ^ S^sv^t ^LiUll AAi *^1^ _, „j,^J' ,^ SUJII^I U^^^
^J-iis^U tJjj^l U,l _j Jl_.j ^^^^ ^_5i ^l^ J ^_^1 l^xij ^j\^ ^iil!
l^ji t»J ^i3'uuJl <X«xi Cl^' C^J^/'i.J i^i-ll tfci j-y^s- ^i'^Ji is^^^

w

i*o.^ 'i j^!ill ^;ju^1 j^ib J '^ o^ f^y j^'^f' (J-* '^^ '^ i 9ijJ u'*
11 li^ic ^AJi Jli" U^aII ^^^1 Jj.xa«j1 |^.j (^'j^ jc-o'^iill ^i\ *

* Khi, Jl -^1 UU; see note 85.

* Khi, \^} U

' Khi, ^ ^^

* Deest in Khi.

M

> Khi, ^Ijlj

■' Khi, »j) J^-flj ^^^
' Klii, eili ijo

u^' ^.}^

^jl.«J^ 11 (J,As* ' Jcaj^/i t^^i: i Jol^j ; Jl SAc^ ^ CJ!i (J.«ij UjJx

>^jiuv^b^.

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,j u!l ^<,1 lLA! (Ji; ^ ^^^^ "^^Jl ^jUar! ei^ii' l_ji.^l l^ JUjUw

" Deest in Khi.

' Ivhi, cjl^^ll ; see note 84.

« Khi, ^J\

« Khi, JlJl

i« Khi, Ulj

" Khi, D. ^fi

'' Khi, WK

^ Khi, Lj.^*!
Khi, jc 9 ii-^ ^jjXj jjl

' Khi, ^1 c^^r;i ^. liAc ij ^

Vl

LS

i>fjJl 'i,[A,C ,.jjil

iiOAoU

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U^ _j ^i\yi J.A.11 Ijjb ^^ Uiyi ^U J U^L CJi^'JiJ ^1::
e:^i9 <u'>jol ij-« ^ J ^'jj is' '-^J^^^:*, J ^_5^51 iJL^i^l J LlcUajil ^^

c^Jl L_^^J" ^IswaII ^iM.s- j^.i.'xi\ J c— Jws'^l 1^^ <XJ.i l^ ^-< ^i
[i'iy< ^Jz J^^\ ^^ i)'x 1 Jl Jl^i a1]I U ^jl Ac j^9 J.^! U! _5

<Xv>iJ s Ia:; tile ^ (J=F^ ^ VilAJlc ^-sru^! tlJ.^^^ ^ ^Jii j

■^ Khi, iLo iil a) VzJlM
^ Klli, ^\^ (_J;i

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■ c>.:.. V ]

^ Om. VI

* ^:,UJI

^ L- IjI>?

'^ Khi, Uji:;^

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»»::^iili- JsLo ic^^J ts^'^" '''^^ c:^:f^c Ui <xi!lj Jlai r:>.jj51 ^^i-

j.j^] ^c^iU »i& *J U^aII 3 ^]^;JU) _j ^5)1:=-^ ^1 jS^] jJ^iS iLxl:*-
AJ'K ^^JU, ^CJ,a,jj1 ^^'4»- CLIUS! j^l^ J "-r^*'' u^ ^/i^As^' ^;J

c«i '^^W. c;' ^o'' r^^ ^^'*^ >'"*^' "^ r^^ ^'••'^' ^"^-^^ "-^^

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* Khi> J./J1 ; Kdn. ^^CJI

" ijjjj jjUI c*5«» J

f^ Aa,^\ 5^Uc ^;>1^ *jsr <)UaAJJ

^J^ ^Sc I^'J^I ^jl^ (.^M' c)^*^ '^'^^^ *-^-V ^'J^J^*^1 ^^1 ^"js:^

w
w
u

l^c» «-y^l ^cj' i^ 'i^-'' (#4^1 j^*^ ti'^' •— A^J^^l ^^ tj;*^ J>i>^

>^ i^i jju_ j_j iiUi ^j>ii ^yi ^ jjjx jjbi (w.nU;^,c*ui ^

JS ^lj_j ^'^ [a^ f^J^^ ^^3 U'^*^ ^^^ J'^^' '^'^^^ ^(j*^

Id

Jc^] ^Iz !$jJ^ *j Cl^l.lAil j^l g^ 4\>«>aE^ J fc)j*«Jl j^-j1 ^^ Iju«

.pi

* Read J--iflJll Ic ,jj

' Read a«-.1j L.. ^j J

" Read o|^lill ^J,\ ^^ ,^ x*

' Oni. See note 59.

- Li

Khi, pjai ; K.ln. ^.^1

^>K^1 ^_^u-

>Ca

1 "

ad]l Joe Jlji <KJy ^J jcjJia!! ^JJk^ u^^^:'. (*-^ ^ ia>LiSz ^ '^?:/=^ ^

^j^c- Jfc^ ^^J!^^ (V^^ ^- o-^-*^^ c^? t^-jj-^^ ;^■^'^^

la^j ^ l^ ^jx.^ yb Jjjl ^ l^s^ ^J.Aii\ CJ.l>kII ^^1 ^LJ ^j^

* Read Jl l^J ij^. See note 57.

' J. ^'' ^^ J^>

' Kh. 4i>b

^ Read Liol

' Khi, ^)i\\ ■ Kdn, ^.^1

* Khi, -^

' Khi, ^\ ^

H^v , Aa.A] 'i,^^z ,.,ja!I *=^ d^lki]

fJS^] J^ J 15''^=^ tX^ar* ^J> d.*^\\ SXZ j^ J.«.*j! ;_a_) ..ill jy.ll

jUjJ I 5^1 'ij^z ^J,JA>x^\ ^_^A^A^ j._j a:lll jkJi.«I ili^j _. .jJl UjI

li'^I^^ 4^=?^ '■^^^ vj^.*^ UAJU l^jpl ^J^ J L5*;J^^ u;^ <Aas-*
_^alys'l x^wjj ijS) Wi^^ll ^^ji ^CL»J1 s^s'' cij).^'^ J ^jjIaaj^^JI ^alj

^^ ^j=>- ^J^ ^1 ^3> IaJ JUj-i l::^*^^ _j f^J^^.'^ " all jjytJj! l-^ ^,^11

]y^j^ 15^^ ^ii-^ ^^ i_?*^ 'y";^ 10^ 15^^ ^ 'j;^"** f*^ c^' L5* '^^
l^ys-1 J <IC>Jl^!^«j ^s. |J ^^sc ^J^ JO 'j;'^'"^ ^ '-^^ 15* '••''•^.^ Jt^^*^^'

^■t Jl " Khi, i:J

* Khi, \a,jIj^C i-.*i; SjjlJ

u"^^ ^}-' ^■'

< ^iS" (J1 iz (_/aAiil lisa S-^^'^ (J^ 3 ^ill«>I! iJulc *l^^l i)^^

L_j' JsCll .^.<^il ^j-«."*J J I aj.«j>II l)"-*'^. ii)^ (^;^T^^^ 15^^ %**'; ^d"" ^h^j''

" 4,

(^V' (^ o^ ^^^ f^-^ cj^-^ ; f«:^^' '•.^.''^«" <-^ 3 b-^- ^3j^^^ 3
<)cin ^(^s-l-j ^^H) lj!il^^ 11 l^l^^l Ul J ^J ,]j-J '^-^^ i_v,-^i ^_5j'^''

W w

y^lj Jks^' (J,c_5 Uii (^1^1 t^*/*. <xLl IsUs^' ^ji\ r^ \^ _j ^jJ,<jJ! Jx

Jflaijl ^^^ i*?l c:j^>tJl _j ^'^-ij ^ cb J^AJ ^J^ ^ i^ljsl <tifcl.$' ^
^i\) 'Ju'^J^ b ^_jlaijls-l 1^1 l_jl'i J Lsli^kll ^s" ^_jll 5_jUcl J.~-c>^

c:^^l J KUll ,j:^^Jj^i C-U^ ^1 ^la; ^ ^Ul J^ 'k\.^\ l^a:^

Om.

f6 jUj^S! H.Uc ,.jjJ1 *sr juaaU

1^1 J.^j C^lj 4\Ji«J '.^jJic 7^^- (J^ tJ'^ CI^AsO**] J Cl-^i/s-

e>Jl^ ^ f^fJ c>-j<3'— i iJ^WLj LI^aII ^i-^i^ (j-jj il.'^s- j_5-j

ai">Ls* slalLo If*;'-* ^^'♦^jO.I jjlj^A* 1^ l^ <)Cx^ _j 5.»*w^ tXW!

<io l^U-1 J Ja-l, »_J^! ^ A JK ^ ^j^jis >^i] 'i^tlJ ^ ^^ji>UI

U^ i^^^ f^ ; o"^-^-^^' L^^- U-* ^ J ^>^' ^^:^^ tir?

.AC

ii.cJsl!

-N^sr ^}\ ^J\ ^«**11 ^J Ij^^'i'l J^li til^llj ^ ^^^r*^
^^^ Vxj^ "^ ^j\slJ\\ jail ^U * JCJ^^ ^'v.J^I 5^,i^c (^liSl 1^5

V

* Khi, ii ..oji .Lo

.UJl c>i-Wj

' Khi, ^^- j<

Khi, ^y^ilJ
l^j^ or \j^ t

''^ JLs>i ,^^ (^^^1 ^n 4.>a^l ^j J^ kiwi ^jjJ! ^^>:^=F e;?'
*-^^'*' liT^'^' e/* ^-:*. (►'j |^*"V ^J'^y**^^ J^ »^C*c ^j^iU i^j^y^'

&XC d^J^lrs- » ^cl«j.il ()c! J'Jij (J>:=^. -»^jU <!ciJ,l icJ^^ J'^' 4^1
ijl iljjjl ^--T^^ i^' '^'- ; S-^ ,J^ ^j'^' ^^"^ ^ji^ '^

of

1»^aJ! (^flj^l jc^j clJl j.6=» ^.Lall ,^jsaj d^^^' 1^ j^^jj ^
' Khi, ^^^ ■ Om. '? ' Kead Jwjill *x*

fr , j^A^j>\\ JitUc ,.i.)a!1 *sr &j<'ssi.\.]

_»>»>jiM o,^/^i- /.(■'^■'i *•=

J^ j\i y\ jl ^W j' jy-^' ^1 '^'c^'^ ^^^ jlJ] l_jUj Ul^sr" U ;

I')'* CiJ^*" L^>^ *-2»-i cy.i^l (wl '^^*" L^'^^ (^-*.- >-^ (J«l ^ i.i_^J^I f^).x>
^'ai' J Ojisi-l (c^ Usxl'j ^Jf-ai ^Jol ilc .i^iill <X>ju (J.r>-. y& _j

J^^s^' jsi-'i *j^a!1 c:^Aj ^^^cXa* *^ ^_jj _j ^>».n sJlJ' ^i^l ^]

w w

Ci^^ai-, 5 jiljJl Cl^A^Vi jci^,^!! (Jjfcl \\t ^ Sjjj ^ *xu i_jvi[j (Jill

w

(J.-^i-* ^ L>.j«w*!l ^3l 1^ Ua*i j ui-?K,J,n jjl ^ jJ.^A.«Jl 1^; .»-^JUi J

u^

Khi, ^^ l^al Jj^ J-rHj ])-^

j^ ? Khi, aJus. ^jC U^J*" i^^*

(•*s*

^ ^i\i J'j" ^.^j^aAj l^ ( j^i' a (_j.a) J'j' . l^>.il l^ cuii^j ki^-c

I — 25^ l^ K^Cl^ :^1 j^ L>L ^^c iJ:s:.lj Ij.^) Ij^^l Iz ci^ai'^
aJy ^a> _j J-:^>^1 jl*/i^J l^'^-*^' i/ uJ"^^' ^:^^ ^lai.i ^^^ .^.fC
<0>s^l c'l/'*'^ J'"^ '^^^^ /^^^-^ (_5^^ J ^'^ C/^^?. f^ T'iJ'* U^- '^b ''"

lifts" J-.-!^ ij^ 3 ijl^^l L-^Cll ^hi- Ic >i~xi\ sASiA J
It*" J^ 3 J-'J^^ J^f-^^ h^ Iwli' ^lyi <*-.-^uk>»Jl ^^s L-aVw*

L«^li (jjj/i^ '^.^=? (J-* <'^*^ e;^ ;^ ^i;:^^^■^' ^:^'*' 15^ ^'^ u^.'^^

"■•Jl

J>'-

1*1 .X^] iX^z ^jJl *ssr juaaU

4jl ^^ J-fljUll ^^ l-i^c 'ijJ^ <u>jJo ^jl '>s^^ J l^l^ssr y KUll

ei^s^jjj LlAiJ cXxJ ^^l^ Ulj ^^ ^[c \=^' Ul*i l>«^^ (-2-y.l J l^i'
i>4\s^, '^M:6^^ ^s^l (j'"^^*"^. 1;^ J la>JJ^c Ua5U^ ^^'^ ej'^*^ J li;''^»:^^'
Jjjjj ijJl-K JL^W OU Uli ^>kK ^ ^j-tf *^ ^ ^laWo ^J^y=>~ )
al'.:^ ei^Ws- u!/^^ U^ 1*^ la Joe ^;l^>k£- ^aj ; titXi- ^j-^^Si^ e/^6^

u5"^ u]j^ t— aLJuii Vj^O ^ XOu,l J ^GaJl ^^-^a^ ^^^ ^c^l
Jii '-♦^ic IsyLil ^ ijI;-*^ ^yW^'^ _^^a]1 iUii: Kl^ J ^ ].Sc is^

K1*J1 »J!sJl J^l_j d!;^- '^ _^^*jil J-as- l*li ayJic Jx_j>_ U Jli^iJI
^Jic ^J^^ ^Jol c^JJul _j Jul) C:-^fljdj Ai ic^J^' _j ^llaJl Jjju
^^^as- l^>i lyX* ^1 iijJJl ci^i^ _) l_j<\«*il _5 Ijjlc ^ (•^^'^ 5 ^.^/'

Jl c:^!*-,! lyils Ai' ^V 131 8^!=:^' j^-« ^^ icJU^ »Aa> J^ A

w

^jol jL j-li ^_^iLw '4^=^ (j^^'*' J^ j/l^Aw jc-V=F ^J/C ^ 5j^*r
l^jJl Icl^l ^1 juu Ih-^ JU Jr.yi . ^^Uil '^LJl ^^jJI

9

^^A^JS\ ^.j A- J f *

Jaj"! ^_jA-^ lii;_^^1 ^_^I ^J\^.)J ^^i ^hjj] **! J'Jii j^jJ3'.i- y;*^;^

w

luX^.« sj>j i^j ^jl^ lAJ'li^. ^_/^<il ij_«T=-l J'j'_j ^^iJl v-L^.ii' ^ l:ij'.^
|jl *fii.l=il _j >l^aiJl c:^^^^ ^^jtAll (-—jIj Ic j_f^'o J'-J c:^'«>J^=- ^

w u

,ic ' ..11 jjj *i«j.^ cW (J'A^_ l)>t^ c;!;'* (J^ ^-^"'^J (J.^^1!

J-"^ O

1- 1

^ J. and Khi, Jk,c1\ ^^js. allss
Khi, ^jl^jo a.-9 ij J'o J

Jfji-j^Jbiyi yj] J'i U^ j:a!1 jr,?^! CL-J'j i^J^Jlc a:iijl Ll^l'.; _j ^1

w

.^laj Is L.^ .J.ij *J' (-—j'-J^il ^jH (J^j L—j'jO (2p (M^ S— ^:f-^. ^ J'^^' _;

.s-li i^^Jt^ jJ>^L»il XmJ J^aI'i «-j. s.^a!1 Ic l^^JiJl J Jw<2a/«J!
t ^j'.j .C*t!ilt i . ^V-V ^J^«'-*' c:^!^ _5 tJ-ia.«JI j.^^k*!i]l ^i-

•^ L^.. 1 I ^ ^. J 1

^_-»

U^ri-^' ^./-'^

. ..^iiil SAJfc ^_^Mi«J ^J ^J^\jz^3 y\ J.jJ! .^ti ^^Sl

jjjtAJ )Ii l^jU^ ij^^ ?^^^ 15' ^^'-^rJ^^. *J' '~?:^S1 Jj-i^. ij^ ^^

J'v4»rl ^c <_— ?4iv)i • 4J;^J ,i ^'j <)U2Li ^.y*^i J aA^ la, Jos- . &>.i

^^ J^

!Jl.

yjAc ( ft^j 1^1 «js-.A«-l • ^-^^.j } ^,.^■*- _J (J^ ij-* ^:6'^ ; is^'^^

Is-i-

® Khi, Axij* ij— s^
' Khi, ^Jlk-^

» Read ^Jlsi-'

' Kill, 4«lc ii^U^j a! i^Uj \^\j^

•' Klii, 4I c>Ufl9

■* Khi, i2li»js.1

^ Khi, X*

rv .xa.j!,] i','.-4.r. ,.J_\!1 *2SP dXik]^

,.i.^=>- cf^lAS ,.,'«'-Wi , Ji , .J.*^)l «*>*.^ a^w , ,; .1: J>- * S.aILc

m

J,^>*S1 ^ Jjti' (^^ '^:^^" (M^ '>^laS! IjI aU-1 slilj _5 "aI'.ac! j Ia/ ,
jj»1~^Aj i^^^ .li3>)l .'.A/c ^-c .Jfc _j '^^t'- i^i^J * t^-^'l (^-IaI) (__fl^»!ij
I/kI _j U^i.;j ^J»s'' J ^j^V)! LlAi>».I! (J>j'^. .i i^l-«Jl ji .s'' -Ic

»\*1 Jj J '.^Ui^l j^J] J b^j

' Khi, s^^

Kead -.jUflll U ' Khi, jj^ll ^^j o^Jl M Jxs.j

i!"-

'i"J^ Ji ^^rvl j^j [xmj j^cljjl J^;l_. Urij^ UJ^ij^ ^}.h Ss^\

O'*^ 4-^*' (:/* (♦^' '►^i ^ *»^'3 Cl-^-5«A-» '.iJ (J^-J <iol ^-«,'.a1! *»y:|J
&^\j ^ic ^ia'_j L^'.J' c:^i".Ai A*^l ^j U^ ^-'-^^' ^' ^•''^

I ?,^t ,^1 . , \^ r^ "^ '"^^ ^^ '-^-*'!' ^''t^^ ?~»r-> ^ 1 r-J'-=^ •* S

Li' i«^ \ia^_ '] <)!Ji! 'juu Ij^i^^ i^ic ^J>£l ^ 'Jl JjA) j^rsnl^l ^ j^.^-j ^
, w..*..!, Jcl oJ J sycl _j LLtjJ! c'.s**' jij.*!' JSJJS) ,_ji J>i^t3 . L_^'U/i,

ul UJ W

- Kcad jlttlb I ' Khi, Ji

■J

sjjkA^ ,,^;J1 JiAA=-. Xa^iJI ixiJl i'j^jk^JI Ki^l !i,=5^' .L ^d,i

( 9^^ j.JuJ.i_^A*«.>*!l A/»„i:c u^."^' ^:^^'^ *^^1 SAaz "^j-^P' lJ.U

AJiLs'' SA-»£ .ftlaAl\ ..^i^l t\>-j^i -cli>.!l ^^ ^jJUi^l »J^1 'o^ij^

^ i\/Ki^] ^^ Ijuj C-^aIj J. _1^1 'jAiUi ^^Llsvl jJi.2^ '>^^ ^j»ak'llj>

' Khi, ^1^

^ j.un

« >?

^ Khi, ^1 .

Klii, Ax* i«^fij^a».U,

•■' Khi, (^.Jjsi^*^ ■

'■ Omit lj.>l ?

^ Kiii, nc ,_^,

r»«

. J Is^l, ^djd!l lLJvIj .5 U^ ( >,3> . I >l,=s^'j 1a5 ^.ju^s'' tiAia .

u

j.^1 A\ j^j _j l^'jkii' ^^Ull <Ss^^\ ^_^-Ull A.«^l ^^J Um. Lir'ii

^l!'o .-sajUka]' J.^^1 Lj^^aG L;.^J.yi ^\ Joe ol _j i^jl^xojl J,^A^1
U^ ^c^csJl -'^a; l«Ai la^.X ^L^! JcJli- ejUi'l^^! MJLj1 ^i I^aH

yb ^ j'jk/^^l *Ki' ^>.s- ,_^3 ^^ J*l' ^U^ ^^ i>.>Kr^l ei^-v 5J.01
^ Khi, LjJil, see Makrizi I. 449 ] ' Kbi, c^jr-^ -^^ •>-« ^,\

rr ^

,iA-Oi i,^.A^ ,,jaI1 ^:sr (XjkAall

tfJJj ^ »_^s" J'.s"' ^'«>^ 15*'-'*^?, eJ^ ^Uj^ '^ J'-^^l JCAJ>'^^
•AST Uau *J^5.j 5 "^T^*^ /rf^ iL)^'* t>2lx)l ^^ ^j'iJxi ^jl ^1 i/«*-Asi-

i^^Ua^ 4^'^ 1(31 . "'^^1^ i'tl^ • Jlii'l; l^Ai L_5.xll (J:^=*-i ^j»^J', ^t'>^'

jz^aLs- . *lcJ'o U'.cJl <itl c:^L"ijl , c_i^'..aAll ci^,^J AJij; , Jl

|.'j ^ji'.J>S^ i^jl li .a 'Jail ^jl ^J ( £l»- tJ j41 I'^l LtJ&;-«^ (^«

j^.-o <Lj jj>»>/<^ . <L<Ui" Jl J « Jill UaJ (m*^^ (J;^. f*^' ''^■* ^^-^^-o

jLIl ^ s-^*l' cULl o^s^A*.] jj jjll 'K; jJl,\ U ^^^Lx^ J.«j
^ Tvlii, o^^U; perhap?? li-Us. ? I ' Yak. dJ^y ^Ul

3

^jAj.!! ^^j ,l.j .

e-'v

e^' V r

ilioj' i:^ m/*-^ ci^JlCi

7 .. 1

-^^uk« l^J

•1

ij-kM.j Kxm _JLb»«i

*•> ^«-^^ LT

t 9

• It 11 • 1/ . 1'^ • 1 ( • I y

S-j'-s^' ^-^ _ja> . (^«^V. ijJ c;^^:^'"^ t_c;AA!! ^AjJo- _j^^_^GjJi _j .L..^

JU Jail! ''jj'Jk

yfe

jj«,^«>/iu!! oKi' ijl II '^^! ijjr^p_ ^JJs^ ^J] (^'.s*^'

u^ o'

J.

V

" Khi, ^

'" Klli, ixlil J Jail ji

'^ Yak. i^^JU

" Yak. I4]

'' Yak. l;U

'"^ Yak. JolHc

" Yak. -Jl i'i.^

'^ Yak. '"iV

' Klli, da-jiU ^J^

" J. and Klli, lz^^-Xo

' Khi, Jl^U. ; J. jIb1$

* J. and Khi, ^o^xs

* J. ami Khi, ij^xIj
' Khi, Lkc

' Khi, i;;,iiJ

» J. and Khi, Jl

^ Khi, .a, J

f^

i»5 " > i^" r ■ "

^ i^j^/^s'' »-j_>'i^ ic fl»-''-^' (^ 4\Ji>t*A. I ft_i\ l^li J'j" _ .Ls'' ^fib

l^Uii (UjUj ^__ji^ 2^i1 j^UaIij J i;«ilJ < iVi 'ikiti i Lc'.f> jJ^

&Az ^jJlss!^ i5^^^ .j>*^1 (^.^as^ 1..::^:^ 7-^^^ i^ i3.j^^ J^ IaI ^

<.-_^^J ^^iiiiSl ^i Uil^-o ,^^1^ "-^^^^ ^_5-^^' L5*J "^"^ T'^ 'i^-
t3>J.«**, y^\. K. .Ivo j,Ac J.iii' Kl^Il s!js^' ci^il^ J Ifij'L ^^^ 4-^'^

w w

j,^^\a\] tX5-_.^Jl (J.=^^t rJ-<^l ijil JS^ClSkI! j^i ^A^_y!! livl^l _j ^ic (jJ

jJ i^A^^] ^A^ ^i Uwj ,J^>»>=- jjl ^If-e^l .X<1 iwJIs" Si^AC .a^>f3!

Ul _5 "^JjLk' * rr^*^'' e;-< A^t ^^i ^ ^lJ^ ^f»•:^^'^ ij^'> ^'^^ '•-*'
|^J>A:^ ^'u2j1 C._,^j^'j 1>J'.C lU'i Uj] l^iU Uj^ !t)l_js- ^j;!^ ^»

^ Klii, \^^i
* iJeest in Klii,

' Khi, .s:iJl

' Klii, ^jlil r,,

....♦all o ,U" f"*

^T^A^ J.J)I L: U^i^^ Ij (J-wM,! A^^-^ C^S'j _j ^ 'jtJ^'^ ^_^5] ci^Olr:

w

l^A^ _^^ (Ji-. ^Ic ^1 s^j -iij ^li ^^iill ^^aj^liil Ij^^-0 'o i— ^/i-l

Ij.^-^ jyi) ^UIl ^Ux. iJj.lJl Laji ^^] _j jyj! ^.Ull ^1^ J
^i!l l^^^^ i-j>lJI iillJl ^'i [^ ^ Jj},] ^ijl j,^^^"^^ Jt _. UJ:^

ijA*w.s" c:->^^l lail l1A1(3 _j J_5=-^1 —'^^ ^^j cXJ^x^ Jaj> ^5 ix^l^ll

^x) J^j cuIaI'I Ic < a>c _j Jlall ^1^1 >iJ ^^4}] J\ a! Jja; ^

^;1 *-::--jJi ^j'j ^J*^■i^^ (^J-o tj;yl a^j^S' ci^l _j ^j\-<l '>;*.j ^5 ^<1

^j,^ ^. »***Ai l)^" ^-o ^j^ST j ^^IgJ j^^ Ll^Jl cdAsi. ^(3 Ic Jf^S

^^^ (^j.>«.L*/».!l 1! (.^_^svl ^Ci\ss jJ^'J Ij&jMjlj iilj^W >G»11 f?-tj J

J. and Khi, ^sill

9.

' Om.j ?

J>>k--1 ^j U^ o^''^'^ c;^ cjf^'^ ^!U^1 ^j^xf/i ^«=^Jr^ cJ^ t:^^
^^ j^ic .^^J! lla Alii'-s^ J ■J'J^I;'^ ^^^^ 'l^^'; 15?^ '^:^-<;^' i^ U-^

w w

jcli=kjj !1^^J! ^*! u-j'.^^ o^Aj p'./«.~«1 ^/=^ AijJ'^ «N:i^i'U ^j^5>-
u-jj^iJl ^ cUaJI I! ^^yk«jl ^ j^A=-l ci^ju i'A>>^ll KUJl jsjjb

i j;!ii.jj«j! l^Jl J'Jij ^ .^Tj ti^2>-l Ll^JL) sAj^aJI J;Ci^!l clJlJsajI/*, 1 ^
U _j ,_5-*£J^ t:!^'^"''-^ -s^-^i" ^-^ [/"Kali t)^" isL^l ^^t JU LII^S'J' _j l^A^AJ

j^c1a!1 saJ^il tX/ks-* ^ ic jJ^-<^\ ^^^ r-* J^=^^' '^:^? J^LiuJI

u

la^xo ? I ' Khi, <M . i;^ 1^*1 J.J L:>;sy

^

c

lf<i ) ^sn,_.!uaJ ^j'*'«-< jjj z^*?" (O^ tXA=-! ci^Ju i'j.j.-jj l^Awjl

i$AJ.wJl ^_^=s:'' »j1 Aas-I UJu: CL>U *J' ^'^••-c ^^, ?-]'^^ Cl^ij -y-'^^^^

iLw litj^^ ^ ^ &.Az j;l!l ^-♦.a^. !^«*yj j>a!j!1 ^1 j_^) cul^jJl
l^wj>«j ^ '^;^r','^'-i *— -jl^-i- ci^Ju >U/^! v::^l^j' . ^'.x»«xj.l . (j:i^il

w

(^>Jj'iaC^' ALcI^ S^'' ^j^/Jl Jl yj'^-^j' Ajjs!i*,<, i.*Ui!l SA;t^.<, 5-]^>«w=*-

U _j f?.,LAll _j \yJLV\ ^ t^s-^'! laarsr ^J.j'1^ AJ.'i Cli^^l ' L Jb^a-

'^'•*' {>^ '^ 5 i_5^'*j (M'*^^'^ (vj^ <j.'»'»-i ^jUal>«.'i L^jj_!Lj ^jii^^a

^ Read j.Jj!l ^^>

« KM 444.

' Khi i? .»j> ; perhaps ijj^^*- '?

1 Eead jll,

^ rl. and Klii,^ftxa. ^) j^s.-* ^j
' Oni. Klii.

rv .XA>J^\ 'iXAS. ^M^.J^l *isr ^jJiai!

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