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i  •!■ 


An\  EBTISEMEXTS 


An  Important 
Branch 


of  a   CHEMIST'S    BUSINESS  is  the  Mineral 
Water  Department. 


M  i  rijc_  r»n/\rixiL4  nj  r 


Library 


1  Ontario  College 


OF 


Pharmacy 


fflffiel: 


c*.    ">   ' 


ex 


1  ^-/Jivxv"  \i>  -^\j',f 

Pratt  St.,  Camden  Town,  N.W. 

Purvfvors  of  Tabh-  Waters  to  B..M.  Thk  King. 

Branches— 
LIVERPOOL,  SOUTHAMPTON,  CANTERBURY  and  TEDDINGTON. 


ONTARIO 

COLLEGE  OF  PHARMACY 

^^      GERRApr-^     ^-^ 
ADVESTfSBMEXTS  '  ^  '^ '^  rX  LJ     S/    .     ^ 

#r    iS    IMPERATIVE    ,     .     .  ^' 

THAT  CHEMISTS  AND  OTHEES  EEQUIRIXG 

Essential    Oils 

FOR  MEDICINAL  PURPOSES  SHOULD  EMPLOY  GENUINE 
OILS  OF   THE  FINEST  QUALITY  ONLY. 

These  en n  be  obtained  from  W.  J.  Bush  &  Co.,  Ltd..  who  euarantee  the 
following  to  be  absolutely  pure,  and  to  pass  the  characters  and  tests  of  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia, IhHS. 


OL.  A 


OL. 

A 

OL. 

Al 

OL. 

Ai 

OL. 

0/ 

OL. 

C/ 

OL. 

c 

OL. 

CA 

OL.  Cll 

OL.  CO 
OL.  GO 

OL.  CU 


RULES  REGARDING  BOOKS. 


Each  student  on  taking  a  book  from 
the  Library  becomes  responsible  for  the  loss 
or  damage  of  the  same. 

The  Librarian  shall  examine  evepy  book 
returned,  and  if  the  same  be  found  marked, 
or  spotted  with  ink,  with  leaves  turned  down, 
or  in  any  way  injured,  the  borrower  shall 
have  the  loss  deducted   from  his  deposit. 

Through  the  day,  books  must  be  re- 
turned on  leaving   the  reading  room. 

From  3.30  to  4  p.m.  a  book  may  be 
obtained  for  home  reading,  but  must  be  re- 
turned by  n.  ,m'  th,  "  ,\ving  morning. 
For  longer  detention  a  fine  of  5  cents  per 
hour  will  be  imposed. 


LYPTI. 
>ERi 

ANG. 
NDUL>E. 
VIS. 

H/E  PIP. 
ANG. 

iJE 

•  IS     ANG. 

;Tic;E 

ANG. 

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ANG. 

iRINI. 
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^      ANG. 


Head 


.-.,  ^v..,^w.,  N.E. 


ADVERTI8KMENT8 


CV*^  united,  ''i;^ 

V  Established  200  Years.  ^ 

Mbolesale  ^  lEyport  IDruooists, 

anal\?tical  ant)  /IDanufacturino  Cbcinists. 

.    .    MAKERS     OF     .     . 

COMPRESSED  TABLETS,     .     . 
GELATINE    CAPSULES, 

.     .     .     AND     PERLES. 


Medicated  J^  ^^\     ^V  Hypodermic 

Bougies,  /     ^^>y        \  Tablets, 

Pessaries,  i       M|^    A  Granular 

*"**  vteto^  n^%il^  Effervescing 

Suppositories,  ^^^^s^^^  Preparations. 

GELATINE   COATED   PILLS,   round  or  oval. 

$    $ 
Samples,   Quotations   and    Price    Lists,   from 

38  &  40,  Southwark  Street, 
London,  S.E. 


YEAR-BOOK  OF  PHARMACY 

COIITKISING 

AB8TEACTS  OF  PAPERS 


RELATING    TO 


PHARMACY,  MATERIA  MEDICA,  AND  CHEMISTRY 

CONTRIBUTED  TO  BRITISH  AND  FOREIGN  JOURNAT-S 

FROM  JULY  1,  1904,  TO  JUNE  SO,  1905, 
WITH    THE 

TRANSACTIONS 

OF    THE 

BEITISH    PHAEMAGEUTICAL 
CONFERENCE 

AT    THE 

FORTY-SECOND    ANNUAL    MEETING 


BRIGHTON,^  ONTARIO 

COLLEGE  OF  PHARMap 

JULY,    1905  44    Gr^o.^  ^^ 
TORONTO 


Editor  of  the  Year-Book, 
J.    0.   BRAITHWAITE. 

Editors;  of  the  Transactions, 

E.    SAVILLE   PECK,    MA. 
EDMUND   WHITE,   B.Sc,   F.I.C. 


LONDON 
X  &  A    (CHURCHILL,  7,  GREAT  MARLBOROUGH  STRP]ET, 

1905. 


butler  &  tanner, 
The  selwood  printing  Works, 

FROME.   and    LONDON. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 


OFFICERS  FOR  1905-1906. 

President. 
W.  A.  H.  NAYLOR,  F.I.C.,  F.O.S.,  London. 

Vice-Presidents, 
TF7(.o  have  filled  the  office  of  President. 

JOHN  ATTFIELD,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Watford. 

S.  R.  ATKINS,  J. P.,  Salisbury. 

CHAS.  UMNEY,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Lorulon. 

OCTAVIUS  CORDER,  Norwich. 

N.  H.  MARTIN,  F.R.S.E.,  F.L.S.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

C.  SYMES,  Ph.D.,  Pn.C,  F.C.S.,  Liverpool. 

J.  C.  C.  PAYNE,  ,I.P.,  M.P.S.I.,  Belfast. 

E.  M.  HOLMES,  F.L.S.,  Ph.C,  London. 

G.  C.  DRUCE,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  Oxford. 

T.   H.  W.    IDRIS,   L.C.C.,    P.C.S.,  London. 

Vice-Presidents. 
R.  A.  ROBINSON,  L.C.C.,  J.P.,  London. 

D.  B.  DOTT,  F.R.S.B.,  F.I.C.,  Edinburgh. 
W.  F.  WELLS,  Dublin. 

THOS.  BARCLAY,  Birmingham. 

F.  RANSOM,  F.C.S.,  Hitohin. 

HENRY  G.  GREENISH,  F.I.C.,  F.L.S.,  London. 

Honorary  Treasurer. 
J.  C.  UMNEY,    F.C.S.,   London. 

Honorary  General  Secretaries. 

E.  SAVILLE    PECK,   M.A.,  Cambridge. 
EDMUND  WHITE,  B.Sc,  F.I.C.,  London. 

Honorary  Local  Secretary. 
CHAS.  THOMPSON,  Birmingham. 

Other  Members  of  the  Executive  Committee. 
F.  H.  ALCOCK,  Birmingham.  |    W.  H.  MARTINDALE,  London. 

F.  C.  J.  BIRD,  London.  |    W.  W.  SAVAGE,  Brighton. 

H.  W.  GADD,  Exeter. 
A.  W.  GERRARD,  Birmingham. 
D.  LLOYD  HOWARD,  London. 


J.  F.  TOCHBR,   Peterhead. 
R.  WRIGHT,  Baxtoi 


These   Officers  collectively  constitute  the   Executive    Committee.      Three    retire 
annually,  being  eligible  for  re-election. 

Assistant  Secretary. 
JOHN    HEARN,  London. 

Auditors. 
J.  W.  BOWEN,  London,  and  W.  P.  ROBINSON,  London. 

Honorary  Cor.oMAL  Srcretaries. 

For  Bengal W.  T.  GRICE,  F.C.S.,  Calcutta. 

„  Bombay J.  STANLEY  SMITH,  Bombay. 

„  Canada J.  BEMROSE,  F.C.S.,  Montreal. 

,,  Cape  Colony  anh  Natal      .        .  A.  WALSH,  Port  Elizabeth. 

„  Madras W.  E.  SMITH,  Madras. 

,,  New  Zealand R.  WILKINSON,  Dunedin. 

,,  Queensland STILES  W.  G.  RICH,  Brisbane. 

„  Tasmania A.  P.  MILLER,  Hobart. 

„  Victoria H.  SHILLINGLAW,  Melbourne. 

„  West  Indies A.  JAMES  TAITT,  Port  of  Spain. 

a* 


BRITISH  I'llARMAOEUTICAL  CONFERENCE 


I'lacei  u) 
Aleetinff. 


iNAlilfKAL   .MEKTINO    HELD  AT  NEWCASTLE-ON-TTNE  IN   1863 

I'residentt. 


1804 


Bnth  .      . 

Uirniingliani 

NottiuRliain 


ISO"      Diindpe 


1808 


1809 


1870 


1871 


Norwich 


Exeter  . 


Liverpool 
Edinburgli 
1872      Brigliton 


1873 


1874 


1875 


London . 


Bristol 


] 
1H70  ,  (ilasRow 

1877  Plymouth    . 

I 

1878  Dublin  .      . 

1870  ;  Sliemeid      . 


1<880 


1881 


Swansea 


Yorlc 


Hknky  Deane,  F.L.S. 
Henry  Deane,  F.L.S. 
Prof.  Bentley,  F.L.S. 
Prof.  Bestley',  F.L.S. 


Daniel      IIanbury, 
F.R.s. 


Daniel      Hanbuky, 
F.ll.S. 


W.     W.     Stoddart, 
F.C.S. 


W.     W.     Stoddart, 
F.C.S. 


H.  B.  Brady,  F.R.S. 


Bradford  If.  15.  Brady,  F.R.S. 


Thcs.     b.     Groves, 
F.C.S. 


Tugs.     b.     Groves, 
F.C.S. 


Prof.  Redwood,  F.C.S. 
I'rof.  Redwood,  F.C.S. 
G.  F.  SrrrAfHT,  F.C.S. 
G.  F.  ScHAraT,  F.C.S. 
W.  Southall,  F.L.S. 
R.  Reynold."?,  F.C.S. 


Vice-Presidents. 


Prof.  Bentley.  F.L.S. 
Dr.  EDWARD.S,  F.C.S. 
R.  W.  Giles,  F.C.S. 
Prof.  Redwood,  F.C.S. 

Prof.     BENTLEY,    F.L.S. 
Dr.   EDWARD.S,  F.C.S. 

\V.    S01TH.\LL. 

J.  P.  Tylee. 

Dr.    EDWARD.S,    F.C.S. 

D.   Hanhury,  F.R.S. 

Samuel  Parr. 

\V.  W.  Stoddart,  F.G.S. 

D.  Hankury,  F.R.S. 

.T.  INCE,  F.L.S. 

D.  RrssELL. 

\V.  W.  Stoddart,  F.G.S. 

R.  Fitch,  F.G.S. 

J.   iNCE,  F.L.S. 

W.  W.  Stoddart,  F.G.S 

J.  R.  Young. 

G.  Cooper. 

H.  S.  Evans,  F.C.S. 

J.   INCE,   F.L.S. 

W.  W.  Stoddart,  F.G.S. 

J.  Abraham. 

n.  C.  Baildon. 

H.  s.  Evans,  F.C.S. 

.r.    iNCE,    F.L.S. 

J.  .\braham. 

H.  C.  Baildon. 

J.  iNCE,  F.L.S. 

J.  Williams,  F.C.S. 

.T.  iNCE,  F.L.S. 

R.  Reynolds,  F.C.S. 

w.  D.  Savage. 

J.  Williams,  F.C.S. 

T.  II.   Hills,  F.C.S. 

R.    itEYNOLDS,   F.C.S. 

F.  M.     RIMMINOTON, 

J.    WILLIAMS,    F.C.S. 

T.  H.  Hills,  F.C.S. 
R.  Reynolds,  F.C.S. 
Chas.  h.  Savory. 
J.  Williams,  F.C.S. 
T.  H.  Hills,  F.C.S. 
R.  Reynolds,  F.C.S. 
Chas.  Boorne. 
Peter  Squire,  F.L.S. 
T.  H.  Hills,  F.C.S. 
R.  Reynolds,  F.C.S. 
E.  C.  C.  Stanford,  F.C.S. 
D.  Frazer. 
T.  H.  Hills,  F.C.S. 
R.  Reynolds,  F.C.S. 
A.  P.  Balkwill. 
J.  Williams,  F.C.S 
Prof.TlcHliOKNE,  F.C.S. 
R.  Rkvnoliis,  F.C.S. 
R.  W.  I'KiNii,  L.A.H.D. 
.1.  Williams,  F.C.S. 
Prof.  Tichhorne.  F.C.S. 
R.  1{EYN0LDS,  F.C.S. 

W.  Ward,  F.C.S. 
.1.  Williams,  F.C.S. 
R.  Reynolds,  F.C.S. 

G.  W.  Sandford. 
W.  Ward,  F.C.S. 
N.  M.  Grose. 

Prof.  Attheld,  F.R.S. 
R.  Davison.  j 

N.  M.  Grose. 
C.  Umney,  F.C.S. 


Local  Secretaries. 


J.   C.    I'OOLEY. 


W.     Southall, 
Jun. 


J.  H.  Atherton, 
F.C.S. 


F.  Sutton,  F.C.S 


M.  Husband. 


E.  Da  VIES,  F.C.S. 
J.  DUTTON  (Bir- 
Icenhcad). 

J.  M.iCKAY,  F.C.S 


T.  Glaisyer. 


R.     Parkinson, 
Pli.D. 


M.     Carteiohe, 
F.C.S. 


A.  Kinnin.mont. 


R.  J.  Clark. 


W.  Hayes. 


H.  .Maleham. 


J.    HUOHES. 


J.    SOWRAY. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE 


Tears. 

Places  of 
Meeting. 

Presidents. 

Vice-Presidents. 

Local  Secretaries. 

1882 

Southampton 

Prof.  Attfield,  F.R.S. 

R.  Chipperfield. 
T.  Greenish,  F.C.S. 
Prof.  Tichborne,  LL.D. 
J.  R.  Young. 

0.  R.  Dawson. 

1883 

Southport    . 

Prof.  Attfield,  F.R.S. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
\V.  V.  Radley. 
C.  Umney,  F.C.S. 
J.  R.  Young. 

Wm.  Ashton. 

1884 

Hastings 

J.  Williams,  F.C.S. 

S.  R.  Atkins. 

J.  Bell. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 

J.  R.  Young. 

P.  Rossiter. 

1885 

Aberdeen    . 

J.  B.  Stephenson. 

F.  B.  Benger,  F.C.S. 
M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
C.  Ekin,  F.C.S. 
J.  P.  Kay. 

A.  Strachan. 

1886 

Birmingham 

T.  Greenish,  F.C.S. 

T.  Barclay. 
F.  B.  Benger,  F.C.S. 
M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
C.  Ekin,  F.C.S. 

Chas.  Thompson. 

1887 

Manchester 

S.  R.  Atkins,  J.P. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
S.  Plowman,  F.R.C.S. 
C.  Symes,  Ph.D. 

G.   S.    WOOLLEY. 

F.    B.    Benger, 
F.C.S. 

1888 

Bath      .      . 

F.  B.  Benger,  F.C.S. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
S.  Plowman,  F.R.C.S. 
C.  SYiMES,  Ph.D. 
W.  Martindale,  F.C.S. 

H.  Hutton. 

1889 

Newcastle- 

C.     Umnet,  f.i.c, 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 

T.  M.  Claque. 

on-Tyne 

F.C.S. 

S.  Plowman,  F.R.C.S. 

C.  Symes,  Ph.D. 

N.  H.  Martin,  F.L.S. 

1890 

Leeds     .      . 

c.  umney,  f.i.c. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 

F.  W.  Branson, 

F.C.S. 

S.  Plowman,  F.R.C.S. 

A.   KINNINMONT,   F.C.S. 

W.  Smeeton. 

F.C.S. 

1891 

Cardiff   .      . 

W.         Martindale, 
F.C.S. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
A.  Kinninmont,  F.C.S. 
J.  C.  Thresh,  M.B.,D.Sc. 

J.    MUNDAY. 

Alfred  Coleman. 

1892 

Edinburgh  . 

E.   C.   C.   Stanford, 
F.C.S. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
W.  GiLMOUR,  F.R.S. B. 
J.  C.  Thresh,  M.B.,D.Sc. 

J.    R.    YOUNG,    J.P. 

Peter  Boa. 

1893 

Nottingham 

OCTAVItrS   CORDER. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
J.  Laidlaw  Ewing. 
W.  Hayes. 
R.  FiTZ  Hugh. 

C  A.  Bolton. 

1894 

Oxford  .      . 

N.  H.  MARTIN,  F.L.S., 
F.R.M.S. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 
R.  H.  D.\viES,  F.C.S. 
W.  Hayes. 
G.  T.  Prior. 

H.  Mathew.^. 

1895 

Bourne- 

N. H.  MARTIN,  F.L.S.. 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 

Stewart  Hard- 

mouth 

F.R.M.S. 

J.  Laidlaw  Ewing. 
W.  Hayes. 

J.    A.    TOONE. 

wick. 

1896 

Liverpool    . 

W.            MARTINDALE, 

M.  Carteighe,  F.C.S. 

T.  H.  Wardle- 

F.C.S. 

J.  Laidlaw  Ewing. 

M.   CONROY,   F.C.S. 

W.  Hayes. 

WORTH. 
H.     0.    DUTTON 

(Birkenliead). 

1897 

Glasgow 

Dr.  C.  Symes,  Ph.C. 

Walter  Hills. 
J.  Laidlaw  Ewing. 
W.  F.  Wells. 
R.  McAdam. 

J.  A.  Russell. 

1898 

Belfast  .      . 

Dr.  C.  Symes,  Ph.C. 

Walter  Hills. 
J.  Laidlaw  Ewing. 
J.  C.  C.  Payne,  J.P. 
W.  F.  Wells. 

R.  W.  Mcknight 
W.  J.  Rankin. 

1899 

Plymouth 

J.  C.  C.  PAYNE,  J.P., 

Ph.C. 

Walter  Hills,  F.C.S. 

R.   J.   DOWNES. 

John  Moss,   F.I.C, 

F.C.S. 
C  J.  Park. 

J.  Davy  Turney. 

BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE 


year$ 

Places  of 
Meeting. 

Presidents. 

Vice-Presidents. 

Local  Secretaries. 

1900 

London 

E.  M.  HOLHKS,  F.L.S. 

B,.  J.  DOWNES,  Pll.C. 

W.  Warren. 

Pli.C. 

Walter  Hills,  F.C.S. 
John  Moss,  F.I.C, 

F.C.S. 
J.  F.  Harrisoton.  Pll.C. 

Herbert   Crack- 

NELL. 

1901 

Dublin  .     . 

G.   C.    Dbucb,   M.A., 
F.L.S. 

G.  T.  W.  Newsholme, 

F.C.S. 
G.  D.  limas,  M.P.S.L 
Peteh  Boa,  F.C.S. 
Prof.  Tichhorne,  Pli.D. 

J.  I.  Bernard. 

1902 

Dundee 

G.  C.   Drucb,   M.A., 
F.L.S. 

(i.    T.    W.    Newsholme, 

F.C.S. 
G.  D.  Beggs,  M.P.S.I. 
Chas.  Kerr. 
W.  A.  H.  Naylor,  F.I.C, 

F.C.S. 

W.  Cpmminqs. 

1903 

Bristol  .     . 

T.  n.  W.  InRis,  F.C.S. 

G.    T.  W.    Newsholme, 

F  C  S 
G.  b.'  BEGOS,  M.P.S.I. 
Peter  Boa. 
W.  A.  H.  Naylor,  F.I.C, 

F.C.S. 
J.  W.  White. 

IT.    E.    BOORNE 

1004 

Slu'ffleld      . 

T.  H.  W.  IDRIS,  F.C.S. 

G.  I>.  Beggs,  M.P.S.I. 
D.  B.  Dott,  F.R.S.B., 

■p«    T    p 

W.  A.H.  Naylor.F.I.C, 

F.C.S. 
G.   T.   W.   Newsholme, 

F.C.S. 
F.  Ransom,  F.C.S. 

n.  Antolifpe. 

1005 

Brigliton     . 

W.     A.     H.     NAYLOR, 

R.    A.    ROBIN.'^ON. 

W.  W.  Savage. 

F.I.C.,  F.C.S. 

D.  B.  dott. 
J.  Montgomery. 

W.    H.    GIB-^ON. 

F.  Ransom. 

H.  G.  Greenish. 

C.  G.  Y.\tes. 

1906 

Birmingham 

W.      A.      H.     NAYIOR, 
P.I  C,  F.C.S. 

R.  A.  Robinson. 
D.  a.  Dott. 
W.  F.  Wells. 
F.  Ransom. 
H.  G.  Greenish. 
T.  Barclay. 

C.  Thompson. 

nsea  to  1870,  H.  B.  Beady, 
F.R.S. 
1870    to     1877,     GEOKOE     F. 
I      Schacht,  F.C.S. 
1877  to  1884,  C.  Ekin,  F.C.S. 
Treasurers    1884  to  1888,  C.  Umney,  F.I.C, 
(One).        I      F.C.S. 

1888  to  1890,  W.  Martindale, 

F  C  S 
1890  to  1893,  R.  H.   Davies, 

F.I.C,  F.C.S. 
1803    to    1808,    John    Mo.ss, 

F.I.C,  F.C.S. 
1898  to  1906,  John  C  Umney, 
V     Pll.C,  F.C.S. 


jionorary 
General 

Secke- 
taries 
(Two,. 


1863  to   1880,   Prof.   Attfield, 

Pli.D.,  F.R.S. 
1863   to   1871,    Richard    Rey- 
nolds, F.C.S. 
1871  to  1884,  F.  Baden  Benger, 

F.C.S. 
1880    to    1882,    M.    Carteighe, 

F.C.S. 
1882  to  1886,  Sidney  Plowman, 

F.R.C.S. 
1884  to  1890,  John  C  Thresh, 

M.B.,  D.Sc. 
1886  to  1901,  W.  A.  H.  NAYLOR, 

F.I.C,  F.C.S. 
1890  to  1903,  F.  Ransom,  F.C.S. 
1901  to  1906,  E.  Saville  Peck, 

M.A. 
1903  to  1900,  Edmund  Whttb, 

B.Sc,  F.I.C. 


LOCAL  CORRESPONDING   SECRETARIES. 


Listricl. 


yame. 


District. 


Same. 


Aljerdeen  . 

Bacup 

Bainet 

Belfast       .      . 

Birmingliam   . 

Blackburn 

Bournenioutli 


W.  Giles. 

W.  J.  SUTCLIFFE. 

R.  F.  Young. 
W.  J.  Rankin. 
C.  Thompson. 
R.  Lord  Ciffokd. 
Stewart   Hard- 

V.ICK. 

J.  Jackson. 

J.  Bain. 

R.  .A.  Cripps. 

H.  E.  BOORNE. 

G.  Wright. 
R.  Wright. 

E.  S.wiLLE  Peck. 

J.  MUNDAY. 

J.  Hallaway. 

F.  J.  Palmer. 

H.  F.  J.  Shepheard. 
J.  G.  Prebble. 
T.  R.  Lester. 
H.  W.  Jones. 
S.  Taylor. 
M.  H.  Stiles. 
W.  F.  Wells. 
Wm.  Cummings. 
H.  R.  Cheney. 

S.  GiBBS. 

Peter  Boa. 

H.  WippELL  Gadd. 

W.  L.  CURRIE. 

J.  H.  Mather. 

J.  H.  \\"lLSON. 

F.  ROSSITER. 

G.  R.  DURRANT. 

F.  Ransom. 

G.  W.  WORFOLK. 

E.  C.  Sayer. 

G.  VOGT. 


Bradford 
Bridge        <if 

Allan      .      . 
Brighton    and 

Hove 
Bristol 
Burton  -  on  - 

Trent     .      . 
Buxton 
Cambridge 
Cardiff 
Carlisle 
Cheltenham    . 
Chester  and 

Wrexham    . 
Chislehurst 
Cork    .      .      . 
Coventry  . 
Derby 
Doncaster 
Dublin 
Dundee 
Dursley 
Eastbourne     . 
Edinburgh 
Exeter 
Glasgow    . 
Godalming 
Harrogate 
Hastings  and 

St.   Leonards 
Hertford  .      . 
Hitehin 
Ilkley         .      . 
Ipswieli 
Kendal 

The  duties  the  Local  Corresponding  Secretaries  have  undertaken  to 
discharge  ai"e  briefly  as  follows: — 

(a)  To  bring  under  the  notice  of  pharmacists,  i^rincipals,  and  their 
assistants,  in  their  districts,  who  are  unassociated  with  the  Conference, 
the  advantage  of  membership  with  it,  and  b^^  personal  effort  to  try  and 
induce  them  to  join. 

(6)  To  assist  in  stimulating  research  by  asking  pharmacists,  who  have 
the  time,  ability,  and  disposition,  to  contribute  from  time  to  time  a  paper 
or  useful  note  to  the  annual  meetings. 

(c)    To  endeavour  to  induce  defaulters  to  continue  their  membership. 

(<^)  To  take  generally  a  watchful  and  S3nnpathetic  interest  in  the 
afiairs  of  the  Conference. 

To  render  those  services  voluntarily  at  times  convenient  to  themselves 
and  as  opportunity  offers. 


Kettering 

Ivihnarnock    . 

I\lrkcaldy 

Leamington    . 

Leeds  . 

Leicester  . 

Liverpool . 

Louth 

Malvern     . 

^Manchester     . 

Alontrose  . 

Morpeth    . 

Newcastle-on- 
Tyne 

Newport 
(Mon.  ).      . 

Nottingham    . 

Nuneaton 

Oxford 

Paisley 

Peterhead 

Plymouth 

Ross  (Here- 
ford)     .      . 

Salisbury  . 

Sheffield    .      . 

Shrewsbury    . 

Southampton 

Southport 

Spalding    . 

Stockport 

Stockton 

Smiderland 

Swansea    . 

Taimton   . 

Torquay    . 

Tunbridge 
Wells     .      , 

Warrington     . 

Windsor    . 

Wol  verba  mjj- 
ton 

Worcester 


W.  HiTCHMAN. 

G.  F.  ^Ierson. 
David  Storrar. 

H.  HUTTON. 

F.  P.  Sargeaxt. 
Lewis  Ough. 
R.  C.  Cowley. 
H.  D.  Simpson. 
A.  Mander. 
C.  A.  Johnstone. 
A.  Davidson. 
.J.  Whittle. 

T.  Maltby'  Clague. 

E.  Davis. 

G.  J.  R.  Parkes. 
G. Iliffe. 

G.  Claridge  Druce 
A.  Eraser. 
J.  F.  Tocher. 
.J.  Davy  Turney. 

T.  Matthews. 
S.  R.  Atkins. 
G.T.W.Newsholme. 
W.  G.  Cross. 
H.  Wilson. 

J.  RiGHTON. 

E.  WiGHTMAN  Bell. 
J.  C.  Arnfield. 
W.  J.  Clarke. 
C.  Ranken. 
N.  I\I.  Grose. 
W.  A.  Wrenn. 

E.  Quant. 

A.  E.  Hobbs. 

J.  Rymer  Young. 

J.  G.  Everett. 

F.  J.  Ctibson. 
C.  W.  Turner. 


THE 

BRiriSlI  PllAKilACELTTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

AN  ORGANIZATION  ESTABLISHED  IN  1863  FOR  THE  ENCOURAGE- 
MENTOF  PHARMACEUTICAL  RESEARCH.  AND  THE  PROMOTION  OF 
KKIRNDLY  INTERCOUIISR  AND  UNION  AMONGST  PHARMACISTS. 


Thk  mo.st  important  ways  in  which  a  member  can  aid  the  objects  of 
the  Conffrenee  are  by  suggesting  subjects  for  investigation,  working 
upon  subjects  suggested  by  himself  or  by  otliers,  contributing  infor- 
mation tending  to  throw  light  on  questions  relating  to  adulterations 
and  impurities,  or  collecting  and  forwarding  specin)ens  whose  exa- 
mination would  afif'ord  similar  information.  Personal  attendance  at 
the  yearly  gatherings,  or  the  mere  payment  of  the  annual  subscrip- 
tion, will  also  greatly  strengthen  the  hands  of  the  executive. 

A  list  of  subjects  suggested  for  research  is  published  early  in 
the  year  (see  page  359).  Resulting  papers  are  read  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  members  ;  but  new  facts  that  are  discovered  duiing 
an  investigation  may  be  at  once  published  by  an  author  at  a  meeting 
of  a  scientific  society,  or  in  a  scientific  journal,  or  in  any  other  way 
he  may  desire;  in  that  case,  he  is  expected  to  send  a  short  report  on 
the  subject  to  the  Conference. 

The  annual  meeting  for  1904  will  be  held  at  Birmingham. 

Gentlemen  desiring  to  join  the  Conference  can  be  nominated  at 
any  time  on  applying  to  the  Secretaries,  or  any  otlier  officer  or 
member.  The  yearly  subscription  is  payable  in  advance,  on  July 
1st.  The  amount,  which  includes  free  delivery  of  the  Year-Book, 
is  7s.  6d.  for  members  residing  within  the  Postal  Union.  Further 
information  may  be  obtained  from 

The  Asst.  Secretary,  Brit.  Pharm.  Conf., 

17,  Bloomsbury  Squai'e,  London,  W.C. 


THE  YEAR-BOOK  OF  PHARMACY. 

The  Conference  annually  presents  to  members  a  volume  of  about 
6CK!)  pages,  containing  the  proceedings  at  the  yearly  meeting,  and  an 
Annual  Report  on  the  Progress  of  Pharmacy,  or  Year-Book,  which 
includes  notices  of  all  pharmaceutical  papers,  new  processes,  prepa- 
rations, and  formulae  published  throughout  the  world.  The  neces- 
sary fund  for  accomplishing  this  object  consists  solely  of  the  sub- 
scriptions of  members.  The  Executive  Committee,  therefore,  call 
on  every  pharmacist — principal,  assistant,  or  pupil — to  offer  his 
name  for  election,  and  on  every  member  to  make  an  effort  to  obtain 
more  members.  The  price  of  the  Year-Book  to  non-members  is 
ten  shillings.  The  constitution  and  rules  of  the  Conference,  and  a 
oonvenient  form  of  nomination,  will  bo  found  at  page  364. 


LIST    OF    CONTENTS. 


Introduction 
Chemistry 
Materia  Medica  . 
Pharmacy 

Notes  and  Formula     . 
Research  List- 
Constitution  and  Rules  of  the  Br 
Honorary  Members  of  the  Conference 
Foreign  and  Colonial  Members  . 
Home  Members  ..... 
Progi-amme  of  the  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference 
General  Index . 


itish  Pharmaceutical  Conference 


PACE 

1 
15 
171 
225 
293 
323 
328 
329 
329 
332 
351 
507 


INTRODUCTION 


As  the  horizon  of  chemical  knowledge  has  opened  out  with  the 
advance  of  the  army  of  investigators,  and  as  the  number  of 
recruits  to  this  army  has  grown  immeasurably  greater  year  by 
year,  the  necessity  of  specializing  the  work  of  these  has  become 
imperative.  To  the  pharmacist,  this  advance  and  specialization 
is  well  brought  home  by  a  glance  at  the  matter  contained  in 
the  Year-Book,  by  comparing  the  contents  of  the  volumes  of 
earlier  years  with  those  of  more  recent  date.  It  will  thus  be 
evident  that,  even  in  our  own  sphere  of  pharmaceutical 
chemistry,  there  is  the  same  tendency  to  specialization,  and  to 
the  concentration  of  the  work  of  individuals  in  certain  definite 
directions. 

In  consequence,  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  usefully  review  the 
general  chemical  work  of  the  current  year  in  the  space  at  our 
disposal.  It  has  been  necessary,  therefore,  to  limit  the  ab- 
stracts in  the  chemical  section  of  the  book  to  those  papers  which 
deal  more  or  less  directly  with  subjects  cognate  to  pharma- 
ceutical work,  to  the  exclusion  of  matter  of  j)urely  scientific  or 
academic  interest.  By  so  doing,  it  is  lioped  that  this  section 
will  be  rendered  more  valuable  to  practical  pharmacists,  and 
that  the  survey  therein  given  may  prove  more  thorough,  by 
Ijeing  limited  to  those  subjects  with  which  it  is  essential  for 
them  to  ])e  acquainted. 

As  in  several  previous  years,  the  subject  of  the  arsenical 
contamination  of  drugs  has  attracted  much  attention.  An 
important  Report  on  the  Detection  of  Arsenic  in  Official  Drugs, 
presented  to  the  Pharmacopoeia  Committee  of  the  General 
Medical  Council  by  W .  R.  Dunstan  and  H.  H.  Robinson,  has 
received  the  careful  attention  it  deserves.  D.  L.  Howard  has 
voiced  the  opinion  of  the  manufacturers,  that  certain  of  the 
requirements  may  be  too  stringent,  in  which  he  is  supported 
Ijy  E.  W.  Mann,  who  considers,  liowever,  that  in  the  majority 
of  cases  the  limit  required  of  3  parts  per  million  is  not  excessive 

1  B 


2  INTRODUCTION. 

or  unattainable.  IK.  A.  II.  Naylor  and  E.  J.  Chappel  concur 
tliat  the  limit  suggested  by  Dunstan  and  Robinson  for  minera 
acids  and  for  liquid  ammonia  is  too  rigid,  but  consider  that,  in 
the  main,  the  standards  aic  acceptable.  C.  A.  Hill  and  J.  C. 
Uviney  are  of  opinion  tliat  in  the  case  of  Ferrum  redacium  the 
limit  of  60  parts  per  million  is  not  a  practicable  one.  F.  H. 
Alcock,  however,  has  met  with  specimens  containing  but  little 
arsenic,  but  tliese  have  proved  to  be  contaminated  with  much 
siliceous  impurity.  R.  C.  Coidcy  and  J.  P.  Catford  suggest  the 
use  of  a  modification  of  Remsen's  metliod  for  tlic  detection  of 
arsenic,  and  H.  Cardoni,  in  a  suggestive  note,  advocates  its 
volatilization  at  normal  temperatures  as  methyl  arsenious  ether. 
The  presence  of  arsenic  in  objectionable  quantity  is  noted  by 
E.  Bonjean  in  sodium  phosphate,  and  in  hydrogen  peroxide  by 
L.  Grimbert. 

F.  H.  Alcock  suggests  a  simple  volumetric  method  for  titrating 
barium  chloride  ;  L.  Robin  employs  his  sensitive  Mimosa  flower 
indicator  for  the  detection  of  traces  of  boric  acid.  A  simple 
expedient  for  the  rapid  solution  of  refractory  colcothars  is  given 
by  E.  Pozzi  Estcot.  E.  J.  Millard  draws  attention  to  the  adul- 
teration of  cream  of  tartar  with  starch  ;  L.  and  J.  Gadais  treat 
of  the  detection  and  determination  of  lead  in  the  same.  Moreau 
publishes  a  volumetric  method  for  titrating  ferric  chloride  with 
salicylic  acid  as  indicator.  P.  Planes  has  a  simple  colorimetric 
method  for  the  approximate  assay  of  hydrogen  peroxide.  D.  B. 
Dott  draws  attention  to  the  inaccuracy  of  the  official  description 
and  formula  for  tlie  hydration  of  lithium  citrate.  W.  C.  Ander- 
son deals  witli  the  different  properties  of  magnesia  from  various 
sources.  The  detection  of  mercury  in  %irine  is  discussed  by 
Sonnie-Moret  and  by  Zenghelis.  A  method  for  determining 
potassium  as  jncramate  is  given  by  A.  Fribault,  wliile  E.  P. 
Alvarez  finds  tliat  iconogene  is  a  useful  reagent  for  that  metal. 
J.  Bovgault  advocates  the  use  of  a  modified  Fremy's  reagent  to 
detect  sodium. 

Among  tlie  metaUic  salts  which  have  been  prepared,  and 
are  likely  to  be  of  interest,  are  those  of  bismuth  with  benzoic 
and  ."ialicylic  acids,  hy  P.  Thibault  ;  ferrous  ?a\d  ferric  arsenate,  by 
W .  Duncan  ;  the  perborates,  and  specially  sodium  perborate,  by 
J.  Bruhat  and  H.  Dubois.  The  organic  salts  of  thorium  have  been 
described  by  G.  T.  Morgan.  P.  Lami  indicates  potassium 
pcrcarbonate  as  source  of  oxygen  ov  of  hydrogen  peroxide,  and 
E.  Iloldemcmn  gives  a  formula  for  the  preparation  of  zinc  borate. 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

The  occurrence  in  beryl  of  a  new  element  allied  to  glucinum  is 
foreshadowed  by  J.  H.  Pollok.  A  note  of  great  practical  value 
on  the  application  of  copper  sulphate  for  the  destruction  of 
freshwater  Algee  and  Confervce  has  been  made  by  G.  T.  Moore. 
J .  Wadmore  has  prepared  sodium  alum,  and  O.  Silherrad  has 
delinitely  settled  the  disputed  formula  for  "  nitrogen  iodide.''' 

In  the  chemistry  of  vegetable  drugs,  a  notable  event  is  the 
completion  of  the  systematic  examination  of  the  Elemis  by  A. 
Tschirch  and  collaborators,  the  summary  of  which  is  now  pub- 
lished, together  with  the  result  of  the  examination  of  Tacamakaca 
ele.mi  and  resin,  by  the  same  author  and  0.  Saal.  With  0. 
Mueller,  Tschirch  is  now  submitting  guttaperchas  to  a  similar 
systematic  examination,  and  has  published  important  work  on 
New  Guinea  and  Sumatra  gutta,  perchas.  Copaiba  hcdsam  re- 
ceives its  perennial  share  of  attention  from  the  hands,  this  year, 
of  Schimmels  ;  while  van  Italie  publishes  a  note  on  Surinam 
copaiba.  E.  G.  Wilcox  records  experiments  on  the  influence  of 
metals  and  other  bodies  on  the  oxidation  of  guaiacum  resin. 
Oregon  Balsam  is  the  subject  of  notes  from  F.  Rabak  ;  H.  Thorns 
and  A.  Biltz  put  on  record  the  constituents  of  white  Peruvian 
balsam,.  C.  Ahrens  and  P.  Hett  give  a  simple  test  for  tlie  purity 
of  storax. 

An  addition  to  the  number  of  sugars,  in  the  form  of  aloinose, 
has  been  effected  by  E.  Leger ;  and  G.  Bertrand  announces  the 
occurrence  of  a  new  hexose,  sorbierite,  in  the  berries  of  the 
mountain  ash.  M.  Harlay  by  the  action  of  ferments,  reveals 
the  presence  of  saccharose  in  a  large  number  of  plants.  Brisson 
gives  the  characters  of  maple  sugar  ;  E.  Bourquelot  describes 
the  constituents  of  the  sugars  of  Cocos  nucifera  and  of  Borassus 
ffabelliformis  ;  E.  Senft  shows  that  sugars  may  be  detected  by 
a  microchemical  reaction  as  osazones.  A.  Brachin,  working  in 
the  light  of  the  researches  of  Bourquelot  and  Herissey,  estab- 
lishes the  widespread  presence  of  the  ferment  lactase  in  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  and  E.  Bourquelot  and  H.  Herissey  find 
trehalase  almost  universally  in  the  Fungi. 

G.  Guerin  gives  a  series  of  distinctive  colour  reactions  for 
alcohols  ;  P.  Sabatier  and  J.  B.  Senderens  afford  a  method 
of  distinguishing  primary,  secondary,  and  tertiary  alcohols. 
Discussing  the  method  of  Burgess  for  the  determination  of 
aldehydes  and  ketones,  Schimmels  state  that  it  is  not  so  widely 
applicable  as  that  author  claims.  S.  P.  Sadtler  modifies  the 
process  of  Mulliken   and   Scudder  for   the  detection  of  methyl 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

ahohol    ill  ethyl   alcohol,  and  E.    P.    Alvarez   employs  sodium 
dioxide  a>  a  reagent  to  distinguish  polyphenols. 

The  Essential  Oils  eontinue  to  attract  much  attention. 
MacCamlless  gives  a  method  for  the  detection  of  adulteration 
witii  ltirp(nli)ic.  Schijnmels  note  the  admixture  of  castor  oil 
and  West  Indian  samlal  oil  with  sandal  oil  sold  in  capsules. 
They  also  call  attention  to  the  prevalent  adulteration  of  Canamja 
oil  with  coconut  fat ;  of  hop  oil  with  (jiirjun  balsam ;  of  French 
lavoultr  oil  with  ethyl  succinate  and  so-called  Spanish  lavender 
oil  ;  also  to  the  presence  on  the  market  of  lignaloe  oil  which  lias 
heen  deprived  of  the  greater  part  of  its  linalol.  E.  J.  Parry 
hits  found  lemowjrass  oil  to  bo  fraudulently  mixed  with  citronella 
oil ;    C.  T.  Bennett  has  met  with  castor  oil  in  eucalyptus  oil. 

Many  new  essential  oils  have  been  examined,  among  whicll  that 
of  Barkhousia  citriodora,  reported  on  by  Schimniels  and  the 
Chemical  Department  of  the  Imperial  Institute,  is  notable  for 
its  high  percentage  of  citral.  Haensel  gives  characters  of  Cochin 
and  African  ginger  oils.  Schimmels  have  identified  the  new 
alcoliol  in  (jin/jergrass  oil  as  dehydrocuminol,  and  have  isolated 
numerous  constituents  from  lemon-pctitgrain  oil.  B.  T.  Baker 
and  H.  Smith  have  published  a  useful  summary  of  their  long 
investigation  of  the  Eucalyptus  oils.  J.  C.  Umney  and  C.  T. 
Bennett  report  on  the  oil  of  Eucalyptus  polybracteata.  E.  M. 
Holmes  endorses  the  opinion  of  others  that  probably  cineol  is 
not  the  active  therapeutic  constituent  of  these  oils.  J.  C. 
Umney  and  C.  T.  Bennett  record  the  characters  of  Sicilian 
peppermint  oil ;  Schimmels  those  of  the  French  product,  and  P. 
van  den  Wieleti  of  Javan  oil. 

Among  the  pine  oils  and  their  congeners,  Troeger  and  Beutin 
give  the  characters  of  that  of  Pinus  strobus  ;  Haensel,  of  Pinus 
silvestris  buds  ;  Schindelmeiser,  of  Siberian  fir  oil ;  E.  Sundivick, 
of  Finnish  pine  tar  oil ;  and  E.  F.  Ziegel  records  some  practical 
results  in  the  distillation  of  savin  oiL  calling  attention  to  the 
varying  official  descriptions  of  this  product.  Etz  has  examined 
Greek  turpentine  oil  from*  Pinus  halapensis. 

W.  H.  Simmons  has  continued  his  study  of  the  iodine 
absorption  of  rose  oil.  P.  Jeancard  and  C.  Satie  give  characters 
of  authentic  specimens  of  varieties  of  French  otto  and  of  the 
genuine  Bidgarian  product ;  Schimmels  also  publish  standard 
figures  for  the  latter.  Attention  is  drawn  by  the  same  firm 
to  the  use  of  Spanish  rosemary  oil  as  an  adulterant.  They 
again  complain  of  the  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  characters 


INTRODUCTION.  O 

and  tests  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  for  nutmeg  oil.  They 
give  a  detailed  description  of  tlie  manipulation  of  the  test  for 
chlorine  in  hitter  alniond  oil,  and  comment  on  tlie  unsatisfactory^ 
nature  of  Bomber's  test  for  citronella  oil  now  officially  enforced 
in  Ceylon.  E.  Berti  returns  to  the  vexed  question  of  the  deter- 
mination of  aldehydes  in  lemon  oil,  and  gives  details  of  his  pro- 
cess. J.  Lothian  contributes  to  the  methods  for  the  determina- 
tion of  camphor  in  oily  solutions.  H.  W.  Simmons  suggests  that 
the  refractive  index  of  clove  oil  may  be  taken  as  an  indication  of 
its  eugenol  content.  H.  Thorns  has  established  the  similarities 
and  differences  of  dill-  and  parsley-apiols.  E.  Charabot  and  G. 
Laloue  have  continued  their  bio-chemical  researches  on  the 
formation  of  essential  oils,  and  their  constituents,  in  the  living 
plant,  having  observed  the  production  of  neroli  oil  in  Citrus 
higaradia,  the  formation  of  volatile  acids  in  plants,  and  of  essen- 
tial oils  in  annuals.  New  constituents  have  been  detected 
in  caraway  oil  by  Schimmels,  also  in  pahnn  rosa,  patclioidi, 
opopanax.  and  cypress  oils.  H.  Thorns  finds  tliat  the  so-called 
matico  etlicr  of  matico-oil  is  a  mixture  of  dill-  and  parsley-apiols. 
P.  von  Bomburgh  has  isolated  a  new  terpene,  ocimene.  from 
Ocimuni  basilicuni  oil. 

D.  Hooper  contributes  an  interesting  note  on  Indian  beesivax, 
Schwarz  deals  with  the  analytical  factor  of  the  saponification  of 
bees-wax,  and  P.  Lemaire  shows  that,  in  some  instances,  adultera- 
tion may  be  detected  by  the  examination  of  the  fictitious  colour- 
ing matter.  Fixed  oil  of  Calophyllum  inophylhim  has  been 
examined  by  G.  Fendler,  and  also  that  of  the  fruit  of  Garthamus 
tinctorius.  F.  B.  Power  and  WI.  Barroivcliff  communicate  an 
important  investigation  on  the  oil  of  Gynocardia  odorata,  showing 
its  total  difference  from  the  semi-solid  chaulmoogra  oil.  They 
have  also  examined  the  fatty  oil  of  Hydnocarpus  ivighiiana  and 
of  H.  anihelminiica .  Amendments  of  the  official  characters  and 
tests  for  castor  oil  emanate  from  Myddleion  Nash  ;  while  strong 
adverse  criticism  on  the  obsolete  reactions  and  tests  given  for 
cod  liver  oil  in  the  official  work,  which  were  responsible  for  legal 
proceedings  in  this  country,  have  been  passed  by  J.  C.  Umney 
and  C.  T.  Bennett  ;  also  by  E.  J.  Parry,  who  all  suggest  amend- 
ments to  the  official  monogi^aph.  Contributions  to  the  same 
subject  have  been  made  by  J.  F.  Liverseege,  Schamelhout,  and 
E.  H.  Gone.  E.  J.  Parry  shows  that  Japan  wax  has  undergone 
an  alteration  in  character.  E.  Fulmer,  by  direct  experiment, 
finds  that  the  lard  of  hogs  fed  on  cotton-seed  meal  will  long  give 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

analytical  reactions  wliich  miglit  lead  to  the  inference  of  adul- 
teration with  cottonseed  oil.  J.  Bellier  indicates  a  method  for 
detecting  nut  oil  in  olive  and  other  oils  ;  C.  A.  Crampton  and 
F.  D.  Simon,  for  tlie  presence  of  palm  oil  in  other  fats.  A.  L. 
Dohme  treats  of  the  fixed  oil  of  Podophyllum  peltatum.  F. 
Wiedermann  gives  a  reaction  for  the  detection  of  rmicidity  in 
fats.  F.  Telle  indicates  how  definite  results  of  great  analytical 
value  may  be  obtained  by  the  observation  of  the  bromine  absorp- 
tion of  fats. 

H.  A.  D.  Joioett  and  C.  E.  Potter  do  not  agree  with  E.  Leger's 
statements  as  to  the  formula  of  barbaloin,  but  confirm  that  of 
Tilden.  E.  Leger  has  further  elucidated  his  theories  as  to  the 
constitution  of  methyl-nat(do-emodin  and  natalo-emodin.  A 
Tschirc/i  and  Iloffhauer  deal  with  the  constituents  of  commercial 
varieties  of  aloes.  D.  H.  Braus  finds  the  glucoside  of  capers  to 
be  a  rhamnoside  allied  to  rutin,  which  he  has  named  caper-rutin  ; 
he  has  also  isolated  another  rhamnoside,  sophorin,  from  the 
flowers  of  Sophora  japonica.  and  has  established  the  disputed 
formula  of  qurreitrin.  E.  Bourquelot  and  //.  Herissey  find  that 
a  specific  ferment,  gease,  accompanies  the  glucoside  gein  in  the 
roots  of  Geum  urbanum.  F.  B.  Poiver  and  F.  H.  Lees  have 
continued  their  investigation  of  the  cyanogenetic  glucoside 
gynocardin  ;  M.  Greslioff  also  communicates  a  note  on  the  sub- 
ject, confirming  the  results  obtained  by  the  first-named  authors. 
J.  8.  Hills  and  IF.  P.  Wynne  have  conducted  an  arduous  re- 
search on  Linum  cartharticum,  establishing  the  formula  for  linin, 
and  showing  that  it  is  not  the  purgative  principle  of  the  plant. 
Chri-stofohtti  applies  the  colorimetric  method  of  Tschirch  to  the 
determination  of  the  active  constituents  of  buckthorn  bark, 
cascara  bark,  senna,  and  the  aloes.  A.  Tschirch,  with  Christo- 
foletti  and  also  Hoffbatier,  have  been  engaged  in  similar  investiga- 
tions on  aloes  and  rhubarb.  J.  Warin  has  devised  an  ingenious 
colorimetric  process  for  the  determination  of  emodin  in  drugs 
containing  it.  H.  A.  D.  Jowett  has  published  an  exhaustive 
research  on  the  chemistry  of  cascara  bark.  N.  A.  Valiashko  has 
further  investigated  robinin.  Brieger  and  Kratise  have  obtained 
from  the  spear  poison  of  the  Cameroons  a  large  amount  of 
strophanthin. 

The  number  of  new  alkaloids  recorded  during  the  year  is  not 
great,  and  of  these  two  have  been  found  by  T.  Gadamer  and  0. 
Haars  in  the  herbs  Corydalis  cai'a  and  C.  solido,  thus  further 
increasing   the    number   of   Corydalis   alkaloids.     A    new   base, 


INTRODUCTION.  / 

Oxylupanine,  has  also  been  found  by  G.  F.  Bergh  in  the  seeds  of 
Lupinus  polyphyllus.  l^yrosine  has  been  detected  in  the  berries 
of  Samhucus  niger  by  J .  Sack  and  B.  Tollens.  Alboni  records 
the  occurrence  of  two  bases,  cecropidine  and  cecropine,  in  Cecropia 
peltata,  and  /.  Honda  gives  a  definite  formula  and  characters  for 
skim'inianine  from  Skimmia,  japonica.  The  poisonous  alkaloids 
of  Zygadernus  veno7iosus  are  found  by  //.  B.  Blade  to  belong  to 
the  veratrine  group.  H.  Thorns  suggests  a  general  method  for 
determination  of  alkaloids  by  precipitation  with  potassium 
bismuth  iodide.  P.  Lemaire  shows  that  a^itipyrine  may  be 
quantitatively  precipitated  and  determined  with  picric  acid. 
W.  C.  Forsherg  gives  a  method  for  the  determination  of  alkaloid 
in  belladonna  leaves.  The  two  Petits  give  the  outline  of  a 
process  for  the  morphinometric  determination  of  opium.  D.  B. 
Dott  again  reverts  to  the  same  subject,  and  criticises  the  official 
statements  concerning  morphine  hydrochloride,  acetate,  and 
apomorphine  hydrochloride.  The  increasing  use  of  nicotine  as  an 
agricultural  poison  renders  useful  a  method  for  its  determination 
in  the  presence  of  pyridine,  as  outlined  by  J.  A.  Emery.  C. 
Beichard  publishes  a  series  of  reactions  for  distinguishing  nico- 
tine, Conine,  and  sparteine.  The  same  author  gives  new  reactions 
to  differentiate  quinine  from  cinchonidine  ;  Battandier  gives  a 
reaction  for  separating  quinine  and  quinidine.  Vigneron  details 
a  method  for  determining  quinine  in  the  total  alkaloids  of  cm- 
chona  barks.  H.  Carette  describes  the  two  quinine  hydrochlorides, 
but  C.  Erba  does  not  agree  with  all  his  statements  relative 
thereto.  W .  Duncan  deals  with  the  solubility  of  quinine  in 
ammonia,  and  gives  a  method  for  the  valuation  of  quinine 
sulphate.  B.  H .  Patd  speaks  with  authority  on  the  value,  under 
projier  manii^ulation,  of  the  "  ether  test  "  for  cinchonidine  in 
quinine  sulphate.  One  of  the  most  important  papers  recently 
published  on  the  subject  of  the  alkaloids  is  that  by  E.  Schmidt, 
in  which  Datura  metel  is  found  to  be  the  best  source  of  scopola- 
mine, and  in  which  the  nature  of  the  mydriatic  alkaloids  in  other 
Solanaceous  plants  is  discussed.  B.  Wright  has  found  distinct 
traces  of  the  presence  of  a  mydriatic  alkaloid  in  Lactuca  muralis. 
H.  M .  Gordin  has  furtlier  examined  the  alkaloid  calycanthine. 
Q.  E.  Caspari  publishes  a  method  for  the  determination  of 
codeine  in  opium.  C.  Beichard,  gives  some  new  reactions  for 
Conine  and  nicotine  and  for  cocaine  and  morphine  ;  E.  Alvarez 
the  same  for  aconitine.  H.  A.  D.  Jowett  has  succeeded  in  con- 
verting isopilocarpine  into  pilocarpine,   these  bases  being  con- 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

sidered  to  l)e  stereoisomers.  The  same  vvorkei'  describes  some 
synthetic  bases  obtained  in  the  attempt  to  prepare  bases  resembling 
pilocarpine.  A.  Astruc  has  prepared  two  (jlyccrophosphafrs  of 
piperazine. 

D.  Hooper  reports  on  the  chemistry  of  OipnnostacJ/ymn  jehri- 
fugiitn,  and  on  the  leaves  of  Melin  nzadirnchta.  E.  M .  Holmes 
affords  interesting  information  on  "  mallet  hark  "  ;  A.  E.  Leach 
gives  results  of  tlie  analysis  of  tliree  commercial  varieties  of 
turmeric. 

In  the  records  of  organic  analytical  work,  tests  for  formaldehyde 
are  again  prominent,  processes  for  its  deter minatio7i  being  given 
by  C.  E.  Male,  W.  Fresenius  and  Gruenhut,  and  by  F.  Bonnet  ; 
while  A.  Trillat  has  made  the  suggestive  discovery  that  it  is  gen- 
erated in  sufficient  quantity  by  tlie  comliustion  of  certain  organic 
bodies  to  render  these  serviceable  disinfectants  when  burned, 
and  that  formaldehyde  is  present  in  marked  ciuantity  in  the  air 
of  large  towns.  E.  J.  Parry  has  contributed  another  note  on 
the  adulteration  of  civet.  J.  Thompson  warns  against  the  pre- 
sence of  the  toxic  body  paraphenylenediamine  in  hair  dyes,  and 
gives  a  method  for  its  detection.  E.  Payet  avails  himself  of 
the  presence  of  oxydase  in  gum  acacia  to  detect  that  gum  when 
fraudulently  mixed  with  powdered  tragacanth.  Villiers,  Ma^jnier 
de  la  Source,  Rocques  and  Fayolle  collaborate  on  a  method  for  the 
detection  of  saccharin  in  beverages.  Pasteureau  has  discovered 
acetyl-methyl-carbinol  as  a  constituent  in  certain  vinegars.  A. 
Trillat  and  Turchet  employ  potassium  iodide  and  a  hypochlorite 
to  detect  ammonia  in  waters,  but  Cavalier  and  Artus  point  out 
that  the  sensibility  of  the  reaction  is  not  comparable  with  that 
of  the  familiar  Nessler  reagent. 

The  section  devoted  to  Materia  Medica  has  this  year  been 
more  strictly  set  aside  for  the  consideration  of  therapeutic  notes 
and  of  processes  and  drugs  which  cannot  be  strictly  classed  as 
chemical.  F.  Rabak  attributes  Oregon  balsam  to  Abies  amabilis 
and  A.  nobilis,  the  oleoresins  of  which  he  describes.  E.  M. 
Holmes  considers  that  a  so-called  false  calumba  which  has  occa- 
sionally appeared  in  the  drug  market  is  merely  a  portion  of  the 
woody  root-stock  of  the  true  plant.  The  same  authority 
describes  the  fruits  of  Hibiscus  sahdarilla,  and  again  communi; 
cates  a  note  on  commercial  jaborandi  leaves,  also  a  short  note  on 
poisonous  West  Australian  plants.  Among  the  interesting  papers 
on  Indian  Materia  Medica  liublished  by  D.  Hooper  may  l)e  noted 
those  on  Acorus  calamus  root,  on  Burmese  dj-ugs.  on  Rusot,  and 


INTRODTJCTION.  V 

on  Trombidium  grandissimvm.  P.  Lemeland  describes  the  gum 
of  CocMospermum  gossypiutn  and  of  Feronia  dephantum,  and 
H.  Jumelh  that  of  Stereospcnmim  euphorioides.  Schimmels 
quote  fi'om  a  foreign  source  a  description  of  the  collection  of 
Clurjun  hnlsani.  H.  Thorns  giv-es  an  interesting  note  on  opnim 
from  Gernmn  grown  poppies.  J.  JSchindebneiser  deals  with 
Persian  opium,  and  V.  Masson  throws  light  on  the  fabrication 
of  the  so-called  "  manipulated  "  Smyrna  opium  of  low  morphine 
value.  A.  Tschirch  does  much  to  trace  commercial  rhuharb  to 
its  true  botanical  sources.  P.  S.  Boncey  has  written  a  thesis 
containing  much  information  on  Orchil.  The  commercial  and 
botanical  varieties  of  mustard  seeds  have  been  dealt  with  very 
thoroughly  by  C.  Hartwicli  and  A.  Vuillemin.  W.  Busse 
enumerates  many  medicinal  plants  of  German  East  Africa.  C, 
Mannich  and  W .  Brandt  describe  an  ipecacuanha  axhdterant,  and 
P.  Planes  distinguishes  between  true  and  false  Aya  Pana. 
H .  Furness  gives  a  picturesque  account  of  the  collection  of  the 
valuable  Borneo  camphor.  J.  Herzog  deals  with  a  false  Yohimbi 
harJc.  E.  Andre  describes  very  fully  the  method  of  collecting 
and  curing  Tonka  beans.  E.  Drebble  and  F.  A.  Upsher  Smith 
trace  Derbyshire  valerian  root  as  the  product  of  Valeriana 
mikanii. 

Among  new  remedies  no  introduction  of  first  importance 
seems  to  have  been  made.  E.  Pochard  has  called  attention  to 
the  danger  in  prescribing  naphthol  camphor  ;  Fucol  is  stated  by 
G.  Fcndler  to  by  no  means  replace  cod  liver  oil,  as  claimed. 
Exodin  is  found  by  F.  Zcrnik  not  to  be  the  compound  stated  by 
its  patentees.  D.  B.  Doti  shows  that  diacetylmorphine  hydro- 
chloride was  first  prepared  by  Alder  Wright  and  Becket,  years 
before  its  claimed  discovery  in  Germany,  where  it  was  graced 
with  the  name  "  heroin.^''  The  same  authority  considers  that 
ethylmorphine  hydrochloride,  known  as  "  dionine,''''  has  no  special 
virtues,  being  almost  identical  with  codeine  in  its  action.  P. 
Zepf.  apparently  unaware  of  the  work  of  Wild,  and  even  that  of 
his  compatriot,  Lewen,  on  the  pharmacology  of  the  alkaloids  of 
ipecacuanha,  has  obtained  results  which  confirm  those  of  the 
prior  investigators. 

Useful  summaries  of  the  therapeutics  of  adrenaline,  also  of 
atropine  methyl  bromide,  are  published  in  llercFs  Report,  a  work 
from  which  many  abstracts  of  value  to  pharmacists  have  been 
obtained.  Among  the  more  striking  novelties  may  be  noted 
isopJiysostigmine,  stated  by  Ogui  to  be  preferable  to  physostig- 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

mine  for  ophthalmic  work ;  hydroxyl- propane  di-iodide,  or 
iothion,  used  for  the  absorptive  administration  of  iodine  ;  iso- 
form,  an  iodoform  substitute ;  isopral,  trichlor-iso-propyl 
alcohol,  a  chloral  substitute ;  digalene,  a  soluble  digitoxin  ; 
euporp/iinc\  apomorphine  bromethylate  ;  and  perhydrol,  a  con- 
centrated neutral  solution  of  hydrogen  peroxide,  wliich  appears 
to  be  of  undoubted  value  as  a  non-irritant  antiseptic.  A.  Robin 
and  Barbier  give  an  interesting  note  on  a  new  treatment  of 
pneumonia  by  means  of  so-called  "  metallic  ferments.'^  F.  W. 
Gamble  ably  summarizes  the  distinctive  characters  and  pro- 
perties of  the  various  tuberctdins  at  present  supplied. 

Many  papers  of  exceptional  practical  value  are  available  for 
abstraction  in  the  section  of  Pharmacy.  It  is  hoped  therefore 
that  this  section  will  prove  of  real  service  to  the  practising 
pharmacist.  In  the  important  subject  of  incompatibility, 
attention  is  drawn  by  G.  Denirjes  to  the  combination  taking 
place  between  nirvanine  and  mercuric  cyanide  ;  Robert  reverts 
to  the  time-worn  subject  of  the  incompatibility  of  antipyrine 
with  cinchona,  extracts  ;  A.  B.  Lyons  treats  of  the  behaviour  of 
the  cinchona  alkaloids  with  ammonium  acetate  solution  ;  Crouzel 
deals  with  similar  cases  with  ammonium  acetate  and  cinchona 
extract  ;  Barille  of  the  precipitate  formed  with  cherry  laurel 
ivater  and  alkaloidal  solutions. 

The  approaching  publication  of  the  new  edition  of  the  Codex 
has  stimulated  investigation  on  the  part  of  French  pharmacists, 
and  induced  the  publication  of  many  useful  notes.  Prominent 
among  these  workers  is  L.  Grimbert,  who  gives  processes  for 
tannin  pessaries  and  suppositories,  sterilized  catgut,  saline  solution 
of  gelatin  for  hypodermic  injection,  podophyllin  and  belladonna 
pills,  extract  and  syrup  of  maize  stigmata,  for  the  assay  of  iodo- 
form gauze,  for  extract  of  hyoscyamus,  gelatin  ovides,  liquid  and 
solid  extract  of  ergot,  creosote  ivine,  and  belladonna  extract.  The 
same  author  deals  with  iodotan^iic  syrup,  for  whicli  formuhe  are 
also  given  by  L.  Martin  and  Vigneron,  and,  in  England,  by  //. 
Wyatt.  Farr  and  Wright,  continuing  their  work  on  standardized 
poivdered  alcoholic  extracts,  treat  of  belladonna  leaves  and  root  in 
tliat  form.  Elsie  S.  Hooper  also  contributes  a  note  on  the 
extraction  of  belladonna  root  with  alcohol  and  on  the  preparation 
of  liquid  extract  of  cinchona.  W.  H.  Lenton  has  communications 
on  confection  of  senna  and  on  conium  ointment.  H.  G.  Greenish 
contributes  to  the  pharmacy  of  the  liquid  extract  of  pareira,  iron 
pill,   carbolic  acid  ointment,   liniment  of  mercury,   and  suggests 


nSTTRODtrCTION.  11 

alterations  in  the  forniul;B  of  syrups  of  balsam  of  Tolu,  rhubarb, 
and  Virginian  prune.  E.  W.  Lucas  deals  with  the  official  test 
for  pepsin  ;  with  A.  D.  Dick  gives  the  results  obtained  in  the 
manufacture  of  official  tinctures  extending  over  a  period  of  six 
years  ;  and  with  H.  B.  Stevens  publishes  a  note  on  compound 
tincture  of  cardamoms.  H.  Wyatt  deals  with  citrate  of  iron  and 
quinine  in  prescriptions,  with  the  manipulation  of  bark  mixtures, 
ijisoluble  powders,  tlie  use  of  hypopkosphorous  acid  in  dispensing, 
and  with  copaiba  mixtures.  M.  D.  Hodges  and  F.  E.  Niece  con- 
tribute yet  more  formulae  for  cold  cream  ;  the  latter  also  gives 
recipes  for  ca^siCT^m  petroleum  liniment,  benzoinated  paraffin,  and 
for  petroleum  emulsion.  Formula?  for  the  last  preparation  are  also 
given  by  the  Formulary  Committee  of  the  American  Pharma- 
ceutical Association,  S.  A.  MacDonnell,  and  E.  F.  Cook.  G. 
Pinchbeck  gives  a  method  for  producing  ferment-free  acacia 
mucilage.  A.  E.  S.  Dohme  comments  on  acetic  extracts.  T. 
Fawsett  publishes  a  test  for  the  kind  of  Aloes  in  compound 
rhubarb  pills.  E.  A.  Ruddiman  gives  practical  notes  on  the 
behaviour  of  cacao  butter  with  certain  bodies.  P.  van  der  Wieler 
advocates  the  use  of  a  soap  prepared  from  this  fat  for  use  in 
dentifrices.  A.  Boyd  shows  how  camphor  liniment  may  be 
prepared  without  loss  of  camphor.  A.  W.  Gerrard  gives  a  useful 
note  on  mustard  p)aper.  E.  Wild-Borbeck  recommends  an  oily 
sterilized  solution  of  eserine  for  ophthalmic  use,  under  the  name 
of  eserinol.  Baroni  directs  attention  to  the  importance  of 
employing  perfectly  neidral  glass  for  storing  alkaloidal  solutions. 
J.  Lothian  and  also  F.  Merson  criticise  the  official  process  for 
solution  of  lead  subacetate,  and  the  former  gives  an  improved 
formula.  The  subject  of  infusions  receives  attention  from  A. 
Currie,  who  gives  methods  for  preparing  these  in  an  aseptic 
condition.  H.  Deane  and  G.  E.  Pearson  deal  with  concentrated 
infusions.  J.  Etmns  gives  analj^^tical  figures  for  comjjound- 
licorice  powder.  Liniment  of  potassium  iodide  with  soap,  that 
fruitful  source  of  trouble  to  dispensers,  is  the  subject  of  com- 
munications from  J.  H.  Shuttleworth  and  P.  Boa.  W.  H.  Lenton 
would  amend  the  official  directions  for  the  preparation  of  liquid 
extract  of  taraxacum.  Mercuric  nitrate  ointment  is  the  subject 
of  a  note  by  C.  O.  Suavely.  E.  A.  Ruddiman  discusses  the 
dispensing  of  tincture  of  myrrh  in  aqueous  solutions.  E.  Bourque- 
lot  suggests  a  formula  for  7iux  vomica  extract.  H.  W.  and  S.  C. 
Gadd  summarize  the  results  of  observations  of  five  years'  work 
on  galenicals.     Marpmann,  in  a  suggestive  note,  calls  attention 


1 2  INTRODUCTION . 

to  the  presence  of  bacteria  in  gelatin  jylnster -masses.  Pill 
excipients  for  special  cases  are  dealt  with,  among  others,  by  W. 
Duncan,  J.  W.  Pemlerleith,  and  A.  Joirssen.  H.  C.  T.  Gardner 
reopens  the  often  discussed  question  of  water  displacement  in  the 
preparation  of  tinctures.  W .  S.  Scoville  finds  spermaceti  to  ])e 
valuable  for  hardening  suppositories.  D.  A.  Young  criticizes  the 
official  directions  for  preparing  compouwl  pill  of  galhanum.  Lastly, 
the  useful  notes  by  A.  Kremel  on  the  assay  of  medicated  dressings 
are  worthy  of  attention. 

Among  the  "  Notes,"  attention  may  be  directed  to  the  very 
practical  hints  on  the  cultivation  of  medicinal  plants,  by  E.  M. 
Holmes,  which  will  be  welcome  to  most  pharmacists.  An  im- 
portant recommendation  for  the  dealing  with  sheep  scab  emanates 
from  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  C.  N.  Choplin  enumerates  a. 
number  of  coaltar  colours  which  are  unsuited  for  use  either  for 
textile  dyeing  or  for  dietetic  purposes.  Microscopists  will  note 
with  interest  0.  liicJder's  experiments  on  the  cultivation  of 
diatoms. 

The  formulae,  as  previously,  have  been  mainly  selected  for 
their  evident  practical  value  or  possible  suggestiveness. 


CHEMISTRY 


YEAR-BOOK  OF  PHARMACY 


PART  I 

CHEMISTRY. 

Acid  Formic,  New  Reaction  for.  E.  C  o  m  a  n  d  u  c  c  i. 
(Jouni.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  320.)  Dilute  solutions  of  formic 
acid  give  a  pale  yellow  colour  in  the  cold  with  strong  aqueous 
solution  of  NaHSOa,  which  becomes  orange  on  boiling,  the  tint 
ultimately  disappearing.  This  test  will  detect  from  1  to  1-5 
per  cent,  of  formic  acid  in  formaldehyde  :  the  liquid  to  be  tested 
should  first  be  diluted  with  an  equal  volume  of  water,  and  each  2-5 
c.c.  treated  with  15  drops  of  a  1:1  solution  of  NaHSOa,  then 
cautiously  warmed. 

Aconitine,  New  Reaction  for.  E.  P.  Alvarez.  [Comptes 
rend.,  140,  1540.)  A  minute  quantity  of  the  alkaloid  (from 
0-0005  to  0-002  Gm.)  is  treated  in  a  small  porcelain  capsule  with  a 
few  drops  of  bromme  and  gently  warmed  on  the  water  bath  ;  1  to 
2  c.c.  of  fuming  HNO3  is  then  added  and  the  mixture  evaporated 
to  dryness.  The  yellow  residue  is  then  treated  with  0-5  to  1  c.c. 
of  saturated  alcoholic  solution  of  pure  KOH,  and  again  evajDO- 
rated  to  dryness  and  cooled.  To  the  cold  residue  is  then  added 
a  few  drops  of  10  per  cent.  CUSO4  solution,  which  is  run  over 
the  surface  of  the  residue  ;  an  intense  green  colour  is  rapidly 
developed. 

Albumin    in    Urine,  Detection   and    Determination    of.    H. 

Bellocq.  {Annales  de  Chim.  Analyst.,  9,  384.)  100  c.c.  of 
perfectly  bright  urine  is  treated  in  a  300  c.c.  flask  with  an  excess 
of  a  soluble  Hme  salt,  such  as  1  Gm.  of  calcium  acetate.     The 


16  Year-book  of  pharmacy. 

mixture  is  tlien  made  distinctly  alkaline  with  ammonia  and 
gently  boiled,  until  the  froth  formed  is  clear  and  hght,  breaking 
up  quickly  when  the  flask  is  withdrawn  from  the  gas  flame.  The 
precipitate,  consisting  of  urate  and  oxalate  of  lime,  with  any  al- 
bumin present,  is  then  coUected,  and  transferred  while  moist  to 
a  test  tube.  It  is  then  treated  with  .'K-.c-.  of  HNO3,  which  at  once 
dissolves  the  oxalate  and  slowly  decomposes  the  urate,  which 
effervesces,  but  does  not  attack  the  albumin.  When  all  trace  of 
evolution  of  gas  has  ceased  the  tube  is  filled  with  strong  alcohol, 
and  shaken  up.  A  greater  or  less  opacity  will  be  evident,  accord- 
ing to  the  amount  of  albumin  present.  On  standing,  aflocculcnt 
precipitate  is  formed  which  may  be  collected,  dried  in  the  air  on 
.a  moderately  warm  tile,  and  weighed. 

Alcohols,  Colour  Reactions  for.  G.  G  u  e  r  i  n  .  (Journ. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  14.)  The  following  colour  reactions  are 
distinctive  of  the  alcohols  named,  and  colours  are  given  by  all 
alcohols  except  ethyl  and  methyl  alcohol,  and  by  all  bodies 
possessing  an  alcoholic  or  hydroxyl  function.  One  c.c.  of  the 
alcohol,  or,  if  solid,  a  solution  of  the  substance  in  strong  HoSO^, 
is  mixed  in  a  test-tube  with  5  or  6  drops  of  saturated  aqueous 
solution  of  furfural,  followed  by  an  equal  volume  of  strong 
sulphuric  acid  ;  on  mixing,  the  c-haracteristic  colour  is  developed. 
If  only  small  quantities  are  available,  the  test  may  be  performed 
with  drops,  on  a  porcelain  surface,  mixing  with  a  glass  rod. 
Under  these  conditions  normal  propyl  alcohol  gives  a  deep  violet 
colour  ;  secondary  propyl  alcohol,  reddish  violet ;  isohuiyl  alcohol, 
blue  violet ;  active  amyl  alcohol,  violet ;  nmyl  alcohol  of  fer- 
mentation, violet ;  caprylic  alcohol,  violet  red  ;  glycol,  reddish 
violet ;  propylglycol,  purple  violet,  rapidly  changing  to  brown  ; 
glycerol,  reddish  violet  ;  allyl  alcohol,  reddish  broAvn,  with  im- 
mediate decomposition  ;  menthol,  in  alcohohc  solution,  blue  ; 
man7iite  in  H2SO4  solution,  dull  greenisli  bro\An,  in  alcoholic 
solution,  brownish  violet ;  glucose  in  HoSOj  solution,  brownish 
violet ;  lactose  in  H2SO4  solution,  brownish  ;  malic  acid  in  alco- 
hohc solution,  brownish  violet ;  tartaric  acid  in  alcoholic  solu- 
tion, brownish  violet ;  citric  acid,  in  alcoholic  solution,  reddish 
violet ;  iactic  acid,  reddish  violet ;  cholesterol,  blue  ;  phenol, 
reddish  violet  ;  thymol  and  gtiaiacol  in  alcoholic  solution,  violet  , 
orcine,  blue  ;  hydroquinone,  dull  blue  ;  pyrocatechin,  deep  violet  ; 
resorcin  and  phloroglucin,  violet  ;  pyrogallol,  reddish  violet. 
All  these  are  tested  in  alcoholic  solution. 


CHEMISTRY.  17 

Alcohols,  Primary,  Secondary,  or  Tertiary,  New  Method  of 
Distinguishing.  P.  Saba  tier  and  J.  B.  S  e  n  d  e  r  e  n  s  . 
{Bidl.  8oc.  Chini.,  33,  263.)  By  passing  the  vapour  of  alcohols 
in  a  very  fine  stream  delivered  from  a  capillary  tube  over  a  train 
of  freshly  pre2)ared  reduced  copper  laid  in  a  glass  tube  and 
heated  over  a  gauze,  the  extremity  of  this  reducing  tube  being 
fitted  to  a  cooled  receiver,  the  nature  of  the  alcohol  may  be  de- 
termined by  its  reduction  products.  In  the  case  of  a  primary 
alcohol,  hydrogen  and  the  aldehj^de  corresponding  to  the  alcohol 
are  formed.  With  a  secondary  alcohol,  hydrogen  and  the  re- 
spective ketone  is  produced.  Tertiary  alcohols  are  split  up  into 
water  and  an  ethylene  carbide,  which  is  usually  liquid.  On 
adding  Caro's  reagent  (solution  of  fuchsine  exactly  decolorized 
with  SOo)  to  the  product,  the  production  of  a  red  tint  indicates 
the  presence  of  an  aldehyde,  and  that  the  original  alcohol  is 
primary.  If  no  colour  be  given,  semicarbazide  hydrochloride 
1  Gm.,  potassium  acetate  1  Gm.,  and  water  6  c.c.  are  added, 
when  the  formation  of  a  precipitate  indicates  the  existence  of  a 
ketone,  from  a  secondary  alcohol.  If  neither  of  these  reactions 
are  obtained,  the  alcohol  must  be  tertiary,  and  the  distillate  will 
immcdiatel}^  decolorize  a  drop  of  bromine. 

Aldehydes  and  Ketones,  Determination  of,  by  Neutral  Sulphite 
Method.  {Schimmcrs  lie  port,  :\Iay,  1905,  103.)  Discussing  the 
method  of  Burge.ss  [Year-Bool:,  1904,  17),  it  is  stated  that  the 
method  cannot  be  so  generally  applied  as  the  author  claims.  It 
is  found  to  give  good  results  in  the  determination  of  carvone,  but 
a  correction  is  necessary  for  the  expression  of  results  in  weight, 
since  the  volume  determination  is  necessarily  loAver  on  account 
of  the  sp.  gr.  of  the  ketone  ;  it  is  also  useful  for  pulegone  deter- 
miiiation,  for  citral,  and  for  cinnamic  aldehyde,  although  no  very 
marked  superiority  over  the  bisulphite  method  was  apparent 
\v\i\\  the  two  last.  With  citronellal,  the  neutral  sulpliite  method 
was  not  found  to  give  good  results. 

Alkaline  Fluorides,  Detection  of,  in  Meat  Foods.  J.  P. 
F  r  o  i  d  e  V  a  u  x.  [Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  11.)  Alka- 
line fluorides  appear  to  be  used  widely  as  preservatives  for  meat, 
sausage  meat  and  similar  comestibles  hable  to  putridity.  The 
following  method  of  detecting  these  objectionable  preservatives 
is  simple  and  rapid.  Thirty  Gm.  of  the  finely-cliopped  material, 
treated  with  2  c.c.  of  50  per  cent.  NaoCOa  solution,  is  ashed  to  a 
dull  red  heat  in  a  platinum  dish.     When  the  organic  matter  is 

c 


18  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

destroyed,  the  carbonaceous  residue  is  powdered  and  boiled  with 
5  or  6  c.c.  of  distilled  water  in  the  same  capsule,  and  filtered.  The 
cold  filtrate  is  rendered  slightly  acid  with  pure  HC'l,  and  a  few 
drops  of  helianthin  is  added  ;  then  a  saturated  solution  of  am- 
monium acetate  is  added  until  a  yellow  colour  is  evident.  The 
HCl  is  thus  neutrahzed,  and  the  free  HC2H3O2  prevents  the  pre- 
cipitation of  i^hosphates.  One  or  2  c.c.  of  a  1:5  solution  of 
CaCl2  is  then  added.  A  turbidity  or  precipitate  indicates  the 
presence  of  fluorides.  This  may  be  confirmed  by  Sangle  Ferri- 
eres'  method  after  boiling  the  hquid,  coUecting  the  jDrecipitate, 
drying  and  mixing  with  sand  and  H2SO4. 

Alkaliverdin,  Colouring  Matter  of  Sarracenia  Purpurea.    G. 

M.  Meyer  and  W.  J.  G  i  e  s.  {Ainer.  Jotirn.  Physiol.,  through 
Journ.  Pharm.  Chini.  [6],  21,  411.)  Sarracenia  purpurea,  which 
is  employed  in  the  United  States  as  a  popular  remedy  for  dy- 
spepsia, contains  a  proteolytic  ferment  which  acts  at  a  relatively 
low  temperature,  and  a  colouring  matter,  alkahverdin.  Alcohol 
extracts  chlorophyll,  alkaliverdin  and  a  brown  colouring  body. 
Water  extracts  only  the  two  latter.  The  brown  matter  is  elimi- 
nated by  evaporating  the  aqueous  extract  almost  to  dryness  in 
vacuo,  and  extracting  the  residue  with  absolute  alcohol,  which 
dissolves  only  alkaliverdin  ;  this  is  obtained  as  a  syrupy  liquid 
by  evaporation  in  vacuo.  It  has  a  bitter  taste  and  an  odour 
resembling  that  of  caramel,  being  accompanied  by  saccharine 
impurities.  These  are  removed  by  fermentation,  which  has  no 
effect  on  the  pigment.  The  aqueous  solutions  of  this  syrup  are 
reddish,  and  become  green  in  the  presence  of  a  trace  of  alkali, 
reverting  to  red  when  this  is  neutralized  ;  excess  of  acid  gives  a 
rose  red  tint  quite  distinct  from  the  shade  of  the  neutral  solution. 
These  changes  of  colour  are  very  sharp,  with  extreme  dilutions 
of  the  colouring  matter.  It  is  useful  as  an  mdicator  in  alkali- 
metry. 

Alkaloids,  Determination  of,  with  Potassium  Bismuth  Iodide. 
H.  T  h  o  m  s.  [Berichte  Pharm.,  15.  85.)  The  precipitathig 
reagent  is  prepared  by  dissolving  bismutli  subnitrate  80  Gm.  in 
HNO3  sp.  gr.  1-18,  200  Gm.,  and  pouring  this  solution  into  a 
strong  solution  of  KI^272  Gm.  in  water.  The  greater  part  of  the 
KNO3  formed  crystalhzes  out.  This  is  removed  and  the  liquid 
evaporated  to  1  litre. 

Extract  of  belladonna  is  taken  as  a  typical  substance  to  illus- 
trate the  method.     Two  Gm.  is  dissolved  m  50  c.c.  of  water  acidi- 


CHEMISTRY. 


19 


fied  with  lU  c.c.  of  10  per  cent.  H2SO4.  To  this  sohxtiou  5  c.c. 
of  tlie  above  reagent  is  added,  drop  by  drop,  with  constant 
stirring.  Tlie  precipitate  formed  is  collected  at  once,  and  washed 
twice  with  5  c.c.  of  10  percent.  HsSOi.  The  drained  filter  con- 
taining the  precipitate  is  transferred  to  a  stoppered  flask,  and 
treated  with  0-30  Gm.  of  NaiSOy  and  30  c.c.  of  15  per  cent.  NaOH. 
After  thorough  and  prolonged  agitation  to  liberate  the  alkaloids , 
15  Gm  of  XaCl  and  100  c.c.  of  ether  are  added,  the  whole  being 
thoroughly  shaken  up.  After  separation  of  the  ether,  exactly 
50  c.c.  is  pipetted  off  and  the  amount  of  alkaloid  determined 
therein  by  titration  with  N/100  HCl  with  iodeosin  indicator. 
The  number  of  c.c.  used  up  x  by  0-289  gives  the  amount  of  total 
alkaloids  present,  calculated  into  atropine. 

Aloes,  Valuation  of.  A.  T  s  c  h  i  r  c  h  and  —  Hoffbauer. 
{Schweiz  Woch.  jilr.  Chem  und  Pharm.,  42,  12.)  Since  the  resin 
of  aloes  is  the  only  inactive  constituent,  a  fair  apjiroximation  of 
the  value  of  the  drug  may  be  made  by  determining  the  non- 
resinous  portion  as  follows.  Five  Gm.  of  aloes  is  macerated  for 
2  hours  in  a  50  c.c.  flask  with  5  c.c.  of  methyl  alcohol  ;  30  c.c. 
of  chloroform  is  then  heated  to  50-60^ C.  and  added  gradually 
with  thorough  agitation  to  the  methyl  alcohol  and  aloes 
mixture.  After  allowing  to  stand  for  half  an  hour  for  the  resin 
to  deposit,  the  chloroform  solution  is  transferred  through  a  filter 
to  a  small  tared  Erlenmeyer's  flask  and  the  chloroform  distilled 
off.  The  distillate  is  put  back  on  the  resinoid  residue  and  the 
extraction  and  distillation  repeated  therewith  four  times.  After 
the  final  extraction  the  non-resinoid  residue  is  dried  and  weighed. 
Good  Cape  aloes  should  contain  at  least  80  joer  cent,  of  non- 
resinous  constituents. 

The  following  are  the  chief  constituents  of  commercial  aloes. 


other 
C'lirysaminic 

Substances 
not  yielding 

Variety. 

Aloin. 

Acid  yielding 
bodies  soluble 
in  CH3HO 

Chrysaniinic 
acid  soluble 
in  CH3HO 

Kesin. 

and  CUCI3 

and  CUCI3 

per  cent. 

per  cent. 

per  cent. 

per  cent. 

Cape  Aloes,  soft    . 

■-'(» 

55 

11-8 

13-2 

Cape  Aloes,  hard  . 

1() 

59 

6-2 

18-8 

Uganda          ,, 

10 

34 

30-4 

19-6 

Barbados       ,, 

JS 

32 

22-4 

27-6 

Curasao         ,, 

18 

32 

16-6 

33-4 

Socotrine       ,, 

8 

25 

3-6 

63-4 

20  YEAR-BOOK   OF    PHARMACY. 

This  continiis  tho  fact  that  Cape  aloes  coiitam  the  largest 
quantity  of  active  constituents. 

Recoijiiition  uf  Cap-aloiii.  A  1  :  lOOU  aqueous  solution  of  the 
aloes  gives  a  green  fluorescence  on  the  addition  of  5  })cr  cent,  of 
powdered  borax. 

Becoynition  of  Aloe-emodin.  Ten  c.c.  of  an  aqueous  1  1000 
solution  of  aloes  is  shaken  for  a  minute  with  10  c.c.  of  benzol. 
The  separated  benzol  is  withdrawn,  and  shaken  with  5  e.c.  of 
strong  solution  of  ammonia.     A  rose  colour  is  developed. 

Distinclioii  of  Cape  Aloes  from  Barbados  Aloes.  Ten  e.c.  of  a 
1  :  1000  aqueous  solution  of  aloes  is  treated  with  a  drop  of  5  per 
cent.  CuSOi  solution.  An  intense  yellow  colour  is  developed 
by  Cape  aloes,  which,  after  the  addition  of  a  trace  of  NaCl  and 
a  little  alcohol,  does  not  change  to  red. 

Distinction  of  Cape  Aloes  from  Natal  Aloes.  A  spot  of  the 
yellov/  solution  obtained  by  the  action  of  strong  HvSOi  on  the  aloes, 
placed  in  porcelain  capsule,  should  not  develop  a  green  colour 
with  a  trace  of  fuming  nitric  acid. 

Anthraqui-none  Reaction  of  Aloes.  One  Cm.  of  the  aloes  is 
treated  in  a  porcelain  capsule  with  20  c.c.  of  concentrated  HNO3 
and  heated  on  the  water-bath  for  two  hours,  the  evaporiitcd  acid 
being  made  up  from  time  to  time  ;  evaporation  is  then  carried 
to  dryness,  and  the  residue,  treated  with  water,  leaves  an  insoluble 
brown  powder.  This  dissolves  in  water  containing  ammonia, 
giving  a  violet-red  colour. 

Aloinose,  the  Sugar  of  Aloins.  E.  L  e  ge  r  .  [Journ.  Pliarm. 
Chim.  [6],  20,  145.)  When  barbaloin  or  isobarbaloin  are  moist- 
ened Avith  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  and  kept  in  a  closed  vessel  for  a 
long  time,  altliough  the  aspect  of  either  aloin  does  not  materially 
change,  except  by  becoming  reddish  brown,  both  undergo  pro- 
found modification.  After  the  lapse  of  two  years  the  mixtures 
entirely  lost  their  bitter  taste,  and  the  mass  contained  numerous 
acicular  crystals.  This  product  was  warmed  with  a  little  alcohol, 
then  freely  diluted  with  water,  and  the  orange  precijiitate  fil- 
tered out.  The  aqueous  orange  red  filtrate  was  easily  decolorized 
with  animal  charcoal.  When  evaporated  at  a  low  temperature, 
or  over  H2SO4,  it  affords  a  pale  yellow  syrup  which  gives  the 
following  reactions.  When  heated  witli  HoSOi  it  gives  off  fumes 
which  redden  aniline  acetate  paper  ;  when  heated  with  fuming 
HCl  and  a  small  quantity  of  orcin,  it  gives  a  red  colour,  (juickly 
turning  green,  and  on  continuing  the  boiling  forms  a  dull  green 


CHEMISTRY.  21 

precipitate,  which,  when  cold,  redissolves  in  ether,  giving  a  fine 
green  solution,  passing  after  several  days  to  a  bluish  shade. 
With  phenylhydrazine  acetate  the  sugar  forms  a  cr3^stalline 
osazone  composed  of  yellow  lamellae  grouped  in  rosettes.  Aloins 
iiave  been  shown  not  to  afford  any  sugar  by  the  action  of  dilute 
acids,  nor  are  they  hydrolized  by  emulsin  or  the  ferment  of 
Aspergillus  niger. 

Amonium  mala.  Essential  Oil  of  Fruit  of.  {SchimmeV s  Report, 
May,  1905,  84.)  Tlie  oil  distilled  at  Amani  from  the  fruit  of  this 
East  African  Zingiberaceous  plant  is  bi'ownish  j^^ellow  in  colour 
and  closely  resembles  oil  of  cardamoms.  B.p.  (under  7  Mm.)  51° 
to  100°C.  ":  sp.  gr.  0-9016  at  15°C.  ;  [a]„-10°  54'  ;  acid  value,  3-5  ; 
ester  value,  1-7  ;  acetyl  value,  67-05  ;  solubility  in  80  per  cent, 
alcohol  1  :  1  to  1  :  1-5  with  turbidity.     It  contains  much  cineol. 

Amorpha  fnictuosa,  Essentia!  Oil  of.  V.  P  a  v  e  s  i .  {Es- 
trat.  (lair  Ami.  drUa  Soc.  Ch'tm.  di  Milano,  through  SchimmeV s 
Report,  Oct.,  1904,  9.)  Esscitial  Oil  of  the  leaves.  When  freshly 
distilled  this  has  the  [j;]„  1,590928  ;  and  [??];,  1,50892  at  18-5°C.  on 
keeping.  The  yield  is  0-5  to  0-8  per  cent,  of  a  bright  yellow 
bitter  oil.  The  portion  boiling  between  150°-220'T*.  under 
750  Mm.  pressure  contains  an  unidentified  terpene  ;  cadinene 
was  isolated  from  the  fraction  boiling  between  250°-265°C.,  as 
well  as  a  se  !;quiterpene  resembling  clovene,  for  which  the  name 
atnorphene  is  suggested. 

Essential  Oil  of  the  Fruit.  The  yield  is  1-5  to  3-5  per  cent. 
That  from  immature  fruit  has  the  sp.  gr.  0-9019  ;  [•/;]„  at 
17-5°C.,  1,49951 ;  the  ripe  fruits  yield  an  oil  with  thesp.  gr.  0-9055 
and  the  [.;]„  at  17-5°  C,  1,50036.     Both  are  feebly  laevorotatory. 

Amount  of  Neon  and  Helium  in  the  Atmosphere.    W.  R  a  m- 

s  a  y.  {Chem.  News,  91,  203.)  The  method  of  absorbing  gases 
by  means  of  cooled  coconut  cliarcoal  discovered  by  Dewar  has 
enabled  the  author  to  determine  the  amoinits  of  neon  and  helium 
in  the  atmosphere  ;  since,  although  the  other  atmospheric  gases 
are  readily  absorl^ed  by  the  cold  charcoal  at  —  100°C.,  neon  and 
helium  are  not  appreciably  occluded.  The  required  temperature 
of  the  charcoal  was  obtained  by  means  of  solid  ether.  After 
removing  the  remaining  traces  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  in  the 
residual  gases  by  sparking,  they  were  again  treated  with  charcoal 
cooled  with  liquid  air.  At  this  temperature,  most  of  the  neon  is 
absorbed,  leaving  only  helium  in  the  gaseous  state.     It  is  esti- 


22  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

mated  from  these  experiments  that  the  proportion  of  neon  in  the 
atmospliere  is  1  in  80,790,  and  of  helium  1  in  245.300  by  volume. 

Anethol,  Polymerization  of,  by  keeping  exposed  to  Light  and 
Air.  [ScJiimmeV s  Report,  October,  1904,  42.)  Wlicu  anethol  and 
the  essential  oils  containing  it  are  kept  for  a  long  period  exposed 
to  the  action  of  light  and  air,  the  anethol  becomes  polymerized, 
lo.sing  its  crystalhzing  power,  and  greatly  increasing  in  density. 
Thus,  a  specimen  of  anethol  which  originally  had  the  sp.  gr. 
0-9846  at  25°C.,  [77],,  1,56079,  solidifying  point  21-3=C.,  solubility  in 
alcohol  90  per  cent.  1  :  2,  after  keeping  exposed  for  two  years 
had  the  sp.  gr.  M245  at  25°C.,  [7?],,  1,54906  ;  not  .solid  at-20°C., 
soluble  in  70  per  cent,  alcohol  1  :  2  and  more.  The  optical  inac- 
tivity remained  unaffected.  The  changed  oil  had  acquired  a 
yellow  colour,  and  was  less  mobile  than  normal  anethol  ;  its 
taste  was  quite  altered,  being  bitter  and  disagreeable.  It  con- 
tained anisic  aldehyde  but  no  anisic  acid.  A  similar  increase  in 
sp.  gr.  has  been  observed  in  improperly  kept  fennel  oil. 

Aniline  Colours  and  Salicylic  Acid,  Detection  of,  in  Foods. 
C.  H.  L  a  W  a  1 1.  {Amer.  J  own.  Pharin.,  76, 477.)  Liquids  arc 
diluted  with  an  equal  quantity  of  water  ;  solids  dissolved  in  four 
times  their  weight  of  water.  About  100  c.c.  of  the  solution  is 
acidified  with  4  c.c.  of  HCI  and  boiled  for  5  minutes  with  a  shred 
fat-free  cotton  wool.  The  wool  is  then  withdrawn,  washed,  and 
boiled  for  5  minutes  in  water  acidified  with  HCI.  If  no  foreign 
colour  be  present,  the  wool  will  be  either  colourless  or  merely 
tinted  faintly  red  or  brownish  ;  with  aniline  dyes  present  it  is 
distinctly  coloured.  If  it  be  now  well  washed,  then  treated  with 
a  little  ammonia,  any  vegetable  colour  is  not  dissolved  but 
is  changed  in  tint ;  aniline  colours  do  not  change  in  shade  but 
are  soluble,  especially  when  the  solution  is  warmed,  and  after 
acidifying  the  solution  with  HCI  another  piece  of  wool  may  be 
dyed  with  it. 

To  detect  salicylic  acid,  the  solution  of  the  substance  is  acidified 
with  H2SO4  and  shaken  out  with  ether.  On  evaporating  a  por- 
tion of  the  ethereal  extract,  the  residue  will  give  the  cliaracteristic 
reaction  with  FcoCI,;.  Any  tannin  present  nuist  first  be  removed 
from  the  original  solution  by  treatment  with  lead  acetate. 

Antipyrine,   Determination  of,  by  means  of  Picric  Acid.     P. 

L  e  m  a  i  r  e.     {Bulk  Soc.  Pharm.  de  Bordeaux,  through  Beper- 


CHEMISTRY.  23 

toire  [3],  16,  493.)  Advantage  is  taken  of  the  fact  that  antipy- 
rine  combines  with  picric  acid,  molecule  for  molecule,  and  that 
the  picrate  formed  is  insoluble  in  excess  of  the  acid,  although  it 
is  slightly  soluble  in  water  alone.  A  N/20  solution  of  picric  acid 
is  prepai'ed  by  dissolving  1145  Gm.  in  water,  with  heat,  and 
making  up  to  1  litre.  This  is  set  against  N/10  NaOH  solution, 
using  phenolphthalein  indicator.  A  5  per  cent,  solution  of  the 
antipyrine  to  be  tested  is  made  ;  5  c.c.  of  this,  corresponding  to 
0-25  Gm.,  is  taken,  well  shaken  up  with  50  c.c.  of  the  N/20  picric 
acid  solution,  and  filtered.  Twenty-five  c.c.  of  the  filtrate  is  then 
measured  off  and  the  excess  of  free  picric  acid  titrated  with  N/10 
NaOH  and  phenolphthalein  indicator. 

Each  c.c.  of  N/20  picric  acid  used  up  is  equivalent  to  0-0094 
Gm.  of  antipyrine.  Therefore  when  77  =  the  number  of  c.c.  of 
N/10  NaOH  required  to  neutralize  the  free  acid,  the  amount  of 
antipyrine  in  1  (Jm.  of  the  substance  taken  =  (50— ?;  x  4-4)  x 
00094  X  4.  The  precipitated  picrate  formed  sliould  be  collected, 
dried,  and  its  m.p.  taken,  which  should  be  187°C.  This  will  de- 
tect the  presence  of  the  more  highly  toxic  iso-antipyrine,  which 
lias  the  same  m.p.  and  general  reactions  of  antipyrine,  but  the 
picrate  of  which  melts  at  168°C.  An  approximate  determina- 
tion of  the  antipyrine  may  be  made  colori metrically  with  the 
above  filtrate  from  the  precipitated  picrate  comparing  the  tint 
thereof  with  that  of  a  standard  solution  of  picric  acid. 

Apiol,    Dill-    and    Parsley-,    Constitution    of.     H.  T  h  o  m  s. 

[Archiv.  der  Pharm.,  242,  344.)  The  author  has  shown  that 
parsley  apiol  is  a  (1)  allyl-  (2,  5)  dimethoxy-  (3,  4)  methylene- 
dioxybenzene. 

CH,-CH  =  CH, 


/\ 


CH.O 


OCH, 


O 


O— iCH, 

while  dill  apiol  is  proved  to  be  a  (1)  allyl-  (5,  6)  dimethoxy - 
(3,  4)  methylenedioxybenzene,     JH '|j  i    ■, 

CHo-CH  =  CHo 


CH3O/ 
CH3O 


0 


0— 'CH2. 


24  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY 

Apricot-tree  Gum,  French.  P.  L  e  m  e  1  a  n  d.  (Jonni. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  443.)  French  apricot  gum  is  found  to 
contain  161  to  16-5  per  cent,  of  water,  2-85  per  cent,  of  ash  ; 
galaotanes  equivalent  to  19-8  per  cent,  of  galactose  ;  pentosanes 
equivalent  to  40-75  per  cent  of  arabinose.  The  aqueous  solution 
of  tlie  gum,  76-614  per  cent,  of  which  was  soluble  in  water,  had 
the  ttD  — 1°  93'.  The  insoluble  portion  swelled  up,  giving  a 
mucilage  without  viscosity  and  easily  separated  by  filtration. 

Arctium  Lappa,  Essential  Oil  of.  {HaenseVs  Report,  Jvly. 
1904,  through  A])oth.  ZeiL.  19,  558,  854.)  Burdock  root  yielded 
0-176per  cent,  of  brownish-yellow  fluid  e.s.sential  oil  with  an  acid 
reaction  ;  sp.  gr.  0-9695  at  25T.  ;  a„  +  1-24°  at  30°  ;  acid  value. 
13-5  ;  saponification  value,  236-8.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol  (SO 
per  cent.). 

Burdock  leaves,  air-dried,  yielded  00285  per  cent,  of  a  dark 
brown  oil,  fluid  at  30°C.,  having  the  sp.  gr.  0-9562  at  20T.  ;  acid 
value,  76  ;  saponification  value,  91-5.  The  oil  has  a  similar 
odour  to  that  distilled  from  burdock  root.  On  rectifying  only 
39  per  cent,  of  the  crude  oil  is  distilled.  The  rectified  oil  is 
faintly  acid  in  reaction  ;  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (96  per  cent.)  ; 
the  solution  in  80  per  cent,  alcohol  is  slightly  cloudy  ;  sp.  gr. 
0-9407  at  20°C.,  acid  value,  18  ;  saponification  value,  70  ;  [<-;„] 
+  0-28°  in  20  per  cent,  alcohohc  solution. 

Aristol,  Adulterated.  —  Waldmann.  (Apoth.  Zeit..  19, 
422.)  A  low  priced  Swiss  aristol  has  been  met  with  containing 
only  50  per  cent,  of  dithymol  di-iodide  ;  the  other  50  per 
cent,  consisting  of  30  per  cent,  of  salts  soluble  in  water,  calcium 
chloride  and  iodide,  and  20  per  cent,  of  insoluble  matter,  chiefly 
calcium  carbonate.  Another  Swiss  sample  consisted  of  15  per 
cent,  of  aristol  and  85  per  cent,  of  red  argillaceous  earth.  A 
German  specimen  was  found  to  contain  30  per  cent,  of  aristol, 
13  per  cent,  of  water  and  soluble  impurities,  and  57  per  cent,  of 
insoluble  added  matter. 

Aromatic  Compounds,  Differentiation  of  Allyl  and  Propenyl 
Groups.  G.  Bruni  and  E.  T  o  r  n  a  n  i.  {Alti  R.  Accad.  del 
Line.  Rom.  through  SchimmeVs  Report.  May,  1905,  86.)  Aro- 
matic bodies  containing  an  allyl  group  in  the  side-chain,  such  as 
methyleugenol,  safrol,or  dill  apiol,  do  not  combine  with  picric  acid. 
Those  containing  a  propenyl  group,  however,  give  definite  picro- 


CHEMISTRY.  25 

compounds  when  their  ether  or  benzol  sohitions  are  mixed.  The 
picrate  of  methyl  iso-engenol,  C17H17O9N3  tlius  obtained  has  the 
m.p.  40-45°  ;  asarone  picrate  CtsHigDyNa  m.p.  81-82°C. ;  iso- 
safrol  picrate  CV;Ni30f,N3  m.p.  73°  ;  isoapiol  picrate  CigHtTOn.Na 
m.p.  81°C. 

Arrow  Poison  of  the  Lukarets  of  the  Lado  Territory.  A.  S  a  p  i  n . 
{Jouni.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  397.)  The  fresh  juice  of  a  plant 
with  which  the  Lukarets  poison  their  arrows  is  found  to  be  the 
rouglily-prepared  gum  resin  of  a  Euphorbium.  It  gives  47  per 
cent,  of  resin  soluble  in  chloroform  ;  the  insoluble  residue  con- 
sists of  vegetable  matter  and  earthy  impurity.  In  general 
characters  the  chloroform  extract  is  identical  with  those  of 
euphorbium  gum. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of,  in  OfTicial  Drugs.    W.  R.  D  u  n  s  t  a  n 

and  H.  H.  Robinson.  {Report  presented  to  the  Pharma- 
copoeia Committee  of  the  General  Medical  Council,  May,  1904, 
published  September,  1904.)  As  most  convenient  and  suitable 
for  general  use,  the  Mayengon  and  Bergeret  test  (generally 
known  as  Gutzeit's  test)  has  been  adopted,  with  modifications 
for  the  detection  of  arsenium  in  drugs.  The  standard  for 
reference  is  given  in  terms  of  arsenium  (As.),  and  as  a  general 
rule  3  parts  per  million  is  taken  as  the  limit  for  those  drugs 
which  are  given  in  small  doses.  In  addition  to  those  which  are 
at  present  required  to  give  no  characteristic  reaction  for  ar- 
senium, the  following  are  recommended  to  be  added  : — 

Acidum  Boricum,  Acidum  Citricum,,  Acidum  Salicylicum, 
Alumen,  Ammonii  Bromidutn,  Ammonii  Carbonas,  Calcii  Car- 
bonas  Prcecipitatus,  Calcii  Chloridum,  Calcii  Hydras,  Calx,  Ferri 
Sulphas,  Ferrum,  Ferrum  Redactum,  Gelatinum,  Glusidum, 
lodum.  Liquor  Hydrogenii  Peroxidi,  Magnesia  Levis,  Magnesia 
Ponderosa,  Magnesii  Carbonas  Levis,  Magnesii  Carbonas  Pon- 
derosus,  Magnesii  Sulphas,  Pheyiacetinum,  Phenazonuin,  PotassH 
Carbonas,  Potassii  Chloras,  PotassU  Citras,  Potassii  Tartras, 
Potassii  Tartras  Acidus,  Quinince  Hydrochloridum,,  Quinince 
Hydrochloridum  Acidum,  Quinince  SulpJias,  Sapo  Animalis, 
Sapo  Durus,  Soda  Tartarata,  Sodii  Bicarbonas,  Sodii  Carbonas, 
Sodii  Hypophosphis,  Sodii  Phosphas,  Sodii  Sulphas,  Sulphonal, 
Sulphur  Precipitatum,  Sulphur  Sublimatum,  Syrupus  Glucosi.   '.'*, 

The  tests  for  arsenium  described  on  pp.  418  and  419  of  the 


26  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

British  Pharmacopceia,  1898,  should  l)e  omitted,  and  the  follow- 
ing sliould  rejilace  them  : — 

Those  drugs  which  are  directed  to  yield  no  characteristic 
reaction  for  arsenium  should  be  proved  to  contain  less  than 
three  parts  of  arsenium  in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug  (three 
parts  of  arsenium  are  equivalent  to  four  parts  of  arsenious 
anliydride),  except  in  the  cases  of  Acidum  Citricum  and  Acidum 
Tartaricum,  which  should  be  proved  to  contain  less  than  one 
part  in  one  million  ;  and  in  the  case>  of  Aciduyyi  HydrocMoricum, 
Acidum  Nitricum.  and  Acidum  Sulphuricum,  which  should  be 
proved  to  contain  less  than  0-3  part  per  million  ;  and  in  the  case 
of  Liquor  Ammonice  Fortis,  which  sliould  be  proved  to  contain 
less  than  0-1  part  per  million. 

The  freedom  of  tlie  drug  from  these  quantities  of  arsenium 
is  to  be  proved  by  comparing  the  stain  it  yields,  when  submitted 
to  one  of  the  following  tests  suited  to  its  nature,  with  the  stain 
yielded  by  Liquor  Arsenici  HydrocMoricus  suitably  diluted  and 
submitted  to  the  same  test. 

Each  reagent  employed  must  contain  less  arsenium  than  the 
limit  prescribed  for  it ;  allowance  can  be  made,  on  the  one 
hand,  for  an  increase  in  the  stain  due  to  any  minute  quantities 
of  arsenium  (below  these  limits)  contained  in  the  reagents,  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  for  any  diminution  in  the  stain  due  to  the 
process,  by  employing  the  same  reagents  in  a  similar  manner 
when  preparing  the  stain  used  as  a  standard  for  comparison. 
The  following  are  the  tests  proposed  : — 

Test  A. — An  aqueous  solution  of  4  Gm.  or  the  prescribed 
quantity,  of  the  drug  to  wliich  5  c.c.  or  more  of  HC'l  have  been 
added,  is  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water  and  introduced  into  a 
test-tube  having  a  diameter  of  about  18  Mm.  and  a  length  of 
18  to  20  Cm.  Granulated  zinc,  sufficient  to  reach  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  height  of  the  liquid  is  then  added.  Immediately  a 
small  plug  of  cotton  wool,  and  then  another  plug  of  cotton  wool 
which  has  been  soaked  in  lead  acetate  solution  and  dried,  are 
inserted,  so  as  to  leave  a  short  space  between  the  two  plugs  ;  a 
closely  fitting  cap  formed  of  two  pieces  of  filter-paper  which 
hav^e  been  soaked  in  HgCL  solution  and  dried  is  then  fitted  over 
the  mouth  of  the  test  tube.  The  test  must  be  allowed  to  con- 
tinue for  2  hours  at  least ;  the  test  paper  is  then  examined,  in 
daylight,  for  a  yellow  stain.  The  test  should  be  performed  in 
a  place  protected  from  strong  light.  Ten  c.c.  of  the  Liquor 
Arsenici  HydrocMoricus  are  diluted  to  75  c.c.  Avhen  1  c.c.  of  the 


CHEMISTRY.  27 

solution  contains  0-001  Gm.  of  arsenium.  Four  c.c.  of  this 
solution  diluted  to  1000  c.c.  afford  the  standard  solution,  each 
c.c.  of  which  contains  0-004  Mgni.  of  arsenium,  and  is  equivalent, 
for  purposes  of  comparison,  with  4  Gm.  of  the  drug,  to  1  part 
per  1,000,000.  Therefore  the  yellow  stain  from  4  Gm.  of  the 
drug  should  be  paler  than  the  yellow  stain  from  3  c.c.  of  this 
solution  mixed  with  water  and  with  5  c.c.  or  a  suitable  quantity 
of  hydrochloric  acid  diluted  to  25  c.c.  and  tested  in  a  similar 
manner  and  at  the  same  time.  The  dilute  arsenical  standard 
solution  should  be  freshly  prepared. 

When  the  drug  cannot  be  conveniently  dissolved  in  25  c.c.  of 
liquid,  or  when  frothing  occurs,  the  test  may  be  conducted  in  a 
small  flask,  the  stain  being  compared  with  the  standard  stain 
obtained  under  similar  conditions. 

The  yellow  stain  due  to  sulphur  is  soluble  in  less  than  10 
minutes  in  a  few  c.c.  of  hydrochloric  acid,  whereas  that  due  to 
ar:ieniuin  changes  to  an  orange  colour  and  persists  for  1  or  2 
hours.  The  zinc  employed  should  first  be  washed  for  a  few 
seconds  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  then  with  water,  shortly 
before  use,  to  remove  any  adherent  sulphur  compounds. 

Test  B. — Four  Gm.  of  the  drug  are  introduced  into  a  60  c.c. 
distillation  flask,  with  2  Gm.  of  potassium  metasulphite  and 
22  c.c.  of  a  mixture  of  hydrochloric  acid  and  water  in  such  pro- 
portions that,  after  reaction,  "  tliere  sliall  be  hydrochloric  acid 
solution  approximately  of  the  constant  boiling  strength,  that  is, 
20  parts  of  free  hydrochloric  acid  to  80  parts  of  water."  The 
flask  is  then  attached  to  a  condenser,  the  internal  tube  of  w4iich 
should  not  exceed  8  Mm.  in  diameter,  and  heated  gently  for  1  hour, 
to  reduce  any  arsenic  compounds.  It  is  then  distilled  until  tliree- 
fourths  have  passed  over  ;  the  distillate  is  partially  neutralized 
with  strong  solution  of  ammonia,  so  as  to  leave  unsaturated  about 
4  c.c.  of  the  20  per  cent,  hydrochloric  acid  (1  c.c.  of  strong  solution 
of  ammonia  neutralizes  2-8  c.c.  of  20  per  cent,  hydrochloric 
acid).  Some  distillates,  especially  those  from  antimony  and 
bismuth  compounds,  effervesce  with  zinc  more  violently  than 
the  solutions  of  other  substances,  so  that  in  these  less  than  4  c.c. 
of  acid  should  be  left  unneutralized.  The  sulphur  dioxide  in 
the  distillate  is  then  removed  by  means  of  bromine  solution 
[bromine  10  c.c,  KBr  30  Gm.,  water  to  100  c.c]  untfl  the  red 
colour  is  permanent  on  warming  for  a  minute  or  two.  Excess 
of  bromine  is  then  removed  with  solution  of  hydroxylamine 
hydrochloride  2  per  cent,  until  the  liquid  is  colourless.     The 


28  YEAR-BOOK    OV   rHARMACY. 

liquid  is  then  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water,  and  the  process 
completed  as  described  under  Test  A.  When  effervescence  has 
ceased,  a  further  addition  of  hydrochloric  acid  should  be  made 
to  ensure  that  all  the  arsenium  has  been  evolved.  The  stain 
obtained  is  compared  with  that  from  3  c.c.  of  the  dilute  standard 
solution  submitted  to  the  same  process. 

In  the  following  cases  slight  modifications  of  procedure  are 
recommended  : — 

Acidum  AceMcum,  Acidiim  Hydrohrominim  Dilvtum,  Acidum 
Lacticum,  Acidum  Phosphoricum  Concent ralum,  Alumen,  Am- 
monii  Bromidum,  Ammonii  Chloridum,  Ammonii  Phosphas, 
Calcii  Chloridum,  Glycerinum,  Lvjuor  Zinci  Chloridi,  Liihii 
Citras,  Magnesii  Sulphas,  Phenazonum,  Potassii  Acdas,  Potassii 
Bromidum,,  Potassii  Citras,  Potassii  Tartras,  Soda  Tartarata,, 
Sodii  Bromidum,  Sodii  Sulphas,  Zinci  Acetas,  Zinci  Chloridum, 
Zinci  Sulphas,  Zinci  Sulphocarbolas. 

4  Gm.  are  dissolved  in  nearly  20  c.c.  of  water,  and  the  solution 
is  mixed  with  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCI,  diluted  to 
25  c.c.  with  water,  and  tested  as  described  in  Test  A. 

Potassii  Sidphas,  Sodii  Phosphors.  4  Gm.  are  dissolved  in  the 
smallest  convenient  quantity  of  water,  and  the  solution  is  mixed 
with  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCi.  and  tested  in  a 
small  flask  as  described  in  Test  A. 

Potassii  lodidum,  Sodii  lodidum.  4  Gm.  are  dissolved  in  5  c.c. 
of  water  and  are  tested  by  Test  A  modified  in  the  following 
manner  :  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCI  are  to  be  mixed 
with  14  c.c.  of  water  in  the  test  tube.  The  zinc  is  then  added 
and  the  effervescence  is  allowed  to  proceed  for  2  minutes,  then 
the  above  solution  of  the  iodide  is  poured  in  and  the  plugs  and 
cap  are  at  once  put  into  position. 

Syrupus  Glucosi.  4  Gm.  are  dissolved  in  10  c.c.  of  water.  In 
order  to  oxidize  any  SOo  that  may  be  present,  3  c.c.  of  strong 
solution  of  bromine  are  added,  and  then  5  c.c.  of  HCI,  and  the 
mixture  is  warmed  for  a  few  minutes,  care  being  taken  to  stop 
whilst  a  distinct  amount  of  free  bromine  is  still  present.  Wlien 
cold  the  free  bromine  is  removed  by  adding  a  little  solution  of 
hydroxylamine  hydrochloride  ;  3  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity 
of  HCI  are  added,  and  the  liquid  is  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water 
and  tested  as  described  in  Test  A.  In  presence  of  glucose  the 
stain  ol>tained  from  3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liqtior  Arsenici  Hydro- 
chloricus  is  only  about  three-fourths  of  its  proper  intensity,  and 
for  til  is  diminution  allowance   must  be   made   Ijy   means  of   a 


CHEMiSTKY.  29 

couipaiative  experiment  made  with  the  iSyrupuj:>  Glucosi  and  the 
arseniinn  sohition.  The  effervescence  should  be  prolonged  by  a 
second  addition  of  HCl. 

Acidum  Boricum,  Borax.  4  Gm.  are  mixed  with  8  Gm.  of 
citric  acid  and  dissolved  in  55  c.c.  of  water,  and  the  solution  is 
mixed  with  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCl,  and  tested 
in  a  small  ilask  as  described  in  Test  A. 

Acidum  Citriciim,  Acidum  Tartaricum.  12  Gm.  are  dissolved 
in  40  c.c.  of  water,  and  the  solution  is  mixed  with  15  c.c.  or  other 
suitable  quantity  of  HGl,  and  tested  in  a  small  flask  as  described 
in  Test  A.  The  stain  should  be  less  than  that  given  by  3  c.c. 
of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  H ydrochloricus  similarly  treated, 
tiius  proving  that  the  drugs  contain  less  than  1  part  of  arsenium 
in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 

Acidum  Hydrochloricum.  40  Gm.,  or  34-5  c.c,  are  placed  in  a 
porcelain  basin  and  mixed  with  2  c.c.  of  strong  solution  of 
bromine.  The  mixture  is  gently  evaporated  on  a  sand  bath,  an 
excess  of  bromine  being  maintained  by  addition  of  more  solution 
as  required.  When  the  volume  is  reduced  to  about  15  c.c.,  the 
acid  is  partially  neutralized  with  AmOH  (1  c.c.  of  which  :^  2-8  c.c. 
of  HCl),  so  as  to  leave  unneutralized  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable 
c[uantity  of  HCl  solution  of  the  constant  boiling  strength.  The 
excess  of  bromine  is  removed  by  adding  a  little  solution  of 
hydroxylamine  hydrochloride  ;  the  liquid  is  then  diluted  to  25 
CO.  with  water,  and  tested  by  Test  A.  The  stain  should  be  less 
than  that  given  by  3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  H ydro- 
chloricus, thus  proving  that  the  drug  contains  less  than  0-3  part 
of  arsenium  in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 

Acidum  Nitricum.  40  Gm.,  or  28-2  c.c,  are  mixed  with  2  c.c. 
of  H2SO4  and  with  0-1  Gm.  of  NaHCOa,  and  the  liquid  is  evapo- 
rated in  a  porcelain  basin  on  a  sand  bath  until  all  the  HNO3  is 
expelled  and  fumes  of  H2SO4  are  given  off.  The  residual  liquid 
is  cooled  and  mixed  with  about  15  c.c  of  water,  and  then  with 
3  c.c  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCl.  The  mixture  is  diluted 
to  25  c.c  with  water,  and  tested  by  Test  A.  The  stain  should 
be  less  than  that  given  by  3  c.c  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici 
H ydrochloricus,  thus  proving  that  the  drug  contains  less  than 
0-3  part  of  arsenium  in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 

Acidum  Sulphuricum.  40  Gm.,  or  21-7  c.c,  are  mixed  with 
5  c.c  of  HNO3  and  with  0-1  Gm.  of  NaHCOa,  and  evaporated  in 
a  porcelain  basin  on  a  sand  bath  until  only  about  2  c.c.  remain. 
The  residual  liquid  is  cooled,  and  is  then  mixed  with  about  15  c.c. 


30  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

of  water,  and  then  with  3  c.c.  or  otlier  suitable  quantity  of  HCl. 
The  mixture  is  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water,  and  tested  by 
Test  A.  The  stain  should  be  less  than  that  given  by  3  c.c.  of 
the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydrochloricus,  thus  proving  tluit 
the  drug  contains  less  than  0-3  part  of  arsenium  in  one  million 
parts  of  the  drug. 

Liquor  Ammonice  Fortis.  120  Gni.,  or  135  c.c,  arc  mixed  with 
0-1  Gm.  of  NaHCOa,  and  the  solution  is  evaporated  to  dryness, 
or  nearly  to  dryness,  on  a  water  bath.  The  residue,  when  cold, 
is  dissolved  with  a  mixture  of  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity 
of  HCl,  and  about  20  c.c.  of  water,  avoiding  heating  except  for 
a  minute  or  two.  The  solution  is  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water, 
and  tested  by  Test  A.  The  stain  should  be  less  than  that  given 
by  3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydrochloricus,  thus, 
proving  that  the  drug  contains  less  than  one-tenth  of  one  part 
of  arsenium  in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 
•  Ammonii  Carhonas,  Calcii  Carbonas  Prcecipitalus,  Calcii 
Hydras,  Lithii  Carbonas,  Magnesia  Levis,  Magnesia  Ponderosa, 
Magnesii  Carbonas  Levis,  Magnesii  Carbonas  Ponderosus,  Potassa 
Caustica,  Potassii  Bicarbonas,  Calcii  Phosphas,  Calx,  Liquor 
Potassce,  Potassii  Carbonas,  Potassii  Tartras  Acidus,  Sodii 
Bicarbonas,  Sodii  Carbonas,  Zinci  Carbonas,  Zinci  Oxidum, 
Zinci  Vcderianas. 

4  Gm.  are  dissolved  in  HCl  and  water,  using  enough  HCl  to 
acidify  and  dissolve  the  4  Gm.  of  drug  taken,  and  to  produce  a 
suitable  effervescence  with  the  zinc. 

Care  must  be  taken  not  to  warm  HCl  and  drug  together  except 
for  a  minute  or  two,  and  with  only  a  small  area  of  surface,  so  as 
to  avoid  loss  of  arsenium.  If  necessary,  loss  of  arsenium  can  be 
avoided  by  adding  a  little  strong  solution  of  bromine  with  the 
HCl  ;  when  solution  is  effected  the  excess  of  bromine  is  removed 
by  the  addition  of  a  little  solution  of  hydroxylamine  hydro- 
chloride. 

The  solution  is  diluted  if  necessary  and  tested  in  a  test  tube 
or  flask  as  described  in  Test  A. 

If  a  drug  contains  any  iron,  it  must  be  tested  as  described  in 
Test  B. 

CeriiOxalas.  4Gm.  are  added  to  a  small  flask  containing  a  hot 
mixture  of  15  c.c.  of  HCl,  10  c.c.  of  water,  and  1  c.c.  of  strong 
solution  of  l)r()mine.  Tlie  mixture  is  lieated  for  about  a  minute  ; 
as  soon  as  solution  has  occurred  the  flask  is  removed  from  tlie 
flame  and  the  acid  is  partiaUy  neutralized  by  the  addition  of 


CHEMISTRY.  31 

about  7-25  c.c.  of  AmOH,  and  the  free  bromine  is  removed  by 
tlie  addition  of  a  little  strong  solution  of  hj^di-oxlyamine  hydro- 
chloride. The  mixture  is  then  tested  in  the  flask  as  described 
in  Test  A,  shaking  it  occasionally  to  promote  the  circulation  of 
the  Hquid,  which  is  checked  by  the  presence  of  the  precipitate. 

lodum.  4  Gm.  are  mixed  with  0-1  Gm.  of  NaHCOa,  and  then 
with  3  c.c.  of  water  and  4  c.c.  of  H2SO4  in  a  porcelain  basin, 
and  the  mixture  is  heated  with  stirring  until  all  the  iodine  is 
driven  off.  The  residue  of  H2SO4  is  diluted  with  about  15  c.c. 
of  water,  and  then  mixed  with  2  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity 
of  HCl,  and  then  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water  and  tested  as 
described  in  Test  A. 

Liquor  Hydrogenii  Peroxidi.  4  Gm.  are  mixed  with  4  c.c.  of 
water  and  with  2  c.c.  of  H2SO4.  KMnOi  is  then  added  in  small 
quantities  at  a  time  until  the  H2O2  is  all  decomposed  and  a  slight 
permanent  coloration  is  produced.  The  solution  is  mixed  with 
7  c.c.  of  water,  and  the  coloration  is  destroyed  by  the  addition 
of  a  httle  solution  of  hydroxy lamine  hydrocliloride.  3  c.c.  or 
other  suitable  quantity  of  HCl  are  to  be  added,  and  the  soJution 
is  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water,  and  tested  as  described  in  Test  A. 

Potassii  Chloras.  6  c.c.  of  H2SO4  are  mixed  with  3  c.c.  of 
water  and  the  mixture  is  heated.  4  Gm.  of  the  KCIO3  are  added 
cautiously,  in  small  portions  at  a  time,  to  the  above  hquid  whilst 
hot.  When  effervescence  has  ceased  the  hquid  is  evaporated  in 
a  porcelain  basin  until  only  about  2  c.c.  is  left.  The  residue  is 
then  dissolved  in  about  15  c.c.  of  water  and  mixed  with  2  c.c. 
or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCl  and  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with 
water,  and  then  tested  by  Test  A. 

Potassii  Nitras.  4  Gm.  are  added  to  4  c.c.  of  H2SO4  in  a 
porcelain  basin,  and  heated  until  all  the  HNO3  is  driven  off  and 
fumes  of  H2SO4  escape.  The  residue  is  then  dissolved  in  about 
15  c.c.  of  water,  3  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HCl  are 
added,  and  the  solution  is  diluted  to  25  c.c.  with  water,  and 
tested  by  Test  A. 

Potassii  Permanganas.  4  Gm.  are  added  in  small  quan- 
tities at  a  time  to  30  c.c.  of  HCl.  When  dissolved,  2  c.c.  of 
solution  of  hydroxylamine  hydrochloride  are  added  in  order  to 
decolorize  the  hquid,  and  then  about  4  c.c.  of  AmOH  in  order 
partiallj^  to  neutralize  the  HCl.  1  c.c.  of  solution  of  hydroxyl- 
amine hydrochloride  is  then  added  to  remove  the  last  traces 
of  free  chlorine,  and  the  liquid  is  tested  in  a  flask  by  Test  A. 

Calcii  Hypophosphis,  Sodii  HypophospMs.     A  mixture  of  12 


32  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

c.c.  of  HNO3  and  12  c.c.  of  water  is  warmed,  and  4  Gm.  of  either 
bait  added  in  small  quantities  at  a  time.  When  all  is  added, 
the  li(|ui(l  is  evaporated  to  dryness  on  a  sand  Ijath  and  the 
residue  gently  heated  until  tlie  HNOj  has  been  driven  off.  Wlien 
cold  it  is  dissolved  in  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quantity  of  HC'l 
mixed  with  water,  avoiding  loss  by  warming,  or  using  the  bromine 
and  hydroxylamine  hydrochloride  treatment.  The  solution  is 
then  diluted  to  25  c.c.  v,ith  water,  and  tested  by  Test  A. 

Phosphorus.  0-6  Gm.  is  dissolved  by  heating  cautiousl\'  in  a 
flask  of  about  100  c.c.  capacity,  having  a  small  funnel  placed  in 
its  mouth,  with  a  mixture  of  5  c.c.  of  HNO3  and  5  c.c.  of  water. 
The  solution  is  then  transferred  to  a  porcelain  basin,  and  in  order 
to  oxidise  any  phosphorous  acid  5  c.c.  of  HXOyare  added,  and 
the  mixture  is  concentrated  to  about  half  its  volume.  To  re- 
move HNO-,  01  Gm.  of  NaHCOa  is  then  added  and  3  c.c.  of 
HoSOi,  and  after  mixing  the  liquid  is  evaporated  to  about  3  c.c., 
then  cooled  and  mixed  with  10  c.c.  of  water,  evaporated  luitil 
fumes  of  H2SO4  escape  ;  when  cold  the  residue  is  diluted  with 
about  10  c.c.  of  water  and  mixed  with  5  c.c.  or  other  suitable 
quantity  of  HCl,  diluted  to  a  volume  of  25  c.c.  with  water,  and 
tested  by  Test  A.  The  stain  shouJd  be  less  than  that  given  by 
3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydrochloricus,  thus  proving 
that  the  drug  contains  less  than  0-02  per  cent,  of  arsenium. 

Sulphur  Prcecipitatum,  Sulphur  Sublimatum.  4  Gm.  are  dis- 
solved by  heating  them  in  a  large  flask  having  a  small  funnel 
placed  in  its  mouth,  v\ith  25  c.c.  of  fuming  nitric  acid,  and  acid 
when  necessary  (about  60  or  70  c.c.  will  be  required).  When 
the  sulphur  has  all  dissolved,  0-1  Gm.  of  NaHCOa  is  added, 
and  the  liquid  is  evaporated  in  a  porcelain  basin  on  a  sand  bath 
until  all  HNO3  is  expelled  and  fumes  of  H2SO4  are  given  ofl^,  and 
the  volume  reduced  to  about  2  c.c.  ;  it  is  then  diluted  with 
about  15  c.c.  of  water,  mixed  Avith  2  c.c.  or  other  suitable  quan- 
tity of  HCl,  diluted  to  a  volume  of  25  c.c.  with  water,  and  tested 
by  Test  A.  The  amovmt  of  arsenium  in  the  fuming  nitric  acid 
used  can  be  determined  l)y  the  method  described  for  Acidum 
Nitricum  and  allowed  for.  It  should  be  less  than  0-1  of  arsenium 
in  one  miUion  parts  of  the  acid,  and  the  acid  should  be  free  from 
the  impurities  mentioned  in  the  case  of  Acidum  Nitricum, 
especially  iron. 

Acidum  Salici/licum:  Adeps  Lance,  Glusidum,  Phenacetinum, 
Sapo  Auinudis,  Sapo  Durus,  SulphouaL 

4  Gm.  are    mixed  with   2  Gm.  of  magnesia  and  2  Gm.   of 


CHEMISTRY.  33 

exsiccated  sodium  carbonate  ;  the  mixture  is  made  into  a  thin 
])aste  by  warming  with  a  small  quantity  of  water  and  stirring. 
This  is  tlien  dried  and  ignited  in  a  porcelain  basin  or  in  a 
porcelain  crucible  until  the  volatile  organic  matter  is  driven  off 
and  the  residue  is  greyisli  white.  The  temperature  must  not 
approach  a  wliite  heat.  15  c.c.  of  water  are  mixed  with  21  c.c. 
of  HCl  and  3  c.c.  of  strong  solution  of  "bromine.  The  ignited 
residue  is  added  to  this  mixture,  previously  cooled,  in  small 
portions  at  a  time.  When  solution  is  effected  (some  carbona- 
aceous  particles  will  remain  undissolved)  the  excess  of  bromine 
is  removed  by  adding  a  little  solution  of  hydroxylamuie  hydro- 
chloride, and  the  liquid  is  tested  in  a  flask  by  Test  A.  The  plug 
of  plumbized  cotton  wool  must  be  used,  as  the  treatment  with 
bromine  does  not  altogether  prevent  the  evolution  of  SH^.  For 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  stain  for  comparison,  3  c.c.  of  the 
diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydrochloricus  should  be  submitted  to 
tlie  same  process. 

Cupri  Sulphas,  Ferri  Phosphas,  Ferri  Sulphas,  Gelatinum, 
Plumbi  Acetas,  Quinince  Hydrochloridum,  Quinince  Hydrochlori- 
dum  Acidum,  Quinince  Sidphas. 

4  Gm.  are  tested  as  described  in  Test  B. 

Antimonii  Oxidivm,  Antimonium  Tartaralum.  4  Gm.  are 
tested  as  described  in  Test  B,  but  as  tlie  distillate  will  still  con- 
tain a  little  antimony  chloride,  the  condenser  is  washed,  and  the 
distillate  is  to  be  re-distilled  until  about  three-fourths  of  it  have 
collected  in  the  receiver  ;  this  distillate  is  then  treated  as  directed 
ill  Test  B.  With  Antimonii  Oxidum,  23  c.c.  of  H('l  and  no 
water  are  to  be  used,  and  a  mixture  of  20  c.c.  of  HCl  and  3  c.c.  of 
water  witli  Antimonium,  Tartaratum. 

Antimonium  Nigrum  Purificatum,  Aniimo7iium  Sulphuratum. 
0-4  Gm.  are  heated  in  a  flask  of  about  100  c.c.  capacity,  having 
a  small  funnel  placed  in  its  mouth,  with  10  c.c.  of  fuming  HNOj. 
until  all  sulphur  or  black  sulphide  has  been  oxidized.  A  white 
precipitate  will  be  formed  in  the  liquid,  but  the  absence  of  free 
sulphur  or  of  black  sulphide  can  be  easily  seen.  The  mixture  is 
then  transferred  to  a  porcelain  basin,  and  mixed  with  0-1  Gm. 
of  NaKCOa  and  with  3  c.c.  of  H.SOj.  All  the  HNO3  is  removed 
by  evaporating  down  to  about  3  c.c.  and  then  mixing  the  residue 
when  cold  with  10  c.c.  of  water,  and  evaporating  again,  until 
fumes  of  strong  H2SO4  escape.  When  cold  the  residue  is  trans- 
ferred to  a  flask  of  about  60  c.c.  capacity,  by  means  of  a  mixture 
of  15  c.c.  of  HCl  and  7  c.c.  of  water.     2  Gm.  of  potassium  meta- 


34  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

sulphite  are  added,  and  tlie  fiask  is  immediately  attached  to  a 
condenser  and  treated  as  described  in  Test  B,  but  as  the  distillate 
will  still  contain  a  little  antimony  cliloride,  the  condenser  is 
washed  and  the  distillate  is  redistilled  until  about  three-fourths 
of  it  have  collected  in  the  receiver  ;  this  distillate  is  treated  as 
directed  in  Test  B.     The  stain  should  be  less  than  that  given  by 

3  CO.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydrochloricus,  thus  proving 
that  the  drug  contains  less  than  0  03  per  cent,  of  arsenium. 

Bismulhi  Oxidum.  4  Gm.  are  tested  as  described  in  Test  B, 
using  20  c.c.  of  HCl  and  2  c.c.  of  water  ;  but  if  the  oxide  contains 
any  nitrate  it  must  be  tested  in  the  same  mamier  as  Bismuthi 
Garbonas. 

Bismuthi  Carbonas,  Bismuthi  Subnitras.  4  Gm.  are  mixed 
with  5  c.c.  of  HNOs  in  order  to  oxidize  any  arsenious  compounds 
to  arsenic  acid,  and  then  with  8  c.c.  of  HaSO^,  and  heated  m  a 
porcelain  basin  on  a  sand  bath  until  all  the  HNO3  is  expelled 
and  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  H2SO4  has  been  driven 
off  in  fumes.  When  evaporating  off  sulphuric  acid,  in  order  to 
avoid  loss  of  arsenium,  the  latter  should  be  present  as  arsenic 
acid  and  not  as  arsenious  compomids.  The  residue  is  cooled, 
and  then  6  c.c.  of  water  are  added.  The  mixtm'e  is  again  cooled, 
and  is  then  to  be  transferred  to  a  flask  of  about  60  c.c.  capacity, 
together  with  17  c.c.  of  HCl  ;  4  Gm.  of  FeSOj  and  2  Gm.  of 
potassium  metasulphite  are  added,  and  the  rest  of  the  test  is 
conducted  as  described  in  Test  B. 

Bismuthi    Salicylas,    Liquor    Bismuthi    et    Ammonii    Citratis. 

4  Gm.  are  mixed  with  2  Gm.  of  MgO  and  2  Gm.  of  dried  Na^COs, 
and  the  mixture  is  made  into  a  thin  paste  by  warming  with  a 
small  quantity  of  water.  It  is  then  dried  and  ignited  in  a 
porcelain  basin  or  in  a  porcelain  crucible  until  the  volatile 
organic  matter  is  diiven  off  and  the  residue  is  greyish.  15  c.c. 
of  water  are  mixed  mth  21  c.c.  of  HCl  and  3  c.c.  of  strong  solution 
of  bromine  in  a  flask  of  about  60  c.c.  capacity.  The  ignited 
residue  is  added  to  this  mixture,  previously  cooled,  in  small 
proportions  at  a  time.  When  solution  is  effected  (some  carbon- 
aceous particles  will  remain  undissolved),  the  flask  is  attached 
to  a  condenser  as  described  in  Test  B,  and  distilled  until  about 
half  the  volume  of  the  liquid  has  passed  over.  This  distillate 
will  contain  the  free  bromine  and  no  arsenium  ;  but  for  greater 
security  it  may  be  tested  for  arsenium.  A  fresh  receiver  is 
placed  in  position,  and  20  c.c.  of  HCl  are  added  to  the  residue 
in  the  distilling  flask  and  then  2  Gm.  of  potassium  metasulphite, 


CHEMISTRY.  35 

and  the  mixture  is  heated  gently  for  about  one  hour  in  order 
to  reduce  arsenic  compounds.  It  is  then  distilled  until  about 
three-fourths  of  it  have  passed  over,  and  the  distillate  is  treated 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  distillate  described  in  Test  B,  but  as 
the  volume  will  exceed  25  c.c,  it  must  be  tested  in  a  small  flask. 

Ferrum.  4  Cgm.  are  dissolved  in  a  mixture  of  3  c.c.  of  HNO3 
and  3  c.c.  of  water,  and  evaporated  to  dryness  in  a  small  porce- 
lain basin  ;  the  residue  is  ignited  until  the  ferric  nitrate  is  con- 
verted into  ferric  oxide.  It  is  then  transferred  to  a  flask  of 
about  60  c.c.  capacitj^  together  with  10  c.c.  of  HCl  and  6-5  c.c. 
of  water,  scraping  out  a,s  much  as  possible,  and  treating  the 
remainder  with,  the  mixed  acid  and  water,  but  not  warming 
except  very  slightly  and  only  for  a  minute  or  two.  The  flask  is 
attached  to  a  condenser,  as  described  in  Test  B.  The  mixture 
is  warmed  until  the  Fe203  has  all  dissolved,  and  then  4  Gm.  of 
FeS04  and  2  Gm.  of  potassium  metasulphite  and  7  c.c.  of  HCl 
are  added,  and  the  rest  of  the  operation  is  conducted  as  de- 
scribed in  Test  B.  At  the  end  of  the  distillation  the  residue  in 
the  distilling  flask  should  be  tested,  and  some  ferrous  iron  should 
be  found  to  be  present.  The  stain  should  be  less  than  that  given  bj^ 
3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsfmci  Hydrochloric  us,  thus  proving 
that  the  drug  contains  less  than  003  per  cent,  of  arsenium. 

Ferrum  Redactum.  0-2  Gm.  are  heated  in  a  flask  having  a 
small  funnel  placed  in  its  mouth,  with  a  mixture  of  10  c.c.  of 
HNO3  and  10  c.c.  of  water.  When  action  has  ceased,  if  an 
insoluble  residue  is  left,  it  is  dissolved  by  adding  3  c.c. 
of  HC'l  and  continuing  the  warming.  The  solution  is  then 
transferred  to  a  small  porcelain  basin,  and  5  c.c.  of  HNO3  are 
mixed  with  it  ;  the  liquid  is  then  evaporated  to  dryness  and 
ignited  until  the  ferric  nitrate  is  converted  into  FcoOs.  The 
ignited  residue  is  then  treated  in  the  same  way  as  the  ignited 
residue  obtained  in  testing  Ferrum.  The  stain  should  be  less 
than  that  given  by  3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydro- 
chloricus,  thus  proving  that  the  drug  contains  less  than  60  parts 
of  arsenium  in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 

Liquor  Ferri  Acetatis.  4  Gm.  are  placed  in  a  flask  of  about 
60  c.c.  capacity,  together  with  4  Gm.  of  FeS04.  A  mixture  of 
15  c.c.  of  HCl  and  2  c.c.  of  water  is  added,  and  then  2  Gm.  of 
potassium  metasulphite.  The  flask  is  then  attached  to  a  con- 
denser, and  the  mixture  is  treated  as  described  in  Test  B.  At 
the  end  of  the  distillation  the  residue  in  the  distiUing  flask  should 
be  tested,  and  some  ferrous  iron  should  be  found  to  be  present. 


36  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Li(juor  Ferrl  Perchloridi  Fortis.  0-25  Ciiii.  are  put  in  a  flask 
of  about  (50  c.c.  capacity,  together  witli  4  Gm.  of  FeSO^.  A 
mixture  of  15  c.c.  of  HCl  and  6  c.c.  of  water  i.s  added,  and  then 
2  Gm.  of  potassium  metasulphite.  The  flask  is  then  attached 
to  a  coudeaser,  and  the  mixture  is  treated  as  described  in 
Test  B.  At  the  end  of  the  distillation,  the  residue  in  the  dis- 
tilUng  flask  should  be  tested,  and  some  ferious  iron  should  be 
found  to  be  present.  The  stain  should  be  less  than  that  given 
by  3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor  Arsenici  Hydrochloricus,  thus 
proving  that  the  drug  contains  less  than  48  parts  of  arsenium  in 
one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 

Liquor  Ferri  Pernitratis.  1  Gm.  is  treated  in  the  same  manner 
as  that  described  above  for  Liquor  Ferri  Perchloridi  Fortis.  The 
stain  should  be  less  than  that  given  by  3  c.c.  of  the  diluted  Liquor 
Arsenici  //?/f//-ocMor«cu.s,  thus  proving  that  the  drug  contains  less 
than  12  parts  of  arsenium  in  one  million  parts  of  the  drug. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of.  F.  C'.J.  Bird  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19, 
424).  commenting  on  the  preceding  Report,  notes  that 
Dunstan  and  Roljinson  have  taken  the  proportion  of  arsenium 
as  their  standard  of  arsenical  impurity.  It  has  been,  uj)  to 
the  present,  more  generally  the  custom  to  express  the  arsenic 
in  terms  of  arsenious  oxide.  It  is  considered  desirable  to  con- 
tinue tlie  practice  in  order  to  avoid  confusion. 

The  method  of  fastening  on  the  cap  of  mercurialized  paper  is 
left  open  to  the  judgment  of  the  operator.  The  authoi-'s  ex- 
perience indicates  that  it  should  be  tied  tightly  over  the  mouth 
of  the  test-tube  or  flask,  so  that  the  evolved  gas  is  obliged  to 
force  its  way  through  the  pores  of  the  mercurialized  paper. 

With  regard  to  the  intensity  of  the  stain,  it  is  remarked  that 
it  is  diminished  by  dampness.  This  should  be  emphasized,  for  a 
given  stain,  having  naturally  absorbed  moisture  by  contact  with 
the  evolved  gas  charged  witli  aqueous  vapour,  will  often  nearly 
double  its  depth  of  colour  on  exposure  to  the  temperature  of  a 
water  oven  for  a  minute  or  two.  It  would,  therefore,  appear  to 
be  a  desirable  addition  to  tlie  directions  that  the  stain  from  the 
material  under  examination  and  that  from  the  standard  arsenical 
solution,  for  comparison,  should  be  placed  in  a  water  oven  for 
a  few  minutes,  in  order  to  ensure  equal  conditions  and  guard 
against  a  stain  being  damper,  and,  therefore,  misleadingly 
fainter  than  the  other.  Drying  in  a  water  oven  will  also  some- 
times render  evident  a  stain  otherwise  indistinguishable. 


CHEMISTRY.  37 

The  use  of  pluinbized  cotton  wool  as  a  means  of  arresting 
sulphuretted  liydrogen  is,  if  the  yellow  colour  of  tlie  stain  is 
the  only  factor  to  be  relied  upon,  open  to  some  risk.  It  is 
difficult  to  control  the  evolution  of  gas  in  a  test-tube,  and  a 
too-powerful  rush  is  quite  likely  to  drive  traces  of  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  past  the  plumbized  wool,  and  so  increase  the  apparent 
intensity  of  the  stain.  Solution  of  lead  acetate  is  distinctly 
preferable. 

The  orange  colour  j)roduced  b}-  treatment  of  an  arsenical 
stain  by  HCl  affords  a  valuable  confirmation  of  the  presence  of 
arsenic,  but  it  is  not  properly  developed  in  the  cold.  For 
example,  the  yellow  stain  from  3  c.c.  of  the  dilute  solution  of 
arsenium  recommended  by  the  authors  (equivalent  to  12/1000 
Mgm.  of  arsenium),  treated  witli  a  few  c.c.  of  pure  HCl  in  the 
cold  became,  after  some  time,  of  a  moderately  deep  orange- 
yellow  colour,  which  did  not  increase  in  intensity.  A  similar 
stain  placed  in  a  watch  glass  with  a  few  c.c.  of  pure  HCl  (free 
from  chlorine)  and  heated  on  sheet  asliestos  over  a  Biuisen 
burner  until  the  acid  just  boiled,  changed  at  once  to  the  charac- 
teristic deep  l)rick-red  colour  indicative  of  arsenium,  and 
possessed  nearly  double  the  iiitensity  of  the  similar  stain  whi(^h 
had  been  treated  with  HCl  in  tlie  cold.  Any  yellow  colour  due 
to  possible  traces  of  SH,  would,  by  the  action  of  boiling  HCl. 
disappear,  whilst  that  due  to  arsenic  would  be  intensified  and 
changed  to  a  characteristic  tint.  Rather,  therefore,  than  rely 
on  the  yellow  stain  alone,  which  may  be  deceptive  from  traces 
of  SHo  or  PH3,  it  would  be  preferable  to  carry  the  test  a  step 
further,  and  make  a  comparison  of  the  stains  after  treatment 
with  pure  HCl  at  a  boiling  temperature.  There  must  be  no 
uncertainty  about  the  future  B.P.  tests  for  arsenic,  and  the 
acceptance  of  tlie  indications  of  the  yellow  stain  alone  appears 
to  admit  the  possibility  of  error. 

The  limits  of  arsenical  impurity  suggested  by  the  autliors 
will  doubtless  call  forth  a  good  deal  of  criticism.  Generally 
they  seem  reasonable,  excepting  in  the  case  of  the  mineral  acids 
and  ammonia,  the  limits  for  which,  in  view  of  their  use  in 
medicinal  doses,  appear  unnecessarily  stringent.  Granting  that 
these  acids  are  used  in  the  preparation  of  other  substances,  the 
absence  of  more  than  the  limit  of  arsenic  in  the  finished  products 
is  sufficiently  guarded  against  by  the  respective  tests,  and  the 
acids  themselves  sliould  be  considered  merely  in  relation  to  their 
medicinal  use. 


38  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of,  in  OfRcial  Drugs.  D.  L.  Howard. 
{P/i(inn.  Journ.  [4|,  19,  417.)  It  is  coiitomied  that  the  standard 
for  inii\eral  acids  required  by  Dunstan  and  Robinson  is  wliolly 
unreasonable  and  utterly  unnecessary  for  acids  intended  for 
ordinary  work,  and  the  oidy  results  of  such  fancy  standards  M'ill 
b(*  to  cause  them  to  be  entirely  ignored.  Even  oru^  part  of  arsenic 
in  a  million  parts  of  nitric  acid  can  by  no  conceivalile  chance  do 
any  harm  in  medicine ;  and  it  i-s  questioned  whether  it  is 
criminal  to  lack  the  skill  to  discover  such  a  proportion  as  one 
part  in  three  millions.  Then,  again,  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
find  glass  l)ottles  that  do  not  contain  enough  arsenic  to  contami- 
nate perfectly  pure  acids  to  that  extent.  With  regard  to  the 
method  j^roposed  for  arsenic  testing,  the  opinion  is  expressed  that 
the  Marsh-Berzelius  test  is  very  superior  to  that  proposed. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of,  in  OfTicial  Drugs.  E.  W.  Mann.  [Pharm . 
Journ.  |4|.  19,  80(3.)  Tlic  o])iiii()n  is  (expressed  that  the  standard 
suggested  by  Dunstan  and  Uobinsf)n  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
B.P.  chemicals,  three  per  million,  is  one  that  is  commercially 
obtainable.  There  are  a  few  instances  where  the  proposed  stan- 
dard is  more  rigid. 

In  the  case  of  the  three  mineral  acids,  HCl,  H.,SO^  and  HNO3, 
alone  do  the  requirements  that  they  should  contain  less  than  0-3 
of  arsenium  per  million  seem  too  stringent.  It  is  a  difficult 
matter  to  obtain  acids  of  such  purity,  and  any  reasonable  need 
would  be  met  by  the  practicable  standard  of  one  per  million. 
Much  adverse  criticism  has  been  passed  upon  the  question  of 
Ferrnm  redactum.  The  standard  proposed  was  admittedly  one 
whicli  a  large  proportion  of  the  Fernim  redact,  on  the  market 
at  the  time  of  publication  failed  to  attain.  A  reduced  iron  con- 
taining less  than  100  parts  per  million  is  now  easily  obtainable. 
The  tests  suggested  in  Dunstan  and  Robinson's  report  are 
considered  to  be  well  adapted  for  pharmaceutical  use,  and  the 
standards  fixed  do  not  appear  to  be  too  stringent,  with  one  or 
two  exceptions. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of,  in  Official  Drugs.    W.  A.  H.    N  a  y  1  o  r 

and  E.  J.  C  h  a  p  p  e  1.  [Fhann.  Journ.  [4],  20,  33.)  '  The 
elaborate  report  of  Dunstan  and  Robinson  on  the  official 
tests  for  arsenium  deserves  the  most  careful  attention  of  phar- 
macists and  others  who  are  engaged  in  the  examination  of  drugs. 


CHEMISTRY.  39 

Test  A  commends  itseK  on  account  of  its  simplicity,  and  the 
i-eadiness  with  which  it  can  be  appHed.  By  it  the  authors  have 
detected  0-004  Mgm.  of  arsenium  in  4  Gm.  of  a  drug,  equivalent 
to  one  part  p?r  million.  Tlie  test  will  be  generally  acknowledged 
as  sufficiently  sensitive  for  ordinary  pharmaceutical  testing.  It 
would  be  simplified  by  substituting  for  the  test-tube  a  graduated 
tube  of  the  same  dimensions.  By  comparison  Test  B  is  not  so 
simple,  but  for  its  execution  no  elaborate  apparatus  is  required, 
and,  assuming  that  the  Gutzeit  test  be  selected  as  the  official  one, 
it  is  not  easy  to  conceive  how  it  could  be  applied  by  means  of  a 
less  complex  apparatus.  The  authors  agree  with  Bird  that 
further  investigations  may  lessen  the  number  of  drugs  to  which 
Test  B  is  directed  to  be  applied,  probably  by  the  substitution  of 
some  other  of  sufficient  delicacy. 

Among  special  tests  recommended  for  particular  drugs,  atten- 
tion is  called  to  the  monograph  dealing  with  sublimed  and  pre- 
cipitated sulphur.  The  analyst  is  directed  to  heat  the  sulphur 
in  a  large  flask  with  fuming  HNO.,.  In  performing  this  test, 
action  not  infrequently  begins  in  the  cold,  and  proceeds  vigor- 
ously, thereby  necessitating  an  inconveniently  large  flask.  It  is 
advisable  that  attention  be  called  to  this  point,  or  that  the  mix- 
ture be  directed  to  be  heated  after  the  action  in  the  cold  has 
subsided.  With  regard  to  the  limits  of  arsenium  suggested  for 
final  adoption,  considerable  diversity  of  opinion  exists.  In  the 
main,  the  opinions  expressed  are  to  the  effect  that  the  limits  are 
too  stringent,  although  the  results  of  the  examination  of  a  large 
number  of  drugs  by  Mann  show  that  in  many  cases  they  are 
obtainable. 

If  the  drugs  contain  only  traces  of  sulphur,  the  plugs  of  plum- 
bized  cotton  wool  recommended  in  the  Report  act  as  an  efficient 
absorbent  of  hydrogen  sulphide.  The  statement  that  the 
plumbized  wool  can  only  be  relied  on  to  remove  traces  of  sulphur, 
and,  that  where  more  exists,  the  drugs  should  be  first  subjected 
to  the  bromine  and  hydroxylamine  hydrochloride  treatment,  is 
confirmed  by  the  author's  experiments.  If  the  sulphur  is  care- 
full}^  oxidized  as  described,  only  the  lower  portion  of  the  plug, 
if  it  be  a  fair  size,  will  be  darkened. 

If  the  amount  of  sulphur  is  comparatively  large,  recourse  should 
be  had  to  the  triple  bulb  apparatus  as  recommended  by  other 
experimenters.  Further,  the  statement  is  confirmed  that  the 
bromine  and  hydroxylamine  treatment  does  not  completely 
prevent  the  evolution  of  SH,,  but  the  quantity  of  sulphur  left 


40  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

imoxidized  is  scarcely  a  measurable  quantity.  The  i-esults  ob- 
tained with  a  number  of  samples  are  summarized  as  follows  :- 

Drugs  which  gave  no  perceptible  Stain.  Acetic  acid,  ammonium 
bromide,  ammonium  carbonate,  ammonium  phosphate.  ]u)v\r 
acid,  calcium  chloride,  calcium  hydrate,  calcium  phosphate. 
ferrous  sulphate,  lactic  acid,  lime,  lithium  carbonate,  litliium 
citrate,  magnesia  calcined  light,  magnesia  calcined  heaYy. 
magnesium  sulphate,  nitric  acid  (1-5),  plienacetin.  phenazone, 
potassium  bicai'bonate,  potassium  citrate,  potassium  hydrate, 
potassium  iodide,  potassium  sodium  tartrate,  potassium  tar- 
trate, potassium  tartrate  acid,  potassium  permanganate, 
quinine  hydrochloride  acid,  sodium  bicarbonate,  sodium  car- 
bonate, sodium  iodide,  sodium  phosphate,  sodium  sulphate, 
solution  of  hydrogen  peroxide,  solution  of  zinc  chloride,  zinc 
acetate,  zinc  sulphocarbolate.   zinc  oxide. 

Drugs  which  contain  Arsenium  hvt  readily  pass  the  Proposed 
Limits.  Alum,  ammonium  chloride,  bismuth  oxide,  bismuth 
subnitrate.  calcium  carbonate  precipitated,  calcium  hypophos- 
phite,  cerium  oxalate,  citric  acid,  copper  sulphate,  glycerin, 
dilute  hydrobromic  acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  iron  phosphate, 
heavy  magnesium  carbonate,  light  magnesium  carbonate,  nitric 
acid,  concentrated  phosphoric  acid,  potassium  bromide,  potas- 
sium iodide,  potassium  metasulphite,  potassium  nitrate,  potas- 
sium sulphate,  cpiinine  hydrochloride,  reduced  iron,  saccharin, 
soap  (hard),  sodium  bromide,  sulphurated  antimony,  sulphuric 
acid,  sulphur  sublimed,  sulphur  precipitated,  sodium  hypophos- 
phite,  syrup  of  glucose,  wool  fat,  zinc  carbonate,  zinc  chloride, 
zinc  sulphate,  zinc  valerianate. 

Drugs  which  Approximate  to  or  contain  the  Full  Amount  of 
Arsenium  allowed  by  the  Proposed  Limits.  Borax,  bismuth  salicy- 
late, iodine,  lead  acetate,  potassium  acetate,  quinine  sulphate, 
soap  (animal)  solution  of  ferric  nitrate,  strong  solution  of 
ammonia,  solution  of  ferric  acetate,  solution  of  ferric  chloride, 
solution  of  potash. 

Drugs  which  contain  more  Arsenium  than  the  Proposed  Limits 
allow.  Parts  of  Arsenium  per  million,  antimony  oxide.  l.OfM"); 
bismuth  carbonate,  5  ;  glycerin,  4  ;  iron,  500  :  potassium  car- 
bonate. 4  ;  reduced  iron,  100  ;  sulphonal,  fi  ;  tartarated  anti- 
mony. 500. 

An  inspection  of  the  above  results  shows  that  a  large  proportion 
of  the  articles  pass  the  prescribed  limits  with  ease.  It  would 
not,  however,  be  just  to  infer  in  respect  of  tliose  whit-h  exceed  the 


CHElvnSTRY.  41 

assigned  limit  that  they  are  not  commercially  obtainable  on 
demand,  since  at  the  time  of  their  purchase  freedom  from  ai-senie 
was  not  specified. 

The  inference  to  be  drawn  from  a  consideration  of  the  results 
here  recorded  is  that  the  recommendations  as  to  arsenic  limit,  in 
the  majority  of  drugs,  are  capable  of  practical  fulfilment.  A 
limit  of  three  parts  per  million  in  antimony  oxide  is  considered 
to  be  too  stringent.  Ha\-ing  regard  to  the  small  dose  of  the  oxide 
(1  to  2  grains),  a  hmit  of  300  parts  per  million,  the  proportion 
recommended  by  Dunstan  and  Robinson  for  black  and  sulphur- 
ated antimony  respectively,  is  advocated.  For  reduced  iron  the 
limit  of  100  parts  per  milHon  is  put  forward,  although  at  the 
present  time  it  is  iiot  difficult  to  obtain  it  containing  not  more 
than  60  parts  per  million.  After  making  allowance  for  the  large 
dose  in  which  sulphonal  is  frequently  administered,  6  parts  of 
arsenium  per  million  cannot  be  considered  other  than  a  negligible 
quantity.  The  autliors  concur  in  thinking  that  the  arsenic  limit 
for  mineral  acids  might  well  be  fixed  at  1  per  million,  nor  should 
strong  solution  of  ammonia  be  required  to  conform  to  a  higher 
standard. 

Arsenic,  Determination  of,  in  Minute  Quantity.  R.  C.  Coav- 
ley  and  J.  P.  Cat  ford.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  897.) 
The  following  modification  of  Remsen's  method  for  the  isolation 
of  minute  quantities  of  arsenic  is  described. 

A  few  inches  of  fine  copper  wire,  coiled  into  a  helix  by  twisting 
it  around  a  glass  tube,  is  immersed  in  10  c.c.  of  the  liquid  to  be 
tested,  to  which  one-fifth  of  its  volume  of  pure  HCl  has  been 
added.  The  liquid  and  acid  are  contained  in  a  test  tube,  which 
is  supported  upright  in  a  brine  bath  by  means  of  a  loop  of  wire 
resting  on  tlie  edges  of  the  bath.  The  coil  of  copper  wire  is 
arranged  so  that  it  shall  reach  from  the  bottom  of  the  arsenical 
liquid  to  above  its  surface.  The  test-tube  must  be  immersed  in 
the  brine  bath  so  that  the  liquid  it  contains  shall  be  below  the 
level  of  tlie  liquid  in  the  bath  ;  the  bath  is  to  be  kept  simmering 
without,  however,  reaching  the  boiling  point,  for  about  an  hour. 
The  projecting  extremity  of  the  copper  is  now  to  be  pressed  down 
below  the  surface  of  the  liquid,  and  if  it  remains  bright  after 
continuing  the  application  of  heat  for  another  fifteen  minutes 
the  arsenic  will  be  all  removed  from  the  liquid,  and  the  wire  may 
be  removed  to  a  small  dish,  rinsed  without  touching  it  witli  the 
fingers,  and  the  deposit  then  dissolved  off  by  a  cubic  centimetre 


42  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

of  bromine  water  contaiiiing  a  little  hydrobromic  acid.  The 
clean  wire  is  lifted  out.  rinsed  with  water,  and  if  thought  necessary- 
may  be  returned  to  the  acid  liquid  to  make  sure  that  aU  the 
arsenic  lias  been  deposited  from  it.  The  bromine  solution  now 
contains  the  arsenic  as  arsenious  acid.  To  it  1  c.c.  of  solution 
of  potash  is  added,  and  the  liquid  is  boiled  until  the  light  green 
copper  compounds  are  broken  up.  An  ahquot  part  of  the  filtrate 
may  be  reserved  and  tested  for  arsenic  acid  by  the  molyl)date 
reagent  aft«r  evaporation  ;  the  remainder  is  reduced  again  to 
arseniteand  titrated  with  N/100,  or  other  suitably  weak  solution 
of  iodine.  A  solution  of  iodine  of  convenient  strength  is  made 
by  diluting  10  c.c.  of  N  10  solution  to  about  150  c.c,  and  com- 
paring it  with  a  standard  arsenical  solution. 

For  a  burette  a  pipette  graduated  in  hundredths  of  a  cubic 
centimetre  is  used.  To  control  the  flow,  a  piece  of  rubber  tubing 
is  slipped  on  the  upper  end  and  compressed  by  a  screw  clamp. 
One-hundredth  part  of  a  c.c.  of  the  iodine  solution  gives  a 
blue  colour,  with  starch,  in  a  volume  of  liquid  not  exceeding  10 
c.c. 

Arsenic  in  Hydrogen  Peroxide  Solution.  L.  Grimbert. 
{Jouni.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6].  21,  385.)  A  specimen  of  commercial 
hj^drogen  peroxide  solution  is  reported  on  which  contained 
arsenic  equivalent  to  0-56  Gm.  of  sodium  arsenate  per  htre. 
Although  no  previous  published  record  of  this  impurity  has  ap- 
peared, its  occurrence  is  not  unknown,  samples  of  arsenical 
hydrogen  peroxide  having  been  met  with  among  those  submitted 
to  analysis  at  the  central  pharmacy  of  the  French  Military  hos- 
pitals. 

Arsenic  in  Reduced  Iron,  Detection  of  and  Limit  for.  C.  A. 
Hill  and  J.  C.  U  m  n  e  y.  [Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  500.) 
For  the  accurate  determination  of  arsenic  in  reduced  iron  use 
may  be  made  of  both  the  German  Pharmacopoeia  and  Dunstan 
and  Robinson's  recommendatioas.  The  following  process  based 
thereon  is  recommended  : — 

To  01  Gm.  of  the  reduced  iron  are  added  0-1  Gm.  potassium 
chlorate  and  1  c.c.  of  hydrocliloric  acid,  the  mixture  being 
warmed  until  the  chlorine,  etc.,  has  been  dispelled.  Eleven  c.c. 
hydrochloric  acid,  7  c.c.  of  water,  2  Gm.  potassium  metabisul- 
pliite,  and  4  Gm.  ferrous  sulphate  are  next  added,  and  the  whole 
is  heated  on  a  water-bath  under  a  reflux  condenser  for  one  hour. 


CHEMISTRY.  43 

The  liquid  is  then  distilled,  17  cc.  of  distillate  being  collected, 
and  to  the  latter  bromine  is  added  until  the  coloration  is  dis- 
tinct and  permanent.  Lastly,  the  liquid  is  decolorized  with  a 
solution  of  hydroxylamine  hydrochloride,  and  it  now  contains 
the  arsenic  as  arsenious  acid.  The  amount  of  arsenic  is  of  course 
determined  in  the  usual  way.  either  by  a  suitable  modification  of 
the  "  Gutzeit  "  test  or,  if  the  case  be  one  of  importance,  by  the 
Marsli-Berzelius  method. 

Opinion  is  expressed  tliat  the  limit  suggested  for  arsenic  in 
reduced  iron  by  Dunstan  and  Robinson,  60  parts  per  million,  is 
not  a  practicable  one. 

Arsenic  In  Sodium  Phosphate.  E.  B  o  n  j  e  a  n.  {Rev.  In- 
tan.  faUific.  17,  171,  through  Chem.  Centralb.,  78,  1274.)  Of 
100  samples  of  medicinal  sodium  phosphate  examined  for  the 
presence  of  arsenic,  16  were  entirely  free  from  arsenic,  41  con- 
tained about  1  Mgm.  in  100  Gm. ;  "22,  1  to  5  Mgm. ;  9,  5  to  10 
Mgm. ;   6.  10  to  15  Mgm. :    and  5,  30  to  52  Mgm. 

Arsenic,  New  Method  of  Separation.    H.  C  a  n  t  o  n  i  and  J. 

C  h  a  u  t  e  r  u  s.  {Annales  de  Chim.  Analyt.,  10,  213.)  Advan- 
tage is  taken  of  the  volatility  of  methyl  arsenious  ether  at  ordi- 
nary temperatures  to  eliminate  arsenic  from  a  mixture. 

A  solution  of  As.O^  in  HCl  is  treated  in  a  distilhng  flask  with 
pure  methyl  alcohol.  The  delivery  tube  of  the  flask  is  connected 
to  a  condenser  the  other  extremity  of  which,  drawn  out  and  bent, 
dips  beneath  the  surface  of  a  tubulated  Erlenmeyer  flask,  con- 
nected with  a  pump.  Tlie  cork  closing  the  distilling  flask, 
carries  a  long  tube,  which  dips  well  below  the  surface  of  the 
methyl  alcohol,  in  such  a  manner  that  when  the  connexion  to 
the  pump  is  made,  air  is  aspirated  through  the  liquid  and  the 
ci.rsenic  carried  over  into  the  alkaline  liquid.  After  allowing  the 
current  of  air  to  run  for  some  time,  at  normal  temperatures,  the 
whole  of  the  arsenic  is  found  to  be  removed  from  the  Uquid  in  the 
flask.  Since  there  is  no  boiling,  no  trace  of  impurity  ip  carried 
over  mechanically.  A  similar  experiment  performed  with  anti- 
mony proved  that  ho  volatihzation  of  that  metal  took  place 
under  these  conditions.  The  further  application  of  the  method 
is  being  investigated. 

Artemisia  annua,  Essential  Oil  of.  [SchimmeVs  Report,  May, 
1905,  85.)     The  herb  cultivated  at  Miltitz  yielded  0-29  per  cent. 


44  yt;ar-book  of  pharmacy. 

of  a  Icinoii-ycllow  ossontial  oil  willi  a  pksasant  odour  resembling 
that  of  swoot  basil.  The  sp.  gr.  was  0-8912  at  15''('.  [a]  „-l°  18'  ; 
acid  miinbfu',  3-8  ;  ester  number.  19-2  ;  acetyl  number,  44-5  : 
solubility  in  alcohol,  80  per  cent.  1  :  1  to  1  :  1-5.  with  tuil)i(lity 
on  adding  more  acid  to  separation  of  paraffin. 

Artemisia  herba  alba,  Essential  Oil  of.  E.  (i  r  i  m  al.  {Bull. 
Soc.  Chim.  [3j,  32,  694.)  Tlie  lierb,  which  is  widely  distributed 
in  Algeria,  yields  0-3  per  cent,  of  a  very  fragrant  greenish  yellow 
oil  ;  .sp.  gr.  0-9456  ;  [7;],,  20°  1,47274  ;  [a]  „  20° -15"  38'^;  acid 
v^alue.  6-46  ;  ester  value,  89-32,  equivalent  to  31  per  cent,  of 
acetyl  ester  of  the  alcoliol  CiqH,j^O.  Acetyl  value  135-38  equal 
to  12-65  of  free  alcohol.  The  oil  is  readily  soluble,  1  :  2  to  1  :  2-5 
of  alcohol  70  per  cent.  ;  it  does  not  congeal  at  —  12°C.  A 
small  quantity  of  an  unidentified  alcohol  is  present  in  the  higher 
boiling  fractions  ;  the  lower  fractions  contain  la?vocamphene, 
cineol  and  camphor.  ('a]3rinic  or  caprylic  acids  are  present  as 
esters. 

Backhoiisia  citriodora.  Essential  Oil  of.  {SchhnmeVs  Feport. 
Mdij.  1905,  83.)  This  yellow  oil.  d(^rivc(l  from  the  Myrtaceoiis 
Australian  plant,  has  a  very  fine  lemon  giass  aroma.  Sp.  gr. 
0-8972  at  15''('.  :  optically  inactive;  aldehyde  content  95  per 
cent.,  probal)ly  all  citral;  solubility,  1:1-8  or  more  in  alcohol 
70  per  cent. 

Backhousia  citriodora,  of  Queensland,  Essential  Oil  of.  (Bnllet. 
Imper.  In.stU.,  3,  11.)  Tlie  oil  of  Backhousia  citriodnra.  distilled 
in  Queensland,  was  greenish  yellow  and  had  a  strong  odour  of 
citral.  It  was  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  alcohol  80  per  cent., 
and  1  :  2-25  in  alcohol  70  per  cent.  ;  sp.  gr.  at  21°C.  0-8903  ; 
optically  inactive  ;  [j/Jj,  22°  1-4940.  Citral  by  bisulphate  method 
93-5  per  cent.  This  yield  of  citral  is  greater  than  any  recorded 
from  an  essential  oil  ;  consequently  the  oil  should  be  worth  dis- 
tilling locally  to  compete  with  East  Indian  lemon-grass  oi'.  for 
which  there  is  a  considerable  demand. 

Baobab  Kernels.  —  B  a  1 1  a  n  d.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chrm. 
[6],  20,  529.)  Baobab  seeds  yield  63-3  per  cent,  of  kernels  which 
have  the  following  percentage  composition.  Water,  5-4  ;  albu- 
minoids, 17;  fat,  63-2;  extractive,  9-72;  cellulose,  1-05;  ash, 
3-55  ;    and   PjOg    1-34  per  cent.     The  extractive   contains   no 


CHEMISTRY.  45 

starcii.  The  fat  is  solid  at  normal  temjjeratures,  forming  a 
whitish  mass  :  it  begins  to  soften  at  25°C.,  and  is  fluid  at  34X'., 
when  it  resembles  olive  oil  in  appearance  ;  its  odour  is  pleasant 
and  taste  bland  ;    it  does  not  readily  become  rancid. 

Barbaloin,  Constitution  of.  H.  A.  I).  J  o  w  e  1 1  and  C.  E. 
E.  Potter.  {Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  21,  181.)  The  authors  are 
unable  to  agree  Avith  the  formula  for  barbaloin,  C,^H.-,QOg,  or  the 
structure  of  its  molecule  as  suggested  by  Leger  [Year  Book,  1903, 
28],  nor  can  they  confirm  that  author's  statements  respecting 
the  decomposition  of  barbaloin  by  Na,0^.  The  results  of  their 
investigations  tend  to  prove  the  correctness  of  Tilden's  formula, 
CjgHiyO.  [Year  Book,  1875,545].  Tetra-acetyl-tribromobarhaloin, 
C^Ji^^O^^^v.^,  was  obtained  in  well-defined  yellow  needles,  m.p. 
135^0.  Tribromobarbaloin,  and  probably  barbaloin  also,  there- 
fore contains  four  hydroxyl  groups. 

Barium  Chloride,  Volumetric  Determination  of.    F.  H.  A 1- 

coek.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  173.)  Pure  Na,SOj  is  added  in 
sHght  excess  to  the  solution  of  BaCl.,  to  be  examined  ;  the 
amount  of  NaCl  is  then  titrated  m  the  usual  manner,  with  N/10 
AgNOg  solution  and  K,,CrO^  as  indicator.  The  precipitated 
BaSOj  need  not  be  removed  since  it  in  no  way  interferes  with  the 
reaction. 

Beeswax,  Detection  of  Adulteration  of,  by  Examination  of  the 
Colouring  Matter.  P.  L  e  m  a  i  r  e.  {Bull.  Soc.  Pharm.  de  Bor- 
deaux, through  Journ.  Pharm.  Chun.  [6],  20,  128.)  (1)  A  small 
fragment  of  the  wax  is  dissolved  in  CHC'l^  and  treated  with 
2  or  3  drops  of  HCl.  If  the  colour  changes  to  rose  red,  it  is 
artificial. 

(2)  Another  fragment  is  placed  in  a  test-tube  0-5  c.c.  of 
strong  NaOH  solution  and  5  or  6  c.c.  of  water.  If  on  boiling, 
and  adding  excess  of  HCl,  a  rose  red  colour  is  formed,  turning 
pale  green  on  the  addition  of  ammonia,  the  wax  is  adulterated. 

(3)  A  piece  of  the  wax  is  carefully  warmed  in  a  porcelain  cap- 
sule with  1  c.c.  of  saturated  solution  of  borax.  On  stirring  and 
evaporating  to  dryness,  a  rose-red  residue  will  be  obtained  with 
artificially  tinted  wax. 

Beeswax,  Indian.  D.  Hooper.  {Agricult.  Ledger  (7),  1904, 
73. )     Indian  beeswax  is  derived  from  three  species  of  indigenous 


46  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

bees,  Apis  dorsata,  A.  indica  and  A.  florca.  The  average  in. p. 
of  the  wax  of  Apis  florea  is  64-2°C.,  the  liighest  being  68°C.,  and  the 
lowest  63°C.  The  acid  value  ranges  from  6-1  to  8-9  ;  ester  value 
from  80-8  to  123-8;  Huebl  number,  60  to  114.  The  product 
of  Apis  dorsata,  which  forms  the  bulk  of  Indian  beeswax,  melts 
between  60°C.  and  67°C.  ;  acid  value,  4-4  to  10-2  ;  ester  value, 
69-5  to  97-8  ;  Huebl  value,  4-4  to  9-9.  Apis  indica  yields  a  wax 
melting  between  62°  and  64°C.  ;  acid  value,  5-0  to  8-8  ;  ester 
value,  840  to  95-9  ;  Huebl  value,  5-3  to  9-2.  Indian  beeswax 
therefore  differs  slightly  from  the  European  product  in  having  a 
lower  acid  value.  It  could  be  produced  in  large  quantities,  and 
is  met  with  in  commerce  free  from  sophistication.  Besides 
beeswax,  another  wax,  produced  by  a  species  closely  allied  to  the 
true  bees,  the  so-called  stingless  bees,  Melipona  [Trigoiui)  sp., 
has  been  examined.  This  is  totally  different  in  character  from 
beeswax,  and  is  viscid  and  dark  coloured.  It  has  the  m.p. 
70-5°C.  ;  acid  value,  20-8  ;  ester  value,  89-6  ;  Huebl  value,  42-2. 
The  natives  attribute  medicinal  virtues  to  the  honey  of  this 
species,  which  has  a  peculiar  flavour. 

Beeswax,  Saponification  Value  of.  —  S  c  h  w  a  r  z.  Zeits. 
fiir  Oeffenf.  Ckerii.  through  Pharm.  Centralh.,  46,  260.)  Cohn  has 
stated  that  with  wax  adulterated  with  paraffin,  by  saponifying 
only  for  |  to  1  hour,  with  semi-normal  NaOH  solution  too  low 
results  are  obtained,  equivalent  to  16  less  than  those  obtained 
by  3  hours'  boihng.  Schwarz  is  unable  to  confirm  this  state- 
ment, and  finds  that  one  hour's  boiling  is  sufficient  to  completely 
saponify  even  these  adulterated  waxes.  In  order  to  obviate  any 
error  when  titrating  back  with  semi-normal  HCl  solution,  due 
to  dissociation  of  the  soap,  he  advises  the  addition  of  30  c.c. 
of  absolute  alcohol  to  the  soap  solution  before  titration,  or  the 
employment  of  alcohohc  ratlier  than  aqueous  semi-normal  HC'l 
for  the  purpose.  This  precaution  is  specially  needful  when  the 
cold  saponification  process  in  benzol  solution  is  performed. 

Belladonna  Leaves,   Determination  of  Alkaloid  in.       W.  ('. 

Forsberg.  {Pharm.  Post,  38,  2.)  Twenty  Gm.  of  bella- 
donna leaves  dried  at  100°  and  finely  powdered  is  treated  with 
20  c.c.  of  20  per  cent,  solution  of  Na^COg  and  evaporated  to  dry- 
ness on  the  waterbath,  with  frequent  stirring.  The  dry  mixture 
is  then  traitsferred  to  a  stoppered  bottle  and  macerated  with  a 
mixture  of  ether  90  Gm.  and  chloroform  30  Gm.     After  thorough 


CHEMISTRY.  4< 

agitation  and  subsequent  maceration  for  half  an  hour  10  c.c.  of 
NaOH  solution,  previously  diluted  mth  5  c.c.  of  water,  is  added, 
agitation  and  maceration  being  continued  for  2  hours.  Water 
20  c.c.  is  then  added,  to  cause  the  powdered  leaves  to  aggregate. 
After  standing  for  an  hour  60  Gm.  of  the  ether  chloroform  .solu- 
tion, equivalent  to  10  Gm.  of  the  original  powder,  is  decanted, 
distilled  down  to  one-fourth  its  volume,  transferred  to  a  stop- 
pered separator,  the  distilling  flask  being  washed  out  mth  three 
successive  5  c.c.  of  ether  ;  20  c.c.  of  N/HCl  solution  is  then 
added,  followed  by  sufficient  ether  to  give  a  distinct  layer.  After 
thorough  agitation,  the  excess  of  acid  is  titrated  back,  with 
N/100  KOH  solution  and  iodeosin  as  mdicator. 

By  this  method  commercial  Ijelladonna  leaves  are  found  to 
give  from  0-31  to  0-44  per  cent,  of  alkaloids. 

Bergamot  and  other  Citrus  Oils.  H.  E.  Burgess  and  T.  H. 
Page.  [Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  20,  181.)  Acetic  acid,  octylene, 
pinene.  camphene  and  hniene  have  been  identified  in  pure  ber- 
yainot  oil.  The  pmigency  of  the  first  fractions  on  distillation  is 
attributed  to  the  presence  of  acetic  acid,  wliich  is  also  found  in 
smaller  quantities  in  lemon  oil.  The  octj^lene  in  le^iion  and 
bergamot  oil  is  identical  ;  it  gives  butyric  acid  on  oxidation  with 
K]Mn04. 

The  terpineol  fraction  of  distilled  lime  oil  has  given  a  phenyl- 
urethane  m.p.  132°C'..  differing  from  that  obtained  from  ordi- 
nary terpineol,  l^eing  more  soluble  and  crystallizing  in  tufts  of 
needles.  On  hydrolysis  it  yields  an  oil  with  an  intense  odour  of 
distilled  lime  oil. 

Bermudan  Bay-berries,  Essential  Oil  of.  {SchivimeVs  Report, 
May,  1905,  85.)  The  odour  of  tlie  oil  is  quite  distinct  from  that 
of  Myrcia  acris.  The  yield  is  3-66  per  cent.  ;  sp.  gr.  1-0170  at 
15°C.  ;  [a]  —7°  3' ;  phenols,  73  per  cent.  ;  solubihty  in  alcohol, 
70  per  cent.  1:1-5  with  turbidity  with  more  than  4  volumes  ;  in 
80  per  cent,  alcohol  2  :  1  and  more.  Eugenol  is  the  chief  con- 
stituent of  the  phenols.  The  non-phenols  contain  Isevo-phellan- 
drene  but  no  myrcene. 

Beryl,  Presence  of  a  New  Element  in.  J.  H.  P  o  1 1  o  k.  [Proc. 
Chem.  Soc,  20,  189.)  The  glucina  extracted  from  Limoges  beryl 
was  fractionated  by  crystaUization  of  the  sulphate,  by  solution 
in  ammonicum  carbonate,  and  by  precipitation  from  HF  solution 


48  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

by  potassiiun  li^-drogea  fluoride.  The  glucina  of  tlie  variou-s 
frartions,  converted  into  anlij^drous  chloride,  was  found  in  some 
instances  to  sliow  a  jirogressive  rise  in  the  equivalent  of  the  base  ; 
the  same  was  observed  on  distilling  the  chloride  ;  the  most  vola- 
tile portions  had  a  markedly  higher  equivalent.  A  spectro- 
scopic examination  of  tlie  fractions  with  high  equivalents 
showed  that  certain  lines,  only  faintly  visible  in  ordinary  glucina, 
became  steadily  stronger  as  the  equivalent  increased,  and  the 
known  lines  of  glucinum  became  fainter.  It  appears,  therefore, 
that  beryl  contains  a  new  element  allied  to  glucinum,  but  having 
a  much  higher  equivalent  and  a  more  volatile  and  more  readily 
formed  chloride. 

Birch  Buds,  Essential  Oil  of.     H.  v  o  n  S  o  d  e  n  and  F.  E  1  z  o. 

{Berichte,  38,  1636.)  Birch  buds  yield  about  4-3  per  cent,  of  a 
viscous  yellowish  oil ;  sp.  gr.  0-975  ;  [aJ^,-2°  ;  b.p.  265  to  295"('., 
with  partial  decomposition  ;  acid  value,  2-1  ;  ester  value,  67-2  ; 
acetyl  value,  177-8.  On  cooling  a  few  crystals  of  a  body,  m.p. 
50°C.  separates,  which  is  j)robably  a  paraffin.  The  oil  consists 
chiefly  of  a  sesquiterpene  alcohol,  betulol,  Ci.;H240,  and  its 
acetic  ester  ;  it  contains  47-4  per  cent,  of  the  free  alcohol  and 
31-4  of  the  acetate.  Betulol  liberated  from  the  phthalic  ester 
has  the  sp.  gr.  0-975  [a]j,-35°,  b.p.  284-288°C.with  partial  decom- 
position. It  has  a  fragrant  odour  and  a  bitter  taste.  It  appears 
to  be  closely  allied  to  amyrol. 

Bismuth,  Salts  of  Organic  Acids.  P.  T  h  i  b  a  u  1 1.  {Btdl. 
Soc.  Chim.,  31,  36.)  See  also  Year  Boots,  1901,  42  :  1902,  44,  45  : 
1904,  41.  A  series  of  bismuth  salts  of  the  benzoic  acids  and  their 
congeners  has  been  prepared,  hj  treating  crystalline  anhydrous 
bismuth  oxide  with  a  hot  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  the  acid, 
filtering  off  at  once,  evaporating  to  dryness,  and  washing  the  dry 
residue  with  absolutely  anhydrous  ether.  In  this  manner  i?/.s- 
muth  para-oxybenzate,  Bi3(C7H503).  is  obtained  in  the  form  of 
white  transparent  needles  decomposed  by  the  least  trace  of 
moisture,  and  also  by  most  solvents,  except  perfectly  anhydrous 
ether.  Bismuth  meta-oxybenzoate  is  obtained  in  a  similar  manner. 
Bismuth  ^-resorcylate,  BiCyHsOr,,  in  the  form  of  insoluble  needles, 
which  decompose  at  208°C.,  without  melting,  results  by  digesting 
the  anhydrous  oxide  for  several  hours  with  excess  of  the  acid, 
filtering,  evaporating,  and  extracting  the  residue  with  alcohol. 
Its  constitution  may  be  represented  by  the  formula — 


CHEMISTRY.  49 

yOHG) 

C6H3^0H(3) 

^CO-0-BiO(4) 

Bismuth  oxy salicylate,  siiuilarl}''  prepared,  and  also  having  the 
formula  BiCtHsOs,  may  be  represented  as — 

/OH(0 

C6H3^0H(4) 

\CO-0-BiO(fi) 

Bitter  Almonds,  Essential  Oil  of,  IVIanipulation  of  the  Chlorine 
Test  for.  {SchimmeV s  Report,  Oct.,  1904,  8.)  A  spill  made  with 
a  jHece  of  filter  paper  2  x  2|  inches  folded  several  times  is  satu- 
rated with  the  oil,  excess  of  oil  shaken  off,  then  placed  in  a  small 
porcelain  dish,  ignited,  and  immediately  covered  with  a  beaker 
moistened  inside,  the  beaker  being  left  in  position  for  one  minute 
after  the  flame  is  extinguished.  It  is  then  rinsed  out  with  10  c.c. 
of  distilled  water  and  tested  with  silver  nitrate  in  the  usual  man- 
ner ;  any  turbidity  obtained  should  persist  on  boiling  before 
it  can  be  attributed  to  the  presence  of  chlorine.  It  sometimes 
occurs  that  a  slight  precipitate  of  AgCN  is  obtained,  due  to 
volatilization  of  some  of  the  HCN  present  in  the  oil  ;  but  this 
precipitate  disappears  when  heated. 

Bitter  Orange  Flowers,  Formation  of  Essential  Oil  of.      E, 

C  h  a  r  a  b  o  t  and  G.  L  a  1  o  u  c.  {Bull.  Soc.  Chini.  [3j,  31, 
937.)  In  the  course  of  their  investigations  on  the  formation  of 
essential  oils  in  the  living  plant,  the  authors  have  now  studied 
the  production  of  neroli  oil  in  the  flowers  of  Citrus  higaradia. 
During  the  period  of  flowering  the  amount  of  essential  oil  in- 
creases sensibly  in  the  flower  ;  dry  flowers  are  found  to  yield  a 
higher  percentage  of  oil  than  fresh.  Contrary  to  what  has  been 
shown  to  occur  in  the  leaves,  the  formation  and  accumulation  of 
oil  takes  place  more  actively  when  the  flower  is  fully  developed 
than  at  an  earlier  period.  The  amount  of  esters  in  the  oil  dis- 
tinctly but  slowly  increases.  The  amount  of  geraniol  increases, 
while  that  of  linalol  slightly  diminishes.  No  marked  difference 
is  observed  in  the  constitution  of  the  oil  derived  from  the  petals 
alone  and  that  of  the  other  floral  oi'gans.  but  the  petal  oil  always 
contains  slightly  more  methyl  anthranilate.  The  oil  from  the 
flower  buds,  in  May,  1903,  contained  11-8  per  cent,  of  total  esters, 
10-1  per  cent,  of  terpenic  esters,  1-3  per  cent,  of  methyl  anthrani- 

E 


50  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

late,  29-3  per  cent,  of  free  alcohols,  and.  8  per  cent,  of  alcohols  as 
esters.  In  the  following  June  the  amount  of  total  esters  was 
151  per  cent.  ;  terpenic  esters,  13-8  per  cent.  ;  methyl  anthrani- 
late,  1-0  per  cent.  ;  free  alcohols.  33- 1  per  cent.  ;  alcohols  as 
esters,  10-8  per  cent.  ;  total  geraniol,  10  per  cent.  ;  total  Unalol, 
34  per  cent.  The  whole  expanded  flowers  gave,  in  May,  an  oil 
containing  total  esters,  171  per  cent.  ;  terpenic  esters,  13-3  per 
cent.  ;  metliyl  anthranilate,  2-9  per  cent.  ;  free  alcohols,  34-9 
per  cent.  ;  alcohols  as  esters,  10-8  per  cent.  In  June,  the  oil 
from  entire  full-blown  flowers  gave  total  esters,  19-2  per  cent.  ; 
terpenic  esters,  16-0  per  cent.  ;  methyl  anthranilate,  1-9  per 
cent.  ;  free  alcohols,  31-9  per  cent.  ;  alcohols  as  esters,  13-4  per 
cent.  ;  total  geraniol,  15-2  per  cent.  ;  and  total  linalol,  30- 1  per 
cent.  It  is  calculated  that  in  each  flower  the  petals  yield  0-308 
Mgm.  of  oil,  and  the  other  organs  0-245  Mgm.  ;  giving  a  total  of 
0-553  Mgm. 

Boric  Acid,  Detection  of,  with  Tincture  of  Mimosa  Flowers. 
L.  Robin.  {Annates  de  Chim.  Anahjt.,  9,  336.)  Tincture  of 
mimosa  flowers  has  already  been  used  by  the  author  as  a  sen- 
sitive indicator  in  alkahmetry.  It  is  now  stated  to  form  an  ex- 
tremely delicate  reagent  for  the  detection  of  boric  acid.  The  tinc- 
ture is  thus  prepared.  Ten  Gm.  of  the  flowers  are  heated  to  boiling 
with  200  c.c.  of  distilled  water  ;  after  cooling,  50  c.c.  of  alcohol 
95  per  cent,  is  added  and  the  mixture  allowed  to  stand  for  1 
hour.  It  is  then  filtered  into  a  non-actinic  glass  bottle  [Annales 
de  Chim.  Aiudyf.,  8,  130).  Boric  acid  in  a  mixture  of  satis  is  thus 
detected.  The  solution  rendered  alkaline  with  sodium  carbonate 
is  boiled  and  filtered.  One  drop  of  the  mimosa  tincture  is  placed 
on  the  bottom  of  a  small  white  capsule,  together  with  a  few  drops 
of  the  filtrate,  and  just  sufficient  HCl  cautiously  added  to  discharge 
the  yellow  tint.  On  evaporating  to  dryness  on  the  water-bath 
a  yellow  residue  is  obtained,  which  turns  red  when  moistened 
with  a  few  drops  of  10  per  cent.  Na^COg  solution  if  boric  acid  be 
present ;  in  its  absence  the  residue  is  greyish,  turning  yellow  with 
the  carbonate.  If  only  traces  of  boric  acid  are  sought  a  more 
delicate  apphcation  of  the  test  maj'  be  made  with  test  paper 
prepared  by  saturating  white  filter  paper  with  the  tmcture  pre- 
viously diluted  with  25  per  cent,  of  distilled  water,  and  di-jang. 
The  alkaline  filtrate,  rendered  faintly  acid  with  HCl,  is  evapor- 
ated to  a  small  volume  on  the  water-bath  ;  a  strip  of  the  test- 
paper  1-5  cm.  wide  and  2  to  3  cm.  long  is  then  soaked  in  the  liquid 


CHEMISTRY.  51 

and  the  whole  evaporated  to  dryness.  The  dry  paper  will  then 
be  coloured  and  react  as  described  above,  in  presence  of  boric 
acid.  In  wines,  riders,  and  similar  liquids  as  little  as  10  or  15  c.c. 
is  sufficient  to  test.  This  (piantity  is  evaporated  to  dryness, 
ashed,  the  residue  taken  up  with  a  little  water,  filtered,  and  treated 
as  above.  Milk  is  first  coagulated  by  means  of  acetic  acid,  and 
tlie  serum  from  about  15  c.c.  filtered  off  :  this  is  rendered  neutral 
Avith  Na.CO.,,  using  mimosa  tincture  as  indicator,  boiled,  filtered, 
and  evaporated,  the  residue  ashed,  then  treated  as  described 
previously. 

Boucheria    griffithiana    Bark,    Lupeol    in.     T  o  1 1  e  n  s    and 

Sack.  [Berichie,  37,  4105.)  Lupeol  C2,.Hj,0,  identical  with 
the  lupeol  found  in  lupin  pods  by  E.  Schulze  and  Likiernik,  is 
extracted  with  alcohol  from  the  bark  of  Boucheria  gri/fitJiiana. 
When  crvstallized  from  dilute  alcohol,  the  needles  formed  melt 
at  209°C. 

Bromine  Absorption  Equivalent  of  Fatty  Bodies,  New  Method 
for  Determining.  F.  Telle.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6J,  21, 
111,  183.)  It  is  claimed  that  by  the  followhig  modus  operandi  a 
definite  bromine  equivalent  is  obtained  with  fats,  the  results 
bemg  solely  those  of  bromo-addition,  and  not  vitiated  by  sub- 
stitution reactions.  At  the  same  time  loss  of  bromine,  such  as 
occurs  in  other  methods,  is  avoided.  The  following  solutions 
are  requisite.  (1)  X/TO  As^O^  solution  obtamed  by  dissolving 
4-95  Gm.  of  As^Og  in  10  c.c.  of  strong  XaOH  solution,  transferring 
to  a  graduated  litre  flask,  acidifying  wntli  100  c.c.  of  pm'e  HCl 
and  adjusting  to  1  litre.  (2)  Solution  of  chlorinated  soda, 
approximately  decinormal.  obtained  by  diluting  35  to  40  c.c.  of 
the  commercial  solution  to  1  litre.  This  is  set  against  the  arseni- 
cal solution  thus  :  20  c.c.  of  the  N/10  ASgOg  solution  is  treated 
with  5  c.c.  of  10  per  cent.  KBr  solution  and  sufficient  of  the 
chlorinated  soda  solution  run  in  from  a  burette  to  exactly  dis- 
charge the  colour  of  the  free  bromine.  The  equivalents  of  the 
two  solutions  being  established,  exactly  1-25  Gm.  of  the  oil  (or 
0-625  for  drying  oils)  is  weighed  out,  and  dissolved  in  pure 
CHClg  or  CCl^  and  made  up  to  50  c.c.  with  the  solvent ;  10  c.c, 
of  this  solution,  equivalent  to  0-25  Gm.  of  the  fat  or  0-125  Gm, 
of  drying  oil,  is  introduced  into  a  glass  stoppered  300  c.c.  Erlen- 
mcyer  flask  ;  to  it  are  added  5  c.c.  of  10  per  cent.  KBr  solution, 
1  c.c.  of  pure  HCl,  then  slowly  and  with  constant   agitation  a 


52  YP:At?-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

known  volume  of  tlie  .standard  liypochlijrile  solutioii,  avoiding 
too  great  excess  of  bromine  and  loss  by  volatilization  ;  thu.^  for 
cod-liver  oil  and  almond  oil  30  c.c.  should  be  added,  for  most 
other  oils  25  c.c,  for  lard  and  margarines  20  c.c,  butter  and  suets 
15  c.c,  and  coconut  butter  10  c.c.  In  this  way  no  vapour  of 
bromine  is  seen  in  the  air  of  the  flask,  and  almost  all  is  in  solution 
in  tlie  CC'l,.  The  whole  is  then  set  aside  in  tlie  dark,  without 
agitation,  for  20  minutes.  The  unabsorbed  bromine  is  then 
determined  ;  20  c.c  of  the  standard  As.jOy  is  run  in,  and  the 
whole  well  siiaken  so  as  to  divide  the  CCl^  thoroughly  in  the 
liquid,  which  is  then  titrated  with  the  standard  h\Tiochlorite 
solution  until  the  aqueous  solution  acquires  a  yellow  tint,  which 
on  agitation  passes  into  the  CCl^.  The  end-reaction  is  very  sharp, 
one  drop  causing  the  change.  The  number  of  c.c.  of  clilorinated 
soda  solution  u.sed  is  read  off,  and  the  equivalent  of  the  20  c.c.  of 
N/10  As.,0.j  added,  deducted  from  the  total  volume  of  the 
chlorinated  soda  used.  The  remainder  will  be  the  equivalent  of 
the  bromine  absorbed  by  0-25  Gm.  of  the  oil,  or  by  0-125  of  a 
drying  oil.  Thus,  supposing  18  c.c.  of  the  chlorinated  soda  solu- 
tion is  equivalent  to  20  c.c.  of  the  N/10  As.jOy  solution.  1  c.c.  of 

this  solution  liberates  -^      =  0-0088    Gm.    of    Br.      Then   for 
18 

0-25.  Gm.  of  oil  there  has  first  been  used  25  c.c.  of  chlorinated 

soda,  20  c.c  of  N/10  As.^Og,  and  finally  7-7  c.c.  of  the  former  ; 

so  25  +  7-7-18=14-7.     100   Gm.  of   the  oil   will    therefore   fix 

0-0088x1-47x100     _^  ,,   ^.  ,  ,  i  •  i    -     .i       .. 
^r-^- =i>2-21  Gm.    or   bromuie,  which  is  therefore 

the  bromine  value. 

The  following  values  have  been  obtained.  Oils  of  sweet 
almonds  :  69-87  and  74-37  ;  arachis  oil,  53-24  ;  cotton  seed  oil, 
64-25  ;  poppy  seed  oU,  76-28  and  78-69  ;  olive  oH,  51-20,  52-24, 
and  5400  ;  sesame  oil,  66-00  and  65-70  ;  lard,  35-5,  38-30,  and 
40-3.  Butter  from  Reims,  24-38 ;  from  Aisne,  23-23 ;  from 
Ardennes,  25-32  ;  oleomargarine,  28-96  ;  coconut  butter,  5-13  ; 
cold-drawn  castor-oil,  52-24  ;  pale  cod-liver  oil,  83-44  ;  dark 
cod-liver  oil,  83-10  ;  cacao  butter,  23-69  ;  hnseed  oil,  96-15  and 
95-07;  Colza  oil,  64-32;  neatsfoot  oil,  56-03;  taUow,  54-41 
and  23-86. 

Bromo-methyl  hepty  Ketone.  H.  A.  D.  Jowett.  {Proc. 
Chem.  Soc,  21,  117.)  By  treating  methyl  heptyl  ketone  in 
CHCI3    with  Br,   and  subsequently  fractionating  bromomethyl 


CHEMISTRY.  53 

heptyl  ketone,  CgHj.OBr  was  oljtaiued  as  a  pale  yellow  liquid, 
b.p.  122°  under  15  mm.  It  has  a  characteristic  odour  and 
its  vapours  cause  profuse  lachrymation. 

Buffalo  Milk,  Lactose  in.  C.  P  o  r  c  h  e  r.  {Btill.  Soc.  Chim. 
[3],  29.)  The  sugar  of  buffalo  milk  is  found  to  be  lactose,  and 
not  a  specific  sugar,  as  stated  by  Pappel  and  Richmond,  which 
they  named  tewfikose. 

Cajuput  Oil,  Green  Colour  of.    H.  C.  P  r  i  n  s  e  n  G  e  e  r  1  i  n  g, 

{Pharm.  Weekblad,  41,  1081,  through  Schim7neVs  Report,  May, 
1895,  12.)  That  the  green  colour  of  cajuput  oil,  due  to  traces 
of  copper,  cannot  be  removed  by  shaking  out  with  water  is 
attributed  to  the  fact  that  oil  contains  small  quantities  of 
butyric  and  valerianic  acids,  free  and  as  esters,  which  retain  the 
copper  in  solution.  Samples  of  copper-free  cajuput  oil,  from 
which  free  acids  and  esters  have  been  removed,  and  to  which 
various  organic  acids  have  then  been  added,  are  found  to  be 
coloured  green  when  brought  into  contact  with  metallic  copper. 
But  only  those  to  wliieh  butyric  or  valerianic  acid  had  been 
added  failed  to  give  up  the  copper  salt  when  shaken  with  water. 
Valerian  oil  also  acquires  a  green  colour  on  contact  with  copper, 
which  is  not  removed  by  shaking  out  with  water. 

Calophyllum  inophyllum,  Fixed  Oil  of  Seeds  of.     G.  Fen  d- 

1  e  r.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  20,  6.)  The  seeds  of  Calophyllum  inophyl- 
lum give  50-55  per  cent,  of  a  yellowish  green  acrid  oil  wlien  ex- 
tracted with  ether.  It  has  a  faint  odour,  resembling  that  of 
fenugreek.  It  is  insoluble  in  absolute  alcohol  and  in  glacial 
acetic  acid,  but  dissolves  in  other  fat  solvents.  The  sp.  gr.  at 
15°C.  is  0-9428  ;  Reichert-Meissl  number,  0-13  ;  acid  number, 
2845  ;  saponification  number,  196  ;  iodine  number.  92-8.  It 
absorbs  oxygen  to  the  extent  of  1-84  per  cent,  of  its  weight 
in  136  hours.  When  shaken  out  with  5  per  cent.  NaOH  solu- 
tion a  green  resin  is  removed,  leaving  the  oil  yellowish  in  colour. 
H.  Kleist  has  found  that  the  oil,  and  especially  the  resin,  has 
a  toxic  action  on  frogs. 

Calycanthine.  H.  M.  G  o  r  d  i  n.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc, 
52,  345.)  The  alkaloid  calycanthine,  first  isolated  by  Eccles 
(Year  Book,  1888,  162)  from  the  seeds  of  Calycanthusglaucus,  has 


54  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

been  re-examined.  The  fat-free  seeds  were  found  to  yield  a 
little  over  2  per  cent,  of  the  base  by  extraction  with  Prollius' 
fluid,  but  to  obtain  it  in  conjunction  "wdth  the  acid  present  in  the 
drug  extraction  with  hot  alcohol  was  resorted  to,  by  which 
means  a  yield  of  75  ])er  cent,  of  the  total  alkaloid  present  was 
obtained.  After  distilling  off  the  solvent,  the  residue  was  taken 
up  with  faintly  acidified  water,  filtered,  and  the  filtrate  precipi- 
tated with  KOH.  The  crude  calycanthine  thus  obtained  was 
collected,  washed,  redissolved  in  H,,SO^,  and  reprecipitated.  It 
was  then  dried  at  40-50'^C.  and  dissolved  in  10  times  its  weight 
of  acetone.  After  filtering  off  from  the  non-alkaloidal  insoluble 
matter,  a  previously  prepared  and  cooled  mixture  of  one  part  of 
H.,SO,  and  5  parts  of  EtOH  is  added,  drop  by  drop,  until  no  fur- 
ther precipitate  is  formed.  The  crystalline  alkaloidal  sulphate 
thus  obtained  is  quite  white,  and  is  insoluble  in  the  alcohol-acetone 
mixture.  After  washing  the  precipitate  with  acetone,  it  is 
dissolved  in  water,  and  the  base  liberated  with  Am  OH.  This  is 
further  purified  by  resolution  in  acid  and  reprecipitation,  being 
ultimately  converted  into  the  hydrochloride  and  digested  with 
animal  charcoal.  The  base  liberated  from  this  salt  is  recrys- 
tallized  from  acetone  and  water  until  a  constant  m.p.  is  attained. 
It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  large  glassy  prisms,  from  acetone 
and  water  in  smaller  crystals  of  the  same  form  :  m.p.  243-244°C. 
It  forms  crystalline  salts,  the  sulphate,  hydrochloride,  and  acetate 
being  very  soluble  in  water,  the  hydriodide  and  nitrate  are  less 
soluble.  The  aqueous  solutions  of  the  sulphate  and  hydro- 
chloride are  acid  to  litmus,  the  basicity  of  the  alkaloid  being 
feeble.  The  hydrochloride  crystallizes  from  hot  alcohol  in  large, 
heavy,  vitreous  prisms  which  soon  become  white  and  fall  to  a 
white  powder  on  the  slightest  touch  when  dried  over  H^SO^. 
It  forms  a  beautiful  platinochloride,  beginning  to  darken  at  221^0. 
and  ultimately  black  at  250°C'.,  without  showing  a  definite  m.p. 
In  alkaline  solution  a  minute  trace  of  calycanthine  reduces  AuClg. 
The  reaction  may  be  obtained  with  a  1  :  1,000,000  solution  of  the 
base  ;  with  Mandellin's  reagent  it  gives  a  fine  red  colour,  and 
HNO,  a  green  colour,  with  H,SO.  and  K,,Cr,,07  a  rose-red   tint. 

.',  o  '  2  4  2         2' 

fhishny  finds  that  when  injected  hypodermically  into  cats  and 
rabbits  it  had  no  distinct  effect  in  5  Mgm.  doses  per  kilo  of  body 
weight,  but  20  Mgm.  doses  per  kilo  gave  rise  to  violent  tetanic 
spasms,  similar  to  those  produced  by  strychnine.  It  acts  as  a 
spinal  stimulant  and  a  heart  depressant,  produciiig  symptoms 
similar  to  those  found  in  cattle  poisoned  with  Calycanthus. 


CHEMISTRY.  55 

Camphor,  Determination  of,  in  Liniment  of  Camphor.  J. 
Lothian.  [Pharm.  J  own.  [4],  20,  582.)  Simple  heating  on 
the  waterbath  in  a  flat-bottomed  dish  is  sufficient  to  drive  off 
all  the  camphor  in  about  an  hour,  and  no  corrections  are  neces- 
sary, as  when  the  oil  is  heated  at  a  higher  temperature.  It  is 
suggested  that  the  followdng  test  should  be  included  in  the 
official  test  :  "  Five  Gm.  heated  in  a  flat-bottomed  dish  for  one 
hour  on  the  waterbath  should  lose  not  less  than  1  Gm." 

Camphorated  oil  when  exposed  to  the  air  at  the  ordinary- 
temperature  loses  camphor  fairly  rapidly.  An  oil  which  con- 
tained 21-88  per  cent,  of  camphor  exposed  in  an  evaporating 
basin  for  4  days  then  contained  19-53  per  cent,  of  camphor. 
Camphor  is  dextrorotatory  in  solution,  and  the  strength  of  a 
camphorated  oil  can  be  cpiickly  determined  by  the  polarimeter. 

(See  also  Y ear-Book,  1903,  48.) 

Cananga    Oil    Adulterated    with    Coconut    Oil    and    Resin. 

{SchimmeVs  Report,  May,  1905,  19.)  Two  sophisticated  speci- 
mens of  Cananga  oil  are  reported  on,  one  containing  50  per  cent, 
of  coconut  oil,  the  other  20  per  cent,  of  resin.  The  former  had 
the  sp.  gr.  0-9256  at  15°C.  ;  [a]D -3°  50',  and  saponification 
number  200-4  ;  pure  Cananga  oil  has  the  sp.  gr.  0-910  to  0-950 
[ajD  — 17°to  —55°  and  saponification  number  10  to  36.  This 
adulterated  oil  solidified  at  moderately  low  temperatures.  The 
resin-containing  oil  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-9716  ;  [a]D  — 11°  40',  and 
saponification  number  43-11.  On  steam  distiUing  only  75  per 
cent,  was  volatilized,  the  residue  being  a  brittle  resin.  Pure 
Cananga  oil  does  not  leave  more  than  5  jDer  cent,  of  non-volatile 
residue  by  steam  distillation. 

Capparis  spinosa,  Caper-rutin  in.  D.  H.  B  r  a  u  n  s.  (Archiv 
der  Pharm..  242,  556.)  The  flower  buds  of  Capparis  spinosa 
preserved  in  vinegar,  the  famihar  pickle  knoAvn  as  "  capers," 
are  found  to  contain  0-32  per  cent,  of  a  rhamnoside  caper-rutin, 
CorHaoOie'sHyO,  closely  allied  to  rutin  from  Ruta  graveolens. 
When  dried  in  the  water-oven  or  desiccator  it  loses  1  mol. 
H2O,  and  becomes  anhydrous  at  100°C.  in  vacuo,  or  at  ordinary 
pressure  at  110°C.  Like  rutin  and  sophorin,  it  yields  on 
hydrolysis  quercitin,  rhamnose,  and  glucose. 

Caraway  Oil,  Constituents  of.  {SchimmeVs  Report,  May, 
1905,  20. )     In  addition  to  carvone  and  carvene,  a  small  quantity 


56  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

of  a  base  with  a  narcotic  odour,  dihydro-carvone,  and  dihydro- 
carveol  have  been  isolated  from  caraway  oil. 

Carthamus    tinctorius    Fruit,   Fixed  Oil  of.     G.  F  e  n  d  1  e  r. 

{Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  721.)  Tlie  fruit  of  Carthamus  tinctorius  from 
German  East  Africa  yields  25-82  per  cent,  of  fixed  oil ;  the 
separated  kernels  of  the  seeds  give  50-37  per  cent.  It  has  the 
following  characters  :  Sp.  gr.  at  15X'.,  0-9266  ;  m.p.  5°C.  ;  it 
begins  to  cloud  at  —  13°C..  and  is  not  wholly  solid  at  —  18°C. 
Reichert-Meisl  value,  0 ;  acid  value,  11-63 ;  saponification 
value,  191  ;  iodine  value,  142-2;  refraction  index  at  40°  =  65. 
It  is  a  slow  drying  oil.  The  fatty  acids  of  the  oil  have  the  sp.  gr. 
0-9135  at  15°,  m.p.  17°C.,  freezing  point  12°C.  ;  acid  value,  199  ; 
mean  molecular  weight,  281-8  ;  acetyl  number,  52-9  ;  iodine 
value,  148-2.  The  liquid  fatty  acids  have  the  iodine  number 
150-8,  and  the  mean  molecular  weight  293-1. 

Cascara  Sagrada,  Chemical  Examination  of  the  Bark.  H.  A.  D. 
J  o  w  e  1 1.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52, 288. )  The  presence  of 
emodin  first  demonstrated  by  Schwabe  ( Year -Book,  1889, 140)  was 
confirmed,  also  that  of  a  small  amount  of  a  substance  isomeric 
with  emodin.  but  insoluble  in  ammonia  ;  m.p.  183°C.  Glucose  was 
detected,  and  also  a  body  which  yielded  syringic  acid  when 
treated  with  acid.  This  acid  does  not  exist,  as  such,  in  the 
bark.  No  indication  of  the  presence  of  chrysophanic  acid  or  of 
chrysarobin  was  obtained.  Probably  previous  investigators 
have  mistaken  emodin  for  one  or  both  of  these  bodies.  Although 
emodin  is  insoluble  in  water,  it  is  soluble  in  the  aqueous  extract 
of  the  bark,  and  is  shaken  out  with  difficulty  from  such  solutions 
by  means  of  immiscible  solvents.  After  treatment  with  acids, 
however,  the  emodin  present  is  readily  removed  by  such  solvents. 
This  might  lead  to  the  inference  that  the  emodin  was  the  product 
of  hydrolysis  of  a  glucoside  ;  but  if  the  greater  part  be  first 
removed  from  the  aqueous  bark  extract  by  repeated  shaking  out, 
only  a  trace  more  is  obtained  after  hydrolysis  with  acid. 
Schwabe's  conclusions  as  to  the  absence  of  a  glucoside  yielding 
emodin  on  hydrolysis  were  thus  confirmed.  No  pure  substance 
analogous  to  the  cascarin  of  Le  Prince  {Year-Book,  1893,  131) 
or  the  purshianin  of  Dohme  and  Englehardt  could  be  detected 
{Year-Book,  1899,  134),  nor  was  the  crystalline  principle  de- 
scribed by  Prescott  obtained.  The  bark  was  found  to  contain 
about  2  per  cent,  of  fat,  consisting  of  rhamnol  arachidate,  free 


CHEMISTRY.  57 

arachidic  acid,  and  substances,  probably  glycerides,  which  yield 
linolic  and  myristic  acid  on  hydrolysis.  Rhamnol,  C20H3JO, 
an  alcohol,  m.p.  135°-136°C.,  is  identical  with  the  alcohol 
obtained  by  Power  and  Lees  from  K6-Sam  seeds  {Y ear-Book, 
1903,  503).  The  bitter  principle  and  its  derivatives  were  not 
obtained  in  a  crystalline  form.  No  chemical  difference  could  be 
detected  between  bark  one  year  and  three  years  old.  Beyond 
slight  differences  in  the  amount  of  extractive,  the  examination 
of  the  bark  of  RJmmnus  purshianus  and  of  R.  calijornicus  gave 
identical  results.  A  hydrolytic  enzyme  which  hydrolized 
amygdalin  was  isolated  ;  but  this  had  no  griping  action  in  1  Gm. 
doses.  Emodin  was  found  not  to  be  the  active  principle  ;  it 
exerts  but  little  if  any  influence  on  the  aperient  action  of  the 
drug.  This  purging  principle  is  contained  in  that  portion  of 
the  lead  subacetate  precipitate  which  is  extracted  by  acetic 
ether,  and  is  soluble  in  water.  No  crystalline  body  could  be 
obtained  from  this. 

Castor  Oil,  Suggested  Official  Characters  and  Tests  for.    L. 

Myddelton  Nash.  {Chem.  and  Drugg.,  65,  1023.)  The 
monograph  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  requires  revision.  The 
only  physical  constant  given  in  the  B.P.  is  the  sp.  gr.,  tlie 
range  of  which  (0-950-0-970)  is  considerably  too  wide. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  following  characters  and  tests  should 
be  given  :   Sp.  gr.  at  15-5,  0-958  to  0-966. 

Acidity. — Not  over  1-5  per  cent,  expressed  as  oleic  acid. 

The  optical  rotation  and  refractive  index  of  this  oil  are  very 
constant,  the  following  figures  being  typical  : — 

Sample  No.  1.  Sample  No.  2 

Rotation  in  lOO-mm.  tube 4^30'  430' 

Refractive  index  [77],,  at  20"C 1-4785  l-478t) 

These  tests  might  therefore  also  be  included  in  the  next  edition 
of  the  B.P. 

Catechin  and  Acacateehin.  A.  G.  P  e  r  k  i  n.  {Proc.  Chem. 
Soc,  21,  89.)  The  statement  of  Clauser  that  anhydrous  Gambler 
catechin  melts  at  210°C.  could  not  be  substantiated.  The  m.p. 
previously  found  by  the  author,  175-177°C.,  is  confirmed. 
Acacateehin,  C15H14O6  +  3H2O,  dried  over  H2SO4,  loses  1  H2O 
and  differs  from  catechin,  CisH^Oe  +  4H2O,  which  under  these 
conditions  loses   3H^0.     Acacateehin  tetramethyl   ester  yields 


58  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

the  acetyl  compound  CisHg06{CH3)4-C2H30  in  colourless  needles, 
m.p.  135-137"C..  and  on  oxidation  with  KMnOi  gives  veratric 
acid  and  probably  j)liloroglucinol  dimethyl  ester.  With  H2SO4 
or  HCl  in  the  presence  of  HC2H3O2  both  catechin  and  acacate- 
chin  give  an  orange  red  anlwdride,  insoluble  in  alkaline  solution, 
but  which  is  not  identical  with  the  catechuretin  of  Krauft  and 
Delden  or  of  Etti.  When  oxidized  with  KoFcoCyia  in  the  pre- 
sence of  an  alkali  acetate,  both  catechins  yield  a  new  colouring 
matter  which  dyes  mordanted  fabrics  orange  brown.  (See 
Year-Book,  1902,  85;  1903,  53.) 

Cecropia  peltata,  Active  Principles  of.  —  A 1  b  o  n  i.  (i?e- 
pertoire  [3],  17,  17.)  Cecropia  peltata  is  an  Urticaceous  tree  in- 
digenous to  the  Antilles.  By  extracting  the  crushed  leaves  with 
water,  evaporating  to  a  syrupy  consistence,  adding  just  enough 
alcohol  to  precipitate  the  albuminous  matter,  filtering  this  off, 
and  distilling  off  the  alcohol  from  the  aqueous  filtrate,  then 
decolorizing  it  with  animal  charcoal  and  concentrating  and 
treating  the  syrupy  liquid  with  alcohol  95  per  cent.,  a  precipi- 
tate of  cecropidine  was  obtained,  which  when  redissolved  in 
water  and  reprecipitated  with  methyhc  alcohol,  crystaUized  in 
white  microscopic  lamellee.  On  concentrating  in  vacuo  the 
mother  liquor  from  which  the  cecropidine  was  precipitated,  and 
precipitating  it  with  absolute  alcohol,  a  viscous  mass  of  cecropine 
was  obtained,  which  crystalhzed  from  alcohol  90  per  cent, 
in  long  needles,  m.p.  59°C.,  Isevorotatory,  [a]o—5°77  in  aqueous 
solution.  It  has  an  acid  reaction  and  forms  an  unstable  com- 
pound. It  precipitates  with  alkaloidal  reagents  and  gives  off  an 
ammonia  compound  when  heated  with  lime.  It  also  reduces 
alkaline  cupric  tartrate  solution.  Cecropidine  is  neutral  to 
litmus  and  is  optically  inactive,  and  has  a  slight  reducing  action 
on  Fehhng's  solution.  Like  cecropine,  it  contains  nitrogen  and 
gives  off  ainmoniacal  vapour  when  heated  with  hme. 

The  roots  of  Cecropia  contain  the  same  constituents  as  the 
leaves,  also  a  complex  oleoresin  composed  of  a  crystalline  acid, 
cecropic  acid,  and  an  essential  oil  which  has  an  odour  resembling 
that  of  rum.  The  leaves  of  Cecropia  are  employed  in  Cuba  as 
a  remedy  for  asthma,  and  the  root  is  considered  to  be  diuretic 
and  alterative  ;  it  is  also  given  as  a  substitute  for  digitalis. 
Gilbert  and  Carnot  have  found  that  extract  of  Cecropia  has  a 
distinct  diuretic  action  and  affects  the  arterial  system  and  the 
heart.     One  per  cent,   solution  of  cecropine  administered  by 


CHEMISTRY.  59 

hypodermic  injection  to  dogs  increased  tlie  heart  beats,  but  had 
not  the  same  diuretic  action  as  the  extract  of  the  leaves. 

Cinnamomum     loureirii,    Essentia!    Oil    of ;     Oil    of   Nikkei. 

{ScJiimmeVs  Report,  Oct.,  1904,  96.)  The  oil,  distilled  in  Japan 
from  the  leaves  and  young  twigs  of  Cinnamomum  lourdrii,  is 
bright  yellow  and  has  a  pleasant  odour  of  citral  and  cinnamon. 
The  yield  is  0-2  per  cent.  Sp.  gr.  0-9005  at  15°C.,  [a]„-8°45'  ; 
acid  value,  3-01  ;  ester  value,  18-6  ;  solubility  in  alcohol  70  per 
cent.,  1  :  2  to  1  :  2-5  with  opalescence.  It  contains  27  per  cent, 
of  aldehydes,  chiefly  citral,  with  40  per  cent,  of  linalol  and  some 
cineol  in  the  nonaldehydic  portion  of  the  oil.  No  cinnamic 
aldehyde  was  detected,  although  Shimoyana  has  recorded  its 
presence  in  the  oil  of  the  root-bark  of  the  tree. 

Citronella,   Essential   Oil   of,   OfTicial   Testing   of,   in   Ceylon. 

{Ceylon  Observer,  August  16,  1904,  through  SchimmeVs 
Report,  Oct.,  1904,  19.)  In  order  to  check  the  extensive 
adulteration  now  prevalent  with  citronella  oil,  the  Government 
of  ('eylon  intend  to  supervise  the  quality  of  the  oil  exported. 
Bam];)er's  test  [see  Year-Book,  1904,  62]  has  been  officially 
selected  for  the  purpose.  Oils  which  do  not  indicate  more  than 
1  per  cent,  foreign  matter  will  bear  an  official  red  seal  and  v.'ill 
be  classed  as  "  pure  "  oil.  Oils  found  to  be  adulterated  beyond 
this  up  to  10  per  cent,  of  admixtvire  will  bear  a  green  seal  and 
be  known  as  "90  per  cent,  purity  "  oils.  Oils  indicating  more 
than  10  per  cent,  of  impurity  by  Bamber's  test  will  not  be 
passed  for  export.  The  opinion  is  expressed  that,  althougli 
Bamber's  test  may  be  useful  for  obtaining  qualitative  results,  it 
is  not  reliable  as  a  quantitative  method.  Preference  is  given  for 
the  modified  Schimmel's  test  [Year-Book.  1904,  61].  Instances 
are  given  in  which  citronella  oil  of  exceptionally  fine  quality, 
assaying  60  per  cent,  of  "  total  geraniol,"  and  passing  the 
"  modified  Schimmel  "  test,  was  indicated  by  Bamber's  method 
to  contain  5  per  cent,  of  impurity.  These  oils  are  nevertheless 
considered  to  be  pure. 

Citroptene,  the  Stearoptene  of  Essential  Oil  of  Lemon.    E. 

Schmidt.  {Archiv.  der  Pharm..  247,  288.)  Citroptene  is 
obtained  by  treating  the  distillation-residue  of  lemon  oil  with 
ether,  in  which  it  is  but  sparingly  soluble,  and  purifying  by  re- 
crystallization,  first  from  a  mixture  of  acetone  and  methyl  alcohol, 
then  from  dilute  alcohol,  decolorizing  the  solution,  if  necessary 


60  VEAK-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

with  animal  charcoal.  Tlius  obtained,  it  forms  colourless 
brilliant  needles,  m.p.  146-147°C.,  subliming  at  a  higher  tem- 
perature. Its  alcoholic  solution  has  a  fine  violet  fluorescence. 
Schmidt  confirms  the  statements  of  Tilden  and  Burrows,  with 
whose  limettin  lemon  oil  citroptene  is  identical  [  Year-Boohs, 
1892,  71  ;  1902,  106),  and  of  Kostanecki  and  Ruyter,  that 
citroptene  is  a  dimethyloxycoumarin,  and  has  prepared  the 
body  synthetically. 

Civet,  Adulterated.  E.  J.  Parry.  (Chem.  and  Drucjg., 
65,  1G8.)  At  the  present  moment  (July,  1904)  it  is  liard  to  find 
much  genuine  civet  on  tlie  market  ;  practically  all  samples 
recently  examined  are  adulterated  with  vegetable  carbohydrate 
matter.  The  presence  of  this  adulterant  is  best  shown  by 
exhausting  the  civet  with  light  petroleum  ether,  when  a  more 
or  less  translucent  jelly-like  mass  remains  undissolved.  After 
well  washing  on  a  filter-pump  with  petroleum  ether,  the  residue 
is  dried,  and  will  be  found  to  be  very  largely  soluble  in  water. 
It  either  does  not  reduce  Fehling's  solution,  or.  if  so.  only 
slightly,  and  then  no  doubt  on  account  of  a  slight  hydrolysis 
that  has  been  brought  about  by  the  presence  of  free  acid  in  the 
civet.  On  boiling  the  residue  with  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric 
acid,  and  neutralizing,  a  copious  reduction  of  Fehling's  solution 
takes  place.  The  amount  may  be  approximately  determined 
by  weighing  the  well-washed  residue  allowing  for  the  hairy 
debris,  etc.,  and  checking  by  the  amount  of  sugar  obtained  on 
hydrolysis.  Several  samples  have  been  met  with  which  con- 
tained petroleum,  coconut  fat,  and  the  vegetable  matter  above 
described.  The  petroleum  was  separated  almost  quantitatively 
by  exhausting  witli  acetone,  and  then  extracting  the  petroleum 
from  this  solution  with  petroleum  ether.  It  is  obtained  as  an 
odourless  jelly  of  the  ordinary  type.  The  coconut  oil  was 
suspected  by  the  smell,  and  confirmed  by  the  steam-distillation 
of  characteristic  fatty  acids  after  hydrolysis.  (3n  keeping  for  a 
few  weeks  in  the  hot  weather,  the  peculiar  rancidity  of  coconut 
fat  was  well  developed. 

Cloves,  Essential  Oil  of.  Refractive  Index  of.     H.  W.  S  i  m- 

m  o  n  s.  [Chem.  News,  90,  146.)  Pure  eugenol  has  a  high 
refractive  index,  [7;]d^°°  1-5412,  and  the  refractive  index  of  pure 
clove  oil  is  directly  proportional  to  its  eugenol  content,  as  shown 
by  the  following  figures.  With  samples  whose  genuineness 
cannot  be  guaranteed,  however,  it  is  not  safe  to  base  an  opinion 


CHEMISTRY 


61 


on  the  refractive  index  only,  as  is  sliown  l)y  No.  9  of  the  accom- 
panying table,  which  is  e^ndently  grossly  adulterated,  judged  by 
the  high  specific  gravity  compared  with  its  low  proportion  of 
eugenol,  though  from  its  refractive  index  it  might  be  expected 
to  contain  about  86  to  88  per  cent,  of  phenols. 


No. 


Specific  Giavitv, 
157  15" 


•0(306 
•0509 
•050) 
•0475 
•04  55 
•0560 
•054'.i 
•0507 
•0617 


Rotation. 


-0°  44' 
-0°  53' 
-I°0' 
-0°  23' 
-0°  35' 
-0°  40' 
-0°  54' 
-0°  20' 


Refractive  Index. 

Phenols. 

m,  20° 

Per  cent. 

153;2 

93 

15318 

88 

1-5304 

86 

15304 

86 

r5297 

So-5 

15340 

92 

15340 

91-5 

1-5336 

87 

r5327 

82 

Cobalt,  New  Reaction  for.  E.  P  o  z  z  i  -  E  s  c  o  t.  {Annoles 
de  Ckiin.  Anahjt.,  10,  147.)  If  to  a  very  dilute  solution  of  a 
cobaltic  salt  a  few  drops  of  alcoholic  solution  of  /3-naphthyl- 
thiohydatoic  acid  be  added,  then  a  drop  of  ammonia,  an  intense 
crimson  colour  is  obtained.  Nickel,  under  similar  conditions, 
gives  a  yellow  ochre  colour  or  a  dirty  grey  precipitate,  which 
may  completely  mask  the  cobalt  reaction.  But  the  latter  may 
be  rendered  evident  in  the  presence  of  nickel  by  employing  an 
excess  of  ammonia,  which  precipitates  the  nickel  ;  the  cobalt  salt 
is,  however,  sufficiently  soluble  to  afford  the  colour  reaction. 

Cocaine  and  Morphine,  New  Reactions  of.  C.  R  e  i  c  h  a  r  d. 
{Pharm.  Zeit.,  49,  855.)  Uranium  nitrate  gives  a  yellow  pre- 
cipitate with  cocaine  hydrochloride.  On  adding  a  few  drops  of 
potassium  thiocyanide  to  a  1  per  cent,  uranium  nitrate  solution, 
a  deep  yellow  solution  is  formed.  On  adding  a  very  dilute 
solution  of  cocaine  hydrochloride  to  this,  a  deep  yellow  precipi- 
tate is  formed.  Both  cocaine  and  morphine  give  a  red  brown 
colour  when  added  to  a  mixture  of  potassium  feiricyanide  and 
uranium  nitrate.  With  a  small  quantity  of  a  mixture  of 
potassium  ferricyanide  6-48  Gm.  and  uranium  nitrate  5-04  Gm. 
in  the  presence  of  a  very  little  water  and  solid  cocaine  hydro- 
cliloride,  the  reaction  is  immediate  ;  in  dilute  solutions  the 
reaction  only  takes  place  slowl}'^,  and  on  evaporation  with 
morphine  an  immediate  reaction  is  obtained  even  with  dilute 
solutions.  On  mixing  2-5  Gm.  of  CuSO,  and  6-6  Gm.  of 
KfiFe2Cyi2,  the  reddish  yellow  poAvd'^r  formed  gives  a  yellowish 


62  YEAR-BOOK    OF    f'HARMACY. 

IJrecipitate  on  tlio  addition  of  water,  but  the  presence  of  a  trace 
of  morphine  converts  this  at  once  into  the  characteristic  led 
brown  of  copper  ferrocyanide.  No  such  reaction  occurs  with 
cocaine.  On  adding  a  few  crystals  of  a  cocaiiie  salt  to  a  few 
drops  of  copper  aninionio-sulphate  and  allowing  the  mixture  to 
evaporate  spontaneously,  a  green  coloiation  is  obtained.  Mor- 
phine salts  give  no  such  reaction.  But  if  a  copper  salt  in  powder 
be  mixed  with  a  morphine  salt  and  the  mixture  be  treated  with 
a  few  di'ops  of  H2SO4  and  warmed,  a  fine  violet  colour  is  de- 
veloped. No  reaction  occurs  in  the  cold.  Both  cocaine  and 
morphine  may  be  detected  by  copper  ammonio-sulphate  reagent. 
The  cocaine  is  first  detected  by  the  formation  of  the  green  colour 
as  described  above  ;  the  liquid  is  then  cautiously  evaporated  to 
dryness,  treated  with  a  few  drops  of  H2SO4  and  warmed,  when 
the  characteristic  violet  colour  of  morphine  becomes  evident. 

Cod-Liver  Oil.  E.  H.  G  a  n  e.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc, 
52,  357.)  Contmued  experience  has  proved  the  value  of  the 
nitric  acid  test  described  by  the  author  last  year  [Y ear-Book, 
1904,  200).  The  use  of  nitro-sulphuric  acid  recommended  by 
some  analysts  does  not  give  such  good  results,  the  change  from 
rose  red  to  lemon  j^ellow  being  less  definitely  shown.  Two  drops 
of  HNO3  to  15  of  oil  is  now  recommended  as  gi\ing  the  best 
reaction  ;  a  fuie  rose-red  colour  is  given  by  pure  oil,  changing 
to  lemon  yellow  in  half  an  hour  ;  adulterated  oil  will  give  a  dirty 
brown  or  blackish  mixture. 

It  is  suggested  tliat  there  should  be  an  official  test  for  free  fatty 
acids,  since  oil  containing  much  of  these  is  less  suitable  for 
medicinal  use,  as  it  causes  eructation.  This  may  be  determined 
as  follows  :  Weigh  off  '2b  to  50  Gm.  of  the  oil  into  a  small  flask, 
and  add  100  c.c.  of  perfectly  neutral  alcohol ;  shake  well  and 
heat  to  boiling  point  (of  the  alcohol  ? )  on  the  water-bath  ;  add 
a  few  drops  of  phenolphthalin  and  run  in  N/i  NaOH  solution 
until  a  pink  tint  is  evident.  The  number  of  c.c.  of  alkah  u.sed 
X  0-141  will  give  the  amount  of  free  acid  hi  the  oil  calculated  as 
oleic  acid.  The  best  Norwegian  and  Newfoundland  oils  are  found 
to  give  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  free  acid  ;  of  10  samples  examined, 
the  lowest  contained  0-06  per  cent.,  the  highest  4-52  per  cent. 

Cod-Liver  and  other  Fish  Oils.  J.  F.  L  i  v  e  r  s  e  e  g  e.  [Pharm. 
Journ.  [4j,  19,  143,  after  Analyst.)  The  following  tables  give 
the  results  of  the  examination  of  a  series  of  cod  hver  and  fish 
and  vegetable  oils  : — 


CHEMISTRY. 


63 


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§00  0g-Ht7-g|           0 

oo^o-^oob               t^ 
00 1-    1             ^                  iC 

Specific  gravity,  15'5°C. 
Zeiss  butyro-refractometer  at  25°C.  . 
Zeiss  butyro-refractometer  at  40°C.  . 
Rotation  (200-millimetre  tube)    . 

Huebl,  iodine  per  cent 

KHO  required  per  cent,  for  free  acid 

KHO  total  per  cent 

Valent  a  test  (°C.) 

Unsaponifiable  matter  per  cent.  . 

Fatty  Acids. 
Zeiss  butjo-o-refractometer  at  40°C.  . 

64  YEAR-BOOK    OK   PHARMACY. 

The  "  brusmer  "  and  "  hoi  "  oils  were  obtained  from  Norway 
for  the  author  by  the  late  J.  Barclay.  "  Brusnier  "  oil  is  pro- 
bably derived  from  Brosmhis  broma,  one  of  the  Gadidcc.  "  Hoi  " 
might  po.ssibly  Ix;  from  the  common  piked  dogfish,  which  is 
known  as  "  hoe  "  in  the  Orkneys. 

Cod-Liver   Oil,   Kremel's  Reaction  for.     8  c  h  a  m  e  1  h  o  u  t . 

{IjiiU.  Six-.  Jioj/.  (Ic  Brux..  througii  Repertoire  [31,  17,  IIG.) 
From  ])ul)]isliod  records  it  is  evident  tliat  different  woikers 
variously  modify  the  details  of  manipulation  in  applying  Kremel's 
HNO3  test  to  cod  liver  oil.  Some  place  10  drops  of  the  oil  in  a 
watch  glass  standing  on  white  paper  and  add  3  drops  of  the 
acid,  to  the  edge  of  the  oil.  When  pure  it  is  said  to  assume  a 
rose-red  tint.  Otliers  employ  20  drops  of  oil  and  2  drops  of 
acid,  and  agitate,  when  a  rose-red  colour  passing  to  reddish 
yellow,  then  to  lemon  yellow,  is  obtained  ;  with  15  drops  of  oil 
and  3  drops  of  acid  agitated  together,  a  fire-red,  then  lemon- 
yellow  colour  is  obtained.  Yet  another  method  consists  of 
putting  10  or  15  di'ops  of  the  oil  in  a  capsule,  then  adding  3  to 
5  drops  of  acid,  when  the  red  colour  appears  at  the  zone  of  con- 
tact and  spreads  through  the  bulk  of  the  oil,  on  agitation  the 
final  tint  l)eing  lemon  yellow.  Schamelhout  finds  that  the  final 
tint  may  be  brown,  and  that  the  whole  series  of  colours  may  be 
greatly  modified  by  the  conditions  of  the  test,  the  temperature 
and  tlie  depth  of  the  oily  layer.  Even  wdth  the  same  oil  and 
acid  different  shades  of  colour  are  obtained.  Not  only  so,  but 
the  substance  which  gives  the  colour  reaction  is  influenced  by 
light,  so  that  oil  which  has  been  exposed  to  sunlight  loses  its 
properties  of  giving  the  rose-red  tint.  Also  oil  which  answers 
the  test  may,  according  to  Schneider,  contain  as  much  as  20  per 
cent,  of  fish  oil,  15  per  cent,  of  skate  liver  oil,  30  per  cent,  of 
vaseline,  and  30  per  cent,  of  sesame  oil,  and  yet  give  a  good 
reaction  with  HNO3. 

Cod  Liver  Oil,  Suggested  Official  Character  and  Tests  for. 
J.  C.  U  m  n  e  y  and  C.  T.  B  e  n  n  e  1 1.  {Chem.  and  Druijy.,  66, 
129.)  After  reviewing  the  published  physical  and  chemical 
"  constants  "  for  this  oil,  the  following  monograph  is  suggested 
to  replace  that  at  present  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  : — 

Oleum  Morrhuce  Purificatum  {Refined  Cod  Liver  Oil).  The  oil 
extracted  from  the  fresh  liver  of  the  cod,  Gadus  morrhua,  Linn., 
by  the  application  of  a  temperature  not  exceeding  180°r.  (82-3^C.) 


CHEMISTRY.  65 

and  from  which  sohd  fat  has  been  separated  by  filtration  at  about 
23°F.  (-5=C.). 

Characters  and  Tests.  Pale  yellow,  with  a  slight  fishy  but  not 
rancid  odour  and  a  bland  fishy  taste.  Sp.  gr.,  0-925  to  0-931. 
No  solid  fat  should  separate  on  exposure  of  the  oil  for  2  hours 
to  a  temperature  of  32°F.  (0°C.).  Readily  soluble  in  ether, 
chloroform,  and  carbon  bisulphide,  and  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol  (90  per  cent.).  Refractive  index  (at  20°C.)  not  below 
1-4790.  Saponification  value,  179  to  198 ;  iodine  value  (18 
liours'  absorption),  154  to  170.  Free  fatty  acids  (calculated  as 
oleic)  should  not  exceed  1-5  per  cent.  M.p.  of  fatty  acids,  23°  to 
26°C.  Unsaponifiable  matter  not  exceeding  1-5  per  cent.  One 
c.c.  of  the  oil  dissolved  in  10  c.c.  of  carbon  bisulphide  should 
give  a  violet-blue  colour  with  1  drop  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Cod  Liver  Oil,  Suggested    Official  Characters   and  Tests   for. 

E.  J.  P  a  r  r  y.  {Chem.  and  Drugg.,  66,  491.)  Figures  for  forty 
typical  oils  are  given,  representative  of  a  large  number  of  samples. 
From  the  consideration  of  the  results,  the  sp.  gr.  of  Umney  and 
Bennett  (s2i25ra)  0-925  or  0-924  to  0-931  is  accepted.  For  acidity 
Umney's  figure  of  1-0  per  cent,  is  considered  to  be  quite  high 
enough,  since  many  fall  below  0-5  per  cent.,  and  anything  above 
1-0  per  cent,  usually  means  a  very  rancid  odour. 

Saponification  value  is  stated  to  be  of  little  value  except 
in  cases  of  gross  adulteration.  Unsaponifiable  matter  is  con- 
sidered to  be  of  great  moment.  Mann's  figures  {SouthaJVs 
Report,  13,  9),  4-12  to  6-21  per  cent.,  are  stated  to  be  quite 
erroneous  and  misleading.  This  figure  should  not  exceed  1-5 
or  1-6  per  cent.  ;  only  oils  from  putrid  livers  would  show  from 
2-4  to  4-6  per  cent.,  with  correspondingly  high  acid  values. 
The  Iodine  value  should  lie  between  155  and  170,  and  the 
Reichert  value  not  exceed  0-7  for  good  medicinal  oils,  although 
pure  oils  may  exceed  1-0. 

Codeine,  Determination   of,  in    Opium.    C.    E.    C  a  s  p  a  r  i. 

Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  874.)  50  Gm.  of  opium  are  extracted  with  500 
of  water  and  the  extraction  method  of  the  U.S. P.  process  for 
the  determination  of  morphine  followed.  The  aqueous  extract 
thus  obtained  is  evaporated  to  about  250  c.c.  on  the  water-bath. 
To  this  barium  acetate  5  Gm.  is  added  and  the  liquid  diluted  to 
700  c.c.     The  solution  is  then  filtered,  the  precipitate  washed 

F 


66  YEAR-BOOK   OF    PHARMACY. 

with  cold  water,  the  filtrate  and  washings  are  again  concen- 
trated and  treated  with  another  5  Gm.  of  barium  acetate.  The 
filtration,  concentration  and  addition  of  the  barium  salt  are 
continued  as  long  as  any  precipitate  is  formed  on  dilution.  The 
liquid  is  again  concentrated  and  a  slight  excess  of  NaOH  solution, 
10  per  cent.,  added.  This  precipitates  thebaine,  papaverine  and 
narcotine,  which  are  filtered  out  and  washed.  The  filtrate  and 
washing  are  acidified  with  dilute  HCl  and  again  concentrated. 
The  cold  liquid  is  then  treated  with  excess  of  AmOH  solution 
12  per  cent.,  which  precipitates  most  of  the  morphine.  This  is 
removed  by  filtration  and  washed  ;  the  process  of  acidifying, 
concentrating  and  precipitating  with  AmOH  being  repeated. 
After  again  acidifying,  the  liquid  is  concentrated  to  75  c.c.  and 
shaken  out  with  successive  portions  of  benzol,  which  removes 
codeine  but  not  narcotine  ;  after  evaporating  off  the  solvent, 
the  coloured  amorphous  residue  is  treated  with  a  knowTi  volume 
of  N/10H0SO4  in  excess  ;  and  this  excess  titrated  back  with 
N/ioNaOH,  cochineal  being  used  as  indicated.  By  this  method 
1-12  and  1-33  per  cent,  of  codeine  has  been  found  in  two  samples 
of  opium.     (See  also  Y ear-Book,  1903,  122.) 

Colcothars,  Analysis  of.  H.  C  o  r  m  i  b  oe  u  f.  {Annales  de 
Chim.  Annlyt.,  10,  95.)  Different  varieties  of  colcothar,  forms 
of  iron  sesquioxide,  are  liable  to  adulteration.  Many  sample:^, 
especially  those  which  have  been  prepared  at  a  high  tempera- 
ture, are  with  difficulty  soluble  in  HCl.  The  following  method 
is  recommended  for  their  examination.  0-5  Gm.  of  the  sample 
is  heated  in  a  beaker  with  excess  of  HCl,  and  a  few  crystals  of 
KI  are  added  ;  the  iron  is  rapidly  dissolved,  forming  a  solution 
of  FcoClfl  with  a  little  FeCL  ;  the  liquid  is  diluted  with  water 
and  oxidized  with  bromine  or  HXO3.  The  cooled  liquid  is  then 
filtered  [through  a  tared  filter],  the  collected  insoluble  matter 
washed,  dried  and  weighed.  The  iron  in  the  bulked  filtrate  and 
wasliings  is  precipitated  with  ammonia,  collected,  ignited  and 
weighed  as  FcoOs  in  the  usual  manner.  In  the  filtrate,  lime  is 
then  determined  as  oxalate,  after  the  removal  of  which,  and 
acidifying  with  HCl,  the  sulphuric  acid  present  is  precipitated 
and  weighed  as  BaS04.  Any  carbonate  present  may  be  de- 
tected by  the  effervescence  it  occasions  with  acid.  In  addition 
to  the  above  impurities,  the  loss  on  heating  a  portion  of  the 
sample  should  be  determined,  due  to  possible  presence  of  HaO 
and  CO3. 


CHEMISTRY.  67 

Conine  and  Nicotine,  Distinctive  Reactions  of.  C.  R  e  i- 
chard.  {Pharm.  Gentralh.,  46,  252.)  A  few  drops  of  palla- 
dium chloride  solution  are  spread  out  over  the  surface  of  a 
porcelain  capsule  and  allowed  to  dry  spontaneously.  On  adding 
a  trace  of  nicotine  or  conine  to  the  brown  spot  thus  produced, 
no  change  is  observed  ;  but  if  the  further  addition  of  a  trace  of 
hydrochloric  acid  be  made,  in  the  presence  of  conine,  a  white  tur- 
bidity at  once  appears  and  a  crystalline  mass  is  speedily  formed. 
A  pale  green  colour  appears  on  the  edges  of  the  spot,  which 
persists  for  some  hours.  The  whole  spot  becomes  lighter.  If 
allowed  to  stand  in  a  damp  atmosphere,  the  green  edge  becomes 
yellowish  aiid  the  crystals  of  palladium  chloride  reappear. 
N^icotine  gives  no  such  turbidity  on  first  adding  it  to  the  palla- 
dium chloride  solution  ;  and  no  formation  of  a  crystalline  mass 
takes  place.  On  standing  in  a  moist  atmosphere  a  pale  green 
liquid  is  formed,  which  forms  a  marked  contrast  to  the 
colour  of  the  rest  of  the  palladium  residue.  If  the  bases 
or  their  anhydrous  salts  be  added  to  a  few  particles  of 
finely  powdered  anhydrous  copper  sulphate,  the  whole  mass  is 
coloured  deep  blue  by  conine,  while  with  nicotine  the  whitish 
powder  remains  unaltered.  If  the  salts  of  the  alkaloids  contain 
water,  the  colour  takes  longer  to  develop  with  conine.  The 
tint  given  by  conine  resembles  that  of  ammoniocupric  sulpliate, 
and  the  base  is  entirely  absorbed,  forming  a  dark  blue  crystalline 
mass.  With  nicotine,  the  copper  sulphate  powder  shows  no 
change,  even  after  standing  for  24  hours. 

Conium  maculatum,  Essential  Oil  of.  {HaenseVs  Report,  July, 
1904,  through  Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  558.)  Essential  Oil  of  Conium 
Herb.— The  herb,  without  flowers,  yielded  00765  to  0-0783  per 
cent,  of  dark  brown,  unpleasant  smelling  oil,  with  an  acid  re- 
action ;  sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-9502  ;  acid  value  about  60  ;  saponifi- 
cation value  about  70.  It  deposits  a  solid  stearoptene  at  low 
temperatures.  When  rectified  with  steam,  only  about  25  per 
cent,  distils  ;  the  blackisli  residue  solidifies  on  cooling.  The 
rectified  oil  is  brownish,  acid  in  reaction,  and  has  nearly  the 
same  odour  as  the  crude  product.  Its  sp.  gr.  at  20°C.  is  0-9310  ; 
it  dissolves  readily  in  alcohol  (90  per  cent.),  and  in  about  70  parts 
of  alcohol  (80  per  cent.).     It  contains  free  palmitic  acid. 

Essential  Oil  of  Conium  Fruits.  The  fruits  only  yield  0-0179 
per  cent,  of  blackish-brown  evil-smelling  oil  of  neutral  reaction. 
Sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-8949  ;  saponification  value,  34.      On  rectifying 


68  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

with  steam  51  per  cent,  distils  over  as  a  greenish-yellow  oil  ; 
sp.  gr.  at  lo'C,  0-8313  ;    [a]„-216°. 

Copaiba  Balsam,  Surinam.  L.  van  Itallie.  {Journ. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  337.)  Seven  authentic  specimens  of 
Surinam  copaiba  "  balsam  "  varied  in  colour  from  pale  yellow 
to  yellowish  Ijrown  ;  one  had  a  greenish  tinge  ;  two  had  no 
fluorescence,  the  rest  showed  this  character  in  a  sliglit  degree. 
In  consistence  they  varied  from  syrupy  to  liquid.  The  sp.  gr. 
ranged  from  0-9535  to  0-9611  ;  acid  value,  from  14-65  to  5919; 
saponification  value,  from  25-2  to  75-8  ;  percentage  of  essential 
oil,  from  41  to  71-6  per  cent.  The  "  balsams  "  evidently  be- 
longed to  two  types,  one  thick,  tlie  other  verj'  fluid. 

Surinam  copaiba  is  distinguished  from  Para  and  Maracaibo 
"  balsam  "  by  its  relative  insolubility  in  alcohol  90  per  cent.  A 
characteristic  blue  colour  reaction  is  obtained  on  adding  a  small 
drop  of  H2SO4  to  a  solution  of  one  drop  of  the  copaiba  in  1  c.c. 
of  anhydrous  acetic  acid. 

The  essential  oil  was  found  to  contain  a  sesquiterpene  alcohol, 
which  crystallized  in  the  condenser  towards  the  end  of  the 
distillation  of  the  oleoresin  with  steam.  This  had  the  m.p. 
1 13-5-1 15'C.  and  the  formula  C,5H250H.  It  begins  to  sublime 
at  80°,  and  is  optically  inactive.  This  body  is  evidently  closety 
related  to  the  metacopaivic  acid  of  Keto  and  the  metacholestol 
of  Mach,  Tschirch  and  Weil.  It  is  only  partially  acetj^ized 
when  heated  in  pyridine  solution  with  acetic  anhydride.  The 
liquid  portion  of  the  oil  was  found  to  contain  a  little  cadinene 
and  at  least  two  sesquiterpenes. 

Copaiba  Balsams.  {SchimmeVs  Bejxyrt,  May,  1905,  24.) 
Twenty-four  authentic  specimens  of  Para,  Bahia  and  Angostura 
copaiba  were  found  to  have  the  following  characters  : — 

Para  Balsam.  Sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-9692  ;  [aj^  -41°  20' ;  [7;],^ 
1-51425  ;    acid  value,  60-75  ;    saponification  number,  64-72. 

Bahia  Balsam.  Sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-9603;  [n]D  -f0°18';  [7;]^ 
1-50693  ;    acid  number,  57-9  ;    saponification  number.  67-4. 

Angostura  Balsam.  Sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-9882  ;  [a]^,  +  26  °  15' ; 
[t;],,  1-51603;  acid  number,  86-54  ;  saponification  number,  96-41. 
The  above  saponification  values  were  obtained  by  the  Dieterich 
(cold)  titration  method.  With  hot  saponification  as  official  in 
the  Ph.  G.  IV.  test,  slightly  lower  figures  were  obtained. 


CHEMISTRY.  69 

Essential  Oils.  The  Para  Balsam  yielded  62-5  per  cent  of  oil  ; 
sp.  gr. 0-918  ;  [«J„  —78° 48'.  Bakia  BalsamgSive  61-9  percent,  of 
oil;  sp.  gr.  0-8982;  [o]^  — 9°37'.  Afigostura Balsam  yielded 
52-3  per  cent,  of  faintly  greenish  oil ;  sp.  gr.  0-9161  ;  [«]i,— 
2°20'. 


Copper    Sulphate   for   the    Purification    of    Water  Supplies. 

G.  T.  Moore.  {A7ncr.  Journ.  Pharm.,  76,  553,  579.)  Copper 
sulphate  in  the  pro^^ortion  of  1  :  5,000,000  or  even  1  :  S, 500,000 
has  been  found  practically  efficient  on  the  large  scale  for  destroy- 
ing algae  and  confervoid  growth,  which  frequently  impart  a 
disgusting  taste  and  odour  to  the  water  in  reservoirs  during  the  hot 
weather  of  summer.  In  the  United  States  the  frequency  of 
this  growth  has  proved  a  serious  matter  in  the  case  of  many 
public  water  supplies.  The  algae  appear  suddenly,  develop  with 
great  rapidity,  and  impart  to  the  water  so  marked  a  taste  and 
odour  that  it  becomes  unfit  for  use.  The  bluish-green  forms  are 
stated  to  be  specially  troublesome  in  this  respect,  since  they 
secrete  what  is  considered  to  be  a  volatile  oil,  a  very  minute 
trace  of  which  is  sufficient  to  taint  an  immense  volume  of  water. 
Instances  are  given  in  which  reservoirs  of  water  rendered  un- 
drinkable  by  the  presence  of  these  algse  were  completely  cleared 
in  four  clays  by  treatment  with  copper  sulphate  in  the  proportion 
indicated,  and  the  water  was  rendered  pure  and  drinkable.  Not 
only  does  the  treatment  destroy  the  algse  and  prevent  their 
reajDpearance,  but  it  also  greatly  lessens  the  number  of  other 
micro-organisms  in  the  water.  It  is  claimed  that,  in  this  jno- 
portion,  copper  sulphate  is  absolutely  harmless  to  the  consumers 
of  the  water,  an  opinion  which  is  supported  by  prominent 
therapeutists. 

[This  method  has  proved  most  serviceable  in  destroying  an 
abundant  and  troublesome  confervoid  growth  which  forms 
during  hot  weather  in  the  large  water  reservoirs  of  a  chemical 
factory  in  London.  Its  efficacy  in  this  direction  renders  it 
worthy  of  adoption  for  the  removal  of  vegetable  growths  in  such 
situations,  especially  where  the  water  is  merely  used  solely  for 
condensers  or  coolers. — Editor,  Year-Book.~\ 

Corydalis  cava  and  C.  solida  Herb,  New  Alkaloids  from.  J. 
G  a  d  a  m  e  r  and  0.  H  a  a  r  s.  [Archiv  der  Pharm.,  243,  154.) 
In  addition  to  the  bases  of  the  corydaline  group  and  bulbo- 


70  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

capuine,  previously  found  in  the  roots  or  riiizonies  of  Corydalis, 
the  aerial  portions  of  the  herb  are  found  to  contain  two  new 
bases.  One,  C.-iH^iNOg,  forms  small  white  crystals,  m.p.  230°C.  ; 
it  is  lavorotatory  [a]  •^'  —  112-8 ^  whereas  all  the  other  corydalis 
alkaloids  hitherto  isolated  have  been  dextrorotatory.  The  other 
new  base,  C21H23NO7,  was  isolated  from  the  mother  hquors  of 
the  preceding  base;  it  has  the  [a],-«  +115-5°.  The  authors 
could  not  detect  protopine  m  the  aerial  portions  of  Corydalis  cava. 


Cream  of  Tartar,  Adulterated.  E.  J.  M  i  1 1  a  r  d  .  {Chcm. 
arid  Drugg.,  65,  399.)  The  sample  of  cream  of  tartar  examined 
was  not  perfectly  soluble  in  water  even  when  heated,  and  was 
found  to  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  maize  starch, 
readily  recognizable  by  the  usual  tests.  One  Gm.  requu-ed 
only  4-1  c.c.  of  the  volumetric  solution  of  caustic  soda  for 
neutralization,  and  a  corresponding  reduction  occurred  in  the 
quantity  of  acid  required  to  neutralize  the  soluble  ash.  A 
minute  quantity  with  a  drop  of  iodine  water  on  a  glass  slide 
showed  the  starch  grains  very  distinctly  under  the  micro- 
scope. 

Cupric   Sulphate,   Detection  of  Ferrous  Sulphate  in. — C  r  o  u  - 

z  e  1.  {Aimales  de  Chim.  Analyt.,  9,  422.)  On  mixing  equal 
volumes  of  10  per  cent,  solutions  of  the  cupric  sulphate  to  be 
tested,  and  of  sodium  thiosulphata,  if  the  copper  salt  be  pure, 
a  bright  green  precipitate  slightly  tinted  with  yellow  is  obtamed, 
in  24  hours  this  will  have  become  bright  yellow,  and  the  sides  of 
the  tub3  will  be  dotted  with  crystals  of  cupric-sodium  hyposulphite 
or  Lenz's  salt.  If  iron  be  present  as  an  impurity,  the  precipitate 
wiU  be  partly  ochre  yellow.  By  adding  the  thiosulphate  in 
excess  to  the  copper  solution,  so  that  the  precipitate  is  redissolved 
and  a  colourless  liquid  obtained,  and  then  adding  KiFeCye 
solution,  an  immediate  pale  blue  precipitate  results  in  the 
presence  of  iron,  while  if  zinc  be  present  a  white  flocculent 
precipitate  is  formed. 


Cypress,  Essential  Oil  of.  Constituents  of.  {SchimmeV s  Ee- 
port,  October,  1904,  22.)  German  distilled  cypress  oil  is  found  to 
contain  furfural,  dextropinene  ;  dextro-camphene  ;  dextro- 
sylvestrene  ;    cymene  ;    a  ketone  ;    possibly  sabinol ;    a  terpene 


CHEMISTRY.  71 

alcohol  (0  dextroterpineol ;  an  ester,  probably  an  acetate; 
valerianic  acid  ;  laevocadinene  ;  a  sesquiterpene  alcohol,  cypress 
camphor,  and  a  body  with  an  odour  resembling  ladanum.  The 
original  oil  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-8916  at  15°C.  ;  [a]y  +  16°  27' ;  acid 
value,  1-88  ;  ester  value,  19-53  ;  acetyl  value,  48-48  ;  solubility 
in  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  1  :  2-5.  A  French  distilled  oil  was  found 
to  have  the  sp.gr.  0-8680  at  15-5°C.  ;  [a]„  +26°  13' ;  ester  value, 
5-31  ;  acetyl  value,  10-25  ;  solubility  in  alcohol  90  per  cent., 
1  :  5-5  and  more.  The  value  of  the  oil  as  a  remedy  for  whooping 
cough  is  confirmed.     (See  also  Y ear-Book,  1904,  76,  201.) 

Diphenylcarbacide  as  a  Reagent  for  Molybdenum.    E.  L  e- 

c  o  c  q.  {Bidl.  Assoc.  Beige  de  Chim.,  through  Merck's  Report, 
18,  59.)  By  the  addition  of  1  or  2  drops  of  an  alcoholic  solution 
of  diphenylcarbacide  to  a  solution  of  ammonium  molybdate 
acidified  with  HCl  a  fine  indigo  violet  colour  reaction  is  produced, 
and,  with  more  of  the  reagent,  a  precipitate  of  the  same  colour. 
By  this  means  the  presence  of  0-00007  per  ceut.  of  ammonium 
molybdate  is  said  to  be  detectable. 

The  reaction  is  not  obtained  with  aqueous  solution  of  diphenyl 
carbacide,  nor  does  it  occur  with  a  benzol  solution,  but  the 
latter  reacts  with  copper.  Tungsten,  titanium  and  vanadium 
give  no  colour  reaction. 

Elder  Flowers,  Stearoptene  of  the  Essential  Oil  of.  {HaenseVs 
Report,  April,  1905,  7.)  The  odourless  stearoptene  of  elder- 
flower  oil,  which  is  sparingly  soluble  in  absolute  alcohol,  consists 
of  a  mixture  of  palmitic  acid  and  hydrocarbons  ;  the  latter 
consist  chiefly  of  tricosan,  C23H48. 

Elemis,  Summary  of  the  Investigation  of.    A.  T  s  c  h  i  r  c  h 

and  0.  S  a  a  1.  {Archiv  der  Pharm.,  242,  066.)  The  authors 
thus  summarize  in  tabular  form  the  constituents  isolated  in  the 
investigation  of  the  various  elemis  : — 


C  CO 
to    I 

^i 

Mo 

go 


©  <B     I  S 


^,o 

;^° 

^? 

•V? 

So 

go 

«  U3 

©  lO 

S"* 

S"* 

an 

U 

e   1 

9g 

?-  M 

"a! 

^o 

i:0 

i:l4 


d 


I 


>-.q 


-a  o^"    -a  b^ 


S-.P      "O 


o    I 

s  -? 

£  O 

1  ° 

40 


Ti 

0"^ 

0 

C} 

m 

ho 

0 

u 

K 

t ; 

u 

-a 

•vP 

0 

00 

"o  O 
•o   S 


0--0 


¥   I 


so 


Sq 

00 


sq 

-2   ^ 
S  S 


Is 

6  g 


to 


So 


i      I 


_o  O 


c3  ff-l 


oq 
s  s 


??q 


^o 


•c-^' 

.5  m 

■:^^ 

c-^' 

.s« 

.g 

S  (M 

Cm 

Cec 

'Z^ 

>.o 
g"^ 

0 

>. 

>i 

-•S 

>.o 

■5 

(SO 

la 

0    0 

^q 

0  «= 

iq 

"o   S 
ow 

50 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

•^ 

'S 

g 

(D 

S 

a 

5 
^£ 

a  0 

5 

g 

d  J 
s 

c 
0 

3 

5'= 
0  - 
._  & 

s 

? 

5 

C 

f^ 

>^ 

^ 

0 

O 

c 
0 

0 

CHEMISTRY. 


73 


Of  the  acids,  a-manelemisic  acid  and  tacelemisic  acid  have 
the  formula  CavHcoOi  and  the  m.p.  215°C.  Caricleminic  acid, 
coleleminic  acid,  and  careleniinic  acid  have  the  same  m.p.  215°C. 
as  this,  but  the  formula  C39H5GO4. 

The  following  all  have  the  formula  C37H^i>04  and  the  m.p. 
l20-122°C.  :  a-iso-colelemic,  /3-iso-colelemisic,  a-iso-tacelemisic, 
y8-iso-tacelemisic,  carelemisic  and  carielemisic  acids. 

Afelemisic  acid  stainds  alone  with  the  formula  C44H90O4  and 
the  m.p.  97-98°C. 

The  following  melt  at  about  75°C.  :  /?-manelemic  acid, 
C44H80O4  ;  also  isocarieleminic  and  isoearelemic  acids,  with  the 
common  formula  C3c,H5604. 

Eucalyptus,  Essential  Oil  of,  adulterated  with  Castor  Oil.    C. 

T.  Bennett.  {Cliem.  and  Drwjg.,  66,  33.)  Specimens  of 
oil,  which  answered  the  official  characters  and  tests,  were  sus- 
pected on  account  of  their  high  sp.  gr.,  0-917  to  0-919,  and 
low  cineol  content,  38  to  45  per  cent.  When  submitted  to 
fractional  distillation  under  reduced  pressure,  an  oily  residue 
was  obtained  which  was  identified  as  castor  oil.  One  sample 
of  the  oil  contained  nearly  20  per  cent.,  others  from  12  to  15 
per  cent. 

Eucalyptus,  Oils  of  [Constituents  of  Essential  Oils  of  Various 
Species].  R.  T.  Baker  and  H.  G.  Smith.  {SchimmeVs  Iteport, 
Oct.,  1904,  31-37. )  The  authors  have  summarized  in  tabular  form 
the  results  of  their  investigation  of  the  essential  oils  of  various 
species  of  Eucalyptus  : — 


Botanical 
Name. 

Vernacular 
Name. 

Geograplural 
Origin. 

Average 

percentage 

of  Oil. 

Principal  Chemical 
Constituents. 

E.  tessellaris 
F.  V.  M. 

Moreton  Bay, 
Ash 

Narrabri, 

N.S.W. 

0-151 

Pinene, 
pene. 

sesquiter- 

E.  trachyphloia 
F.  V.  M. 

Bloodwood 

Murrumbo 
N.S.W. 

0-199 

Pinene, 
pene. 

sesquiter- 

E.  exirnia 
R.  T.  B. 

White  Blood- 
wood 

Sprmgwood 
N.S.W. 

0-462 

Pinene. 

E.  hotryoides 
Sm. 

Bastard    Ma- 
hogany 

Milton, 

■  N.S.W. 

0-086 

d-Pinone. 

E.  rohusta  Sm. 

Swamp     Ma- 
hogany 

La  Perouse, 
N.S.W. 

0-161 

Pinene. 

74 


YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 


Botanical 
Name. 


Vernacular  Geographical   I^Jt^^t^m.         Principal  Chemical 

Name.  Origin.         ^^JS  vlri  Constitiipnts. 


E.  aaligna  Sm.  Blue  Gum 

E.nova-anglica   BlackPepper- 

D.  &  M.  mint 

E.  umbra  A  Stringy- 

R.  T.  B.  bark 

E  .dextropinea  Stringybark 
R.  T.  B.          1 


E.    wilkinsoni-    Small  Leaved 
ana  R.  T.  B.        Stringybark 

E.  laevopinea    I  Silver  Top 
R.  T.  B.  Stringybark. 

E.  Bduerleni 
F.  V.  M. 


E.  propinqua 
D.  &M. 

E.  affinis 
D.  &  M. 

E.  paludosa 
R.  T.  B. 


E.  lactea 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  intertexta 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  maculata 
Hook 

E.quadrangu- 
lata  D.  &  M. 

E.  conica 
D.  &  M. 

E.  bosistoana 
F.  V.  M. 

E.eugenioides 
Sieb 

E.  resinifera 
Sm. 

E .polyanthemd  Red  Box 
Sieb 

E.  hehriuna         Mallee  Gum 
F.  V.  M. 


Brown  Gum 
Grey  Gum 
Black  Box 
Swamp  Gum 

Spotted  Gum 

Gum  or  Red 
Gum 

Spotted   Gum 

Grey  Box 

Box 

Box 

White 

Stringybark 

Mahogany 


Origin 

Gosford, 
N.S.VV. 

Walcha, 
N.S.W. 

Lismore, 
N.S.W. 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Rylstone, 
N.S.W. 

Monga, 
N.S.W. 

Woodbum, 
N.S.W. 

Grenfell, 
N.S.W. 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.  S.W. 

Ilford, 
N.S.W. 

Nyngan, 
N.S.W. 

Currawang 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Milton, 
N.S.W. 

Parkes, 
N.S.W. 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Canterbiu'y, 
N.S.W. 

Gosford, 
N.S.W. 

Pambula,     I 
N.S.W. 

Wyalon.', 
N.S.W. 


of  Oil. 
0-241 
0-51 
0-1615 
0-798 

101 


0-684 
0-587 
0-968 

0-742 
0-302 
0-825 
0-614 


Pinene. 

Terpenes. 

Pinene,  al.so  an  acetic 
acid  ester. 

d-Pinene. 
1-Pinene. 
1-Pinene. 


Terpenes,    cineol, 
chiefly  the  former. 


Terpenes. 

Pmene,  cineol. 

Pinene,     cineol, 
chiefly  the  former. 

Pinene,  cineol. 

Pinene,  cineol. 

Pinene,      cineol, 
cliiefly  the  former. 

Terpenes,  cineol. 


Pinene,  cineol. 


CHEMISTRY. 


16 


Botanical 

Xanie. 

Vernacular 
Name. 

Geographical    ' 
Origin.         ' 

Average  | 

jercentage 

of  Oil. 

Prinoipal  Chemical 
Const  itueuts. 

E.rossi  R.T.B. 
and  H.  G.  S. 

White  or 
Brittle  Gum 

Bathurst, 
N.S.W. 

0-65 

Pinene,  eineol,  also 
piperitone.i 

E.  pendula 
A.  Cunn. 

Red  Box 

Nyngan, 
N.S.W. 

0-67 

Pinene,  cineol,chiefly 
the  latter. 

E.  dealbata 
A.  Cunn. 

Cabbage  or 
MountainGum 

Condobolin, 

N.S.W. 

0-856 

Pinene,  eineol, chiefly 
the  latter. 

E.rostrata  Sohl. 
var.  borealis 
R.  T.  B.  and 
H.  G.  S. 

River  Red 

Gum 

Nyngan, 
N.S.W. 

1-OGI 

Pinene,  eineol. 

E.  maculosa 
R.  T.  B. 

Spotted  Gum 

Bungen- 
dore, 

N.S.W. 

0-846 

Pinene,  eineol. 

E.  camphora 
R.  T.  B. 

Sallow 

Delegate, 
N.S.W. 

0-836 

Cineol. 

E.  punctata 
D.  C. 

Grey  Gum 

Canterbiu-y, 
N.S.W. 

0-781 

Pinene,  cineol. 

E.  squamosa, 
D.  &  M. 

Ironwood 

National 
Park, 
N.S.W. 

O-GiS 

E.bridgesiana 
R.  T.  B. 

Apple  or 
Woollybutt. 

Ilford, 
N.S.W. 

0-619 

■  Cineol. 

E.  goniocalyx 
F.  V.  M. 

Mountain 
Gum 

Monga, 
N.S.W. 

0-881 

^.  bicolur 
A.  Cunn. 

Bastard  Box 

St.  Mary's, 
N.S.W. 

0-52 

i 

E.  viminalis, 
var.  (a) 

— 

Crook  well, 
N.S.W. 

0-701     1 

Pinene,  cineol,  ben- 
zaldehyde?) 

E.  populifolia 
F.  V.  M. 

Poplar  Leaved 
Box 

Nyngan, 
N.S.W. 

0-758 

\ 

E.  longifolia 
Fink  ■ 

Woollybutt 

Canterbui-y, 
N.S.W. 

0-535 

£.  niaideni 
F.  V.  M. 

Blue  Gum 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

1-304 

,  Cineol. 

Z?.  globulus 

Blue  Gum 

Jenolan, 
N.S.W. 

0-745 

E.  pulverulentu 
Sims 

-■ 

Bathurst, 
N.S.W. 

2-22 

E.  cinerea 
F.  V.  M. 

Argyle  Apple 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

1-20 

Cineol,  some  valeric 
ester. 

E.  cordata 
Labill 

— 

Tasmania 

2-32 

Cineol. 

1  With  the  name  "  piperitone  '  Baker  and  Smith  designate  a  con- 
stituent with  a  peppermint-like  odour,  which  is  present  in  various 
eucalyptus  oils. 


76 


YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 


Botanical 
Name 

Vernacular 
Name. 

Geographical 
Origin. 

Average 

percentage 

of  oil. 

Principal  Chemical 
Constituents. 

E.  morriaii 
R.  T.  B. 

A',  smithii 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  sideroxylon 
A.  Cunn. 

Grey  Mallee 

Giillv  Ash    or 
White  Top 

Red    Flower- 
ing Iron 
Bark 

Gerilam- 
bonet, 
N.S.W. 

JMonga, 
N.S.W. 

Liverpool, 
N.S.W. 

1-60 

1-434 
0-537 

"  Cineol. 
Pinene,  cineol. 

E.  cambagei 
D.  &  M. 

Bastard  Box 
or  Bundy 

Bathurst, 
N.S.W. 

0-735 

Cineol,  some  aroma- 
dendral. 

E.  polyhractea 
R.  T.  B. 

Blue  Mallee 

Wyalong, 
N.S.W. 

0-135 

Pinene,  cineol,  aro- 
madendral. 

E.  dumosa 
A.  Ciinn. 

Wliite  Mallee 

Coolabah, 
N.S.W. 

I-OO 

Terpenes,  ciiieol, 
aromadendral. 

E.  oloesa 
F.  V.  M. 

Red  or  Water 
Mallee 

Nyngan, 
N.S.W. 

0-97 

Pinene,  cineol,  aro- 
madendral. 

E.  cneorifolia 
D.  C. 

— 

Kangaroo 
Island 

— 

Pinene,  cineol,  aro- 
madendrol. 

E.  stricta 
Sieb. 

Mountain 
Mallee 

Blue 
Moimtains 
N.S.W. 

0-494 

Cineol. 

E.  meUiodora 
A.  Cunn. 

Yellow  Box 

Rylston, 
N.S.W. 

0-676 

Pinene,  cineol,  fre- 
quently phellan- 
drene. 

E.    ovalifolia 
var.     lanceo- 
lata  R.  T.  B. 

Red  Box 

Camboon, 
N.S.W. 

0-579 

Pinene,  cineol,  phel- 
landreue. 

E.  risdoni 
Hook  f. 

Risdon         or 
Drooping 
Gum 

Tasmania 

1-348 

Cineol,  phellandrene, 
piperitone. 

E.    punctata 
D.  C.       var. 
didyina 
R.  T.  B.      & 
H.  G.  S. 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

0-428 

Pinene,  cineol,  aro- 
madendral. 

E.  gracilis 
F.  V.  M. 

A  Mallee 

Gunbar, 
N.S.W. 

1-06 

Terpenes,  a  small  qty. 
aromadendral. 

E.  viridis 
R.  T.  B. 

Green  Mallee 

Gerilam- 
bone  and 
Nyngan, 
N.S.W. 

0-449 

'  Aromadendral. 

E.  albens,  Mig. 

White  Box 

Rylston, 
N.S.W. 

0-101 

E.  hemiphloia 
F.  V.  M. 

Box 

Behnore, 
N.S.W. 

0-554 

Pinene,  cineol,  aro- 
madendral. 

E.  viminalis 
Labill 

Manna  Gum 

Cadia, 
N.S.W. 

0-354 

Phellandrene,  cineol . 

CHEMISTRY. 


77 


Botanical 
Name. 


Vernacular 
Name. 


Geograpliical 
Origin. 


Average 
percentage 
of  Oil.     i 


E.  rostrata 
Sch. 


E.  oraUfolia 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  daivsoni 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  nngophoroi- 
des  "R.  T.  B. 

E.  fastigata 
D.  &  M. 

E.  7nacrorhyn- 
cha  F.  V.  M. 

E.  capitellata 
Sm. 

E.  nigra 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  pilularis 
Sm. 


E.  acmenoides 
Sch. 

E.  fraxinoides 
H.  D.  & 
J.  H.  M. 

E.  fletcheri 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  microtheca 
F.  V.  M. 

E.  hcemastoma 
Sm. 

E.  crebra 
F.  V.  M. 


E.  piperita 
Sm. 


Murray  Red 
Gum 


Slaty  Gum 

Apple  Topped 
Box 

Cut  Tail 


Red  Stringy- 
bark 

Brown 

Stringj^bark 

Black 
Stringybark 

Blaekbutt 


AVhite  Maho- 
gany 

White  Ash 


Lignum  Vitae 
or  Box 

Coolybah     or 
Tangoon 

White  or 
Scribbly 
Gum 

Narrow 
Leaved  Tron- 
bark 

The  Sydnej^ 
Peppermint 


E.  amygdalina    JMessmate 
Labill. 


E.  vitrea 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  luehman- 
niana  F.  v.  M. 


White  Top 
Messmate 


Alvurv, 
N.S.W 


Rylstone, 
X.S.W. 

Bvlong, 
X.S.W. 

TowTang, 
N.S.W. 

Monga, 
N.S.W. 

Rvlstone, 
N.S.W. 

Canterbury, 
N.S.W.  ■ 

Woodburn, 
N.S.W. 

Belmore, 
I     N.S.W. 

1 
Lismore, 
N.S.W. 

^Monga, 
I     N.S.W. 

j  Thirlmere, 
N.S.W. 

Narrabri, 
N.S.W 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Rylstone, 
N.S.W. 

Gosford, 
N.S.W. 

! 

Moss  Vale, 
j     N.S.W. 

Crook  well, 
N.S.W. 

National 
Park, 
N.S.W. 


Principal  Chemical 
Constituents. 


0  2'H) 

0-210 

0-172 

0-185 

0-203 

0-272 

0-103 

0-0295 

0-13 

0-358 
0-985 

0-352 
0-150 
0-241 

0159 

0-627 

3393 

1-48 

0-289 


Cliiefly  terpenes;  also 
cineol  and  aroma- 
dendral,  sometimas 
phellandrene. 

Pinene,  cineol,  phel- 
landrene. 

Phellandrene,  sesqui- 
terpene. 

Terpenes,  among 
which  phellandrene. 

Pinene,  phellandrene 
eudesmol. 

Terpenes,  cineol, 

eudesmol. 

Terpenes,  small  quan- 
tities of  cineol. 

Phellandrene. 

Terpenes,  also  an  as 
yet  unknown  alco- 
hol. 

Terpenes,  among 
which  phellandrene. 


\  Terepenes,  chiefly 
phellandrene. 


Phellandrene,  sesqui- 
terpene. 

Pinene,  phellandrene 
cineol. 

Pinene,  phellandrene, 
cineol,  eudesmol 
and  piperitone. 

Phellandrene,  cineol 
and  piperitone. 

Phellandrene,  cineol. 
"Phellandrene. 


YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 


Botanical 
Name. 


E.  coriacea 
A.  Cunn. 

E.  sieberiana 
F.  V.  M. 

E.  oreades 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  dives  Sch. 


E.  radiata 
Sieh. 

E.  delegatensis 
R.  T.  B. 


Vernacular 
Name. 


Geographical 
Origin. 


Average  ! 

percentage! 

ofOU. 


Principal  Chemical 
C!onstituents. 


E.  ohliqua 
L'Her. 

E.  stellitlata 
Sieb. 

E.  rtiacarthuri 
H.  D.  and 
J.  H.  M. 

E.  virgnta 
Sieb. 

E.patentinervis 
R.  T.  B. 

E.  apiculata 
R.  T.  B.  and 
H.  G.  S. 

E.  citriodora 
Hook. 


Cabbage  Gum 
Mountain  Ash 


I 
A    Mountain 

Ash 

Broad  Leaved  j 
Peppermint 

White  Top 
Peppermint 

White  Ash, 
Silver  Top 
Mountain, 

Ash 

Stringvbark 


Ilford, 
N.S.W. 

Barber's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Lawson, 
N.S.W. 

Pagan's 
Creek, 
N.S.W. 

Monga, 
N.S.W. 

Delegate, 
Mountain 
N.S.W. 

Monga, 
N.S.W. 

Rylstone, 
I     N.S.W. 

Paddy  River     Wingello, 
Box  N.S.W. 


0-4.'52       Phellandrene,  piperi- 
tone. 


Lead  Gum 


Mahogany 


Citron 
Scented 
Gum 


Springwood, 
N.S.W. 

Belmore, 
N.S.W. 

Berrima, 
N.S.W. 

Sydney 
N.S.\V. 


0-421 

lie, 

2-233 

1-641 
l-7<i 

0-677     P 

Phellandrene, 
piperitone. 


quantity  aromaden- 
dral. 

0-293       Phellandrene. 
0-112       Geranjl  acetate. 

0-283        Eudesmol. 

0-254  Terpenes,  citral  and 
an  as  yet  unknown 
alcohol. 

0-296       Terpenes,  piperitone. 
0-586       Citronellal. 


Eucalyptus   occidentalis  Bark  (Mallet  Bark).  E.  M.  H  o  1  m  e  s. 

[Pharm.  Journ.  [4J.  20,  141.)  Specimens  of  this  bark  and  of  the 
powdered  form  in  whicli  it  is  prepared  for  commercial  use  have 
recently  been  presented  to  the  Museum  of  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society  by  P.  Appleyard,  of  Albany,  W.  Australia.  During 
the  last  few  years  this  bark  has  attracted  considerable  attention 
as  a  tannins  mater'al.  which  it  is  believed  will  rival  "  mimosa  " 
bark  in  utility,  whilst  it  may  be  produced  at  a  cheaper  rate. 


CHEMISTRY.  79 

There  seems  to  have  been  some  ignorance  concerning  its  botanical 
source,  since  in  Der  Gerber,  xxx.  349  it  is  referred  to  the  Jasmi- 
num  samhac,  N.O.  Oleacese,  an  error  which  has  probably  arisen 
from  the  assumption  that  the  Australian  name  is  a  corruption 
of  the  name  given  to  that  climber  in  the  Straits  Settlements,  viz., 
"  Malati  "  or  "  Melati,"  and  from  an  imperfect  acquaintance 
with  the  microscopical  characteis  of  the  barks  of  different  natu- 
ral orders  of  plants.  Appleyard  has  set  any  doubts  at  rest, 
since  he  has  sent  dried  flowering  specimens  of  the  jDlant  from 
which  the  bark  is  derived,  for  the  Herbarium  of  the  Society. 
These  certainly  belong,  as  he  points  out,  to  the  Eucalyptus  occi- 
dentaUs,  Endl.,  the  local  or  vernacular  name  of  which,  in  Albany, 
is  the  mallet  tree. 

The  bark  has  hitherto  been  chiefly  exported  from  Fremantle, 
W.  Australia,  and  previously  to  the  present  year  to  the  extent  of 
about  500  to  600  tons  per  annum.  During  the  present  year, 
according  to  Der  Gerber,  the  export  has  reached  4,000  to  5,000 
tons.  Appleyard  states  that  during  the  present  year  about 
50,000  tons  have  been  collected  and  dried.  The  bark  is 
in  quilled  pieces  several  inches  long,  dark  greyish-brown  exter- 
nally, but  of  a  pale  buff  brown  tint  where  bi'oken.  The  fracture 
is  very  short,  slightly  laminated,  and  the  taste  astringent.  The 
thin  grey  periderm  easily  scales  off.  The  periderm  is  in  many 
pieces  abundantly  covered  with  small  circular  depressed  warts 
mostly  perforated  in  tlie  centre,  which  appear  to  have  been 
formed  by  some  insect.  The  bark,  judging  from  its  thickness, 
which  is  on  the  average  about  5  to  6  mm.,  is  probably  derived 
from  comparatively  young  trunks.  From  some  specimens  of 
mallet  bark  received  from  H.  R.  Procter,  of  Leeds,  it  is 
evident  that  some  of  the  bark  hitherto  imported  under  this 
name  has  been  derived  from  other  species  of  Eucalyptus,  his 
specimen  being  much  more  fibrous  in  character,  of  a  darker 
])rown  colour,  and  not  having  a  defoliating  periderm.  A  West 
Australian  bark,  named  morrelbark,  containing,  according  to 
Procter's  analysis,  44  per  cent,  of  tanning  matter,  approaches 
sufficiently  near  in  character  to  the  mallet  bark  to  indicate 
that  it  belongs  to  a  nearly  allied  species  of  Eucalyptus. 

The  analyses  of  the  bark  given  in  Der  Gerber  indicate  the 
following  percentages  of  tannin  available  for  leather  manufacture, 
viz.  young  bark,  35  per  cent.  ;  medium  bark,  40  to  50  per  cent.  ; 
old  bark,  39  to  70  per  cent.  ;  giving  an  average  of  about  38 
per  cent.     Appleyard,  however,  gives  30  per  cent,  only  as  the 


80  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

average  of  the  bark  sent  by  him.  A  specimen  of  the  powdered 
bark  sent  by  him  and  anatysed  by  H.  R.  Procter  gave  tanning 
matter  absorbed  by  hide,  54-5  per  cent.  ;  soluble  nontanning 
matter,  80  ;  matter  insoluble  in  water  at  15°C.,  25-3  per  cent., 
and  11-6  per  cent,  water.  The  tintometer  colour  measurement 
of  solution  containing  0-5  per  cent,  of  tanning  matter  in  1  cm. 
cell  is  given  as  red  30,  yellow  8-6.  Procter  adds  that  tliere 
is  no  question  that  "it  is  one  of  the  strongest  natural  tamiing 
materials  we  liave  had  through  our  hands." 

The  tanning  matter  when  extracted  has  a  cinnamon-brown 
colour.  It  is  said  to  act  quickly  and  easily,  and  to  tan  fully. 
But  there  appears  to  be  some  doubt  as  to  the  best  method  of 
using  it,  since  one  Australian  tanner  states  that  it  requires  to  be 
used  like  valonia  in  conjunction  with  other  tanning  materials, 
for  if  used  alone  it  makes  a  hard  thin  leather  that  becomes  very 
brittle.  The  fact,  however,  that  the  demand  for  the  bark  has  in- 
creased so  rapidly  since  its  introduction  indicates  that  if  used  in 
proper  propartions  and  under  suitable  conditions  it  is  a  valuabla 
tanning  material.  As  the  bark  is  easily  powdered  and  the  powder 
easily  exhausted  of  its  tannin  by  cold  water  and  the  leather  pro- 
duced by  it  is  of  a  pale  colour,  it  evidently  possesses  considerable 
advantages,  and  if  it  can  be  produced  at  a  cheaper  rate  than 
mimosa  bark,  may  become  a  strong  competitor  of  that  widely- 
used  tanning  material. 

Eucalyptus  polybractea,  Essential  Oil  of.  J.  C.  U  m  n  e  y  and 

C.  T.  B  e  n  n  e  1 1.  {Phann.  Journ.  [4],  20,  143.)  An  authentic 
specimen  of  the  oil  from  New  South  Wales  had  the  following 
characters.  Sp.  gr.  0-929  ;  Cineol  percentage  as  determined  by 
Scammell's  process,  79  to  80;  [a]  +0.  The  oil  was  absolutely 
free  from  any  irritating  odour,  due  to  the  absence  of  aldehydes, 
and  is  very  rich  in  cineol. 

As  a  rule,  with  oils  of  very  high  eucalyptol  value  there  is  an 
association  of  cuminic  aldehyde,  but  in  this  particular  case  there 
is  practically  none  present,  as  indicated  by  odour  and  behaviour 
of  the  oil  with  sodium  acid  sulphite,  although  a  shght  reaction  for 
an  aldehyde  was  obtained  with  Schiff's  reagent.  Judged  by 
its  cineol  content,  the  oil  of  this  species  appears  to  be  of  very 
highest  medicinal  value — not  even  second  to  the  oil  of 
Eucalyptus  globulus. 

Fagara  octandra,  Essential  Oil  of.  [SchimmeVs  Report,  May, 
1905,  82.)     The  oil  from  the  wood  of  this  Mexican  tree  is  bright 


CHEMISTRY.  81 

yellow  in  colour  and  has  the  odour  of  linalol.  Sp.  gr.  at  15°C., 
0-922  [a]  +  2°  30'  ;  ester  value,  6-09  ;  solubility  in  alcohol, 
90  per  cent.,  2  :  1  cloudy  on  adding  more  solvent. 

Ferric  Chloride  Solution,  Volumetric  Titration  of.— M  o  i  e  a  u 
(Bidl.  8oc.  Pharm.,  through  Annales  de  Chim.  Anahjt.,  9,  264.) 
The  method  is  based  on  the  equation — 

Fe.'Cle  +  2NaoSo03  =  NaoS406  +  2NaCl  +  2FeCl2, 

and  the  fact  that  only  ferric  salts  give  a  violet  colour  with  salicy- 
lates. The  above  reaction  does  not  occur  on  simple  admixture 
except  on  boiling,  but  in  the  presence  of  a  few  drops  of  CuSOi 
the  reduction  takes  place  at  once,  in  the  cold. 

Five  Gm.  of  the  solution  to  be  tested  is  weighed  off,  treated 
with  about  2  c.c.  of  pure  HCl,  and  made  up  to  exactly  80  c.c. 
with  distilled  water.  Ten  c.c.  of  this  is  taken,  diluted  with  20 
to  30  c.c.  of  distilled  water,  0-10  Gm.  of  sodium  sahcylate  dis- 
solved in  a  little  water  is  added,  then  10  drops  of  10  per  cent. 
CUSO4  solution.  The  mixture  is  then  titrated  with  N/10 
NagSoOa  until  the  violet  colour  disappears,  and  the  blue  of  the 
CuSOi  is  evident.  Each  0-1  c.c.  of  N/ 10  NaoSoOs  used  indicates 
the  amount  per  cent,  of  FeoCle  present  in  the  original  solution. 

Ferrous  and  Ferric  Arsenates.  W.  D  u  n  c  a  n.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  20,  71.)  In  view  of  the  unstable  nature  of  the  official 
ferrous  arsenate  it  is  proposed  to  substitute  for  it  the  more  stable 
ferric  salt,  since  the  compound  is  generally  prescribed,  not  for  its 
iron  content,  but  as  a  means  of  administering  arsenic. 

Ferric  arsenate  was  prepared  from  ferric  sulphate.  The 
freshly  precipitated  salt  is  dull  white,  insoluble,  and  becomes 
greyish  on  drying  in  a  water-bath,  but  if  heated  above  100°C. 
tends  to  redden. 

Analysis  of  the  air-dried  salt  gave  the  formula  FeAs04H20. 
of  the  water-bath  dried  salt  FeAsO^.  The  hydrated  salt  is 
readily  soluble  in  ammonia,  the  anhydrous  slowly,  but,  in  time, 
completely.  Both  effervesce  with  alkali  bicarbonate  and  form 
water-soluble  compounds,  from  whicli  ferric  arsenate  can  be  re- 
precipitated  by  the  addition  of  acids.  Hydrated  ferric  arsenate 
is  therefore  an  acid,  which  explains  the  effervesence  that  follows 
when  oxidized  ferrous  arsenate  is  added  to  a  bicarbonate. 

To  determine  its  basicity  a  weighed  quantity  was  dissolved  in 
excess  of  ammonia,  and  the  excess  determined  by  N/10  H2SO4. 

G 


82  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

0-25  Gm.  ferric  arsenate  combined  with  0045  Gm.  NH3.  An 
acid  corresponding  to  the  formula  HoFeOAsO^  would  require 
0-040  NH3  to  form  the  salt  {NH4),FeOAs04.  2-0  Gm.  combined 
with  0-33  NH3.  An  acid  corresponding  to  the  above  formula 
would  require  0-33  NH3  for  saturation.  The  alkali  combinations 
are  not  very  stable,  and  decompose  on  largely  dilutmg  with 
water.  If  a  strong  neutral  solution  of  the  ammonia  salt  be 
added  to  ferrous  sulphate  an  insoluble  salt  very  similar  in  colour 
to  commercial  ferrous  arsenate  is  produced,  but  it  does  not  cause 
effervescence  with  potassium  bicarbonate,  and  when  added  to 
alkali  hydroxides  decomposes  and  precipitates  ferrous  hydroxide. 
It  is  apparently  ferrous  ferri-arsenate  FeFeOAsOi-  Hydrated 
ferric  arsenate  is  analogous  to  ferric  citrate — a  dibasic  acid,  or 
tribasic  arsenic  acid  with  one  of  the  hydrogens  replaced  by 
ferryl  FeO.     That  is  As02FeO(OH)2. 

The  properties  of  ferric  arsenate  throw  some  hght  on  the  de- 
composition of  ferrous  arsenate.  It  is  probable  that  the  com- 
bined action  of  air,  moisture,  and  heat  causes  a  partial  change 
into  ferrous  ferric  arsenate  and  ferric  arsenate  which  might  be 
expressed  by  the  following  equation  : — 

Fe32As04  +  0  +  HoO  =  FeFeOAsOi  +  FeAs04HoO. 

The  ferrous  ferric  arsenate  further  undergoes  hydrolysis  into 
ferrous  hydi'oxide  and  ferric  arsenate,  the  hydroxide  finally  pass- 
ing into  ferric  oxide. 

The  present  quantitative  test  for  ferrous  arsenate — percentage 
of  ferrous  iron — has  been  repeatedly  condemned.  Records  for 
the  past  twenty  years  show  variations  from  4-5  to  14  per  cent,  of 
ferrous  arsenate,  the  average  lying  between  10  and  12  per  cent. 
One  (a  twenty-year-old  sample)  contained  merely  traces  of  fer- 
rous iron,  while  another  recent  sample  contained  over  25  per  cent. 
Nieholls  {Year-Booh,  1903,  572)  found  in  twenty-eight  samples 
a  range  from  5-78  to  32-84  per  cent.,  and  total  arsenic  25-39  to 
30-85  per  cent. 

It  has  been  suggested  to  make  the  arsenic  content  the  standard 
for  the  salt.  This  merely  shifts  the  difficulty,  for  the  arsenic 
content  must  be  a  variable  quantity,  though  not  to  the  same  ex- 
tent as  the  ferrous  iron.  Experiments  are  being  conducted  with 
ferrous-ammonium  arsenate. 

Ferrum  redactum.  F.  H.  A  1  c  o  c  k.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4], 
19,  852.)     Since  the  demand  for  reduced  iron  fiee  from  heavy 


CHEMISTRY.  83 

arsenical  contamination  has  arisen,  commercial  specimens  have 
been  met  with  containing  but  little  arsenic,  but  these  have  left 
an  insoluble  residue  when  treated  with  HCl,  one  specimen  giving 
2-75  and  another  7-5  per  cent,  of  apparently  siliceous  matter 
insoluble  in  the  acid. 


Fir  Oil,  Siberian.  J.  S  c  h  i  n  d  e  1  m  e  i  s  e  r.  {Apoth.  Zeit., 
19,  815.)  Essential  Oil  of  Siberian.  Fir. — The  following  con- 
stants are  given  for  pure  essential  oil  of  Siberian  fir  :  [a]p,  at  17°C. 
not  under— 39°  —  40°,  sp.  gr.  at  17°C.  not  under  0-918.  Ester 
value  35-42  per  cent,  as  bornyl  acetate.  Examination  of  com- 
mercial samples  showed  them  to  range  in  sp.  gr.  from  0-911  to 
0-915  at  17°C.  ;  [«],,-29°  18'  to  34°  30';  they  gave  from  22  to 
30  per  cent,  of  a  fraction  boilmg  between  170°-190°C.,  and  in  the 
higher  boiling  fraction  22-30  per  cent,  of  bornyl  acetate.  The 
rotation  of  the  170°-190°C.  fraction  was  not  over  -34°  at  r7°C. 
From  this  fraction  a  portion  boiling  between  174°-180°C.  was 
isolated,  having  the  low  rotation  — 18°  28'  at  17°C.  It  is  evident, 
therefore,  that  the  commercial  samples  are  adulterated  with  the 
cheaper  pine  needle  oil  or  oil  of  turpentine.  The  ester  content 
of  pure  Siberian  fir  oil  never  falls  below  the  ec[uivalent  of  35  per 
cent,  of  bornyl  acetate. 

Flowers  of  Sulphur  and  Sublimed  Sulphur.    A.  D  o  m  e  r  g  u  e. 

{Aunales  de  Chim.  Analyt.,  9,  445.)  Both  in  works  of  reference 
and  in  commerce  the  terms  flowers  of  sulphur  and  sublimed  sul- 
phur appear  to  be  very  loosely  applied.  The  author  proposes  to 
limit  the  term  "  flowers  of  sulphur  "  to  the  product  of  sublim- 
ation, which  contains  not  less  than  33  per  cent,  of  the  utricular 
modification  which  is  insoluble  in  CSo,  whereas  the  crystalline 
modification  is  readily  soluble.  During  the  process  of  sublima- 
tion the  product  at  first  formed  hy  the  sudden  condensation  of 
the  sulphur  vapour  in  the  cold  air  of  the  sublimation  chamber 
is  the  utricular,  amorphous,  insoluble  sulphur.  But  as  the  tem- 
perature rises,  more  and  more  crystalline  sublimate  is  formed  ; 
and  near  the  aperture  of  the  retort  this  is  even  melted,  to  recon- 
geal  later.  In  consecjuence  the  contents  of  the  chamber  when 
the  process  is  completed  is  far  from  being  homogeneous,  consist- 
iiig  of  amorphous  sulphur  mixed  with  fine  crystals,  spongy  crys- 
talline masses,  and  heavy  compact  blocks  of  fused  sulphur. 
Since  for  certain  technical  purposes  the  amorphous  insoluble 


84  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

form  is  more  valuable,  sulphur,  which  contains  the  higher  per- 
centage, commands  a  higlier  price.  The  standard  and  nomen- 
clature suggested  would  seem,  therefore,  to  be  desirable. 

Formaldehyde,  a  Product  of  Combustion  of  Organic  Matter 
and  Its  Presence  in  the  Atmosphere  of  Towns.  A.  T  r  i  1 1  a  t. 
{Bull.  Soc.  C'/iim.  [3],  33,  386  and  393.)  It  has  previously  been 
shown  that  formaldeliyde  is  a  constant  constituent  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  combustion  of  organic  matter  {Year-Book,  1904,  91). 
It  is  now  found  that  the  amount  produced  from  any  given  fuel  is 
greatly  modified  by  the  nature  of  the  furnace,  the  temperature 
of  burning,  and  other  conditions.  When  the  walls  of  the  furnace 
are  composed  of  metal,  the  amount  of  formaldehyde  formed  is 
much  greater  than  when  this  is  not  the  case.  Soot  is  found  to 
contain  notable  quantities  from  0-28  to  0-35  per  cent.  ;  cigar 
smoke  yielded  from  0-063  to  0-118  per  cent,  on  the  weight  of 
tobacco  burnt,  and  tobacco  smokesimilar  quantities;  but  intobacco 
smoke  it  does  not  occur  in  a  free  state,  so  that  it  does  not  cause 
irritation  when  inhaled.  In  other  smoke,  on  the  contrary,  it  occurs 
uncombined.  Sugar  and  vegetable  tissue  rich  in  saccharine  matter, 
also  incense,  yield  very  large  quantities  of  formaldehyde  when 
burned,  from  4-5  to  5-76  per  cent,  on  the  weight  of  the  material. 
It  is  suggested,  therefore,  that  burning  sugar  might  under  certain 
circumstances  form  a  useful  method  of  disinfection,  and  indicated 
that  the  ancient  method  of  purifying  the  air  by  means  of  fires 
and  burning  aromatic  spices  was  not  without  sound  justification. 
In  the  same  manner  the  preserving  and  hardening  effect  of  wood 
smoke  on  the  familiar  smoked  meats  is  explained.  In  conse- 
quence it  was  to  be  expected  that  the  atmosphere  of  towns 
would  be  found  to  contain  formaldehyde.  In  Paris,  this  was 
found  to  be  so,  100  cubic  metres  of  air  taken  on  the  roof  of  a  house 
yielding  17  to  24  Mgm.  ;  that  taken  from  the  upper  floors  25  to 
31  Mgm.  ;  and  a  sample  from  the  industrial  suburb  of  Courljevoie 
25  to  55  Mgm.  A.  Levy  and  Henriet  have  found  that  pure  air 
taken  at  the  seaside  is  free  from  a  trace  of  formaldehyde.  It  is 
evident,  therefore,  that  its  presence  is  due  to  the  products  of 
combustion  in  the  air.  It  is  calculated  that,  presuming  3,000,000 
tons  of  combustible  matter  is  consumed  per  annum  in  Paris,  no 
less  than  1,000,000  kilos  of  formaldehyde  is  produced  ;  but,  when 
once  the  smoke  produced  is  dispersed  in  the  air,  the  formalde- 
hyde becomes  so  diluted  that  its  presence  can  have  no  appreci- 
able physiological  result.     A  ready  test  of  the  presence  of  for- 


CHEMISTRY.  85 

maldehyde  in  the  atmosphere  is  afforded  by  filter  paper  impreg- 
nated with  aqueous  sohition  of  neutral  rosanilino  hydi'ochloride, 
and  dried.  When  such  test  paper  is  exposed  to  air  containing 
formaldehyde  the  violet  red  colour  ultimately  changes  to  blue. 
In  the  air  of  Paris  this  takes  place  in  a  few  hours. 

Formaldehyde,  Colorimetric  Method  for  the  Detection  and 
Estimation  of.  F.  Bonnet,  jr.  {Jurtni.  Amer.  Chcm.  Soc, 
27,  601.)  If  a  substance  containing  formaldehyde  is  placed  in 
an  evaporating  dish,  and  1  c.c.  of  a  freshly-prepared  sulphuric 
acid  solution  of  morphine  in  a  watch-glass,  or  a  small  porcelain 
crucible  is  floated  upon  it,  the  morphine  solution  becomes 
more  or  less  coloured,  varying  from  pink  to  dark  blue, 
according  to  the  amount  of  formaldehyde  present.  The  colora- 
tion is  due  to  the  vapour  of  the  formaldehyde,  which  reacts  with 
the  morphine.  By  this  method  so  small  an  amount  as  4  parts 
of  formaldehyde  in  1,000,000  can  be  detected. 

The  morphine  sulphate  solution  is  made  by  dissolving  0-35 
Gm.  of  white  crystalline  morphine  sulphate  in  100  c.c.  of  cold, 
strong,  chemically  pure  sulphuric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1-84).  Unfor- 
tunately, this  solution  does  not  keep  any  great  length  of  time,  as 
the  sulphuric  acid  slowly  decomposes  the  morphine,  even  at 
ordinary  temperatures.  The  following  tests  should  be  made, 
therefore,  with  fresh  solutions. 

Quantitative  Estimation.  Experiments  to  determine  whether 
the  foregomg  test  could  be  applied  quantitatively  were  made  as 
follows  : — 

A  standard  solution  of  milk  was  made  by  dissolving  11  c.c.  of 
a  Kahlbaum  solution  containing  34  per  cent,  by  weight  of  for- 
maldehyde in  100  c.c.  of  milk,  giving  a  solution  of  4  :  100.  From 
this,  solutions  containmg  8  :  1,000,  4  : 1,000  ;  8  :  10,000,  4  :  10,000  ; 
8  :  100,000,  4  :  100,000  ;  8  :  1,000,000,  and  4  :  1,000,000  were 
made  by  adding  the  required  amount  of  milk. 

Samples  of  milk  containing  varying  amounts  of  formaldehyde 
were  then  prepared,  the  amount  in  each  being  unknown,  for  the 
time  being,  to  the  experimenter.  Sixty  c.c.  of  each  of  these 
samples  were  placed  in  evaporating  dishes  and  tested  as  in  the 
qualitative  trials.  The  approximate  time  of  the  first  ring  or 
colour  formation  gave  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  formaldehyde 
present.  Knowing  approximately  the  amount  of  formaldehyde 
in  solution,  fresh  portions  of  the  unknown  milk  were  compared 
with  the  corresponding  standard  solutions,  care  being  taken  that 


86  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

the  tests  were  started  at  the  same  time  and  were  made  under  like 
conditions. 

In  each  of  the  above  prepared  unknown  samples  the  amount  of 
formaldehyde  found  was  essentially  the  same  as  that  which  had 
been  put  into  the  solution.  Over  a  range  extending  from  8  :  1,000 
to  8  :  1,000,000,  solutions  containing  the  same  amounts  of  for- 
maldehyde gave  the  same  characteristic  coloration  in  the  same 
period  of  time.  It  is  necessary  for  accurate  work  that  equal 
amounts  of  the  unknown  and  known  solutions  be  taken,  and  that 
the  amounts  of  the  morphine  solution  used  should  be  the  same  ; 
also  the  evaporating  dishes  and  the  watch-glasses  should  be  alike 
both  in  size  and  shape. 

Formaldehyde,    Determination    of.    W.    F  r  e  s  e  n  i  u  s    and 

L.  G  r  u  e  n  h  u  t.  {Zeits.  jur  Analyf.  Chem.,  through  Annales 
deChim.  Analyt.,  10,  162.)  The  two  following  methods,  the  first 
a  modification  of  that  of  Blank  and  Finkenbeiner,  the  second  that 
of  Romyn,  are  selected  as  being  most  suitable  for  assaying  com- 
mercial formalin. 

Hydrogen  peroxide  method.  The  process  depends  on  the  re- 
actions— 

(a)  HCOH  +  NaOH  +  HoO^  =  HCOONa  +  2H2O, 
(&)  2HC0H  +  2NaOH  +  HoOo  =  2HC00Na  +  2H2O. 

Three  Gm.  of  the  formalin  are  weighed  ofi^  m  a  closed  weighing 
tube,  and  added  to  25  to  30  c.c.  of  twice  normal  NaOH  solution 
in  a  flask  ;  after  mixmg  50  c.c.  of  hydrogen  peroxide  gradually, 
through  a  funnel,  so  that  the  addition  takes  2  or  3  minutes,  the 
mixture  is  left  to  stand  for  10  minutes,  the  funnel  is  washed 
through  with  water  free  from  COo,  and  the  excess  of  NaOH 
titrated  back  with  N/H2SO4  solution,  using  htmus  as  indicator. 
If  the  formahn  and  hydrogen  peroxide  be  sUghtly  acid,  the 
amount  of  free  acid  they  contain  must  be  determined  with  N/10 
NaOH  and  deducted  from  the  above.  Care  must  be  exercised 
not  to  add  the  peroxide  too  rapidly,  or  the  results  will  be  too  low. 
Paraformaldehyde  is  determmed  simultaneously  by  this  method, 
but  not  trioxy methylene. 

lodometric  Method.  Twenty-five  Gni.  of  formalin  are  weighed 
off  m  a  closed  weighing  bottle,  transferred  to  a  graduated  500  c.c. 
flask  and  made  up  to  that  volume  with  water.  Five  c.c.  of  this 
solution  is  transferred  to  a  stoppered  bottle,  30  c.c.  of  N/NaOH 
solution  is  quicldy  added,  the  whole  well  shaken  and  50  c.c.  or 


CHEMISTRY.  87 

more  N/5  iodine  solution  run  in  bo  as  produce  a  distinctly  j^elk.w 
solution,  after  shaking  and  allowing  to  stand  for  30  seconds. 
The  licjuid  is  then  acidified  with  40  c.c.  N/H2SO4,  and  the  excess 
of  iodine  titrated  in  the  usual  manner  with  H/10  NaaSaOa.  Tmo 
equivalents  of  iodine  ecjual  1  molecule  of  formaldehyde  according 
to  the  equation — 

21  +  2NaOH  =  NaOI  +  Nal  +  H^O 

HCOH  +  NaOI  +  NaOH  =  HCOONa  +  Nal  +  H.O. 

This  method  cannot  be  used  when  the  formalin  contains  ace- 
tone or  ethyl  alcohol,  the  presence  of  which  is  revea]ed  by  the 
formation  of  iodoform. 

Formaldehyde  Solution  as  a  Reagent.  C.  G  1  u  c  k  s  m  a  n  n. 
[Pharm.  Post.,  37,  413.)  Formalin  affords  a  ready  means  of 
identifying  many  substances.  A  small  cjuantity  of  the  article 
to  be  identified  is  dissolved  in  1  c.c.  of  HCl,  and  1  c.c.  of  formalin 
is  added.  Reaction  often  commences  at  once  and  is  completed 
on  boiling  the  mixture.  Phenol  under  these  conditions  gives  a 
white  precipitate  ;  (jallic  and  salicylic  acids  give  no  reaction. 
Pyrogallol  gives  a  red  colour  and  precipitate  ;  a-7iapthol  a  white 
precipitate,  j3-naphthol  a  reddish  colour  ;  resorcin  a  red  violet 
precipitate  ;  tannin  a  yellow  precipitate.  None  of  the  alkaloids 
examined  give  any  reaction.  Hydroquinone  forms  a  white  pre- 
cipitate, pyrocatechol  a  dull  violet  one. 

Formaldehyde    Solution,    Commercial,    Valuation    of.    C.    E. 

Male.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20,  844.)  The  following  modifica- 
tion of  Schiff's  method  is  recommended.  Introduce  2  Gm. 
neutral  AmCl,  dissolved  in  20  c.c.  of  water,  into  a  flask  or  bottle 
of  about  200  c.c.  capacity,  having  a  well-fitting  stopper.  Dilute 
10  c.c.  of  the  formaldehyde  solution  to  100  c.c.  with  water,  and 
neutralize  with  NaOH  solution,  as  the  formaldehyde  solution 
generally  contains  varying  quantities  of  formic  acid.  Add  20  c.c. 
of  this  neutralized  solution  to  the  AmCl  solution,  then  25  c.c.  of 
N/NaOH,  and  immediately  stopper  the  flask  and  Iccive  for  one 
hour.  Afterwards  determine  the  excess  of  alkali  with  N/2 
H2SO4,  using  rosalic  acid  or  litmus  solution  as  indicator,  both  of 
which  give  a  sharp  end  reaction.  A  correction  must  be  made  for 
the  density  of  the  formoJdehyde  solution,  which  generally  has  a 
specific  gravity  somewhere  about   1-08.     1  c.c.  of  N/NaOH  = 


88  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

0-045  Gm.  of  formaldehyde,  according  to  the    following   equa- 
tion : — 

2NH4CI  +  3CH2  O  +  2K0H  =  N2  (CH2  )3  +  2KC]  +  5H2O. 

Galbanic  Acid.  K.  (J.  v^o  n  Kuelenstierna.  [Archiv 
der  Fhann.,  242,  533.)  Galbanic  acid,  obtained  by  Hirschsohn 
from  galbaiunn  {Year-Book,  1894,  172),  purified  by  crystaDiza- 
tion  or  sublimation,  crystallizes  from  dilute  alcohol  in  fine, 
colourless,  odourless  and  tasteless  needles,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  m.p. 
1 55-156^^0.  It  is  very  soluble  in  organic  solvents,  sparingly 
dissolved  by  boiling  water  and  insoluble  in  cold  water.  It  has  a 
feeble  acid  reaction  on  litmus,  and  is  displaced  from  combination 
with  bases  by  CO2.  It  has  no  phenohc  function,  however,  and 
contains  no  crystal-water.  Its  empirical  formula  may  be  either 
CeHgO  ;  U13H20O2  ;  or  C20H.30O3,  or  multiples  of  these  ;  no  data  are 
yet  available  to  indicate  which  of  these  three  is  correct. 

Gein  and  Gease,  Glucoside  and  Ferment  in  the  Root  of  Geum 
urbanum.  E.  Bourquelot  and  H.  Herissey.  {Comptes 
rend.  140,  870.)  The  clove-like  odour  developed  by  the  root 
of  Geum  urbanum  is  shown  to  be  due  to  the  action  of  a  specific 
ferment,  gease,  on  a  glucoside,  gein.  The  glucoside  is  only  pre- 
sent in  small  quantities  ;  it  is  extracted  by  treatmg  the  fresh 
root  with  alcohol  95  per  cent.,  and  precipitating  the  alcohohc 
extract  with  ether  ;  on  again  redissoJving  this  precipitate,  and 
throwing  it  down  with  ether,  repeating  the  process  several  times, 
and  finally  floating  ether  on  the  alcoholic  solution,  gein  crystal- 
lizes out  in  spherocrystals.  The  ferment  gease  remains  in  the 
residue  of  the  treatment  with  alcohol.  The  fresh  root  crushed 
with  sand  is  extracted  with  alcohol  90  per  cent.  ;  the  residue 
dried  at  30°  forms  the  fermentative  j)owder.  When  a  little  of 
this  powder  is  added  to  a  solution  of  the  alcohohc  extract  of  the 
root,  or  to  a  solution  of  gein,  a  strong  clove-like  odour  is  pro- 
duced, together  with  a  reducing  sugar,  jjrobably  dextrose. 
Other  ferments,  emuLsin,  Aspergillus  ferments,  the  fresh  leaves 
of  Cinnamomum  cassia,  of  Caryophyllus  aromaticus,  and  of 
Illicium  anisatum  are  without  the  least  action  on  solutions  con- 
taining gein,  even  after  prolonged  contact,  but  on  adding  a  little 
of  the  fermentative  powder  of  the  root  to  them,  they  at  once 
develop  the  odour  of  cloves.  Geum  rivale,  however,  contains  a 
ferment  wliich  behaves  exactly  like  gease  of  G.  urbanum,  and  its 
root  also  gives  oil"  a  clove-hke  odour  when  bruised,  so  that  it  pro- 


CHEMISTRY.  80 

bably  contains  gein  as  well.  Gease  is  completely  insoluble  in 
water,  and  aqueous  macerations  of  the  root  have  no  fermentative 
action,  nor  can  it  be  extracted  with  glycerin.  The  only  method 
of  obtainmg  fermentation  is  to  use  the  fermentative  powder  of 
the  root  as  described  above.  The  yield  of  essential  oil  from  the 
hydrolization  of  gein  is  very  small,  equivalent  to  about  1  per 
mille  of  the  fresh  root.  The  chief  constituent  is  eugenol.  Dried 
commercial  roots  were  found  to  yield  no  essential  oil. 

Ginger,  Essential  Oil  of.  {HaenseVs  Report,  April,  1905,^9.) 
Cochin  Ginger  Oil.  The  yield  from  this  ginger  was  only  1-5  per 
cent.,  consequently  this  variety  did  not  prove  to  be  a  remuner- 
ative source  of  the  oil.  The  product  had  the  following  characters. 
Sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-8826;  [aji,— 8-6°  ;  saponification  value,  17  ; 
solubility  in  alcohol,  80  per  cent.  1  :  65. 

African  Ginger  OH.  Sp.  gr.  0-8795  ;  [ajj^— 8-28°  ;  saponification 
value,  13-5  ;  solubility  in  alcohol,  80  per  cent.  1  :  65,  not  quite 
clear. 

Gingergrass  Oil,  Constituents  of.  {SchimmeV s  Report,  May, 
1905. )  The  new  alcohol  isolated  last  year  from  gingergrass  oil 
{Y ear-Book,  1904,  93)  is  now  identified  as  dihydrocuminol, 
C'loHieO.  It  boils  at226-227°C.  under  767  mm.  ;  has  the  sp.gr. 
0-9510  at  15°  ;  [a]i,-13°  18'  [7/]  1-49629.  Various  products  of 
this  alcohol  are  described.  In  addition  to  this,  iso-carvone  was 
isolated  from  a  fraction  boiling  at  80-83-5°  under  5  mm.  pressure. 
This  boils  at  230-231°C.  under  760  mm.  [a]  -10°  43';  sp.gr. 
0-9645.  Although  it  was  optically  active,  the  bulk  of  the  ketone 
consisted  of  inactive  carvone,  as  shown  by  the  m.p.  of  the 
semicarbazone  and  the  oxime.  The  list  of  constituents  now 
recorded  as  occurring  m  gingergrass  oil  now  comprises  :  dextro- 
phellandrene  dextrolimonene.  dipentene,  an  aldehyde  CioHirO  ; 
dihydrocuminol ;  geraniol  and  iso-carvone.  It  is  evident  that 
guigergrass  oil  is  not,  as  hitherto  supposed,  an  uiferior  pal- 
marosa  oil.  It  is  probably  produced  by  a  grass  quite  distinct 
from  Andropogon  schoeiianthus. 

Globulin  from  the  Seed  of  Castanea  vesea.  W.  E.  Barlow. 
{Journ.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  27,  274.)  Tiie  Spanish  chestnut  is 
found  to  contain  a  globulin,  castanin,  which  in  most  reactions 
closely  resembles  corylin,  the  globulin  of  the  hazel-nut,  but  which 
has  a  different  coagulating  point  and  is  precipitated  by  means 
of  ammonium  sulphate. 


90  YEAR-BOOK    01     PHARMACY. 

Guaiacuni,  Influence  of  Certain  Salts  and  Organic  Substances 
on  the  Oxidation  of.  E.  G.  Wilcox.  {Proc.  Chem.  iSoc,  20, 
197.)  Tlio  iuliueuce  of  various  salts  on  the  oxidation  of  guaia- 
cum  with  H2O2  has  been  investigated  by  determining  the  time 
necessary  to  produce  a  standard  blue  tint,  under  similar  con- 
ditions of  concentration  of  the  guaiacum,  of  the  peroxide,  and 
of  the  salt,  at  the  same  temperature.  AmCi,  LiCl,  KCl,  BaCl), 
the  chlorides  of  iron  and  aluminium  ;  NaBi,  KBr,  KI,  NaF  and 
KNO3  accelerate  the  oxidation.  AmNOa,  KNO3,  Ba2N03  ;  Na^ 
SO4,  K2SO4  and  MgSOi  exert  no  appreciable  influence.  Of  all 
the  salts  examined  the  halogens  alone  showed  a  true  acceleration  ; 
for  although  KNOo  increases  the  rate  of  oxidation  of  guaiacum 
in  the  presence  of  H2O2,  that  salt  alone  oxidizes  the  resin  ;  the 
same  is  the  case  with  Fe2Cl6.  Among  the  halogens  the  iodides 
have  the  greatest  action,  the  effect  of  the  others  diminishing  in 
the  following  order  :  bromides,  chlorides,  fluorides.  Salts  which 
form  acid  solutions  have  relatively  feeble  action.  Ordinaiy 
"  pure  "  aluminium  chloride  readily  oxidizes  guaiacum,  without 
H2O2,  but  a  specially  purified  sample  had  no  independent  oxidi- 
zing action.  The  activity  of  the  commercial  salt  is  probably  due 
to  a  trace  of  Fe2Cl6.  The  acids  of  the  acetic  series  have  no 
action,  but  the  metallic  salts  of  the  lower  membeis  of  the  series 
are  slightly  active.  Carbohydrates  and  proteids  have  no  action. 
Formaldehyde  is  commonly  described  as  oxidizing  guaiacum, 
but  the  action  is  p.  obably  due  to  impurities,  the  commercial  pro- 
duct being  very  active,  but  pure  formaldehydeis  without  auction. 
The  same  is  the  case  with  glycerin  ;  when  freshly  distilled  under 
diminished  pressure  it  has  no  action,  although,  like  methyl  and 
ethyl  alcohols,  it  accelerates  the  action  of  the  haloids  at  normal 
temperatures,  but  at  50-70°C.  all  these  substances  have  a  con- 
trary oifect,  retarding  oxidation.  Commercial  glycerin  is  an 
active  oxidizer  of  guaiacum.  The  carbohydi-ates,  dextrose, 
levulose,  sucrose,  maltose,  dextrin,  starch  and  glycogen  retard  the 
action,  so  does  mastic  and  proteid  globulin,  probably  because 
they  are  themselves  oxidizable.  The  alcohols  increase  the  action, 
probably  by  increasing  the  solubility  of  the  guaiacum  resin. 

Gum  Tragacanth,  Powdered,  Detection  of  Powdered  Acacia  in. 
E.  Payet.  {Annales  dc  Chim.  Analyl.,  10,  {)3.)  A  1  in  :5(> 
solution  of  the  gum  is  treated  with  an  equal  volume  of  a  1  :  1,000 
aqueous  solution  of  guaiacol  ;  a  drop  of  H2O2  is  then  added,  and 
the  mixture  agitated.     In  the  presence  of  gum  acacia  the  liquid 


CHEMISTRY.  91 

rapidly  turns  brown,  but  if  the  tragacantli  be  pure  it  remains 
colourless. 

Guttaperchas  from  German  New  Guinea  and  from  Sumatra. 

A.  T  s  c  h  i  r  c  li  and  0.  Mueller.  (Archiv  de  Pharm., 
243,  114  and  133.)  The  two  guttaperchas  from  New  Guinea 
and  Sumatra  have  been  compared.  The  study  of  the  bodies 
isolated  has  suggested  the  systematic  classification  of  the  con- 
stituents under  the  names  of  gutta,  alban,  fiuavil,  and  albanan, 
bodies  which  have  been  previously  isolated  and  named,  but  which 
appear  to  be  generic  rather  than  specific  substances.  The  albans 
are  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  the  fluavils  in  cold  alcohol,  and  the 
albanans  are  insoluble.  Nev/  Guinea  guttapercha  yielded  28 
per  cent,  of  mixed  albans  and  8  per  cent,  of  fluavils.  Albanans 
were  isolated  by  dissolving  the  alcohol  insoluble  residue  in 
CHCI3  and  precipitating  the  gutta  with  alcohol  :  on  standing, 
the  albanans  were  slowly  deposited  in  crystalline  forms.  The 
mixed  fluavils  were  separable  by  alcohol  80  per  cent,  into 
a-guinifluavil  and  d-guinafiuavil ;  a-guinafluavil,  CojHsgO,  is  in- 
soluble in  alcohol  of  this  strength.  It  is  an  amorphous  yellow 
powder  m.p.  83°C.  /i-guinafluavil  is  lighter  in  colour  than  the 
a  body,  and  is  soluble  in  80  per  cent,  alcohol.  Its  formula  is 
CisH^iO  ;  m.p.  78.  By  the  action  of  alcoholic  KOH  crude 
guinafluavil  is  split  up  into  cinnamic  acid  and  a  crystalline 
resinol,  guinafluavil-resinol,  in  peculiar  crystals  resembling  starch 
granules  (or  oyster  shells,  Ed.  Year-Book)  with  eccentric  layers. 
Whon  the  separated  a-  and  iS-  guinafluavils  are  thus  treated, 
they  give  respectively  a-guinafluavilresinol,  m.p.  136^0.  and 
/S-guinafluavilresinol  m.p.  143°,  bo  h  crystallizing  in  needles  from 
acetone. 

Crude  crystalline  guinalban  was  separable  into  three  distinct 
albans  by  fractional  solution  and  crystallization  with  aicohol 
96  per  cent.  The  first  fraction  separated  in  spheroidal  crystals 
and  is  therefore  classed  as  7-guinalban  or  sphceritalban,  C22H32O, 
m.p.  111°C.  The  second  fraction  formed  prisms  of  /f-guinalban 
or  crystalalban  Ca^HyoO,  m.p.  136°;  the  third  fraction  occurred 
in  fine  needles  of  a-guina'ban  or  needle-alban,  C4:.H^yO,  m.p. 
171°.  /3-guinalban  and  7-guinalban.  when  saponified  with 
alcoholic  potash,  give  cinnamic  acid  and  /^-guinalbaresinol, 
m.p.  107  and  7-guinalbaresinol  m.p.  168°C.  respectively.  Guin- 
albanan,  C48Hs-,0,  m.p.  62°,  when  freshly  piepared,  but  falling  to 
52°C.  after  keeping  3  months,  was  also  crystallized,   but    only 


92 


YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 


occurred  to  the  extent  of  0-7  per  cent.  Guinagutta,  when 
freshly  precipitated,  is  seen  under  tlie  microscope  in  pecuhar 
curved  needles.  Ijut  these  quickly  aggregate  to  form  asohd  mass. 
Sumatra  guttapercha,  examined  in  a  similar  manner,  gave 
albans  and  fluavils  of  a  similar  nature,  as  shown  by  the  following 
table  : — 


Guinea  Guttapercha. 

Sumatra  Guttapercha. 

C'onstitiipnt. 

bt^ 

Fnriiiula. 

Constituent. 

60    . 

Formula. 

Guinaguttii 

_ 

^10^11; 

Sumagiitta 





Guinalbanan   . 

62° 

^48^8^,0 

Siimalbanan 

,61° 

C30H44O 

a-Guinalban    . 

nr 

C42H70O 

(Needlealban) 

tf-Guinalban     . 

136° 

^22^32^) 

a-Sumalban 

228° 

GfioH8o03 

( Crystal-alban) 

(    rvstal-alban)j 

C40H52O2 

7-Guinalban   . 

111° 

C22H32O 

3-Sumklban  .       .    |l.52° 

C30H44O2 

(Spha^ritalban) 

(Spha-ritalban) 

7-Sumalban. 

142° 

C30H44O2 

( Isosphseritalban) 

a-Guinafluavil 

83° 

(C22H360)3 

/i-Guin  a  flnavil  . 

72° 

C15H24O 

/:J-Guinaroaresinol 

104' 

a-,Sumalbaresinol 

207° 

C50H80O2 

-)  -Guinalbaresinol 

168° 

^26-^4  10 

;j-Sumalbaresinol 

151° 

^.50-"-80^2 

■,  -Sumalbaresinol 

171° 

^^40^6  4  O2 

ci-Giiinafluavilo- 

136° 

^28-"-48^2 

Sumafluavilo- 

— 



resinol 

resinol 

Gymnostachyum  febrifugum.     D.  Hooper.     {Pharm.Joiirv.    i 
[4],  19,4.)     The  roots  of  this  Acanthaceous  plant  have  a  repu-    ! 
tation  among  the  natives  as  a  febrifuge  ;    also  when  ground  in    . 
lime  juice  as  a  remedy  for  biliousness,   sore  mouth  and  foul 
tongue. 

The  small  rhizomes,  from  1;^  to  2  in.  in  length,  -f^  in.  in 
diameter,  are  curved  or  slightly  contorted,  brown  in  colour,  and 
bitter  in  taste.  Numerous  long  rootlets  give  a  bearded  appear- 
ance to  the  fresh  drug,  but  are  easily  broken  off  in  handhng.  j 
The  scars  of  fallen  leaves  remain  as  tooth-like  swellings  on  the  ! 
rhizome,  which  sometimes  give  it  a  moniliform  appearance. 
The  roots  are  woody,  and  a  section  presents  a  brown  or  reddish - 
brown  e])idc;nial  layer,  a  thick  blackish-coloured  cortex,  and  a 
liglit-co'oured  wood  with  a  hollow  centre.  The  black  cortical 
portion  contains  the  active  principle  of  the  root. 

The  bitter  principle  was  found  to  be  of  a  resinoid  nature,  partly    | 


CHEMISTRY.  93 

soluble  in  ether  and  water,  entirely  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  was 
of  an  acid  nature,  and  dissolved  in  alkalis  with  a  yellow  coiour. 
Small  port'ons  evaporated  to  dryness  dissolved  in  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  with  a  brown  coloration,  gradually  developing  to 
a  rich  plum-coloured  solution.  An  aqueous  solution  o"  the  alco- 
holic extract  of  the  root  gave  slight  precipit?.tes  Avith  mercury- 
potassium  iodide,  and  iodine  in  potassium  iodide,  but  no  alkaloidal 
substance  was  removed  from  the  extract  when  shaken  out  with 
ammonia  and  immiscible  solvents.  In  addition  to  the  bitter 
principle  which  was  apparently  the  chief  active  constituent, 
tannin  and  a  substance  readily  reducing  Fehling's  solution  were 
detected.  During  the  concentration  of  the  alcoholic  extract 
small  masses  of  acicular  crystals  of  a  cholesterol  m.p.  162°C. 
separated  out. 

Gynoeardia  odorata.  Fixed  Oil  from  the  Seeds  of.  F.  B. 
Power  and  M.  B  a  r  r  o  w  c  1  i  ft" .  [Proc.  Clitm.  Soc,  21, 
176.)  Prior  to  1900  the  seeds  of  Gynoeardia  odorata  were  re- 
garded as  the  botanical  source  of  chaulmoogra  oil.  Prain  and 
Holmes  have  shown,  however,  that  this  is  erroneous,  and  that 
Taraktogenos  kurzii  is  the  true  botanical  source  of  the  oil.  Power 
and  Gornall  {Year- Book,  1904,  48,  49)  have  also  shown  that  com- 
mercial chaulmoogra  oil  is  identical  with  the  oil  obtained  by  them 
from  authentic  specimens  of  Taraktogenos  seeds. 

It  is  now  shown  that  the  so-called  "  chaulmoogra  oil  "  or 
"  gynoeardia  oil  "  could  not  have  been  obtained  from  Gynoeardia 
seeds,  since  the  oil  from  these  seeds  is  liquid  at  ordinary  temper- 
atures and  is  optically  inactive. 

The  authentic  seeds  of  Gynoeardia  odorata  used  were  collected 
in  Assam.  They  yielded  19-5  per  cent,  of  oil  en  expression,  and 
27-2  per  cent,  on  extraction  with  ether.  The  oil  was  fluid, 
yellow  in  colour,  and  resembled  linseed  oil  in  odour  ;  sp.  gr. 
0-925  at  25°C.  ;  acid  value,  4-9  ;  saponification  value,  197  ;  iodine 
value,  152-8.  It  consisted  chiefly  of  the  glyceryl  esters  of  linolic 
acid  or  its  isomers,  wi  h  a  considerable  amount  of  palmitic  acid  ; 
linolenic  and  isolinolenic  acids,  the  latter  preponderating  ;  and 
a  relatively  small  amount  of  oleic  acid.  The  seeds  also  contain 
5  per  cent,  of  the  glucoside  gynocardin.    (See  Year-Book,  1904,  99. ) 

Gynoeardia  odorata    Seeds,  Amount  of  Prussic  Acid    in.    M. 

G  r  e  s  h  o  ff.      {Apoth.  Zcit..  20,  365.)     The  author  confirms  the 
existence   of  crystalline    gynocardin    {Year-Book,   1904,   99)   in 


04  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

chauluioogra  seeds.  The  amount  of  HCX  found  by  distillation 
from  the  press  cake  after  extraction  of  the  oil  was  0-92  per  cent. 
Whole  seeds,  cut  under  water,  crushed  and  allowed  to  macerate 
in  a  closed  vessel  for  24  hours  before  distilling,  gave  0-98  per  cent, 
of  HCN.  Neither  benzaldehyde  nor  acetone  were  detected  in 
the  distillate. 

Gynocardin,  Further  Notes  on,  F.  B.  Power  and  F.  H. 
Lees.  {Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  21,  88.  See  also  Year-Book,  1904, 
99.)  The  seeds  of  Gynocardin  odorata,  on  contact  with  water, 
yield  0-44  per  cent,  of  HCN  calculated  on  the  entire  seed,  or  0-63 
per  cent,  on  the  kernels  only.  The  yield  of  crystalline  gj^no- 
cardin  is  about  5  per  cent.  The  crystals  separating  from  aqueous 
solution  have  the  formula  (Ci3Hi909N)2  +  3H20.  The  crystal 
water  is  given  up  at  llo°C.,  when  the  anhydrous  glucoside  melts 
at  162-163°C.,  and  has  the  [a]j,  21° +  72-5  in  aqueous  solution. 
When  a,cetylized-hepta-acetylgynocardin,  Ci3Hi209(C2H30)7N,  is 
formed  in  needles ;  m.p.  118-119°C.  The  seeds  contain  a 
specific  ferment  gynocardase,  which  readily  hydrolizes  the  glu- 
coside at  the  ordinary  temperature  ;  but  it  is  not  easily  hydro- 
lyzed  by  boiling  with  5  per  cent.  HoSOj  or  HCl.  according  to  the 
equation — 

C13H19O9N  +  H2O  =  CfiHi20fi  +  CfiHgO*  +  HCN. 

Of  these  products  only  dextrose  and  HCN  could  be  isolated,  the 
body  CfiHs04  readily  undergoing  .secondary  decomposition  with 
the  formation  of  amorphous  matter.  Gynocardin  is  distinguished 
from  other  cyanogenetic  glucosides  by  its  relatively  greater  re- 
sistance to  hydrolyzing  agents.  It  is  readily  hydrolyzed  by 
Ba(0H)2,  forming  barium  gynocardinaie  (Ci2Hi90g-C02)2Ba  and 
ammonia,  according  to  the  equation — 

C13H19O9N  +  2H2O  =  Ci2H,909COOH  +NH3. 

Gynocardinic  acid,  Ci2Hi909-COOH,  forms  a  syrup  which  does  not 
reduce  Fehling's  solution  and  is  dextrorotatory.  It  is  hydro- 
lyzed by  acids,  thus — 

C12H19O9COOH  -f  H2O  =  CoH.oOfi  +  CvHtoO«. 
Dextrose  and  an  acid  are  thus  formed.  The  latter  was 
isolated  as  the  quinine  salt  C2oH24N202i,C7Hio06,  which  crystal- 
lized in  needles,  m.p.  225^C.  with  decomposition.  I'  wa;  only 
to  be  isolated  in  small  quantity.  Gynocardin  is  either  the 
(Jextrose    ester   of    the    cyanhydrin    of   a    trihydroxy aldehyde 


CHEMISTRY.  95 

C5H4(OH)3-CHO,  or  of  a  ketone  CfiH,,  (OH )3  :  CO,  and  its  formula 
may  be  expressed  as  either  C5H4(OH)3-CH(CN)-OCoH,i05  or 
C5H,,(0H)3 :  C(CN)-0-CfiH,^05.  Gynocardin  is  devoid  of  appre- 
ciable physiological  action. 

Hardwickia  binata,  Oleoresin  of.  {ScJiimmeVs  Report,  May, 
1905,  85.)  The  oleoresin  of  the  Leguminous  tree  which  is  a 
native  of  British  India,  known  in  the  vernacular  as  "  oil  of 
ennaikulavo,"  is  red  brown  in  colour  with  a  greenish  fluorescence. 
The  odour  is  peculiar  ;  sp.  gr.  1-002  ;  acid  value,  96-15  ;  ester 
value,  12-31  :  insoluble  in  1  :  10  in  alcohol  80  per  cent.  It  yields 
44  per  cent,  of  colourless  essential  oil  on  steam  distillation,  the 
residual  resin  being  green  and  brittle.  The  essential  oil  had  the 
sp.  gr.  0-9062  ;  [a]„  =  7°  42' ;  acid  value,  0-85  ;  ester  value,  2-88  ; 
solubility  in  alcohol.  95  per  cent.  1  :  5  and  more. 

Hops,  Essential   Oil    of,   Adulterated    with    Gurjun    Balsam. 

{Schimnier s  Report,  May,  1905,  49. )  A  sophistication  of  hop  oil 
witli  gurjun  balsam  is  recorded.  The  adulterated  oil  had  the 
sp.  gr.  0-9189  at  15°,  and  the  [a],, -40°  40' ;  the  sp.  gr.  of  puie  oil 
is  0-855  to  880°  at  15°C.  ;  [«]„  almost  0.  The  adulterated  oil 
yielded  fractions  with  rotation  as  high  as  —86°  50'.  It  also  had 
a  distinct  but  faint  greenish  fluorescence. 

Hydnocarpus    wightiana  and  H.  anthelmintiea,  Constituents 

of.  F.  B.  Power  and  M.  BarrowT-liff.  {Proc.  Ckem.  Soc, 
21,  175.)  The  seeds  of  //.  wightiana  gave  on  expression  32-4  per 
cent,  of  fatty  oil,  and  41-2  per  cent,  by  extraction  with  ether. 
The  expressed  oil  had  the  following  characters  : — M.p.  22-23°C.  ; 
sp.  gr.  0-958  at  25°C.  ;  [a]„  +  57-7°  in  CHCl,,  ;  acid  value.  3-8  ; 
saponification  value,  207  ;   iodine  value,  101-3. 

The  seeds  of  H.  anthelmintiea  yielded  16-3  per  cent,  of  fixed  oil 
on  expression  and  17-6  wdth  ether.  The  expressed  oil  had  the 
m.p.  24-25°C.,  sp.gr.  0-953  at  25°C.  ;  [a]„  +  52-5  in  CHCI3. ;  acid 
value,  7-5  ;    saponification  value,  212  ;    iodine  value.  86-4. 

These  oils  very  closely  resembled  chaulmoogra  oil  from  Tarak- 
tof/enos  kurzii  both  in  characters  and  composition,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  glyceryl  esters  of  chaulmoogric  acid  Ci,sH3202,  and 
a  lower  homolo'^ue  of  the  same  series  which  was  isolated,  both 
from  these  oils,  and  from  chaulmoogra  oil.  This  new  acid, 
hy  Inocarpic  acid  Cif;H2802,  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  glistening 
baflets,   m.p.   60°;     [a]u  +  68  in  CHCI3.     Methyl  hydnocarpate, 


96  YEAR-BOOK   OF  PHARMACY. 

Ci-.HorCOOMe,  was  obtained  as  a  colourless  oil  ;  b.p.  200-203°C. 
under  19  mm.;  m.p.  8°C.  ;  [a]  +62-4'  in  CHCI3.  Ethyl 
hydnocarpate  CinHoyCOOEt,  has  the  b.p.  211°  under  19  mm.  ; 
[a„]  +  51-6°  in  OHCI3.  Hi/dnorarpnmuh  CisHo^-CO-NH.  forms 
needles  from  alcoliol ;    m.p.  112-113°  [al,;'"'°  +  70-2°  in  CHCI3. 

The  oil  of  //.  wightiana  contains  also  a  small  proportion  of  an 
acid  or  acids  belonging  to  the  linolic  or  linoleic  series  ;  that  of 
H.  anthelmintica  a  small  amount  of  oleic  and  palmitic  acids. 
These  oils  have  long  been  used  in  Western  India  and  in  China  for 
the  same  medicinal  purposes  for  whic;]!  cliaulmoogra  oil  is  em- 
ployed.    (See  also  Year-Books.  1891,  187  :    1900.  138,  139.) 

Hydrazine    Sulphate    as    a    Reagent    for    Haemoglobin.     E. 

R  i  e  g  1  e  r.  (Zeits.  fur  Analyt.  Ghcm.,  1904,  96.)  H3^dra- 
zine  sulphate,  5  Gm.,  is  dissolved  in  NaOH  solution,  10  per  cent., 
100  c.c,  and  alcohol,  96  per  cent.,  100  c.c.  are  added.  The  mixture 
is  set  aside  for  a  few  hours,  then  filtered.  In  the  case  of  solids, 
a  small  particle  is  thoroughly  shaken  up  in  a  stoppered  tube  with 
5  or  10  c.c.  of  the  reagent.  In  the  presence  of  hsemaglobin  the 
liquid  acquires  a  colour  varying  from  pink  to  red,  and  its  spec- 
trum shows  two  characteristic  absorption  bands  between  D, 
E  and  b.  When  only  a  trace  of  hsemaglobin  is  present,  the  mixture 
is  barely  coloured,  and  there  is  only  one  band  at  D.  The  reagent 
is  useful  to  demonstrate  the  presence  of  hsemaglobin  and  its  de- 
composition products  in  urine  and  other  fluids,  also  on  lineri. 

Hydrochloric  Acid  in  the  Gastric  Secretion.  A.  F  r  o  u  i  n. 
(Bull.  Soc.  Chim.  [3],  33,  256.)  In  the  pure  gastric  secretion,  un- 
contaminated  by  alimentary  contents  of  the  stomach,  the  HCl 
is  entirely  free,  so  that  on  evaporating  the  juice  m  vaciio,  at 
normal  temperatures,  the  whole  of  the  acid  is  removed.  The 
author  therefore  refutes  the  statement  of  other  investigators  that 
HCl  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  pepsin  molecule,  and  claims 
that  the  pepsin  with  which  these  results  were  obtained,  preci- 
pitated by  the  action  of  low  temperatures  on  the  gastric  juice, 
was  largely  contaminated  with  esophagal  secretions.  Pure 
gastric  juice  does  not  afford  a  precipitate  when  exposed  to  low 
temperatures.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  well  known  that  the  acid 
forms  organic  compounds  with  the  products  of  digestion  and 
the  alimentary  substances  in  the  stomach.     • 

Hydrogen     Peroxide,     Colorimetric     Determination     of.      P. 

P  lane  s.      [Jonrn.   Pharm.  Chim.   [6],   20,  538).     The  sample 


CHEMISTRY.  97 

of  H.,U.,  solution  is  first  diluted  with  9  volumes  of  water  ;  5  c.c. 
of  this  dilution  is  introduced  into  one  of  two  graduated  20  c.c. 
twin  tubes  and  treated  with  3  c.c.  of  10  per  cent.  KI  solution  and 
1  c.c.  of  8  Y>ev  cent.  H2SO4.  In  the  other  tube  the  colour  is 
matched  with  N/10  iodine  solution,  1-8  c.c.  of  which  is  ecjuiva- 
lent  to  1  c.c.  of  oxygen. 

Hyoscyamus  muticus  and  Datura  stramonium,  Indian.  {Bull. 
Imp.  Inst.,  2,  222-224.)  Two  specimens  of  Hyoscyamus  muticus 
from  th3  Punjab  and  Larkana  contained  respectively  0-38  and 
0-28  per  cent,  of  hyoscyamine.  The  Datura  stramonium  seeds 
from  Bushahr  gave  only  0-26  of  hyoscyamine.  Both  these 
drugs  are  of  lower  alkaloidal  value  than  the  Egyj)tian  variety  of 
H.  muticus  and  the  Euroj^ean  form  of  D.  stramonium.  (See 
Year-Books,  1899,  143  ;    1901,  70  ;    1903,  560). 

Incineration,  Coarsely  Powdered  Pumice-Stone  as  an   Aid   to. 

—  D  u  y  k.  [Annales  de  Chim.  Analyt.,  9,  252.)  The  solid  or 
extractive  matter  to  be  ashed  is  mixed  with  an  equal  weight  of 
recently  calcined  coarsely  powdered  j^umice  stone,  then  burnt  off 
in  the  usual  maiuier  ui  the  nmffle  or  over  the  gas,  with  a  moderate 
flame.  By  this  method  of  manipulation  the  most  refractory 
substances  such  as  albumin,  wool,  and  yeast  are  readily  reduced 
to  a  perfect  ash.  The  residue  thus  obtained  is  in  an  excellent 
condition  for  subsequent  treatment  with  solvents. 

Inula  graveolens,  Essential  Oil  of.  [SchimmeVs  Report,  May, 
1905,  82.)  This  widely^listributed  Mediterranean  composite 
yields  a  brownish  yellow  oil  with  a  green  fluorescence.  From 
its  odour,  it  probably  contains  bornyl  acetate.  Sj).  gr.  at  15*^0. 
0-9754  ;  [a]p— 36°  40'  ;  acid  number,  8-45  ;  ester  number,  161-3  ; 
acetyl  number,  239-38  ;  solubility  in  alcohol,  70  per  cent.,  1  :  3 
to  1  :  3-5,  with  separation  of  a  paraffin. 

Iodoform,  Determination  of.  —  U  t  z.  {Pharm.  Centralh.,  45, 
985.)  Assay  of  Iodoform.  The  present  qualitative  tests  given 
in  the  Ph.  G.  (and  the  B.P.)  are  stated  to  be  insufficient  ;  the 
following  quantitative  method  of  assay  of  Lehmann  is  recom- 
mended. Ten  Cgm.  of  the  iodoform  is  weighed  off,  and  dissolved 
in  10  c.c.  of  ether  alcohol  ;  one  drop  of  HNO3,  followed  by  10  c.c. 
of  N/10  AgNOa  are  then  added  and  the  mixture  slowly  warmed 
up  on  the  water-bath  ;    when  neither  the  odour  of  CHI3  nor  of 

H 


98  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

HNO3  are  perceived,  tlie  lifjuifl  is  allowed  to  cool.  When  cold 
the  uncombined  AgNOa  is  titrated  with  N/10  AmC'NS.  using 
iron  alum  as  the  indicator.  Each  c.c.  of  N  10  AgNOa  thus 
found  to  be  used  up,  x  0-0131  gives  the  amount  of  iodoform 
present.  The  above  quantity  of  absolutely  pure  iodoform  will 
require  7-3  c.c.  of  N/10  AgNOs  ;  but  the  presence  of  1  per  cent, 
of  moisture  and  slight  traces  of  alkali  chlorides  may  be  tolerat<?d, 
so  that  a  sample  assaying  98  to  99  per  cent,  may  be  considered 
as  satisfactory. 

Assay  of  Iodoform  Dressing.  The  method  of  Lehmann,  wliich 
consists  of  extracting  5  Gm.  of  the  material  with  ether-alcohol, 
by  agitation,  making  up  to  100  c.c.  and  taking  20  c.c.  of  the 
solution  for  assay  as  above,  is  found  to  be  most  satisfactory. 
The  process  of  extraction  in  a  Soxhlet,  as  proposed  for  the  new 
Codex,  is  stated  to  be  valueless. 

Isopilocarpine,   Conversion   of,  Into   Pilocarpine.    H.   A.   D. 

Jowett.  [Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  21,  172.)  Isopilocarpine  and 
pilocarpine  are  considered  to  be  stereoisomeric  and  not  to  differ 
structurally.  By  heating  pure  isopilocarpine  with  alcoholic 
potash,  a  small  quantity  of  pilocarpine,  giving  the  hydrochloride, 
with  the  m.p.  201  and  [cj^  4-92-8°  and  the  nitrate,  m.p.  177- 
178°  C.  was  obtained. 

The  formula  of  pilocarpine  may  therefore  be  written — 


+      + 
CHg  -CH-6'H-CH,  -C-NCCHa ) 

i      I             !l 
CO  CH2         HC N 


CH 


0 

and  that  of  isopilocarpine- 


—     + 
C2H5-(7H-(7H-CH2-C-N(CH3 ) 

I    ^       li       ;cH 

CO  CH.  HC N^ 

\/ 
0 


Japan  Wax.  E.  J.  P  a  r  r  y.  {Chem.  and  Drugg.,  66,  34.) 
Specimens  of  Japan  wax  examined  some  years  back  were  found 
to  have  iodine-absorption  values  about  6  to  7  per  cent.,  usually 


CHEMISTRY. 


99 


not  higher  than  4  per  cent.  These  results  were  in  accordance  with 
those  pubhshed  by  Huebl  (4-2),  Lewkowitsch  (4-9  to  6-6),  Zeitel 
and  Van  der  Want  (8-3  to  8-5),  and  Allen  (4-9  to  6).  Quite  re- 
cently, however,  Bernheimer  and  Schiff  have  published  figures 
from  10-6  to  11-3,  and  Ahrens  and  Hett  give  from  13'1  to  15-1 
per  cent.  Such  a  rise  in  this  very  constant  figure  would 
at  once  suggest  a  change  m  the  composition  of  the  commercial 
article. 

Specimens  recently  examined  by  the  author  gave  the  following 
figures  : — 


- 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Melting-point    . 

50°-51" 

50°-52° 

52°-54° 

49°-53° 

49°-54° 

Saponification 

value 

21-8% 

22-0% 

22-2% 

21-9% 

22-1% 

Iodine -value 

11-9% 

13-8% 

13-7% 

12-5% 

13% 

Heliner-value    . 

89% 

90% 

90-5% 

89-5% 

90% 

Sp.  gr.  at  15°C. 

0-979 

0  980 

0-981 

0-977 

0-978 

M.P.  of  fatty  acids . 

54° 

55° 

55° 

54" 

56° 

With  regard  to  the  melting-point,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  Japan 
wax  has  a  double  melting-point,  and  if  rapidly  cooled  after  melt- 
ing this  will  be  found  to  be  about  40°  to  42°.  In  the  samples 
now  exammed  the  melting-point  was  not  sharp,  but  gradual  over 
several  degrees. 

The  samples  were  not  so  soluble  in  absolute  alcohol  (boiling) 
as  the  old  samples  were  previously  found  to  be.  This 
systematic  increase  in  the  iodine-value  of  Japan  wax  is  to  be 
explained  by  the  following  extract  from  Lewkowitsch's  Fats 
and  Oils.  Under  Japan  wax,  which,  strictly,  should  be  the 
product  of  the  berries  of  several  sumach-trees,  chiefly  Rhus 
succedanea,  R.  aciiminata,  R.  veniicifera,  and  R.  sylvestris,  he 
says  (p.  755)  : — 

"  With  the  growing  demand  for  Japan  wax,  the  aim  has  been 
to  increase  the  output ;  this  is  reached  by  mixing  the  press 
residue  or  even  the  ground  berries  with  a  certain  proportion 
(usually  10  per  cent.)  of  perilla  oil.  This  practice  has  been  on 
the  increase  during  the  last  ten  years  ;  therefore  the  discrepan- 
cies in  the  iodine-values  recorded  in  the  table  of  constants  are 
readily  explained." 

It  is  therefore  most  probable — is,  in  fact,  practically  certain — 
that  the  Japan  wax  of  to-day  contains  a  little  perilla  oil. 


100  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Juglans  regia,  Saccharose  in.  —  S  a  1  v  o  n  i.  {Repertoire, 
[.'JJ,  17,  127.)  The  kernels  of  walnuts  are  found,  like  hazel, 
to  contain  saccharose. 

Juniper  Berries,  Russian,  Essential  Oil  oi.  {SchimmeVs 
Report,  Oct.,  1904,  50.)  Specimens  of  Russian  oil  of  juniper 
examined,  otherwise  normal,  had  a  dextro-rotation,  [(/]j^,  +  7° 
to +  8°. 

Lactase  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  A.  Brae  hi  n.  (Journ. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  300.)  Continuing  the  work  of  Bourquelot 
and  Herissey  ( Year-Boole,  1904,  105),  the  author  finds  that  lactase 
is  widely  distributed  in  plants  ;  its  presence  was  demonstrated 
in  the  following  Rosaceous  seeds  ;  Prunus  spinosus  ;  cultivated 
plum  ;  Cerasus  lusitanica  ;  cultivated  cherry  ;  Cydonia  vulgaris  ; 
Sorhus  latifolia ;  Cratcegus  oxycantJm  ;  Eryohothrya  japonica  ; 
Ainelanchier  vulgaris.  In  Crucijerce  the  seeds  of  Sina pis  alba  and 
of  S.  nigra  contained  the  ferment,  and  the  fresh  crushed  leaves 
of  Cochlearia  armoracia  when  introduced  direct  mto  the  test 
solution,  but  macerations  of  the  same  were  inactive.  Lactase 
is  shown  to  be  without  action  on  potassium  myronate  contained 
in  these  seeds.  A  number  of  representative  plants  were  then 
examined,  and  lactase  detected  in  all ;  the  only  instances  in 
which  it  was  not  found  were  in  the  seeds  of  Enonymus  europceus, 
Capparis  spinosa,  and  Berberis  vulgaris.  Among  the  lower  or- 
ganisms, Aspergillus  niger  contams  no  lactase  ;  Bacillus  coli 
communis  and  j^easts  consume  lactase^  but  no  hydrolized  lactase 
is  found  in  the  culture  media.  It  would  appear  that  these  lower 
organisms  secrete  lactase  according  to  their  needs. 

The  fact  that  lactase  is  a  specific  ferment,  distmct  from  emul- 
sin,  is  showii  by  the  fact  that  its  action  is  arrested  between 
75-80°C.,  or  10°  lower  than  emulsin.  Also  the  presence  of  0-24 
per  cent,  of  acetic  acid  inhibits  its  action  ;  emulsin  is  only 
affected  by  five  times  as  much,  1-20  per  cent. 

Lactose,  New  Reaction  for.  A.  W  o  e  h  1  k.  {Zeits  fiir  Analyt. 
Chem..  tlirough  Pharm.  Centralh.,  46,  274.)  Half  a  Gm.  of  milk 
sugar  is  cautiously  heated  on  the  water-bath  with  10  c.c.  of 
10  per  cent.  AmOH  solution,  avoiding  boiling.  In  15  to  20 
minutes  a  madder-red  colour  is  produced.  Other  sugars,  when 
thus  treated  with  ammonia,  give,  at  the  most,  a  straw-yellow 


CHEMISTRY, 


101 


colour.  The  reaction,  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  colours  i^ro- 
duced,  is  not  available  for  the  detection  of  the  presence  of  cane 
sugar  in  milk  sugar.  The  spectroscopic  behaviour  of  the  milk 
sugar  colour  in  solution  is  sharply  differentiated  from  that  of 
other  sugar. 

Lactuca  muralis.  Occurrence  of,  and  Distribution  of.  Mydriatic 
Alkaloid  in.  R.  W  r  i  g  h  t.  [Pharm.  Journ.  (4).  20,  548.)  The 
discovery  by  Dyraond  of  a  mydriatic  alkaloid  in  Lactuca  virosa, 
which  was  subsequently  confirmed  by  the  author  and  Farr,  led 
to  the  examination  of  Lactuca  muralis,  to  ascertain  whether 
or  not  it  contained  a  similar  principle. 

To  avoid  loss  of  the  minute  amount  of  alkaloid  probably 
present,  the  foUoiving  method  was  adopted  :  The  dried 
material  was  reduced  to  powder  and  exhausted  by  percolation 
with  70  per  cent,  alcohol,  containing  5  per  cent,  acetic 
acid,  B.P.  The  percolate  was  evaporated  over  a  waterbath 
until  all  the  alcohol  had  been  dissipated,  the  aqueous  liquid 
filtered,  the  filter  washed  with  hot  water  and  the  filtrate  and 
washings  transferred  to  a  stoppered  glass  separator.  A  slight 
excess  of  ammonia  was  added,  and  the  alkaline  Kquid  shaken 
up  with  four  successive  5  c.c.  chloroform.  The  latter  were 
drawn  off  in  turn  and  bulked  and  then  shaken  up  with 
three  successive  5  c.c.  distilled  water  containing  1  per  cent, 
dilute  sulphuric  acid.  The  mixed  acid  solutions  were  treated 
with  a  slight  excess  of  ammonia,  and  the  alkaloid  shaken  out 
with  chloroform.  This  process  of  purification  was  carried  out 
three  times  in  all,  the  alkaloid  being  finally  obtained  in  a  per- 
fectly colourless  solution  in  chloroform.  This  was  transferred  to 
a  tared  glass  dish  and  the  chloroform  allowed  to  evaporate  at  a 
low  temperature. 

By  this  process,  which  absolutely  precludes  loss  of  alkaloid  in 
any  stage,  minute  quantities  of  such  were  obtained  from  each 
part  of  the  plant.  All  the  residues  when  dissolved  in  a  little  very 
shghtly  acidulated  water  gave  characteristic  precipitates  with 
Thresh's  and  Maj'-er's  reagents,  and  each  solution  when  instilled 
into  the  eye  produced  distinct  mydriasis.  The  following  figures 
represent  the  yield  of  alkaloid  by  the  different  parts  of  the 
dried  herb  :  Root,  9  Gm.  =00014  Gm.  =0-15  per  'mille  ;  Stem, 
90  Gm.  -0-0019  Gm.  =0-02  per  mille  ;  Leaves,  40  Gm.  =0-0023 
Gm.  =0-06  per  ?mille;  Flowering  tops,  13  Gm.  =0-0006  Gm. 
=  0-046  per  mille. 


102  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Lard  from  Cottonseed  Meal-fed  Hogs,  Reaction  of,  with 
Halphen's  Test.  E.  F  u  1  m  e  r.  {Jouni.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc, 
26,  837.)  An  investigation  was  undertaken  with  the  view  of 
determininsj  to  what  extent  the  lard  from  cottonseed  meal-fed 
hogs  would  give  a  coloration  with  Haljihen's  reagent. 

Lard  was  rendered  from  samples  of  fat  taken  from  hogs  fed  on 
cottonseed  meal  from  kidney,  jowl,  back  and  intestines,  and  in 
many  cases  also  from  the  belly. 

All  lard  samples  gave  a  distinct  and,  in  some  cases,  a  verv 
strong  coloration  when  treated  with  Halphen's  reagent.  The 
coloration-equivalent,  expressed  in  percentages  of  cottonseed 
oil,  ranged  from  04  to  15  per  cent. 

In  general,  the  greatest  degree  of  coloration  was  found  in 
kidney-fat  lard,  and  the  least  in  intestinal-fat  lard.  In  a  majority 
of  samples  back-fat  lard  gave  a  greater  intensity  of  colour  than 
that  from  jowl-fat.  The  colour-producing  principle  of  cotton- 
seed oil  is  transmitted  to  all  parts  of  the  animal,  although  in  un- 
equal amounts. 

When  the  colour-producing  substance  is  once  deposited  in  the 
fat  of  hogs,  it  is  exceedingly  persistent,  as  illustrated  in  the  case 
of  an  animal  being  killed  three  months  after  it  had  received  its 
last  ration  of  cottonseed  meal,  lard  rendered  from  its  fat 
showing  a  coloration  equivalent  to  4  per  cent,  of  cottonseed 
oil ;  and  another  hog,  killed  after  having  eaten  no  cotton 
meal  for  five  months,  a  composite  sample  of  its  fat  yielding 
lard  which  showed  a  coloration  equivalent  to  3  per  cent,  of 
oil. 

Laurus  camphora  Leaves,  French,  Essential  Oil  of.  {Schim- 
meVs  Report,  May,  1905,  83.)  The  leaves  of  the  Camphor  tree 
grown  at  Camies  have  yielded  0-52  per  cent,  of  essential  oil, 
which  entirely  differs  in  characters  from  any  oil  from  a 
similar  source  previously  recorded.  In  characters  it  closely 
approaches  cardamom  oil ;  the  odour  is  similar  to  this  ;  sp.  gr. 
0-9058  at  15°C.  ;  [a.]p-26°  12';  acid  value.  0-34:  ester  value, 
8-82 ;  acetyl  value,  46-9  ;  solubility.  1  :  1  and  more  in  80 
per  cent,  alcohol  ;  b.p.  (under  4  mm.)  35-95°C.  It  contains 
pinene,  probably  camphene,  eineol  in  quantity  and  kevoter- 
pineol. 

Lavender,  Essential  Oil  of,  Adulterated  with  Ethyl  Succinate 
and  Spanish  Lavender  Oil.     (Schimmcrs  Iiei)ort,  May,  1905,  51.) 


CHEMISTRY.  103 

The  hiofh  price  reached  by  lavender  oil  during  the  past  season  has 
rendered  sophistication  very  prevalent.  Among  the  substances 
used  for  this  purpose,  French  and  American  turpentme  oil,  spike 
oil,  Spanish  lavender  oil  and  rosemary  oil  are  enumerated.  In 
some  instances  the  lowering  of  the  ester  value,  occasioned  by  the 
use  of  Spanish  lavender  oil  as  an  adulterant,  was  covered  by  the 
introduction  of  ethyl  succinate. 

Lavender  Oil.  French,  Adulteration  of.  [SchimmeV s  Report, 
Oct.,  1904,  51.)  The  prevailing  scarcity  and  consequent  high 
price  of  lavender  oil  has  induced  much  adulteration.  Spike  oil 
is  the  chief  adulterant,  either  by  direct  admixture  or  by  distilling 
the  two  kinds  of  flowers  together  ;  to  increase  the  solubility  of 
this  oil  Spanish  sage  oil  is  added,  together  with  a  trace  of  amyl 
acetate,  to  impart  aroma.  Generally  speaking,  French  lavender- 
oil  with  less  than  33  per  cent,  of  esters  must  be  regarded  as  im- 
pure ;  bat  there  are  some  districts  in  France  where  the  normal 
oil  falls  below  this  figure.  For  instance,  the  oils  produced  on  the 
banks  of  the  Var,  which  are  highly  esteemed,  contain  only  28  to 
30  per  cent,  of  ester.  These  oils  have  a  low  sp.  gr.  and  a  fairty 
high  Isevorotation.  Petroleum  has  been  met  with  in  two  samples 
of  lavender  oil  examined. 

Lead,  Detection  and  Determination  of,  in  Cream  of  Tartar  or 
Tartaric  Acid.  L.  and  J.  G  a  d  a  i  s.  {Aimales  de  Chim.  Analyt., 
10,  98.)  100  Gm.  of  the  cream  of  tartar  is  introduced  into  a 
conical  litre  flask,  with  80  c.c.  of  distilled  water  and  60  c.c.  of 
pure  HCl,  sp.  gr.  1-17,  and  gently  heated  until  dissolved ; 
60  c.c.  of  distilled  water  is  then  added,  with  pure  copper 
nitrate  free  from  lead,  equivalent  to  0-15  Gm.  of  Cu.  The  mix- 
ture is  heated  to  60°C.  and  SHo  passed  through  it  for  a  consider- 
able time.  The  flask  is  then  well  corked  and  set  aside  for  12 
hours.  The  precipitated  sulphides  are  then  collected,  washed 
witli  SHo  solution,  and  the  filter  containing  them  treated,  in  a 
small  conical  flask,  with  8  c.c.  of  HNO3  free  from  Pb.,  heatii\g  to 
dissolve  the  sulphides  ;  then  diluted  with  water,  boiled  for  one 
minute,  filtered  into  a  150  c.c.  porcelain  capsule,  the  flask  and 
filter,  washed,  and  the  bulked  filtrate  and  washings  concentrated 
to  25  c.c.  on  the  water-bath.  This  solution  is  transferred  to  a 
platinum  capsule,  washing  with  not  more  than  25  c.c.  in  so  doing. 
The  50  c.c.  of  liquid  thus  obtained  is  submitted  to  the  electric  cur- 
rent, connecting  tlie"platinum  capsule  to  the  positive  pole.     After 


104  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

allowing::;  the  current  to  run  for  12  liours,  the  liquid  is  siphoned 
off,  without  interrupting  the  current,  and  the  capsule  waslied  four 
times  w^ith  water.  It  is  then  removed  from  the  current,  washed 
first  with  alcohol,  then  with  ether,  4  or  5  drops  of  solution  of 
tetramethyldiamidophenylmethane  in  acetic  acid  are  added. 
Tins  solution  is  allowed  to  flow  over  all  parts  of  the  capsule, 
when,  if  lead  be  present,  a  fine  blue  colour  will  be  developed. 
For  the  quantitative  determination  of  the  lead  500  Gm.  of  the 
cream  of  tartar  is  dissolved  as  before,  using  5  times  the  amount 
of  acid  and  water.  This  solution  is  then  treated  with  cupric 
nitrate  equivalent  to  0-15  Gm.  of  Cu  and  tlie  proce*  continued 
as  above,  but  the  platinum  capsule  is  first  tared,  and  after  the 
electrolysis  and  washing,  dried  at  100°C.  and  weighed.  The 
increase  of  weight  noted,  x  0-17322,  gives  the  amount  of  Pb.  in 
the  cream  of  tartar  taken. 

This  method,  with  slight  modifications,  is  available  for  the 
determination  of  Pb.  in  tartaric  acid  and  other  tartrates. 


Lecithins,    Commercial,    Examination    of.    G.    F  e  n  d  1  e  r. 

(Apoth.  Zeit..  20,  22.)  The  author  finds  that  by  extraction  with 
boiling  absolute  alcohol,  the  whole  of  the  lecithin  present  is  not 
dissolved  ;  by  treating  the  residue  insoluble  in  alcoliol  with  etlier, 
a  substance  is  obtained  which  contains  phosphorus  and  nitrogen 
in  similar  proportions  to  di-stearyl-lecithin.  In  valuing  com- 
mercial lecithins,  therefore,  the  material  should  first  be  extracted 
witli  boiling  alcohol,  then  wnth  ether,  and  the  two  liquids  mixed 
The  solvents  are  then  to  be  distilled  off  and  the  amount  of 
nitrogen  andj  phosphorus  determined  in  the  residue.  Direct 
determination  of  these  constituents  in  the  original  gives  erron- 
eous results.  The  amount  of  these  calculated  on  pure 
di-stearyl-lecithin,  C44H90NPO9,  are  P  3-837  per  cent,  and  N 
1-738  per  cent. 

Ledum  palustre,  Stearoptene  of  the  Essential  Oil  of.  — 
L  o  m  i  d  s  e.  [Pharm.  Centralh.,  45,  590.)  The  flowering  plant 
gathered  in  1901  yielded  1-5  per  cent,  of  essential  oil,  and  0-5  per 
cent,  in  1902.  The  oil  is  a  thick  fluid  at  normal  temperatures, 
whicii  deposits  crystals  on  standing.  Tlie  stearoptene  was  iso- 
lated by  cooling  a  1  :  2  solution  of?the  oil  in  90  jier  cent,  alcohol 
to  —  10°C.,  separating  the  crystals,  and  distilling  off  the  adhering 
portion  of  oil  at  80°C.  under  20  mm.  pressure.     The  residue  thus 


CHEMISTRY.  105 

obtained,  reerystallized  from  alcohol,  gave  the  pure  stearoptene 
ia  long,  needle-shaped,  colourless  crystals,  havmg  the  formula, 
Cir.HogO  ;  m.p.  104°C.  ;  b.p.,  281°C.  in  an  atmosphere  of  COg 
since  it  is  readily  oxidized  in  the  air. 

Lemon,  Essential  Oil  of,  New  Indirect  Process  for  Determina- 
tion of  the  Aldehydic  Contents.  E.  B  e  r  t  i.  {Chem.  and 
Drwjg.,  66,  682.)  To  10  c.c.  of  the  oil  add  50  c.c.  of  a  saturated 
solution  of  potassium  bisulphite  in  an  Erlenmeyer  flask,  capa- 
city about  250  c.c.  Close  it  with  a  stopper  in  which  is  inserted  a 
glass  tube  about  40  to  45  cm.  long.  Shake  the  mixture  until 
emulsified,  and  heat  to  boiling  at  5  mm.  pressure  for  ten  minutes, 
agitating  frequently,  and  taking  care  not  to  overheat.  Then 
allow  to  cool  completely,  after  which  heat  again  for  another 
five  minutes,  agitating  vigorously  during  the  whole  operation. 
Allow  to  cool  to  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air.  The 
mass  should  then  be  put  quickly  into  a  tapped  funnel  of  the 
capacity  of  about  100  c.c,  and  some  time  afterwards  the 
floating  stratum  of  oil  is  to  be  separated  from  the  underlying 
solution  of  bisulphite  pn  which  the  combined  aldehydes  are 
found.  The  terpene  is  to  be  washed  twice  with  a  little 
distilled  water  and  filtered  with  tlie  addition  of  a  little  anhy- 
drous sodium  sulphate.  Wiien  it  is  quite  clear,  examine  it 
with  the  polariscope. 

The  difference  between  the  deviations  of  the  essence  and  of  the 
terpene  taken  (of  coarse  under  the  same  conditions  of  tempera- 
ture) will  give  indirectly  the  quantity  of  aldehydes  that  the  oil 
contains  according  to  the  following  formula  : — 

100  (A -a) 
^  -  A 

in  which  a  represents  the  rotation  of  the  original  essence,  A  the 
rotation  of  the  essence  liberated  from  the  aldehyde,  and  C  the 
percentage  of  aldehydes. 

Nvimerous  analytical  data  of  results  obtained  with  genuine 
lemon  oils,  which  showed  an  aldehyde  content  of  6-85  to  7-4  per 
cent,  v/ith  tliese  genuine  oils  mixed  with  lemon  terpene,  and  with 
limonene  and  citral,  have  given  the  author  concordant  results. 
In  conclusion,  the  author  expresses  the  hope  that  a  reason  will  be 
found  for  the  low  yields  of  terpeneless  oil  obtained  on  the  manu- 
facturing scale,  compared  with  the  amount  of  non-terpenic  con- 
stituents indicated  by  these  methods. 


106  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Lemongrass  Oil,  Adulterated  with  Citronella  Oil.  E.  J. 
Parry-  {Chem.  and  Drugg.,  66,  140.)  Specimens  of  lemon- 
grass  oil  adulterated  with  citronella  oil  have  been  met  with. 
One  such  had  a  specific  gravity  of  0-901  and  the  [a]f,  —  5°  (calcu- 
lated from  a  solution  in  alcohol,  as  the  oil  was  too  dark  for  a 
direct  observation).  The  refractive  index  at  20°  was  14835. 
On  absorption  by  sodium  bisulphite  the  apymrent  citral  value 
was  62  per  cent.,  but  this  included  the  absorbed  aldehydes  from 
the  citronella  oil  as  well  as  the  citral.  The  unabsorbed  portion 
was  examined,  and  compared  with  the  unabsorbed  portion  of  a 
pure  oil.  The  chief  difference  to  be  noticed  here  was  that  the 
residue  from  the  pure  oil  had  a  characteristic  sweet  odour,  re- 
calling the  geraniol  esters,  while  that  from  the  adulterated  oil 
was  of  a  more  t\^ical  geraniol  odour.  The  physical  characters 
gave  no  information,  but  an  acet3'lation  and  saponification 
showed  that  the  adulterated  oiF  contained  much  more  free 
alcohols  than  the  pure  oil.  I 

The  aldehydes  were  separated  from  30  c.c.  of  the  oil  and 
recovered  by  decomposing  the  bisulphite  compound  and  steam- 
distilling.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  aldehydes  was  only 
0-886,  and  the  refractive  index  1-4789.  The  figiu-es  for  citronellal 
and  citral  are  as  follows  : — 

Citral 0-897  1-4861 

Citronellal  .  .  .  .0-854  1-4481 

This  oil  probably  contained  30  per  cent,  of  citronella  oil ;  other 
consignments,  similarly  adulterated,  but  to  a  less  degree,  have 
been  met  with. 

Lemon  Petitgrain  OIL  {SchimmeVs  Report,  May,  1905.)  A  speci- 
men of  the  essential  oil  of  tlie  leaves  and  twigs  of  Citriis  limonvm 
was  found  to  have  the  following  characters  :  Sp.  gr.  0-8824  at  15°C. ; 
[a]]) -1-21°  81'  ;  [77  j^  ,30  1-4725  ;  it  contained  24  per  cent,  of  citral, 
no  citronellal ;  10-5  per  cent,  of  esters  calculated  as  acetates  ; 
total  alcohols,  19-4  per  cent.,  of  which  11-6  was  geranio]  as  well 
as  camphene  and  limonene.  It  greatly  resembles  orange  petit- 
grain  in  constituents. 

Lignaloe  Oil.  {SchimmeVs  Report ,  Oct.,  1904,  55.)  Now  that 
linalol  is  largely  extracted  for  use  in  "  synthetic  "  perfumery, 
the  residual  oil,  after  the  extraction  of  this  alcohol,  finds  its  way 
into  conmierce.     The  partial  removal  of  linalol  affects  the  rota- 


CHElVnSTRY.  107 

tion  of  the  oil,  wnich  normally  siiould  not  be  less  than  —5'^  ;  such 
oils  may  show  a  dextro-rotation.  The  saponification  value  of 
the  normal  oil  lies  between  1  and  25  ;  with  oils  from  which  the 
linalol  has  been  partly  removed  it  rises  to  30-45.  Fractional 
distillation,  in  vacuo,  will  also  serve  to  differentiate  those  oils 
which  are  poor  in  linalol.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  however, 
that  dextrorotatory  oil  may  result  from  inefficient  bulking  of 
the  fractions  during  the  distillation  of  normal  oil.  A  lignaloe  oil 
of  unknown  source  has  been  met  with  which  had  the  sp.  gr. 
0-8793  at  15T.  ;  [a\,  +  T  31' ;  acid  number,  1-02  ;  ester  number, 
3-88  ;  solubility,  1:1-7  of  alcohol  70  per  cent.  Fractional  dis- 
tillation mider  reduced  pressure  showed  the  presence  of  65  per 
cent,  of  dextro-linalol. 

Lime  Oil  from  Barbados.  {ScMmmeVs  Beport,  Oct.,  1904,  54.) 
Authentic  specimens  of  distilled  and  hand-pressed  hme  oils  re- 
ceived from  the  Imperial  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  had  the 
following  characters. 

HaM-pressed  Lime  Oil :  Sp.  gr.  at  15°C.  09008;  [a]„  +  36°  17'; 
[a]^  of  the  first  10  per  cent,  of  the  distillate -i- 39°30'  ;  acid  num- 
ber 6-05  ;  ester  number,  29-55  ;  residue  on  evaporation,  17-8  per 
cent.  ;  soluble  in  4  and  more  vol.  90  per  cent,  alcohol,  wdth  shght 
cloudiness  in  consequence  of  separation  of  parafiin.  The  dilute 
alcoholic  solution  shows  a  famt  blue  fluorescence,  which  renders 
the  presence  of  anthranilic  ester  probable.  The  oil  has  a  golden 
yellow  colour,  and  possesses  a  pleasant  refreshing  odour  which 
greatly  resembles  that  of  lemon  oil. 

Distilled  Lime  Oil.  The  bright-yellow  oil,  which  possesses  a 
disagreeable  odour  like  turpentine  or  pine  tar  oil,  had  the  follow- 
ing constants  :  Sp.  gr.  at  \h°(\  0-8656  ;  \ci\,  +  46°  36' ;  [a\  of  the 
first  10  per  cent,  of  the  distillate -t- 53°  8';  acid  number,  1-8; 
ester  number,  4-05  ;  residue  on  evaporation.  3-16  per  cent.  : 
soluble  with  slight  cloudiness  in  4-5  and  more  vol.  90  per  cent, 
alcohol. 

Linin.  J.  S.  Hills  and  W.  P.  Wynne.  {Proc.  CJum. 
Soc,  21,  74,  also  Pharm.  Jonrn.  [4].  20,  401.  436.)  Linin, 
C'oaHoiOg,  is  apparently  a  glucoside  ;  on  hydrotysis  with  dilute 
acids  or  with  lime,  it  is  split  up  into  glucose  and  a  bcdy  which 
appears  to  be  identical  with  the  linin  of  Schrceder.  The  yield  of 
the  crude  glucoside  is  only  0-13  per  cent,  of  the  drug.  It  crys- 
tallizes from  alcohol    in   needles,  m.p.  about  203°C.,  the  exact 


108  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

111. p.  depending  on  the  mode  of  lieating.  It  is  insoluble  in  water, 
sparingly  soluble  in  organic  solvents.  With  concentrated 
HjS04,  it  gives  a  deep  pui-ple  coloration.  It  contains  four 
methoxyl  groups  ;  attempts  to  prepare  acetyl  and  benzoyl  de- 
rivatives were  unsuccessful.  Oxahc  acid  was  the  only  oxidation 
product  which  could  be  identified.  Linin  has  no  purgative 
action. 

In  many  of  its  jDroperties  it  resembles  Podwyssotski's  picro- 
podophyllin  {Year-Book,  1882,  159,  163),  which  was  re-examined 
in  1898  by  Dunstan  and  Henry  in  the  course  of  their  investigation 
of  the  constituents  of  Indian  and  American  podophyllum  ( Year- 
Book,  1898,  135).  Henry,  who  has  compared  the  two  sub- 
stances, is  of  opinion  that  they  are  not  identical,  as  picro- 
podophyUin  melts  at  227°C.,  and  a  mixture  of  it  with  linin  (m.p. 
205°C.)  at  184°C.  The  recognition  of  very  similar  purgative 
principles  in  Podophyllum  and  Linum,  and  the  failure  to  isolate 
the  active  principle  from,  each,  lends  a  .special  interest  to  the 
present  investigation,  and  it  is  hoped  that  a  furtiier  study  of  the 
proximate  principles  of  the  two  drugs  wiD,  in  the  hands  of  Dun- 
stan and  Henry,  lead  to  fre.sh  light  being  throwni  on  the  nature 
of  the  purgative  agent  in  each. 

Lithium  Citrate.  D.  B.  Dot  t.  {Pharm.  J  own.  [4],  20, 
440.)  It  has  previously  been  pointed  out  that  the  British 
Pharmacopoeia  is  inaccurate  in  describing  this  salt  as  deliques- 
cent, and  in  regard  to  tlie  temperature  at  which  it  loses  the  whole 
of  its  water.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  noted  that  the 
official  statement  as  to  the  proportion  of  water  lost,  just  under 
100°C.,is  quite  incorrect.  The  formula  with  four  molecules  of 
water  is  generally  accepted  as  accurate.  It  has  repeatedh*  been 
observed  that  well-defined  crystals,  which  were  apparently  quite 
dry,  lose  considerably  more  than  the  B.P.  19  per  cent  Some  large 
crystals  were  powdered,  the  powder  spread  on  paper,  and  exposed 
for  two  da3's  in  the  air  of  the  laboratory.  This  powder  lost  in 
the  water-bath  under  100°C.  24-8  per  cent.  On  transferring  to 
the  air-bath  and  exposing  to  a  temperature  of  150-160''C., 
the  loss  was  increased  to  27-6  per  cent.  These  numbers  agree 
very  well  with  the  formula  (Li3C)2,9H20.  which  requires  24-7 
per  cent,  for  eight  molecules  of  water,  and  27-8  per  cent,  for 
nine  molecules.  Further  experiments  are  needed  to  determine 
whether  the  salt  contains  more  tlian  four  molecules  of  water, 
and,  if  so,  to  what  amount  the  excess  extends. 


CHEMISTRY .  109 

Lupin  Alkaloids.  {Berichte,  37,  2351.)  The  so-called  lupini- 
diiie  of  Liebscher  is  now  found  to  be  identical  with  sparteine,  and 
to  have  the  formula  C15H26N2  ;  this  base,  and  lupinine  C10H19ON, 
are  found  in  the  seeds  oi  Lupinus  luteus  a,nd  L.  niger.  Luyanine, 
C15H24ON2,  occurs  in  Lupinus  alhus  and  L.  anyudifolius.  (See 
also  Year-Books,  1891,  112  ;    1892,  51  ;    1897,  60  ;    1898,  G3.) 

Lupinus  polyphyllus  Seeds,  New  Alkaloid  from.     G.  F.  B  e  r  g  h. 

{Archiv  der  Pharm.,  242,  416.)  The  seeds  of  the  familiar  garden 
plant,  Lupinus  polyphyllus,  have  yielded  a.  new  alkaloid,  oxy- 
lupanine,  C15H24N2O2  +  2H2O,  which  crystallizes  from  aqueous 
acetone  in  large  colourless  rhombic  prisms.  It  is  very  soluble 
in  water,  soluble  in  CHCI3,  and  sparingly  soluble  in  ether. 
The  air-dry  base  melts  at  76-77°C.,  when  anhydrous  after 
drying  in  vacuo  it  melts  at  172-174*^0.  When  dried  in  the 
air  at  100  it  turns  brown.  Its  [a]oio  =  +  64-12  ;  the  hydri- 
odide  Ci,H24N20.,-HI-2H20,  m.p.  '  91-93°C.  ;  sulphocyanide 
Ci5H,2N202.HCNS".H,0,  m.p.  125°;  ami  chloride,  C.^H.^N^O^ 
HAuCU,  m.p.  205-266°C.  ;  and  the  platinochloride  Ci^HLNoOa 
•HoPtCl,;  +  H2O,  dried  to  constant  weight  at  100°C.,  m.p. 
235-236°C.,  were  prepared.  When  acetylized  it  forms  a 
monoacetyl  ester,  Ci5H23(C2H302)N202,  also  takes  up  one 
methoxyl  group  on  methylating.  Dextrolupanine,  Ci5H,^N20, 
which  has  previoush'  been  found  in  the  seeds  of  other  species 
of  lupin,  was  also  present. 

Magnesia,  Formation  of,  from  Magnesium  Carbonate  by  Heat, 
and  the  Effect  of  Temperature  on  the  Properties  of  the  Product. 

W.  C.  Anderson.  {Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  21,  11.)  Magnesia, 
prepared  from  different  substances  and  by  different  methods, 
varies  greatly  in  its  properties.  Experiments  have  been  con- 
ducted with  magnesite  (native  magnesium  carbonate)  and  the  three 
forms  of  artificial  carbonate,  to  determine  the  lowest  tempera- 
ture at  which  the  evolution  of  CO2  could  be  distinctly  recognized, 
the  rates  at  which  the  evolution  of  the  gas  takes  place  at  higher 
temperatures,  and  the  relative  solubility  in  water  of  the  MgO 
produced.  Native  magnesite  yielded  0-4  per  cent,  of  its  weight 
of  CO2  ill  20  hours  at  350°C.,  and  the  rate  of  evolution  increased 
rapidly  with  rise  of  temperature.  With  two  of  the  artificial 
carbonates  complete  expulsion  was  reached  at  about  750°C.,  but 
with  "  heavy  "  carbonate  only  above  810°C.  The  MgO  obtained 
from  "  heavy  "  carbonate  was  found  to  be  more  rapidly  soluble 


110  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

in  water  tliau  that  obtained  fiom  "  light  "  and  "  crystal  "  car- 
bonate, .s(j  long  as  the  lieating  did  not  greatly  exceed  the  tem- 
perature needed  for  complete  decomposition.  As  the  temperature 
of  preparation  was  increased,  the  solubility  of  the  MgO  formed 
decreased,  but  much  more  so  in  the  case  of  "heavy"  carbonate 
than  in  tlie  other  two.  It  is  inferred  that  polymerization  occurs 
in  heating  MgO,  which  takes  place  more  rapidly  with  the  pro- 
duct of  "  heavy  "  carbonate.  The  rate  of  solution  is  considered 
to  be  a  measure  of  the  rate  of  hydration  which  is  most  rapid  in 
the  molecule  (MgO)„,  obtained  by  heating  the  heavy  carbonate 
at  810°C. 

Manganese   Dioxide,    Detection   of  Traces   of  Iron  in.       H. 

C  o  r  m  i  m  b  o  e  u  f.  {Annales  de  Chim.  AnaUjt.,  10,  51.)  Two 
Gm.  of  the  oxide  is  heated  to  redness  in  a  platinum  crucible,  then 
dissolved  in  25  to  30  c.c.  of  strong  HCl ;  solution  is  complete  after 
a  few  minutes'  boiling  ;  when  the  black  colour  has  changed  to 
yellowish,  the  liquid  is  diluted  with  water,  and  filtered.  After 
washing  the  insoluble  residue,  the  filtrate  is  partially  neutralized 
with  NaOH  or  KOH,  but  left  distinctly  acid.  Neutralization  is 
completed  with  ZnO  free  from  iron,  an  excess  of  about  5  Gm. 
of  this  being  added.  When  the  supernatant  licpiid  has  become 
quite  colourless  the  precipitate  of  ZnO  and  FcoOa  is  collected, 
washed,  and  dissolved  in  excess  of  dilute  H2SO4.  Pure  zinc  is 
then  added  to  the  acid  liquid  to  reduce  the  iron  to  the  feiTous 
state.  After  liaK  an  hour's  action,  the  liquid  is  strained  through 
a  plug  of  cotton  wool  and  titrated  with  standard  Iv]\InO,  solu- 
tion, each  c.c.  of  which  is  equivalent  to  0-001  Gm.  Fe^Oa. 

Maple  Sugar.  —  B  u  i  s  s  o  n.  {Bull.  Assoc,  des  Chim.  de  Sue. 
et  Dist.  Ind.,  through  Chem.  Centralhlatt,  76,  459.)  ]\Iaple  sugar 
from  North  America  is  golden  yellow  in  colour  and  has  slight 
honey-like  aroma.  It  contains  85-4  per  cent,  of  cane  sugar  ;  509 
per  cent,  of  reducing  sugars  ;  0-75  per  cent,  of  soluble,  and  001 
per  cent,  of  insoluble  ash  ;  with  8-75  per  cent,  of  water  and 
organic  matter.  The  reducing  sugars  contain  more  dextrose 
than  levulose,  their  specific  rotation  being  [a]*^  — 20-62°. 

Matico   Oil.     H.   T  h  o  m  s.     {Archiv  der  Pharm.,   242,   328.) 

The  so-called  matico  ether  of  Fromm  and  van  Emster  {Year- 

Book,  1903,  117)  is  found  to  consist  of  a  mixture  of  jaarsley-ajsiol 

and  dill-apiol,    the   latter  predominating.      It  also   contains   a 

ij  hydrocarbon,  m.p.  —  1S°C.,  and  another  phenol  ester. 


CHEMISTRY,  '  111 

Matrine,     the     Active     Principle     of    Sophora     angustifolia. 

—  1  s  h  i  z  a  k  a.  [Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  855.)  The  author  has  ni- 
vestigated  the  physiological  action  of  matrine,  CisHo-iN^O,  iso- 
lated by^Nagai  from  the  roots  of  the  plant  {Y ear-Book,  1896, 
106).  The  alkaloid  is  toxic,  the  lethal  dose  for  dogs  and  rabbits 
bemg  0-3  Gm.  for  each  kilo  of  bodyweight.  It  slows  and  even 
arrests  respiration,  deadens  the  motor  centres,  occasions  con- 
vulsions, and  increases  the  arterial  pressure.  The  root  is  used 
in  China  for  dysentery  and  tjrphus. 

Melia  azadiraehta  Leaves,  Constituents  of.  D.  Hooper. 
{Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  576.)  Among  the  plants  said  to  be  use- 
ful for  keeping  away  mosquitos,  a  correspondent  in  the  British 
Medical  Journal  quoted  the  Nim  {Melia  azadiraehta)  as  being 
poisonous  to  these  insects.  The  fresh  leaves  were  tested  by 
distilling  them  with  water,  when  it  was  found  that  a  distinct 
allyl-  or  onion-smelling  compound  was  present  in  the  distillate. 
The  powdered  leaf,  when  burnt,  also  gave  off  a  disagreeable 
odour,  and  the  smoke  was  fatal  to  some  insects.  The  extract  of 
the  leaves  was  intensely  bitter,  and  gave  evidence  of  the  presence 
of  an  alkaloid. 

Mercury,  Detection  of  Traces  of,  in  Urine.    —  Z  e  n  g  h  e  1  i  s. 

[Zeits.  fiir  Analyt.  Chem.,  through  Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21, 
371. )  A  spiral  composed  of  two  very  fine  wires,  one  of  copper,  the 
other  of  platuium,  about  20  cm.  long,  is  immersed  in  the  urine, 
rendered  faintly  acid  with  HCl,  for  24  hours.  The  spiral  is  then 
withdrawn,  cautiously  washed  first  with  very  dilute  NaOH  solu- 
tion, then  successively  with  ^water,  alcohol  and  pure  ether  ;  it  is 
then  carefully  wiped  on  tissue  paper  and  dried  for  an  hour,  over 
H2SO4.  It  is  then  pressed  to  the  bottom  of  an  absolutely  dry 
test-tube  7  or  8  cm.  high.  Meanwhile  iodine,  1  Gm.,  is  dissolved 
in  absolute  ether  4  c.c,  and  by  means  of  a  fine  feather  a  small 
ring  of  the  solution  is  painted  round  the  inner  side  of  the  tube, 
about  1-5  or  2  cm.  above  the  wire  spiral.  A  piece  of  wet  filter 
paper  is  placed  over  this  on  the  outside  of  the  tube,  to  act  as  a 
condenser.  The  tube  is  then  plugged  with  a  loose  pledget  of 
wool,  and  the  portion  containing  the  spiral  gently  heated,  while 
the  tube  is  held  in  a  horizontal  position.  A  ring  of  Hgl  or  Hgl2 
will  then  be  formed,  if  mercury  be  present  where  the  ring  of 
iodine  has  been  painted.  This  becomes  very  evident  when  the 
tube  is  held  over  a  black  background.     If  a  large  volume  of 


112  YEAK-liOOK    OK    rilARMACV. 

urine  lias  to  be  examined,  it  is  rendered  alkaline  with  NaOH.  a 
little  glucose  or  invert  sugar  is  added,  and  the  whole  boiled  for 
15  minutes.  The  whole  of  the  mercvuy  is  then  precipitated  with 
the  phosphates.  These  are  collected,  dissolved  in  HCl,  and 
treated  as  described  above. 

To  determine  the  amount  of  mercury  in  the  urine  the  preci- 
pitated pho.sphates  are  to  be  dissolved  in  dilute  HNOy,  the  solu- 
tion made  up  to  25  c.c.  is  then  submitted  to  electrolysis,  em- 
ploying as  the  cathode  a  small  sheet  of  Pt.  previously  tared. 
After  electrolysis,  this  is  detached,  washed  with  water,  then  with 
alcohol,  and  finally  with  absolute  ether,  dried  over  H2SO4  and 
weighed. 

Mercury  in  Urine,  Detection  of.  —  8  o  n  n  i  c  -  M  o  r  e  t.  {Bull, 
des  Sciences  Pharmacol.,  through  Annales  de  Chim.  Analyt.,  10, 
151.)  To  destroy  the  organic  matter  1,700  to  1,800  c.c.  of  urine 
is  placed  m  a  capacious  flask  fitted  with  a  rubber  cork  bearing 
two  tubes  similar  to  those  of  a  wash  bottle  :  to  the  one  which 
dips  beneath  the  surface  of  the  liquid,  which  should  be  of  fairly 
wide  diameter,  a  small  glass  capsule,  filled  with  coarsely-pow- 
dered KCIO3,  is  attached  to  the  outer  extreniit}^.  b}-  means  of  an 
inch  or  two  of  rubber  tubing,  so  that  the  capsule  hangs  loosely, 
and  on  being  raised  will  allow  a  few  particles  of  chlorate  to  fall 
into  the  liquid.  The  other  tube  is  fitted  to  an  upright  condenser. 
From  20  to  22  Gm.  of  chlorate  is  filled  into  the  capsule,  and  the 
urine  is  acidified  with  90  or  100  c.c.  of  HCL,  sp.  gr.  1-17  (or  more 
if  the  sp.  gr.  of  the  urine  exceed  1-018).  The  flask  is  then  im- 
mersed in  the  water-bath  ;  and  as  soon  as  the  liquid  is  thoroughly 
heated,  the  glass  capsule  is  raised  and  a  few  granules  of  chlorate 
allowed  to  fall  into  the  liquid.  This  is  so  managed  that  it  takes 
about  an  hour  for  the  whole  of  the  KCIO3  to  be  used  up.  The 
heating  is  continued  for  7  or  8  hours  ;  then  the  glass  capsule  is 
taken  oflf  and  the  flask  connected  up  with  a  COo  generator,  by 
the  same  tube,  a  current  of  that  gas  being  passed  through  the 
liquid  until  all  the  CI  has  been  washed  out.  When  cold,  the 
liquid  is  neutralized  with  soda. 

Meanwhile  a  rectangle  of  fine  copper  gauze,  11  cm.  x  4  cm.,  is 
rolled  into  a  cylinder,  washed  with  alcohol  and  ether,  to  remove 
greEkse,  then  in  dilute  HCl,  and  fixed  in  the  beak  of  a  capacious 
tapped  fumiel  just  below  the  tap.  The  neutralized  urine  is  then 
introduced  into  the  funnel  and  the  tap  slightly  turned  over,  so 
that  the  liquid  drips  out  slo\vly  drop  by  drop.     After  it  has  all 


CHEMISTRY.  113 

passed  through  the  funnel  and  over  the  copper  once,  it  is  re- 
turned, and  the  operation  is  repeated.  The  copper  cyUnder 
is  then  washed  in  tepid  distilled  water,  which  is  allowed  to  flow 
over  it  through  the  tap,  as  before,  drained  on  filter  paper  and 
dried  over  H2SO4.  It  is  then  transferred  to  a  subliming  tube 
and  heated,  when  an}^  mercury  present  is  sublimed  in  the  usual 
manner.  The  nature  of  the  sublimate  may  be  conformed,  if 
necessary,  by  submitting  it  to  the  vapour  of  a  crystal  of  iodine, 
when  it  ^vill  speedily  assume  a  red  colour.  By  this  method  the 
presence  of  0-0004  Gm.  of  Hg  maybe  detected  in  1,800  c.c.  of 
urine.  Possibly,  by  using  gold  or  platinum  gauze,  more  com- 
plete precipitation  of  the  mercury  might  be  effected. 

Methyl  Alcohol,  Detection  of,  in  Liquids  containing  Ethyl 
Alcohol.  S.  P.  S  a  d  1 1  e  r.  {Amer.  J.  Pharm.,  77,  106.)  The 
following  modification  of  the  method  of  MuUiken  and  Sc  udder 
has  been  adopted  by  the  U.S. P.  Revision  Committee  for  the  ready 
and  convenient  detection  of  methyl  alcohol  in  alcoholic  pre- 
parations. Into  a  test-tube  1  c.c.  of  the  preparation  to  be 
tested  is  introduced,  and,  if  undiluted,  made  up  to  10  c.c. 
The  proportion  of  alcohol  present  should  not  exceed  10 
per  cent,  by  volume.  A  copper  wire  spiral  is  made  by  winding 
1  metre  of  No.  18  copper  wire  closely  round  a  glass  rod  7  mm. 
thick,  making  a  coil  3  cm.  long,  the  rest  of  the  wire  being  used 
for  a  handle.  The  coil  is  heated  to  redness  in  a  smokeless  flame, 
then  immersed  steadily  quite  to  the  bottom  of  the  alcohohc  fluid . 
This  treatment  is  repeated  5  or  6  times,  immersing  the  tube 
meanwhile  in  cold  water  to  keep  down  the  temperature  of  the 
liquid.  The  spirit  is  now  filtered  into  a  wide  test-tube  and 
boiled  very  gently.  If  any  odour  of  acetaldehyde  is  perceptible, 
boilmg  is  continued  until  this  has  been  dissijDated.  The  Hquid 
is  then  cooled  and  1  drop  of  a  1  :  200  solution  of  resorcinol  added 
to  it.  A  portion  of  this  mixture  is  then  floated  on  H2SO.1  in 
another  tube  and  allowed  to  stand  for  3  minutes,  then  slowly 
rotated.  No  rose-red  ring  should  be  evident  at  the  zone  of  con- 
tact of  the  two  liquids,  indicating  the  absence  of  more  than  2  per 
cent,  of  methyl  alcohol. 

Methyl  Fluoride.  J.  N.  Collie.  {Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  20, 
180.)  Methyl  fluoride,  when  sparked  from  an  induction  coil,  in 
a  vacuum  tul3e  with  alummium  electrodes,  at  2  mm.  pressure 
gives   a  bluish  green   colour.     The   sijectrum,  however,   rapidly 

I 


114  YEAR-BOOK    OF    rHARMACY. 

changes,  and  the  characteristic  lines  of  liydiogen  appear.  When 
sparkc^d  under  ordinary  ])ressure  the  gas  is  almost  immediately 
decomposed  thus,  4CH3F  =  4C, +4H2  +  2H0F0.  In  glass  tubes 
a  secondary  change  occurs,  the  silicon  fluoride  formed  by  the  acid 
of  the  hydrogen  fluoride  on  the  glass  is  reduced  by  the  hydrogen, 
and  silicon  is  deposited,  thus  : — 

SiF4  +  2Ho  =  2H.,F.,  +  Si. 


Methyl-Nataloemodln  and  Nataloemodin.  E.  L  e  g  e  r.  (Comptes 
rend.,  140,  1464.)  Having  obtained  a  supply  of  authentic 
material  from  H.  G.  Greenish,  the  author  has  been  able  to 
prepare  nataloemodin  in  sufficient  quantity  to  continue  his 
investigation  on  the  subject. 

The  methyl  ester  of  nataloemodin,  obtained  by  the  action  of 
sodium  dioxide  on  nataloin,  which  was  originally  described  as 
occurring  in  pale  orange  yellow  crystals,  is  now  found  to  be  orange 
red,  the  tint  varying  with  the  manner  of  crystallization.  When 
heated  for  15  to  18  hours,  at  about  300°C.,  with  a  large 
excess  of  KOH,  nataloemodin  methyl  ester  is  decomposed,  and 
among  the  products  is  an  acid,  probably  a-oxiso-jDhthalic  acid. 
With  fuming  HNO3,  which  reacts  with  great  violence,  no  nitro 
derivatives,  but  only  oxalic  acid  is  formed.  With  bromine  the 
action  is  much  slower,  a  pentabromide.  CtoHiyBrsOs,  is  obtained 
in  mahogany  red  needles,  m.p.  293-295°.  When  acetylized  the 
diacetyl-methylnataloin — 

(CeHg  )C2H302  /  > CgH-CaHoO,,  (OCH3  )  f  CH3  ) 

— crystaUizing  in  long,  anhydrous,  brilliant  needles,  m.p.  169°C. 
is  obtained.     Nataloemodin — 

CO 

CcHalOH)  /       ^/C6H(OH)o(CH3)  +  H.O 

— is  obtained  by  heating  methyl-nataloemodin  in  sea,led  tubes 
with  fuming  HCl.  It  melts  at  21 4T.,  when  dried  at  130T.  Its 
solution  in  alkali  is  cherry  red,  changing  to  violet  in  presence  of 
a  great  excess  of  alkali.  This  distinguishes  it  from  the  two  other 
emodins,  whose  alkaline  solutions  are  not  so  affected.  When 
acetylized  this  gives  triacetyl  nataloemodin — 


CHEMISTRY.  115 

C«H3  (C2H3O, )  /  CeH  (CHaO, ).  (CH3 ) 

— crystallizing  in  yellow  needles,  m.p.  203-7°C. 

Monarda  didyma,  Essential  Oil  of.  {SchimmeVs  Report,  Oct.^ 
1904,  97.)  Half-dried  plants  cultivated  at  Miltitz  yielded  0-04 
per  cent,  of  golden  yellow  oil  with  a  pleasant  aromatic,  ambergris- 
like odour.  Sp.  gr.  0-8786  at  15°C.,  [a]^~2A°  36',  solubility  in 
alcohol  70  per  cent.  1  :  1-5  or  1  :  2.  (See  also  Y ear-Book,  1904, 
117.) 

Mydriatic  Solanaceous  Alkaloids,  Occurrence  of,  in  Different 
Plants.  E.  S  c  h  m  i  d  t.  {Archiv  der  Pharm.,  243,  4.)  The 
comparative  study  of  the  different  plants  of  the  Solanacece 
systematically  continued  at  Cassel  has  had  some  important 
results.  It  is  found  that  Datura  metel  contains  laevoscopo- 
lamine  (hyoscine)  alone,  in  all  parts,  the  leaves  jaelding  0-55  per 
cent,  and  the  seeds  0-5  per  cent.,  unaccomj^anied  by  am^  notable 
quantity  of  other  mydriatic  bases.  In  this  respect  the  plant 
will  probably  prove  a  more  useful  source  of  scopolamine,  which, 
under  the  name  of  hyoscine,  has  found  an  important  place  in 
medicine,  chiefly  for  ophthalmic  use.  But  the  scopolamine  now 
used,  chiefly  derived  from  Scopola,  is  the  inactive  form,  and  often 
contains  an  impurity  that  is  not  easily  detected,  and  which  gives 
rise  to  irritation.  The  author  suggests  that  only  Isevoscopolamine 
should  be  employed  for  medicinal  purposes,  since  its  absolute 
purity  can  easily  be  established  by  the  observation  of  its  ojDtical 
activity.  Since  this  base  is  readily  obtained  pure  from  Datura 
metel,  and  the  plant  is  easily  cultivated,  it  should  become  the 
commercial  source  of  the  alkaloid.  Datura  arhorea,  contains 
scopolamine  also  in  all  parts,  but  it  is  accompanied  by  a  small 
quantity  of  hyoscj^amine.  Datura  quercifolia  yields  a  mixture 
of  approximately  equal  jDarts  of  scopolamine  and  In'oscyamine, 
and  therefore  takes  a  place  between  D.  metel  and  D.  stramonium. 
The  last-named  contains  practically  nothing  but  hyoscyamine. 
Atropa  helladonmi,  in  all  parts,  yielded  chiefly  hyoscyamine  ; 
the  leaves  of  the  wild  plants  gave  0-4  per  cent,  of  total  alkaloids, 
those  of  cultivated  plants  0-26  per  cent.  ;  green  unripe  fruit  gave 
0-797  per  cent,  and  ripe  berries  0-831  per  cent.  The  bases  were 
isolated  as  follows.  The  coarsely  powdered  drug  was  extracted 
with  alcohol,  to  which  a  few  drops  of  acetic  acid  had  been  added. 


116  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY 

the  resulting  tincture  freed  from  alcohol  and  the  residue  diluted 
with  water  containing  a  little  hydrochloric  acid.  After  liltration 
the  alkaloids  were  hberated  by  sodium  bicarbonate  and  shaken 
out  with  ether-chloroform,  the  last  traces  being  removed  by 
potassium  carbonate  and  a  large  volume  of  the  same  solvent. 
From  the  ether-chloroform  solution  the  alkaloids  were  extracted 
by  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and  converted  into  the  aurichlorides. 
Hyoscyamine  gold  chloride  crystallizes  in  lamellae  melting  at 
160-161°C.  and  containing  31-24  per  cent,  of  gold.  The 
last  mother  liquors  yielded,  as  a  rule,  a  little  atropine  auri- 
chloride  (m.p.  134°C.),  and  also  amorphous  aurichlorides  difficult 
to  crystallize,  but  traces  of  such  products  which  probably  do 
not  exist  in  the  plant  are  found  in  all  typical  hyoscyamine- 
yielding  drugs. 

Nicotine,  Conine,  and  Sparteine,  Tests  to  Differentiate.  C.  R  e  i  - 
chard  [Pharm.  Centralh.,  46,  309,  387.)  Cuprous  oxychloride 
is  a  reagent  which  serves  to  distinguish  nicotine  and  sparteine. 
The  reagent  is  easily  prepared  by  moistening  CuaCL  with  a  little 
water,  and  heating  until  the  mass  acquires  a  bright  green  colour. 
A  small  particle  of  the  CuoCkO  thus  obtained  is  placed  on  a 
porcelain  surface  with  a  drop  of  either  of  the  above  alkaloids  and 
a  drop  of  HCl.  With  nicotine  an  immediate  formation  of  a  fine 
violet  blue  colour  occurs,  wliich  is  permanent  ;  with  canine  the 
tint  is  bright  green,  slowly  fading  and  finally  disappearing  ; 
sparteine  gives  no  immediate  reaction.  Another  reagent  is  «-ni- 
troso-yS-naphthol,  a  few  drops  of  a  solution  of  which  is  evaporated 
on  a  porcelain  surface  and  treated  with  a  trace  of  the  alkaloids. 
Conine  gives  a  fine  deep  green  colour,  nicotine  a  j'ellowish  brown 
tint.  Solution  of  ammonium  molybdate  in  HoSO^  gives  a  green 
colour  with  nicotine,  and  no  reaction  with  conine  or  sparteine  ; 
the  addition  of  a  little  ammonium  persulphate  to  these  mixtures 
causes  that  with  nicotine  to  give  a  fine  purple-violet  tint,  Mith 
sparteine  and  conine  a  deep  yellow.  Nicotine  gives  at  first  a 
yellow,  then  a  reddish  colour,  with  a  mixture  of  potassium  sul- 
phovinate  and  HoSO^  ;  sparteine  and  conine  give  no  reaction. 
Nicotine  gives  a  red  colour  with  sodium  picrate  ;  its  colour  is  un- 
changed by  sparteine  or  conine  ;  on  adding  HsSO^  the  red  colour  of 
the  nicotine  mixture  becomes  yellow.  On  adding  a  little  ammo- 
nium persulphate  and  adropof  strong  solution  of  potassium  sulpho- 
cyanide  to  either  of  the  three  s^Vk^dloiAs, sparteine  gives  a  fine  orange 
colour,  nicotine  affords  no  reaction ;  with  conine  a  slight  orange 


\ 


CHEMISTRY.  117 

tint  quite  distinct  from  that  of  sparteine  is  formed.  Ferric 
sulphocyanide.  emploj-cd  as  follows,  also  serves  to  distinguish 
the  alkaloids.  A  few  drops  of  solutions  of  FeaCL,  and  of  KCNS  are 
mixed  on  a  porcelain  surface,  and  the  deep  red  liquid  is  spread 
out  in  a  thin  layer  and  allowed  to  evaporate.  A  small  quantity 
of  nicotine  or  conine  added,  with  a  very  little  water,  to  this 
residue  gives  a  green  colour  ;  sparteine  a  very  deep  bluish  or 
reddish  violet.  By  substituting  K4FeCy6  for  the  KCNS  and 
treating  the  blue  liquid  in  the  same  way,  the  dry  residue  gives 
with  conine  a  greenish  brown  spot ;  with  nicotine  the  spot  is  at 
first  blue,  then  slowly  changes  to  bright  green  ;  \^ith  sparteine 
the  spot  immediately  assumes  a  pale  violet  colour.  If  a  little 
KCNS  be  now  added  to  the  dry  spots,  no  change  occurs  with 
conine  or  nicotine,  but  the  sparteine  spot  becomes  pale  blue, 
passing  to  deep  blue  on  drying. 


Nicotine,  Determination  of,  in  Presence  of  Pyridine.      J.  A. 

E  m  e  r  y.  {Journ.  Amer.  Chcm.  Soc,  26,  111.3.)  Since  nicotine 
and  toijacco  products  are  frequently  adulterated  with  pyridine, 
tlie  following  method  has  been  devised  for  the  determination  of 
the  former  in  presence  of  the  latter.  Five  Gm.  of  the  tobacco 
extract  is  treated  with  10  c.c.  of  10  per  cent,  alcoholic  solution 
of  soda  and  40  c.c.  of  water  ;  sufficient  ca,lcium  carbonate  is  then 
worked  in  to  produce  a.n  almost  dry  mass,  w^hich  is  then  extracted 
with  ether  for  5  hours  in  a  Soxhlet  apparatus.  The  ethereal 
extract  is  distilled  at  a  low  temperature,  the  residue  treated  with 
50  c.c.  of  N/10  NaOH  solution,  transferred  to  a  distilling  flask, 
and  distilled  with  a  current  of  steam  until  from  400  to  450  c.c.  of 
distillate  has  been  collected.  This  is  then  adjusted  to  500  c.c. 
with  water  ;  an  aliquot  part  is  taken  and  titrated,  in  the  usual 
manner,  with  acid,  using  methyl  orange  as  indicator.  The  result 
gives  the  total  bases,  nicotine  and  pyridine.  To  determine  the 
nicotine,  a  standard  1  per  cent,  solution  of  pure  nicotine  is  pre- 
pared and  standardized  by  titration.  The  optical  rotation  of 
this  is  then  determined.  Using  a  saccharometer  Avith  a  400  mm. 
tube  one  degree  of  deviation  is  found  to  be  equivalent  to  0-112 
Gn.  of  nicotine  in  100  c.c.  of  liquid.  The  optical  deviation  of  a 
1  per  cent,  solution  thus  being  knowai.  the  amount  of  nicotine  in 
a  portion  of  the  above  distillate  is  readily  determined  polari- 
metrically.  The  difference  between  the  amount  of  total  bases 
and  nicotine  gives  the  pyridine. 


118  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Nitrogen  Iodide.  0.  S  i  1  b  e  r  r  a  d.  (Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  20, 
193.)  From  the  action  of  zinc-ethyl  with  nitrogen  iodide, 
by  which  volatile  paraffins,  together  with  a  white  amorphous 
compound,  from  which  ammonia  and  triethylamine  were  ob- 
tained on  treatment  with  dilute  acid  and  subsequent  distillation 
with  KOH.  it  is  concluded  that  the  formula  for  nitrogen  iodide 
is  NHj  :  XI3,  and  that  the  action  of  zinc-ethyl  proceeds  according 
to  the  equation — 

(1)  XH,  :Xl3-f-3Zn(aH5).  =  3Zn(C,H,)I  +  NH3+N(CoH5)3. 
(2)  2XH3  +  Zn(CoH5 )2  =  Zn (XH, ),  +  2C,Hfi. 
(See  also    Year-Books.  1894,  24  ;    1895,  24  ;    1897,  30  ;    1899,  21, 
22:    1900,  20.) 

Nitrogen,  Presence  of,  and  the  Amount  of  Ash,  in  certain 
Medicinal  Plants.  L.  F.  K  e  b  1  e  r.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc, 
52,  367.)  It  has  been  noticed  that  dried  stramonium  leaves 
contain  a  large  amount  of  nitrogenous  matter  ;  in  American- 
grown  leaves  this  did  not  occur  as  nitrates,  while  imported  leaves 
showed  the  presence  of  nitrates  by  the  diphenylamine  reaction. 
On  the  other  hand,  nitrates  were  present  in  American  digitalis 
leaves,  but  not  in  the  imported  drug.  In  four  samples  of  Jabor- 
andi  examined  the  total  nitrogen  ranged  from  2-17  to  2-58  jiei 
cent.  ;  in  only  one  of  these  were  nitrates  present  ;  the  ash  of 
these  samples  ranged  from  5-15  to  10-41  per  cent.  In  26  samples 
of  Stramonium  leaves  the  nitrogen  ranged  from  3-60  to  5-98,  and 
the  ash  from  9-26  to  22-72  per  cent.  Stramonium  seeds  gave 
2-77  to  3-00  per  cent,  of  nitrogen  and  2-42  to  2-92  per  cent,  of 
ash.  Belladonna  leaves,  in  seven  samples,  gave  from  1-03  to 
5-42  per  cent,  of  nitrogen  and  from  6-01  to  16-53  per  cent,  of  ash. 
Digitalis  leaves,  from  2-70  to  2-83  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and  from 
11-13  to  25-31  per  cent,  of  ash.  Nux  vomica.irom  1-26  to  1-46 
per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and  1-29  to  1-94  per  cent,  of  ash.  Coca 
leaves,  2-57  to  3-26  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and  9-24  to  12-46  per  cent, 
of  ash.  Calabar  bean,  2-90  to  3-24  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  and  3-75 
to  4-24  per  cent,  of  ash.  Ipecacuanha,  from  1-56  to  1-78  per  cent, 
of  nitrogen,  and  1-73  to  303  per  cent,  of  ash.  (For  previous 
records  of  ash  of  drugs,  see  Year-Books,  1900,  403  :  1902,  176; 
1903,  244.) 

Nut  Oil,  Detection  of  other  Oils  in.  J.  B  e  1 1  i  e  r.  (Annales  de 
Chim.  Atidlyt..  10,  55.)  The  adulterant  most  difficult  to  detect  in 
nut  oil  is  poppyseed  oil  ;    but  since  the  fatty  acids  of  the  latter 


CHEMISTRY.  119 

are  much  less  soluble  in  alcohol  at  a  low  temperature  than  those 
of  the  former,  sophistication  may  be  detected  as  follows.      A 
solution  of  glacial  acetic  acid,  1  volume,  in  water,  3  volumes  is 
prepared  ;  also  a  solution  of  pure  KOH  16  Gm.  in  alcohol,  90  per 
cent.  100  c.c.    The  acid  solution  is  set  against  the  alcoholic  alkali, 
using  phenolphthalein  as  indicator,  and  the  equivalents  noted. 
Exactly  1  c.c.  of  the  oil  to  be  tested  is  carefully  run  into  a  test- 
tube  and  5  c.c.  of  the  alcoholic  KOH  solution  is  added  to  it.     A 
control  test  is  performed,  side  by  side  with  pure  nut  oil.     The 
two  tubes  are  then  heated  to  near  boiling,  but  avoiding  absolute 
ebullition  until  the  oils  are  dissolved.     They  are  then  corked  and 
kept  at  70°C.  in  the  water- bath  for  half  an  hour  ;    each  is  then 
treated  with  exactly  that  quantity  of  acetic  acid  solution  which 
is  equivalent  to  the  5  c.c.  of  alcoholic  KHO  taken.     The  tubes 
are  again  corked,  stood  in  water  at  about  25*^0.,  and  when  they 
are  uniform  in  temperature  placed  side  by  side  in  water  main- 
tained at  17-19^0.      Pure  nut  oil  under  these  conditions  requh-es 
a  considerable  time  to  show  a  scanty  separation  ;   poppy  oil,  on 
the  contrary,  rapidly  forms  a  precipitate  which  will  be  suspended 
in  the  whole  liquid  ;   other  oils  give  an  almost  immediate  separa- 
tion of  fatty  acids,  and  with  some  the  liquid  in  the  tube  is  quite 
solidified.     This  test  will  detect  all  other  oils  mixed  with  nut  oil 
except  poppy  oil  in  the  proportion  of  a   few  percentages  :    it   is 
less  sensitive  for  poppy  oil  ;    with  practice  10  per  cent,  may  be 
detected,  but  above  15  or  20  per  cent,  the  evidence  it  affords  is 
unmistakable. 

Nutmeg,  Essential  Oil  of,  the  B.P.  Characters   for.      {Schim- 

meVs  Report,  Oct.,  1904,  66.)  Attention  is  directed  to  the  fact 
that  the  B.P.  limits  of  sp.  gr.  for  nutmeg  oil,  "  0-870  to  0-910  at 
15°C.,"  excludes  from  use  oil  distilled  from  the  best  nutmegs, 
since  it  is  only  wormy  low-grade  nuts  which  yield  an  oil  of  this 
character.  It  is  remarked  that  "  a  radical  elimination  of  such 
contradiction,  which,  unfortunately,  does  not  stand  alone,  is 
greatly  to  be  desired."  The  nominal  characters  of  the  oil  are 
sp.  gr."^  at  15X'.  0-870  to  0-920  ;  [a],,  +  11°  to  +30°  ;  solubility  in 
alcohol,  90  per  cent.  1  :  1  to  1  :  3.  An  oil  from  specially  good 
nutmegs  was  found  to  have  the  sp.  gr.  0-922  at  15°C.  [a]  + 
7°  52'  ;   solubility  in  alcohol,  90  per  cent.  2:1. 

Ocimum  basilicum,  Essential  Oil  of.     P.  v  o  n  R  o  m  b  u  r  g  h, 

and  C.  J.    E  n  k  1  a  a  r.     {SchimmeVs  Report,  Oct.  1904,  U.)     P. 


120  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

von  Romburgh  lias  detected  a  new  terpene,  CioHie,  ocimene 
which  resembles  myrcene  in  obsorbing  oxygen  with  readiness 
and  becoming  converted  into  a  colourless  viscid  body  ;  but  it 
differs  from  myrcene  in  physical  characters.  Enklaar  finds  that 
by  reduction  with  sodium,  in  alcoholic  solution,  a  dihydro- 
ocimene  is  obtained,  which  forms  a  crystalline  bromo  additive 
product  distinct  from  that  of  myrcene. 

Op'.um  Alkaloids,  Certain,  Criticism  of  the  Official  Monographs 
on.  D.  B.  D  o  1 1.  {Phnrm.  Journ.  [4],  20,  230.)  Ajxymorphine 
Hi/flrochloride.  The  solubiHty  in  water  is  more  fairly  described 
as  1  in  53.  The  solubility  in  90  per  cent,  alcohol  might  be  given 
as  1  in  48. 

Morphine  Acetate.  Better  described  as  soluble  1  in  3  parts  of 
water.  The  sentence  about  recrystallizing  from  liot  water 
might  be  deleted. 

Morphinr  Hydrochloride.  This  is  better  described  as  soluble 
in  25 'parts  of  water,  and  1  in  70  of  alcohol  (90  per  cent.).  It  is 
impossible  to  obtain  1-51  Gm.  of  anhydrous  morphine  by  pre- 
cipitating with  ammonia  from  2  Gm.  of  salt,  because  the  alkaloid 
is  more  soluble  in  ammonia  solution  and  in  solution  of  ammon- 
ium salts  than  it  is  in  water. 

Opium,  and  Tincture  of  Opium,  Morphinometric  Assay  of. 
D.  B.  Dott.  {Pharm.  Journ.  \4:\  20,  230.)  The  follow ing 
modification  of  the  official  method  is  suggested  : — 

Take  8  Gm.  of  opium,  digest  with  20  c.c.  of  warm  water, 
transfer  to  a  small  calico  filter,  wash  with  successive  portions  of 
water,  finally  pressing  the  filter  with  its  contents,  so  as  practical!}' 
to  exhaust  in  80  c.c.  ;  add  3  Gm.  slaked  lime,  allow  to  mix  and 
make  up  volume  to  82  c.c.  After  thorough  mixing,  allow  to 
stand  half  an  hour,  filter,  collect  50  c.c.  in  a  flask,  add  to  the 
filtrate  5  c.c.  alcohol  and  30  c.c.  of  ether  ;  shake  the  mixture, 
add  2  Gm.  ammonium  chloride,  shake  frequently  during  half  an 
hour,  set  aside  for  eighteen  hours,  then  decant  the  ether  througli 
two  counterpoised  filters,  transfer  the  precipitate  to  the  same, 
using  water  saturated  with  ether  for  this  purpose,  wash  the  filter 
twice  or  thrice  with  ether-water,  press  in  bibulous  paper,  dry  at 
about  70°  to  80°C.,  and  weigh  the  precipitate.  Titrate  a  weighed 
portion  of  the  precipitate  with  decinormal  acid,  and  calculate 
the  equivalent  of  the  whole  precipitate  to  anhydrous  morjihino. 
To  the  number  so  obtained   add  004,   and  multiply  the  sum 


CHEMISTRY.  1 21 

by  2.     The  product  will  represent  the  percentage  of  anhydrous 
morphine  in  the  opium. 

In  the  case  of  tincture,  evaporate  80  c.c.  to  30  c.c,  dilute 
(adding  3  Gm.  slaked  lime)  to  82  c.c,  and  proceed  further  in  the 
same  manner  as  described  under  opium.  The  number  finally 
obtained  will  represent  the  proportion  in  grammes  of  anhydrous 
morphine  present  in  100  c.c.  of  tincture. 

Opium.  Suggested  Process  for  the  Morphinometric  Assay  of, 
for  the  Future  French  Codex.  A.  and  Albert  Petit.  {Jovrn . 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  107.)  Fifteen  Gm.  of  opium  is  weighed 
otf  from  an  average  sample  and  triturated  in  a  mortar  with 
6  Gm.  of  slaked  lime  until  evenly  mixed  ;  it  is  then  thoroughly 
rubbed  down  with  water  150  c.c,  and  left  in  contact  for  2  hours 
with  occasional  stirring.  The  mixture  is  then  thrown  on  a 
filter  and  106  c.c.  of  filtrate  collected,  which  will  correspond 
to  10  Gm.  of  the  original  opium.  To  this  liquid  30  c.c  of 
ether  is  added  and  the  mixture  thoroughly  shaken  to  saturate 
the  aqueous  portion  ;  AmCl,  2  Gm.  free  from  carbonate  is  then 
added,  with  thorough  agitation,  until  a  distinct  precipitate  is 
formed.  The  mixture  is  then  set  aside  for  24  hours  in  a  pre- 
cipitating flask,  well  closed  with  a  piece  of  ground  glass,  to  pre- 
vent the  volatilization  of  the  ether.  The  ether  layer  is  then 
decanted  on  to  2  small  counterpoised  filters,  and  the  aqueous 
liciuid  again  agitated  with  another  30  c.c.  of  ether,  which 
is  passed  through  the  same  filter,  followed  by  the  aqueous 
mother  liquor,  all  crystals  adherent  to  the  sides  of  the  flask 
being  detached  and  transferred  to  the  filter  by  means  of  this 
mother  liquor.  The  precipitate  and  filters  are  then  washed  with 
20  to  30  c.c.  of  morphine-saturated  water  by  means  of  a  fine 
pointed  pipette.  Then  dry  the  filters  for  2  hours  at  100°C.,  and 
wasli  when  cold  with  about  20  c.c.  of  pure  CHOI.,,  previously 
deprived  of  alcohol  by  sliaking  out  with  water.  Finally  dry 
again  at  100°C.,  and  weigh.  The  weight  obtained  is  the  amount  of 
monohydrated  morphine  contained  in  10  Gm.  of  opium. 

Opoponax  Oil.  {SchimmeVs  Report,  Oct.,  1904,  67.)  The 
essential  oil  obtained  by  steam  distilling  the  gum  resin  of 
Balsamodendron  kajal  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-895  ;  [ajp— 12°35'; 
saponification  value,  14-5  ;  solubility  in  alcohol  90  per  cent., 
1:1,  not  quite  clear  with  1  :  8.  When  acetylized  the  increase 
in  the  saponification  value  was  observed,  indicating  the  presence 


122  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

of  an  alcohol.  On  distillation  in  vacuo  the  portion  which  did 
not  distil  between  45-130^C.  under  3  mm.  gave  a  phthalic  acid 
ester,  which,  when  saponified,  liberated  a  colourless  alcohol 
extremely  difficult  to  volatilize  with  steam.  This  appeared  to 
be  a  mixture  of  sesquiterpene  alcohols.  It  had  a  marked  odour 
of  opoponax.  The  volatile  fraction  of  the  above  gives  a  ses- 
quiterpene, the  crystalline  hydrochloride  of  which  melted  at 
80°C.  and  had  the  composition  C'lsHoi-SHCl.  The  sesquitei-pene 
regenerated  from  this  hydrochloride  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-8708  at 
15°C.  ;  was  optically  inactive  ;  b.p.  with  decomposition,  260- 
285°C.  at  normal  pressure  ;    [n\,    oeo  1,48873. 

Oregon  Balsam,  from  Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  Essential  Oil 
of.  F.  R  a  b  a  k.  {Pharm.  Review,  22,  293.)  The  balsam  ex- 
amined, derived  from  the  above  source,  yielded  on  steam  distil- 
lation 25  per  cent,  of  an  essential  oil,  the  bulk  of  which  distilled 
over  below  160°C.  The  oil  has  a  pleasant  tmpentine-like  odour. 
The  sp.  gr.  fluctuated  in  different  distillations  between  0-822  and 
0-873,  whilst  the  difference  in  the  angles  of  rotation  was  but  slight 
{[«]„  -34°  37'  to  -39°  55').  In  fractionating  the  essential  oil. 
71-8  to  83-4  per  cent,  passed  over  up  to  IGO^C.  ;  from  this  portion 
relatively  pure  1-pinene  was  obtained  by  a  second  fractional 
distillation.  The  1-pinene  was  identified  as  such  by  conversion 
into  pinene  nitrosochloride,  nitrosopinene,  and  pinene  nitiol 
benzylamine.     (See  also  Y ear-Book.  1904,  197.) 

Oregon  Balsam  from  Abies  amabilis.  F.  K  a  b  a  k.  {Pharm. 
Review,  23,  46.)  This  oleoresin,  resembling  Canada  balsam  in 
appearance,  is  a  thinnish  fluid  with  a  marked  limonene-like 
odour.  Sp.  gr.  0-969  at  22°C.  ;  acid  value,  44  ;  opticallj-  in- 
active. It  yields  40-3  per  cent,  of  a  colourless  oil  ;  sp.  gr.  0-852 
at  22°C.  ;  [a]y,~l2°  17';  it  contains  hi?vo-pinene  and  probably 
laivo-limonene. 

Oxalic  Acid,  New  Synthesis  of.  H.  M  o  i  s  s  a  n.  {Comptes 
rend.,  140,  1209.)  Wlien  dry  carbonic  acid  gas  is  passed  over 
potassium  liydride  at  54C.,  potassium  formate  has  been  shown 
to  be  formed  {Year-Book,  1902,  84).  It  is  now  found  that  when 
the  combination  takes  place  at  80°C.  potassium  oxalate  is  pro- 
duced according  to  the  formula — 

2KH  +  200^  =  K.C^O,  +  H^ . 


CHEMISTRY.  123 

This  reaction  has  been  proved,  not  only  by  the  characteristic 
reactions  of  the  acid  hberated,  but  also  by  measuring  the  volume 
of  hydrogen  produced. 

Oxymethyl-anthraquinone  Constituents  in  Purgative  Drugs, 
Determination  of.  —  C  h  r  i  s  t  o  f  o  1  e  t  t  i.  [Pharm.  Cen- 
tralh..  45,  725.)  Applying  the  colorimetric  method  of  Tschirch 
(p.  145)  to  drugs  other  than  rhubarb,  the  following  results  were 
obtained  : — 

Cort.  Rhamni  Francj.,  4-5-5  per  cent.  ;  Cort.  Rhamni  Frang. 
(in  fine  powder),  5  per  cent.  ;  Cort.  Rhamni  Pershian.,  1-4-2  per 
cent.  ;  Cort.  Rhamni  Purshian.  (in  fine  powder).  1-6  per  cent.  ; 
Fruct.  Rhamni  Cathart.,  0-76  per  cent.  ;  Fol.  Sennce  AlexancL, 
1  per  cent.  ;  Fol.  Sennce  Indicce,  1-2  per  cent.  ;  FoUicidi  Sennce, 
1-33  per  cent. 

In  the  examination  of  aloes  the  following  modified  process  was 
used  :  5  Gm.  of  the  aloes  was  dissolved  in  50  c.e.  of  alcohol,  30 
per  cent.,  without  warming.  This  solution  was  shaken  out  with 
benzol,  successive  portions,  until  the  benzol  solution  separated 
colourless.  The  bulked  benzol  extract  was  then  shaken  out  with 
successive  washings  of  AmOH  solution,  10  per  cent.,  until  these 
showed  no  more  red  colour.  The  bulked  ammonia  solution  was 
then  diluted  with  distilled  water  to  1  litre  and  tested  colori- 
nietrically  against  the  standard  emodin  solution.  In  order  to 
obtain  a  bright  red  colour  for  comparison  the  diluted  solution 
should  be  treated  with  10  c.c.  of  AmOH.  The  different  varieties 
of  aloes  examined  gave  the  following  figures  : — 

Aloe  lucida  cap.,  hard,  0-08  per  cent.  ;  Aloe  lucida  cap.,  soft, 
0-2  per  cent.  ;  Uganda  Aloes  (new  method),  0-5  per  cent.  ; 
Barbados  Aloes,  1-0  per  cent.  ;  Barbados  Aloes  (new  method). 
0-33  per  cent.  :  Curayao  Aloes,  0-8  per  cent. 

Palm  Oil,  Detection  of,  in  other  Oils.     C.  A.  C  r  a  m  p  t  o  n 

and  F.  D.  Simons.  [Journ.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  27,  270.) 
Palm  oil  is  often  used  as  a  colouring  material  for  other  fats  or 
oils  ;  its  presence  may  be  detected  by  either  of  the  two  following 
reactions  : — 

First  Method.  One  hundred  c.c.  of  the  fat  is  dissolved  in 
300  c.c.  petroleum  ether,  and  shaken  out  with  50  c.c.  of  0-5  per 
cent,  potassium  hydroxide.  The  watery  layer  is  dra\\7i  off, 
made  distinctly  acid  with  h3'drochloric  acid,  and  shaken  out 
with  10  c.e.  of  carbon  tetrachloride.     The  carbon  tetrachloride 


124  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

solution  is  separated  and  part  of  it  tested  with  the  following 
reagent  :  Two  c.c.  of  a  mixture  of  1  part  crystallized  phenol  in 
2  parts  carbon  tetrachloride  is  added  to  it  in  a  porcelain  crucible, 
then  5  drops  of  hydrobromic  acid  (sp.  gr.  119),  and  the  contents 
mixed  by  gently  agitating  the  dish.  The  almost  immediate 
development  of  a  bluish  green  colour  is  indicative  of  palm  oil. 

Second  Method.  Ten  c.c.  of  the  melted  and  filtered  fat  is 
shaken  with  an  equal  volume  of  acetic  anhydride  (chemically 
pure  and  colourless),  then  1  drop  of  sulphuric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1-58) 
is  added,  and  the  mixture  shaken  a  few  seconds.  If  palm  oil  be 
present,  the  lower  layers  on  settling  out  will  be  found  to  ho 
coloured  blue  with  a  tint  of  green. 

The  test  was  applied  to  all  tlie  oils  and  fats  ordinarily  used  for 
edible  purt)oses,  and  none  were  found  to  give  the  characteristic 
colour,  except  that  sesame  oil  and  mustard  oil  gave  colours  which 
might  be  confused  with  the  colour  obtained  from  palm  oil. 
Fortunately,  these  are  not  oils  having  a  high  natural  colour, 
consequentlj'  they  would  be  present,  if  at  all,  in  some  consider- 
able quantity,  and  their  presence  may  easily  be  demonstrated 
by  characteristic  tests;  the  sesame  oil  by  the  furfural  reaction, 
and  the  mustard  oil  by  the  high  refractive  index  of  the  fatty 
acids  extracted  by  the  alkali  solution. 

The  colouring  matter  in  sesame  oil,  which  is  the  cause  of  this 
colour  reaction,  may  also  be  separated  by  repeated  extractions 
with  alcohol,  when  the  oil  left  will  not  give  the  blue  colour.  A 
similar  number  of  extractions  of  cotton  oil  containing  1  per  cent, 
of  palm  oil  had  no  effect  on  the  formation  of  the  colour. 

Bleached  palm  oil  does  not  respond  to  either  reaction. 

Palmarosa  Oil,  Occurrence  of  Methyl-he ptenone  in.  [Schim- 
meVs  Report,  May.  1905,  47.)  The  presence  of  methylhoptenone 
in  palmarosa  oil  susj)ected  by  Gildemeister  and  Stephan  is  con- 
firmed. The  first  5  kilos  derived  from  distilling  350  kilos  of 
oil  was  fractionated  at  normal  pressure.  Methylheptenone  was 
found  in  the  fraction  boiling  between  170°-180"C. 

Paraphenylenediamine  in  Hair  Dyes,  Detection  of.  J.  Tho- 
rn a  n  n.  {Schweiz.  Woch.  42,  680.)  It  has  been  found  that  the 
use  of  iiair  dye  containing  paraphenylenediamine  is  most  in- 
jurious, producing  a  troublesome  eczema  of  tlie  scalp.  It  may 
be  isolated  by  shaking  out  with  ether,  but  thus  olitaincd.it  is 
contaminated  by  oxidation  products.     These  may  be  obviated  by 


CHEMISTRY.  125 

the  addition  of  ammonium  sulphydrate.  On  evaporating  the 
etiier  the  parai^henylenediamine  occurs  in  long  needles,  m.p. 
about  14:0°.  Its  solution  in  HCl,  treated  with  excess  of  NaClO, 
gives  a  white  flocculent  precipitate  crystallizing  from  dilute 
alcohol  in  long  needles,  m.p.  124°C'.  When  gently  heated  with 
solution  of  SHo  and  Fe^jClc  a  violet  colour  is  produced.  A  very 
dilute  solution,  treated  with  aniline  and  FesCle,  gives  a  blue 
colour. 

Patchouli  Oil,  Constituents  of.  [ScMmmel' s  Report,  May, 
1905,  60.)  One  of  the  bases  previously  recorded  {Y ear-Book, 
1904,  132)  as  occurring  in  patchouli  is  now  found  to  have  the 
formula  C14H23NO,  forming  by  long  standing  a  crystalline 
hydrochloride,  m.p.  147-5  to  148-5°C.  It  forms  a  crystalline 
platinochloride  (Ci4H23NO.HCl)2PtCl4,  m.p.  175°C.  H.  von 
Soden  and  W.  Rojalin  {Berichte,  37,  3354)  have  isolated  by 
repeated  fractionation  two  sesquiterpenes.  One  of  these, 
CisHoi  ;  b.p.  264-265^C.  under  750°  mm.  ;  [a]i,2o-58°  45' ; 
sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-9335.  The  second  sesquiterpene  boiled  at 
273-274°C.  under  750  mm. ;  it  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-930  at  15X!.  and 
the  [a]|,  +  0°  45'.  Neither  gave  a  crystalline  hydrochloride. 
They  were  unable  to  find  the  cadinene  reported  by  Wallach  as 
occurring  in  the  oil. 

Peppermint  Oil,  French.  {Schimmel' s  Report,  May,  1905,  02.) 
Although  French  oil  of  peppermint  is  not  exported,  considerable 
quantities  are  produced  and  consumed  in  France.  Three 
specimens  examined  difi'ered  very  widely  in  character,  as  shown 
by  the  following  figures  :  No.  1.  Sp.  gr.  0-9249 ;  [a]  i,— 
5°  20' ;  menthol  as  esters,  9-95  ;  total  menthol,  45-75  per  cent. 
Insoluble  in  10  vols,  of  70  per  cent,  alcohol ;  soluble  1:1-1  vol. 
of  80  per  cent,  alcohol.  No.  2.  Sp.  gr.  0-9108  ;  Va\-IT  46'  ; 
menthol  as  esters,  10-32  ;  total  menthol,  50-82  ;  insoluble  in 
10  vols,  of  70  per  cent,  alcohol  ;  soluble  1  :  1-2  in  80  per  cent.  ; 
opalescent  with  more  than  4  vols.  No.  3.  Sp.  gr.  0-912 ; 
[a][,  — 35°  18'  ;  menthol  as  esters,  20-8  ;  total  menthol,  69-26  ; 
soluble,  1  :  3-5  and  more  of  alcohol  70  per  cent.,  with  faint 
opalescence. 

Peppermint  Oil,  Javan.  P.  van  d  e  r  W  i  e  1  e  n.  {Apoth. 
Zcit.,  19,  930.)  The  oil  is  distilled  from  Mentha  javcmica.  Bl. 
{Mentha  lanceolata  Benth.),  is  green  in  colour  and  has  a  pleasant 


126  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

odour  not  resembling  peppermint,  and  a  bitter  taste.     It  con- 
tains much  pulegone  and  little  or  no  menthol  or  menthone. 

Peppermint  Oil,  Sicilian.  J.  C.  U  m  n  e  y  and  C.  T.  Ben- 
nett. (Chctn.  and  iJrugg.,  66,  945.)  The  oil  examined  was 
derived  from  black  Mitcham  peppermint  plants,  cultivated  in 
Sicily.  The  jDeppermint  plant  appears  to  grow  luxuriantly  in 
Messina,  and  blossoms  early.  In  this  country  the  oil  is  usually 
distilled  from  the  plant  before  it  reaches  that  stage,  and 
it  rarely  flowers  in  England.  Two  distillations  have  been 
made  in  Messina  from  the  fresh  herb.  The  sample  of  oil 
No.  1  was  distilled  in  July,  when  the  plants  were  in  full 
bloom,  while  No.  2  was  a  second  distillation  from  herb  which 
had  by  no  means  reached  the  full  development  of  its  second 
growth  (the  growth  of  the  herb  in  the  autumn  being  very  slow), 
when  there  was  no  indication  of  flower-buds.  The  yield  of  oil 
from  the  second  crop  was  only  one-third  of  that  obtained  from 
the  first.  This  low  yield  was  partly  due  to  the  effects  of  an  early 
winter. 

Sample  No.  1,  distilled  in  July,  1904  (yield  0-4  per  cent.),  had 
the  following  characters  :  Sp.  gr.,  0-908  ;  optical  rotation,  —14'^  ; 
total  menthol,  40-0  per  cent.  ;  free  menthol,  36-2  per  cent.  ; 
esters  calculated  as  mentlwl  acetate,  4-8  per  cent. 

The  oil  was  soluble  in  4  volumes  of  70  per  cent,  alcohol, 
although  it  had  not  been  rectified,  but  did  not  solidify  when 
immersed  in  a  freezing-mixture,  even  after  the  addition  of  a 
crystal  of  menthol  and  stirring. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  percentage  of  menthol  in  the  oil  is  very 
low,  the  proportion  of  esters  of  menthol  being  small  also,  but  in 
fair  ratio  to  the  total  amount  of  menthol  present. 

Sample  No.  2,  distilled  from  the  second  crop  of  peppermint  in 
December,  1904,  had  the  following  characters  :  Sp.  gr.  0-920 ; 
optical  rotation,  —23°  ;  total  menthol,  70-5  per  cent.  ;  free 
menthol,  47-4  per  cent.  ;  esters  calculated  as  menthyl  acetate, 
29-4  per  cent. 

The  oil  was  not  soluble  in  70  per  cent,  alcohol,  although  it 
had  been  rectified,  but  was  soluble  in  2  volumes  and  upwards  of 
80  per  cent,  alcohol.  The  unusual  amount  of  esters  probal)ly 
accounts  for  the  insolubility  in  70  per  cent,  alcohol.  The  pro- 
portion of  esters  recorded  is  extremely  high — higher  than  in  any 
sample  of  peppermint  oil  previously  examined,  and  even 
more     than     double     that     of     the     white     peppermint      oil 


CHEMISTRY.  127 

examined  in  1896  {Year-Booh,  1896,  148).  As  might  be  inferred, 
tlie  high  proportion  of  esters  appears  to  jjrevent  the  separation 
of  menthol  (notwithstanding  its  apparently  high  percentage) 
when  immersed  in  freezing-mixture. 

The  oil  possesses  a  markedly  pleasant  taste,  and  agrees  very 
much  in  character  with  the  finest  white  peppermint  oiL  Of 
course,  the  low  yield  would  make  it  a  comparatively  expensive 
product,  but,  as  it  seems  to  have  been  a  cold  season,  better 
results  may  be  looked  for  this  year. 

Incidentally,  it  is  noted  that  a  specimen  of  white  peppermint 
oil  which  has  been  kept  for  6  years  now  contains  19-4  per  cent, 
of  esters. 

Perborates.  J.  B  r  u  h  a  t  and  H.  Dubois.  { Annates 
de  Chim.  Analyt.,  10,  135.)  Perborates  differ  from  borates  in 
containing  an  additional  molecule  of  oxygen.  Although  this 
oxygen  is  very  stable  in  crystalline  perborates  containing  several 
mols.  of  crystal  water,  it  is  immediately  evolved  on  warming,  or 
in  the  presence  of  an  excess  of  water,  also  in  the  presence  of 
free  acid.  The  nascent  oxygen  thus  liberated  combines  with 
the  water,  forming  hydrogen  peroxide.  In  a  neutral  or  alkaline 
solution  only  the  dissolved  perborate  parts  with  its  oxygen  ; 
that  which  remains  insoluble  is  not  decomposed  ;  but  if  Mn02 
be  added  to  the  mixture  the  whole  of  the  perborate,  both  in 
solution  and  undissolved,  is  decomposed.  The  same  reaction 
takes  place  with  certain  organic  ferments,  such  as  the  oxydases. 
When  treated  with  cold  strong  H2SO4  the  perborates  give  a  very 
strong  solution  of  H2O2,  which  decomposes  spontaneously, 
forming  ozone.  They  liberate  iodine  from  KI,  although  they  are 
alkaline  in  reaction,  and  decompose  KMn04  like  H202-  They 
readily  convert  protoxides  into  the  higher  state,  but  do  not 
always  form  perborates  of  the  metals.  Ferrous  salts  are  con- 
verted into  ferric,  and,  in  alkaline  solution,  precipitate  Fe203. 
Mercurous  salts  give  yellow  HgO  ;  Pb2H0  forms  red  hydrated 
plumbic  plumbate.  With  nickel,  basic  perborates  of  a  fine  green 
colour  are  obtained  ;  zinc,  calcium,  magnesium,  barium  and 
strontium  give  white  perborates  more  or  less  insoluble,  of  varying 
composition  according  to  the  conditions  under  which  they  are 
formed. 

When  a  solution  of  potassium  biborate  in  H2O0  is  cautiously 
precipitated  with  alcohol,  crystals  of  biperborate  of  j)otassium, 
KB2O5.2H2O,  are  formed  ;  1  Gm.  of  this  salt  dissolved  in  water 


128  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

gives  12-6  c.c.  of  solution  HoOo  of  10  volumes.  When  dried 
over  P0O5  it  loses  1  mol.  H^O. 

With  ammonia,  several  perborates  are  formed,  of  whicli 
NH4BO3.H2O  contains  16-84  per  cent,  of  active  oxygen. 

Sodium  perborate,  NaB03.4H20,  may  be  obtained  either  by 
the  electrolysis  of  a  solution  of  orthoborate,  by  precipitating  the 
same  with  H2O2,  or  by  saturating  a  solution  of  sodium  peroxide 
with  boric  acid.  When  cautiously  dried  it  gradually  loses  water 
and  finally  forms  the  very  stable  monohydrated  salt  NaBOa.HQO, 
which  contains  16  per  cent,  of  active  oxygen,  and  1  Gm.  gives 
with  water  11-13  c.c.  of  hydrogen  peroxide  of  10  volume  strength. 
It  is  not  very  soluble  in  water,  about  1 :  40  at  20°C.  The  solubility 
is  increased  by  the  presence  of  boric,  citric,  and  tartaric  acids. 
It  is  more  soluble  in  glycerin.  It  becomes  anhydrous  when  dried 
over  P2O5,  and  then  contains  45-158  per  cent,  of  active  oxygen. 

Peruvian    Balsam,    White.     H.    T  h  o  m  s    and    A.    B  i  1 1  z. 

{Oesterr.  Zeits.  filr.  Pharm.  58,  943,  through  SchimmeVs 
Report,  May,  1905.)  The  so-called  "  white  Peru  balsam  "  affords 
by  precipitation  from  alcohol  an  amorphous  body  melting  at 
120°-130°,  myroxocerin.  By  extraction  with  5  per  cent,  soda 
solution,  cinnamic  acid  (m.p.  133°),  and  a  compound  insoluble 
in  alkalies,  which  crystallized  in  white  needles  but  was  not  further 
identified,  and  which  melts  at  270°  with  decomposition,  were 
isolated.  After  these  bodies  had  been  separated  from  the  ethereal 
solution,  myroxol  was  removed  by  means  of  KOH,  the  residue 
saponified  after  distilling  off  the  ether,  and  the  volatile  con- 
stituents then  steam  distilled.  The  yellow  distillate  thus  ob- 
tained was  split  up  by  fractionating  in  vacuo  (100  mm.)  into  an 
oil  and  a  residue  solidifying  in  crystalline  form  (55  per  cent.)  which 
was  found  to  be  cinnamic  alcohol  (m.p.  33°).  The  oil  purified 
by  repeated  fractionating  passed  over  constant  at  112°  (10  mm. 
pressure)  as  a  colourless,  strongly  refractive  liquid  with  a  jJeasant 
odour.  Phenyl-propyl  alcohol  and  a  hydrocarbon  with  an  odour 
like  cedarwood  were  also  detected.  Benzyl  alcohol  and  peruviol, 
important  constituents  of  the  ordinary  Peruvian  balsam,  were 
not  found  in  the  white  balsam. 

Phellandrium  Aquaticum,  Essential  Oil  of.     {SchimmeVs  Im- 
port, Oct.,  1904,  88.)     In  addition  to  phellandrene,  this  oil  i 
found  to  contain  a  new  aldehyde,  piicllandral,  C'loHieO,  isomeric 
with  citral,  having  an  odour  similar  to  that  of  cuminal. 


CHEMISTRY.  129 

It  boils  at  89°C.  under  5  mm.  ;  sp.  gr.  0-9445  at  15°  ;  [a]^- 
36°  30';  [7;],,  1,4911;  m.p.  of  semicaibazone,  204°C.  When 
exposed  to  the  air  pheHandral  readily  oxidizes  into  a  crystalline 
acid,  CioHi602,  m.p.  144-145°C.  With  permanganate  another 
dibasic  crystalline  acid,  C9H10O4,  m.p.  70-72°C.,  is  obtained. 
From  the  non-aldehydic  portion  of  the  oil  a  new  alcohol,  androl, 
C10H20O,  was  isolated  by  refractionation  in  vacuo.  This  appears  to 
be  the  chief  odorous  constituent  of  tlie  oil.  The  higher  boiling 
fractions  contain  another  alcohol  in  minute  quantity,  which  has 
a  rose-like  odour. 


Phosphorescent  Zinc  Sulphide.  H.  G  r  u  e  n  e.  {Berichte, 
37,  3076.) — Absolutely  pure  ZnS  does  not  exhibit  phosphores- 
cence, but  it  is  developed  bj^  traces  of  other  metals,  such  as  Cu, 
Ag,  Mn,  Pb,  Bi,  Sn,  U,  and  Cd.  The  presence  of  less  than 
0-0001  of  Cu  gives  rise  to  a  magnificent  green  glow  ;  with  Mn 
the  light  is  orange.     This  is  produced  by  crushing  or  friction. 

Phosphoric  Acid,  Determination  of,  in  Alimentary  Substances. 

E.  F  1  e  u  r  e  n  t.  AiDudes  de  Chim.  Anali/f.  10.  1.  Garola  lia-s  shown 
that  the  usual  method  of  determining  the  amount  of  phosphates 
in  food  stuffs  from  the  quantity  of  P2O5  in  the  ash  gives  results 
which  are  notably  below  the  truth.  He  has  proposed  a  method 
analogous  to  that  of  Kjeldahl,  with  subsequent  precipitation  and 
weighing  as  phosphomolybdate.  The  author  advocates  the  use 
of  the  following  process  as  being  more  accurate  and  convenient. 
If  the  substance  contain  much  moisture  it  is  first  dried  ;  10  or  20 
Gm.  is  introduced  into  a  conical  300  c.c.  flask  and  covered  with 
50  or  100  c.c.  of  HNO3  ;  sp.  gr.  1-48.  The  mixture  is  gently 
heated,  with  agitation  to  break  up  the  frothing  ;  when  action 
moderates,  evaporation  is  allowed  to  proceed,  and  finally  the 
whole  is  carried  to  dryness  at  110-120°C.  in  a  dr^nng  oven.  The 
residue  is  then  treated  with  15  to  20  c.c.  of  H2SO4  (2  volumes  of 
acid,  sp.  gr.  1-767.  and  1  volume  of  fuming  acid),  1  Gm.  of  Hg, 
and  then  heated  as  in  Kjeldahl's  method.  When  all  the  organic 
matter  has  been  destroyed,  the  residue  is  cautiously  diluted, 
neutralized  with  ammonia,  and  transferred  to  a  precipitating 
flask,  using  the  following  solution  to  wash  out  the  flask  :  Solution 
of  ammonia,  50  ;  AmCl,  20  ;  distilled  water  to  100.  The  liquid 
is  then  precipitated  in  the  ordinary  way  with  magnesium  mix- 
ture and  the  P0O5  weight  as  Mg2P207. 

K 


130  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Picramic  Acid,  New  Process  for  Preparation  of,  and  Determin- 
ation of  Potassium  by  Means  of.  A.  F  r  e  1)  a  u  1 1  and  J.  A  1  o  y. 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  245.)  Tlie  method  hitherto  em- 
ployed for  producing  picramic  acid,  or  dintraminophenol,  con- 
sists in  tlie  reduction  of  picric  acid  in  alcoholic  solution  by  means 
of  AnioS.  The  following  method  is  more  convenient  and  gives 
better  results.  An  aqueous  or  methjdic  alcohol  solution  of  picric 
acid  is  treated  with  zinc  dust,  and  made  alkaline  with  AmOH ; 
the  mixture  is  then  boiled  for  an  hour,  the  excess  of  AmOH  being 
maintained.  The  deep  red  liquid  is  then  concentrated  on  the 
water-bath,  to  drive  off  the  excess  of  AmOH,  a  slight  excess  of 
acetic  acid  is  added,  and  evaporation  continued  to  dryness.  The 
residue  is  taken,  redissolved  in  boiling  water,  filtered  and  crystal- 
lized, when  it  forms  fine  pomegranate-red  crystals,  m.p.  165°C. 
Picramic  acid  when  suddenly  heated  burns  quickly  without 
detonation  ;  it  precipitates  neither  peptones,  albumoses,  albumin, 
nor  alkaloids,  reactions  which  differ  widely  from  those  of  picric 
acid.  Like  picric  acid,  it  gives  bromopicrin,  CBr3(N02),  when 
treated  with  sodium  hypobromate.  With  alkali  bases  it 
forms  salts  of  a  fine  red  colour,  which  turn  to  pale  greenish 
yellow  in  the  presence  of  free  acids.  These  salts  may,  therefore, 
be  used  as  indicators  for  alkalimetry.  Potassium  may  be  deter- 
mined colorimetrically  in  the  form  of  potassium  picramate.  A 
few  c.c.  of  solution  of  the  salt  to  be  tested  is  treated  with  an 
equal  volume  of  alcohol  and  precipitated  by  means  of  sodium 
picrate  in  excess.  The  precipitate  is  collected,  washed  with 
strong  alcohol,  dissolved  in  boiling  water,  and  converted  into 
picramate  by  means  of  glucose  in  the  presence  of  ammonium 
carbonate.  The  tint  of  the  red  solution  thus  obtained  is  then 
matched  with  that  of  previously  prepared  standard  solutions 
containing  from  knowm  quantities  of  KCl.  The  therapeutic 
properties  of  the  compound  are  under  investigation. 

Pilocarpine,  Substances  having  Analogous  Constitution  to. 
H.  A.  1).  J  o  w  e  t  t.  [Proc.  Chem.  Sac.  21,  1  Ki.)  In  aUemi)t- 
ing  to  prepare  substances  having  an  analogous  constitution  to 
pilocarpine  the  following  compounds  were  isolated  : — 

4  :  5-Dimethylglyoxali7ie,  CsH^No,  previously  prepared  bj^ 
Kuenne  ;  b.p.  165°C.  under  10  mm.  Its  7iilrat'e  melts  at  180°C. 
and  its  picrate  at  196-197X'. 

1:4:  5-Trimethylglyoxaline,  C6H10N2  ;   b.p.  117^  under  20  mm. 


CHEMISTRY.  131 

crystallizing  in  needles  ;  m.p.  46°C.  The  nitrate,  CgHioNoHNOo, 
H2O  forms  long  needles  ;  m.p.  46'^C.  The  hydrochloride, 
C6HioNoHCl,H20,  in  needles  which  become  anhydrous  at 
110°C.  or  over  H2SO4,  then  melts  at  199X'.  The  aurichloridc 
occurs  in  yellow  needles,  m.p.  202^  ;  the  platinochloride  has  the 
m.p.  224-225°C.,  the  jncrate  m.p.  218°C.,  and  the  methiodide 
m.p.  158°. 

2-Bromo-l  :  4  :  5-Trimethylglyoxaline,  C6H9N2Br,2H20,  ob- 
tained by  the  bromination  of  trimethylglyoxaline,  crystallizes 
from  hot  water  in  long  silky  needles,  m.p.  49''C.  When  anhy- 
drous it  melts  at  83^C.  Its  hydrobromide  in  cubical  crj'stals 
melts  at  208^^0.,  the  aurichloride  at  191^0.,  and  the  picrote  at 
173°C. 

Pine-tar  Oil,  Finnish.  E.  L  u  n  d-w  i  k.  (Pharm.  Centrolh., 
45,  859.)  What  is  known  in  Finland  as  "  crude  oil  of  turpentine  " 
is  not,  strictly  speaking,  turpentine  oil  at  all,  but  crude  tar  oil, 
since  it  is  a  by-product  in  the  destructive  distillation  of  the  wood 
of  Pinus  sylvestris.  It  is  widely  used  in  Finland  both  for  medi- 
cinal and  technical  purposes.  It  differs  from  true  turpentine  oil 
in  its  dark  colour,  empyreumatic  odour  and  greater  toxic  action, 
so  that  it  is  less  suitable  for  internal  administration  for  in- 
stance, as  an  antidote  for  phosphorus.  It  has  but  slight  affinity 
for  chlorine  or  iodine,  does  not  absorb  much  oxj^gen,  and  contains 
only  a  small  amount  of  pinene.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  medicine 
as  a  popular  remedy  for  catarrhal  and  rheumatic  affections  ; 
also  as  a  vermifuge,  but  for  the  latter  purpose  is  not  to  be  recom- 
mended, since  closes  of  a  dessertspoonful  may  occasion  severe 
renal  irritation. 

Pinus  Sylvestris  Buds,  Essential  Oil  of.  {HaenseVs  Beport. 
April,  1905,  19.)  The  fresh  male  and  female  inflorescences  of 
Pinus  sylvestris  gives  oil  of  a  different  character  according  to  the 
method  of  distillation.  The  oil  obtained  by  direct  steam  distilla- 
tion liad  the  following  characters  :  Sp.  gr.  0-8839  ;  [a]j)  — 22°  ; 
saponification  value,  19-5 ;  acetyl  value,  58 ;  solubility  in 
alcohol  80  per  cent.,  1  :  20.  The  oil  obtained  by  cohobation  is 
darker  in  colour  than  the  above,  and  has  the  following  charac- 
ters :  Sp.  gr.  0-9588;  [a]p  — 5-44  ;  saponification  value,  33; 
acetyl  value,  145  ;  solubility  in  alcohol  80  per  cent.,  1  :  15. 
These  figures  are  eciuivalent  to  6-8  per  cent,  of  bornyl  acetate 


132  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARIVIACY. 

and  16-68  per  cent,  of  boineol  in  the  directly  distilled  oil  ;  and 
to  11-55  per  cent,  of  bornyl  acetate  and  44-74  per  cent,  of  borneol 
in  the  cohobation  oil. 

Pinus  strobus,  Essential  Oil  of.  T  r  o  e  g  e  r  and  B  e  n  t  i  n. 
{/^r/n/nnt('l\s  Hcpoit,  May,  1905,  60.)  The  essential  oil  from  the 
young  shoots  of  Pinus  strobus  has  the  sp.  gr.  0-9012  ;  [t?];, 
1-48274;  [a]p-19-8°;  ester  content.  8-4  to  8-9  per  cent.; 
acetyl  value.  15-25  per  cent. 

Piperazine  Glycerophosphates.  A.  A  s  t  r  u  c.  {Comptes 
rend.,  140,  727.)  Piperazine  acid  glycerophosphate  is  obtained 
by  evaporating  on  the  water-bath  2  molecular  equivalents  of 
glycerophosphoric  acid  and  1  equivalent  of  piperazine.  The 
product  is  a  syrupy  transparent  paste,  slowly  soluble  in  water 
in  all  proportions.  Its  solutions  are  neutral  to  helianthin  and 
acid  to  plienolplithalein. 

Neutral  piperazine  glycerophosphate  is  obtained  in  a  similar 
manner  with  equal  equivalents  of  acid  and  base,  by  precipitating 
the  aqueous  solution  of  the  acid  glycerophospliate  mth  alcohol, 
or  by  mixing  alcoholic  solutions  of  acid  and  base  in  equimole- 
cular  equivalents.  The  first  two  methods  give  an  amorphous 
l^roduct  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder  ;  the  third  yields  the 
salt  in  crystalline  scales  which  are  stable  at  100^  and  melt  at 
155°C.  with  decomposition  The  acid  glycerophosphate  has  the 
formula — 

OH,         CHioNo,  HO 

PO— OH  HO-  OP.  H.O. 

\OC3H5(OH)o     {R0).2H,C,0^ 

The  neutral  salt  may  be  expressed  as — 

OH,  CHioN^ 
POf-OH 

The  latter  is  acid  to  phenolphthalein  and  alkaline  to  methyl 
orange. 

Podophyllum,  peltatum.  Fatty  Oil  of.  A.  R.  L.  Dohme 
and  H.  En^elhardt.  (Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc.  52, 
340.)  The  fatty  oil  obtained  in  the  course  of  the  manufacture 
of  podophj'llum  resin  has  the  following  characters  after  heating 


CHEMISTRY.  133 

on  the  water-bath  to  drive  off  water  and  solvent  :  Sp.  gr., 
0-9753  ;  acid  vahie.  40-6  to  41  ;  saponification  vahie,  182-7  to 
185-4;  iodine  vahie,  99-6  to  101.  When  treated  with  about  4 
volumes  of  fight  petroleum  spirit  a  heavy  flocculent  precipitate 
was  obtained  ;  but  it  was  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  other  organic 
solvents.  To  separate  the  insoluble  portion,  the  chloroformic 
solution  was  nnxed  with  a  large  volume  of  petroleum  ether  ; 
the  flocculent  precipitate  formed  aggregated  to  a  yellow  resinous 
mass,  which  was  not  crystallizable,  nor  could  it  be  further 
purified  ;  it  appears  to  be  an  indifferent  body,  becoming  darker 
in  colour  on  heating  or  exposure  to  the  air.  After  the  removal 
of  this  substance  tlie  oil  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-952  ;  acid  value,  39-9 
to  40-2  ;  saponification  value,  159  to  160-5  ;  and  iodine  number, 
106-8  to  107-4.  Among  the  non-saponifiable  constituents, 
phytosterin,  CobH^.O  +  HoO,  m.p.  131°C.,  and  a  body  giving 
colour  reactions  similar  to  cholesterol,  crystallizing  in  prisms 
m.p.  IIS'^C,  were  obtained.  Oleic  and  oxyoleic  acid  were 
found  to  be  present  in  the  saponifiable  portion  ;  but  although 
the  original  oil  showed  marked  drying  properties,  no  linoleic  was 
isolated.  The  lead  soap  insoluble  in  benzene  yielded  a  crystalline 
fatty  acid,  m.p.  52-55°C.,  which  has  not  been  identified.  The 
acid  liquid  after  removal  of  the  fatty  acids  contained  glycerin 
and  acid,  possibly  valerianic  acid. 

Polyphenols,     New   Colour  Reaction  for.     E.  P.  A  1  v  a  r  e  z. 

{Chem.  News,  91,  124.)  Hydrate  of  sodium  dioxide,  Na^iOoSH.O, 
is  the  reagent  used  for  polyphenols,  their  isomers  and  higher 
organic  conqjounds.  It  is  produced  by  the  action  of  cold  water 
on  pure  sodium  dioxide  in  the  presence  of  alcohol  or  ether.  The 
test  is  thus  aj)i3lied.  0-2  Gm.  of  pure  NaoOo  is  placed  in  a  small 
porcelain  capsule,  with  0-04  or  0-05  Gm.  of  the  polyphenol  to  be 
tested,  and  then  5  c.c.  of  absolute  alcohol  ;  after  gently  rotating 
the  liquid  for  4  or  5  minutes  15  c.c.  of  cold  water  is  added.  The 
water  must  not  be  added  before  the  alcohol,  or  the  mixture  will 
ignite.  Pyrocatechin  thus  treated  gives  a  transitory  pale  pink, 
changing  to  green,  then  brown.  Resorcin  gives  a  pale  yellow 
colour,  becoming  greenish  ;  the  green  colour  deepens  and  be- 
comes permanent.  Hydroquinonc  forms,  at  once,  an  intense 
reddish  yellow  colour  ;  a  thin  film  of  the  yellow  mixture  when 
blown  upon  shows  a  transitory  blue  colour  at  the  edges.  On 
adding  more  water  a  persistent  orange  tint  is  produced.  Pyro- 
gallol  at  once  assumes  a  reddish  brown  or  dull  red  colour,  be- 


134  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

coming  intense  red  with  yellow  edges  and  finally  orange  in  two 
hours.  Oxyhydroqui)iotie  forms  a  reddish  violet  shade  and  a 
black  deposit  with  brown  liquid.  Phlororjlucin  gives  a  blue 
violet  colour,  increased  by  adding  water.  Orcin  at  once  gives 
an  intense  pink  shade,  and  after  adding  water  the  colour  re- 
sembles that  of  infusion  of  roses.  Ilomopyroratcchin  produces  a 
blue  violet  tint  changing  to  red  ;  on  adding  water  the  liquid 
becomes  reddish  bro^vn  with  yellow  edges.  Thymohydroquinone 
at  once  forms  an  intense  orange  colour,  becoming  Avine  red  on 
addition  of  water. 

Potassium,  New  Reagent  for.  E.  P.  A  1  v  a  r  e  z.  {Comptes 
rend.,  140,  1186.)  A  freshly  prepared  5  per  cent,  aqueous 
solution  of  icononogene  or  sodium  amidonaphthol  sulphonate — 

NH2 
C10H5 — OH 

S03Na 

is  employed  as  a  precipitant  for  potassium.  The  alkah  should 
first  be  converted  into  chloride.  The  reagent  may  be  employed 
in  the  presence  of  ammonium  salts,  and  also  in  those  of  mag- 
nesium, if  these  be  not  in  sufficient  quantity  to  precipitate  with 
ammonium  carbonate.  It  is  at  least  as  delicate  a  reagent  as 
platinic  chloride,  and  is  available  in  many  cases  where  that  and 
other  potassium  precipitants  cannot  be  applied.  Since  the 
crystals  of  potassium  amidonaphthol  sulphonate  form  large 
characteristic  or  thorhombic  pearly  lamellae,  the  reagent  is 
valuable  for  the  microchemical  detection  of  the  metal.  With 
dilute  solutions  the  reaction  is  not  very  rapid ;  thus  1  c.c.  of  a 
1  per  cent,  solution  of  HCl  will  only  show  the  formation  of  the 
white  precipitate  of  amidonaphthol  sulphonate  after  standing 
for  several  hours.  Ferric  and  manganous  salts  are  not  precipi- 
tated by  the  new  reagent,  but  nickel,  cobalt  and  bismuth  are 
thi'own  down,  so  is  copper,  but  the  precipitate  is  redissolved  in 
an  excess  of  the  reagent. 

Potassium  Perearbonate  as  a  Source  of  Oxgyen  and  of  Hydro- 
gen Peroxide.  P.  La  mi.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  through  Journ. 
Phann.  C'him.  [6],  20,  65.)  Potassium  perearbonate  is  jirepared 
by  the  electrolysis  of  a  saturated  solution  of  potassium  carbonate. 
The  solution,  at  first  clear,  becomes  milky,  and  finally  deposits 
the    perearbonate.     Potassium    perearbonate,    when    perfectly 


CHEMISTRY.  135 

dry,  is  stable  at  ordinary  temperatures  ;    when  heated  to  about 
200°  it  decomposes  according  to  the  equation — 

KoCOs^KaCOa  +  COa  +  O. 

When  dissolved  in  water  it  is  decomposed  even  at  low  tempera- 
tures into  bicarbonate  and  oxygen — 

2KoC,0e  +  2H2O  =  2KHCO3  +  0,. 
This  reaction  is  useful  for  the  preparation  of  pure  oxygen.     On 
warming  a  solution  of  percarbonate  a  steady  evolution  of  that 
gas    occurs.     When    an    aqueous    solution    of    percarbonate    is 
treated  with  HoSOj,  H2O2  is  formed,  thus — 

KoC.Oe  +  H0SO4  =  K2SO4  +  2CO2  +  H2O2. 

Commerical  potassium  percarbonate  invariably  contains  car- 
bonate and  bicarbonate.  It  may  be  purified  by  treating  it  with 
a  solution  of  potassium  hydrate,  in  which  the  percarbonate  is 
insoluble,  then  washing  with  alcohol  to  remove  the  alkali.  In 
this  manner  a  product  containing  90  per  cent,  of  percarbonate 
may  be  obtained. 

Primula  Camphor.  H.  B  runner.  {Schiveiz.  Woch.  fur 
Chem.  und  Pharm.,  42,  305.)  The  so-called  primula  camphor  is 
shown  to  be  chiefly  the  methyl  ester  of  metamethoxysalicylic 
acid,  aHg.COOCHa.OH.OCH,.  300  kilos  of  Primula  veris 
roots,  from  about  20,000  primrose  plants,  gave  170  Gm.  of  crude 
liquid  camphor;  the  rectified  product  had  the  sp.  gr.  1-2155; 
b.p.  255°C.  It  is  a  colourless  liquid  when  first  distilled,  but 
turns  yellow  on  keeping. 

Propane,  Physical  Properties  of.  P.  L  e  b  e  a  u.  {Comptes 
rend.,  140,  1455.)  Having  prepared  a  considerable  quantity  of 
pure  propane,  the  author  finds  that  its  physical  properties  differ 
materially  from  those  given  in  works  of  reference.  Its  b.p.  is 
found  to  be  — 44-5'^C.,  and  it  remains  fluid  below  —  195°C.,  its 
critical  temperature  97-5°,  and  its  critical  pressure  45  atmo- 
spheres. 

Pyramidon,  Detection  of  Antipyrine  in,  as  an  Adulterant.     P. 

B  o  u  r  c  e  t.  (Bull.  Soc.  Ghim.,  33,  572.)  From  1  to  2  C'gni.  of 
the  sample  is  dissolved  in  4  or  5  c.c.  of  cold  water  ;  2  drops  of 
H2SO4  66  per  cent,  are  added,  and  2  drops  of  a  saturated  solution 
of  NaNOo  or  a  few  minute  crystals  of  the  salt.     On  shaking,  pure 


136  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

pyramidon  gives  a  bluish  violet  evanescent  shade  which  in  excess 
of  NaXO.,  quickly  disappears,  leaving  a  colourless  solution.  If 
antipyrine  be  present,  the  violet  colour  of  the  pyramidon  is  suc- 
ceeded by  a  persistent  bluish  green  colour,  the  depth  of  which  is 
directly  according  to  the  amount  of  antipyrine  present.  Since 
antip\'rine  is  much  cheaper  than  pyramidon.  commercial  samples 
of  the  latter  are  often  adulterated  therewith,  sometimes  to  the 
extent  of  33  per  cent. 

Quercitrin.  D.  H.  Brauns.  {Archiv  der  Pharm..  242, 
561.)  Although  quercitrin  has  long  been  known,  some  little 
doubt  exists  as  to  the  formula  of  the  rhamnoside.  Air  dried 
quercitrin  is  found  to  have  the  formula  CoiH2f,0u +  2H2O.  It 
loses  1  mol.  H2O  at  lOO'C,  and  becomes  anhydrous  at  105^C. 

Quinine  and  Cinchonidine,  New  Reactions  for.  ('.  R  e  i- 
chard.  {Pharm.  Zeit.,  50,  314.)  Advantage  may  be  taken 
of  the  marked  reducing  action  of  quinine  and  cinchonidine  for 
their  identification.  If  a  trace  of  HgXOs  solution  be  allowed  to 
evaporate  on  a  porcelain  surface,  so  as  to  form  a  small  spot, 
and  a  crystal  of  the  sulphate  of  either  alkaloid  be  brought  in  con- 
tact therewith  with  a  drop  of  water,  a  black  colour  is  soon 
developed,  wliich  ultimately  spreads  over  the  whole  spot.  The 
reaction  is  much  more  rapid  and  sharp  with  cinchonidine  than 
with  quinine.  The  two  alkaloids  may  be  differentiated  as 
follows.  When  a  few  crystals  of  quinine  sulphate  are  intimately 
mixed  with  ammonium  persulphate,  and  a  few  drops  of  H2SO4 
are  added  to  the  mixture,  an  intense  yellow  colour  is  produced, 
which  gradually  fades.  Cinchonidine  does  not  give  any  reaction. 
If  quinine  be  mixed  with  HoSOi  containing  ammonium  molyb- 
date  a  light  blue  colour  is  formed,  gradually  becoming  dark  blue. 
With  cinchonidine  the  dark  blue  tint  is  developed  at  once, 
without  any  preliminary  light  blue  shade.  If  a  few  crystals  of 
ammonium  persulphate  be  added  to  these  blue  solutions,  they 
effervesce  and  assume  a  deep  yellow  colour  ;  on  adding  formalin 
to  this,  followed  by  a  few  drops  of  AmCNS  in  concentrated 
solution,  the  cinchonidine  gives  a  deep  red  brown  colour,  while 
quinine  shows  only  a  faint  rose  tint. 

Quinine  and  Quinidine,  Colour  Reactions  for.  J.  B.  B  a  1 1  a  n- 
d  i  e  r.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [0].  20,  151.)  Upon  a  few  c.c. 
of  a  moderately  acid  solution  of  quinine  or  quinidine,  in  a  test 


CHEMISTRY.  137 

tube,  the  vapour  of  bromine  is  allowed  to  fall  and  the  whole 
well  shaken  up.  The  liquid  loses  its  fluorescence  and  acquires 
a  slight  yellowish  tint.  One  drop  of  solution  of  CUSO4  is  then 
added,  then  AmOH  drop  by  drop,  shaking  after  each  addition. 
After  the  first  drop  of  AmOH  has  been  added  the  liquid  assumes 
a  peach-rose  tint,  increasing  in  depth  with  the  second  drop,. 
then  becoming  violet  and  finally  green.  The  addition  of  mineral 
acid  to  the  green  liquid  turns  it  blue  or  violet,  to  which  alkalies 
restore  the  green  colour.  If  the  acids  be  added  to  the  peach 
coloured  or  violet  solutions,  these  become  green.  These  reac- 
tions are  similar  to  those  described  by  Hirsclisohn  in  1902, 
obtained  with  HoOo  and  CuS04,but  are  obtained  in  the  cold,  and 
under  quite  different  conditions. 

Quinine,  Determination  of,  in  Cinchona  Barks.  — Vigneron. 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Cnim.,  21,  180.)  The  total  alkaloids  of  25  Gm. 
of  bark  are  treated  with  20  times  their  Aveight  of  pure  ether  and 
shaken  well  m  ith  5  or  6  small  pieces  of  pumice  stone  the  size  of 
a  pea,  previously  moistened  with  alcohol  98  per  cent.  The 
small  amount  of  alcohol  thus  introduced  facilitates  the  separation 
of  the  quinine  from  the  other  alkaloids.  The  mixture  is  allowed 
to  macerate  for  6  hours  at  about  15*^0.,  with  occasional  agitation, 
then  filtered  mto  a  porcelain  capsule,  from  which  the  ether  is 
allowed  to  evaporate  spontaneously.  The  residual  alkaloids 
insoluble  in  ether  are  again  macerated  with  a  similar  quantity 
of  ether  for  12  hours  ;  the  ethereal  liquid  is  filtered  into  the 
same  capsule  and  gently  evaporated  at  about  15°C.  To  the 
residue  5  c.c.  of  alcohol  and  100  Gm.  of  a  saturated  aqueous 
solution  of  quinine  sulphate  are  added,  followed  by  10  drops  of 
1  per  cent,  aqueous  haemotoxylin  solution.  The  capsule  is  then 
placed  on  the  boiling  water-bath  to  drive  off  the  ether  and  alcohol. 
Meanwhile  2  or  3  c.c.  of  10  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid  is  added, 
then  gradually  a  little  5  per  cent,  acid  until  the  liquid  assumes 
a  lemon-yellow  tint.  If  the  faint  acidity  requisite  be  exceeded, 
a  few  drops  of  dilute  ammonia  are  added  until  only  a  faint 
yellow  colour  is  visible.  The  solution  is  then  set  aside  in  a  cool 
place  for  24  hours,  and  the  crystals  which  have  formed  are 
collected  on  a  tared  filter,  washed  first  with  saturated  quinine 
sulphate  solution,  then  witli  a  few  c.c.  of  distilled  water  used  in 
portions.  The  mixed  sulphates  of  quinine  and  cinchonidine 
are  then  dried  and  weighed;  0-75  Gm.  of  these  sulphates  is 
then  weighed  off,  dissolved  by  boiling  in  85  c.c.  of  saturated 


138  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

solution  of  pure  quinine  chromate,  and  treated  with  0-20  Gm.  of 
pure  KaCrOi  dissolved  in  a  little  water,  allowed  to  cool,  and  the 
precipitated  c|uinine  chromate  collected  on  a  small  tared  filter,  and 
washed  with  saturated  solution  of  quinine  chromate  to  bring  the 
volume  of  the  filtrate  to  100  c.c.  This  filtrate  may  be  tested 
for  cinchouidine  by  tlic  addition  of  NaOH  solution.  The  crystals 
are  then  slowly  washed  with  another  100  c.c.  of  saturated  solution 
of  quinine  chromate,  drained,  dried  at  100°C.,  and  weighed  as 
(C2oH2iNo02)oCrO,.  Since  0-746  Gra.  of  pure  quinine  sulphate 
gives  under  these  conditions  0-764  Gm.  of  chromate,  the  equiva- 
lents may  be  taken  as  practically  75  and  76.  If  the  first  filtrate 
from  the  precipitated  chromate  gives  no  precipitate  wdth  NaOH, 
the  amount  of  free  chromate  in  the  liquid  may  be  determined 
volumetrically  by  means  of  KI  and  thiosulphate.  In  this  case, 
a  solution  of  0-20  Gm.  of  K2Cr04  in  154  c.c.  of  water  may  be 
conveniently  used  as  the  precipitant  ;  each  c.c.  of  this  will  be 
equivalent  to  0005  Gm.  of  anhydrous  quinine  sulphate.  At  the 
same  time  the  amount  of  hyjiosulphite  used  up  by  the  iodine 
liberated  by  100  c.c.  of  saturated  solution  of  quinine  chromate 
is  noted  ;  this  number  will  be  /3.  Operating  on  the  above  quan- 
tities, the  first  100  c.c.  of  chromate  filtrate  collected  will  contain 
the  equivalent  of  4  c.c.  of  the  titrated  solution  of  KoCrO^.  If  this 
filtrate  requires  x  c.c.  of  thiosulphate  to  titrate  the  iodine  it 
liberates,  the  amount  of   quinine   sulplia,te  present  in  the  mixed 

X  —B+  4 
sulphates  may  be  found  from  the  formula  75 =  the 

number  of  Cgms.  present  in  the  0-75  Gm.  of  sulphates  taken. 

Quinine  Hydrochlorides.  H.  Carette.  {Journ.  Phann. 
C/iim.  [()],  20,  :}47.)  Neutral  Hydrochloride  ivith  2|  mols.  IhO. 
This  was  obtained  by  dissolving  1  molecular  weight  of  quinia  in 
2  molecidar  equivalents  of  HCl  in  dilute  aqueous  solution,  con- 
centrating on  the  water-bath  and  cooling  slowly.  The  crystals 
formed,  when  drained,  responded  to  the  formula  ConHo2N202. 
2HC1.22H20.  Although  hygroscopic,  they  liquefy  onlj'^  in  very 
damp  air.  In  dry  air  and  at  20°C.  they  lose  a  little  of  their 
crystal-water,  at  102°C.  the  whole  of  it,  becoming  yellowish  in 
colour  while  hot,  but  colourless  on  cooling.  The  hydrated  salt 
has  no  definite  melting  point  ;  it  begins  to  melt  at  80°,  and 
remains  half  melted  at  215'^C. 

Neutral  Quinine  hydrochloride  icith  1|  mols.  CoH^OH.  When 
neutral    quinine    hydrochloride    is    crystallized    from    alcoholic 


CHElVnSTRY.  139 

mother  liquors,  the  crystals  formed  are  more  bulky  than  those 
obtained  from  aqueous  solutions.  The  solutions  in  95  or  100 
per  cent,  alcohol  often  remain  in  supersaturation  ;  on  sowing 
these  with  a  crystal  of  the  salt,  fine,  well-formed  crystals  are 
obtained,  having  the  formula  aoH24N202.2HCl.l|CoH50H. 
They  keep  well  in  sealed  tubes.  The  same  crystals  may  be 
obtained  by  rapidly  evaporating,  m  vacuo,  alcoholic  solutions  of 
the  salt.  They  lose  their  alcohol  of  crystallization  on  warming, 
and  almost  all  of  it  at  normal  temperatures,  in  vacuo.  The 
same  crystals  are  obtained  from  55  per  cent,  alcohol.  If  the 
crystals  be  exposed  to  the  light  during  drjnng  they  become 
yellow,  and  these  yellow  crystals  are  much  more  hygroscoj)ic 
than  those  which  have  been  dried  in  the  dark,  which  are 
white.  On  exposing  the  salt  with  1|  mols.  C2H5.OH  to  the  air, 
it  first  loses  its  alcohol,  then  absorbs  water  from  the  atmosphere, 
and  becomes  converted  into  the  salt  containing  2J  mols.  H2O. 
Exposed  in  the  dark  to  a  temperature  of  35-50°C.  it  loses  all 
its  alcohol  and  reabsorbs  half  a  mol.  H2O,  forming  the  salt 
C2,H24N20o2HCUH20,  which  is  perfectly  white  and  stable  at 
that  temperature,  and  is  much  less  hygroscopic  than  the  salt 
with  2i  mols.  HoO. 

Anhydrous  Neutral  Quinine  Hydrochloride.  The  anhydrous 
salt,  whether  obtained  from  the  alcohol-  or  water-containing 
cr^'stals,  by  drying  at  102°C.  is  very  hygroscopic,  c^uickly  absorb- 
ing water  to  form  the  salt  with  2|  mols.  H2O.  If  the  air  be 
very  damp,  it  takes  up  another  h  mol.  H2O,  forming  the  salt 
C20H24N2O2.2HCI. +  3H2O.  The  anhydrous  hydrochloride  has 
the  [a].,-233^ 

Quinine  Hydrochlorides.  C.  E  r  b  a.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim. 
[6].  20,  550.)  The  author  controverts  the  statements  of  Carette 
that  neutral  quinine  hydrochloride  crystallized  from  alcohol  95 
per  cent,  contains  1^  mols.  alcohol.  He  has  previously  found, 
and  now  confirms,  that  the  salt  contains  a  molecule  of  both 
water  and  alcohol  having  the  formula — 

C22H24N2O2.2HCI.  +  C2H5OH  +  H2O, 

as  shown  by  the  amount  of  alcohol  recoverable  by  distillation 
and  by  the  products  of  combustion.  The  salt  dried  at  35-50°, 
which  Carette  considered  had  first  lost  its  alcohol  and  then 
reabsorbed  half  a  mol.  HoO,  had  therefore,  in  fact,  merely  lost 
half  of  its  original  water  of  crystallization  and  all  its  alcohol. 


140  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

Quinine,  Solubility  of,  in  Ammonia,  and  Method  of  Testing 
Quinine  Sulphate.  W.  Dune  a  n.  {Phann.  Jouni.  [-4].  20^ 
438.)  Exporiments  show  that  quinine  i.s  not,  as  generally 
stated,  more  soluble  in  AmOH  than  in  water,  but  less  so.  It  is 
well  known,  however,  that  loss  of  quinine  frequently  follows 
when  AmOH  is  used  to  precipitate  it  from  its  solutions,  and  the 
advice  to  avoid  large  excess  of  alkali  is  usually  given,  for  excess 
increases  the  risk  of  supersaturation  ;  but  the  chief  cause  of 
loss  is  not  this,  but  hydrolysis  of  the  ammonium  salt  when  the 
precipitated  alkaloid  is  being  washed. 

If  c[uinine  or  its  sulphate  be  added  to  an  aqueous  solution  of 
AmCl,  solution  takes  place.  On  adding  AmOH  to  this  solution 
quinine  is  precipitated,  which  redissolves  on  diluting  the  solution 
or  on  adding  a  little  more  AmCl.  Similar  results  are  obtained 
with  Am2S04,  though  not  to  the  same  extent.  If  solutions  of 
KCl  or  NaCl  be  used,  an  increase  in  solubility  of  quinine  sulphate 
is  found,  the  more  soluble  quinine  chloride  being  produced,  but 
with  quinine  hydrate  the  increase  is  infinitesimal.  Increase  in 
solubility  in  solutions  of  ammonium  salts  must  then  be  due  to 
hydrolysis  of  the  latter,  the  liberated  acid  again  combining  with 
the  alkaloid  when  the  washing  is  proceeded  with.  The  greatest 
loss  does  not  take  place  in  the  first  washing,  as  it  is  usually 
strongly  ammoniacal,  but  in  the  subsequent  washings,  as  the 
free  AmOH  diminishes.  AmOH  is  about  the  most  unsatisfac- 
tory precipitant  that  can  be  used  for  any  alkaloid  if  the 
alkaloid  has  to  be  collected  and  washed,  and  rarely  gives  theo- 
retical yields.  With  the  fixed  alkalies  there  is  not  the  same 
Joss,  hydrolytic  dissociation  being  almost  nil  in  their  solutions. 

The  foregoing  experience  suggested  that  the  AmOH  test  for 
the  purity  of  sulphate  of  quinine  might  be  made  more  reliable 
by  replacing  the  AmOH  Avith  a  more  basic  hydroxide.  The 
test,  which  appears  to  be  really  a  water  test,  is  based  on  the 
differences  existing  between  the  solubilities  of  the  sulphates  of 
the  alkaloids  in  water  and  the  solubilities  of  the  alkaloids  in 
solution  of  AmOH.  Kerner's  test  has  been  much  criticized  and 
often  condemned,  but  the  ease  with  which  it  can  be  applied  is 
greatly  in  its  favour,  and  accounts  for  its  adoption,  in  one  form 
or  another,  by  most  pharmacopoeias.  Using  the  Codex  modifi- 
cation, it  is  not  found  to  pass  a  sulphate  that  is  over-contami- 
nated, but  the  German  modification  may  condemn  a  quinine 
sulphate  that  is  practically  pure.  The  success  of  the  test  is 
partly  based  on  the  assumption  that  cinchonidine  is  less  soluble 


CHEMISTRY.  141 

in  AmOH  than  quinine.  This  may  or  may  not  be,  but  if  aqueous 
solutions  of  quinine  and  cinchonidine  sulpliates  of  the  same 
strength  (1  in  1,000)  be  made,  they  behave  somewhat  differently 
to  AmOH.  On  adding  AmOH  to  the  quinine  solution  precipita- 
tion at  once  takes  place,  the  cloud  disappearing  on  adding  excess 
of  the  AmOH.  On  adding  AmOH  to  the  cinchonidine  solution, 
no  precipitation  takes  place  at  once  as  Avith  the  cpxinine.  If 
this  solution  be  allowed  to  stand  for  30  minutes  precipitation  is 
apparent,  or  if  the  solution  be  vigorously  stirred,  a  haziness 
becomes  evident  in  from  2  to  5  minutes,  and  finally  precipitation 
in  the  course  of  2  hours.  The  success  of  the  AmOH  test,  then, 
must  lie  more  in  the  differences  in  quantities  of  the  alkaloids 
present,  from  the  differences  in  solubility  of  the  sulphates,  than 
from  the  differences  in  solubility  of  the  alkaloids  themselves  in 
AmOH.  Strength,  temperature,  method  of  mixing,  all  affect 
Kerner's  test.  Merely  stirring  the  AmOH  into  the  alkaloidal 
solution  may  cause  a  rise  of  from  2°  to  5"C.  The  composition 
may  also  vary  in  the  course  of  the  experiment,  for  AmOH  liquor 
is  not  a  solution  of  NH4OH  ;  it  is  a  solution  of  NH3  and  NHjOH, 
the  proportions  of  which  vary  with  variations  in  tempera|:ure 
and  pressure.  All  these  are  disturbing  factors  which  should  be 
eliminated  by  using  a  solution  of  a  fixed  hydroxide,  and  there 
would  also  probably  be  less  likelihood  of  super-saturation. 

Soda  and  potash  were  tried,  and,  though  with  success,  B.P. 
lime  water  was  finally  chosen,  for  the  following  reasons  :  It  is 
easily  made  of  constant  strength,  is  less  liable  to  impurity,  and 
any  decomposition  is  evident  to  the  eye. 

The  following  were  then  carried  out  :  To  10  c.c.  of  a  saturated 
aqueous  solution  of  purified  quinine  sulphate  lime  water  was 
added  till  tlie  precipitated  quinine  was  dissolved  and  a  water-clear 
solution  obtained  ;  20  c.c.  of  lime  water  were  required.  The 
solution,  on  keeping,  neither  precipitated  quinine  nor  calcium 
sulphate.     Super-saturation  was  evidently  absent. 

To  10  c.c.  of  a  similar  cinchonidine  solution  lime  water  was 
added,  and  120  c.c.  were  required,  but  the  solution  does  not 
become  clear  like  the  quinine.  There  is  an  opalescence  due  to 
calcium  sulphate  which  eventually  precipitates.  Solubility  in 
lime  water,  however,  has  one  of  the  faults  of  the  ammonia  test, 
a  fault  common  to  all  eye  determinations  of  solubility.  The 
quantities  required  may  vary  from  1  to  5,  or  even  10  per  cent., 
according  as  the  solvent  is  added  rapidly  or  slowly,  stirred  or 
shaken.     To  overcome  this  difficulty,  determination  of  the  sul- 


142  YEAR-BOaK   OF   PHARIVIACY. 

phuric  radicle  suggested  itself,  making  use  of  phenol-phtlialein 
as  an  indicator  (seeing  it  is  neutral  to  alkaloids),  and  thus  serving 
as  a  check  on  the  solubility. 

To  20  c.c.  of  the  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  the  purified 
quinine  sulphate  3  drops  of  phenol-phthalein  solution  were  added, 
and  lime  water  run  in  from  a  burette  till  the  permanent  pink 
colour  was  obtained  ;  2  c.c.  lime  water  were  required.  The  test, 
repeated  with  20  c.c.  of  a  cinclionidine  sidpliate  solution,  took 
13-7  c.c.  We  liave  thus  a  double  method  of  testing  tiie  purity 
of  quinine  suli^hate,  the  solubility  of  the  alkaloids,  and  the 
quantity  of  sulphuric  radicle  in  the  aqueous  solution. 

To  test  the  value  of  the  methods,  5  GJm.  of  a  commercial 
quinine  sulphate  were  finely  powdered  and  digested  with  100  c.c. 
of  water  in  a  stoppered  flask  on  a  water-bath  at  60C.  for  1  hour, 
the  flask  being  frequently  shaken.  The  solution  was  then 
allowed  to  cool  to  15°C.,  and  maintained  at  this  temperature  for 
2  hours,  frequently  stirring,  and  finally  filtered. 

20  c.c.  required  41  c.c.  of  lime  water  to  form  clear  solution  ; 
20  c.c.  wdth  phenol-j^hthalein  required  2-8  c.c.  of  lime  water  to 
show  alkalinity. 

This  sample  was  then  mixed  witli  a  1  per  cent.  (A),  3  per 
cent.  (B),  and  5  per  cent.  (C)  of  cinclionidine  sulphate,  and  the 
three  subjected  to  the  tests.  20  c.c.  of  A  required  45  c.c.  of 
lime  water  to  form  a  clear  solution,  20  c.c.  of  A  with  phenol- 
phthalein  required  3-3  c.c.  of  hme  water  to  show  alkalinity. 
20  c.c.  of  B  required  55  c.c.  of  lime  water  to  form  a  clear  solutirn. 
20  c.c.  of  B  with  phenol-phthalein  required  3-8  of  lime  water  to 
show  alkalinity.  20  c.c.  of  C  required  71  c.c.  of  lime  water  to 
form  a  clear  solution.  20  c.c.  of  C  with  phenol-phthalein  re- 
quired 4-7  c.c.  of  lime  water  to  show  alkalinity. 

Saturation  of  the  H2SO4  with  calcium  appears  preferable  to 
the  solul)ility  test,  and  might  be  made  more  delicate  by  using 
a  weaker  lime  water.  By  using  both,  however,  one  checks  tlie 
other,  and  a  convenient,  yet  sufficiently  exact,  method  of  deter- 
mining the  purity  of  quinine  sulphate  is  apparently  obtained. 

Quinine  Sulphate,  Testing  of,  for  Cinchonidine.  B.  H.  P  a  u  1 
{Chem.  and  Driu/(j..  65,  428.)  After  discussing  the  question  of 
the  solubility  of  quinine  and  cinchonidine  in  ether,  and  th.e 
influence  of  the  piesence  of  the  latter  on  the  solubility  of  the 
former  in  that  solvent,  the  following  method  of  applying  the 
test  is  given  : — 


CHEMISTRY.  143 

Dissolve  1  Gm.  of  the  quinine  sulphate  to  be  examined  in 
100  c.c.  of  boiling  distilled  water.  After  cooling,  filter  the 
solution  from  the  crystallized  quinine  salt  and  concentrate  the 
filtrate  to  30  c.c.  ;  separate  the  further  crystals  that  are  thus 
formed  by  passing  the  cooled  solution  through  a  loose  plug  of 
cotton  wool  fitted  in  the  neck  of  a  funnel  and  make  up  the 
volume  to  30  c.c,  if  necessary,  by  washing  the  crystals  with  a 
few  drops  of  water.  Shake  up  5  c.c.  of  that  solution  with  1  c.c. 
of  ether,  in  a  corked  tube,  after  adding  5  drops  of  ammonia 
solution,  and  leave  the  tube  in  a  cool  place  for  one  hour.  If  at 
the  end  of  that  time  no  crystals  are  formed  in  the  solution,  the 
quantity  of  cinchonidine  in  the  5  c.c.  of  solution  would  be  less 
than  0  004  Gm.  and  the  corresponding  quantity  of  sulpliate  in 
1  Gm.  of  the  salt  under  examination  would  not  be  more  than 

0-0324  (=  0-004  X  1-35  Gm.)  or  3-24  per  cent. 

In  the  more  probable  case  of  crystals  being  formed  in  aj)preci- 
able  quantity  within  a  shorter  time  than  one  hour,  the  amount 
of  cinchonidine  sulf)liate  in  the  salt  under  the  examination  will 
be  more  than  3-24  per  cent.  To  ascertain  liow  much  more  it 
may  be,  shake  out  a  volume  of  the  solution  less  than  5  c.c.  with 
1  c.c.  of  ether,  repeating  that  operation  until  a  difference, 
amounting  to  0-5  c.c.  of  solution,  between  two  experiments  also 
corresponds  to  entire  absence  of  crystals  in  the  one  instance  and 
a  very  slight  formation  of  crystals  in  the  other,  after  12  hours  ; 
then  take  the  mean  of  those  two  quantities  of  solution  as  con- 
taining 0-004  Gm.  of  cinchonidine,  and  calculate  the  percentage 
of  sulphate  on  that  basis.  Thus,  for  example,  if  4  c.c.  of  solution 
gave  no  crystals  and  4-5  c.c.  only  a  verj^  small  quantity  after 
12  hours,  4-25  c.c.  is  to  be  taken  as  the  quantity  containing 
0  004  Gm.  of  cinchonidine  in  the  calculation,  as  follows  : — 

4-25  c.c.  :  0-004-30  c.c.  :  0-0282  x  1-35=0-038  in  1  Gm.  or  3-8 
per  cent,  of  cinchonidine  sulphate  in  the  sa,mple  under  exami- 
nation. 

The  operations  requisite  in  applying  the  ether-test  are  ex- 
tremely simple,  and,  while  they  admit  of  being  carried  out  with 
ease,  the  results  obtainable  are  not  deficient  in  accuracy. 

Rancid  Fats,  Detection  of,  in  Alimentary  Substances.  F. 
W  i  e  d  m  a  n  n.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  [20],  564,  after 
Zeits.  unters.  Nahr.  unci  Germsmitt.)  It  is  known  that  the 
rancidity  of  fats  has  no  relation  to  the  free  iaXij  acids  which 


144  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY, 

may  be  present  in  them,  for  an  oil  containing  much  free  acid 
may  be  pleasant  in  flavour,  and  one  which  is  rancid  may  show 
but  little  acidity.  Rancidity  is  due  to  products  of  an  aldelwdic 
nature  which  may  be  thus  detected.  Five  c.c,  of  the  melted 
fat  is  mixed  with  5  c.c.  of  a  1  per  cent,  solution  of  i^hloroglucin 
in  acetone  ;  2  or  3  drops  of  H0SO4  are  added.  A  red  colour 
will  be  produced  in  the  presence  of  1  per  cent,  of  rancid  fat.  and 
will  vary  in  intensity  as  the  rancidity  is  more  marked.  Other 
reagents,  such  as  paraphenylenediamine,  and  guaiacum  resin  ir 
presence  of  acetic  anhydride,  also  give  colour  reactions.  But  no 
reaction  is  obtained  with  any  of  the  above  if  the  rancid  fat  has 
previously  been  heated  iibove  200^0. 

Raspberry,  Essential  Oil  of.  [HaenseVs  Report,  through 
Apoth.  Zeit..  1904,  19,  854.)  Distillation  of  raspberry  press- 
marc  affords  a  small  quantity  of  a  greenish  essential  oil  with  an 
intense  odour  of  raspberries  ;  sp.  gr.  at  15°,  0-8833  ;  [aljj  -i-2-8°  ; 
saponification  value,  193  ;  saponification  value  after  acetyHzing, 
215  ;  solubility  in  alcohol,  80  per  cent..  1  :  30. 

Red  Colouring  Matter  of  the  Tomato.  C.  M  o  n  t  a  n  a  r  i. 
{Chem.  Centralb.,  76,  544,  after  Staz.  sperim.  Agar.  ItaJ.,  37,  909.) 
The  red  colouring  matter  of  the  tomato,  considered  by  Arnaud 
to  be  carotin,  CocHss,  is  found  by  the  author  to  be  dicarotin, 
C02H74,  It  crystallizes  from  benzol  as  deep  red  crystalline  mass 
of  needles  and  lamellae  ;  m.p.  170°,  It  forms  a  green  amor- 
phous iodo-additive  compound,  C52H74I2. 

Rhamnus  frangula  Bark,  Determination  of  Active  Principles 
in.  J.  War  in.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  253.)  The 
following  color imetric  method  is  based  on  the  fact  that  the 
green  tint  of  a  solution  of  nickel  chloride  will  neutralize  the  rose 
colour  of  dilute  alkaline  emodin  solution.  The  standard  solution 
of  nickel  is  jDrepared  by  dissolving  on  the  water-bath  1  Gm.  of 
the  metal  in  5  c.c.  of  a  mixture  of  HNO3  1  part,  and  HCl  3  parts. 
If  necessary,  add  a  little  more  acid  and  a  little  water  to  dis- 
solve the  salt  formed.  \\'hen  the  metal  has  completely  dissolved 
dilute  to  100  (!.c.  with  distilled  water.  This  solution  will  exactly 
neutralize  the  rose  tmt  of  1  ^Igm.  of  emodin  dissolved  in  100  c.c. 
of  faintly  alkaline  water.  The  nickel  solution  should  be 
standardized  against  a  solution  of  pure  emodin  of  the  above 


CHEMISTRY. 


145 


strengtli  in  the  following  manner  :  Two  twin  tubes  of  about 
40  c.c.  caf)acity,  one  of  vvliich  is  graduated  in  0-1  c.c.,  are  taken 
and  are  covered  with  black  paper,  in  which  two  longitudinal 
slits  are  cut  which  are  directty  opposite  each  other,  on  either 
side  of  the  tubes,  so  that  the  tint  of  the  liquid  maj^  be  readily 
observed  through  them,  when  the  tubes  are  placed  on  a  white 
surface.  When  one  tube  filled  with  the  nickel  solution  and  the 
other  with  the  emodin  solution  are  placed  one  in  front  of  the 
other  and  the  light  is  observed  through  the  coinciding  slits,  if 
the  nickel  solution  is  of  the  correct  strength  it  will  be  absolutely 
colourless.  It  sometimes  happens  that  from  impurity  in  the 
metal  it  is  slightly  weak.  Its  strength  should  then  be  adjusted. 
Having  thus  obtained  a  standard  colour  solution,  the  determi- 
nation of  the  emodin  in  Rhaimms  frangnla  bark  is  thus  per- 
formed : — 

Half  a  C4m.  of  the  powdered  bark  is  macerated  for  24  hours 
with  50  c.c.  of  a  0-5  per  cent,  .solution  of  NaOH,  with  occasional 
vigorous  shaking.  Filter,  pipette  off  exactly  10  c.c.  of  the 
filtrate,  and  dilut-e  it  to  100  c.c.  Fill  the  ungraduated  tube  with 
the  nickel  solution,  and  place  10  c.c.  of  the  above  diluted  buck- 
thorn solution  in  the  graduated  one.  Place  the  tubes  in  front 
of  each  other  ;  as  the  liark  generally  contains  more  than  1  per 
cent,  of  emodin  the  rose  colour  will  predominate.  Then 
cautiously  dilute  the  buckthorn  solution  with  distilled  water, 
thoroughly  mixing,  until  this  rose  tint  disappears  and  a  per- 
fectly colourless  liglit  is  obtained.  On  now  reading  oif  the 
number  of  c.c.  of  liquid  in  the  rose-coloured  tube,  the  weight  in 
Gm.  of  emodin  in  1  kilo  of  the  drug  will  be  obtained.  If  on  the 
first  reading  the  green  tint  should  predominate,  the  drug  will 
cojitain  less  than  1  jjer  cent,  of  emodin  ;  in  that  case  another 
alkaline  maceration  nuist  be  made,  using  a  larger  cpiantity  of 
the  original  substance.  Sometimes  the  rose  tint  obtained  is 
accompanied  by  a  slight  yellow  shade  ;  but  this  does  not  inter- 
fere with  the  result  ;  the  final  reading  is  then  made  with  a  faint 
yellow  tint  instead  of  a  colourless  light  ;  this  is  easily  done,  for 
on  exceeding  the  limit,  tlie  green  shade  of  the  nickel  solution  is 
very  sharply  evident. 

Rhubarb  and  Aloes,  Assay  of.  A.  T  s  c  h  i  r  c  h  and  — 
C  li  r  i  s  t  o  f  o  1  e  t  t  i.  (Pharm.  Post.  37,  233,  249.  265. )  Dettr- 
mlnation  of  Emodin  in  Rhubarb.  The  method  is  colorimetrie, 
the  standard  colour  being  that  given  by  0-001  Gm.  of  pure  aloe- 


146  YEAR-BOOK   OF  PHARMACY. 

emodin  dissolved  in  1  litre  of  distilled  water  rendered  slightly 
alkaline  with  KOH.  This  has  a  pale  rose  colour.  0-5  Gm.  of 
the  rhubarb,  in  very  fine  powder,  is  boiled  for  15  minutes,  under 
a  reflux  condeaser,  with  50  c.c.  of  H2S04  50  per  cent.  ;  the 
anthra-glucosides  are  thus  hydrolized  and  antliraquinone 
derivatives  set  free.  When  cold,  the  liquid,  witliout  filtration, 
is  shaken  out  with  successive  50  c.c.  of  ether  until  that  solvent 
is  no  longer  coloured  and  does  not  give  a  rose  colour  when  a 
portion  is  tested  whh  KOH.  The  separated  aqueous  liquid  is 
again  boiled  for  15  minutes,  cooled,  aiid  again  shaken  out  with 
ether.  The  bulked  ether  extracts  are  then  shaken  out  with 
successive  washings  of  5  per  cent.  KOH  solution  until  a  rose 
tint  is  no  longer  obtained.  The  bulked  alkaline  liquid  is  then 
made  up  to  500  c.c.  100  c.c.  of  this  solution  is  diluted  to  1 
litre  ;  the  colour  is  then  matched  against  that  of  the  standard 
emodin  solution,  on  a  white  surface,  in  the  usual  manner.  The 
tint  of  the  rhubarb  solution  will  generalty  be  too  dark  ;  it  must 
therefore  be  diluted  with  a  known  volume  of  water.  A  good 
rhubarb  should  give  from  2-8  to  4  per  cent,  of  emodin  ;  Bheum 
rhaponticiim  only  yields  about  1-2  per  cent. 

Valuation  of  Aloes.  Since  the  active  principals,  chiefly 
aloins,  are  soluble  in  CHCI3,  while  the  inert  resins  are  insoluble, 
the  determination  of  the  CHCI3  soluble  constituents  suffices  for 
the  assay.  5  Gm.  of  aloes  are  macerated  for  12  hours  with  5  c.c. 
of  methyl  alcohol,  then  warmed  to  50-60°C.  and  treated  with 
30  c.c.  of  CHCI3.  After  thorough  agitation  the  mixture  is  set 
aside  and  the  chloroform  separated  and  filtered  into  a  tared 
flask.  The  insoluble  residue  is  again  treated  ^nth  another 
portion  of  CHCI3,  the  solution  added  to  that  first  obtained,  the 
solvent  distilled  ofif,  and  the  residue,  dried  at  100°C.,  weighed. 
Cape  and  Uganda  aloes  yield  80  to  85  per  cent,  of  CHCI3  extract, 
Socotrine  aloes  but  36-6  per  cent.  The  aloin  in  the  chloroform 
residue  may,  if  desired,  be  determined  colorimetrically  by 
Schouten's  reaction,  the  production  of  a  yellow  colour  and 
strong  green  fluorescence  with  a  saturated  solution  of  borax.  A 
standard  solution  of  0-004  ]\Igm.  of  aloin  in  borax  solution  is 
prepared  ;  this  shows  a  just  visible  green  fluorescence  when 
observed  through  a  depth  of  12  mm.  in  a  vessel  placed  on  black 
paper.  A  known  weight  of  the  above  CHCI3  residue  is  treated 
with  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  borax,  and  diluted  imtil  its 
degree  of  fluorescence  is  identical  with  that  of  the  standard. 
A  simple  calculation  then  gives  the  amount  of  aloin  piesent. 


CHEMISTRY. 


147 


Uganda  aloes  gives  about  16  per  cent.  The  remaining  64  per 
cent,  of  CHCI3  extract  consists  mainly  of  anthraquinones. 

Robinin.  N.  A.  V  a  1  i  a  s  c  h  k  o.  {Journ.  Soc.  Phys.  Chim., 
through  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  34,  348.)  Robinin  has  been  con- 
sidered to  be  a  glucoside  closely  related  to  rutin  and  quercitrin, 
and  to  give  quei-cetin  on  hydrolysis.  Tlie  author  states  that 
this  resemblance  is  only  apparent,  and  that  quercetin  is  not  one 
of  its  products.  The  glucoside  is  obtained  as  a  yellowish, 
odourless  crystalline  powder  by  extracting  the  fresh  flowers  of 
Robinia  pseudo-acacia  with  water  and  concentrating  the  aqueous 
solution.  The  glucoside  crystallizes  out  on  cooling  and  is  puri- 
fied by  recrystallization.  It  has  the  formula  C.!3H4oOi97t2H20  ; 
dried  in  vacuo  or  at  100°  it  retains  5  mols.  H2O  ;  it  is  only 
obtained  anhydrous  after  exposure  to  110°C.  It  commences 
to  melt,  when  dried,  at  1%8T'.,  but  is  not  completely  melted 
below  195°.  It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  cold  water  (1  :  3000), 
and  the  solution  is  nearly  colourless.  Hot  saturated  solutions 
are  yellow  in  colour.  It  is  hydrolized  by  boiling  with  dilute 
acids  and  by  ferments  forming  robigenin,  CisHiqOc,  2  mols. 
of   rhamnose  and  1  mol.  galactose  according  to  the  equation — 

CasH.oO.a  +  3H.0  =  C15H,  oO„  +  2C,H^,05  +  CsH^aOe. 

Robigenin,  recrystallized  from  alcohol,  forms  small  odoin-less 
and  tasteless  yellow  crystals,  brighter  in  colour  tlian  fjuercetin  ; 
m.p.  270°C.  The  sugar  of  robinin  may  be  identical  with  rham- 
nose, which  also  splits  up  into  2  mols.  of  rhamnose  and  I  mol. 
of  jzalactose. 


Rose,  Essential  Oil  of,  Bulgarian,  Characters  of.     [SchimmeVs 

Report,  Oct.,  1904,  81.)     The  following  characters  are  based  on 

30 
observations  extending  over  a  number  of  years.     Sj).   gi^'-~^^ 

0-849  to  0-862,  rarely  up  to  0-863;  [a]o-r30'  to  -3°; 
[77 Jij  1,452  to  1,464;  congealing  point,  +19  to  +23-5°;  acid 
number,  0-5  to  3  ;  ester  number,  8  to  16  ;  total  geraniol  (geraniol 
plus  citronellol),  66  to  74  per  cent.,  rarely  76  per  cent.  ;  citronellol, 
26  to  37  per  cent.,  generally  30  to  33  per  cent.  Citronellol  is 
determined  by  formylating  ;  1  volume  of  the  oil  is  heated  with 
2  volumes  of  absolute  formic  acid  for  an  hour  under  a  reflux 
condenser  ;  the  determination  is  then  conducted  as  in  acetylating. 


148  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Rose,  Essential  Oil  of,  French  and  Bulgarian.  P.  Jean  card 
and  C.  S  a  t  i  e.  [Bull.  Soc.  Chim.  [3],  31,  934).  Non-pefaloid 
portions  of  French  roses  grown  in  the  Cannes  district,  composed 
of  the  calices,  stamens,  etc.,  when  distilled  gave  50  Gm.  per 
1,000  kilo,  of  a  green  essential  oil  having  the  following  charac- 
ters :  Congealing  point,  S'^C.  ;  sttvaroptene,  51-13  per  cent.  ; 
sp.  gr.  at  15°C.,  0-8704  ;  [a]„  -41  ;  acid  value,  6-12  ;  saponifi- 
cation value,  22-4  ;  total  alcohols,  13-99  per  cent.  ;  citronellol, 
13-55  per  cent.  The  stearoptene  consisted  mainly  of  a  body 
congealing  at  14°C.  Practically  all  the  alcohol  present  was 
citronellol,  which  accounts  for  the  high  tevo-rotation  of  the  oil. 

French  Otto  of  Rose,  obtained  by  cohobation  and  distillation, 
had  the  following  characters  :  Congealing  point,  25-5°C.  ; 
stearoptene,  33-2  per  cent.  After  removing  this  stearoptene  the 
residual  oil  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-8790  at  15X'.  ;  [a]„  —3"  ;  solu- 
bility in  alcohol,  70  per  cent.  1:2^  total  alcohols,  88-55  per 
cent.  ;  citronellol,  22-4  per  cent.  When  distillation  was  per- 
formed without  cohobation,  and  the  distillate  was  collected 
weight  for  weight  with  the  roses  emplo3'ecl  (as  is  done  in  making 
rose  water)  the  yield  of  oil  was  very  small.  This  otto  had  the 
congealing  point  25-9°C.  ;  stearoptene.  58-88  per  cent.  ;  acid 
value,  2-24  per  cent.  ;  saponification  value,  14-7  per  cent.  ; 
total  alcohols,  32  per  cent.  ;  citronellol,  15-10  per  cent.  (See 
also  Year-Boole,  1897,  190.) 

Otto  of  Tea  Rose  was  found  to  contain  72  to  74  per  cent,  of 
stearoptene  ;  congealing  point,  23-5'^C.  This  stearoptene.  like 
that  of  the  oil  from  the  green  floral  envelopes,  consisted  mainly 
of  the  body  melting  at  14^C.,  and  another  melting  at  40^C. 
These  facts  demonstrate  the  fallacy  of  basing  any  opinion  on 
the  value  of  an  otto  by  its  congealing  point.  The  amount  of 
stearoptene  should  be  determined  gravimetrically,  and  that  of 
the  citronellol  in  the  stearoptene-free  residue.  10  Gm.  of  otto 
is  treated  with  50  c.c.  of  acetone  and  frozen  to  —  10°C.  without 
stirring  ;  the  separated  stearoptene  is  then  collected  on  a  tared 
filter  in  a  funnel  surrounded  by  freezing  mixture,  washed  with 
chilled  acetone,  drained,  dried  in  vacno  over  sulphuric  acid  and 
weighed.  The  acetone  is  then  distilled  oil"  the  filtrate  in  vanio, 
and  the  residue  employed  for  the  determination  of  the  citronellol. 

Bulgarian  Otto  of  good  quality  is  found  to  have  the  following 
characters  :  Congealing  point,  19°  to  21  °C.  ;  stearoptene.  18  to 
23  per  cent.  ;  the  stearoptene  free  oil  has  the  sp.  gr.  0-886  to 
0-888  at  15^.  ;    {a]^  -\°  to  -3°  ;    solubility  in  alcohol,  70  per 


CHEMISTRY. 


149 


cent.,  1  :  1-5  ;  acid  value,  1  to  2  ;  saponification  value,  10  to  12; 
total  alcohol,  84  to  88  per  cent.  ;  citronellol,  30  to  40  per  cent. 
Standards.  French  otto  of  rose  should  contain  from  30  to 
35  per  cent,  of  stearoptene  ;  the  stearoptene-free  oil  should 
yield  20  to  23  per  cent,  of  citronellol  ;  the  same  from  Bulgarian 
otto  should  contain  30  to  40  per  cent,  of  citronellol ;  while  the 
percentage  of  stearoptene  should  be  from  18  to  23. 

Rose,  Essential  Oil  of,  Iodine  Absorption  Value  of.     W.   H. 

S  i  m  m  o  n  s.  {C/iem.  and  Dnujg.,  65,  703.)  The  value  of  the 
iodine  absorption  figure  for  otto  of  rose  {Year-Book,  1904,  158) 
has  been  confirmed  by  extended  observation.  The  following  are 
some  of  the  results  obtained,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that 
those  oils  which  from  their  other  constants  and  odour  appear 
to  be  genuine  have  iodine-absorj^tions  well  within  tlie  limits 
187-194  previously  given,  while  those  which  from  analysis 
and  odour  may  be  classed  as  suspicious  or  adulterated  have 
iodine-numbers  ranging  from  199  to  210  : — 


No. 

Sp.gr. 
IS""-- 

Rotation, 

100  mm. 

tube,  at 

30°  C. 

Refractive 

Index, 
TjD  at  20°C. 

Saponifi- 
cation 
Number. 

Setting- 
point. 

Iodine 
Number. 

f    1 
2 

0-8560 

-2°  25' 

1-4613 

9-6 

20-4°C. 

191 

0-8516 

-1°  50' 

1-4636 

8-3 

21-6°C. 

192 

Genuine 

'    3 

0-8547 

-3°    0' 

1-4646 

7-7 

19-9°C. 

191 

1    -^ 

0-8535 

-2°  40' 

1-4626 

9-9 

20-7^C. 

191 

I    5 

0So42 

-3"  10' 

1-4627 

8-0 

20-3°C. 

189 

Suspicious 

f   '' 

0-8600 

-r  53' 

1-4640 

99 

20-0"C. 

200 

7 

0-8565 

-2°    0' 

1-4628 

130 

19-8°C. 

204 

Adulter- 
ated 

1    8 
9 

0-8607 
0-8559 

-2°  16' 
-2°  20' 

1-4654 
1-4636 

16-2 

8-7 

19-4°C. 
20-9°C. 

210 
199 

1 10 

0-8554 

-1°  34' 

1-4647 

11-0 

21-6°C. 

209 

A  noteworthy  point  in  the  above  table  is  the  wide  variations 
in  the  refractive  index,  a  figure  which  has  been  much  recom- 
mended of  late  by  Parry  and  others  in  the  examination  of  otto 
samples.  To  test  the  value  of  this  constant,  it  has  been  deter- 
mined for  some  36  samples,  23  of  which  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  are  genuine,  the  other  13  being  of  doubtful  quality. 
The  satisfactory  samples  gave  an  average  refractive  index  of 
1-4626,  a  maximum  of  1-4654,  and  a  minimum  of  1-4592,  while 
the  others  varied  from  1-4615  to  1-4770.  The  following  table 
shows  the  results  for  those  samples  of  which  the  iodine-absorption 
is  also  known,  togetlier  with  the  other  analytical  data  (Nos.  1  to 
7  are  genuine,  the  others  are  suspicious  or  adulterated)  : — 


150 


YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 


No. 

Sp.gr. 

a  I) 

V" 

Saponifi- 
cation 
Number. 

Setting- 
point. 

Iodine 
Number. 

i     .      . 



0-8504 

-  2°  28' 

1-4598 

8-7 

21-3°C. 

188 

2 

0-8531 

-  2°  40' 

1-4629 

7-5 

20-4°C. 

187 

:} 

0-8541 

-  2°    7' 

1-4640 

81 

20-8°C. 

192 

4 

0-8526 

-  2°    0' 

1-4618 

7-7 

20-5°C. 

192 

a 

0-8512 

-  2°  35' 

1-4634 

8-3 

21-0°C. 

191 

(> 

0-8534 

-  2=  45' 

1-4647 

11-7 

20- 6=0. 

lit:} 

7 

— 

-  2°  40' 

1-4654 

7-4 

20-8°C. 

190 

8 

0-8570 

-  2=  30' 

1-4638 

8-0 

19-9-C. 

208 

9 

0-8561 

-  2°  47' 

1-4658 

8-4 

19-2X. 

212 

10 

0-8581 

-   1°24' 

1-4664 

10-3 

21-3°C. 

234 

11 

0-8797 

-19°  50' 

1-4690 

40-8 

28-4°C. 

142 

12 

0-8554 

-  2°  42' 

1-4652 

8-1 

19-8°C. 

206 

13 

0-8550 

-  2°    2' 

1-4655 

9-8 

20-6°C. 

215 

14 

0-8554 

-   1°30' 

1-4612 

11-2 

19-8°C. 

205 

The  last  two  samples  in  the  above  table  were  purposely 
adulterated  in  the  laboratory,  No.  13  containing  25  per  cent,  of 
a  standard  brand  of  artificial  otto,  while  to  No.  14  had  been 
added  15  per  cent,  of  palmarosa  oil.  These  results  show  that 
the  generally  accepted  limits,  1-4600  to  1-4650  or  even  1-4670, 
are  too  wide  for  the  figure  to  have  much  value,  as  they  cover 
many  adulterated  samjiles,  and  in  cases  where  the  refractive 
index  is  beyond  the  limit,  such  as  No.  11,  the  other  figures 
would  also  be  abnormal.  On  the  other  hand,  the  iodine-absorp- 
tion readily  reveals  such  adulteration  as  exists  in  the  last  two 
samples,  and  is,  indeed,  the  only  figure  which  does  so. 

Rosemary  Oil.  {SchimmeVs  Report,  Oct.,  1904,  82.)  English 
Rosemary  Oil.  An  authentic  specimen  of  the  oil  distiUed  by 
Sawer  at  Brighton  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-9042  at  15°  ;  [  ]r,-2°  49'  ; 
\a]Q  of  first  10  per  cent.  —6°  10'  ;  ester  value,  9-7  ;  solubility 
in  alcohol  80  per  cent.,  1  :  5  and  more  with  slight  turbidity. 

Spanish  Rosemary  Oil.  Two  kinds  of  rosemary  oil  are  dis- 
tilled in  Spain  ;  the  ordinary,  which  agrees  in  characters  with 
the  French  and  Dalmatian  distillate,  and  what  is  known  as 
rosemary  oil  "  courant,"  which  is  distilled  from  a  mixture  of 
rosemary  and  sage.  This  "  courant  "  oil  is  distinguished  by 
its  high  ester  value  up  to  37,  whereas  the  figure  for  normal  oil 
does  not  exceed  12.  A  specimen  of  "  courant  "  rosemary  oil 
recently  examined  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-9258;  [a]i,-l-14°  35' ;  [a\ 
of  first  10  j)er  cent.  -hO°  40' ;  acid  number,  0-9  ;  ester  number, 
35-7  ;    solubility  in  alcohol  80  per  cent.,  1  :  1  and  more. 

Roucheria  griffithiana  Bark,  Lupeol  from.  J.  Sack  and 
B.  T  o  11  c  n  s.  {Bcrkldt,  37,  1U04.)  Kouchcria  bark,  which  is 
used  by  the  natives  of  Malacca  as  a  constituent  of  arrow  poison, 


CHEMISTRY.  151 

has  been  investigated  by  the  authors  who  have  isolated  from 
it,  in  addition  to  glucose,  a  crj^stalline  body  belonging  to 
the  cholesterin  group,  which  is  j:)ossibly  identical  with  the 
lupeol  of  Schulze  and  Likiernik  (Ycar-Book,  1891,  61)  and 
that  found  by  Runiburgh  (Berichte,  37,  3,440),  occurring  in 
the  form  of  a  cinnamic  acid  ester  in  guttapercha.  The 
alcoholic  extract  of  the  baik  after  evaporation  in  vacuo  left 
a  sticky  residue  which  soon  solidified.  After  repeated  crystal- 
lization from  dilute  alcohol  it  was  obtained  in  the  form  of  slender 
colourless  needles,  m.p.  213°C.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  in 
dilute  acids  and  alkalies^  and  is  readily  soluble  in  most  organic 
solvents,  but  less  so  in  glacial  acetic  acid,  ligroin,  and  acetone  ; 
[a]o  + 27-04.  Treated  with  acetic  acid  and  a  couple  of  drops 
of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  it  develops  a  violet  colour  on 
standing.  It  gives  a  benzoyl  derivative,  which  crystallizes  from 
ether  in  prisms  melting  at  262°  ;  Schulze  and  Likiernik  {Zeitschr. 
Physiol.  Ghem.,U,  475)give  265-266° as  the  m.p.  Unlike  the  lupeol 
described  by  these  authors,  however,  the  body  under  notice  gives 
a  dibromide  instead  of  a  monobromide  and  no  acetyl  derivative. 

Saccharin,  Detection  of,  in  Beverages.     —  V  i  1 1  i  e  r  s,  M  a  y- 

n  i  e  r  d  e  la  8  o  u  r  c  e,  R  o  c  q  u  e  s  and  F  a  y  o  1 1  e.  {Annales 
de  Chim.  Analyt.,  9,  418.)  The  liquid,  deprived  of  any  alcohol 
by  evaporation,  is  precipitated  with  neutral  lead  acetate  in  the 
presence  of  a  slight  amount  of  free  acid,  obtained,  if  necesary, 
by  adding  1  per  cent,  of  acetic  acid.  Excess  of  lead  is  removed 
by  means  of  sodium  phosphate  and  the  precipitate  filtered  out. 
The  filtrate  is  extracted  by  shaking  out  three  times  with  half 
its  volume  of  pure  benzol.  A  greater  part  of  the  benzol  is  then 
distilled  off,  and  the  residue  is  shaken  with  a  1  :  1000  solution 
of  FcaCle  to  determine  the  presence  or  absence  of  free  salicylic 
acid.  The  rest  of  the  benzol  is  then  distilled  off,  without  re- 
moving the  Fe2Cl6  solution.  The  aqueous  residue  is  treated 
with  10  c.c.  of  10  per  cent.  HjSOt  solution  warmed  on  the  water- 
bath,  when  solution  of  KMn04  is  gradually  run  in  until  its  colour 
s  no  longer  discharged.  The  liquid  thus  obtained  is  again 
extracted  three  times  with  half  its  volume  of  benzol.  The 
bulked  benzol  extracts  are  distilled  to  dryness,  the  residue  is 
taken  up  with  2  c.c.  of  warm  water,  and  a  drop  of  this  solution 
taken,  to  determine  if  it  has  the  sweet  taste  of  saccharin.  If 
this  be  present,  the  rest  of  the  liquid  is  treated  witli  2  c.c.  of 
NaOH  solution,  sp.  gr.  1-334,  and  evaporated  to  dryness  in  a 
test-tube.     This  is  then  attached  to  a  thermometer,  plunged  into 


152 


YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 


a  fusible  metal  bath  at  270''C.,  kept  at  that  temperature  for 
3  minutes.  The  residue  is  then  dissolved  in  10  per  cent.  H2SO4, 
the  solution  again  shaken  out  with  benzol,  and  the  benzol  solution 
tested  for  the  presence  of  salicylic  acid  by  shaking  with  10  per  cent. 
FeoClo  solution.  Any  violet  colour  reaction  then  obtained  indi- 
cates the  presence  of  saccharin.     (See  also  Year-Bvok.  1904,  159.) 

Saccharose  in  Officinal  Roots,  Rhizomes  and  Bulbs.  M. 
Harlay.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Ckiin.  [6|,  21,  49.)  Saccharose 
may  be  considered  to  be  universally  distrilnited  in  the  subter- 
ranean organs  of  plants,  as  shown  by  the  following  table  : — 


Species. 


Nuphar  luteum      ... 
Cochlearia  armoracia 
Astragalus  glycyphyllos  L. 

Petroselinum  sativum  Hoffm 
Conium  maculatum  L. 
Levisticum  officinale  Koch 


Foeniculum  dulce  D.  C. 
Eryngium  campestre  L. 
Valeriana  officinalis  L. 

Symphytum  officinale  L. 

Cynoglossum  officinale  L. 

Solanum  Dulcamara  L. 
Hyoscyamus  niger  L. 

Verbascmn  thapsus  L. 


Digitalis  purpurea  L. 
Digitalis  lutea  L 
Scilla  maritima  L. 
Orchis  purpurea  Huds. 
Arum  maculatum,  L. 


Agropyrum  repens  P.  B. 
Saponaria  offtcinalis  . 
Spirea  ulmaria 
Echium  vulgare     . 
Riisctts  aculeatus    . 


Orgau  and  time  of  Gathering. 

Rhizome.     April 

Root.     May      .... 

Root  bark.     May    . 

Root,  central  portion  . 

Root.     October 

Root.     3\\\\      .... 

Root  bark.     October  . 

Root,  central  portion  . 

Root  bark.     October  . 

Root,  central  portion  . 

Root.     August 

Root.     October 

First  year's  root.    October 

Second  year's  root.     July 

,,  ,,  ,,     October 

Root  bark.     I\Iay 
Root,  central  portion  . 
Root  bark.     April 
Root,  central  portion  . 
Root,     ilarch 
Root  bark.     May 
Root,  central  portion . 
Root  bark.  April    . 
Root,  central  portion  . 
Root  bark.     December 
Root,  central  portion 
Root.     January     . 
Root.     October 

Bulb 

Tubercule.     May    . 
Yoiuig  tubers.      JNIarch 
Young  tubers.     July  . 
Old  tubers.     March     . 
Rhizome.     Jlarch 
Root  bark.     JNIay 
Central  column.      ^laj- 
Central  column.    February 
Root.      November 


Reduc- 

Saccha- 

ing  sugar 

ro.-;e 

per  cent. 
019 

per  cent. 

0-08 

0 

118 

0-40 

0-72 

0-34 

0-68; 

0 

0-60 

0-23 

1-20 

015 

2-45 

0 

2-71 

0 

1-49 

0 

2-37 

0 

4-95 

0 

3-65 

0-77 

0-G9 

.0-68 

0-30 

0-46 

005 

0-7-2 

1-50 

0-85 

1-42 

1-62 

0-54 

1-42 

101 

0 

0-96 

018 

0-35 

0 

0-61 

0-21 

0-69 

0-24 

0-73 

0-85 

0-32 

0-24 

0-21 

0-85 

1-22 

0 

0-04 

2-54 

0-27 

0-50 

0-40 

0 

0-36 

0-44 

0-81 

1-08 

064 

0-63 

0-99 

0 

0-64 

0-23 

0-3 

0-21 

6-75 

0-52 

0-24 

All  these  were  examined  in  the  fresh  state,  except  squill. 


CHEansTRY.  153 

Sanibucus  niger  Berries,  Presence  of  Tyrosine  in.  J.  Sac  k 
and  B.  T  o  1 1  e  n  s.  (Bcrichle,  37,  4115.)  Tyrosine  lias  been 
isolated  from  fresh  elderberries  by  extracting  them  with  boiling 
water,  precipitating  with  lead  acetate,  removing  the  lead  pre- 
cipitate, eliminating  excess  of  lead  acetate  with  SH,,  evaporating 
and  crystallizing. 

Sandal  Oil,  East  Indian,  in  Capsules,  Adulterated  with  Castor 
Oil  and  West  Indian  Sandal  Oil.  (Sckimmers  Report,  May, 
1905,  73.)  Two  sophisticated  samples  of  East  Indian  sandal 
wood  oil  from  capsules  are  reported  on.  In  one  of  these  the 
adulterant  was  castor  oil  ;  in  the  other,  an  admixture  of  West 
Indian  sandal  oil  and  castor  oil  was  present. 

Sandarach  Wood,  Essential  Oil  of.  E.  G  r  i  m  a  1.  {Comptes 
rend.,  139,  927.)  Sandarach  sawdust,  from  the  wood  of  Thuja 
articniafa  (CaUitris  quadrivalis),  yields,  on  distillation  with 
steam,  2  per  cent,  of  a  dark  reddish-brown  Isevorotatory  essential 
oil  with  a  phenolic  odour  ;  sp.  gr.  0-991  ;  soluble  in  all  proportions 
in  alcohol  80  per  cent.  It  contains  about  5  per  cent,  of  phenols 
removable  by  alkali,  consisting  of  carvacrol  and  thymohydro- 
(juincine.  Thymoquinone  is  present  in  the  alkali-insoluble  non- 
phenol  portion. 

Saponarin.  G.  Barger.  {Chem.  News,  90,  183.)  Sapon- 
arin.  the  glucoside,  C21H04O12,  from  Saponaria  officinalis,  cr^^stal- 
lizes  from  aqueous  pyridine  in  small  needles,  m.p.  231*^0.  with 
decomposition.  It  is  insoluble  in  water  and  organic  solvents, 
but  dissolves  in  Aveak  alkalies  and  in  pyridine.  The  alkaline 
solutions  are  yellow  ;  when  these  are  acidified  the  saponarin 
remains  in  pseudo-solution  in  which  condition  it  gives  an 
intense  blue  coloration  with  solution  of  I  in  KI.  ■  It  is  very 
hygroscopic,  and  is  hydrolized  by  diluted  acids,  forming  glucose 
and  saponaretin. 

Savin,  Essential  Oil  of.  E.  F.  Z  i  e  g  e  1  m  a  n  n.  {Pharm. 
Revie-o,  through  Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  280.)  The  U.S.P. 
states  that  savin  oil  is  derived  from  the  ends  of  the  shoots 
of  Juniperus  sahina.  In  Belgium  the  fresh  leaves  are  distilled, 
in  Greece  the  fresh  twigs  ;  in  Spain  the  leaves  and  fruits,  while 
the  "  Arzneimittel "  and  the  Portuguese  Pharmacopa^ia  de- 
scribe it  as  the  product  of  distilling  the  whole  plant.     The  yield 


154  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

of  oil  is  stated  to  be  from  4  to  5  per  cent.  The  author,  distiUing 
the  whole  plant,  only  obtained  0-0154  per  cent.,  separating  on 
distillation,  and  another  0-038  per  cent,  recovered  from  the 
aqueous  distillate  by  shaking  out  with  i)etroleum  ether  ;  a  total 
yield  of  0-0568  j)er  cent.  The  oil  sejiarating  spontaneously  from 
tlie  distillation  water  was  amber  coloured,  and  had  a  pleasant 
terebinthinous  odour  ;  sp.  gr.  at  25X'.  0-91329  ;  that  recovered 
by  shaking  out  was  darker  in  colour  and  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-9133  at 
25°C.  The  oil  was  optically  inactive  ;  it  is  generallj^  described 
as  being  dextrorotatory  +  42  to  60°.  It  was  soluble  1  :  1  in 
absolute  alcohol ;  1  :  16  in  80  per  cent,  alcohol  ;  but  insoluble 
1  :  20  in  70  per  cent,  alcohol  ;  acid  value,  7-33  to  7-53  :  ester 
value,  109-1  to  111-9,  the  latter  correspondhig  to  37-8  or  38-95 
per  cent,  of  sabinyl  acetate.  The  oil  recovered  bj'-  petroleum 
ether  is  amber  coloured  when  rectified,  and  has  a  j)leasant  odour. 
Its  sp.  gr.  is  then  0-9146  at  25"^,  and  it  also  is  devoid  of  optical 
activity. 

Skimmianine,  a  Poisonous  Alkaloid  from  Skimmia  japonlca. 
J.  Honda.  (Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  881,  after  Archiv.  fiir  exper. 
Path.)  Skimmia  japonica,  which  is  widely  spread  in  J«pan  in 
the  wild  state,  as  well  as  being  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  its 
flowers  and  fruits,  is  found  to  contain,  in  all  its  parts,  a  poisonous 
alkaloid,  skimmianine,  C,i2H29N309,  which  crystallizes  from 
alcohol  in  fine  prismatic  erystals,  m.p.  175-5°C.  It  occurs  in  the 
greatest  quantity  in  the  leaves,  from  which  it  is  extracted  by  means 
of  alcohol,  purified  by  shaking  out  witli  cliloroform  in  the  usual 
manner,  and  finally  recr3''stallized  from  alcohol.  It  is  a  feeble 
base,  and  does  not  reduce  alkaline  cupric  solutions  either  before 
or  after  treatment  with  acids.  In  frogs  it  causes  muscular 
rigidity  and  increases  reflex  excitability. 

Soap,  Detection  of  Sodium  Silicate  in,  A  h  m  e  d  -  H  u  s  s  e  i  n. 
{.Jourti.  Pharm.  C/iini.,  21,  496.)  A  known  Aveight  of  rasped  soap 
is  dissolved  in  liot  alcohol  and  filtered  through  a  tared  filter,  the 
insoluble  matter  being  well  washed  on  the  filter,  dried,  and 
weighed.  A  poition  of  this  residue  is  then  treated  in  a  test-tube 
with  a  few  c.c.  of  distilled  water  and  gently  warmed.  If  the 
liquid  then  shows  an  alkaline  reaction,  silicate  is  probably  pre- 
sent. A  little  NaOH  is  then  added,  the  mixture  warmed, 
filtered,  rendered  acid  with  HCl,  and  the  silica  precipitated  with 
AmOH.     The  author  finds  that  the  statement  generally  made 


CHEMISTRY.  155 

in  text  books,  that  the  siHca  precipitate  may  be  obtained  by 
treating  the  in.sohible  residue  with  water  and  HC'l,  is  incorrect, 
since  the  dried  sihcate  becomes,  by  the  treatment  it  has  under- 
gone, ahnost  insoluble  in  water  alone,  and  requires  the  addition 
of  alkali  to  dissolve  it. 

Sodium  Alum.  J.  M.  W  a  d  m  o  r  e.  {Proc.  Chem.  Soc,  21, 
150.)  The  existence  of  sodium  alum,  first  affirmed  by  Zellner  in 
1816,  and  by  Auge  in  1890,  has  been  denied  by  Ostwald.  The 
autlior  has  succeeded  in  preparing  it  by  mixing  solutions  of  the 
respective  molecular  weights  of  NaoiSOi  andAl23S04.  It  crys- 
tallizes in  octahedra,  having  the  formula  NaoS04,Al23S0424H20. 
It  is  very  soluble  in  water  1-0711  :  1  at  10-6°C.  A  hot  concen- 
trated solution  deposits  on  cooling,  a  pasty  or  oily  substance, 
which  is  slowly  transformed  into  crystalline  sodium  alum.  This 
paste  may  be  a  mixture  of  anhydrous,  or  partly  hydrated  alum, 
and  water.  Sodium  alum  does  not  effloresce  appreciably  under 
ordinary  conditions,  but  rapidly  loses  about  half  its  crystal-water 
at  50°  ;  a  higher  temperature  is  requisite  to  obtain  the  anhy- 
drous salt. 

Sodium  Salts,  Detection  of,  by  Modified  Fremy's  Reagent.    J. 

B  o  u  g  a  u  1  t.  {Journ.  rharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  4o7.)  The  pre- 
paration of  the  potassium  pyroantimonate  reagent  of  Fremy  is 
tedious,  and  the  commercial  salt  is  far  from  pure.  The  author 
therefore  modifies  the  original  metliod  as  follows.  Antimonous 
chloi'ide,  1  Gm.,  is  added  to  a  mixture  of  solution  of  pure  KoCOn 
10  c.c.  and  HoOo  solution,  10  volumes,  45  c.c,  and  gently  warmed. 
The  precipitate  at  first  formed  slowly  redissolves,  and  an  abun- 
dant evolution  of  oxygen  occurs.  Solution  is  complete  in  5  to  10 
minutes,  but  a  slight  insoluble  deposit  remains,  which  is  liltered 
out  after  cooling.  In  employing  this  reagent  to  detect  sodium 
salts  the  following  precautions  are  necessary.  (1)  Only  to  use 
a  very  small  c{uantity  of  the  reagent ;  0-5  c.c.  is  always  enough, 
since  the  precipitate  formed  is  not  soluble  in  excess  of  sodium 
salt.  (2)  The  sodium  solution  should  be  reduced  to  the  smallest 
possible  volume  ;  it  should  be  either  alkaline  or  neutral  :  acids 
precipitate  the  reagent.  (3)  After  adding  the  reagent  the  mix- 
ture should  be  boiled  for  half  a  minute.  (4)  When  the  boiled 
liquid  has  cooled,  the  sides  of  the  tube  should  be  scratched  in  one 
or  two  places  beneath  the  liquid  with  a  glass  rod,  carrying  at  the 
end  a  trace  of  sodium  pyroantimonate,  to  start  crystallization. 


156  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Under  these  conditions  the  reagent  will  give  an  ini mediate  and 
evident  precipitate  with  0-0004  Gin.  of  NaCl. 

Detection  of  Na  in  presence  of  K.  When  much  K  is  present  the 
greater  excess  must  be  eliminated  as  KH(',H40,;  ;  after  filtration 
the  Na  must  be  converted  into  NaiCOa  or  NaiSOa.  In  the  case 
of  sulphates  the  mixture  is  precipitated  by  Ba2C2H302  and 
filtered,  the  filtrate  is  evaporated,  calcined,  the  residue  redis- 
solved,  filtered,  treated  with  KoOMiOt^  ;  the  KHC'jHiOr, 
filtered  out,  the  filtrate  again  evaporated  and  calcined,  the 
residue  taken  up  with  1  e.c.  of  water  and  tested  with  the  reagent. 
With  chlorides,  iodides  and  bromides,  the  solution  is  j)recipitated 
with  AgNOa.  Nitrates  are  merely  calcined  and  treated  with 
H2C4H40fi.  In  this  maimer  000(33  NaaCOa  is  readily  detected 
in  4  Gm.  of  K2CO3  ;  0004  Gm.  of  NaBr  in  2  Gm.  of  KBr  ;  0-005 
Gm.  of  Na2Sd4  in  2  Gm.  of  K^SO,. 

Lithium  salts  themselves  give  a  precipitate  with  the  pyro- 
antimoniate  reagent,  but  this  is  much  more  soluble  than  the 
sodium  salt.  It  differs  also  in  crj^stalline  form,  as  shown  by 
microscopical  examination  of  the  precipitate.  Lithium  p3'ro- 
antimoniate  forms  hexagonal  scales,  like  iodoform,  while  the 
sodium  salt,  when  slowly  formed,  is  in  almost  cubical  prisms, 
when  quickly  crystallized  in  fasiicles  of  needles  or  small  long 
prisms  quite  distinct  from  the  litiiiuin  crystals.  The  reagent  is 
fairly  stable. 

Sophora  japonica,  Sophorin  from.  D.  H.  Brauns.  {Archiv 
der  P/iarm.,  24:2,  547.)  Tlie  dried  Hower  heads  of  the  Chinese 
plant  Sophora  japonica  yield  to  extraction  with  hot  water  a 
crystalline  rhamnoside,  sophorin.  Co^HaoOtfi.  When  dried  in  the 
air  it  retains  3  mols.  H^O  of  crystallization,  and  2  mols.  when 
dried  in  a  desiccator  or  in  the  water-oven,  but  becomes  anhy- 
drous at  110°C.,  or  if  dried  in  vacuo.  When  hydrolized  with 
dilute  H2SO4  it  is  split  up  into  rhamnose,  glucose,  and  sophoretin, 
CirJIioOv  ;  this  crystallizes  with  2  mols.  H2O,  which  are  drawn 
off  in  the  water-oven,  and  by  prolonged  exposure  in  the  vacuum 
drier. 

Spear  Poison  from  the  Cameroons.     L.   B  r  i  e  g  e  r  and  M. 

K  r  a  u  s  e.  {Zeits.  filr  exp.  path.,  through  Chem.  Centrnlhlat, 
76,  1171.)  The  sj^earhead  poison  used  by  the  natives  of  the 
Cameroons  on  their  weapons  for  elephant  hunting,  and  obtained 
from  the  powdered  wood  of  a  species  of  Strophanthus  known  as 


CHEMISTRY.  157 

Obo  or  Nscliom,  j'ields  8^  per  cent,  of  cr^-stalline  strophanthin. 
Tliis  strophanthin,  erystallized  from  alcohol,  and  air-dried, 
has  the  ni.p.  m'C.  ;  after  drying  at  103  it  melts  at  186-187°C.  Its 
ultimate  analysis  gives  figures  similar  to  the  stroj^hanthin  of 
Strophanthus  hispidus,  S.  kombe,  S.  gratus,  and  other  plants, 
which  it  also  resembles  in  pliysiological  action. 

Storax,  Tests  for.  C.  Ahrens  and  P.  H  e  1 1.  {Pharm. 
Centralh.,  45,  571.)  Pure  storax  is  almost  insoluble  in  cold 
petroleum  ether,  while  the  resinous  matter  used  as  an  adulterant 
is  readily  soluble.  The  storax  is  rubbed  down  with  sand  and 
petroleum  ether  ;  the  solvent,  when  evaporated,  leaves,  with  a 
pure  sample,  a  thick  fluid  residue,  having  the  acid  value  40  to 
55,  and  the  saponification  value  180  to  197.  If  resin  be  present, 
this  residue  is  resinous,  and  has  a  turpentine  odour.  Its  acid 
V'alue  is  116  to  121,  and  the  saponification  value  172  to  178. 
(See  also  Year-Boohs,  1901,  110  ;   1903,  253.) 

Sugar,  Microehemical  Detection  of.  E.  S  e  n  f  t.  [Journ. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  320.)  A  glycerin  solution  of  phenjd- 
hydrazine  acetate  is  prepared  by  mixing  10  per  cent,  glycerin 
solutions  of  sodium  acetate  and  phenylhydrazine  hydrochloride. 
The  solution  suspected  to  contain  sugar  is  heated  with  this  re- 
agent for  30  minutes  on  the  water-bath.  If  the  osazone  does 
not  separate  in  distinct  crystals,  it  is  dissolved  in  alcohol  and 
evaporated.  Distinctive  crystals  of  the  various  sugars  will  be 
thus  obtained. 

Sugar,  New,  in  Mountain  Ash  Berries.  G.  B  e  r  t  r  a  n  d. 
{Comptes  rend.,  139,  802.)  Besides  sorbite,  the  berries  of  the 
mountain  ash  contain  another  sugar,  a  hexose,  C6H]406,  which 
has  been  named  sorbierite,  which  is  isomeric  with  mannite  and 
sorbite.  It  is  isolated  from  the  mother  liquors  of  sorbite,  which 
are  diluted,  fermented  first  with  yeast,  then,  after  sterilization, 
with  the  specific  soi'bose  ferment,  which  converts  much  of  the 
remaining  sorbose  into  sorbite.  After  purification  with  lead 
subacetate,  the  remaining  sorbite  is  crystallized  out  in  the  pre- 
sence of  a  little  alcohol  ;  the  new  sugar  is  removed  from  the 
mother  liquor  by  treatment  with  benzoic  and  sulphuric  acid.  The 
sugar  liberated  from  the  acetal  thus  obtained  is  pure  sorbierite. 
It  crystallizes  in  very  soluble  clinorrhombic  prisms  ;  m.p. 
75"C.[a];5   -3°  35'. 


158  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Sugar  of  Cocos  nucifera  and  of  Borassus  flabelliformis.  E. 
Bourquolot.  {Jouni.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  193.)  These 
Indian  sugars  are  met  with  in  tlie  foiin  of  lenticular'  cakes  of 
small  agglomerated  crystals.  That  from  Cocos  imcijera  is  ob- 
tained from  the  milk  of  the  nut,  and  has  the  following  percentage 
composition:  reducing  sugar,  1-99;  saccharose,  74-95  ;  moisture, 
8-03  ;  ash,  4-73.  When  hydrolized  it  gives  76-49  per  cent,  of 
reducing  sugars.  The  sugar  of  Bora.sstt.s  fhihcUiforims,  ihc  palm 
fnmi  which  the  fermented  "  palm  wine  "  is  obtained,  is  prepared 
from  the  sap  ;  its  percentage  composition  is  :  reducing  sugars, 
2-4 ;  saccharose,  79-12 ;  moisture,  9-15  ;  ash,  3-2 ;  reducing 
sugars  after  hydrolysis,  80-15  per  cent.  In  both  cases  the  action 
of  invertin  gives  a  figure  for  reducing  sugars  slightly  lower  than 
that  obtained  above  by  hydrolysis  with  dilute  HoSO^.  Possibh' 
a  carbohydrate,  other  than  saccharose,  is  present  in  traces,  which 
is  hydrolized  by  H2SO4.  The  chief  constitnent  of  both  sugars 
is,  however,  cane-sugar. 

Tacamahaca  Elemi.  A.  T  s  c  h  i  r  c  h  and  0.  S  a  a  1.  {Ar- 
chiv  der  Pharm.,  242,  352.)  Continuing  their  researches  on  the 
elemis,  the  authors  have  investigated  tacamahaca  elemi.  As  it 
occurs  in  commerce  tacamahaca  elemi  is  met  with  in  two  forms  : 
one  with  a  crystalline  structure,  the  other  amorphous.  The  crj-s- 
talline  form  investigated  came  from  the  Philippine  Islands.  It 
was  firm  in  consistence  and  contained  bark,  sand  and  earthy 
impurities.  The  odour  recalled  a  mixture  of  fennel,  dill  and 
lemon.  It  had  the  following  percentage  composition  :  Taca- 
m^a-in,  30  to  35  ;  a-isotacelemisic  acid,  5  ;  tacelemisic  acid,  2  ; 
/3-iso-tacelemisic  acid,  3  ;  essential  oil,  2  ;  bitter  principle,  0-5  ; 
resene,  30  to  35  per  cent.,  besides  impurities. 

Ammonium  carbonate  solution  removes  the  a-isotacelemisic 
acid,  Cn7H5fi04,  which  is  amorphous  and  melts  at  120^0.  Tace- 
lemisic acid  and  /3-iso-tacelemisic  acid  are  then  removed  by 
means  of  NaOH  solution ;  the  former  gives  well-formed  crystals, 
m.p.  215°  ;  the  latter  is  amorphous,  m.p.  120.  Tacamyrin  is 
separable  into  «-amyrin,  m.p.  181,  and  ^-amyrin,  m.p.  192, 
although  the  mixture  of  the  two  melts  at  170°C.  Both  have  the 
formula  C30H50O.     The  resene  is  amorphous,  and  melts  at  75°C. 

Tacamahac  Resin,  Commercial.  A.  T  s  c  Ji  i  r  c  h  and  O. 
S  a  a  1.  {Archiv  der  Pharm.,  242,  395.)  The  amorphous 
fragrant   resin,    of    undetermined    botanical    origin,    occurs    in 


CHEMISTRY.  159 

yellowish  brown  pieces  the  size  of  a  hazelnut.  Its  percentage 
composition  is  :  gum,  3  ;  tacamahinic  acid,  0-5  ;  tacamaholic 
acid,  0-5  ;  essential  oil,  3  ;  a-takoresene,  50  ;  /3-takoresene, 
30  ;  bitter  principle,  0-5  per  cent.  ;  and  impurities.  Tacama- 
hinic acid,  CJ3H72O2,  m.p.  95°C.,  is  amorphous,  and  is  removed 
by  shaking  out  the  ethereal  solution  of  the  resin  with  ammon- 
ium carbonate  solution.  Tacamaholic  acid,  C15H25O2,  m.p. 
104—105^0.,  was  then  removed  by  shaking  out  with  Na^COa 
solution.  The  two  resenes  are  separable  bj^  alcohol,  sp.  gr. 
0-892.  in  which  «-takoresene  is  insoluble,  and  /:;-takoresene 
soluble.  The  former  has  the  formula  CoiH^sO,  m.p.  93-95°C., 
the  latter  C'lsHo-jO,  m.p.  about  82°C.  It  will  be  seen  that  this 
substance  differs  materially  in  constituents  from  crystalline 
tacamahaca  elemi,  containing  much  rescue  and  no  amyrin. 

Tanacetum  boreale,  Essential  Oil  of.  {Schimmers  Report, 
Oct.,  1904,  97.)  The  half-dried  plants  cultivated  at  Miltitz 
yielded  0-12  per  cent,  of  yellowish  oil  with  a  powerful  odour  of 
thujone.  Sp.  gr.  0-9218  at  15°C.  ;  [a]i,  +  48°  25';  solubihty  in 
alcohol  70  per  cent.  1  :  8,  T\'itli  abundant  separation  of  paraffin. 
The  oil  resembles  ordinary  tansy  oil  in  properties. 

Tartarated  Antimony,  Detection  of  Potassium  Acid   Tartrate 

in. —  Schwartz.  [Repertoire  [3],  17,  127.)  An  acpieous 
solution  of  pure  tartarated  antimony  is  without  action  on 
sodium  thiosulphate,  but  KHC^HiOfi  liberates  sulphur.  Conse- 
quently a  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  the  salt  should  give, 
when  mixed  with  an  equal  volume  of  N/10  thiosulphate  solution, 
a  liquid  which  remains  clear  for  at  least  5  minutes. 

Tetranthera  polyantha  var.  citrata,  Essential  Oil  of  Bark  and 
Leaves  of.  [SchimmeVs  Report,  May,  1905,  85.)  Bark  Oil. 
Yield,  0-81  per  cent,  of  lemon  yellow  oil  ;  sp.  gr.,  0-8904  ;  [ft]i)-l- 
10°  11'  ;  solubility,  1  :  1  and  more  with  alcohol  80  per  cent.  It 
contains  a  mixture  of  aldehydes,  probably  citral  and  citronellal. 

Leaf  oil.  Yield,  5-42  of  bright  yellow  essential  oil  ;  sp.  gr., 
0-9042  ;  [a]i,-15°  41'  ;  solubihty ,*^  1  :  2-5  to  1  :  3  in  alcohor70 
per  cent.  Citral  appears  to  be  the  only  aldehyde  present,  to  the 
amount  of  nearly  30  per  cent.  Cineol  is  present  in  the  non- 
aldehydic  portion. 

Thalassine  in  Prawns.  C.  R  i  c  h  e  t.  [Journ  PJmrm.  Chim. 
[6],  20,  94.)  Thalassine  is  obtained  in  quantity  from  prawns, 
5  kilos,  of  those   crustaceans  yielding   5  Gm.     This  thalassine 


160 


YEAR-BOOK    OF    niARMACY, 


possesses  all  the  physiological  properties  of  that  obtained  from 
Actinia  ;  when  injected  into  dogs  in  very  small  doses  of  01  Mgni. 
per  kilo,  of  body  weight,  it  provokes  a  general  excitement,  with 
intense  itching  and  sneezing.  It  appears  to  be  widely  distri- 
buted, and  is  probably  the  cause  of  tlie  toxic  pruritus  observed 
under  various  conditions. 

Thorium  Salts  of  Organic  Acids  for  Medicinal   Use.     G.  T. 

Morgan.  {PItarm.  Joiirn.  [4],  19,  472.)  In  view  of  the 
therapeutic  application  of  radioactive  salts,  the  following  is  of 
interest.  Thorium  salts  of  many  of  the  carboxylic  acids  are  in- 
soluble substances,  and  may  be  produced  by  the  interaction  of 
their  soluble  alkali  salts  with  thorium  nitrate  in  aqueous  solution, 
the  products  being  washed  with  warm  water  until  free  from  any 
excess  of  their  generators. 

Thorium  salicyJaie,  when  prepared  in  this  way  and  dried  on 
porous  tile  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  is  obtained  in  the  foim 
of  an  insoluble  pulverulent  substance  ;  it  is  a  basic  salt,  thoria 
estimations  indicating  that  two  molecular  proportions  of  the 
organic  acid  have  comliined  with  one  molecular  proportion  of  the 
base  ;   the  air-dried  product  contains  about  48  per  cent,  of  ThOo. 

Thorium  cinnnmate  is  likewise  an  insoluble  powder,  containing 
about  38  per  cent,  of  thoria. 

Insoluble  thorium  salts  of  a  similar  nature  have  also  been 
Ijroduced  from  the  three  isomeric  eoumaric  acids. 

Thorium  oleate  is  prepared  by  mixing  together  equivalent 
quantities  of  Iwdrated  thoria  and  oleic  acid,  the  combination 
being  facilitated  by  the  addition  of  pure  redistilled  ether  :  the 
product,  which  at  first  is  a  perfectly  homogeneous  paste,  gradu- 
ally acquires  the  consistence  of  lard  ;  it  is  compatible  with  the 
ordinary  ointment  "  bases." 

An  investigation  of  these  compounds  from  the  therapeutic 
standpoint  is  being  conducted  by  Lovell  Drage,  ^\ho  has 
employed  the  oleate  rubbed  down  Adth  olive  oil  as  an  ointment 
in  cases  of  skin  trouble  of  a  cancerous  or  eczematous  nature. 
The  other  insoluble  thorium  derivatives  have  been  applied  in  the 
form  of  dusting  powders. 

Thorium  phenol  compounds.  Similar  insoluble  compounds 
are  j^roduced  on  combining  thoria  with  phenol  and  its  homo- 
logues.  The  compounds  with  phenol,  2:4:  6-tribromophenol, 
and    p-cresol  are  stable  substances  permanent   in   tlie  air,  but 


CHEMISTRY.  161 

tlio  analogous  products  obtained  from  resorcinol,  pyrogallol, 
a-  and  /:?-naphtbols,  and  gallic  and  tannic  acids  show  a  dis- 
position to  darken  on  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  Phthalic 
and  cami^horic  acids  form  sparingly  soluble  thorium  salts  which 
are  obtained  as  white  amorphous  powders. 

Thorium  lactate,  Th[CH3-CH{OH)-C02]4,2H20.  Lactic  acid 
wlieu  combined  with  tlioria  furnishes  a  soluble  salt  whicih  separ- 
ated from  its  concentrated  aqueous  solutions  in  opaque  white 
tabular  crystals  which  are  somewhat  deliquescent.  Thoriinii 
lactate  yields  41-80  per  cent,  of  thoria. 

Witli  tlie  exception  of  the  preceding  compound  the  foregonig 
thorium  derivatives  are  insoluble  amorphous  substances,  to 
which  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  assign  any  definite  chemical 
formula.  Well-defined  crystallizable  salts  are  obtained,  how- 
ever, by  combining  thoria  with  the  organic  sulphonic  acids. 

The  thorium  salts  of  the  sulphonated  aromatic  hydrocarbons 
are  extremely  soluble  in  water.  Thorium  bcnzenesulpkonate 
prepared  by  dissolving  the  Cvjuivalent  amount  of  thoria  in  an 
aqueous  solution  of  bcnzenesulphonic  acid,  separates  in  small 
colourless  crystals  on  evaporating  the  solution  nearly  to  dry- 
ness ;  when  dried  at  ]20°C.  it  corresponds  with  tlie  formula  Th 
(CeHg'SO.,)^.  Thorium  naphthalene-  a-sulphonate  Th(CioH^-SO:,)4 
is  also  very  readily  soluble  in  water,  and  becomes  anhydrous 
when  dried  at  120°  ;  the  corresponding  compound  from  naph- 
thaleno-/:?-sulphonic  acid  is  somewhat  less  soluble. 

Thorium  phenol-p-sulphonate  [thorium  sulphocarholate)  obtained 
by  dissolving  thoria  in  an  aqueous  solution  of  phenol-^J-sulj)honic 
acid  and  concentrating  the  liquid  to  the  crystallizing  point, 
separates  in  well-defined,  j^alo  pink,  transparent  prisms,  often  of 
considerable  size.  The  analytical  data  (Th02  =  24-33,  8  =  11-08, 
11^0  =  14-74  per  cent.)  indicate  that  the  air-dried  salt  has  the 
formula  Th(0H-C6Hi -803)4,  9HoO,  the  calculated  percentages 
being  TI1O2- 24-32,  S- 11-78,  "h,0  =  14-91.  Tliis  salt  has  a 
slightly  astringent  taste,  and  is  quite  permanent  under  the 
ordinary  atmospheric  conditions. 

Lewis  Jones  has  made  a  comparative  experiment  on  the 
radioactivity  of  the  sulphocarholate  and  oleate  of  thorium.  A 
gelatino-bromide  plate  was  exposed  to  these  compounds  for 
five  days,  when  both  were  found  to  have  exercised  some  photo- 
graphic action,  but  the  sulphocarholate  produced  by  far  the 
greater  effect.     The  soluble  sulphocarholate  obtained  by  crystal- 

M 


162  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

lization  from  aqueous  solution  was  thus  shown  to  be  much  more 
radioactive  than  the  insoluble  oleate  prepared  by  precipitation. 
Analogous  soluble  compounds  may  be  obtained  frtmi  the  sul- 
phonic  acids  of  /)-cresol  and  a-  and  /£-naplithols.  Thorium 
iS-tiaphthol-Q-suljphonate  Th(HO-CioH6-S03)4,  OHoO,  is  a  colour- 
less crystalline  salt ;    foUowmg  analytical  data  : — 

Thornimcam'phorsul'phonate,T)i{Qi^QHir^O-^0:i)i,  9H2O,  prepared 
from  Rej'chler's  camphorsulphonic  acid  and  hydrated  thoria, 
is  a  well-defined  salt  crystallizing  from  aqueous  solutions 
in  colourless  transparent  lustrous   prisms. 

Thujone.  0.  Wallach.  [Liehicfs  Annalen,  336,  247, 
through  SchimmeVs  Eeport,  May,  1905,  111.)  The  chemically 
identical  thujones  of  various  essential  oils  are  found  to  be  phy- 
sical isomers.  That  of  thuja  oil  is  a-thujone  ;  tansy  oil  contains 
/3-thujone  ;  wormwood  oil  contains  much  /S-thujone,  as  well  as 
some  a-thujone  ;  artemisia  and  sage  oils  give  mixtures  of  the 
two.  The  two  thujones  were  separated  by  the  fractional  crys- 
tallization of  their  semicarbazones  from  methyl  alcohol. 

AlpJm-thujone  is  leevorotatory,  and  forms  two  semi-carbazones, 
both  dextrorotatory,  one  crystalline  and  the  other  amorphous. 
The  ketone  separated  from  the  crystalline  compound  by  means 
of  phthalic  anhydride  had  the  following  properties  :  b.p.  200- 
20 rC. ;  sp.  gr.  0-912  ;  [;/]  d22°  14503  ;  [a ]d- 10-23°.  «-thujone  is 
partially  converted  into  /3-thujone  when  heated  with  alcoholic 
potash  liquor,  formic  acid,  or  alcoholic  sulphuric  acid.  The 
latter  effects  a  furtlier  conversion  into  isothujone.  The  oxime, 
produced  witliout  an  excess  of  alkali,  remains  liquid,  and  is  laevo- 
rotatory ;  when  an  excess  of  alkali  is  used,  a  dextrorotatory'  oxime 
is  obtained,  due  to  the  isomerization  of  thujone.  If  a-thujone 
is  converted  by  reduction  into  thujyl  alcohol,  and  the  latter  again 
oxidized,  y6^-thujone  is  formed.  Beta-thujone  is  dextrorotatory, 
but  is  not  the  optical  antipode  of  a-thujone.  The  semicarbazone 
occurs  in  a  hexagonal  dextrorotatory  form,  m.p.  174-176X'., 
which  readily  passes  into  a  rhombic-hemihedral  form,  m.p.  170- 
172°C.  When  mixtures  of  the  semicarbazones  of  /S-thujone 
or  of  a-thujone,  or  of  both,  are  present,  they  give  rise  to  compli- 
cations which  are  even  more  pronounced  owing  to  the  fact  that 
mixture-crystals  of  uniform  appearance  are  formed  which  can 
only  be  split  up  by  frequent  recrystaUization.  The  ketone 
liberated  from  the  semicarbazone  by  means  of  phthalic  anhydride 
has  the    |a]u  +  76-16°.      Its  oxime   melts   at   54-55^C.,    and   is 


CHEMISTRY. 


163 


dextrorotatory.      /t^-thujone    is    converted    into    the    isomeric 
a-thujone  by  boiling  with  alcohohc  potash. 

Thymomenthol.  L.Brunei.  {Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  3Z,  500.) 
Thymol  is  readily  converted  into  the  hexahydro- aromatic 
alcohol,  thymomenthol,  C14H20O,  by  Sabatier  and  Senderens' 
reaction  ;  this  is  best  conducted  at  a  temperature  of  160°C.,  to 
avoid  the  simultaneous  production  of  acetone.  Thymomenthol 
is  a  colourless  syrupy  liquid,  with  a  powerful  peppermint  odour  ; 
sp.  gr.  0-913  at  0°C.  ;  crystaUizing  at  low  temperatures  to  a  solid 
mass  which  melts  at  —5°  to  0°C.  ;  b.p.  215-5°C.  at  norma) 
pressure.  When  dehydrated  with  P2O5  or  KHSO,  it  gives  a 
tetrahydrocymene  or  thymomenthene,  which  closely  resembles 
menthene.  Thymomenthol  readily  esterifies  with  acids,  the 
alcohol  being  isomerized  during  the  process,  so  that  when  liber- 
ated from  combination  with  the  acid  radicle  it  is  a  stereoisomer 
of  the  original  alcohol.  The  former  has  therefore  been  named 
a-thymomenthol,  the  latter  ^-thymomenthol  ;  it  crystalhzes  in 
long  needles  resembling  menthol  in  appearance  and  odour ; 
m.p.  28°C.  ;  b.p.  21 7T.  at  normal  pressure.  It  volatihzes  less 
readily  at  normal  temperatures  than  its  a-isomer,  so  that  a  mix- 
ture of  the  two  alcohols  may  be  separated  by  simple  exposure, 
the  ultimate  residue  consisting  solely  of  crystals  of  y6-thymo- 
menthol.  Both  a-  and  /3-thymomenthol  give  the  same  ketone 
thymomenthone  CioHisO.  demonstrating  that  the  alcoholic 
radicle  alone  is  isomerized.  Several  esters  of  y6-thymomenthol 
are  described  in  detail. 

Trehalase,  General  Presence  of,  in  Fungi.     E.  B  o  u  r  q  u  e  1  o  t 

and  H.  H  e  r  i  s  s  e  y.  {Bull.  Soc.  Mycol.,  through  Journ.  Pharm. 
Chim.,  21,  504.)  Having  previously  shown  the  hexobiose,  tre- 
halose to  be  present  in  142  out  of  212  species  of  Fungi  examined, 
and  bearing  in  mind  the  readiness  with  which  that  sugar  dis- 
appears from  various  causes  during  ripening,  preservation, 
or  drying,  it  may  be  generally  inferred  that  it  is  universally 
distributed  in  these  plants.  The  same  is  found  to  be  the  case, 
as  might  be  anticipated,  witli  trehalase,  the  specific  ferment 
which  hydrolizes  trehalose,  affording  assimilable  products. 
Trehalase  has  been  found  in  those  Fungi  which  contain,  in  the 
young  state  only,  trehalose  and  no  mannite,  such  as  Boletus 
edulis,  B.  aurantiacus,  and  Cortinarius  elatior  ;  in  those  contain- 
ing both  mannite  and  trehalose,  such  as  Boletus  hadinus  ;   and  in 


164 


YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 


those  which  contain  only  mannite  and  no  trehalose,  Paxillus 
involutus  and  Ru.'isula  delka. 

Tungsten,  Colour  Reaction  for.  C.  Frabot.  { Annates  de 
Chim.  Analyt..  9,  371.)  On  adding  uric  acid  to  a  solution  of 
tuagstic  salt  in  the  presence  of  an  excess  of  caustic  soda  a  mag- 
nificent blue  colour  is  produced  similar  to  the  reaction  of  phospho- 
molybdic  acid  described  by  Riegler.  The  latter  has  suggested 
the  phosphomolybdic  test  to  detect  uric  acid  or  urine  in  water 
and  other  liquids.  In  a  similar  manner,  uric  acid  may  be  used 
as  described  above  to  detect  tungsten  in  minerals  in  the  absence 
of  molybdenum. 

Turmeric,  Composition  of.  A.  E.  Leach.  (Joiim.  Amer. 
Chem.  Soc,  26,  1210.)  The  following  table  gives  the  results  of 
the  analyses  of  the  three  varieties  of  turmeric  most  frequently 
met  with  in  American  commerce  : — 


1 

3 

W 

B 

-s 

.       1 

-■& 

rsby 
1  of 

tase 

. 

t? 

d 

& 

■s 

M     '^ 

g        S 

Jo's. 

> 

303 

"3 
o 

6-72 

1 
o 

JO 

■s 

■< 

5-20 

1 

o 

1 

■s 

< 
on 

1 

1-73 

.g 

10-81 

1086 

Bo 
201 

|1 

1 

8-84 

S    j    ^ 

.a    ,    3 

<   1 

Reducing  Mat 

Acid  Convera 

Starcli 

Starch  by  D 
Method 

China   . 

9-22  4  45  48-69,  40-05 

Pubna  . 

908 

8.52 

614 

— 

0-97 

606 

1201 

4  42  7-60 

7  28  5-84  50-08    29-56 

Alleppi 

807  5-99 

4-74 

— 

1-56 

9-75 

10-66 

316  7-51 

4  37  5-83  50  44    33-03 

Average 

8-73  707 

1 

6-36 

— 

1-42 

8-88 

11  17 

3  19 

7-98 

6-96  5-37  49-73    34-21 

1        .1            1 

Turpentine  Oil,  Detection  of  Adulteration  in.    M  a  c  C  a  n  d- 

1  e  s  s.  [Journ.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  26,  981),  and  H  e  r  z- 
feldt.  (Zeits.  fuer  Ofjent.  C/um.,  10,  382.)  Detection  of 
Petroleum.  100  c.c.  of  the  oil  is  gradually  mixed  with  agitation 
and  cooling  with  50  c.c.  of  H2SO4.  When  action  is  complete, 
25  c.c.  of  water  is  added  and  the  mixture  distilled.  When  the 
total  distillate  amounts  to  100  c.c.  the  distillation  is  stopped. 
The  quantity  and  refractometer  number  of  the  oil  is  ascertained, 
and  it  is  again  treated,  as  before,  with  strong  fuming  H2SO4. 
The  mixture  is  poured  into  water  and  the  sej^arated  oil  again 
distilled.  The  process  of  treatment  with  acid  and  distillation 
is  repeated  a  third  time  with  double  the  volume  of  fuming 
HoSOj.  In  the  case  of  pure  turpentine  and  pine  oil  the  refracto- 
meter number  at  2o°C  with  a  Zeiss  butyrorefractometer  never 


CHEMISTRY.  165 

falls  below  30.  The  presence  of  petroleum  influences  this  figure 
very  markedly,  one  per  cent,  of  that  adulterant  lowering  the 
refractometer  value  of  the  third  polymerization  to  25. 

Detection  of  Pine-tar  Oil.  When  petroleum  is  proved  absent, 
100  c.c.  of  the  oil  is  carefully  distilled,  and  the  refraction 
of  the  first  0-5  c.c.  of  distiUate  determined.  In  the  case  of  pure 
turpentine  it  is  60  to  63  at  2o°C.  When  pine  oil  is  present  it  is 
below  60.  On  continuing  the  fractionation,  the  97th  and  98th 
c.c.  are  again  tested  by  the  refractometer;  with  genuine  tur- 
pentine, this  will  not  exceed  77° ;  but  with  wood  spirit  may 
reach  90°. 

Turpentine    Oil,    Greek,    from    Pinus     halepensis.       — U  t  z. 

{Apotheker  Zeit.,  19,  678.)  The  fresh  turpentine  of  Pinus  Jiala- 
pensis  yields  from  20  to  22  per  cent,  of  oil  and  70  per  cent,  of 
colophony.  As  a  rule  the  turpentine  is  not  distilled  direct,  but 
the  oil  is  obtained  from  the  residues  of  the  Greek  terebinthinous 
red  wines,  to  which  the  fresh  turpentine  is  added  as  a  preservative 
and  to  impart  the  peculiar  resinous  flavour  which  is  distinctive  of 
these  wines.  Consequently  the  turpentine  oil  thus  prepared 
has  an  agreeable  resinous  aroma.  It  has  the  sp.  gr.  0-8634  at 
15°C.  ;  [a]„  38°  47'  ;  solubihty  in  90  per  cent,  alcohol,  1  :  12  ; 
b.p.  150-155T. 

Umbelliferone  Test,  Modification  of.  F.  H.  A  1  c  o  c  k.  {Pharm. 
Joiirn.  [4].  19,  112.)  Instead  of  boiling  the  gum  resin  to  be 
tested  with  strong  HC'l,  gentle  boiling  with  equal  volumes  of 
HCl  and  water  is  recommended  as  giving  less  inconvenience  from 
the  evolution  of  fumes  :  on  diluting,  filtering  and  adding  am- 
monia the  fluorescent  umbelliferone  reaction  is  obtained  as 
definitely  as  when  strong  acid  is  used. 

Vanillin,  Adulteration  of,  with  Terpin  Hydrate.  [ScMmmeV s 
Report,  May,  1905,  120.)  A  sample  of  vanillin  from  a  Swiss 
source  recently  offered  has  been  found  to  be  adulterated  with 
50  per  cent,  of  terpin  hj^lrate  ;  it  had  no  definite  melting  point, 
and  developed  the  odour  of  terpineol  when  heated  with  dilute 
H0SO4. 

Vanillin  and  Hydrochloric  Acid  as  a  Reagent.  L.  Rosen- 
thaler.  {Zeits.  fiir  Anaiyt.  Chem.,  44,  292.)  A  1  per  cent, 
solution    of  vanillin  in  HCl  gives  characteristic    colours  with 


166  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

phenols,  ketones,  terpenes  and  other  bodies.  A  few  drops  or 
particles  of  a  solid  are  added  to  the  reagent,  and  the  colour  noted 
in  15  minutes  ;  it  is  then  heated  to  boiling,  when  another  tint 
may  bo  developed.  A  green  colour  is  given  by  essential  oils 
containing  pinene,  or  limonene  ;  sesquiterpenes  give  no  reaction. 
Essential  oils  containing  linalol  or  geraniol  give  a  violet  colour  ; 
those  which  contain  cineol  give  a  blue  tint  on  heating.  Clove  oil, 
when  pui-e,  gives  no  reaction.  Morphine  and  codeine  give  a 
violet  red  colour  on  heating  :  acetone  and  its  homologues  a  pale 
pink  colour  in  the  cold,  becoming  green  on  heating. 

Vinegar,   Commercial,   Presence   of   Acetylmethylcarbinol   in. 

—  Past  u  r  e  a  u.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  593.)  Seve- 
ral specimens  of  commercial  vinegar  have  been  met  with  which 
gave  more  or  less  precipitate  Avith  alcohol  95  per  cent.,  and 
showe'd  a  powerful  reducing  action,  in  the  cold,  on  alkaline 
cuprio  tartrate.  When  neutralized  with  NaoCOa  and  distilled 
the  reducing  body  passed  over  in  the  distillate,  giving  an  abun- 
dant precipitate  of  CHI3  when  treated  with  iodine,  and  a  crys- 
talline osazone,  m.p.  243°,  with  phenylhradrine  acetate.  By 
this  osazone  it  was  recognized  as  that  of  methylacetol,  or  acetyl- 
methylcarbinol CH3.GO.CHOH.CH3.  The  solution  of  the  osazone 
in  ether-alcohol  gave  a  blood- red  colour  with  a  trace  of  Fe2Cl6,  and, 
on  evaporation,  red  crystals  of  the  corresponding  osotetrazone. 
No  furfural  was  detected  in  the  distillate  from  the  neutralized 
vinegar.  To  determine  the  amount  of  methylacetol  present, 
50  c.c.  of  the  vinegar  was  neutralized  with  NasCOs  and  distilled 
to  dryness,  avoiding  overheating.  The  distillate  received  in  a 
graduated  100  c.c.  flask  was  rendered  alkaline  with  NaOH  and 
AmOH,  then  treated  with  10  c.c.  of  N/10  AgNOg.  After  stand- 
ing for  24  hours,  the  volume  was  made  up  to  100  c.c,  the  liquid 
filtered,  and  the  silver  remaining  determined  by  the  cyanomctric 
method.  The  amount  of  methylacetol  present  was  then  calcu- 
lated from  the  quantity  of  AgNOa  found  to  be  reduced  according 
to  the  equation  : — 

3(CH3.CO.CHOH.CH3  +  AgNOa  =3(CH3.CO.CO.CH3)  + 
3H20  +  N  +  Ag. 

In  one  case  this  was  fomid  to  be  equivalent  to  3-256  Cm.  per  litre. 

Volatile  Acids,  Distribution  and  Formation  of,  in  Plants.     E. 

C  h  a  r  a  b  o  t  and  A.  H  e  b  e  r  t.      {Bull.  JSoc.  Chim.   1904,  [3], 


CHEMISTRY.  167 

31,  1107.)  The  greatest  amount  of  free  volatile  acids  is  invari- 
ably found  in  the  leaves  of  various  plants,  such  as  peppermint, 
basil,  various  oranges,  and  other  species  yielding  volatile  oils  ; 
the  least  occurs  in  the  inflorescences  until  drying  up  of  the  plant 
commences,  then  free  volatile  acid  is  found  in  the  lowest  amount 
in  the  stem.  Tlie  relative  proportion  in  the  different  organs 
increases  and  decreases  simultaneously,  becoming  less  at  the 
period  of  the  formation  of  the  inflorescence,  particularly  in  the 
leaves,  and  increasing  as  the  flowers  expand,  to  finally  diminish 
when  the  plant  dries  up.  Etiolated  plants  show  a  decidedly 
greater  proportion  of  volatile  acid,  calculated  on  the  dry  material, 
in  all  their  organs  than  similar  plants  grown  exposed  to  light. 
The  proportion  of  combined  acids  is  also  greater  in  the  leaves  than 
in  the  stem.  In  examining'the^ash  of  various  organs  it  is  found 
that  soluble  carbonates,  and  especially  that  derived  from  organic 
salts  of  potassium,  are  chiefly  found  in  the  ash  of  the  stem.  The 
least  proportion  of  soluble  carbonates  exists  in  the  inflorescence 
ash.  The  ash  of  the  leaves  affords  the  highest  proportion  of 
insoluble  carbonates  derived  from  organic  salts  of  magnesium 
and  calcium.  Etiolated  plants  show  an  exaggerated  amount  of 
combined  acids,  but  the  suppression  of  the  inflorescences  reduces 
the  amount. 

Water,  New  Reaction  for  the  Detection  of  Ammonia  in.    A. 

Trill  at  and  T  u  r  c  h  e  t.  {Comptes  rend.,  140,  374.)  The 
reaction  is  based  on  the  formation  of  a  black  colour  due  to 
nitrogen  iodide,  when  KI  and  an  alkali  hypochlorite  is  added  to 
a  solution  containing  ammonia.  The  reaction  is  distinctly 
visible  with  1  part  of  NH3  in  500,000.  It  is  claimed  that  it^ias 
the  advantage  over  Nessler's  reaction  in  not  being  affected  by 
the  presence  of  bicarbonates,  lime  salts,  sulphides,  and  albumin- 
oids. The  reaction  is  given  only  by  ammonia,  and  not  by  nitrites, 
nitrates,  amines  or  other  nitrogenous  compounds.  The  test  is 
thus  applied.  Twenty  to  30  c.c.  of  the  water  in  a'^Nessler  glass 
is  treated  with  3  drops  of  10  per  cent.  KI  solution,  and  2  drops  of 
strong  alkali  hypochlorite  (solution  of  chlorinated  soda  answers 
well).  The  black  colour  is  at  once  formed  in  the  presence  of 
NH3,  and  is  sufficiently  permanent  to  allow  the  depth  of  tint  to 
be  matched,  with  a  standard  solution  of  ammonia,  as  in  "  Ness- 
lerizing."  Only  one  precaution  is  essential,  to  avoid  adding  an 
excess  of  the  reagent,  in  which  the  nitrogen  iodide  formed  is 
redissolved. 


168  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

Water,  New  Reaction  for  Determining  Ammonia  in.  —  Cava- 
lier and  A  r  t  h  u  s.  {Btdl.  Soc.  Chim..S3,  14:5.)  Commenting 
on  tlie  procediiifi,  the  authors  state  tliat  the  reaction  is  mucli  less 
dehcate  than  the  familiar  Nessler  test,  and  that  the  dai'k  colour 
is  not  permanent,  diminishing  sensibly  in  a  minute  and  almost 
disappearing  when  not  very  intense,  in  about  3  minutes. 

Zinc  Borate  or  Oxyborate.  E.  H  o  1  d  e  r  m  a  n  n.  {Archiv 
der  PJiarm..  242,  567.)  This  salt,  the  formula  of  which  may  be 
written  Zn3(B.,07)2(OH)2,  is  prepared  by  dissolving  zinc  sulphate 
500  Gm.  in  5  to  10  litres  of  water,  to  which  a  solution  of  borax, 
443'6  Gm..  containing  caustic  soda  solution,  15  per  cent.,  309  Gm. 
is  added  with  constant  stirring.  The  precipitate  is  then  washed, 
collected  and  dried.  It  forms  an  excellent  dusting  powder  for 
medicinal  use. 

Zygadernus  venonosus  Bulbs,  Alkaloids  of,  H.  B.  S  1  a  d  e. 
{Amer.  Journ.  Pharm.,  11.)  The  bulbs  of  death  camas  of  the 
Nez  Perce  Indians,  Zygadernus  venonosus.  have  been  found  to 
contain  at  least  three  alkaloids,  sabadine,  sabadinine  and  vera- 
tralbine.  showing  the  close  relation  of  the  plant  in  chemical  con- 
stituents to  Veratrum  album.  Sabadine  was  extracted  from  the 
air-dry  powdered  bulbs  by  etiier,  and  purified  by  precipitation 
with  phosphotungstic  acid,  from  which  it  was  liberated  with 
sodium  carbonate,  then  crystallized  with  ether.  Sabadinine  was 
isolated  from  the  ether  extract  after  the  removal  of  sabadine. 
Veratralbine  was  extracted  from  the  drug,  after  treatment  with 
ether,  by  means  of  80  per  cent,  alcohol  containing  tartaric  acid. 


MATERIA   MEDTCA 


PART  II 

MATERIA    MEDICA 

Abies  amabilis,  Oleoresin  of.  F.  R  a  b  a  k.  {Pharm.  Re- 
view, 23,  46.)  According  to  the  author,  Oregon  balsam  is  fur- 
nished by  Abies  concolor,  A.  amabilis,  and  A.  nobilis.  An 
authentic  specimen  of  the  oleoresin  of  A.  amabilis  was  pale 
yellow  in  colour  and  had  an  odour  recalling  that  of  limonene. 
It  was  faintly  turbid  ;  its  10  per  cent,  solutions  in  alcohol  and 
in  ether  were  devoid  of  optical  activity.  It  yielded  40*3  per 
cent,  of  essential  oil  on  distillation.  This  had  the  sp.  gr.  0-852 
at  22°C.,  and  the  [a]  1,-14°  24'.  Its  chief  constituents  are 
pinene,  with  a  little  limonene.  The  characters  of  the  oleoresin 
of  P.  amahilis  differ  both  from  C'anada  balsam  and  from  com- 
merical  Oregon  balsam. 

Acetopyrine.  {Merck's  Be  port,  18,1.)  J.  Reichelt  has  success- 
fully employed  acetopyrine  in  rheumatism,  influenza,  sciatica,  lum- 
bago, intercostal  neuralgia,  coxalgia,  migraine,  and  cephalgia  of 
a  rheumatic  origin,  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  angina,  herpes  zoster 
and  tuberculosis  of  the  lungs.  He  finds  it  especially  valuable 
in  rheumatism,  where  doses  of  8  grs.  were  taken  with  ease  and 
did  not  produce  secondary  effects  upon  the  heart.  Also  it 
alleviated  the  pains  and  induced  quiet  sleep. 

Very  good  results  were  likewise  obtained  by  G.  Spuller  in  the 
treatment  of  articular  rheumatism. 

J.  Winterberg  and  R.  Braun  have  employed  acetopyrine  not 
only  in  chronic  articular  rheumatism,  but  also  in  typhoid, 
meningitis  cerebrospinalis,  and  pleuritis,.  and  secured  favourable 
results.  They  emphasize  the  fact  that  the  use  of  acetoi^yrine 
was  not  attended  with  prejudicial  effects  upon  the  stomach. 


172  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Acorus  calamus  Root  in  India.  D.  Hooper.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  20G.)  The  rliizome  of  the  sweet  flag  is  sold  in 
nearly  every  bazaar  in  India,  and  has  been  known  from  the 
earliest  times  as  a  favourite  medicine  with  the  natives  of  Eastern 
countries.  It  is  administered  for  such  divers  complaints  that  it 
is  difficult  to  discover  its  peculiar  action.  In  small  doses  it  is 
stomachic  and  carminative,  in  larger  doses  it  is  considered 
emetic.  It  is  a  simple  and  useful  i-emedy  for  flatulence,  colic, 
or  dyspepsia,  and  a  pleasant  adjunct  to  tonic  or  purgative 
medicines.  It  is  considered  efficacious  in  remittent  fevers  and 
ague.  From  the  opinions  of  medical  officers  collected  in  India, 
acorus  root  has  been  pronounced  to  be  good  for  dysentery  of 
children,  as  an  expectorant  in  bronchitis,  as  a  fumigatory  in 
painful  piles,  and  as  a  counter-irritant  to  the  chest  in  catarrh. 
It  is  administered  in  the  form  of  an  infusion,  decoction,  or 
tincture.  In  Ceylon,  the  rhizome  is  used  as  an  anthelmintic  for 
children. 

Sweet  flag  root  is  held  in  high  esteem  as  an  insectifuge, 
especially  for  fleas.  For  this  purpose  the  dried  plant  is  placed 
with  elotlies  in  drawers  and  almirahs  and  under  beds.  It  is 
generally  supposed  that  the  smell  is  disliked  by  the  cobra,  on 
which  it  produces  a  narcotic  effect.  In  the  Ratnagiri  district, 
Bombay,  it  is  cultivated  for  this  purpose  near  dwelling-houses, 
and  is  chewed  by  snake-charmers. 

Clinical  experiments  witli  the  essential  oil  distilled  from  fresh 
and  dried  roots  at  Ootacamund,  and  with  a  strong  tincture  of 
the  root,  have  failed  to  indicate  that  it  has  any  appreciable 
therapeutic  action. 

Adrenaline,  Therapeutics  of.  {Merck's  Beporf,  18,  13.)  The 
application  of  adrenaline  in  conjunction  with  cocaine  has  now 
become  general  for  simultaneously  lessening  hemorrhage  and 
producing  anaesthesia  during  operation.  The  1  :  1000  solution 
has  been  given  internally  with  success  by  A.  C.  Bird  and  Gray 
Duncanson  for  the  arrest  of  pulmonary  haemorrhage,  the  dose 
being  5  to  20  ill  ;  and  A.  S.  Myrthe  has  given  it  in  the  same 
way  for  cardiac  attacks  in  neurasthenia.  Cosma,  however, 
regards  it  as  a  feeble  haemostatic  when  it  has  passed  through  the 
system,  since  it  is  so  readily  oxidized.  Its  action,  according  to 
him,  is  doubtful  in  haemoptysis,  metrorrhagia  and  intestinal 
haemorrhage,  but  good  results  were  obtained  in  epistaxis  and 
haematuria.     Ichard  and  Martin  have  employed  it  with  success 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  173 

as  a  local  application  for  carcinoma.  To  obviate  decomposition 
Li  von  suggests  the  addition  of  6  per  cent,  of  HCl  to  the  1  :  1000 
adrenaline  solution,  and  states  that  this  enables  it  to  retain  its 
activity  unimpaired  for  a  year.  Grandclement  has  found  the 
1  :  5000  solution  to  be  a  vahiable  remedy  for  acute  glaucoma  ; 
by  keeping  the  eye  constantly  under  the  influence  of  adrenaline 
for  three  daj^s,  by  half-hourly  application,  iridectomy  may  be 
avoided.  It  has  also  been  used  with  good  effect  for  rhinitis  and 
other  nasal  affections.  Hecht  prescribes  the  following  snuff  for 
the  purpose  :  Zinc  sozoiodolate,  5  to  15  grs.  ;  menthol,  3  to 
8  grs.  ;  adrenaline  (crystalline),  ^L-  to  ^V  gr.  ;  powdered  milk 
sugar,  145  grs.  In  dental  operations  Luniatscheck  uses  the 
following  solution  :  Adrenaline  solution,  1  :  1000,  3  ui  ;  solution 
of  cocaine  hj^drochloride,  0*5  per  cent.,  16  ill.  An  ointment  for 
deep-seated  haemorrhoids  is  composed  of  adrenaline  solution 
(1  :  1000),  30  1)1  ;  cocaine  hydrocldoride,  J  gr.  ;  vasehne,  |  oz. 
Many  authors  sound  a  note  of  warning  against  the  indiscriminate 
use  of  adrenaline.  Greve  refers  to  dental  cases  in  which  severe 
secondary  haemorrhage  has  followed  its  use.  Kantz  regards  it 
as  a  cardiac  poison,  and  insists  on  the  importance  of  examining 
the  patient's  heart  before  its  administration.  Oppenheimer 
records  a  case  of  severe  reactionary  hsemorrhage  in  a  case  of 
advanced  iritis,  and  recommends  care  in  its  use  in  cases  of  high 
inflammation  or  with  the  aged.  In  the  latter  he  is  confirmed 
by  Aronheim  and  Neugebauer.  It  is  contra-indicated  in  ad- 
vanced cases  of  Addison's  disease,  in  which  Boinet  records  two 
fatal  cases  following  its  use,  but  it  may  be  employed  with  benefit 
in  the  initial  stages  of  the  affection,  but  even  then  the  dose 
should  not  exceed  ^J  -  of  a  gr.  Mengelberg  finds  that,  when 
combined  with  atropine  sulphate  in  ophthalmic  surgery,  adrena- 
line is  liable  to  exert  a  toxic  action,  and  should  be  administered 
with  extreme  caution.  These  results  show  that,  although 
adrenaline  is  luidoubtedly  a  most  valuable  remedy,  its  use 
demands  circumspection  and  a  close  regard  to  the  condition,  or 
idiosyncrasy,  of  the  patient. 

Airol  as  a  Diagnostic  in  Carious  Aural  Inflammation.  {Merck's 
Report,  18,  18.)  Kutvirt  describes  airol  as  a  good  diagnostic 
medium  in  carious  inflammations  of  the  ear.  It  is  found  that 
as  soon  as  this  disease  extends  to  the  bones  several  species  of 
bacteria  contribute  to  the  evolution  of  SHo,  which  does  not 
occur  under  normal  conditions.     This   8Ho   blackens   bismuth 


174  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY, 

iodo^allate  or  nirol.  When  airol  gauze  is  black<!ued  on  being 
introduced  into  a  suppurating  ear,  it  is  a  veiy  strong  indication 
that  the  inflammation  extends  to  tlie  bone. 

Almatenia.  L.  B  e  r  t  i  n  i.  {Clinic  Mod.,  through  Reper- 
toire [3],  17,  78.)  Almatenia  is  a  condensation  product  of 
haematoxylin  and  formaldehyde,  which  occurs  as  a  very  light, 
odourless,  tasteless,  brick-red  powder  with  a  metallic  reflection. 
It  is  employed  as  a  surgical  antiseptic  dressing,  as  one  of  the 
many  substitute,  for  iodoform. 

Anesthesine,  Application  of,  for  Mouth  Diseases.  H  o  e  n  i  g  - 
s  c  h  m  e  i  d.  {Heilkundc,  through  MercFs  Report,  18,  22.) 
The  following  application  is  recommended  for  various  mouth 
affections  of  children,  such  as  catarrhal  stomatitis,  thrush,  and 
buccal  ulcers.  It  is  applied  with  a  brush.  Oil  of  sweet  almonds, 
mucilage  of  acacia,  rectified  spirit  of  each,  |  oz.  ;  emulsify  and 
add,  anaesthesine,  15  grs.  ;  simple  syrup,  ^  oz. 

Antipyrine  and  Pyramidon,  Separation  of.  —  P  a  t  e  i  n.  {Journ. 
Pharm.  CIiwi.  [6],  21,  611.)  On  treating  a  mixture  of  pyra- 
midon and  antipA'rine  V/ith  HCl  and  formaldehyde,  the  former 
is  not  affected,  but  the  latter  gives  a  compound  which  is  pre- 
cipitated by  ammonia.  This  may  be  collected  and  weighed, 
when  the  pyramidon  may  be  dissolved  out  of  the  liquid  hy 
shaking  out  with  CHCI3  and  obtained  as  a  weighable  residue  on 
evaporating  off  the  solvent. 

Atoxyl.  J.  ]M  o  1  1  e  r.  {Berlin  Klin-Therap.  Woch.,  through 
Merck's  Report,  18,  33.)  Atoxyl,  metarsenic  anilide,  has  been 
employed  with  excellent  results  as  endovenous  injections  for 
the  treatment  of  the  first  and  second  stages  of  phthisis.  A 
series  of  cases  is  recorded  m  which  such  good  results  have 
been  obtained  that  the  treatment  is  regarded  as  a  specific. 
From  |-  to  1  syringeful  (1  Gm.)  was  injected  every  alternate 
day  for  5  or  6  days,  the  succeeding  5  or  6  doses  being  given 
every  third  day,  then  every  fourth  day,  and,  finally,  once  a 
week.  In  small  doses  it  has  also  proved  beneficial  in  valvular 
affectioiLS  of  the  heart  and  in  myocarditis.  It  has  also  l^een 
successfully  employed  in  other  affections.  (See  also  Year- 
Book,  1902,  162;  1903,  194.) 


MATERIA    MEDIC  A.  175 

Atropine  Methyl  Bromide,  Therapeutics  of.  {Merck's  Report, 
18,  34.)  Ill  addition  to  the  cases  ah'eady  described  {Year- 
Rook.  1904,  193)  Aronheim  gives  tlie  following  prescriptions,  and 
indicates  their  respective  applications. 

In  cystitis  good  results  were  invariably  obtained  with  2  daily 
doses  of  -At  gr.  each  of  methylatropine  bromide  and  15  grs.  of 
urotropin  ;  in  insomnia  by  the  administration  of  a  poAvder  of 
J.T  gr.  of  methylatropine  bromide  and  8-15  grs.  of  veronal  ;  in 
feverish  and  catarrhous  affections  and  in  neuralgia,  with  J^,  gr. 
of  methylatropine  bromide  in  conjunction  with  8-12  grs.  of 
phenacetin.  The  following  prescription  relieves  spasmodic  night- 
cough  :  Methylatropine  bromide,  4  gr.  ;  cocaine  hydrochlor., 
3  grs.  ;  cherry  laurel  water,  150,  grs.  15  to  20  drops  to  be 
taken  in  the  evening  in  a  cup  of  a  suitable  pectoral. 

In  dyspepsia  with  heartburn  :  Methylatropine  bromide,  ^  gr.  ; 
sodium  bicar])onate,  bismuth  salicylate,  aa  75  grs.  ;  Peppermint 
oil,  gtt.  10  ;  milk  sugar  to  1  oz.  As  much  as  will  lie  on 
knife-point  to  be  taken  in  water  4  times  daily  after  meals. 

In  epilepsy  he  prescribes  :  Methylatropine  bromide,  1^  gr.  ; 
antipyrine,  24  grs.  ;  amnion,  bromide  to  3  oz.  As  much  as 
will  lie  on  a  knife-point  to  be  taken  in  water  3  to  4  times  per  day. 

Hypodermic  injections  of  ^  gr.  of  atropine  methyl  bromide  in 
150  111  of  cherry  laurel  water  may  be  given  in  doses  of  J  to  1 
syringeful  according  to  age,  and  has  given  good  results  in  re- 
lieving jaain  in  various  cases.  Bolgar  has  also  obtained  good 
results  with  the  drug,  especially  in  intestinal  affections,  in  which 
its  influence  on  the  peristaltic  action  surpasses  that  of  atropine. 

Aya-Pana,  True  and  False.  P.  Planes.  {Journ.  Pharm. 
Chim.  [6],  21,  534.)  Although  the  leaves  alone  of  Ewpatorium 
friplinerve  form  the  true  drug,  as  met  with  in  commerce  Aya- 
Pana  frequently  contains  40  to  50  per  cent,  of  fragments  of 
stems,  which  are  valueless.  Nor  does  sophistication  end  at 
this  ;  a  specimen  has  lately  been  met  with  which  contained  a 
considerable  admixture  of  the  stems  of  E.  cannabium.  Since  the 
deeply  trilobed  dentate  leaves  of  the  latter  are  quite  distinct 
from  the  single-lobed  lanceolate  leaves  of  the  geniune  article, 
these  had  been  carefulty  removed,  the  remaining  stems  being 
sufficiently  similar  to  those  of  true  Aya-Pana  to  pass  a  super- 
ficial examination.  The  market  value  of  the  leaves  of 
E.  triplinerve  is  about  twelve  times  greater  than  that  of  those  of 
E.  cannabium,  so  the  fiaud  is  very  remunerative.     The  micro- 


176  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

scopical  examination  of  the  stems  at  once  distinguishes  them. 
The  transverse  section  shows  that  the  epidermis  of  E.  cannabium 
is  covered  witli  liairs,  which  are  absent  in  E.  triplinerve  ;  the 
subadjacent  cortical  tissue  is  collenchymatous  ;  the  endoderm 
has  two  receptacles  of  secretion  opposite  each  fibrovascular 
bundle.  These  are  very  regularly  arranged  in  th(^  pcricycle  and 
are  25  in  number,  and  quite  distinct  in  sha])e  and  structure  from 
those  of  Aya-Pana.  This  has  a  parenchymatous  cortical  tissue, 
the  fibrovascular  bundles  are  not  so  numerous  nor  so  regular, 
and  are  flattened.  Figures  illustrating  the  marked  difference  of 
structure  of  the  two  leaf  stems  are  given. 

/5-eucaine  Lactate.  F.  Z  e  r  n  i  c  k.  {Bcrichte  Pharm.,  15, 
6.)  Since  /j'-eucaine  Jij^drochloride  is  but  sparingly  soluble  in 
water,  Langaard  has  proposed  to  substitute  the  lactate,  the 
solubility  of  which  is  1  :  4*4  in  water,  for  pharmaceutical 
preparations. 

/5-Naphthol  as  a  Vermifuge.  (Merck's  Report,  18,  128.) 
yS-naphthol  is  stated  to  be  a  harmless  and  effective  remedy  in 
anchylostomiasis  and  other  affections  due  to  intestinal  worms. 
After  a  purgative,  15  grs.  of  /S-naphthol  is  given,  and  repeated 
after  a  few  hours,  the  patient  meanwhile  being  kept  on  fluid  diet. 

Borneo  Camphor,  Collection  of,  by  the  Malays^  E.  K  r  e  m  e  r  s. 
[Pharm.  Review,  23,  7.)  H.  Furness  thus  describes  the  collection 
of  Borneo  camphor  by  the  Malays  : — 

When  the  "  Kayans  "  are  about  to  undertake  a  search  for  the 
trees  which  are  to  supply  the  valued  camphor,  they  first 
of  all  make  very  careful  observations  of  certain  external  occur- 
rences which  they  consider  as  good  or  evil  omens  for  the  result 
of  their  undertaking.  It  is  especially  the  flight  of  certain  birds, 
such  as  the  spider-hunter,  the  red  hawk,  or  the  rainbird,  on 
which  the  result  of  the  search  depends.  If  they  see  one  of  these 
birds  cross  their  path  from  right  to  left,  there  is  but  small  prospect 
of  a  good  haul  ;  but  if  they  see  the  birds  fly  in  tlie  opposite 
direction,  they  consider  it  a  portent  of  a  good  result  of  their 
expedition,  and  only  when  the  omens  are  satisfactory  do  they 
proceed  on  their  way.  But  before  the  work  can  be  commenced 
they  must  hear  the  troat  of  a  stag,  and  finally  must  kill  a  certain 
kind  of  snake.  Only  when  all  this  has  taken  place  they  may 
hope  to  find  a  rich  harvest.     Next  they  place  a  rattan  across  a 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  177 

stream  near  whicli  the  camphor  trees  are  found  which  they 
intend  to  fell,  and  suspend  from  that  rattan  wooden  images, 
weapons,  and  wooden  wedges,  of  whicli  the  latter  are  intended 
to  be  used  in  the  subsequent  work  of  splitting  up  the  tree. 
For  other  camphor  hunters  or  strangers  this  is  meant  to  be  a 
sign  that  the  stream  is  barred.  They  next  put  up  their  hut  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  trees  to  be  felled.  Now,  if  at  the  first  blows 
of  the  axe  one  of  the  above-named  ominous  birds  is  heard  to 
call,  tlie}^  immediately  leave  off  working  until  the  next  day, 
spending  the  time  meanwhile  in  their  hut  in  idleness.  When 
all  the  signs  are  favourable  for  the  camphor  hunters,  and  if  the 
tree  is  found  to  contain  a  sufficient  quantity  of  camphor,  a  post 
is  erected  which  is  clothed  with  chips  and  brushwood  (the  chips 
are  possibly  intended  to  represent  the  sinuous  tongues  of  fire 
which  are  connected  with  the  invisible  powers).  During  the 
gathering  of  the  camphor  the  "  Kayans  "  are  allowed  to  take 
food  and  to  sjaeak  to  people  whom  they  meet,  but  no  stranger 
is  allowed  to  enter  their  hut.  When  the  tree  is  felled,  it  is  cut 
up  in  small  pieces  by  the  hunters,  who  for  this  purpose  dress 
themselves  in  fine  clothes  and  put  on  arms.  They  therefore 
consider  it  as  a  fallen  enemy,  of  whose  hidden  treasures  they 
can  only  possess  themselves  by  means  of  sword  and  spear. 
The  search  for  crystals  is  extremely  troublesome,  as  every  piece 
of  wood  has  to  be  cut  up  small  and  tested  with  the  greatest 
care.  The  trees  which  contain  crystals  are  usually  hollow. 
Up  to  a  height  of  20  feet  above  the  roots  small  crystals  are 
found.  In  addition  to  these,  much  oil  is  always  present.  The 
flowers  possess  a  powerful  odour  of  camphor.  Many  tribes  of 
Borneo  are  in  the  habit,  when  searching  for  camphor,  of  em- 
ploying a  special  "  camphor-language,"  to  which  the  "  Malanau  " 
pay  special  attention,  as  they  believe  that  the  crystals  will 
immediately  disappear  when  another  language  is  spoken.  With 
regard  to  tliis  camphor  dialect,  one  is  inclined  to  consider  this 
an  interesting  remnant  of  an  old  language.  This  peculiar  habit 
prevails  throughout  Borneo  and  the  Malay  Peninsula.  With 
some  tribes  the  names  of  the  chiefs  and  influential  persons  are 
not  allowed  to  be  mentioned  as  long  as  the  search  for  camphor 
continues.  If  anybody  should  violate  this  rule,  no  camphor 
would  ever  be  discovered  in  the  trees.  During  this  period  the 
women  do  not  dare  to  touch  their  combs.  The  men  are  able 
to  discover  from  certain  knots  in  the  tree  whether  their  wives 
are  faithful,  and  it  is  said  that,  in  olden  times,  jealous  husbands 

N 


178  YEAR-BOOK    OF   I'HARMACY. 

have  killed  their  wives  in  consequence  of  the  signs  which  they 
had  read  from  these  knots.  Except  during  the  day  or  at  night- 
fall no  one  is  allowed  to  bathe  ;  no  venison  must  be  eaten  during 
this  period.  The  finest  camphor  is  considered  to  be  that  which 
is  found  in  large  transparent  crystals  .^  inch  long,  and  for  which 
40  to  50  dollars  per  pound  is  paid  at  the  upland  markets.  The 
'  Punans  "  are  said  to  be  the  principal  gatherers  of  camphor. 
They  either  hire  themselves  out  to  the  Kayans,  Kenyahs,  Sibops 
or  Ibans  as  guides  and  servants,  or  they  collect  the  camphor 
themselves,  and  exchange  it  with  the  neighbouring  tribes,  who  in 
turn  sell  it  to  the  Chinese.  The  yield  from  a  single  tree  varies 
considerably.  It  is  said  to  be  between  3  and  11  pounds.  The 
gathered  camphor  is  carefully  selected  and  sold  in  three  kinds 
of  which  the  largest  and  purest  crystals  are  the  best ;  the 
smallest  are  grey  and  as  fine  as  dust.  In  view  of  the  high 
price  which  is  paid  for  this  drug,  it  stands  to  reason  that  it 
does  not  come  under  consideration  for  European  trade.  The 
enormous  price  paid  in  the  Orient  is,  of  course,  explained  by 
the  use  of  Borneo  camphor  for  religious  purposes. 

On  the  Chinese  market  there  is  a  brisk  demand  for  camphor, 
but  some  of  it  finds  its  way  to  Japan  and  other  countries.  The 
quantity  imported  in  Canton  in  1872  amounted  to  about  27,7 
piculs,  or  3,159  lbs.,  representing  a  value  of  42,326  taels  {80s. 
per  lb.). 

BornylyValerianate    (Bornyval)    as   a  Nervous   Sedative.    0. 

E  n  g  e  1  s.      (Therap.  Monats.,  18,  235.)     Bornyl  valerianate  is 
a  useful  sedative  in  traumatic  neuroses,  hysteria,  neurasthenia, 
epileps}^  and  is  specially  suitable  for  administration  to  cliildren. 
It  increases  the  appetite,  and  is  free  from  any  unpleasant  second 
ary  effects. 

Burmese  Drugs.  D.  Hooper.  {Ph.arm.  J  own.  (4),  19, 
956.)  Since  the  annexation  of  Upper  Burma  in  1885,  very  few 
new  drugs  have  been  brought  to  light.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  "  Thansa,"  the  extract  of  Terminalis  oliveri,  used  as 
a  substitute  for  cutch,  which  may  be  considered  one  of  the  most 
important  drugs  of  Burma  {Ycar-Book,  1901,  120)  ;  the  second 
"  A  kyau "  wood,  Aquilaria  agallocha,  from  the  Mergui 
Archipelago  {Year-Book,  1904,  190);  and  the  third  the 
balsam  of  Aliivgia  excelsa,  or  Burmese  storax,  from  Tenasserim 
[Year-Book,  1902,  30). 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  179 

The  most  recent  contril>utiou  to  our  knowledge  of  Burmese 
drugs  lias  appeared  in  a  paper  on  "  The  Vegetation  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Minbu  in  Upper  Burma,"  by  Captain  A.  T.  Gage,  I.M.S. , 
curator  of  the  herbarium,  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Calcutta. 

Taraktogenos  kurzii,  King,  "  Kalawbin  "  of  the  Burmese,  the 
tree  yielding  commercial  chaulmocgra  seeds,  was  met  with  in 
the  Arracan  Yomahs,  and  it  was  ascertained  that  the  oil  is  used 
for  leprosy  in  conjunction  with  that  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
Semecarpus  albescens,  Kurz,  the  "  Chithee  "  trees.  It  is  also 
found  in  Assam,  Chittagong,  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. 

Tliere  are  numerous  cosmetics  sold  in  the  bazaars  which  are 
used  by  women  to  improve  the  complexion.  One  of  the  powders 
used  in  Minbu  is  that  of  the  bark  of  Limonia  acidissima  (Thanaka), 
wiiich  is  powdered  and  made  into  a  paste,  and  applied  to  the 
face.  Lest  women  should  become  too  attractive  at  a  certain 
age  it  is  the  custom  in  some  parts  of  the  country  to  use  powders 
with  an  opposite  effect.  Under  Cinnamomum  tamala,  Gage 
states  that  :  "  The  Chin  women  undergo  about  the  age  of  four- 
teen the  ordeal  of  having  the  whole  face  closely  tattooed  black, 
which  gives  them  a  grotesquely  hideous  appearance.  The 
legend  runs  that  this  curious  practice  originated  m  the  desire 
to  render  the  Chin  women  repulsive  to  the  Burmese  officials,  who 
were  wont  to  carry  off  the  more  comely  amongst  the  maidens 
to  adorn  their  harems.  Formerly  the  leaves  of  Cinnamomum 
tamala  were  pounded  down,  and  a  solution  made  with  water, 
which  was  employed  to  produce  this  most  uncosmetic  effect. 
Nowadays  the  more  prosaic  lampblack  is  used." 

The  presence  of  saponin  in  the  fruits  of  Acacia  concinna  and 
Gardenia  turgida  render  them  useful,  as  in  South  India,  for 
washing  the  hair  and  clothes.  The  tubers  of  Gloriosa  superba 
are  a  violent  poison,  and  are  partaken  of  by  Burmese  women  as 
a  means  of  committing  suicide  under  stress  of  blighted  affections. 

Other  drugs  met  with  were  : — 

A erva  javanica,  J uss.  ("On-bwe").  A  paste  of  the  root  is 
used  as  an  apphcation  in  acne-like  conditions  of  the  face. 

Ardisia  humilis,  Vabl.  ("Shadwe").  All  parts  of  the  plant 
are  used  in  the  treatment  of  menstrual  disorders. 

Arundo  donax,  L.     Root  used  as  a  diuretic. 

Buddleia  asiatica,  Lour.  A  paste  of  the  root  is  taken  in  rice 
water  by  the  Chins  as  a  tonic. 

Capparis  flaviccms,  Wall.  Leaves  are  used  as  a  galacto- 
gogue. 


180  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

Capparis  Jmstujera,  Hance  ("  Namanee-thanyet-gyi  ").  A 
paste  of  the  root  is  used  as  an  ap)ilication  to  sores. 

Chenopodium  album,  L.  ("  ilyu  ").  A  paste  of  the  root  used 
in  treating  tlie  diarrhoea  of  children. 

Chrozophora  plicata,  A.  Juss.  ("  Gya-sagauk  ").  A  decoction 
of  the  whole  plant  used  in  treating  gonorrhoea. 

Cissampelos  pareira,  L.  ("  Kywet-nabaung ").  A  paste  is 
made  from  all  parts  of  the  plant  and  used  as  a  local  application 
in  inflammatory  conditions  of  the  eye. 

Croton  oblongifolius,  Roxb.  ("  Thetyin-gyi  ").  Leaves  used  in 
hot  fomentations  to  allay  inflammation,  either  .strained  in  a  cloth 
or  first  made  into  a  paste. 

Dioscorea  hulhifera,  L.  ("  Khadu  ").     Used  as  a  galactogogue. 

Elephantopus  scaher,  L.  A  decoction  of  the  stem  and  leaves 
is  used  in  menstrual  disorders. 

Euphorbia  nntiqtiorum,  L.  ("  Teinganeik-tazaung  ").  The 
branches  are  sliced,  dried  and  powdered,  and  administered  to 
check  profuse  lochia!  discharge. 

Heliotropium  indicum,  L.  ("  Hsin-hnamaung-bin  "').  A  decoc- 
tion of  the  M'hole  plant  used  in  treating  gonorrhoea. 

Leuccena  glauca,  Benth.  ("  Aseik-hpye-bin  ").  A  paste  of  the 
leaves  is  applied  for  poisonous  bites  or  stings. 

Polyyonum  tomentosum,  Willd.  {"  Wetkyien '').  A  decoction 
of  the  root  is  used  in  children's  stomachic  troubles. 

Premna  latifolia,  Roxb.  ("  Seiknan-gyi  ").  A  paste  of  the  root 
is  used  as  a  local  application  after  parturition. 

Rosa  involucrata,  Roxb.  ('  Myit-king  ").  A  decoction  of  the 
root  is  used  as  a  mouth- wash  in  dental  caries. 

Sphceranthus  imlicus,  L.  A  decoction  of  tlie  whole  plant 
pounded  down  is  employed  as  a  tonic  drink. 

Sphmranthus  peyuensis,  Kurz.  ("  Kodu-bin  ").  A  paste  of  the 
leaves  is  used  as  a  styptic,  and  in  hot  fomentations. 

Streblus  asper,  Lour.  ("  On-hne-hin  ").  A  decoction  of  the 
dried  leaves  is  administered  in  dysentery. 

Vcntikujo  cabjcu/afa,  Tul.  ("'  Thwe  det  ").  A  paste  of  the  root 
is  applied  locally  to  excite  granulation  in  wounds. 

Viscum  orientale,  Willd.  ("  Kyibaung.").  A  paste  of  the 
powdered  leaves  is  used  as  a  local  antiphlogistic. 

Cattle  medicines  are  represented  in  the  three  remaining 
drugs.  A  paste  of  the  root  of  Acacia  farnesiana  ("'Xaulong- 
yaing  ")  is  applied  to  the  hoofs  of  cattle  as  a  parasiticide,  or  as 
a  preventive  of  the  attacks  of  parasites.     The  plant,  Ocimum 


MATERIA   MEDICA.  181 

camim  ("  Pin-zein  "),  is  used  as  a  diuretic  medicine  for  horses. 
A  decoction  of  the  plant,  Xantliium  strumarium,  ("  Si-hne  ").  is 
given  as  a  tonic  drink. 

Calcium  Chloride  for  Bleeding  Haemorrhoids.  —  Boas. 
{Therap.  der  Gegenwart.,  tlirough  Merck's  Be  port.  18,  39.)  The 
rectal  injection  of  3  drs.  of  a  10  per  cent,  solution  of  pure  crystal- 
line calcium  chloride  administered  in  the  morning,  after 
evacuation,  has  given  excellent  results  ;  in  grave  cases  a  second 
injection  may  be  given  in  the  evening.  The  treatment  should 
be  continued  for  some  time  after  haemorrhages  have  ceased. 

Calumba  Root,  so  called  False.  E.  M.  Holme  s.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  892.)  The  supposed  adulterant  of  calumba 
noticed  by  Wardleworth,  attributed  by  him  to  Tinospora  hakis, 
and  which  was  found  by  Alcock  to  yield  an  abnormally  high 
percentage  of  ash  ( Y ear-Book.  1902, )  is  considered  to  be  merely 
the  woody  root-stock  or  upper  j^ortion  of  the  root  from  which 
spring  the  fasciated  tuberous  roots  forming  the  drug.  This  is 
borne  out  by  Perredes  from  the  microscopic  structure  of  the 
supposed  adulterant. 

Carbolic  Acid  in  Hypodermic  Injections.  {Merck's  Bcport. 
18,  3.)  Carbolic  acid  is  now  extensively  used  in  the  form  of 
subcutaneous  injections  for  the  treatment  of  tetanus,  and 
numerous  favourable  results  justify  this  mode  of  treatment. 
G.  Leone  reports  on  a  very  grave  case  of  tetanus  which  subsided 
after  ti'eatment  for  21  days,  involving  the  use  of  a  total  of  104  grs. 
of  phenol  administered  in  the  form  of  a  3  per  cent,  solution. 
Similar  successes  are  recorded  in  mild  as  well  as  grave  cases  by 
F.  A.  Corte,  C.  Boehm,  A.  Bertelh,  and  A.  Rabitti.  The  last 
named  administered  during  the  first  2  days  3  injections  of  3  grs. 
of  carbolic  acid  and  subsequently  only  li  gr.  in  the  form  of  an 
oily  solution,  so  as  to  render  tlie  absorjition  less  violent.  Mastri 
injected  subcutaneously  quantities  not  exceeding  11  grs.  per 
day  and  administered  sodiuni  sulphate  subcutaneously  for  the 
purpose  of  inducing  the  formation  of  phenol  sulphate,  but  he 
abstained  from  the  use  of  sedatives,  such  as  morphine.  In 
veterinary  medicine  subcutaneous  injections  of  phenol  have 
likewise  proved  useful  in  tetanus. 

For  the  treatment  of  otitis  interna  A.  Hartmann  recommends 
a  solution  of  145  grs.  of  carbolic  acid  in  3  oz.  of  glycerine,  which 


182  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

in  a  short  time  after  its  instillation  removes  the  most  violent 
pains  without  affecting  the  tympanum  or  giving  rise  to  other 
unpleasant  symptoms. 

C.  Mauro  has  prescribed  it  with  success  in  chorea  as  follows  : 
Acidi  carbolici  cryst.,  1*5  Gm.  (24  grs.)  ;  glycerini,  5*0  Cm. 
(75  grs.  ;  Aq.  dest.  steril.,  45*0  Gm.  (1|  oz.). 

This  solution  is  injected  into  the  gluteal  region  in  doses  of 
1  c.c.  oi'  10  111  2  or  3  times  daily.  A  case  is  cited  in  which 
articular  pains  disappeared  in  3  days,  the  spasmodic  movements 
were  lessened  in  8  days,  and  a  complete  cure  effected  in  3  weeks. 

Cephalophine.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6J,  20,  359.)  Cepha- 
lophine  is  the  name  given  to  an  oily  extract  of  fresh  nerve- 
substance.  It  is  not  toxic,  and  may  be  administered  by  hypo- 
dermic injection,  and  even  in  large  doses  does  not  provoke  any 
local  reaction.  It  is  a  powerful  antitoxin  to  strychnine,  and 
differs  from  ordinary  extracts  of  nerve  substance  in  that  it  acts 
in  80  per  cent,  of  the  cases  in  which  it  has  been  tried,  in  pre- 
venting a  fatal  result  when  injected  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  strychnine  injection,  whereas  the  former  must  be  injected 
into  the  same  spot  to  exercise  inhibitory  effect.  Animals  which 
have  been  treated  with  cephalophine  are  immune  to  a  lethal  dose 
of  strychnine  for  5  days.  Cephalophine  has  been  employed  with 
success  in  a  number  of  nervous  diseases,  such  as  neurasthenia, 
hysteria,  neuralgia  and  chorea. 

Chlorethoform.  Finnemore  and  W  a  d  e.  (Bejierioire 
[3],  17,  124,  after  Pharyn.  Rundschau.)  This  name  is  given  to 
chloroform  from  ethyl  alcohol  to  which  0'25  per  cent,  of  ethyl 
cliloride  has  been  added.  It  is  claimed  that  chloroform  prepared 
from  ethyl  alcohol  contains  a  trace  of  ethyl  chloride,  which 
renders  its  anaesthetic  action  more  certain  and  safer  than  that  of 
chloroform  prepared  from  acetone. 

Chloroform  as  a  Tsenifuge.  [MercFs  Report,  18,  44.)  Atten- 
tion is  again  directed  by  Lcger  to  the  value  of  chloroform  as  a 
vermifuge  for  tapeworm,  being  as  efficacious  as  any  other  drug 
for  the  purpose.  The  patient  is  plgiced  on  a  milk  diet,  and,  in 
the  evening,  a  piu'ging  enema  is  administered  ;  the  next  morning 
the  following  mixture  is  taken  in  4  doses  at  intervals  of  45 
minutes  :   Chloroform,  60  grs.  ;   simple  syrup,  1  fl.  oz.  ;   distilled 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  183 

water,  4  fl.  oz.  Between  the  third  and  fourth  dose  an  ounce  of 
castor  oil  should  be  given. 

[The  same  treatment  was  prescribed  by  Thompson,  Y ear-Book, 
1887,  282.] 

Chloroform  as  an  Antidote  to  Poisoning  from  Nitrous  Oxide. 

Weisskopf.  [Merck's  Report,  18,  45.)  Chloroform  in  doses 
of  3  to  5  drops  in  water  every  10  minutes,  but  not  exceeding  a 
total  dose  of  24  grains  in  24  hours,  is  recommended  as  an  antidote 
against  the  toxic  action  of  nitrous  oxide  and  the  spasms  of  the 
motor  sensory  system  which  it  provokes. 

Cochlospermum  gossypium.  Gum  of.  P.  L  e  m  e  1  a  n  d. 
[Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  253.)  This  Indian  gum  appears 
in  commerce  as  Kutera  or  Kutira  gum.  It  occurs  in  bright- 
coloured,  very  hard  tears,  with  but  little  foreign  admixture. 
Some  pieces  are  brilliant  and  quite  transparent,  others  dull  and 
opaque  ;  the  smaller  weigh  about  15  Gm.,  the  larger  about 
50  Gm.  Sometimes  bright  and  dull  portions  are  seen  in  the 
same  piece.  All  have  numerous  circular  or  elliptical  striae  on 
the  surface  ;  the  fracture  is  dull.  It  contains  22'7  per  cent,  of 
moisture,  consequently  it  cannot  be  reduced  to  fine  powder.  It 
is  but  little  soluble  in  water,  but  the  insoluble  portion  swells  to 
form  a  dense  mucilage,  which  settles  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel. 
This  mass  has  but  little  cohesion,  and  the  supernatant  liquid  no 
appreciable  viscosity.  The  soluble  portion  only  amounts  to 
2-039  per  cent.  This  has  the  [a]  j,  +  77°  152'.  The  gum  con- 
tains no  ferments.  On  hydrolysis  it  yields  25'636  per  cent,  of 
pentoses  and  34*995  of  dextro-galactose. 

Convallaria,  Therapeutics  of.  —  L  a  i  g  r  e.  {Repertoire,  16, 
508.)  The  juice  of  the  fresh  plant  of  Convallaria  majalis  is 
stated  to  possess  greater  activity  than  the  extract  usually 
prescribed  in  France.  It  is  found  to  contain  0*225  per  cent,  of 
convallamarin  and  0*12  per  cent,  of  convallarin.  It  differs  in 
action  from  convallamarin  ;  although  its  tonic  action  on  the 
heart  is  the  same,  it  possesses  greater  diuretic  properties.  It  is 
given  in  doses  of  8  to  24  grs.  per'diem. 

Diacetylmorphine  Hydrochloride.  D.  B.  D  o  1 1.  {Pharm.  Journ. 
[4].  20,  440.)  The  acetyl  derivatives  of  morphine  were  first  pre- 
pared by  Beckett  and  Alder  Wright — that  is  to  say,  in  London  ; 


184  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

not  in  Germany,  as  has  been  asserted.  Wliatever  may  be  its 
therapeutic  value,  the  diacetyl  coini)ound  enjoys  at  present  a 
certain  amount  of  favour,  being  probal>ly  best  known  among 
medical  men  as  "  heroin."  Should  this  derivative  obtain  a 
place  in  the  Pharmacopoeia,  it  will  doubtless  be  entered  under 
its  proper  chemical  name,  or  otlierwise  have  a  new  name  coined 
for  it,  after  the  manner  of  phenazone  and  gluside. 

The  hydrochloride  is  the  salt  in  general  use,  but  it  by  no 
means  follows  that  it  will  be  officially  adopted.  This  salt  melts 
at  117°C.  (or  near  it).  It  is  readily  soluble  in  water,  about  1  in 
10.  0-4  Gm.  dissolved  in  4  c.c.  water  and  0-1  Gm.  sodium 
bicarbonate  added  yields  after  several  hours  a  precipitate  which, 
when  collected  on  a  small  filter,  washed  with  6  c.c.  water,  and 
dried  in  water-bath,  weighs  0*3  Gm.  This  precipitate  is  easily 
soluble  in  chloroform.  It  melts  at  (or  near)  169°C.  The 
hydrochloride  seems  to  contain  two  molecules  of  water,  of 
which  one  is  lost  under  100°C.,  the  remaining  portion  at  120°C. 

It  has  not  been  sufficiently  noted  that  the  base  and  its  salts 
are  very  easily  decomposed.  The  muriate  is  not  seldom  pre- 
scribed in  mixtures  which  favour  decomposition.  Diacetyl- 
morphine  is  decomposed  by  excess  of  alkali  and  by  access  of 
acid  ;  not  only  by  the  fixed  alkalies,  but  also  by  ammonia. 
When  a  solution  containing  free  ammonia  is  left  for  a  day  or 
two  a  precipitate  has  formed  which  is  insoluble  in  chloroform 
and  gives  the  characteristic  reactions  of  morphine.  If  a  little 
of  one  of  the  salts  is  warmed  with  diluted  hydrochloric  acid  the 
odour  of  acetic  acid  is  quickly  detected,  and  on  precipitation  of 
the  base,  it  is  found  to  consist  largely  of  morphine.  The  same 
change  takes  place  more  slowly  in  the  cold,  wherefore  it  is 
manifest  that  this  acetyl  derivative  ought  not  to  be  prescribed 
along  with  such  things  as  carbonate  of  ammonium  or  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid  unless  the  prescriber  desires  an  admixture  of 
morphine. 

Digalene,  Soluble  Digitoxin.  —  C  1  o  e  1 1  a.  {Apoth.  Zeit. 
19,  G58.)  This  new  digitalis  glucoside  is  stated  to  have  the 
same  chemical  constitution  as  digitoxin,  but  to  differ  from  it  in 
being  amorphous  and  readily  soluble  in  water.  In  consequence 
of  this  solubility,  it  acts  more  piomptly  than  digitoxin.  It  is 
prepared  in  the  form  of  a  solution  in  glycerin  1,  and  water  3, 
which  contains  0-3  Mgm.  in  each  c.c,  5  per  cent,  of  alcohol  or 
1  per  cent,  of  acetone  being  added  as  a  preservative  ;    1  c.c.  of 


MATERIA   MEDICA.  185 

this  solution  is  the  physiological  equivalent  of  0'15  Gm.  of  dried 
digitalis  leaves.  It  may  be  given  either  by  hypodermic  injection 
or  by  the  mouth.  It  is  claimed  that  the  intolerance  manifested 
in  some  cases  towards  digitoxin  is  not  shown  with  digalene. 

Dionine  in  Whooping  Cough.  A.  G.  F  j  e  1 1  a  n  d  e  r. 
{Merck's  Report,  18,  56.)  Dionine  is  stated  to  be  superior  to 
all  other  drugs  for  the  treatment  of  pertussis.  It  is  given  in 
aqueous  solution  with  syrup  of  senega.  Infants  up  to  6  months 
are  given  one  teaspoonful  of  a  mixture  containing  i  gr.  of  dionine 
in  5  fl.  oz.  ;  with  children  of  2  years,  i  gr.  in  3^-  fl.  oz  ;  for  2  to 
4  years,  I-  gr.  in  the  same  volume  ;  and. above  4  years,  1|  gr. 
in  6J  fl.  oz.  The  dose  in  each  case  is  a  teaspoonful.  It  has 
also  been  found  useful  in  asthma,  emphysema,  acute  catarrh, 
and  other  affections  of  the  respiratory  organs. 

Emetine  and  Cephaeline  Hydrochloride,  Therapeutic  Action  of. 

P.  Z  e  p  f .  {Archives  internat.  de  Phannacodynavi.  et  de  Therap., 
through  Merck's  Report,  18,  61.)  The  hydrochlorides  of  both 
bases  have  a  similar  effect,  but  cephaeline  is  a  more  powerful 
emetic  than  emetine.  They  both  stimulate  the  digestive  tract. 
The  appetite  is  never  improved,  but  occasionally  impaired  by 
both  alkaloids,  and  their  internal  administration  has  been  found 
to  cause  general  digestive  disturbance,  at  the  same  time  having 
a  marked  expectorant  action.  The  general  internal  administra- 
tion of  ipecacuanha  and  its  preparations  for  tuberculosis  is 
condemned,  and  local  applications,  as  in  the  form  of  inlialations 
or  gargles,  is  recommended. 

Enesol ;  Mercury  Salicylarsenate.  —  C  o  i  g  n  e  t.  {Lyon 
med.,  through  Repertoire  [3],  16,  303.)  Enesol  is  obtained  by 
the  interaction  of  a  molecular  weight  of  methylarsenic  acid  with 
one  equivalent  of  basic  mercuric  salicylate.  It  forms  a  white 
amorphous  salt  soluble  in  water  1  :  25.  Its  aqueous  solutions 
may  be  sterilized  by  heating  with  undergoing  decomposition. 
It  gives,  unless  the  molecule  be  broken  up,  no  reactions  for 
arsenates  or  for  mercury.  Its  toxicity  is  relatively  slight.  The 
dose  wliich  may  be  given  to  adults  amounts  to  2  grs.  in  24  hours, 
and  is  administered  in  all  cases  where  mercurial  treatment  is 
indicated,  preferably  by  hypodermic  injection,  which  is  painless. 
For  this  purpose  a  3  per  cent,  aqueous  solution  is  employed,  of 
which  2  c.c.  is  injected  at  a  time.     Twenty  such  mjections  may 


186  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

be  made  consecutively,  when  an  interval  of  10  days  should  be 
allowed  before  recommencing  the  treatment,  if  necessary. 

Equisetum  arvense  as  a  Diuretic.  A.  B  r  i  e  t  e  n  s  t  ei  n. 
(Therap.  Monats.,  through  Merck's  Report,  18,  209.)  The 
popular  reputation  of  this  plant  as  a  diuretic  is  well  founded. 
In  healthy  persons  the  administration  of  a  dialysate  of  the 
herb  every  2  hours  increased  the  excretion  of  urine  by  30 
per  cent.,  and  in  a  case  of  hepatic  scirrhosis  and  dropsy,  by  as 
much  as  80  jier  cent.  This  action  is  attributed  to  the  large 
amount  of  sihcic  acid  present.  Schulze  has  directed  attention 
to  the  powerful  therapeutic  action  of  silica,  which  points  to  its 
useful  employment  in  medicine. 

Ervlop,  a  Pepper  Adulterant.  E.  Collin.  {Journ.  Pharm. 
Chim.  [6],  20,  241.)  Both  black  and  white  pepper,  whole  and 
ground,  are  adulterated  on  the  Continent  by  admixture  with  a 
Leguminous  seed,  suitably  tinted  and  coated,  and  given  a  ficti- 
tious acridity  by  means  of  caj)sicine  or  tincture  of  capsicum. 
Although  readily  detectable,  the  admixture  is  stated  to  be  widely 
prevalent.  A  mere  section  of  the  whole  fruit  wdth  a  penknife  is 
sufficient  to  detect  the  presence  of  the  leguminous  seeds,  and  the 
histological  characters  of  the  powder,  as  seen  by  the  microscope, 
render  the  detection  easy  ;  the  size  and  character  of  the  starch 
grains  alone,  as  well  as  other  structural  differences,  being  suffi- 
cient to  distinguish  the  adulteration.  The  seeds  employed  re- 
semble those  of  a  Pisum  or  Lathyrus  ;  but  the  process  they 
undergo  kills  them,  so  that  they  cannot  be  growii  for  identifica- 
tion. 

Ethylmorphine  Hydrochloride.  D.  B.  Dot  t.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  20,  440.)  This  compound  is  believed  by  some  to 
possess  some  special  value  of  its  owai,  although  its  therapeutic 
efficiency,  like  its  pharmacological  action,  is  probably  almost 
identical  with  that  of  codeine.  Professor  Stockman  considers  the 
two  compounds  to  be  practically  equivalent.  Medical  men  have 
had  the  name  "  dionine  "  a  good  deal  brought  under  their  notice, 
but  that  name  would  not,  of  course,  be  apphed  to  the  official  salt 
should  it  obtain  a  place  in  our  Pharmacopoeia.  Ethyl-morphine 
differs  entirely  from  the  diacetyl  compound  in  being  a  perfectly 
stable  body.  The  hydrochloride  melts  at  (or  near)  124°C. 
The  formula  indicates  two  molecules  of  water,  of  which  amount 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  187 

one-fourth  is  lost  under  100°C.,  and  the  remainder  at  120°C.. 
Tliis  salt  is  soluble  1  part  in  14  of  water  ;  1  Gm.  in  29  c.c.  of 
alcohol,  90  per  cent. 

Eucalyptus  Oils,  Therapeutic  Properties  of.  E.  M.  H  o  1  m  e  s, 
{Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  80.)  Attention  has  been  fre- 
quently directed  to  the  possibility  that  eucalyptol  (cineol)  is  not 
the  only  constituent  to  which  eucalyptus  oils  owe  their  thera- 
peutic value.  This  opinion  is  founded  on  the  fact  that  the  oil 
first  introduced,  and  that  which  is  still  preferred  in  Australia, 
is  that  of  E.  amygdaJina.  Phellandrene  is  a  prominent  con- 
stituent in  this  oil. 

Experiments  made  with  samples  of  various  eucalyptus  oils, 
prepared  by  Baker  and  Smith  during  their  research  on  eucalyptus, 
show  that  phellandrene  is  one  of  the  most  important  constituents, 
and  that  piperitone  and  aromadendral  are  also  active  bodies  from 
a  bactericidal  and  physiological  point  of  view.  These  experi- 
ments have  been  undertaken  in  the  physiological  laboratory  of 
the  University  of  Sydney,  under  the  supervision  of  Professor 
D.  A.  Walsh,  b}^  Mr.  Cuthbert  Hall,  and  are  embodied  m 
a  pamphlet  of  thirty-eight  pages,  recently  pubhshed  at  Parra- 
matta.  Hall  points  out  that  of  the  twenty-two  distinct  con- 
stituents that  have  hitherto  been  detected  in  various  eucalyptus 
oils,  cineol  is  the  one  to  which  the  therapeutic  value  has  been 
erroneously  attributed. 

Some  of  the  constituents  occur  only  in  small  cjuantity  or  only 
in  one  or  two  of  the  oils,  and  so  far  seem  to  have  no  special 
therapeutic  value.  Others  are  removed  in  the  process  of  recti- 
fication, as  they  boil  at  low  temperatures  or  they  are  of  so 
irritating  a  quality  that  they  could  not  well  be  administered 
medicmalty.  To  the  foregoing  categories  belong  various  alco- 
hols, such  as  methyl,  ethyl,  isobutyl,  and  amyl  alcohols  and 
geraniol,  the  aldehydes  citral  and  citronellal,  cymene,  geranyl 
acetate,  amyl  eudesmate,  and  valeric  and  acetic  acid  esters. 
Two  of  the  aldehydes,  butaldehyde  and  valeraldehyde,  have 
an  intensely  irritating  effect  when  inhaled.  The  other  consti- 
tuents, besides  cineol,  which  may  be  considered  most  worthy  of 
examination  concerning  their  antiseptic  and  therapeutical  effects 
are  eudesmol,  aromadendral,  piperitone,  and  aromadendrene, 
dextropinene,  Isevopinene,  and  phellandrene. 

For  the  bactericidal  experiments  two  species  were  selected. 
Staphylococcus    pyogenes   aureus   as   the   more   resistant   type. 


188  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

and  Bacillus  coli  communis  as  a  less  resistant  one.  As  a  control, 
and  to  have  a  standard  of  comparison  of  his  results  with  those  of 
other  observers,  a  2|  per  cent,  solution  of  carbolic  acid  in  water 
was  used.  In  this  solution  the  Staphylococcus  was  killed  in  five 
minutes  and  the  Bacillus  in  half  an  hour. 

The  following  table  shows  the  relative  bactericidal  properties 
of  the  principal  constituents  : — 


H/iri/hif:  Cdli  fiinii  til  Kill' 


Aromadendral 
Piperitone        .... 
Eudesmol  in  10  per  cent, 
piperitone    .... 
Phellandrene  .... 
Dextropinene 
Lacvopinene     .... 
Aroniadendene 
Cineol         


Hours. 

Minutes. 

10 

— 

40 

— 

no 

1  .\ 
2 ' 

— 

5 

8 

— 

staphylococcus  pyogenen 
aureus. 


15 


2.V 
4" 
H 
6' 


Eudesmol,  being  insoluble  in  water  and  alkaline  solution,  was 
dissolved  in  piperitone  or  eucalyptol,  and  was  found  to  increase 
the  activity  of  these,  but  not  to  any  marked  extent.  To  the 
author's  great  surprise,  pure  cineol  containing  but  a  trace  of 
pinene  and  ozone  (prepared  from  E.  smithii)  was  found  to  possess 
very  feeble  antiseptic  properties,  less  than  the  other  constituents. 
Further  experiments  showed  that  different  specimens  of  cineol 
varied  exceedingly  in  bactericidal  power,  and  that  the  variation 
depended  upon  the  quantity  of  ozone  present  in  them.  Experi- 
ments with  the  crude  oils  also  showed  great  variation  in  bacteri- 
cidal power,  and  this  was  determined  to  be  due  largely  to  the 
presence  of  acetic  acid,  aided  to  some  extent  by  the  iron  and 
copper  dissolved  from  the  stills  by  the  acid  present  in  the  oils. 
The  crude  oils  of  the  following  species  were  all  markedly  acid, 
E.  globulus,  E.  cneorifolia,  E.  smithii,  E.  cinerea,  E.  cam- 
phora,  E.  apiculata,  E.  macarthuri,  E.  punctata,  E.  eugenioides, 
E.  odorata,  and  E.  amycjdalina.  On  the  other  hand  those  of  E. 
citriodora,  E.  dives,  E.  dawsoni,  E.  hemiphloia,  E .  macrorhyncha , 
E.  piperita,  and  E.  dumosa  were  either  neutral  or  very  faintly 
acid.  When  the  acid  is  neutralized  by  soda  solution  without  any 
other  rectification  a  great  difference  is  manifested.  Thus,  the 
crude  oil   of  E.   smithii  destroys  the  Staphylococcus  in  thirty 


MATERIA    MEDIC  A.  189 

minutes,  but  after  neutralizing  it  takes  three  and  a  half  hours  to 
destroy  it.  But  for  medicinal  use  the  oils  are  always  rendered 
neutral,  so  that  the  acetic  acid  may  be  left  out  of  consideration 
so  far  as  its  bactericidal  action  in  the  rectified  oils  of  commerce 
is  concerned. 

From  the  above  table  it  is  evident  that  apart  from  the  presence 
of  acid  and  ozone,  oils  containing  aromadendral,  like  that  of  E. 
hemiphloia,  may  be  considered  the  most  jDowerful  bactericides, 
but  it  is  not  certain  whether  they  could  be  used  medicinally. 

Next  in  order  come  those  containing  piperitone,  eudesmol, 
and  phellandrene.  Aromadendral,  cineol,  and  piperitone  only 
develop  ozone  in  the  very  slightest  degree,  and  then  probably 
only  because  it  is  almost  impossible  to  free  them  from  traces  of 
the  terpenes. 

Hall's  experiments  show  that  the  ozone  is  due  to  the  terpenes 
present  in  the  oils.  When  phellandrene  and  aromadendrene  are 
exposed  to  the  air  on  a  piece  of  paper  they  do  not  at  first  turn 
starch  potassium  iodide  blue,  but  this  reaction  begins  to  appear 
after  about  twenty  to  thirty  minutes,  and  the  terpenes  then 
resinify.  Phellandrene  and  aromadendrene  ozonize  more 
quickly  than  dextropinene,  and  the  latter  more  quickly  than 
l^vopinene.  He  accounts  for  the  presence  of  varying  amounts 
of  ozone  in  cineol  and  rectified  oils  by  the  amount  of  exposure 
they  have  undergone  to  sunlight  and  to  the  varying  amount  of 
pinenes  contained  in  the  original  oils.  He  points  out  that  as 
ozone  is  not  decomposed  into  oxygen  until  a  temperature  of  250- 
300°C.  is  reached,  and  cineol  is  often  prepared  by  distilling  off 
the  portion  boiling  at  170-175°,  most  of  the  ozone  would  come 
over  -vvith  the  eucatyptol.  Cineol  readily  parts  with  its  ozone  to 
water.  Thus,  if  equal  parts  of  cineol  (containing  ozone)  be 
mixed  with  water,  shaken  for  several  minutes  in  a  test-tube,  and 
allowed  to  separate,  the  water,  on  testing  with  iodide  of  potassium 
and  starch,  gives  as  blue  a  coloration  as  the  eucalyptol.  The 
results  obtained  are  evidently  of  considerable  practical  import- 
ance, and  may  be  briefly  summarized  as  follows  :- — (1)  Cineol, 
except  when  acting  as  a  carrier  of  ozone,  is  the  weakest  bacteri- 
cide of  all  the  constituents  of  the  oils.  (2)  The  ozone  is  the  most 
important  constituent.  (3)  The  pinenes  are  the  source  of  the 
ozone,  and  those  which  most  readily  ozonize  are  phellandrene 
and  aromadendrene.  (4)  Cineol  is  therefore  best  prepared  from 
oils  containing  these  pinenes.  (5)  Rectified  oils  sold  in  com- 
merce should  be  tested  for  the  presence  of  ozone.      (6)  It  is  de- 


100  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

sirable  tluit  a  test  for  tlie  presence  of  ozone  in  cineol  sliould  be 
introduced  into  the  Pharmacopcjeia.  (7)  It  is  open  to  question 
wliether  an  oil  containing  phellandrene  such  as  E.  odorata,  or  one 
containing  aromadendral,  such  as  E.  cneorifolia,  or  definitely 
ozonized  oil,  should  not  be  substituted  for  one  containing  a 
uniform  percentage  of  cineol  and  no  phellandrene.  (8)  Piperi- 
tone  seems  likely  to  prove  a  valuable  constituent,  and  is  well 
worth  further  trial. 

It  is  recommended  that  eucalyptus  oil  after  rectification 
should  be  stored  for  at  least  two  montlis  in  vessels,  the  mouths 
of  which  are  closed  with  a  plug  of  cotton  wool,  and  that  they 
should  be  shaken  every  day  or  two  so  as  to  expose  a  fresh  layer 
of  the  oil  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere.  The  action  of  sun- 
light seems  also  to  be  important  in  the  formation  of  the  ozone. 

The  known  action  of  eucalyptus  in  malaria  and  in  contracting 
the  spleen,  obtained  by  the  use  of  powdered  eucalyptus  leaves 
infusion  and  tincture,  cannot  be  attributed  to  any  known  con- 
stituent. The  difference  in  results  when  diabetic  patients  have 
been  treated  with  an  infusion  of  the  leaves  of  E.  punctata  and  E. 
globulus  indicate  that  the  substance  which  prevents  the  glyco- 
suria exists  in  much  larger  quantity  in  the  leaves  of  the  latter 
species.  The  author  is  at  present  investigating  this  interesting 
subject. 

Euporphine  ;  Apomorphine  Bromethylate.  Bergell  and 
P  s  c  h  o  r  r.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  423.)  The  authors  have  shown 
that  the  emetic  properties  of  apomorphine  depend  on  the  pre- 
sence of  the  two  phenolic  OH  groups  which  it  contains,  and  that 
its  dimethyl  esters  are  no  longer  emetic.  If,  however,  the  tertiary 
base  is  converted  into  a  quaternary  one  by  fixing  an  alkyl 
radicle  the  physiological  action  is  not  suppressed,  nunierous  such 
bodies  being  found  to  possess  marked  emetic  action.  Some  of 
these  derivatives  promise  to  be  of  therapeutic  value,  notably 
apomorphine  bromethylate,  which,  in  conjunction  with  minute 
doses  of  morj)hine,  has  given  excellent  results  in  the  treatment  of 
chronic  and  acute  bronchitis.  The  dose  given  has  been  -;?^  to  J  gr. 
It  is  more  soluble  than  apomorpliine,  and  since  it  exerts  no 
action  on  the  heart,  it  may  be  administered  for  a  prolonged 
period  without  occasioning  inconvenience. 

Exodin.  [Merck' -^  Report,  18,  07.)  Diacetyl-ivf tallic  fet?a- 
metliyl  ester,  chemically  closely  allied  to  emodin  and  pergatin, 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  191 

has  been  introduced  into  commerce  under  the  name  exodin.  It 
is  a  yellow,  odourless,  tasteless  powder,  insoluble  in  water, 
sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol  ;  m.p.  180-190°C.  It  is  given  as  an 
aperient  in  chronic  constipation  in  doses  of  8  grs.,  either  suspended 
in  water  or  in  tablet  form.  Evacuation  of  the  bowels  generally 
follows  in  8  to  12  hours  after  the  dose,  and  is  unaccompanied  by 
pain  or  other  unpleasant  symptoms.  [The  name  exodin  should 
not  be  mistaken  for  Exodyne,  one  of  the  earlier  analgesic  mix- 
tures.    See  Y ear-Book,  1892,  231.] 

Exodin.  F.  Z  e  r  n  i  k.  {ApotJi.  Zeit.,  19,  598.)  Exodin  i.s 
not,  as  claimed  by  the  patentees,  only  the  tetramethyl  ester  of 
diacetyl-rufigallic  acid,  but  a  mixture  of  hexamethyl  ester  of 
rufigallic  acid,  witli  pentamethyl  ester  of  acetyl-rufigallic  acid 
and  tetra-methyl  ester  of  diacetyl-rufigallic  acid.  Of  these  the 
liexamethyl  ester  alone  is  the  purgative  principle,  the  other 
two  constituents  being  inert.  By  recrystallizing  the  residue 
of  the  chloroform  extract  of  commercial  exodin  tablets  from 
benzol,  and  saponifying  the  product  in  the  cold  with  5  per  cent, 
alcoholic  potash,  this  hexamethyl  ester  of  rufigallic  acid  is  left 
undecomposed.  It  crystallizes  from  acetic  ether  in  yellow 
needles,  Co  H20O8,  m.p.  245°C.  ;  rufigallic  acid  tetramethyl 
ester,  CigHieOg,  and  rufigallic  acid  pentamethyl  ester,  CigHigOg, 
are  found  in  the  mother  liquor  ;  the  former  crystallizing  from 
acetic  ether  or  chloroform  in  yellow  prismatic  leaflets,  m.p. 
235-237°C.,  the  latter  in  yellow  needles  from  acetic  ether  or 
hot  alcohol,  m.p.  192-194^0.  Rufigallic  acid  tetra-  and  penta- 
methyl esters  and  their  acetyl  derivatives  give  Borntraeger's 
aloin  reaction,  but  the  hexamethyl  ester  does  not. 

False  Yohimbi  Bark.  J.  H  e  r  z  o  g.  (Berichte  PJiarm.,  15, 
4.)  The  false  yohimbi  bark,  Corynanthe  macroceros,  contains 
but  little  of  the  physiologically  active  base  yohimbine  and  larger 
quantities  of  totally  inert  closely  allied  alkaloids. 

Feronia  elephantum  Gum.  P.  L  e  m  e  1  a  n  d.  {Journ. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  289.)  This  gum,  known  as  "  Wood  apple 
gum,"  "  Vilampishin  "  and  "  Kapithamapiscum,"  is  met  with 
in  the  Indian  bazaars,  where  it  is  substituted  for  gum  acacia  ;  the 
close  resemblance  of  the  Tamil  name  "  Vilampishin  "  to  that  of 
acacia  gum,  "  velampishin,"  often  serves  as  an  excuse  for  the 
substitution.     It  occurs  in  various  forms  and  sizes  ;    the  par- 


192  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

ticular  specimen  examined  was  composed  of  pieces  ranging  in 
size  from  that  of  a  pea  to  a  pin's  head,  tlie  average  that  of  a 
grain  of  buckwheat.  The  colour  is  very  variable  ;  mostly  the 
grains  are  colourless,  but  range  in  tint  up  to  a  reddish  amber. 
The  surface  is  shining  and  the  fracture  conchoidal.  It  contains 
17*752  per  cent,  of  moisture,  75'33  per  cent,  of  gum  solul)le  in 
water,  and  6*9  per  cent,  of  insoluble  matter.  Although  Wiesner 
has  stated  that  the  mucilage  is  dextrorotatory,  the  specimen 
examined  by  the  author  was  Isevogyre,  [ajp  — 6°  41'.  Like 
acacia,  it  contains  an  indirect  oxidizing  ferment.  On  hydrolysis 
it  yields  35«5  per  cent,  of  pentoses  and  42'66  per  cent,  of  dextro- 
galactose.    It  resembles  Cochlospennum  gum  in  its  composition. 

Ferric  Vanadate  :  Ferrozon.  (Merck's  Report,  18,  12.)  B. 
Roliden  has  introduced  ferric  vanadate  into  commerce  under  the 
name  of  Ferrozon.  It  forms  a  greyish-brown  powder  insoluble 
in  water,  but  dissolved  by  acids.  It  is  prescribed  in  the  nervous 
affections  resulting  from  anaemia,  and  in  cases  showing  a  ten- 
dency to  tuberculosis,  in  doses  of  yV  gi'-  every  second  day  in  the 
form  of  a  pill. 

Fibrolysin.  [Merck's  Report,  18,  189.)  Fibrolysin  is  a  solu- 
tion of  thiosinamine  with  sodium  salicylate  which  is  claimed  to . 
afford  painless  injections  which  have  the  full  therapeutic  effect 
of  thiosinamine  alone.  Since  it  does  not  keep  when  exposed  to 
light  and  air,  it  is  put  on  the  market  in  vials  containing  a  single 
dose  of  2*3  c.c.  of  the  solution,  equivalent  to  3  grs.  of  thiosina- 
mine. 

Filmaron.  J  a  q  u  e  t.  {Merck's  Report,  18,  73.)  Filmaron 
is  stated  to  be  free  from  toxic  action,  and  may  be  given  to  chil- 
dren in  doses  of  5  to  10  grs.  Since  it  readily  aggregates  wlicn  in 
the  powdered  state,  it  should  be  dispensed  in  oily  solution, 
preferably  castor  oil,  a  10  per  cent,  solution  in  castor  oil  being 
supplied  commercially  for  convenience  in  compounding,  and 
known  as  filmaron  oil. 

Formane  for  Coryza.  (Bull.  Gen.  de  Therapeut.,  148,  512.) 
Formane,  a  combination  of  formaldehyde  and  menthol,  is  stated 
to  be  a  useful  remedy  for  "  cold  in  the  head."  The  following 
inhalation  may  be  prescribed.  Menthol,  120  grs.  ;  formalin, 
75  grs.  ;  oil  of  geranium,  10  drops.  To  be  used  frequently  as  a 
smelling  bottle. 


MATERIA   MEDICA.  193 

Formic  Acid  for  Muscular  Trembling.  E.  C 1  e  m  e  n  t. 
(Comptes  rend..  140,  1198.)  Continuing  his  researches  on  the 
tlierapeutie  action  of  formic  acid  (  Year-Book,  1904,  213),  the 
author  has  found  it  to  give  great  relief  in  the  treatment  of  two 
(iases  of  hand  trembling  due  to  muscular  atony.  In  each  case 
the  patient,  before  treatment,  was  unable  to  lift  a  glass  of  liquid 
with  one  hand  without  spilling  half  tlie  contents.  After  two 
days'  treatment  with  formic  acid,  however,  both  could  drink  with 
one  hand  with  comfort,  but  the  shaking  had  not  absolutely  dis- 
appeared after  several  days.  The  weakness  in  each  case  was  of 
long  duration,  having  existed  for  10  or  18  ^^ears.  The  success 
attained  suggests  that  possil)ly  the  same  remedy  might  be  useful 
for  chorea. 

Fucol  not  an  Efficient  Substitute  for  Cod-Liver  Oil.    G.  F  e  n  d- 

1  e  r.  [Apoth.  Zeit..  20,  542.)  The  claim  put  forward  by 
Aufrecht  {Year-Book,  1904,  213)  that  fucol  forms  a  complete 
substitute  for  cod-liver  oil  is  denied.  Fucol  is  found  to  contain 
only  an  infinitesimal  trace  of  iodine,  from  0-00005  to  0-0001  per 
cent.,  and  very  little  extractive  matter  of  Fucus  vcsicvlosus,  not 
more  than  0-3G  per  cent.,  so  that  any  physiological  action  it  may 
exert  must  be  attributed  to  the  sesame  oil  of  which  it  is  virtually 
composed,  and  which  was  suggested  many  years  ago  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cod-liver  oil.  Fucol  has  inferior  emulsifying  power 
to  cod-liver  oil;  representing  that  at  100,  the  emulsifying  figure 
for  fucol  is  only  37-5. 

Glycosol  in  Acute  Rheumatism.  C.  S  c  h  o  b  e  r.  {3IercFs 
Report,  18,  81.)  Since  glycosol  is  hisoluble  in  the  acid  gastric 
juice,  it  possesses  the  great  advantage  over  other  salicylates  of 
being  non-irritant,  while  it  is  an  extremely  active  anti-rheumatic. 
It  gives  excellent  results  in  acute  febrile  rheumatism  in  doses  of 
30  grs.  3  to  4  times  a  day.  and  is  also  valuable  in  subacute  and 
chronic  rheumatism.     It  is  devoid  of  any  secondary  reactions. 

Golden  Seal.  {Chem.  and  Dntgg.,  66,  178.)  In  view  of  the  in- 
creasing scarcity  of  Hydrastis  canadensis,  a  pamphlet  on  the  drug 
has  been  issued  by  the  U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  The 
paper  was  undertaken  to  meet  the  demand  for  information  about 
the  plant.  The  greatest  golden-seal  producing  States  have  been 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  West  Virginia.  Formerly  the 
plant  was  so  abundant  in  Ohio  that  it  was  considered  a  pest,  but, 

o 


194  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

owing  to  a  steadily  increasing  shortage,  to-day  it  is  worth  Si  50 
per  lb.  in  the  wliolesale  market,  and  is  eagerly  hunted  for  by  drug- 
plant  collectors.  This  dimmution  of  sup]3ly  is  of  course  due  to 
the  advance  of  civilization  and  increase  in  population,  along  with 
which  came  a  growing  demand  for  medicinal  plants  and  a  corre- 
sponding decrease  in  the  sources  of  supply.  In  Ohio,  especially, 
it  gradually  disappeared  with  the  advance  of  the  early  settlers, 
as  it  will  not  thrive  on  cultivated  land.  The  diggers  also  did 
their  share  towards  exterminating  this  useful  plant,  which  they 
collected  regardless  of  the  seasons.  Prior  to  1900  no  one  had 
ever  attempted  to  cultivate  golden  seal  for  the  market,  but  the 
scarcity  has  now  led  several  growers  in  different  parts  of  the 
country  to  undertake  the  cultivation  on  a  commercial  scale. 
The  U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture  has  carried  on  experiments 
at  Washington,  D.C.,  since  the  spring  of  1899,  and  the  results  so 
far  obtained,  "  while  not  as  complete  in  some  respects  as  would 
be  desirable,  seem  to  justify  the  conclusion  that  golden  seal  can 
be  successfully  cultivated."  A  full  description  of  the  best 
methods  of  cultivation  is  given.  Golden  seal  grows  easily  in  rich, 
loose  garden  soil.  The  plants  are  put  in  rows  six  inches  apart, 
with  a  foot  between  the  rows.  It  takes  about  three  years  from 
planting  before  harvesting,  and  after  that  an  annual  supph^  of 
roots  should  be  had.  In  two  seasons  the  original  plants  should 
increase  four  times  by  dividing  the  rhizomes,  which  can  be  cut 
up  in  the  fall.  The  yield  of  roots  from  the  small  plot  grown  by 
the  Department  was  at  the  rate  of  5,120  lbs.  per  acre,  which  when 
dried  yielded  about  1,500  lbs.  of  marketable  roots. 

In  times  past  the  price  of  golden  seal  has  fluctuated  widely. 
High  prices  will  cause  the  diggers  to  gather  the  root  in  abundance, 
thus  overstocking  the  market,  while  the  next  season  results  in 
lower  prices,  at  which  diggers  refuse  to  collect  the  root,  thus 
again  causing  a  shortage  in  the  supply.  The  arrival  of  spring- 
dug  root  has  a  weakening  effect  on  the  market,  although  the  fall- 
dug  root  is  always  preferred.  For  the  past  few  j^ears,  however, 
high  prices  have  been  steadily  maintained.  It  is  impossible  to 
ascertain  the  exact  annual  consumption  of  golden  seal,  but  esti- 
mates furnished  by  dealers  place  these  figures  at  from  200.000 
lbs.  to  300,000  lbs.,  about  one-tenth  of  which  is  probably  ex- 
ported. It  must  not  be  forgotten,  however,  that  if  the  plant 
was  successfully  cultivated  on  a  large  scale  the  point  of  over- 
production would  easily  be  reached. 

Although  golden  seal  is  only  one  of  the  minor  drugs  on  the 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  195 

London  market,  the  position  of  the  drug  created  a  considerable 
amount  of  interest  here  last  year  on  account  of  the  above- 
mentioned  causes,  and  even  at  the  present  time  (January,  1905) 
it  would  be  difficult  to  find  five  hundredweight  in  first-hands  on 
offer.  Its  value  has  more  than  doubled  during  the  past  twelve 
months,  and  the  demand  has  been  correspondingly  light. 

Griserin.  —  Z  e  r  n  i  k.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  after  Journ.  Phann. 
Chim.  [0],  21,  273.)  This  is  a  mixture  of  loretin  {Y  ear-Book,  1894, 
222)  with  sodium  carbonate  and  bicarbonate,  which  has  been 
introduced  as  an  internal  antiseptic  for  tuberculosis  in  doses  of 
3  to  7  grs.  in  cachets.  Loretin,  although  somewhat  neglected,  is 
an  excellent  antiseptic. 

Gurjun  Balsam,  Collection  of,  in  Cochin  China.  {Schimmers  Be- 
port,  May,  1905,  48,  after  Revue  de  la  Droquerie.)  A  deep  incision 
at  an  angle  of  45°  is  made  in  the  tree  in  the  spring  with  a  wide 
cavity  in  which  the  collecting  vessel  is  placed.  A  few  hot  coals  are 
placed  in  the  incision  to  start  the  flow  of  oil  which  then  continues 
for  about  6  months.  That  obtained  during  the  dry  season  is 
considered  to  be  the  best.  The  average  yield  is  80  litres  of 
balsam  per  tree  ;  but  some  trees  give  more  than  200  litres.  The 
colour  varies  from  bright  yellow  to  blackish  brown,  according  to 
the  species  of  Dipterocarpus  tapped.  It  is  much  used  locally  as 
a  waterproof  varnish  for  boats.  A  white  variety  known  as 
"  shondrau  "  is  exported  in  large  quantities  to  China  for  the 
manufacture  of  lacquers.  In  France  the  balsam  is  finding  con- 
siderable use  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for  Copaiba  balsam, 
which  it  resembles  in  therapeutic  action. 

Hibiscus  sabdariffa.  E.  M.  Holmes.  (Pharm.  Journ. 
[4],  19,  892.)  The  red  succulent  calyces  of  a  variety  of  this 
Malvaceous  plant  occasionally  appear  in  commerce. 

The  plant  yielding  the  calyces  is  a  small  shrub,  commonly 
cultivated  in  most  tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions.  There  are 
two  forms  of  the  plant,  one  with  green  stems  and  calyces,  and  the 
other  with  red  stems  and  red  calyces.  The  latter  is  more  gener- 
ally cultivated,  as  having  the  more  acid  calcyes  of  the  two.  In 
the  West  Indies  this  variety  is  known  as  the  Rozelle,  or  red 
sorrel.  Lunan,  in  Hortus  Jamaicensis,  I,  p.  419,  says  :  "  They 
make  agreeable  tarts,  and  a  decoction  of  them  sweetened  is 
commonly  called  sorrel  cool  drink,  which  is  reckoned  refrigerant 


196  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

and  diuretic.  In  tlic  Mexican  Pharmacopoeia  an  infusion  of  the 
drug  is  official  as  a  refrigerant. 

The  acidity  is  due  to  the  presence  of  tartaric  acid,  of  which 
9-9  per  cent,  was  found  to  be  present  by  Lyon,  the  remaining  free 
acid.  totalUng  15  per  cent.,  being  malic  acid.  The  calyces  give 
of  insoluble  ash  3'88  per  cent.,  of  soluble  ash  2*24,  the  alkalinity 
of  the  soluble  ash,  as  potash,  0*75  per  cent. 

Besides  the  acid,  there  is  the  mucilage  common  to  plants  of  the 
Malvaceae.  In  the  East  Indies,  therefore,  it  is  found  useful  in 
dyspepsia,  dysuria,  and  strangury. 

Other  parts  of  the  plant  are  also  useful.  The  root  in  doses  of 
2  drachms  forms  "  an  easy  pu^ge,"  according  to  Hernandez. 
In  India  the  leaves  are  used  in  salads  and  curries,  and  the  seeds 
as  cattle  food,  whilst  the  stems  yield  a  strong  fibre  known  as 
Rozelle  hemp. 

Hippol.     A.  N  i  c  o  1  a  i  c  z.      {Apotk.   Zeif..    20,  23.)     Under 

this   name   methylene-hippuric   acid,  C6H5CO.N<^_,    "^C'0.0, 

has  been  introduced  as  a  remedy  in  infectious  diseases  of  the 
genito-urinary  organs.  It  occurs  in  white,  odourless  and  taste- 
less cr3'stals,  m.p.  about  151°C.,  spaidnglj"  soluble  in  water  to  the 
extent  of  1  :  460  at  23°C.  ;  this  aqueous  solution  is  neutral.  It 
liberates  formaldehyde  in  the  presence  of  alkalies,  ammonia,  and 
alkali  carbonates.  The  dose  prescribed  is  90  grs.  in  24  hours. 
It  is  an  active  bactericide. 

Hirudin.  A.  B  o  d  o  n  g.  (Chem.  Centralhlat,  76,  620.  after 
Arr/iiv  fiir  exp.  Path.)  The  yield  and  activity  of  hirudin  from 
Hirudo  medicinalis  is  very  variable  in  quantity  and  activity. 
The  yield  from  starved  leeches  is  very  small  ;  autumn  leeches 
give  the  l)est  product,  spring  leeches  the  worst.  The 
horse  leech  does  not  form  any  hirudin.  The  leeches'  heads  are 
crushed  with  sand  and  extracted  with  salt  and  water  or  with 
distilled  water. 

Ichthyol  for  Scarlet  Fever.  M.  S.  N  a  s  a  r  o  w.  {3Icrck''s 
Report,  18,  100.)  Ichthyol,  in  capsules  or  in  solution  of  ichthyol 
3,  water  1,  given  internally,  is  stated  to  cut  short  the  course  of 
the  disease,  to  eliminate  complications,  and  to  lessen  the  power 
of  infection.     Of  the  aqueous  mixture  the  dose  for  children  12 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  197 

to  8  years  of  age  is  35  ill  three  times  daily ;  from  8  to  10,  25  'H  ; 
from" 5  to  8,  15  to  20  1U.     x\dults  may  take  50  to  60  ill. 

Indoform.  {Pharm.  Centralh.,  46,  316.)  This  is  a  white 
powder,  m.p.  108-109°C.,  obtained  by  the  action  of  formalde- 
hyde on  acetylsalicylic  acid.  It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  cold 
water  and  has  an  acid,  astringent  taste.  It  is  decomposed  in  the 
alkaline  secretion  of  the  intestines  first  into  methylene  glycol, 
which  is  slowly  split  up,  yielding  formaldehyde.  It  has  been 
given  for  gout,  rheumatism  and  neuralgia  in  doses  of  7|  to  22 
grs.  in  the  form  of  tablets,  each  containing  7i  grs.,  which  are 
taken  in  water  during  or  after  a  meal. 

lothion.  G.  W  e  s  e  m  b  e  r  g.  {Therap.  Monats.,  through 
Apoth.  Zeit.,  20,  199.)  Hydroxypropane  di-iodide,  under  the 
name  of  iothion,  has  been  employed  for  the  percutaneous  ad- 
ministration of  iodine.  It  occurs  as  a  yellowish  oily  liquid,  sp. 
gr.  2-4  to  2-5.  It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  but  readily  dis- 
solved by  fatty  bodies.  It  is  very  stable  in  neutral  aqueous 
solution,  but  the  presence  of  even  a  trace  of  alkali  causes  saponi- 
fication. With  some  individuals,  the  application  of  undiluted 
iothion  occasions  a  slight  burning,  but  this  is  not  noticeable  when 
it  is  diluted  with  oil  or  lanoline.  Iothion  may  be  applied  for  a 
prolonged  period  without  disturbing  the  digestion.  (See  also 
Y ear-Book,  1904,  223.) 

Ipecacuanha  Root  substituted  by  Heteropteris  pauciflora  Root. 

C.  M  a  n  n  i  c  h  and  W.  Bran  d  t.  {Berkhte  Pharm.,  14,  297. ) 
The  root  of  Heteropteris  pauciflora,  which  has  some  resemblance 
in  appearance  to  true  ipecacuanha,  has  been  met  with  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  that  drug.  Since  the  root  contains  no  alkaloid,  starch, 
nor  calcium  oxalate  crystals,  the  fraud  is  readily  detected  ; 
the  microscopical  structure  of  the  root  is  also  quite  different, 
since  it  contains  cells  secreting  a  special  brown  colouring  matter 
which  turns  black  with  Fe2Cl6.  It  contains  a  Isevorotatory 
carbohydrate,  [dJi,  —40°  98',  which  has  no  reducing  action  on 
Fehling's  solution  before  hydrolysis,  but  which  then  furnishes 
levulose.  This  has  been  named  hepteropterin,  and  has  the  for- 
mula CrHioOs  -f-  gHoO.     It  is  closely  allied  to  inulin  and  graminin. 

Isoform.     A.   L  i  e  b  r  e  c  h  t.     {Pharm.  Zeit.,  49,   842.)     Iso- 
form,    CQH4.OCH3.IO3,  is  an  oxidation  product    of  para-iodo- 


198  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

anisol  occurring  in  brilliant  white  scales  spai'ingly  soluble  in  cold 
water,  deconijjosing  at  225°C.  It  is  stated  to  be  a  powei-ful 
antiseptic,  which  may  be  usefully  employed  as  a  dressing  for 
wounds  and  as  an  iodoform  substitute.  It  is  not  used  undiluted. 
The  following  preparations  are  suggested.  Isoform  dusting 
powder,  equal  parts  of  isoform  and  calcium  phosphate.  Isoform 
'paste,  equal  parts  of  glycerin  and  isoform.  Isoform  gauze,  1,  3, 
and  10  per  cent.,  prepared  with  the  jiowder.  Isoform  capsules 
are  also  prepared.  Isoform  may  be  readily  determined  in  mix- 
tures or  gauze  by  treating  a  known  quantity  with  KI  solu- 
tion, then  adding  acetic  acid  ;  iodine  is  liberated,  and  is  titrated 
in  the  usual  manner  with  N/10  thiosulphate  solution,  1  c.e. 
of  which  under  these  conditions  equals  0-00665  Gm.  of  isoform. 

Isophysostigmine.  —  Ogui.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  891.)  E. 
Merck  has  shown  that  when  the  liberated  alkaloids  of  Calabar 
bean  are  shaken  out  with  ether,  physostigmine  is  dissolved,  but 
another  base,  isophysostigmine,  Avhich  has  the  same  empirical 
formula,  remains  insoluble.  The  author  has  examined  this  base, 
and  finds  that  its  sulphate  melts  at  202°C.,  while  physostigmine 
sulphate  has  the  m.p.  140-142.  It  also  gives  a  crystalline 
platinochloride,  whereas  phj^sostigmine  gives  none.  Iodine 
produces  an  immediate  precipitate  with  1  per  mille  solutions  of 
physostigmine  sulphate,  but  the  same  salt  of  isophysostigmine 
gives  no  precipitate  even  in  1  per  cent,  solutions.  The  point  of 
difference  of  the  greatest  practical  importance  is  observed  in  the 
physiological  action  ;  salts  of  isophysostigmine  have  a  more 
rapid,  more  poM^erful,  and  more  lasting  effect  than  those  of 
physostigmine,  the  relative  value  being  as  3  :  4.  On  the  other 
hand,  atropine  more  readily  counteracts  the  effects  of  isophy- 
sostigmine than  those  of  physostigmine.  Solutions  of  isophy- 
sostigmine intended  for  therapeutic  use  should  be  prepared  and 
stored  witli  the  same  precautions  as  those  of  physostigmine  ;  if 
they  are  to  be  kept,  this  should  be  done  in  amber-coloured 
bottles,  and  the  solutions  should  be  preserved  with  boric 
acid. 

Isoprai.  F.  Zernik.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  20,  'SOO.)  Trichloriso- 
propyl  alcohol  has  been  introduced  as  a  hypnotic,  with  the  claim 
that  it  is  twice  as  active  as  chloral  when  given  in  doses  of  12  to 
15  grs.  This  dose  is  generally  ample,  but,  if  necessary,  as  much 
as  45  grs.  may  be  given  without  harm.     The  hypnotic  action 


MATERIA   MEDICA.  199 

ensues  about  15  to  30  minutes  after  tlie  administration  of  the 
dose.  Isopral  occurs  in  transparent  prisms,  m.p.  49°C.,  with  a 
camphoraceous  odour.  Its  sokibihties  are  :  in  water  at  15°C. 
1  :  50,  at  19°C.  3  :  100  ;  more  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  fats. 
The  aqueous  solution  is  neutral  ;  its  taste  is  sharp,  theji  burning, 
followed  by  a  brief  anaesthetic  action  on  the  tongue.  When 
heated  with  H2SO4  containing  1  per  cent,  of  ;t?-naphthol,  it  gives 
a  yellowish  brown  solution  with  a  strong  fluorescence. 
Under  like  conditions,  resorcin  gives  a  deep-brown  liquid,  but 
only  a  slight  fluorescence.  Alkalies  decompose  isopral  slowly 
in  the  cold,  evolving  gas  and  forming  resinous  decomposition 
products  ;  at  40°C.  the  reaction  is  more  marked,  and  an  alde- 
hyde is  formed,  together  with  chloride,  and  a  formate  of  the 
alkali.  Isopral  is  a  powerful  reducing  agent.  It  gives  iodoform 
when  warmed  with  solution  of  KI  and  I. 

Jaborandi  Leaves  of  Commerce.  E.  M.  Hoi  m  e  s. 
{Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  891.)  For  some  years  past  there  has 
been  great  difficulty  in  obtaining  the  jaborandi  leaves  official  in 
the  Pharmacopoeia,  so  that  it  has  not  been  possible  for  more  than 
a  few  of  the  wholesale  houses  to  procure  a  supply.  This  scarcity 
doubtless  arose  from  the  fact  that,  when  last  imported  in  quan- 
tity, there  was  on  the  market  at  the  same  time  a  considerable 
quantity  of  the  leaves  of  the  Rio  and  Maranham  jaborandis,  and 
that  these  being  cheaper  were  largely  purchased  in  preference, 
the  former  for  galenical  purposes  and  the  latter  chiefly  for  the 
preparation  of  the  alkaloid  in  Germany.  In  consequence,  the 
genuine  leaves,  after  adding  to  the  expenses  of  the  importer  by 
warehousing,  had  to  be  sold  at  a  loss,  and  subsequently,  as  might 
be  expected,  shippers  were  shy  of  exporting  more.  But  the  fact 
remains  that  although  the  price  of  genuine  leaves  has  now  risen 
to  a  figure  which  should  well  repay  the  exporter,  it  is  practically 
impossible  to  procure  them  in  any  quantity  at  present,  whilst 
there  is  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  the  Rio  and  Maranham  kinds. 

Under  these  circumstances  it  seems  desirable  to  inquire 
whether  these  leaves  might  be  substituted  officially  for  those  now 
recognized.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  leaves  of  P.  microphyllus 
(Maranham  jaborandi)  usually  come  into  the  market  in  good 
condition,  whilst  those  of  P.  pennatifolius  (Rio  jaborandi)  vary 
much,  being  often  badly  preserved  and  of  inferior  quality.  As 
regards  their  alkaloidal  contents,  the  following  were  the  records 
up  to  1895  : — Pilocar'pus  jaborandi,  0*5  to  0*8  per  cent,  pilocarpine 


200  YEAK-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

nitrate  ;  P.  pennatif alius.  0-18,  0'19,  and  0*3  per  cent.  ;  P.  micro- 
phyllus,  O'lii,  0'19,  and  0-8  per  cent. 

Since  that  date  the  alkaloids  of  jaborandi  have  been  carefully 
examined  by  Jowett,  with  the  result  that  commerical  pilocarpine 
is  often  found  to  contain  isopilocarpiue,  and  tliat  the  loaves  of 
Piloairpus  jdhorandi  contain  besides  these  two  alkaloids  a  small 
quantity  of  pilocari)idine,  wliich  is  practically  inert. 

Paul  and  Cownley  reported  that  the  leaves  of  P.  microphyllus 
yielded  0*84  per  cent,  of  a  crystalline  nitrate,  but  this  apx)eared 
to  consist  of  two  nitrates,  one  of  which  had  a  higher  melting-point 
than  the  other.  The  one  with  the  higher  melting,  regarded  in 
the  light  of  Jowett's  researches,  is  apparently  isopilocarpine 
nitrate,  that  salt  having  a  m.p.  of  159°,  as  against  the  correspond- 
ing one  of  pilocarpine,  which  melts  at  146°.  Jowett  has  informed 
the  author  that  the  amount  of  isopilocarpine  in  both  the  P.  jabor- 
andi and  the  P.  microphyllus  leaves  is  practically  the  same,  viz. 
about  10  per  cent,  of  the  alkaloidal  contents,  so  that  the  leaves 
of  these  two  differ  only  in  the  presence  of  the  inactive  pilocar- 
pidine  in  the  one  and  not  in  the  other.  Petit,  however,  states 
that  the  leaves  of  P.  microphyllus  contain  pilocarpidine 
to  the  extent  of  jV^-h  of  the  alkaloid  present,  as  well  as  0*6 
to  0'8  per  cent,  of  pilocarpine  nitrate.  With  respect  to  the  Rio 
jaborandi,  the  late  J.  Williams  informed  the  author  that  only 
half  as  much  alkaloid  could  be  obtained  from  them  as  the  Per- 
nambuco  kind  yielded,  and  for  this  reason,  as  well  as  that  the 
leaves  of  P.  pennatifolius  are  often  of  bad  quality,  and  that 
they  are  not  easily  recognized  by  the  unpractised  eye,  whilst 
those  of  P.  viicrophyllus  are  very  easily  recognized,  it  seems 
that  the  latter  are  more  suitable  as  a  substitute  for  the  official 
drug.  Dr.  H.  H.  Rusby  states  that  where  a  tincture  of  the 
Maranham  jaborandi  has  been  tried  it  is  preferred  by  prescribers 
in  the  United  States  to  that  of  the  official  kind.  Further,  it  is 
probable  that  the  leaves  of  P.  microphyllus  will  be  made  official 
in  the  next  U.S.  Pharmacopojia  and  in  the  new  French  Codex. 
The  subject  is,  therefore,  well  worth  consideration  in  this  country. 

Kava-kava  Resin,   Antiseptic  Action  of.     —  M  a  r  p  m  a  n  n. 

{Zeits.  fiir  angcw  Mikros.,  through  Phdrm.  Ccntralh.,  46,  264.) 
Experiments  show  that  kava-kava  resin  has  a  marked  bacteri- 
cidal action  on  the  micro-organisms  of  the  urine,  and  that 
Gonococcus  is  more  susceptible  to  its  influence  than  other  bac- 
teria.    No  fresh  growth  of  this  coccus  was  obtained  after  treating 


MATERIA    MEDIC  A.  201 

cultivations  of  it  with  a  1  per  cent,  solution  of  kava-kava  pastilles. 
Cultures  of  gonococci  and  urine  bacteria  were  completely  steri- 
lized in  4  hours  by  a  1  per  cent,  solution,  in  1  hour  with  a  2  per 
cent,  solution,  and  in  7  minutes  with  a  3  per  cent,  solution.  The 
administration  of  kava-kava  resin  to  healthy  and  morbid  sub- 
jects gave  confirmatory  results. 

Llnum  catharticum,  Physiological  Action  of.  J.  S.  Hills. 
(Fharm.  Joinn.  [4].  20,  401.)  In  the  course  of  the  investigation 
of  tlie  nature  and  properties  of  linin  (p.  107)  that  body  was 
found  not  to  be  the  active  principle  of  the  plant.  The  infusion 
and  the  alcoholic  extract  of  the  drug  were  found  to  be  very 
strongly  aperient  ;  but  the  decoction,  the  evaporated  infusion, 
the  hydrolized  alcoholic  extract,  and  linin  itself  are  inactive.  It 
would  seem,  therefore,  that  the  active  substance  existing  in  the 
drug  is  destroyed  by  hydrolysis,  and  that  simultaneously  linin 
makes  its  appearance.  Moreover,  comparative  experiments 
with  the  varnish-like  residue  before  and  after  treatment  with 
liydrochloric  acid  show  that  hydrolysis  is  always  accompanied 
by  the  production  of  sugar,  which  reduces  Feliling's  solution,  and 
from  which  the  osazone  (m.p.  about  205°)  has  been  prepared. 
The  puigative  principle,  therefore,  may  be  a  glucoside,  but  all 
attempts  to  isolate  it  have  been  unsuccessful. 

Lycopodium,   Powdered   Amber  as   Adulterant   of.     L.    v  a  n 

Italic.  (Pharm.  Weekblad..  through  Chem.  Centralblat.,  IQ, 
110.)  Very  finely  powdered  amber,  tinted  with  a  coal-tar 
colour,  is  stated  to  be  employed  as  an  adulterant  of  lycopodium. 

Magnesium    Peroxide    for    Diarrhoea.    —    B  e  r  t  h  e  r  a  n  d 

and  —  R.  G  a  u  1 1  i  e  r.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  47.) 
Magnesium  peroxide,  administered  in  doses  of  8  to  16  grs.  per 
diem  in  the  form  of  keratin  coated  pills,  so  that  they  traverse  the 
stomach  without  disintegration,  is  stated  to  be  an  efficient 
remedy  for  the  treatment  of  diarrhoea  of  adults  due  to  acid  fer- 
mentation. The  nascent  oxygen  and  hydrogen  peroxide  thus 
liberated  in  the  intestines  have  a  powerful  disinfecting  action. 

Medicinal  Plants  of  German  East  Africa.  W.  B  u  s  s  e.  [Ber- 
icJite  Pharm..  14, 187. )  Coffea  arabica,  var.  stuhlmanii, is  employed 
in  the  colony  ;  two  other  species,  C.  sanguebarice  and  C.  schu- 
m«n?i ma,  occur  wild,  but  are  not  used.     Amomum  mala  is  very 


202  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

widespread,  and  its  scarlet  fruits  are  much  sought  after  by  the 
natives,   wlio,  after  opening  the  hard  envelope,   consume  the 
interior  pulp,  taking  care  not  to  crush  with  the  teeth  the  seeds, 
which  are  rich  in  aromatic  principles.     In  times  of  scarcity  the 
fruits  of  Dialopsis  africaiia  and  the  tubercles  of  a  species  of 
CyanaMrum  are  eaten,  but  since  they  are  poisonous  in  the  raw 
state,  they  are  first  prepared  before  being  consumed.     Under 
similar  conditions,  the  fruits  of  Flagellaria  indica,  the  seeds  of  a 
Mucuna  and  the  tubercles  of  a  Gloriosa  are  occasionally  used. 
The  genus  Strychnos  is  very  strongly  represented  in  the  flora  of 
the  colony,  no  less  than  20  species,  14  of  which  are  new  to  science, 
having  been  recorded.     They  differ  extremely  in  general  charac- 
ters, as  for  instance  in  the  size  of  the  fruit ;   in  some  plants  this 
is  as  small  as  a  pea,  in  others  as  large  as  a  child's  head.     Some 
of  the  genus  have  edible  fruits  ;    these  are  Strychnos  quaqua,  S. 
leiocarpa,  S.  suberifera,  S.  hehrensiana,  S.  goetzii,  S.  radiosperma, 
S.  melonicarpa,  S.  cardiophylla,  and  S.  harmsii.     Among  those 
which  possess  poisonous  fruits  or  seeds  are  S.  pungens,  S.  engleri, 
S.  euryphyUa,  and  S.  omphalocarpa.     Strychnos  cardiophylla  and 
*S^.  procera  a,re  employed  by  the  natives  as  drugs.    Thoms  has  ex- 
amined the  latter  and  has  isolated  strychnine  and  brucine  from 
the  bark,  but  none  from  the  leaves,  wliich  however  have  a  bitter 
taste.     Erythroplceum  guiniense  occurs,  and  the  wood  is  used  for 
veneering  ;   it  is  known  over  oriental  Africa  as  "  muavi  "  ;   but 
the  term  has  no  specific  meaning,   being  appUed  to  all  trees 
having  a  poisonous  bark  which  is  used  for  ordeal  purposes. 
Thus  Parkia  bussei  and  Stuhlmannia  moavi  are  both  known  as 
"  muavi."     A  toxic  Indigofera,  I.  garckeana,  occurs.    Among  the 
poisonous    Apocynacece,  Strophanthus    kombe,    S.  eminii,     and 
Acokanthera     abyssinica   are    enumerated.      Dregia    ruhicunda, 
N.  0.  Asclepiadacese,  yields  poisonous  seeds.     Two  leguminous 
plants,   Tephrosia  vogelii  and  Dolichos  pseudopachyrrhiziis,  are 
used  as  fish  poisons.     Among  the  barks  rich  in  tannin  the  follow- 
ing   have    been   identified  :     Rhizophora   mucromtta,    Bruguiera 
gymnorhiza,     Ceriops    cadolleana,    and    Xylocarpus    granatiim. 
Among  the  gum-producing  trees.  Acacia  verek,  A.   kirkii,  A. 
seyal,  A.  spirocarpa,  A.  arabica,  A.  stenocarpa,  A.  usambarensis, 
A.  stuhlmanii,  and  A.  verugea  are  recorded,  while  Berlinia  enimii 
yields  a  kind  of  tragacanth,  which  from  its  colour  and  astrin- 
gency  approaches  kino  in  character.     True  kinos  are  produced 
in  the  colony  by  Pterocarpus  bussei  and  Derris  stuhlrnannii.    A 
Guttifer,  Haronga  thaniculata,  yields  a  yellow  latex  which,  when 


MATERIA   MEDICA.  203 

dry,  has  all  the  j)roperties  of  gamboge  ;  two  species  of  guru- 
yielding  Garcinice,  G.  livirujstonei  and  G.  hussei  are  found  in  the 
south  of  the  colony.  Fats  may  be  obtained  from  Allanblackia 
stuJdmannii,  Telfairia  pedata  and  Trichilia  emetica.  Fragrant 
essential  oils  and  products  may  be  obtainable  from  many  plants. 
Numerous  species  of  the  genus  Ocimum  occur,  notably  0.  canum. 
Among  the  plants  affording  a  heliotrope  odour  are  Pledronia 
hcliotropiodora,  N.  0.  Ruhiacece,  Clausina  anisata,  N.  0.  Rutacece  ; 
and  Eupatorium  africanum  develops  when  dried  a  very  powerful 
odour  of  coumarin.  Two  Labiates,  of  undetermined  species, 
yield  eugenol . 

Menthyl  Valerianate  for  Sea-sickness.  K.  K  o  e  p  k  e.  {Themp. 
Monats.,  18,  296.)  Menthyl  valerianate,  in  doses  of  10  to  15 
drops  on  sugar,  is  stated  to  be  an  excellent  preventative  against 
sea-sickness,  and  to  ward  off  an  attack  if  taken  in  the  early 
stages. 

Mesotan,  Precautions  in  Prescribing  and  Dispensing.  L. 
Weil.  {Merck's  Report,  18,  124.)  Mesotan  should  never  be 
applied  to  the  skin  undiluted  ;  the  most  suitable  application  is 
a  mixture  with  equal  parts  of  olive  oil.  Two  or  three  drachms  of 
this  should  be  applied  very  gently,  preferably  with  a  brush.  As 
soon  as  the  spot  treated  shows  any  reddening  the  application 
should  be  intermitted  for  a  few  days.  Impervious  bandages 
should  never  be  placed  over  mesotan  applications.  Since  meso- 
tan is  readily  decomposed  by  moisture,  it  should  be  kept  in  well- 
stoppered  bottles.  If  these  precautions  are  observed,  applications 
of  mesotan  will  not  give  rise  to  irritation. 

Metallic  "  Ferments "  and  Colloidal  Metals  for  Pneumonia. 

A.  R  o  b  i  n,  also  —  B  a  r  b  i  e  r.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [G], 
21,  125.)  Injection  of  10  c.c.  of  solution  of  metallic  ferments 
produces  a  prompt  effect  on  the  course  of  the  disease  in  pneu- 
monia, and  a  speedy  convalescence  results.  In  other  infectious 
diseases  the  results  are  very  variable  ;  good  results  have  followed 
its  employment  in  broncho-pneumonia,  but  in  tj^phoid  and  in 
meningitis  its  effect  is  less  marked  and  less  durable.  In  acute 
articular  rheumatism  the  injection  of  10  c.c.  of  solution  of  gold 
or  palladium  is  without  much  effect  on  the  local  affection,  but  the 
general  condition  of  the  patient  is  improved.  When  sodium 
salicylate  is  given  as  well,  a  marked  relief  of  pain  is  followed  by 


204  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

rapid  convalescence.  In  infants,  doses  of  5  c.c.  of  colloidal  ^rold, 
platinum  and  silver  have  given  excellent  results  in  i)neuinonia, 
but  in  digestive  intoxication,  and  in  di])htheria.  the  results  ob- 
tained have  been  uncertain. 

Mustard  Seeds,  Commercial.  C.  H  a  r  t  w  i  c  h  and  A.  V  u  i  1- 
1  c  III  i  n.  {Apoth.  Zelt..  20,  162,  175,  199.)  The  authors  have 
made  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  various  mustard  seeds  met  with 
in  commerce.  Although  Brassica  nigra,  B.  juncea,  and  Sinapis 
alba  are  the  chief  sources  of  mustard  seeds  used  in  European 
pharmacy,  other  varieties  are  met  with  in  commerce.  Seeds  of 
Brassica  rapa  are  found  mixed  with  other  seeds  ;  with  Brassica 
nigra  in  Italian  and  German  brown  mustard,  with  Sinapis 
arvensis  in  Russian  and  Roumanian  brown  mustard,  with  B. 
juncea  in  Sarepta  mustard,  and  witii  B.  nigra  and  S.  arvensis  in 
Puglia  black  mustard.  Brassica  napus,  mixed  with  B.  juncea 
and  B.  nigra,  forms  Indian  brown  mustard.  Sinapis  glauca  is 
found  in  commerce  as  "  white  Indian  mustard,"  "  yellow  rape 
seed,"  "  Guzerat  rape,"  "  Sommeani  rape,"  and  a  Java  variety 
as  "  Sada  rape."  Sinapis  cernua  is  official  in  Japan,  and  con- 
stitutes Japanese  and  Chinese  mustard.  Sinapis  dichotoma  is 
found  m  Indian  mustards,  the  variety  known  as  "  brown  Indian 
rape,"  and  mixed  Avith  S.  glauca,  as  "  Cawnpore  rape."  Brassica 
nigra  alone  comprises  Turkish,  Dutch,  Sicilian,  and  Italian  brown 
mustard  ;  mixed  with  B.  rapa  it  occurs  in  second  quality  Italian 
and  in  German  brown  mustard  ;  with  B.  rapa  and  S.  arvensis  in 
Puglia  black  mustard  ;  with  B.  juncea  in  Bombay  mustard  ; 
with  B.  juncea  and  B.  napus  in  Indiari  brown  mustard.  Brassica 
juncea  forms  an  important  part  of  the  mustard  of  trade,  and  next 
to  B.  nigra  is  most  widely  cultivated.  It  occurs  in  two  varieties, 
yellow  and  brown,  and  is  known  as  "  Sarepta  "  mustard.  When 
ground  it  forms  a  very  bright-coloured  yellow  powder,  especially 
when  deprived  of  its  seed  coats.  The  bulk  comes  into  commerce 
as  Russian  mustard  ;  it  also  forms  Bombay  mustard  of  first 
grade,  and  mixed  with  B.  rapa  second  grade  Bombay  ;  and 
occurs  with  B.  nigra  and  B.  7iapus  in  Indian  mustard.  Sinapis 
alba  forms  German,  Dutch,  Russian,  Argentine  and  English 
white  mustard.  Sinapis  dissecta  is  found  in  commerce  as  "  Gar- 
dal  mustard  "  ;  it  is  indigenous  to  Southern  Eurojie  and  culti- 
vated in  Russia.  Sinapis  arvensis  alone  is  found  as  second  grade 
brown  mustard,  also  when  mixed  with  B.  rapa  ;  and  with  B.  rapa 
and  B.  nigra,  in  Puglia  black  nmstard.    As  it  contains  but  little 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  205 

trace  of  essential  oil,  it  is  of  small  value.  Eruca  sativa  alone 
comprises  Persian  mustard.  Detailed  descriptions  of  the 
macro-  and  microscopic  characters  of  each  of  these  is  given,  also 
a  list  of  104  seeds  of  different  species  of  plants  found  as  admix- 
tures or  adulterants,  among  the  most  objectionable  of  which 
Agrostemma  ijithago,  Conium  maculatum,  Hyoscyarmis  niger, 
Nigella  arvensis,  N.  orientalis,  and  Ricmus  communis  may  be 
noted.  A  table  is  given,  showing  the  average  size  and  weight  of 
the  seeds  of  36  commercial  varieties  of  seeds,  with  the  amount  of 
essential  and  fixed  oil  found  in  each.  Gardal  niustard,  from 
Sinapis  dissecfa,  gave  the  lowest  yield  of  volatile  oil,  only  0*06 
per  cent.  ;  Turkish  l)roAvn  mustard,  from  Brassica  nigra,  the 
highest  yield,  1-17  to  1*18  per  cent. 

The  essential  oil  was  determined  as  follows.  Five  Gm.  of  the 
seeds  rubbed  to  fine  powder  is  macerated  in  a  200  c.c.  round- 
bottom  flask  witli  100  c.c.  of  water,  with  frequent  agitation  at 
20-25"^  ('.  fcir  an  hour.  Twenty  c.c.  cf  alcohol  is  then  added,  and 
the  flask  attached  to  a  condenser,  to  which  an  Erlenmeyer  flask 
containing  30  c.c.  of  solution  of  ammonia  and  10  c.c.  of  alcohol 
is  fitted  as  a  receiver,  so  that  the  delivery  tube  of  the  condenser 
dips  below  the  surface  of  the  liquid.  This  receiver  is  connected 
with  a  second  similar  flask,  also  containing  ammonia  and  alcohol, 
to  prevent  any  loss.  Distillation  is  carried  on  until  half  the 
liquid  has  distilled  over.  The  condenser  is  then  disconnected 
and  washed  out  with  a  little  water,  and  the  washings  bulked  with 
the  distiUate  ;  to  this  4  c.c.  of  10  per  cent.  AgNOa  is  added,  and 
the  whole  warmed  on  th_e  water-bath  to  aggregate  the  Ag2S 
formed.  This  is  then  collected,  dried  and  weiglied  ;  the  weight 
obtained  x  8-002  gives  the  percentage  of  essential  oil  in  tlie  seed. 
The  fatty  oil  is  determined  in  the  usual  manner  by  extraction 
with  etlier  in  Soxhlet's  apparatus.  The  lowest  yield  was  21*42 
per  cent.,  from  Thurirg'an  brown  mustard.  Sina pis  arvensis  ;  the 
liighest  46*1,  from  Javan  "  Sada  sarsapa."  Sina  pis  glauca. 

The  original  paper  should  he  referred  to  for  detailed  anato- 
mical characters  of  the  various  seeds. 

Naphthol  Camphor  a  Dangerous  Drug.  E.  Roc  hard. 
(Bull.  gen.  de  Thcrap..  148,  725.)  In  consequence  of  several 
fatal  accidents  having  followed  the  hypodermic  injection  of 
naphthol  camphor  in  the  course  of  French  medical  practice,  its 
abandonment  as  a  drug  is  strongly  urged  by  the  author,  sup- 
ported by  Guinard.     Bajdac  has  shown  that  it  is  markedly  more 


206  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

toxic  than  camphorated  alcohol,  camphorated  oil,  or  simple 
naplitliolated  alcohol  when  administered  singly.  The  toxic 
effects  have  supervened  within  a  few  minutes  of  the  administra- 
tion of  the  dose,  assuming  the  form  of  epileptic  convulsions, 
which,  in  some  cases,  have  terminated  in  death  by  asphyxia. 
The  consensus  of  opinion  is  that  naphtliol  camphor,  possessing  a 
marked  toxicity  of  its  own,  is  a  dangerous  drug,  which  should 
not  be  prescribed. 

Opium,  German.  H.  Thorns.  {Ajioih.  Zeit.,  19,  773.) 
One  hundred  poppy  capsules  grown  in  Germany  from  the  white 
seeded  variety  of  Papaver  somnifemm,  yielded  1'27  Gm.  of  "  air 
dry  "  opium.  When  completely  dried  this  gave  6*7  per  cent, 
of  morphine,  8*4  per  cent,  of  crude  narcotine,  and  0'3  per  cent,  of 
crude  codeine.  The  cultivation  of  an  experimental  crop  of  the 
dark  seed  variety  of  Papaver  somniferum  is  contemplated. 

Opium,  Persian.  J.  S  c  h  i  n  d  e  1  m  e  i  s  e  r.  {Apoih.  Zeit., 
1904,  19,  836.)  Three  specimens  of  Mesched  opium  have 
been  examined,  four  of  Ispahan  opium,  and  a  specimen  of  tscha- 
kida,  a  so-called  cooked  or  prepared  opium,  which  is  employed 
for  eating  or  smoking,  and  mixed  with  hemp.  Mesched  opium 
occurs  in  greyish-brown  shining  sticks,  wrapped  in  paper.  It 
contains  from  10  to  12  per  cent,  of  moisture  and  from  5-9  to  8*7 1 
per  cent,  of  morphine,  calculated  on  the  dry  material.  No  starch 
could  be  detected  by  the  microscope.  Ispahan  opium  also  occurs 
in  paper- wrapped  shining  sticks,  which  are  brown  in  colour.  It 
is  softer  than  Mesched  opium,  and  contains  18  per  cent,  of  mois- 
ture. The  drj^  material  gave  from  11  "9  to  19-05  per  cent,  of 
morphine.  This  opium  was  also  free  from  starch.  Tschakida, 
or  prepared  opium,  is  in  cakes  weighing  about  60  Gm.  :  it  is  dark 
brown,  almost  black,  in  colour,  and  appears  to  be  oiled.  It  con- 
tains 22  per  cent,  of  moisture  and  only  0-38  per  cent,  of  morphine. 
The  practice  of  adulterating  opium  witli  inspissated  fruit  juices, 
sucli  as  peach  and  apricot  juice,  is  said  to  be  wide-spread  in  the 
Caucasus.  Two  such  specimens  of  Caucasian  opium  are  met 
with,  whicli  contained  only  1*58  and  1*74  per  cent,  of  morphine. 

Opium,  Smyrna,  "Manipulated."  V.  Mas  son.  {Journ. 
Pharm.  Chini.  [6],  21,  529.)  Tlie  general  acceptance  of  a  stan- 
dard of  10  per  cent,  of  morphine  for  commercial  Smyrna  opium 
has  not  proved  an  unmixed  advantage,  since  there  are  now  to  be 


MATiERIA   MEDICA.  207 

met  with  in  commerce  numerous  grades  of  the  drug,  which 
although  containing  a  fairly  close  approximation  to  that  amount 
of  morphine,  differ  widely  from  the  unsophisticated  opium  in 
the  ratio  of  water  and  soluble  extractive,  so  that  galenical 
1^ reparations,  and  especially  extract  of  opium,  prepared  from 
them,  differ  widely  from  those  obtained  with  the  natural  article. 
One  such  sample  offered  as  natural  Smyrna  opium,  occurring  in 
uniform  small  spherical  cakes,  composed  of  a  greyish,  earthy, 
firm,  homogeneous  mixture,  yielded  14-5  per  cent,  of  moisture, 
10-2  per  cent,  of  morphine,  calculated  on  the  dry  opium,  and 
only  20  per  cent,  of  extract  calculated  on  the  opium  containing 
10  per  cent,  of  moisture.  Moreover  this  extract  only  contained 
5*9  per  cent,  of  morphine  ;  whereas  with  normal  opium  it  would, 
with  this  small  amount  of  extractive,  have  amounted  to  about 
35  per  cent.  The  "  exhausted  "  marc  was  found  to  retain  no 
less  than  5-32  per  cent,  of  that  alkaloid.  The  opium  was  alkaline 
in  reaction,  instead  of  showing  the  normal  acidity.  On  inciner- 
ation, it  gave  23*2  per  cent,  of  ash  consisting  of  carbonates, 
silica,  and  argillaceous  earth.  The  opium  was  evidently  com- 
pounded either  \vith  natural  opium  rich  in  morphine,  and  earthy 
matter,  or  with  a  mixture  of  inorganic  matter  and  opium  marc, 
brought  up  to  the  required  morphine  standard  by  direct  addition 
of  alkaloid. 

Two  other  samples,  occurring  in  regular  spherical  cakes, 
slightly  larger  than  the  above,  of  a  firm  granular  consistence, 
were  found  mixed  with  natural  opium.  The  one,  slightly  alka- 
line in  reaction,  gave  13  per  cent,  of  morphine,  20-2  per  cent,  of 
extract,  and  9*24  per  cent,  of  moisture  ;  the  other,  slightly  acid, 
contained  12'19  per  cent,  of  morphine,  27-8  per  cent,  of  extract, 
and  8'31  per  cent,  of  moisture.  The  marc  of  both  was  composed 
of  the  elements  of  natural  opium.  Both  are  notable  for  the  low 
yield  of  extract. 

A  fourth  sample,  sold  as  "  manipulated  "  opium  without 
guarantee  as  to  the  extract  content,  standardized  to  10  per  cent . 
of  morphine,  occurred  in  small  soft  cakes  each  wrapped  in  a 
poppy  leaf.  The  consistence  was  soft,  the  mass  having  a  dark 
colour  and  a  homogeneous  pilular  consistence  with  a  fine  grain. 
It  contained  10-66  per  cent,  of  morphine  and  44-52  per  cent,  of 
extract,  a  normal  amount.     The  reaction  was  acid. 

The  fifth  sample,  guaranteed  to  contain  45  per  cent,  of  extract 
and  10  per  cent,  of  morphine,  sold  as  "  special  opium  for  extract," 
gave  10-12  per  cent,  of  morphine  and  57-3  per  cent,  of  exti'act ; 


208  YEAR-BOOK  OF  phar:macy 

but  this  extract  only  yielded  12  per  cent,  of  morphine  ;  it  con- 
tained no  less  than  21*5  per  cent,  of  gum  ;  it  presented  a  peculiar 
appearance,  having  a  gummy  and  elastic  consistence,  and  was  of 
a  deep  chestnut  colour.  The  gum  isolated  therefrom  was  vis- 
cous, precipitated  by  alcohol,  and  without  action  on  polarized 
light.     It  was  readily  hydrolized. 

Concurrently  with  the  abov^e  exjieriments  natural  unsophisti- 
cated opiums  were  examined.  All  these  were  acid  in  reaction, 
and  gave  the  following  results.  Yerli  opium  :  moisture,  26*1  ; 
extract,  5'J-95  :  morphine.  13'51  per  cent.  Salonica  opium  : 
moisture.  24-97  and  17*62;  extract,  49'17  and  46'35  per  cent.  ; 
morjihine,  1248  and  ]()'58  per  cent.  Smyrna  opium  :  moisture, 
20'93  ;  extract,  44-3  :  morphine,  10*82  per  cent.  The  extracts 
from  these  contained  a  mean  of  26  per  cent,  of  morphine. 

Orchil.  P.  S.  Ronceray.  {Phann.  Journ.  [4|.  19.  734.) 
The  name  "  orseille  "  is  given  in  France  to  those  lichens  which. 
on  exposure  to  air  and  ammonia,  develop  a  purplish-red  colour. 
The  use  of  orseille  was  introduced  into  Europe  from  the  East  by 
a  Florentine  named  Federigo  about  a.d.  1300.  From  his  suc- 
cessors, who  were  named  Orcellari,  Ruccellari,  and  Ruccellai, 
the  name  of  one  of  the  chief  genera  of  lichens  used,  viz.  'Roccella. 
is  apparently  derived.  In  France  two  commercial  groups  of 
orseille  are  recognized,  viz.  the  "  orseille  de  terre  "  and  the 
"  orseille  de  mer,"  the  former  being  collected  inland  ni  hilh'  dis- 
tricts, and  the  latter  on  the  sea-coast.  The  former  includes  the 
orseille  of  the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  and  Cevennes,  obtained  from 
Pertusaria  dealbata,  and  the  "  orseille  d'Auvergne,"  of  which 
Lecanora  pareUa,  Ach.,  is  the  source.  The  "  orseille  de  Suede  " 
is  obtained  horn  Lecanora  tartarca,  and  the  "  orseille  de  Nor- 
vege  "  from  various  species  of  Umbilicaria  or  Gyrophora,  especi- 
ally U.  pusiulata,  D.C.  Of  those  obtained  on  the  sea-coast. 
Roccella  tinctoria.  D.C,  yields  the  orseille  of  the  Canaries,  Madeira, 
Tenerifife,  Cape  Verd,  and  Mogador,  that  of  the  last-named  being 
often  mixed  with  Ramulina  scopulorum,  Ach.  Roccella  porten- 
tosa,  Mtg.,  affords  the  large  orseille  of  Valparaiso  and  Manilla, 
and  R.  phycopsis.  mixed  with  some  R.  tinctoria.  that  of  Sardinia. 

The  chief  botanical  sources  of  the  orseille  at  present  used  are 
Roccella  montagnei,  which  comes  from  Mozambitjue,  Madagascar, 
and  Angola  ;  and  Dendrographa  leucophoea,  Darb..  which  is  im- 
ported from  California.  Occasionally  under  the  name  of  "  or- 
seille des  Colonies."  Usnea  plicata.  Fr.,  and  U.  angulata.  Ach., 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  209 

are  offered  in  the  French  markets.  Lecanora  glaucoma,  Hoffm., 
and  Eveniia  prunastri,  L.,  are  also  sources  of  orseille.  Erythrin 
is  the  chief  constituent  of  Roccella  montagnei  and  Dendrographa 
leucophcea,  lecanoric  acid  of  Roccella  tinctoria,  and  orcin  of 
Pertusaria  dealbata.  Orcin,  however,  occurs  also  in  the  three 
species  first  mentioned,  although  its  presence  appears  to  have 
been  overlooked  in  them  by  previous  observers.  It  can  be 
detected  in  situ  by  the  sulphovanillic  reagent,  made  by  mixing 
one  part  of  concentrated  H2SO4  with  one  of  water  and  adding 
vanillin  in  excess,  i.e.  until  none  remains  undissolved.  Made  in 
these  proportions  it  reddens  orcin,  but  not  erythrin,  nor  leca- 
norin  ;  made  stronger  with  sulphuric  acid  it  reddens  the  others 
also. 

The  presence  of  other  "  chromogenous  ethers  "  is  ascertained 
by  soaking  the  lichen  in  water  acidulated  with  one-fifth  of  HCl 
for  half  an  hour,  to  remove  calcium  oxalates,  and  then,  after 
washing  with  distilled  water,  taking  a  section  and  treating  it 
with  solution  of  1  part  of  calcium  hypochlorite  in  40  parts  of 
water  under  the  microscope,  when  a  red  coloration  indicates 
their  presence.  These  chromogenous  ethers  are  soluble  in 
methyl  and  ethyl  alcohols,  in  acetone,  boiling  water,  and  solu- 
tions of  NaOH  and  AmOH.  The  distribution  of  these  sub- 
stances can  also  be  determined  in  lichens  deprived  of  oxalates  by 
examination  of  microscopic  sections,  in  which  the  crystals  can 
be  seen  by  aid  of  a  polarizer,  since  they  are  insoluble  in  the  dilute 
HCI.  They  are  usually  found  in  crystals  outside  the  hyphae, 
but  their  distribution  varies  with  the  different  lichens.  In 
Roccella  tinctoria  the  cortex  and  centre  are  free  from  lecanoric 
acid,  which  is  present  in  quantity  in  the  gonidial  portion,  as  well 
as  in  the  soredia,  and  on  the  external  part  of  the  apothecia  and 
the  tips  of  the  paraphyses,  but  never  in  the  asci  nor  in  the  central 
layer  (Moeller).  In  R.  portentosa,  on  the  contrary,  lecanoric 
acid  is  abundant  in  the  cortex,  and  occurs  in  the  central  layer, 
but  there  is  very  little  in  the  gonidial  layer  and  none  in  the 
soredia.  In  Roccella  montagnei  erythrin  is  abundant  in  the 
cortex  and  interhyphic  spaces,  and  it  occurs  also  in  the  gonidial 
layer  and  near  the  cortex,  and  between  the  apices  of  the  para- 
physes, but  not  in  the  asci  nor  below  them,  nor  in  the  medullary 
layer,  the  spermogones,  or  soredia. 

In  Dendrographa  leucophoea  erythrin  is  abundant  in  the 
cortex,  and  in  the  subcortical  portion  of  the  gonidial  layer  and 
in  the  soredia,  but  not  in  the  medullary  layer  nor  in  the  thala- 

p 


210  YEAR-BOOK    OF  PHARMACY 

mium  or  epithecium,  although  it  is  present  in  the  apices  of  the 
paraphyses.  In  Pertusaria  dealhata  erythrin  is  found  through- 
out the  thallus,  especially  in  the  cortex.  In  Usnea  dasypoga, 
Fr.,  var.  plicaki,  Fr.,  usnic  acid  is  absent  from  tlie  cortex 
and  central  axis,  but  occurs  in  the  lacunose  zone  and  in 
the  gonidial  layer.  The  distribution  is  similar  in  Usnea  arujulata. 
In  Umbilicaria  pustulata,  gyrophoric  acid  is  present  in  abundance 
in  the  medulla  below  the  gonidial  layer,  but  not  in  tlie  cortex  and 
not  in  tlie  apothecium,  although  present  in  its  pedicel.  In 
Lecanora  tartar ea,  gyrophoric  acid  occurs  everywhere  in  the 
thallus,  but  to  render  it  evident,  lecanoric  acid  has  to  be  first 
dissolved  out  by  alcohol,  in  which  the  gyrophoric  acid  is  very  spar- 
ingly soluble.  In  Lecanora  parella,  imveUiG  acid  occurs  through- 
out the  thallus,  but  is  most  plentiful  in  the  cortex.  In  Usnea  and 
Umbilicaria  it  is  generally  difficult  to  moisten  the  section  with 
the  reagent,  but  if  first  wetted  with  alcohol  it  takes  up  the  acid 
reagent  much  more  readily.  The  licliens  R.  montafjnei,  R. 
tinctoria,  and  Dendrographa  leucophoea  contain  a  diastase,  with- 
out which  the  purple  colour  is  not  developed.  The  lichens  do 
not  contain  either  an  oxydase  or  an  anaer-oxydase.  The  use  of 
urine  is  not  necessary  in  the  manufacture,  since  ammonia  is  the 
active  ingredient  in  it  ;  but  ammonia,  in  the  absence  of  the 
diastase,  cannot  develop  the  colouring  matter. 

Passiflora   incarnata   as   a   Sedative.    W.  S.   S  t  a  p  1  e  t  o  n. 

[Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  931.)  Tincture  of  Passiflora  incarnata,  in  doses 
of  20  to  25  111  every  3  hours,  is  a  useful  remedy  in  insomnia 
from  hysteria,  neurasthenia,  neuralgia,  and  other  nervous  affec- 
tions. It  does  not  act  as  a  narcotic,  but  as  a  nervine  sedative, 
and  is  stated  to  have  no  bad  after  effects. 

Perhydrol.  F.  Z  e  r  n  i  k.  (Berichte  Pharm.,  51,  6,  and 
Merck's  Report,  18,  146.)  This  name  has  been  given  to  a  con- 
centrated 30  per  cent,  solution  of  HoOo,  which  liberates  100 
volumes  of  oxygen.  Wliereas  ordinary  commeicial  liydrogen 
peroxide  generally  contains  free  acid,  and  is  unstable,  ])erhydrol 
is  perfectly  neutral  and  stable.  It  is  prepared  ])y  adding  NaoOo 
to  a  20  per  cent,  solution  of  H2SO4  immersed  in  a  freezing  mix- 
ture ;  a  greater  part  of  tlie  Na.,S04  formed  crystallizes  out,  the 
rest  is  removed  by  distilling  the  solution  vnider  reduced  pressure. 

The  imi)ortance  of  employing  pure  neutral  liydrogen  peroxide 
in  the  treatment  of  ear  disease  is  insisted  on,  since  the  acid  j)re- 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  2ll 

parations  met  with  in  commerce  are  liable  to  cause  marked 
irritation.  Perhydrol  is  free  from  this  defect,  and  when  diluted 
1  :  14  with  distilled  water  forms  an  antiseptic  lotion  which  may 
be  instilled  into  the  ear,  when  mixed  with  tepid  water,  by  the 
patient.  Dilutions  of  perhydrol  have  found  general  acceptance 
and  wide  application  as  antipurulent  washes. 

Potassium  Sulphoguaiacolate.  G.  and  R.  Fritz.  {Apoth. 
Zeif..  19,  953.)  The  pure  salt  forms  a  crystaUine  odourless 
powder  with  a  bitter  taste,  which  afterwards  becomes  sweetish. 
Solubility  in  cold  water,  1  :  3-5  ;  very  soluble  in  hot  water,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  absolute  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether  and  in  chloro- 
form. It  gives  a  crystalline  precipitate  with  a  5  per  cent, 
solution  of  tartaric  acid.  Dilute  solutions  give  a  deep  blue 
colour,  which  disappears  on  heating  with  one  drop  of  FeoClo 
solution.  Strong  solutions  give  it  a  blood-red  colour  with  the 
same  reagent,  which  changes  to  blue  on  adding  more  FcaCle 
solution.  Strong  H2SO4  gives  a  colourless  solution,  which  be- 
comes brown  on  heating.  AgNOa  gives  no  immediate  precipi- 
tate, but  ultimately  a  grey  deposit.  A  trace  of  KOH  gives  a 
reddish  yellow  colour,  which  disappears  on  acidifying.  A  5 
per  cent,  solution  of  the  salt  is  faintly  alkaline  in  reaction  ;  it 
shows  no  turbidity  with  BaClo  or  with  H2SO4. 

Pyramidon,  Nature  of  the  Red  Colouring  Matter  in  the  Urine 
after  Administration  of.  —  A  p  p  e  r  t  and  —  J  a  ff  e.  [Reper- 
toire de  Pharm.  [3],  16,  538.)  By  shaking  out  with  acetic  ether 
the  red-coloured  urine  of  patients  under  treatment  with  pyra- 
midon, Jalie  has  isolated  a  new  crystalline  acid,  rubazonic  acid, 
C20H17N5O2  in  needles,  m.p.  184°C.  ;  insoluble  in  water,  spar- 
ingly dissolved  by  boiling  alcohol,  and  soluble  in  chloroform, 
acetic  ether,  acetone  benzol  and  alkaline  solutions.  Appert 
finds  that,  though  frequent,  the  production  of  this  red  colour  after 
a  dose  of  pyramidon  is  not  invariable.  Its  appearance,  however, 
is  quite  devoid  of  any  significance,  since  it  does  not  in  any  way 
indicate  toxic  action  of  the  drug,  nor,  as  far  as  can  be  traced, 
an  abnormal  condition  of  the  patient. 

Rhubarb  and  the  Plants  producing  it.  A.  Tsc  birch. 
{Schweiz.  Woch.,  42,  512,  521.)  Almost  every  consignment  of 
fresh  roots  or  seeds  reputed  to  be  those  of  the  plant  furnishing 
rhubarb  of    commerce  have  given,   when  cultivated,     distinct 


2l2  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

species.  After  eliminating  tliose  which  certainly  could  not  be 
the  botanical  source  of  the  drug,  three  species.  Rheum  palma- 
tum  :  a.nd  its  var.  tanguticum,  R.  officinale  and  R.  collinianum, 
remained.  In  the  rhizomes  of  those  cultivated  at  Berne,  the 
following  distinctive  characters  were  observed.  Rheum  palma- 
tum,  the  stellate  systems  were  arrayed  distinctly  in  an  irregular 
circle,  forming  an  evident  ring,  on  either  side  of  which  isolated 
and  scattered  star-shaped  marks  occurred.  R.  officinale :  the 
stellate  systems  were  sparse,  less  numerous,  and  arrayed  in  an 
irregular  zone  ratlier  than  in  a  ring.  R.  collinianum  in  appear- 
ance is  intermediate  between  the  two  above-named  species, 
resembling  more  R.  palmaiiim.  R.  officinale  and  R.  colliniaymm 
had  but  a  slight  odour  of  rhubarb  when  dried  ;  but  that  of  R. 
palmatum  was  very  powerful,  sufficiently  so  to  serve  as  a  dis- 
tinctive feature. 

Commercial  rhubarb  falls  into  two  distinct  types — those  within 
indistinct  star-shaped  markings,  which  are  replaced  by  dark 
confused  luidulating  lines,  and  those  with  evident  star  markings 
or  circular  lines,  often  large  ;  these  alw^ays  have  a  darker  hne 
between  the  inner  and  outer  parts.  Chinese  rhubarb  belongs  to 
the  palmatum  type  ;  that  resembling  officinale  is  rare.  The 
confused  type  is  often  found  in  Shensi,  both  round  and  fiat,  but 
rarely  in  Shanghai  rhubarb.  An  unknown  species  occurs  in 
Shensi  rhubarb ;  and  Chinese  rhubarb,  as  a  whole,  is  evidently  the 
product  of  several  species.  Shensi  and  Shanghai  rhubarbs  gave 
2'8  per  cent,  of  emodin  ;  Canton  rhubarb  4  per  cent.  European 
rhubarb  gives  but  little  emodin  ;  R.  palmatum  cultivated  at 
Berne  gave  2-8  per  cent.  ;  R.  officinale  gave  2  per  cent.,  and 
R.  collinianum  1*8  per  cent.  R.  palmatum  should  therefore  be 
the  species  cultivated  for  the  production  of  the  European  drug. 

Rusot,  an  Ancient  Eastern  Medicine.  D.  Hooper.  {Journ.  j 
Asiatic  *S'oc.  of  Bengal,  73  [2],  No.  4.)  Rusot  is  shown  to  be  ! 
identical  with  the  "  lycium  "  use  in  medicine  by  the  ancient  i 
Greeks  ;  small  vases  bearing  the  name  of  the  drug  in  Greek  | 
characters  are  found  in  archaeological  museums.  At  the  present 
day  rusot  is  met  with  in  the  Indian  bazaars,  in  the  form  of  an  1 
extract  obtained  from  thiee  species  of  Indian  barberry,  Berheris  \ 
aristata,  B.  lycium  and  B.  asiatica.  It  is  used  as  a  pigment  and 
a  dye  as  well  as  medicinally. 

The  extract  is  obtained  by  digesting  in  water  slices  of  tlie  bark, 
root,  and  twigs  for  a  few  hours,  then  boiling,  straining,  and 


MATERIA    MEDICA. 


213 


evaporating  to  a  soft' consistence.  It  is  a  dark  brown  extract  of 
the  consistence  of  opium,  having  a  bitter  and  astringent  taste. 
It  dissolves  almost  entirely  in  distilled  water,  and  partly  in 
rectified  spirit,  forming  a  rich  yellowish-brown  solution,  which 
becomes  bright  yellow  when  diluted.  The  intense  bitterness  is 
due  to  the  alkaloid  berberine,  which  pervades  the  root,  bark, 
blossoms,  berries,  and  lea\'es  of  the  plants.  Four  samples  of 
this  preparation  are  exhibited  in  the  Indian  Museum,  one  from 
United  Provinces,  one  from  Bashahr,  one  from  Hazard,  and 
the  other  from  Lahore,  in  the  Punjab.  These  were  ex- 
amined as  regards  the  amount  of  moisture,  extractive  matter, 
ash  and  the  alkaloid,  berberine.  The  sample  from  the  United 
Provinces  was  j^repared  in  1893,  and  was  a  dark-brown 
extract  with  a  shining  fracture.  The  second  sample  was 
forwarded  to  the  Indian  Museum  by  the  Forest  Ranger  of  the 
Nogli  and  Pahor  Ranges,  Bashahr  Division,  Punjab,  in  April, 
1901.  It  was  a  soft  extract,  prej^ared  by  boihng  the  chips  of  the 
root  of  Berberis  lycium,  a  shrub  locally  called  "  Chochar."  In 
this  division  an  extract  is  also  made  from  the  roots  of  B.  aristata, 
which  is  known  in  this  district  "  Kashmal."  The  third  sample 
was  from  the  Hazara  Division,  Punjab.  TJiis  was  a  blackish, 
brittle  extract,  having  the  odour  of  liquorice.  It  occurred  in 
square  packets  enveloped  in  leaves.  The  fourth  sample  was 
from  Lahore.  It  consisted  of  triangular  cakes,  about  one  inch 
thick,  and  three  inches  along  the  side,  and  each  enveloped  in  the 
green  leaves  of  Bauhinia  vahlii.  The  extract  was  of  the  con- 
sistence of  opium,  dark  brown  in  colour,  and  not  very  homo- 
geneous in  the  interior. 

The  following  are  the  results  of  the  examination  : — 


1. 

—                                United 

Provinces. 

2. 
Basliahr. 

3 

Hazara. 

4. 
Lahore. 

Water 

Spirit  extract  .... 
Water  extract 
Fibre  and  starcli  . 
Ash 

6-70 
25-85 
36-25 
15-50 
15-70 

40-31 
27-15 
17-43 
10-00 
5-11 

4-00 
38-25 
29-32 
19-23 

9-20 

20-98 
40-16 
20-85 
7-65 
10-36 

Bei'berine 

100-00 

7-75 

10000 
2-9 

100-00 
3-46 

100-00 
4-22 

The  results  indicate  a  variable  amount  of  berberine  in  the 
samples  of  rusot  maniifactured  in  different  districts.     There  is, 


214  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

likewise,  little  uniformity  in  the  aniount  of  extracts,  insoluble 
material  and  ash,  and  the  composition  is  found  to  differ  very 
considerably  in  various  portions  of  the  same  cake. 

The  alcoholic  extract  is  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  drug, 
as  it  contains  all  the  alkaloidal  active  principles  ;  tiie  aqueous 
extract,  insoluble  matter,  and  ash  may  be  regarded  as  impurities. 
Instead  of  the  watery  extract  at  present  made  in  the  jungles,  and 
which  varies  so  consideralily  in  composition,  a  preparation  made 
with  alcohol  would  have  many  advantages,  as  it  would  be  more 
concentrated  and  uniform,  and  could  be  readily  standaidized  in 
regard  to  the  alkaloidal  strength  measured  as  berberine. 

Salicylic  Acid  as  a  Buccal  Disinfectant.  {MercFn  Reijort, 
18,  12.)  iSalicylic  acid  is  tlie  least  objectionable  of  any  of  the 
powerful  bactericidal  poisons,  and  as  much  as  15  grs.  may, 
according  to  Mueller,  be  taken  internally  without  harm.  He 
specially  recommends  it  as  a  disinfectant  for  the  mouth  and 
throat.  For  this  purpose  a  solution  of  salicylic  acid,  15  grs..  in 
a  few  drachms  of  alcohol,  is  made  up  to  1  oz.  by  weight  with 
glycerin.  This,  when  applied  to  the  gums  and  the  buccal  mucous 
membrane,  has  marked  penetrating  properties  which  bring  the 
antiseptic  into  close  contact  with  bacterial  growths.  It  is 
specially  serviceable  in  thrush  and  aphthous  stomatitis,  and  has 
even  acted  as  a  palliative  in  mild  cases  of  diphtheria,  preventing 
the  membrane  from  spreading.  It  may  be  applied  with  a  brush 
to  the  affected  parts. 

Senecio  vulgaris,  Fluid  Extract  of,  in  Dyspepsia.  D  a  1  c  h  e. 
[Jouni.  Pharm.  Chim.,  20,  523.)  Thirty  drops  of  fluid  extract 
of  common  groundsel  taken  in  a  little  sweetened  water  before 
meals  has  proved  to  be  an  excellent  remedy  in  gastralgia,  cramp 
of  the  stomach,  in  pain  due  to  an  irritated  condition  of  the 
mucous  membrane,  and  in  flatulent  dyspepsia.  The  treatment 
is  quite  harmless,  but  in  the  case  of  female  patients  should  be 
intermitted  before  the  menstrual  period,  which  otherwise  may 
be  retarded  or  checked. 

Sodium  Glycocholate  for  Hepatic  Colic.  [Merck's  Report,  18, 
131.)  Sodium  glycocliolate,  in  doses  of  5  to  10  grs.  per  diem, 
administered  in  capsules,  is  stated  to  be  useful  as  a  gall-stone 
soh^ent  for  l)iliary  calculi.  It  is  also  given  in  enlargement  of  the 
liver  following  chronic  malaria. 


MATERIA   MEDICA.  215 

Stagnin.  (Merck's  Report,  18,  176.)  Stagnin  is  an  aseptic 
saline  solution  of  the  spleen  of  horses,  and  is  exhibited  by  intra- 
muscular injection  to  counteract  haemorrhages,  also  in  myoma, 
liyperj)lasia  uteri,  and  in  menorrhagia  and  haemophilia.  It  is 
injected  into  the  gluteal  region. 

Stereos permum  euphorioides  Gum.  H.  Jumelle.  {Comptes 
rend.,  140,  172.)  This  gum,  which  is  only  very  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  is  produced  by  a  tree  of  the  N.O.  Bignoniacese 
indigenous  to  Madagascar.  It  occurs  in  bright,  brown  brittle 
masses  with  a  bright  fracture  ;  it  is  soluble  to  some  extent  in 
alcohol  90  per  cent.,  and  in  acetone,  but  not  in  other  solvents. 
It  precipitates  with  lead  salts,  and  gives  a  green  colour  reaction 
with  FcoCle-  Its  slight  solubihty  will  probably  preclude  its  use 
in  the  arts. 

Styracol.  [Merck's  Report,  18,  181.)  Styracol,  the  cinnamic 
ester  of  guaiacol,  is  suggested  as  a  substitute  for  the  latter  in 
phthisis  and  other  affections  for  wliich  guaiacol  is  prescribed. 
Styracol,  in  the  intestines,  is  split  up  into  guaiacol  and  cinnamic 
acid,  and  has  been  found  efficient  as  an  intestinal  disinfectant. 
It  is  given  as  a  powder  or  in  cachets  in  doses  of  15  grs.  from  3  to 
6  times  a  day  for  adults  ;  children  may  take  8  grs.,  and  infants 
4  grs. 

Tincture  of  Immature  Oranges  for  Diarrhcea.    V.  N.  V  o  r  o  n  t- 

z  o  y.  {Semaine  Med.,  through  Nouveaux  Remedes.,  20,  502.) 
A  maceration  in  brandy  of  the  small  immature  oranges  which 
fall  from  the  trees  and  are  known  as  "  orangettes  "  or  "  petits 
grains,"  is  an  excellent  remedy  for  diarrhcTea.  As  soon  as  the 
liquid  is  the  colour  of  strong  tea,  it  is  ready  for  use.  A  liqueur- 
glassful  may  be  taken  by  adults  twice  to  four  times  a  day,  and 
it  may  be  given  to  infants  in  doses  of  10  to  15  ^\\  twice  or  thrice 
daily. 

Tonka  Beans,  Collection  and  Curing  of.  {Pharm.  Journ. 
[4],  20,  104.)  The  Tonka  bean  tree  is  found  in  different  parts 
of  tropical  America,  but  the  product  imported  from  Para  appears 
to  be  inferior  to  that  which  comes  from  the  regions  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Canra  and  C'uchivero  rivers.  Although  met  with  in 
patches,  the  tree  is  not  by  any  means  gregarious,  so  that  the 
collection  of  the  fruit  is  arduous  work.     In  an  interesting  book 


216  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

by  E.  Andre,  entitled  A  Naturalist  in  the  Guianas,  an  account 
.,  of  the  collection  of  the  seeds  is  given.     The  crops,  it  would  seem, 

I  are  so  irregular  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  forecast  the  yield 

of  any  particular  year.  It  may,  however,  be  taken  as  a  general 
rule  that  for  one  or  two  years  after  a  plentiful  harvest  the  pro- 
duction is  so  scanty  that  it  does  not  pay  to  collect  the  beans.  In 
Venezuela  the  tree  is  known  as  "  Sarrapia,"  and  the  men  engaged 
in  the  collection  of  the  seed  are  called  "  Sarrapieros."  These 
men  begin  to  arrive  on  the  Caura  early  in  February,  some  of 
them  coming  a  considerable  distance.  During  the  months  of 
October  and  November,  while  the  fruit  is  still  quite  small  and 
green,  the  large  macaws  and  several  other  members  of  the  parrot 
family  commit  great  havoc  upon  the  young  crop.  Hence  the 
destruction  before  maturity  of  enormous  quantities  of  this  valu- 
able product. 

The  fruit  of  the  "  Sarrapia  "  is  much  Uke  a  mango  in  appear- 
ance, and  is  largely  eaten  by  the  natives.  It  has  but  little  pulp, 
which  is  sticky  and  of  insipid  taste,  the  seed  (endocarp)  being 
covered  with  a  hard  fur-like  substance.  After  the  "  Sarrapiero  " 
has  got  together  a  sufficient  quantity  of  fruit,  he  takes  his  find 
to  some  open  spot  where  he  can  get  the  benefit  of  strong  sun- 
light. The  hard  shell  is  then  carefvilly  broken  between  two 
stones  and  the  single  dark  brown  seed  extracted.  The  seeds  are 
then  spread  out  to  dry,  generally  upon  the  large  open  masses 
of  granite  called  lajas,  which  form  so  peculiar  a  feature  of  the 
forest  of  tliis  region.  The  dried  beans  are  sold  by  the  "  Sarra- 
pieros "  to  the  merchants  of  Ciudad  Bolivar,  where  the  process 
of  crystallization,  as  it  is  called,  is  sometimes  carried  out.  This 
operation,  however,  costs  very  much  less  if  it  can  be  performed 
in  Trinidad,  where  the  strong  rum  required  for  the  process  can 
be  obtained  at  a  cheaper  rate.  By  the  end  of  May  or  the  be- 
ginning of  June,  the  last  beans  have  been  taken,  and  the  crop 
may  be  said  to  be  over. 

The  beans  are  never  shipped  in  the  raw  state,  but  are  treated 
with  strong  rum,  the  process  being  called  crystallizing.  This  is 
carried  out  as  follows  : — 

Puncheons  open  at  one  end,  placed  in  a  row,  are  filled  with 
beans  to  within  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches  of  the  top.  Strong 
runi  is  then  poured  into  the  puncheons  until  they  are  quite  full, 
when  they  are  covered  over  with  layers  of  bagging.  At  the  end 
of  24  hours  the  rum  not  absorbed  is  run  off  the  beans, 
and  they  are  spread  out  to  dry  in  a  current  of  air.       When  first 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  217 

taken  out  of  the  puncheons  the  beans  are  of  a  dull  black  colour, 
and  are  soft  and  swollen,  but  in  drying,  shitty  white  crystals 
appear  on  their  surface,  and  by  the  time  they  are  ready  for 
packing  they  look  as  if  they  had  been  sprinkled  over  with  jiow- 
dered  sugar.  They  have  shrunk  a  good  deal ;  are  wrinkled  in 
appearance.  The}^  are  then  put  into  wine  casks,  or  rum  pun- 
cheons, and  are  ready  for  shipment.  A  tax  of  25  centimes  per 
kilogram  is  levied  at  Venezuela  on  exports  of  Tonka  beans. 

Trombidium  grandissimum.    A  Medicinal  Mite.    D.  H  o  o  p  e  r. 

{Pharm.  Jouni.  [4J.  20,  650.)  Among  the  few  specimens  of  animal 
materia  medica  used  in  India  is  a  small  acarid  resembling  a  spider, 
the  oil  of  which  is  expressed  and  applied  in  various  disorders.  It  is 
known  as  "  Bhir-buti,"  "  Birbhoti,"  or  "  Bir  bahoti  "  in  North- 
ern India,  and  occurs  more  frequently  in  the  Punjab.  United 
Provinces,  and  Behar.  It  appears  on  the  ground  in  the  rainy 
season,  and  is  on  this  account  called  the  "  rain's  insect." 

The  mite  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  and  from  a  cjuarter  to 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  its  widest  part.  It  is  covered  with  a 
scarlet  velvety  down,  and  appears  on  the  ground  at  tlie  beginning 
of  the  rainy  season  in  July.  It  is  only  to  be  found  for  a  few 
weeks  in  the  year,  when  it  is  collected  and  kept  for  sale  in  the 
bazaars.  The  mite  and  the  expressed  oil  have  a  great  reputa- 
tion among  Mahomedans  as  an  aphrodisiac.  The  oil  is  also  used 
as  an  external  application  for  various  complaints.  In  Bengal 
it  is  considered  to  act  as  a  nervine  tonic. 

A  chemical  examination  of  this  interesting  oil  has  been  made 
by  E.  G.  Hill.  The  mites,  purchased  in  Allahabad,  had  been 
kept  for  several  months,  but  showed  no  signs  of  putrefaction. 
On  pressure  they  jaelded  a  deep  red  oil,  and  this  was  separated 
for  purjjoses  of  analysis  by  extraction  with  ether  in  a  cohobating 
apparatus.  The  sp.  gr.  of  the  red  oil  at  15°C.  was  0-907  ;  it 
ultimately  set  into  a  semi-solid  mass,  melting  at  18-19°.  It  had 
a  peculiar  odour.  With  strong  II2SO4  it  gave  a  vivid  blue 
colour,  gradually  turning  green.  With  HNO3  the  red  colour 
was  destroyed.  With  nitrous  acid  it  gave  a  buttery  elaidin  in  a 
few  hours.  The  following  constants  were  determined  : — Acid 
value,  62-3  ;  saponification  value,  194'7  ;  ester  value,  132*4  ; 
unsaponifiable,  3-7  ;  Reichert-Meissl  value,  0*55  ;  Hehner  value, 
94  ;   iodine  value,  65. 

The  constants  of  the  free  fatty  acids,  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
myristic  and  oleic  acid,  were  found  to  be  : — Saponification  value, 


218  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

199 ;  iodine  value,  06*0  ;  ni.p.,  31-32°.  The  principal  con- 
stituents were  niyristodiolein,  with  small  quantities  of  stearin, 
cholesterol,  colouring  matter,  and  butyric  acid.  From  these 
results  the  author  concluded  that  the  oil  did  not  ])ossess  the 
pro])('rties  of  a  counter-irritant  which  had  been  ascribed  to  it  by 
older  writers,  and  that  its  efficacy  as  a  medicine  is  purely  imagi- 
nary, and  due  to  its  colour. 

Tuberculin.  F.  W.  G  a  m  b  I  e.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [i],  19, 
924. )     Two  kinds  of  tuberculin  are  found  in  pharmacy  : — 

(1)  Tuberculinum  Kochii,  Koch's  "old"  or  original  tuber- 
culin, official  in  the  German  Pharmacopoeia. 

(2)  Koch's  "  new  "  tuberculin,  known  also  as  tuberv^'ulin  R., 
tuberculin  T.R.,  and  tuberculin  riickstand. 

Other  modifications  have  been  prepared,  but  they  are  not  in 
use  and  are  of  no  interest. 

Tuberculinum  Kochii.  This  is  described  in  the  Go-man  Phar- 
macopoeia as  a  clear,  brown,  characteristically  aromatic-smelling 
fluid,  which,  according  to  the  formula  of  R.  Koch,  is  prepared 
from  glycerin-containing  meat-broth  cultures  of  the  tubercle 
bacillus  by  evaporation  to  one-tenth  and  subsequent  filtration. 

This  tuberculin  is  subjected,  in  Germany,  to  Government  test 
with  reference  to  the  uniform  presence  of  the  specific  toxin,  and 
it  is  sold  in  officially  sealed  bottles.  The  German  Pharmacopoeia 
directs  that  it  should  be  stored  only  in  the  undiluted  state,  re- 
quired dilutions  being  freshly  prepared  with  sterilized  water,  or 
better,  with  O-o  per  cent,  phenol  solution. 

Tuberculin  is  prepared  by  several  firms  in  this  country  accord- 
ing to  Koch's  original  directions,  and  it  is  also  imported  from 
Germany  in  small  phials  bearing  the  Government  leaden  seal. 

"  Old  "  tuberculin  was  originally  introduced  for  the  curative 
treatment  of  all  kinds  of  tuberculosis.  Its  chief  use  now,  how- 
ever, is  as  a  diagnostic  agent  for  the  detection  of  tuberculosis  in 
man  and  animals.  Injected  into  the  healthy  no  effect  is  produced, 
but  in  the  tubercular  minute  doses  give  rise  to  considerable  re- 
action ;  the  temperature  rises,  more  or  less  severe  constitutional 
symptoms  ensue,  and  the  local  lesions  become  swollen  and 
inflamed.  The  usual  chagnostic  dose  in  man  is  0*001  c.c.  ;  if  this 
produces  no  result,  0-002  c.c.  may  be  injected  after  two  days,  and 
finally  0-005  c.c.  after  a  like  interval.  Absence  of  reaction  to 
these  doses  indicates  that  the  individual  is  non-tubercular. 

Koch's  "  old  "  tuberculin  is  still  occasionally  used  as  a  cura- 


MATEKIA    MEDICA.  219 

tive  agent,  generally  in  succession  to  a  course  of  "  new  "  tuber- 
culin. Modern  nietliods  of  estimating  the  reaction  of  the  blood 
to  "  old  "  and  "  new  "  tubercuhn  indicate  that  the  curative 
doses  originally  recommended  by  Koch  were  much  too  large  and 
too  frequently  administered. 

Tlie  two  kinds  of  tuberculin  should  be  carefully  distinguished  ; 
having  been  confused  in  this  country,  and  pubUshed  descrip- 
tions of  the  one  given  for  the  other.  The  dosage  of  the  "  old  " 
tuberculin  is  expressed  in  terms  of  the  original  strong  solution. 

Koch's  "  New "  Tuberculin.  Tubercuhn  R.  or  T.R.  is  an 
opalescent  liquid  similar  in  appearance  to  a  mixture  of  5  or  6 
drops  of  milk  with  half  an  ounce  of  water.  It  is  prepared  from 
a  virulent  culture  of  tubercle  bacilli.  The  latter  are  dried, 
broken  up  by  trituration,  and  emulsified  with  cUstilled  water. 
The  liquid  is  centrifugalized  and  the  residue  again  dried,  tritu- 
rated, emulsified,  and  centrifugalized.  The  second  supernatant 
hquid,  suitably  prepared  to  contain  10  Mgm.  of  solid  bacterial 
substance  in  1  c.c.  becomes  "  new  "  tuberculin. 

The  dose  is  reckoned  in  milligrammes,  of  solid  substance,  not,  as 
in  the  case  of  "  old  "  tuberculin,  in  cubic  centimetres  of  concen- 
trated liquid.  Tuberculin  R.  is  diluted  for  use  with  sterilized 
20  per  cent,  glycerin  solution  in  distilled  water,  the  usual 
initial  dose  being  1/500  Mgm.  of  solid  substance,  equal 
to  0-2  c.c.  of  1  :  1000  dilution  of  the  concentrated  fluid. 
This  dose  is  very  gradually  increased  to  1/10,  J,  J,  or  even  f 
Mgm.  As  "  new  "  tuberculin  has  been  reported  sometimes  to 
contain  active  tubercle  bacilli,  it  is  necessary  to  sterilize  the 
dilutions  or  the  concentrated  fluid  at  60°C.  for  one  hour.  At  this 
temperature  any  bacilli  present  will  be  killed,  whilst  the  active 
toxins  remain  unaftected. 

Tuberculin  R.  is  used  as  a  curative  agent  in  tuberculous  con- 
ditions, especially  in  tuberculosis  of  the  bladder  and  of  the  lungs. 
It  is  not  of  use  for  diagnostic  purposes.  The  present  tendency 
is  to  avoid  the  use  of  doses  large  enough  to  produce  external 
symptoms  of  reaction.  The  frequency  with  which  the  doses 
should  be  injected  and  rate  of  increase  of  the  dose  have,  until 
recently,  been  judged  by  the  external  signs  of  reaction  or  their 
absence.  Recently,  a  method  of  measuring  the  reaction  in  the 
blood  itself  has  been  devised.  This  depends  upon  the  fact  that 
injection  of  tuberculin  causes  the  formation  in  the  blood  of  tuber- 
culotropic  substances  called  opsonins,  whose  function  is  to  pre- 
pare   the    bacilli   foi"    pliagocytosis.     The    opsonic    power    of    a 


220  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

specimen  of  bluud  serum  is  ascertained  by  mixing  it  witli  au  active 
culture  of  tubercle  bacilli  and  some  washed  blood  corpuscles. 
After  incul)ati()n  a  count  is  made  of  the  number  of  bacilli  ingested 
by  a  certain  numl)er  of  white  blood  corpuscles,  the  average  for 
each  corpuscle  forming  the  opsonic  index. 

Turiclne.  {Schiveiz.  Woch.,  through  Journ.  Pharm.  Chim. 
[()].  20,  275.)  This  new  antidiarrluoic  is  a  combination  of 
tannin  and  gluten  casein  ;  it  is  a  tasteless  and  odourless  flesh- 
coloured  powder,  insoluble  in  water  but  soluble  in  dilute  alkahes 
and  in  ammonia.  As  it  is  very  resistant  to  the  gastric  secretions, 
it  does  not  derange  the  stomach.  A  special  form  of  turicine  is 
prepared  for  infants  containing  20  per  cent,  of  turicine  with 
vegetable  protein,  a  little  starcli  and  aromatics. 

Valerian  Juice,  Physiological  Action  of.  —  P  o  u  c  h  e  t  and 
C  li  e  V  a  1  i  e  r.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.,  21,  127.)  Freshly  ex- 
pressed juice  of  valerian  root  has  a  distinct  sedative  action  on 
the  heart,  and  acts  markedly  as  an  antispasmodic,  yet  chemical 
valerianates  and  galenical  preparations  of  diy  valerian  have  an 
opposite  action,  being  distinctly  excitants  of  the  central  nervous 
system . 

Valerian  Root,  Derbyshire,  Botanical  Source  of  the  Drug. 
E.  Drabble  and  F.  A.  U  p  s  h  e  r  S  m  i  t  h.  {Pharm.  Journ. 
[4],  19,  701.)  The  drug  has  hitherto  been  officially  referred  to  V. 
o/ficinaUs,  Linn.  This  name,  however,  was  considered  by  the 
j^ounger  INIikan  to  include  two  distinct  species.  He  separated 
from  the  aggregate  species  a  form  wdth  fewer,  broader  leaflets, 
usually  toothed  on  both  edges,  describing  it  under  the  name  V. 
sambucifolia,  retaining  for  the  plant  with  more  numerous  leaflets 
(six  and  more  pairs),  usually  toothed  on  the  posterior  margin 
only,  the  name  V.  officinalis.  This,  however,  could  no  longer  be 
considered  as  F.  officinalis,  Linn.  Syme  later  proposed  the  name 
V.  mikanii  for  the  plant  remaining  after  separation  of  I',  sam- 
bucifolia, Mikan  fits,  and  this  name  has  been  generally  adopted. 

In  Derbyshire  both  V.  sambucifolia  and  V.  mikanii  occur. 
The  former  is  plentiful  on  the  coal  measures,  but  according  to  the 
Rev.  W.  R.  Linton  {Flora  of  Derbyshire)  it  avoids  the  limestone — 
a  conclusion  fully  borne  out  by  our  own  observations.  On  the 
limestone  V.  sambucifolia  is  replaced  by  T'.  mikanii. 

It  is  the  custom  in  Derbysliire  for  cultivators  of  valerian  to 


MATERIA    MEDICA.  221 

gather  the  wild  plants  in  woods  in  early  spring,  the  collecting 
grounds  being  the  hmestone  dales,  particularly  Darley  Dale. 
This  plant  is  proved  to  be  V.  mikoMii. 

It  is  noted  that  cats  have  a  marked  predilection  for  V.  mikanii, 
but  that  they  are  not  attracted  by  growing  plants  of  V.  sambuci- 
folia.     Full  botanical  descriptions  of  the  two  species  are  given. 

Validol  for  Sea-Sickness.  {Nouveaux  Bemedes,  21,  175.)  Scog- 
namiglio  records  a  case  in  which  severe  sea-sickness  Avas  regularh^ 
warded  off  by  doses  of  15  to  20  drops  of  validol  taken  at  the  time 
of  embarking.  Brenning,  from  experience  gained  in  the  Nord 
Deutscher  Lloyd  serA^ce,  confirms  the  statement,  a,nd  has  found 
validol  the  best  of  all  remedies  for  sea-sickness.  Mos  favourable 
results  have  been  obtained  in  hundreds  of  cases  by  the  adminis- 
tration of  8  to  15  drops  of  vahdol  on  sugar,  repeated  several  times 
a  day. 

West  Australian  Poisonous  Plants.  E.  M.  Holme  s. 
{Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20,  140.)  Three  specimens  of  plants  sup- 
posed to  be  poisonous  to  cattle  in  West  Australia,  received 
through  H.  A.  Schlesinger,  and  sent  to  the  Museum  of  tlie 
Pharmaceutical  Society  for  identification,  proved  to  belong  to 
the  following  species,  viz.: — (1)  Gasterolohium  bidens,  Meissn.  ; 
(2)  Gasterolobinm  polystachytim,  Meissn.  ;  (3)  Mirbelia 
racemosa,  Turcz. 

J.  H.  Maiden,  in  The  Useful  Native  Plants  of  Australia  (1889), 
p.  129,  mentions  the  following  species  as  commonly  known  as 
Poison  Bushes,  viz.  : — Gasterolobinm  bilobum,  R.  Br.  ;  G.  calli- 
stachys,  Meissn.  ;  G.  calycmum,  Benth.  ;  G.  obovatum,  Benth.  ; 
G.  oxylobioides,  Benth.  ;  G.  Spinosum,  Benth ;  G.  hilohum, 
Benth.  Of  these  species  of  Ga sterol obium.  G.  calycinum  is  stated 
to  be  most  dangerous  ;  and  it  is  equally  fatal  to  sheep  and  cattle. 
Dogs  eating  the  offal  of  the  dead  animals  are  also  poisoned. 
The  plants  of  the  genus  require  chemicaJ  investigation  to  deter- 
mine the  nature  of  the  poison,  and  a  reliable  antidote  would  be 
of  the  greatest  value.  Tlie  poison  appears  to  be  of  a  narcotic 
and  not  of  an  irritant  nature. 


PHARMACY 


PART     I  I  1 

PHARMACY 

Acacia  Mucilage.  G.  P  i  n  c  li  b  e  c  k.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4]. 
20,  &2{).)  In  (ho  light  of  the  researches  of  E.  Bourquelot  {Year- 
Book,  1904,  282)  the  author  has  made  comparative  experiments 
with  mucilage  of  acacia  containing  oxydase,  made  in  the  ordinary 
way,  and  mucilage  prepared  from  the  same  gum  in  which  the 
oxydase  was  destroyed  by  heating  in  a  sterilizer  to  100°C.  The 
only  effect  of  this  heating  was  to  render  the  mucilage  more  fluid. 

It  is  found  that  the  elimination  of  the  oxydase  (which  eilsures 
the  retention  of  the  full  physiological  activity  of  the  drug  emulsi- 
lied)  does  not  impair  the  emulsif3dng  power  of  the  mucilage, 
and  that  the  heating  has  a  marked  improvement  on  its  preserva- 
tion. It  is  therefore  suggested  that  mucilage  of  acacia  should  be 
officially  directed  to  be  heated  to  100°C.  to  eliminate  the  oxydase. 


Comparative  effects  with  : — 

No.  of 

Name 

of                      Note. 

E.xperi- 

ment. 

Preparation. 

/„\       Mucilage. 
(,"■/  With  Oxydase. 

,i\       Mucilage. 
V')  Oxydase  Free. 

Ext.  Filicis  Liq.          1 

1 

Emulsion     exhibits  '  No  sediment  under 

• 

sediment  to  stand-      the     same     condi- 

ing  overnight.           j    tions. 

2 

01.  Morrhuaj 

Oxidation    evident    No     oxidation    evi- 

on  standing. 

dent     after     some 
time    (14  days). 

3  . 

4  . 

Paraflfinum  Liq.       \ 
01.  Santal      .      .     1  .;> 

TEmulsion     slightly 

5      . 

01.  Terebinth      •     1   " 

\    more     opalescent 

G      . 

Bals.  Copaiba;     .    J 

[  than  A. 

7     . 

Tr.Giiaiaci  Anini.    i   „ 
Ext.  Cinch.  Liq.    '  "^ 

U^niformly    eimdsi- 

i' Uniformly  suspen- 

8     . 

fied,  oxidation  on 

\    ded  ;  no  oxidation 
(.  after  some  time. 

standing          some 

i 

time. 

9     . 

Aspirin     Acetyl-    i 

,  Rate  of  fall  of  par- 

salicylic   Acid)     1    . 

ticles   proportion- 

Bismuth Carb.    .    J 

1 

ately  equal  to  A. 

lu     . 

Compact  deposit  on 

■     Deposit     aggluti- 

standing ;  difficult 

nates  less,  and  is 

to  diffu.se. 

readily    diffusible 
^  on  shaking. 

11      . 

Hydrarg.        Sub.  ,  ) 

/Oxidation     of     the 

—  chlor.    +   Aq.     -5 

1    merciu'ou.s     oxide 

Calcis     ...     * 

j    to  mercuric  oxide 
I   (yellow)  retarded 

226  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

Note  1.  3  Gm.  of  the  liquid  extract  was  intimately  mixed 
with  6  c.c.  mucilage  in  a  mortar,  and  distilled  water  added  to 
produce  30  c.c. 

Note  2.  1'5  c.c.  Avas  added  by  degrees  to  ll-S  c.c.  mucilage, 
and  water  added  to  produce  30  c.c. 

Note  3.  4  c.c.  of  the  preparation  was  added  by  degrees  to 
2  c.c.  of  mucilage,  constantly  triturating  until  an  emulsion  was 
formed,  then  adding  distilled  water  to  produce  30  c.c. 

Note  4.  1  Gm,  of  the  solid  was  rubbed  down  in  a  mortar 
with  2  c.c.  of  mucilage,  and  water  added  to  produce  30  c.c. 

Note  5.  0*2  Gm.  mercurous  chloride  was  triturated  with 
4  c.c.  mucilage,  8  c.c.  solution  of  lime  added  gradually,  trans- 
ferred to  a  bottle  and  well  shaken  ;  then  sufficient  lime  solution 
to  produce  30  c.c. 

Acetic  Extracts.  A.  R.  S.  D  o  h  m  e.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm. 
Assoc,  52,  337.)  Belladonna  Leaf.  100  Gm.  of  belladonna  leaf, 
assaying  0"57  per  cent,  of  total  alkaloids,  was  extracted  with  850 
c.c.  of  10  per  cent,  acetic  acid.  The  valoid  fluid  extract  obtained 
was  a  dark  brown  liquid,  sp.gr.  1-13.  It  yielded  0-54  per  cent, 
of  total  alkaloids,  therefore  showing  practically  no  loss  ;  100  Gm. 
of  the  same  fluid  extracted  gave,  when  evaporated  on  the  water- 
bath,  35  Gm.  of  solid  extract,  which  assayed  1*47  per  cent,  of 
total  alkaloid,  or  0*52  per  cent,  on  the  drug.  The  official  (U.S. P.) 
alcoholic  menstruum,  alcohol  9'5  per  cent.,  or  54-5  per  cent,  by 
volume,  does  not  yield  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  extract. 

Colchicum  Seeds.  The  fluid  extract  obtained  with  10  per 
cent,  acetic  acid  had  the  sp.  gr.  1-098.  It  assayed  0*41  per  cent, 
of  colchicine,  the  same  as  the  seeds  employed,  and  therefore 
showed  no  loss.  It  gave  23  per  cent,  of  solid  extract,  assaying 
1-65  per  cent,  of  colchicine,  equivalent  to  0*38  per  cent,  calcu- 
lated on  the  drug.  The  U.S. P.  alcoholic  menstruum,  54-5  per 
cent.,  gives  only  15  per  cent,  of  solid  extract. 

Digitalis.  The  fluid  extract  obtained  with  10  per  cent,  acetic 
acid  had  the  sp.  gr.  1*176  and  assayed  0*35  per  cent,  of  digitoxin, 
compared  with  0*42  per  cent,  in  the  original  leaves,  or  a  loss  of 
17  per  cent,  of  the  total  digitoxin  press.  When  evaporated  this 
gave  no  less  than  47  per  cent,  of  extractive,  whereas  tlie  official 
U.S. P.  menstruum,  alcohol  54*5  per  cent.,  gives  but  25  per  cent. 
This  extract  assayed  0-52  per  cent,  of  digitoxin,  which  is  equiva- 
lent to  0*24  per  cent,  calculated  on  the  drug,  showing  a  loss  of 
42  per  cent,  of  the  digitoxin  originally  present.     This  indicates 


PHARMACY.  227 

that  acetic  acid  hydrolyses  digitoxin,  and  therefore  is  not  a 
suitable  menstruum  for  pharmaceutical  preparations  of  digitalis. 
Lobelia.  Lobelia  herb  assaying  0*45  per  cent,  of  lobeline  gave 
a  fluid  extract  with  10  per  cent,  acetic  acid,  yielding  0'39  per 
cent,  of  that  alkaloid,  or  a  loss  of  0-06  per  cent,  on  the  drug, 
equivalent  to  14  per  cent,  of  the  alkaloid  present.  This  gave 
on  evaporation  30  per  cent,  of  extract  assaying  1-03  per  cent,  of 
loljeline,  or  0*310  per  cent,  on  the  drug,  showing  a  loss  of  34  per 
cent,  of  the  total  alkaloid  present.  Here  again  acetic  acid  is 
not  as  suitable  a  menstruum  as  the  15  under  proof  (48*6  per 
cent.)  alcohol  of  the  U.S. P. 

Adrenaline  Ointment.  —  M  i  g  n  o  n.  {Bull.  gen.  de  Thera- 
peut.,  1904,  148,  639.)  The  following  ointment  is  specially  useful 
for  the  application  of  adrenaline  in  cases  of  affections  of  the  nose 
or  larynx  :  x^drenaline,  3  Cgm.  ;  white  liquid  paraffin,  3  Gm.  ; 
white  vaseline,  12  Gm.  ;  oil  of  geranium,  3  drops  ;  lanoline, 
15  Gm.  It  is  also  of  great  service  in  the  treatment  of  ha3morr- 
hoids. 

Alkaline  Antiseptic  Solution  N.F.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc, 
52,  198.)  The  following  new  formula  has  been  devised  :  Potas- 
slum  bicarbonate,  32  Gm.  ;  sodium  benzoate,  32  Gm.  ;  borax, 
8  Gm.  ;  thymol,  0*20  Gm.  ;  eucalyptol,  0-2  c.c.  ;  peppermint 
oil,  0*2  c.c.  ;  wintergreen  oil,  0*2  c.c.  ;  tincture  of  cudbear, 
15  c.c.  ;  alcohol  91  per  cent.,  GO  c.c.  ;  glycerin,  250  c.c.  ;  water 
q.s.  to  make  1000  c.c.  Dissolve  the  salts  in  600  c.c.  of  water,  the 
thymol  and  essential  oils  in  the  alcohol ;  mix  the  latter  solution 
with  the  glycerin  and  add  the  aqueous  liquid,  then  the  cudbear 
tincture,  and  lastly  enough  water  to  make  up  to  1,000  c.c. 
Allow  to  stand  for  a  few  days,  then  filter,  adding  a  little  mag- 
nesium carbonate  on  the  filter  if  necessary. 

Aloes,  Detection  and  Differentiation  of,  in  Compound  Rhubarb 
Pills.  T.  Fawsett.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  401.)  The 
nature  of  the  aloes  present  in  compound  rhubarb  pills  may  be 
determined  as  follows  : — 

Remove  the  coating  and  rub  the  pill  to  fine  powder  (drying 
if  necessary).  Of  this  take  3  grs.,  mix  it  thoroughly  with  |  gr. 
of  powdered  K6Fe2Cyi2,  and  of  the  mixture  place  a  quantity 
about  equal  in  size  to  a  coriander  fruit  upon  a  microscopic  slip  ; 
add  enough  distilled  water  to  form  a  thin  paste,  which  spread 


228  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

out  into  a  spot  about  fl  in.  in  diameter  and  allow  it  to  dry 
tlioroughl}'. 

Upon  oxamiiiing  this  spot  under  the  microscopti  by  transniitt<.d 
lamplight,  using  a  low  power,  the  aloes  in  the  pill  will  Ijo  ff)und 
to  present  the  following  appearances  : — 

Socofrine.  Rounded  pieces  of  a  yellow  colour  {sometimes 
brown  or  green)  ;    often  looking  somewhat  like  potatoes. 

Barbados.  Rounded  pieces  of  a  decidedlj^  red  colour,  and 
similar  in  shape  to  Socotrine.  Tliis  kind  of  aloes  stains  the 
ferricyanide  red  beyond  the  margin  of  the  aloes  itself. 

Cape.     Irregularly  shaped  glassy  pieces  of  a  pale  green  colour. 

If  the  ferricyanide  at  the  edges  of  the  spot  is  coloured  even 
slightly  red,  either  Barbados  or  Curasao  aloes  is  probably  pre- 
sent. AU  tlie  other  ingredients  of  Pil.  Rhei  Co.  appear  to  be 
unaffected  by  ferricyanide  of  potassium  of  the  strength  used. 

Ten  samples  of  compound  rhubarb  pills,  obtained  from 
various  sources,  when  subjected  to  the  test  gave  the  following 
results  : — 


No.  of.  Sample. 

Kind  of  Aloes  found. 

1         .       .       .       . 

Socotrine,  Barbados  and  Cape. 

•? 

Socotrine  and  Barbados. 

3        .... 

Socotrine  and  Barbados. 

*4        ... 

Barbados  in  excess. 

5        .       .      .      . 

Barbados. 

6        .      .      .       . 

Socotrine  and  Barbados. 

7       .      .      .      . 

Socotrine  and  Barbados  in  deficient  quantity. 

*S        .... 

Barbados  in  excess. 

9        .... 

Socotrine  and  Barbados. 

10        .... 

Socotrine. 

The  three  kinds  before-named  are  probably  those  most  hkely 
to  be  used  in  pill-making  at  the  present  moment,  but  the  follow- 
ing colour  reactions  with  ferricyanide  may  be  observed  with 
some  varieties  of  aloes  not  in  such  general  demand,'viz. :  Cura9ao 
"  Liverj^,"  greenish-brown  ;  Curasao,  "  Capey,"  greenish -l)rown, 
turning  slowly  crimson  ;  Natal,  pale  greenish-brown  ;  Zanzibar, 
pale  brown. 

If  the  still  moist  spots  of  the  above  experiments  have  the 
vajDour  of  ammonia  passed  over  them,  "  livery  "  Curasao,  Natal, 
Zanzibar,  Socotrine  and  Cape  all  change  to  various  shades  of 
brown,  but  Barbados  and  "  Capey  "  Cura9ao  turn  purple. 

^  *  Nos.  4  and  8,  although  clearly  labelled  "  Compoimd  Rhubarb  Pills," 
weie  apparently  Pil.  Aloes  Barb. 


PHABMACY.  229 

Ammonium  Acetate  and  Extract  of  Cinchona,  Incompatibility 
of.  E.  Crouzel.  {Eepertoire  [3],  16,  301.)  Prescriptions 
are  often  met  with  in  Continental  pharmacy  which  call  for  the 
combination  of  solution  of  ammonium  acetate  and  extract  of 
cinchona.  When  these  ingredients  are  mixed,  a  more  or  less 
copious  precipitate  is  formed,  according  to  the  amount  of 
cinchona  extract  present.  Moreover,  a  greater  precipitate  is 
given  with  a  preparation  rich  in  quinine  than  with  one  which 
contains  a  smaller  quantity.  Ammonium  acetate  is  not  incom- 
patible with  extracts  of  coca,  kola,  or  opium.  [See  also  p. 
243]. 

Antiseptic  Solution  N.F.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52, 
199.)  The  following  new  formula  has  been  suggested  :  Thymol, 
0'5  Gm.  ;  eucalyptol,  0-5  c.c.  ;  Mitcham  peppermint,  1  c.c.  ; 
wintergreen  oil,  1  c.c.  ;  fluid  extract  of  wild  indigo,  16  c.c.  ; 
natural  benzoic  acid,  16  Gm.  ;  boric  acid,  16  Gm.  ;  talcum 
10  Gm. ;  alcohol  91  per  cent.,  375  c.c. ;  water,  625  c.c.  Dissolve 
the  thymol,  eucalyptol  and  essential  oils  in  the  alcohol,  add  the 
fluid  extract  and  tlie  benzoic  acid  ;  dissolve  the  boric  acid  in 
the  water  wdtli  heat,  and  add  to  the  alcohohc  solution  ;  then 
add  the  talcum,  allow  to  stand  for  a  few  hours,  cool  to  15°,  and 
filter. 

Assay  of  Medicated  Dressings.  A.  K  r  e  m  e  1.  {Pharm. 
Post,  38,  264.)  Boric  Acid  Dressings.  Five  to  6  Gm.  of  wool 
or  25  Cm.  of  gauze  are  treated  in  a  beaker  with  200  c.c.  of  20  per 
cent,  aqueous  solution  of  glycerin.  After  thorough  and  pro- 
longed working  of  the  material  in  the  liquid  with  a  glass  rod, 
100  c.c.  of  the  liquid  is  poured  off  and  titrated  with  N/lONaOH 
solution,  using  phenolphthalein  as  indicator.  Each  c.c.  of 
solution  used  =0-0062  Gm.  H3BO3.  The  result  x2  gives  the 
HBO3  in  the  quantity  of  material  taken. 

Ferric  Chloride  Dressings.  From  5  to  6  Grm.  of  the  material 
is  treated  in  a  beaker  with  10  c.c.  of  dilute  HCl  and  190  c.c.  of 
water.  After  well  kneading  with  a  glass  rod,  100  c.c.  of  the 
liquid  is  decanted  into  a  stoppered  flask  and  2  Gm.  of  KI  are 
added.  After  standing  for  an  hour  the  free  iodine  is  titrated  in 
the  usual  manner  with  N/lONajS^Os  solution,  each  c.c.  of  which 
used  up  is  equiva.lent  to  0-01625  Gm.  Fe2Cl6.  The  result  x  2 
gives  the  quantity  present  in  the  material. 

;    Iodoform  Dressings.     From  5  to  6  Gm.  of  wool  or  25  Cm.  of 
gauze  are  treated  in  a  stoppered  flask  with  150  c.c,    of  ether- 


230  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

alcohol,  with  frequent  sliaking,  for  2  hours.  Fifty  e.c.  of  the 
solution  is  measured  ofif  into  a  flask,  50  e.c.  of  NlO/AgNOs 
solution  is  added,  with  5  e.c.  of  dilute  HNO3  and  the  mixture  is 
heated  on  the  water-bath  under  a  reflux  condenser  for  20 
minutes.  After  cooling,  20  drops  of  iron  alum  solution  are  added 
and  the  uncombined  AgNOa  titrated  in  the  usual  manner  with 
NlO/AmCNS  solution.  The  number  of  e.c.  of  this  solution  used 
to  give  a  red  tint  is  subtracted  from  50,  and  the  remainder 
xO'0131  x3  gives  the  amount  of  iodoform  in  the  quantity  of 
material  taken. 

Carbolic  Acid  Dressings.  From  5  to  6  Gm.  of  wool  or  25  Cm. 
of  gauze  are  macerated  in  a  beaker  with  a  mixture  of  5  e.c.  of 
caustic  soda  solution  and  245  e.c.  of  water.  After  thorough  and 
prolonged  kneading  with  a  glass  rod,  25  e.c.  of  the  solution  is 
transferred  to  a  stoppered  flask  and  treated  with  50  c.e.  of 
KBrOa  solution  (1-667  KBrOg  in  1  litre),  50  e.c.  of  KBr  solution 
(5-94  KBr  in  1  litre),  and  5  e.c.  of  strong  H0SO4.  After 
standing  well  stoppered  for  15  minutes,  1  Gm.  of  KI  is  added, 
and  the  free  iodine  titrated  with  X/lONaaSjOs  solution.  The 
number  of  e.c.  of  NlO/NaoSoOa  solution  used  up  subtracted  from 
30,  the  remainder  x  0-00156x10  gives  the  amount  of  phenol 
in  the  quantity  of  material  taken. 

Sublimate  Dressings.  Since  these  dressings  usually  contain 
but  1  per  mille  of  HgQa,  a  larger  quantity  must  be  taken  for 
assay  ;  1  metre  of  gauze  or  20  Gm.  of  wool.  This  is  macerated 
in  a  capacious  beaker  with  500  e.c.  of  1  per  cent.  NaCl  solution. 
After  thorough  kneading  with  a  glass  rod,  250  e.c.  of  the  solution 
is  withdrawn,  acidified  wdth  HCl,  and  treated  with  50  to  100  c.e. 
of  freshly  prepared  SHo  solution.  After  standing,  the  precipi- 
tated HgS  is  collected  on  a  tared  filter,  washed  with  water  con- 
taining SH2,  and  dried  at  100°C.  The  dry  precipitate  is  then 
washed  with  a  few  e.c.  of  CS2,  again  dried,  and  weighed.  The 
weight  found  x  2x1-168  gives  the  amount  of  HgCL  in  the 
quantity  of  material  taken. 

Salicylic  Acid  Dressings.  250  Cm.  of  gauze  or  5  to  10  Gm.  of 
wool  are  macerated  with  200  e.c.  of  alcohol ;  after  thorough 
kneading  with  a  glass  rod,  100  c.e.  of  the  solution  is  taken, 
diluted  with  water,  and  titrated  with  N/lONaOH  solution,  with 
litmus  as  indicator.  Tlie  number  of  e.c.  used  x  0-0138  x  2  gives 
tlie  weight  of  acid  in  the  material  as  taken.  Tliis  may  be  calcu- 
lated into  percentage  by  drying  and  weighing  the  residual 
dressing  after  the  treatment  with  alcohol. 


PHARMACY.  231 

Basic  Bismuth  Gallate  Dressing.  From  5  to  6  Gin.  of  wool  or 
25  cm.  of  gauze  are  macerated,  as  above,  with  10  c.c.  of  N/NaOH 
solution  and  190  c.c.  of  water.  100  c.c.  of  the  Hquid  is  then 
decanted  and  treated  with  5  c.c.  of  N/HCl  solution.  The  pre- 
cipitate formed  is  collected,  washed  and  dried.  It  is  then 
ignited,  the  residue  dissolved  in  HNO3,  evaporated  to  diyncss, 
and  again  ashed.  The  weight  of  BioOy  thus  obtained  x  2  x  1*88 
gives  the  amount  of  basic  bismuth  gallate  in  the  quantity  of 
material  taken. 

Balsam  of  Peru  in  Ointments.  —  B  i  s  c  h  o  ff.  {Apoth.  Zeit.) 
Peruvian  balsam  does  not  give  a  satisfactory  ointment  with  any 
form  of  paraffin  basis,  or  when  soft  paraffin  is  added  to  a  lard 
basis  already  combined  with  the  balsam.  Issleib  has  attributed 
the  separation  observed  when  the  balsam  is  mixed  Avith  boric 
acid  ointment  to  the  acid,  but  Bischoff  states  that  this  is  not  so, 
since  it  is  perfectly  miscible  with  the  ointment  prepared  with 
lard  ;  according  to  Lister's  original  formula,  Issleib  finds  that  a 
perfect  ointment  may  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  carnauba  wax. 
Tlie  incompatibility  may  be  overcome  by  first  rubbing  down 
the  boric  acid,  or  any  other  medication,  such  as  iodoform,  with 
a  little  castor  oil.  This  is  then  mixed  with  the  petrolatum  and 
the  balsam  added  afterwards. 

Bark  Mixtures,  Manipulation  of.  H.  W  y  a  1 1.  [Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  898.)  Acid.  nit.  mur.  dil.,  5iss  ;  spt.  chlorof., 
5iss  ;  Ext.  cinchon.  liq.,  5iss  ;  aquam.,  ad  5VJ.  M.  ft.  mist. 
Mix  tlie  acid,  spt.  chlorof.  and  extract  together  and  pour  into 
the  water.     Any  other  way  gives  a  flaky  deposit. 

This  is  further  shown  in  the  following  mixture  :  Tinct.  cin- 
clionse,  5ij-  ;  acid,  sulpli.  dU.,  5ij.  ;  Aq.  chloroform,  ad  jiv.  M. 
ft.  mist. 

Mix  the  tincture  with  the  acid  and  pour  into  the  water.  If 
the  order  be  reversed,  and  tlie  tincture  added  to  the  acid  and 
water,  a  precipitate  of  a  much  darker  colour  and  much  more 
bulky  comes  dowai. 

Belladonna,  Extract  of ;  Formula  of  the  New  French  Codex 
(International  Formula).  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pharm. 
Chim.  [6],  20,  211.)  Coarsely  powdered  belladonna  leaves, 
1  kilo.  ;  alcohol  70  per  cent.,  6  kilos.  Moisten  the  powder  with 
a  portion  of  the  2  kilos,  of  alcohol,  and  pack  in  a  percolator,  add 


232  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

the  rest  of  tlie  2  kilos,  and  allow  to  macerate  for  24  hour.s  ;  then 
percolate  and  continue  the  extraction  with  the  remaining  4  kilos, 
of  alcoliol.  Distil  the  percolate  to  recover  the  alcohol,  and 
evaporate  to  the  consistence  of  a  thick  fluid  extract.  Charac- 
ters.— A  brown  extract  with  a  peculiar  odour,  entirely  soluble 
in  alcohol  70  per  cent.  It  should  not  contain  more  than  10  per 
cent,  of  water.  Determination  of  alkaloids. — Dissolve  2  Gm.  of 
tlie  extract  in  10  Gm.  of  alcohol  60  per  cent,  in  a  125  c.c.  flask. 
Add  to  the  solution  ether  50  Gm.,  and  chloroform  20  Gm., 
then,  after  thorough  agitation,  10  c.c.  of  a  25  per  cent,  solution 
of  NaoCOa  ;  set  aside  for  1  hour  with  frequent  agitation.  Then 
filter  through  a  dry,  well-covered  filter  into  a  small  flask  50  Gm. 
of  the  ether  chloroform,  representing  |  of  the  original  extract, 
and  distil  the  filtrate  to  one  half  its  volume  ;  transfer  this  to 
a  separator,  washing  out  the  distillation  flask  with  separate  5 
c.c.'s  of  ether.  Shake  up  the  bulked  liquid  with  30  c.c.  of 
N/100  H2SO4,  adding,  if  necessary,  a  little  more  ether  to  make 
the  ethereal  layer  float  on  the 'surface  of  the  acid  hquid  ;  after 
complete  separation,  filter  the  aqueous  layer  through  a  small 
filter,  wash  the  ether  cliloroform  again  with  3  separate  10  c.c. 
of  water,  pass  this  through  the  same  filter,  and  make  up  the 
volume  to  100  c.c.  Add  to  this  enough  ether  to  give,  after 
agitation,  a  layer  1  cm.  deep,  and  then  titrate  back  the  free  acid 
with  N/100  NaOH  solution,  using  iodeosin  as  indicator.  The 
number  of  c.c.  used  up  subtracted  from  30,  the  remainder 
divided  by  2,  multiplied  by  3  and  then  by  0*00289,  will  give  the 
quantity  of  alkaloid  in  2  Gm.  of  extract. 

Belladonna  Leaves,  Standardized,  Powdered  Alcoholic  Extract 

of.  E.  H.  r  a  r  r  and  R.  W  r  i  g  li  t.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20, 
398.)  Continuing  their  work  on  powdered  standardized 
alcohoUc  extracts  (see  Y ear-Book,  1904,  404),  attention  has  been 
directed  to  belladomia  leaves.     The  investigation  includes  : — 

(1)  Determination  of  the  average  amount  of  alkaloid  in  the 
commercial  dried  leaves. 

(2)  The  determination  of  the  alkaloid  in  a  number  of  samples 
of  the  official  extract  which  it  is  proposed  to  displace. 

(3)  The  treatment  of  several  samples  of  the  drug  by  j^ercola- 
tion  under  varying  conditions  with  alcoholic  menstrua  of  different 
strengths,  and  the  estimation  of  the  alkaloid  aiid  thy  extract 
and  the  proportitm  of  the  former  in  the  latter  in  the  various 
percolates. 


PHARMACY.  233 

(4)  The  consideration  of  the  proper  standard  for  the  powdered 
extract. 

(5)  The  observ^ation  of  the  effect  of  exposure  to  air  upon  the 
stability  of  the  finished  product. 

(1 )  Assay  of  the  Drug.  As  the  result  of  the  assay  of  19  samples 
of  the  dried  leaves  the  mean  alkaloidal  content  was  found  to  be 
0*547  per  cent.,  with  1-32  for  a  maximum  and  O'H  for  a  minimum. 

(2)  Amount  of  Alkaloid  in  Extract.  The  proportion  of  alkaloid 
in  the  official  green  extract  of  belladonna  varies  enormously,  as 
shown  by  the  following  figures  by  different  workers  : — 

Barclay       .      .      .   Min.  0-77      .     Max.  1-24     .      Average    7  samples  1-0 
Farr  and  Wright   .   jMin.  0-52      .      Max.  1-33      .      Average    6  samples  0-93 
Naylor  and  Bryant  Min.  0-55      .      Max.  1-80      .      Average  10  samples  1-07 
J.  C.  Umney     .      .    Min.  0-94      .      Max.  1-26      .      Average    3  samples! -13 
1880.  1881.  1884.  1885.  1892. 

Squire  .      .      .   (1)   1-22     .      (1)  1-16     .      1-21      .      (1)  0-73      .      1-7 

(2)  1-26     .      (2)   1-21      .       —      ,      (2)  0-94     .     — 

(3j   MI      .      — 

(4)   M7      .      — 

Southall's  Laboratory        1900.  1901.  1902.  1903.  1904. 

Reports  .      .      .    MO     .      1-38      .  1-50     .  0-87      .      1-08 

(3)  Method  of  Preparation.  As  the  result  of  a  large  number 
of  experiments  described  in  detail,  alcohol  70  per  cent,  was  found 
to  be  the  best  menstruum  for  the  preparation  of  the  dry  extract. 

The  general  process  for  the  preparation  of  the  standa.rdized 
extract  is  as  follows  : — 

Take  any  convenient  quantity  of  the  drug  in  No.  40  powder, 
moisten  it  with  one-fourth  its  bulk  of  70  per  cent,  alcohol,  pack 
firmly  in  a  percolator,  add  more  menstruum  and  allow  percola- 
tion to  proceed  until  a  volume  of  percolate  equal  to  4  times  the 
bulk  of  the  drug  w/v  has  been  collected.  Press  the  marc,  mix 
the  liquids,  filter.  Determine  the  amount  of  dry  extract  yielded 
by  tlie  percolate  and  the  proportion  of  alkaloid  contained 
therein.  Take  any  convenient  quantity  of  the  percolate,  mix 
with  it  an  amount  of  the  diluent  (powdered  belladonna  leaf  of 
known  alkaloidal  strength)  somewhat  less  than  calculation  has 
shown  wiU  be  necessary  to  bring  down  the  dry  extract  to  the 
required  standard,  recover  the  alcohol  by  distillation  and  dry 
the  residue  in  a  shallow,  fiat,  tared  dish,  first  over  a  water-bath 
and  finally  in  a  current  of  warm  air  at  a  temperature  of  from 
60°-80°C.  until  the  weight  is  fairly  constant.  Take  the  weight 
of  the  dish  with  its  contents,  calculate  the  additional  amount  of 
the  diluent  which  will  i^e  required,  add  this  to  the  product  of 
evaporation,  transfer  the  whole  to  a  dry,  slightly  warmed  mortar, 


234  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

and  triturate  carefully  until  thoroughly  mixed.  Finally,  pass 
the  powdered  extract  through  a  No.  20  sieve,  transfer  to  a  well 
corked  or  glass  stoppered  bottle,  and  preserve  in  a  cool,  dry 
place. 

The  addition  of  the  powder  to  the  liquid  before  evaporation  is 
reconiniended,  because  we  have  found  by  experience  that  evapor- 
ation is  thereby  greatly  facilitated,  the  formation  of  lumps  is 
prevented,  the  amalgamation  of  the  particles  of  extract  and 
diluent  is  rendered  much  more  intimate,  and  the  removal  of  the 
product  from  the  dish  is  rendered  easier  of  accomplishment. 
Tlie  standardized  extract  may  be  assayed  by  Bird's  process  for 
belladonna  leaves  or  by  the  following  method  : — 

Take  of— 

Powdered  extract  of  belladonna  leaf      ...    5  Gm. 
...  ~     r  Acetic  acid,  B. P.,  1  volume        )  re  ■     j.  x-^ 

A  mixture  of     ^70  per  cent,  alcohol,  9  volumes)   a  sufficient  quantity. 

Slightly  damp  the  powder  with  a  little  of  the  menstruum,  pack 
tightly  in  a  small  tube  to  which  an  air-pressure  ball  has  been 
attached,  and  percolate  under  pressure  until  50  c.c.  percolate 
has  been  collected.  Determine  the  alkaloid  in  the  percolate  by 
the  oflticial  assay  process.  The  amount  of  alkaloid  thus  indicated, 
multiplied  by  20,  gives  the  required  percentage. 

(4)  Alkaloidal  Standard.  In  deciding  upon  a  standard  for  the 
extract,  several  matters  have  to  be  taken  into  consideration.  It 
is  evident,  for  instance,  that  to  fix  upon  a  standard  for  general 
use  which  could  only  be  attained  by  the  employment  of  special 
menstrua  or  secret  methods  would  not  be  a  commendable  pro- 
ceeding. 

There  is  almost  as  great  an  objection  to  taking,  as  the  basis 
of  calculation,  the  results  obtained  from  the  best  samples  of 
English  drug. 

A  standard  of  2  per  cent,  or  upwards  can  be  easily  attained. 

Viewed  in  the  abstract,  the  proper  method  would  be  to  take 
a  fair  average,  based  upon  the  results  obtained  from  a  number 
of  samples  of  genuine  leaves,  some  British  and  some  foreign. 

When  the  subject  is  viewed  from  an  official  standpoint,  how- 
ever, other  questions  have  to  be  taken  into  consideration. 

For  example,  there  are  two  solid  extracts  of  belladonna  at 
present  official,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  both  may  be  retained 
in  the  next  Pharmacopoeia.  These  are  largely  prescribed  with- 
out discrimination  by  medical  men,  and  often  dispensed  indis- 


PHARMACY.  235 

criminately  by  pharmacists,  so  that  it  is  a  matter  of  no  shght 
importance  that  the  standards  shall  be,  if  not  identical,  at  any 
rate  approximately  the  same  in  each  case. 

Maben  has  proposed  {Y ear-Book,  1904,  263)  that  the  standard 
for  the  root  extract  shall  be  raised  to  something  over  1-5  per 
cent.,  and  that  an  alcoholic  extract  of  tlie  leaf  of  the  same 
standard  of  strength  shall  be  officialized. 

This  suggestion  brings  other  considerations  into  view,  all  of 
which  need  to  be  stated  before  a  sound  conclusion  can  be 
arrived  at. 

The  standardization  of  galenicals,  and  more  especially  ex- 
tracts, must  be  carried  out,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  there  is  a 
point  beyond  which  a  high  standard  may  become  an  element  of 
danger  to  the  patient.  In  the  case  of  an  extract  of  belladonna, 
whether  from  leaf  or  root,  a  1  per  cent,  standard  means  that 
each  grain  of  the  extract  contains  1/100-grain  of  alkaloid,  and  as 
this  represents  the  maximum  dose  of  atropine  or  hyoscyamine, 
it  is  evident  that  the  proportion  of  alkaloid  in  the  extract  could 
not  safely  be  increased  much  beyond  that  point. 

In  deciding  upon  an  alkaloidal  standard  for  an  extract,  regard 
must  be  had  to  the  permanence  and  stability  of  the  finished 
product.  Most  dry  extracts  have  a  tendency  to  absorb  moisture, 
and  manifestly  the  greater  the  proportion  of  such  an  extract  in 
the  resulting  preparation,  the  greater  the  danger  from  this 
source.  In  order  to  secure  permanency  and  to  prevent  clogging, 
it  is  essential  that  the  dry  extract  shall  be  well  diluted.  The 
abstracts  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  were  discarded 
mainly  because  their  excessive  concentration  precluded  the 
fulfilment  of  this  condition. 

Changes  (and,  above  all,  frequent  changes)  in  the  strength  of 
official  preparations  of  great  potency  are  to  be  deprecated  unless 
showia  to  be  absolutely  necessary.  To  vary  the  standards  fre- 
quently or  unnecessarily  involves  difficulty  to  both  prescriber 
and  dispenser,  and  danger  to  the  patient. 

(5)  Eiject  of  Free  Exposure  to  Air  upon  the  Standardized 
Powdered,  Extract.  Six  samples  of  the  powdered  extract  pre- 
pared with  alcohol  of  various  strength  were  exposed  to  the  air  ; 
all  were  found  to  be  more  or  less  hygroscopic. 

Belladonna  Root,  Exhaustion  of,  with  Alcohol.  Elsie  S. 
Hooper.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  140.)  An  exhavistive 
communication    on    the    extraction    of    belladonna    root    with 


236  YEAR-BOOK    OF    niARMACY. 

alcohol,  as  in  the  preparation  of  the  official  liquid  extract,  is  thus 
summarized  : — 

Exhaustion  is  most  rapid  when  the  drug  is  moistened  with 
25  c.c.  for  every  100  Gm.  weight  of  the  drug. 

The  B.P.  method  is  defective  in  two  respects  :  (a)  The 
quantity  of  menstruum  to  moisten  is  too  large ;  (h)  It  is 
inexpedient  to  pour  on  liquid  till  it  drops  through,  and  then 
close  and  macerate. 

Practically  the  w^hole  of  the  alkaloid  of  800  Gm.  of  root  is 
contained  in  the  first  300  c.c.  of  percolate  obtained  by  repercola- 
tion  in  four  quantities  under  proper  conditions. 

Assays  of  the  root  by  Keller's,  Panchaud's,  Duastan's,  and 
Bird's  processes  are  practically  identicial.  On  account  of  rapidity 
and  simplicity,  Keller's  or  Panchaud's  processes  deserve 
preference. 

Belladonna  Root,  Standardized  Powdered  Alcoholic  Extract. 
E.  H.  F  a  r  r  and  R.  Wright.  {PMrm.  Journ.  [4],  20,  546. ) 
In  the  present  edition  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  the  standardized 
liquid  extract  was  made  the  basis  of  the  other  preparations  of 
the  root ;  the  sohd  extract  being  retained,  but  its  strength  being 
reduced  to  1  per  cent. 

By  an  unfortunate  oversight  the  characters  of  the  preparation 
were  omitted  from  the  Pharmacopoeia,  with  the  result  that 
manufacturers  continued  to  send  out  as  a  semi-sohd  extract  a 
preparation  which  should  have  had  the  characters  of  a  powdered 
extract. 

The  experiments  which  have  been  made  on  the  subject  have 
not  been  carried  out  with  the  idea  of  displacing  the  present 
oflftcial  root  extract,  but  rather  with  the  oliject  of  providing 
future  workers  on  the  pharmacy  of  belladonna  root  with  facts 
and  figures  for  their  guidance.  This  has  been  carried  out  on  the 
same  lines  as  in  the  case  of  the  extract  of  belladonna  leaf,  and 
includes  : — 

(1)  The  examination  of  samples  of  the  crude  drug,  in  order 
to  ascertain  the  average  amount  of  alkaloids  therein  con- 
tained. 

(2)  The  treatment  of  several  samples  of  the  powdered  drug 
by  percolation  under  varying  conditions  with  alcoholic  menstrua 
of  different  strengths,  and  the  determination  of  the  alkaloids 
and  dry  extract,  and  the  proportion  of  the  former  in  tlie  latter 
in  the  various  percolates. 


PHARMACY.  237 

(3)  Suggestions  for  alkaloidal  standards  for  the  powdered 
extract. 

(4)  Tlie  mic'roscopi(!  recognition  of  the  extract. 

(5)  Effect  of  exposure  to  air  upon  the  stability  of  the  finished 
product. 

(1 )  Proporiioii  of  A  Ikaloids  in  Bdladomia  Root.  Seven  samples 
of  belladonna  root  were  examined,  and  yielded  as  an  average 
0'438.  Minimum,  0'31  per  cent.  ;  maximum,  0'64  per  cent. 
All  the  samples  examined,  with  two  exceptions,  contained 
over  0*4  per  cent,  alkaloids.  This  has  been  suggested  by  Cripps 
(0-4  to  0-0). 

(2)  The  Meustruum  for  the  Extraction  Process.  After  ninnerous 
experiments,  alcohol  70  per  cent.,  as  in  the  case  of  belladonna 
leaf,  was  found  to  be  the  most  suitable  menstruum. 

(3)  Alkaloidal  Standard  for  the  Powdered  Extract.  There  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  preparing  a  standard  of  anything  from  1  to 
5  per  cent.,  as  might  be  deemed  advisable.  The  method  of 
preparation  and  standardization  are  the  same  as  for  powdered 
belladonna  leaf  extract  {supra).  The  diluent  employed 
should  be  powdered  belladonna  root  of  known  alkaloidal 
strength. 

(4)  Microscopical  Recognition.  It  is  found  that  the  histologi- 
cal elements  of  both  the  powdered  root  and  powdered  leaf 
undergo  very  little  change  in  the  process  of  evaporating  and 
drying  the  extract,  even  the  starch  grains  being  in  most  cases 
unaffected.  For  microscopical  examination,  the  extractive  and 
colouring  matter  should  first  be  removed  by  extraction  with 
warm  70  per  cent,  alcohol ;  the  residue  is  then  cleared  in  chloral 
hydrate  solution  ;  a  little  KOH  may  sometimes  be  necessary, 
but  this  dissolves  starch  and  cell  contents. 

The  following  are  the  special  features  of  powdered  belladonna 
leaf  :  {a)  Striated  cuticle  ;  {h)  Epidermal  cells  with  ridges  on 
surface  and  irregular  sinuous  margins  ;  (c)  Stomata  connected 
with  3  or  rai-ely  4  epidermal  cells,  of  which  one  is  nmcli  smaller 
than  the  others  ;  {d)  Sandy  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate  in  most 
fiagments  of  leaf  of  any  size  ;  (e)  Fragments  of  glandular  hairs 
are  occasionally  met  with. 

In  the  case  of  the  root,  attention  maj^  be  drawn  to  the  following 
features  :  (a)  Characteristic  sandy  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate  ; 
{h)  Starch  grains.  These  are  either  simple  or  compound,  the 
former  being  round  or  oval,  and  the  latter  more  or  less  irregular. 
Most  of  the  grains  are  furnished  with  a  well-marked  hiluin,  but 


238  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

the    concentric    markings    are    not    very    evident.     The    other 
characters  are  chiefly  negative. 

(5)  Absorption  of  Moisture  on  Exposure  to  Air.  A\[  the  pow- 
dered extracts  showed  a  shglit  liygroscopic  tendency,  and  should 
therefore  be  carefully  stored. 

Benzoinated  Paraffin.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drug.  Circ,  49, 
223.)  Liquid  paraffin,  16;  gum  benzoin,  1.  Digest  on  the 
sand-bath  for  half  an  hour,  and  filter.  This  preparation  is  a 
neutral,  bland  menstruum  suitable  for  applying  various  anti- 
septics by  means  of  a  spray  or  atomizer. 

Blood  Acid-Albumin  Preparations.  {Pharm.  CentrfM.,  45,  610.) 
Blood  acid-albumen  is  placed  on  the  market  as  a  nutritive  in  the 
form  of  a  coarse  dark  powder  with  whitish  particles  and  a  faint 
cinnamon  odour.  It  is  also  prepared  in  an  odourless  form  as  a 
fine  powder.  One  part  is  stated  to  be  equivalent  to  about  6 
parts  of  fresh  defibrinated  blood.  It  is  soluble  in  warm  water, 
giving  a  solution  with  an  acid  reaction  which  does  not  coagulate 
on  boiUng.  (1)  Elixir  of  Blood  Acid- Albumin. — Blood  acid- 
albumin,  30  Gm.  ;  simple  syrup,  200  Gm.  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent., 
125  Gm.  ;  tincture  of  fresh  orange-peel,  2  Gm.  ;  aromatic  tincture, 
10  Gm.  ;  tincture  of  vanilla,  4  Gm.  ;  tincture  of  cinnamon,  4 
Gm.  ;  acetic  ether,  10  drops  ;  distilled  water  to  1,000  Gm.  The 
albumin  is  dissolved  in  water  on  the  water-bath  at  50-60°C., 
and  mixed,  when  cold,  with  the  other  ingredients.  (2)  Strong 
Elixir  of  Blood  Acid-Albumin. — Blood  acid-albumin,  60  to 
80  Gm.  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  50  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  250  Gm.  ; 
flavours  as  above  (formula  1)  ;  distilled  wafer  to  1,000  Gm. 
Dissolve  the  acid-albumin  on  the  water-bath  in  a  mixture  of 
the  glycerin  and  water  ;  proceed  as  in  formula  1.  (3)  Elixir  of 
Blood  Acid-Albumin  with  CincJwna  or  Cotulurango. — Elixir  of 
blood  acid-albumin.  No.  1,  98  ;  liquid  extract  of  cinchona,  2  ; 
or  Hquid  extract  of  condurango,  2.  Mix.  (4)  Wine  of  Blood 
Acid- Albumin. — Blood  acid-albumin,  3  ;  glycerin,  6  ;  distilled 
water,  21  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  5  ;  prepared  Malaga  wine  to 
100.  Proceed  as  above.  The  organic  salts  in  any  wine  employed 
should  first  be  converted  into  chlorides  by  the  addition  of  hydro- 
chloric acid,  1,  to  wine,  200  ;  the  mixture  should  be  allowed  to 
stand  for  24  hours  before  adding  it  to  the  acid-albumin  solution. 
(5)  31alt  Extract  with  Blood  Acid-Albumin.— B\ood  ack\-a\humm, 
in  fine  powder.  1  ;   glycerin,  or  simple  syrup,  2  ;  extract  of  malt 


PHARMACY.  239 

to  20.  Rub  douai  the  acid-albumin  with  the  syrup  or  glycerin, 
heat  gently  on  the  water-bath,  mix  with  the  malt  extract  and 
heat  for  a  short  time,  not  exceeding  60°C.  (6)  Malt  Extract  and 
Cod  Liver  Oil  with  Blood  Acid- Albumin. — Blood  acid-albumin  in 
fine  powder,  1  ;  glycerin,  2  ;  malt  extract,  10.  Proceed  as  in 
formula  No.  5  ;  finally  add  cod  liver  oil,  8  to  10,  incorporating 
the  oil  gradually. 

Bone  and  Malt  Mixture.  E.  and  N.  Seltzer.  [Proc. 
Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  247.)  Powdered  bone,  100;  phos- 
phoric acid,  100  ;  lactic  acid,  160  ;  pepsin,  20  ;  pancreatin,  5  ; 
wat^r  sufficient  to  make  2,000  ;    malt  extract,  2,000.     Mix. 

Cacao  Butter,  Behaviour  of,  with  Certain  Compounds.  E.  A. 
Ruddiman.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  222.)  Other 
compounds  besides  chloral  hydrate  soften  cacao  butter  when 
rubl^ed  with  it.  With  one-half  its  weight  of  camphor,  eupliorin, 
menthol,  naphthalin,  thymol,  or  salol,  oil  of  theobroma  gives  a 
soft  mass  or  liquid.  The  addition  of  beeswax  or  of  spermaceti 
is  recommended,  but,  although  these  bodies  raise  the  melting 
point,  they  do  not  render  the  consistence  of  the  mass  suitable 
for  suppositories.  Probably  the  addition  of  a  little  hardening 
agent  and  an  absorbent  powder  may  give  the  requisite  firmness. 

Cacao-butter  Soap  for  Dentifrices,  P.  van  d  e  r  W  i  e  1  e  n 
{Pharm.  Weekblad.,  through  Apoth.  Zeit.,  20,  14.)  From  its 
agreeable  taste  and  odour,  cacao-butter  soap  is  specially  suitable 
for  the  preparation  of  tooth  pastes  and  powders.  It  may  be 
prepared  as  follows  :  100  parts  of  melted  cacao  butter  is  added 
to  a  warm  50  per  cent,  solution  of  caustic  soda,  sp.  gr.  1-54,  well 
stirred,  and  allowed  to  stand  for  48  hours.  The  mixture  is  then 
warmed  on  the  water-bath  until  a  clear  solution  results  ;  1,000 
parts  of  water  is. then  added  and  the  soap  salted  out  from  the 
hot  solution  by  the  addition  of  100  parts  of  salt.  The  mixture 
is  boiled  until  the  soap  has  completely  separated  ;  after  cooling, 
the  solid  soap  layer  is  removed,  strongly  pressed,  washed  with 
50  parts  of  water,  again  pressed,  broken  up  into  small  pieces, 
and  dried  at  a  gentle  heat.  When  dry  it  is  rubbed  to  a  fine 
powder.  The  soap  thus  obtained  is  light  yellow,  has  a  slight 
odour  of  cacao,  and  gives  a  clear  solution  in  water.  It  gives  no 
alkaline  reaction  in  solution  with   90  per  cent,   alcohol,   with 


240  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PIIAUiMACY 

plieuolplithalein.       PJven  wlien  unmixed  with  otlier  ingredients 
it  forms  a  good  tooth  powder. 

Caffeine,  Hypodermic  Injection  of.  F.  M  e  n  d  e  1.  {Merck's 
Beport,  18,  50.)  The  addition  of  sodium  saUcylate  as  a  solvent 
of  caffeine  is  stated  to  have  no  ill  effects  on  the  activity  of  the 
latter,  and  obviates  the  discomfort  and  pain  usually  following 
the  administration  of  caffeine  injection.  The  injection  is  thus 
prescribed  :  Sodium  salicylate,  17*5 ;  cati'oine,  2-5 ;  distilled 
water  to  100.  The  dose  is  2  c.c.  of  this  solution  for  adults,  with 
correspondingly  less  for  children. 

Calomelol  Ointment  and  Dusting  Powder.  [Merck's  Jicport, 
18,  114,  and  Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  1002.)  Calomelol  is  described  as 
colloidal  mercurous  chloride  containing  25  per  cent,  of  albu- 
minoids. It  is  soluble  in  about  50  parts  of  water,  and  also  in 
saUne  solutions. 

A  dusting  powder  for  syphyHtic  sores  consists  of  calomelol,  2  ; 
zinc  oxide,  1  ;  starch,  1.  Calomelol  Ointment,  known  as  "  Hey- 
den's  Ointment,"  is  a  soft,  greyish- wliite  preparation,  containing 
45  per  cent,  of  calomelol.  It  is  intended  for  mercurial  treatment 
by  inunction,  injection,  oi  simple  application.  The  activity  of 
the  ointment  is  increased  by  the  addition  of  2  per  cent,  of  killed 
mercury,  and  the  later  calomelol  ointment  of  commerce  contains 
the  addition.     The  daily  dose  is  up  to  95  grains. 

Camphor  Liniment,  Preparation  of.  A.  B  o  y  d.  {Pfiarm.  Journ. 
[4],  20,  266.)  Measure  the  oil  into  a  bottle  with  a  fairly  wide  neck, 
and  dipping  it  into  hot  water  and  shaking  occasionally.  When 
fairly  warm  introduce  the  camphor,  first  put  through  a  No.  20 
sieve  to  break  up  all  masses  ;  cork  up  tight,  and  shake  vigorously, 
when  it  will  all  cUssolve.  Made  this  wa}',  theie  should  be  no  loss 
of  camphor. 

The  stock  of  camphorated  oil  should  be  kept  well  stoppered, 
and  in  the  coolest  part  of  the  shop — the  cellar  preferably.  The 
shop  bottle,  used  for  sales,  should  be  kept  on  a  low  shelf,  and 
away  from  direct  sunlight.  To  test  the  preparation  at  any 
time,  weigh  100  grs.  into  a  small  dish  and  evaporate  with  the 
heat  of  the  water-bath,  when  it  should  lose  in  weight  21*44  grs., 
which-  represents  the  camphor ;  if  it  falls  under  21  grs.,  the 
original  stock  should  be  made  up  to  the  right  strength  by  adding 
more  camphor  to  the  oil  being  tested. 


PHARMACY. 


241 


Camphor  Milk.  M.  I.  W  i  1  b  e  r  t.  {Amer.  Journ.  Fharm., 
77,  130.)  Alcoholic  solution  of  ammonia  (10  per  cent.),  5  ;  oleic 
acid,  10  ;  cotton-seed  oil,  20  ;  camphor,  1  ;  water  to  make  150. 
To  the  cotton-seed  oil,  in  a  dry  bottle,  add  the  oleic  acid,  followed 
by  the  alcoholic  ammonia  ;  in  this  mixture  dissolve  the  camphor. 
Then  add  the  water  in  quantities  of  5  to  10  fluid  parts  at  a  time, 
and  shake  or  stir  until  a  uniform  smooth  emulsion  has  been 
obtained.  Any  other  perfume  may  be  substituted,  as  desired, 
for  the  camplior,  and  mineral  oil  or  oil  of  sweet  almonds  used 
instead  of  cotton-seed  oil. 

Camphor  Snow.  M.  I.  Wilbert.  {Amer.  Journ.  Pharm., 
77,  128.)  Agar-agar,  3  ;  water,  150  ;  stearic  acid,  15  ;  sodium 
carbonate,  10  ;  cacao  butter,  15  ;  water,  100  ;  alcohol  94  per 
cent.,  10  ;  camphor,  5.  Dissolve  the  agar- agar  in  the  water, 
150,  by  heating,  and  strain.  Add  the  stearic  acid  to  100  c.c.  of 
water  heated  on  the  water  bath,  then  the  sodium  carbonate. 
When  effervescence  ceases  and  all  the  gas  has  been  driven  off,  add 
the  cacao  butter  and  the  agar-agar  mucilage  ;  mix  thoroughly 
with  an  egg  whisk,  remove  from  the  water-bath,  and  continue  the 
beating  until  a  uniform  lather  results  of  about  three  times  the 
volume  of  the  original  liquid. 

Capsicum  Counter-irritant.  F.  E.  N  i  e  c  e.  {Drmj.  Circ,  49, 
224.)  Yellow  petrolatum,  4  ozs.  ;  capsicum  powder,  1  oz. 
Digest  on  a  sand  bath  for  a  feM'  hours,  let  it  stand,  and  while  hot 
filter  or  strain.  Pour  into  jars  or  tubes  while  still  hot.  An  ex- 
cellent counter-irritant  for  use  as  a  substitute  for  mustard  plaster 
which  does  not  vesicate. 

Capsicum  Paraffin  Liniment.  F.  E.  N  i  e  c  e.  [Drugg.  Circ, 
49,  223.)  Paraffin  oil,  8  ;  powdered  capsicums,  1.  Digest  on  a 
sand-bath  and  filter.  Camphor,  oil  of  winter  green,  thymol, 
menthol,  or  any  other  soluble  ingredient  may  be  added.  It  is 
stated  to  be  an  excellent  stimulating  liniment  for  appUcation 
where  there  are  no  exposed  surfaces. 

Catgut,  Sterilization  of,  by  Means  of  Benzol.  —  B  e  s  1  i  e  r. 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.,  21,  497.)  The  catgut,  wound  on  glass 
reels,  is  placed  in  a  copper  bomb  containing  pure  crystallizable 
benzol.     The  bomb  is  closed  with  a  screw  cap,  placed  in  an 

E 


242  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

autoclave  and  boiled  for  20  to  25  minutes.  The  reels  are  then 
withdrawn  and  placed  in  open  flasks,  which  are  immersed  in  a 
fresh  bath  of  benzol  in  another  screw-capped  bomb.  This  is 
then  heated  in  the  autoclave  to  a  pressure  of  2  atmospheres,  when 
the  temperature  is  allowed  to  fall  slowly,  the  process  taking  from 
75  to  90  minutes.  The  screw-cap  is  then  removed  and  replaced 
by  a  plug  of  cotton  wool,  through  which  a  syphon  is  passed.  The 
greater  part  of  the  benzol  is  syphoned  off  and  the  rest  evaporated 
on  the  water- bath,  without  removing  the  plug  of  cotton.  Wlien 
all  the  benzol  has  been  driven  off,  alcohol  70  per  cent,  is  syphoned 
into  the  bomb,  in  which  the  catgut  recovers  its  pliability. 
The  flasks  containing  tlie  reels  are  then  taken  out  with  sterilized 
pliers  and  corked.  The  breaking  strain  of  the  catgut  is  un- 
affected by  this  process. 

Charta  sinapis.  A.  W.  G  e  r  r  a  r  d.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4], 
19,  805.)  After  criticizing  official  and  pubhshed  formula  for 
this  preparation,  the  following  improvements  in  detail  and 
manipulation  are  suggested.  Take  equal  parts  of  black  and 
white  mustard,  deprived  of  its  fixed  oil,  in  No.  GO  powder,  1  part  ; 
solution  of  india-rubber  in  benzol  (1  in  40),  4  fluid  parts,  jlix 
well  until  uniform.  Spread  the  mixture  evenly  over  suitable 
paper  in  a  thin  layer,  either  by  means  of  a  plaster-spreading 
machine  or  by  passing  the  paper  over  the  mixture  contained  in 
a  shallow  vessel.  Expose  in  a  warm  place  for  a  short  time  to 
dry.     Preserve  the  paper  in  well-closed  tins  or  boxes. 

Mustard  paper  must  not  be  long  exposed  to  light  or  air  in  the 
drying  process,  as  it  is  found  by  so  doing  the  mustard  bleaches 
and  the  india-rubber  perishes.  Beyond  this,  mustard  i^aper  is 
hygroscopic,  so  that  if  hung  too  long  in  a  moist  atmo.sphere  it  is 
easily  ruined.  For  these  reasons  it  must  be  dried  quickly,  and 
preserved  securely  from  light  and  air. 

Chaulmoogra  Oil,  Pharmacy  of.  [Pharm.  Ccniralh.,  1S04,  45, 
633.)  ^SlJint  of  Chaulmoogra. — Alcoliol  (90  per  cent.),  3  ;  chaul- 
moogra oil,  4.  Mix.  Ointm,ent  of  Chatdmoogra. — Chaulmoogra 
oil,  2  ;  vaseline,  5  ;  hard  paraffin,  1.  Melt  together.  Liniment 
of  Chaulmoogra. — Chaulmoogra  oil,  20  ;  methyl  salicylate,  10, 
or  chaulmoogra  oil,  30;  alcohol  (90  per  cent.),  4.  Plaster  of 
Chaulmoogra. — Lead  plaster,  2  ;  yellow  wax,  1  ;  chaulmoogra 
oil,  1.  Pills  of  Gynocar die  Acid. — Gynocardic  acid,  1  ;  gentian 
extract,  3  ;   hop  extract,  3. 


PHARMACY.  243 

Cherry  Laurel  Water  and  Alkaloidal  Solutions,  Incompatibility 
of.  —  Barille.  (Joum.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21,  337.)  The 
use  of  cherry  laurel  water  with  alkaloidal  salts  in  solution, 
such  as  hypodermic  injections,  in  which  it  is  often  prescribed 
on  the  Continent,  should  be  abandoned.  It  is  found  that,  unless 
quite  freshly  prepared,  it  occasions  a  precipitate  with  most 
alkaloids.  The  substance  causing  this  precipitate  has  not  been 
isolated  ;  it  is  not  HCN,  and  is  not  present  in  freshly  distilled 
cherry  laurel  water,  but  is  gradually  formed  under  the  influence 
of  air  and  light.  Hypodermic  injections,  which  have  been  steri- 
lized by  heating  in  the  autoclave,  require  no  addition  to  keep 
them,  so  that  the  addition  of  cherry  laurel  water  is  quite  unneces- 
sary. Another  objection  to  its  use  is  that  injections  containing 
it  are  invariably  more  painful  than  those  in  which  it  is  not  an 
ingredient.  The  reaction  noted  between  cherry  laurel  water 
which  has  been  kept,  and  certain  alkaloids,  specially  cocaine,  is 
so  definite  that  these  bases  may  be  employed  as  reagents  to 
determine  if  the  water  has  been  recently  distilled.  (See  also 
Y ear-Book,  1891,  264.) 

Chrysarobin,  Compound  Ointment  of,  for  Psoriasis.  D  r  e  u  w. 
{Merck's  Report,  18,  48.)  Chrysarobin.  01.  rusci.  aa,  300; 
acid,  salicyl.,  150  ;  Sapo  mollis,  vaselini  aa,  375.  To  be  applied 
with  a  shaving  brush,  night  and  morning. 

Cinchona  Alkaloids,  Behaviour  of,  with  Solutions  of  Ammonium 
Acetate  and  Citrate.  A.  B.  L  y  o  n  s.  [Pharm.  Review,  22,  365, 
through  Joum.  Pharm.  Chhn.  [6],  21,  65. )  Solution  of  Ammonium 
Acetate.  A  2  per  cent,  aqueous  solution  of  quinine  sulphate,  the 
salt  being  dissolved  by  means  of  5  per  cent,  by  volume  of  H2SO4, 
5  pel  cent,  was  employed.  One  c.c.  of  strong  solution  of  am- 
monium acetate  gave  with  1  c.c.  of  this  solution  an  almost 
immediate  formation  of  crystals,  and  also  with  the  same  am- 
monia solution  previously  diluted  with  1  c.c.  of  water.  The 
precipitate  formed  dissolves  at  once  in  1  c.c.  of  alcohol.  Under 
similar  conditions  cinchonidine  sulphate  solution  only  forms  a 
few  crystals  after  energetic  agitation  ;  more  rapid  crystallization 
results  with  2  c.c.  of  the  ammonia  solution.  Quinidine  and 
cinchonine  sulphates  give  no  crystals.  These  results  show  the 
important  part  played  by  alcohol  in  certain  elixirs,  in  preventing 
the  precipitation  of  the  quinine. 

Ammonium    Citrate.     The    ammonium    citrate    solution  used 


244  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

contained  10  per  cent,  of  the  salt,  with  a  shght  excess  of  acid. 
One  c.c.  of  it  was  previously  mixed  with  1,  3,  5  and  8  c.c.  of  water. 
With  the  first  of  these  solutions  1  c.c.  of  the  quinine  sulphate 
solution  gave  an  immediate  abundant  precipitate,  which  1  c.c. 
of  alcohol  only  partially,  but  2  c.c.  completely,  redissolved. 
With  the  second  dilution,  the  precipitate  formed  more  slowly. 
The  dilution  with  5  c.c.  of  water  formed  crystals  only  after  vigor- 
ous agitation,  and  the  addition  of  alcohol  rendered  it  almost 
clear.  The  dilution  with  8  c.c.  of  water  only  gave  a  precipitate 
after  prolonged  agitation  ;  but  on  standing  the  amount  formed 
was  considerable.  The  other  cinchona  alkaloids  showed  no  in- 
compatibility with  ammonium  citrate,  except  cinchonidine, 
which  slowly  formed  a  crystalline  precipitate,  which  was  readily 
dissolved  by  1  c.c.  of  alcohol.  These  results  show  that  a  marked 
incompatibility  exists  between  quinine  sulphate  and  alkaline 
citrate,  and  that  this  is  evident  in  the  presence  of  a  notable 
quantity  of  alcohol. 

It  was  noted  that  the  fluorescence  of  any  acid  solution  of 
quinine  was  destroyed  by  adding  the  solution  of  any  salt. 

Cinchona   Extracts,    Incompatibility  of,  with  Antipyretics. — 

Robert.  {Bull.  Phann.  dti  Sud.  Est.,  through  Repertoire,  60, 
440.)  Antipyrine,  pyramidon  and  its  camphorate,  exalgine  and 
kairine  all  give  unsightl}^  precipitates  with  extracts  of  cinchona. 
This  precipitate  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  in  glycerin,  in  organic 
acids  such  as  citric  and  tartaric  acids,  and  in  HGl.  It  is  caused 
by  the  tannin  present  in  the  extract ;  with  preparations  contain- 
ing but  little  astringent  matter,  such  as  Huanaco  bark,  it  is 
scarcely  evident.  When  it  occurs,  it  should  not  be  filtered  out ; 
if  it  be  but  slight,  it  may  be  redissolved  with  a  httle  alcohol, 
glycerin  or  citric  acid. 

Cinchona,  Liquid  Extract  of.  E  1  s  i  e  S.  H  o  o  p  e  r.  {Pharm. 
J  own.  [4  J,  19,  324.)  The  adoi^tion  of  Wobbe's  method  is  advo- 
cated in  preference  to  the  present  official  process. 

200  Gm.  of  the  bark  were  moistened  with  100  Gm.  of  a  mix- 
ture of  glycerin  50  Gm.  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  50  Gm. ;  HCl  25 
per  cent.,  15  Gm.  ;  water,  35  Gm.,  and  allowed  to  stand  over- 
night ;  the  drug,  which  had  become  very  lumpy,  was  passed 
through  a  coarse  sieve  and  packed  in  a  percolator  ;  70  per  cent, 
alcohol  was  then  added  in  portions  of  30  c.c.  every  two  hours 
until  the  whole  column  of  dru2  was  moistened  ;    a  reservoir  of 


PHARMACY.  245 

alcohol  was  then  inverted  over  the  top  of  the  percolator,  and 
percolation  allowed  to  proceed  slowly.  The  first  130  c.c.  of  per- 
colate was  reserved,  and  percolation  continued  until  the  drug 
was  exhausted,  when  5  c.c.  of  the  weak  percolate  gave  no  pre- 
cipitate after  evaporating  off  the  alcohol,  acidulating,  filtering 
if  necessary,  and  adding  Mayer's  reagent.  Exhaustion  was 
reached  when  2,500  c.c.  of  percolate  had  been  collected.  The 
weak  percolates  were  distilled  under  reduced  pressure,  the 
residue  evaporated  to  70  c.c.  and  added  to  the  reserve, 
making  200  c.c.  in  all.  The  resulting  liquid  extract  was  then 
assayed. 

Assay  of  the  Liquid  Extract.  5  c.c.  of  the  liquid  extract  were 
diluted  with  15  c.o-.  of  water  ;  5  c.c.  of  NaOH,  10  per  cent.,  and 
20  c.c.  of  benzolated  amyhc  alcohol  were  added,  and  the  whole 
well  shaken  in  a  separator  ;  the  alcoholic  solution  was  separated, 
washed,  and  the  washings  added  to  the  original  solution,  which 
was  again  shaken  out.  This  process  was  repeated  five  times. 
The  united  alcoholic  solutions  were  then  shaken  out  five  times 
with  15  c.c.  of  dilute  HCl,  and  the  alkaloid  finally  transferred 
from  these  acidulated  solutions  to  chloroform,  the  cliloroform 
evaporated  off,  and  the  residue  weighed.  No  emulsions  were 
produced  during  the  assays,  and  the  liquids  separated  easily  the 
one  from  the  other.  The  results  of  two  assays  were  : — -(a)  5'26 
per  cent.,  (6)  5-28  per  cent.  As  the  bark  contained  5-6  per  cent, 
of  alkaloid,  the  loss  of  alkaloid  in  the  extraction  amounts  to 
about  6  ]:)er  cent,  of  the  whole,  which  is  small  compared  with  the 
loss  when  this  preparation  is  made  by  other  methods. 

This  method  for  tlie  preparation  of  liquid  extract  of  cin- 
chona appears  to  be  superior  to  the  official  method  in  the  follow- 
ing respects  : — Practically  the  whole  of  the  alkaloid  is  removed 
from  the  bark.  The  length  of  time  required  for  the  percolation 
is  shorter,  and  the  quantity  of  menstruum  used  is  much  less. 
The  liquid  extract  is  rich  in  constituents  of  the  bark  other  than 
alkaloids.  It  possesses,  in  common  with  other  processes  based 
on  a  similar  method  of  extraction,  the  disadvantage  of  precipi- 
tating considerably  when  mixed  with  water,  and  it  yet  remains 
to  be  seen  whether  it  will  keep  well. 

Citrate   of   Iron   and    Quinine    in    Mixtures.     H.   W  y  a  1 1. 

{Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  899.)  These  mixtures  form  a  trouble- 
some class,  where  incompatibles  are  prescribed  with  the  scale 
preparation  : — ^Ferri  et  quin.  cit.,  5j  ;  li^l-  strych.,  5j  ;  ac.  phosph. 


246  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

dil.,  ^isa  ;  syr.  zingib.,  5iij  ;  i^pt.  chlorof.,  3ij  ;  aq.  raenth.  pip., 
ad  §vj.     M.  ft.  mist. 

Dilute  the  acid  with  half  the  aq.  menth.  pip.  and  add  the 
other  ingredients  dissolved  and  mixed  with  the  remainder  of 
that  menstruum. 

When  the  acid  is  added  to  the  scale  compound  only  slightly 
diluted  a  white  precipitate  of  ferric  phosphate  comes  dowTi. 

Ferri  et  quin.  cit.,  3j  ;  ^'P'-  aurant,  gj  ;  spt.  chlorof.,  3ij  ; 
dec.  aloes  co.,  ad  gvj.     M.  ft.  mist. 

The  precipitate  which  one  would  expect  in  this  mixture  is  so 
finely  divided,  and  so  well  suspended  by  the  myrrh  and  aloin 
soaps  in  the  decoction,  that  it  gives  no  trouble  and  is  not  notice- 
able. 

Ext.  cocae  hq.,  gij  ;  ferri  et  quin.  cit.,  5iij  ;  tr.  gent.  CO.,  giss  ; 
tr.  nucis  vom.,  min.  300  ;   aquae,    §ss.     M.  ft.  mist. 

Instead  of  the  tincture  of  nux  vomica  an  equivalent  amount 
of  the  hq.  extract  was  emploj'ed  to  avoid  the  excess  of  alcohol 
precipitating  the  ferri  et  quin.  cit. 

Spt.  ammon.  arom.,  11\.  120 ;  ferri  et  quin.  cit.,  Vi[.  24 ; 
aq.  menth.  pip.,  ad   §vj.     M.  ft.  mist. 

With  the  consent  of  the  prescriber  a  fluid  ounce  of  infusion  of 
senega  was  used  in  tliis  to  suspend  the  precipitate,  the  patient 
objecting  to  a  tliick  gummy  or  sweet  mixture. 

Cold  Cream,  A  New  Formula  for.  M.  D.  Hodges.  {Amer. 
Drugg.,  45,  42.)  To  jarepare  a  light  cold  cream  success  hes  in 
two  essentials,  viz.  :  a  good  egg-beater  and  plenty  of  elbow  grease. 
Liquid  albolene  or  wliite  (odourless)  paraffin  oil,  16  fl.  oz.  ; 
paraffin,    giv  ;   white  wax,    gij  ;   perfume  to  suit. 

Melt  the  paraffin  and  white  wax  on  a  water-bath,  then  remove 
from  the  fire  and  add  the  liquid  albolene.  beating  the  mixture 
briskly  until  nearly  cold.  Add  perfume  and  transfer  to  suitable 
jars.  Generally  oil  of  rose  or  oil  of  rose  geranium  are  most  suitable. 

Compound  Mixture  of  Chloral  and  Potassium  Bromide.  W. 
F.  J  a  c  k  m  a  n.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  148.)  Chloral, 
25  Gm.  ;  potassium  bromide,  25  Gm.  ;  extract  of  Indian  hemp, 
0*2  Gm.  ;  extract  of  hyoscyamus,  0*2  Gm.  ;  clarified  honey, 
60  c.c.  ;  water  to  make  100  c.c.  Triturate  the  chloral  and  the 
extracts  with  sufficient  honey  to  form  a  solution  ;  dissolve  the 
bromide  in  the  water,  add  tlic  remainder  of  the  honey  and  then 
the  chloral  solution.     Adjust  to  100  c.c.  wnth  water.     The  above 


PHARMACY. 


247 


is  similar  to  the  N.F.  formula,  substituting  honey  for  the  tincture 
of  quillaia  therein  prescribed. 

Compound  Tincture  of  Cardamoms.     E.  W.  L  u  c  a  s  and  H. 

B.  Stevens.  {Chem.  and  Dnigg.,  66,  490.)  The  presence  of 
raisins  in  this  tincture  is  regarded  as  unnecessary  and  to  be  the 
cause  of  the  var>;ing  character  of  the  commercial  preparation. 
The  following  formula  is  suggested  :  Cardamom  seeds,  bruised, 
J  oz.  ;  caraway  fruit,  bruised,  j  oz.  ;  cimiamon  bark,  bruised, 
^  oz.  ;  cochineal,  in  powder,  55  grs.  ;  glycerin,  1  fl.  oz.  ;  alcohol, 
60  per  cent.,  q.s. 

Macerate  the  cardamoms,  caraways,  cinnamon,  and  cochineal 
in  18  fl.  oz.  of  the  alcohol.  Press,  filter,  and  make  up  to  one  pint 
with  the  menstruum. 

A  standard  sample  of  the  tincture,  strictly  following  the 
official  ingredients  and  directions,  was  compared  with  commer- 
cial specimens  as  shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


No. 


A 
B 

C 
D 
E 
F 

G 
H 
I 

Stan- 
dard 
Sample 


Sp.  Gr. 
at  60°P. 


0-9495 

0-947 

0-945 

0-950 

0-9485 

0-9545 

0-9395 

0-948 

0-945 


0-949 


Extractive 
dried  at 
212°F. 

Alcohol 
(vol.). 

Colour. 
1-4 

6-43 

54-10 

5  36 

53-70 

1-4 

5-85 

55-75 

1-8 

6-85 

51-50 

1-0 

6-70 

53-70 

1-5 

6-72 

51-50 

1-4 

5-77 

56-58 

1-0 

6-58 

55-50 

1-9 

6-23 

53-70 

1-2 

6-95 

55-1 

— 

Polarimeter  Readings. 


Direct. 


-2-4 
-2-6 
-2-6 
-2-4 
-2-4 
-2-2 
+  19-4 
-2-6 
-2-4 


-2-4 


Invert. 


THichanged 


-3-9 
unchanged 


The  abnormal  polarimetric  readings  given  by  sample  "  G  " 
can  only  be  explained  by  the  presence  of  cane  sugar,  probably 
added  as  a  sul^stitute  for  the  raisins. 


Confection  of  Senna.  W.  H.  Lent  on.  {Phann.  Journ. 
[4],  20,  650.)  In  order  to  avoid  grittiness,  the  substitution  of  oil 
of  coriander  for  the  powdered  fruits  is  recommended.  The  last 
portion  of  the  official  monograph  might,  with  advantage,  be 
slightly  modified.  The  directions  are  to  adjust  the  final  "  weight 
to  75  oz."  irrespective  of  consistence.     It   would  be   preferable 


248  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

to  produce  a  conserve  of  tlie  right  consistence,  and  then  work  in 
as  much  senna  in  fine  powder  as  will  give  a  confection  containing 
one  part  in  eleven,  to  keep  it  approximately  the  same  strength 
as  at  present.  It  is  impossible  to  give  exact  details  as  to  weight 
or  consistence,  as  varying  products  are  obtained  according  to  tlie 
conditions  and  quahty  of  tlie  fruits  used  ;  but  to  the  practical 
pharmacist  this  will  present  no  difficulty  whatever. 

Conium  Ointment.  W.  H.  L  e  n  t  o  n.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4J, 
20,  652.)  A  better  ointment  than  that  given  by  the  official  for- 
mula is  obtained  by  the  following  method  :  Conium  juice,  2  fl. 
oz.  ;   wool  fat  (anhydrous),  J  oz. 

Evaporate  the  conium  juice  to  |  oz.  by  weight  and  incorporate 
with  the  wool  fat  in  a  sHghtly  warmed  mortar.  Tliis  yields  an 
elegant  and  satisfactory  ointment. 

Copaiba  Mixtures,  Manipulation  of.  H.  W  y  a  1 1.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  899.)  The  order  of  mixing  causes  a  marked 
variation  in  the  foDowing  case  : — Copaibas,  '^'\y  ;  Mq.  potassae, 
3iij  ;  succi  liyoscyam.,  3iv  ;  mucil.  tragac,  §j  ;  syr.  aurant, 
3vj  ;   aq.  chlorof.,  ad  gvj.     M.  ft.  mist. 

Make  the  mucilage  in  the  bottle,  add  half  the  chloroform  water, 
and  shake  with  the  copaiba  until  emulsified,  then  add  the  other 
ingredients,  make  up,  and  finally  add  the  liq.  potassae.  This 
gives  a  fine,  even,  white  emulsion. 

If  the  Hq.  potassae  be  added  to  the  copaiba  the  emulsion  is  not 
so  good,  and  is  yellower  in  colour. 

Copper  Citrate,  or  Cuprocitrol  Rods  for  Ophthalmic  Use. 
Virotow.  {Merck's  Re'port,\S,  ^2.)  Copper  citrate,  20 ;  powdered 
acacia,  5  ;  starch,  20  ;  dextrin,  35  ;  sugar,  20  ;  distilled  water 
and  glycerin  sufficient  to  mass.  Mass  and  roll  into  rods.  Copper 
citrate  is  also  employed  as  a  5  or  10  per  cent,  powder,  with 
sugar  as  the  diluent ;  or  as  5  or  20  per  cent,  ointment  or  a  weak 
1  :  9000  aqueous  solution  as  a  lotion. 

Creosotal  Pills,  Massing  with  Glycerin.  {Pharm.  Ccntralh., 
46,  230.)  It  has  been  noticed  that  wlien  glycerin  is  added  to  the 
crumljly  mass  produced  by  mixing  creosotal  with  Hcorice  extract 
and  powdered  licorice,  and  the  mass  is  worked,  a  strong  acetous 
pyroligneous  odour  is  developed  ;  on  standing,  the  consistence 
of  the  mass,  instead  of  improving,  becomes  worse,  sweating  an 


PHARMACY.  249 

oily  inflammable  substance.  Experiments  showed  that  creosotal 
undergoes  decomposition  when  mixed  with  powdered  hcorice 
extract  alone.  It  is  found  that  when  creosotal  or  creosote  are 
intimate^  mixed  Avith  the  proper  proportion  of  glycerin  first,  and 
then  massed  Avith  powdered  licorice,  a  good  pilular  consistence 
is  attained  and  the  pills  keep  well.  When  the  other  order  of 
mixing  is  followed,  the  particles  of  Hcorice  powder  become  coated 
with  creosotal  or  creosote,  and  resist  the  even  penetration  of  the 
glycerin. 

Creosote  Wine.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim., 
20,  156.)  The  following  formula  has  been  submitted  for  in- 
clusion in  the  new  Codex  :  Creosote,  10  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent., 
90  ;  simple  syrup,  100  ;  Malaga  wine,  800  parts  by  weight. 
Mix.     Twenty  Gm.  of  the  wine  contains  20  Cgm.  of  creosote. 

Delphinium  Seeds,  Tincture  of.  H.  M.  O'Neil.  {Proc. 
Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  251.)  Delphinium  seeds,  100  Gm.  ; 
potassium  carbonate,  10  Gm.  ;  alcohol  91  per  cent.,  500  c.c.  ; 
water  to  make  1,000  c.c.  Mix  the  seeds  with  500  c.c.  of  water, 
add  the  potassium  carbonate  and  boil  for  5  minutes.  When  cold, 
add  the  alcohol,  mix  and  strain,  passing  sufficient  water  through 
the  strainer  to  make  up  to  1,000  c.c.  If  requisite,  filter  through 
paper.  The  tincture  thus  prepared  is  stated  to  be  superior  for 
killing  pediculi  to  that  obtained  with  strong  alcohol,  in  addition 
to  being  more  economical  and  more  rapidly  prepared. 

Elixir  of  Carica  papaya  ;    Elixir  of  Papain.    W.  C.  K  i  r  c  h- 

g  e  s  s  n  e  r.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  213.)  Solution 
of  potash  (5  per  cent.  KOH),  5*5  c.c.  ;  alcohol  91  per  cent., 
120  c.c.  ;  simple  syrup,  120  c.c.  ;  papaw  juice,  17  c.c.  ;  com- 
pound spirit  of  orange,  6  c.c.  ;  water,  240  c.c.  Mix  the  alcohol, 
spirit  and  syrup.  Dissolve  the  papaw  juice  in  hot,  not  boiling, 
water,  to  which  the  solution  of  potash  has  been  added.  When 
cool,  mix  with  the  alcoholic  solution.  Dose,  4  c.c.  This  pre- 
paration is  superior  to  pepsin,  since  it  is  equally  active  in  alkaline 
solution,  and  to  pancreatin,  since  it  is  also  effective  in  an  acid 
medium.  The  papaw  juice  used  is  the  commercial  West  Indian 
product. 

Endermol.     {Apoth.  Zeit.,  20,  75.)     Endermol,  which  should 
be  distinguished  from  eudermol  ( Year-Books,  1899,  225  ;    1902, 


250  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

193),  is  a  new  ointment  basis  composed  of  a  mixture  of  paraffin 
hydrocarboiLs  and  stearic  acid.  It  forms  a  non-viscous  white 
mass,  of  the  consistence  of  lard,  perfectly  neutral,  and  melting 
at  78-80°C.  It  does  not  become  rancid,  will  combine  with  15 
per  cent,  of  water,  and  is  stated  to  be  readily  absorbed  by  the 
skin. 

Ergot,  Acid  Tincture  of.  L.  S  t  e  r  n  b  e  r  g.  {Pharm.  Cen- 
tralh.,  45,  872.)  Freshly  powdered  ergot,  10,  is  macerated  with 
warm  water,  80,  for  24  hours  in  a  closed  vessel,  with  frequent 
shaking  ;  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  2,  and  alcohol  (96  per  cent.), 
20,  are  added,  and  the  mixture  allowed  to  macerate  for  another 
24  hours.  After  straining,  the  liquid  is  made  up  to  100  with 
water,  and  filtered.  The  product  should  be  kept  from  the  light. 
Maximum  dose,  155  grs. 

Ergot,  Extract  of ;  Formula  for  the  New  French  Codex.  (In- 
ternational Formula.)  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  (Journ.  Pharm.  Chim. 
[6].  20,  209.)  Ground  ergot,  1  kilo.  ;  distilled  water,  5  litres  ; 
alcohol  95  per  cent.,  500  Gm.  Place  the  ergot  in  a  percolator 
with  2  Utres  of  water  and  allow  to  macerate  for  12  hours.  Then 
percolate  and  continue  the  extraction  vdth  the  rest  of  the  water. 
Evaporate  the  aqueous  hquid  in  a  tared  dish  on  the  water-bath 
until  the  weight  reaches  500  Gm.  ;  cool,  tiaasfer  to  a  bottle,  and 
add  the  alcohol ;  shake  well  and  set  aside  for  24  hours,  filter  and 
evaporate  to  a  soft  extract.  Characters. — A  reddish-brown  ex- 
tract with  the  odour  of  roast  meat,  giving  a  clear,  acid  solution 
with  water.  When  this  solution  is  rendered  alkaline  with 
NaOH  and  warmed,  it  gives  off  vapovirs  which  give  a  blue  colour 
to  red  litmus-paper,  and  which  have  the  odour  of  methylamine. 
When  acidified  with  HCl  it  gives  a  precipitate  with  potassium 
mercuric  iodide  reagent. 

Ergot,  Liquid  Extract  of ;  Formula  of  the  New  French  Codex. 
L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  210.)  Crushed 
ergot,  1  kilo.  ;  cherry-laurel  water,  300  Gm.  ;  alcohol  95  per  cent., 
500  Gm.  ;  tartaric  acid,  1  Gm.  ;  calcium  carbonate,  2  Gm.  ; 
salicylic  acid,  1*5  Gm.  ;  distilled  water,  q.s.  Dissolve  the  tar- 
taric acid  in  2  litres  of  distilled  water.  Moisten  the  ergot  there- 
with, place  in  a  percolator  and  set  aside  for  12  hours,  then  perco- 
late and  continue  the  extraction  with  another  3  litres  of  water. 
Evajjorate  the  aqueous  percolate  in  a  tared  disli  on  the  water 


PHARMACY.  251 

bath  to  500  Gm.  ;  cool  and  transfer  to  a  bottle.  Add  the 
calcium  carbonate  and  the  alcoliol ;  shake  well  and  set  aside  for 
24  hours.  Filter  and  evaporate  off  the  alcohol  on  the  water  bath 
at  a  low  temperature.  Transfer  the  residue  to  a  tared  vessel, 
add  the  cherry-laurel  water,  and  sufficient  distilled  water  to 
make  the  weight  up  to  1,000  Gm.  Dissolve  the  salicylic  acid  in 
the  product,  and  filter. 

Eserino!,  Oily  Collyrium  of  Eserine  for  Ophthalmic  Use.  E. 
Wild -B  or  beck.  {Pharm.  Zeit.,  50,  399.)  To  obtain  an 
oily  preparation  of  eserine  in  olive  oil,  which  is  painless  when 
instilled  into  the  eye,  the  following  process  must  be  followed. 
Eserine,  20Cgm.,  is  rubbed  down  in  a  small  mortar  and  dried  at 
100°  ;  the  dried  alkaloid  is  then  introduced  into  a  small  perfectly 
dry  flask  with  40  Gm.  of  olive  oil,  and  thoroughly  agitated  to 
suspend  it  evenly  in  the  oil.  The  oily  mixture  thus  obtained  is 
tlien  heated  to  150-15S°C.  At  the  higher  temperature  the 
alkaloid,  after  two  or  three  shakiiigs,  enters  into  complete  solu- 
tion in  about  20  minutes.  The  temperature  should  never  exceed 
160°C.,  or  the  alkaloid  wdll  be  decomposed.  The  solution  is  then 
cooled,  a  slight  opalescence  appearing  at  about  30°C.  It  is  then 
quickly  cooled  to  10°C.  with  constant  and  thorough  agitation  ; 
a  portion  of  the  eserine  separates  out  in  minute  crystals,  but  this 
does  not  interfere  with  the  efficacy  of  the  preparation.  The  0-5 
per  cent,  oily  solution  of  eserine  thus  obtained  is  a  cloudy  liquid 
which  must  be  well  shaken  up  before  use.  It  should  be  stored  in 
small,  amber-coloured,  glass-stoppered  bottles,  which  have  been 
previously  washed  out  with  ether  and  scrupulously  dried.  The 
solution  retains  its  physiological  action  unimpaired  for  months, 
and  is  absolutely  sterile. 

Euguform  Paint.  {Merck's  Report,  18,  66.)  Joseph  recom- 
mends the  following  paint  for  the  treatment  of  strophulus  in- 
fantum. Soluble  euguform,  1  ;  zinc  oxide,  2  ;  starch  powder, 
2  ;  glycerin,  3  ;  distilled  water  to  make  up  to  10.  To  be  well 
shaken  and  applied  with  a  brush  three  times  a  day. 

Euquinine  in  Mixtures.  —  V  i  d  a  1.  {Repertoire  [3],  16, 
341.)  Euquinine  is  sometimes  prescribed  in  mixtures  in  a 
greater  quantity  than  its  solubility  allows  to  be  dispensed  in 
perfect  solution  ;  a  clear  mixture  may  be  obtained  by  using 
citric  acid  in  the  proportion  of  one-fom"th  of  the  weight  of  the 


252  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

euquiaiiie  ordered,  or  by  using  any  acid  fruit  sj'^rup  as  a  sweeten- 
ing agent. 

Filling  Two-part  Gelatine  Capsules  with  Liquids.  H.  P. 
H  y  n  s  o  n.  {Proc.  Atner.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  196.)  The  fol- 
lowing method  of  filling  and  sealing  two-part  gelatine  capsules 
is  suggested.  The  caps  are  placed,  rim  down,  on  filter  paper 
saturated  with  water.  The  liquid  is  introduced  into  the  shell 
of  the  capsule  in  such  a  manner  that  no  portion  touches  the  rim. 
The  cap  is  then  carefully  laid  on,  and  the  cajisule  left  standing 
upright  for  a  few  minutes,  when  a  perfectly  hermetic  seal  is 
secured. 

Formalin  Gauze  and  other  Formalin  Dressings.  P.  Z  e  I  i  s. 
{Pharm.  Zeit.,  49,  617.)  Formalin,  75;  alcohol  (methylated), 
1,300  ;  glycerin,  125,  are  mixed  and  absorbent  gauze,  1,200,  is 
impregnated  with  the  mixture.  It  is  then  spread  out  and  dried 
in  the  dark  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  until  it  no  longer  feels 
damp  to  the  fingers.  The  antiseptic  is  tlien  fixed  by  plunging 
the  gauze  into  a  solution  of  lanoline,  100,  in  benzol,  1,400,  or  in 
ether-alcohol ;  excess  of  the  liquid  is  wrung  out  and  the  gauze 
dried  in  a  well-ventilated  chamber.  It  contains  approximately 
2  per  cent,  of  formaldehyde. 

Formalin  cotton  is  prepared  in  a  similar  manner,  absorbent 
cotton,  1,000,  being  impregnated  with  a  mixture  of  alcohol 
(methylated),  1,600  ;  glycerin,  60  ;  and  formalin,  35.  This  is 
fixed  by  immersion  in  a  solution  of  lanoline,  60,  in  ether,  300. 
Castor  oil  may  be  used  instead  of  lanolin  as  the  fixing  agent ; 
it  is  then  added  to  the  first  mixture  in  place  of  the  glycerin 
prescribed  above.  Although  the  second  dipping  is  thus  avoided, 
the  use  of  oil  instead  of  lanoline  is  not  to  be  recommended,  for 
it  turns  rancid  and  acquires  an  unpleasant  odour  on  keepitig. 

Frothing  Powder  to  Facilitate  the  Taking  of  Nauseous  Medi- 
cines. —  B  o  i  s  s  e  1.  {Bull.  gen.  de  Thcrap.,  148,  631.)  Some 
time  ago  beer  which  carries  a  good  head  was  recommended  as  a 
vehicle  for  the  administration  of  castor  oil.  But  beer  is  open 
to  considerable  objection,  and  is  not  an  ideal  vehicle  for  frequent 
use  by  young  children.  Equally  satisfactory  if  not  better  results 
may  be  obtained  by  shaking  up  with  water  a  powder  containing 
gum  acacia,  liquorice,  marshmallow.  and  milk  sugar  flavom-ed 
with  vanilla,  anise,  or  other  aromatic  flavour.     A  pinch  of  this 


PHARMACY.  253 

is  shaken  up  with  a  httle  water  in  a  covered  ointment  pot,  or 
beaten  to  a  froth  with  a  spoon.  The  froth  produced  is  very 
persistent.  By  its  aid  tlie  patient  may  take  any  nauseous  or 
oily  liquid  without  jDerceiving  the  taste.  Sandal  oil,  castor  oil, 
methj'l  salicylate,  and  similar  liquids  may  be  administered  in 
this  wa3^ 

Galbanum  Pill,  Compound.  D.  A.  Y  o  u  n  g.  {Pharm. 
Jojirn.  [4],  19,  852.)  The  official  process  of  heating  the  gum 
resins  is  condemned,  so  is  the  use  of  glucose  as  an  excipient. 
By  using  the  official  quantities  of  galbanum,  asafetida  and 
myrrh,  powdering  the  last,  and  substituting  kaolin  for  glucose, 
mixing  this  with  the  galbanum  and  asafetida  before  adding  the 
powdered  myrrh,  and  then  working  to  a  mass  in  the  mortar,  a 
satisfactory  pill  mass  may  be  obtained,  which  will  roll  into  pills 
which  keep  their  shape.  If  a  large  mass  has  to  be  made,  the 
mortar  may  be  previously  warmed. 

Gelatine  Ovules.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim., 
20,  157.)  Soak  washed  and  dried  gelatin,  1,  in  water,  3,  until 
the  latter  is  completely  absorbed  ;  warm  gh^cerin,  6,  and  add 
the  softened  gelatin  to  it.  When  dissolved,  strain  through  a 
cloth  and  run  into  moulds  previously  oiled  with  a  very  little 
vaseline  oil.  Undue  heat  should  be  avoided  when  dissolving  the 
gelatin,  or  the  basis  loses  its  firm  consistence.  Substances 
soluble  in  water  may  be  added  to  the  liquid  prescribed  for 
softening  the  gelatin.  The  above  method  is  that  suggested  for 
inclusion  in  the  new  Codex. 

Gentian,  Glycerinated  Elixir  of,  N.F.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm. 
Assoc,  52,  199.)  The  following  new  formula  is  suggested  : 
Gentian  in  No.  50  powder,  10  ;  taraxacum  in  No.  50  powder, 
15  ;  sugar,  200  parts  ;  acetic  ether,  5  ;  phosphoric  acid,  5  ; 
tincture  of  fresh  orange  peel,  15  ;  compound  tincture  of  carda- 
moms, 60  ;  solution  of  saccharm,  30  ;  glycerin,  400  ;  white  wine 
sufficient  to  make  1.000  fluid  parts  Macerate  the  drugs  and 
flavours  with  350  fluid  parts  of  wine  for  3  days,  with  frequent 
shaking.  Then  filter  and  pass  enough  wine  through  the  filter  to 
make  600  c.c.  of  filtrate.     To  this  add  the  glycerin. 

Glass  Bottles,  Test  for  Neutrality  of.  —  B  a  r  o  n  i,  {Aj^oth. 
Zcit.,  20,  510.)  Jena  glass  bottles  of  perfect  neutrality  are 
distinguished  by  a  red  band  ;    but  bottles  so  marked  are  met 


254  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

with,  of  dilTerent  make,  which  are  not  perfectly  neutral.  These 
bottles  are  not  suitable  for  the  storage  of  certain  delicate  pharm- 
aceutical preparations,  such  as  alkaloidal  and  mercurial  in- 
jections, which  have  to  be  sterilized  at  112°C.,  since,  when  used, 
they  cause  a  precipitate  of  the  active  ingredient.  Freedom 
from  this  harmful  alkalinity  may  be  eixsured  by  submitting  the 
bottles  to  the  following  tests  :  Solutions  of  mori^hine  hydro- 
chloride, 1  or  2  per  cent.,  strychnine  nitrate,  0-5  per  cent.,  and 
of  HgCla,  1  per  cent.,  are  placed  in  separate  bottles  to  be  tested, 
and  heated  to  112°C.  under  pressure  in  the  autoclave  for  30 
minutes.  If  the  glass  be  neutral,  the  solutions  will  be  unaltered. 
But  if  a  trace  of  alkali  be  dissolved  tlie  morphine  solution  be- 
comes discoloured,  and  deposits  crystals  of  morpliine  hydrate  on 
the  sides  of  the  bottle  ;  the  same  occurs  with  the  strychnine 
solution  ;  while  the  HgCL  solution  will  show  a  yellow  or  red 
precipita.te  of  HgO.  The  importance  of  employing  neutral 
bottles  for  storing  these  potent  preparations  cannot  be  too 
stiongly  emphasized. 

Glycerin  Jelly.  M.  I.  W  i  1  b  e  r  t.  {Amer.  Journ.  Pharm., 
77,  129.)  Irish  moss,  15  ;  distilled  water  to  make  420  ;  glycerite 
of  boroglycerin,  80.  Boil  the  Irish  moss  with  sufficient  water 
to  make  420  fluid  parts  of  jelly,  and  strain.  While  warm  add 
the  glycerite,  and  later,  when  nearly  cold,  any  desired  perfume. 
Agar-agar,  gelatin,  tragacanth,  starch  or  quince  seed  may  be 
substituted  for  the  Irish  moss,  and  the  glycerite  may  be  re- 
placed, wholly  or  in  part,   by  glycerin. 

Glycerin  of  Lead  Acetate.  J.  Lothian.  {Pharm.  Jomn. 
[4j,  20.)  The  B.P.  process  for  the  above  is  unsatisfactory. 
The  water  wliich  is  evaporated  in  boiling  the  ingredients  together 
is  not  directed  to  be  replaced,  as  in  tlic  case  of  the  strong  solution 
of  lead  subacetate.  The  resulting  fluid  is  therefore  so  viscid 
that  it  is  not  possible  to  filter  it  without  a  hot  water  funnel, 
besides,  in  the  preparation  of  small  quantities,  where  the  loss  by 
evaporation  is  proportionately  greater,  decomposition  of  the 
glycerin  is  apt  to  take  place,  with  discoloration  of  the  product. 
The  following  cold  process  is  recommended  as  a  substitute  : 
Lead  acetate,  25  Gm.  ;  lead  oxide  (sifted),  17'5  Gm.  ;  glycerin, 
126  Gm.  ;  distilled  water,  60  c.c. 

Rub  the  lead  acetate  and  lead  oxide  with  5  c.c.  of  the  distilled 
water  into  a  paste,  and  allow  to  stand,  with  occasional  tritura- 


PHARMACY. 


255 


lion,  for  12  hours,  add  the  remainder  of  the  water  and  the 
glycerin,  and  allow  to  stand,  with  frequent  agitation,  for  24 
hours.  Filter.  The  filtrate  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  ai^proximately  1-33, 
and  is  concentrated  on  a  water-bath  to  the  sp.  gr.  1'48. 

(133  Gms.  of  the  above  filtrate  placed  in  a  tared  dish  and 
evaporated  on  a  water-bath  to  102  Gm.,  has  approximately  the 
sp.  gr.  1-48.) 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  below  that  such  a  solution  is 
almost  as  strong  as  that  prepared  by  boiling.  The  filtrate  is 
bright  and  comes  through  rapidly,  and  the  glycerin  is  not  sub- 
jected to  a  higher  temperature  than  that  of  the  water- bath. 

Glycerin  of  Lead  Sub  acetate. 


Process. 

Specific 
Gravity. 

Total  Pb. 

0-1299 
0-1243 

Eacli  Gramme 
Yielded 

Pb  as  Pb         Pb  as 
(CoH^^OJ,     Pb  (0H)2 

B.P.  (water  evaporated,  replaced) 
Cold,  twenty-four-hours 

1-3415 
1-3309 

0-0673 
0-0634 

0-0626 

0-0609 

■ 

Above  results  are  the  mean  of  several  determinations. 
The  method  of  determination  adopted  was  that  of  Cowley  and 
Catford  {Y ear-Book,  1902,  493). 

Glycerin  Suppositories,  Development  of  Red  Colour  in.  {Pkarm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  142.)  The  orange  or  rose-red  tint  wliich  is  some- 
times observed  to  be  produced  in  glycerin  suppositories  on  long 
keeping,  especially  in  warm  climates,  has  been  traced  to  a 
pigment  formed  l>y  a  chromogenic  bacterium.  Micrococcus  roseus. 
They  are  non-pathogenic  and  harmless  to  life.  They  require  an 
alkaline  medium  for  their  successful  growth,  and  a  somewhat 
lengthy  time  before  the  pigment  formed  becomes  noticeable. 

Glycerophosphates,  Elixir  N.F.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc, 
52,  199.)     Two  formulae  have  been  suggested  for  this  : — 

Fornmla  A.  Sodium  glycerophosphate  (75  per  cent.),  23*3 
Gm.  ;  calcium  glycerophosphate,  8-75  Gm.  ;  pliosphoric  acid, 
8  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  300  c.c.  ;  aromatic  elixir,  300  c.c.  ;  distilled 
water  sufficient  to  make  1,000  c.c.  Dissolve  the  salts  and  acid 
in  300  c.c.  of  distilled  water,  add  the  glycerin  and  elixir  and 
enough  water  to  make  up  to  1,000  c.c. 


256  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

Formula  B.  Sodium  glyceroplioypliate  (75  per  cent.),  233 
Gm.  ;  calcium  glycerophospliate,  8'75  Cm.  ;  syrup,  100  c.e.  ; 
brandy,  100  c.c.  ;  white  wine,  200  c.c.  ;  acetic  ether,  2  c.c.  ; 
glycerin,  500  c.c.  ;  phosphoric  acid,  8  c.c.  ;  distilled  water 
sufficient  to  make  1,000  c.c.     Mix  and  dissolve. 

Guaiacum  Lozenges  for  Tonsilitis.  W.  Z  e  u  n  e  r.  (Thcrap. 
Monats.,  18,  659.)  The  following  lozenges  are  prescrilxd  with 
success  for  the  treatment  of  tonsilitis  :  Guaiacum  resin,  30  grs.  ; 
sugar,  30  grs.  ;  to  make  1  lozenge.  One  to  be  taken  every  2 
hours.  They  may  be  also  prepared  in  the  form  of  smaller 
pastilles,  of  which  one  may  be  sucked  every  lialf-hour.  Not  only 
are  these  lozenges  useful  for  tonsilitis,  but  they  form  an  excellent 
prophylactic  for  those  predisposed  to  throat  troubles,  and  are 
also  useful  voice  lozenges. 

Hydriodic  Acid,  Glyeerole  of.  W.  C.  K  i  r  c  h  g  e  s  s  n  e  r. 
(Proc.  Amer.  Pkarm.  Assoc,  52,  227.)  The  following  glyeerole, 
containing  2  per  cent,  of  HI,  is  claimed  to  be  superior  to  the 
syrup  of  the  same  strength  in  keeping  properties  :  Potassium 
iodide,  208  Gm.  ;  potassium  hypophosphite,  16  Gm.  ;  tartaric 
acid,  192  Gm.  ;  water,  240  c.c.  ;  diluted  alcohol,  48-6  per  cent., 
q.s.  ;  glycerin  50  per  cent.,  q.s.  Dissolve  the  potassium  salts 
in  the  water  ;  dissolve  the  acid  in  400  c.c.  of  dilute  alcohol, 
mix  the  two  solutions,  and  stand  the  mixture  on  ice  for  3  hours, 
with  occasional  agitation.  Filter.  Two  volumes  of  the  filtrate 
added  to  14  volumes  of  50  per  cent,  glycerin  will  give  a  2  per 
cent,  glyeerole. 

Hyoscyamus  Extract  of ;  Formula  of  the  New  French  Codex. 
(International  Formulary.)  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Fharm. 
Chim.  [6],  20,  212.)  The  coarsely  powdered  hyoscyamus  leaves 
are  to  be  extracted  with  70  per  cent,  alcohol,  as  described  under 
"Extract  of-  Belladonna"  (p.  231).  The  assay  of  alkaloids 
is  conducted  in  the  manner  there  described,  but  using  20  c.c. 
of  N/100  H2SO4  for  the  titration. 

Hypodermic  Injection  of  Iron.  E.  Baroni.  {Boll.  Chim.  j  arm., 
through  Nouvtatix  Remedes,2i^  136.)  Dissolve  pure  NaOH  in  a 
little  water  and  dilute  it  until  10  c.c.  of  the  solution  exactly 
neutralizes  25  c.c.  of  N/H2SO4.  Take  37*3  c.c.  of  this  soda 
solution  and  add  to  it  in  a  flask  19-6  Gm.  of  citric  acid,  5*55  Gm. 
of  very  fine,  pure  iron  wire,  and  150  c.c.  of  water.      Heat  gently 


PHARMACY.  257 

until  reaction  is  complete.  Filter  the  solution  into  a  graduated 
250  e.c.  flask,  and  make  up  to  that  volume  with  boiled  and 
cooled  distilled  water.  Put  up  in  suitable  small  bottles,  sterilize, 
and  seal.  The  solution  is  grass  green  in  colour,  rapidly  becoming 
brown  on  exposure  to  air. 

Hypophosphoroiis     Acid,     Uses     of,     in      Dispensing.      H. 

Wyatt.  {Pharin.  Journ.  [4],  19,  899.)  There  are  many 
cases  where  a  few  drops  of  hjrpophosphorous  acid  will  work 
wonders  in  the  prevention  of  iodine  liberation  in  certain  mix- 
tures,  and  prescribers  vnll  generally  sanction  its  use. 

Where  quinine,  an  acid,  and  iodide  of  potassium  are  pre- 
scribed together,  decomposition  will  result,  as  in  the  following 
mixture  :  Quin.  sulph.,  36  grs.  ;  acid  hydrobrom.  dil.,  ^W.  ; 
potass,  iodid.,  3j-  ;  tr.  aurant,  3vj.  ;  Spt.  chlorof.,  3iij.  ;  aqura, 
ad  5vj.     M.  mist.  ft. 

By  adding  to  this  24  drops  of  Acid.  Hypophosph.,  B.P.C., 
coloration  is  prevented  entirely. 

Where  Syr.  ferri  iodidi  has  become  coloured,  as  it  will  do, 
particularly  in  winter,  when  the  actinic  power  of  daj^Ught  is  not 
sufficiently  active  to  reduce  the  ferric  oxyiodide  gradually 
formed  by  the  action  of  the  air,  warming  gently,  and  dropping 
in  sufficient  hypophospliorous  acid,  will  soon  bring  it  back  to  its 
sea-green  colour. 

Ichthyol  Compound  Application  for  Anal  Fissure.    M.  K  a  t- 

z  e  n  s  t  e  i  n.  {Merck's  Re  pari,  18,  99. )  Cocaine  hydrochloride, 
1  ;  extract  of  belladonna,  10  ;  ichthyol  to  120.  This  mixture 
is  introduced  into  the  anus,  near  the  fissure,  whence  the  ichthyol 
permeates  into  all  the  mucous  folds  and  into  the  fissure  itself. 
It  is  claimed  that  the  affection  may  be  healed  in  8  to  10  days 
by  repeated  use  of  the  application. 

Incompatibility    of    Nirvanine    and    Mercuric    Cyanide.    G. 

D  e  n  i  g  e  s.  [Bull.  Soc.  Pharm.  de  Bordeaux,  43,  162. )  A  nasal 
douche,  for  which  nirvanine,  sodium  cliloride  and  mercuric 
cyanide  were  prescribed  as  an  antiseptic,  was  found  to  throw  out 
a  crystaUine  deposit.  This  was  found  to  be  a  crystalline  double 
salt — 

>C0'0CH3 
ClH-CcHa^OH 

\NH-CO-CH2N(C2Hg)2-Hg(CN)2. 


258  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

The  compound  results  when  strong  aqueous  solutions  of 
nirvanine  and  mercuiic  cyanide  are  mixed,  but  the  presence  of 
NaCl  favours  its  formation  in  more  dilute  solutions.  With 
1  Gm.  of  nirvanine  and  salt,  dissolved  in  5  c.c.  of  water,  0*20  Gm. 
of  mercuric  cyanide  dissolved  in  a  similar  quantity  of  water  and 
mixed,  gives  a  crystalline  precipitate  in  an  hour.  Witli  10  per 
cent,  solution  of  the  two  compounds,  the  crystalline  precipitate 
is  formed  at  once.  The  crystals  are  stable,  and  do  not  lose 
weight  wlien  dried  at  100°C.  They  are  readily  soluble  in  warm 
water,  but  only  to  the  extent  of  about  1  :  100  in  cold.  The 
formation  of  the  crystalline  compound  is  sufficiently  delicate  in 
the  presence  of  sodium  chloride  solution  to  serve  as  a  micro- 
chemical  reaction  for  the  detection,  on  the  one  hand,  of  nirvanine, 
on  the  other,  of  mercuric  cyanide.  In  the  first  case  a  reagent  of 
mercuric  cyanide  and  sodium  chloride  may  be  employed  ;  in 
the  second,  one  of  nirvanine  and  sodium  chloride. 

Infusions,  Aseptic.  A.  C  u  r  r  i  e.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20, 
584.)  Take  bottles  of  convenient  size  (8  oz.  upright  steriHzing 
feeding  bottles  answer  admirably),  rinse  with  a  mixture  of  1 
part  of  nitric  acid  and  3  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  so  as  to  destroy 
all  highly  resistant  spores,  then  wash  with  sterile  or  boiled  water. 
Then  fill  up  to  the  shoulder  with  the  filtered  fresh  infusion,  plug 
the  neck  with  cotton-wool,  and  place  over  it  a  single-hole  teat. 
Place  the  bottles  so  prepared  and  filled  in  a  steamer  (a  large- 
sized  potato  steamer  serves  well),  and  steam  at  100°C.  for  15 
minutes  ;  allow  to  cool,  and  next  day  again  steam  for  15  minutes. 
The  object  of  the  double  sterilization  at  an  interval  of  24  hours 
is  that  any  resistant  spores  which  may  not  be  killed  by  the  first 
may  have  time  to  develop  into  bacteria  or  mould,  and  may  then 
be  easily  killed  by  the  second  sterilization.  The  teat  over  the 
bottle  prevents  undue  evaporation,  while  allowing  of  the  equah- 
zation  of  pressure.  .  So  treated,  infusions  will  keep  indefinitely, 
and  if  tested  at  intervals  will  be  found  completely  sterile.  The 
aroma  and  flavour  are  indistinguishable  from  a  recently  prepared 
infusion  if  they  be  kept  in  the  dark,  and  tlierapeutic  properties 
are  not  impaired.  If  it  be  necessary  to  use  part  of  the  contents 
of  a  bottle  when  dispensing,  all  that  is  necessary  is  to  pass  the 
plug  of  cotton-wool  through  the  flame  to  sterilize  it,  remove  with 
the  left  hand,  pour  out  what  is  desired,  avoiding  contact  with 
the  vessel  into  which  it  is  being  poured,  and  replace  the  plug 
and  cap. 


PHARMACY. 


259 


The  objection  to  White's  method  {Year-Book,  1894,  202)  is 
the  placing  of  the  sterile  plug  of  wool  in  the  bottle  after  sterilizing, 
thereby  increasing  the  risk  of  infection.  It  is  also  umiecessary 
to  sterilize  infusions  of  quassia  and  calumba  in  the  cold  by 
filtration,  as  they  show  no  alteration  on  heating,  if  removed 
from  the  drug.  Quassia,  calumba,  buchu,  gentianj  senna,  and 
senega  infusions  sterilized  by  above  process,  all  over  three 
months  old,  have  kept  perfectly. 

Infusions,  Concentrated.  H.  D  e  a  n  e.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4], 
20^  435.)  Many  chemists  who  have  had  occasion  to  use  "  con- 
centrated infusions  "  have  noticed  that,  when  diluted  so  as  to 
be  "  equivalent  to  the  B.P.  infusion,"  the  products  of  different 
firms  are  very  different  in  colour.  The  following  figures,  obtained 
from  the  examination  of  samples  made  by  five  manufacturers, 
show  that  there  is  a  correspondingly  large  difference  in  the 
amount  of  solid  residue.  In  each  case  1  fluid  pa,rt  of  the  con- 
centrated preparation  when  diluted  with  7  fluid  parts  of  Avater 
was  stated  to  represent  the  official  infusion.  The  figures  given 
for  "  residue  "  represent  the  weight  of  solid  residue  left  on  the 
evaporation  of  100  c.c.  to  dryness  on  a  water-bath.  The  figures 
given  for  alcohol  show  the  percentage  of  absolute  alcohol  by 
volume.  The  figures  in  column  6  represent  8  times  the  residue 
found  by  Bascombe  {P.J.,  62,  228;  P.J.  [4].  8,  228)  to  be 
present  in  samples  of  infusion  prepared  in  the  official  mamier  : — 

Infusum  Calumb.e. 


- 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Specific  G^a^'ity 
Residue        .... 
Alcohol 

0-974 
2-96 
22-09 

0-985 
2-37 
20-71 

0-989 
3-61 
2319 

1011 
10-35 
19-18 

0-989 
3-42 
22-30 

4-79 

The  residue  in  Sample  No.  4  appeared  to  consist  largely  of  glycerin. 
Infusum  Gentians  Compositum. 


Specific  Grav-ity 
Residue 
Alcohol . 


1. 
0-986 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

1-005 

1-050 

0-997 

0-087 

2-57 

6-86 

6-06 

5-30 

8-07 

19-87 

19-18 

15-12 

19-96 

19-7 

8-64 


260 


yeak-book  of  pharmacy. 
Infusum  Quassle. 


- 

1. 

'I. 

3. 

0-973 
0-264 
24-08 

4. 

0-980 
0-328 
18-03 

5. 

6. 

Specific  Gravity 
Residue        .... 
Alcohol 

0-973 
0-332 
20-43 

0-981 

0-890 
19-59 

0-978 
0-480 
20-24 

0-376 

Infusum  Senega. 

- 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Specific  GraA'ity 
Residue        .... 
Alcohol 

1-006 
9-76 
•24-98 

0-993 
362 
20-24 

1010 
10-46 
22-73 

1-090 
8-82 
20-06 

1-2-48 

Infusum  Senn^. 

— 

1. 

2. 

'A. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Specific  Gravity 
Residue        .... 
Alcohol 

1-034 
14-30 
20-43 

1013 
7-37 
15-58 

1-046 
14-58 
20-99 

1-053 

17-86 
19-87 

1-176 
10-09 
1  20-71 

27-84 

Decoctum  Scoparii. 

Although  this  prexDaration  has  been  replaced  in  the  1898 
Pharmacopoeia  by  an  infusion  of  the  same  strength  (1  to  20), 
prepared  from  the  bruised  instead  of  the  whole  root,  doctors 
more  frequently  prescribe  the  decoction,  and  therefore  this 
was   examined  ;     but   probably   Inf.    Scoparii   Cone,    and   Dec. 


Scoparii  Cone,  come 

out  of  the  same  bottle. 

- 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Specific  Gravity 
Re^siduo        .... 
Alcohol 

0-990 
3-95 
21-29 

0-990 
371 
22-55 

1010 
8-00 
19-87 

0-990 
3-71 
21-59 

0-996 
3-02 
14-64 

2-011 

The  general  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  these  figures  is  that, 
as  may  be  expected,  the  soluble  matter  in  the  drug  is  not,  as  a 
rule,  extracted  by  the  small  quantity  of  Mquid  used  in  making 
the  concentrated  preparation  as  completely  as  by  t)ae  quantity 


1  Tiiis    is    taken    from    a    paper    by    Martindale    {PJ-,  55,  416).     His 
figure  for  the  infusion  from  the  bruised  drug  is  4-(),  while  Bascombe's  is  4-2. 


PHARMACY. 


261 


used  in  making  the  official  preparation.  Also  that  there  is  a 
greater  difference  between  the  products  of  different  manufac- 
turers than  can  be  explained  by  the  use  of  varying  samples  of 
drug,  so  that  there  must  be  considerable  differences  in  the  mode 
of  manufacture,  and  presumably  in  whatever  therapeutic  value 
these  preparations  have. 

Infusions,  Concentrated.  G.  E.  P  e  a  r  s  o  n.  {Pharm.  Journ. 
[4],  20,  474.)  The  inference  drawn  by  Deane  (supra)  that  the 
low  yield  of  extractive  in  these  preparations  is  due  to  inefficient 
extraction  is  controverted.  The  less  amount  is  attributed  to  the 
precipitation  of  inert  albuminous  matter  by  the  alcoholic  men- 
struum employed. 

The  results  of  examination  of  commercial  specimens  of  these 
preparations  is  given  below  : — 


- 

Sp.  Gr. 
at  1.5° 

1-012 

Extractive 

Gm.  per 

100  c.c. 

Dried  at  100°. 

8-63 

Alcoliol 
I)er  cent, 
by  Vol. 

Inf.  Aiirant  Cone.  ( 1 ) 

20-2 

„       (2) 

1-003 

6-59 

23-5 

Inf.  Buclui  Cone.  ( 1 ) 

0-991 

3-50 

21-5 

„       (2) 

0-9985 

5-44 

22-6 

Inf.  Calunib.  Cone.  (I) 

0-99S5 

4-76 

22-6 

„      (2) 

0-993 

3-62 

16-5 

„      (3) 

0-994 

4- 16 

22- G 

„      (4) 

0-990 

3-10 

22-6 

Inf.  Carvoph.  Cone.  ( 1 ) 

0-9905 

3-43 

— 

„       (2) 

0-990 

3-36 

— 

Inf.  Case;irillHe  Cone.  (1) 

0-995 

3-83 

— 

„      (2) 

0-9905 

3-54 

— 

Inf.  Digitalis  Cone.     ( 1 ) 

0-980 

1-28 

24-9 

(2) 

0-983 

1-74 

24-0 

Inf.  Gentian.  Co.  Cone.  (1) 

1-006 

7-97 

22-3 

„       (2) 

0-992 

4-50 

23- 1 

„       (3) 

1-001 

5-68 

18-4 

„       (4) 

1-010 

8-68 

21-7 

Inf.  Rliei  Cone.  ( 1 )  .      .      . 

1-023 

11-80 

22-5 

„       „     (2)    . 

0-999 

.5-40 

21-4 

,.        „     (3)    . 

1-026 

11-99 

20-2 

„       .„     (4)    . 

1-032 

13-03 

20-1 

Inf.  Seoparii  Cone.  (1) 

0-998 

4-44 

21-2 

„      (2) 

1-013 

7-80 

19-7 

Inf.  Senegas  Cone.  ( 1 ) 

1-003 

6-99 

22-3 

„       (2) 

1-007 

8-90 

— 

„       (3) 

1-012 

10-37 

— 

Inf.  Sennaj  Cone.  { 1 ) 

1-028 

12  .34 

22-6 

„       „           „      (2) 

1-023 

10-99 

23-1 

„       „           „      (3) 

1-030 

12-75 

21-4 

Inf.  Uv;td  Ursi  Cone. 

1-030 

14-50 

19-0 

202  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Insoluble  Powders  in  Mixtures,  Manipulation  of.    H.  W  y  a  1 1. 

{PJtann.  Journ.  [4],  19,  899.)  BiHmuih  Salts.  With  bismuth 
subnitrate,  jnucilage  is  better  mixed  in  the  bottle  with  half 
the  menstruum,  and  the  bismuth  levigated  witli  the  rest  of  the 
menstruum,  a  small  amount  at  a  time,  and  poured  into  the 
mucilage. 

Bismuth  Carbonate  does  not  really  require  mucilage  to  suspend 
it,  if  it  be  kept  freshly  precipitated  under  water  in  tlie  proportion 
of  60  grs.  to  the  fluid  oz. 

Bismuth  Salicylate  is  best  compounded  i^y  rubbing  fine  in  a 
mortar,  moistening  with  the  tinctures  so  as  to  drive  out  the  air 
its  particles  contain,  mixing  with  the  water  and  then  pouring 
into  the  bottle  on  to  the  mucilage. 

Magnesice  Carb.  and  Magnesia  make  much  smoother  mixture.s 
if  rubbed  through  a  muslin  strainer  in  a  thin  cream.  This 
applies  to  nearly  all  insoluble  powders,  for  the  amount  of 
foreign  bodies,  sieve-hairs,  etc.,  removed  from  them  when  they 
are  strained  is  rather  surprising. 

Boric  Acid,  though  not  exactly  an  insoluble  body,  gives  some 
trouble  when  in  fairly  large  amounts,  owing  to  its  tendency  to 
float  on  the  liquid.  This  can  always  be  prevented  by  damping 
it  with  the  tinctures  before  adding  the  water. 

Salts  in  excess  of  solubility  give  frequent  trouble,  the  greatest 
sinner  in  this  respect  being  potassium  chlorate.  This  would  not 
be  so  if  prescribers  had  the  advantages  of  sodium  chlorate 
pointed  out  to  tliem.  Its  solubility  is  such  that  it  should  com- 
mend itself  on  that  score  alone,  not  to  mention  that  its  percentage 
of  the  chlorate  radical  is  considerably  higher  than  in  the  potassium 
salt. 

Iodoform  Gauze,  Assay  of.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  [Journ.  Pharm. 
Chim.  [6],  20,  252.)  No  method  of  manufacture  will  be  given 
in  the  new  French  Codex  for  the  preparation  of  iodoform  gauze  ; 
it  will  be  required  to  contain  10  per  cent,  of  iodoform  when 
assayed  by  the  following  method,  which  is  due  to  rran9ois  : 
About  20  Gm.  of  the  gauze  is  weighed  off  and  extracted  with 
ether  in  a  small  extraction  tube.  The  ethereal  extract  is  then 
made  up  to  exactly  100  c.c.  ;  10  c.c.  of  this  is  placed  in  a  250  c.c. 
conical  flask,  and  the  solvent  evaporated  by  a  current  of  dry 
air.  The  residue  is  then  treated  with  10  c.c.  of  1  :  5  AgNOa 
solution.  The  flask  is  then  placed  on  a  cold  water-bath,  and 
heat  applied  so  that  the  temperature  is  slowly  raised,  then  boiled 


PHARMACY.  263 

for  an  hour  ;  the  flask  in  then  filled  up  with  distiUed  water, 
allowed  to  stand  for  24  hours,  and  the  Agl  collected  on  a  tared 
filter  ;  it  is  then  dried  at  100"C.,  washed  with  ether,  agaui  dried 
at  100°C.  and  weighed.  The  weight  obtained  x  0-559  x  50  will 
give  the  percentage  of  iodoform  in  the  gauze. 

lodotannic  Syrup.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pkarm.  Chim.  [6], 
20,  156,  and  [6],  21,  437. )  Iodine,  2  ;  tannin,  4  ;  syrup  of  rhatany, 
100  ;  simple  syrup,  880  parts  by  weight.  Dissolve  the  iodine  and 
the  tannin  in  60  c.c.  of  distiUed  water  on  the  water-bath  ;  cool 
and  filter.  jMix  the  .filtrate  i>\dth  the  S3^rup  of  rhatany  in  a  tared 
dish  and  evaporate  to  120  Gm.  Add  the  simi^le  syrup,  and  mix. 
Twenty  Gm.  of  tliis  syruj)  is  equivalent  to  0-04  Gm.  of  iodine. 

In  consequence  of  the  unfavourable  criticism  of  tliis  formula,  it 
was  subsequently  modified  as  follows  :  Iodine,  2  ;  tannin,  4  ; 
distilled  water,  360  ;  wliite  sugar,  640.  Powder  the  iodine  and 
introduce  it  with  the  water  and  tannin  into  a  glass  or  earthenware 
vessel.  Warm  on  the  water-bath  to  about  60°C.  with  occasional 
agitation  until  the  solution  gives  no  blue  colour  with  starch 
paper.  Then  dissolve  the  sugar  in  the  liquid.  Twenty  Gm.  of 
the  syrup  contains  approximately  4  Cgm.  of  iodine. 

lodotannic  Syrup.  —  V  i  g  n  e  r  o  n.  {Journ.  Pharrti.  Chim. 
[6],  21,  538. )  The  following  method  is  claimed  to  give  a  pleasant 
tasting  product,  and  to  be  easy  of  preparation  :  Iodine,  2  ; 
tannm,  4  ;  distilled  water,  180  ;  sugar,  355  ;  simple  syrup,  qs., 
to  produce  1,000.  Rub  down  the  iodine  with  a  httle  of  the 
sugar  in  a  small  glass  mortar.  Transfer  the  poAvder,  with  the 
water  and  tannin,  to  a  stoppered  flask,  and  warm  on  the  water- 
bath  to  70-80°C.  for  an  hovu-.  The  cloudy  solution  thus  ob- 
tained is  set  aside  for  36  hours  in  a  warm  place,  when  a  clear 
liquid  and  a  spongy  deposit  are  obtamed.  The  former  is  tested 
for  free  iodine  with  starch  paper,  and  if  a  reaction  be  obtained, 
heating  on  the  water-bath  is  again  performed  until  the  whole  of 
the  iodine  has  combined.  The  Hquid  is  then  filtered  on  to  the 
sugar  in  a  tared  porcelain  dish,  and  heated  on  the  water-bath. 
The  weight  of  the  product  is  then  made  up  to  1,000  with  simple 
syrup.  The  syrup  thus  obtained  is  yellowish  green  by  trans- 
mitted, slightly  red  by  reflected  light.  The  slight  astringent 
taste  may  be  covered  by  the  substitution  of  100  parts  of  syrup 
of  orange  peel  for  a  hke  weight  of  the  simple  syrup.  The  em- 
ployment of  rhatany,  both  on  account  of  its  taste  and  utilitj''. 


264  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

is  not  reconimeiKl(Kl.  The  above  syrup  may  bo  prej^ared.  witliout 
heat,  but  it  then  has  an  unpleasant  taste.  (See  also  Year-Books, 
1904,  285  ;  1902,  242  ;  1896,  189.) 

lodotannic  Syrup.  H.  Wyatt.  {Pharm.  Journ.  (4),  19, 
898.)  The  following  formulae  is  stated  to  give  a  syrup  in  wliieh 
the  unpleasant  flavour  is  well  masked  :  Iodine,  320  grs.  ;  tannin, 
320  grs.  ;  sugar,  12  oz.  ;  tincture  of  vanilla  (1:40),  80  ii|  ;  freshly 
roasted  coffee,  2  oz.  ;  water,  to  20  fl.  oz. 

Make  a  strong  infusion  of  the  coffee  by  percolation  with 
boiling  water  until  4  oz.  of  liquid  have  passed.  Set  this  aside 
and  continue  the  percolation  until  4  more  oz.  are  obtained. 
Rub  the  iodine  fine  and  put  it  and  the  tannin  in  a  fla,sk  with 
percolate  No.  2  and  1  oz.  of  the  sugar,  and  heat  until  the  iodine 
is  absorbed.  Finally,  dissolve  the  rest  of  the  sugar  in  this  and 
percolate  No.  1,  adjust  to  1  pint,  and  add  the  tincture  of  vanilla 
last. 

This  makes  a  thin,  dark  syrup  of  pleasant  odour  and  taste. 
The  proportion  of  sugar  may  be  increased  if  a  denser  and  sweeter 
syrup  be  desired. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  Continental  syrups  are  almost 
invariably  weaker  than  those  used  in  Englisli  and  American 
pharmacy,  which  are  too  frequently  over-medicated,  with  the 
result  that  they  are  unpalatable  to  the  patient  and  in  many  cases 
are  badly  borne  by  the  stomach,  whilst  their  keeping  properties 
are  sadly  impaired. 

lodotannic  Syrups,  Concentrated  lodo-syrup  for  the  Prepara- 
tion of.  L.  Martin.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [G],  21,  295.) 
A  strong  iodo-syrup,  containing  2  per  cent,  of  iodine,  is  prepared 
thus  by  means  of  gallic  acid  :  Iodine,  40  Gm.  ;  gallic  acid, 
40  Gm.  ;  distilled  water,  740  Gm.  ;  and  sugar,  200  Gm.,  are 
placed  in  a  2  litre  flask.  This  is  then  fitted  to  a  reflux  condenser 
and  heated  until  the  body  of  the  flask  is  filled  with  violet  vapours. 
As  soon  as  crystals  of  iodine  begin  to  be  deposited  on  the  inner 
tube  of  the  condenser,  about  20  c.c.  of  alcohol  95  per  cent,  is 
passed  down  it  by  means  of  a  small  funnel.  This  washes  down 
the  iodine,  and  its  vapour,  condensing  and  falling  back,  con- 
tinues to  carry  back  the  iodine  to  the  liquid.  Heating  is  con- 
tinued until  all  the  iodine  has  combined  and  no  more  violet 
vapours  are  evident.  The  flask  is  then  detached,  another 
1,000  Gm.  of   sugar    and  enough  water  are  added  to  dissolve 


PHARMACY.  265 

the  sugar  with  heat,  during  which  the  alcohol  will  be  driven  off. 
When  cold  the  volume  is  adjusted  to  2  litres,  and  the  syrup 
filtered.  The  product  keeps  well,  and  serves  for  dilution  to 
form  syrups  or  Avines  of  any  required  iodine  standard.  Gallic 
acid  is  used  instead  of  tannin,  as  the  product  is  pleasanter 
in  taste,  but  tannin  may  be  used,  in  the  same  quantity,  if 
desired. 

Isopral  Mixture.  (Merck's  Report ,  18,  104.)  Isoj^ral  may  be 
thus  dispensed  as  a  mixture  :  Isopral,  3  ;  proof  spirit,  10  ; 
sim.ple  syrup,  70  ;  peppermint  oil,  sufficient  to  flavour.  Dose, 
1  tablespoonful. 

Kola  Granules.  M.  G  e  m  a  3^  e  1.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim., 
21,  192.)  Soft  extract  of  kola,  free  from  glycerine,  75  ;  castor 
sugar,  1,000  ;  alcohol  60  pei  cent.,  q.s.  Place  the  extract  in  a 
porcelain  capsule,  add  to  it  a  little  of  the  alcohol,  warm,  and 
stir  until  the  mass  becomes  fluid  and  homogeneous.  Then 
transfer  to  a  mortar  and  wash  out  the  capsule  with  two  washings 
of  alcohol,  warming  gently  each  time,  and  add  these  to  the 
alcohoHc  solution  ;  add  the  sugar  quickly  in  small  quantities  at 
a  time,  working  well  in  so  as  to  produce  a  homogeneous  mass. 
Pass  tliis  through  a  fine  wire  sieve,  and  dry  in  thin  layers  on 
paper  in  the  stove  at  60°C.  Again  sift,  allow  to  cool,  sift  a 
third  time,  and  preserve  in  well  stoppered  bottles.  Granules  of 
coca,  cinchona,  calumha,  condurango  and  other  extracts  soluble 
in  alcohol  may  be  prepared  in  a  similar  manner.  Glycero- 
phosj)hites  and  other  water-soluble  salts  may  be  prepared  by 
using  cold  water  instead  of  alcohol,  mixing  the  medicating 
ingredients  directly  with  the  sugar  in  the  mortar.  By  com- 
bining the  two  processes,  such  preparations  as  kola-cinchona- 
glycerophosphates  in  granular  form  may  be  prepared.  (See  also 
Year-Book,  1904,  276.) 

Lead  Subacetate,  Strong  Solution  of.  G.  F.  M  e  r  s  o  n.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  20,  70.)  The  author  agrees  with  the  statement  of 
others  that  the  solution  may  be  satisfactorily  prepared  in  the 
cold,  but  he  does  not  find  the  long  standing  mentioned  by  Squire 
to  be  necessary. 

A  series  of  experiments  made,  working  on  100  c.c.  quantities 
of  finished  solution,  showed  that,  by  rubbing  the  salts  to  fine 
powder  and  mixing  in  a  mortar  with  sufficient  distiUed  water 


266  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

to  form  a  smooth  cream  (2  or  3  c.c.  only  is  required  for  100  c.c. 
lot  of  the  solution),  allowing  to  stand  for  a  few  minutes  with 
occasional  stirring,  then  transferring  to  a  bottle  and  shaking 
from  time  to  time,  the  full  B.P.  strength  of  solution  was  obtained 
in  very  much  less  time  than  a  week. 

Made  as  above,  and  allowed  to  stand  for  1  hour  before  filtra- 
tion, the  sp.  gr.  was  1*2213,  and  the  yield  of  PbSOi  when  esti- 
mated gravimetrically  0*2o3.  A  similar  experiment  with  fresh 
materials  continued  for  3  hours  gave  sp.  gr.  1-2234  and  0*307 
PbSO^.  Anotlier  lot,  continued  for  6  liours,  yielded  sp.  gr. 
1-2345  and  PbSO^  0-318.  StiU  another,  after  12  hours,  gave 
sp.  gr.  1-2418  and  PbS04  0-323,  whilst  a  final  experiment,  ex- 
tending over  3  days,  showed  practically  the  same  results  as  at 
the  end  of  12  hours,  as  did  also  a  lot  made  byboiUng  as  the 
B.P.  directs. 

The  above  figures  were  obtained  working  on  an  oxide  which 
was  afterwards  ascertained  to  fall  short  of  B.P.  requirements, 
but  the  comparative  results  illustrate  the  point.  Later  experi- 
ments conducted  with  pure  materials  gave  concordant  results, 
and,  of  course,  showed  correct  gra\aty  and  yield  of  lead  sulpliate. 

It  is  advisable  to  allow  the  mixture  to  stand  in  the  mortar 
for  somxO  Httle  time  before  traixsferring  to  the  bottle,  in  order 
that  the  "  cake  "  which  forms  at  first  may  be  thoroughlj^  broken 
up  and  powdered,  thus  allowing  tl\e  solvent  free  access  to  the 
mixed  sohds.  If  transferred  too'  soon  to  the  bottle  tliis  cake 
forms,  and  is  only  wath  difficulty,  if,  indeed,  at  all,  thoroughly 
broken  up  by  subsequent  shaking. 

Gravimetric  assay  is  preferable  to  the  official  volumetric 
process  of  estimation. 

The  following  is  the  process  adopted  :  To  50  c.c.  of  distilled 
water  add  5  c.c.  of  dilute  sulphuric  acid  and  heat  in  a  small 
flask  to  about  90X.,  and  add  1  c.c.  of  the  lead  subacetate  solution 
from  a  pipette.  Counterpoise  two  small  filters  and  moisten 
them  with  warm  water.  Carefully  decant  the  contents  of  the 
flask  portion  by  portion  upon  the  filters,  well  rinsing  the  flask 
with  water.  Wash  the  precipitate  with  warm  water  till  free 
from  acid,  dry  in  a  water  oven  and  weigh.  It  is  to  be  noted  tliat 
a  measm'ed  quantity  was  used  simply  for  convenience  in  the 
experimental  stages — ^for  comparison  with  the  official  require- 
ments, 1  Gm.  or  other  convenient  weight  must  be  taken. 

A  number  of  commerical  samples  examined  gave  varying 
results,    both    in    sp.   gr.    and   in    lead    content       A    number 


PHARMACY. 


267 


of  samples  of  litharge  from  various  wholesale  sources  were 
examined,  and  it  was  found  that  several  of  these  when  used  in 
the  official  proportion  failed  to  produce  a  solution  coming  up  to 
the  official  sp.  gr.  Moderate  traces  of  red  lead  existed  in  these, 
as  also  other  impurities,  indicating  that  they  were  not  stricitly 
official. 


Lenigallol  Paste.  —  Kromayer.  {Merck's  Report,  18, 
120.)  Lenigallol,  1  ;  zinc  oxide,  1  ;  starch,  1  ;  yellow  vase- 
line, 2. 

Licorice  Powder,  Compound.  J.  E  v  a  n  s.  {PJiarm.  Journ. 
[4],  20,  303.)  The  following  table  gives  the  result  of  the  exami- 
nation of  samples  of  the  powder,  full  details  of  the  methods 
employed  being  given  in  the  original  paper  : — 


Extract 

by 

Acohol 

70  per 

cent. 

60-52 

Alcohol 

Mois- 
ture. 

Total 
Ash. 

Insol. 
Ash. 

Sohible 
Ash. 

Sugar. 

Extract, 

less 
Sugar. 

Sulphur 

3-86 

5-12 

2- 20 

2-86 

50-0 

10-52 

8-92 

4-20 

6-54 

3-98 

2-56 

60-16 

47-7 

12-46 

8-49 

3-98 

4-84 

2-30 

2-48 

60-08 

49-2 

10-88 

8-91 

3-68 

4-88 

2-00 

2-88 

63-44 

50-0 

13-44 

8-90 

3-84 

4-66 

1  68 

2-98 

63-10 

49-6 

13-50 

8-78 

Samples  4  and  5  were  prepared  })y  the  author, 
are  commercial  samples. 


The  remainder 


Liniment  of  Potassium  Iodide  with  Soap.  J.  H.  Shuttle- 
worth.  {Phann.  Journ.  [4],  19,  376.)  The  limited  use  of 
this  liniment  is  attributed  to  the  unsatisfactory  consistence  of 
the  preparation  as  made  according  to  the  official  directions.  It 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  liniments  from  the  therapeutic 
point  of  view,  being  rapidly  absorbed  by  the  skin.  The  omission 
of  lemon  oil,  and  substitution  of  soft  for  curd  soap,  as  follows, 
is  advocated  : — 

Sapo.  mollis,  B.P.,  51.  ;  pot.  iodidi,  =iss.  ;  glycerini,  =1.  ;  aq. 
destillatfe,  '=x. 

This  yields  a  faintly  opalescent  jelly  when  freshly  made,  which 
gradually  clears  itself  on  keeping  ;  it  is  not  quite  liquid  enougli 
to  be  placed  into  narrow-mouthed  bottles,  but  is  very  readily 
absorbed  by  the  skin.  If  a  more  hquid  preparation  be  desired, 
half  the  quantity  of  soft  soap  might  be  used. 


268  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

Tliis  yields  a  more  liquid  preparation,  which  can  be  easily 
poured  from  narrow-moutlied  bottles.  The  mode  of  preparation 
is  simplicity  itself.  Place  the  soft  soap  in  the  mortar,  add  tlie 
glycerin,  triturate  well,  and  when  thoroughly  mixed  gradually 
add  the  distilled  water,  in  which  the  potassium  iodide  has  been 
previously  dissolved,  tlioroughly  mixing  after  each  addition. 

Liniment  of  Potassium  Iodide  with  Soap.  I*.  B  o  a.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  20,  69.)  If  fuller  details  were  given  with  the  official 
directions  for  the  prejoaration  of  this  liniment,  a  satisfactory  and 
uniform  preparation  would  result.  The  directions  for  preparing 
it  should  read  : — 

IVIix  the  soap,  distilled  water,  and  glycerin  in  a  porcelain  dish  ; 
weigh  the  dish  and  contents,  and  note  the  weight ;  heat  on  a 
water-bath,  with  occasional  stirring,  till  the  soap  be  dissolved  ; 
make  up  with  hot  distilled  water  to  the  weight  noted  ;  pour  tlie 
liquid  gradually  into  a  mortar  in  which  is  the  iodide  of  potassium 
reduced  to  powder,  mixing  briskly  by  trituration  during  the 
addition  of  the  liquid  ;  continue  trituration  until  a  white  and 
creamy  product  be  obtained  ;  set  aside  in  the  mortar  till  cold  ; 
then  add  the  oil,  and  mix  thoroughly  by  trituration. 

Linimentum  Hydrargyri.  H.  G.  G  r  e  e  n  i  s  h.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  737.)  The  formulae  of  Finnemore  {Y ear-Book, 
1904,  292)  are  approved,  that  containing  one-sixth  the  official 
amount  of  ammonia  being  recommended,  since,  on  standing  for 
3  months,  it  showed  only  a  very  slight  separation.  The  liniment 
prepared  simultaneously  by  the  official  process  had  completely 
separated  in  1  week. 

Liquid  Extract  of  Taraxacum.  W.  H.  L  e  n  t  o  n.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  20,  650.)  The  varying  characters  of  the  commercial 
liquid  extract  is  attributed  to  the  indefinite  instructions  in  the 
official  directions.  Repercolation  with  alcohol  30  per  cent.,  to 
obtain  a  "  valoid  "  preparation,  is  found  to  give  a  satisfactory 
product. 

Maize  Stigmata,  Extract  and  Syrup  of.  L.  G  r  i  ni  b  e  r  t 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Chitn.  [6],  20,  155.)  Infuse  1  kilo,  of  cut  maize 
stigmata  for  two  hours,  in  sufficient  boiling  water  to  cover  them, 
then  press  and  strain.  Repeat  the  process  with  a  second  portion 
of  boiling  water.     Evaporate  the  bulked  liquids  on  the  water- 


PHARMACY. 


269 


bath  to  400  Gm.  Cool  and  add  water,  300  Gm.  Allow  to  stand, 
filter,  and  evaporate  to  a  soft  extract.  One  part  of  tins  extract 
gives  a  bright  solution  with  10  parts  of  water.  The  object  of 
adding  water  to  the  partly  evaj)orated  syrup  is  to  throw  out 
those  bodies  which  would  render  the  final  product  turbid  on 
dilution.  Thus  obtained,  the  extract  is  suitable  for  the  pre- 
paration of  the  syrup  by  mere  solution  in  simple  syrup,  thus  : — 
Syrup  of  Maize  Stigmata.  The  above  extract  of  maize  stig- 
mata, 12'5  Gm.  ;    simple  syrup,  990  Gm.     Dissolve. 

Mercuric  Nitrate  Ointment.  C.  0.  Suavely.  {Amer. 
Journ.  Pharm.,  77,  233.)  The  official  process  of  the  U.S. P.  is 
thus  modified  :  Heat  lard  oil,  760  Gm.,  to  100°C.  ;  withdraw 
from  the  heat  and  add  nitric  acid,  100  Gm.  ;  when  reaction 
moderates,  again  heat  until  effervescence  ceases  ;  at  this  point 
the  liquid  should  not  be  disturbed  by  stirring.  Further  increase 
the  heat  to  boiling  point  ;  maintain  at  that  temperature  for 
10  or  15  minutes,  then  allow  to  cool  to  about  40°C.  Meanwhile 
dissolve  red  mercuric  oxide,  75'5  Gm.,  in  nitric  acid,  75  Gm., 
without  heat,  and  pour  tlie  solution  into  the  cooled  fatty  mix- 
ture. Raise  the  temperature  to  60°C.,  and  maintain  at  that 
temperature  until  no  further  evolution  of  gas  occurs,  then 
remove  from  the  heat.  When  the  mass  has  become  quite  cold, 
mix  intimately  by  the  use  of  a  glass  rod.  The  product  will  be 
an  ointment  of  true  mercuric  nitrate,  and  not  a  mixture  of 
mercuroso-mercuric  nitrates  (as  in  the  B.P.)  ;  it  will  also  have 
a  less  pronounced  odour  than  the  official  preparation. 

Mercuric  Oxide,  Yellow,  Ointment  of.  F.  S  c  h  a  n  z.  {Merck's 
Report,  18,  95.)  The  following  formula  is  recommended  for  the 
preparation  of  an  ointment  devoid  of  grittiness,  suitable  for 
ophthalmic  use  :  Freshly  precipitated  j'ellow  mercuric  oxide, 
1  to  10  ;    anhydrous  lanoline,  10  ;    wliite  vaseline  to  make  100. 

Mercury  Cyanide  as  a  Disinfectant.  A.  R  i  c  h  a  u  d.  {Jourii. 
Pharm.  Chim.  [G],  20,  97.)  Altliougli  cyanide  and  oxy cyanide 
of  mercury  may  be  employed  indifferently  as  sterilizing  agents, 
especially  for  surgical  instruments,  as  a  matter  of  fact  much  of 
the  so-called  oxyc3'^anide  of  mercury  of  commerce  is  simply  true 
cyanide.  True  oxycyanide  of  mercury  is  not  a  commercial 
article  ;  it  is  about  5  times  less  soluble  than  true  cyanide,  and, 
moreover,  takes  much  longer  to  dissolve.     The  oxycyanide  is 


270  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

not  a  stable  body,  its  solutions  decomposing  and  blackening  at 
80°C.  It  is  suggested,  therefore,  tliat  the  use  of  tlie  so-called 
oxycyanide  should  be  abandoned,  and  the  definite,  more  soluble, 
and  more  stable  cyanide  substituted  for  it,  the  more  so  since 
the  latter  salt  is  not  more  toxic.  Mercury  cyanide  has  been 
tried  in  hospital  surgical  practice  as  a  disinfectant  with  perfectly 
satisfactory  results. 

Myrrh  Tincture,  Dispensing,  in  Aqueous  or  Saline  Solutions. 
E.  A.  R  u  d  d  i  m  a  n.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  223.) 
Honey,  in  the  proportion  of  1  dr.  to  7  drs.  of  the  solution,  is 
recommended  to  prevent  the  agglutination  of  the  resin  when 
tincture  of  myrrh  is  required  to  be  diluted  with  water  or  saline 
solutions.  This  addition  will  generally  keep  the  myrrh  resin 
suspended  for  some  time. 

New  Dressings.  — Zelis.  {Pharm.  Zeit.,  49,  998.)  Sub- 
stitutes FOR  Ferric  Chloride.  Stypticine  is  cotarnine  hydro- 
chloride ;  it  forms  a  yellow  powder  readily  soluble  in  water, 
may  be  used  as  a  most  efficient  ha3mostatic  in  the  form  of  gauze, 
lint,  or  wool.  Stypticine  gauze  33  per  cent,  is  prepared  wth  a 
solution  of  stypticine,  100  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  25  Gm.  ;  distilled 
water,  375  Gm.,  to  moisten  303  Gm.  of  gauze.  Stypticine  wool 
20  per  cent,  is  made  with  stypticine,  200  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  30 
Gm.  ;  distilled  water,  1,900  Gm.  for  1,000  Gm.  of  absorbent 
cotton.  Stypticine  lint  25  per  cent,  may  be  prepared  with 
stypticine,  75  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  15  Gm.  ;  distilled  water,  400  Gm. 
for  300  Gm.  of  lint.  The  dressings  are  impregnated  with  the 
solutions  in  tlie  usual  manner  and  dried  at  a  low  temperature 
in  the  dark,  for  the  salt  is  easily  decomposed.  The  great  objec- 
tion to  stypticine  is  its  high  price.  (See  also  Year -Book,  1899, 
199.) 

Styptol.  This  is  neutral  phthalate  of  cotarnine,  which  occurs 
in  yellow  soluble  crystals.  Dressings  made  from  it  should  be 
prepared  in  the  cold.  The  quantities  used  are  the  same  as  for 
stypticine.     (See  also  Y ear-Book,  1904,  247.) 

Cotargite  is  a  combination  of  cotarnine  hydrochloride  and 
FeaClc  occurring  in  orange,  readily  soluble  scales.  In  preparing 
dressings,  half  the  water  in  the  above  formula?  may  be  replaced 
by  alcohol,  in  which  cotargite  is  soluble.  The  dressings  may 
thus  be  prepared  at  a  lower  temperature,  for  the  compound  is 
very  unstable. 


PHARMACY.  271 

Substitutes  for  Iodoform.  lodoterpin  is  a  syrupy  brown 
liquid  obtained  by  the  action  of  iodine  on  terpin.  It  is  niiscible 
with  water,  giving  red  brown  solutions.  Dressings  are  prepared 
vnih.  it  containing  10  and  20  per  cent.  ;  they  should  be  dried  at 
the  lowest  possible  temperature  in  the  dark. 

Isoform  in  its  commercial  form  is  a  paste  consisting  of  equal 
parts  of  glycerin  and  para-iodo-anisol.  It  is  soluble  in  warm 
water,  so  that  dressings  of  absorbent  gauze,  2,  5  or  10  per  cent., 
may  be  prepared  by  impregnating  1,200  Gm.  of  the  material 
with  a  solution  of  48,  120,  or  240  Gm.  of  the  paste  in  solution  in 
tepid  water  and  drying  at  a  low  temperature.  Cotton,  5  or  10 
per  cent.,  is  prepared  with  powdered  isoform,  not  with  the 
glycerin  paste. 

Eugujorm.  or  acetyl-methylene-di-guaiacol,  is  obtained  by  the 
condensation  of  acetyl-guaiacol  and  formaldehyde.  It  is  a  pale 
yellow  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  so  that  the  gauze  is  prepared 
with  a  suspension  in  alcohol  and  glycerin.  Five  per  cent,  gauze  : 
Euguform,  60  Gm.  ;  alcohol,  400  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  60  Gm.  ; 
water,  1,200  Gm.  for  1,200  Gm.  of  gauze.  Ten  per  cent,  gauze  : 
Euguform,  120  Gm.  ;  alcohol,  600  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  90  Gm.  ; 
water,  900  Gm.  for  1,200  Gm.  of  gauze.  The  wool  is  prepared 
with  the  powder.  (See  also  Year-Book,  1901,  146;  1904,  212.) 
Vioform,  oxyquinoline  cliloro-iodide,  is  also  insoluble  in  water  ; 
the  5  and  10  per  cent,  gauzes  are  prepared  in  a  similar  manner 
to  those  of  euguform.     (See  also  Year-Book,  1902,  211.) 

Quinine  lygosinate  being  soluble  in  alcohol,  that  menstruum 
is  employed  for  preparing  the  5  or  10  per  cent,  gauze,  120  Gm, 
being  dissolved  in  1,400  Gm.  of  alcohol  for  the  former,  and 
240  Gm.  for  the  latter,  for  2,400  Gm.  of  gauze.  The  wool  is 
similarly  prepared. 

lodeugenol  di'essings  require  to  be  dried  at  a  low  temperature, 
for  it  is  decomposed  at  80°C.  Five  and  10  per  cent,  gauze  are 
made  by  dissolving  60  or  120  Gm.  of  iodeugenol  in  400  or  800  Gm. 
of  ether,  then  adding,  in  a  stoppered  bottle  1,200  or  1,000  Gm.  of 
alcohol,  and  50  or  75  Gm.  of  glycerin.  This  quantity  of  solution 
is  sufficient  for  2,400  Gm.  of  gauze.  For  stronger  gauzes,  from 
20  to  30  per  cent.,  a  little  colophony  is  added  to  the  impregnating 
solution.     The  wool  is  prepared  with  the  powder. 

Nux  Vomica  Extract  of  the  New  Codex.  E.  B  o  u  r  q  u  e  1  o  t. 
{Journ.  Fharm.  CJivm.  [6],  20,  289.)  Coarsely  powdered  nux 
vomica,  1,000  ;    alcohol  70  i3er  cent.,  6,000  ;    ether,  q.s.  ;   sugar 


272  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

of  milk,  q.s.     Moisten  the  drug  with  alcohol,  800,  and  pack  in  a 
percolator.     Let  stand  for  24  hours,  add  more  alcohol,  again 
macerate  for  24  hours,  then  percolate  with  the  remaining  men- 
struum.    Distil  off  the  alcohol  on  the  water-bath,  evaporate  the 
residue  in  a  tared  capsule  to  about   150  Gm.     Pour  this  into  a 
half-litre  tlask,  wash  the  capsule  with  50  c.c.  of   boiling  water, 
and  add  this  washing  to  the  rest.     Cool  the  bulked  liquid  and 
add  to  it  ether,  50  c.c.     Shake  cautiously,  avoiding  the  formation 
of  an  emulsion  ;  allow  to  separate,  and  remove  the  ethereal  layer  ; 
repeat  the  ether  washing  twice  more.     Cautiously  evaporate  the 
bulked  ethereal  liquid  and  wash  the  oily  residue  with  15  c.c.  of 
boiling  water,  adding  acetic  acid  drop  by  drop  until  a  distinct 
excess  is  present.     Then  filter  the  mixture  through  a  moistened 
filter,  wash  the  filter  mth  a  little  water,   and  add  the  filtrate 
to  the  ether-washed  aqueous  j)ortion.     Evaporate  the  bulked 
aqueous  extract  in  a  tared  capsule  to  about  200  Gm.,  and  when 
cold  weigh  again  exactly.     Weigh  off  5  Gm.  of  the  hquid  extract, 
and  drj^  to  constant  weight  at  100,  and  note  the  percentage  of 
dry  extract   obtained.     Weigh  off  4  Gm.  of  the  liquid  extract, 
and  mix  in  a  separator  ^\-ith  20  c.c.  of  the  following  menstruum  : 
Alcohol  95  per  cent.,  2  volumes  ;    solution  of  ammonia  (sp.  gr. 
0'960),  1  volume  ;    distilled  water,  1  volume.     After  thorough 
mixing,  shake  for  5  minutes  with  CHCI3,  20  c.c,  allow  to  separate, 
and  remove  the  CHCI3  layer.     Repeat  the  shaking  out  twice 
more  with  15  c.c.  of  CHCI3  each  time,  and  bulk  the  cliloroformic 
solutions  in  a  flask  ;  distil  off  the  whole  of  the  CHCI3,  and  add 
to  the  dry  residue  20  c.c.  of  N/IOH2SO4  with  50  c.c.  of  distilled 
water.  Leave  on  the  water-bath  for  15  minutes,  then  filter,  wash 
the  flask  and  filter  wdth  water,  bulk  the  filtrate  and  washings, 
and  when  cold  make  up  the  volume  to  exactly  200  c.c.     Intro- 
duce 50  c.c.  of  this  solution  (corresponding  to  1  Gm.  of  fluid 
extract)  into  a  125  c.c.  flask  ;    add  ether,  20  c.c,  and  iodeosin 
solution  (0'2  per  cent.),  5  drops.     Then  titrate  the  excess  of  acid 
with  N/lOONaOH  solution,  with  constant  agitation,  until  the 
aqueous  layer  acquires  a  permanent  rose  tint.     Divide  the  num- 
ber of  c.c.  of  N/lOONaOH  solution  used  up  by  10,  subtract  the 
number  found  from  5,  multiply  tlie  remainder  by  0-0364  (the 
mean  molecular  equivalent  of  strychnine  and  brucine)  and  the 
product  by  100.     The  result  is  the  percentage  of  total  alkaloids 
in  the  liquid  extract.     When  p  =  the  percentage  of  dry  extract 
in  the  liquid,  A  the  percentage  of  total  alkaloids,  P  the  weight 
of  the  liquid  extract,  the  quantity  of  milk  sugar,  [q,  to  be  added 


PHARMACY. 


273 


to  yield  a  cliy  extract,  containing  16  per  cent,  of  total  alkaloids 
may  be  found  by  the  equation — 

_  AP  pF 
^  16~~l00~ 
This  quantity  of  milk  sugar  is  then  added  to  the  Hquid  extract, 
and  the  whole  is  evaporated  to  dryness,  powdered,  and  preserved 
in  a  well-closed  vessel.  The  powdered  extract  gives  a  cloudy 
solution  -ttdth  water.  To  determine  the  Cotal  alkaloids  in  the 
powdered  extract,  operate  as  above  on  2  Gm. 

Official  Galenicals,  Commercial  Samples  of.    By  H.  W.  and 

S.  C.  Gadd.  {Phann.  Jourri.  [4],  20,  435.)  The  following 
figures  are  the  summary  of  observatioas  of  wholesale  products 
extending  over  5  years  : — 


1 

Extractive,  Detennined 

!        Speciflc  Gravity  at 

by  Drying  iu  a  Water- 

IS'S^C. 

oven  for  Two  Hours. 

Name. 

1 
Maxi-       Mini- 

Aver- 

Maxi- 

Mini- 

Aver- 

mum,     mum. 

age. 

mum. 

mum. 

age. 

Ext.  Cascar.  Sagrad.  Liq. 

1064     1-045 

1-05 

27-5 

20-0 

22-5 

Ext.  Ergot.  Liq 

1-022     1-000     1-012 

14-49 

9-08 

11-92 

Ext.  Glycyrrh.  Liq. 

1-150     1-127     1-141 

50-08 

39-4 

45-81 

Ext.  Tarax.  Liq.     . 

1-061      1-015     1040 

28-96 

20-65 

24-20 

Liq.  Calumb.  Cone. 

0-995    0-937     0-985 

6-3 

3-52 

4-7 

Liq.  Cliiratje  Cone. 

1-000    0-933     0-979 

5-49 

3-20 

411 

Liq.  Caspar.  Cone. 

1-011     1-001     1-007 

9-9 

7-0 

8-7 

Liq.  Quassias  Cone. 

0-991     0-976    0-970 

0-79 

0-28 

0-45 

Liq.  Rhei  Cone. 

1-045  j  0-995     1-025 

15-92 

9-84 

13-14 

Liq.  Senegse  Cone. 

1-020     1-004     1-015 

16-09 

8-46 

12-74 

Liq.  Sennse  Cone.    . 

1-076    0-994     1052 

22-44 

15-44 

19-3 

Liq.  Serpentar.  Cone. 

1-004    0-997     1-00 

5-5 

5-3 

5-4 

Tinct.  Aeoniti  . 

0-900    0-898     0-899 

1-85 

1-51 

1-7 

Tinct.  Aloes 

0-982    0-979    0-981 

9- 13 

8-06 

8-55 

Tinct.  Arnicae    . 

0-897  ,  0-893    0-895 

0-97 

0-52 

0-75 

Tinct.  Avirantii 

0-881 

0-872    0-878 

2-3 

11 

1-87 

*Tinct.  Benz.  Co.    . 

0-903 

0-844    0-893 

21-28 

15-7 

18-1 

Tinct.  Buchu     . 

0-934 

0-927     0-930 

4-4 

3-27 

3-87 

Tinct.  Calumb. 

1-08       0-916     0-932 

1-15 

0-83 

1-01 

Tinct.  Camph.  Co. 

0-923 

0-913     0-916 

0-52 

0-23 

0-33 

Tinct.  Cannab.  Ind. 

0-844 

0-842     0-842 

406 

3-12 

3-56 

Tinct.  Canthar. 

0-836 

0-832     0-834 

0-27 

0-17 

0-22 

Tinct.  Capsici    . 

0-898 

0-889  i  0-892 

1-14 

0-66 

0-81 

Tinct.  Card.  Co.       .      . 

'.      .     0-949 

0-941     0-944  , 

)         ! 

7.S 

6-1 

6-9 

Determination  of  aromatic  acids  as  suggested  by  Barclay — 

Average  of  a  few  samples. 

Free  acid  as  benzoic 2-01  per  cent. 

Combined  acid  as  benzoic       ....      2-85    „       „ 

T 


274 


YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 


Specific  Gravity  at 
15-5°C. 

Extmctive,  Determined 
by  Drying  in  a  Water- 

over 

for  Two  Hours. 

Name. 

Maxi- 

Mini- 

Aver- 

Maxi- 

Mini- 

Aver- 

mum. 

mum. 

age. 
0-972 

mum. 

mum. 

1 

age. 

Tinct.  Catechu        .... 

0-981 

0-968 

16-37 

13-6 

15-58 

Tinct.  Chiratse  . 

0-930 

0-917 

0-921 

1-1 

0-84 

100 

Tinct.  Ciinicifugse  . 

1-02 

0-918 

0-933 

1-29 

0-97 

105 

Tinct.  Cinchonai  Co. 

0-917 

0-904 

0-910 

6-9 

3-07 

4-51 

Tinct.  Cinnam. 

0-904 

0-901 

0-902 

2-2 

1-9 

2-05 

Tinct.  Cocci 

0-954 

0-952 

0-953 

2-35 

1-8 

2-01 

Tinct.  Colchici  Sem. 

0-962 

0-956 

0-956 

3-35 

2-6 

3-14 

Tinct.  Croci 

0-926 

0-923 

0-924 

2-2 

1-9 

2-0 

Tinct.  Cubebaj  . 

0-845 

0-843 

0-844 

2-53 

1-61 

2-08 

Tinct.  Digitalis 

0-932 

0-923 

0-929 

4-36 

3-5 

3-83 

Tinct.  Gelseinii 

0-925 

0-916 

0-919 

1-75 

0-9 

1-30 

Tinct.  Gent.  Co.      . 

0-969 

0-960 

0-904 

6- 13 

3-76 

5-33 

Tinct.  Guaiaci  Amnioi 

0-910 

0-899 

0-904 

19-5 

15-16 

17-27 

Tinct.  Hamamel.     . 

0-960 

0-943 

0-951 

2-12 

1-83 

2-10 

Tinct.  Hydrastis     . 

0-925 

0-920 

0-922 

2-66 

2-05 

2-33 

Tinct.  Hyoscyam.  . 

0-959 

0-951 

0-955 

3-44 

2-27 

3- 10 

Tinct.  Jaborandi     . 

0-964 

0-9.56 

0-959 

4-86 

2-36 

3-87 

Tinct.  Jalapte    . 

0-910 

0-905 

0-908 

— 

— 

— 

Tinct.  Kramer. 

0-949 

0-933 

0-940 

7-76 

4-40 

6-22 

Tinct.  Lavand.  Co. 

0-840 

0-834 

0-835 

0-60 

0-32 

0-49 

Tinct.  Limonis 

0-877 

0-873 

0-875 

21 

1-24 

1-61 

Tinct.  Lobel.  ^ther 

0-829 

0-814 

0-817 

2-10 

1-45 

1-74 

Tinct.  Lupuli     . 

0-932 

0-927 

0-929 

4-4 

3-42 

4-03 

Tinct.  Myrrhaj  . 

0-857 

0-846 

0-851 

8-0 

4-40 

5-91 

Tinct.  Podophylli  . 

0-847 

0-840 

0-843 

3-04 

2-9 

2-95 

Tinct.  Primi  Virg.  . 

0-935 

0-930 

0-933 

3-90 

3-10 

3-36 

Tinct.  Pyrethi  . 

0-908 

0-893 

0-896 

3-77 

0-56 

1-8 

Tinct.  Quassias 

0-945 

0-941 

0-943 

0-54 

0-33 

0-39 

Tinct.  Quillaiaj 

0-922 

0-917 

0-919 

1-45 

M6 

1-25 

Tinct.  Rhei  Co.        .      . 

0-975 

0-963 

0-969 

*5-76 

4-24 

5-13 

Tinct.  Scilla;      .      .      . 

0-909 

0-957 

0-963 

13-36 

10-89 

12-05 

Tinct.  Senegas   . 

0-944 

0-932 

0-938 

6-47 

5-4j 

5-04 

Tinct.  Stramonii     . 

0-962 

0-953 

0-958 

3-9 

3-25 

3-53 

Tinct.  Strophanthi 

0-895 

0-890 

0-891 

0-7 

0-39 

0-55 

Tinct.  Sumbul. 

0-901 

0-894 

0-898 

2-75 

2-25 

2-49 

Tinct.  Tolutana      .      . 

0-868 

0-864 

0-866 

9-94 

9-06 

9-38 

Tinct.  Valer.  Ammon. 

0-937 

0-932 

0-934 

4-76 

2-98 

3-75 

Ointment  for  Psoriasis,  Unna-Dreuw's.  {Pharm.  Centralh., 
45,  737.)  Clirysarobin,  20;  cade  oil,  20;  salicylic  acid,  10; 
vaseline,  25  ;   soft  soap,  25.     Mix. 

Ointments  in  Collapsible  Tubes,  Method  of  Filling.      J.  W. 

F  1  e  u  d  e  r  1  c  i  t  h.     [Pharm.  Joiuii.  [4J,  20,  81.)     Take  a  piece 

*  These  were  determined  on  the  unfinislied  tinctures  before  the  addition 
of  the  glycerin.J 


PHARMACY.  275 

of  parchment  paper  just  large  enough  to  hold  the  ointment 
comfortably,  and  roll  the  ointment  in  it  into  a  cylinder  narrower 
than  the  internal  diameter  of  the  metal  tube.  Push  it  into  the 
tube,  leaxang  some  of  the  paper  sticking  out.  Press  the  tube 
together,  and,  holding  it  down  firmly  with  the  edge  of  a  spatula, 
pull  out  the  parchment  paper,  which  slips  out  quite  clean,  leaving 
the  ointment  in  the  tube.  If  a  stiffish  paste  is  to  be  thus  filled 
into  a  tube  the  paper  may  be  smaller,  and  be  allowed  to  remain 
in,  as  it  does  not  readily  slip  out. 

Orthoform,  Precautions  in  the  Compounding  of.  —  B  a  r  d  e  t. 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  48.)  Although  the  application  of 
orthoform  as  an  anaesthetic  for  mucous  inflammatory  affections 
is  undoubtedly  useful,  and  gives  excellent  results,  the  drug  re- 
(juires  to  be  kept  and  dispensed  with  care.  If  not  carefully  stored 
in  non-actinic  bottles  and  free  from  access  of  air,  it  is  easily  de- 
composed, and  then  instead  of  exerting  a  sedative  and  anaesthetic 
action,  it  becomes  a  decided  irritant,  causing  vesicles  with  ery- 
thema and  pruritus.  This  is  particularly  the  case  when  it  is 
mixed  with  excipients.  Orthoform  should  never,  therefore,  be 
prescribed  in  the  form  of  ointment.  Either  the  powdered  drug 
alone  should  be  used  or  its  alcohoHc  solution.  The  latter  keeps 
well,  and  has  never  been  found  to  cause  ill  effects.  If  it  be 
desired  to  prescribe  a  compound  application,  ansesthesine  should 
be  employed  instead  of  orthoform. 

Pareira,  Liquid  Extract  of.  H.  G.  Greenish.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  698.)  As  the  result  of  a  prolonged  investigation 
of  the  pharmacy  of  the  drug  the  following  process  is  suggested 
for  the  preparation  of  the  liquid  extract.  Pareira  root  in  No.  10 
powder,  100  ;  alcohol  (90  per  cent.)  ;  glycerin  ;  water  ;  alcohol 
(20  per  cent.),  of  each  a  sufficient  quantity. 

Mix  20  of  alcohol  with  20  of  glycerin  and  60  of  water  ;  moisten 
the  root  with  40  of  this  mixture,  pack  in  a  percolator,  and  perco- 
late with  the  remainder,  continuing  the  percolation  with  20  per 
cent,  alcohol  until  exhausted.  Reserve  the  first  75,  concentrate 
the  subsequent  percolates  to  a  soft  extract,  and  dissolve  in  the 
reserve,  adding  sufficient  20  per  cent,  alcohol  to  make  100. 
Stand  for  14  days  and  filter.  (SoUds  by  weight,  liquids  by 
measure.) 

Pepsin,   Determination   of  the   Digestive  Power  of.    E.  W. 

Lucas.     (Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  376.)     Examination  of  com- 


276  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

mercial  pepsins  shows  that  none  meet  the  official  requirements, 
wliich  is  attributed  to  the  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  phar- 
macopreial  test. 

The  sources  of  error  in  applying  the  official  test  are  two.  In 
the  first  place,  coagulated  white  of  egg  rubbed  through  a  twelve- 
hole  sieve  does  not  appear  in  the  fine  shreds  intended,  but  in  more 
or  less  compacted  masses.  These  masses  offer  but  little  surface 
to  the  pepsin,  and  cannot  be  separated  even  by  the  most  vigorous 
shaking.  In  the  second,  it  is  not  practicable  to  weigh  so  small 
a  quantity  as  0*005  Gm.  of  a  hygroscopic  substance  like  pepsin. 
It  is  therefore  suggested  to  modify  the  official  monograph  some- 
what as  follows  : — 

Tested  in  tlie  manner  described  one  part  should  dissolve 
2,500  times  its  weight  of  freshly  coagulated  white  of  egg 
in  six  hours,  the  resulting  solution  being  only  faintly  opalescent. 

Into  a  stoppered  bottle  or  flask  of  about  250  c.c.  capacity  in- 
troduce 20  c.c.  of  the  pepsin  solution  (containing  0-005  Gm. 
pepsin).  Place  12*5  Gm.  of  the  freshly  coagulated  white  of  egg 
in  a  small  mortar  with  50  c.c.  of  acidulated  water  and  triturate 
until  reduced  to  uniform  granules.  Transfer  to  the  flask,  wash- 
ing out  the  last  traces  of  solid  matter  with  another  50  c.c.  of  the 
acidulated  water.  Place  the  flask  in  a  water-bath,  so  that  the 
water  is  higher  up  the  flask  outside  than  the  mixture  inside,  and 
digest  at  a  temperature  of  105°  F.  (40'5°C.)  for  6  hours,  shaking 
vigorously  at  intervals  of  15  minutes.  The  "  white  of  egg  " 
should  be  prepared  as  directed  at  present. 

To  make  the  pepsin  solution,  triturate  0*25  Gm.  pepsin  and 
1  Gm.  sodium  chloride  in  a  small  mortar  until  evenly  mixed  ; 
add  acidulated  water  very  carefully  at  first,  mix  well,  and  trans- 
fer to  1,000  c.c.  flask  ;  wash  the  mortar  weU  with  more  of  the 
acidulated  water  to  make  the  solution  up  to  1,000  c.c.  Pre- 
serve for  24  hours,  shaking  at  intervals  and  immediately  before 
use.  Every  20  c.c.  of  this  solution  wiU  contain  0-005  Gm. 
pepsin. 

Pepsin  Elixir  Compound.  W.  F.  J  a  c  k  m  a  n.  {Proc.  Amer. 
Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  248. )  Pepsin  and  pancreatin,  of  each  15  Gm.  ; 
diastase,  1  Gm.  ;  lactic  acid,  1  c.c.  ;  hydrochloric  acid,  2  c.c.  ; 
glycerin,  250  c.c.  ;  powdered  pumice,  20  Gm.  ;  compound  spirit 
of  orange,  5  c.c.  ;  compound  tincture  of  cardamom,  syrup  of 
raspberries,  white  wine,  of  each  100  c.c.  ;  colour  q.s.,  water  to 
make  1,000  c.c. 


PHARMACY.  277 

Pepsin,  Essence  of.  H.  P.  H  y  n  s  o  n.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm. 
Assoc,  52,  195.)  The  following  formula  for  the  preparation  of 
a  pepsin  essence,  resembling  certain  commercial  American 
brands,  is  suggested  by  W.  S.  Scoville.  Pepsin,  22-5  Gm.  ; 
rennin,  16*4  Gm.  ;  lactic  acid,  2  c.c.  ;  tincture  of  fresh  orange 
peel,  10  c.c.  ;  sugar,  35  Gm.  ;  glycerin,  125  c.c.  ;  white  wine, 
350  c.c.  ;   water  q.s.  to  make  100  c.c. 

Pepsin  Mixture.  G.  E  d  1  e  f  s  e  n.  {Merck's  Report,  18,  145.) 
Tlie  usual  small  dose  of  pepsin  is  considered  to  be  insufficient, 
and  the  following  stronger  mixture  should  be  prescribed.  Pure 
pepsin,  10  ;  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  8  ;  distilled  water,  120  ; 
syrup  of  orange  peel,  30.  One  teaspoonful  to  be  taken  three 
times  daily  in  half  a  wine-glassful  of  water. 

Permanganate  Crayons,  Disodic  Ortho phosphate  as  a  Basis  for. 

P.  Lemaire.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  308.)  The 
crystals  of  non-eflfloresced  official  sodium  phosphate  melted  on 
the  water-bath  in  their  own  water  of  crystallization  form  an 
excellent  basis  for  permanganate  crayons.  The  finely  powdered 
permanganate  is  added,  in  the  prescribed  proportion,  to  the 
fusion  liquid,  the  whole  is  mixed  and  run  into  moulds  lubricated 
with  a  trace  of  vaseline  oil.  As  soon  as  they  have  set,  they 
should  be  removed  and  stored  in  an  airtight  vessel ;  preferably, 
each  crayon  is  enclosed  separately  in  a  small  well-corked  tube. 

Petroleum  Cold  Cream.  F.  E.  Niece.  (Drugg.  Circ,  49, 
224.)  White  wax,  ^  lb.  ;  spermaceti,  1  lb.  ;  lanolin  (anhydrous), 
^  lb.  ;  white  petrola,tum,  2^  lbs.  ;  distilled  water,  1  pint  ;  borax, 
^  oz.  ;  tincture  of  vanilla,  2  drs.  ;  oil  of  rose,  1  drop  ;  oil  of 
bitter  almonds,  3  drops  ;   oil  of  lemon,  10  drops. 

Melt  the  first  four  and  strain.  Heat  the  water  to  boiling, 
dissolve  in  this  the  borax  and  add  to  the  grease.  Stir  until  the 
mixture  sets,  then  add  the  tincture  and  oils. 

For  witch  hazel  cream  add  extract  of  witch  hazel  instead  of  the 
water.     For  cucumber  cream  add  cucumber  juice. 

For  arnicated  cream  add  one  pint  of  a  mixture  consisting  of 
4  oz.  of  tincture  of  arnica  fiowers  to  12  oz.  of  water. 

Petroleum  Emulsion.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drugg.  Circular, 
49,  223.)  Lic^uid  amber  petrolatum,  4  oz.  ;  powdered  gum 
acacia,  4  oz.  ;    essential  oil  of  almonds,  3  drops  ;    oil  of  cloves, 


278  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

3  drops  ;  glycerin,  1  oz.  ;  calcium  hypophospliitc,  45  grs.  ; 
sodium  hypophosphite,  85  grs.  ;  potassium  hypophosphite,  85 
grs.  ;  acid  hypophosphorous,  30  iix  ;  saccharin,  5  grs.  ;  water  to 
make  16  fl.  oz.  Place  the  petroleum  and  oils  in  a  dry  mortar, 
add  the  powdered  gum  and  rub  down  smooth,  then  thoroughly 
emulsify  with  4  fl.  oz.  of  water.     Dissolve  the  salts  and  acid  in 

4  fl.  oz.  of  warm  water  and  incorporate  tlie  solution  with  the 
emulsion  ;  add  the  glycerin  and  the  saccharin,  dissolved  in  a 
little  water  ;  finally  gradually  incorporate  enough  water  to 
make  16  fl.  oz. 

Petroleum  Emulsion,  N.F.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52, 
200.)  The  following  formula  is  suggested  :  Petrolatum,  50  Gm.  ; 
expressed  oil  of  almonds,  250  Gm.  ;  powdered  acacia,  50  Gm.  ; 
powdered  tragacanth,  25  Gm.  ;  syrup,  100  c.c.  ;  tincture  of 
fresh  lemon  peel,  15  c.c.  ;  water  sufficient  to  make  to  1,000  c.c. 
Make  an  emulsion. 

Petroleum  Emulsions.  {Amer.  Drugg.,  45,  7.)  Simple  Petro- 
letim  Emulsion  (S.  A.  MacDonnell's  formula)  : — Liquid  petro- 
latum, 16  fl.  oz.  ;  powdered  acacia,  8  oz.  ;  glycerin,  4  fl.  oz.  ; 
calcium  hypophosphite,  288  grs.  ;  sodium  hypophosphite,  288 
grs.  ;    water,  sufficient  to  make  48  fl.  oz. 

Triturate  the  oil  with  the  acacia  in  a  large  mortar,  and  add 
16  fl.  oz.  of  water  all  at  once,  triturating  rapidly  to  emulsify. 
Dissolve  the  hypophosphites  in  8  oz.  of  water  and  add  this. 
Then  add  the  glycerin  and  sufficient  water  to  make  to  48  fl.  oz. 

E.  F.  Cook's  formula  : — Liquid  petrolatum,  ■^w.  ;  acacia, 
powdered,  ^ij.  ;  oil  of  wintergreen,  IT^xxxij.  ;  water,  sufficient  to 
make  16  fl.  oz. 

Mix  the  liquid  petrolatum  with  the  powdered  acacia  in  a  dry 
mortar,  add  4  fl.  oz.  of  water  all  at  once,  and  triturate  the  mix- 
ture until  a  perfect  emulsion  is  formed  ;  then  add  the  oil  of 
wintergreen  and  finally  enough  water  to  make  the  finished  pro- 
duct measure  1  pint. 

Emulsion  of  Petroleum,  with  Hypoph^osphites. — Liquid  petro- 
latum, 5iv.  ;  acacia,  powdered,  gij.  ;  calcium  hypophosphite,  330 
grs.  ;  potassium  hypophosphite,  110  grs.  ;  sodium  h\q)()pho!s- 
phite,  110  grs.  ;  oil  of  wintergreen,  n\xxxij.  ;  water,  sufficient  to 
make  16  fl.  oz. 

Mix  the  liquid  petrolatum  with  the  powdered  acacia  in  a  dry 
mortar,  add  4  fl.  oz.  of  water  all  at  once,  and  triturate  the  mix- 


PHARMACY.  279 

ture  until  a  perfect  emulsion  is  formed  ;  then  add  the  oil  of 
wintergreen.  Dissolve  the  hj^ophosphites  in  6  fl.  oz.  of  water 
and  add  this  solution  to  the  emulsion,  finally  adding  enough 
water  to  make  the  finished  product  measure  16  fl.  oz. 

Petroleum  Products,  Petroleum  Ether,  Vaseline  Oil  and  Vase- 
line. P.  A  d  a  m.  {Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  23,  274.)  Petroleum  ethers. 
Until  the  introduction  of  the  automobile,  there  was  no  great  indus- 
trial demand  for  light,  low-boiling  j)etroleum  spirit,  but  since 
about  1897  the  demand  for  these  products  has  enormously  in- 
creased. Previous  to  this,  had  the  fractionation  and  "  crack- 
ing "  of  the  oils  been  carried  to  the  extent  that  now  prevails,  the 
output  of  petroleum  ether  would  have  greatly  exceeded  the 
demand.  The  oils  produced  by  destructive  distillation  (or 
cracking)  invariably  contain  considerable  proportions  of  ethy- 
lenic  carbides,  and  until  purified  have  an  extremely  disagreeable 
odour.  These  ethylene  compounds  are  removed  by  agitation 
with  sulphuric  acid.  Gazoline  is  the  lightest  fraction  of  petro- 
leum which  has  not  been  subjected  to  destructive  distillation, 
but  merely  to  fractionation,  and  subsequent  purification  with 
H2SO4  and  NaOH.  The  wdnter-produced  article  has  the  sp.  gr. 
0'640,  and  distils  between  30-85°C.  That  made  in  the  summer 
does  not  begin  to  boil  below  40°C.,  and  has  the  sp.  gr.  0'650. 
Bromine  has  no  immediate  action  on  it  in  the  cold  ;  it  is  not 
affected  by  mercury  acid  sulphate,  and  H2SO4  only  shghtly 
colours  it.  Vaseline  oil  is  chiefly  derived  from  Caucasian  petro- 
leums. It  has  the  sp.  gr.  0*875,  and  distils  entirely  without 
alteration  between  335-340°C.  It  contains  no  nitrogen  ;  H2SO4 
does  not  lessen  its  volume,  but  gradually  colours  it ;  bromine  has 
no  action  in  the  cold.  Vaseline  is  derived  from  American  petro- 
leum residues.  It  should  have  been  treated  neither  with  acid 
nor  alkali.  That  most  suitable  for  pharmaceutical  pui^poses 
should  melt  between  35°  and  39°C.  On  distilling,  pure  vaseline 
is  split  up  into  a  distinctly  crystalline  body  and  an  oil,  whereas 
paraffin  is  unaltered  by  distillation.  Vaseline  should  be  neutral 
to  litmus  ;  when  heated  in  an  open  dish  it  should  be  entirely 
volatilized  without  giving  off  acrid  fumes.  It  should  yield  no 
saponifiable  matter  when  treated  with  alkali.  When  heated 
with  H2SO4,  sp.  gr.  1'5,  it  should  give  no  colour.  Fifteen  Gm. 
mixed  with  10  c.c.  of  HNO3,  sp.  gr.  1*45,  should  not  show  a 
greater  elevation  of  temperature  than  2°C.  Mixtures  of  paraffin 
and  vasehne  oil  show  a  greater  rise  of  temperature.     The  deter- 


280  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

niination  of  the  viscosity  also  servos  to  distinguisli  pure  vaseline 
from  mixtures  of  paraffins.  This  may  be  performed  in  tlie 
following  manner,  without  the  use  of  a  viscosimeter,  by  means 
of  a  drop-counter  (or  short  graduated  pipette).  A  large  test- 
tube  of  sufficient  size  to  hold  the  drop-counter  and  a  thermometer 
is  filled  with  pure  vaseline  and  kept  at  60°C.  in  the  water-bath, 
which  is  also  furnished  with  a  thermometer.  A  spiral  of  copper 
wire  made  to  support  the  drop-counter,  so  that  the  point  does  not 
touch  the  bottom,  is  then  introduced.  Wlien  the  temperature 
registered  b}''  the  two  thermometers  lias  been  maintained  steadily 
at  60°  for  at  least  20  minutes,  the  drop-counter  is  introduced 
into  the  melted  vasehne,  and  the  time  taken  for  the  liquid  to 
reach  a  given  mark  is  noted.  The  experiment  is  then  repeated 
with  the  vaseline  to  be  tested. 

Phosphated  lodotannic  Syrup  and  Wine.  L.  G  r  i  ra  b  e  r  t. 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  155.)  Phosphated  lodotannic 
syrup.  lodotannic  syrup  [p.  263  ante],  980  Gm.  ;  mono-calcic 
phosphate,  20  Gm.  Dissolve.  Twenty  Gm.  of  this  syrup 
contains  0*04  Gm.  of  iodine  and  0*40  Gm.  of  monocalcic 
phosphate. 

Phosphated  lodotannic  Wine.  Iodine,  2  Gm.  ;  tannin,  4  Gm.  ; 
syrup  of  rhatan}^  100  Gm.  ;  mono-calcic  phosphate,  20  Gm.  ; 
Malaga  wine,  860  Gm.  Dissolve  the  tannin  and  the  iodine  in 
water,  60  Gm.,  on  the  water-bath  ;  cool  and  filter.  Mix  the 
filtrate  with  the  syrup  of  rhatany  in  a  tared  dish  and  evaporate 
to  120  Gm.  Pour  this  into  the  wine,  mix  and  dissolve  the  mono- 
calcic  phosphate.  Let  the  mixture  stand  for  24  hours,  then 
filter.  Fifteen  Gm.  of  this  wine  contains  0'03  Gm.  of  iodine  and 
0*30  Gm.  of  monocalcic  phosphate. 

Pill  Excipient  for   Dried  Ferrous  Sulphate.    W.Duncan. 

{Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20,  167.)  The  use  of  any  excipient  contain- 
ing moisture  may  cause  pills  of  dried  ferrous  sulphate  to  crack 
on  keeping,  due  to  expansion.  Woolfat  used  as  the  excipient 
prevents  this. 

^Pill  Excipient  for  Ferrous  Chloride  and  Potassium  Perman- 
ganate. J.  W.  P  1  e  n  d  e  r  1  e  i  t  h.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20, 
81.)  Woolfat,  9;  yellow  beeswax,  1,  melted  together,  forms 
an  excipient  which  allows  ferrous  chloride  or  potassium  per- 
manganate to  be  massed  and  rolled  into  pills  without  the  addition 


PHARMACY.  281 

of  any  inert  powder.  The  pills  thus  made  will  keep  for  3  months. 
The  pi'oportion  of  the  excipient  to  be  used  is  one-fourth  of  the 
weight  of  the  salt  to  be  massed. 

Pilula  Ferri.  H.  G.  Greenish.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19, 
737. )  The  adoption  of  the  modification  of  the  formula  suggested 
by  Lucas  and  Stevens  [Y ear-Book,  1904,  297)  is  recommended 
as  giving  pill  mass  less  prone  to  oxidation  than  the  official  pre- 
paration. 

Plasters,  Bacteria  in.  —  M  a  r  p  m  a  n  n.  {Zeitsch.  fiir. 
cmgciv.  J///i7-o.s"  vnd  Klin.  Chcm..,  through  Journ.  Pharm.  Chim. 
[6],  20,  311.)  The  author  finds  that  the  surfaces  of  plasters  are 
infected  by  all  lands  of  bacteria.  Plasters  with  a  gelatin  basis, 
such  as  court  plaster,  are  specially  liable  to  be  loaded  with 
microbes,  since  the  plaster  basis  is  a  perfect  culture  medium  ; 
and  the  method  of  exposing  the  spread  plaster  in  sheets  to  dry 
in  the  gently  heated  stove  is  an  effective  method  of  collecting 
air-borne  germs  and  incubating  them.  Even  if  these  plasters 
were  germ-free  when  manufactured,  they  soon  become  contami- 
nated when  carried  in  the  pocket  or  purse  according  to  the  pre- 
vailing custom.  Even  with  specially-prepared  specimens, 
macerations  of  1  square  cm.  in  sterilized  distilled  water  gave, 
when  cultivated,  numerous  colonies  of  bacteria  which  liquefied 
gelatin.  The  number  of  germs  in  this  area  of  plaster  was  found 
to  vary  from  36  to  726.  Another  source  of  infection  is  the  saliva 
with  which  it  is  customary  to  moisten  the  surface  of  these  plas- 
ters, by  licking  them  before  applying  them  to  the  abraded  sur- 
face. The  avithor  advocates  the  use  of  collodions  instead  of 
these  possibly  septic  appHcations. 

Podophyllin  and  Belladonna  Pills  (Codex).    L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t. 

{Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.,  20,  160.)  Podophyllin,  30  Cgm.  ;  extract 
of  belladonna,  10  Cgm.  ;  hard  soap,  30  Cgm.  Mass  and  divide 
into  10  pills. 

Potassium  Permanganate  Pills.  A.  J  o  r  i  s  s  e  n.  {Reper- 
toire [3],  16,  511.)  Pills  massed  with  the  following  excipient  are 
found  to  keep  well  for  3  months  : — Potassium  permanganate, 
2  Gm.  ;  anhydrous  woolfat,  2  Gm.  ;  washed  kaolin,  6  Gm.  Mass 
and  divide  into  100  pills. 


282  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Quinine  Pills.  J.  B  1  o  m  b  e  r  g,  jun.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  1904, 
19,  907.)  Quinine  sulphate  may  be  readily  massed  as  follows  : — 
Quinine  sulphate,  10  ;  compound  gum  powder,  1  ;  sugar,  2  ; 
simple  syrup,  q.s.  to  mass.  [The  compound  gum  powder  of  the 
Ph.G.  IV.  consists  of  powdered  gum  acacia,  3 ;  powdered 
licorice  root,  2  ;    powdered  sugar,  1 .  ] 

Quinine  Wine,  Thalleioquin  Reaction  of,  prevented  by  Pre- 
sence of  Bitter  Orange.  P.  G  u  i  g  u  e  s.  {Journ.  Pharm. 
Chim.  [6J,  20,  55.)  Commenting  on  the  criticism  of  E.  Leger 
{Y ear-Book,  1904,  150),  on  the  thalleioquin  test  for  quinine,  the 
author  states  that  on  applying  the  reaction  to  the  ether  residue 
of  a  quinine  wine  which  also  contained  bitter  orange,  no  thallei- 
oquin colour  was  produced.  But  if  the  interfering  substances  were 
first  removed  by  wasliing  the  acid  solution  with  ether,  rejecting 
this  ether  extract,  then  rendering  the  aqueous  solution  alkaline 
and  again  shaking  out  again  with  ether,  the  thus  purified  base 
gave  the  characteristic  colour.  In  testing  quinine  wines,  there- 
fore, it  is  necessary  first  to  remove,  by  shaking  out  the  acid 
solution  with  ether,  any  substances  wliich  may  mask  the  re- 
action. 

Ricin  Soap.  F.  T.  Gordon.  {Merck'' s  Report,  14,74.) 
Ricin  soap  is  made  by  dissolving  caustic  soda,  75  Gm.  in  water, 
100  c.c,  boiling,  and  adding  to  this  castor  oil,  100  Gm.  Boil 
until  saponification  is  complete,  then  pour  into  moulds,  and 
allow  the  soap  to  set.  This  soap  is  an  excellent  one  for  toilet 
use  ;  is  used  as  an  emulsifier  ;  for  making  solutions  of  carbolic 
acid  in  water  varying  in  strength  between  1  and  50  per 
cent.;  for  making  glycerin  suppositories,  and  for  manj^  other 
purposes. 

As  an  emulsifier  its  taste  is  not  objectionable,  and,  though  the 
emulsion  may  separate  in  some  cases,  it  is  easily  re-emulsified 
upon  shaking.  To  make  glycerin  suppositories,  dissolve  10  parts 
of  the  dry  soap  in  90  parts  of  glycerin,  and  pour  into  moulds. 
For  surgeons'  use,  dissolve  1  part  of  the  dry  soap  in  4  parts  of 
phenol.  By  dissolving  proper  quantities  of  tliis  "  Carbolic 
Mixture  "  in  water,  solutions  of  any  desired  strength  may  be 
obtained.  A  2  per  cent,  ricin  soap  solution  of  phenol  has  been 
found  to  be  an  excellent  wash  for  wounds,  which  have  become 
soiled  with  grease  and  dirt,  and  for  sterilizing  surgical  instru- 
ments. 


PHARMACY.  283 

Saline  Solution  of  Gelatin.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pharm. 
Chhn.  20,  158.)  The  following  formula  has  been  adopted  by  the 
Codex  Sub-committee  for  the  preparation  of  sterilized  gelatin 
solution  for  hypodermic  injection  : — White  gelatin,  10  ;  sodium 
chloride,  7  ;  distilled  water,  q.s.  Dissolve  the  gelatin  and  salt 
in  a  flat-bottom  1,500  c.c.  flask,  on  the  water-bath.  Test  the 
solution  with  litmus  paper,  and  if  acid,  neutralize  with  N/IO 
NaOH  solution  and  make  up  to  1,000  c.c.  with  distilled  water. 
Place  the  flask  in  an  autoclave  and  heat  to  110°C.  for  10  minutes, 
filter  the  hot  liquid  and  fill  doses  of  150  c.c.  into  suitable  flasks, 
previously  sterilized.  Then  heat  these  in  the  autoclave  for  15 
minutes  at  110°C. 

Salol-coated  Pills  of  Ipecacuanha  for  Dysentery.  W.  Rob- 
erts. {La  Semaine  mcdicale,  through  L^Union  Pharm.,  44, 
410.)  The  emetic  effects  of  ipecacuanha  may  be  entirely  obvi- 
ated by  administering  it  in  the  form  of  pills  coated  with  salol. 
This  renders  them  impervious  to  the  gastric  secretion,  so  that 
they  do  not  disintegrate  until  the  intestine  is  reached.  The  dry 
pills  are  either  dipped  in  melted  salol  or  coated  with  an  ethereal 
solution  thereof. 

Sapophthalum ;     Neutral    Coconut    Soap.     P.    van    der 

W  i  e  1  e  n.  (Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  1014.)  Superfatted  soaps  pre- 
pared in  the  usual  manner  cause  much  pain  when  introduced 
into  the  eyes,  and  the  higher  the  molecular  weight  of  the  fatty 
acids  combined  the  more  alkaline  is  the  liquid  resulting  from 
the  dissociation  of  the  soap.  A  fat  was  therefore  sought 
with  a  high  saponification  equivalent,  and  therefore  with 
fatty  acids  of  low  molecular  weight.  Such  is  coconut  fat, 
which  has  the  saponification  value  250  to  268-4.  The  follow- 
ing formula  is  found  to  give  a  perfectly  neutral  soap  :  Sixty 
Gm.  of  coconut  fat  is  mixed  with  36'7  Gm.  of  NaOH  solu- 
tion, sp.  gr.  1-539  ;  after  standing  in  contact  for  24  hours,  the 
mixture  is  warmed  on  the  water-bath  to  complete  saponification  ; 
glycerin,  70  Gm.,  is  then  added  to  the  mass,  and  the  heating  con- 
tinued until  a  homogeneous  mass  results  ;  coconut  oil  fatty  acids, 
60  Gm.,  are  then  added,  and  heat  again  applied  until  0-5  Gm.  of 
the  soap  dissolved  in  20  c.c.  of  water,  in  which  it  will  give  a 
turbid  solution,  no  longer  shows  an  alkaline  reaction  with 
phenolphthalein.  This  soap  solution  sets  to  a  jelly  when  cold  ; 
its  1  :  12  solution  forms  a  thick  liquid,  which  is  easily  pourable 


284  YEAR-BOOK    OF    THARMACY. 

wlien  slightly  warmed.  It  is  turl)id  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
but  becomes  clear  ou  warming  ;  it  is  perfectly  neutral,  and 
remains  so  in  a  1  :  50  solution  ;  beyond  that  it  gives  an  alkaline 
reaction  with  pjienolphthalein.  Like  all  superfatted  soaps,  it 
does  not  lather  well.  If  a  1  :  50  solution  be  introduced  into  the 
eye,  it  causes  a  slight  pricking  sensation,  which  is  removed  by 
washing  out.  It  is  useful  in  dermatological  practice,  since  it 
may  be  readily  incorporated  with  active  drugs  by  warming,  but 
it  is  of  special  service  for  ophthalmic  work,  hence  its  name, 
sapoplithalum,  an  abbreviation  of  sapo  ophthalmicus  neutralis. 
Iir  collyria  it  may  be  prescribed  as  follows  :  Sapoplithalum, 
12*5  ;  dissolve  in  rose  water,  300  ;  distilled  water,  87*5  ;  diluted 
alcohol,  100. 

Sterilized  Catgut.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim. 
20,  159.)  The  following  directions  for  sterilizing  surgical  catgut 
have  been  adopted  by  the  Codex  Sub-committee.  Remove  all 
fat  from  the  eatguts  by  extraction  with  ether  in  an  extractor. 
Dry  the  fat-free  gut  at  85°C.,and  allow  to  cool  under  a  bell  jar 
over  H2SO4.  Introduce  them  into  strong  glass  flasks  containing 
absolute  alcohol  and  seal  with  the  blowpipe  ;  place  these  in  an 
autoclave  and  heat  them  to  120°C.  for  45  minutes  ;  then  cool. 
Before  use  the  gut  should  be  plunged  in  sterilized  distilled  water 
for  15  minutes  to  render  it  supple. 

Suppositories  for  Internal  Haemorrhoids.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  19, 
679.)  Powdered  extract  of  hamameUs,  1  gr.  ;  orthoform,  5  grs.  ; 
cocaine  hydrochloride,  |  gr.  ;  extract  of  belladonna,  \  gr.  ; 
extract  of  opium,  \  gr.  ;  cacao  butter,  60  grs.  Make  one  supposi- 
tory ;   to  be  used  night  and  morning. 

Suppositories,  Spermaceti  in  Place  of  Beeswax  for  Hardening. 

W.  S.  Scoville.  {Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  219). 
After  numerous  experiments  the  conclusions  arriv^ed  at  are  that 
spermaceti  is  to  be  preferred  to  beeswax  for  raising  the  m.p. 
of  suppositories.  Spermaceti  may  be  used  in  equal  weights  with 
chloral,  phenols,  or  essential  oils,  and  the  suppositories  may  be 
depended  upon  to  melt  at  the  body  temperature.  With  cliloral 
or  phenol  one-quarter  to  one-half  the  weight  is  sufficient ;  with 
volatile  oils  an  equal  weight  may  be  safely  used.  White  bees- 
wax raises  the  m.p.  of  softer  fats  much  more  tlian  an  equal 
weight  of  spermaceti.     If  used  at  all  it  should  be  employed  with 


PHARMACY.  285 

caution  and  in  small  quantities,  never  exceeding  10  per  cent. 
It  sets  more  slowly  than  spermaceti.  Suppositories  containing 
as  much  as  25  per  cent,  of  chloral  may  be  made  with  pure  cacao 
butter  alone  by  either  the  hot  or  cold  process,  but  in  the  former 
case  the  moulds  must  be  cliiUed  with  a  freezing  mixture  of  ice 
and  salt  before  filling. 

Suppositories  of  Witch-hazel  and  Extract  of  Hydrastis,  {Proc. 
Amer.  Phann.  Assoc,  52,  253.)  The  following  base  will  give  a 
suppository  of  witch-hazel  and  hydrastis,  without  separation  : 
Castor  oil,  10 ;  beeswax,  15 ;  cacao  butter,  90.  This  base 
readily  melts  at  the  body  temperature. 

Syrup  of  Calcium  Lacto phosphate,  Improved.    F.  H  e  m  m. 

{Amer.  Drugg.,  46,  142.)  Precipitated  calcium  carbonate,  2-5 
Gm. ;  lactic  acid,  6'0  c.c. ;  phosphoric  acid,  3-6  c.c.  ;  orange  flower 
water,  2*5  c.c.  ;    simple  syrup,  q.s.  ;    distilled  water,  20*0  c.c. 

Mix  the  acids  with  the  distilled  water  and  orange  flower  water 
in  a  mortar  ;  add  the  calcium  carbonate  and  triturate  until 
complete^  dissolved  and  effervescence  ceases  ;  filter  or  strain 
through  cotton  and  add  about  67  c.c.  of  syrup  or  sufficient  to 
make  100  c.c. 

Syrups,  Official,  Suggested  Improvements  in  the  Preparation 
of  Certain.  H.  G.  G  r  e  e  n  i  s  h.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  19,  701, 
734.)  After  full  pliarmaceutical  investigation,  the  following 
processes  are  recommended  to  be  substituted  for  those  at  present 
official. 

Syru'piis  Tolutanus.  The  process  of  Farr  and  Wright  {Y ear- 
Book,  1899.  366)  is  adopted. 

Syrupus  Bhci. — Rhubarb  root  (cut  small),  2  oz.  ;  oil  of  coriander, 
5  111  ;    alcohol,  60  HI  ;    water,  15  fl.  oz.  ;    sugar,  24  oz. 

Macerate  the  rhubarb  with  the  water  for  12  hours,  strain  and 
press  ;  filter  the  hquid,  raise  the  filtrate  to  the  b.p.  for  a  minute 
and  cool ;  for  every  12  fl.  oz.  of  filtered  liquid  add  24  oz.  of  sugar, 
and  dissolve  wdth  the  aid  of  a  gentle  heat.  Finally  add  the  oil 
of  coriander  dissolved  in  the  alcohol. 

This  preparation  does  not  represent  the  full  activity  of  the 
root.  An  ehxir,  in  which  a  mixture  of  alcohol,  glycerin,  and 
water  would  be  the  menstruum,  might  doubtless  be  devised, 
and  upon  this  experiments  are  at  present  in  progress. 

Syrupus  Pruni  Virginiance.  The  processes  suggested  by 
Lucas  {Year-Book,  1899,  212)    and  by  Flett  {Y ear-Book,  1902) 


286  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

have  been  tried,  but  arc  not  considered  to  offer  any  material 
advantages  over  tlie  method  at  present  official. 

Tannin  Ovules,  Suppositories,  or  Pessaries.  L.  G  r  i  m  b  e  r  t. 
{Journ.  Pharm.  Chiin.,  20,  158.)  Wiislied  and  dried  gelatin, 
10  ;  tannin,  3  ;  distilled  water,  15  ;  glycerin,  60  parts  by  weight. 
Dissolve  the  tannin  in  the  cold  ;  add  the  gelatin  and  leave  it  in 
contact  until  all  the  liquor  has  been  absorbed  ;  gently  warm  the 
glycerin  and  add  the  softened  gelatin  to  it ;  when  dissolved  strain 
through  a  cloth  and  run  into  suitab'e  moulds  of  about  15  Gm. 
capacity.  Each  suppository  contains  approximately  50  Cgm. 
This  is  the  formula  suggested  for  the  new  Codex. 

Tinctures,  Displacement  by  Water  in  the  Preparation  of.    H. 

C.  T.  Gardner.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4 J,  20,  548.)  Tiie  mode 
of  preparation  advocated  is  as  follows  :  The  powdered  drugs 
are  moistened  and  set  aside  in  the  manner  officially  directed, 
to  be  later  transferred  to  a  percolator,  packed  therein,  and 
percolation  allowed  to  proceed.  After  an  amount  of  menstruum 
had  been  added,  which,  together  with  that  portion  used  for 
moistening  the  powders,  equalled  the  required  volume  of  tincture, 
and  after  it  had  ceased  to  pass,  a  small  piece  of  ordinary  white 
paper  was  placed  upon. the  top  of  the  marc,  and  a  volume  of 
water  carefully  poured  thereon  equal  to  twice  the  deficient 
quantity  of  percolate. 

It  was  foreseen  that  some  loss  in  alcohol  would  take  place,  yet 
it  aj)peared  that  the  volume  of  retained  alcohol  (or  menstruum) 
might  not  be  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  finished  tincture  from 
comparing  favourably  in  alcoholic  strength  with  the  same 
tincture  officially  i:)repared.  From  the  results  obtained  with  the 
limited  number  of  tinctures  experimented  on,  the  method  gives 
quite  as  satisfactory  results,  under  certain  conditions,  as  the 
pharmacopoeial  mode.  The  process  of  displacement  was  stopped 
when  the  required  quantity  of  percolate  was  obtained — that  is 
to  say,  when  the  tincture  was  made  up  to  the  required  bulk. 
Of  the  tinctures  so  prepared  the  strengths  of  the  menstrua  were 
variously  45,  60,  and  70  per  cent,  alcohol ;  the  weights  of  the 
marcs  ranged  from  2  oz.  to  over  3  lb.  The  weight  of  marc  is 
important,  as  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  a  very  small  marc  can 
give  a  satisfactory  result. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  obtained,  which  may  be 
compared  with  those  for  the  same  tinctures  given  by  Lucas  and 
Dick  [injra)  and  by  Brunlcer  {Y ear-Book,  1904,  568): — 


PHARMACY. 


287 


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288  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Tinctures,  Official.  E.  W.  L  u  c  a  s  and  A.  D.  D  i  c  k.  {Fhann. 
Journ.  [4 J,  20,  362.)  The  table  on  i^age  289  gives  the  result  of  six 
years'  observations  of  the  laboratory  manufacture  of  tinctures. 

Unguentum  Acidi  Carbolici.  H.  G.  Greenish.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  19,  737.)  The  following  formula,  due  to  Taylor, 
gives  an  ointment  distinctly  superior  to  that  produced  l)y  the 
official  formula  :  Phenol,  1  ;  hard  paraffin,  6  ;  soft  paraffin, 
18.     Melt  the  paraffins  and  dissolve  the  phenol  in  the  liquid. 

Vasenol.  A.  K  o  p  p.  {Apolh.  Zeit.,  19,  786.)  Vasenol  is 
obtain(3d  by  adding  to  vaseline  or  liquid  vaseline  certain  fatty 
alcohols  of  high  molecular  weight,  such  as  those  of  lanolin  or  of 
spermaceti.  These  enable  the  paraffins  to  be  mixed  and  to  form 
permanent  emulsions  with  considerable  quantities  of  aqueous 
solutions,  and  the  absorption  of  the  vaseline  by  the  skin  is  also 
stated  to  be  increased.  Ordinary  vasenol  is  an  emulsion  of 
yellow  vaseline  with  25  per  cent,  of  water  ;  it  has  an  unctuous 
consistence  and  a  yellow  colour.  It  may  be  mixed  with  several 
times  its  weight  of  water,  and  forms  an  excellent  ointment  basis 
for  general  use.  Liquid  vasenol  is  a  similar  preparation  obtained 
with  white  vaseline  oil,  and  contains  33  per  cent,  of  water.  It 
may  be  used  either  in  liniments  or  as  a  vehicle  for  dressings  and 
applications,  since  it  may  be  combined  with  aqueous  Uquids  in 
considerable  quantities.  Vasenol  powder  contains  10  per  cent, 
of  vasenol  with  an  absolvent  powder.  It  is  useful  in  certain 
skin  affections. 

Vasenol.  —  Aufrecht.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21, 
275. )  This  new  ointment  basis,  according  to  the  patents,  is  a  mix- 
ture of  mineral  fats  with  fatty  alcohols  of  high  molecular  weight. 
A  mixture  of  yellow  vaseline,  4  ;  lanoline,  1  ;  water,  1,  gives  a 
product  closely  resembling  it. 

Vitose.  —  Aufrecht.  {Pharm.  Zeit.,  50,  227.)  Vitose 
is  a  new  neutral  odourless  ointment  basis,  readily  miscil)le  witli 
glycerin,  oils,  fats,  and  water.  It  melts  at  about  28°C.,  and  has 
the  following  percentage  composition  :  water,  2-77  ;  albumin, 
1-86  ;    fat,  71-53  ;    glycerin,  23-82  ;    ash,  0-02  per  cent. 

Xeroform  Dusting  Powder.  E.  T  o  f  f .  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  20,  23.) 
Xeroform,  1  ;  French  chalk,  9,  mixed,  forms  an  excellent  dusting 


Spec.  Grav.  at  15-5°C. 

Extract! 
Maxi- 

ve(Gm. ] 

jerlOOC.e.) 

Average. 

%  Alcohol  (by  Vol.) 

— 

Maxi- 

Mini- 

Aver- 

Mini- 

Maxi- Mini- 

Aver- 

mum. 

mum. 

age. 

mum. 

mum. 

mum,  mum. 

age. 

Tr.  Aconiti  . 

0903 

0-895 

0-900 

1-70 

1-20 

1-50 

68-0     65-8 

66-0 

Tr.  Aloes      .      . 

0-980 

0-972 

0-976 

7-6 

6-6 

7-4 

41-8     38-0 

39-0 

Tr.  Aruicse  . 

0-900 

0-894 

0-896 

0-79 

0-65 

0-71 

69-5     660 

67-6 

Tr.  Asafetidae    . 

0-919 

0-914 

0-916 

10-0 

9-0 

9-7 

63-0     60-0 

62-0 

Tr.  .\uraatii 

0-885 

0-879 

0-882 

1-86 

1-57 

1-69 

75-S     720 

73-6 

Tr.  Benzoin.  Co. 

0-901 

0-890 

0-895 

17-0 

15-0 

16-1 

75-9  1  71-6 

74-4 

Tr.  Buchu    .      . 

0-935 

0-928 

0-932 

3-8 

2-8 

37 

58-0  I  55-0 

56-0 

Tr.  Calumbse     . 

0-926 

0-918 

0-920 

1-1 

0-80 

0-86 

58-0  ■  55-5 

57-0 

Tr.  Camph.  Co. 

0-923 

0-916 

0-920 

0-35 

0-30 

0-31 

59-0     56-5 

57-0 

Tr.  Cannal).  Ind. 

0-850 

0-846 

0-847 

4-1 

34 

3-7 

87-0 

84-8 

86-0 

Tr.  Cantharidis 

0-839 

0-835 

0-836 

0-18 

0-14 

017 

89-6 

88-5 

89-1 

Tr.  Caosici  . 

0-898 

0-892 

0-895 

1-2 

0-96 

0-98 

69-0 

670 

68-0 

Tr.  Cardain.  Co. 

0-955 

0-949 

0-952 

71 

61 

6-6 

54- 1 

52-2 

53  3 

Tr.  Cascarillse    . 

0-903 

0-898 

0-900 

2-5 

1-99 

2-3 

67-0 

64-6 

66-0 

Tr.  Catechu 

0-985 

0-980 

0-982 

15-6 

13-8 

14-5 

52-7 

60-0 

51-4 

Tr.  Chiratse 

0-925 

0-921 

0-923 

1  13 

105 

1-10 

57  9 

66-9 

67-2 

Tr.  CimicifugaB  . 

0-925 

0-922 

0-923 

1-44 

1-25 

1-33 

58-0 

66-5 

57-1 

Tr.  Cinchonje     . 

0-925 

0917 

0-920 

5-8 

4-8 

5-4 

67-0 

62-4 

64-6 

Tr.  Cinchon.  Co. 

0-918 

0-914 

0-916 

4-8 

4  1 

4-5 

65-5 

62-8 

64-7 

Tr.  Cinnamonii 

0-904 

0-900 

0-901 

21 

1-45 

1-8 

66-5 

65-5 

66-0 

Tr.  Cocci      .      . 

0-960 

0949 

0-950 

2-49 

2-0 

2-3 

43-0     42-0 

42-5 

Tr.  Colchici  Sem. 

0-956 

0-950 

0-951 

2-10 

1-90 

20 

43-6     420 

43-0 

Tr.  Conii      .      . 

0-902 

0-895 

0-899 

1-40 

1-27 

1-30 

68-0 

66-0 

66-5 

Tr.  Croci       .      . 

0-92& 

0-924 

0-926 

30 

2-25 

2-5 

58-4 

56-0 

57-5 

Tr.  Cubebae .      . 

0-845 

0-840 

0842 

1-43 

1-25 

1-35 

86-2 

820 

840 

Tr.  Digitalis       . 

0-935 

0-932 

0-933 

3-60 

2-86 

3-36 

56-5 

64-6 

56-8 

Tr.  Ergot.  Am. 

0-942 

0-936 

0-938 

3-90 

2-72 

3-29 

51-2 

60-1 

50-8 

Tr.  Gekeinii 

0-927 

0-920 

0-924 

1-30 

1-20 

1-26 

67-0 

66-5 

56-8 

Tr.  Gentian  Co. 

0-967 

0-961 

0-965 

4-9 

3-5 

4-2 

43-0 

41-8 

42-3 

Tr.  Guaiaci  Am. 

0-907 

0-899 

0-902 

17-2 

14-0 

15-5 

71-5 

69-2 

70-0 

Tr.  Hamamelidis 

0-955 

0-949 

0-953 

1-95 

1-41 

1-68 

44-7 

43-6 

440 

Tr.  Hydrastis    . 

0-930 

0-929 

0-929 

2-55 

1-97 

2-30 

56-0 

66-6 

55-8 

Tr.  Hyoscyami 

0-959 

0-950 

0-954 

3  1 

2-7 

2-9 

43-0 

41-6 

42-0 

Tr.  lodi         .      . 

0-881 

0-878 

0-880 



. — . 

2-52%l. 

86-5 

84-0 

85-0 

Tr.  Jaborandi  . 

0-959 

0-957 

0-958 

2-90 

2-45 

2-68 

43-0 

42-0 

42-4 

Tr.  Jalapae  . 

0-914 

0-910 

0-912 

4-6 

3-5 

37 

67-0 

64-1 

66-0 

Tr.  Kino       .      . 

0-998 

0-990 

0-997 

23-6 

20-0 

22-0 

52-7 

48-0 

50-0 

Tr.  Kramerise    . 

0-941 

0-938 

0-940 

4-9 

4-6 

4-8 

56-0 

63-6 

55-0 

Tr.  Lavand.  Co. 

0-840 

0-839 

0-840 

0-52 

0-46 

0-50 

88-6 

88-0 

88-3 

Tr.  Limonis 

0-880 

0-879 

0-879 

1-44 

1-40 

1-41 

76-5 

75-8 

761 

Tr.  Lobel  .i]tli. 

0-816 

0-812 

0-814 

1-48 

0-80 

1-40 

— 

— 

— 

Tr.  Lupuli    .      . 

0944 

0-938 

0-940 

4-0 

36 

3-8 

54-1 

49-8 

54-0 

Tr.  Jlyrrhce 

0-857 

0-849 

0-853 

4-8 

3-9 

4-4 

84-8 

83-4 

84-1 

Tr.  Opii        .      . 

0-959 

0-955 

0-957 

3-6 

2-8 

3-3 

44-7 

43-6 

44-1 

Tr.  Podophylli 

0-848 

0-844 

0-847 

3-6 

2-96 

3-4 

87-6  i  85-5 

86-5 

Tr.  Pnmi  Virg. 

0-932 

0-931 

0-931 

2-7 

2-3 

2-4 

54-1  ;  53-7 

54-0 

Tr.  Pyrethri       . 

0-903 

0-901 

0-902 

1-85 

1-50 

1-66 

69-1     67-5 

68-1 

Tr.  Quassias 

0-948 

0-944 

0-946 

0-47 

0-16 

0-38 

44-7     42-0 

43-5 

Tr.  Qiiillaise 

0-927 

0-921 

0-922 

1-38 

0-93 

1-20 

57-9     55-5 

57-0 

Tr.  Rhei  Co.       . 

0-975 

0-971 

0-973 

12-7 

12-0 

125 

50-1  i  48-6 

49-4 

Tr.  Scillaj     .      . 

0-971 

0-965 

0-968 

12-3 

10-4 

11-0 

52-1     51-2 

51-8 

Tr.  Senegas  . 

0-945 

0938 

0-941 

5-0 

43 

4-6 

55-1 

54-6 

54-7 

Tr.  Sennse  Co.  . 

0-991 

0-985 

0-987 

9-0 

8-1 

8-3 

40-0 

38-5 

39-2 

Tr.  SerpentarifD 

0-901 

0-896 

0-898 

2-0 

1-28 

1-5 

68  0 

66-1 

67-0 

Tr.  Stramonii    . 

0-962 

0-952 

0-958 

3-6 

32 

34 

43  9 

42- 1 

43-0 

Tr.  Strophanthi 

0-897 

0-894 

0-895 

0-68 

0-42 

0-51 

69-0 

68-3 

68-6 

Tr.  Sumbul 

0-906 

0-901 

0-903 

2-70 

219 

2-41 

67-0 

64-5 

66-1 

Tr.  Tolutana     . 

0-868 

0-864 

0-866 

8-3 

6-8 

7-9 

83-7 

81-0 

82-0 

Tr.  Valer.  Am.  . 

0-944 

0-939 

0-941 

3-68 

251 

2-98 

50-7 

49-1 

50-2 

Tr.  Zingiberis    . 

0-844 

0-839 

0-840 

0-37 

030 

0-35 

88-6  1  87-0     880 

[Compare  Y ear-Books,  1901,  211  ;  1903,  250  and  ante  273,  274.] 

289  jj 


290  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHAEMACY. 

powder  for  infants.  It  in  also  useful  in  many  apj)licationK  for 
adults,  for  excoriations,  perspiring  feet  and  other  similar  ajffec- 
tions. 

Zinc  Chloride  and  Iodide  Solutions.  E.  A.  R  u  d  d  i  m  a  n. 
{Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,221.)  In  dissolving  a  mixture  of 
ZnCl2  and  Znl2  in  water  a  precipitate  frequently  occurs,  due  to  the 
alkahnity  of  the  salt.  Commercial  ZnCla  and  Znl2  are  frequently 
insoluble  in  water  or  give  solutions  which  are  distinctly  alkaline. 
These  should  be  carefully  neutrahzed  with  HCl  or  HI  before 
dispensing. 

Zinc  Chloride  Pencils.  {Pharm.  Centralh.,  1904,  45,  867.) 
Zinc  chloride  may  be  rolled  into  pencils  by  means  of  rye  flour. 
Just  sufficient  water  is  added  to  the  salt  to  liquefy  it,  sufficient 
rye  flour  being  added  to  make  a  workable  paste,  which  is  then 
roUed  out  into  suitable  sticks,  and  dusted  over  with  lycopodium. 


NOTES  AND  FORMULAE. 


PART  IV. 
NOTES  AND  FORMULAE. 

Acacia  farnesiana  in  Cuba.  {ScJmmneVs  Report,  Mmj,  1905, 
21,  after  Journal  (V Agriculture  tropicale.)  Acacia  farnesiana, 
known  in  Cuba  as  "  Aroma  francesa,"  has  spread  to  such  an 
extent  in  the  island  as  to  become  a  troublesome  weed.  It  is 
suggested  that,  besides  using  the  blooms  for  the  extraction  of 
the  volatile  oil,  the  wood,  which  is  suitable  for  wheelwrights' 
work  and  for  furniture  making,  might  l)e  utilized. 

Acetic  Acid  for  Skin  Application.  —  Leredde.  {Nou- 
veauxRemedes,  21,  213.)  Acetic  acid  is  often  prescribed  in  Ger- 
many for  local  application  in  the  form  of  an  ointment,  as 
Acetic  ointment  :  Acetic  acid,  5  ;  lanoline,  10  ;  vaseline,  60. 
Acetic  paste  is  also  used,  and  thus  prescribed  :  Acetic  acid,  2  to 
10  ;  vaseline,  8  ;  lanoline,  12  ;  starch,  10. 

Almond  Meal.  {Nat.  Drugg.,  34,  454.)  Blanched  sweet 
almonds,  20  ;  blanched  bitter  almonds,  20  ;  rice  flour,  2 ; 
powdered  borax,  1  ;  powdered  orris  root,  1  ;  perfume,  q.s. 
Reduce  the  almonds  to  a  paste  with  the  borax,  then  work  in  the 
flour  and  the  orris.     Finally  add  the  perfume. 

Aniline  Colours,  Toxicity  of.  C.  W.  C  h  1  o  p  i  n.  {Zeits. 
filr  Untersuch.  der  Nahr.  u.  Genussmitt.,  through  Pharm. 
Centralh.,  45,  935.)  An  extended  examination  of  coal  tar 
colours  has  shown  the  following  to  be  poisonous  when  taken 
internally  :  Aurantia,  mandarin  orange  II..  metanil  orange 
(methyl  orange),  butter  yellow,  auramine  0,  brilliant  green, 
sodium  aurine,  pure  blue  for  cotton,  ursol  D,  thiocatechin, 
1,  2,  3,  and  T,  autogenic  black,  and  Vidal's  black.  The 
following  are  classed  as  doubtful,  having  more  or  less  effect 
on  the  digestive  or  excretory  organs  :    Metanil  yellow,  aniline 


294  YEAK-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

orange  T,  pyrotin  RR,  ponceau  RR,  bcnzo-purpurin,  erica  B, 
lemon  yellow  (?),  iodo-green,  acid  green,  Bavarian  blue  DBF  and 
DSF,  cerise  DN,  iodeosin,  rhodamine  B  and  G,  chrysanilino 
benzoflavin  II.,  methylene  green,  primulin  and  quinoline  yellow. 
Toxicity  on  the  human  skin  was  determined  by  applying  wool 
dyed  with  tlie  colours  to  the  hands  and  feet  for  10  to  18  days  ; 
only  two  of  tlie  above,  auramine  0  and  ursol  D,  were  found  to  have 
a  harmful  effect.  The  most  toxic  colours  are  found  among  the 
yellows,  succeeded  by  the  blues,  the  browns,  and  the  blacks  ; 
very  slight  toxicity  is  found  among  the  green  or  violet  colours, 
and  not  a  single  poisonous  red  was  met  with,  and  only  one  of 
doubtful  toxicity. 

Animal  Charcoal  an   Antidote  to  Naphthols.    J.  L  e  s  a  g  e. 

[Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [G].  20,  143.)  Animal  cliarcoal  adminis- 
tered in  large  doses  is  a  certain  antidote  to  the  toxic  action  of 
naphthols  ;  it  minimizes  the  effects,  and  enables  an  animal  which 
has  been  treated  with  a  lethal  dose  to  recover.  Wood  charcoal 
has  similar  properties,  but  is  much  less  active  than  animal 
charcoal  ui  neutralizing  the  toxic  effects  of  naphthols. 

Antipest,  a  Domestic  Insecticide.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drugg. 
Circ  49,  223.)  Kerosene  oil,  12  pints,  16  fl.  oz.  ;  mercury 
oleate,  2  oz.  ;  nitrobenzol,  2  oz.  ;  alkanet  root,  crushed,  1  oz. 
Mix  the  oleate  and  the  nitrobenzol,  add  the  kerosene,  and 
macerate  the  alkanet  in  the  mixture  for  2  days,  then  decant. 
To  be  applied  by  painting  or  spraying  to  the  localities  infested 
with  insects.     To  be  kept  from  proximity  to  fire. 

Antiseptic  Vapour.  {Nouveaux  Remedes,  21.)  Phenol,  5  ; 
thymol,  2 ;  eucal\"]itol,  1  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent..  10.  Mix  a 
tablespoonful  in  a  large  open  dish  full  of  water,  and  Ijoil  over  a 
spirit  stove. 

Ants  at  the  Syrup  Jars,    To    Get   Rid  of.    —  T  a  z  w  e  1 1. 

{Nat.  Bnigg..  35,  42.)  Tlie  following  may  be  useful  to  phar- 
macists abroad  : — 

Take  2  or  3  (or  more)  turns  of  twine  around  the  bottle,  and 
tie  there  ;  then,  turning  the  bottle  sideways,  saturate  the  twine 
with  oil  of  cloves.  The  bottle  will  be  ant -proof  for  at  least  a 
month,  and  can  be  kept  so  perpetually  by  renewing  the  oil  of 
cloves  from  time  to  time,  or  whenever  necessary      Another  plan. 


NOTES    AND    FORMULA.  295 

or  rather  a  modification  of  the  same  plan,  is  to  cut  out,  for  each 
syrup  jar,  a  disc  of  cardboard  a  trifle  larger  in  diameter  than  the 
jar,  saturate  the  edge  of  the  disc  with  oil  of  clove,  and  stand  the 
jars  on  the  same.  Of  course,  the  oil  will  have  to  be  renewed 
from  time  to  time. 

Application  for  Perspiring  Hands.  {Nouveaux  Remedes  For- 
mulary, 21.)  Eau  de  Cologne,  6;  tincture  of  belladonna,  1. 
Mix.  Rub  the  hands  twice  or  thrice  daily  with  half  a  teaspoonful 
of  the  mixture. 

Application  for  Warts.  —  M  a  n  t  e  1  i  n.  {Journ.  des  Practs., 
through  Repertoire  [3],  16,  406.)  The  following  mixture  is  to 
be  applied  daily  :  Chloral  hydi-ate,  1  ;  acetic  acid,  glacial,  1  ; 
sahcylic  acid,  4  ;  ether,  4  ;  collodion,  15.  Warts  treated  with 
this  disappeared  in  a  month  without  leaving  a  trace.  Simul- 
taneously 10  grs.  of  magnesia  were  given  internally  daily. 

Artificial  Musk  Solution.  H.  Man  n.  {Seifens^eder  Zeit., 
32,  234.)  For  toilet  soap  cinnamein  ma}?-  be  used  as  a  solvent 
for  artifical  musk  ;  for  perfumery,  benzyl  benzoate  is  the  best 
solvent ;  200  Cm.  of  synthetic  musk  is  dissolved  in  1  kilo,  of 
this  ester,  warmed  to  about  40°C.,  and  remains  in  solution  on 
cooUng.  It  is  not  thrown  out  when  the  solution  is  mixed  with 
essences  and  floral  extracts  in  compounding  bouquets. 

Asthma  Cures.     [Pharm.  Zeit.,  49,  978.)    Asthma  Papers. — 
(1)  Impiegnate  bibulous  paper   with   the   following,  then  dry 
Extract  of  stramonium,  10  ;   potassium  nitrate,  17  ;    sugar,  20 
warm  water,   200.     Dry.     (2)   Blotting  or  grey  filter  paper,  120 
potassium  nitrate,  60  ;    powdered  belladonna  leaves,  5  ;    pow- 
dered  stramonium    leaves,    5  ;     powdered    digitalis   leaves,    5  ; 
powdered  lobelia,  5  ;    myrrh,  10  ;    olibanum,   10  ;  phellandrium 
fruits,  5.     Make   a  strong  infusion    of  the   drugs,   moisten  the 
paper  therewith  and  dry.     Stramonium  Candle. — Powdered  stra- 
monium leaves,  120  ;   potassium  nitrate,  72  ;    Peruvian  balsam 
3  ;    powdered  sugar,  1  ;    powdered  tragacanth,  4.     Water,  q.s. 
to  mass  ;    roll  into    suitable    shapes    and    dry.    Asthma  Fumi- 
gating     Powders. — (1)     Powdered      stramonium      leaves,       4; 
powdered    aniseed,    2  ;     potassium    nitrate,    2.     (2)    Powdered 
stramonium,    30 ;     potassium   nitrate,    5 ;     powdered   tea,    15  ; 
powdered  eucalyptus  leaves,   15  ;    powdered  Indian  hemp,   15  ; 


296  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

powdered  lobelia,  15  ;  powdered  aniseed,  2  ;  distilled  water,  45. 
deary's  Asthma  Fumigathuj  Powder. — Powdered  stramonium. 
15 ;  powdered  belladonna  leaves,  15 ;  powdered  opium,  2 ; 
potassium  nitrate,  5.  Schiffmann's  Asthma  Powder. — Potassium 
nitrate,  25  ;  stramonium,  70  ;  belladonna  leaves,  5.  Neumeyer's 
Asthma  Powder. — Potassium  nitrate,  6  ;  sugar,  4  ;  stramonium, 
6;  powdered  lobelia,  1.  Fischer's  Asthma.  Powder. — Stramonium, 
5  ;  potassium  nitrate,  1  ;  powdered  Achillea  millefolium  leaves, 
1.  Vorlaender's  Asthma  Powder. — Stramonium,  150  ;  lobelia, 
80 ;  arnica  flowers,  80 ;  potassium  nitrate,  30 ;  potassium 
iodide,  3  ;  naphthoi,  1,100. 

[All  the  herbal  ingredients  in  coarse  powder  ;  moisten  with 
the  water  in  which  the  potassium  nitrate  has  been  previously 
dissolved,    and    dry.] 

Balm  of  Columbia.  [Dnigg.  Circ,  49,  241.)  Borax,  1  oz.  ; 
glycerin,  1^  oz.  ;  oil  of  rosemary,  15  ii|  ;  alcohol,  2  oz.  ;  water, 
14  oz.  Dissolve  the  borax  in  the  water,  and  the  oil  in  the 
alcohol,  and  mix. 

Benzoin  Lotion.  {Nouveaux  Remedes,  21,  47.)  Simple  tinc- 
ture of  benzoin,  30 ;  tincture  of  quillaia,  30  ;  glj'cerin,  30  ; 
terpinol,  2  ;  oil  of  rose  geranium,  2  ;  saHcyhc  acid,  2  ;  water, 
250.  One,  2  or  3  tablespoonfuls  added  to  3|  pints  of  water  forms 
an  efficient  and  pleasant  antiseptic  lotion  or  douche. 

Calcium  Nitrate  as  a  Manure.  E,  S.  B  e  1 1  e  n  o  u  x.  {Comptes 
rend.,  140,  1190.)  Calcium  nitrate  is  stated  to  give  better  re- 
sults as  a  manure  than  sodium  nitrate.  Potatoes  and  sugar 
beets  treated  with  the  lime  salt  gave  more  starch  and  sugar 
repectively  than  control  crops  treated  with  sodium  nitrate. 
The  nitrate  is  prepared  by  treating  calcium  chloride  with  sodium 
nitrate  ;  on  concentrating,  the  sodium  chloride,  being  less  soluble, 
separates  first  and  is  removed. 

Camphor  Application  for  Itching  in  Skin  Diseases.  {Nou- 
veaux h'emedes,  21,  215.)  (1)  Lanolin,  90;  camphorated  oil, 
10  ;  chloral  hydrate,  1.  (2)  Zinc  oxide,  prepared  chalk,  cam- 
pliorated  oil,  lime  water,  a.a.,  equal  paits  to  make  a  paste. 

Carbolic  Salve,  Improved.  S.  B  a  y  n  e.  {Amer.  Drugg., 
45,  4.)  f'aibolic  acid.  ^iiss.  ;  camphor,  5iv.  ;  Lanohn,  =1.  ;  oil 
of  sassafras,  iilxv.  ;  white  wax,  5vi.  ;  white  petrolatum  (refined), 


NOTES    AND    FORMIJLiE.  297 

gviij.  Melt  tlie  carbolic  acid  and  camphor,  and  while  warm  add 
the  oil  of  sassafras.  Melt  the  wax,  petrolatum  and  lanoHn 
together,  add  the  solution  of  camphor,  and  stir  occasionally 
while  cooHng.  The  caustic  properties  of  the  acid  are  neutralized 
by  the  camphor. 

Chap-salve.  (Chem.  and  Drugg.,  65,  1050.)  Lanolin,  2  ; 
white  petrolatum,  G  ;  glycerin,  8  ;  camphor  flowers,  1.  Melt 
the  first  two  and  add  the  camphor  ;  when  dissolved,  place  in  a 
mortar,  and  while  stirring  add  the  glycerin. 

Chemical  Plant  Foods.  {Drugg.  Circ,  49,  116.)  I. — Sodium 
phosphate,  4  oz.  ;  sodium  nitrate,  4  oz.  ;  ammonium  sulphate, 
2  oz.  ;    sugar,  1  oz.     Use  2  teaspoonfuls  to  a  gallon  of  water. 

II.  Ammonium  phosphate.  30  Gm.  ;  sodium  nitrate,  25  Gm.  ; 
potassium  nitrate,  25  Gm.  ;  ammonium  sulphate,  20  Gm.  ; 
water,  100  litres.  One  application  of  this  a  week  is  enough  for 
the  slower  growing  plants,  and  tw^o  for  the  more  rapid  growing 
herbaceous  ones. 

III.  Calcium  phosphate,  4  oz.  ;  potassium  nitrate,  1  oz.  ; 
potassium  phosphate,  1  oz.  ;  magnesium  sulphate,  1  oz.  ;  iron 
(ferric)  phosphate,  100  grs. 

Choline  the  Toxin  of  Epilepsy.  {Merck's  Eeport,  18,  45.) 
Formanek  has  found  that  choline  has  a  marked  toxic  effect  when 
injected  into  animals,  and  J.  Donath  attributes  the  convulsions 
of  epilepsy  to  the  presence  of  the  base  in  the  cerebrospinal 
fluid.  He  lias  demonstrated  that  it  occurs  in  that  fluid  from 
epileptics,  and  Wilson  finds  it  in  the  cerebrospinal  fluid  in  cases  of 
nervous  degeneration  such  as  paraplegia  and  cerebral  tumour, 
but  it  is  not  present  in  hysteria  or  in  secondary  syphilis.  Choline 
as  well  as  neurine  are  far  more  poisonous  than  is  supposed,  and 
exercise  a  violent  irritant  effect  on  the  cerebral  cortex. 

Cider  Must,  Preparation  of,  from  Sterilized  Apples.  G. 
Perrier.  {Comptes  rend.,  140,  324.)  The  author  communi- 
cates some  results  which  will  have  considerable  interest  to  cider 
makers.  It  is  found  that  if  apples  be  first  washed  in  water,  and 
then  soaked  for  10  minutes  in  a  8  per  mille  solution  of  formalde- 
In^de,  and  again  washed  with  water  and  drained,  they  are  ren- 
dered practically  sterile,  so  that  when  crushed  the  pulp  will 
keep  indefinitely,  and  will  not  ferment  until  sown  with  fresh  must. 


208  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

When  fermentation  then  takes  place  as  usual,  the  cider  formed 
is  of  excellent  quality.  This  method  of  procedure  prevents  the 
introduction  of  undesirable  "  wild  "  ferments  which  are  always 
found  on  the  skins  of  apples,  and  thereby  greatly  improves 
the  quality  of  the  cider  produced.  It  also  enables  the  cider 
maker  to  ferment  at  any  desired  period,  and  to  supply  new 
cider  at  any  season  of  the  year.  The  cider  mills  and  vessels 
employed  should  be  washed  with  a  4  per  mille  solution  of  for- 
maldehyde before  the  process  of  crushing.  Apple  must  thus 
prepared  has  withstood  a  journey  from  France  to  Buenos  Ayres 
and  back  without  showing  any  signs  of  fermentation. 

Creme  de  Cacao  for  the  Hair.  {Nat.  Drugg.,  34,  454.)  Cacao 
butter,  melted,  5  ;  castor  oil,  30  ;  bergamot  oil,  1  ;  eau  de 
Cologne,  20.     Mix. 

Diazo-reaction  of  Ehrlich  to  Diagnose  Typhoid.  G.  G  i  e  s  e. 
{Pharm.  Prax.,  through  Repertoire  [3],  17,  7.)  The  author  thus 
applies  Ehrlich's  diazo-test  to  urine.  (A)  Ehrlich's  reagent. 
Sulphanilic  acid,  0-5  Gm.  ;  HCl  25  per  cent.,  5  Gm.  ;  water,  q.s., 
to  make  100  c.c.  (B)  Nitrous  solution.  Sodium  nitrite,  0'5 
Gm.  ;  water,  100  c.c.  At  the  time  of  testing,  50  c.c.  of  A  is 
mixed  with  5  c.c.  of  B.  Ten  c.c.  of  urine  is  added  to  10  c.c.  of 
the  mixture,  followed  by  2  c.c.  of  AmOH  solution  10  per  cent. 
Normal  urines  give  a  dark  yellow  colour,  which  soon  passes  to 
red.  The  deposit  of  phosphates  thrown  down  is  rose  coloured. 
In  the  case  of  typhoid  or  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  the  urine  is 
coloured  carmine  red,  passing  to  scarlet,  and  the  deposit  is 
violet  or  green. 

Dips  for  Sheep-scab.  {Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  20,  140.)  The 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries  has  recently  issued  an  order, 
called  "  The  Sheep-Scab  Order  of  1905,"  in  exercise  of  the 
powers  vested  in  the  Board  by  the  Diseases  of  Animals  Acts, 
1894  to  1903.  The  order  requires  the  use  of  sheep-dips  approved 
by  the  Board,  and  contains  three  prescriptions  for  dips,  Avhich 
have  received  such  approval  after  experimental  trials.  These 
three  prescriptions  are  as  follow  (quantities  for  100  gallons  of 
bath)  :— 

(1)  Lime  and  Sulphur.  Mix  25  lb.  of  flowers  of  sulphur  with 
12^  lb.  of  good  quick-lime.  Triturate  the  mixture  with  water 
until  a  smooth  cream  without  lumps  is  obtained.     Transfer  this 


NOTES    AND    FORMULAE.  299 

to  a  boiler  capable  of  Ijoiling  20  gallons,  bring  the  volume  of 
the  cream  to  20  gallons  by  the  addition  of  water,  boil  and  stir 
dui'ing  half  an  lioui*.  The  liquid  should  now  be  of  a  dark  red 
colour  ;  if  yellowish,  continue  the  boiling  until  the  dark  red 
colour  is  obtained,  keeping  the  volume  at  20  gallons.  After  the 
liquid  has  cooled,  decant  it  from  any  small  quantity  of  insoluble 
residue,  and  make  up  tlie  volume  to  100  gallons  with  water. 

(2)  Carbolic  Acid  and  Soft  Soap.  Dissolve  5  lb.  of  good  soft 
soap,  with  gentle  warming,  in  3  quarts  of  liquid  carboHc  acid 
(containing  not  less  than  97  per  cent,  of  real  tar  acid).  Mix  the 
liquid  with  enough  water  to  make  100  gallons. 

(3)  Tobacco  and  Sulphur.  Steep  35  lb.  of  finely  ground  tobacco 
(offal  tobacco)  m  21  gallons  of  water  for  4  days.  Strain  off  the 
liquid  and  remove  the  last  portions  of  the  extract  by  pressing 
the  residual  tobacco.  ^lix  the  whole  extract,  and  to  it  add 
10  lb.  of  flowers  of  sulphur.  Stir  the  mixture  well  to  secure  an 
even  admixture,  and  make  up  the  total  bulk  to  100  gallons  with 
water. 

Note. — The  period  of  immersion  in  these  dips  should  not  be 
less  than  liaK  a  minute. 

Eau  de  Beaute  Cosmetic.  {Les  Corps  gras  Industrielle,  through 
Nat.  Drugg.,  34,  257.)  The  following  is  an  excellent  formula  for 
a  "  skin  beautifier  "  :  Lanolin.  100  ;  glycerin,  100  ;  rose  water, 
150  ;  simple  tincture  of  benzoin,  30  ;  mucilage  of  gum 
arable,  30  ;  terpineol,  4  ;  hyacynthine,  1  ;  oil  of  bergamot,  2 
parts.  Melt  the  lanohn  and  add  the  glycerin  and  rosewater 
under  constant  agitation.  Next  stir  in,  vigorously,  the  tincture 
of  benzoin  and  mucilage,  and  finally  incorporate  the  perfumes. 

Emollient  Skin  Balm.  {Drugg.  Circ,  49,  237.)  Quince  seed, 
I  oz.  ;  water.  7  oz.  ;  glycerin.  IJ  oz.  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  4J 
oz.  ;  sahcylic  acid,  6  grs.  ;  carbolic  acid,  10  grs.  ;  oil  of  bay, 
10  drops  ;  oil  of  cloves,  5  drops  ;  oil  of  orange  peel,  10  drops  ; 
oil  of  wintergreen,  8  drops  ;  oil  of  rose,  2  drops.  Digest  the 
quince  seed  in  the  water  for  24  hours,  and  then  press  through'a 
cloth  ;  dissolve  the  salicylic  acid  in  the  alcohol  ;  add  the  carbolic 
acid  to  the  glycerin  ;   put  all  together,  shake  well,  and  bottle. 

Fat,  Formation  of,  from  Albumin  by  Bacilli.  S.  P.  B  e  e  b  e 
and  B.  H.  Buxton.  {Amer.  Journ.  Physiol.,  through  Chem. 
Centralblat.,   76,   461.)     The   aggregated  needle-shaped  crystals 


300  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

formed  by  cultures  of  Bacillus  pyocyaneus  in  bouillon  are  found 
to  consist  of  higher  fatty  acids. 

Foot-Powder.  {Medical  Record,  through  Chem.  and  Drugg., 
65,  1050.)  Potassium  permanganate,  13  ;  alum,  1  ;  French 
chalk.  50 ;  zinc  oxide,  18 ;  calcium  hydrate,  18  parts.  This 
powder  is  used  in  cases  of  sweating  feet.  Each  night  a  warm 
foot-bath  of  a  1  per  cent,  solution  of  potassium  permanganate 
is  used. 

Formalin  and  Geranium  Oil  for  Dental  Caries.  {Merck's 
Report.  18,  74.)  Formalin,  2  ;  alcoliol  90  per  cent.,  2  ;  geranium 
oil,  1.     Mix. 

Formalin  Dentifrice  Elixir.  —  M  a  t  h  i  s.  {Nouveaux 
Remedes,  21,  44. )  Formaldehyde  solution.  2  ;  tincture  of  cin- 
chona, 60  ;  glycerin,  60  ;  oil  of  peppermint,  2  ;  oil  of  star  anise, 
1*50  ;  oil  of  cloves,  1  ;  oil  of  cinnamon,  1  ;  alcohol.  100  parts  by 
weight.  The  tincture  of  cinchona  is  a  tonic  and  astringent,  the 
effects  of  which  on  the  gums  is  very  prompt.  The  glycerin 
modifies  the  effect  of  the  formaldehyde,  which  at  times  is  a  little 
too  strong,  and  serves  as  a  vehicle.  The  essential  oils  are  purely 
flavouring. 

Formation  and  Distribution  of  Essential  Oil  in  an  Annual 
Plant.  E.  Charabot  and  G.  L  a  1  o  u  e.  {Bull.  Soc.  Chim. 
[3],  33,  236,  and  Comptes  rend.,  140,  667.)  Continuing  the 
investigation  of  the  formation  and  distriI)ution  of  essential  oil 
in  plants  (see  also  Year-BooJc,  1901,  66  ;  1902,  76  ;  1904,  340), 
attention  has  been  directed  to  the  cycle  of  phenomena  which 
occurs  with  an  annual  plant.  Ocymum  basilicum  was  selected 
for  the  purpose,  since  its  oil,  consisting  mainly  of  methylchavicol 
and  terpenes,  renders  it  suitable  for  the  purpose.  Before  the 
inflorescences  appear  essential  oil  is  formed  in  the  green  organs 
of  the  plant,  this  formation  being  most  active  in  the  youngest 
parts.  The  proportion  of  oil  in  the  leaves  gradually  increases 
until  inflorescence  connnences.  This  oil  is  relatively  poor  in 
methylchavicol  and  rich  in  more  soluble  terpene  compounds. 
As  soon  as  blooming  commences,  the  amount  of  oil  in  the  leaves 
diminishes  and  that  in  the  flowering  tops  increases,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  proportion  of  methylchavicol  increases.  When 
flowering  is  over  and  the  seeds  are  ripe,  the  amount  of  oil  again 


NOTES   AND    FORMULA.  301 

becomes  greater  and  more  soluble  in  the  leaves,  while  the  solu- 
bihty  of  the  oil  of  the  inflorescence  remains  the  same.  At  this 
period  a  biochemical  action  seems  to  affect  the  methylchavicol, 
converting  it  into  more  soluble  terpene  compounds,  which  are 
then  transferred  back  to  the  leaves. 

Fruit  Vinegars.  {Nat.  Drugg.,  35,  174,  after  Neueste  Erfin- 
diuigen  und  Erfahrungen.) 

Strawberry  Vinegar.  Ripe  strawberries,  stemmed,  1  ;  pure 
vinegar,  15  parts.  Mash  the  berries  up  to  a  pulp  and  pour  over 
them  the  vinegar.  Pour  the  mixture  into  bottles,  which  should 
be  fitted  with  good  tight  corks.  Put  in  a  warm  place  for  from 
6  to  8  days,  shaking  them  from  time  to  time.  At  the  end  of  this 
time  filter  off  and  preserve  the  filtrate  in  small  bottles  filled  to 
the  very  top,  and  keep  in  a  cool  place. 

Lemon  Vinegar.  Peel  12  lemons,  press  out  the  juice,  and  set 
in  a  cool  place  to  clarify.  Pound  up  the  peehngs  and  pour  over 
the  mass  15  litres  of  best  vinegar.  Xow  add  the  lemon  juice  and 
filter  the  whole.  Preserve  the  filtrate  in  well-filled  and  corked 
bottles,  in  a  cool  place. 

Orange  Vinegar.  Peel  2  oranges,  squeeze  out  the  juice,  and 
put  in  a  bottle  to  clear.  Rub  up  the  peelings  and  pour  over  the 
mass  15  litres  of  good  vinegar,  add  the  clarified  juice,  and  filter. 
Preserve  in  well-filled  and  well-corked  bottles. 

Raspberry  Vinegar.  Prepare  in  the  same  way  as  for  straw- 
berry vinegar. 

Herb  Vinegar.  Marjoram,  fresh,  25 ;  thyme,  fresh,  25 ; 
anchovies,  cut  fine,  7  ;  curled  mint,  fresh,  7  ;  sweet  basil,  fresh, 
5  ;  shallots,  3  ;  good  vinegar,  1,500  parts.  Cut  the  lierbs,  etc., 
up  fine,  mix  in  a  jar  of  sufficient  capacit3%  and  pour  the  vinegar 
over  them.     Let  macerate  8  or  10  daj^s,  then  filter  off. 

Glycerin-Camphor  Ice.  F.  E.  N  i  e  c  e.  {Drugg.  Circ,  49, 
224.)  Powdered  camphor,  2  drs.  ;  liquid  paraffin,  2  drs.  ;  solid 
paraffin,  5  drs.  ;  white  petrolatum,  8  drs.  ;  glycerin,  2  drs.  ; 
alkanet  root,  1  dr.  Digest  the  camphor  and  alkanet  with  the 
paraffin  (solid  and  Hquid)  and  petrolatum  on  a  sand  bath,  add 
the  glycerin,  strain,  stir  tiU  cool,  then  cut  into  blocks. 

Gonococci,  Stain  for.  A.  von  W  a  h  1  {Pharm.  Centralh., 
45,  677,  after  Ceniralb.  fiir  Bacteriol.)  employs  the  following  stain 
for  the  detection  of  gonococci  :    Saturated  alcohohc  solution  of 


302  YEAR-BOOK   OF   PHARMACY. 

auramine,  4 ;  alcohol  95  per  cent.,  3 ;  saturated  alcoliolic 
solution  of  thionin,  4 ;  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  methyl 
green,  6  ;  distilled  water,  12.  Gonococci  are  coloured  dark  red 
violet  to  almost  black,  whereas  other  cocci  and  bacteria  take 
the  stain  but  shghtly  or  not  at  all.  Staining  does  not  take 
longer  than  10  seconds,  and  the  whole  process  of  examination 
not  more  than  5  or  10  minutes. 

Hydrogen  Peroxide  as  a  Dentifrice.  —  M  a  t  h  i  s.  (Nouv. 
Eevicdes,  21,  46.)  Hydrogen  peroxide  is  the  best  of  all  denti- 
frices, since  when  used  in  solution  to  rinse  the  mouth  it  oxidizes 
all  organic  matter  inaccessible  to  the  brush  in  the  interdental 
spaces  and  in  carious  cavities.  Its  unpleasant  taste  requires 
that  it  should  be  used  with  an  aromatic  water.  It  strengthens 
the  gums,  whitens  the  teeth,  and  prevents  buccal  infection.  It 
should,  however,  be  used  with  caution  by  men  who  have  mous- 
taches, on  account  of  bleaching  effects.  It  may  be  used  by 
women  as  a  weak  depilatory  to  prevent  the  growth  of  hair  on 
the  face. 

Hydrogen  Peroxide  as  an  Etching  Fluid  for  Copper.  {Nat. 
Drugg.,  35,  111.)  A  new  etching  fluid  for  copper  plate  is  H2O2, 
to  which  a  little  dilute  ammonia  water  is  added.  It  is  said  to 
bite  in  very  rapidly  and  with  great  regularity  and  uniformity. 

Ink  for  Typewriter  Ribbon.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  932).  Trans- 
parent soap,  1  ;  glycerin,  4  ;  water,  12  ;  alcohol  (methylated) 
94  per  cent.,  24  ;  spirit-soluble  anihne  colour,  q.s.  Dissolve  the 
soap  in  the  mixed  glycerin  and  water,  dissolve  the  aniline  colour 
(nigrosin  for  black)  in  the  spirit.     Mix. 

Ink  Formulae.  {Amer.  Drugg.,  45,  303.)  Indestructible  Ink. 
Graphite,  in  impalpable  powder,  400  ;  gum  copal,  720  ;  iron  sul- 
pliate,  35  ;  tinct.  galls,  35  ;  indigo  sulphate,  140  parts.  Mix  the 
materials  and  boil  them  in  sufficient  water  to  make  a  fluid  of  the 
desired  consistency.  After  boiling  for  a  few  minutes  let  it  stand 
a  while  for  the  grosser  particles  to  settle.  Then  decant  and 
bottle. 

Black  Ink  for  Brass  Stamps.  Ordinary  printers'  ink  tliinned 
with  olive  oil  ;  or — Aniline  black,  E.,  3  drs.  ;  distilled  water,  10 
drs.  ;  wood  vinegar,  10  di's.  ;  alcohol,  10  drs.  ;  Glycerin,  7  oz. 
Mix  and  dissolve. 


NOTES   AND    FORMULA.  303 

Ink  for  labelling  Porcelain  Jars.  Rosin,  20  ;  borax,  35  ;  al- 
cohol, 150  ;  water,  250  parts  ;  nigrosin,  a  sufficient  quantity. 
Dissolve  the  rosin  in  the  alcohol  and  the  aniline  colour  in  the 
solution.     Dissolve  the  borax  in  the  water. 

I7ik  for  Zinc  Labels.  Potassium  chloride,  60  ;  copper  sulphate, 
120  ;  anihne  blue,  1  ;  dilute  acetic  acid,  100  ;  distilled  water, 
1,800  parts.  Dissolve  the  potassium  chloride  and  the  copper 
sulphate  in  1,400  parts  of  water.  Mix  the  acid  with  the  rest  of 
the  water  and  dissolve  the  blue  in  the  mixture.  Mix  the  solu- 
tions. 

Green  Copying  Ink.  In  1,000  parts  of  aqueous  extract  of  gall 
apples  dissolve  :  Iron  sulphate,  30-0  ;  copper  sulphate,  0-5  ; 
sulphuric  acid,  2-0 ;  sugar,  8*0 ;  wood  vinegar,  rect.,  50-0  ; 
indigo  carmine,  30*0  parts. 

Ink  Poivder.  The  following  is  said  to  afford  a  powder  which 
needs  but  maceration  with  100  parts  of  water  for  a  few  days  to 
make  an  excellent  ink  : — Gall  nuts,  powdered,  16  ;  acacia,  pow- 
dered, 8  ;  cloves,  powdered,  1  ;  iron  sulphate,  powdered,  10 
parts.  Put  in  an  earthenware  or  glass  vessel,  cover  with  100 
parts  of  distilled  water,  set  aside  and  let  stand  for  two  weeks, 
givmg  an  occasional  shake  daily.     Decant  and  bottle. 

Copper  Laundry  Ink.  (a)  Copper  chloride,  cryst.,  85 ; 
sodium  chlorate,  106  ;  ammonium  chloride,  53  ;  water,  distilled, 
600  ;  (6)  glycerin,  100  ;  mucilage  gum  arable  (gum,  1  part ; 
water,  2  parts),  200  ;  aniline  hj^drochlorate,  200  ;  distilled  water, 
300  parts.  Make  solutions  (a)  and  (6)  and  preserve  in  separate 
bottles.  When  wanted  for  use,  mix  one  part  of  solution  [a)  with 
four  parts  of  solution  (&). 

Iso-safrol,  Toxicity  of.  {Muench  Med.  Woch.,  through  Schim- 
meVs  Report,  May,  1905,  89.)  An  eczematicous  urticaria  was 
observed  to  occur  on  the  body  of  a  workman  whose  face,  neck 
and  arms  had  been  splashed  with  iso-safrol,  the  eruption  occurring 
on  those  jDarts  which  had  not  been  touched  by  the  liquid,  and 
which  were  of  long  duration.  Waldvogel  has  found  that  when 
iso-safrol  is  administered  to  rabbits  by  inhalation  or  subcutaneous 
injection  it  has  an  intense  action  on  the  nervous  system  and  the 
vessels  of  the  vital  organs.  It  produces  dilatation  of  the  veins 
in  man  when  merely  applied  to  the  skin. 

Keratin  of  the  Eggs  of  the  Ringed  Snake.    J.  G  a  1  i  m  a  r  d. 
(Journ.  Fharm.  Chim.,  21,  499.)     The  eggs  of  the  ringed  snake, 


304  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

Tropidonottis  natrix,  yield  12-71  of  crude  keratin,  which  differs 
from  similar  bodies  in  containing  but  little  sulpliur  and  tyrosine 
but  much  leucine.  This  keratin  is  not  digested  by  pepsin,  and 
is  insoluble  in  all  solvents.  When  hydrolized  with  3  per  cent. 
H2SO4  it  gives  small  quantities  of  arginine,  lysine,  histidine, 
tyrosine,  and  19-4  per  cent,  of  leucine. 

Keroclean,  a  Non-inflammable  Cleanser.  F.  E.  Niece- 
{Drugg.  Circular,  49,  223.)  Kerosene,  1  oz.  ;  commercial  carbon 
tetrachloride,  3  oz.  ;  oil  of  citronella,  2  drs.  Mix  and  filter  if 
necessary. 

Laundry  Specialities.  {Mineral  Water  Review,  through  Chern. 
and  Drugg.,  66,  154.)  Liquid  Laundry-blue.  Oxalic  acid,  8 
oz.  ;    Chinese  blue,  16  oz.  ;    hot  water,  6  gals.     Strain. 

Paste  Laundry-blue.  Good  ultramarine  blue,  18  lb.  ;  carbon- 
ate of  soda,  crystals,  15  lb.  ;  liquid  glucose,  3|  lb.  ;  soluble  blue, 
I  lb.  ;  water,  a  sufficiency.  Make  into  a  mass,  cut  into  cakes  or 
squares,  and  dry  at  70°F.  Then  wrap  each  cake  of  blue  in  a 
piece  of  flannel  and  tie  at  tlie  neck. 

Liquid  Cold-ivaier  Starch.  Sago  flour,  10  lb.  ;  salt,  4  lb.  ; 
white  dextrin,  2  lb.  ;  glycerin,  2  lb.  ;  water,  13  pints.  Put  up  in 
pint  or  quart  bottles. 

Cold-water  Starch  and.  Gloss.  Sago  flour,  22  lb.  ;  rice  starch, 
9  lb.  ;  salt,  dry,  6  lb.  ;  powdered  borax,  6  lb.  ;  white  dextrine, 
6  lb.  The  directions  should  read  as  follows  : — Make  sufficient 
of  the  starch  powder  into  a  stiff  paste  with  cold  water,  then  dilute 
to  usual  consistency  with  boiling  water.  Do  not  boil  the  mix- 
ture. 

Wax  Polish.  Stearin,  1  lb.  ;  white  wax,  2  lb.  ;  spermaceti, 
4  lb.  Melt  together  and  cast  into  cakes.  The  linen  is  made  hot 
by  ironing  the  wax  cake  lightly  rubbed  over  the  hot  linen,  and  a 
polishing-iron  used  to  spread  the  wax  over  the  surface. 

Starch-glaze  Poivder.  Powdered  borax,  42  lb.  ;  potato  starch, 
16  lb.  ;  common  salt,  14  lb.  ;  white  dextrin,  3  lb.  One  oz.  of 
this  powder  is  mixed  with  2  pints  of  starch. 

Linoleum  and  Floor  Wax.  {Apoth.  Zeit.,  19,  679.)  (1)  Yellow 
wax,  3  ;  carnauba  wax,  6  ;  oil  of  turpentine,  10  ;  petrokuun 
benzene,  8.  (2)  Ceresin,  60  ;  hard  paraffin,  40  ;  oil  of  turpen- 
tine, 200  ;  wax  orange,  2.  (3)  Carnauba  wax,  2  ;  ceresin,  1  ; 
raw  palm  oil,   1  ;    oil  of  tuiiJentine,  6  ;  petroleum  benzine,  4  ; 


NOTES    AND    FOKMUL^.  305 

(4)  Beeswax,  30  ;    spermaceti,  10  ;    water,  160  ;    pearl  ashes,  5  ; 
oil  of  turpentine,  40  ;   wax  orange,  2. 

Lipol  Lip  Salve.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drugg.  Circ,  49,  224.) 
Camphor,  |  oz.  ;  menthol,  |  oz.  ;  eucalyptol,  1  dr.  ;  petrolatum 
(white),  1  lb.  ;  paraffin,  J  lb.  ;  alkanet  root,  |  oz.  ;  oil  of  bitter 
almonds,  15  drops  ;  oil  of  cloves,  10  drops  ;  oil  of  cassia,  5  drops. 
Digest  the  root  in  the  melted  paraffin  and  petrolatum,  strain, 
add  the  other  ingredients,  and  pour  into  jars  while  hot.  To  be 
applied  night  and  morning,  rubbing  in  well  with  the  finger  tips. 

Lithographic  Transfer  Ink.  {Drugg.  Circ,  49,  87.)  White 
wax,  8  ;  wliite  soap,  2  ;  shellac,  2  ;  lampblack,  enough.  Melt 
together  the  wax  and  soap,  and,  before  they  become  hot  enough 
to  take  fire,  stir  m  by  degrees  enough  lampblack  to  make  the 
mixture  black  ;  then  aUow  the  whole  to  burn  for  30  seconds. 
When  the  flame  is  extinguished,  add  the  shellac  in  small  portions 
at  a  time,  with  constant  stirring.  Put  the  vessel  on  the  fire 
again  until  the  mass  is  kindled,  put  out  the  flame,  aUow  it  to  cool 
a  little,  and  run  it  into  moulds. 

Ink  thus  made  will  make  as  fine  or  coarse  lines  as  are  desired, 
and  its  traces  will  remain  unchanged  for  years  before  being 
transferred. 

Malt  Extract  Soap.  —  S  a  r  a  s  o  n.  {Bev.  de  Therap.,  through 
Xouveaux  Bemedes,  21,  229.)  By  adding  10  per  cent,  of  malt 
extract  to  perfectly  neutral  soap  a  product  is  obtained  which 
gives  an  exceUent  lather,  and  which  does  not  irritate  the  most 
sensitive  skias.  The  free  acid  of  the  malt  extract  neutrahzes 
the  alkali  formed  by  the  dissociation  of  the  alkali  fatty  salts  by 
water.  This  soap  keeps  well,  and  does  not  undergo  the  decom- 
position to  which  superfatted  soaps  are  liable. 

Medicinal  Plants,  Cultivation  of.  E.  M.  H  o  1  m  e  s.  {Pharm. 
Journ.  [4],  20,  585,  690,  788. )  Directions  are  first  given  for  the 
cultural  treatment  of  the  plants  of  which  practical  recognition 
is  required  in  the  "  Minor  "  syllabus. 

Aconitum  napelhis  can  be  moved  at  any  time  between  October, 
when  the  leaves  disappear,  and  April.  March  is  the  best  month, 
as  the  young  leaves,  which  are  then  just  starting,  are  very  char- 
acteristic in  their  appearance,  and  this  plant  can  then  be  easily 
distinguished  by  the  green  tint  of  the  j^oung  leaves  from  the 

X 


306  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

brownisii  leaves  of  A.  paniculatum,  and  the  more  broadly  lobed 
leaves  of  A.  variegatum,  two  species  which  are  often  met  with  in 
gardens.  Aconite  is  not  very  particular  as  to  soil,  but  succeeds 
best  where  it  is  slightly  damp  or  retentive  ;  and,  therefore,  on 
a  light  soil  does  best  on  the  shady  side  of  the  garden.  The  roots 
spread  some  distance,  and  starve  less  vigorous  growers  near  it, 
so  that  1  foot  should  be  allowed  on  each  side  between  it  and 
other  plants.  The  date  of  flowering  of  A.  napellus  is  at  the  end 
of  May.  The  plant  takes  two  or  three  years  to  flower,  if  raised 
from  seed,  but  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  if  earthed  up,  forms  a 
root  from  each  of  the  lowest  leaf-buds.  Buds  are  also  produced 
on  the  roots,  so  that  the  plant  is  best  propagated  by  these 
methods.  The  flowering  tops  are  sometimes  eaten  by  the  cater- 
pillars of  a  rare  moth,  Plusia  moneta,  which  appear  in  April. 
The  larvae  may  be  detected  by  the  leaves  being  bent  over  to- 
wards the  centre,  and  by  the  black  spots  where  the  flower  buds 
are  eaten. 

Papaver  rhceas.  There  are  several  other  species  confounded 
with  the  Papaver  rhozas,  inasmuch  as  they  have  red  flowers  and 
somewhat  similar  leaves.  The  true  Papaver  rhoeas  has  a  globose 
fruit,  and  the  hairs  on  the  peduncle  are  spreading,  but  there  is  a 
waxiety,  strigosum,  which  has  adpressed  hairs  on  the  j)eduncles. 
The  allied  species  with  red  flowers  are  :  Papaver  hyhridum,  L., 
which  has  a  furrowed  globose  capsule  with  rigid  hairs  on  it,  and 
leaves  \\dth  narrow  segments  ;  P.  argemone,  which  has  club- 
shaped  capsules,  furnished  with  rigid  hairs  ;  P.  diibium,  which 
has  an  oblong  capsule  without  hairs,  but  with  adpressed  hairs 
on  the  peduncles,  and  of  this  species  there  are  two  varieties,  viz.  : 
(a)  P.  lamoitei,  with  short  leaf  lobes,  and  a  capsule  broadest  at  top; 
and  (b)  P.  lecoqui,  with  long  leaf  lobes,  and  the  capsule  broadest 
at  about  one-third  from  the  apex.  There  is  also  occasionally 
found  wild  a  plant  having  a  purple  patch  at  the  base  of  each 
petal,  the  petals  also  being  of  a  deeper  red  colour  ;  this  is  pro- 
bably a  hybrid  with  the  garden  species  P.  iimbrosum,  from  which 
poUen  has  probably  been  carried  by  insects.  The  flowers  of  all 
these  are  probably  collected  for  manufacturing  Syrupus  Rhoea- 
dos. 

Papaver  rhceas  does  best  in  the  sun,  in  a  comparatively  dry 
and  light  soil.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  where  it  is  intended  to 
grow,  for  the  plant,  like  other  poppies,  does  not  readily  recover 
after  transplantation.  The  stem  being  weak  and  stragghng,  it 
is  best  to  sow  the  seed  sparingly  in  patches.     To  obtain  fine 


NOTES    AND    FORMULA.  307 

flowei\s  a  little  manure  water  is  very  useful,  for  although  the  red 
po]:»P3"  Ukes  a  liglit  soil,  moisture  and  manure  vastly  improve 
its  vigour. 

Papaver  somniferum.  This  species  grows  wild  in  chalky  corn- 
fields in  tliis  country.  The  form  so  found,  var.  hispidum,  has  a 
lilac  or  pale  mauve  corolla,  with  a  purplish  spot  at  tlie  base  of  the 
petals,  and  the  peduncle  has  rigid  spreading  bristly  hairs.  But 
occasionally  a  glabrous  form  is  met  with,  var.  glahrum.  The 
garden  varieties,  which  are  more  or  less  hybridised  and  double- 
flowered,  have  usually  greyish  seeds  (mawseed),  whereas  the 
white  flowered  variety  {album.)  has  pure  white  flowers  and  white 
seeds.  This  is  best  raised  from  poppy  seeds  found  in  the  poppy 
capsules  of  commerce.  Occasionally,  however,  these  white  seeds 
produce  coloured  poppy  flowers.  In  such  case  there  is  usually 
a  reddish  layer  to  be  seen  when  the  outer  white  coat  of  the  seed 
is  scraped.  The  white  poppy,  in  order  to  grow  freely,  requires 
rich  soil  and  plenty  of  moisture  in  dry  weather.  The  poppy- 
heads,  when  fully  formed,  if  collected  for  trade  purposes,  are 
generally  bent  in  the  middle  of  the  peduncle,  and  allowed  to 
hang  downwards  to  dry.  To  produce  them  of  large  size  it  is 
necessary  to  remove  the  succeeding  flowers,  or  to  feed  the  plant 
weU. 

Brassica  alba  and  B.  nigra  grow  readily  from  seed.  The  for- 
mer prefers  a  calcareous  soil  ;  the  latter  a  damp,  rather  rich 
soil. 

Cochlearia  armoracia  also  prefers  a  soil  not  too  dry,  but  does 
not  readily  flower  if  grown  in  the  shade  ;  it  does  best  in  a  clayey 
sofl.     It  does  not  fruit  in  this  country. 

Althoea  officinalis  grows  naturally  on  the  edge  or  sides  of  marsh 
ditches,  where  its  roots  are  always  in  damp  soil,  and  does  weU  in 
any  damp  soil.  But  it  is  liable  to  be  attacked  by  the  caterpillar 
of  a  moth,  Xanthorhoe  cervinata,  which  eats  holes  in  the  leaves, 
resting  when  not  feeding  in  a  short  spiral  position  ;  it  falls  off 
directly  the  j^lant  is  touched,  coiling  itself  on  the  ground  into  a 
ring  like  the  unripe  fruit  of  the  maUow. 

Bitta  graveolens  flourishes  best  where  its  roots  are  protected  by 
rockery  or  in  stiff  calcareous  clay,  and  where  not  exposed  to  the 
east  or  northerly  winds.  If  grown  in  shade  it  is  apt  to  grow  too 
luxuriantly  and  succulent,  and  conseqiiently  suffers  more  in 
winter  than  if  grown  in  the  sun. 

Cytisus  scoparius  grows  best  in  poor  sandy  soil.  In  rich  soil 
it  grows  very  large,  and  a  series  of  young  plants  should  be  kept 


308  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

SO  as  to  cut  down  the  old  plant  wlien  it  becomes  large  and  un- 
sightly. 

Rosa  canina  is,  of  course,  rarely  grown,  but  like  all  roses  prefers 
a  rich  loamy  soil,  and  if  much  space  camiot  be  spared  for  it, 
should  be  grown  near  a  fence  and  pruned,  so  as  to  make  only 
lateral  growths,  the  weaker  shoots  being  cut  out  and  the  old  ones 
cut  down  in  the  autumn  when  large  strong  shoots  have  arisen 
from  the  base  during  the  summer.  These  may  be  pruned  in 
March,  all  the  shoots  that  have  produced  leaves  at  the  end  of  that 
month  being  cut  away  so  far  as  the  leaf-buds  have  opened. 

Prunus  lauro-cerasus .  Of  this  plant  there  are  a  number  of 
varieties,  var.  caucasica  being  one  of  the  hardiest,  and  var. 
colchica  one  of  the  least  hardy  ;  var.  schipkaetisis  is  a  dwarf  slow- 
growing  variety,  but  does  not  show  the  glands  at  the  back  of  the 
leaves  so  well  as  the  larger  varieties,  but  in  another  small-leaved 
but  taller  plant,  var.  camellioefolia,  the  glands  are  easily  seen. 
In  var.  rotundifolia  the  leaves  are  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  var. 
latifolia  has  the  largest  leaves.  Like  many  rosaceous  shrubs 
and  trees  some  of  the  branches  are  apt  to  die  off.  This  can  be 
prevented  to  a  great  extent  by  keeping  the  plant  clipped  in 
spring  before  the  new  leaves  appear,  and  in  autumn  at  the  end 
of  September  before  the  frost  begins.  The  slirub  flowers  more 
readily  if  growing  where  its  roots  are  restricted,  and  in  a  sunny 
aspect,  and  if  the  branches  are  thinned  out  so  as  to  admit  light 
and  air  between  them.  The  fruit,  like  black  cherries  (whence  its 
name  of  cherry-laurel),  is  rarely  produced. 

Bryonia  dioica.  This  plant  grows  only  too  rapidly  in  a  sandy 
soil.  It  is  easih''  raised  from  seed,  and  should  be  planted  near  a 
fence,  as  it  grows  with  great  rapidity  and  starves  the  roots  of 
herbaceous  plants  near  it,  and  climbs  for  a  great  distance.  The 
plant  being  dioecious,  a  male  and  female  plant  are  requu'ed  to 
illustrate  its  character.  The  species  used  by  homoeopaths,  viz. 
Bryonia  alba,  is  monoecious  and  has  black  berries,  but  it  does  not 
grow  so  readily  as  the  B.  dioica  in  this  country. 

Conium  maculatum  is  not  particular  as  to  soil.  It  is  biennial, 
and  does  not,  tlierefore,  flower  in  the  first  year.  In  rich  soil  in 
the  shade  it  will  grow  6  or  8  feet  high  in  the  second  year,  when  it 
flowers. 

Foe.nicv.lum  capillaceum  can  be  grown  from  the  fruits  of  com- 
merce ;  but,  as  it  takes  two  years  at  least  before  it  flowers,  it  is  a 
saving  of  time  to  procure  an  established  plant  from  a  florist.  It 
grows  well  in  a  ricli  soil,  but  does  not  flourisii  in  tlie  sliadc.     A 


NOTES    AND    FORMUL.^.  309 

sunny  bank  with  a  somewliat  stiff  soil  answers  best.  The  seaside 
form  has  more  succulent  and  rigid  leaflets,  and  is  an  interesting 
plant  to  grow  for  comparison,  as  is  also  the  Japanese  plant  with 
small  fruit. 

(Enantlie  crocata  grows  naturally  on  the  banks  of  streams  or 
ditches,  and  consequently  will  not  flourish  under  ordinary  garden 
conditions.  A  good  plan  for  growing  water  plants  is  to  saw  a 
paraffin  barrel  in  half  and  immerse  it  in  the  garden  soil  to  within 
an  inch  or  two  of  the  surface,  preferably  near  a  tap,  or  roof -pipe, 
from  which  the  rain-water  can  be  diverted  into  the  half -barrel. 
The  (Enanthe  can  then  be  placed  in  stiff  soil  in  a  large  pot,  and  the 
pot  raised  about  half  its  height  or  more  above  the  level  of  the 
water  by  placing  bricks  under  it  to  raise  it  to  the  required  level. 
In  the  summer  it  is  necessary  to  protect  the  pot  from  the  sun's 
heat,  lest  the  roots  become  baked  and  withered.  This  can  be 
done  by  placing  the  pot  in  a  still  larger  one  and  filling  up  the 
space  between  the  two  with  Sphagnum.  Under  these  conditions 
the  plant  will  grow  and  flower.     It  fruits  late  in  August. 

Samhucus  nigra  is  so  common  that,  except  for  ornamental 
purposes,  or  for  shade,  or  for  the  berries,  it  is  hardly  likely  to  be 
grown.  Given  a  fairly  damp  soil  it  grows  only  too  rapidly. 
The  Canadian  species,  8.  cunadensis,  of  which  the  golden-leaved 
variety  is  commonly  grown  in  shrubberies,  will  only  develop  the 
yellow  colour  well  if  severely  cut  back  every  year.  The  inflores- 
cence is  not  a  corymbose  cyme,  as  in  the  common  elder,  but  a 
paniculate  cyme.  Of  the  common  elder  there  are  several  varie- 
ties ;  one  with  deeply  cut  leaflets,  and  another  with  leaflets 
variegated  with  white  are  of  not  infrequent  occurrence  in  gar- 
dens, but  a  yellow-fruited  variety  is  much  more  rare.  The  elder 
flowers  in  May. 

Valeriana  officinalis.  Like  (Etianthe  crocata,  valerian  grows 
well  on  the  sides  of  ditches  or  in  damp  woods,  but  it  does  not 
require  to  be  quite  so  near  the  water,  and  cannot  be  conveniently 
grown  in  a  pot  on  account  of  its  liabit  of  spreading  by  means  of 
suckers.  If  the  paraffin  barrel  be  allowed  to  overflow,  as  it 
would  do,  now  and  then,  if  placed  in  connection  with  a  roof 
pipe,  the  soil  around  it  would  be  damp  enough  for  valerian  to 
grow  and  spread  freely.  There  are  two  varieties  of  the  plant,  of 
which  the  one  (sambucifolia),  growing  in  damp  copses,  is  the 
commoner.  The  other  (mikanii),  which  is  seen  on  chalky  or 
stiff  slaty  or  calcareous  soil,  is  not  easily  distinguished  when 
young  from  the  sambucifolia,  but  when  the  stem  has  grown  the 


310  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

number  of  leaflets  is  greater,  usually  eleven  to  nineteen,  and  they 
are  narrower  and  longer.  The  only  difficulty  in  growing  the 
plant  is  that  it  is  bruised  or  eaten  by  slugs,  also  cats  will  soon  find 
it  out  and  roll  on  it.  This  can  only  be  prevented  by  putting 
pieces  of  furze  or  hawthorn  on  the  soil  between  the  stems,  by 
using  a  little  paraffin  occasionally  in  the  watering-pot,  or,  what 
is  more  satisfactory  still,  except  to  the  cat  or  the  cat's  owner,  by 
placing  pieces  of  broken  glass  edge  upwards  in  the  soil.  It 
flowers  in  August.  The  pappus  at  first  forms  a  ring  at  the  top  of 
the  ovary,  expanding  only  when  the  corolla  has  fallen. 

Anthemis  nohilis.  Camomile  prefers  a  damp  peaty  soil,  and, 
in  a  wild  state,  usually  protects  its  stolons  by  growing  amongst 
grass.  If  planted  in  the  open  border,  two  or  three  pieces  can  be 
planted  close  together  so  as  to  make  the  leaves  protect  the 
stolons.  It  does  not  grow  well  in  a  light  or  sandy  soil  unless 
there  is  a  bed  of  clay  not  far  beneath  so  as  to  retain  the  moisture. 
In  a  shady  spot  it  is  apt  to  grow  lanky,  and  the  stem  then  rots  in 
winter.     It  flowers  in  August. 

Matricaria  chamomilla.  This  must  be  grown  from  seed,  some 
of  which  can  usually  be  found  on  the  German  camomile  of  com- 
merce. Near  London  it  is  a  common  ballast  plant  near  railways 
or  goods  stations,  flowering  in  May,  and  wild  plants  can  then  be 
easily  procured  for  cultivation,  but  it  is  by  no  means  a  generally 
distributed  plant.  It  flourishes  best  in  sandy,  well-manured 
soil,  and  in  a  sunny  aspect. 

Taraxacum  officinale.  This  plant  is  only  interesting  to  grow 
on  account  of  the  great  variation  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and 
for  oft'ering  an  example  of  the  Liguliflorse  section  of  Compositge. 
Thus  the  variety  erythrospennum  has  deeply  cut  leaves,  with 
almost  linear  segments  and  linear  recurved  bracts  ;  var.  palustre, 
growing  in  marshy  places,  has  almost  entire  leaves,  and  var. 
Icevigatum  has  ovate-erect  bracts  and  dull  green  leaves,  the 
typical  form  having  leaves  of  a  bright  green  colour.  It  is  also  of 
botanical  interest,  as  showing  the  power  of  the  rootlets,  and  of 
the  tap-root  as  it  enlarges,  to  drag  the  upper  part  of  the  root 
into  the  soil.  Thus,  on  examination,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
root  is  apparently  often  branched  in  its  upper  part,  but  the 
branched  part  will  show  numerous  leaf-scars,  indicating  that  it 
is  the  so-called  upright  rhizome,  or,  as  it  may  preferably  be 
termed,  the  root-stock,  since  it  is  continuous  wath  the  true  root, 
which  has  become  drawn  dowTiwards  as  the  stem  develops. 
This  action  is  also  easily  seen  in  gentian  root. 


NOTES    AND    FORMULiE.  311 

Menyanthes  trifoliata,  like  (Enanthe  crocata,  can  be  grown  in 
a  pot  immersed  in  water.  In  its  native  state  it  flourishes  best  in 
boggy  ground,  flowering  in  May.  It  is  interesting  among  plants 
of  the  natural  order  Gentianacese  on  account  of  having  trifoliate 
leaves,  which  are  alternate  instead  of  opposite,  as  is  usual  in 
that  family. 

Atropa  belladonna.  "  Deadly  nightshade,"  as  it  is  called,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  "  woody  nightshade  "  {Solatium  dulca- 
mara), grows  in  the  wild  state  on  chalky  hills  under  the  shelter 
of  woods  or  hedgerows.  In  places  where  rabbit  dung  is  abun- 
dant and  leaf  soil  present  it  may  reach  8  ft.  high  or  more,  though 
the  more  usual  height  is  3  ft.  or  4  ft.  Under  cultivation  it  is 
generally  grown  in  the  open,  and  will  do  well  in  a  heavy  or  clayey 
soil,  provided  it  contains  lime ;  nevertheless,  it  flourishes  best 
under  the  shade  of  trees.  The  root  occasionally  sends  out  hori- 
zontal suckers,  which  produce  plants  around  the  parent,  but  the 
plants  are  easily  grown  from  seed  which  lias  been  washed  free  of 
pulp  on  a  sieve.  There  is  a  yellow-berried  variety  of  this  plant, 
but  it  is  rarely  seen  in  gardens. 

Solanum  dulcamara.  The  "  woody  nightshade  "  is  not  par- 
ticular as  to  soil  so  long  as  there  is  a  fair  amount  of  moisture 
present,  and  it  prefers  shade  whilst  young.  When  growing  wild, 
on  a  pebbly  sea-shore,  it  remains  very  dwarf,  and  the  same 
thing  occurs  on  sumiy  chalky  banks.  The  only  disadvantage  of 
growing  it  in  a  garden  is  that,  being  a  perennial,  it  is  liable  to 
carry  the  potato  disease,  the  same  fungus,  Peronospora  injestans, 
attacking  it,  and  so  proving  a  source  of  disease  to  potatoes  in 
the  garden.  There  is  a  yellow-berried  variety  of  the  plant,  but 
it  is  rare. 

Datura  stramonium  is  best  grown  from  seed  sown  in  mild  rainy 
weather  in  April.  Unless  sown  in  very  rich  soil,  the  plants 
remain  very  dwarf.  The  plant  luxuriates  on  old  manure  or 
rubbish  heaps,  then  grows  2  to  3  ft.  high,  and  2  to  3  ft.  across, 
and  bears  numerous  flowers.  It  also  requires  a  warm  sunny 
spot,  but  where  the  soil  does  not  become  too  dry. 

Hyoscijamus  niger  is  best  grown  from  seed  obtained  from  wild 
plants.  Commercial  seed  will  not  as  a  rule  germinate.  Even 
the  seed  of  the  wild  plant  is  very  uncertain.  If  buried  too  deep, 
or  if  it  does  not  receive  rain  or  moisture  at  the  time  it  should 
naturally  germinate  (probably  September),  it  is  apt  to  remain 
dormant  for  a  whole  year  until  the  conditions  suit  it.  This  is 
probably  the  reason  why  it  often  appears  at  a  distance  from 


312  YEAR-BOOK    OF    riTARMACY. 

where  it  was  sown,  the  earth  containing  it  liaving  been  moved,  and 
tlie  seed  thus  exposed  a  proper  depth  to  be  affected  by  rain  and 
warmth.  It  grows  equally  well  in  either  pure  sand  or  chalk, 
provided  there  is  plenty  of  manure  or  decaying  vegetable  matter. 
It  is  very  difficult  to  transplant.  This  can  only  be  safely  done 
in  the  autumn  when  the  leaves  wither.  If  transplanted  in  the 
spring  it  rarely  recovers.  Slugs  and  caterpillars  are  very  fond  of 
the  young  leaves,  and  often  in  the  autumn  a  grub  will  eat  away 
the  central  bud  to  the  core,  and  destroy  the  plant.  A  small 
beetle  of  the  turnip-flea  kind  sometimes  perforates  the  leaves 
very  extensively,  and  its  ravages  are  best  met  by  planting  be- 
tween the  rows  of  henbane  some  other  plant  for  which  it  has  a 
still  greater  preference.  The  seeds  in  the  capsules  last  formed 
are  often  deficient  in  vitahty,  and  the  plants  produced  from  them 
flower  the  first  year,  hence  the  occurrence  of  annual  plants 
amongst  the  biennial.  To  secure  strong  biennial  plants  the  first 
formed  seed  pods  should  be  chosen.  The  uncertainty^  of  ger- 
mination and  the  many  enemies  of  henbane  render  the  crop  a 
very  uncertain  one,  hence  the  high  price  of  the  leaves.  There 
are  two  varieties  which  may  sometimes  be  seen  growing  side  by 
side.  One  of  these  has  narrow  leaves  and  an  erect  scarcely- 
branched  stem  which  gives  it  at  a  distance  a  resemblance  to  a 
thistle.  The  other  has  broader  leaves  and  a  branched  inflores- 
cence. 

Juniperus  communis  will  grow  on  chalky  or  sandy  soil,  but 
requires  it  to  be  damp,  and  if  sandy,  plenty  of  leaf  mould  is 
necessary. 

Juniperus  sabina  is  rather  slow  growing,  it  requires  a  sunny 
position,  but  should  not  be  aDowed  to  get  dry  at  the  root.  It 
is  easily  propagated  by  inserting  a  branch  deeply  in  the  soil  in 
late  autumn  and  pressing  the  soil  firmly  around  it. 

Taxus  baccata.  The  most  convenient  form  to  grow  in  a  gar- 
den, as  it  fruits  wliile  only  a  few  feet  high,  is  the  erect  or  Irish 
yew,  Taxus  baccata  var.  fastigiata.  It  is  by  no  means  particu- 
lar as  to  soil  or  aspect,  although  it  is  a  chalk  lover,  and  where 
chalk  is  not  procurable  a  httle  whiting  mixed  with  the  soil  will 
be  advantageous. 

Aspidium  filix-mas  is  a  very  hardy  fern,  and  will,  like  Poly- 
sticlium  aculeatum  and  P.  lohatum,  flourish  in  drier  situations 
tlian  most  ferns.  But  it  is  more  luxuriant  when  there  is  a  moist 
atmosphere  and  shelter  from  wind  ;  hence  ferns  are  sometimes  seen 
in  a  flourishing  condition  in  the  kitchen  areas  of  London  houses. 


NOTES    AND    FORMULiE.  313 

Metal  Polishes.  {Amer.  Drugg.,  264.)  White  Polishing  Paste. 
A  paste  adapted  for  almost  any  kind  of  metallic  surface  is  made 
by  incorporating  kieselguhr  or  precipitated  silica  with  heavy 
petroleum  oil,  as  in  the  following  formula  :  Paraffin  wax,  2  oz.  ; 
liquid  petrolatum,  6  oz.  ;  crude  oleic  acid,  4  oz.  ;  kieselguhr  or 
precipitated  silica,  8  oz. 

Liquid  Metal  Polish.  A  liquid  polish  well  adapted  for  lieavy 
work  is  made  as  follows  :  Rotten  stone,  5iv.  ;  ferric  oxide,  5xij.  ; 
liquid  petrolatum,  gxx.  The  powders  should  be  in  a  fine  state 
of  subdivision  and  mixed  intimately  before  the  hquid  petrolatum 
is  added. 

Nail  Bleach.  {Amer.  Drugg.,  45,  408.)  Tartaric  acid,  1  dr.  ; 
tincture  of  myrrh,  1  dr.  ;  eau  de  Cologne,  2  drs.  ;  distilled  water, 
3  fl.  oz.  Dissolve  the  acid  in  the  water,  mix  the  tincture  of 
myrrh  and  eau  de  Cologne  and  add  to  the  acid  solution.  The 
nails  are  dipped  in  this  solution  and  afterward  wiped  and  polished 
with  a  chamois  leather. 

Neutral  Tooth  Powders.  —  M  a  t  li  i  s.  {Nouv.  Remedes,  21, 
45.)  (1)  Calcium  carbonate,  60  Gm.  ;  quinine  sulphate,  2  Gm.  ; 
saponin,  0*20  Gm.  ;  oil  of  peppermint,  20  drops  ;  carmine,  a 
sufficient  quantity  to  colour. 

(2)  Potassium  chlorate,  20  Gm.  ;  powdered  starch,  60  Gm.  ; 
carmine,  4  Gm.  ;  saccharin,  dissolved  in  alcohol,  0-10  Gm.  ; 
vanillin,  0'15  Gm.  The  second  powder  is  specially  recommended 
for  sore  gums. 

Origin  of  the  Potato.  E.  H  e  c  k  e  1  .  {Comptes  rend.,  139, 
887.)  Solamim  commersoni  is  considered  to  be  at  least  one  of 
the  parent  plants  from  which  the  cultivated  Solanum  tuberosum 
lias  been  derived.  Five  small  tubercles  of  S.  commersoni  re- 
ceived in  1896  from  Uruguay,  cultivated  for  7  years  in  dry  marly 
soil  remained  permanent  to  type,  producing  tubers  covered  with 
lenticels.  attached  to  the  end  of  long  stolons,  having  a  greenish, 
waxy,  bitter  pulp.  But  when  some  of  these  were  planted  out, 
in  1901,  in  damp  soil  they  soon  began  to  show  signs  of  modifica- 
tion. In  1902  and  1903,  three  varieties  were  obtained  from 
these  ;  one  with  violet  tubers,  the  other  rose  coloured,  and  the 
third  white.  The  cliaracter  of  the  plants  had  also  undergone  a 
change  ;  tubers  were  no  longer  formed  singly  at  the  end  of  long 
stolons,  but  were  aggregated  at  the  base  of  the  stem.     The  tubers 


314  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY.  • 

I 

had  lost  their  lenticels  ;    thej^  contained  a  greater  percentage  of 
starch,  and  were  hxrger.     At  the  same  time  fruit  had  ceased  to 
form    abundantly.     Further    cultivation   of    these    varieties    in       i 
moist  soils,  particularly  the  violet  form,  gave  most  satisfactory       j 
results.     The  plants  were  very  robust,  growing  haulm  as  long  as       i 
4  metres,   while  the  flowers  resembled  those  of  the  ordinary 
potato,  and  the  fruits  acquired  the  characteristic  spheroid  shape. 
Ultimately  it  was  impossible  to  differentiate  between  the  tubers       \ 
obtained  and  those  of  the  "  North  Star  "  or  "  Early  Rose  "       ] 
potatoes  of  ordinary  culture.     The  violet  variety  should  prove       I 
of  exceptional  value,  especially  for  cultivation  in  marshy  land,       ! 
since  it  grows  best  in  damp  soils,  Avhere  it  has  given  a  crop  of 
63,000  kilos  to  the  hectare,  about  25  tons  9  cwts.  to  the  acre. 

I 
Paraffin  and  Walnut  Hair  Stimulant.    F.  E.  N  i  e  c  e.     {Drugg.      { 
Circular,  49,  223.)     Moisten  half  an  ounce  of  dried  green  walnut      | 
shells  with  alcohol,  and  then  digest  them  on  a  sand  bath,  with 
30  grs.  of  powdered  alum,  in  2  oz.  of  liquid  paraffin  ;   when  cool, 
add  5  drops  of  essential  oil  of  nutnieg.  l 

Paraffin   Furniture   Polish.     F.    E.    Niece.     {Drugg.    Circ, 
49,   224.)     Solid  paraffin,    3 J  oz.  ;     amber  petrolatum,    1   oz.  ; 
solution  of  caustic  potash  5  per  cent.,  2|  drs.  ;  kerosene,  10  oz.  ;      j 
alkanet,   1  oz.     Heat  the  potash  with  the  paraffin  and  petro-      j 
latum,  add  the  alkanet  root,  digest,  strain,  and  stir  the  kerosene     i 
in  until  cool.     Bottle  in  wide-mouthed  bottles  or  in  jars. 

Paraffin  Hair  Preparations.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drugg.  Circ, 
49,  224.)  (1)  Paraffin  oil,  1  pint  ;  alkanet  root,  1  dr.  ;  oil  of 
cloves,  15  drops  ;  oil  of  rose,  2  drops  ;  oil  of  bergamot,  1  dr. 
Rub  the  alkanet  into  coarse  powder,  moisten  with,  alcohol,  and 
digest  on  a  sand  bath  for  half  an  hour  with  the  paraffin,  filter, 
then  add  perfumes  when  cool. 

(2)  Paraffin  oil,  1  pint ;  cottonseed  oil,  J  pint ;  oil  of  cloves, 
15  drops  ;  oil  of  cassia,  10  drops  ;  oil  of  nutmeg,  30  drops. 
Warm  the  paraffin  and  cottonseed  oils  on  a  bath,  filter,  and  add 
the  other  oils  after  cooling. 

Brilliantol.     A   dressing   for   the   moustache,    eyebrows,    and 
hair.     Liquid  paraffin,   6  oz.  ;    glycerin,    2  oz.  ;    oil  of   bitter     ' 
almonds,  8  drops  ;    oil  of  rose,  1  drop.     Mix  the  first  two  and 
add  the  others.     Shake  well  before  using. 


NOTES    AND    FORMUL.^.  315 

Paraffin  Rouges.     F.  E.  Niece.     {Drugg.  Circ,  49,  224.) 

(1)  Natural  Rouge.  Solid  paraffin,  1  oz.  ;  white  petrolatum, 
1|  oz.  ;  eosin  dye,  1  dr.  ;  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  5  drops.  Heat 
the  paraffin  and  petrolatum  on  a  sand  bath,  digest  the  eosin, 
stirring  for  a  half -hour,  allow  to  settle,  strain  ;  when  cold,  add 
the  oil,  mix,  and  pour  into  jars. 

Directions  for  Use.  Apply  v/ith  the  finger  tips,  thoroughly 
rubbing  until  desired  tint  is  produced.  Allow  to  remain  a  few 
minutes,  then  remove  surplus  of  grease  with  a  soft  cloth.  It 
lea^'es  a  tint  not  affected  by  moisture,  water  or  perspiration. 

(2)  Stronger  Fouge.     Solid  paraffin,  1  oz.  ;    white  petrolatum, 

1  oz.  :  glycerin,  ^  oz.  ;  eosin,  h  dr.  ;  oil  of  rose,  2  drops.  Melt 
the  paraffin  and  petrolatum,  add  the  glycerin  and  eosin  and  stir 
until  cool  ;    add  the  oil  and  mix  until  hard. 

Used  for  tinting  the  lips  a  deep  pink  in  theatrical  "  making 
up." 

Pastor  Kneipp's  Pills.  (Amer.  Drugg.,  45,  117.)  Extract  of 
rhubarb.  16  grs.  ;  extract  of  Cape  aloes,  64  grs.  ;  powdered 
rhubarb,  16  grs.  ;  powdered  castile  soap,  16  grs.  ;  powdered 
fenugi-eek,  5  grs.  ;  powdered  dwarf  elder  root,  5  grs.  ;  powdered 
fennel,  5  grs.  ;  powdered  juniper,  5  grs.  Ma,ss  and  divide  into 
60  pills.     Three  or  four  to  be  taken  in  the  morning  or  evening. 

Perfumed  Paraffin  Cakes.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drugg.  Circ, 
49,  224.)  Used  by  rubbing  on  cloth,  clothes  and  handkerchief. 
Paraffin,  1  oz.  ;  white  petrolatum,  2  oz.  ;  heUotropin,  10  grs.  ; 
oil  of  bergamot,  5  drops  ;   oil  of  lavender,  5  drops  ;   oil  of  cloves, 

2  drops.  Melt  the  first  two  substances,  then  add  the  next,  the 
oils  last,  and  stir  all  until  cool,  allowing  to  settle  ;  then  cut  into 
blocks  and  wrap  in  tin  foil.  (Obviously  other  essential  oils  may 
be  used  to  reproduce  any  desired  perfume.) 

Petrolatum  Cosmetic  Soap  Paste.  F.  E.  Niece.  {Drugg. 
Circ.,  49,  224.)  A  permanent  soap  combining  the  properties  of 
cleansing  and  lubrication.  It  lathers  well  with  water,  and 
cleanses,  whitens  and  softens  the  skin.  Amber  petrolatum, 
^  oz.  ;  powdered  castile  soap,  2|  drs.  ;  sodium  carbonate  (dry), 
40  grs.  ;  stearic  acid,  80  grs.  Dissolve  the  carbonate  in  a  little 
water,  add  to  the  acid  on  a  sand  bath,  heat  until  reaction  is 
complete,  then  add  the  soap  and  lastly  the  petrolatum,  con- 
tinuing the  heat  and  stirring  until  no  more  foam  is  produced. 
Cool  and  put  into  suitable  containers. 


316  YEAR-ROOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

Phosphorescent  Preparations  and  Masses.  L.  Vanino 
and  .1.  G  a  u  s.  {Joirrn.  prakl.  CkcDt.,  71,  I9G.)  (1)  LpnuarfPs 
Mass.  Strontium  carbonate,  100  Gm.  ;  sulphur,  100  Gm.  ; 
potassium  oliloride,  0-5  Gm.  ;  sodium  chloride,  0*5  Gm.  ;  man- 
ganous  chloride,  0-4  Gm.  By  heating  the  mixture  for  three- 
quarters  of  an  hour  at  about  1,300°CJ.  a  product  is  obtained  which 
emits  a  fine  golden  yellow  light. 

(2)  Mourelo's  Mass.  Strontium  carbonate,  100  Gm.  ;  sul- 
phur, 30  Gm.  ;  sodium  carbonate,  2  Gm.  ;  sodium  chloride, 
0-5  Gm.  ;  manganous  sulphate,  0*2  Gm.  This  mass  emits  a 
bright  yellow  light. 

(3)  Vanino'' s  Mass.  Strontium  thiosulphate,  60  Gm.  ;  bis- 
muth nitrate,  12  c.c.  of  a  0-5  per  cent,  solution  in  acidified 
alcohol ;  uranium  nitrate,  6  c.c.  of  a  0*5  per  cent,  alcoholic 
solution.  By  heating  the  mass  for  three-c{uarters  of  an  hour  at 
about  1,300°C.,  a  product  is  obtained  which  emits  an  emerald- 
green  Ught. 

(4)  Balmain's  Mass.  Calcium  oxide  (iron-free),  20  Gm.  ; 
sulphur,  6  Gm.  ;  starch,  2  Gm.  ;  bismuth  nitrate,  1  c.c.  of  a 
0-5  per  cent,  solution  ;  potassium  chloride,  0-15  Gm.  ;  sodium 
chloride.  0-1 5  Gm.  The  mass  after  being  heated  emits  a  violet 
light. 

Picric  Acid  for  Chilblains.  P.  Lemaire.  {Repertoire  [3], 
16,  543.)  Unbroken  chilblains  may  be  rapidly  cured  by  the 
application  of  a  1  per  cent,  solution  of  picric  acid  ;  Esbach's 
reagent,  composed  of  picric  acid,  1  ;  citric  acid,  2 ;  water, 
100,  answers  the  purpose  admirably.  Under  this  treatment  the 
itching,  swelling,  and  tenderness  quickly  disappear. 

Powdered  Almond  Shells  as  an  Adulterant  of  Alimentary  Sub- 
stances. E.  Collin.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  101.) 
It  would  appear  that  the  production  of  powdered  almond  shells 
for  fraudulent  admixture  with  various  food  stuffs  is  assuming 
the  proportion  of  an  important  industry,  the  manufacturers  of 
this  substance  going  so  far  as  to  publish  testimonials  from 
so-called  chemists  attached  to  Hygienic  Societies,  and  even 
from  graduates  of  some  Universities.  This  powder  is  ground 
to  three  degrees  of  fineness,  according  to  the  purpose  for  which 
it  is  to  be  used.  The  first,  ground  to  pass  a  180  hole  sieve,  is  of 
bright  colour,  resembling  powdered  cinnamon ;  the  second, 
about  100  fineness,  is  in  appearance  very  like  the  majority  of 


NOTES    AND    FORMULA.  317 

poM'dered  drugs.  The  third  grade  is  darker  and  coarser,  re- 
sembhng  granulated  powders  in  appearance.  These  powders  are 
perfectly  devoid  of  taste  and  odour.  Figures  of  the  distinctive 
histological  elements,  as  shown  by  the  microscope,  of  this  serious 
adulterant  are  given.  The  chief  use  of  the  powder  appears  to 
be  for  the  adulteration  of  cocoa,  chocolate  and  biscuits. 

Pure  Cultures  of  Diatoms.  0.  R  i  c  h  t  e  r.  {Nat.  Drucjg., 
35,  119,  after  Deutsche  Botanisch.  Berichte.)  The  author  has 
succeeded  in  obtaining  pm-e  cultures  of  diatoms  {Nitzscia  palea 
and  Navicular ia  minuscula)  as  follows  : — 

The  medium  consists  of  jelly  prepared  from  ordinary 
commerical  agar-agar,  kept  from  2  to  3  days  under  run- 
ning water,  and  then  for  1  day  in  distilled  water,  frequently 
renewed  and  then  dissolved.  It  was  rendered  sterile  to 
bacteria  by  the  addition  of  the  salts  of  Knop's  nutrient  medium 
(calcium  sulphate,  sodium  nitrate,  and  magnesium  nitrate). 
The  diatoms  could  be  seen,  even  with  tlie  naked  eye,  after  the 
tenth  day,  building  colonies  on  the  surface  of  this  medium. 
Both  of  these  diatoms  have  the  property  of  liquifying  not  only 
gelatin,  but  agar-agar.  Later  experiments  demonstrated  that 
calcium  sulphate  miglit  advantageously  be  left  out  of  the  culture 
medium.  In  gelatin  cultures  the  sodium  nitrate  is  found  to  be 
of  little  or  no  use,  while  magnesium  nitrate  was  found  indispens- 
able. It  is  hoped  that  this  successful  experiment  will  pave  the 
way,  and  by  changes  of  media,  etc.,  the  successful  culture 
of  all  diatoms  will  be  possible. 

Raspberry  Shrub.  {Drugg.  Circular,  49,  241.)  Vinegar,  1 
quart  ;  raspberries,  3  quarts.  Place  in  a  dish,  and  after  they 
have  stood  a  day,  strain  and  add  a  pound  of  sugar  to  each  pint 
of  liquid.  Boil  for  half  an  hour  and  skim.  When  it  is  cool,  add 
1  ounce  of  brand^v^  to  each  fl.  oz.  of  shrub. 

Sachet  Pov/ders.  {Drugg.  Circ,  49,  187).  Violet.— {\.) 
Orris  root,  6  oz.  ;  red  rose  petals,  2  oz.  ;  benzoin,  2  oz.  ;  musk 
(Tonquin),  8  grs.  ;  bitter  almond  oil,  2  }\\. 

(2)  Orris  root,  6  oz.  ;  musk,  8  grs.  ;  vanillin,  30  grs.  ;  oil  of 
rose,  25  drops  ;  oil  of  petit  grain,  150  grs.  ;  Cologne  water, 
3|  oz.  The  materials  should  be  fresh  and  the  powder  should  be 
rather  coarse,  as,  when  fine,  the  fragrant  portions  escape  too 
rapidly. 


318  YEAR-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

To  make  a  fine  article,  a  few  drops  of  ioiione  may  be  added  to 
the  above. 

Heliotrope.  (1)  Rose  leaves,  2  oz.  ;  orris  root,  1  oz.  ;  lavender 
flowers,  1  oz.  ;  Tonka  beans,  2  drs.  ;  benzoin,  1  dr.  ;  musk, 
5  grs.  ;  oil  of  bitter  almond,  3  drops  ;  oil  of  sandal,  30  drops  ; 
oil  of  neroli,  10  drops. 

!  (2)  Orris  root,  10  oz.  ;  rose  leaves,  1\  oz.  ;  Tonka  beans, 
5  oz.  ;  vanilla  beans,  1^  oz.  ;  musk,  24  grs.  ;  oil  of  bitter  almond, 
50  iJi.  ;  alcohol,  |  oz. 

Carnation  pink.  Tonka  beans,  2  drs.  ;  pimento,  1  dr.  ; 
patchouly  leaves,  |  oz.  ;  lavender  flowers,  1  oz.  ;  orris  root,  1 
oz.  ;  oil  of  cloves,  5  drops  ;  oil  of  rose,  10  drops  ;  oil  of  neroli, 
10  drops  ;  oil  of  sandalwood,  20  drops. 

[The  substitution  of  isoeugenol  for  the  clove  oil  gives  the 
powder  a  truer  "pink"  odour. — Ed.  Year-Book.] 

Saponin,  Toxicity  of,  and  its  Employment  as  an  Emulsifying 
Agent.  N.  G.  Keirle,  junr.,  and  H.  A.  B.  D  u  n  n  i  n  g. 
(Proc.  Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  402.)  Rabbits,  dogs  and 
guinea-pigs  were  experimented  wath,  both  by  oral  and  hyiJo- 
dermic  treatment.  Rabbits  were  found  to  be  markedly  less 
affected  than  the  other  animals.  After  doses  ranging  from  \  to 
3  grs.,  the  rabbits  became  at  first  excited,  then  dull,  and  the 
respiration  was  affected.  Only  one  died,  and  that  probably 
from  other  causes.  Of  five  guinea-pigs  treated  with  doses 
ranging  from  J  gr.  to  2  grs.,  all  died  ;  and  three  dogs  were  killed 
by  4  gr.  doses.  In  all  these  animals  post-mortem  examination 
showed  an  aedematous  state  of  the  brain  and  a  peculiar  toughen- 
ing and  anaemic  condition  of  the  lungs.  It  is  evident  that 
saponin  has  a  marked  toxic  action,  and  that  it  affects  the  organs 
of  respiration.  Saj)onin  has  been  detected  in  certain  commercial 
emulsions  ;  but  it  is  a  question  as  to  how  much  may  be  present, 
and  what  would  constitute  a  harmful  dose.  H2SO4  slightly 
coloured  with  KsCr^Oy  gives  a  green  colour  with  a  very 
dilute  solution  of  saponin,  and  H2SO4  containing  1  drop 
of  N/10  KMn04,  the  solution  being  of  a  brownish  red, 
gives  a  cherry  red  colour  with  the  same.  (See  also  Year-Book, 
1904,  241.) 

Stain  Removing  Soaps.  {Nat.  Drugg.,  34,  253.)  (1)  Coconut 
or  palm  oil,  320  ;  caustic  soda  solution  (sp.  gr.  1*36),  160  ; 
potassium  carbonate  solution  (sp.  gr.  1*16),  56  :  oil  of  tuii^entine, 


NOTES    AND    FORMULA.  319 

9  ;  finely  powdered  kieselguhr,  280  ;  brilliant  green,  2.  Melt 
the  oil,  mix  the  d_ye  with  it.  and  sift  in  the  kieselguhr,  then  add 
the  soda  and  potash.  When  saponification  commences,  add  the 
turpentine.  (2)  Resin  soap,  1,000  ;  talc  made  into  a  paste 
with  weak  potassium  carbonate  solution,  100  ;  turpentine  oil, 
4  ;  benzine,  3.  Melt  the  soap,  and  mix  in  the  talc.  When  cool, 
add  the  benzine  and  turpentine,  avoiding  proximity  to  naked 
lights.  (3)  Coconut  oil,  600  ;  tallow,  400 ;  caustic  soda  lye 
(sp.  gr.  1'36),  500  ;  ox-gall,  200  ;  turpentine  oil,  12  ;  solution  of 
ammonia  (sp.  gr.  0*910),  6  ;  benzine,  5.  Saponify  with  heat, 
cool,  and  add  the  other  ingredients  with  the  usual  precautions. 

Substitute  for  Rubber  Gloves,  A.  [Journ.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc, 
through  Nat.  Drugg.,  34,  449)  Murphy  has  found  that  a  4,  6,  or  8  per 
cent,  solution  of  guttaj^ercha  in  benzine,  when  applied  to  the  hands 
of  the  surgeon  or  the  skin  of  the  patient,  will  seal  these  surfaces 
with  an  insoluble,  impervious,  and  practically  imperceptible 
coating  which  will  not  allow  the  secretions  of  the  skin  to  escape, 
and  will  not  admit  secretions,  blood,  or  pus  into  the  crevices  of 
the  skin.  At  the  same  time,  it  does  not  impair  the  sense  of 
touch  nor  the  pliability  of  the  skin.  A  similar  solution  in  acetone 
also  meets  most  of  the  requirements. 

Murphy's  routine  method  of  hand  preparation  is  as  follows  : 
First,  5  to  7  minutes'  scrubbing  with  spirit  of  soft  soap  and 
running  hot  water  ;  second,  3  minutes'  washing  with  alcohol ; 
third,  when  the  hands  are  thoroughly  dried,  the  guttaj)ercha 
solution  is  poured  over  the  hands  and  forearms,  care  being  taken 
to  fill  in  around  and  beneath  the  nails.  The  hands  must  be  kept 
exposed  to  the  air  with  the  fingers  separated  until  thoroughly 
dry.  The  coating  is  very  thin,  and  can  be  recognized  only  by 
its  glazed  appearance.  It  will  resist  soap  and  water,  but  is 
easily  removed  by  washing  in  benzine.  The  hands  can  be 
washed  in  bichloride  or  any  of  the  antiseptic  solutions  without 
interfering  with  the  coating  or  affecting  the  skin.  If  the  opera- 
tions be  many,  or  prolonged,  the  coating  wears  away  from  the 
tips  of  the  fingers,  but  is  easily  renewed.  For  the  remaining 
portion  of  the  hands  one  apphcation  is  sufficient  for  a  whole 
morning's  work. 

The  4  per  cent,  benzine  solution  of  rubber  wears  better  on  the 
tips  of  the  fingers  in  handling  instruments,  sponges,  and  tissues 
than  the  acetone  solution. 

For  the  abdomen  the  acetone  solution  has  the  advantage,   as 


320  YEAR-BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

it  dries  in  3  to  4  seconds  after  its  application,  wliile  the  benzine 
solution  takes  from  3  to  4|  minutes  to  make  a  dry,  firm  coating. 

The  preparation  of  the  patient's  skin  consists  in  5  minutes' 
scrubbing  with  spirit  of  soft  soap,  washing  with  ether,  followed 
by  alcohol.  The  surface  is  then  swabbed  over  thoroughly  with 
the  benzine  or  acetone  solution. 

The  guttapercha  solution  is  prepared  by  dissolving  the  pure 
guttapercha  chips  in  sterile  benzine  or  acetone.  These  solutions 
do  not  stand  boiling,  as  this  impairs  the  adhesiveness  and  elas- 
ticity of  the  coating. 

Synonyms  of  Magnesium  Sulphate.  M.  T.  W  i  1  b  e  r  t.  {Proc, 
Amer.  Pharm.  Assoc,  52,  345.)  The  following  English  and 
Latin  synonyms  have  been  given  to  magnesium  sulphate  : 
Magnesia  vitriolata,  sal  amarum,  sal  Seidlicense,  sal  Seidlitzense, 
sal  Seidschuetzense,  sal  Aiiglicum,  sal  catharticum,  sal  Ebschaniense, 
sal  Ehsomiense  ;  magnesium  sulphate,  bitter  salt,  bitter  laxative 
salt,  bitter  purging  salt,  cathartic  salt,  English  salt,  Epsom  salt, 
physical  salt,  laxative  salt,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  vitriolated 
magnesia. 

Tapeworm,  Remedy  for.  {Pharm.  Centralh.,  45,  678,  Re- 
medes.)  Pumpkin  seeds,  620  grs.  ;  freshly  prepared  extract  of 
pomegranate  root,  155  grs.  Make  a  paste  and  divide  into  20 
equal  parts,  which  may  be  given  in  capsules  if  desired,  and 
flavoured  with  peppermint  or  lemon  oil.  Every  half-hour  5  of 
these  portions  are  to  be  taken,  in  the  morning,  fasting,  and 
half  an  hour  after  the  last  5,  a  purge  consisting  of  equal  parts  of 
syrup  of  buckthorn  and  brandy  should  be  taken.  Tea  or  broth 
may  then  be  taken.  For  delicate  patients  or  children  the  dose 
should  be  lessened. 

Thymol  Dentifrice,  Miller's.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  21, 
48.)  Thymol,  3;  benzoic  acid,  30;  tincture  of  eucalyptu.s, 
150  ;  alcohol  90  per  cent.,  1,000  ;  essential  oil  of  peppermint,  7-5. 

Toad  Venom,  Action  of  Radium  Emanations  on.    C.  P  h  i  s  a- 

1  i  X.  [Joiirn.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20,  37 k>.)  Although  the  venom 
of  snakes  is  very  sensitive  to  radium  emanations,  and  rtipidly 
loses  its  toxicity  under  their  iiifluence,  the  same  is  not  the  case 
with  the  venom  of  the  toad  or  of  the  salamander.  The  active 
principle  of  these  two  venoms  is  not  an  albuminoid,  so  it  is  in- 
ferred that  the  chemical  action  of  radium  rays  is  only  exerted  on 


NOTES    AND    FORMULAE.  321 

albuminous  bodies.  Toad  venom  may  be  kept  for  several  days 
in  a  radioactive  atmosphere  without  showing  the  least  diminu- 
tion of  its  \'iru]ence. 

Toilet  Ammonia.  {Amer.  Drugg.,  45,  48.)  Solution  of  Am- 
monia, 250  c.c.  ;  soft  soap,  120  Gm.  ;  oleic  acid,  10  c.c.  ;  bay 
oil,  1  c.c.  ;  rosemary  oil,  1  c.c. ;  verbena  oil,  5  c.c.  ;  water,  suffi- 
cient to  make  1,000  c.c.  Dissolve  the  oleic  acid  in  the  ammonia 
water  and  the  soap  in  500  c.c.  of  warm  water,  to  which  add  the 
oils.     Mix  both  by  agitation  and  add  water  to  make  1,000  c.c. 

To  Quickly  Remove  a  Ring  from  a  Swollen  Finger.  {Nat. 
Drugg.,  35,  145.)  If  the  ring  is  of  gold,  pull  the  folds  of  the 
swollen  muscles  apart,  so  that  it  can  be  seen,  then  drop  on  it  a 
little  absolute  alcohol  and  place  the  finger  in  a  bowl  of  metallic 
mercury.  In  a  very  few  minutes  the  ring  will  snap  apart.  If 
the  ring  is  of  brass,  scrtipe  the  surface  slightly,  or  put  on  a  few 
drops  of  a  solution  of  oxalic  acid,  or  even  strong  vinegar ;  let 
remain  in  contact  for  a  moment  or  two,  then  put  into  the  mer- 
cury, and  the  result  will  be  as  before. 

Toxicity  of  Essential  Oils  and  their  Constituents  on  the  Living 
Cell.  A.  J.  J.  V  a  n  d  e  V  e  1  d  e.  {Bull.  Assoc.  Beiges  de  Chim., 
through  SchimmeVs  Re/port,  Oct.,  1904,  102.)  The  toxicity  of  the 
substances  examined  was  compared  with  that  of  alssolute 
alcoliol,  as  affectmg  plasmolysis  in  the  Hving  cell.  Phenols  and 
aldehydes  are  found  to  be  much  more  toxic  than  the  alcohols, 
as  shown  by  the  following  comparative  figures  :  Thymol,  0-04  ; 
menthol,  0-18  ;  cinnamic  aldehyde,  0-20  ;  cassia  oU,  0-21  ;  clove 
oil,  0-21  ;  thyme  oil  (white),  0-36  ;  Ceylon  cinnamon  oil,  0*44  ; 
thyme  oil  (red),  0-60  ;  peppermint  oil,  1*52  ;  nutmeg  oil,  I'll  ; 
star-anise  oil,  1*81  ;  carvone,  2*06  ;  bitter  almond  oil,  2*26  ; 
benzaldehyde,  2-26  ;  caraway  oil,  5-40  ;  lemon  oil  (terpeneless), 
6-45  ;  neroh  oil,  7*11  ;  carvene,  7-71  ;  angelica  oil  (root),  7-84  ; 
anise  oil,  10-33  ;  cognac  oil  (artificial),  13-83  ;  anethol,  17-08  ; 
lemon  oil,  18-55  ;  cognac  oil,  18-89  ;  isobutyl  alcohol,  21-20  ; 
propyl  alcohol  (normal),  45-50  ;  ethyl  alcohol,  100-00  ;  methyl 
alcohol,  142-10. 

Toxicity  of  the  Red  Blood  Corpuscles  of  Various  Animals  on 
the  Rabbit.  F.  B  a  telle.  {Journ.  Pharm.  Chim.  [6],  20, 
143. )  The  constituents  of  the  red  blood-corpuscles  of  the  dog,  cat, 
ox,  and  rabbit  have  no  toxic  effect  when  injected  into  the  veins 

y 


322  YEAE-BOOK    OF   PHARMACY. 

of  rabbits,  and  tliese  blood-corpuscles  are  not  haeniolyzed  by  the 
blood  serum  of  the  rabbit.  But  the  contents  of  the  blood 
corpuscles  of  tlie  pig,  sheep  and  rat  are  toxic  when  so  given,  and 
rabbit's-blood  serum  causes  the  hiemolysis  of  the  red  corpuscles 
of  the  blood  of  these  animals!     Of  these,  pig's  blood  is  most  toxic. 

Universal  Healing  Salve.  {Amer.  Dnigg.,  46,  172.)  Salicylic 
acid,  4  drs.  ;  ichthyol,  1  oz.  ;  precipitated  sulphur,  5  oz.  ;  zinc 
oxide,  5  oz.  ;  pine  tar,  5  oz.  ;  petrolatum,  10  oz.  ;  oil  rosemary, 
2  fl.  drs.  IVIix.  Any  other  flavouring  oil  may  be  substituted  for 
the  rosemary,  which  is  only  added  to  give  the  mixture  an  agree- 
able odour. 

Velvet  Violet  Powder.  Orris  root,  2  oz.  ;  corn  starch,  12  oz.  ; 
lycopodium,  1  oz.  ;  oil  of  orange  flowers,  |  dr.  ;  oil  of  bergamot, 
^  dr.  ;  oil  of  lavender  flowers,  ^  dr.  ;  oil  of  cloves,  15  drops  ;  oil 
of  cinnamon,  15  drops.  IVIix  all  the  powders  and  all  the  oils, 
then  gradually  add  the  oils  to  the  powders. 

White  Library  Paste.  (Dnigg.  Circ,  34,  453.)  Tragacanth, 
2  ;  wliite  dextrin,  1  ;  wheat  flour,  6  ;  glycerin,  1  ;  cold  water, 
4  ;  boiling  water,  40  parts.  Over  tlie  tragacanth  pour  16  parts 
of  water  in  active  ebullition,  stirring  it  in  well,  and  set  aside  in 
a  moderately  warm  place.  Mix  the  wheat  flour  and  dextrin 
with  the  cold  water,  and  add  the  mixture  to  the  tragacanth, 
stirring  in  thoroughly,  and  pour  the  batter  thu.s  formed  into  the 
boiling  water  (24  parts),  stirring  actively  and  constantly  while 
this  is  being  done.  Now  add  to  the  glycerin  sufficient  salicyUc 
acid  (say  about  a  quarter  of  one  part,  or  sufficient  to  constitute 
about  the  half  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  entire  batch  of  paste)  to 
preserve  the  paste,  and  pour  the  mixture  into  the  boiling  mass. 
Let  boil  for  4  or  5  minutes  under  constant  stirring,  then  remove 
from  fire  and  pour  into  a  stone  jug  or  jar,  cover  with  a  piece  of 
bladder,  and  tie  tightly.  Keep  in  a  cool  place,  and  when  the 
paste  is  needed,  after  removing  a  portion,  replace  the  cover, 
tightly  tying  down.  The  product  is  pure  white  and  almost 
odourless,  a  faint  pleasant  smeU  only  remaining.  As  a  sticker 
for  paper  or  cloth  this  is  unequalled.  It  is  improved  by  the 
addition  of  2  parts  of  gum  arable  and  3  additional  parts  of 
glycerin  (making  four  in  all),  which  converts  it  into  an  excellent 
label  paste.  The  substitution  of  good  glue  for  gum  arable,  and 
the  addition  of  8  parts  of  sugar,  makes  a  good  all-round  paste 
for  use  on  leather,  wood,  glass  or  metal, 


RESEARCH    LIST,    1905. 

The  following  subjects  a.re  suggested  for  investigation,  and  the 
Executive  Committee  hopes  that  members  of  the  B.P.C.  will 
undertake  to  work  on  one  or  more  of  these  questions.  New 
subjects  have  been  added  to  the  list  to  replace  those  worked 
out.  The  Hon.  Secretaries  wish  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that 
a  special  fund  has  been  raised  to  defray  expenses  connected 
with  research  work.  The  Executive  Committee  will  be  glad 
to  receive  applications  from  members  for  grants  from  the  above 
fund. 

Plant  Analysis. 

1.  Arnica.  What  is  the  active  principle,  and  what  are  the 
relative  proportions  of  it  in  the  root  and  flower  ?  (See  Year- 
Book,  1904,  27.) 

2.  Bay  Berries.  An  examination  of  the  bitter  principle  of  the 
pericarps  of  bay  berries  is  required. 

3.  Cascara  Sagrada.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  various  resins 
contained  in  the  bark  1  The  cascara  sagrada  of  commerce 
apparently  consists  of  two  species,  B.  purshiana  and  B.  califor- 
nica,  the  latter  having  a  much  paler  fracture.  It  is  desirable  to 
ascertain  how  far  these  differ  in  activity,  percentage  of  active 
principles,  yield  of  extract,  etc.  (See  Year-Book,  1893,  131  ; 
1899,  134;  1905,  56.) 

4.  Castor  Oil.  A  research  having  for  its  object  the  isolation  of 
a  purgative  principle  is  required.  (See  Year-Book,  1898,  163  ; 
184  ;   1901,  125.     Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  5,  84  ;   11,  152.) 

5.  Chamomile.  Research  upon  the  bitter  principle  of  Anthemis 
nohilis.  (See  Bull,  de  Soc.  Chim.  [2],  41,  483  ;  Year-Book, 
1904,  266.) 

6.  Cimicifuga  racemosa  {Actcea  racemosa).  Further  inform- 
ation is  needed  on  the  chemical  nature  of  the  constituent  or 
constituents  to  which  the  rhizome  of  tlie  plant  owes  its  activity, 
(See   Year-Book,  1885,  149.) 

7.  Damiana  is  reported  to  contain  a  bitter  substance,  resins^ 
a-nd  volatile  oil.     The  liquid  extract  of  the  leaves  being  ex. 


324  YEAE    BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

tensively  used,  a  thorough  systematic  examination  of  this  drug 
is  desirable. 

8.  Determinations  of  the  total  quantity  of  alkaloids  in  certain 
plants,  such  as  belladonna,  at  different  stages  of  growth  would  be 
useful. 

9.  Ewphorhia  piluUfera.  Required,  a  report  upon  the  chemistry 
of  this  drug. 

10.  Fucus  vesicnlosus.  The  medicinal  vii'tues  have  been 
attributed  solely  to  the  presence  of  iodine  and  bromine.  It 
is  not  improbable  that  it  may  contain  some  organic  constituent 
of  importance.     A  complete  chemical  inv^estigation  is  required. 

11.  Mezereon  Bark.  What  is  the  chemical  nature  of  the  acrid 
principle  of  this  bark  ? 

12.  Papaver  rhceas.  An  examination  of  the  red  colouring 
matter  of  the  petals  is  required. 

13.  Simarouha  Bark.  A  comparison  of  the  constituents  of  this 
drug  with  those  of  quassia  wood  is  desirable. 

14.  Strophanthus.  Information  is  desirable  on  the  best  methods 
of  separating  the  different  active  principles  obtained  from  stro- 
phanthus seeds.  (See  Year-Book,  1898,  54,  162  ;  1899,  59  ; 
1901,  167  ;  also  Pharm.  Joiirn.  [4],  6,  385,  506.) 

15.  Taraxacum.  To  what  constituents  are  the  cholagogue  and 
diuretic  properties  due  ?  To  what  extent  do  they  vary  in  roots 
collected  at  different  seasons  of  the  year  ? 

16.  Verafrine.  Should  a  pure  veratrine  be  included  in  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia  rather  than  the  mixture  of  alkaloids  now 
official  ?     If  so,  suggest  a  process  for  its  purification. 

17.  Proximate  Analyses  of  the  following  drugs  are  required  : 
Cereus  grandiflorus,  Citrnllus  colocynthis.  Cassia  fistula  and 
Serenoa  serrulata  (Saw  Palmetto). 

Chemistry. 

18.  Adeps.  A  satisfactory  test  for  the  presence  of  cotton  seed 
oil  is  needed.     A  good  test  for  lard  oil  is  required. 

19.  Apomorphine.  Do  solutions  of  this  alkaloid  retain  their 
potency  after  coloration  has  taken  place  ? 

20.  Cinnamon  Bark  Oil.  The  official  physical  and  chemical 
tests  are  stated  to  be  unsatisfactory.  Investigation  of  authentic 
specimens  of  oil  from  bark  and  "  chips  "  suggested.  (See  Year- 
Book,  1904,  58.) 

21.  Cotton  Wools.  How  far  do  commercial  samples  conform 
to  the  tests  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  ? 


JlESEAECH    LIST,    191)5.  325 

22.  Ferri  Arsenas.  The  official  tests  supply  only  the  means  of 
determining  the  amount  of  ferrous  iron  present.  It  has  been  sug- 
gested tliat  a  method  for  the  determination  of  the  arsenic  content 
should  be  ordered.  (See  Pharm.  Jouni.  [4],  7,  530  ;  Year-Booh, 
1903,  572;  1905,  81.) 

23.  Glycerin.  Required  a  good  method  for  determining  this 
substance,  applicable  if  possible  to  pharmaceutical  preparations. 

24.  Ipecacuanha.  Experiments  upon  the  method  or  methods 
for  the  separation  of  the  alkaloids  are  needed. 

25.  Sodium  Arsenate.  A  better  method  of  assay  than  that 
now  official  would  be  welcome.     (See  Year-Book,  1904,  166.) 

26.  Tannins.  The  various  methods  employed  for  the  estima- 
tion of  tannm  in  astringent  drugs  and  preparations  give  very 
discrepant  results.  Required,  a  thorough  research  into  the 
comparative  result  of  these  processes. 

Pharmacopedy  and  Pharmacy. 

27.  Botanical  Sources  of  the  following  require  investigation. 
The  varieties  of  asafetida  and  galbanum ;  the  gum  resin  opoponax ; 
the  co-called  Syrian  tragacanth  ;  the  large  licorice  root  im- 
ported from  Bussorah  (probably  Glycyrrhiza  echinata),  and  the 
varieties  of  copaibas  of  commerce. 

28.  Cannabis  indica.  Preparations  of  uniform  strength  of  this 
drug  are  needed.  Experiments  are  required  as  to  the  best  method 
of  preparation.  Experiments  are  also  needed  to  determine  the 
difference  in  yield  of  resin,  cannabin,  and  cannabinol  between 
the  guaza  of  Bombay  and  the  ganjah  of  Calcutta. 

29.  Compressed  Drugs  and  Coated  Pills.  Required,  a  report  on 
the  strength  and  quality  of  the  compressed  drugs  and  coated  pills 
of  commerce. 

30.  E§ect  of  Cultivation,  Soil,  Climate,  and  Time  of  Collection 
on  Medicinal  Plants.  Compare  the  proportions  of  active  constit- 
uents of  indigenous  plants  grown  in  different  districts,  and  the 
effect  upon  those  constituents  by  variations  in  the  time  of  collec- 
tion. 

31.  Ergot.  The  determination  of  the  proportion  of  active  prin- 
ciples extracted  from  ergot  by  the  official  j)rocesses  for  the  various 
preparations. 

32.  Extractum  Taraxaci  Liquichim.  The  specific  gravity  and 
proportion  of  solid  residue  appear  to  vary  much  in  commercial 
specimens.     To  what  is  this  variation  due  ? 

33.  Galenicals.  The  action  upon  these  of  light  and  ordinary 
exposure  in  a  pharmacy. 


3*2()  YEAR    BOOK    OF    PHARMACY. 

34.  Hamamelin.  Should  this  be  prepared  from  the  leaves 
or  tlie  bark  ?  Experiments  on  the  relative  efficacy  of  powdered 
extractives  from  the  two  parts  of  the  plant  are  desirable. 

35.  Jaborandi.  The  leaves  as  imported  are  much  mixed  with 
stalks.  Should  the  leaves  be  completely  separated  from  the  stalks 
for  the  making  of  official  preparations  ?  What  is  the  alkaloidal 
strength  of  old  leaves,  young  leaves,  and  stalks  ? 

36.  Licorice.  An  examination  of  commercial  samples  of 
"  Block  Juice  "  and  "  Stick  Licorice,"  with  reference  to  their 
])uiity  and  glycyrrhizin  content  would  be  of  value. 

37.  Liquor  Sennce  Concentratus.  In  this  preparation  the 
senna  is  exhausted  by  repercolation  ;  in  the  liquor  for  preparing 
syrupus  sennae,  B.P.,  a  process  of  double  maceration  is  employed. 
VVliich  is  the  better  method  ? 

38.  Olive  Oil.  It  has  been  suggested  that  for  galenical  pre- 
parations purified  cotton  seed  oil,  arachis  oil,  or  sesame  oil  might 
be  substituted  for  olive  oil.  A  series  of  plasters,  liniments, 
ointments,  etc.,  should  be  prepared  with  each  of  those  oils,  and 
the  resulting  products  compared. 

39.  Oxydase.  The  action  of  this  and  other  ferments  in  inducing 
changes  in  galenical  preparations  such  as  liquid  extracts,  etc. 
requires  investigation. 

40.  Pepsin.  A  good  method  of  assay — determining  the  pep- 
tonizing and  not  merely  dissolving  power  of  pepsin,  suitable  for 
inclusion  in  B.P.,  is  wanted.  (See  Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  5, 
561  ;  Year-Book,  1904,  138 ;  also  Mette's  test  in  Schiifer's 
Physiology.) 

41.  Powdered  Drugs.  The  determination  of  the  limits  within 
which  adulteration  of  powdered  drugs  can  be  determined  under 
the  microscope. 

42.  Suppositories.  A  compilation  or  determination  of  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  medicaments  more  commonly  prescribed  in 
suppositories  in  order  that  correct  allowance  may  be  made  for  the 
volume  of  tlie  same.     (See  Pharm.  Journ.  [4],  5,  437  ;   [4],  6,  69.) 


TRAIN[SACTIONS 

OF    THE 

hitisjj    |H);irnT;iccutic;il  Canfcrcnct 

AT    THE 

TORTY-SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING 

IN 

BRIGHTON, 
1905. 


CONTENTS. 

Constitution  and  Roles  of  tfie  Conference. 
Alphabetical  List  of  Mesieeks'  Names  and  Addresses. 
Programme     of    Transactions    of    the     Conference     in     Buighton, 

including  Titles  of  Papers. 
The  Transactions  of  the    Conference,    including    the    Papers    read 

AND  Discussions  thereon. 
General  Index  to  the  Year-Book  and  Transactions. 


lUitislj  Ipjjarniacfuticiil  ^"onfcrouc. 


CONSTITUTION  • 

Art.  I. — This  Association  shall  be  called  The  British  I'harmaceutical  Conference,  and  its 
objects  shall  be  the  followins;  : — 

1.  To  hold  an  annual  Conference  of  those  eni;a<?ed  in  the  practice,  or  interested  in  the 

advancement,  of  Pharmacy,  with  the  view  of  promoting  their  friendly  reunion,  and 
increasing-  their  facilities  for  the  cultivation  of  Pharmaceutical  Science. 

2.  To  determine  what  questions  in  Pharmaceutical  Science  require  investigation,  and 

when  practicable,  to  allot  them  to  individuals  or  committees  to  report  thereon. 

3.  To  maintain  uncompromisingly  the  principle  of  purity  in  Medicine. 

4.  To  form  a  bond  of  union  amongst  the  various  associations  established  for  the  advance- 

ment of  Pharmacy,  by  receiving  from  them  delegates  to  the  annual  Conference. 
Art.  II. — Membership  in  the  Conference  shall  not  be  considered  as  conferring  any 
guarantee  of  prof  essional  competenci'. 

RULES. 

1.  Any  person  desiring  to  become  a  member  of  the  Conference  sh.all  be  nominated  in 
writing  by  a  member,  and  be  Vjalloted  for  at  a  general  meeting  of  the  members,  two-thirds 
of  the  votes  given  being  needful  for  his  election.  If  the  application  be  made  during  the 
recess,  the  Executive  Committee  m;iy  elect  the  candidate  by  a  unanimous  vote. 

2.  The  subscription  shall  be  7s.  6d.  annunlly,  which  shall  be  <iue  in  advance  ui)on  July  1. 

3.  Any  member  whose  subscription  shall  lie  more  than  two  years  in  aiTear,  after  written 
application,  shall  be  liable  to  be  removed  from  the  list  by  the  Executive  Committee.  Members 
may  be  e.xpelled  for  improper  conduct  by  a  majority  of  three-fourths  of  those  voting  at  a 
general  meeting,  provided  that  fourteen  days'  notice  of  such  intention  of  expulsion  has 
been  sent  by  the  Secretaries  to  each  member  of  the  Conference. 

4.  Every  association  established  for  the  advancement  of  Pharmacy  shall,  during  its 
recognition  by  the  Conference,  be  entitled  to  send  delegates  to  the  annual  meeting. 

5.  The  Officers  of  the  Conference  shall  be  a  President,  a  number  of  Vice-presidents  not 
exceeding  six,  by  election,  the  past  Presidents  (win)  shall  be  Vice-presidents),  a  Treasurer, 
two  General  Secretaries,  one  local  Secretai-y,  and  nine  other  members,  who  shall  collec- 
tively constitute  the  Executive  Committee.'  Three  members  of  the  Executive  Committee 
to  retire  annually  by  ballot,  the  remainder  being  eligible  for  re-election.  They  shall  be 
elected  at  each  annual  meeting,  by  ballot  of  those  present. 

6.  At  each  Conference  it  shall  be  determined  at  what  place  and  time  to  hold  that  of  the 
next  year. 

7.  Two  members  shall  be  elected  by  the  Conference  to  audit  the  Treasurer's  accounts, 
such  audited  accounts  to  be  presented  annually. 

8.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  present  a  report  of  proceedings  annually. 

9.  These  rules  shall  not  be  altered  except  at  an  annual  meeting  of  the  members. 

10.  Reports  on  subjects  entrusted  to  individuals  or  committees  for  investigation  shall  be 
presented  to  a  future  meeting  of  the  Conference,  whose  property  they  shall  become.  All 
reports  shall  be  presented  to  the  Executive  Committee  at  least  fourteen  days  before  the 
annual  meeting. 

*,*  Authors  are  specially  requested  to  sendthe  titles  of  their  PapersfoThe  Hon.  Gen  Sees.  Bnt. 
Pharpi.  Conf.,  17,  Bloomsbury  Sqiiare_,  London,  W.C,  two  or  three  weeks  before  the  Annual 
Meeting.     The  subjects  will  then  be  e.rte'nsively  advertised,  and  thus  full  interest  uill  he  secured. 


FORM  OF  NOMIXATTOX. 

I  Nominate 

{Name) 

Address) 

as  a  M<'mher  of  the  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference. 

Member 
Date 

This  or  any  similar  form  must  be  filled  up  legibly,  and  forwarded  to  Tlie  Assf.  Secretary, 
Brit.  Pharm.  Conf.,  17,  Blooin-ibury  Square,  London,  W.C,  who  will  obtain  the  necessary 
signature  to  the  paper. 

Pupils  and  Assistants,  as  well  as  Principals,  are  invited  to  become  members. 

328 


HONORARY    MEMBERS. 


Ebekt,  a.  E.,  426,  State  Street,  Cliicago,  Illinois,  United  States. 

Ladenburg,    Albeit,     Hi.D  ,   Hon.    M.D.,    Professor   of    Pharmacy, 
University  of  Preplan,  103,  Kaiser  Wilhelm-Strasse,  Berlin. 

Maiden,   Josepli  Henry,  F.L.S.,   Director  of   Botanic  Gardens  and 

Government  Botanist,  Sydney,  N.S.W. 
Mello,  J.  C.  de,  Campinas,  Brazil. 

Petit,  A.,  Rue  Favart,  8,  Paris. 

Prain,    David,    Major,    I. M.S.,  M.A.,  M.B.,    LL.D.    (honoris  causa), 

Director  of    Botanical   Survey,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,   Shibpur, 

near  Calcutta. 

Remington,    J.    P.,    Professor   of   Pharmacy,  College   of   Pharmacy, 
145,  North  Tenth  Street,  Philadelphia,  United  States. 

Sadnpers,  W.,  London,  Ontario,  Canada. 

ScHACHT,  C,  Ph.D.,  5(5,  Mittelstrasse,  Berlin,  Germany. 

TscHiECH,    Prof.  Dr.  A.,  Direktor  des  Pharmazeut.  Institutes,  Der 
Universitat,  Berne,  Switzerland. 


FOREIGN    AND    COLONrAL    MEMBERS. 

Abbott,  G.  W.  A.,  St.  Vincent  Street,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad. 

Aerstin,  Edw.  Chas.,  Colonial  Dispensary,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad, 
W.  I. 

Aickiu,  G.,  The  Pharmaicy,  Queen  Street,  Aucldaud,  N.Z.  (Year- 
Book  to  Evans  Sons,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd.,  Bartholomew  Close, 
E.C.). 

Backhouse,  H.  N.,  5,  Rue  de  la  Paix,  Paris. 

Baker,  C.  P.,  Smith,  Stauistreet  &  Co.,  Calcutta. 

Barcham,  J.  N. ,  Allan  Street,  Kyabram,  Victoria. 

Barrett,  Arthur  A.,  Pozzo  Leone  31,  Messina. 

Bay,  A.  H.,  Medical  Hall,  Rangoon,  Buruiah. 

Bemrose,  J.,  F.C.S.,  F.I.C.,  56,  St.  Famille    Street,   Montreal  (Year- 

Book  to  Horner  &  Sous,  Mitre  Square,  E.C.). 
Boesinger,  John,  Nilgiri  Pharmaceutical  Co.,  Ootacamund,  India. 
Branch,  G.  T.,  c/o  Mr.  Cleghorn,  Hout  Street,  Cape  Town. 
Brinsmead,  J.  T.,  High  Street,  Traralgon,  Victoria. 
Brownscombe,  W.  J.,  Bridge  Road,  Richmond,  Melbourne. 
Butcher,  C,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Champion,  G.  A.,  Durban,  Natal  (Year-Book  to  Maw,  Sou  &  Sons, 

11,  Aldersgate  Street,  E.C.). 
Chapman,  W.  H.,  Corner  of  St.  Catherine  and  Guy  Streets,  Montreal, 

care  of  Lyman  &  Co.  (Year-Book  to  Horner  &  Sons,  Mitre  Square, 

E.C.V 


3.90  .  BRITISH    PHAliMACKUTICAL    CONFERENCE. 

Coakei',  Noiwooil,  Ladylji-and,  Orange  River  Colony. 

Cocking,  J.  J.,  Prahran,  Victoiia. 

Cook,  (i.  E.,  Downing  Stre«;t,  King  William's  Town,  South  Africa 

(Year-Book  to  Evans  Sous,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd.,  60,  Bartholomew 

Close,  E.G.). 
Criper,  W.  R.,  F.I.C.,  Konnagur,  near  Calcutta. 

Day,  H.  Bartlett,  Northam,  Western  Australia   (Year- Book  to  Evans 

Sons.  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd.,  60,  Bartholomew  Close,  E.C.). 
Dey,  Notendra  Lall,  4,  Boadou  Street,  Calcutta,  India. 

Edson,  J.,  Medical  Hall,  Queen  Street,  Auckland,  New  Zealand 
(Year-Book  to  Evans  Sons,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd.,  60,  Bartholomew 
Close,  E.G.). 

Elgie,  Simon  Kelsey,  17,  Gardiner  Street,  Durban,  Natal. 

Evans,  Alfred  B. ,  32,  St.  Gabriel  Street,  Montreal. 

Flint,  Charles  Bruce,  Mount  Gambier,  South  Australia. 
Forrest,  J.  K.,  .Jeffcott  Street,  West  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
Fothergill,  J.,  10,  Rue  Keppler,  Champs  Elysees,  Paris. 
Fritz.sche,  Karl,  care  of  Messrs.  Schimmel  &  Co.,  Miltitz,near  Leipzic, 
Saxony. 

Garibaldi,  J.  A.,  21,  Church  Place,  Gibraltar. 

Garner,  W.  W  ,  Perth,  S.A.  (care  of  F.  H.  Fauldiug  &  Co.,  54,  Great 

Tower  St.,  E.C.) 
Gasson,  W.,  Kimberley,  South   Africa  (Year-Book    to   Maw,  Son  & 

Sons,  11,  Aldersgate  Street.  E.C). 
Gibb,  Andrew,  care   of  Bathgate  &  Co.,  19,  Old  Court  House  Street, 

Calcutta. 
Glover,  Henry,  Mount  Gambier,  S.  Australia. 
Gordon,  J.  C,  662,  Main  Street,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  Canada. 
Grice,  Walter  T.,  F.C.S.,  Messrs.  Smith,  Stanistreet  &  Co.,  Calcutta. 
Grimwade,  E.  Norton,  342,  Little  Flinders  Street,  Melbourne  (care  of 

Grimwade,  Ridley  &  Co.,  Muscovy  House,  Trinity  Square,  London, 

E.C). 

Harrison,   J.  B.,    M.A. ,   F.I.C,    Government   Analyst,    Georgetown, 

British  Guiana. 
Holmes,  F.,  Charles  and  Brisbane  Streets,  Launceston,  Tasmania. 
Hooper,  D.,  F.I.C,  F.C.S.,  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta. 
Hooper,  E.  G.,  Church  Street,  Hawthorn,  Victoria. 
Hotop,  Lewis,  Queenstown,  Otago,  N.Z. 
Huggard,  W.  R.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.R.CP.,  British  Vice-Consul,  Davos 

Platz,  Switzerland. 
Hughes,  A.  E.,  Elizabeth  Street,  N.  Melbourne. 
Huntsman,  T.,  250,  Nicholson  Street,  Fitzroy,  Victoria. 

Ingram,  Fred,  73,  Srait  Street,  Johannesburg  (Ye.ar-Book  to  Maw, 
Son  &  Sons,  11,  Alder.sgate  Street,  E.C). 

Jones,  J.  W.,  care  of  Smith,  Stanistreet  &  Co.,  9,  Dalhousie  Square, 
Calcutta. 

Leslie,  R.  A.  P.,  care  of  Smith,  Stanistreet  &  Co.,  9,  Dalhousie  Square, 

Calcutta. 
Ley,  D.,  East  Maitlaud,  New  South  Wales    (Year-Book  to  Evans 

Sons,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd.,  60,  Bartholomew  Close,  E.C). 
London,  H.,  Warrnambool,  Victoria. 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFlJllENCE.  331 

Macfarlaue,  Tiios.,  Inland  Revenue  Dept.,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Mac(iregor,  James,  17,  Old  Court  House  Street,  Calcutta. 

McGutfie,  W.   A.,  116,  Queen  Street,  Brisbane  (Year-Book  to   Maw, 

Sou  &  Sons,  11,  Aldersgate  Street,  E.C.). 
McJannet  &  Co.,  East  London,  Cape  Colony. 
Mager,  W.  K.,  Queenstown,  Cape  Colony. 
Mather,     Enoch,    LL.D  ,     F.R.M.S.,    80,    Park    Place    E.,  Detroit, 

Michigan,  U.S.A. 
Meiriug,  J.,  Worcester,  Cape  Colony,  S.  Africa   (Year-Book  to  Evans 

Sous,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Ltd.,  60,  Bartholomew  Close,  E.C.). 
Mewkill,  Heury  .Jas.,  St.  Arnaud,  Victoria. 
Miller,  C.   B.,  Graaf   Reinet,  Cape  Colony    (Year-Book    to    Lennon, 

Ltd.,  53,  Queen  Elizabeth  Street,  S.E.). 
Moore,  William,  F.I.C.,  Dibrugarh,  Upper  Assam,  India. 
MuiTay,  Leonard  E.,  Colonial  Dispensary,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad, 

W.I. 
Murdock,  J.  W.,  271,  Dalhousie  Street,  Rangoon. 

Napper,  E.  H.,  care  of  Smith,  Stanistreet,  &  Co.,  9,  Dalhousie  Square, 
Calcutta. 

Ogburn,  .J.,  Charlton,  Victoria. 

Owen,  .J.  H.,  Wellington  (Year-Book  to  Sharland  &  Co.,  43,  London 
Wall,  E.C.). 

Paddock,  M.  V.,  St.  .John,  New  Brunswick. 

Parr,  W.  J.,  1,  Hunter's  Road,  Vepery,  Madras. 

Pincus,  Max,  Castleuiaine,  Victoria. 

Plowman,    Sidney,    F.R.C.S.,    E.I.C.,    etc.,    The    Tofts,    Frankston, 

Victoria. 
Pond,  J.  A.,  Auckland,  N.Z. 
Poynter,  Robt.  S.,  Coleraiue,  Victoria. 

Quipp,  .Joseph  E.  H.,  95,  Windsor  Street,  Montreal  (Year-Book  to 
Horner  &  Sons,  Mitre  Square,  E.C.,  care  of  Lyman,  Sons  &  Co.). 

Rainer,  C.  0.,  Water  Street,  George  Town,  Demerara  (Year-Book 
to  S.  Maw,  Son  &  Sons,  11,  Aldersgate  Street,  E.C.). 

Reaveley,  R.,  Konnagur,  Calcutta. 

Rich,  Stiles  W.  G.,care  of  Thomason,  Chater,  Ltd.,  Brisbane,  Queens- 
land. 

Richmond,  D.  S.,  care  of  Smith,  Stanistreet,  &  Co.,  9,  Dalhousie 
Square,  Calcutta. 

Row,  W.  Edward,  George  Street  North,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales 
(Year-Book  and  Letters  care  of  Saddington  &  Co.,  30,  Lime  Street, 
E.C.). 

Ruttonjee,  H.,  27,  Mody  Khana  Street,  Fort,  Bombay. 

Samuel,  J.  B.,  Mussoorie,  India  (Year-Book  and  Letters  care  of  A. 

Lawrie  &  Co.,  14,  St.  Mary  Axe,  E.G.). 
Say,  S.  V.  B.,  Beualla,  Victoria. 
Scammell,L.  R.,  Adelaide  (care  of  F.  H.  Faulding  &  Co.,  54,  Great 

Tower  Street,  E.C). 
Schaer,    Prof.  Ed.,    M.D.,    Pharmaceutisches    Institut,  Universitiit, 

Strassburg. 
Shillinglaw,  H.,  Swauston  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
Smale,  F.  T.,  Allahabad,  India. 
Smith,  H.  x\.  J.,  Smith  &  Sous,  Ootacaraund,  India. 
Smith,  J.  D.,  Smith  &  Sons,  Ootacamund,  India. 


3B2        BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

Smith,  W.  E.,  J.P.,  High  Court,  Madras,  India. 

Smith,  W.  Fraser,  care  of  W.  E.  Smith  &  Co.,  Mount  Koad,  Madras, 

India. 
Speechly,  E.,  Kurachi,  Scinde,    India  (Year-Book  to   Maw,    Son   & 

Sons,  11,  Ahlersgate  Street,  E.G.). 
Spurge,  E.  C,  019,  Buffah)  Avenue,  Niagara  Falls,  U.S  A. 
Squire,  F.  K.,  San  Kemo,  Italy. 

Stoddart,  A.  L.,  449,  Burwood  Eoad,  Hawthorn,  Victoria. 
Swinton,  Ralph   S.,  c/o  W.  J.   Bush  &  Co.,  Linden,  New   Jersey, 

U.S.A. 
Symes,   C.   F.,  298,  Bourke  Street,   Melbourne  (Year-Book,  etc.,  to 

Symes  &  Co.,  14,  Hardman  Street,  Liverpool). 

Taitt,  A.  J.,  Colonial  Dispensary,  Frederick  Street,  Port  of  Spain, 

Trinidad. 
Tanner,  .1.  B.  H.,  Nathalia,  Victoria. 
Thomas,  H.,  Croydon,  Queensland. 
Thomas,  H.  W.,  care  of  Smith,  Stanistreetife  Co.,  9,  Dalhousie  Square, 

Calcutta. 
Thomas,  Lewis,  Box  68,  Johannesburg  (Year-Book  to  Symes  &  Co., 

14,  Hardman  Street,  Liverpool). 
Timmins,  W.   P.,  51,  Glebe  Road,    Sydney,  N.S.W.    (Year-Book  to 

Grimwade,  Ridley  &  Co.,  Muscovy  House,  Trinity  Square,  E.C.) 
Towl,   Chas.   E.,   care    of    Chas.   Ogg   &   Co.,    76,    Collins    Street, 

Melbourne,  Victoria. 
Tremble,    J.    E.,    Corner    of    Mountain   and    St.    Catherine    Street, 

Montreal  (Year-Book  to  Horner  &  Sons,  Mitre  Square,  E.G.,  care 

of  Lyman,  Sons  &  Co.,  Montreal). 

Varley,  F.,  Wynberg,  Cape  Colony  (Year-Book  to  Maw,  Son  &  Sons, 
11,  Aldersgate  Street,  E.G.). 

Walker,  Geo.,  The  Dispensary,  Penang  (Year-Book  to  Evans  Sons, 
Lescher  A-  Webb,  Ltd.,  60,  Bartholomew  Close,  E.G.). 

Walsh,  A.,  Adderley  Street,  Cape  Town.  (Year-Book  and  Letter's  to 
Lennou,  Ltd.,  53,  Queen  Elizabeth  Street,  S.E.). 

Watkins  George,  206,  Queen  Street,  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

Wetzel,  H.  A.,  Detroit,  Michigan,  United  States  (care  of  Parke,  Davis 
&  Co.,  Ill,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.G.). 

Wheeler,  F.,  Grant  Street,  Alexandra,  Victoria. 

Wilkinson,  R.,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 

Willet,  J.  A.,  Port  Elizabeth,  Gape  Colony. 

Woolcott,  J.  N.,  Warracknabeal,  Victoria. 


HOME    MEMBERS. 


Abraham,  Alfred  C,  F.I.G.,  F.C.S.,  87,  Bold  Street,  Liverpool. 

Abraham,  T.  F.,  87,  Bold  Street,  Liverpool. 

Adams,  F.,  20,  High  Street,  Stoke-on-Trent. 

Aitken,  R.,  73,  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

Alcock,  F.  H.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  9,  Broad  Street  Corner,  Birmingham. 

Alexander,  J.,  101,  South  Road,  Waterloo,  Liverpool. 

Alexander,  W.  G.,  14,  Portland  Place,  Leith,  N.B. 

Allen,  B.,  125,  Hampton  Ro?'\  Redland,  Bristol. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         333 

Allen,  C.  B.,  20,  High  Koad,  Kilburn,  N.W. 

Allen,  Edward  R.,  7,  Cowper  Street,  Finsbury,  E.G. 

Allen,  K.  C,  7,  Cowper  ^treet,  Finsbury,  E.G. 

Allen,  W.  C.,  7,  Gowper  Street,  Finsbury,  E.G. 

Allen,  W.  N.,  48,  Henry  Street,  Dublin. 

Anderson,  John,  14,  Strathmartine  Eoad,  Dundee. 

Andrews,  E.  A.,  F.C.S.,  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Paddiugton,  W. 

Antcliffe,  Herbert,  Union  Offices,  Sheffield. 

Arkinstall,  W.,  Fernleigh,  Market  Drayton. 

Arntield,  J.  G.,  7  &  9,  Lower  Hillgate,  Stockport. 

Arnold,  H.  R.,  16,  Goleman  Street,  E.G. 

Arrowsmith,  A.  R.,  3,  Wontuer  Road.  Balham,  S.W. 

Ashton,  C.  S.,  46,  Dyke  Road,  Brighton. 

AshtOD,  F.  W.,  65,  Lansdowne  Road,  Croydon. 

Aston,  W.,  '27,  Montague  Street,  Worthing. 

Atkins,  S.  R.,  J.P.,  The  Mount,  Elm  Grove,  Salisbury. 

Atkius,  W.  R.,  Market  Place,  Salisbury. 

Atkinson,  J.  G.,  2.5,  Westow  Hill,  Upper  Norwood,  S.E. 

Atkinson,  Leo,  285,  Brockley  Road,  S.E. 

Attfield,  Prof.  J.,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  "  Ashlauds,"  Watford,  Herts. 

Austen,  .John,  20,  Dover  Road,  Sheffield. 

Bailey,  J.  H.,  Old  Town  Street,  Plymouth. 

Bain,  John,  4,  Quadrant,  Lime  Street,  Liverpool. 

Bain,  John,  Penzance  House,  Bridge  of  Allan,  N.B. 

Baker,  Parson  G.,  174,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

Balcomb,  J.,  10,  Suffolk  Parade,  Gheltenham. 

Ball,  A.  W. ,  179,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.G. 

Balmforth,  A.,  Whalley  Range,  Manchester. 

Bannister,  W.,  Victoria  Lodge,  Gork. 

Barfoot,  W.,  Chesterfield. 

Barge,  John,  Belgrave  House,  Mutley,  Plymouth. 

Barlow,  Alfred  H.,  Oak  Avenue,  Romillv,  Stockport. 

Barnes,  J.  B.,  F.C.S.,  225,  Knightsbridge,  S.W. 

Bari'ett,  J.  T.,  30,  Regent  Street  West,  Leamington. 

Barron,  Wm.,  Cheltenham. 

Bascombe,  F.,  F.I.C.,  17,  St.  Saviour's  Road,  Brixton  Hill,  S.W. 

Basker,  J.  A.,  F.C.S.,  17,  Fore  Street,  Bridgwater. 

Batchelor,  A.  E.,  15,  West  Street,  Fareham,  Hants. 

Bates,  J.,  Arran  Lodge,  Holly  Walk,  Leamington. 

Bateson,  Thos.,  J. P.,  Bank  House,  Kendal. 

Batting,  T.  Gilbert,  16,  Calverley  Road,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

Baxter,  John,  Ballymoney. 

Baxter,  W.  J.,  J.P.,  M.G.P.S.I.,  Church  Street,  Goleraine. 

Bayley,  G.  H.,  Upper  Nab  House,  Shij^ley,  near  Leeds. 

Bayne,  Thomas,  21,  Duke  St.,  Edinburgh. 

Beach,  W.  B.,  9,  East  Street,  Bridport. 

Beacock,  H.,  Upperhead  Row,  Leeds. 

Beggs,  G.  D.,  The  Dalkey  Medical  Hall,  Dalkey,  Co.  Dublin. 

Bell,  G.  B.,  6,  Spring  Bank,  Hull. 

Bell,  E.  Wightman,F.C.S.,  County  Agricultural  Laboratory,  Spalding. 

Bell,  Peter,  60,  Elswick  Road,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Bell,  W.  M.,  2,  Malvern  Road,  Kilburn,  N.W. 

Bellamy,  Dr.  J.  H.,  Firvale  Infirmary,  Sheffield. 

Bennett,  F.  B.,  37,  Kmg  St. ,  Whitehaven. 

Benuett,  Fred.  W.  Moncrieff,  238,  High  Street,  Arbroath,  N.B. 

Bennett,  Reginald  R.,  7,  Maze  Road,  Kew,  S.W. 

Bernard,  J.  I.,  26,  Clare  Street,  Dublin. 

Berry,  W.,  F.C.S.,  F.I.Inst.,  General  Hospital,  Bristol. 


334  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE. 

Betty,   R.    B.,     1,   Park   Street,    Gloucester   Gate,     Regent's    Park, 

N.W. 
Beviin,  E.  J  ,  F.I.C.,  4,  New  Court,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 
Billington,  F.,  201,  Edge  Lane,  Liverpool. 
Bilsou,  F.  E.,  1,  Lansdown  Crescent,  Bournemouth. 
Bird,  F.  C.  J.,  15,  Laurence  Pountney  Lane,  E.C. 
Birkbeek,  J.  T.,  5,  Bailgate,  Lincoln. 
Black,  H.  Milner,  81,  St.  James  Street,  Brighton. 
Blain,  W.,  25,  Market  Street,  Bolton. 
Blamev,  C.  A.,  77,  King's  Eoad,  Brighton. 
Blake,' C.  A.,  49,  Dover  Street,  W. 
Blake,  E.  F.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Queen's  College,  Belfast. 
Boa,  Peter,  119,  George  Street,  Edinburgh. 
Boardman,  F.  J.,  19,  Market  Street,  Leigh,  Lanes. 
Bolton,  C.  A.,  40,  Carlton  Street,  Nottingham. 
Bond,  Cyrus  H.  B.,  24,  West  Heath  Road,  Chiswell  Road,  Dudley 

Road,  Birmingham. 
Boorne,  H.  E.,  49,  Woodstock  Road,  Redlaud  Green,  Bristol. 
Booth,  S.  v.,  25,  Grosvenor  Road,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
Bostock,  John,  84,  High  Street,  West  Cowes,  I.  W. 
Bostock,  J.  W.,  Burlington  Street  Mills,  Ashton-under-Lyne. 
Bottle,  A.,  F.C.S.,  4,  Godwyne  Road,  Dover. 
Bourdas,  I.,  48,  Belgrave  Road,  S.W. 

Bourdas,  Isaiah,  junr.,  6,  Pont  Street,  Belgrave  Square,  S.W.  ■ 
Boutall,  G.  S.,  52,  Marchmont  Street,  W.C. 
Bowen,  J.  W.,  13,  Curzon  Street,  W. 
Bowles,  Bertram  H.,  F.C.S.,  Cropstone,  Dunsmore  Road,  Stamford 

Hill,  N. 
Bowman,  W.  Powell,  7,  White  Horse  Street,  Leeds. 
Boyd,  Alex.,  453,  Shields  Road,  Pollokshields,  Glasgow. 
Boyd,  S.  P.,  J. P.,  M.A.  (T.C.D.),  Dromana,  Leeson  Park,  Dublin. 
Braby,  F.,  F.C.S  ,  F.G.S.,  M.R.I.,  Bushey  Lodge,  Upper  Teddington, 

Middlesex. 
Bradley,  C. ,  46,  Market  Place,  Reading. 
Bradley,  S.  W.,  141,  Morningtou  Road,  Leytonstone,  E. 
Braithwaite,  J.  0.,  Hilika,  Warren  Road,  Cbingford,  Essex. 
Branson,  F.  W.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  14,  Commercial  Street,  Leeds. 
Brazier,  W.  N.,  Brook  Street,  Stourbridge. 
Breadner,  C.  G.,  Cheetham,  Manchester. 
Breeze,  G.,  J.P.,  10,  College  View,  Ford  Park,  Plymoutb. 
Bremridge,  R.,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 
Brewis,  E.  T.,  F.I.C.,  21,  Belgrave  Road,  Levton,  Essex. 
Bridge,  G.  E.,  128,  Old  Christchurch  Road,  Bournemouth. 
Bright,  R.,  29,  Broad  Bridge  Street,  Peterborough. 
Brodie,  R.,  253,  Crown  Street,  Glasgow. 
Brooks,  J.,  42,  Shudehill,  Manchester. 
Brown,  D.  Rainy,  9  &  11,  Moor  Lane,  Fore  Street,  E.C. 
Brown,  David,  F.R.S.E.,  93,  Abbey  Hill,  Edinburgh. 
Brown,  George,  20,  Wexford  Street,  Dublin. 
Brown,  J.,  "  Glencoe,"  20,  Tower  Road,  Dartford,  Kent. 
Browne,  H.  C.,  1.  Cornfield  Road,  Eastbourne. 
Brunker,   J.    E.,    M.A.,    F.C.S.,    18,    Grosvenor   Place,    Rathmjnes, 

Dublin. 
Brunt,  G.  H.,  323,  Coventry  Road,  Birmingham. 
Buchanan,  D.,  Kirriemuir,  N.B. 
Buchanan,  J.,  6,  North  Bridge,  Edinburgh. 
Buck,  Anthony  S.,  179,  Bedford  Street,  Liverpool, 
Bush,  Alfred  W.,  Ash  Grove  Work.s,  Hackney,  E. 
Buckett,  A.  H.,  22,  Market  Place,  Penzance. 
Buckle,  J.,  20,  Market  Pla.ce,  Malton,  Yorks, 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  COXFEEEXCE.        335 

Burford,  S.  F.,  F.C.S.,  Halford  Street,  Leicester. 

Burkey,  J.  C,  3,  Fitz-William  Avenue,  Ballynafeigh,  Belfast. 

Burnell,  Jno.  S.,  319,  Glossop  Eoad,  Sheffield. 

Burnett,  Jos.  F.,  F.C.S.,  8,  River  View,  Ashton,  Preston 

Bush,  J.  E.,  Melksham. 

Butler,  E.  H.,  New  Haymarket,  Leicester. 

Butterworth,  A.,  37,  Wakefield  Road,  Bradford,  Yorks 

Buxton,  T.,  82,  Queen's  Road,  Clifton,  Bri.stol. 

Canipkin,  B.  S.,  Mill  Road,  Cambridge. 

Candy,    Hugh,    B.A.,   B.Se.    (Lond.),    F.I.C.,    The  College,  Loudon 

Hospital,  E. 
Care,  H.  Bristowe,  25,  Esplanade  Terrace,  Portobello,  Edinburgh. 
Carnaichael,  M.,  1103,  Pollokshaws  Road,  Crossmyloof,  Glasgow. 
Carr,  Percy,  85-87,  Ecclesall  Road,  Sheffield. 
Cart,  John  Trevor,  25,  Mayflower  Road,  Clapham,  S.W. 
Carteigiie,  M.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  ISO,  New  Bond  Street,  W. 
Carter,  W.,  2,  Union  Terrace,  Cheetham  Hill,  Manchester. 
Catford,  J.  P.,  6,  Saudon  Terrace,  Upper  Duke  Street,  Liverpool. 
Cave,  J.  R.,  52,  Nevill  Street,  Southport. 
Chalmers,  W.,  24,  BramshiU  Road,  Harlesden,  N.W. 
Chamberlain,  A.  G.,  F.C.S.,  3,  Market  Place,  Rugby. 
Chaplin,  J.  L.,  60,  Westgate,  Wakefield,  Yorks. 
Chapman,  Alfd..  C,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  8,  Duke  Street,  Aldgate,  E.C. 
Chapman,  H.,  52,  Newborough,  Scarborough. 
Chase,  T.,  151,  Broad  Street,  Birmingham. 
Chaston,  A.  E.,  45,  High  Street,  Winchester. 
Chafer,  E.  M.,  129,  High  Street,  Watford. 
Cheney,  Henry  R.,  The  Crescent,  Dursley,  Glos. 
Cholerton,  Alf.  F.,  40^,  Belgrave  Gate,  Leicester. 
Church,  E.  H.,  18,  St.  Andrew's  Street,  Cambridge. 
Church,  Prof.   A.  H.,  M.A.,  D.Sc,   F.R.S.,   F.S.A.,    Shelsley,  Kew 

Gardens,  Surrey. 
Clague,  Thos.  Maltby,  11,  Grey  Street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Clare,  Jno.,  1,  Harcourt  Place,  Scarborough. 

Clark,  W.  lughs,  D.Sc,  104, 106  &  108,  South  Canongate,  Edinburgh. 
Clark,  J.,  137a,  Pilgrim  Street,  Newcastleon-Tyne. 
Clark,  J.  A.,  57,  Weston  Park,  Crouch  End,  N. 
Clark,  J.  W.,  "  Houghton  House,"  Victoria  Road,  Leicester. 
Clark,  Richard,  D.L.,  J.P.,  17,  Smith's  Place,  Leith  Walk,  Edinburgh. 
Clarke,  C.  Goddard,  J.P.,  L.C.C.,  60  to  64,  Artillery  Lane,  E. 
Clarke,  F.,  101,  Whitecross  Street,  E.C. 
Clarke,  J.,  38,  George  Street,  Croydon. 
Clarke,  R.  Feaver,  21,  High  Street,  Gravesend. 
Clarke,  W.  J.,  40,  Wilkinson  Street,  Albert  Square,  Clapham  Road, 

S.W. 
Clarke,  W.  J.,  153b,  High  Street,  Stockton-on-Tees. 
Clayton,  F.  C,  18,  St.  James'  Road,  Birmingham. 
Clinton,  Bridget  Rose,  19,  North  Earl  Street,  Dublin. 
Close,  T.,  45,  Corporation  Road,  Middlesboro'. 
Coats,  J.  T.,  "  Gowanburn,"  Trinity  Road,  Edinburgh. 
Cockburn,  B.,  Orrock  Manse,  Hawick,  N.B. 
Cockbura,  C.  T.,  130,  Howard  Street,  Glasgow. 
Cofman,  Joseph,  41,  Hart  Street,  New  Oxford  Street,  W.C. 
Colchester,  W.  M.,  53,  Coronet  Street,  Hoxton,  N. 
Coleman,  A.,  55,  Commercial  Road,  Newi:)ort,  Mon. 
Coley,  S.  J.,  57,  High  Street,  Stroud,  Gloucestershire. 
Collen,  Creswell,  78,  St.  Johns  Road.  Clapham.  S.W. 
Collins,  H.  G.,  care  of  Mr.  Hemingway,  Hampstead,  N.W. 
Collis,  A.  F.,  11,  Abbey  Chmchyard,  Bath.     ' 


336         BRITISH  PHAKMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 


Connor,  J.   E.,    Ph.    Ch.,  M.C.P.S.,    of    Irelan.l,    79,    Hill   Street, 

Newry. 
Conyngbam,  Hy.,  32,  Upper  Baggot  Street,  Dublin. 
Cooley,  W.  B.,  F.C.S.,  5,  DiitUey  Street,  Wolverhampton. 
Cooper,  A.,  F.C.S.,  80,  Gloucester  lload,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
Cooper,  A.  J.  Bullen,  Griiustou  Lawn,  Ealing. 
Cooper,  J.,  4,  Boulevard,  Weston-super-Mare. 
Cooper,  W.  M.,  110,  South  View  Koad,  Sharrow,  Sheffield. 
Cope,  John  A..  3  Market  Place,  Derby. 
Corder,  Octavius,  31,  London  Street,  Norwich. 
Cornwell,  T.  C,  14,  Piccadilly,  Hanley,  Staffs. 
Cortis,  A.  B.,  F.C.S.,  30,  South  Street,  Worthing. 
Costertou,  H.  A.,  140a,  Western  Road,  Brighton. 
CouU,  Dr.  George,  23,  Cambridge  Gardens,  Leith,  Edinburgh. 
Coupland,  H.  S.,  101,  Whitecross  Street,  E.G. 
Cowie,  William   Beaverly,    Principal,  Edinburgh    Central    School   of 

Pharmacy,  26,  Clyde  Street,  Edinburgh. 
Cowley,  R.  C.,  6,  Sandon  Terrace,  Upper  Du"ke  Street,  Liverpool. 
Crawshaw,  E.,  F.R.G.S.,   F.R.M.S.,  80,   Fann    St.,  Aldersgate   St., 

E.G. 
Cripps,  R.  A.,  F.I.C.,  The  Laboratory,  d'Avigdor  Road,  Hove,  Sussex. 
Cross,  W.  Gowen,  J. P.,  70,  Mardol,  Shrewsbury. 
Crossley.  Prof.  A.  W.,  D.Sc.  Ph.D.,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 
Crouch,  W.  S.,  283,  Fulwood  Road,  Sheffield. 
Crowden,  S.  G.,  120,  Marchmont  Road,  Edinburgh. 
Cummings,  Wm.,  49,  Reform  Street,  Dundee. 
Currie,  Archibald,  162,  Ferry  Road,  Leith. 
Currie,  W.  L.,  223,  Byres  Road,  Glasgow. 
Curry,  Frank,  Snow  Hill  Buildings,  E.C. 
Curtis,  M.,  51,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 
Cuthbert,  R.,  12,  Westgate,  Huddersfield. 
Cuxson,  J.  (Cuxson,  Gerrard  &  Co.),  Corporation  Street,  Birmingham. 


Dales,  E.,  c/o  Messrs.  Munro  &  Co.,  273,  Regent  Street,  W. 
Darling,   W.  H.,    F.LC,   F.C.S.,    26,  Dover  Street,  Oxford  Road, 

Manchester,  S.E. 
Darroll,  W. ,  Clun,  Salop. 
Davenport,  H.,  117,  Union  Street,  S.E. 
Davidson,  A.,  172,  High  Street,  Montrose,  N.B. 
Davidson,  P.,  342,  High  Road,  Brondesbury,  N.W. 
Davies,  Griffith,  382,  Fulwood  Road,  Sheffield. 
Davies,  J.,  75,  Oxford  Street,  Swansea. 
Davies,  J.  T.,  13.  Walter  Road,  Swansea. 
Davies,  W.  J.,  101,  Church  Street,  Brighton. 
Davis,  E. ,  29,  Commercial  Street,  Newport,  Mon. 
Davis,  R.  Hayton,  F.C.S.,  23,  Rej^eut  Parade,  Harrogate. 
Deane,  H.,  34,  Drakefield  Road,  Upper  Tooting,  S.W. 
Deverell,  Louis  C,  F.C.S.,  104,  Upper  Thames  Street,  E.C. 
Dickson,  J.  Scott,  1,  St.  Paul's  Terrace,  Kewcastle-on-Tyne. 
Dixon,  Rowland,  Hunter's  Bar,  Sheffield. 

Dixon,  W.  E.,  M.D.,  M.A.,  Pharmacological  Laboratory,  Cambridge. 
Dobbin,  Leonard,    Ph.D.,   Chemistry  Department,  The  University, 

Edinburgh. 
Dobiuson,  T.,  125,  Newgate  Street,  Bishop  Auckland. 
Dodd,  W.  Ralph,  F.C.S.,  "  Frederwen,"  Village  Road,  Enfield,  N. 
Doig.  John  L.,  9,  High  Street,  Dundee. 
Doig,  William,  9,  High  Street,  Dundee. 
Dolbear,  John,  108,  High  Street,  Oxford. 
Pouald,  James  J.,  29,  George  Street,  Perth. 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE,  337 

Dott,  D.  B.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.I.C.,  93,  Abbeyhill,  Edinburgh. 

Douglas,  Robt.  D.,  283,  Fulwood  Road,  Sheffield. 

Drayton,  Ernest,  William  Street,  Heme  Bay. 

Druce,  G.  Claridge,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  118,  High  Street,  Oxford. 

Drysdale,  J.  W.,  16,  Creechurch  Lane,  E.G. 

Diidderidge,  F.  R.,  F.C.S.,  55,  Northumberland  St.,  Newcastle-on- 

Tyne. 
Duncan,  S.,  19,  West  Blackhall  Street,  Greenock,  N.B. 
Duncan,  W.,  F.C.S.,  Royal  Dispensary,  21,   West  Richmond  Street, 

Edinburgh. 
Dunlop,  T.,  Albert  Cross,  Pollokshields,  Glasgow. 
Dunlop,  T.  W.,  20,  Beulah  Hill,  Norwood,  S.K. 
Dunn,  H.,  31,  Otley  Road,  Shipley,  Leeds. 
Durrant,  G.  R.,  1,  Old  Cross,  Hertford. 
Dutton,  H.  0.,  Rock  Ferry,  Birkenhead. 
Dyson,  T.  H.,  6,  Giltspur  Street,  E.G. 

Eardley,  J.  F.,  265,  Glossop  Road,  Sheffield. 
Edwards,  Fred.  W.,  64,  Coppice  Side,  Swadlincote. 
Elborue,  W.,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  School  of  Science  and  Art,  Peter- 
borough. 
EUinor,  G.,  The  Pharmacy,  127,  Spital  Hill,  Sheffield. 
Elliot,  W.  M.  Bingham,  Coldstream,  N.B. 
Ellis,  C.  S.,  114,  Edmund  St.,  Birmingham. 
Elhs,  Fredk.  R.,  F.C.S.,  15,  Shadwell  Road,  Bishopston,  Bristol. 
English,  Thomas  J.,  17,  Rathgar  Road,  Dublin. 
Esam,  Richard,  The  Infirmary,  Leicester. 
Escritt,  H.  T.,  102,  High  Road,  Streatham,  S.W. 
Evans,  C,  49,  Dawson  Street,  Dublin. 
Evans,  E.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 
Evans,  E.  J.,  North  Parade,  Aberystwith. 
Evans,  J.  H.,  Medical  Hall,  Market  Cross,  Lymm. 
Evans,  J.  H.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 
Evans,  J.  J.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 
Evans,  J.  N.  E.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 
Evans,  John,  A.I.C.,  City  Analyst's  Laboratory,  Sheffield. 
Evans,  Kenneth  W.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 
Evans,  W.  P.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 
Everett,  J.  G.,  29,  High  Street,  Windsor, 
Ewell,  R.  M  ,  37,  Town  Wall  Street,  Dover. 
Ewing,  Jas.  Laidlaw,  J.P.,  104,  South  Canongate,  Edinburgh. 
Exley,  J.,  34,  Hunslet  Lane,  Leeds. 

Fairclough,  R.  A.,  c/o  Messrs.  Lennon,  Ltd.,  54  to  58,  Queen  Elizabeth 

Street,  S.E. 
Fairley,  T.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.LC,  F.C.S.,  17,  East  Parade,  Leeds. 
Fairweather,  E.  B.,  F.C.S.,  King's  College  Hospital,  W.C. 
Farr,  E.  H.,  F.C.S.,  The  Laboratory,  Uckfield,  Sussex. 
Farries,  Thos.,  F.LC,  F.C.S.,  16,  Coleman  Street,  E.C. 
Fell,  J.  C,  F.C.S.,  Lansdowne  Cottage,  Ryde,  I.W. 
Ferguson,  John,  7,  Scott  Street,  Perth. 
Ferrall,  A.  T.,  67,  Lower  Mount  Street,  Dublin. 
Ferrier,  D.  H.,  2,  Hilltown,  Dundee. 

Fielding,  P.  J.  D.,  F.C.S.,  F.S.M.C,  66,  Patrick  Street,  Cork. 
Finlay,  J.,  The  Pharmacy,  Kilrush,  Co.  Clare. 
Finuemore,  H.,  Guy's  Hospital,  S.E. 
Fisk,  F.  M.,  Ill,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  E.C. 
Fitt,  F.  E.,  5,  Peckham  Rye,  S.E. 
Fitzgerald,  A.  H.,   Corner  of  Birkbeek  Road,  Muswell  Hill,  N. 


338        BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

Fitz  Hugh,  R.,  J. P.,  The  Park,  Nottingham. 

Fletcher,  F.  W.,  F.C.S.,  Beaucbamp  Lodge,  Enfiehl,  Middlesex. 

Foggau,  George,  Leadgate  House,  Bedliiigtou,  Xortliumbei-laiul. 

Forbes,  James,  6,  Ocklynge  Parade,  Eastliourne. 

Forbes,  John  J.,  9,  Broad  Street,  Denny,  N.B. 

Ford,  J.,  High  Street,  Kirriemuir,  N.B. 

Ford,  Jessie,  Clifton,  Kirriemuir,  N.B. 

Forret,  J.  A.,  2(y,  Brougham  Place,  Edinburgh. 

Forshaw,  Chas.   F.,    LL.D.,  ]).D.S.,    F.K.S.L.,   F.R.H.S.,   F.E.C.I., 

F.C.S.  (Berlin),  48,  Hanover  Square,  Bradford,  Yorks. 
Forster,  G.  F.,  52,  Castle  Street,  Dover. 
Forster,  \Vm. ,  30,  Church  Street,  Seaham  Harbour. 
Foster,  John,  479,  Saucliiehall  Street,  Glasgow. 
Foster,  Murray  Toogood,  Collumpton,  Devon. 
Foster,    Reginald    Le    Neve,   J. P.,    F.C.S.,    BoUiudeue,    W.lmslow, 

Cheshire. 
Fox,  A.  Russell,  F.L.S.,  8,  Castle  Street,  Sheffield. 
Fox,  C.  E.,  109,  Bethnal  Green  Road,  E. 
Francis,  Alan,  38  and  40,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 
Francis,  Geo.  Bult,  F.C.S. ,  38  &  40,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 
Francis,  Wm.  Hy.,  "Cleveland,"    Thornton    Road,    Clapiiam  Park, 

S.W. 
Franklin,  A.  J.,  86,  King's  Road,  Brighton. 
Franklin,  J.  H.,  374,  Bury  New  Road,  Manchester. 
Eraser,  Alexi-.,  100,  High  Street,  Paisley,  N.B. 
Eraser,  J.  Innes,  9,  Dundas  Street,  Edinburgh. 
Freeman,  E.,  fi.  Market  Place,  Ledbui-y,  Herefordshire. 
Freeman,  Thomas,  57,  Manstield  Road,  Nottingham. 
Fudge,  C.  W.,  Shepton  Mallet. 

Gadd,  H.,  J  P.,  97,  Fore  Street,  Exeter. 

Gadd,  H.  Wippell,  F.C.S.,  97,  Fore  Street,  Exeter. 

Gadd,  Sydney  Chas.,  97,  Fore  Street,  Exeter. 

Galloway,  P.  H.,  8,  Baden  Place,  Crosby  Row,  Long  Lane,  Borough, 

S.E. 
Gamble,  F.  W.,  7,  Vere  Street,  W. 
Garsed,  AVm.,  18,  Victoria  Road,  Elland,  Yorks. 
Gerrard,  A.  W.,  F.C.S.,  35,  Queen's  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 
Gibbs,  R.  Darton,  18,  Charlotte  Road,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham. 
Gibbs,  Sydney,  53d,  Temiiuus  Road,  Eastbourne. 
Gibson,  F.  J.,  93.  Darlington  Street,  Wolverhampton. 
Gibson,  R.,  Erskine  Street,  Hulme,  Manchester. 
Gibson,  S.,  Summerhill,  Dunmerry,  Co.  Antrim. 
Gibson,  W.  H.,  F.C.S.,  122,  King's  Road,  Brighton. 
Gibson,  Wm.  Jas.,  Montpelier  House,  Malone  Road,  Bt'lfast. 
Gifford,  R.  Lord,  Blackburn. 

Gihlerdale,  F.,  F.C.S.,  c/o  John  Ismay  &  Sous,  Newcastle-on-Tyue. 
Giles,  W. ,  123,  Crown  Street,  Aberdeen. 
Gill,  Frank  I.,  16,  Poolbeg  Street,  Dublin. 
Gill,  Wm.  S.,  193,  Sumatra  Road,  West  Hampstead,  N.W. 
Gdinour,  J.  P.,  312,  Cathcart  Street,  Glasgow. 
Glass,  Wm.  Stephen,  193,  Morniugside  Road,  Edinburgh. 
Glyn- Jones,  W.  S.,  Endsleigh,  Palmer's  Green,  London,  N. 
Goldby,  F.,  The  Enlield  Pharmacy,  Enfield  Town,  N. 
Goldfinch,  G.,  F.C.S  ,  7,  Church  Walk,  Hendon,  N.W. 
Goldon,  H.  v.,  M.C.P.S.L,  Birr. 
Golds,  Lewis  G.,  59,  Church  Road,  Norwood,  S.E. 
Goldthorpe,  Arthur,  70,  Herbert  Road,  Plumstead,  S.E. 
Goodwin,  F.  A.,  79,  Mutley  Plain,  Plymouth. 
Gostling,  T.  P.,  Linden  House,  Diss. 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  339 

Gough,  J.  H.,  F.C.S.,  65,  Grauge  Avenue,  Chapeltowu  R  )ad,  Leeds. 

Gray,  Johu,  1'28a,  Nethergate,  Dnmlee 

Green,  S.,  60,  Nunhead  Lane,  Nuuliead,  S.E. 

Greenish,  Prof.  H.  G.,  F.I.C.,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 

Greig,  Wm.,  59,  Glassford  Street,  Glasgow. 

Grier,  Jas  ,  Pharmaceutieal  Dept.,  The  University,  ^lanchester. 

Griffiths,  Dr.  .John  S.,  25,  Redland  Park,  Redland,  Bristol. 

Griffiths,  E.  H.,  Market  Street,  Kidsgrove,  Staffs. 

Griffiths,  \V.,  134,  Market  Place,  Cirencester. 

Grimes,  H.  C,  Mary  villa,  Carysfoot,  Avenue,  Blackrock,  Dublin. 

Grimwade,  E.  W.,  Muscovy  House,  Trinity  Square,  E.G. 

Grose,  N.  M.,  8,  Temple  Street,  Swansea. 

Groves,  R.  H.,  Blandford. 

Guiler,  .J.,  89,  Ormeau  Road,  Belfast. 

Gulliver,  W.  F.,  6,  Lower  Belgrave  Street,  Pimlico,  S.W. 

Guy,  Fredk.,  12,  Nortb  Street,  Brighton. 

Gwatkin,  J.  R.,  49,  Grand  Parade,  Brighton. 


Haddock,  .Jas.,  Storth's  Road,  Barkby,  Huddersfield. 

Hall,  Albert  T.,  22,  Palmerston  Road,  Sparkbrook,  Birmingham. 

Hallaway,  J.,  5,  Devonshire  Street,  Carhsle. 

Hallawell,  J.,  Florenceville,  Vincent  Road,  Croydon. 

Hamilton,  Francis,  Crieff,  Perthshire. 

Hallett,  Wm.  J.,  10,  Stall  Street,  Bath. 

Hanbury,  C,  F.I.C. ,  F.C.S.,   etc..  Plough   Court,  Lombard    Street, 

E.C. 
Hanbury,  F.  Capel,  Stainforth  House,  Upper  Clapton,  N.E. 
Hanbury,  F.  J.,  F.L.S.,  Stainforth  House,  Upper  Clapton,  N.E. 
Hanson,  A.,  '6,  High  Street,  Queensbury,  Bradford,  Yorks. 
Hanson,  A.  W.,  High  Street,  Sidcup. 
Hardie,  J.  M.,  68,  High  Street,  Dundee. 
Hardwick,  Stewart,  21,  Commercial  Road,  Bournemouth. 
Hargraves,  H.  L.,  101,  Queen's  Road,  Alexandra  Park,  Oldham. 
Harland,  R.  H.,  F.I.C,  F.C.S.,  37,  Lombard  Street,  E.C. 
Harmer,  G.  A.,  47,  South  Street,  Eastbourne. 
Harrington,  .J.  F.,  45,  Kensington  High  Street,  W. 
Harrison,  E.  F.,  Langholm,  Purley  Oaks  Road,  S.  Croydon. 
Harrison,  J.,  33,  Bridge  Street,  Sunderland. 
Han-ison,  R.  Casswell,  Grayshott,  Hants. 
Harrison,  W.  B.,  6,  Bridge  Street,  Sunderland. 
Hart,  Frank  (.James  Hart  &  Son),  130,  Newport  Street,  Bolton. 
Hartridge,  J.  Hills,  Holmwood,  Hendon,  N.W. 
Harvey,  S.,  F.I.C,  F.C.S.,  South  Eastern  Laboratory,  Canterbury. 
Hatch,  R.  M.,  L.D.S.,  R.C.S.,  D.D.S.,  Claremont  House,  Whiteladies' 

Road,  Clifton,  Bristol. 
Havill,  P.  W.,  27,  Fore  Street,  Tiverton,  Devon. 
Hawkins,  T.,  56,  Ludgate  Hill,  E.C 
Hayes,  W.,  12,  Grafton  Street,  Dublin. 

Hayhoe,  W.,  45,  Cromwell  Road,  Pokesdown,  Bournemouth. 
Hayles,  B.  H.,  Holm  Hurst,  Hadlev  Road,  New  Barnet. 
Heap,  J.  H.,  7,  Avlward  Road,  Forest  Hill,  S.E. 
Hearder,  H.  P.,  26,  Westwell  Street,  Plymouth. 
Hearle,  J.,  33,  Liveii^ool  Road,  Islington,  N. 
Hearn,  John,  38,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 
Henderson,  David  Jas.,  Dundee  Street,  Carnoustie,  N.B. 
Henderson,  H.  J.,  King  Street.  Hitchin. 
Hendry,  R.  L.,  27,  Earl  Grey  Street,  Edinburgh. 
Henley,  Geo.,  Lyme  Regis,  Dorset. 
Henry,  Claude  F.,  1,  Brandon  Terrace,  Edinburgh. 


340  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    COXFEREXCE. 

Henry,  H.  Lee,  19,  High  Street,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

Heslop,  Charles  W.  E.,  3(5,  The  Gardens,  East  Dulwich,  S.E. 

Hewlett,   John  C,  F.C.S.,    3.5-12,  Charlotte   Street,   Great   Eastern 

Street,  E.G. 
Heywood,  .7.  S.C.,F.C.S.,  11),  Inverness  Terrace,  Hyde  Park  Gardens, 

W. 
Hicks,  W.  T.,  28,  Duke  Street,  Cardiff. 
Hill,  C,  A.,  61,  Park  Street,  S.E. 
Hill,  E.  W.,  100,  Earl's  Court  Road,  S.W. 
Hill,  J.  Rutherford,  36,  York  Place,  Edinburgh. 
Hills,  Walter,  F.C.S.,  22.5,  Oxford  Street,  W. 
Hirst,  Benj.,  Millgarth  Mills,  Leeds. 
Hitchman,  H.,  Market  Place,  Kettering. 
Hobbs,  A.  E.,  33,  Mount  Pleasant,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
Hobson,  G.  W.,  St.  Ann's  Pharmacy,  The  Colonnade,  Buxton. 
Hocken,  J.,  31,  Old  Hall  Street,  Liverpool. 
Hodgetou,  David,  St.  .James'  Park,  Brechin. 
Hodgkinson,  C,  101,  W'hitecross  Street,  E.G. 
Hogg,  R.,  1,  Southwick  Street,  Hyde  Park,  W. 
Holding,  John,  169,  Hemingford  Road,  Barnsburj',  N. 
Holliday,  Juo.,  18,  High  Street,  Warwick. 
Holmes,  E.  M.,  F.L.S.,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 
Holmes,  W.  M.,  Sutton,  Surrey. 
Holroyd,  W.  H.,  31,  Duke  Street,  St.  James,  S.W. 
Hopkinson,  W^.  J.,  06,  Southwark  Bridge  Road,  S.E. 
Hopley,  John  H.,  6,  Northgate  Street,  Chester. 
Horsfield,  F.,    Swanland  House,  Swanland  Avenue,  Bridlington. 
Howard,  D.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Devon  House,  Buckhurst  Hill,  Essex. 
Howard,  D.  Lloyd,  F.C.S.,  City  Mills,  Stratford,  E. 
Howard,  George,  Ph.C,  81,  Calverley  Road,  Tunbridge  Wells. 
Howard,    W\   D.,   F.LC,     11,     Cornwall    Terrace,    Regent's   Park, 

N.W^ 
Howden,  F.  Clair,  Campdale  Terrace,  Tufnell  Park,  N. 
Howell,  M.,  Woodlands,  County  Grove,  Camberwell,  S.E. 
Howie,  W.  L.,  F.R.S.E.,  Hanover  Lodge,  W^est  Hill,  HaiTOw-on-the- 

Hill. 
Howlett,  H.  J.,  40,  Park  Mansions,  South  Lambeth  Road,  HAY. 
Hughes,  J.,  14,  Wind  Street,  Swansea. 
Hugill,  J.  H.,  14  &  1.5,  Miles  Lane,  Cannon  Street,  E.G. 
Hugill,  Thos.  P.,  118,  Cannon  Street,  E.G. 
Hull,  John  W.,  47,  Wentworth  Road,  Harborue,  Birmingham. 
Hume,  John  W.  D.,  Grove  Pharmacy,  Lowestoft. 
Humphrey,  John,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 
Humphreys,  G.,  Central  Pharmacy,  High  Street,  Xorthwich. 
Hunt,  F.  "Wm.,  106,  Old  Town  Street,  Plymouth. 
Hunt,  L.,  c/o  Messrs.  Goadsby  &  Co.,  2,  Albert  Bridge,  Manchester. 
Hunter,  G.,  Witherusea,  Yorks. 
Huskisson,  H.  0.,  F.LC,  F.C.S.,  F.L.S.,  Swinton  Street,  Gray's  Inn 

Road,  W.C. 
Hutcheon,  W.,  21,  High  Street,  Bonnyrigg,  Midlothian. 
Hutton,  H.,  42,  Parade,  Leamington. 
Hyslop,  J.  C,  39,  Church  Street,  Marylebonc,  N.W. 


Idris,  H.  W.,  120,  Pratt  St.,  Camden  Town,  N.W^ 

Idris,    T.   H.   Williams,  J.P.,  F.C.S.,  120,  Pratt  St.,  Camden   Town, 

N.W. 
Idris,  V7.  H.  W^,  120,  Pratt  St.,  Camden  Town,  N.W\ 
Idris,  W.  T.  W.,  120,  Pratt  Street,  Camden  Town,  N.W. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.        341 

Iliffe,  (}.,  29,  Market  Place,  Nuneaton. 

Ince,  J.,  F.L.S.,   F.C.S.,  F.G.S.,    "  Gleubolme,"    13,  Alfred   Road, 

Acton,  AY. 
Innes,  David,  47,  Melbourne  Street,  Stalybridge. 

Jack,  James,  F.L.S.,  102,  Higb  Street,  Arbroath. 

Jackson,  A.,  870,  Rochdale  Road,  Manchester. 

Jackson,  G.,  870,  Rochdale  Road,  Manchester. 

Jackson,  H.,  47,  Comely  Bank  Place,  Edinburgh. 

.Jackson,  H.,  King's  College,  W.C. 

Jackson,  J.,  c  'o  Messrs.  Harrison,  Parkinson  &  Co.,  Sun  Bridge  Road, 

Bradford,  Yorks. 
Jackson,  J.  Gilbert,  338,  Abbeydale  Road,  Sheffield. 
Jackson,  Joseph  John,  6,  Broad  Street,  Hereford. 
Jac(|ues,  S.  P.,  2,  Fenchurch  Buildings,  E.G. 
James,  H.  P.,  13,  Briggate,  Leeds. 
Jeans,  T.  R. ,  1,  Broad  Street,  Pendleton,  ^Manchester. 
Jennings,  J.  A.,  London  Hospital,  E. 
John,  William  D.,  104.  Bute  Docks,  Cardiff. 
Johnson,  T.,  8,  Market  Place,  Wigan. 
Johnston,  Wm.  Yincent,  9,  Ranelagh,  Dublin. 
Johnstone,  C.  A.,  c/o  Messrs.  Woolley,    Sons  &  Co.,  Victoria  Bridge, 

Manchester. 
Johnstone,  Walter,  Cromarty,  N.B. 
Jones,  A.  M.,  42,  King  Street,  Brynmawr,  Breconshire. 
Jones,  Edwin,  108,  Queen's  Road,  Bayswater,  W. 
Jones,  E.  W.  T.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Public  Analyst,  10,  Yictoria  Street, 

Wolverhampton. 
Jones,  Humphrey,  Canoldre,  Llangollen. 
Jones,  H.  W.,  F.C.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  Spencer  Park,  Coventry. 
Jones,  R.  H.,  88,  Norwood  Road,  S.E. 
Jones,  W.,  2  &  3,  Higli  Street,  Birmingham. 
Jones,  W.  A.,  .51,  North  John  Street,  Liverpool. 
Jones,  W.  Cadwalader,  4,  Queen's  Road,  Bayswater,  W. 
Jowett,  H.  A.  D.,  D.Sc,  Wansfell,  Church  Avenue,  Sidcup,  Kent. 

Kay,  J.  P.,  205,  Union  Street,  Aberdeen. 

Kay,  T.,  J. P.,  45,  St.  Petersgate,  Stockport. 

Kelly,  Albert  E.,  12,  Cambridge  Gardens,  Edinburgh. 

Kelly,  Patrick,  16,  South  Richmond  Street,  Dublin. 

Kemp,  D.  S.,  52,  Coverdale  Road,  Shepherd's  Bush,  W. 

Kemp,  H.,  Chorlton-cum-Hardy,  Manchester. 

Kemp,  W.  H.,  34,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 

Kennett,  John  Nasli,  Church  Street,  Weybridge. 

Kent,  B.  J.,  Lindesmead,  32,  Sj^ilsby  Road,  Boston. 

Kent,  C,  Phoenix  Mills,  Dartford,  Kent. 

Kerfoot,  T.,  Bardsley  Yale  Mills,  Ashton-u.-Lyne. 

Kermath,  W.  R.,  Greyfriars  Garden,  St.  Andrews,  Fife. 

Kerr,  C,  5G,  Nethergate,  Dundee. 

Kerse,  Wm.,  c/o  John  Ismay  &  Sons,  City  Road,  Newcastle-on-Tyue. 

Kidd,  J.  C,  551.  Cheetham  Hill  Road,  Manchester. 

Kiloh,  James,  lOS,  Patrick  Street,  Cork. 

Kinch,  Prof.  Ed.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Royal  Agricultural  College,  Ciren- 
cester. 

Kirby,  F.  Benson,  128,  Ashley  Road,  Bristol. 

Kirby,  Cyril  H.,  21,  Lime  Street,  E.C. 

Kirkby,  W.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  Winster  House,  Thornfield  Road, 
Heaton  Moor,  Stockport. 


342        BEITISH  PHAEMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

Knight, (i.  J.,  45-2,  Edgware  Roa-l,  W. 

KDiglit,  W.  T.,  45,  Westgate,  Peterborough. 

Knights,  J.  West,  I'M.C,  F.C.S.,   County  Laboratory,  67,   Tenison 

Road,  Cambridge. 
Knott,  P.,  1,  Blackburn  Pioad,  Bolton. 
Kiilin,  B.,  16,  Piood  Lane,  Eastcheap,  E.G. 

Lake,  J.  H.,  41,  High  Street,  Exeter. 

Lambie,  Hugh,  22,  Nithsdale  Road,  Strathbungo,  Glasgow. 

Lancaster,  B.,  68,  Holme  Lane,  Shctfield. 

Lander,  A.,  F. S.M.C.,  Medical  Hall,  Canterbury. 

Lane,  W.,  8,  Albert  Road,  Wlialley  Range,  Manchester. 

Latchmore,  A.,  The  Avenue,  Hitchiu. 

Latreille,  A.,  -18,  Baker  Street,  Fortman  Square,  W. 

Law,  T.  W.  T.,  380,  Hamilton  Place,  Partick,  Glasgow. 

Lawson,  John,  256,  Burley  Road,  Leeds. 

Layman,  Chas.  N.,  48  and  5(t,  Southwark  Street,  London,  S.E. 

Layman,  F.  N.,  48  ct  50,  Southwark  Street,  London,  S.E. 

Lee,  S.  ^Y right,  6,  8  &  10,  Whitechapel,  Liverpool. 

Lee,  W.,  Castle  Northwich,  Cheshire. 

Leith,  Peter,  43,  Victoria  Street,  Rothesay,  N.B. 

Lenton,  W.  H.,  Long  Metford. 

Lescher,  F.  Harwood,  F.C.S.,  6",  Bartholomew  Close,  E.C. 

Lescher,  T.  E.,  60  Bartholomew  Close,  E.G. 

Lester,  T.  R.,  107,  Patrick  Street,  Cork. 

Lewis,  D.  L.,  The  Parade,  Ealing,  W. 

Lewis,  S.  Judd,  122,  Newington  Causeway,  S.E. 

Liverseegp,  J.  F.,  F.I.C.,  Council  House,  Birmingham. 

Lloyd,  J.  W.,  30,  Mount  Pleasant,  Liverpool. 

Lloyd,  T.  Howard,  St.  James  Street,  Humberston  Road,  Leicester. 

Loc'kyer,   W.  J.,  F.C.S.,    7,   St.    Julian's    Road,    West     Norwood, 

S.E. 
Long,  F.  C,  35,  Otley  Road,  Headingley,  nr.  Leeds. 
Longstatf,  W.  L.,  811,  Fulham  Road,  S.W. 
Lorimer,  J.,  Britannia  Row,  Islington,  N. 
Lothian,  John,  Principal,   Glasgow  School  of  Pharmacy,  180,  W^est 

Regent  Street,  Glasgow. 
Loxter,  T.  E.,  60,  Bartholomew  Close,  E.C. 
Lucas,  E.  W.,  F.C.S..  225,  Oxford  Street,  W. 
Lucas,  Harry,  1,  St.  Agnes  Place,  Kennington  Park,  S.E. 
Luuan,  G.,  20,  Queensferry  Street,  Edinburgh. 

Maben,  T.,  F.C.S.,  CS,  Stradella  Road,  Heme  Hill,  S.E. 

Maeawra,   Gerald  Joseph,  M.D.,   CM.,  4,   Spring   Bank,   Bradford, 

^  Yorks. 

Macdonald,  A.,  9,  Moor  Lane,  Fore  Street,  E.C. 

Macdonald,  D.  Daird,  F.C.S.,  c/o  E.  H.  Butler  &  Son,  Humberstone 

Gate,  Leicester. 
MacEwan,  P.,  F.C  S.,  64,  Southwood  Lane,  Highgate,  N. 
Maefarlane,  M.,  19,  East  High  Street,  Forfar, 
Macfarlane,  T.  B.,  17,  Main  Street,  Wishaw,  N.B. 
Macintsre,  John,  34,  High  Street,  North  Berwick. 
Mackay,  G.  D.,  Canning  Street,  Edinburgh. 
Mackenzie,  Donald,  54,  Denton  Road,  Hornsey,  London,  N. 
Mackenzie,  J.,  45,  Forrest  Road,  Edinburgh. 
Macpherson,  Wm.,  7,  Fife  Street,  Dufftown,  Banffshire,  N.B. 
McAdara,  R.,  32,  Virginia  Street,  Glasgow. 
McCorquodale,  J.  C,  The  Pharmacy,  Markinch,  Fife. 


BRITISH    PHAEMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  343 

McDonald,  Kenneth,  Duukeld. 

McGregor,  G.,  Ellon,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

McLaren,  David,  42,  Soutli  Clerk  Street,  Edinburgli. 

McMillan,  J.,  17,  Great  Western  Road,  Glasgow. 

McMurray,  James,  37,  West  Clyde  Street,  Helensburgh. 

McWalter,  J.  C,  M.A.,  M.D.,  D.P.H.,  F.F.P.S.  (Glas.),  19,  North  Earl 
Street,  Dublin. 

M'Naught,  A.,  4,  West  Blackhall  Street,  Greenock. 

Mair,  Wm.,  F.C.S.,  7,  Comistou  Road,  Edinburgh. 

Maitlaud,  F.,  .81,  Chapel  Street,  Stonehouse,  Devon. 

Mander,  A.,  F.C.S.,  Belle  Vue  Pharmacy,  Malvern. 

Mann,  Ernest  W.,  17,  Bull  Street,  Birmingham. 

Maun,  Sydney  A.,  Pathological  Laboratory,  Claybury  Asylum,  Wood- 
ford Bridge,  Essex. 

Mansbridge,  M.  C,  373,  High  Street,  Cheltenham. 

Marchant,  D.,  Star  Koad,  Old  Eastbourne. 

Marris,  T.,  83,  Bridge  Street,  Worksop,  Notts. 

Marsden,  Prosper  H.,  F.C.S.,  The  University,  Liverpool. 

Martin,  Harrv,  14,  Hardmau  Street,  Liverpool. 

Martin,  N.  H.,  J. P.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  Ravenswood,  Low 
Fell,  Gateshead-ou-Tyne. 

Martindale,  W.  H.,  Ph.D.,  10,  New  Cavendish  Street,  W. 

Mason,  T.,  c/o  Messrs.  Newball  &  Mason,  Nottingham, 

Mather,  J.  H.,  Godalming. 

Matthews,  Harold  E.,  30,  The  Mall,  Clifton,  Bristol. 

Matthews,  H.  R.,  61,  Charlotte  St.,  Tottenham  Court  Road,  W. 

Matthews,  T.,  Man  of  Ross  House,  Ross,  Herefordshire. 

Matthews,  Wm.,  67,  Holborn  Viaduct,  E.C. 

Maurice,  J.,  34,  Bedford  Street,  Plvmouth. 

Mawer,  W.  F.,  F.C.S.,  3.32,  Kennington  Road,  S.E. 

Maj'ger,  W.  D.,  6,  Regent  Square,  Northam^jton. 

Meldrum,  Martin,  1.50,  High  Street,  Irvine. 

Mellor,  J.  G.,  Market  Place,  Warwick. 

Mellor,  R.  J.,  Hemel  Hempstead. 

Mercer,  F.  N.,  101,  Mostyn  Street,  Llandudno. 

Merson,  Geo.  F.,  F.C.S.,  7,  King  Street,  Kilmarnock. 

Metcalfe,  C.  L.,  13,  Whitefriargate,  Hull. 

Middleton,  A.,  2-5,  Lister  Gate,  Nottingham. 

Middleton,  D.,  85,  Bruntsfield  Place,  Edinburgh. 

Miles,  C.  J.,  165,  Edgware  Road,  W. 

Millard,  E.  J.,  F.C.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  35-42,  Charlotte  Street,  E.C. 

Miller,  John,  4,  Victoria  Road,  Brighton. 

Mills,  R.  M.,  Bourne,  Lincolnshire. 

Milton,  T.  C,  265,  High  Street,  Exeter. 

Moffitt.  T.  N. ,  209,  Crumb]!  Road,  Belfast. 

Moir,  David,  4,  Shawlands  Cross,  Shawlands,  Glasgow. 

Montgomerv,  Johnston.  147,  Royal  Avenue,  Belfast. 

Moor,  C.  G.',  M.A.,  F.I.C.,  Savoy  House,  Strand,  W.C. 

Moore,  J.  E.  Langford,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 

Morgan,  H.  B.,  31,  Devonshire  Road,  Claughton,  Birkenhead. 

Morley,  C,  3,  Bucklersburv,  E.C. 

Morrison,  Charles  Orr,  137,  West  Street,  Sheffield. 

Morson,  Albert,  14,  Ehn  Street,  Gray's  Lin  Road,  W.C. 

Morson,  T.  Pierre,  14,  Elm  Street,  Gray's  Inn  Road,  W.C. 

Moylan- Jones,  W.  J.,  "  Llanberis,"  SunningfieldsRoad,  Hendou,  N.W. 

Murray,  Richard,  c/o  Messrs.  Brotherton  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Holmes  Street, 
Dewsbury  Road,  Leeds. 

Muscott,  R.  W. ,  "  Amington,"  Acock's  Green,  Birmingham. 

Muston,  G.  G,,  57,  Western  Road,  Brighton. 


344                      BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  | 

I 

Muter,  A.  H.  M.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  325,  Keunington  Road,  S.E.  j 

Naylor,  W.  A.  H.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  38  &  40,  Southwaik  Street,  S.E,  \ 

Naysmith,  A.,  154,  Higli  Street,  Arbroath.  ! 

Neale,  J.,  55,  High  Street,  Kiug'.s  Lynn.  ' 

Neil,  John,  557,  Sauchiehall  Street,  Glasgow. 

Nesbit,  J.,  162,  High  Street,  Tortobello,  N.B.  i 

Nesbit,  James,  32,  Wellington  Street,  Portobello,  N.B.  \ 

Newcome,  J.,  71,  High  Street,  Grantham. 

Newsholme,  G.  T.  W.,  F.C.S.,  27,  High  St.,  Sheffield. 

Newton,  Alfd.,  Whalley  Road,  Accrington,  Lancashire. 

Nichol,  A.,  90,  Botchergate,  Carlisle. 

Nicholl,  L  W.,  M.P.S.I.,  25,  High  Street,  Belfast.  j 

NichoUs,  Wm.  W.  S.,  B.Sc,  F.C.S.,  230,  Brockley  Road,  S.E. 

Nidd,  J.  H.,  714,  Rochdale  Road,  Manchester. 

Noble,  J.,  55,  King  Street,  South  Shields.  j 

Norman,  Valentine,  High  Street,  Godalming.  \ 

Nuthall,  E.,  Bank  Plain,  Norwich.  I 

O'Connor,  Hy.,  54,  Lower  Sackville  Street,  Dublin.  ' 

Odling,  Prof.'W.,  M.B.,  F.R.S.,  etc.,  15,  Norham  Gardens,  Cxford.  i 

Oldfield,  Ashley  C,  17,  Todd  Street,  Manchester.  I 

Otley,  T.,  82,  Hagley  Road,  Birmingham.  ^ 

Ough,  Lewis,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  "  Fernleigh,"  St.  James'  Rd.,  Leicester.  i 

Oxen,  D.  H.,  40,  Bridge  Street,  Newcastle-under-Lyne.  j 

Pack,  F.  J.,  2,  Whinbush  Road,  Hitchin.  ' 

Pain,  Percy,  13,  Sidney  Street,  Cambridge. 

Pain,    R.,   The  Apolhnaris   Co.,  Ltd.,  4,   Stratford    Place,    Oxford  ' 

Street,  W.  ! 

Paine,  Standen,  The  Firs,  Devisdale,  Bowdon,  Cheshire.  1 

Palmer,  F.  J.,  12,  Montpellier  Avenue,  Cheltenham.  j 

Park,  C.  J.,  23,  Mutley  Plain,  Plymouth.  j 
Park,  F.,  52,  CoUingwood  Street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Parker,  R.  H.,  F.C.S.,  35,  CUfton  Road,  Maida  Vale,  W. 

Parkes,  G.   J.    R.,    Ferndale,  109,  Musters  Road,    West    Bridgford,  j 

Nottingham.  j 

Parkinson,  F.  W.,  Atherstone,  Warwickshire.  i 

Parkinson,  R.,  Ph.D.,  F.I.C.,Tewbarrow  House,  Grange-over-Sands.  ' 

Parry,  E.  J.,  B.Sc,  F.LC,  F.C.S.,  208,  Borough  High  Street,  S.E.  j 

Parsons,  Wm.,  54,  Coper's  Copse  Road,  Beckenham.  j 

Partington,  J.  J.,  2,  Beaufort  West,  Grosvenor,  Bath.  • 

Pater,  J.  B.,  Broomfield,  Sheffield.  ; 
Paterson,  James,  Provost  Jamieson's  Quay,  Aberdeen. 

Patey,  W.  J.,  76,  New  Bond  Street,  W.  i 

Patterson,  Alderman,  D.  J.,  West  Hill  House,  Mansfield,  Notts.  J 

Payne,  J.  C.  C,  J.P.,  Albion  Place,  134,  Dublin  Road,  Belfast.  ] 

Peck,  E.  Saviile,  M.A.,  30,  Trumpiugton  Street,  Cambridge.  ; 
Peck,  J.  Wicliffe,    Hospital  for  Sick  Children,    Gt.   Ormond   Street, 

W.C.  I 
Peck,  T.  Whitmore,  270,  Moseley  Road,  Birmingham. 
Pedley,  G.,  17,  Railway  Approach,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 
Peebles,  Thos.  S.,  103,'  High  Street,  Lochee,  Dundee. 
Perkins,   J.,  29,  Victoria  Street,  Wolverhampton       (Exors.   of   the 

late).  , 

Perredes,  P.  E.  F.,  B.Sc,  Wellcome  Research  Laboratories,  6,   King  i 

Street,  Snow  Hill,  E.G.  | 

Perry.   Sir  Cooper,  M.D.,  Superintendent's  House,  Guy's  Hospital,  i 

S.E.  i 
Perry,  G.  E.,  F.C.S.,  171,  Hagley  Road,  Birmingham. 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  345 

Pettinger,  E.,  30,  Rosslyn  Hill,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

Phillips,  A.  J.,  156,  Croinwell  Road,  South  Kensingtou,  S.W. 

Phillips,  H.  S.,  48,  Wallgate,  Wigan. 

Phillips,  J.,  48,  Wallgate,  Wigan. 

Phillips,  Sidney,  8,  Lichfield  Street,  Wolverhampton. 

Philp,  W.  .J.  Ignatius,  34,  High  Street,  Netting  Hill. 

Pidd,  A.  J.,  Brookfield,  Upper  Chorltou  Eoad,  Manchester. 

Pitman,  J.,  42,  Eedcliff  Hill,  Bristol. 

Pitt,  Arthur  E.,  F.C.S.,  66,  Abbott  Road,  Bromley,  London,  E. 

Pitt,  Chas.  Day,  101,  Church  Street,  Brighton. 

Plumley,  J.G.,  Bristol  Bridge,  Bristol. 

Pollard,  Evelyn  Wm.,  B.Sc,  Lond.,  168,  High  Street,  Ryde,  I.W. 

Pollard,  Henry  H.,  168,  High  Street,  Ryde,  I.W. 

Poole,  James,  47,  High  Sti'eet,  Newcastle,  Staffs. 

Poole,  Jeffrey,  13,  Great  Hampton  Street,  Birmingham. 

Potter,  H.,  F.S.S.,  62  &  64,  Artillery  Lane,  E. 

Power,  Dr.  F.  B.,  6,  King  Street,  Snow  Hill,  E.G. 

Prebble,  J.  G.  (Messrs.  Wing,  Aplin  &  Co.),  Chislehurst. 

Presley,  E.,  12,  St.  Augustine's  Parade,  Bristol. 

Preston,  Job,  105,  Barker's  Pool,  Sheffield. 

Preston,  J.  C,  81,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.G. 

Preston,  T.  I.,  Roundhay,  Leeds. 

Price,  W.,  30,  Grove  Road,  Eastbourne. 

Probyu,  Lt.-Col.  Clifford,  55,  Grosvenor  Street,  Grosvenor  Square, W. 

Purse,  Alfred  D. ,  15  and  16,  Salem  Street,  Sixnderland. 

Quant,  Ernest,  2,  Park  Crescent,  Torquay. 
Quarrell,  Wm.  Henry,  3,  East  India  Avenue,  E.G. 

Radcliffe,  L.  G.,  F.CS.,  6,  Alma  Terrace,  Old  Trafford,  Manchester. 

Ranken,  C,  F.C.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  11,  Stockton  Eoad,  Sunderland. 

Rankin,  W.  J.,  27,  Newington  Street,  Belfast. 

Ransom,  F.,  F.C.S.,  The  Chilterns,  Hitchiu. 

Ransom,  W.,  F.L.S.,  F.S.A.,  Fairfield,  Hitchin. 

Bedford,  G.  A.,  30,  Oxford  Street,  Liverpool. 

Eees,  E.  P.,  M.E.P.S.,  177,  High  Street,  Dowlais. 

Eemingtou,  J.  S.,  F.C.S.,  The  Laboratory,  "  Aynsome,"  Grange-over- 
Sands. 

Eeynolds,  Fred,  13,  Briggate,  Leeds. 

Reynolds,  E.  J.,  38  &  40,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 

Eiehards,  P.  A.  E.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Charing  Cross  Hospital,  W.C. 

Richardson,  H.  N.  B.,  B.A.,  F.CS. ,  c/o  Messrs.  John  Richardson  & 

Co.,  10,  Friar  Lane,  Leicester. 
Richardson,  E.  T.,  129,  Ullet  Eoad,  Liverpool. 

Rideal,  S.,  D.Sc,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,   F.G.S.,    28,  Victoria  Street,  West- 
minster, S.W. 
Riding,  John,  69,  Market  Street,  Manchester. 
Eighton,  J.,  293,  Lord  Street,  Southport. 
Ringer,  F.  A.,  23,  St.  Ann's  Square,  Manchester. 
Eoberts,  E.,  13,  Church  Street,  Camberwell,    S.E. 
Roberts,  S.,  9  &  11,  Clerkenwell  Eoad,  E.C. 
Robertson,  Dr.  A.   M.,  27,  Main  Street,  Anderston,  Glasgow. 
Robertson,  D.  S..  170,  Main  Street,  Eutherglen,  N.B. ;  and  70,  Cale- 
donia Eoad,  Glasgow. 
Robertson,  George,  Partick,  Glasgow. 
Eobertson,  John,  19,  West  Port,  Arbroath,  N.B. 
Eobertsou,    Dr.   J.    McGregor,M.A.,   M.B.,    etc.,    26,    Buckingham 

Terrace,  Great  Western  Eoad,  Glasgow. 
Eobiuson,  C.  E.,  4,  Victoria  Terrace,  Hove. 
Eobinson,  J.,  Front  St.,  Stanley,  E.S.O.,  Durham. 


346        BKITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

Robinson,  R.  A.,  J.P.,  19',,  Bronipton  Road,  S.W. 

Robinson,  R.  A.,  jiinr.,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W. 

Kobinsou,  Sir  T.  W.,  J. P.,  112,  Ui^per  George's  Street,  Kingstown, 

Dublin. 
Robinson,  W.,  H'S,  Main  Street,  Cockermoutb. 
Robinson,  W.  P.,  17,  Pavement,  Clapham  Common,  S.W. 
Rodman,  .J.  and  R.,  285,  Dnke  Street,  Glasgow. 
Rodwell,  Henry,  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  S.E. 
Rogers,  Frank  A.,  327,  Oxford  Street,  W. 
Rogerson,  W.  J.,  38  &  40,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 
Rose,  J.  D.,  18,  Ormonde  Street,  Jarrow-on-Tyne. 
Ross,  Andrew  L..  21,  High  Street,  Montrose. 
Rossiter,  F.,  9,  Grand  Parade,  St.  Leonards-on-Sea. 
Rowland,  George  Howard  Charles,  117,  Prince's  Street,  Edinbuigh. 
Russell,  .James  (of  D.  Russell  &  Son),  111,  Nethergate,  Dundee. 


Sage,  C.  E.,  F.C.S.,  2,  Charterhouse  Street,  E.C. 

Sainsbury,  S.,  136,  Regent  Street,  W. 

Saugster,  A.,  141,  Finchley  Road,  South  Hampstead,  N.W. 

Sargeaut,  F.  Pilkiugton,  F.C.S.,  Leeds  College  of  Pharmacy,  Leeds. 

Saul,  J.  E.,  F.I.C.,  63,  Gondar  Gardens,  West  Hampstead,  N.W. 

Saunders,  W.  H.,  34,  Hauover  Street,  Liverpool. 

Savage,  F.  C,  13,  Briggate,  Leeds. 

Savage,  W.  W.,  109,  St.  .James's  Street,  Brighton. 

Savory,  A.  L.,  143,  New  Bond  Street,  W. 

Sayer,  E.  C,  7,  Warrington  Road,  Ipswich. 

Scaife,  S.,  368,  Stretford  Road,  Manchester. 

Schlesinger,  H.  A.,  11,  Warren  Road,  Chingford,  Essex. 

Scott,  W.  Stanley  (Messrs.  Cooper  Bros.),  Cockermouth. 

Serutou,  Saml.  (Messrs.  Raimes  &  Co.),  Micklegate  House,  York. 
Selley,  J.,  142,  Earl's  Court  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 

Senior,  J.,  2,  Compton  Street,  Eastbourne. 

Seyler,  Clarence  A.,  B.Sc,  F.I.C.,  The  Technical  Institute,  Nelson 
Terrace,  Swansea. 

Seymour,  F.  S.,  The  Square,  Wimborne. 

Shacklady,  J.,  A.C.I.S.,  24a,  St.  James'  Road,  Liverpool. 

Sbacklock,  J.  H.,  239,  Streatham  High  Road,  S.W. 

Sharp,  Gordon,  M.D. ,  3,  St.  George's  Terrace,  Camp  Road,  Leeds. 

Sharp,  Wm.,  24,  Esplanade,  Whitley  Bay,  Northumberland. 

Sharrah,  Richard,  38  and  40,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 

Shaw,  A.,  Biddings,  Derbyshire. 

Shaw,  J.  W.,  4,  Edwardes  Terrace,  Kensington  Road,  W. 

Shenstone,  J.  C,  F.L.S.,  13,  High  Street,  Colchester. 

Shepheard,  W.  F.  J.,  F.C.S.,  12,  Bridge  Street  Row,  Chester. 

Shepherd,  J.  W.,  Settle,  Yorks. 

Shorthouse,  Herbert  S.,  F.C.S.,  144,  Edmuud  Street,  Birmingham. 

Shuttlewood,    W.    B.,     F.C.S.,     c/o     A.    S.    Watson   &    Co.,    64, 
Crutched  Friars,  E.C. 

Siebold,  Alfred,  F.I.C.,Eglinton  Dyewood  Mills,  Alloa,  N.B. 

Silson,    R.    W.,       113,    Church    Street,     Mauningham,     Bradford, 
Yorks. 

Silverlock,  H.,  92,  Blackfriars  Road.  S.E. 

Simpson,  H.  D.,  2,  New  Street,  Louth,  Lines. 

Skyrme,  Chas.  Geo.,  4,  Norman  Street,  St.  Leonard's-cn-Sea. 

Slann,  LI.,  York  House,  87,  Dawes  Road,  Fulham,  S.W. 

Smiles,  J.,  Blanchfield  Chemical  Works,  Canonmiils,  Edinburgh. 

Smiley,  .John  A.  R.,  109,  Eccles  Old  Road,  Pendleton,  Manchester. 

Smith,  Arthur  R.,  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

Smith,  F.  A.  Upsher,  Briarfield,  Chatsworth  Road,  Chesterfield. 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  347 

Smith,  Fredk.,  221,  Soho  Road,  Handswortli,  Birmingham. 

Smith,  J.,  22,  Chapel  Road,  West  Norwood,  S.E. 

Smith,  Johu,  3,  Terenure  Road,  Dubliu. 

Smith,  J.  CoUett,  9,  Boscombe  Road,  Oxbridge  Road,  London,  W. 

Smith,  J.  H.,  227,  Commercial  Road  East,  E. 

Smith,  J.  L.,  180,  High  Street,  Pendleton,  Manchester. 

Smith,  T.  Connell,  22,  City  Road,  E.C. 

Smith,  Tenison,  Top  of  Union  Street,  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight. 

Sojithson,  Johu,  1,  Preston  Road,  Brighton. 

Solomon,  Albert  H.,  75,  Holland  Road,  Kensington,  W. 

Southall,  A.,  F.C.S.,  Richmond  Hill,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham. 

Sonthall,  A.  Win.,  Lower  Priory,  Birmingham. 

Spence,  Alexander,  133,  High  Street,  Linlithgow. 

Squire,  G.,  19,  Haymarket,  Sheffield. 

Squire,  P.  W.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  413,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

Stacey,  H.  G.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.,  300,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 

Stainer,  .J.,  .J.P.,  59,  Sandgate  Road,  Folkestone. 

Stamp,  E.  B.,  29,  High  Street,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

Stamp,  F.  U.,  29,  High  Street,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

Starkie,  R.  S.,  126,  Strand,  W.C. 

Stead,  J.  Christopher,  F.C.S.,  -12,  Grove  Green  Road,  Leytonstone, 

N.E. 
Stevens,  P.  A.,  72,  Mansfield  Road,  Gospel  Oak,  N.W. 
Stevenson,  H.  E.,  4,  Jewry  Street,  E.C. 
Stevenson,  Henry  E.,  F.C.S.,  155,  Coventry  Road,  Ilford. 
Stevenson,    Sir   Thos.,  M.D.,  F.I.C.,   F.C.S.,   160,   Streatham  High 

Road,  S.W. 
Stewart,  A.  K.,  1,  Lynedoch  Place,  Edinburgh. 
Stickland,  W.  H.,  23,  Cromwell  Place,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
Stiles,  M.  H.,  F.R.M.S..  2,  French  Gate,  Doneaster. 
Stockman,  Prof.  R.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.E.,  The  University,  Glasgow. 
Stoker,  G.  N.,  F.I.C.,  F.R.M.S.,  Fairfield,  Lissur  Avenue,  Clapham 

Common,  S.W. 
Stones,  W.,  7,  Ardwick  Green  North,  Manchester. 
Storey,  E.  H..  42,  Castle  Street  East,  Oxford  Street,  W. 
Storrar,  D.,  228,  High  Street,  Kirkcaldy,  N.B. 
Strongitharm,  W.  G.,  112,  Upper  George's   Street,  Kingstown,   Co. 

Dubhn. 
Stuart,  C.  E.,  B.Sc,  29,  Mosley  Street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Sturton,  J.  G.,  42,  Bridge  Street,  Peterborough. 
Sturton,  R.,  6,  Park  Terrace,  Cambridge. 
Suddaby,  J.  E.  S.,  344,  Hessle  Road,  Hull. 
Sudlow,  R.  C,  Snow  Hill  Buildings,  E.C. 
Sutcliffe,  W.  J.,  3,  St.  James  Street,  Bacnp. 
Sutherland,  J.  W.,  127,  Buchanan  Street,  Glasgow. 
Sutton,  F.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  County  Laboratories, 

Norwich. 
Swinton,  Thos   Henry,  16,  Irlam  Road,  Bootle,  Liverpool. 
Swire,  J.,  King  Cross,  Halifax. 
Symes,  C,  Ph.D.,  F.C.S.,  14,  Hardman  Street,  Liverpool. 


Tanner,  A.  E.,  F.C.S.,  Westminster  Hospital,  S.W. 

Taylor,  A.  L.,  The  Dispensary,  Royal  Infirmary,  Bristol. 

Tavlor,  C.  Sausom,  224,  Evering  Road,  Upper  Clapton,  N.E. 

Taylor,  F.  W.,  36,  High  Street,  Newport  Pagnell. 

Taylor,   G.   S.,   F.C.S.,     13,    Queen's    Terrace,     St.    John's     Wood, 

N.W. 
Taylor,  John,  J.P  ,  F.L.S..  F.C.S.,  15,  Lucius  Street,  Torquay. 
Taylor,  S.,  70,  Great  George  Street,  Leeds. 


348  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  1 

i 
Taylor,  Samuel,  3,  Market  Place,  Derby.  \ 

Thackray,  C.  F.,  70,  Great  George  Street,  Leeds.,  * 

Thomas,  J.  Arleu,  College  Pharmacy,  Batli  lioail,  Cheltenham. 
Thompson,  C,  159,  Stratford  Koad,  Sparkbrook,  Birmingham.  j 

Thompson,   Edwin   (Messrs.  Thompson  tt  Capper),  4,    Lord   Street,  i 

Liverpool. 
Thompson,  H.  A.,  -lO,  Alder.sgate  Street,  E.G. 

Thomson,  Isaac  W.,  19,  Bellevue  Crescent,  Edinburgh.  j 

Thomson,  John  H.,  102,  High  Street,  Locbee,  Dundee. 

Thomson,   W.,    F.I.C.,    F.E.S.E.,    iloyal    Institution    Laboratory,  ; 

Manchester.  i 

Thomson,  W.,  1.53,  Byres  Road,  Glasgow.  i 

Thorp,  Walter,  B.Sc.  (Loud.),  F.I.C.,  Analytical  Laboratory,  Lim- 

Thresh,  John  C,  M.D.,  D.Sc,  D.P.H.,  Chelmsford,  Essex. 

Tickle,  T.,  B.Sc,  Public  Analyst's  Laboratory,  Sylvan  Koad, 
Exeter. 

Tirrell,  J.,  Market  Square,  Hanley.  I 

Tocher,  J.  F.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  5,  Chapel  Street,  Peterhead,  N.B. 

Tocher,  Eobt.,  F.S.M.C.,  D.B.O.A.,  491,  Victoria  Row,  Glasgow. 

Tollitt,  W.,  Ill,  Montague  Street,  Worthing. 

Tomlinson,  G.  M.,  Royal  Hospital,  ShefiSeld. 

Tompsett,  Leightou  S.,  127,  Anerley  Road,  London,  S.E.  - 

Toone,  Arthur  H.,  17,  Rolle  Street,  Exmouth. 

Toone,  J.  A.,  .50,  Old  Christchurch  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Townsend,  Chas.,  J.P.,  St.  Mary's,  Stoke  Bishop,  Bristol. 

Townsend,  Wm.,  Little  Queen  Street,  Exeter.  ! 

Truman,  Frank  W.,  71,  Old  Kent  Road,  S.E.  j 

Truman,  H.  Vernon,  8,  Parsonage  Street,  Dursley,  Glos.  l 

Tupman,  H.  Wyke,  6,  Montague  Street,  Worthing.  ; 

Turnbull,  H.  J.,  Tavistock  Works,  Sunderland.  -  , 

Turner,  C.  W.,  12,  Foregate,  Worcester.  ' 

Turner,  G.  T.,  "  Lynne,"  Osborne  Road,  Clifton,  Bristol.  ' 

Turner,  J.  Scriven,  20,  Burv  Street,  Great  Russell  Street,  W.C. 

Turner,  J.  W.  J.,  118,  The  Moor,  Sheffield. 

Turney,  J.  Davy,  15,  Leigham  Terrace,  Plymouth. 

Turver,  (}.  H.,  40,  Market  Street,  Blackpool. 

Tweedy,  S.  C.  G.,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  E.C. 

Twinberrow,  John,  Elbury  House,  Elbury,  Worcester. 

Twiss,  W.,  Hunstanton,  Norfolk. 

Tyrer,  Chas.  T.,  Stirling  Chemical  Works,  Abbey  Lane,  Strat- 
ford, E. 

Tyrer,  Thos.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Stirling  Chemical  Works,  Abbey  Lane, 
Stratford,  E. 

Umney,  C,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  48  &  50,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 

Umney,  E.  A.,  48  &  50,  Southwark  Street,  S.E.  1 

Umney,  John  C,  F.C.S.,  48  &  50,  Southwark  Street,  S.E.  ^ 

i 

Vallance,  A.  C,  Rowley  Bank,  Ecclesmere  Park,  Eceles.  | 

Vallet,    C.   E.  Franklin,    1,  Victoria    Villas,    High   Road,   Gunners-  ; 

bury,  W.  j 
Vinden,  Fredk.  W.,  Mount  Radford,  Exeter. 

Voce,  W.  G.,  52,  Halesowen  Road,  Netherton,  near  Dudley.  i 
Vogt,  Geo.,  30,  Highgate,  Kendal. 

Wakeham,  C,  Helston,  Cornwall. 

Walker,  James,  51,  Hudson  Street,  Tyne  Dock,  South  Shields. 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  B49 

Walker,  James  D.,  5,  Alvauley  Terrace,  Bruatsfield  Links,  Edin- 
burgh. 

Walker,  .John,  32,  Virginia  Street,  Glasgow. 

Walker,  J.  F.,  M.A.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  45,  Bootham,  York. 

Walker,  William,  Downtiekl,  by  Dundee. 

Wallis,  T.  E.,  B.Sc.  Lond.,  A.I.C.,  29,  Fiiisbury  Park  Road,  N. 

Walmsley,  S.  E.,  8,  Surbitou  Park  Terrace,  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Walsh,  Dr.  J.  A.,  30,  Westmoreland  Street,  Dublin. 

Walton,  E.,  73,  High  Street,  Maidenhead. 

Want,  W.  Phillip,  44,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without,  E.G. 

Ward,  G.,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  Millgarth  Mills,  Leeds. 

Ward,  J.,  39,  Eastgate  Street,  Gloucester. 

Wardleworth,  Theo.  H.,  .56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 

Waring,  A.  W.,  3,  Bucklersbury,  E.G. 

Warren,  W.,  24,  Russell  Street',  Coveut  Garden,  W.C. 

Warrick,  F.  \V.,  0,  Nile  Street,  City  Road,  E.G. 

Watson,  David,  41,  Sinclair  Drive,  Langside,  Glasgow. 

Watson,  F.  P.,  F.G.S.,  6,  Bailgate,  Lincoln. 

Watson,  J.  E.  H.,  Rose  Corner,  Norwich. 

Watt,  Geo.  A.,  20,  Lynn  Street,  West  Hartlepool. 

Watts,  Wm.,  5,  .James  Street.  Crieff. 

Weaver,  A.  C.,  42,  Dudley  Road,  Wolverhampton. 

Webb,  E.  A.,  60,  Bartholomew  Close,  E.G. 

Webb,  E.  F.,  Sun  Street,  Hitchin. 

Weddell,  George,  20,  West  Grainger  Street,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Weld,  G.  Corning,  Snow  Hill  Buildings,  Holborn  Viaduct,  15. C. 

Wellcome,  H.  S.,  Snow  Hill  Buildings,  Holborn  Viaduct,  E.G. 

Wellings,  Wm.,  56,  Hanover  Street,  Liverpool. 

Wells,  W.  F.,  Ph.C.,  20,  Upper  Baggot  Street,  Dublin. 

Weston,  S.  J.,  151,  Westbourne  Terrace,  W. 

Whighara,  R.  L.,  22,  Brook  Street,  Bond  Street,  W. 

White,  Arthur  F.,  61,  Suubridge  Road,  Bradford,  Yorks. 

White,  Edmund,  B.Sc,  F.T.C.,  16,  Cross  Street,  Hatton  Garden,  E.G. 

White,  Jas.  W.,  F.L.S.,  Warnham,  18,  Woodland  Road,  Clifton, 
Bristol. 

Wliite,  Thomas,  8,  Prince  of  Wales  Terrace,  Bray,  Co.  Wicklow. 

White,  Thos.  A.,  Elm  Grove,  Southsea. 

White,  W.  Carter,  F.C.S..  58,  Bunhill  Row,  E.C. 

Whitfield,  J.,  F.C.S.,  113,  Westborough,  Scarborough. 

Whittle,  Jas.,  F.C.S.,  30,  Bridge  Street,  Morpeth. 

Whyte,  J.  S.,  57,  Guthrie  Port,  Arbroath,  N.B. 

Wiggins,  H.,  236,  Southwark  Park  Road,  S.E. 

Wigginton,  A.,  137,  Sloane  Street,  S.W. 

Wild,  .John,  307,  Oxford  Street,  Manchester. 

Wild,  Sydney,  76,  Mill  Street,  Macclesfield. 

Wilford,  J.,  52,  Milton  Street,  Nottingham. 

Wilkinson,  B.  J.,  7,  Middleton  Road,  Ivingsland,  N.E. 

Willcock,  F.  A.,  71,  Victoria  Street,  Wolverhampton. 

Will,  W.  Watson,  F.G.S.,  1,  St.  Agues  Place,  Kennington  Park, 
S.E. 

Willan,  R.,  5,  Market  Street,  Ulverstou. 

Williams,  Jesse,  Park  Hall  Buildings,  Queen  Street,  Cardiff. 

Williams,  H.  G.,  118,  The  Moor,  Shefiield. 

Williams,  T.  R.,  Norton  House,  St.  John's  Road,  Peuge,  S.E. 

Williams,  W.  G.,  Old  Colvvyu,  Conway  Bay. 

Williamson,  F.  A.,  Moor  Park  Pharmacy,  Garstang  Road,  Preston, 
Lanes. 

Williamson,  J.,  .55,  Western  Road,  Hove,  Sussex. 

Williamson, W.  H., "  Clovelly,"  Hawthorn  Laue.Wilmslow,  Manchester, 

Wills,  G.  S.  v.,  Westminster  College,  Trinity  Square,  Boro',  S.H). 


350  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE. 

Wilson,  H.,  F.I.C.,  146,  HIkIi  Street,  Soutlianipton. 

Wilson,  Harold,  B.Sc,  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  S.W. 

Wilson,  J.,  11,  George  Street,  Bath. 

Wilson,  J.  H.,  J.P.,  C.C,  The  Knowle,  Harrogate. 

Wilson.  Wra.  Potter,  36,  High  Street,  Haildingtou,  N.B. 

Wing,  G.  N.,  29,  Market  Place,  Melton  Mowbray. 

Wokes,  T.  S.,  Grassendale,  near  Liverpool. 

Wolstenholme,  Alfred,  Woodhouse,  Nr.  Sheffield. 

Wood,  A.,  New  Brentford,  Middlesex. 

Wood,  Wm.,  2,  Tower  lload,  Dartford,  Kent. 

Wooddisse,  Frank  B.,  Keuihvorth. 

Woodhead,  S.  A.,  B.Sc,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.,  The  College,  Uckfield,  Sussex. 

Woods,  W.  H.,  50,  Bedford  Street,  Plymouth. 

Woodward,  H.  K.,  7,  Bull  Green,  Halifax. 

Woodward,  M.  Mellor,  53,  London  Koad,  Keigate. 

Woollcombe,  Dr.  Eobert  Lloyd,  M.A.,  LL.D.  (Dublin  Univ.),  LL.D. 

(Royal   Univ.),    F.LList.,    F.S.S.,    M.E.LA.,   F. U.S.A.    (Ireland), 

Medical   Student  (T.C.D.),   Barrister-at-Law,  14,  Waterloo  Eoad, 

Dublin. 
Woolley,  E.  J.,  Victoria  Bridge,  Manchester. 
WooUey,  G.  S.,  Victoria  Bridge,  Manchester. 
Woollev,  Hermann,  Victoria  Bridge,  Manchester. 
Woolley,  S.  W.,  91,  Soutbwood  Lane,  Highgate,  N. 
WooUons,  C.  H.  F.,  28,  Kilburn  Lane,  W. 

Wootton,  A.  C,  Barrymore,  Fallow  Corner,  North  Finchley,  N. 
Wootton,    H.,   B.Sc,   London    College   of   Pharmacy,  323,  Clapham 

Road,  S.W. 
Worfolk,  G.  W.,  16,  Brook  Street,  Ilkley. 

Worrall,  J.  H.,  F.LC,  F.C.S.,  Howsley,  Chapeltown,  nr.  Sheffield. 
Wrenn,  W.  A.,  F.C.S.,  15,  East  Street,  Taunton. 
Wright,  A.,  A.K.C.,  13,  High  Street,  Yeovil,  Somerset. 
Wright,  G.,  102,  High  Street,  Burton-on-Trent. 
Wright,  H.  C,  48  &  50,  Southwark  Street,  S.E. 
Wright,  R.,  F.C.S.,  11,  Eagle  Parade,  Buxton,  Derbyshire. 
Wyatt,  Harold,  223,  Stanley  Road,  Bootle,  Liverpool. 
Wyborn,  .J.  M.,  F.C.S.,  59,  Moorgate  Street,  E.C. 
Wyley,  W.  F.,  Wheatley  Street,  Coventry. 
Wyman,  J.  S.,  58,  Bunhill  Row,  E.C. 
Wynne,  E.  P.,  7,  Pier  Street,  Aberystwith. 

Yates,  C.  G.,  9,  Upper  Hamilton  Road,  Brighton. 

Yates,  D.,  32,  Darwen  Street,  Blackburn. 

Young,  E.  F.,  67,  Wells  Road,  Bristol. 

Young,  J.  Rymer,  F.C.S.,  40,  Sankey  Street,  Warrington. 

Young,  .J.  R.,  38,  Chalmers  Street,  Lauriston,  Edinburgh. 

Young,  J.  R.,  Junr.,  18,  Comeragh  Road,  W.  Kensington,  W. 

Young,  R.  F.,  Lindum  House,  New  Barnet. 


NOTICE. 
Members  are  requested  to  report  any  iiiaccuracies  in  these  lists 
by  letter,  addressed  as  follows  : — 

The  Asst.  Secretary, 

BiiiT.  Pharm.  Conf., 

17,   Bloomshury  Square, 

London,  W.C- 


PROGRAMME  OF  THE   PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCK 

AT    THE 

FORTY-SECOND  ANNUAL    MEETING,    BRIGHTON,  1905. 


OFFICERS. 

i3vrsilirnt.    w.  a.  h.  nayi.or.  f.i.c,  f.c.s.,  loikIoi 

Uirf=^rrsilirnts. 

(MHio  have  filled  the  office  0/ President.) 


JOH>f    ATTFIELD,    Ph.D.,     F.R.S.,    F.T.C., 

F.C.S.,  Watford. 
S.  R.  ATKINS,  J. P.,  Salisbury. 
CHAS.   UMNEY,  F.I.C,  F.C.S.,  London. 
OCTAVIUS  CORDER,  Norwich. 
N.  H.  MARTIN,  F.R.S.E.,  P.L.S.,  Newcastle- 

on-Tyne. 


C.  SYMES,  Ph.D.,  Ph.C,  F.C.S.,  Liverpool. 
J.  C.  C.  PAYNE,  J.P.,  M. P.S.I. .  Belfast. 
E.  M.  HOLMES.  F.L.S.,  Ph.C.  London. 
G.  C.  DRUUE,  M.A..  F.L.S.,  Oxford. 
T.  H.  W.  IDRIS,   L.C.C,   J. P.,  F.C.S.,  Lon- 
don. 


Firf43vrsit)fnts. 


R.  A.  ROBINSON,  L.C.C,  J.P.,  London. 
D.  B.  DOTT,  F.R.S.E.,  F.I.C,  Edinburgh. 
JOHNSTON   MONTGOMERY,  Belfast. 


\V.  H.  GIBSON,  F.CS.,  Briehtnn. 
F.  RANSOM,  F.CS.,   Hitcliiu. 
Prof.  HENRY  G.    GREENISH,  F.L.S., 
F.I.C.,  London. 


J^onorarg  iTrrasurrr.   john  c  u.mney,  f.cs.,  London. 
JJjanorarg  fficnrral  Srrrrtarics. 

E.  SAVILLE  PECK,  M.A.,  Cambridge.    1    EDMUND  AVHITE,  B.Sc,  F.I.C,  London. 


J^onorarg  ILocal  Sfcrrtartcs. 

W.  \V.  SAVAGE,  C.  G    Y.\TES. 


'gisststant  Sfcretarp. 

JOHN  HEARN. 


H.  Antcliffe,  Sheffield. 

F.  C  J.  BiKD,  London. 

H.  W.  G.VDD,  Exeter. 

D.  Llotd  How.iKD,  F.C.S.,  London 


©tl)cr  iBcmbcrs  of  tiir  ?£.rfnititif  Committer. 

'  "  "  W.  H.  Maktindale,  Ph.D.,  London. 

H.  E.  M(TTHEWS,  Bristol. 
J.  F.  T0CH1.R,  F.[.C,  F.CS  ,  Peterhead. 
Habold  Wilson,  B.Sc,  London. 


R.  Wuicnr,  F.C.S.,  Buxton. 

autitors. 

J.  W.  BOWEN,  London,  and  W.  P.  ROBINSON,  London. 

EUitor  of  H)r  ?3rar=Book.    j.  o.  braithwaite. 


13rtgijtoa  iloral  (Committer. 


'Adams,  F. 

•ASTOS.    W. 

•ashtos,  c.  s. 
Barton,  H. 
Bathe,  R.  .S. 
Bayxey,  a.  W. 
Beck,  N.  G. 
Bkckwith,  C. 

BErKWITH.    E. 

•Black.  H.  M. 
•  Blamev  C.  a. 

Browk,  R.  E. 

Cameron,  L. 

Cain,  J.  H. 

Chambers,  H. 

Churchill.   U. 

Cook,  W.  R. 


Cortis,  a.  B. 
costerton,  h.  a. 
Cox,  a.  H. 
•Cripps,  B.  a. 
CrpiT,  A.  H. 
Everett,  H. 
Farr.  E.  H. 
Flatman.  F.  J. 

FOWLE."!,    F.   W. 

•Feankun,  a.  J. 

•(ilBSOK,    W.    H. 

Grkenlng    B.  C. 

Guy,  F. 
*gwatkin,  j.  r. 
*Hall,  a. 
*Hardcastle,  S.  B. 

Hayes.  K.  O. 


Heatu,  R.  p. 
Hellett,  F.  C 

HlSTED,   E. 

Jketes.  T.  a. 
Leigh,  Mrs.   Marshall. 
Levett.  H. 
Lloy'd,  H. 
-Longman,  J.  H. 
Marten,  J.  R. 

M-\TTHEWS,  J.    H. 
3IERRETT,    E.    L. 
MlLLEK,    J. 

Packer.  F.  R.  E. 
•Padwick.  J. 
Padwick,  1.  K. 
Pears.  K. 
Pears,  H.  W.  K. 


Plowright.  a 
•pi.owkight,  j. 

•KOBINSO.s.    C.    E. 

Robinson,  H. 

RoYLE,   H.   W. 

Sadler,  F.  W. 
•Savage,  G.  B. 
•Savage.  W.  W. 

Smith,  T.  H. 

Sjiith,  W.  H. 

Smithson,  J. 

Wallis,  E. 

Ward.  C.  T. 

White,  W.  E. 
•Yate-s,  C.  6. 


'  Local  Execnti 


Co)i 


Met: 


Thb  Sittings  of  the  Confehexck  weke  held  in 

THE  CLARENCE  ROOMS,  HOTEL  METROPOLE,  BRIGHTON. 
On  TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY,  JULY  25  and  2fi,  1905. 


B52  BRITISH    PHARMACPXTTICAL    CONFEKENCE 

TUESDAY,    JULY    25. 

The  CONFERENCE  met  at   10  a.m.,  adjourning  at  1  p.m.  ;    and  at 
2  p.m.,  adjourning  at  4  p.m. 


(ih  i)rr    of   il^i  isiiicss. 

Address  of  welcome  by  the  Mayor  of  Brighton,  Alderman  F.  Blaker. 

President's  Address. 

Reception  of  Delegates. 

Report  of  Executive  Committee. 

Financial  Statement. 

Reading  of  Papers  and  Discussions  thereon. 


PAPERS. 

1.  The  Composition  of  Dentrifices  as  affected  by  recent  investigations  in 

Dental  Science,  by  Stanley  Read,  L.D.S.E. 

2.  The  Bio-Chemical  Standardisation  of  Drugs,  by  W.  E.  Dixon,  M.D. 

(Lond.),  M.A.  (Cantab.). 

3.  Standardisation   in   the   new    United   States   Pharmacopoiia,    by    T. 

Maben,  F.C.S. 

4.  The  Essential  Oils  of  the  new  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,   by  J.  C. 

Umney.  F.C.S.,  and  C.  T.  Bennett,  F.C.S. 

5.  Quinine  Acid  Hydrochloride,  by  W.  Garsed. 

(j.   Compound  Tincture  of  Gentian,  by  F.  H.  Alcock,  F.I.C. 

7.  The  Ash  of  Myrrh,  by  F.  H.  Alcock,  F.I.C. 

8.  The  Flora  of  Sussex,  by  G.  Claridge  Druce,  JNI.A.  (Oxon.). 

!).   Further  Notes  on  Radio- Activity,  by  W.  H.  Martindale,  Ph.D. 


WEDNESDAY,    JULY  26. 

The  CONFERENCE  met  at  9.45  a.m.,  adjourning  at  1  p.m.  ;    and  at 
2  p.m.,  adjourning  at  3.30  p.m. 

(L)rt)cr    of   ilUisiiuss. 

PAPERS. 

10.  The  Examination  of  some  Commercial   Concentrated  Infusions,   by 

R.  A.  Cripps,  F.I.C. 

11.  Decoctum  Aloes  Co.  Concentratum,  by  R.  A.  Cripps,  F.I.C. 

12.  The  Pharmacy  of  Capsicum,  by  A.  W.  Gerrard,' F.C.S. 


BHlTlSll    I'HAHMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  353 

13.  The  Assay  of  Compound  Tincture  of  Camphor,  by  F.  C.  J.  Bird. 

14.  The  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy  of  the  Leaver  of  Viola  Odorata,  by  H 

WipPELi,  Gadd,  F.C.S. 

15.  Laboratory  Notes  : 

(a)  Nux  Vomica  Seeds. 

(b)  The  Assay  of  Cinchona  Bark. 

(c)  The  Manufacture  of  Ferrous  Carbonate,  by  Svdney  C.  Gadd. 

16.  Castor  Oil,  Part  I,  by  H.  Finnemokk,  A.I.C,  and  Harold  Deane, 

B.Sc.  (Lond.),  A.I.C. 

17.  Amateur  Laboratory  Construction,  by  E.  W.  Pollard,  B.Sc.  (Lond.). 

18.  Tragacanth  and  Acacia  :    Comparative  Viscosity  of  the  Simple  and 

Mixed  Mucilages,  by  Edmund  White,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  F.I.C. 

19.  Mercuric  Zinc  Cyanide,  by  D.  B.  Dott,  F.R.S.E.,  F.I.C. 

20.  Arsenious  Iodide,  by  R.  C.  Cowley  and  J.  P.  Catfokd. 

21.  Report  upon  the  results  obtained  from  the  Analysis  of  Pharmaceutical 

Preparations  by  the  Union  Analysts  of  the  Poor  Law  Unions  of 
Ireland  in  the  year  ended  March  31,  1905,  by  J.  E.  Brunker, 
M.A.  (Dubl.). 


GENERAL  BUSINESS. 

Presentation  from  the  "  Bell  and  Hills  Fund." 
Place  of  Meeting  for  1900. 
Election  of  Officers  for  1905-1900. 


THURSDAY,  JULY  27 

..vcuraioii  to  Arundel.      For  particulars  see  pnge  506. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.  H 
MEETING  AT  BRK J  HTON,  1905.  ] 

The  utukuiiicntioiied  visitor.s  signed  tlie  Attendance  Book  : —     j 

Aberdeen — Giles,  W.  ;  Kay,  J.  P.  .  1 

Altrmcham — Unswortli,  A.  ;  Unswortli,  J.  VV. 
Barnet— Young,  R.  F.  ;  Hayles,  B.  H. 

Bath—Rsdlett,  W.  J.  , 

Beckenham — Parsons,  W.  j 

Bedliwjton — Foggan,  Mr.  and  Mrs.   G.  | 

Belfast — Gibson,  W.  J.,  and  Miss  (iibson;  Nieholl,  J.  \V.  | 

Birminjham — Alcock,  F.  H.  ;  Smith,  F.  ;  Thompson,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  C. 

Blandford — Groves,  R.  H.  .  ; 

Boscombe — Rose,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  ' 

Bradford — Hanson,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  i 

Brightofi  and  Hove — Adams,   F.  ;     Allen,   H.   M.  ;     Andrews, 
S.  H.  ;    Andrews,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  H.  ;    Andrews,  E.  ;    Ashton,      j 
C.    S.  ;     Beckwith,    C.  ;     Beckwith,    Ernest  ;     Beckenham,    C.  ;      [ 
Black,   H.    M.  ;    Blaker,   M.  ;     Blamey,  Mr.   and  Mrs.     G.  A.  ;      j 
Bowu,  Dr.  J.  Q.  ;   Gook,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  R.  ;   Gosterton,  F.  G.  ;      j 
Gripiis,    R.    A.  ;    Franklin,    A.   J.  ;    Gibson,    W.    H.  ;     Gibson,      1 
Ida  ;    Gibson,   Edith  G.  ;    Goodall,  F.  G.  ;    Griffiths,  G.  ;    Guy,       ' 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  ;  Gwatkin,  Mrs.  E.  F. ;  Gwatkin,  Grace;  Gwatkiii, 
H.  R. ;  Gwatkin,  J.  R;  Hall,  A.  ;  Hardcastle,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  B. ;       j 
Heath,  J.  L.  ;  Miller  ,  J.  ;  Padwick,  J.  ;  Plowright,  J.  ;  Ransom,       ' 
Miss  ;    Read,  Stanley  ;  Robinson,  G.  E.  ;  Savage,  E.  D.  ;  Savage, 
G.  B.  ;  Savage,  Mr.    and  Mrs.  W.  VV.,  and  Misses  Beatrice   and       i 
Marion   Savage  ;    Smith,  J.  H.  ;    Wliittle,  E.  G.  ;  Yates,  G.   G. ;       I 
Yates,  E. 

Bristol—Boorno,  H.  E.  ;    Kirby,  F.  B.  ;    White,  Mi',  and  Mrs. 
Jas.  W. 

Cambridge — Dixon,  Dr.  VV.  E.  ;  Peck,  E.  Saville. 

Cardiff — Hagon,  Albert,  and  Miss  R.  Hagon.  ; 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  355 

Cheltenham — Barron,  W.  ;  Thomas,  J.  A. 

Chesterfield— Smith,  F.  A.  Upslier. 

Croydon — Asliton,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  W. 

Dover — Ewell,  R.  M. 

Dowlais — Rees,  R.  P. 

Z)w6Zm— M'Walter,  Dr.  J.  C.  ;   Watson,  D.  W.  ;   Wells,  W.  F. 

Dundee — Anderson,  J.  ;  Russell,  J.,  and  Miss  Russell. 

Eastbourne — Gibbs,  S.  ;  Harmer,  G.  A. 

Edinburgh — Cowie,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  B.  ;   Duncan,  W.  ;   Glass, 
Julia  ;  Hill,  J.  Rutherford  ;   Mair,  W. 

Elland — Garsed,  Gertrude. 

Enfield— Goldhy,  F. 

Exeter — Gadd,    H.   Wippell ;     Gadd,    Sydney   C.  ;     Lake,   J. 
Hinton. 

Glasgow — Brodie,  R.  ;    Gilmour,  J.  P.  ;    Sutherland,  J.  W. 

Godalming — Mather,  J.  H.  ;  Norman,  V. 

Gravesend — Clarke,  R.  Feaver,  and  the  Misses  Clarke. 

Haddington — Wilson,  W.  P. 

Hitchin — Ransom,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F. 

/Z/tZey— Worfolk,  G.  W. 

Kilmarnock — Merson,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Geo.  F. 

Kirriemuir — Ford,  Jas.  ;  Ford,  Jessie. 

Leeds — Beacock,  H.  ;  Pilkington-Sargeant,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F. 

Leyion — Brewis,  E.  Theo. 

Littlehampton — Longman,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  H. 

Liverpool — vSymes,  Di'.  and  Mrs. 

Long  Metford—Lenton,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  H. 

Louth — Simpson,  H.  D. 

London — Arrowsmith,    A.  R.  ;    Atkinson,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leo 
Bascombe,  F.  ;   Bennett,  R.  R.  ;   Bird,  F.  C.  J.  ;   Bremridge,  R. 
Chalmers,  W.  ;  Cooper,  A.  ;  Crawshaw,  E.  ;  Cresswell,  F.  ;  Deane 
H.  ;  Finnemore,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  ;  Francis,  Alan  ;  Frost,   S.  T. 
Garsed,  W.  ;  Gerrard,  A.  W.,  and  Miss  Gerrard  ;    Glyn- Jones 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  "W.  S. ;  Goldfinch,  G. ;  Goodall,  J.  C.  ;  Gossop,  Geo 
K.  ;  Harrington,  J.  F. ;  Harrison,  E.  F. ;  Hearn,  J.  ;  Howie,W.  L. 
Howard,  D.  L.  ;  Humphrey,  J.  ;  Idris,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  H.  W. 
Idris,  W.  J.  W.  ;    Layman,  C.  N.,  and  Miss  Layman  ;    Lescher 
F.  H.  ;   Lucas,  E.  W.  ;   Maben,  L.  M.  ;   Maben,  T.  ;   Martindale 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  W.  H.  ;    Naylor,  W.  A.  H.  ;    Robinson,  R.  A. 
Rogers,  F.  A.  ;    Sangster,  A.  ;    Shacklock,  J.  H.  ;    Smith,  Mr 
and  Mrs.  J.  H.  ;  Solomon,  Albert  H.  ;  Tompsett,  L.  S.  ;  Umney 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  C.  ;    Want,  W.  P.  ;    Warren,  W.  ;    Weston 


356  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

S.  J.  ;  .White,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edmuud  ;  Widdowson,  T.  S.  ; 
Woolley,  S.  W.  ;  Wootton,  A.  C. 

Luton — Chantler,  Ethel. 

Manchester — Frankhn,  J.  H.  ;  Jolinstone,  C.  A. ;  Kemp, 
Harry  ;   Pidd,  A.  J.,  and  Miss   Pidd  ;  Wild,  J. 

Oxford — Druce,  J.  Claridge. 

Pee6/e.s— Lindsay,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  R. 

Preston — Plowright,  A. 

Plymouth — Barge,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J. 

Queenstown,  iS.  Africa — Mager,  W.  K. 

Hyde  (/.If .)— Pollard,  E.  W. 

Salisbwy— Atkins,  S.  R. 

San  Remo — Squire,  Frank  R. 

Scaford — Cameron,  L.  ;  Cameron,  L.,  jun. 

Sheffield— AntcMc,  H.;  Carr,  Percy;  Newsholme,Mr.,audMrs., 
and  the  Misses  Newsliolme  ;  Williams,  H.  G.,  and  Miss  Williams. 

Shipley — Bayley,  G.  H. 

Shrewsbury — Cross,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  Gowen ;  Cross,  W. 
Gowen,  jun. 

Tunbridge  Wells— Kohhs,  A.  E.  ;  Howard,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  G.  W. 

Uckfteld—Farr,  E.  H. 

Ventnor — Dunning,  J. 

Watford— Attficld,  Dr.  J. 

IFif/fm— Phillips,  Mrs.  A.  ;  Philhps,  J. 

Worcester — Twinberrow,  J. 

Worthing — x4ston,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W. 


GENERAL  MEETING. 

Tuesday,  July  25,   19U5. 

The  Sessions  of  Conference  began  at  10  a.m.  on  Tuesday, 
July  25,  in  the  Clarence  Rooms,  Hotel  Metrojiole.  The  Pre- 
sident, Mr.  W.  A.  H.  Naylor  was  supported  by  the  Mayor  of 
Brighton,  Alderman  Blaker,  J. P.  ;  Mr.  R.  A.  Robinson,  Piesi- 
dent  of  the  Pluiimaceutical  Society  ;  Dr.  Gervis,  Brighton  ; 
Dr.  J.  Attfield,  Dr.  Charles  Sj'mes,  and  Messrs.  S.  R.  Atkins, 
G.  C.  Druce,  W.  H.  Gibson,  J.  C.  Umney,  E.  Saville  Peck,  and 
E.  WHiite. 

The  President  said  :   Ladies  and  gentlemen,  we  are  favoured 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         857 

this  morning  witii  the  presence  of  the  Mayor  of  the  borough, 
Mr.  Alderman  F.  Blaker,  and  he  will  address  a  few  words  of 
welcome  to  us. 

The  Mayor  :  Mr.  President,  Vice-President,  ladies  and  gentle- 
men, my  duty  is  short  and  a  very  pleasant  one — that  is,  to  offer  to 
you  tlie  most  cordial  welcome  I  possibly  can  in  the  name  of 
l^rigliton  to  wliat  we  call  "  Tlie  Queen  of  Watering  Places."  I 
need  hardly  say  that  I  hope  the  weatlier  will  be  all  that. you 
can  wisli  yourselves,  and  I  hope  tliat  the  deliberations,  which 
are  the  cardinal  consideration  of  your  coming  here,  will  bear 
such  fruit  as  your  annual  meetings  have  always  done.  This 
is  the  forty-second  annual  meeting  that  you  have  lield,  and  I 
have  no  doubt  that  your  position  is  stronger  to-day  tlian  when 
you  started.  In  the  name  of  Brighton  I  do  lieartily  welcome 
you  to  our  town. 

The  President  :  Mr.  Mayor,  in  the  first  place  will  you  allow 
me  to  discharge  a  duty  of  a  retrospective  character  :  to  thank 
you  most  heartily  for  the  magnificent  I'eception  which  you  gave 
us  last  evening,  and  for  the  hospitality  which  you  were  good 
enough  to  extend  to  us.  The  historic  associations  connected 
with  the  building  in  which  it  was  our  privilege  to  gather  enhanced 
considerably  the  pleasure  of  the  occasion  and  gave  to  it  an  added 
cliai'm.  Will  you  allow  mv  to  say  that  we  regard  it  as  a  distinct 
honour  that  you  should  have  come  amongst  us  this  morning, 
because  we  know  that  you  must  be  a  very  busy  man,  and  you 
nuist  have  done  it  at  some  amount  of  personal  sacrifice.  We, 
therefore,  express  to  you  our  very  sincere  thanks  for  the  wel- 
come which  you  have  given  to  us,  and  I  am  sure  you  will  not 
measure  the  extent  of  our  gratitude  bj^  the  fewness  of  the  words 
with  which  we  express  it.  We  appreciate  very  highly  the  kind 
office  you  have  performed  this  morning,  and  we  also  thank  you 
for  your  good  wishes  for  a  most  successful  meeting. 

J)r.  Gervis,  on  behalf  of  the  medical  profession  in  Brighton,  also 
welcomed  the  Conference  to  the  town.  He  referred  to  the  meet- 
ing of  motorists  the  previous  week,  and  said  it  was  of  pharma- 
ceutical interest  to  know  that  it  was  said  the  pace  at  which  a 
large  motor  goes,  especially  when  driven  b^^  a  lady,  was  a  most 
effective  depilatory,  more  efficacious  than  sulphuret  of  soda  or 
electi-olysis.  He  then  referred  to  the  alliance  between  physician 
and  pharmacist  as  pursuing  separate  branches  of  the  healing 
art, and  sjioke  in  highly  appreciative  terms  of  chemists  of  Brighton, 
\nAh  as  pharmacists  and  as  public  men.     He  concluded  by  re- 


358         BRITISH  niARMACErTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

feiring  to  tlie  "  three  airs  of  Brigliton."  and   gave  the  following 
prescription  : — 

Vc     Aeris  Brightonii,  quantum  sufficit. 
Misce  secundeni  artem. 
Fiat  inhalatio.     Ssepissinie  utendum. 

Alderman  R.  A.  Robinson  thanked  the  Mayor  and  Dr.  Gervis 
for  their  veiy  cordial  welcome  to  ]>righton,  and  said  he  was  sure 
the- members  of  the  Conference  heartily  reciprocated  Iheii-  good 
wishes.  There  were  present  to  welcome  the  Conference,  on 
behalf  of  the  medical  jirofession,  not  only  Dr.  Gervis,  but  also 
Dr.  Whittle,  Dr.  Marcus  Allen,  and  Dr.  Bown.  and  it  was  very 
j)leasant  to  be  met  in  this  kind  manner  by  the  medical  profession. 
Dr.  Gervis  had  referred  to  the  Brighton  pharmacists  as  second 
to  none  in  the  kingdom — it  might  be  that  demand  and  supply 
went  together,  and  it  might  be  that  the  physicians  of  Brighton 
were  second  to  none  in  the  kingdom,  and  that  it  had  been  found 
desirable  that  there  should  be  pharmacists  able  to  fulfil  the 
desires  and  wishes  of  their  medical  friends.  As  to  the  three  airs 
in  Brighton,  they  would  bear  in  mind  what  Dr.  Gervis  had  told 
them,  and  would  take  the  ojiportunity  of  sampling  the  air  in  its 
native  purity. 


PRESIDENTIAL  ADDRESS 

THE  STANDARDIZATION  OF  GALENICALS 

BY    W.    A.    H.    NAYLOR,    F.I.C. 

After  a  lapse  of  thirty-three  years  the  Conference,  on  the 
invitation  of  the  Brighton  Local  Association,  is  privileged  to 
revisit  this  popular  and  fashionable  watering-place.  As  the  visit- 
ing members  will  have  the  opportunity,  before  the  present 
sessions  close,  of  suitably  expressing  their  feelings  to  those  who 
have  cheerfully  charged  themselves  with  the  responsibility  of 
providing  for  their  comfort  and  pleasure,  I  will  refrain  from  saying 
more  than  assuring  our  hosts  that  we  are  delighted  to  accept  tlieir 
hospitality.  It  is  not  unnatural  that  the  temptation  to  indulge 
in  a  series  of  reflections  suggested  by  the  long  interval  between 
the  meeting  of  to-day  and  that  of  1872  appeals  powerfully  tf) 
me,  but,  inasmuch  as  to  yield  to  it  would  make  it  (litti(  ult  for 
me  to  avoid  the  discussing  of  burning  questions  of  ])()li(V  that 
lie  outside  the  scope  of  our  association,  I  forbear. 


BRITISH  niARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         359 

Without  exception,  my  predecessors  in  this  chair  have  been 
singularly  happy  in  their  choice  of  a  subject  on  which  to  base 
an  address,  and  I  shall  count  myself  fortunate  if  I  succeed  in 
discharging  my  present  duty  with  the  same  degree  of  appro- 
priateness and  acceptability.  A  request  reached  me  from  a 
lepresentative  source  to  select  for  this  occasion  a  topic  of  general 
interest  to  pharmacists  ;  and  as  it  is  one  whicli  well  accords  with 
my  sense  of  propriety  and  witli  my  feeling  of  personal  fitness,  1 
gladly  welcome  it.  Whether  tlie  motive  whicli  prompted  the 
request  was  in  part  to  safeguard  me  against  essaying  too  ambitious 
a  lliglit  and  from  the  disastrous  result  which  inevitably  follows 
I  do  not  know,  but  if  so,  it  was  the  more  worthy  of  con- 
sideration. 

It  may  be  aflirmed  without  fear  of  contradiction  that  tlie 
recognition  of 

The  Princirle  of  Standardization 

and  its  embodiment  in  daily  practice  marks  the  mcst  im])ortant 
advance  which  pharmacy  has  witnessed  within  recent  years. 
Standardization,  as  ap])lied  to  a  ci'ude  drug  or  a  preparation, 
is  understood  to  imply  that  by  a  method  of  apjiropriate  treat- 
ment, ascertained  by  direct  experiment,  it  has  been  made  (o 
conform  to  a  predetermined  standard.  The  rec}uired  standard 
)nay  have  a  pliysical,  chemical,  or  physiological  basis  and  may 
have  reference  either  to  one  or  more  definite  principles  or  to  a 
mixture  of  indefinable  substances.  The  ol)ject  of  standardizafon 
is  to  secure  uniformity  of  product,  more  especially  in  respect 
of  medicinal  activity. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  hark  back  moi-e  than  a  generation  to  see 
the  ever-lengthening  strides  which  pharmacy  has  taken  in  the 
direction  of  plant  analysis  and  the  isolation  of  definite  principles. 
To  this  fact  the  text-books  on  materia  medica  and  lectures  of 
twenty-five  years  ago  bear  indisputable  testimony.  Then  the 
maximum  of  knowledge  of  the  constituents  of  even  the  best 
known  and  most  potent  drugs  was  sunimed  up  in  the  statement 
that  they  contained  a  crystalline  principle,  generally  an  alkaloid, 
and  Or  few  remotely  proximate  and  chemically  unclassified  sub- 
stances. Before  standardization  could  be  brought  within  the  range 
of  pharmaceutical  possibility  it  was  necessary  to  nuike  a  more 
thorough,  systematic,  and  accurate  investigation  of  ci'ude  dings 
with  a  view  of  obtaining  precise  information  as  to  the  nature 
of  their  constituents.     To  this  task  the  younger  generation  cf 


.'iCO  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

workers  ia  the  field  of  pliarmaeeutieal  research  have  iiiainlj' 
directed  their  efforts.  Latterly  they  have  occupied  themselves 
more  especially  in  seeking  to  devise  trustworthy  processes  for 
the  assay  of  crude  drugs  and  their  preparations,  and  to  the  extent 
to  which  they  have  succeeded  they  have  contributed  in  their 
measure  to  the  benefits  conferred  on  suffering  hutuanity  by  Ihe 
healing  art. 

Its  Application. 
The  18G7  Pharmacopeia  gave  detailed  directions  for  the 
evaluation  of  cinchona  bark  and  of  opium,  an  innovation  that 
constituted  the  first  serious  attempt  "  by  authority  "  in  this 
country  to  assay  crude  drugs.  In  the  following  Pharmacopoeia 
of  1885  tlie  principle  of  standardization  Avas  extended  to  a  small 
number  of  the  ])reparations  of  official  drugs  comprising  tlie  liipiid 
extracts  of  cinchona  and  opium,  the  extracts  of  nux  vomi(;a  and 
opium  and  cherry-laurel  water.  As  a  beginning,  the  selection 
made  was  waiTanted  alike  on  chemical  and  therapeutical  grounds, 
but  fh(^  ehoic(^  of  the  extractive  form  for  nux  vomica  proved  to 
be  singularly  unfortunate,  as,  owing  piincipally  to  the  relative 
variation  in  alkaloid  content  to  extractive,  it  could  not  be 
obtained  so  as  to  fulfil  at  the  same  time  the  two  required  con- 
ditions of  standard  strength  and  pilular  consistence.  Experience 
sliowed  that  whatever'  convenience  aif  aclied  to  it  as  a  means  of 
making  the  corresponding  tincture  it  failed  to  yield  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  uniform  strength  of  1  grain  of  alkaloids  in  1  fl.  oz. 
In  accordance  with  gei\eral  expectation,  the  succeeding  Pharma- 
copceia  of  1898  witnessed  a  further  advance  of  the  j^rinciple  of 
standardization.  The  list  was  exteiided  so  as  to  include  a  licprid 
extract  of  belladonna,  from  Avhich  the  alcoholic  extract,  lini- 
ment, plaster,  and  tincture  are  directed  to  be  made  ;  simple  and 
comj)ound  tincture  of  cinchona,  liqrnd  extract,  and  tincture  of  mix 
vomica — from  the  former  of  which  the  firm  extract  is  to  be  made 
— liquid  extr-act  of  ipecacuanha — from  which  the  wine  and  vinegar 
are  to  be  made — and  extract,  liquid  extract,  and  tincture  of 
opium. 

Of  the  standardized  drugs  and  prepai'ations  common  to  the 
1885  and  1898  Pharmacopoeias,  the  processes  given  for  each  in 
the  resiDective  editions  ar-e  characterized  for  the  most  part 
by  important  alterations.  The  main  difference  in  the  present 
liquid  extract  of  cinchona  is  an  instruction  to  repeat  the  opera- 
tion of  shaking  out  with  benzolated  amylic  alcohol  and  to  le- 
"over  the  alkaloids    by  agitation  with    hydrochloric    acid    and 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  361 

treatineat  of  the  separated  acid  solution  with  ammonia  and 
chloroform.  In  the  case,  however,  of  nux  vomica,  the  stan- 
dardized preparation  of  which  is  a  liquid  extract,  the  strychnine 
alone  is  directed  to  be  estimated,  and  not,  as  previously,  the 
mixed  alkaloids  in  the  solid  extract.  In  regard  to  opium, 
moi])liinated  water  is  now  substituted  for  distilled  water  for 
wasliing  the  separated  alkaloid,  the  dried  alkaloid  is  tihated,  and 
an  allowance  made  for  the  loss  of  alkaloid. 

The  criticisms  that  have  been  made  on  the  processes  foi-  stnn- 
dardization  in  the  present  Pharmacoptieia  may  be  summed  up 
in  the  statement  : — (a)  unnecessarity  complex,  (b)  ii  sufiicienlly 
accurate,  (c)  tedious  of  execution.  And  as  regards  opium, 
"  clumsy  "  from  an  analytical  point  of  view  and  objectionable 
on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  tlie  required  volume 
of  filtrate.  It  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  remark  that  those  who 
have  criticized  adversely  the  processes  for  standardization  given 
in  the  Pharmacopoeia  have,  as  the  result  of  much  thought  and 
investigation,  made  valuable  suggestions  for  their  improvement 
Pharmac}^  is  greatly  indebted  to  those  workers  in  tliis  held  of 
inquiry,  who  have  not  only  pointed  out  defects  in  processes, 
but  who  have  concurrently  contributed  so  large  a  volume  of 
useful  constructive  criticism.  For  -some  considerable  time  I 
have  occupied  myself  with  a  comparative  study  of  the  official 
processes  for  standardization  and  certain  of  those  publislied  and 
recommended  by  researchers  as  improvements  upon  them.  It 
is  with  diffidence  that  I  offer  my  connnents,  but  as  they  are  the 
outcome  of  a  long  series  of  experiments,  I  am  persuaded  that 
you  will  admit  their  claim  to  submission  as  justifiable. 


Belladonna. 

It  is  seldom  tliat  the  process  directed  to  be  used  for  the  hquid 
extract  of  belladonna  can  ])e  carried  out  in  its  entirety.  The 
choloroform  produces  with  most  samples  an  emulsion  which  defies 
all  attempts  to  obtain  a  perfect  separation  of  the  immiscible 
alkaloidal  solvent.  In  the  majority  of  these  cases  a  considerable 
economy  of  time  and  labour  may  be  effected  by  subjecting  the 
extract  to  a  preliminary  treatment  for  the  removal  of  its  fat.  For 
this  purpose  Bird's  modified  B.P.  process  may  be  used  with 
advantage.  ^  The  preliminary  washing  with  chloroform  in  acid 
solution  (and  sulisequent  recovery  of  traces  of  alkaloid  from  the 
chlunjfuiinic  extract)  efl'ects  in  most  cases  a  complete  removal  of 


362         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

those  substances  whicli  favour  the  formation  of  emulsions,  and  as 
a  consequence  throughout  the  whole  assay  the  separations  usually 
take    place    quickly  and   are  sharply  defined.     Moreover,    the  i 
alkaloids  ohtaitied  by  tlie  spontaneous  evaporation  of  tlie  final 
chloroformic     solution    are     fretiucntly    beautifully    crystalline  i 
and  almost  colourless,  and  are  found  to  have  a  high  titration  j 
value.  I 

Bird's  alternative  process,  in  whicli  the  prior  treatment  v.  ith  j 
anid  is  not  required,  but  a  solvent  composed  of  amylic  alcoliol,  ] 
etherand  chloroform  is  recommended  instead  of  cldoioform  alone,  I 
seems  to  demand  for  its  successful  conduct  a  liberal  endowment  of  i 
the  mechanical  ingenuity  and  manipulative  dexterity  of  its  author.  i 
This  inference  is  suggested  by  the  fact  that  of  three  assistants 
who  in  turn  made  trial  of  it,  all  of  them  experienced  in  this  class  i 
of  work,   each  failed   to   obtain  concordant  results.     Alcock's  ' 
process — a  leading  feature  of  which  is  a  provision  for  the  removal 
of  the  fatty  matter  with  ether  and  the  precipitation  of  resinous  j 
substances    with    chloroform — accomplishes,    in   a   cleanly    and  ] 
satisfactory  manner,  the  object  desired,  the  alkaloids,  generally, 
titrating  close  upon  100  per  cent.,  being  colourless  and  crystalline. 
A  much-needed  amendment  of  the  present  process  for  determining  , 
the  proportion  of  alkaloids  would   consist  in    including    in   the  i 
description   a  preliminary  treatment  for  the  withdrawal  of  use-  ; 
less  and  interfering  oleaginous  substances.  I 

Cinchona.  ' 

Liquid  extract  of    cinchona,   when  assayed    by  the  official  j 
process,   not    infrequently  gives   rise   to  refractory  emulsions,  j 
which  refuse  to  break  up  on  long  standing  in  a  warm  place  accom- 1 
panied  by  gentle  rotation  of  tlic  separator  or  after  filtering  through 
a  pledget  of  cotton  wool. 

Here,  again,  Alcock's  modification  of  the  official  process  in  its  ( 
early  stages,   which  consists  chiefly  in  the  substitution  of  an' 
alcoholic  solution  of  potash  for  the  aqueous  one  prescribed  by  the  1 
Pharnuxcopceia,  results  in  a  practical  solution  of  the  difficulty.] 
His  assumption  that  dilution  with  water  in  the  first  instance  I 
aids  the  formation  of  emulsions  appears  to  be  justified  from  the 
rapidity  and  sharpness  that  characterize  the  subsequent  separa- 
tions.    By  this  method  the  extract  can  be  a.ssayed  moie  expedi- 
tiously and  the  lesults  obtained  are  more  accurate.     Contrary 
to  IJewhirst.  Stenhouse's  process  has  usually  yiekh^d  nic  hi<jlior! 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  363 

and  not  lower  results  than  the  authoritative  standard.  Moreover, 
with  certain  types  of  liquid  extract  the  resinous  substances  whicli 
are  occasionally  precipitated  during  the  later  ojoerations  greatly 
delay  the  final  separation. 

Ipecacuanha. 

To  the  process  for  the  assay  of  liquid  extract  of  ipecacuanha 
as  described  by  the  Pharmacopoeia  the  winnowing  fan  of  criticism 
has  been  applied  with  greater  vigour  and  freedom  tlian  to  any 
other  in  connexion  with  the  standardized  preparations.  The  chief 
charges  preferred  against  it  have  been  loss  of  alkaloid,  j)riucipally 
tlirough  retention  by  the  lead  precipitate,  an  inordinate  con- 
sumption of  time  required  for  its  execution,  and  a  degree  of 
inqiurity  in  the  final  product  which  goes  far  to  discount  its 
claim  to  accuracy.  By  having  recourse  to  the  manipulative 
modifications  suggested  by  Bird  this  process  may  be  performed 
in  a  reasonable  time  and  accordant  results  may  be  obtained. 

To  Harold  Wilson  belongs  the  credit  of  being  the  first  to  point 
out  the  defects  of  the  official  process  and  to  devise  and  publisli 
a  better.  His  process  is  more  expeditious  and  more  accurate 
and,  in  general,  more  easy  of  execution,  the  exception  being 
where  the  resinous  constituents  are  thrown  out  of  solution  and 
prolong  to  tedious  length  the  separation  of  the  immiscible 
solvent.  Alcock's  process  provides  for  the  removal  of  in- 
terfering substances  in  the  liquid  extract  before  extracting  the 
alkaloids  with  ether-chloroform  ;  nevertheless,  the  presence  of 
a  flocculeut  precipitate  occasionally  makes  the  separation  of  the 
alkaloidal  solvent  one  of  considerable  difficulty,  unless  the  whole 
liquid  is  forced  through  cotton  wool.  Of  the  published  methods 
of  assay  the  only  ones  Avhich  in  my  hands  have  yielded  uniformly 
accurate  results  with  every  tj^De  of  liquid  extract  are  those  of 
Farr  and  Wright  and  of  Naylor  and  Bryant.  Moreover,  my 
experience  has  shown  that  the  results  yielded  by  Fa,rr  and 
Wright's  and  Naylor  and  Bryant's  processes  respectively  are 
identical  within  the  limits  of  experimental  error.  Fan-  and 
Wright's  statement  that  their  rapid  process  gives  results  that 
are  practically  accurate  is  in  the  main  confirmed  by  my  experi- 
ments. The  fact  that  the  results  are  generally  a  little  too  low- 
is  probably  due  to  the  retention  of  traces  of  alkaloid  by  the 
substances  insoluble  in  the  acid  used  for  titration.  What- 
ever process  may  be  devised  and  adopted  for  inclusion  in  a 
future   issue    of    the  British  Pharmacopeia    there    can   be   no 


364  BRiT[.Sir    rir\RMAOEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

doubt   tliat    titration  of  the  alkaloidal  residue  will  hn  insisted 
upon. 

Nux  Vomica. 

The  process  for  the  assay  of  litjuid  extract  of  nux  vomica  as 
set  out  in  the  Phannacopa'ia  sliares  llie  defect  common  to  the 
standardization  of  the  prepaiations  to  wliicli  n-fcn-ence  has  1)C(mi 
made — that  of  the  diflficulty  of  obtaining  a  speedy  and  sharp 
separation  of  the  solvents  employed.  Bird's  reconunendation 
to  lomove  the  fat  from  the  alcohol-free  solution  by  acidifying 
with  dilute  suli)huric  acid  and  shaking  out  with  chloroform  and 
subsequently  recovering  from  the  latter  any  traces  of  alkaloid 
that  may  have  been  retained  greatly  facilitates  the  progress  of  the 
estimation.  The  same  author  has  also  described  a  process  which 
is  more  lapid  of  execution  than  that  of  the  PharmacopaMa  and 
which  renders  unnecessary  a  preliminary  evaporation  of  the  ex- 
tract, and,  further,  it  includes  a  modification  of  the  method  for 
wasliing  the  alkaloidal  ferrocyanides,  which,  manipulatively 
considered,  is  a  distinct  improvement.  Alcock  has  proposed 
certain  modifications  in  the  earlier  stages  of  the  official  process 
by  the  adoption  of  which  the  time  ordinarily  required  for  making 
a  determination  is  materially  shortened.  This  saving  of  time 
is  an  uiKiualitied  gain,  as  it  has  not  been  secured  at  the  sacrifice  of 
tlie  alkaloid. 

The  difficulties  attending  that  part  of  the  official  process  wliich 
refers  to  the  separation  of  the  brucine  and  f^trychnine,  even  assum- 
ing the  adoption  of  the  minute  precaiitiojis  proposed  by  Farr  and 
Wright,  cannot  confidently  be  affirmed  to  have  been  completely 
surmounted.  It  is  imperative  that  attention  to  details  of  an 
unusually  exacting  character  be  carefully  observed  if  results 
that  claim  to  be  concordant  are  to  be  obtained.  For  example, 
the  solution  during  the  addition  of  the  ferrocj^anide  must  be 
well  agitated,  but  not  stirred,  and  must  be  maintained  for  a  con- 
siderable time  at  an  elevated  and  restricted  temperature,  other- 
wise portions  of  brucine  will  be  precipitated  with  the  stiychnine. 
The  most  serious  drawback  to  the  process  is  the  loss  of  strychnine 
consequent  on  giving  effect  to  the  prescribed  instructions  to  wash 
the  precipitate  until  the  washings  are  free  from  bitterness.  On. 
drying  the  extracted  strychnine  further  loss  will  occur  unless  the 
suggestion  to  moisten  it  with  ethylic  or  amylic  alcohol  or  other 
liquid  answering  the  same  ])urpose  be  acted  on,  or  some  other 
('(pially  clftH'tive  inetliod  lie  employed.    Unless  exactly  similar  con- 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  365 

ditionsartuonstanlly  observed  tlie  loss  of  alkaloid  is  suffieieiitly 
variable  to  vitiate  the  results.  To  an  analyst  working  under  pre- 
cisely similar  conditions  on  the  same  samj^le  of  extract  a  number  of 
assays  may  j'ield  him  the  same  percentage  product,  while  the 
«ame  extract  in  the  hands  of  several  analysts  each  equally  com- 
petent as  the  first,  assayed  by  the  process  with  due  observance 
of  its  details,  will  generally  yield  a  percentage  product  diflering 
within  limits  too  wide  to  be  credited  with  concordancy  of 
result. 

Dowzard  lias  worked  out  a  method  for  the  assay  of  this  liquid 
extract  in  which  the  separation  of  the  isolated  and  mixed  alka- 
loids is  based  on  the  ease  with  which  the  brucine  and  the  difficulty 
with  which  the  strychnine  under  well-defined  conditions  are 
acted  upon  by  nitric  acid.  By  a  simple  adaptation  of  the  pro- 
cess the  total  alkaloids  and  the  individual  alkaloids  can  be  conveni- 
ently and  directly  determined  in  the  same  sample.  If  the  in- 
structions given  are  carefully  followed  accurate  results  are  obtained 
and  the  strychnine  extracted  is  free  from  brucine.  A  consider- 
able experience  has  convinced  me  that  a  satisfactory  and  more 
expeditious  process  for  the  assay  of  nux  vomica  preparations 
and  one  suited  to  the  requirements  of  the  iH'ofessional  phar- 
macist could  be  easily  devised  by  adopting  either  Alcock's  or 
Bird's  method  of  extracting  and  purifying  the  mixed  alkaloids 
and  subsequently  separating  the  strychnine  by  nitric  acid  as 
described  by  Dowzard. 

Opium. 

The  description  given  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  mor- 
phimetric  process  for  opium  is,  in  my  judgment,  a  model  of  clear- 
ness and  of  attention  to  detail.  Occasionally  the  opportunity 
has  been  afforded  me  of  placing  the  process  in  the  hands  of  k 
trained  pharmacist  who  has  not  had  previous  experience  of  it, 
and  in  each  case  he  has  obtained  results  agreeing  with  the  known 
percentage  of  alkaloid  to  the  second  place  of  decimals.  It  may 
be  concluded,  therefore,  that,  assuming  it  to  be  accurate,  it  is 
well  adapted  for  the  professional  pharmacist.  To  the  wholesaler 
who  may  be  required  to  examine  a  number  of  samples  and  to  whom 
time  is  a  monetary  consideration,  and  its  too  liberal  consumption 
may  cause  him  to  lose  his  market,  it  is  too  lengthy.  On  the 
score  of  economy  of  both  time  and  material  the  process  of  Dowzard 
is  to  be  preferred.  The  more  recently  pubhshed  one  of  Dott, 
aitliough  excellent  in    many  respects,  possesses  the  disadvan- 


366  BlvITISll    J'llAU.MACEUTlCAL   CONFERENCE. 

tago  of    requiring   oigliteeii   liours   for    l)ic  precipitation  of  the 
morpliine. 

On  comparing  the  percentage  of  morphine  returned  on  a  given  i 
sample  of  opium  by  manufacturers  of  the  alkaloid  with    that  j 
found  by  me  by  the  Pharmacopeia  process,  the  inference  to  be  i 
deduced  is  that  the  latter  yields  too  low  results  by  nearly  one-  ; 
fifth  per  cent.,  notwithstanding  Dott's  statement  that  the  es-  \ 
timated  morphine  is  one-fiftieth  more  than  it  ought  to  be.     The  ] 
difficulty  of  obtaining  the  officially  prescribed  104  c.c.  of  filtrate 
is    a   distinct    and    recognized    drawback.     The    instruction    to  i 
measure  the  104  c.c.  in  a  wide-mouthed  bottle  of  300  c.c.  capacity  ; 
does  not  conduce  to  accuracy  and  is  probably  rarely  followed.     A  I 
flask  with  a  long,  narrow  neck,  with  a  mark  on  it  indicating  the 
required  volume,  would  enable  the  instruction  to  be  carried  out  j 
witli  t)ie  needed  exactitude.     A  further    drawback,   to    which  I 
attention  does  not  seen  to  have  been  drawn,  is  that  the  mass  of  • 
precipitated  morphine  after  drying  is  not  of  uniform  composition 
throughout,  and  in  consequence  thei'e  is  a  small  but  variable  error 
in  the  percentage  of  morphine  calculated  on  the  result  of  the 
titration  of  an  aliquot  quantity. 

Since  these  statements  were  penned  Lenton  has  placed  on 
record  the  observation  that  "  the  crude  morpliine  precipitate  ' 
after  washing  and  drying  is  not  altogetlier  homogeneous."     Re- 
ferring to  the  titration  of  the  morj^hine  from  the  tincture,  he 
remarks   that,    "  although,  presumably,  the   0-3  gm.   taken  for 
the  titration  of  the  morphine  from  the  bulk,  it  is  by  no  means  ! 
certain  that  such  is  the  case."     It  has  been  suggested  by  various  i 
authorities  that  the  morphine  should   be  titrated  in  the  moist  ' 
state  and  the  lengthy  and  tedious  process  of  drying  dispensed 
with.      From    experiments    which    I  have    made    it    appears  I 
that  if  the  morphine  is  washed  until  free  from  traces  of  ammonia  | 
it  can  be  safely  titi'ated  in  the  manner  suggested  b}'  DoAvzard  1 
without  i^revious  drying. 


Storage  of  Galenicals. 

To  what  extent  are  the  standardized  preparations,  the  jjro- 
cesses  for  which  have  been  passed  under  review,  liable  to  loss  of 
active  principles  by  chemical  change  or  precipitation  when  stored 
under  proper  conditions  ?  The  question  is  pertinent,  and  the 
published  data  ])caring  on  the  inquiry  are  scanty  and  barely 
sufficient  to  sujj^ily  a  completely  satisfactory  answer.     My  ex- 


BRITISH   PHABMAC:fiUTlCAL   CONFEREMCE.  367 

pci'ieii'jo  has  taught  me  tliat  varyhig  conditions  of  storage  will 
produce  varying  changes  in  the  preparations,  a  behaviour  which 
is  characteristic  of  the  large  class  of  galenicals  to  which  they  be- 
long. Under  the  same  conditions  of  storage  they  are  not  equally 
affected.  The  preparations  of  nux  vomica  and  belladonna  aj)- 
pear  to  be  the  most  stable,  the  cinchona  preparations  less  so, 
and  the  liquid  extract  of  ipecacuanha  the  least  of  all.  This 
assumption  is  supported  bj^  the  figures  showing  percentage  losses 
of  alkaloids  during  the  storage  of  the  standardized  preparations 
— belladonna  excepted — given  in  a  paper  contributed  by  Huxtal)le 
and  myself  to  the  Dundee  meeting  of  the  Conference.  Since  then 
observations  have  been,  continuously  made,  and  examinations 
conducted  at  short  intervals  enable  me  to  confirm  the  order  in 
which  I  have  placed  the  several  preparations  in  respect  of  alka- 
loidal  stability.  There  is  small,  if  any,  doubt  that  the  loss  referred 
to  is  in  each  case  most  largely  due  to  precipitation.  Whatever, 
therefore,  is  likely  to  have  the  effect  of  encouraging  deposition 
should  be  carefully  noted  and  avoided.  Suffer  me  to  weight  the 
statement  with  all  the  emphasis  it  Avill  bear  that  we, as  pharmacists, 
cannot  bestow  too  great  thought  and  care  upon  the  storage  of  im- 
portant preparations,  w^hich,  even  when  kept  under  the  most 
favourable  conditions,  are  not  free  from  the  liability  of  a  reduction 
in  strength  and  consequent  medicinal  value. 

From  the  favoural^le  reception  which  has  been  accorded  the 
series  of  standardized  preparations,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  the 
question  of  increasing  the  number  in  the  next  edition  of  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia  will  receive  from  the  Medical  Council 
the  fullest  consideration.  Other  drugs  containing  known  and 
approved  active  principles  will  undoubtedly  form  the  subject  of 
experiment  with  the  twofold  object  of  embodying  their  remedial 
properties  in  preparations  alike  convenient  and  permanent  and 
arriving  at  suitable  processes  for  determining  their  therapeutic 
strengths.  I  make  no  apology  and  affect  no  originality  for  can- 
vassing the  claims  of  the  following  to  this  form  of  recognition. 

Calabae,  Bean. 

So  long  as  a  preparation  of  Calabar  bean  intended  for  internal 
use  finds  a  place  in  the  British  Pharniacopu^ia  it  should,  as  far 
as  present  knowledge  admits,  be  assayed  in  respect  of  its  alka- 
loidal  content.  The  most  recent  investigations  indicate  the 
presence  of  the  three  bases  in  the  bean — eserine,  eseridine,  and 


308  BltlTlSU    1  JIAK.MAC'KUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

eserainiuo.  The  nou-existeiice  of  calabarine  tlieioiii  can  no 
longer  be  a  matter  of  doubt.  Of  these  alkaloids  eserine  is  supi)osed 
to  represent  the  therapeutical  properties  on  which  the  physician  i 
depends  when  he  prescribes  the  official  extract.  It  has  been  j 
l)roved  by  a  series  of  expei'inients  that  eseridine  can  claim  no 
special  advantage  over  eserine,  and  tliat  if  not  identical  in  action 
witli  it,  in  the  main  it  is  not  distinguishable  from  it.  The  relative 
proportions  in  which  the  several  alkaloids  exist  in  the  bean  do  not 
a[)pear  to  be  known  with  any  degree  of  precision.  As  commercial 
extracts  of  the  bean  made  with  rectified  spirit  have  been  shown 
by  MacEwan  to  contain  from  1  to  10  j)cr  cent,  of  total  alkaloid, 
this  fact  may  be  adduced  as  sufficient  evidence  for  the  necessity  of 
standardizing,  if  only  for  total  alkaloid,  the  extract  of  the  Pharma- 
copoeia. 

CONIUM. 

It  is  generally  understood  that  coniine,  ethyl  piperidinc,  methyl 
coniine,  conhydrine,  and  pseudo-conhydrine  arc  present  in  conium, 
and  that  to  one  or  more  of  these  alkaloids  tlie  drug  owes  its 
medicinal  properties.  From  the  experiments  of  Findlay  we  may  . 
conclude  that  the  fluid  extract  of  conium  and  tlie  mixed  alkaloids 
act  in  a  physiologically  analagous  manner  to  pure  coniine.  The 
same  authority  found  that  coniine  is  but  sliglitly  more  active  ; 
than  the  mixed  hemlock  alkaloids,  whilst  conhydiine  and 
pseudo-conhydrine  are  much  weaker.  Coniine  niay,  tlierefore, 
be  regarded  as  the  active  principle  of  conium,  the  other  alkaloids 
not  existing  in  large  enough  proportions  to  greatly  modify  its 
action.  ' 

That  conium  preparations  are  subject  to  variations  in  strength 
has  been  shown  by  several  pharmacists,  and  processes  have  been 
devised  for  the  estimation  of  the  mixed  alkaloids  therein.  A 
standard  for  total  alkaloids  would  satisfy  all  j)ractical  purposes, 
and  i^iobably  further  investigations  will  show  that  the  process 
desciibcd  in  the  "  B.  P.  C.  Foinuiiarv,"  1901,  under  "  Extiactum 
Conii  Liquidum  "  needs  little  amendment  to  make  it  applicable 
to  the  official  tincture. 

Henbane. 

Henbane  leaves  contain  at  least  two  bases — viz.  hyoscyamine 
and  hyoscine.  Scopola  root  contains  two  bases — (a)  scopola- 
mine, oj)tically  active,  which  is  identical  with  hyoscine,  and  {b) 


BRITISH    PHARBIACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  3G9 

scopolamine, which  is  optically  inactive  and  which  is  identical  with 
Hesse's  atroscine. 

According  to  Hesse,  hyoscine  (optically  active  scopolamine) 
in  alcoholic  solution  containing  a  trace  of  alkali  is  quickly  changed 
into  atroscine  (optically  inactive  scopolamine.)  In  devising  a 
process  for  the  estimation  of  the  total  basic  content  as  it  exists 
in  the  leaves  of  henbane  it  is  advisable  that  regard  should  be 
had  to  the  comparative  ease  with  which  hyoscine  undergoes 
isomerisation.  Whether  a  change  in  the  molecular  constitution 
of  the  alkaloid  does  or  does  not  affect  its  therapeutic  value,  it  is 
desirable  from  the  cliemist's  point  of  view  that  any  such  altera- 
tion should  be  guarded  against  and,  as  far  as  possible,  provision 
made  accordingly  in  any  process  recommended  for  the  assay  of 
the  drug  or  its  preparations. 

Jaborandi. 

Having  regard  to  our  present  state  of  knowledge  of  the  chemis- 
try and  jihysiology  of  the  active  constituents  of  this  drug,  the 
question  arises  whether  it  is  sufficient  to  justify  a  recommendation 
for  the  standardizing  of  its  official  preparations.  From  the 
latest  investigations  we  are  Avarranted  in  inferring  that  true  jabo- 
randi {Pilocarpus  jaborandi)  contains  at  least  two  alkaloids — 
l)ilocarpine  and  isopilocarpine^and  probably  a  third  base — 
pilocarpidine.  Merck  has  obtained  pilocarpidine  from  Pilocarpus 
pcnnatifolius,  while  Jowett  lias  failed  to  isolate  it  from  Pilocarpus 
micro  pit  ijll  as.  It  may  be  affirmed,  therefore,  that  the  cliief 
alkaloidal  constituents  existing  naturally  in  the  jaborandi  oi 
commerce  are  pilocarpine  and  isopilocarpine,  which  are  isomeric 
bodies.^  Jowett  states  "  that  as  regaixls  the  assay  of  jaborandi 
preparations  it  is  possible  to  determine  the  amount  of  alkaloid 
contained  therein  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy.  The  informa- 
tion, however,  is  of  little  value,  for  it  gives  no  indication  of  the 
amount  of  pilocarpine  contained  in  the  total  alkaloid,  and  it  must 
be  assumed  that  on  the  pilocarpine  alone  depends  the  tlierapeutic 
value  of  the  preparation." 

From  a  summary  of  the  physiological  experiments  published 
by  Professor  Marshall  it  is  clear  that  while  pilocarpine  and  iso- 
pilocarpine produce  similar  effects  on  the  secretory  activity  of  the 
sweat  and  salivary  glands  the  former  is  by  far  the  more  powerful. 

1  According  to  a  later  research  by  Jowett,  these  two  alkaloids  are  pro- 
bably stereoisoraerides. 

B  B 


370  BRin-U    I'HAUM.VCEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

l..,,,il..  •  upiiic  a/.t.s  like  a  woak  i.ilocaipiue.  Pilocarpidiue  acts 
like  is.i.ilocarpine,  but  in  much  weaker.  The  inference  to  be 
drawn  from  Jowett's  chemical  investigation  and  Marshalls 
phy.siological  experiments  is  that  the  preparations  of  jaborandi 
s!iould  b^  assayed  for  pilocarpine  and  not  for  total  alkaloid,  and, 
further,  that  inasmuch  as  pilocarpine  possesses  acid  properties  the 
fixed  alkalies  should  not  be  used  in  association  with  "  shake-out 
solvents  "  Jowett  has  given  a  metliod  by  which  pilocarpine  can 
be  separated  from  a  mixture  of  isopilocarpine,  and  pilocarpidme, 
but  no  process  known  to  me  has  been  published  which  is  capable 
of  determining  within  5  per  cent,  the  amount  of  pilocarpine 
present  in  a  preparation  of  jaborandi. 

Stramonium. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  tincture  of  stramonium  leaf 
and  the  extract  of  stramonium  seed  should  be  standardized. 
As  the  mixed  alkaloids  in  stramonium  are  understood  to  be  the 
same  as  those  contained  in  beliadcmna,  there  seems  to  be  no 
good  reason  why  a  process  should  not  be  given  in  the  Pharma- 
copccia  for  the  assay  of  these  preparations.  In  this  connexion 
I  may  be  permitted  to  state  tliat  in  my  judgment  the  time  has 
arrived  when  the  mixed  alkaloids  of  stramonium  might  with 
advantage  l)e  subjected  to  a  re-examination  as  complete  as  has 
taken  place  in  the  case  of  henbane.^ 

Strophanthus. 

That  strophanthus  is  a  drug  of  considerable  value  in  heart 
affections  is  generally  acknowledged,  and  that  tlic  tincture,  the 
form  in  which  its  remedial  properties  are  exhibited  shows  an 
enormous  variation  in  strength  is  common  knowledge  to  medi- 
cal men   and   to   pharmacists.     If,    therefore,    a  process   could 
be  devised  for  assaying   the  tincture  so  that  it  could  always 
be  depended  upon  to  contain  a  definite  proportion  of  therapeuti- 
eally  active  constituent  it  would  prove  of    inestimable  value. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  its  usefulness  as  a  medicine  is  due 
to  the  glucosidal  principle  first  isolated  by   Fraser   from  'Sf^ro- 
yhanthus  Kombe,  and  designated  by  him  strophanthin.     Different 

1  I  am  pleased  to  observe  that  Professor  Ernst  Schmidt  of  Marbiirg 
is  now  occupied  on  this  work,  and  in  a  preliminary  announcement  states 
that  the  only  mydriatic  alkaloid  in  Datura  stramonium  is  hyoscyamine.- 
Aroh.  der  Pharmazie,   1905,  306. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONrERENCE.  371 

species  of  strophantlius  appear  to  yield  similar  gluccjsides  that 
pass  under  the  name  of  strophanthin,  pseudo-strophanthin, 
and  ouabain  respectively,  and  that  are  reputed  to  vary  in  their 
degree  of  toxicity,  chemical  constitution,  and  physical  characters. 
To  add  to  the  confusion,  the  seeds  that  come  into  the  market 
are  the  product  of  not  a  single,  but  different,  species  of  Stro- 
phanthus,  and  they  resemble  each  other  so  closely  that  when 
mixed  they  cannot  be  distinguished  macroscopically.  What  is  re- 
quired is  unmixed  mature  seeds  from  a  species  which  yields  uni- 
formly active  crystalline  strophanthin.  That  requirement, 
according  to  Gilg,  Thoms,  and  Shedel,  appears  to  be  met  by  the 
use  of  the  seeds  of  StropJianthus  gralas,  which  "  can  be  distin- 
guished from  all  other  known  African  species  by  the  eye  alone." 
From  this  seed  Thoms  has  extracted  a  crystalline  strophanthin 
which,  after  a  searching  examination,  he  has  shown  to  be 
identical  with  Arnaud's  ouabain. 

The  Aim  of  Standardization. 

A  few  jiointcd  observations  reflecting  my  personal  opinion  on 
certain  aspects  of  the  question  of  standardization  may  not,  I  trust, 
be  considered  inappropriate  with  which  to  conclude  my  address. 
In  my  estimation  the  aim  should  be  to  jDroduce  preparations  that 
will  represent  the  sum  total  of  therapeutic  activity  of  the  drugs 
operated  upon,  except  in  cases  where  it  is  desired  to  obtain  the 
medicinal  effects  of  certain  definite  jirinciples  the  physiological 
action  of  which  is  indisputable.  As  an  illustration  a  preparation 
of  opium  may  be  cited  where  the  presence  of  narcotine  may 
be  considered  objectionable.  Further,  in  respect  of  a  given 
preparation  it  must  be  required  of  the  pharmacist  to  devise 
suitable  processes  not  only  for  the  estimation  of  the  chief  medi- 
cinal constituent,  but  as  far  as  possible  the  several  medicinal 
constituents  and  the  proportion  in  which  they  are  present.  I 
would  go  even  further,  and  say  that  in  the  near  future  it  may 
be  necessary  to  determine  certain  principles  hitherto  disregarded 
which  modify  the  therapeutic  activity  of  the  drug.  The  phar- 
macologist may  be  depended  upon  to  point  the  way,  and,  de- 
spite the  heavy  tax  this  call  for  fuller  investigation  will  put 
upon  the  resources  of  the  pharmacist,  I  am  encouraged  to 
believe  he  will  prove  equal  to  the  demand.  Without  reflect- 
ing on  modern  methods  of  standardization,  which  have  un- 
doubtedly met  with  general  acceptance,  I  cannot  suppress  the 


372        BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

conviction  that  their  tendency  is  not  free  from  a  suspicion  <. 
narrowness.  The  besetting  temptation  consists  in  a  disposition 
to  restrict  tlie  medicinal  properties  of  a  drug  to  a  potent  principle, 
the  therapeutics  of  wliich  are  universally  recognized  by  clini- 
cians and,  acting  on  this  assumption,  to  proceed  to  produce  a 
preparation,  and  to  standardize  it  on  the  basis  of  the  particular 
principle,  and  with  little  or  no  regard  to  other  constituents  that 
may  directlv  or  indirectly,  be  of  value.  For  instance,  accord- 
inf^"^to  present-dav  knowledge,  the  chief  active  principle  of  the 
three  drugs,  belladonna,  scopola,  and  henbane  is  hyoscyamine. 
If  a  tincture  of  each  be  prepared  so  as  to  contain  the  same 
percentage  of  alkaloid  or  alkaloidal  content,  will  it  be  seriously 
contended  that,  therapeutically  considered  the  three  are  inter- 
changeable, and.  therefore  it  is  a  matter  of  indifference  which  of 
thenris  selected  for  use  ?  If  the  physician  finds  it  a  distinct 
advantage  to  administer  the  belladonna  tincture  in  one  case 
and  the  henbane  in  another,  surely  it  is  because  he  is  satisfied 
that  the  two  preparations  do  not"  produce  identical  results. 
May  not  this  be  taken  as  primd-facie  evidence  tliat  there  are  in 
tlie  tinctures  constituents  present  other  than  hyoscyamine  or 
alkaloidal  content  that  claim  to  be  reckoned  with  ? 

The  statement  has  been  made,  and  repeated  with  unimportant 
variations,  that  if  standardized  drugs  were  used  for  making  the 
corresponding  preparations  there  would  be  no  necessity  for 
standardizing  the  final  products. 

That  opium  in  coarse  powder  containing  10  per  cent,  of  mor- 
phine is  used  for  making  tlie  tincture  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that 
it  is  in  demand  for  that  purpose.  Wiiether  it  is  customary  to 
determine  the  morphine  percentage  in  the  finished  product,  or 
to  rely  upon  its  being  correct,  I  am  unable  to  say.  In  the  absence 
of  accompanving  results,  verifying  the  accuracy  of  the  state- 
ment referred  to,  I  desire  to  utter  a  word  of  caution  to  tliose  who 
may  deem  it  sufiicient  to  make  their  galenicals  conscientiously 
from  standardized  drugs  without  introducing  the  check,  pro- 
vided in  eacli  case,  for  determining  their  strength. 

Experiments  made,  notably  with  cinchona  bark  and  opium, 
have  convinced  me  that,  except  when  the  same  preparation  is 
made  from  the  same  sample  and  under  precisely  the  same  con- 
ditions, the  resultant  product  falls  outside  the  limit  of  standard 
strength.  :\Ioreover,  it  is  advisable  that  standardized  pre- 
parations when  made  and  passed  into  stock  should  be  of  the 
maximum  strength,  so  as  to  allow  of  any  reduction  by  precipi- 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  373 

tation  during  storage.  A  series  of  experiments  made  with  differ- 
ent specimens  of  the  various  standardized  drugs  might  sho\A- 
that  by  following  the  official  jarocess  a  certain  definite  propor- 
tion of  alkaloid  is  always  extracted,  but,  luitil  this  has  been 
proved  beyond  dispute,  it  is  certainly  unwise  to  rely  on  drugs 
of  standard  strength  for  the  preparation  of  galenicals  unless 
the  final  product  is  assayed. 

While  it  is  an  acknowledged  fact  that  definite  vegetable 
principles  are  in  growing  demand,  yet,  on  the  other  hancl,  there 
is  no  perceptible  decline  in  the  use  of  preparations  of  drugs  ; 
those  that  are  standardized  being  the  most  favoured.  My  be- 
lief is  that  the  extractive  form  of  galenicals,  both  solid  and  liquid, 
will  be  used  increasingly  by  the  medical  profession  if  pharmp.- 
cists  take  pains  to  equip  themselves  for  the  successful  investigation 
of  problems  connected  with  the  chemistry  of  drugs.  Pharmacy 
will  continue  to  be  largely  what  the  pharmacist  qualifies  himself 
to  make  it. 

Obituary. 

Of  those  of  our  fellow- workers  who  during  the  year  have 
passed  to  "  where  beyond  these  voices  there  is  i:)eace,"  it  will 
not  be  considered  invidious  if  two  be  singled  out  for  a  brief 
reference.  Dr.  Albert  B.  Prescott  was  enrolled  among  us  as  an 
honorary  member.  Chief  of  the  offices  he  filled  during  a  long 
and  useful  life  were  those  of  Dean  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  President  of  the  American 
Pharmaceutical  Association,  and  President  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  His  many  years  of 
fruitful  service  on  the  Committee  of  Revision  of  the  United  States 
Pharmacopoeia,  and  his  numerous  and  valuable  investigations  in 
connexion  with  the  production  of  successive  editions  of  tlso 
volume,  would  alone  establish  his  claim  to  front  rank  among 
the  pharmacists  of  his  generation.  He  will  long  be  remembered 
for  his  researches  on  the  chemistry  of  drugs,  especially  in  rela- 
tion to  the  isolation  and  purification  of  vegetable  alkaloids.  He 
was  a  high-souled  man,  an  able  investigator,  a  diligent  worker, 
a  keen  observer,  and  a  generous  contributor  to  i^harmaceutical 
and  chemical  literature.  The  words  of  fraternal  greeting  he 
addressed  to  us  at  our  annual  gathering  four  years  ago  still 
linger  gratefully  in  our  memory. 

Professor  Charles  R.  C.  Tichtorne  was  a  man  variously  dis- 
tinguished, and  possessed  of  gifts  that  would  have  won  for  him 


374  BKITISH    niARAIACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

success  in  other  walks  of  life  equal  to  that  he  attained  in  phar- 
macy. He  was  a  licentiate  of  tlie  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
Ireland,  a  member  of  the  General  Medical  Council,  an  Examiner 
to  Dublin  University,  a  public  analyst,  and  tlie  recipient  of  many 
honours,  home  and  foreign.  Three  times  he  served  the  Con- 
ference as  a  Vice-President,  and  for  five  years  he  filled  tlie 
higli  office  of  President  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of 
Ireland.  For  more  than  forty  years  lie  was  director  of  the 
laboratories  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  Dublin,  a  sphere  that 
provided  the  opportunity  for  research,  of  which  he  took  full 
advantage.  His  papers  read  before  the  Conference,  and  his 
other  scientific  contributions,  were  many  and  important.  He 
was  an  accompUshed  pharmacist,  a  competent  chemist,  a 
successful  teacher,  a  capable  examiner,  a  hard  worker,  and 
through  all  his  work  ran  the  element  of  thoroughness. 

A  study  of  tlie  individual  researches  of  these  men  has  forcibly 
impressed  me  with  the  thought  that  they  were  distinctly  of  an 
order  that  the  Conference  exists  to  promote.  May  we  not 
ap])ropiiately  remind  ourselves  that  a  bare  recital  of  their  good 
work  does  not  suffice  for  the  discharge  of  our  obligation  to  them, 
that  a  large  balance  of  indebtedness  still  remains,  and  that  we 
shall  most^ acceptably  honour  their  memory  by  pro.seeuting  the 
tasks  assigned  to  us\vith  the  same  earnest  purpose,  scrupulous 
care,  and  devotion  to  duty  that  characterized  them  ? 


Dr.  John  Attfield,  as  the  senior  in  the  past-Presidentship  of 
the  Conference,  moved  that  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  be  accorded 
to  the  President  for  his  extremely  valuable  and  most  practical 
address.  It  would  have  interested  greatly  the  pharmacists 
and  their  ladies  then  present,  though  it  might  not  lie  quite  so 
directly  interesting  to  the  public.  He  could  support  the  Presi- 
dent respecting  the  importance  of  the  subject  of  his  address, 
not  only  to  pharmacists  and  the  medical  profession,  but  to  the 
public  generally,  for  that  medicines  should  have  a  fixity  of 
potency  so  far  as  human  agency  could  ensure  it  was  a  matter  of 
life  interest  to  everv  member  of  the  public  in  this  country  and 
in  other  countries. '  He  had  no  doubt  that  when  Mr.  Naylor's 
address  was  read  by  those  interested  in  such  matters  a  very 
large  number  of  his  suggestions  would  be  adopted,  and  his 
criticisms  would  certainly  be  taken  advantage  of  in  future 
issues    of    the    British    Pharmacopoeia,  in    the   preparation    of 


BRITISH   rHARMACEUTICAL    C'0^"rERENOE.  375 

which  pharmacists  are  now  more  directly  represented 
than  when  he  (the  speaker)  became  its  Editor.  In  regard  to 
tlie  processes  aUuded  to  by  the  President  in  the  Pharmacopoeia 
as  pubhshed  seven  years  ago,  lie  might  say  that  they  were 
mainly  the  production  of  the  pharmacists  of  that  day  ;  and  from 
what  had  been  said  by  the  President  they  might  be  quite  sure 
that  those  working  upon  the  next  issue  of  the  British  Phainiaco- 
poeia  would  take  advantage  of  what  had  been  stated.  For  it 
must  be  recognized — and  the  President's  address  would  enable 
it  to  be  more  recognized  than  ever — that  whereas  authoritative 
works  like  the  pharmacopoeias  of  Europe  and  America  have 
up  till  comparatively  recent  years  been  content  with  prescribino- 
genuine  raw  drugs  and  preparations  of  them  which  were  made  from 
a  definite  proportion  of  those  drugs  ;  that  such  a  condition  of 
remedial  agents  was  passing  away,  had  largely  passed  away,  and, 
in  future,  preparations  having  definite  princij^les  and  definite 
percentages  of  those  principles  would  be  used  instead  by  medical 
men — there  would,  inshort,  be  fixity  of  strength,  or,  in  other  words, 
special  standardization.  The  President  had  brought  some  of 
the  aspects  of  the  question  before  the  meeting  and  he  had  warned 
them  that,  like  successful  navigators  or  moinitaineers  or  travel- 
lers in  unknown  regions, not  only  must  the}^  have  published  guides 
ill  producing  medicinal  substances,  but  like  the  persons  referred 
to,  they  must  be  certain  as  to  where  they  were  at  the  moment, 
otherwise  the  jiharmaceutical  chai't  and  comjiass  would  be 
useless  to  them.  He  moved  that  the  thanks  of  tiie  Conference 
be  given  to  the  President  for  his  address. 

Mr.  S.  R.  Atkins  seconded  the  motion.  He  referred  to  tlie 
meeting  at  Biighton  thirty-three  years  ago,  and  said  that,  on 
looking  back  to  the  meeting  of  1872,  he  found  that  scarcely  a  man 
who  took  a  prominent  part,  except  his  friend.  Dr.  Attfield,  was 
now  living.  It  appealed  to  him  very  powerfully  when  he  thought 
of  the  record  of  those  men  of  the  serious  blank  which  their 
departure  had  created.  He  did  not  wish  to  mention  names — 
that  would  be  invidious,  and  the  list  would  be  a  long  one — he 
would  mention  three  names,only,  Groves,  Schacht,  and  Reynolds, 
which  would  confirm  the  truth  of  his  remark.  He  did  not  mean 
to  infer  that  the  olden  times  were  better  than  the  present — 
there  were  men  on  tlie  platform  and  in  the  body  of  the  hall  who 
were  quite  able  and  were  actually  doing  the  work  to-day,  as 
efficiently  and  successfully  as  the  past  generation.  Still,  they 
ought  not  to  forget  the  men  who  had  honoured  pharmacy.     Mr. 


^70  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

Atkins  then  referred  to  the  liigli  esteem  in  which  lie  held  Mr. 
Xaylor,  and  the  great  services  he  had  rendered  to  tlie  Conference, 
not  the  least  important  service  licing  his  latest  contiil)ntion  to 
pharmaceutical  literature. 

Tlie  vote  of  thanks  was  then  ])iii,  and  caTiicd  witli  acclama- 
tion. 

Tlie  President,  in  reply,  said  as  one  who  was  not  a  ])olitician 
(jr  an  educationist  in  the  ranks  of  pharmacy,  and  who  had  not  tlie 
great  advantage  that  most  present  had  of  being  a  retail  chemist, 
l)ut  one  who  liad  simply  spent  tlie  greater  part  of  his  work- 
ing life  within  tlu^  confines  of  an  analytic-al  laboratorj^  and  had 
been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  galenicals,  he  had  foimd  it  a 
matter  of  some  difficulty  to  make  a  choice  of  a  subject  which 
would  be  sufficiently  appropriate  to  base  an  address  ujion,  and 
it  was  a  great  relief  to  him  to  listen  to  the  kind  words  wliicli  liad 
been  spoken  by  the  mover  and  seconder  of  the  vote  of  thanks, 
and  the  response  which  had  been  given  by  those  present.  He 
could  not  sit  down  without  saying  that  it  was  to  him  that  morn- 
ing a  j)eculiar  pleasure  that  the  vote  of  thanks  should  have  been 
presented  by  Dr.  Attfield,  for  under  T)r.  Attfield's  tuition  many 
years  ago  he  received  his  systematic  training  in  chemistry,  and 
he  might  say  that  Dr.  Attfield  had  always  been  to  him  a 
splendid  friend. 

Letters  of  Apology  for  Absence. 

Mr.  E.  Saville  Peck,  Hon  Secretary,  said  letters  and  tele- 
grams expressing  regret  at  non-attendance  had  been  received  from 
Messrs.  Charles  Umney,  M.  Carteighe,  N.  H.  Martin,  E.  M.  Holmes, 
Walter  Hills,  Thomas  Tyrer,  Robert  Wright,  Peter  MacEwan, 
J.  F.  Tocher,  George  Lunan,  W.  L.  Currie,  Fred.  Reynolds, 
William'  Kirkby  and  A.  R.  Fox.  Mr.  Wardleworth  wrote  from 
Montreal,  and  enclosed  a  photograph  of  a  crystal  of  glycerin. 
Dr.  Donald  McAlister,  President  of  the  General  Medical  Council, 
and  Chairman  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  Committee,  wrote  express- 
ing regret  at  inability  to  be  present,  but  stating  that  he  should 
read  the  report  of  the  proceedings  with  great  interest.  Mr, 
David  Hooper,  of  Calcutta,  had  also  written,  sending  good 
wishes   for   a  successful  meeting. 

The  President  said  he  was  sure  everyone  present  would  regret 
the  cause  of  Mr.  Carteighe's  absence  ;  and,  with  their  permission, 
he  would  like  to  read  his  letter,  which  was  as  follows  : — 


british  pharmaceutical  conference.  37" 

"  My  dear  Mr.  President, — 

"  I  have  this  day  only,  on  my  return  from  abroad,  received 
your  gracious  letter  of  July  13.  I  beg  you  to  convey  my 
warmest  thanks  to  your  colleagues  for  their  sympathetic  affec- 
tion, and  thank  you  yourself  especially  for  the  graceful  manner 
in  which  you  have  expressed  the  feelings  of  the  Committee. 
You  will  not  expect  to  see  me  at  Brighton  this  week.  I  should 
have  been  glad  to  have  been  able  to  tell  our  Brighton  friends 
how  keenly  and  witli  what  pleasure  I  recall  the  good  time  we 
liad  at  the  last  meeting,  somewhere  about  thirty-three  years 
ago.  Good  luck  to  you  all  !  I  hope  your  Presidential  career 
will  increase  your  well-earned  reputation,  and  that  you  will  be 
well  su25ported  by  tlie  leading  sjiirits  in  the  world  of  pltarmacy. 

"  Bcheve  me, 

"  Yours  sincerely, 

"  M.  Carteighe." 

Reception  of  Delegates. 

Mr.  Edmund  White,  Hon.  Secretary,  read  tlio  list  of 
delegates  as  printed  lielow  : — 

Pharmaceuliad  Society  of  Great  Britain. — Mr.  R.  A.  Robinson 
(President),  Mr.  J.  Rymer  Young  (Vice  President),  Messrs. 
Atkins,  Carteighe,  Cooper,  Cross,  Currie,  Gibson,  Gifford,  Hagon, 
Harrington,   Hobbs,  Newsliolme,   Park,   Symes,   and  Wootton. 

Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain  [North  British  Branch). 
—Mr.  D.  B.  Dott  (Chairman).  Mr.  J.  P.  Gilmour  (Vice-Chair- 
man),   Messrs.   Cowie,  Fisher,   Mitchell,   and   Wilson. 

Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Preland. — Mr.  W.  F.  Wells  (Presi- 
dent, Dr.  J.  A.  Walsh  (Vice-President),  Messrs.  Beggs  and 
Watson. 

Chemists''  and  Druggists''  Society  of  Ireland. — Mr.  W.  J. 
Gibson. 

Aberdeen  Pharmaceutical  Association.— Messr?..  W.  Giles, 
Patterson,  and  Kaye. 

Bradford  and  District  Chemists''  Association. — Mr.  Arthur 
Hanson. 

Midland  Pharmaceutical  Association. — Mr.  A.  W.  Gerraid 
(President),  Messrs.  Alcock,  Poole,  Smith,  and  Tliompson. 

Bath  Pharmaceutical  Association. — Mr.  W.  J.  Hallett. 

Brighton  Association  of  Pharmacy. — Mr.  W.  H.  Gibson  (Presi- 
dent), Messrs,  Ashton,  Blamey,  Cook,  Costerton,  Cripps,  Fiank- 


378  BKTTTSTI    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

liii,  J.  Padwick,  Flowriglit,  RobiuHon,  W.    W.    Savage,    Yate.s, 
Williamson,  J.  K.  Padwick,  and  G.  B.  Savage. 

Bristol  and  District  Pharmaceutical    Association. — Mes.sns.  J. 
W.   White,   Kirby,   Sleight,  and   Boorne. 

Bournemouth  Pharmarcufical  Association. — Messi\s.  F.  Hose 
and   Pars. 

Cambridge  Pharmaceutical  Association. — Messrs.  f'ook  and 
Peek. 

Cheltenham  and  District  Chemists'  Association. — M(sssrs.  W". 
Barron  and  J.  A.  Thomas. 

Dover  Chemists''  Association. — Mr.  R.  M.  Ewell. 

Exeter  Association  of  Chemists  and  Druggists. — Messrs.  E.  F. 
Stone  (President),  H.  Wippell  Gadd,  Lake,  and  Vinden. 

Edinburgh  Chemists',  Assistants',  and  Apprentices''  Association. 
— Miss  CJlass,  Messrs.   Cowie,  Duncan,  and  Rutherford  Hill. 

Forfarshire  and  District  Chemists''  Association.— MenHvu.  Ander- 
son, Ford,  and  Russell. 

Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland  Pharmaceutical  Association. — 
Messrs.    Brodie,    Gilmour,    and    Sutherland. 

Hull  Chemists'   Association.-— Mr.   C.    B.    Bell. 

North  Kent  and  District  Chemists'  Association. — Messrs.  Gold- 
thorpe   (President),   Cook,   and  Feaver  Clarke. 

Leeds  Chemists'  Association. — Messrs.  Beacock,  Branson, 
Castlerow,  Preston,  Pilkington,  Sargeant,  and  G.  W.  Worfolk. 

Liverpool  Chemists'  Association. — Messrs.  Edward  Evans,  J. 
Herbert  Evans,  Marsden,  Symes,  and  Wyatt. 

London  Chemists'  Association. — Messrs.  Holding,  Idris,  Glyn- 
Jones,  R.  H.  Jones,  Leo  Atkinson,  Pentncy,  Pickering,  Truman. 
and  J.  C.  Umney. 

London  Chemists'  Assistants'  Associaiion. — Messrs.  Arro^v- 
smith,   Garsed,  and  Piesant. 

London  W  estern  Chemists'  Association. — Mr.  F.  A.  Rogers  (Presi- 
dent), Messrs.  Bowen,  Barrett,  T'ofman.  A.  Cooper,  Harrington, 
and  Mather. 

Manchester  Pharmaceutical  Association. — Mr.  G.  S.  Woolley 
(President),  Messrs.  H.  Kemp  and  Wm.  Kirkby  (Vice-Presidents), 
and  Messrs.  Grier,  Kidd,  Ringer,  A.  J.  Pidd,  Wild,  and  J.  R. 
Young. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne  and  District  Chemists'  Association. — 
Messrs.   Maltby  Clague,   Foggan,   and   Gilderdale. 

Nottingham  and  Notts  Pharmaceutical  As.<iociation. — Messrs. 
Kbeilin,   iMiddleton,  and   I'aikes, 


BRITISH    niARMACEUTICAL    ("'O^FERENCE.  379 

Oxford  and  District  Chemists''  Association. — Messrs.  Clayton 
and  Druce. 

Plymouth,  Devonporf,  Stonehouse  and  District  Chemists''  As- 
sociation.— Messrs.  Barge  and  Park. 

Sheffield  Pharmaceutical  and  Chemical  Society. — Mr.  A.  R. 
Fox  (President),  Messrs.  Antcliffe,  Carr.  Dixon,  Pater,  Jackson, 
Squire,  Williams,  and  Newsholme. 

Report  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

Mr.  Peck,  Hon.  Secretary,  presented  the  annual  report  as 
follows  : — 

"  Your  Committee  has  pleasure  in  presenting  the  forty-second 
annual  report  of  the  work  of  the  Conference  carried  out  during 
the  past  year. 

"  Sixty-one  new  members  have  l^een  elected,  whilst  thirteen 
have  resigned  and  nineteen  have  been  removed  by  death.  The 
Register  now  contains  the  names  of  1,038  members,  of  whom,  we 
regret  to  report  that  725  onlyliave  remitted  their  subscriptions 
for  the  current  year. 

"  Of  those  removed  by  death  special  mention  must  be  made 
of  Professor  Prescott,  of  IMichigan  University,  Ann  Arbor, 
U.  S.  A.,  an  honorary  member  of  the  Conference  ;  Professor 
Tichborne,  of  Dublin,  a  frequent  contributor  of  papers  ;  Mr. 
J.  Lloyd  Bullock,  one  of  our  oldest  members,  and  Mr.  H.  Mathews, 
of  Oxford,  a  member  of  longstanding,  and  Hon.  Local  Secretary 
when  the  Conference  met  at  Oxford. 

"  The  arrangement  with  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  for  the 
taking  over  of  the  work  of  the  Formulary  Committee  sanctioned 
by  the  annual  general  meeting  at  Shetfield  has  been  completed. 

"  During  the  year,  with  the  view  of  increasing  the  member- 
ship of  the  Conference,  efforts  have  been  made  to  secure 
the  appointment  of  Local  Corresponding  Secretaries  in  those 
districts  hitherto  unrepresented,  and  we  are  pleased  to  state 
that  as  a  result  forty-three  additional  appointments  have  been 
made,  and  your  Committee  have  no  doubt  that  the  eighty 
Local  Corresponding  Secretaries  now  holding  office  will  succeed 
in  arousing  an  increased  interest  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Conference. 

"  The  thanks  of  the  Conference  are  due  to  these  gentlemen 
for  the  readiness  with  which  they  have  responded  to  the  claims 
made  upon  their  services,  which  include  ; — 


3S0  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

(a)  To  bring  under  tlie  notice  of  pharmacists,  principals, 
and  their  assistants  in  their  districts  who  are  unassociated 
witli  the  Conference  the  advantage  of  membership  with  it, 
and  by  personal  effort  to  induce  them  to  join. 

{b)  To  assist  in  stimulating  researcli  by  asking  pharmacists 

who  have  tlie  time,  ability,  and  disposition  to  contribute  from 

time  to  time  a  paper  or  useful  note  to  the  annual  meetings. 

(c)  To  endeavour  to  induce  defaulters  to  continue  their 

membership. 

{(1)  To  take  generally  a  watchful  and  sympathetic  interest 

in  the  affairs  of  the  C^onference. 

"At  the  meeting  held  on  Wednesdaj^  July   12.   1905.  your 

Committee  appointed  a  Research  Sub-Committ(^e  to  cany  out 

Section  II,  Article  I,  of  the  Constitution.       The  duties  of    tlie 

Sub-Committee  will  be  : — 

1.  To  keep  the  Research  List  revised  by  deciding  wliat 
questions  require  investigation. 

2.  To  allot  problems  to  individual  members  to  work  out. 

3.  To  advise  the  Executive  in  making  grants  towards 
the  expenses  of  certain  pieces  of  research  woik  out  of  the 
funds  available  for  this  purpose. 

4.  To  regulate  the  supply  of  papers  for  the  yearly  meet  ings 
of  the  Conference. 

"  The  following  members  of  the  Executive  have  been  elected 
CO  serve  upon  this  Sub-Committee  : — The  President  (Mr.  W.  A. 
H.  Naylor),  Mr.  J.  C.  Umney,  Professor  Greenish,  Mr.  E.  M. 
Holmes,  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Bird,  Mr.  H.  Wippell  Gadd,  Mr.  F.  Ransom, 
and  Mr.  E.  S.  Peck. 

''  This  Sub-Committee  will  be  glad  to  receive  suggestions  from 
members  upon  matters  of  research. 

"  The  General  Index  of  the  Year-Books  of  Pharmacy  from 
1886  to  1903  inclusive  is  now  completed.  It  has  been  compiled 
by  the  Editor — Mr.  J.  0.  Braithwaite.  with  his  characteristic 
care  and  zeal.  As  announced  last  year,  the  price  of  the  book 
has  been  fixed  at  3s.  6d.,  post  free,  and  for  those  who  desire  also 
a  copy  of  the  previous  Index— 1864  to  1885 — the  two  volumes 
will  be  supplied  at  5s.  6d.  post  free,  until  the  stock  is  exhausted. 

"  Your  Committee  feels  sure  that  the  meml)ers  of  the  Con- 
ference will  heartily  welcome  this  work,  which  has  been  produced 
at  considerable  labour  and  expense,  and  will  show  their  apprecia- 
tion by  taking  an  early  opportunity  of  ac(|uiring  copies. 

"  In  conclusion,  your  Committee — to  quote  the  words  of  the 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  381 

Annual  Report  of  1872 — the  occasion  of  the  last  visit  to  Brighton 
— congratulates  the  Conference  on  the  continued  success  of  the 
annual  meetings — a  success  which  they  attribute  in  a  large 
measure  to  the  excellent  arrangements  made  b}^  the  members  of  the 
Local  Committees  entertaining  the  Conference  yesur  after  year." 


Financial  Statement. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Umney,  Treasurer,  in  presenting  the  financial  state- 
ment, said  it  was  more  satisfactory  than  for  many  years.  He 
])ointed  out  that  none  of  this  year's  subscriptions  were  included 
in  the  statement,  as  had  been  done  sometimes  when  subscriptions 
were  received  before  June  30.  He  regretted  that  there  were 
about  300  subscriptions  which  had  not  been  paid  ;  had  they 
been  paid  there  would  have  been  a  good  balance  in  hand.  He 
was  sorry  that  the  auditors,  Mr.  J.  W.  Bowen  and  W.  Prior 
Robinson,  were  not  present,  but  the  thanks  of  the  Conference  were 
due  to  them,  and  they  were  glad  that  Mr.  Bowen,  whose  health 
had  not  been  satisfactory,  was  now  better. 

Mr.  Druce  moved  that  the  report  of  the  Executive  and  the 
financial  statement  be  adopted.  He  mentioned  that  it  was  his 
privilege  to  join  the  ranks  of  tlie  British  Pharmaceutical  Con- 
ference thirty-three  years  ago  at  the  Brighton  meeting.  He 
remembered  that  during  the  discussion  on  Dr.  Attfield's  paper. 
Professor  Michael  Foster  entered  the  Royal  Pavilion,  and  added 
a  word  or  two  about  "  cram."  With  regard  to  the  rei:)ort  and 
financial  statement,  he  would  like  to  suggest  that  subscriptions, 
say  of  one  or  two  guineas  in  advance  might  be  asked  for,  which 
should  cover  3  or  6  j^ears'  membership  ;  it  might  help  to  decrease 
the  number  of  members  whose  subscriptions  remain  unpaid. 
He  was  very  pleased  that  the  General  Index  to  the  Year-Book 
was  now  complete,  and  he  hoped  every  member  of  tlie  Conference 
would  obtain  a  copy,  which  would  be  extremely  useful  to  them. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Merson  seconded  the  motion,  and  exj^ressed  his 
satisfaction  that   the   General  Index  AvouJd  soon   be   available. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Lescher,  as  an  old  member  of  the  Conference,  su])- 
ported  the  motion,  and  said  how  gratified  he  was  to  see  Mr. 
Naylor  in  the  Presidential  chair. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Boorne  suggested  in  regard  to  unpaid  subscriptions 
that  a  list  of  subscribers  should  be  supplied  to  local  Corresponding 
Secretaries  with  the  names  of  those  who  had  not  paid  indicated. 

Mr.  Peck  thanked  Mr.  Boorne  for  the  suggestion,  which,  how- 


434   15 


382  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDED  ^ 

JUNE  30,   1905.  ; 

Tlu   1 1  oil.   Tnaaurer  in  Account  ivilh  the  Britl'^h  Phanmiccutical      \ 

Conference. 

l!K)4                                                               Dr.  £     s.  d.   £     s.     d.  [ 
July   1.        To  assets  forward  from  last  year — 

Casli  at  Bank L'/i    17  0                       I 

,,     in  Secretary's  hands      .           .           .  10   11  U                        I 

,,     in  Hon.   Treasurer's  hands     .           .  3   15  0                       ] 

40     3     0* 

li)05. 

July    1.         To  ]\Ioinh(!rs'   Subscriptions             .           .           .  3i)l      5  (1 

,,   I'lU'cliaso  of  Formulary  by  Pliarm.  Society  73    I0  <» 

„  Sales  of    Year-Book  by  Publisliers 
„  Siiles  of    Year-Book  by  Secretary 

,,  Advertisements  in    Year-Book 

,,  Amoiuit  received  for  Index 

,,  Sale  of  Formulary  .... 

,,   Liabilities  on  open  Accounts — • 

Butler  &   Tanner         .... 
McCorciuodale  and  Co. 

Due  to  Assistant  Secretary  for  Salary 

and    Rent   for    One    Quarter   ending 

June   30         

.,  Bell  and  Hills  Fund        .... 


The  Bdl  and  IlUls  Fund. 

1  904. 
Julj'    1.      To   Balanic   from   last    year 

„  One    Year's   Di\idend  on   Consols'     . 

Oct.  By   Kiinpton's  Accoiuit  for  Books 


Assets — 

In    Account    with     British     Pharmaceutical 

Conference. 
£300  2.1   per  cent.    Consolidated   Stock. 

Th".  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference  Research  Fund. 

1904.  £     a.     d.; 

July  1.     To  Balance  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      38     o     0 


10 

13 

4 

1 

0 

0 





— 

11 

13 

4 

79 

7 

0 

2 

19 

0 

1 

13 

9 

— 

— 

83 

19 

9 

I(i5 

12 

5 

•^ 

15 

(i 

13 

15 

0 

183 

2 

1 1 

20 

G 

4 

£780 

0 

10 

£ 

■s. 

d. 

£ 

s. 

d.- 

•27 

8 

S 
11 

1 
0 



— 

35 

19 

I 

9 

12 

i) 

2() 

6 

4 

BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


383 


l'J04. 
Jk'v  I.  Cr. 

By  Bell   and   Hills  Fmid,   last   year 

1905. 
By  Expenses  of    Y ear-Book   1904 — 

Printing,   Publishing,  and   Biiuling 

Posting  and   Distributing        .  . 

Advertising  £1  8,s.,  Publi^sher's  charges,  1.". 

Commission  on  advertisements        .  .  .  . 

„        Editor's  Salary  ...... 

Publisher's  Commission  on  Sale  of  Formulary 
„       Sundry  Expenses — 

Assistant  Secretary — Annual  General  Meeting    . 
Assistant  Secretary — Salary  for  One  Year  to  date 
Rent  of  Office     . 
„•      Room  at  Royal  Victoria  Hotel,  Sheffield      .' 
Postages,  £12;    Editor,   13.S.   M. 


Printing  and  Stationery — 
McCorquodale   &   Co. 
tiall  &  Son,  Cambridge 
Editor      .  .  .  . 

Petty  Cash  .... 

Foreign  Jou.rnals  for  Editor 
Bank  Charges      .... 
Liabilities  of  Last   Yciir,  since  paid- 

ButJer  &   Tanner 

McCorquodale  &   Co. 

Assistant  Secretary's  Salary 

Cash  in  Secretary's  hands 
Balance  at  Bank 


£   A'. 

(/. 

£ 

A". 

d. 

27 

8 

1 

235  12 

5 

19  15 

0 

1   9 

0 

19  10 

9 



— 

270 

13 

8 

100 

0 

0 

0 

3 

5 

10   0 

0 

45   0 

0 

10  0 

0 

0  7 

6 

12  13 

8 

— 

78 

1 

2 

4  13 

0 

0  10 

() 

0  9 

o 



— 

5 

12 

8 

5 

15 

3 

5 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

171  13 

5 

5  13 

0 

13  15 

0 

— 

191 
3 

1 
15 

5 
9 

86 

5 

11 

£780     0   10 


Examined  and  found  eurrect  :— 
J.  W.  BOWEN  ) 
W.  P.  Robinson  J 


Auditors. 


384  KKI  riSH    I'HAKIMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

I'vcr.  Ii;ul  hct'ii  toivstallod  at  the  last  inectiug  of  the  Ext'cutive, 
wlu'ii  it  was  resolved  that  what  he  suggested  should  be  done. 

Ml'.  Harky  Kemp  asked  if  members  whose  subscriptions  were 
unpaid  received  copies  of  the   Year-Book. 

The  President  :  They  only  receive  the  Y car-Book  when  their 
subscriptions  are  paid. 

Mr.  Alcock  suggested  that  when  Local  Corresponding  Secre- 
taries called  upon  members  for  their  subscriptions  a  cojjy  of 
the  year-^ooA;  should  be  taken  round,  and  he  thought  that  they 
would  be  satisfied  that  the  book  alone  was  well  worth  the 
subscription. 

The  President  said  his  experience  confirmed  what  had  been 
said  as  to  the  usefulness  of  the  General  Index.  The  Ycar-Book 
of  Pharmacy  was  becoming  increasingly  useful  to  Pharmacists, 
and  there  was  now  more  practical  pharmacy  in  it  than  there 
used  to  be. 

3)r.  Attfield  suggested  that  the  name  of  the  compiler  of  the 
General  Index,  Mr.  J.  0.  Braitliwaite,  be  printed  on  the  title- 
page,  and  that  the  thanks  of  the  Conference  should  be  given  to 
him  for  his  great  labour.  The  compilation  of  the  General  Index 
had  involved  an  enormous  amount  of  work,  which  w^as  not 
ade(piately  represented  by  any  small  fee  Mr.  Braitliwaite  might 
receive  from  the  Conference  for  the  technological  and  literary 
labour  obvious  to  every  one  using  the  book. 

The  report  and  financial  statement  were  adopted,  and  the 
thanks  of  the  Conference  were  given  to  Mr.  Braitliwaite  for  his 
work  in  connexion  with  the  General  Index. 


A  Visitor  from  the  Cape. 

The  pREsroENT  said  he  saw  before  him  a  friend  from  the  Cape 
— Mr.  Mager,  of  Queenstown,  South  Africa,  who  was  present  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Conference  at  Nottingham  some  years  ago. 
He  invited  Mr.  Mager  to  come  upon  the  platform,  and,  if  he  felt 
so  disjiosed,  to  say  a  few  words. 

Mr.  Mager  said  he  felt  very  much  complimented  on  being 
asked  to  take  a  seat  on  the  platform  beside  the  President.  He 
had  been  a  member  of  the  Conference  for  a  great  many  years. 
He  had  always  taken  the  deepest  interest  in  the  British  Pharma- 
ceutical Conference  and  in  the  pharmaceutical  work  done  in 
England,  and  in  the  colony  from  which  he  came.  He  now^  had 
the  honour  to  belong  to  the   South  African  Pharmacy    Board 


BRITISH   PHAEIVL4CEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


385 


wliich  was  known  to  a  great  many  jjresent,  as  a  small  board 
whose  duty  it  is  to  control  matters  of  pharmacy  in  regard  to 
government,  and  as  an  examining  body.  He  was  referring  to 
the  old  Cape  Colony  and  not  to  the  Transvaal  or  Orange  River 
Colony,  which  had  come  so  much  before  the  public  recently.  He 
was  not  speaking  that  morning  as  a  delegate,  but  simply  in 
response  to  the  honour  which  had  been  conferred  upon  him. 

The  reading  of  papers  communicated  to  the  Conference  was 
then  proceeded  with. 


THE  COMPOSITION  OF  DENTIFRICES  AS  AFFECTED 
BY  RECENT  INVESTIGATIONS  IN  DENTAL  SCIENCE. 

By  Stanley  Read,  l.d.s.e. 

As  a  foreword  I  desire  to  make  it  plain  that  I  do  not  pretend 
to  any  knowledge  of  drugs,  therefore  I  can  only  deal  with  this 
subject  in  a  general  way.  From  the  textbooks  I  have  taken 
as  examples  of  tooth  powder  three  j)i'escriptions,  (1)  an  Enghsh, 
(2)  an  American,  and  (3)  a  German  one  : — 

(1.)     K 


(2.)    ]Ji 


Saponis  hisp    ..... 

5"- 

Pulv.  iriclis      ..... 

5m. 

Ossis  sepise      ..... 

5"- 

Cretce  pra?cip.         i 

Mag.  carb.  pond.-*             '           '        ^^ 

5ii- 

01.  eucalypti             .... 

itiviii. 

Otto  rosse        ..... 

iTiviii. 

Cretae  praeparatse      .... 

5iv. 

Pulv.  radicis  iridis  .... 

5iv. 

Pulv.  ciimamon.       .... 

5iv. 

Sodii  carbonatis  exsic. 

■^ss. 

Pulv.  sacchari  albi 

5i. 

Olei  limonis     ..... 

gtt.    XV 

Olei  rosse          ..... 

gtt.  ii. 

Precipitated  carbonate  of  calcium     . 

oiiif. 

Cinchona  bark          .... 

5XV. 

Prepared  oyster  shell 

5xv. 

Powdered  myrrh      .... 

5viii. 

Powdered  cloves      .... 

5iii|- 

Oil  of  cinnamon     .... 

gtt.    X.    t 

3.)     p 


to    XV. 

As  everyone  knows,  tooth  powders  are  all  somewhat  like  the 
above.  Now,  the  task  I  have  before  me  is  to  show  how  the 
latest  dental  knowledge  bears  on  such  dentifrices. 

Dr.  Miller,  of  Berlin,  undertook  a  long  series  of  experiments 

CO 


386  BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

upon  himself  and  other  people  to  discover  the  reason  why  yome 
people  are  immune  to  dental  caries  while  others  are  particularly 
susceptible  to  it,  and  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a 
protective  flora  of  the  mouth,  as  is  found  in  all  cavities  of  the 
human  body,  which  are  lined  with  mucous  membrane,  and  that 
the  crux  of  the  question  is  the  survival  of  the  fittest  ;  if  the 
physical  condition  of  the  mouth  is  as  it  should  be,  this  protective 
flora  overcomes  the  bacterial  intruders,  but  unless  the  beneficent 
bacteria  are  in  sufficient  numbers  they  succumb  to  the  germs 
that  cause  decay.  This  would  seem  to  be  the  only  possible  con- 
clusion that  one  could  come  to  when  one  thinks  of  the  unclean 
mouths  one  sees  with  no  decay,  or  hardly  any,  and  the  scrupu- 
lously clean  mouths  with  nearly  every  tooth  decayed. 

Then  quite  recently  it  was  stated  in  one  of  our  journals  that 
there  had  been  discovered  in  the  saliva  a  substance  belonging  to 
the  group  of  enzymes  having  the  power  of  setting  free  acids  from 
certain  compounds,  and  it  is  assumed  that  this  new  ferment  is  a 
leading  agent  in  the  destruction  of  the  teeth.  These  two  state- 
ments taken  in  conjunction  must  have  a  great  effect  on  the  con- 
stitution of  a  proper  dentifrice.  First,  they  render  it  necessary 
to  remove  the  antiseptic  agent  from  our  prescription.  This  at 
first  sight  sounds  heretical  in  these  days  of  germicides,  but  on 
consideration  it  will  be  recognized  that,  as  far  as  we  know  at 
present,  any  drug  that  will  destroy  the  bacteria  of  decay  will  also 
destroy  those  which  protect  the  mouth.  Secondly,  they  reduce  all 
dentifrices  to  the  position  of  alkaline  polishing  agents.  Thirdly, 
they  seem  to  prove  that  all  liquid  dentrifices  are  inefficient,  if 
not  actually  harmful,  for  they  have  none  of  the  polishing  qualities 
that  are  absolutely  necessary  in  a  dentifrice,  and  as  they  all  claim 
to  be  disinfectants,  or  at  least  antiseptics,  they  may  do  harm. 
So  the  daily  use  of  an  antiseptic  mouthwash,  unless  prescribed  for 
a  disease  of  the  mucous  membrane,  would  appear  to  do  more 
harm  than  good  ;  for  the  antiseptic  effect  cannot  last  more  than 
an  hour,  or  at  the  most  until  the  next  meal,  and  owing  to  its 
having  probably  destroyed  the  flora  of  the  mouth  it  leaves  the 
oral  cavity  unguarded  for  the  rest  of  tlie  twenty-four  hours 
against  tlie  entry  of  any  bacteria  that  come  along. 

Therefore,  there  seems  to  be  only  one  condition  of  the  mouth 
in  which  a  dentifrice  may  exercise  some  protective  power  over  the 
teeth  :  that  of  acidity.  But  it  is  not  possible  by  the  use  of 
tooth  powder  even  three  times  a  day  to  keep  the  mouth  entirely 
alkahne  or  neutral,  so  that  we  must  end  by  regarding  tooth 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE  3S7 

powders,  even  the  best  of  them,  as  agents  for  removing  the  stains 

from  the  teeth  merely  for  aesthetic  reasons. 

The  last  prescription  I  gave  for  tooth  powder  was  : — 

^     Sapon  hisp.       .      .      5j- :   to  break  up  any  greasy  matter  on  the  teeth. 
Cretse  precip.  .      gj-  =     the  usual  pohshing  agent. 

Ossis  sepise    .  .      3j-  :    hi  the  case  of  poor  teeth  or  for  a  woman 

I  should  not  add  this,  but  this  man  liad  hard 
strong  teeth  and  smoked  many  cigarettes 
3Iag.   carb.  pond.        5J.  :    antacid. 
Otto  rosje   .  .      "ij. 


]\Ir.  Upsher  Smith  said  that  tliere  seemed  to  be  much  common 
sense  in  the  author's  suggestions,  and  they  were  likely  to  be 
largely  followed  in  the  future.  He  wished  to  suggest  that  the 
peroxides  might  be  useful  as  cleansing  agents  ;  in  particular 
magnesium  peroxide  might  be  used  to  partly  replace  the  mag- 
nesium carbonate. 

Mr.  Stanley  Read  replied  that,  as  he  said  in  his  paper,  he  had 
no  knowledge  of  drugs,  and  that  he  left  their  choice  to  those  with 
better  knowledge  of  their  properties.  He  did  not  claim  that 
his  prescription  was  the  best,  but  merely  gave  it  as  a  suggestion  of 
the  lines  to  be  followed. 


THE    BIO-CHEMICAL   STANDARDIZATION    OF   DRUGS. 
By  W.  E.  Dixon,  M.D.(Lond.),  M.A.(Cantab). 

Until  comparatively  recent  times  plants  have  been  employed 
in  the  prej^aration  of  medicines  without  regard  to  variations  in 
their  activity.  These  variations  may  have  little  significance, 
in  the  bitters  and  group  of  drugs  containing  tannins,  or  it  may 
be  of  the  greatest  importance,  as  in  aconite  and  nux  vomica. 
The  British  Pharmacopoeia  has  directed,  therefore,  that  certain 
vegetable  preparations,  especially  such  as  contain  alkaloids, 
shall  be  subjected  to  a  chemical  assay.  There  are  certain  very 
important  drugs  which  at  the  present  time  it  is  impossible  to 
assay  satisfactorily  by  any  chemical  means.  Some  of  these,  it 
is  true,  appear  to  have  a  fairly  constant  action,  but  others  vary 
in  activit}^  within  the  widest  limits.  It  is  at  least  as  important 
that  these  should  be  properly  standardized,  as  many  other  drugs 
often  of  a  less  poisonous  nature  which  are  assayed  chemically. 
I  therefore  suggest  that  a  fixed  and  definite  bio-chemical 
standardization  should  be  adopted  for  these  remedies  as  far 
as  possible. 

The  chemist  akeady  employs  animals  as  a  test  for  certain  drugs. 


388 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


For  example,  tlie  Pliainiacopoeia  suggests  as  one  of  the  tests  for 
atropine  its  instillation  into  the  pupil.  Or  again,  one  of  the  most 
sensitive  methods  for  the  recognition  of  small  quantities  of 
aconitine  is  to  place  a  little  of  the  solution  on  the  tongue,  when 
there  is  a  characteristic  tingling  followed  by  numbness.  The 
standardization  of  the  various  sera  is  only  possible  by  experi- 
ments on  animals.  It  is  first  necessary  to  prepare  a  standard 
toxin,  which  is  done  by  injecting  guinea-pigs  subcutaneously 
with  different  quantities  of  the  poison  and  determining  the 
minimal  lethal  dose.  This  is  spoken  of  as  the  unit,  and  with 
this  all  degrees  of  toxicity  and  antitoxicity  must  be  compared.  So 
tliat  bio-chemical  testing  is  not  so  unusual  as  it  may  appear  at  first 
sight,  and  in  many  cases  it  gives  us  a  standard  for  preparations 
which  at  present  it  is  impossible  to  assay  chemically,  and  which 
is  sufficiently  accurate  for  therapeutic  purposes. 

The  drugs  which  especially  require  standardizing  are  the 
members  of  the  digitalis  series,  ergot,  and  Indian  hemp.  There 
are  many  others  of  less  importance,  such  as  filix-mas,  which  can 
be  assayed  by  this  method,  and  still  others,  especially  those  having 
purgative  action,  in  which  this  method  of  testing  is  not  suitable. 

The  strength  of  a  preparation  from  a  drug  cannot  be  standardized 
upon  patients  (1)  on  account  of  the  great  difficvilty  of  recognizing 
small  effects, and  (2)  because  it  involves  manj''  experiments,  a  great 
loss  of  time,  and,  in  many  cases,  is  dangerous,  so  that  it  is  neces- 
sary to  apply  our  tests  to  lower  animals.  The  principal  differ- 
ence in  the  action  of  drugs  on  man  and  animals  occurs  in  those 
remedies  which  attack  the  central  nervous  system.  Of  course, 
this  is  what  we  should  expect  from  our  knowledge  of  the  anatomy 
of  the  brain.  I  cannot  better  make  the  case  clear  than  by  refer- 
ence to  the  following  table,  which  shows  both  the  degree  of 
development  of  the  brain  in  different  animals  and  the  amount 
of  cocaine,  a  drug  which  directly  excites  the  brain,  necessary 
in   the  case  of  each  animal  to  produce  convulsions  : — 


Animal. 

Gm.  of  Brain 

Per  Kilo,  of 

Animal. 

Dose  of  Cocaine  Per  Kilo. 

of  Animal  Necessary  to 

Produce  Convulsions. 

Rabbit 

Guinea-pig 

Pigeon    

Dog 

Ape 

4 
7 
8 
9 
18 

0-18 
0-07 
.006 
0-02 
0-012 

BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         389 

But  on  other  tissues  this  difference  is  not  apparent.  If  a  drug 
attacks  the  heart  of  a  man  in  a  certain  way  it  attacks  the  heart 
of  every  mammal  in  precisely  the  same  way  ;  or  if  the  attack  is 
upon  glands  the  type  of  action  is  constant  throughout  mammalia. 
To  take  one  example  of  this,  secretin  is  a  remedy  prepared  from 
the  duodenum,  which  increases  the  flow  of  pancreatic  juice 
as  no  other  drug  will,  but  secretin  prepared  from  man  or  dog  has 
precisely  the  same  effect  on  every  vertebrate  pancreas  through- 
out the  animal  kingdom,  including  that  of  the  frog.  The  principal 
objection  to  this  type  of  experiment  is  that  the  reagent,  that  is, 
the  animal,  is  too  sensitive,  so  that  changes  in  the  conditions 
under  which  the  experiments  are  performed  may  lead  to  some 
error.  However,  if  due  precautions  are  taken  to  keep  the  con- 
ditions of  experiment  as  constant  as  possible  I  have  found  this 
method  of  standardization  wonderfully  accurate. 

The  drugs  which  are  suitable  for  standardization  by  the  bio- 
chemical method  are  digitalis,  strophanthus,  squill,  and  other 
drugs  belonging  to  the  same  group  ;  ergot,  Indian  hemp,  lobelia, 
grindelia,  conium,  and  some  others. 

Method  of  Standardization. 

The  digitalis  group  can  be  assayed  in  the  first  place  upon  frogs. 
Frogs  vary  in  their  conditions  very  greatly  during  the  year. 
They  are  most  active  and  vigorous  in  the  summer,  and  are  least 
vigorous  in  the  spring  ;  but  in  spite  of  these  differences  their 
sensitiveness  to  the  digitalis  poison  does  not  vary  very  much — 
that  is,  the  animal  does  not  require  50  per  cent,  more  digitalis 
at  one  time  of  the  year  than  at  anotl\er  to  kill  it  ;  were  such  the 
case  this  method  of  standardization  would  be  useless.  The 
frogs  should  be  males,  free  from  all  abnormal  conditions  and 
about  25  gm.  weight.  The  drug  is  then  standardized  by  in- 
jection into  the  dorsal  lymph  sac  ;  for  this  purpose  the  tinctures 
must  be  diluted  with  the  same  amount  of  water.  Six  minims 
of  this  diluted  solution  sliould  kill  the  frog  by  stoppage  of  the 
heart  within  an  hour.  This  I  propose  as  a  standard  unit, 
and  all  tinctures  of  digitalis  should  bear  a  label  stating  how 
many  minims  go  to  the  unit.  Supposing  it  is  found  that  5 
minims  of  a  diluted  tincture  is  the  maximum  lethal  dose,  then 
this  tincture  can  be  diluted  with  water  to  bring  it  down  to  the 
standard.  If,  however,  8  minims  of  tincture  form  the  maximum 
lethal  dose,  then  the  label  should  state  that  the  unit  corresponds 
to  4  minims  instead  of  3  minims.     This  does  not  necessarily  mean 


390  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

that  a  prescription  containing  digitalis  should  differ  in  any  way 
from  a  present-day  prescription,  but  the  quantities  prescribed 
by  the  physician  will  refer  to  standardized  tincture.  If  the 
chemist's  tincture  is  not  standard  strength  he  can  by  a  simjile 
proportion  add  the  necessary  amount  of  his  tincture  to  correspond 
to  that  prescribed. 

Tincture  of  strophanthus  is  invariably  more  toxic  than  that  of 
digitalis.  In  treatises  of  medicine  it  is  stated  that  in  certain  cases 
of  cardiac  disease  where  digitalis  fails  to  give  relief,  strojahanthus 
may  succeed.  An  explanation  of  this  is  (1)  that  strophanthus 
preparations  are  more  powerful  than  those  of  digitalis  ;  and 
(2)  they  are  absorbed  more  quickly  into  the  system.  Still,  as 
tincture  of  strophanthus  has  the  same  dosage  as  that  of  digitalis, 
obviously  it  should  have  an  equal  toxicity.  It  may  be  standardized 
in  precisely  the  same  way  as  the  former  drug.  This  will  generally 
mean  the  dilution  of  the  tincture  as  at  present  prepared  to  bring 
it  down  to  the  requisite  standard.  The  last  member  of  this 
group,  tincture  of  squill,  can  be  assayed  also  just  like  digitalis. 
It  is  usually  a  little  less  toxic  than  digitalis,  but  the  difference 
between  the  two  tinctures  is  not  very  marked. 

This  method  of  assaying  can  be  controlled  still  more  accurately 
upon  rabbits,  and,  indeed,  it  is  generally  advisable  that  such 
controls  should  be  performed,  but  the  details  of  these  experiments 
I  defer  till  later,  as  well  as  the  standardization  of  the  other 
preparations  of  this  group. 

Ergot  is  another  drug  that  varies  enormously  in  its  activity. 
Recently  I  obtained  six  specimens  of  the  liquid  extract  from  six 
different  sources  ;  two  of  these  were  moderately  active,  two  had  a 
very  feeble  action,  and  the  remaining  two  either  had  no  action  at 
all,  or  their  effect  was  so  feeble  as  to  be  absolutely  worthless 
therapeutically.  There  is,  therefore,  a  greater  necessity  for  the 
standardization  of  preparations  of  ei'got  than  even  for  the  members 
of  the  digitalis  series,  which  rarely  vary  more  than  100  per  cent, 
between  the  extremes.  At  the  present  time  the  only  method  of 
standardization  that  has  been  adopted  is  the  injection  of  the  drug 
into  roosters  ;  if  the  dose  is  sufficiently  large  they  develop 
gangrene  on  tlie  comb  and  wattles  after  the  necessary  interval  of 
time.  This  method  is  open  to  several  objections  ;  perhaps 
the  most  important  being  tlie  great  difficulty  of  determining 
the  minimal  dose  that  will  produce  gangrene.  And,  further,  I 
do  not  believe  that  this  gangrene  production  is  in  any  way  pro- 
portional to  or  indicative  of  the  therapeutic  action  we  require 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  391 

when  we  administer  ergot.  The  gangrene  is  not  due  to  simple 
constriction  of  the  v^essels,  but  to  a  secondary  degeneration  of 
the  vessels,  which  results  in  the  complete  blocking  up  of  the 
smaller  arterioles.  I  have  found,  however,  that  rise  in  blood- 
pressure  in  mammals  is  proportional  to  the  effect  of  ergot  upon 
the  uterus.  Now  this  rise  is  due  mainly  to  the  constriction  of 
the  vessels,  so  that  if  we  can  measure  the  increase  of  blood-pres- 
sure under  fixed  conditions  we  have  a  method  of  standardization 
at  once  quick,  reliable,  and  proportional  both  to  the  vaso-con- 
striction  and  the  effect  on  the  uterus,  which  are  the  two  conditions 
for  which  the  drug  is  employed  in  therapeutics.  The  experi- 
ments should  be  performed  on  rabbits,  conforming  as  nearly  as 
possible  to  a  standard  weight,  and  anaesthetised  with  urethane, 
1^  gm.  of  urethane  per  kilo,  body  weight  being  necessary  for 
complete  anaesthesia.  By  this  means  we  avoid  all  the  disturbing 
influences  of  a  volatile  anaesthetic.  The  blood-pressure  may  be 
taken  from  the  carotid  artery,  and  the  drug  (liquid  extract  of 
ergot)  injected  into  the  femoral  vein.  The  fluid  should  be  at  body 
temperature,  and  the  injection  should  occupy  a  definite  fixed 
time.  Experiments  performed  in  this  way  I  have  found  to  be  a 
sure  means  of  determining  to  a  considerable  degree  of  accuracy 
the  relative  activity  of  difl^erent  specimens  of  ergot.  The  exact 
amount  of  ergot  necessary  to  produce  the  standard  rise  in  blood- 
pressure  I  defer  to  a  fuller  communication. 

Cannabis  indica  is  another  plant  wliicli  varies  very  greatly  in 
its  toxicity.  When  it  is  grown  in  India  it  develops  the  power 
of  elaborating  an  oily  substance  which  is  utilized  in  the  growth 
of  its  seeds,  and  which  is  toxic.  If  the  plant  is  grown  under 
other  climatic  conditions  a  resinous  substance  is  still  elaborated 
but  it  has  lost  its  narcotic  properties.  It  is,  therefore,  very 
evident  that  if  this  drug  is  to  be  used  at  all  extensively  it  should 
be  assayed.  This  cannot  be  done  on  animals  with  the  same 
degree  of  accuracy  as  the  drugs  already  mentioned,  (1)  because 
the  action  is  on  the  central  nervous  sj^stem,  and  (2)  because  the 
degree  of  action  must  be  gauged  by  the  experimenter  and  can- 
not be  recorded.  The  tincture  should  be  diluted  with  an  equal 
volume  of  water  and  10  m.  injected  subcutaneously  into  a  cat 
of  about  2 J  kilos,  weight.  In  an  ordinary  active  sample  these 
animals  soon  begin  to  show  phj'^sical  signs  of  intoxication.  The 
pupils  dilate,  the  reflexes  are  increased,  and  the  gait  becomes 
exceedingly  awkward,  the  animal  rolling  from  side  to  side  and 
showing  other  signs  of  incoordination.       A  tincture  of  average 


.392  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

strength  produces  moderate  intoxication,  but  quite  a  number  of 
tinctures  on  the  market,  even  in  four  times  this  dosage,  produc(> 
no  effect  at  all,  whilst  a  few  others  produce  a  greater  degree  of 
intoxication. 

Lobelia  can  be  standardized  very  accurately  by  its  effect  upon 
blood-pressure  and  its  subsequent  paralytic  action  on  certain  nerve 
cells.  LobeHne,  like  many  of  the  so-called  "  active  principles  " 
taken  from  digitalis,  I  have  found  often  to  be  quite  inactive. 

It  may  occasionally  be  necessary  to  test  opium  for  the  presence 
of  excessive  amounts  of  alkaloids  other  than  morphine.  It  is 
well  known  that  certain  specimens  of  opium  when  given  to 
patients  produce  excitement  and  increased  reflexes.  I  believe 
that  in  these  cases  a  large  amount  of  narcotine  is  present  in  the 
samples,  and  this  makes  it  unsuitable  for  medicinal  purposes. 
In  such  cases  the  injection  of  the  opium  into  a  frog  leads  to  con- 
vulsions very  quickly,  and  affords  a  test  of  the  usefulness  of  the 
specimen. 

In  conclusion,  it  is  only  necessary  to  point  out  that  phar- 
macological standardization  should  only  be  resorted  to  when 
chemical  methods  are  inadequate.  In  the  examples  I  have  given 
it  is  the  only  method  available,  and  if  it  is  essential  to  assay  the 
various  sera  it  is  just  as  important  in  ergot,  digitalis,  and  Indian 
hemp. 

The  President  said  tliat  all  had  listened  with  attention  to, 
and  could  profit  by,  the  address  which  Dr.  Dixon  had  delivered. 
It  was  evident  that  if  one  had  to  standardize  preparations  in  this 
way  one  would  have  to  keep  a  small  menagerie.  All  must  have 
been  confronted  with  the  fact  that  they  had  not  been  able 
to  deal  adequately  with  the  drugs  referred  to.  Whether  they 
would  be  able  to  apply  the  bio-chemical  method  remained  to 
be  seen,  but  it  was  a  gain  that  they  should  know  what  the 
medical  profession  required. 

Mr.  Lescher  said  the  reason  they  welcomed  this  paper  was 
that  it  brought  them  nearer  to  pure  drugs,  an  end  to  which  they 
had  all  worked.  In  the  United  States  he  had  seen,  in  the  works 
of  several  firms,  a  menagerie,  as  the  President  had  said.  Whole- 
salers saw  the  iniportance  of  these  standards,  and  the  methods 
alluded  to  had  much  to  recommend  them.  The  author  had 
spoken  against  the  use  of  crude  drugs,  but  crude  drugs  had  a 
power  and  use  in  medicine  which  often  was  not  the  same  as  that  of 
their  active  principles. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  393 

Mr.  BooRNE  said  that  one  remark  to  which  he  had  taken 
exception  was  the  suggestion  that  if  a  medical  man  ordered  10 
minims  of  tincture  of  digitahs  and  the  chemist's  tincture  was 
not  of  the  standard  strength,  that  lie  should  use  a  corresponding 
c[uantity.  He  thought  that  all  tinctures  should  be  of  standard 
strength. 

Dr.  Symes  said  that  he  had  seen  at  Liverpool  experiments 
with  suprarenal  gland  on  a  cat,  and  it  was  very  interesting  to 
see  the  rise  in  blood-pressure,  but  he  wondered  whether  animals 
were  sufficiently  constant  in  their  reaction  for  standardizing 
purposes.  They  also  knew  as  a  fact  that,  in  the  preparation  of 
sera,  the  animal  became  immune  to  the  action,  and  one  could 
not  help  thinking  that  a  cat  might  become  immune  or  perhaps 
increasedly  sensitive,  and  therefore,  before  bio-chemical  super- 
sede chemical  methods,  they  must  be  quite  sure  that  the  tests 
themselves  "  are  capable  of  being  standardized."  His  experience 
was  that  the  medical  profession  did  not  sufficiently  encourage 
the  care  taken  by  pharmacists,  and  that  there  was  a  tendency 
among  medical  men  to  repudiate  the  effects  of  drugs,  and  to 
give  less  attention  to  them. 

Mr.  Maben  said  it  was  a  matter  for  congratulation  that 
the  Conference  should  have  a  paper  from  a  man  of  such 
eminence  as  Dr.  Dixon.  With  the  drugs  Dr.  Dixon  had  men- 
tioned— digitahs,  strophanthus,  and  ergot^ — the  tests  were 
most  accurate,  animals  kept  under  the  same  conditions  always 
reacting  in  the  same  manner.  In  the  testing  of  serum 
the  guinea  pigs  were  never  used  twice,  so  that  they .  could 
not  become  immune.  He  did  not  agree  with  Dr.  Dixon  that 
roosters  were  not  good  for  the  testing  of  ergot ;  he  under- 
stood that  the  haemostatic,  blood-pressure  raising,  and  uterus- 
contracting  effects  of  ergot  were  all  co-related,  and  that  a 
drug  wliich  would  produce  gangrene  in  the  comb  of  a  rooster 
would  also  contract  the  uterus. 

Mr.  Rutherford  Hill  said  that  the  suggestion  that  physio- 
logical standards  should  be  inserted  in  the  Pharmacopoeia 
raised  the  question  of  the  danger  of  causing  a  large  amount  of  need- 
less suffering  to  animals.  There  ought  to  be  a  national  institu- 
tion for  standardizing  preparations,  to  which  all  would  have  to 
be  submitted  for  a  certificate  before  being  recognized  as  of^phar- 
macopoeial  quahty.  They  would  thus  eliminate  to  a  "great 
extent  the  personal  equation  in  applying  the  tests. 

Mr.  William  Mair  pointed  out    that  the    new  U.S.P.    had 


394  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

expressly  avoided  all  physiological  tests,  notwithstanding  that 
there  are  not  tlie  same  restrictions  upon  vivisection  as  there  are 
in  this  country. 

Mr.  H.  Finn EMORE  asked  if  Dr.  Dixon  could  say  whether  com- 
mercial ergotinine  citrate  was  uniform  in  action. 

Dr.  Attfield  asked  what  should    be  the  attitude  of  phar- 
macists to  bio-chemistry.     It  would  be  of  importance  to  the 
average  pharmacist  to  learn  this  from  such  an  authority  as  Dr. 
m[<  Dixon.     Was  it  contemplated  that  the  chemist  and  druggist 

should  become  a  bio-chemist  ? 

Mr.  J.  C.  Umney  i^ointed  out  that  there  was  a  large  amount 
of  popular  prejudice  against  physiological  tests. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Cripps  asked  if  Dr.  Dixon  had  any  information  as  to 
the  method  of  preparation  of  the  extracts  of  ergot  he  used,  as 
these  are  often  made  by  non-official  methods. 

Dr.  Dixon,  in  replying,  said  he  was  very  pleased  at  the  re- 
ception of  his  paper.  He  did  not  propose  that  the  chemist 
should  perform  these  tests  himself,  as  they  must  be  done  bj  men 
having  special  training.  It  had  been  said  in  the  discussion  that 
he  projDOsed  to  substitute  bio-chemical  for  chemical  methods, 
but  that  was  not  so  ;  he  had  only  proposed  to  use  bio-chemical 
methods  where  there  were  no  good  chemical  methods.  Dr. 
Symes  was  under  a  misunderstanding  ;  the  action  of  adrenalin 
was  the  same  on  men  and  animals.  The  gangrene  produced  in 
the  combs  of  roosters  was  not  proportional  to  the  action  on  the 
uterus  or  to  its  power  of  constricting  the  blood-vessels,  and  the 
measiwement  of  rise  of  blood-pressure  was  the  best  test.  As 
for  the  attitude  of  the  pharmacist,  it  should  always  be  in  favour 
of  progression.  If  the  compilers  of  the  United  States  Phar- 
macopoeia did  not  include  the  best  tests  at  present  available, 
that  was  no  good  precedent  for  the  compilers  of  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia.  The  best  physiologists  in  America 
have  pressed  the  great  advantage  of  this  method  on  the  com- 
pilers of  the  Pharmacopoeia.  He  hoped  he  would  be  able  to 
give  a  further  paper  on  this  subject  in  another  year. 


STANDARDIZATION  IN  THE  NEW  U.S.P. 

By  Thomas  Maben,  F.CS. 

The   eighth   decennial   revision   of   the   United   States   Phar- 
macopoeia has  just  been  issued  and  the  members  of  the  British 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  395 

Pharmaceutical  Conference  will  no  doubt  be  interested  in  the 
changes  that  have  been  made  in  official  American  pharmacy. 
These  changes  are  both  numerous  and  important.  It  is  not  my 
intention  to  go  into  a  detailed  consideration  of  the  various 
alterations,  but  simply  to  confine  myself  to  some  account  of  the 
fairly  extensive  appHcation  of  the  principle  of  standardization, 
as  illustrated  in  the  series  of  standards  adopted  for  alkaloidal 
drugs  and  for  the  chief  galenicals  made  from  them.  I  do  not 
propose  to  deal  with  the  various  processes  for  the  estimation  of 
alkaloids,  leaving  these  to  experts  in  that  branch  of  pharmacy, 
nor  to  the  essential  oils,  which  are  to  be  discussed  by  well-known 
authorities. 

The  question  of  standardization  has  been  often  before  the 
British  Pharmaceutical  Conference.  We  might,  indeed,  say 
it  has  reached  its  majority,  for  it  is  exactly  twenty-one  years 
since,  at  Hastings,  in  1884,  the  first  full-dress  debate  took  place 
on  the  subject.  In  that  debate  many  honoured  men  took  part, 
some  of  whom,  alas  !  are  no  longer  with  us,  amongst  them  being 
the  President  (Mr.  Williams),  Professor  Redwood,  Mr.  Schacht, 
and  Mr.  Martindale.  If  we  except  opium,  there  was  in  those 
days  very  little  official  standardization  either  in  this  country 
or  America,  the  only  other  approach  to  the  principle  being  the 
requirement  in  the  1880  U.S. P.  that  tinctures  of  ignatia  and 
nux  vomica  should  contain  extractive  matter  to  the  extent  of 

1  per  cent,  and  2  per  cent,  respectively.  The  introduction, 
shortly  thereafter,  of  an  unofficial  alkaloidal  standard  for 
tincture  of  nux  vomica — namely,  0"3  per  cent  of  total  alkaloids, 
without  reference  to  the  extractive  matter,  led  to  a  case  being 
brought  before  the  Courts,  and  so  recently  as  1891  it  was  decided 
by  a  legal  judgment  that  tincture  of  nux  vomica  must  contain 

2  per  cent,  of  extractive  matter  whether  it  contained  any  alkaloid 
or  not.  Three  years  later,  when  the  1890  U.S. P.  was  published, 
this  very  figure  of  O'S  per  cent,  total  alkaloids  was  adopted 
as  the  standard. 

Other  ten  years  have  passed,  and  now,  after  nearly  twenty- 
five  years  or  thereby  of  unofficial  standardization,  the  official 
mind  has  at  last  recognized  the  value  of  the  principle,  and 
upwards  of  fifty  drugs  and  preparations  are  subjected  to  processes 
of  standardization.  This  is  surely  a  triumph  for  those  phar- 
macists who  have,  in  face  of  strenuous  opposition  and  criticism, 
maintained  that  standardization  was  the  only  scientific  basis 
in  the  preparation  of  galenicals.     As  it  isquite  likely  tliat  the  next 


396 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


edition  of  tlie  British  Pharmacopoeia  will  follow  the  lead  tliat 
the  U.S. P.  has  given,  a  statement  of  the  new  standards  should 
prove  of  more  than  passing  interest. 

With  regard  to  the  drug  strength  of  tinctures,  the  editors 
have  made  an  attempt  at  uniformity, all  tlie  more  potent  tinctures 
being  now  made  1  in  10,  these  including  aconite,  belladonna, 
cannabis,  cantharides,  digitalis,  hyoscyamus,  strophanthus, 
etc.,  while  the  strength  of  the  tinctures  of  the  less 
potent  drugs  has  been  made  1  in  5.  Generally  speaking,  the 
alkaloidal  tinctures  are  1  in  10,  and  the  standard  of  alkaloid  in 
the  tincture  is,  in  most  cases,  placed  at  a  shade  less  than  one- 
tenth,  or  one-fifth,  as  the  case  may  be,  that  of  the  alkaloid  in 
tlie  drug.  This  uniformity  in  drug  strength  naturally  involves 
a  want  of  uniformity  in  dosage. 

It  will  be  convenient  to  place  in  tabular  form  all  the  standar- 
dized drugs  and  the  preparations  made  therefrom  that  are 
standardized. 


Standards  of  Drugs  and  Galenicals  Adopted  in  the  New 

U.S.P. 

(Weight  percentage  in  drugs  and  soHd  extracts  :    w/v  per- 
centage in  Fluid   Extracts   and  Tinctures.) 


Minimum 

standard 

Standard 

standard 

Drugs. 

Chief  Constituent. 

PrcntageJ 

in  Solid 

in  Fluid 

in 

in  Drugs. 

Extract. 

Extract. 

Tincture. 

Aconite  root 

Aconitine     . 

0-6 

0.4 

0045 

Belladonna  leaves , 

Mydriatic  alkaloids 

0-35 

1-4 

— 

0035 

Belladonna  root 

Mydriatic  alkaloids 

0-5 

0-5 

— 

Cinchona     . 

Ether-soluble  alka- 
loids 

40 

40 

0-75 

Coca       .... 

Ether-soluble  alka- 
loids 

0-5 

— 

0-5 

— 

ColcMum  corm 

Colchicine    . 

0-35 

1-4 

— 

— 

Colchicuin  seed 

Colchicine    . 

0-55 

— 

0-5 

005 

Conium 

Coniine  .... 

0-5 

— 

0-45 

— 

Guarana 

Alkaloids     . 

3-5 

— 

3-5 

— 

Hydrastis    . 

Hydrastine 

2-5 

— 

20 

0-4 

Hyoscyamus     . 

Mydriatic  alkaloids 

008 

0-3 

0075 

0007 

Ipecacuanha     . 

Alkaloids     . 

20 

— 

1-75 

— 

Jalap      .      .      .      .    ( 

Total  re^in  . 

80 

— 

— 

— 

Nux  vomica 

Strychnin?  . 

1-25 

50 

10 

01 

Opium    .... 

Morphine     . 

12-12-5 

200 

— 

1-2-1-25 

Physostigma     . 

Ether-soluble  alka- 
loids 

016 

20 

— 

0014 

Pilocarpus  ... 

Alkaloids 

0-6 

— 

0-4 

— 

Scopola        ... 

Mydraitic  alkaloids 

0-5 

20 

0-5 

— 

Stramonium      .      .    | 

Mydriatic  alkaloids 

0-35 

1-4 

0-35 

0  03, 

BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  397 

Before  proceeding  to  criticize  the  new  standards,  we  may  re- 
fer to  the  few  drugs  that  were  standardized  in  the  previous  Phar- 
macopoeia. These  consisted  of  cinchona,  the  standards  of  which 
were,  for  the  bark  and  fluid  extract  5  per  cent,  of  total  alkaloids, 
of  which  at  last  half  should  be  quinine,  the  tincture  not  being 
standardized  ;  opium,  13  to  15  per  cent.  ;  extract  of  opium, 
18  per  cent,  and  tincture  1*3  to  TS  per  cent,  of  morphine  ; 
mix  vomica  extract,  15  per  cent.  ;  fluid  extract,  1*5  per  cent., 
and  tmcture  0"3  per  cent,  total  alkaloids  ;  jalap,  of  which  the 
standard  was  12  per  cent,  alcohol-soluble  resin,  and  not  more 
than  12  per  cent,  soluble  in  ether,  whereas  the  new  standard 
is  8  per  cent,  total  resin,  and  not  more  than  1*5  per  cent, 
soluble  in  ether. 

The  first  feature  that  strikes  one  on  looking  over  this  table  is 
the  very  apparent  fact  that  the  standards  are  what  we  may  call 
natural  rather  than  artificial,  standards.  Previous  to  the  publi- 
cation of  the  present  B.P.  we  used  to  look  upon  a  licjuid  extract 
as  being  a  preparation  of  which  one  fluid  ounce  represented  an 
ounce  of  the  drug,  and  a  solid  extract  as  being  approximately 
four  or  five  times  stronger  than  the  drug  from  which  it  was 
made.  But  the  1898  B.P.  upset  these  ideas  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, some  very  important  preparations  being  made  stronger,  and 
others  weaker,  than  what  we  have  called  the  natural  standard. 
The  object  of  this  is  intelligible  enough,  namely  to  harmonize  the 
dosage  of  potent  j) reparations,  but  it  docs  not  follow  that  it  was 
the  wisest  thing  to  do.  Obviously  it  will  always  be  a  difficult 
matter  to  carry  out  artifical  rules  of  this  kind  to  a  logical  con- 
clusion, and  hence  it  is  a  debatable  point  whether  it  would  not 
have  been  better  for  the  question  of  dosage  to  adjust  itself 
without  introducing  arbitraiy  standards  such  as  I  refer  to. 

A  few  notes  on  the  more  imj)ortant  drugs  and  the  standards 
adopted  \\dll  illustrate  my  remarks. 

Aconite  Boot. — The  standard  adopted  appears  surprisingly  high, 
and  when  the  dose  of  aconitine  and  the  dose  of  fluid  extract  of 
aconite  are  compared,  the  surprise  is  not  lessened.  The  "average 
dose  "  of  the  alkaloid  is  -^-^  grain,  and  that  of  the  fluid  extract  is 
1  minim,  equal  to  -^r~  grain,  which  apparently  is  too  high,  in 
fact,  according  to  notions  of  dosage  in  this  country  for  aconite, 
it  is  excessive.  The  tincture  is  still  farther  out,  the  "  average 
dose,"  10  minims,  being  equal  to  -^j^-^  grain  aconitine.  If  any 
departure  from  the  natural  standard  should  ever  be  legitimate, 
I  think  aconite  would  have'  been  a  suitable  case. 


308  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

Belladonna  Leaves  aiid  Root. —  So  much  has  been  written  on 
belladonna  that  it  seems  supererogatory  to  write  more.  The 
standard  for  belladonna  leaves,  namely  035  per  cent.,  is  in 
accordance  with  what  has  long  been  recognized  by  good  authori- 
ties as  a  fair  average ;  and  while  the  percentage  of  alkaloid  was 
found  in  one  sample  to  be  as  high  as  1-32  per  cent,  bj^  Messrs. 
Farr  and  Wright,  they  also  found  it  as  low  as  0-14  per  cent., 
their  average  being  0-54  per  cent.  It  has  to  be  noted,  however, 
that  the  term  "  dried  "  is  not  a  constant  one,  and  a  good  deal 
may  depend  on  whether  the  drug  is  dried  in  warm  air  or  is  sim- 
ply air  dried.  It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  only  one  extract, 
and  it  is  an  alcoholic  extract  made  from  the  leaves.  This  is 
assayed  to  be  exactly  four  times  the  strength  of  the  leaves,  that 
is  1-4  per  cent,  of  alkaloid,  sugar  of  milk  being  used  if  necessary 
as  a  diluent.  The  tincture  is  assayed  to  one-tenth  the  alkaioidal 
strength  of  the  leaves.  The  standard  for  belladonna  root  is  fixed 
at  a  minimum  of  0-5  per  cent.,  and  the  fluid  extract  must  also 
contain  a  similar  percentage.  This  strength  compares  favour- 
ably vnth  that  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia.  The  root  assays 
from  0-14  to  0-8  per  cent,  of  alkaloid,  but  very  rarely  is  it  found 
of  the  higher  strength,  or  even  of  0-75.  White  recommends 
the  use  of  a  root  with  a  minimum  of  0*4  per  cent,  of  alkaloid  for 
producing  the  B.P.  preparations,  but  so  long  as  the  official  re- 
quirement for  the  liquid  extract  is  as  high  as  it  is,  it  Mill  not  be 
jiossible   to   get   uniformly   satisfactory  results. 

Coca. — The  standard  adopted  for  coca  has  been  long  used 
unofficially,  and  it  is  also  recommended  hj  sucli  authorities  as 
Mr.  J.  C.  Umney,  namely  0*5  per  cent,  of  ether-soluble  alkaloid. 

Colchicum  Corm  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  extract,  and 
the  standards  are  respectively  0-35  and  1-4  per  cent,  of  col- 
chicine. There  are  comparatively  few  published  records  of  the 
alkaioidal  strength  of  colchicum  corm,  but  Schultze  is  reported 
as  having  found  0*6  per  cent,  of  colchicine,  and  Parke,  Davis, 
&  Co.'s  laboratory  records  show  a  variation  of  from  0-3  to  0-75. 
Colchicum  Seeds,  which  are  used  for  the  tincture,  must  have  a 
minimum  of  0-55  per  cent.,  and  the  fluid  extract  0-5  per  cent., 
the  latter  figure  having  been  in  constant  unofficial  use  for 
many  years. 

Conium  Fruit  must  show,  at  least,  0-5  per  cent,  of  coniine,  and 
the  fluid  extract  0-45  per  cent.  Farr  and  Wright  have  found 
a  mucli  higher  average  than  this  in  specially  collected  fruits,  and 
apparently  also  in  commercial  samples.     With  reference  to  their 


feBITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  399 

figures  we  fear  they  must  be  ruled  out  as  impracticable,  for  the 
reason  that  they  were  dealing  with  thoroughly  dried  material. 
It  is  evident  that  in  using  fruit  dried  in  warm  air  they  obtain  a 
result  relatively  higher  in  alkaloid  by  just  the  proportion  of  water 
removed  over  and  above  that  ordinarily  present  in  the  com- 
mercial drug.  It  is  evident  that  standards  should  be  based 
upon  commercial  drug  of  fair  quality,  such  as  is  ordinarily 
obtainable  on  the  market,  and  not  on  drug  that  has  been  sub- 
jected to  special  preparation,  unless,  of  course,  it  be  conceded 
that  drug  commercially  obtainable  is  so  deficient  in  activity  as 
to  demand  a  special  concentration.  Whether  this  is,  or  is  not 
the  case  with  conium  may  be  arguable.  The  U.S. P.,  in  common 
with  the  B.P.,  requires  "  full-grown  but  unripe  fruit,"  and 
since  it  may  be  easier  to  harvest  the  ripe  than  the  unripe  fruit, 
the  latter  of  which,  Farr  and  Wright  have  shown,  contains  the 
greater  proportion  of  alkaloid,  it  is  perfectly  possible  that  the 
commercial  samples  are  inferior  on  that  account.  It  may  also 
be  noted  that  Farr  and  Wright  state  their  figures  as  percentages 
of  coniine  hydrochloride.  The  U.S. P.  estimates  the  alkaloid  as 
hydrochloride  but  reduces  it  by  multiplying  by  the  factor  0'777. 
Applying  the  same  method  to  Farr  and  Wright's  figures,  their 
average  for  commercial  conium  works  out  at  0*52  per  cent.,  and 
for  hand-picked  fruit  at  1-65  per  cent,  while  the  difi^erence  in 
diyness  will  still  further  reduce  their  percentage. 

Hydrastis  has  long  been  unofficially  standardized  on  the  basis 
of  2-5  per  cent,  of  the  white  alkaloid,  hydrastine  ;  but  while  the 
U.S. P.  requires  the  drug  to  contain  a  minimum  of  2-5  per  cent., 
it  specifies  only  2  per  cent,  for  the  fluid  extract,  allowing  for  a 
loss  of  20  per  cent,  of  the  alkaloid  in  manufacturing,  which 
appears  to  be  excessive. 

Hyoscyamus. — The  consensus  of  opinion  in  this  country  is  in 
favour  of  a  standard  for  hyoscyamus  approximating  0*08  per 
cent,  of  alkaloids,  and  it  is  quite  satisfactory  to  find  that  this 
figure  is  also  recognized  in  the  United  States  as  being  a  fair 
minimum,  though  one  firm  of  manufacturers  has  always  placed 
the  standard  at  0-1.  For  the  solid  extract  the  U.S. P.  requires 
0-3,  practically  four  times  higher  than  the  drug.  It  will  be  re- 
called that  at  the  last  Conference,  Farr  and  Wright  advocated 
0-2  per  cent,  of  alkaloid  and  the  present  writer  suggested  0-4  ; 
the  U.S. P.  has  thus  "  split  the  difference  "  and  made  it  0-3. 

Ipecacuanha. — The  reduction  of  the  standard  to  1-75  per  cent, 
of  alkaloid,  as  compared  with  2  per  cent,  for  the  drug,  appears. 


400  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

to  be  a  mistake.  The  alkaloidal  content  of  Rio  ipecac,  accord- 
ing to  Parke,  Davis  &  Co.'s  records,  varies  from  1*7  to  2-7, 
and  of  Carthagena  root  from  1-8  to  3  per  cent.,  so  that  it  seems 
unwise  to  reduce  the  standard  for  tlie  fluid  extract  to  what  is 
practically  the  lowest  strength  found  in  commerce. 

Jalap. — The  curious  fall  in  the  resin-content  of  jalap  has  been 
experienced  in  the  U.S.  as  well  as  in  this  country,  and  the 
U.S. P.  committee  have  had  to  modify  their  standard  accord- 
ingly. Various  standards  have  been  in  use  in  different  phar- 
macopoeias, as  Mr.  Umney  has  pomted  out,  18  per  cent.,  16  per 
cent.,  12  per  cent.,  9-11  per  cent.,  10  per  cent.,  9  per  cent.,  7 
per  cent.,  and  now  the  U.S. P.  places  the  figure  at  8  per  cent., 
which  has  been  unofficially  used  in  America  for  some  years. 

Physostigma. — The  standard  adopted,  0-15  per  cent,  of  alkaloid 
comes  between  the  figure  recommended  by  Umney,  0-125,  and 
that  for  many  years  adopted  by  Parke,  Davis  &  Co.,  0-2.  The 
standard  for  the  sohd  extract,  2  per  cent.,  indicates  that  the 
extract  is  tliirteen  times  stronger  than  the  bean,  but  even  so  it 
is  still  much  below  the  figure  usually  found  in  the  extract  as 
prepared,  and  recourse  is  had  to  the  use  of  powdered  liquorice 
to  dilute  it  to  the  proper  strength.  The  new  U.S.P.  extract 
is  probably  considerably  stronger  than  the  extract  of  the  B.P. 

Pilocarpus  {Jaborandi). — The  U.S.P.  recognizes  both  the 
nitrate  and  the  hydrochloride  of  pilocarpine,  and  it  seems  a 
pity  that  this  alkaloid  should  not  also  have  been  made  the  basis 
of  the  standard,  in  place  of  the  "  alkaloids  (mainly  pilocarpine)," 
the  actual  composition  of  which  may  vary  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree. 

Scopola. — The  only  new  alkaloidal  drug  introduced  is  scopola, 
the  standard  for  wMch  is  said  to  be  0-5  per  cent.  "  of  its  alka- 
loids," wliicli  are  spoken  of  in  the  description  of  the  extract  and 
fluid  extract  as  "  mydriatic  alkaloids."  No  doubt  the  varia- 
tion is  unintentional.  Scopolamine  hydrobromide  is  the  alka- 
lodial  salt  that  has  been  made  official,  and  in  view  of  the  im- 
portance now  attached  to  the  drug,  both  on  account  of  its  use 
as  a  source  of  alkaloid  and  of  the  peculiar  value  of  that  alkaloid 
in  medicine,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  its  inclusion  is  amply 
justified. 

These  notes  are  by  no  means  intended  to  be  exhaustive,  but 
simply  to  draw  attention  to  the  extremely  important  steps  now 
officially  taken  in  the  direction  of  standardization. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  401 

Mr.  Bird  asked,  in  regard  to  ipecacuanha,  by  what  process 
the  alkaloid  was  determined — whether  by  titration  or  not.  In 
his  experience  the  percentage  varied  from  1-2  to  2-3,  which  was 
considerably  lower  than  the  figures  mentioned  by  Mr.  Maben. 

Mr.  H.  WiPPELL  Gadd  said  he  had  noticed  that  some  of  the 
standards  were  rather  high.  For  instance,  the  strychnine  in 
nux  vomica  was  given  as  125.  One  did  sometimes  get  that 
strength,  but  not  on  the  average.  With  regard  to  belladonna 
root,  of  ten  samples  examined  by  him  the  average  was  0-32,  with  a 
maximum  of  0"49.  He  hoped  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  authori- 
ties would  not  follow  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  in 
those  particulars.  He  was  disappointed  to  find  that  the  use  of 
Carthagena  ipecacuanha  was  now  sanctioned  in  the  U.S. P. 
With  the  exception  of  these  minor  criticisms  he  thought  the 
new  volume  was  a  very  great  advance  on  former  ones. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Umney  said  it  was  interesting  to  those  who  had 
worked  on  the  standardization  of  galenicals  and  alkaloidal  stan- 
dards to  note  that  the  results  of  the  workers  in  the  United  States 
closely  agreed  with  theirs.  Mr.  Gadd  had  referred  to  the  low- 
percentage  of  alkaloid  in  belladonna  root.  His  observation 
was  that  the  lower  alkaloidal  value  had  been  only  this  last  two 
years,  and  that  was  the  reason  why  the  0-5  might  be  considered 
a  little  high — 0-45  would  not  be  out  of  order.  The  reason  the 
strength  of  jalap  has  been  reduced  was,  he  thought,  due  to  the 
low  figures  obtained  mth*  the  rejections  of  the  United  States 
markets  sent  here — that  was  the  reason  why  a  great  deal  had 
])een  written  about  the  standard  of  jalap.  He  did  not  think 
there  was  any  real  necessity  for  the  reduction  of  the  standard. 
With  regard  to  j)reparations  of  pilocarpus,  he  had  given  a  good 
deal  of  attention  to  jaborandi,  and  he  must  confess  he  hoped  in 
the  British  Pharmacopoeia  they  would  get  away  from  the  galenical 
preparations  altogether,  and  that  the  alkaloid  pilocarpine  would 
be  recognized.  There  were  two  varieties  of  pilocarpus  which 
yielded  pilocarpine,  so  that  there  would  be  no  difficult}^  in  getting 
the  leaves  ;  while  there  was  a  difficulty  in  obtainiAg  the  official 
leaves.  He  was  sorry  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes  was  not  present  to  tell 
them  more  about  that  point.  The  new  U.S. P.  would  well 
repay  careful  study. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Alcock  rather  regretted  that  Mr.  Maben  had  con- 
fined his  remarks  to  the  standards  of  the  U.S. P.  He  would  like 
to  emphasize  what  Mr.  Umney  said  in  regard  to  jalap.  Some 
weeks  ago  he  examined  a  very  old  sample  of  jalaj),  and  found  18 

DD 


402  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

per  cent,  of  resin,  but  on  examining  present-day  samples  lie 
found  they  did  not  come  up  to  the  B.P.  standard.  Jalap  wa.s 
very  much  like  opium  and  cochineal — it  was  made  to  order 
according  to  the  price  paid.  With  regard  to  the  general  features 
of  the  U.S. P.,  he  was  very  sorry,  as  a  teacher  of  pharmacy,  that 
the  authorities  had  not  decided  as  to  which  is  better — to  weigh 
or  to  measure.  He  thought  wholesalers  would  agree  that  to 
weigh  in  making  preparations  was  more  likely  to  be  accurate  than 
to  measure.  In  measuring  so  much  depended  upon  temperature 
that  he  thought  it  would  be  better  if  the  B.P.  authorities  would 
take  the  bull  by  the  horns  and  insist  that  in  making  the  prepara- 
tions they  should  be  by  weight.  He  was  basing  his  criticism 
on  the  new  U.S. P.,  and  he  noticed  that  with  regard  to  prepara- 
tions containing  turpentine,  water,  and  glycerin  the  procedure 
was  as  varied  as  it  was  possible  to  be.  In  some  cases  the  liquid 
was  weighed,  and  in  other  cases  measured.  There  seemed  to 
be  no  definiteness.  Take,  for  instance,  "  glycerin  and  water 
equal  parts."  Now,  what  was  meant  by  "  parts  "  ?  That  was 
always  cropping  up.  Dr.  Jolm  Attfield  found  it  to  be  a  lot  of 
trouble,  and  Mr.  Bird  would  say  he  could  not  answer  the  question 
even  in  connexion  mth  his  own  formula  for  the  official  preparation 
of  concentrated  infusion  of  senega.  Mr.  Bird  could  only  say  it  was 
an  interesting  question.  He  hoped  in  future  the  authorities 
would  decide  upon  everything  being  by  weight.  Whether  it 
would  affect  the  dosage  he  did  not  know.  He  noticed  the  doses 
in  the  U.S. P.  were  in  weight  and  also  in  measure,  so  that  the 
question  of  weight  or  measure  had  nothing  to  do  with  dosage. 
Perhaps  they  would  be  told  it  would  lead  to  the  continental 
method  of  weighing  medicines,  but  he  did  not  think  that  neces- 
sarily followed,  though  in  manufacturing  he  thought  it  ought  to 
be  by  weight. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Cripps  agreed  with  ]Mr.  Umney  that  it  was  only 
within  the  last  two  years  that  there  had  been  any  difficulty  in  ob- 
taining belladonna  root  assaying  0-5  per  cent.  He  remembered  as- 
saying a  number  of  typical  samples  which  yielded  a  good  deal 
more  total  alkaloids.  It  rather  showed  that  the  old  sources  of 
belladonna  root  were  becoming  exhausted,  and  collectors  had 
been  going  farther  afield.  With  regard  to  ipecacuanha.  Mr. 
Bird  mentioned  2-3  per  cent,  of  alkaloid.  He  had  found  in  Rio 
ipecacuanha  up  to  3*0,  but  that  was  exceptional.  He  had  found 
it  varied  between  20  and  2-6.  He  had  never  met  \^ath  a  sample 
of  Carthagena  which  j'ielded  anything  near  3-0  per  cent.     In 


British  pharmaceutical  conference.  403 

regard  to  jalap,  years  ago  there  were  large  quantities  of  jalap 
assaying  something  like  from  5  per  cent,  up  to  9  per  cent.,  and  he 
had  had  samples  j'ielding  from  15  to  17  per  cent,  of  resin. 

Mr.  E.  F.  Harrison  asked  if,  in  assaying  aconite  root,  any  effort 
was  made  to  get  the  pure  aconitine,  as  he  knew  of  no  satisfactory 
method  of  separating  it  quantitatively  from  the  other  alkaloids 
present.  If  it  was  the  total  alkaloid,  ^4-^  of  a  grain  might  be  very 
insignificant,  but  if  it  was  pure  aconitine  it  would  be  dangerous. 
With  regard  to  assaying  jalap,  some  years  ago  he  got  samples 
from  various  wholesalers,  and  he  did  not  think  one  came  within 
the  B.P.  limits  of  9  to  11  per  cent,  of  resin  ;  some  gave  as  low 
as  6  per  cent,  and  others  as  high  as  18  per  cent.  There  was  one 
point  about  jalap  he  would  hke  to  mention,  and  that  was  that 
in  a  given  batch  the  percentage  of  resin  appears  to  be  governed 
by  size  of  the  tubers.  A  small  tuber  might  yield  6  per  cent,  and 
the  larger  tubers  of  the  same  batch  14  or  15  per  cent,  of  resin, 
and  he  thought  that  fact  might  account  for  the  discrepancy  in 
the  results  obtained  in  assaying  jalap. 

Dr.  Symes  supported  Mr.  Umney's  statement  as  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  excluding  galenical  preparations  of  pilocarpus  and 
making  pilocarpine  the  standard,  because  of  the  difficulty  of 
finding  jaborandi  which  conformed  with  the  B.P.,  while  there 
was  plenty  available  for  pilocarpine,  which  seemed  to  reioresent 
the  active  principle  of  jaborandi. 

Dr.  Attfield  said  that  at  page  29  of  the  new  U.S. P.  the 
strength  of  aconite  was  given  in  terms  of  "  aconitine  "  and  not 
in  "  total  alkaloids."  He  recommended  a  careful  study  of  the 
preface  of  the  work  before  launching  into  criticism  of  the  new 
Pharmacopoeia. 

Mr.  Harrison  said,  in  reply,  that  he  saw  by  a  copy  of  the  U.S. P. 
just  handed  to  him  that  the  authorities  considered  the  ether- 
soluble  alkaloid  as  aconitine. 

Mr.  Maben,  in  reply,  said  that  the  alkaloid  in  Rio  ipecacuanha 
was  estimated  by  titration,  but  he  was  not  in  a  position  to  give 
the  details  of  the  process.  As  to  the  percentage  of  strj-chnine 
in  nux  vomica,  it  would  be  observed  that  the  fluid  extract  only 
required  1  per  cent,  of  strychnine.  It  was  rather  curious,  perhaps 
anomalous,  that  with  a  considerable  number  of  the  galenical 
preparations  the}^  allowed  a  certain  amount  of  loss  in  manu- 
facture, while  with  others  there  was  no  loss  allowed  for,  the 
amount  in  the  fluid  extract  being  the  same  as  the  standard  for 
the  drug.     He  agreed  with  Mr.  Umney  as  to  the  extreme  close- 


404  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

ness  with  which  worker.-;  in  the  United  States  agreed  with  the 
work  done  on  this  side.  As  to  the  remark  about  aconitine,  the 
U.S.  Pharmacopoeia  gave  an  average  dose  of  ^^^,  of  a  grain, 
which  was  regarded  as  an  average  dose  of  pure  crvstaUine  aconi- 
tine, and  he  assumed  it  was  pure  aconitine  ;  but  he  quite  accepted 
Mr.  Harrison's  remark  tliat  it  might  not  be  the  case.  He  might 
say  that  he  had  intended  to  give  a  more  general  paper,  but  found 
it  woukl  be  too  extensive  to  deal  with  on  this  occasion. 


THE  ESSENTIAL  OILS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
PHARMACOPCEIA. 

By  John-  C.   Umney,   F.C.S.,  and  C.  T.   Bennett,  F.C.S. 

New  editions  of  pharmacopceias  are  invariably  of  interest  to 
British  pharmacists,  and  when  the  time  comes  round  for  the 
decennial  revision  and  publication  of  the  United  States  Pharma- 
copoeia we  look  forward  with  eager  expectation  to  an  up-to-date 
book  in  our  own  language.  The  last  edition  of  the  United  States 
Pharmacopoeia,  although  dated  1890,  was  not  actually  published 
until  1894,  and  in  the  interval,  of  course,  there  has  been  a  new 
British  Pharmacopoeia  in  1898,  and  subsequently  a  revised 
German  Pharmacopoeia  (1900).  During  this  interval  in  no 
department  of  research  have  greater  strides  been  made  than  in 
the  systematic  study  of  essential  oils,  and  the  most  modern 
research  on  the  subject  is  reflected  in  the  pages  of  the  new  L^nited 
States  Pharmacopoeia. 

Specific  Gravity. 

It  should  be  noted  first  of  all  that  a  new  temperature  has  been 
utilized  as  a  standard  for  the  taking  of  specific  gravities.  These 
are  now  taken  at  25°  C.  (as  compared  with  distilled  water  at  the 
same  tempei*ature) — no  doubt  a  convenient  temperature  in  parts 
of  the  L^nited  States  of  America  ;  and  althougli  such  a  tempera- 
ture would  i)erhaiis  be  very  little  more  convenient  to  us  in  this 
country  than  the  15°  C.  at  which  we  record  our  results,  yet  it 
would  certainly  possess  some  advantage  in  summer.  Of  course 
this  makes  a  slight  difference  when  compared  with  specific  gravi- 
ties recorded  at  15°  C,  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  difference  being 
from  four  to  six  units  in  tlic  third  place  of  decimals,  according 
to  variation  of  the  cubical  co-efficient  of  expansion. 


british  pharmaceutical  conference.  405 

Optical  Rotation. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  almost  all  the  monographs  limits  of 
optical  rotation  are  recorded,  whereas  in  the  previous  United 
States  Pharmacopceia  these  were  included  in  only  a  very  few 
instances.  There  is  very  little  difference  between  the  limits 
given  for  a  temperature  of  25°  and  those  recorded  at  15°  or  20°, 
the  variation  being  almost  negligible  for  all  practical  purposes. 
There  can  be  no  c{uestion  that,  in  the  absence  of  actual  quanti- 
tative methods  for  the  determination  of  the  important  con- 
stituents of  an  oil,  limits  of  optical  rotation  with  other  physical 
constants  form  an  excellent  criterion  of  purity. 

Solubility  Tests. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  almost  complete  abandonment 
of  the  solubility  tests  in  such  liquids  as  glacial  acetic  acid  and 
bisulphide  of  carbon.  In  fact,  we  notice  in  going  through  the 
various  monographs  in  the  last  United  States  Pharmacopoeia 
the  solubilities  in  glacial  acetic  acid  described  under  the  following 
oils — orange,  clove,  cinnamon,  coriander,  erigeron,  eucalyptus, 
fennel,  pennyroyal,  lavender,  lemon,  peppermint,  spearmint,  nut- 
meg, pimento,  rosemary,  savin,  sassafras,  turpentine,  and  thyme 
— and  in  bisulphide  of  carbon  imder  tlie  following — eucalyptus, 
pennyroyal,  juniper,  lemon,  peppermint,  spearmint,  nutmeg, 
pimento,  sassafras,  mustard,  and  thyme — are  now  omitted. 

Valuation  of  Important  Constituents. 
The  most  imporlant  feature  is  the  extensive  introduction  of 
the  valuation  of  essential  oils  by  their  important  constituents,  and 
processes  are  now  included  for  the  valuation  of  most  oils  where 
the  medicinal  or  odour  value  depends  on  a  single  body.  In 
criticizing  the  individual  monographs  we  shall  refer  to  the  suit- 
ability or  otherwise  of  the  particular  standards  fixed.  Suffice 
it  to  say,  however,  that  the  processes  appear,  on  the  whole,  to 
be  well  selected,  and  doubtless  the  work  will  have  a  wider 
acceptance,  perhaps,  than  the  particular  purpose  for  which, 
according  to  the  preface,  it  is  designed,  namely  :  "  The  stan- 
dards of  purity  and  strength  prescribed  in  the  text  of  this  Pharma- 
copoeia are  intended  to  apply  to  substances  which  are  used 
solely  for  medicinal  purposes,  and  when  professedly  bought,  sold, 
or  dispensed  as  such." 


40g  british  pharmaceutical  conference. 

Omissions  and  Retentions. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  in  the  new  work  tliree  volatile  oils  are 
omitted — viz.,  bergamot,  orange  flower,  and  bay  oils.  The 
omission  of  these  oils  appears  rather  to  be  by  definite  purpose 
with  a  view  to  supporting  the  preceding  statement.  Although 
bergamot,  orange  flower,  and  bay  oils  are  substances  of  large 
sale,  extensively  used  for  toilet  preparations,  yet  in  no  instance 
are  they  of  distinct  medicinal  value.  It  strikes  us  as  curious  that 
two  oils  practically  unknown  in  Britisli  pharmacy  are  still  re- 
tained— the  oils  of  chenopodium  and  erigeron.  We  are  informed 
the  latter  is  used  to  some  extent  in  veterinary  practice,  and  is 
distilled  mostly  by  the  leading  peppermint  growers,  but  the  trade 
is,  of  course,  a  very  unimportant  one  compared  with  that  of 
other  staple  products. 

Additions. 
The  new  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  includes  monographs 
for  certain  products  which  have  already  become  estabhshed  as 
of  considerable  importance  in  medicine  and  perfumery.  There 
can  be  no  question  that  vanillin  is  a  substance  of  the  greatest 
importance,  and  we  might  almost  go  so  far  as  to  say  that  the 
low  market  prices  of  vanillas  are,  to  some  extent,  due  to  their 
rej)lacement,  especially  for  perfumery  purposes,  by  sjmthetic 
vanillin.  Benzoic  aldehyde,  now  introduced,  will  be  of  value 
in  replacing  almond  oil,  now  that  it  can  be  commercially  obtained 
practically  free  from  chlorine  products.  Safrol  is  of  undoubted 
medicinal  value,  and,  as  it  can  be  produced  more  cheaply  from 
other  oils  than  sassafras,  we  certainly  favour  its  inclusion.  The 
United  States  Pharmacopoeia  does  not  follow  the  lead  of  the 
German  Pharmacopoeia  in  the  introduction  of  chemical  consti- 
tuents from  volatile  oils  under  the  name  of  tlie  oils  themselves. 
The  last  German  Pharmacopoeia  includes  j^ure  carvone  as  01. 
Carvi,  anethol  as  anise  oil,  and  pure  eugenol  as  oil  of  cloves. 

Materials  for  Distillation. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  most  precise  instructions  are  given  as 
to  the  material  for  distillation,  etc.  For  example,  oil  of  pepper- 
mint is  required  to  be  distilled  from  the  fresh  or  partly  dried 
leaves  and  flowering  tops. 

Rectification  of  Oils. 
It  is  noticeable  that  in  several  instances  the  United  States 
Pharmacopoeia  for  the  first  time  recognizes  the  rectification  of 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  407 

essential  oils,  and  reference  to  the  monographs  of  the  oils  of  cara- 
way, eucalyptus,  peppermint,  spearmint,  and  others  will  show 
that  in  each  instance  the  oils  intended  to  be  official  are  not  the 
simple  primary  distillates,  but  oils  rectified  by  steam  distillation, 
and  thus,  to  some  extent,  fractionated. 

Storage  of  Essential  Oils. 

One  of  the  features  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  has 
always  been  instructions  as  to  storage,  but  these  instructions  in 
the  present  edition  have  been  elaborated,  and  we  think  we  can- 
not do  better  than  quote  those  given  for  the  storage  and  handling 
of  anise  oil  and  bitter  orange  oil  to  show  how  minute  tliey  are. 
Anise  oil,  it  says,  "  sliould  be  kept  in  well-stoppered,  amber- 
coloured  bottles,  protected  from  light,  and,  if  it  lias  separated  into 
a  liquid  and  a  solid  portion,  it  should  be  completely  liquefied 
by  warming  and  then  well  shaken  before  being  dispensed  "  ; 
while  orange  oil  "  should  be  kept  in  small,  well-stoppered  amber- 
coloured  bottles,  in  a  cool  place,  so  as  to  avoid  as  far  as  possible 
the  development  of  a  terebinthinate  odour.  Oils  that  have 
developed  such  an  odour  should  not  be  dispensed."  Viewed  all 
found,  there  can  be  no  question  that  the  monographs  are  in 
themselves  models  of  what  such  monographs  intended  for 
guidance  in  medicine  should  be,  and  in  our  opinion  they  go  very 
decidedly  farther,  fCnd  are  likely  to  be  of  great  value  to  all  manu- 
facturing pharmacists,  and  also  to  those  who  may  handle  essential 
oils,  and  record  the  principal  features  in  a  concise  form  for 
judging  purity  and  value. 

Oleum  Anisi. 

The  new  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  includes  as  a  source  of 
this  oil  for  the  first  time  star  anise  as  well  as  Pimpinella  anise, 
both  of  which  varieties  have  been  official  in  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia of  1898  and  1885.  The  oil  of  anise  fruit  alone  is  official  in 
the  last  published  German  Pharmacopoeia,  but  that  is  a  fraction- 
ated oil  consisting  almost  entirely  of  anethol,  with  a  melting  point 
of  20°  to  21°  C,  and  a  higher  specific  gravity  than  the  normal 
oil  now  made  official  in  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia.  The 
range  of  specific  gravity  of  the  oil  is  certainly  an  excellent  one, 
but  the  optical  rotation  should  read  leevo-gyrate  up  to— 2°, 
which  is  in  accordance  with  our  observations,  based  upon  the 
examination  of  a  very  large  number  of  samples. 

The  observations  of  one  of  us  (John  C.  Umney,  Y.-B.P.  1889, 


408         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

p.  183)  on  the  congealing  point  of  oil  of  anise  have  been  noted, 
and  the  monograph  recognizes  how  anise  oil  may,  if  left  undis- 
turbed, be  cooled  to  a  temperature  of  6"  ('.  without  soHdification, 
notwithstanding  that  the  true  congeahng  point  is  about  15^  C. 
This  monograpli  is  an  excellent  one,  and  contains  all  the  neces- 
sary details. 

Oleum  Amygdala  Amar^. 

It  will  lie  noted  that  volatile  oil  of  bitter  almonds  may  now  be 
obtained  from  the  bitter  almond  and  other  seeds  containing 
amygdalin — that  is  to  say,  the  volatile  oil  of  apricot  and  peach 
kernels  is  also  admissible.  It  is,  however,  required  that  the  oil 
shall  contain  more  than  85  per  cent,  of  benzoic  aldehyde  and 
between  2  and  4  per  cent,  of  hydrocyanic  acid.  The  specific 
gravity  has  been  lowered  from  1-060-1  070  at  15°  C,  to  104.5- 
1-060  at  25^  C,  which  is  a  reduction  more  than  proportionate  to 
the  different  temperature  at  which  the  determination  is  now 
made.  Under  the  tests  it  is  particularly  set  out  that  the  oil 
of  bitter  almond  containing  crystals  of  benzoic  acid — that  is  to 
say.  which  had  undergone  oxidation — should  not  be  dispensed. 

Benzaldehyde  E.stimation. 
This  is  a  modification  of  Sadtler's  process  as  adopted  for  lemon 
oil.  The  estimation  is  one  not  likely  to  give  identical  results 
in  the  hands  of  different  operators.  The  end  reaction  is  not  sliarj), 
and  comparative  results  will  only  be  obtained  by  practice  (see 
notes  on  lemon  oil).  The  object  of  mixing  with  kerosine  is  pre- 
sumably to  diffuse  the  oil  over  a  greater  surface.  The  small 
(juantity  of  oil  required  to  be  used  (12  drops)  is  rather  disadvan- 
tageous, and  up  to  the  present  our  results  rather  lead  to  the  belief 
that  the  ordinary  aldehyde  absorption  process  as  used  foi'  the 
determination  of  cinnamic  aldehyde  in  cassia  oil  is  preferable. 

Hydrocyanic  Acid  Assay. 
The  process  included  is  that  of  Kremers  and  Schreiner.  There 
is  at  the  outset  a  difficulty  in  preparing  magnesium  hydroxide 
free  from  chloride  ;  a  blank  experiment  is  therefore  necessary, 
and  the  proportion  of  chloride  found  in  the  magnesium  salts  must 
be  deducted  from  the  total  reading.  The  process  appears  to  yield 
lower  results  than  those  we  have  obtained  on  a  manufacturing 
scale  in  the  removal  of  hydrocyanic  acid  from  bitter  almond  oil. but 
we  have  not,  so  far.  had  the  opportunity  of  comparing  the  vaiious 
processes.    Our  records,  extending  over  a  great  many  years,  would 


'/••-^z 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         409 

appear  to  indicate  in  the  freshly  prepared  oil  of  bitter  almond 
a  higher  proportion  of  hydrocyanic  acid  than  4  per  cent. 

Oleum  Aurantii  Corticis. 
The  oils  of  bitter  and  sweet  orange  peel  were  both  official  in  the 
United  States  Pharmacopa?ia  of  1890,  whilst  the  oil  from  the 
peel  of  the  sweet  orange  is  now  alone  official.  For  flavouring 
elixirs  and  syrups  the  sweet  variety  is  preferable,  and  hence  the 
inclusion  on  the  present  occasion.  The  characters  and  tests  are 
satisfactory,  although  the  optical  rotation  of  not  less  than  +  95° 
is  perhaps  a  little  higher  than  necessary :  over  +  92°  would  pro- 
bably have  been  a  sufficiently  stringent  test.  The  tests  include 
one  for  the  presence  of  pinene  determined  by  the  melting  point 
of  its  nitroso  compound. 

Oleum  Betul^e. 
This  oil  is  now  directed  to  be  prepared  by  maceration  and 
distillation  from  the  bark  of  Betula  lenfa,  and  is  stated  to  con- 
form to  the  reactions  and  tests  of  01.  Gaultherise,  which  oil  is 
stated  to  have  the  same  properties  as  methyl  salicylate, 
althougli  no  references  are  made  under  oil  of  gaultheria  to  its 
similarity  to  01.  Betulae.  At  any  rate,  there  is  clear  indication 
in  the  monographs  referred  to  that  the  synthetic  methyl  salicylate, 
wlien  chemically  pure,  is  bound  to  rapidly  replace  the  natural 
oil,  wliether  from  gaultheria  or  sweet  birch. 

Oleum  Cajuputi. 

This  oil  is  required  to  yield  not  less  than  55  per  cent,  by  volume 
of  cineol,  and  to  have  a  specific  gravity  of  0-915  to  0*925  at  25° 
( '.  This  is  a  lower  range  of  specific  gravity  than  that  of  the  B.P., 
1S98  (922-930  at  15°  C),  but  approximating  to  that  suggested 
by  one  of  us  (see  Year-Book  of  Pharmacy,  1904,  p.  44) — namelv, 
a  minimum  specific  gravity  of  0*919  at  15°.  A  minimum  of  50 
per  cent,  cineol  Avould  be  more  in  accordance  with  this  minimum 
specific  gravity.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  British  Pharma- 
copoeia, although  requiring  the  oil  to  give  a  semi-solid  mass  with 
concentrated  phosphoric  acid,  gives  no  actual  percentage.  The 
])Iiosphoric  acid  of  the  new  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  has  a 
specific  gravity  of  1*707  at  25°  C. 

There  is  one  test  which  is  not  quite  clear — viz.,  the  test  for  the 
absence  of  copper  as  follows  :  "  On  shaking  5  c.c.  of  the  oil 
with  5  c.c.  of  water  containing  one  drop  of  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid,  a  reddish-brown  colour  should  not  be  produced  in 


410  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

the  acid  li(j^uid,  when  separated  from  tlie  oil,  if  a  drop  of 
potassium  ferrocyanide  T.S.  be  added  (absence  of  copper)." 
But  should  such  test  be  insisted  upon,  then  we  assume  that 
there  is  no  necessity  for  the  inclusion  in  the  description  of  the 
words,  "  a  greenish  hquid,"  as  the  green  colour  of  cajupiit 
oil  is  entirely  removed  by  the  shaking  it  with  a  solution  of 
ferrocyanide  of  potassium,  indicating  that  it  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  copper. 

Oleum  Carl 
This  oil  is  one  required  to  be  rectified  by  steam  distillation,  and 
the  characters  of  the  oil  are  really  very  close  to  those  suggested 
by  one  of  us  (J.  C.  Umney,  Y.-B.P.,  1895,  p.  165),  including  as 
they  do  a  minimum  specific  gravity  of  0*905  at  25°  C.  (practically 
equivalent  to  0*910  at  15°),  and  an  optical  rotation  between 
+  70  and  +  80.  No  process  has  been  included  for  the  determina- 
tion of  carvone,  but  these  physical  characters  are  quite  sufficient 
to  ensure  an  oil  containing  over  50  per  cent,  of  carvone. 

Oleum  Caryophylli. 
We  have  already  referred  to  the  fact  that  the  oil  official  in  (ho 
German  Pharmacopoeia  is  pure  eugenol.  The  United  States 
Pharmacopoeia,  however,  prefers  to  maintain  the  natural  oil  of 
cloves  with  a  fair  range  of  specific  gravity,  and  yielding  by  the 
alkali  absorption  process  recommended  by  one  of  us  (Umney. 
Y.-B.P.,  1895,  p.  167)  80  per  cent,  by  volume  of  eugenol.  It 
has  been  shown  that  the  strength  of  alkaline  hydroxide  solution 
used  for  absorption  of  the  phenols  makes  some  little  difference 
in  the  percentage  recorded  (see  Y.-B.P.,  1903,  p.  64),  and  our 
experience  shows  that  the  difference  in  absorption  of  phenol, 
using  5  and  10  per  cent,  solutions  of  caustic  potash,  is  84  per 
cent,  in  the  former  case  and  89  per  cent,  in  the  latter,  where  the 
combined  eugenol  is  entirely  decomposed.  The  range  of  specific 
gravity  is,  in  our  opinion,  a  fair  one.  The  most  aromatic  clove 
oils  are  those  of  comparatively  low  specific  gravity,  given,  of 
course,  that  the  eugenol  content  is  sufficiently  high.  We  find 
that  an  oil  of  specific  gravity  1*040  at  25°  C.  contains  from  82  to  84 
of  eugenol  by  volume  by  the  process  of  the  United  States  Pharma- 
copoeia— namely,  5  per  cent,  solution  of  caustic  potash. 

Oleum  Cinnamomi  (Cassia  Oil). 
Under  tlie  Latin  title  of  01.  Cinnamomi  the  oil  of  cassia  cinna- 
mon is  included,  and,  of  course,  this  must  not  be  confused  with 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         411 

the  oil  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  derived  from  Cinnamomum 
zeylanicum.  The  title,  however,  is  rather  miisleading,  especially 
as  two  cinnamon  barks  {O.  saigonicum  and  C.  zeylanicum)  are 
official,  but  not  the  bark  of  C.  cassia.  That  the  oil  from  Cinna- 
momum zeylanicum  is  decidedly  preferable  in  point  of  odour  and 
taste  (especially  taste)  there  can  be  no  question,  but,  of  course, 
containing  as  it  does  a  lower  percentage  of  the  medicinally 
valuable  substance,  cinnamic  aldehyde,  it  has,  no  doubt,  been 
thought  wise  to  retain  the  oil  of  cassia  rather  than  that  of  cinna- 
mon. 

The  process  included  for  the  valuation  of  the  cinnamic  aldeliyde 
is  the  one  in  general  use  ;  and  we  are  of  opinion  that  the  limit 
fixed  of  not  less  than  75  per  cent,  is  a  fair  one,  although  most 
pure  oils  contain  80-85  per  cent,  by  volume  of  aldehydes.  The 
test  for  the  absence  of  petroleum  and  resin  is  valuable,  more 
especially  when  the  oil  is  at  higher  rates  than  are  now  ruling. 
Many  oils  containing  only  75  per  cent,  of  aldehydes  contain  added 
resin  ;  but  so  long  as  there  is  a  demand  for  low-grade  oils  this 
sophistication  will  probably  continue.  Whether  the  oil  will  be 
replaced  by  cinnamic  aldehyde  at  a  later  date  remains  to  be  seen. 
Our  experience  of  cinnamic  aldehyde  is,  so  far,  not  favourable, 
as  it  appears  always  to  possess  a  suspicion  of  the  odour  of  benzoic 
aldehyde,  which  is  not  present  in  the  natural  cassia  oil,  and  which 
is  certainly  a  disadvantage. 

Oleum  Copaiba. 

The  monograph  of  the  present  Pharmacopoeia  differs  in  two 
respects  from  that  of  the  previous  edition.  The  specific  gravity 
is  now  0-895  to  0-905  at  25°  C,  whilst  formerly  it  was  from  0-890 
to  0-910  at  15°  C,  which  is  practically  equivalent.  It  is  also 
now  required  to  be  soluble  in  two  volumes  of  alcohol  (95  per 
cent,  by  volume),  whilst  formerly  ten  volumes  were  required,  and 
for  the  first  time  tliere  is  included  the  requirement  that  it  should 
be  la3vo-gyrate,  although  no  limits  are  given. 

Oleum  Coriandri. 

The  monograph  is  in  accordance  with  all  our  records  for  pure 
oils,  and  the  solubihty  in  three  volumes  of  70  per  cent,  alcohol, 
as  well  as  the  range  of  optical  rotation  which  is  now  included 
for  the  first  time,  namely,  from  +70°  to  +14°  are  normal.  It 
should  be  noted  that  there  is  no  special  warning  against  specific 
adulterations. 


412  british  pharmaceutical  conference. 

Oleum  Cubeb^. 

The  only  new  feature  is  tliat  the  optical  rotation  is  included, 
ranging  from  —25"  to  —40".  The  statement,  however,  regarding 
specific  gravities  is  somewhat  altered,  being  now  0*905  to  0"925 
at  25°  C,  whilst  formerly  the  requirement  was  "  about  0'920  at 
15°." 

Oleum  Erigerontis. 

We  have  little  experience  of  this  oil  except  from  our  casual 
examination  of  samples,  principally  from  the  American  source. 
The  oils  we  liave  examined,  however,  correspond  with  the  present 
official  requirements,  and  it  is  curious  that  an  oil  of  sufficient 
importance  to  include  in  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia 
should  not  be  more  utilized  in  this  country. 

Oleum  Eucalypti. 
The  present  Pharmacopoeia  gives  no  particular  specific  source 
for  the  derivation  of  the  oil.  but  requires  simj^ly  that  it  sliall  be 
rectified  by  steam  distillation  and  yield  not  less  than  50  per  cent, 
of  cineol,  the  usual  assay  as  cineol  phosphate  being  given,  using 
85  per  cent,  phosphoric  acid  and  jaetroleum  ether.  In  our  opinion 
55  per  cent,  would  be  a  better  minimum  for  an  oil  for  medicinal 
purposes.  The  B.P.  gives  no  actual  percentage,  but  the  wording 
of  tlie  monograph  makes  the  oil  practically  identical.  Oil  of  tlie 
amygdalina  class,  especially  those  containing  phellandrene.  aie 
excluded  by  the  usual  nitrite  test. 

Oleum  Fceniculi. 
The  same  precise  directions  are  given  for  the  storing  and  dis- 
pensing of  this  oil  as  in  the  case  of  anise  oil.  and  the  higliest  })()int 
reached  during  crystallization  is  also  recorded  as  the  corgealing 
point  (see  anise  oil),  which  should  rot  be  below  5°  C.  Tliere  is 
usually  some  difficulty  in  starting  crystallization  unless  a  crystal 
of  anetliol  is  available.  The  specific  gravity  is  now  stated  as 
from  0-958  to  0973  at  25°  C.  The  lower  hmit  practically  coin- 
cides with  that  formerly  official.  We  have  not  met  with  any  oil 
of  fennel  sophisticated  with  volatile  oils  containing  phenols  for 
which  a  test  is  included.  The  detailed  characters  of  the  difFereiif 
varieties  of  fennel  oil  aje  set  out  in  the  paper  by  one  of  us  (John 
C.  Umney,    Y.-B.P..   1897,  p.   165). 

Oleum  Gaultheri.^. 
The  oil  is  now  a  rectified  oil,  and  is  described  as  colourless,  or 
almost  colourless,  reference  to  its  occasional  reddish  tint  being 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         413 

omitted  in  the  present  edition.  In  several  samples  recently  exam- 
ined this  reddish  tint  was  most  pronoiuiced.  The  tests  agree  with 
those  of  the  samiDles  we  have  examined  during  the  past  ten  years. 

Oleum  Hedeoivle. 
The  oil  is  now  stated  to  be  distilled  from  the  leaves  and  flower- 
ing tops,  whilst  formerly  the  detailed  description  of  source  was 
not  stated.  The  specific  gravity  has  been  somewhat  lowered. 
It  is  now  from  0-920  to  0-935  at  25°,  formerly  from  0-930  to  0-94 
at  15°  C.  Our  experience  of  American  pennyroyal  is  coniparatively 
limited,  but  examinations  of  European  samples  of  Spanish, 
French,  and  Portuguese  origin  show  that  these,  as  a  rule,  have  a 
specific  gravity  within  the  limits  0-935  to  0-945  at    15°  C. 

Oleum  Juniperi. 
The  range  of  specific  gravity  has  been  very  much  reduced. 
Whilst  formerly  it  was  from  0-850  to  0-890  at  15°  C,  it  is  now 
from  0-860  to  0-880  at  25°  C.  We  find,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  that 
the  majority  of  samples  of  juniper  oil.  when  freshly  distilled,  have 
a  specific  gravity  of  0-862  to  0-867  at  15°  C.  The  solubility  test, 
viz.  1  in  10  volumes  of  90  per  cent,  alcohol,  is  a  little  too  stringent, 
as  it  will  exclude  some  pure  oils  except  when  freshly  distilled. 

Oleum  Lavandula  Florum 
is  now  described  as  distilled  from  the  fresh  flowering  tops,  whereas 
in  the  1890  edition  the  word  flowers  alone  is  used.  It  is  noticeable 
in  the  monograph  for  lavender  oil  there  is  no  recognition  of  the 
determination  of  ester  percentage,  or,  indeed,  any  method  for  its 
valuation,  the  only  tests  for  purity  in  addition  to  specific  gravity 
being  its  solubility  in  70  per  cent,  alcohol — namely,  one  in  three — 
and  a  test  for  added  alcohol.  As  a  means  of  valuing  oils  of  cne 
class,  say  French  oil,  the  determination  of  ester  valuation  is  of 
importance,  though  the  fragrance  of  many  oils  when  the  per- 
centage of  ester  is  much  over  39  is  not  enhanced  (see  C.  and  D. 
August  9,   1902,  p.  248). 

On  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  necessity  to  judge  of  the  purity 
of  English  lavender  oil  by  limit  of  esters,  and  therefore  cne  can 
see  the  difficulties  of  the  compilers  of  the  United  States  Pharma- 
copoeia in  trjang  to  arrange  a  monograph  that  would  include  high- 
value  French  lavender  oils,  but  which  would  exclude  English  oils, 
or  vice  versa.  Perhaps  it  was  the  wisest  way  out  of  the  difficulty. 
How  it  will  be  treated  in  a  new  British  Pharmacopoeia  remains 


414  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.  • 

to  be  seen,  perhaps  by  the  inclusion  of.Enghsli  oils  only,  which  | 

would  give  a  much-needed  impetus  to  the  lavender  cultivation  ■ 

in  this  country.  ; 
Oleum  Limonis. 

The  specific  gravity  limits— viz.  0-851  to   0-855  at  25°  C— 
will  include  most  commercial  oils  of  good  quahty.     The  minimum  , 
tiguie  for  optical  rotation— viz.  +  60°— appears  to  be  a  little  high 
as  we  have  examined  pure  oils  in  some  seasons  with  a  rotation  of  , 
+  59°      A  maximum  of  64°  might  have  been  stated.     For  the  , 
determination  of  citral  Sadtler's  method  has  been  included.     It  i.s  ; 
perhaps,  the  most  satisfactory  of  published  processes,  but  it  still  ■ 
leaves  something  to  be  desired.      In  the  titration  the  end  reaction  , 
is  not  sharp,  and  it  is  likely  to  give  good  results  only  m  experienced  . 
hands.     In    Sadtler's    origmal    paper    {Amer.    Journal    Pharm., 
February,  1904,  p.  84)  he  recommends  rosohc  acid  as  indicator,  ; 
and  states  that  the  end  reaction  must  be  taken  when  only  a  very  I 
faint  pink  colour  remains,  which  is  not  appreciably  affected  by  ! 
a  few  drops  more  acid.     Again,  he  recommends  25  to  50  c.c   of  i 
20  per  cent,  sodium  sulpliite  solution  for  5  to  10  gm.  of  oit,  while 
the  new  Pharmacopoeia  directs  only  25  c.c.  to  be  used  for  about 
15  c  c    of    oil.      This  seems  to  us  an  insufficient  quantity,  as  , 
better' results   are  obtamed  with  double  the  quantity  or  the  ; 
equivalent  of  a  stronger  solution  of  sodium  sulphite.     Our  experi- 
ments with  this  process  show  from  3-8  to  4-4  per  cent,  as  normal  ^ 
limits  for  pure  oils  of  commerce.  i 

The  minimum  hmit  for  citral— namely,  4  per  cent.— is,  in  our  j 

opinion,  quite  high  enough,  as  it  has  been  recently  proved  by  j 

Enghsh   chemists   and  manufacturers   that   the  percentage  of  j 

citral  in  lemon  oil  rarely  exceeds  5  per  cent.,  m  spite  of  the  | 

statements  of  Itahan  chemists  that  6  to  7  per  cent,  is  a  normal  , 

figure.     We  prefer  to  rely  on  a  careful  examination  of  the  differ-  : 

ent  fractions  distilled  under  reduced  pressure  for  the  detection  . 

of  terpenes,  etc.,  although  this  can  hardly  be  described  at  length  , 

in  a  pharmacopoeia.     The  requirement  now  included  that  the  | 

first  10  per  cent,  distilled  should  not  differ  from  the  original  oil  j 

by  more  than  2°  is  the  one  official  in  the  British  Pharmacopoeia,  | 

1898,  though  this  requkes  modification.  j 

Oleum  Mentha  Piperita.  ] 

The  oil  now  described  is  one  rectified  by  steam  distillatioi),  j 

and  distilled  in  the  first  instance  from  the  fresh  or  partly  dried  j 

leaves  and  flowering  tops.      It  is  required  to  contain  net  less  \ 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         41 5 

than  8  per  cent,  of  ester  and  not  more  than  50  per  cent. 
of  total  menthol  free  and  combined  as  ester.  It  will  be 
seen  that  the  tests  are  much  modified,  and  several  of 
the  colour  reactions,  moreesi^ecially  for  determining  the  ab- 
sence of  camphor  oil,  oil  of  sassafras,  and  to  some  extent 
sophistication  with  Japanese  oil,  have  been  omitted.  No 
doubt  the  intention  of  the  8  per  cent,  ester  requirement  is  to 
obviate  tlie  inclusion  of  Japanese  oil  and  to  obtain  an  oil  of  as 
good  value  as  possible.  In  making  this  limitation,  however,  the 
United  States  Pharmacopoeia  would  appear  to  have  gone  very 
near  precluding  the  use  of  some  of  the  highest  grade  redistilled 
American  peppermint  oils.  Certainly  it  will  exclude  some  of 
the  Mitcham  and  Cambridgeshire  peppermint  oils  as  normally 
distilled.  We  have  records  of  very  many  samples  of  English 
peppermint  oil  of  undoubted  purity  containing  less  than  8  per 
cent,  of  esters.  We  have  recently  referred  in  a  paper  on  Sicilian 
peppermint  oil  to  as  high  a  percentage  of  esters  as  29-4  per  cent, 
contained  in  that  oil,  but  in  the  majority  of  the  finest  American 
oils  that  we  have  examined  the  percentage  of  esters  has  varied 
between  7-2-  and  11  per  cent.  The  method  of  assay  of  the 
alcohols  and  esters  is  the  usual  one  adopted. 

Oleum  Myristicje. 
The  limits  of  specific  gravity  are  very  little  different  to  those 
which  were  formerly  official,  but  a  range  of  optical  rotation  has 
been  included  for  the  first  time — viz.,  from  +14°  to  +28° — 
which  is  in  accordance  with  our  experience,  and  the  test  detailed 
by  one  of  us,  which  obviates  the  presence  of  fixed  oil  of  nutmeg, 
as  indicated  by  the  oil  leaving  after  evaporation  a  crystalline 
residue,  is  also  included.  The  requirement  seems  to  be  in  every 
way  a  necessary  one  when  the  oil  is  to  be  used  in  the  making  of 
sal  volatile. 

Oleum  Pimento. 

Tlie  new  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  requires  that  this  oil 
shall  yield  not  less  than  65  per  cent,  by  volume  of  eugenol, 
assayed  by  the  potassium  hydroxide  absorption  method,  and 
the  requirement  certainly  is  a  fair  one,  and  one  with  which 
practically  all  good  trade  samples  comply.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  a  very  curious  anomaly  in  the  old  monograph  is  modified. 
It  was  formerly  stated  that  oil  of  pimenta  had  a  clove-like 
odour  ;  now  it  is  stated  that  "  it  has  a  strong  arom.atic  odour 
of  allspice."     The  range  of  specific  gravity  has  been  altered 


416  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

and  is  now  from  1033  to  1  048  at  25"^  C— that  is  to  say,  apart 
from  the  difteience  of  temperature  at  which  the  specific  gravity 
is  taken,  there  is  a  lowering  of  the  bottom  limit.  This  is  certainly 
an  advantage,  for  the  typical  aromatic  bodies  are  those  with  the 
lower  specific  gravity  which  are  characteristic  of  the  oil,  al- 
though perhaps  not  adding  to  its  medicinal  value.  All  the  tests, 
as  in  the  case  of  clove  oil,  for  the  presence  of  other  phenol  bodies 
have  been  omitted. 

Oleum  Ros^. 
The  monograph  for  oil  of  rose  is  certainly  a  satisfacloiy  one, 
and  the  inclusion  for  the  first  time  in  any  pharmacopoeia  of  the 
saponification  value  is  a  point  to  be  noticed.       It  is  found  that 
practically  all  samples  of  pure  otto  of  rose  of  the  highest  odour 
value  fall  between  the  limits  of  10  and  17,  as  set  out  in  the  de- 
tailed process  for  assay  ;    as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  majority  fall 
from  14  to  16-5.     The  range  of  specific  gravity  has  been  altered. 
It  was  from  0-865  to  0-880  at  20°  C.  in  the  last  edition  ;   now 
it  is  from  0-855  to  0-865  at  25°  C— a  considerable  and  advis- 
able lowering  of  the  top  margin.     The  point  at  which  crystalhs- 
ation  first  appears  in  the  otto  of  rose  on  cooling  is  taken  as  the 
congeahng  point,  and  is  required  to  be  between  18°  and  22°  C. 
This   is  a  httle  wider  range  than  the  German   Pharmacopoeia, 
which  is  between  18°  and  21°  C.     Of  course,  given  that  the  phy- 
sical  and   chemical  characteristics  indicate  purity,  then  it  is 
advantageous   not    to   have    a   higher   congealing  point    than 
20°   C,   as  a  higher  congealing  point  indicates,   naturally,   a 
greater  proportion  of  odourless  stearoptene. 

Oleum  Rosmarini. 
We  are  disposed  to  think  that  the  nnnimum  percentage  of 
borneol— viz.,  15  per  cent.— fixed  for  rosemary  oil  is  somewhat 
high.  It  is  not  an  oil  of  very  great  medicinal  value,  although 
what  medicinal  value  it  has  over  and  above  that  of  the  terjenes 
it  contains  is  probably  due  to  borneol.  Our  examinations  of 
samples  of  rosemary  oil  obtained  from  different  parts  of  Europe, 
etc.,   have  shown  the  following  percentages  : — 

French.  Spanisli.  Italian.  Dalmatian. 

18-2  ..  12-3  ..  10-8  ..  131 

14-3  ..  11«  -  10-^  ••  ^^'^ 

15-0  ..  12-4  ..  10-7  ..  12-4 

13-8 
18-7 
13-2 
15-2 
12-4 
12-4 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         417 

It  Avill  be  seen,  therefore,  that  although  some  of  the  finest 
French  oils  do  contain  a  higher  percentage  of  borneol  than  15, 
yet  one  to  our  minds  quite  high  enough  for  minimum  would 
have  been  12-5  per  cent.  We  have  never  examined  a  sample 
of  pure  oil  having  a  higher  rotation  than +  15°  (the  extreme 
limit  fixed),  that  of  some  of  the  best  oils  that  we  have  examined 
being  as  low  as  +3°.  We  have  paid  no  great  attention  to  the 
determination  of  the  ester  value  of  rosemary  oil,  but  in  the  few 
determinations  that  we  have  made  the  minimum  ester  fixed 
would  appear  to  be  a  satisfactory  one,  and  one  -^ath  which  the 
French  and  Spanish  oils  comply  readily. 

Oleum  Sabin.^. 

The  oil  is  now  required  to  be  distilled  from  the  fresh  tops  of 
sa\an,  and  this  is  a  very  important  feature,  as  it  practically 
means  the  elimination  of  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  woody 
plants  of  savin,  from  which  the  oil  has  been  in  the  past  distilled 
in  the  south  of  France,  and  which  has  resulted  in  an  oil  being 
produced  widely  different  to  that  official  either  in  the  present 
edition  or  the  previous  one.  We  are  disposed  to  think,  from  the 
examination  we  have  made  of  sa\Tin  distillates,  that  there  is  a 
considerable  difference  in  the  product  obtained  in  different 
countries,  and  there  is,  possibly,  a  sHght  difference  in  the  variety 
of  the  savin  itself.  We  have  now  an  investigation  of  the  subject 
on  hand,  the  results  of  which  we  hope  to  pubHsh  at  a  little  later 
date. 

Oleum  Santali. 

The  oil  is  required  when  assayed  bj^  the  usual  acetylation 
process,  to  contain  not  less  than  90  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  calcu- 
lated as  santalol,  which  requirement  has  been  accepted  as  a  com- 
mercial basis  for  some  time  past.  There  is  practical^  no  alter- 
ation in  the  important  features  of  the  monograph,  except  that 
the  specific  gravity  has  been  lowered  proportionately  with  the 
temperatm-e  at  which  it  is  taken,  and  the  optical  rotation  of  the 
oil  is  now  required  to  fall  between  —16°  and  —20°  in  a  100  mm. 
tube.  A  special  test  is  included  for  the  absence  of  choloroform. 
This  sopliistication  has  not  been  met  with  to  our  knowledge  in 
this  country,  but  it  is  interesting  as  showing  how  what  one  may 
call  a  local  sophistication  may  result  in  the  inclusion  of  a  special 
test  for  the  detection  of  that  particular  adulterant. 

EE 


418  british  pharmaceutical  conference. 

Oleum  Sassafras. 
It  is  not  in  our  province  to  discuss  whether  there  is  really 
ground  for  the  inclusion  of  this  oil,  seeing  that  pure  safrol  is 
included,  obtained  from  cheaper  sources,  and  no  doubt  ha\4ng 
also  similar  properties  to  the  natural  oil  of  sassafras  distilled  from 
the  root,  or,  as  now  set  out,  "espscially  from  root  bark."  The 
limits  of  specific  gravity  have  been  much  narrowed  ;  formerly 
they  were  from  1070  to  1090,  now  they  are  from  1065  to 
1075  at  25°  C,  but  within  these  narrower  limits  practically  all 
pure  samples  fall.  There  is  a  decided  difference  between  the 
odour  of  sassafras  oil  distilled  from  root  bark  and  the  oils  blend- 
ed with  safrol  from  other  sources,  and  it  would  almost  appear 
necessary  to  rely  on  the  odour  test,  as,  so  far  as  we  know,  no 
chemical  test  is  available  for  the  purpose. 

Oleum  Sin  apis  Volatile. 
The  monograph  now  states  that  the  oil  is  derived  from  black 
mustard,  freed  from  its  fatty  oil,  and  is  required  to  contain,  by 
the  new  process  now  included,  92  per  cent,  of  allyl-isothiocy- 
anate.  The  method  adopted  now  is  decided^  an  advantage 
over  that  formerly  official,  being  volumetric  and  not  gravimetric, 
and  being  capable  of  easy  apphcation.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
in  the  characters  and  tests,  under  the  description,  followdng  the 
words  "  having  a  very  pungent  and  acrid  odour,"  is  the  sentence, 
"great  caution  should  be  exercised  when  smelling  this  oil  " — 
presumably  a  guide  to  the  unwary  apprentice.  The  oil  is  one 
that,  for  pharmaceutical  purposes,  appearst  o  be  going  out  of 
favour,  due,  no  doubt,  to  the  difficulty  of  its  use  in  liniment  form 
and  the  more  extended  application  of  mustard-leaves,  plasters,  etc. 

Oleum  Thymi. 
This  is  an  oil  which  we  think,  might  also  find  a  place  in  a  new 
British  Pharmacopoeia.  It  is  required  to  contain  at  least  20  per 
cent,  by  volume  of  phenols,  and  this  requirement  is  a  little  lower 
than  the  limit  suggested  by  us,  \az.,  25  per  cent.,  distilling  above 
220''  (see  P.J.  [3],  25  p.  \046).  The  method  of  assay  is  the 
usual  one  of  absorption  of  phenols  by  alkali,  in  this  case 
sodium  hydroxide  being  used  and  not  potassium  hydroxide, 
as  in  the  case  of  eugenol-containing  oils.  The  oil  is  certainly 
of  pharmaceutical  importance,  and  possesses  some  advantages 
over  the  use  of  pure  thymol  in  having  a  pleasant  fragrance,  and 
being,  of  course,  less  caustic  than  the  pure  substance,  to 
which,  in  part,  at  any  rate,  its  medicinal  activity  is  due.    The 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  419 

proportion  of  thymol  and  carvacrol  (the  two  phenols)  vary,  in 
our  experience,  considerably  in  different  samples  of  the  oil,  and 
especially  in  the  samples  of  the  closely  alhed  origanum  oils 
imported  from  Eastern  Europe. 

Tlie  President  said  Mr.  Uraney  was  an  authority  on  the 
subject,  and  it  was  therefore  particularly  fitting  he  should  give 
the  paper.  The  standards  of  the  U.S. P.  seemed  to  be  readily 
obtainable  in  practice. 

yix.  Theo.  Brewis  said  he  noticed  that  both  eugenol  and  clove 
oil  were  admitted,  and  this  was  wise,  since  eugenol  has,  com- 
paratively, no  clove  odour.  He  thought  it  was  a  pity  that  the 
U.S. P.  should  have,  like  the  P.  G.  IV  inserted  the  stringent 
sodium  hydroxide  test,  as  a  eugenol  containing  only  0-5  per  cent, 
of  terpenes  would  fail  to  pass  ;  and  the  removal  of  last  traces 
of  terpenes  would  considerably  increase  the  cost  of  manufacture. 
The  specific  gravity  of  clove  oil  is  to  be  not  below  1040  at  25°  C, 
which  is  equivalent  to  about  1048  at  15°  C,  a  bottom  limit 
more  in  accordance  with  distillers'  figures  obtained  on  some 
freshly  drawn  oils,  than  the  "  not  below  1050  "  of  the  B.P.,  and, 
indeed,  the  oil  distilled  from  the  fragrant  and  expensive  Amboyna 
cloves  seldom  comes  up  to  1  050.  Then  there  are  many  pimento 
oils,  the  specific  gravity  of  which  is  below  the  B.P.  and  U.S. P. 
figures,  yet  these  oils  are  the  more  fragrant  and  are  in  greater 
favour  with  perfumers.  The  amount  of  hydrocyanic  acid  in  bitter 
oil  of  almonds  was  very  variable,  as  every  manufacturer  of  01. 
Amygdal.  Ess.  s  A. -P.  knows,  therefore  the  limitation  of  prussic 
acid  content  was  advisable.  He  could  confirm  an  observation 
of  Ml".  R.  A.  Cripps  :  that  some  absolutely  genuine  English  oils 
of  rosemary  are  laevo  rather  than  dextro -rotary.  The 
odour  of  oil  of  savin  from  fresh  English  plant,  is  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  that  from  the  dried  plants. 

The  figures  for  other  oils  generally  agreed  with  his  experience. 


A  NOTE  ON  QUININE  ACID  HYDROCHLORIDE. 
By  William  Garsed. 
Pharmaceutical  Chemist. 
In  a  recent  examination  of  this  salt  a  noteworthy  difference 
was  found  between   the  characters  of  different  samples.     Thes 
British  Pharmacopoeia  gives  the  formula — 
C,oH2,N302-2HCl,3H30, 


420  BRITISH   PHABMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

J-       f^  11  Q»  npr  rent    of  water   of   crystallization, 
—corresponding  to  11-98  per  cent,  oi  wc  J      ^       ^ 

and  requires  that  at  100°  C.  not  more  than  12  P^^  ^/^  ;^°    ™ 

should  be  lost.     No  minimum  figure  is  given,  and  thus  any  salt 

tmie  anhydrous  up  to  one  containing  three  molecules  of  water, 

Nttl'wing  table  shows  the  loss  per  cent,  m  five  samples 
on  heating  for  an  hour  to  a   temperature   of    103     to    iUt> 
There  was'  no  further  los^n  r^heatm^fo^^hal^anhou  


No.  of  Sample. 


Loss  per  cent.  -      •  O'S      | 


and  it  will 


5ne"^ole^le^or.^^e;te^rresponds  to  4-34  per  cent, 
be  seen  that  in  no  case  was  this  quantity  present 

The  Pharmacopoeia  also  gives  a  titration  test  m  uluc  i 
Gm  should  require  for  complete  neutrahzation  not  more  than 
2  "c  c  of  N/ 1  soda  solution  ;  the  test  is  based  upon  the  assump^ 
Ln  that  one  of  the  molecules  of  J^ydrochloric  acid  beliave  m 
solution  as  if  it  were  in  a  free  and  uncombmed  state,  but  this 
dtnd^  ::t;rely  upon  the  indicator  used  to  deternn^ 
reaction  and  the  Pharmacopoeia  mentions  no  indicator  Witn 
phenlhthlin  both  molecules  of  acid  can  be  completely  and 

nninine  acitl  hydrochloride  does  not  behave  as  a  strong  acia, 
and  tire  sn7deflnite  end  reaction,  as  the  colo^u.  change  com- 
mences ^^h  the  first  addition  of  soda  solution  and  >s  gradual  y 
Tn'leteT  during  the  titration.  With  litmus  «-  -sul  s  are 
more  satisfactory,  though  by  no  means  , deal,  .™d  'l^e /om'  at 
which  one  molecule  of  hydrochloric  aod  '^  "^'''^''l^'d  c^n  be 
observed  fairly  accurately  ;  it  is  necessary,  however  to  titrate 
until  no  shade  of  red  is  left  and  a  full  blue  colour  is  obtamed 
On  gramme  of  salt  containing  three  molecules  of  water  won  d 
require  22  c.c,  and  1  Gm.  of  anhydrous  salt  2-o  c.c,  of  VI 
soda  Here  again,  the  absence  of  a  minumum  figure  and  e 
use  of  the  words  "not  more  than"  admit  any  sat  from  the 
one  conteining  three  molecules  of  water  to  the  anhydrous  The 
use  of  N/  sola  is  objectionable,  the  temporary  precp.ta.on  of 
a  c.    sMerle  quantity  of  alkaloid  tending  to  obscure  te  e  d 

reaction  ;  by  the  use  of  N/10  or  N/5  soda  tins  is  avoided  and 

more  accurate  readings  can  be  obtained. 

In  the  following  experiments  the  total  percentage  of  HU  in 

the  anhydrl  salt  wL  ascertained  by  titration  m  alcohoUc 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


421 


solution  witli  X/10  soda,  phenolphthalein  being  the  indicator. 
The  percentage  of  HCl  indicated  by  Htmus  was  next  ascertained, 
and  from  this  the  percentage  of  acid  hydrochloride  was  calcu- 
lated. The  percentage  of  HCl  indicated  by  litmus  was  doubled 
and  subtracted  from  the  total  percentage  indicated  by  phenol- 
phthalein (in  an  absolutely  pure  sample,  obviously  the  two 
figures  should  be  identical).  The  difference  was  regarded  as 
HCl  present  in  the  original  substance  in  the  form  of  neutral 
hydrochloride,  and  the  percentage  of  the  latter  was  calculated. 
The  results  are  tabulated  : — 


No.  of  Sample. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

Per    cent.    HCl    in    anhvclrous 

salt  by  phenolplithalein 

183 

18-5 

13-8 

IfiO 

10-3 

Per    cent.    HCl    in    anhydrous 

salt  by  litmus  (doubled) 

181 

18-4 

91 

14-0 

14-4 

Per   cent,    differences   between 

the  tuo  percentaaes  of  HCl 

(=HC1  of  neutral  salt)  . 

0-2 

01 

4-7 

20 

1-9 

Per  cent,  anhydi'ous  acid  salt. 

calculated 

98-4 

1000 

49-4 

76-9 

78-2 

Per    cent,    anhydrous    neutral 

salt,  calculated      .... 

2-0 

10 

46-5 

19-8 

18-8 

Total  per  cent,  of  neutral  and 

acid  hydrochlorides    . 

100-4 

1010 

95-9 

96-7 

97-0 

Each  sample  on  ignition  yielded  a  negligible  quantity  of  ash 
and,  with  the  exception  of  No.  2,  each  contained  appreciable 
traces  of  sulphates. 

Nos.  1  and  2  may  be  regarded  as  satisfactory,  whilst  Nos.  3 
and  5  appear  to  contain  notable  quantities  of  neutral  hydro- 
chloride. The  sum  of  the  percentages  of  acid  and  neutral  hydro- 
chlorides does  not  invariably  add  up  to  100,  and  this  may  be 
attributed  to  the  somewhat  uncertain  end  reaction  in  the  litmus 
titrations. 

These  experiments  go  to  show — (1)  That  the  quinine  acid 
hydrochloride  of  commerce  is  practically  an  anhydrous  salt, 
and  does  not  contain  the  three  molecules  of  water  given  in  the 
pharmacopceial  formula.  (2)  That  the  pharmacopoeial  tests  for 
tlie  presence  of  neutral  hydrocliloride  should  be  made  more 
precise,  both  maximum  and  minimum  figures  being  given, 
with  particular  instructions  as  to  the  indicator  to  be  used. 


The  President  said  that  perluips  manufacturers  sent  out  the 
anhydrous  salt  because  it  was  of  more  constant  composition  than 
the  hydrated  salt,  and  more  uniform  dosage  was  thereby  obtained. 


422        BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

Mr. Harrison  said  he  had  examined  samples  of  most  makers, 
both  Enghsh  and  foreign,  and  in  every  case  they  were  practically 
anhydrous,  the  highest  percentage  of  water  being  about  2  per 
cent.  A  good  method  of  determining  the  acid  was  to  precipitate 
the  alkaloid  by  the  addition  of  excess  of  iodine,  filter  out  an 
aliquot  part,  decolorise  the  filtrate  with  sodium  thiosulphate, 
and  titrate  the  free  acid  with  standard  alkali  and  methyl 
orange.  Only  one  equivalent  of  acid  was  retained  by  the  pre- 
cipitate, any  excess  remaining  in  the  liquid. 

Mr.  Alcock  inquired  if  the  percentage  of  anhydrous  alkaloid 
in  each  of  the  samples  had  been  determined,  also  if  sample 
No.  3  had  been  tested  for  other  cinchona  alkaloids,  because  he 
could  not  reconcile  the  figures  between  the  j)henolphthalein  and 
litmus  indicators,  seeing  the  others  were  in  practical  agreement. 

Mr.  D.  Lloyd  Howard  said  that  some  years  ago  there  was  on 
the  market  a  salt  containing  three  molecules  of  water  ;  it  had, 
however,  a  yellowish  colour,  whereas  a  less  fully  hydrated  salt 
was  white.  He  thought  that  in  the  case  of  sample  No.  3,  con- 
taining 46  per  cent,  of  neutral  salt,  the  solubility  would  throw 
some  hght  on  its  nature. 

Mr.  White  thought  it  would  have  been  advantageous  if  Mr. 
Garsed  had  confirmed  his  figures  by  a  silver  determination  of 
the  chloride  instead  of  reljnng  upon  somewhat  uncertain  titration 
figures. 

Mr.  Garsed,  in  reptying,  acknowledged  the  value  of  Mr. 
Harrison's  method  for  the  determination  of  the  acid.  He  had 
not  determined  the  amount  of  alkaloid  in  any  of  the  samples. 
Sample  No.  2,  containing  most  water,  was  more  free  from 
colour  than  any  of  the  others  ;  No.  3  required  about  twenty  parts 
of  water  at  20  to  25°  C.  for  solution,  thus  giving  some  idea  as  to 
its  nature.     The  other  samples  were  all  soluble  1  in  1. 


NOTE  ON  THE  ASH  OF  MYRRH. 
By  F.  H.  Alcock,  F.I.C. 
The  determination  of  the  amount  of  the  ash  of  drugs  has 
gained  some  prominence  in  pharmacy  in  recent  years,  and  many 
results  have  been  recorded  before  the  Conference  and  in  the 
journals  by  numerous  workers.  While  looking  through  the 
literature  of  myrrh  for  tlie  purposes  of  a  paper  which  was  read 
before  one  of  our  local  pharmaceutical  associations,  not  much 
could  be  gathered  concerning  the  composition  of  the  ash  of  myrrh. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         423 

Pereira  in  his  classical  work,  states  on  the  authority  of  Brands, 
and  also  Ruckholt,  that  "  salts  (benzoates,  malates,  phosphates, 
sulphates,  and  acetates  of  calcium  and  potassium)  are  present 
in  the  gum-resin  myrrh  to  the  extent  of  1-36  per  cent.  (Brande) 
and  3-65  per  cent.  (Ruckholt)."  Two  other  authorities  Pereira 
quotes  do  not  refer  to  the  ash  at  all.  Mr.  Parker,  in  his  paper 
on  myrrh  (1879),  did  not  discuss  this  part  of  the  subject,  but 
alluded  in  a  subsequent  paper  (1880),  to  the  ash  of  "  some  spuri- 
ous gums  imported  with  myrrh,"  and  stated  that  the  ash  of 
these  consisted  chiefly  of  calcic  carbonate.  An  Edgbaston 
pharmacist,  having  supplied  me  with  a  large  quantity  of  the 
gum  left  after  making  the  tincture  of  myrrh,  an  opportunity 
was  afforded  of  examining  the  composition  of  its  ash.  It  required 
a  preliminary  treatment  to  remove  the  last  traces  of  resin, 
which  was  found  to  be  present  to  the  extent  of  11  per  cent. 

A  qualitative  examination  showed  that  in  addition  to  the 
calcium  salts  there  was  present  a  relatively  large  quantity  of 
magnesium  compounds.  In  order  to  determine  the  amount  of 
the  latter  a  quantitative  examination  was  made,  and,  inci- 
dentally, the  amount  of  a  few  of  the  other  constituents  was  also 
determined.  Twenty  grammes  of  the  resin-free  and  air-dried 
gum  was  incinerated,  and  yielded  1-263  Gm.,  or  6-315  per  cent, 
of  residue,  which  required  for  neutralization  23-7  c.c.  N.  hydro- 
chloric-acid. The  quantity  of  the  ash  which  was  insoluble  in 
hydrochloric  acid  was  0  095  Gm.,  or  7-52  per  cent.,  and  the  filtrate 
yielded  0-928  Gm.  of  calcium  carbonate,  or  73*47  per  cent., 
whilst  the  magnesium  was  represented  by  0-257  gm.  of  mag- 
nesium pyrophosphate,  or  15-4  per  cent,  of  magnesium  car- 
bonate. The  remainder  was  made  up  of  alkali,  with  the  traces 
of  other  radicals.  These  results  seem  to  show  that  the  deter- 
mination of  the  amount  of  magnesium  salts  in  the  ash  of  myrrh 
gum  might  prove  to  be  an  important  test  for  admixed  gums  in 
genuine  myrrh,  especially  when  in  the  form  of  powder,  in  which 
state  the  amount  of  ash  has  been  known  to  vary  from  3' 8  to 
17  per  cent.  (Moor  and  Priest). 


COMPOUND  TINCTURE  OF  GENTIAN. 

By  F.  H.  Alcock,  F.I.C. 

Much  has  been  written  about  this  preparation,  and  whilst  all 
workers  are  agreed  upon  the  tests  of  gravity  and  alcohohc  strength. 


424  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

there  appears  much  diversity  of  opinion  about  the  percentage 
of  total  sohds.  Reference  to  pubUshed  statements  shows  that, 
broadly  speaking,  the  wholesaler's  standard  is  somewhat  higher 
tlian  that  of  the  retailer 

The  late  Mr.  John  Barclay  in  1898  suggested  a  5  per  cent. 
w/v  standard  ;  Messrs.  Moor  and  Priest  (1900)  found  5*2  per 
cent.  ;  Mr.  J.  C.  Umney  (1902)  gives  oo  per  cent.,  and  Mr. 
Wippell  Gadd  (1904)  states  an  average  of  5-33  per  cent.,  the 
maximum  being  613  per  cent.,  and  the  minimum  3-76  percent. 
On  the  other  side,  Mr.  P.  Boa  records  4*603  per  cent.,  and  another 
— but  this  after  twenty-four  hours'  maceration  only — 4-433  per 
cent.  Mr.  Perry,  my  fellow-townsman,  has  shown  that  when 
carefully  prepared  with  good  commercial  specimens  of.  the 
ingredients,  the  percentage  of  solids  did  not  exceed  4-5  ;  and  a 
sample  of  my  neighbour's  make  gave  4-5.5.  My  own  experience 
is  equally  varied ;  at  one  time  samples  submitted  to  me  for  exami- 
nation gave  5-2  per  cent.,  and  at  another  fell  as  low  as  4-6  per 
cent ;  other  figures  being  4-82  per  cent,  and  4-78  per  cent. 
AU  these  were  prepared  by  retailers.  To  locate  the  cause,  a  few 
experiments  were  made,  the  results  of  which  it  was  suggested 
might  Interest  the  Conference.  A  quart  batch  was  made  in 
accordance  with  official  instructions,  and  at  the  end  of  the  pre- 
scribed period  of  maceration  10  c.c.  w^as  evaporated  in  a  flat- 
bottomed  platinum  dish,  and  yielded  0-46  Gm.  of  solids.  Eight 
days  afterwards  10  c.c.  gave  0-482  Gm.  and  the  same  batch, 
which  had  not  been  removed  from  the  marc,  and  had  been  daily 
shaken,  after  standing  in  my  laboratory  three  and  a  half  months 
gave  0-478  Gm.  from  10  c.c.  A  simple  tincture  of  each  ingredi- 
ent prepared  of  official  strength  was  then  made,  these  being 
taken  from  the  same  stock  as  those  used  in  the  above  experiment, 
but  with  a  difference  in  the  method  of  disintegration.  Each 
was  passed  through  an  ordinary  household  coffee-mill,  the  pro- 
duct resembhng  in  coarseness  that  of  ordinary  ground  coffee. 
The  simple  tincture  of  cardamoms  yielded  0*004  Gm.  per  10  c.c. 
That  of  the  orange,  which  was  the  English  cut  variety,  although 
from  Mr.  Perry's  experiment  it  would  seem  that  whether  the 
English  or  foreign  cut  article  was  used  does  not  materially  affect 
the  product  as  far  as  the  percentage  of  soUds  is  concerned — 10  c.c. 
gave  0-135  Gm.  of  solids.  That  of  the  gentian  was  0-415  Gm. 
from  10  c.c.  Each  was  examined  again  at  the  end  of  a  month, 
and  the  same  figures  were  again  obtained.  Assuming  that 
when    together   the   same    quantity   of   soluble  matters  would 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  425 

have  been  taken  up  by  the  solvent,  then  10  c.c.  would  have 
given  0-554  Gm.,  which  accords  more  with  what  I  have 
called  the'  wholesalei's'  standard.  The  amount  derived  from 
the  cardamoms  may  be  neglected,  and  I  find  the  orange  is  fairly 
concordant  in  the  yield  of  solids  ;  and  it  seems  clear  to  me  that 
the  gentian  is  the  cause  of  the  variation.  An  examination  of 
commercial  gentian  convinces  me  that  its  careful  selection  is 
needed  if  concordant  results  are  to  be  obtained,  and  some  better 
recommendations  for  disintegration  are  necessary.  Powdered 
gentian,  unless  guaranteed,  should  not  be  used,  for  recent 
revelations  show  this  to  be  of  doubtful  purity,  and  only  liigh- 
class  specimens  should  be  used,  for  v/hich  a  good  price  will  be 
asked. 


Mr.  Bird  said  the  paper  on  compound  tincture  of  gentian 
was  very  useful  at  the  present  moment,  as  a  short  time  ago 
there  was  much  difficulty  in  reaching  a  5  per  cent  standard,  and 
he  had  concluded  that  the  gentian  was  the  real  cause.  The 
difference  m  the  results  of  retailers  and  wholesalers  was  probably 
a  mere  coincidence. 

Mr.  Rutherford  Hill  said  that  the  materials  that  had  been 
used  by  Mr.  Boa  were  of  first-class  equality,  but  he  found  the 
gentian  was  the  source  of  variation.  Mr.  Boa's  results  were  given 
as  weight  in  weight  percentages  and  Mr.  Alcock's  as  weight  in 
volume.  If  this  is  taken  into  account  their  results  are  almost 
indentical. 

Mr.  Umney  pointed  out  that  the  200  samples  examined  for 
the  Local  Government  Board  of  Ireland,  given  in  Mr.  Brunker's 
paper,  had  an  average  extractive  of  5-4. 

Mr.  Farr  bore  out  the  statement  that  gentian  varies. 
There  is  a  considerable  difference  in  the  extractive  of  the  large 
and  the  small  pieces,  being  higher  in  the  large,  but  the  small 
have  more  aroma  and  bitterness,  so  that  the  extractive  is  not  a 
measure  of  activity. 

Mr.  White  asked  why  the  theoretical  amount  of  extractive 
is  greater  than  that  actually  found  in  Mr.  Alcock's  experiments. 

Mr.  Merson  said  he  had  found  that  the  ash  of  genuine 
myrrh  was  practically  entirely  soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Mr.  Alcock,  in  repljdng,  said  he  was  glad  to  find  so  much 
unanimity  as  to  the  cause  of  the  variation  of  the  total  solids  of 
Tr.  Gent.  Co.,  and  explained  the  variation  referred  to  by  Mr. 


420  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

White  as  being  due  to  a  difference  in  the  state  of  disintegration 
of  the  drugs.  The  difference  in  the  solubility  of  the  ash  of 
myrrh  in  hydrochloric  acid  was  not  due  to  any  error  of  experi- 
ment, but  to  the  difference  in  the  samples  of  drugs  each  had 
experimented  with. 

THE  FLORA  OF  SUSSEX. 

By  G.  Claridge  Druce,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

To  have  a  rich  and  representative  flora  certain  physical  char- 
acteristics are  necessary.  One  must  have  soils  of  various  kinds 
at  various  altitudes.  These  should  be  well  wooded  regions, 
alternations  of  porous  soil  and  impervious  strata,  and.  if  possible, 
an  extensive  sea-coast.  All  these  characteristics  Sussex  possessed, 
and  its  flora  was,  therefore,  one  of  the  richest  of  the  Southern 
counties.  If  they  visited  the  extreme  east  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Rye  or  Winchelsea,  once  maritime,  but  now  inland,  towns 
— where  many  of  the  members  of  the  Conference  would  remember 
Mi-.  Wm.  Martindale,  of  whom  they  were  all  so  proud,  resided 
— they  would  observe  the  rich  growth  of  Althcea — marshmallow 
— which  adorns  the  trenches  in  that  neighbourhood.  At  Tmi- 
bridge,  on  the  picturesque  rocks,  grows  the  small  fern  named 
after  it — Hymenophyllum  tunbridgense.  At  Hastings,  on  the 
rock,  Maithiola  grows  in  great  profusion,  although  the  Flora  of 
Sussex  stated  that  it  was  extinct.  And  on  the  same  rock  a 
small  lotus,  Lotus  angustissimus — has  been  found.  Coming 
nearer  Brighton,  at  Eastbourne,  a  district  which  has  been  so 
well  worked  by  JVIi-.  F.  C.  Roper,  a  small  umbelliferous  plant. 
Buphurum  aristatum,  grew  in  the  short  turf,  Devonshire  being 
its  only  other  British  localitJ^  On  the  Downs  between  East- 
bourne and  Newhaven  another  umbelliferous  jilant.  Seseli 
libanotis,  occurs  in  great  quantity.  Missing  large  areas  of  country 
it  reappears  in  Cambridgeshire  and  Herts.  In  the  picturesque 
(juckmere  Valley  the  small  (^entianceous  plant,  Erythropci  capHaia, 
occurs,  and  at  the  ruins  at  Hurst monceux  Castle  in  the  marsli 
grows  the  rare  suljjhur  wort  or  milk  parsley,  Pcucedanum  pahisfrc, 
which  he  discovered  recently  with  Mr.  Hilton  growing  with  tlie 
reed  grass,  Calamagrostis  lanceokifa.  Chailey  Common  has  a  pale 
flowered  violet  Viola  lactea,  the  rare  sedge  Carex  moninna.  and 
tlie  i\\\\i\n-\\'OYi,Damasoniinn  nlisnia.  On  the  Downs  near  Brighton 
occurs^'i/e7icrfw6ia,foundalsoatDungeness,inKent.and  Mr. Hilton 
has  recently  found  a  new  British  grass,  Festuca  ciliata.     On  the 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  427 

shingle  at  Shoreham  the  curious  clover,  Trifolium  stellatum, 
occurs  in  its  only  permanent  British  locality.  At  Arundel,  in  the 
beautiful  and  extensive  jiark  which  the  members  of  the  Conference 
were  to  visit  on  Thursday,  grows  the  bear's-foot,  HeUchorvs 
foetidus,  which  was  discovered  there  by  the  great  botanist  John 
Ray  ;  and  there  too  grows  the  white  mullein,  Verhascum  lychniiis, 
the  belladonna,  the  spurge  laurel  {Daphne  laureola),  and  other 
medicinal  plants.  In  the  woods  of  the  district  Daphne  mezereum 
has  been  found  as  a  hybrid,  it  is  said,  of  the  two  species.  The 
spiked  Star  of  Bethlehem,  Ornithogalum  pyrenaicum,  also  occurs. 
The  cranberry,  Oxycoccus  quadripetala,  was  formerly  so  abundant 
in  the  once  extensive  marsh  district  known  as  the  Wild  Brooks 
of  Amberley,  that  the  fruit  was  sold  at  Is.  per  quart,  but 
drainage  has  now  nearly  extirpated  it.  In  the  sluggish  water- 
channels  the  rare  pond  weed,  Potainogetonacutifolius,  still  grows  ; 
and  in  this  district  the  late  Mr.  Borrer  discovered  the  curious 
rice-like  grass,  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides.  Near  here,  too,  grows 
the  smallest  British  plant,  the  tiny  Wolfia  arrhiza,  the  whole 
plant  of  which  is  not  much  larger  than  a  grain  of  sand.  At  Selsey 
Island,  in  the  extreme  west  of  the  county,  a  rich  variety  of  mari- 
time plants  are  found,  and  the  tidal  banks  of  the  Arun  afford 
Scirpus  carinatus  and  8.  triqueter.  It  was  necessary  to  mention 
in  eulogistic  terms  the  labours  of  Mr.  Wni.  Mitten,  of  Hurst- 
pierpoint,  who  not  only  carried  out  the  duties  of  a  country 
pharmacist,  but  enriched  botanical  literature  with  contributions 
to  the  flora  of  his  county,  and  laid  the  scientific  world  under 
obligatioii  l)y  his  monograph  on  the  mosses  of  British  India. 


The  President  said  Mr.  Druce's  botanical  sketches  were  always 
most  fascinating,  and  they  all  regretted  that  he  was  not  able  to 
extend  his  address  beyond  the  ten  minutes  allotted  to  him. 

Mr.  J.  W.  White  moved  that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  accorded  to 
Mr.  Druce  for  his  address.  He  was  not  entirely  a  stranger  in 
this  part  of  the  country,  and  he  believed  there  were  many  plants 
existing  in  Sussex  which  were  difficult  to  find  in  other  places. 
He  referred  to  the  brambles,  and  said  there  were  a  dozen  or  fifteen 
uncommon  species  to  be  found  in  Sussex. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Farr  seconded  the  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Druce, 
who,  lie  said,  had  a  wonderful  knowledge  of  local  botany.  He 
had  mentioned  the  name  of  Mr.  Hilton,  whose  knowledge  of  the 
Sussex  flora  was  absolutely  unique,  and  he  could  quite  understand 


428  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

Mr.  Druce  knowing  where  to  find  nearly  everytliing  if  he  had  been 
associated  with  Mr.  Hilton.  There  were  two  species  of  Phy- 
teuma  in  Sussex,  one  of  which,  P. -spicatum,  grows  in  a  few  locahties 
as  well  as  the  liairy  spurge,  Euphorbia  pilosa,  which  occurred  near 
the  district  known  as  Cliailey  Common,  and  also  on  the  borders 
of  Ashdown  Forest.  The  latter  was  a  new  locality  which  had 
only  recently  been  discovered,  but  the  plant  was  not  common  now. 
With  regard  to  the  Rubi,  a  large  number  of  species  had  been 
found  in  Sus.sex  which  had  not  previously  been  recorded  for  the 
county.  Mr.  Hilton  discovered  a  number,  and  he  (Mr.  Farr)  had 
discovered  several  different  species. 

Mr.  E.  W.  Pollard  said  Mattliiola  was  formerly  somewhat  rare 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  being  found  onlj'  on  the  cliffs  at  Freshwater, 
but  now  it  was  extending  to  Ventnor.  He  would  like  to  ask  how 
many  species  of  orchids  have  been  recorded  for  Sussex.  The 
Isle  of  Wight  had  twenty-eight  and  Hampshire  twenty-three. 
In  the  Isle  of  Wight  they  had  soil  of  different  formations,  and 
each  formation  had  its  own  plants.  He  beHeved  two  species  of 
Rhamnus  occurred  in  Sussex. 

IVIr.  Cripps  said  those  who  visited  Arundel  would  find  the 
marshmallow  growing  there  and  also  a  profusion  of  belladonna. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Hill  said  it  was  always  dehghtful  to  hsten  to  Mr.  Druce 
on  botany,  and  he  might  say  that  in  Scotland,  if  any  critical 
question  arose  as  to  the  identification  of  any  plant,  IVIr.  Druce 
was  referred  to.  His  (IVIr.  Hill's)  opportunities  of  studying  the 
flora  of  Sussex  w^ere  almost  confined  to  looking  out  of  tlie  window 
of  the  Brighton  express,  but  what  he  saw  convinced  him  tliat 
nothing  could  be  more  dehghtful  than  a  trip  through  Sussex 
with  Mr.  Druce.  He  might  mention  that  two  men  in  the  county  of 
Midlothian  had  recently  directed  their  attention  to  the  railway 
embankments,  and  had  discovered  100  ahen  plants  growing  there. 
He  thought,  if  an  examination  of  the  railway  embankments 
of  Sussex  were  made,  some  interesting  discoveries  of  alien  plants 
would  result. 

Mr.  Druce,  in  reply,  said  it  was  stated  in  Dr.  Arnold's  Flora  of 
Sussex  tliat  Phyteunia  spicahmi  had  been  known  as  a  Sussex  plant 
since  1634,  when  it  was  recorded  in  Johnson's  Gerarde,  and  was 
not  known  to  occur  with  certainty  in  any  other  British  county. 
With  regard  to  the  number  of  species  of  plants,  he  ought  to  have 
have  said  that  Sussex  compared  favourably  with  any  other 
county,  from  1,100  to  1,150  different  species  being  found  in  the 
whole  county.     There  were  twenty-eight  species  of  orchids  in 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         429 

Sussex,  of  which  two  were  very  interesting.  The  first,  Malaxis 
pahidosa,  growing  uj)on  the  sphagnum  moss  in  marshy  places, 
lias  been  found  in  Ashdown  Forest,  and  the  other,  Habenaria 
albida,  which  was  not  infrequent  in  Scotland,  but  very  rare  in 
the  South,  had  been  found  on  the  chalk  Downs.  With  reference 
to  Mr.  Hill's  remarks,  he  might  say  that  recently,  during  an  hour's 
railway  journey  to  Roxburgh,  he  was  able  to  count  200  species 
— not  of  aliens  but  of  natives — on  the  railway  embankments  and 
cuttings. 


FURTHER  NOTES  ON  RADIO-ACTIVITY. 

By  W.  Harrison  Martindale,  Ph.D. (Marburg). 

The  literature  on  the  subject  of  radio-activity  has  increased  in 
volume  enormously.  In  1896  there  appeared  seven  papers  on 
radio-activity  ;  in  1897,  six  ;  in  1899,  eighteen  ;  in  1900,  thirty- 
nine  ;  in  1901,  thirty-six;  in  1902,  forty-one;  in  1903,  ninety; 
and  in  1904  and  1905  upwards  of  500  have  been  published,  the 
majority  of  which  have  been  worthy  of  consideration. 

It  is  now,  I  believe,  pretty  well  agreed  that  the  successive 
decomposition  ^  of  the  element  uranium  is  represented  by  the 
following  summary  : — 
U  ->  UX  ->  Ra  ->  Ra  Emanation  ->  Emanation  X  ->  He. 
The  uranium  X,  radium    emanation    and  the    emanation  X 
transform  so  rapidly  that  only  very  small  amounts  of  them  are 
found  in  minerals.     Uranium  separated  from  uranium  X  reaches 
its  one-half  value  again  in  twenty-two  days.     The  disintegra- 
tion theory  has  received  great  elaboration,  notably  at  the  hands 
of  Rutherford,  who  describes  radium,  A,  B,  and  C — the  last- 
mentioned  falling  into  a,  /3,  <y  rays.      There  is,  further,  radium 
D  and  E — the  E  body  being  evidently  identical  with  polonium. 
A  shght  correction  should  here  be  mentioned.    I  stated  last  year 
that  Professor  Soddy  had  announced  that  the  radium  observed 
to  be  produced  by  uranium  was  less  than  ^^^^^  of  the  amount  de- 
manded by  theory — he  has  now  modified  it  to  -^^,  and  explains 
that  the  error  in  the  previous  result  was  due  to  radium-infection 
of  the  laboratory.  The  too  low  rate  of  production  will  in  all  pro- 
bability be  explained   at  a  later  date  as  experiments  are  being 
conducted  ^  with  a  view  to  elucidating  the  discrepancy. 

1  Chemical  News,   1904,  200. 

3  Nature,  January,   1905,  p.  294. 


430  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

It  is  a  significant  fact  that  radio-activity  is  of  the  same  mag- 
nitude whether  the  substance  be  in  the  soHd  condition  or  diffused 
througliout  a  solution  more  than  1,000  times  the  volume  of  the 
radio-active  solid  taken. 

Quinine  sulphate  in  solution  has  been  found  to  give  a  radiation 
possibly  caused  by  very  short  waves  of  ultra-violet  light,  such  as 
are  present  in  ionizing  gases — it  is  quite  distinct  from  a  radio- 
active substance. 

Some  work  conducted  at  Issy  I'Eveque  is  claimed  to  prove  that 
radium  occurs  in  lead-bearing  soils  unaccompanied  by  uranium. 

The  breaking  up  of  the  radium  atom  produces  evidently  a  very 
considerable  yield  of  energj'- — this  suggested  that  it  might  be 
possible  by  imparting  sufficient  energy  to  change  the  atoms  into 
a  more  complex  condition.  The  Cjuestion  of  the  coloration  of 
glass  by  radium  has  received  some  attention.  The  products  of 
the  emanation  have  the  greatest  power  in  this  direction.  A 
solution  of  radium  bromide  in  a  vessel  half  full  of  the  liquid 
does  not  colour  the  glass  to  such  an  extent  as  the  radio- 
active deposits  of  the  gas  above  it.  It  is  apparently  the  w  ork  of 
the  /3  rays — soda  glass  is  turned  violet,  potash  brown.  Manganese 
is,  however,  usually  stated  to  be  responsible  for  the  violet  colour. 
Gold  glass  is  turned  pink,  copper  glass  red,  silver  glass  yellow,  and 
so  on.  The  plus  ions  of  the  metals  are  said  to  be  neutralized  by 
the  ^  electrons,  wath  the  result  that  the  metal  ions  are  thrown  out. 
Silica  as  such,  not  being  a  salt,  contains  no  ions  and  is  not  affected 
by  the  emanation.  The  radio-activity  of  the  glass  thus  caused 
by  direct  contact  of  the  emanation  is  capable  of  being  removed  by 
washing,  but  the  colour  remains.  The  w^ater  thus  used  w-hen 
freed  from  emanation  still  gives  active  precipitates  with  mercury 
compounds.  The  mercury  must  be  distilled  off  and  further  ex- 
amination of  the  residue  conducted.  The  coloration  has  been 
suggested  as  a  means  of  estimating  activity.  It  was  found  that 
a  special  type  of  boro-silicate  crown  glass  was  easily  coloured 
by  a  small  amount  of  radium  in  twenty  minutes — a  scale  on 
these  lines  could  be  arranged. 

The  radiation  from  hydrogen  peroxide  wiU  affect  a  photo- 
graphic plate — objects  not  being  in  the  direct  line  between  the 
H2O2  and  the  plane  appear  as  pictures.  An  object  placed  between 
a  glass  plate  on  which  is  placed  a  sensitive  film  is  photographed 
by  the  rays  coming  from  the  HoOo  situated  on  the  film  side — 
this  seems  remarkable — metals  placed  on  the  far  side  away  from 
the  radiation  appear  bright  on  a  dark  ground.     This  effect  is 


BKITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  431 

either  due  to  ozone  or  to  differences  in  temperature  It  is 
noteworthy  that  in  aU  these  effects  a  reversal  may  take  pLace 
after  ten  minutes  or  so  of  exposure. 

It  has  been  frequently  observed  that  glass  tubes  containing 
radmm  will  crack  spontaneously— the  effect  is  due  to  difference 
m  potential  caused  by  the  retention  of  the  +  charged  particle 
on  the  inside  of  the  tube,  and  must  amount  to  some  thousards 
of  volts. 

The  zinc  blende  employed  in  the  spinthariscope  effect  is  not  so 
responsive  to  the  radiation  when  cooled  to  the  temperature  of 
liquid  hydrogen,  though,  of  course,  the  radiation  from  the  radium 
IS  just  as  active  at  this  temperature.  It  has  been  determined 
that  0.291  per  cent,  of  the  total  radiation  from  radium  passing 
through  3Mm.  of  lead  is /8  radiation  of  the  highest  velocity 

Some  solutions  were  obtained  by  Ramsay  and  Cooke  in  some 
work  on  the  chemical  properties  of  the  ^S  and  7  rays,  containing 
a  radio-active  substance  which  could  sometimes  be  removed 
by  formation  of  a  precipitate  in  the  solution.  A  solution  of  tliis 
kind,  in  which  precipitation  had  already  taken  place,  was  found 
to  contain  a  body  which  could  lessen  the  rate  of  leak  of  the 
electroscope— it  was,  indeed,  an  anti-activity.  As  to  the  explana- 
tion Cooke  suggests  either  that  the  leaf  of  the  electroscope 
which  was  always  negatively  charged,  receives  particles  carrying 
a  similar  charge,  which  particles  cause  httle  ionization  of  tlie 
air,  or  that  the  rays  exert  a  de-ionizing  power  on  the  air,  if  one 
can  conceive  such  an  action.^ 

The  7  rays,  which  have  their  source  in  the  atom  of  the  radio- 
active substance  at  the  moment  of  expulsion  of  tlie  /3  particle 
produce  an  ionization  of  the  air  about  equal  to  tliat  effected 
by  the  ^  particle.  They  have  a  velocity  approaching  that  of 
light  The  velocity  of  the  /9rays  in  Kaufman's  determinations 
was  found  to  be  within  6  per  cent,  of  that  of  hght. 

The  mineral  kunzite,  which  is  very  responsive  to  this  radiation 
shows  the  property  of  thermo-luminescence  ;  the  radium  effect 
with  It  IS,  however,  not  instantaneous.  On  the  contrary  it  is  a 
cumulative  one  ;  radium  emanation  condensed  (it  does  so  at  a 
temperature-  147°)  on  to  the  crystals  by  liquid  air  produces  no 
phosphorescence. 


1  Nature,    1904,   170. 
Pa.ichen  Phys.  Zeitachnft,  5  Jahr,  No.   6,  p.    160,, 


432 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


Delta  Rays. 

The  delta  ray  con.sists  of  negatively  charged  particles  travelling 
at  a  velocity  about  one-fiftieth  of  that  of  the  beta  particle. 
This  ray  is,  therefore,  not  very  penetrating  ;  it  is,  in  fact,  stopped 
by  as  small  an  amount  as  2  Mm.  air.  It  is  given  off  by  a  number 
of  substances,  e.g.,  by  an  alloy  of  sodium  and  potassium,  also  by 
rubidium,  or,  rather,  by  the  subHmate  obtained  by  warming 
rubidium  in  a  vacuum  tube. 

Polonium  has  been  proved  to  give  off  delta  rays  in  addition 
to  the  plus  charged  alpha  rays.  These  two  electricities  tend  to 
neutralize  each  other,  but  the  negative  delta  rays  may  be  deviated 
by  a  magnet — then  the  alpha  ray,  having  a  greater  mass,  is  only 
slightly  bent,  and  the  deviation  is  in  the  opposite  direction.  The 

alpha  ray  is  now  free  to  dis- 
charge the  electroscope,  which 
has  been  negatively  charged. 

The  diagram  here  shows  the 
construction  of  the  apparatus 
necessary — a  vacuum  tube  with 
a  charcoal  bulb  (c)  is  cooled  by 
liquid  air  producing  a  high 
vacuum.  "  E  "  is  the  electro- 
scope, supported  b}^  an  insulating 
bead  (S).  It  is  charged  at  "  T," 
the  attachment  at  the  end  of 
the  terminal.  It  is  a  movable 
piece  of  iron  wire,  which,  for 
charging  up,  can  be  brought  in 
contact  with  the  electroscope  by  moving  a  magnet.  A  negative 
charge  is  communicated  and  the  plus  and  minus  radiations  from 
the  polonium  do  not  discharge  the  electroscope  unless  in  a 
magnet  field  at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  diagram — 
the  negative  delta-rays  being  deviated,  as  already  mentioned, 
are  prevented  from  crossing  the  space  between  "  P "  and 
"  E,"  and  the  remaining  plus  rays  have  the  power  now  to  dis- 
charge it. 

Professor  Thompson  has  proved,  by  examining  a  large  series  of 
substances  from  different  parts  of  the  world,  that  this  inherent 
radio-activity  in  such  substances  as  aluminium  and  copper  is 
not  due  to  radium  as  impurity,  as  the  leak  from  each  series  of 
substances  is  of  the  same  kind  and  of  about  the  same  magnitude. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


433 


A  New  Radium  Electroscope. 

Paschen  has  arranged  an  electroscope,  or  "  radium  clock," 
to  show  the  IS  radiation  in  addition  to  the  a. 

Two  quartz  rods,  a^  anda^^j,  annealed  on  to  a,  support  a  hollow 
box,  c,  of  2  Mm.  width,  in  the  wall.  It  is  completely  isolated  from 
a  glass  vessel  h,  in  which  there  is  a  platinum  spiral,  coated  with 
the  radium  salt.  This  is  connected  with  the  electroscope  d.  The 
second  electroscope  e  is  connected  with  the  lead   box.     Both 


electroscopes  diverge  as  soon  as  there  is  a  good  vacuum,  d  with 
positive  electricity,  and  e  with  negative.  Bringing  negative 
electricity  above,  so  as,  by  influence,  to  produce  negative  elec- 
tricity at  the  point  of  the  supports,  causes  the  divergence  at  e 
to  be  increased  and  that  at  d  to  be  lessened.  The  opposite 
takes  place  on  bringing  a  positive  charge  to  the  apparatus. 

Additional  platinum  wires  can  be  arranged  which  can  be  made 
to   touch   either  of  the  electroscopes   and  carry  the  charge  in 

^  F 


434  BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

question  away.  It  is  also  possible  to  determine  the  charge 
passing  from  the  inside  of  the  glass  vessel  to  the  lead  box  when 
these  are  connected. 

The  divergence  of  e  is  always  smaller  than  that  in  d,  principally 
due  to  the  fact  tliat  the  aljsorption  of  the  /3  rays  is  not  comi)lete  by 
2  Mm.  of  lead.  The  leaves  meet  in  an  hour  and  neutralize  the 
charges  of  their  conductors,  but  this  neutralization  is  not  a  com- 
plete one — both  electroscopes  have  a  small  +  charge,  i.e.  6  holds 
back  more  +  electricity  than  c  absorbs  in  tlie  way  of  negative 
charge  of  /3  electrons. 

Perhaps  the  latest  thing  in  radio-activity — in  the  daily  papers 
— is  the  production  of  bacterial  life  by  radium. 

Heat  Evolution. 

The  heat  evolution  from  radium  is  taken  to  be  1(K)  Gm. 
calories  per  Gm.  per  hour.  After  being  heated  the  radium  yields 
only  25  per  cent,  of  its  original  heating  power,  the  remaining  75 
per  cent,  having  been  driven  off  with  the  emanation.  I  may 
add  that  Dobelle,  in  Paris,  has  observed  what  is  possibly  an 
atomic  breaking  up  of  sulphur,  i.e.,  he  found  that  on  keeping 
two  thermometers  in  a  constant  temperature,  one  of  wliich  is 
coated  with  flowers  of  sulphur,  this  one  always  registered  about 
2°  lower  than  the  other.  Some  substances,  however,  have  the 
opposite  effect. 

Observations  have  been  made  on  mmute  specks  of  radium 
bromide  heated  on  the  platinum  ribbon  of  the  meldometer, 
proving  that  its  melting-point  is  728°  C. 

It  was  stated  by  one  authorit)^  that  50  per  cent,  of  the  heat  emis- 
sion was  due  to  the  7  ray. 

On  the  other  hand,  three  successive  stages  of  excited  acti\it5^ 
changing  into  each  other  have  been  demonstrated  by  Ruther- 
ford, and  as  it  takes  half  an  hour  for  the  full  heating  effect  to 
be  shown  by  thermo-electric  junction,  it  is  assumed  that  the 
heat  is  set  free  at  a  late  or  fmal  transformation. 

Radium  Emanation. 
The  radium  emanation  cooled  by  liciuid  air  commences  to 
volatilise  at  —150'  G.  When  kept  under  observation  for  a  month 
it  was  found  to  be  rather  erratic.  I  refer  to  Ramsay's  small 
quantity  kept  in  a  minute  vacuum-tube — it  seemed  to  have  the 
annoying  power  of  disappearing  and  reappearing.  However,  the 
conclusion  was  ultimately  drawn  that  in  37  days  the  amount  of 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  435 

luminous  gas  was  only  half  its  original  size,  and  in  thirty  days  it 
was  only  the  smallest  pin-point  in  the  tube.  One  hundred  parts 
of  radium  emanation  changed  into  3 1  parts  of  helium.  The  ques- 
tion as  yet  unsettled  is,  What  becomes  of  the  remainder  ? 

The  emanation  is  being  continually  jDroduced  by  radium  in  solu- 
tion ;  the  part  above  thesolutionisdistinctly  luminous,  whereas 
the  radium  solution  is  not.  In  addition  to  this  production  of 
emanation  by  radium  there  is  a  continuous  breakdown  of  the 
emanation  ;  it  falls  to  half  value  in  about  four  days,  and  is,  prac- 
ticaily  speaking,  nil  in  thirty  days,  as  already  mentioned. 

Taking  into  account  the  respective  rates  of  decay  of  the 
emanations,  it  is  easy  by  this  means  also  to  determine  the  radio- 
active constituents  of  minerals  The  emanation  is  driven  oflf, 
by  heat  and  kept  under  observation  for  a  time  ;  those,  for  example, 
of  thorium  and  radium,  the  most  frequently  to  be  searched  for, 
are  easily  distinguished. 

On  injecting  a  solution  of  radium  hypodermically  it  may  be 
argued  that  the  radium  will  continue  to  generate  emanation  in  the 
tissues  and  thus  prove  of  permanent  value  in  arresting  the 
progress  of  malignant  growths.  I  have  some  specimens  of  urine 
taken  from  cases  after  radium  injections  at  intervals  of  one 
hour  (No.  1),  six  hours  (No.  2),  twelve  hours  (No.  3),  and 
twenty-four  hours  (No.  4).  The  strength  of  the  injection 
suggested  has  been  1  Mgm.  dissolved  in  10  c.c.  of  sterile  water 
— the  average  dose  being  1  c.c.  =  -^  Mgm.  All  of  these  specimens 
of  urine  show  a  very  slight  radio-activity. 

Mr.  Glew  has  very  kindly  estimated  the  radio-activity  of  these 
specimens  for  me,  and  gives  the  following  figures  : — 

Radio- ACTIVITY  of  Urine. 

No.  Scale  Divisions.  Minutes. 

1 3 2U 

2 3 22" 

3 3 33 

4 3 40 

Eight  oz.  of  urine  were  in  each  case  provided,  and  the  above 
figures  were  obtained  by  testing  the  residue  on  evaporating  half  of 
each  specimen,  i.e.,  4  oz.  to  dryness. 

The  first  actual  injection  of  radium  bromide  was,  I  believe, 
conducted  by  Mackenzie  Davidson,  who  employed  this  quantity, 
-iV  Mgm. 

The  employment  of  radium  emanation  has  been  suggested 
instead  of  the  rays,  and  is  in  reality  analogous  with  the  use 
of    morphine  instead   of    opium,  i.e.,  radium  as  such  gives  off 


436 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 


a,  {3  and  7  rays,  and  the  emanation  at  the  moment  it  is  Hberated 
is,  as  it  were,  the  active  principle  giving  off  the  same  radiations. 
A  method  of  administering  the  emanation  will  have  to  be  devised. 
It  sliould  be  recollected  that  the  emanation  is  particularly 
soluble  in  toluol. 

The  emanation  behaves  as  a  gas  of  the  argon  family,  but  with- 
out chemical  activity  ;  it  is  self-luminous,  and  follows  Boyle's 
law  ;  it  is  probably  monatomic  with  a  density  about  80  and 
atomic  weight  160.  It  follows  from  the  kinetic  theory  of  gases 
that  the  internal  energy  of  the  atom  is'  independent  of ^the  tem- 


perature. Experimental  proof  is  present  in  case  of  the  radium 
emanation  in  which  the  activity  is  the  same  for  such  extremes  as 
-180°  C.  and +  450°  C. 

Celluloid  rods,  plates,  etc.,  may  be  coated  with  radium  by 
means  of  amyl  acetate,  alcohol,  etc.  These  solvents  attack  the 
celluloid  slightly,  making  the  radium  adherent.  This  done  the 
instruments  are  varnished  with  collodion  to  j^rotect  the  layer.  It 
is  a  good  plan  to  colour  both  the  radium  solution  and  the  collodion 
so  as  to  be  sure  that  the  radium  is  actually  adherent.  Similarly, 
all  ordinary  surgical  instruments  may  be  coated,  and  as  the  coating 
is  capable  of  being  boiled,  such  instruments  are  sterilisable.     A 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  437 

celluloid  tube  may  be  coated  in  this  way  (see  wood-cut),  ou  its 
inner  surface,  etc.,  being  provided  with  stopcocks  at  each  end  and 
a  rubber  bellows  and  tube.  The  rays  can  thus  be  blown  into  the 
patient's  lungs,  or  they  can  be  injected  into  the  seat  of  a  tumour 
or  blown  over  the  surface  of  it.^  The  above  is  particularly  useful 
for  employing  the  a-radiation.  A  rod,  as  first  mentioned,  thus 
tipped  with  10,000  activity  radium,  is  said  to  be  electroscopically 
equal  to  1  Gm.  of  radium  in  a  glass  tube  or  to  10  Mgm,  of  1,000,000 
activity  in  a  thin  aluminium  tube,  though  this  seems  an  exaggera- 
tion. It  is  worthy  of  recollection  that  surgical  instruments  can 
be  rendered  active  in  this  way  by  inducing  a  secondary  radiation 
by  proximity  with  radium. 

Other  Radio- Active  Salts. 

In  view  of  the  almost  prohibitive  value  of  radium  now  it  would 
seem  desirable  to  pay  more  attention  to  the  comparatively  cheap 
radio-active  uranium  and  thorium  compounds. 

I  may  remind  you  of  the  fact  that  uranium  is  separated  by  ether 
solution  into  uranium,  giving  a  rays  only,  and  uranium  X,  giving 
^  rays  only — the  inactive  goes  into  the  ether — or  the  small  amount 
of  the  uranium  X  may  be  separated  by  means  of  ammonium 
carbonate,  in  whicli  it  is  insoluble.  It  gives  off  only  /S-radiation 
and  there  is  a  state  of  balance  between  the  amount  of  uranium 
X  losing  its  activity  and  the  amount  that  is  regenerated.  Simi- 
larly thorium  X  has  75  per  cent,  of  the  a  and  all  the  /3rays — 
the  insoluble  thorium  hydroxide  shows  25  per  cent,  of  the  a  and 
no  y8  radiation.  This  thorium  X  produces  a  very  flighty  emanation 
— falling  to  half  value  in  fifty-five  seconds,  i.e.,  in  two  minutes  it  is 
only  quarter  value,  in  three  minutes  it  is  one-eighth  value,  and  so 
on.  It  volatilises  and  can  be  condensed  at  120°  C.  A  metal  plate 
exposed  to  thorium  emanation  a  short  time  only  becomes  active, 
and  the  activity  increases  first  after  removal,  reaches  maximum 
in  one  hour  and  then  decays  at  the  same  rate  as  for  a  long 
exposure  ;  this  is  explained  by  supposing  two  changes  to  take 
place,  the  first  produces  no  rays,  the  second  produces  rays  capable 
of  ionizing  the  gas. 

The  thorium  hydroxide  of  commerce  is  usually  found  to  be  very 
active — considerably  more  so  than  the  nitrate.  I  have  been 
preparing  a  number  of  organic  salts  of  thorium.  Dr.  Morgan  ^ 
has   very   nearl}^  exhausted  the   series  of   possible   medicinally 

1  Phann.  Zeitung,  Jime  21,    1905,  517. 

2  p  j^^  ii,^  1904,  472. 


438  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

useful  ones,  and  I  am  much  indebted  to  him  for  the  hints  wliicli  he 
lias  given  me  in  the  matter.  Of  the  following  the  salicylate, 
cinnamate,  or  thocoumarate,  oleate,  lactate,  sulphocarbolate^,and 
camphor  sulphonate  are  included  in  a  provisional  patent  taken 
out  by  him,  No.  11,349,  May  17,  1904,  and  a  registration  of  a 
trade  mark  for  same  is  proceeding. 

Thorium  Salicylate. 
This  salt  is  a  basic  one  apparently  having  the  formula — 

.OH  ]2 

0.11/       yTho 


\, 


coo 


It  is  prepared  by  precipitating  thorium  nitrate  with  sodium 
salicylate.  The  precipitate  is  washed  with  warm  water  till  free 
from  sodium  nitrate,  and  carefully  dried.  It  contains  48  per 
cent.     ThOg,  and  is  a  white,  insoluble  powder. 

Thorium  Cinnamate. 
(C«H.5-CH  =  CH-COO),Th. 
Thorium    cinnamate  is  made  by  treating  sodium  cinnamate 
with  thorium  nitrate.     It  contains  38  per  cent.  ThOo, 


..o].Ti>- 


Thorium  Ortho-Coumarate. 

r    [OH 

LCoHlCH  =  CH— CO- 
This  body  is  prepared  also  by  double  decomposition.  The  first 
step  is  to  prepare  the  couraaric  acid  ;  for  this,  one  hydrolizes  10 
parts  of  coumarin  with  a  solution  of  3*5  parts  of  sodium  in  65 
parts  of  absolute  alcohol.  It  is  necessary  to  heat  for  one  and  a 
half  hours  on  the  water-bath.  The  solution  is  then  diluted  with 
water  and  evaporated  to  small  bulk.  The  acid  is  liberated  by 
means  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  removed  and  dissolved 
in  sodium  carbonate.  The  sodium  salt  in  solution  is  then  freed 
from  coumarin  by  shaking  with  ether  (there  is  always  a  good  deal 
of  coumarin  unattacked  which  can  be  recovered  in  this  way, 
and  used  up  again  in  further  batches).  The  acid  is  then  thrown 
out  again  with  a  little  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  may,  if 
desired,  be  purified  by  recrystallization  from  alcohol.  My 
experiments  have  indicated  that  this  further  step  is  hardly 
necessary. 


british  pharmaceutical  conference.  439 

Thorium  Oleate. 

This  is  an  interesting  body.  298  of  hydroxide  will  interact 
with  api3roximately  1,120  of  oleic  acid.  A  little  ether  added  to 
dissolve  the  oleic  acid  is  a  useful  adjuvant.  The  salt  is  at  first 
pasty,  and  becomes  hard  ultimately.  It  is  suggested  for  use  in 
the  form  of  an  ointment  with  paraffin  basis.  I  show  one  made 
of  10  i)er  cent,  oleate  strength. 

Thorium  Lactate. 
The   lactate  is   made  by  interacting  on  freshly  precipitated 
hydroxide  with  lactic  acid.     It  is  a  crystalline  salt,  very  soluble 
in  water  and  permanent  in  air. 

Thorium  Sulphocaebolate. 

Syn.,  Thorium  Para-Phenyl-Sulphonate. 

Para-phenyl-sulphonic  acid  will  combine  with  thorium  hy- 
droxide. The  salt  may  be  recrystallized  from  water,  but  my 
experience  is,  that  on  endeavouring  to  redissolve  the  crude 
crystals  in  plain  water,  some  basic  salt  may  be  formed  which  is 
difficult  to  get  into  solution — a  slight  excess  of  acid  is  therefore 
essential. 

Thorium    Camphor-Sulphonate. 

Th(CioHi50-S03)4-9H20. 

The  camphor-sulphonic  acid  necessary  is  prepared  by  acting 
upon  152of  camphor  (in  solution  in  acetic  anhydride)  with  98  of 
sulphuric  acid,  producing  theoretically,  232  of  camphor-sulplionic 
acid.  This  quantity  requires,  theoretically,  74J  of  thorium 
liydroxide  for  saturation.     Well  defined  crystals  can  be  prepared. 

Thorium  Glycerophosphate. 

To  prepare  this  compound,  the  only  satisfactory  way  of  proceed- 
ing seems  to  be  to  react  upon  the  nitrate  with  sodium  glycero- 
phosphate in  solution. 

It  is  necessary  to  work  in  concentrated  solution,  as  the  salt 
is  a  soluble  one.  To  work  from  the  hydroxide  and  glycero- 
phosphoric  acid  does  not  commend  itself  from  the  point  of  view  of 
the  possible  splitting  up  of  the  acidic  radical  into  glycerin  and 
phosphoric  acid  on  evaporating  the  acid  solution. 


440 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


Thorium  Quinate. 

This  I  have  prepared  by  treating  the  hydroxide  (freshly  pre- 
cipitated) with  quinic  acid. 

I  have  been  unsuccessful  in  obtaining  the  salt  in  crystalline  form, 
but  scales  are  easily  obtained  which  are  soluble  in  water. 

Thorium  Acid  Urate, 

This  I  have  prepared  by  double  decomposition  of  sodium 
biurate  with  thorium  nitrate.  The  sodium  biurate,  C'5H3XaN403, 
may  be  made  by  neutrahzing  uric  acid  with  sodium  carbo- 
nate. 

Mr.  Glew  has  determined  the  relative  radio-activity  of  many, 
and  gives  the  followdng  electroscopic  figures.  It  should  be  men- 
tioned that  several  of  these  salts  had  adlierent  moisture,  and 
were  more  recently  prepared  than  others. 


S( 

;ale  Division. 

Minutes 

Thorium  lactate 

3      . 

U 

Thorium  hydrate  (moist) 
Thorium  sulphocarb 
Thorium  sahcylate 
Thorium  oleate 

3      . 

.      3      . 

3      . 

3      . 

5 

6 

7 

.      15 

Thorium  coumarate 

3      . 

.      15 

Thorivim  acid  urate 

3      . 

.      16 

Thoriiun  ciiinamate 

3      . 

.      lU 

He  has  also  prepared  for  me  some  exceUent  photographs  show- 
ing the  activity  of  these  compounds,  and  a  very  interesting  one 
proving  the  secondary  radiation  produced  by  radium  in  a  sheet  of 
platinum. 

The  insoluble  thorium  salts,  e.g.,  the  hydroxide,  may  be 
made  into  pads  for  local  treatment — the  rays  being  employed  in 
nerve  diseases.  I  am  showing  pads  of  this  description  for  use 
on  the  head,  spine,  etc.  A  medical  man  tells  me  that  thorium 
radiation  thus  used  appears  to  have  exerted  a  beneficial  influence 
in  a  case  of  paralysis. 


Dr.  Attfield,  who  occupied  the  chair  during  the  reading  of  this 
paper,  said  a  very  interesting  subject  had  been  handled  in  an 
extremely  interesting  manner.  Dr.  iMartindale's  remarks  and  the 
objects  he  had  shown  would  stimulate  pharmacists  to  investi- 
gate the  matter  for  themselves. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  441 

AN  EXAMINATION  OF  SOME  COMMERCIAL  "  CONCEN- 
TRATED INFUSIONS." 
By  R.  a.  Cripps,  F.I.C, 
Public  Analyst  for  Bournemouth. 
The  so-called   "  concentrated  infusions  "  have  now  been  in 
use  a  great  many  years,  and  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  in 
the  Pharmacopoeias  of  1885  and  1898  the  inducement  for  their 
use  was  greatly  lessened  by  the  shortened  periods  of  infusion 
ordered,  they  still  remain  in  great  demand  ;  in  fact,  it  is  probable 
that  the  freshly  made  infusions  are  used  in  fewer  piiarmacies 

iT^LfoX^  ""'"^  P''"^^""'  ^^^''-  ^^^^  concentrated  solutions 
o±  the  1898  Pharmacopoeia  are  scarcely  at  all  used,  which  is  no 
matter  of  surprise,  for  obvious  reasons. 

m1  *^'''i  '""T  f P^^""^^  ^'  ^""  ^°"  ^"^g"^g  f^r^'^^d  a  subject 
which  has  already  been  written  upon  by  many  pharmacists  ;  but 
I  consider  the  importance  of  knowing  how  far  we  may  trust  the 
concentrated  preparations  of  commerce  as  representative  of  the 
tresh  infusions  to  be  sufficient  reason  for  so  doing,  especially  as 
.Tn  m'^1i^'''''°"'  communications  on  the  subject  have  con- 
tained htt  e  or  no  reference  to  the  important  matters  of  aroma, 
colour,  and  flavour  attention  having  been  almost  confined  to  the 
determmation  of  alcohohc  strength  and  "extractive" 
frnn^  *j.^^,  f  ^^^^Pj^^^^^g  tables  I  have  given  the  results  obtained 

fusU  '"7?  "^  '^'^'  "^  '^^^  ^""°^^"g  "concentrated  in- 
fusions :  calumba,  cascarilla,  gentian,  cinchona,  and  quassia 
showing  tota  sohds,  alcohol,  aroma,  colour,  tast;,  and,  in  the 
case  of  cascarilla,"  bitter  resin,"  and  of  cinchona  "total  alkaloids  " 
Ihe  samples  were  obtained  from  London  wholesale  firms  of  good 
repute,  with  the  exception  of  the  series  No.  8,  which  comprised 

those  referred  to  by  me  in  a  paper  read  before  the  C.A.A    of 

London,  and  published  in  the  P.J.,  July  14,  1895,  except  that 

mte.d  of  r  ,  ?•"•  ""^^  "^"^^  ^y  maceration  and  pressure 

r  firm  of  "IZ^  ^'''  '^''^^  ^^«-  ^'  -^-^^  --  -PPl-d  by 

CiJ.^r  ^T'!f   r^''^'^"'^  ^"'  determination  of  alkaloids  in  Inf. 

al  otoT/'  ;,.T-  '"'"'  '^''  "'"^^  ^^^^  '''^'^'  benzolated  amyl 
al  oho  as  used  for  Tmct.  Cinchonas ;  the  determination  of  crude 
bitter  principle  m  Cascarilla  was  as  follows  :  20  c.c.  of  the  liquid 
was  evaporated  to  drvness    1   Pi.^    ^f  ^     i  ,       .         ^ 

beino  fir«f  ..1^  ^  i^o  aiyness,  1  Gm.  of  finely  powdered  pumice 
being  first  added  ;  the  dry  residue  finely  powdered,  and  exhausted 


442 


BRITISH    I'HARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


by  succestsive  extraction  witli   chloroform   and  filtration  ;    the 
chloroform  distilled  off  and  the  residue  weighed. 

The  results  of  examination  for  odour,  etc.,  are  expressed  in 
the  table  by  numbers,  the  fresh  infusion  being  expressed  as  "  1," 
and  the  lower  numbers  being  those  most  nearly  resembling  the 
fresh,  the  highest  numbers  being  usually  very  far  from  this  ideal. 


XoTES  ON  Table   1. 

(a)  There  is  no  relation  between  alcoholic  strength  and  "  extractive." 

(b)  With  exception  of  Xo.  3,  none  of  the  samples  showed  any  great 
deficiency  of  total  soUds  ;  No.  8  being  made  from  the  same  parcel  of  root 
as  the  fresh,  the  deficiency  of  0"31  per  cent,  maj''  fairly  be  assumed  to  be 
due  to  albuminous  matter  precipitated  by  the  alcohol. 

(c)  Colour. — Nos.  7  and  8  were  very  near  to  the  fresh  infusion,  Nos.  3, 
5  and  1  were  very  dark  and  quite  ludike  the  fresli. 

(d)  Taste. — Sohds  and  bitterness  evidently  bear  very  little  relation,  vide 
samples  1  and  3,  both  of  which  were  very  Tpoor  samples. 


Notes  on  Table  2. 

(a)  With  the  exception  of  No.  8,  not  one  of  these  preparations  could  be 
said  to  have  any  pretensions  to  representation  of  fi'esh  infusion. 

(b)  Colour. — All  were  paler  than  the  fresh,  except  Nos.  2  and  3. 


british  pharmaceutical  conference. 
Table  3. — Inf.  Cinchon.  Acid.  Conc. 


443 


No.  of 
Series. 

Specific 
Gravity. 

Extrac- 
tive. 

Alcohol                                         1 

by           Alkaloids.      Odour.         Appearance. 
Weight.                                           '           (Cone.) 

1. 
2. 

3. 
4. 
5. 

6. 
7. 
8. 
Fresh 

1001-5 

969-0 

966-5 

10200 

999-0 

1007-5 

1002-5 

10460 

5-8 

8-68 

4-56 

7-42 
6-46 
7-34 

x8  =  10-4 

12-18         0-81 
35-2           0-515 
30-9           0-23 

9-0     i      0-335 
18-4           0-46 
11-9           0-54 
16-3           0-425 
110           1-38 
—          X  8  =  1-52 

3  cloudy 
6                 clear 

5  nearly  clear 

9        .slightly  cloudy 

6  slightly  cloudy 
8        slighth'  cloudy 
2          nearly  clear 

4  nearly  clear 
1           opalescent 

Notes  on  T.\ble  3. 

(a)  Extractive.— Nos.  4  and  8  contained  glycerin,  hence  extractive  covild 
not  be  determinedreadily ;  except  Nos.  1  and  3  the  proportions  present 
were  fairly  good. 

(6)  Alkaloids.— Xone  of  the  samples  contained  any  reasonable  propor- 

(c)  Odour. — Some  of  the  samples  had  scarcely  anv  aroma  of  cinnamon 
or  ginger. 

(d)  Appearance.— The  table  gives  the  character  of  concentrated  pre- 
parations ;  when  diluted  they  varied  greatly.  Nos.  2  and  3  had  heavy 
deposits,  which  settled  down  on  standing,  others  much  less  ;  the  fresh 
infusion  was  turbid  throughout ;   the  turbidity  not  settling  out  on  standing. 

(e)  I  could  get  no  satisfactory  results  by  taste. 


Table 

4.— Inf. 

Gentian 

Co.  Conc. 

No.  of 

Specific 

Extrac- 

Alcohol 

Series. 

Gravity. 

tive. 

by 
Weight. 

Colour. 

Aroma. 

Taste. 

1.       .       .       . 

1004-5 

8-0 

17-34 

5 

5 

5 

2. 

995-5 

3-64 

11-20 

7 

6 

7 

3. 

1000-0 

4-38 

9-93 

8 

8 

4. 

998-0 

406 

9-93 

5 

8 

0. 

991-0 

3-46 

13-89 

4 

4 

4 

6. 

999-0 

5-31 

1513 

9 

9 

9 

7. 

996-5 

4.35 

13-89 

2 

3 

3 

8. 

lOOS-5 

7-84 

12-88 

I 

9 

o 

Fresh 

_. 

— 

x8  =  9-2 

1 

I 

1 

^'OTES  ON  Table  4. 
tive  '"'  ''^'^°'''''''^  strength  bears  no  apparent  relation  to  total  extrac- 

cfif^   fi  is  not  easy  to  imderstand  why  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4  of  low  alcoholic 
strength  should  also  contain  so  little  "  solids." 

(c)  Such  variation  in  extractive  is,  in  my  opinion,  quite  unnecessarv. 

(d)  in  colour,  aroma,  and  taste  the  variations  were  very  great,  Nos.  8, 
7^  and  o  being  generally  good,  but  for  the  others  the  less  said  the  better. 
iNo.  4  was  very  pale. 


444 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 


Table  5. — Inf.  Quassle  Conc. 


No.  of 
Series. 


Specific 
Gravity. 


Extrac- 
tive. 


Alcohol 

by 
Weight. 


Colour. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 

6. 
7. 


Fresli 


972-5 
978-0 
978-7 
98G-5 
974-0 
981-5 
980-5 
978-0 


004 
0-14 
0-12 
0-74 
0-14 
0-24 
0-21 
0-37 
X  8  =  0-22 


16-6 
12-9 
12-4 
10-9 
16-3 
11-4 
12-4 
14-5 


Tast«. 


Odour. 


Notes  on  Table  5. 

(a)  Nos.  1  and  3  are  very  low  in  extractive  and  very  weak  in  bitterness. 
Cannot  be  said  to  represent  the  infusion  at  all. 

(b)  Colour. — No.  7  was  very  dark,  fully  double  the  depth  of  a  fresh 
infusion. 

(c)  Odour. — Nos.  4,  6,  and  1  were  peculiar  and  suggested  niouldiness. 

(d)  Extractive. — No.  4  contains  an  excess  of  solids,  but  this  is  mainly 
due  to  boric  acid,[which  accoiuits  for  05  per  cent.,  leaving  a  normal  amoiuit 
of  natural  sohds.  This  is  doubtless  added  to  admit  of  low  percentage  of 
alcohol  being  used.  I  may  add  all  the  samples  of  every  series  were  ex- 
amined for  fomaldehyde  and  boric  acid,  but  with  negative  results 
except  in  this  instance. 

In  conclusion,  it  would  appear  from  these  results  that  the 
concentrated  infusions  of  commerce  leave  much  to  be  desired. 
Some  manufacturers  turn  out  preparations  which  are  fairly  good 
representatives  of  the  fresh,  but  others  are  lamentably  bad. 
Surely  it  is  not  too  much  for  the  retail  pharmacist  to  demand 
that  these  preparations  shall  be  more  in  accordance  witli  the 
claims  made  upon  the  labels  used. 

Most  of  these  determinations  were  made  by  my  assistants, 
Messrs.  J.  A.  Brown,  F.I.C.,  and  D.  Henville,  to  whom  my  thanks 
are  due. 


The  President  said  that  wholesalers  had  in  view  the  char-   \ 
acteristic  odour  of  the  drug  and  the  use  of  sufficient  alcohol  to   I 
act  as  a  preservative,  and  did  not  give  so  much  regard  to  the 
colour  as  Mr.  Cripps  wanted.     Infusions  are  very  complex,  and   ! 
it  is  not  easy  to  determine  tlieir  medicinal  activity.     He  had 
given  a  method  for  determining  that  of  cascarilla,  but  they  knew 
that  the  bitterness  is  not  due  to  cascarillin  alone.     The  propor-    i 
tion  of  cascarillin  in  the  drug  had  notably  decreased  during  recent 
years.     Pharmacists  w^ere  likely  to    overlook  the  fact  that  the    ■ 
amount  of  active  principle  in  drugs  varied.  ' 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         445 

Mr.  Bird  said  the  paper  threw  much  light  on  these  prepara- 
tions. In  the  case  of  Inf.  Calumbai  Cone,  the  colour  was  found 
to  be  very  dark.  This  is  due  to  the  heating,  and  it  is  necessary 
to  avoid  heat  in  making  this  preparation.  Inf.  Cascarilla?  is 
diilficult  to  prepare  in  a  concentrated  form,  because  the  bitter 
principle  and  volatile  oil  require  a  large  amount  of  alcohol  to  dis- 
solve them  in  such  a  concentration.  Pharmacists  unfortunately 
demand  a  bright  infusion,  which  seems  more  important  to  them 
than  one  that  more  nearly  represents  the  fresh  infusion.  He 
was  much  struck  by  the  absence  of  alkaloid  in  the  Inf.  Cinchonse 
Cone,  as  by  the  use  of  an  acid  menstruum  a  high  percentage 
is  readily  obtained.  The  deposit  is  a  difficulty,  but  the  opales- 
cence in  the  fresh  infusion  varies  with  the  fineness  of  the  straining 
material  used.  He  would  like  to  ask  if  Mr.  Cripps  had  examined 
the  B.P.C.  Inf.  Gent.  Co.  Cone,  as  he  himself  had  found  it  very 
satisfactory.  Inf.  Quassise  Cone,  was  quite  easy  to  make,  and  there 
should  be  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  good  preparation.  The 
reason  of  failure  is  the  use  of  tap  water  and  heat.  The  high 
extractive  is  due  to  the  salts  of  the  water.  He  hoped  that  the 
paper  would  call  the  attention  of  manufacturers  to  the  subject  and 
lead  to  better  results. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Umney  quoted  from  the  Preface  of  the  Pharmacopoeia 
regarding  the  "  Liquores  Concentrati,"  which  showed  that  the 
compilers  recognized  that  these  preparations  could  not  represent 
the  fresh  infusions.  Therefore,  they  should  not  insert  "  con- 
centrated infusions,"  but  should  either  omit  them  or  leave  them 
simply  as  liquors. 

Dr.  Attfield  said  that  while,  of  course,  it  was  the  duty  of  the 
pharmacist  to  produce  drug-j)reparations  that  look  nice,  smell  nice, 
and  are  active,  leaders  of  the  medical  profession  had  reminded 
him  that  the  public  do  not  like  to  take  decoctions  or  infusions 
of  any  kind,  fresh  or  "  concentrated,"  "  nice  "  or  nasty,  if  they 
can  avoid  it.  The  compilers  of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia,  as 
seen  on  page  xvii.  of  its  preface,  had  found  great  difficulty  in 
dealing  with  these  so-called  "  concentrated  "  infusions,  but  they 
regarded  them  as  different  from  the  fresh  infusions.  One  must 
not  expect  to  obtain,  whatever  it  says  on  a  label,  a  true  concen- 
trated infusion.  The  name  is  a  misleading  one,  indeed  a  misnomer. 
Better  term  these  liquids  liquores,  in  the  absence  of  any  better 
name. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Hill  said  that  the  President  stated  the  wholesalers 
were  not  particular  as  to  the  colour  of  these  preparations,  but  the 


446  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

greatest  difficulty  is  due  to  the  colour,  as  the  public  notices  it. 
In  the  best  pharmacies  in  Edinburgh  it  is  customary  to  use 
fresh  infusions,  and  when  a  prescription  that  has  been  dispensed 
with  these  is  taken  elsewhere  and  dispensed  with  the  concentrated 
infusion  the  patient  objects.  In  one  case  the  medical  practitioner 
had  mucli  confidence  in  the  second  dispenser,  and  it  required  a 
jDractical  demonstration  to  convince  him  that  the  first  dispenser 
was  correct.  He  wondered  whether  the  use  of  concentrated 
infusions  would  be  considered  justifiable  under  the  Food  and 
Drugs  Acts.  Mr.  Cripps'  results  agreed  ^^nth  some  he  had 
obtained  some  years  ago,  but  the  later  ones  show  some  better 
results.  He  was  informed  by  the  makers  of  Inf.  Calumb.  Cone, 
for  a  large  dispensary  that  the  second  lot  of  infusion  made  from 
the  same  lot  of  drug  was  better,  darker,  and  more  bitter  than 
the  first.  It  has  been  for  many  years  the  practice  in  Edinburgh 
to  make  fresh  infusions  and  to  sterilize  them.  White's  method 
has  been  adopted  by  several  pharmacists  recently.  In  disjDensing 
one  ought  to  use  nothing  but  fresh  infusions  and  concentrated 
infusions  are  quite  illegitimate. 

i\Ir.  BoORNE  said  that,  although  taste  and  colour  are  important, 
the  chief  point  is  the  therapeutic  value.  If  this  also  is  concen- 
trated eight  times,  greater  convenience  justifies  such  use.  Mr. 
Rutherford  Hill  said  that  fresh  infusions  are  used  in  Edinburgh, 
but  this  is  not  the  case  in  England. 

Mr.  Gerrard  said  that  it  was  largely  a  question  of  ethics. 
The  doctor's  prescription  must  be  respected,  and  if  he  orders  an 
infusion  he  does  not  mean  concentrated  infusion,  and  therefore 
pharmacists  should  see  that  he  gets  what  he  orders. 

Mr.W.  F.  Wells  agreed  with  Mr.  Hill  that  the  difficulty  lay  in  the 
difference  in  appearance  which  was  noticed  by  the  patients,  who 
will  frequently  travel  a  long  way  to  get  the  fresh  infusion.  Phar- 
macists ought  not  to  give  concentrated  infusions,  and  ought  to 
follow  the  Pharmacopoeia.  He  knew  a  firm  where  the}"  never 
made  a  pill,  and  always  sent  out  the  nearest  in  stock  when  a  pre- 
scription for  pills  came  in.  This  practice  is  just  as  justifiable  as 
the  use  of  concentrated  infusions  :  it  is  only  a  question  of  degree. 

Mr.  GiLMOFR  did  not  agree  that  pharmacists  in  Scotland  always 
used  fresli  infusions,  and  he  was  afraid  that  there  was  a  great 
temptation  to  use  concentrated  infusions.  This  practice  is 
totally  unjustifiable,  and  there  is  nothing  to  say  in  its  defence. 
These  questions  are  usually  discussed  from  a  manufacturer's 
point  of  view,  but  they  could  do  without  their  help  bj^  using 


BRITISH  PHAEMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  447 

fresh  infusions.  One  may  say  that  the  use  of  Inf.  Digitahs  Cone, 
is  nearly  a  criminal  action,  because  there  is  such  a  great  difference 
in  the  efifects  of  this  and  of  the  fresh  infusion.  The  rule  should 
be  always  to  use  the  fresh  preparation,  and  Mr.  Cripps'  paper 
is  a  further  lesson  to  this  effect. 

Mr.  Ckipps.  in  reply,  said  that  the  President  had  said  there  had 
been  a  decrease  in  the  percentage  of  cascarillin  in  cascarilla  bark 
in  recent  years,  but  this  does  not  account  for   the  variation  in 
these  samples,  as  they  were  all  bought  this  year.     The  method 
used  for  the  determination  of  bitter  principle  is  crude,  but,  never- 
theless, it  gives  concordant  results,  and  such  great  differences 
as  are  shown  in  the  infusions  are  altogether  disreputable.     He 
would,  as  a  pubhc  analyst,  condemn  a  sample  made  from  the 
worst  sample  of  Inf.  Cascarilla?  Cone,  but,  in  view  of  the  general 
knowledge  of  medical  men  that  concentrated  infusions  are  gene- 
rally used,  he  would  not  condemn  a  sample  merely  on  the  ground 
of  the  use  of  such  a  preparation  if  it  fairly  represents  the  fresh 
infusion.     That  was  merely  his  own  opinion,  and  might  not  be 
followed  by  another  pubhc  analyst.     It  is  impossible  to  obtain 
a  clear  Inf.  Cascarillae  Cone,  without  the  use  of  a  large  proportion 
of  alcohol.     He  had  always  understood  that  Inf.  Cinchona?  should 
be  opalescent ;    he  thought  it  should  be  strained  through  tow 
while  hot  ;   if  allowed  to  cool  before  straining  it  is  obtained  much 
clearer.     The  question  of  labelling  has  arisen.     Some  firms  send 
these  preparations  out  with  a  label  stating  that  on  dilution  they 
yield  the  infusion  of  the  Pharmacopoeia.     This  is  greatly  to  be 
dejDlored,  and  is  misleaduig  and  untrue,  and,  therefore,  wholesale 
firms  should  use  other  labels.     Sterihzation  of  fresh  infusions 
will  probably  be  used  more  and  more.     Convenience  should  in 
no  instance  be  allowed  to  prevent  the  preparation  used  fairly 
repi-osenting  what  is  intended. 


DECOCTUM  ALOES  CO.  CONCENTRATUM. 

By  R.  a.  Cripps,  F.I.C. 

Public  Analyfit  for  Bovrnemouth. 

About  a  year  ago  my  attention  was  drawn  to  the  above  pre- 
paration by  the  fact  that  five  samples  purporting  to  be  "  Dec. 
Aloes  Co.  B.P."  were  submitted  to  me  for  analvsis  under  the  Food 


448 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


and  Drugs  Acts,  they  having  been  dispensed  from  a  prescription 
for  Dec.  Aloes  Co.  B.P.,  5vi. 

Tlie  results  of  tliese  analyses  proved  all  to  be  gravely  deficient 
in  alcohol,  and  three  sanijiles  were  also  seriously  deficient  in  "  ex- 
tractive," rendering  it  almost  certain  that  they  had  been  dis- 
pensed by  diluting  the  concentrated  pieparation  with  water  ; 
the  results  of  these  anatyses  are  shown  in  Table  I.,  together  v.itli 
a  sample  specially  prepared  in  accordance  with  the  formula  of  the 
B.P.  ;  this  is  marked  "  No  1."  Sample  No.  7  was  from  my 
friend,  Mr.  S.  Hardwick,  of  Bournemouth,  who  told  me  it  was 
of  the  B.P  strength  and  about  nine  months  old. 

Table  No.  I. 


No.  of  Sample. 

1. 

•2. 

3. 

4.* 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Specific  gravity 

1004-5 

10050 

1012-8 

1002-6 

10120 

1014-5 

1006-0 

Total  solids      . 

6-625 

3-98 

5-2 

1-62 

4-53 

5-08 

6-92 

Alkalinity    of 

ash,    KoCOa 

(anhvdrous) 

0-55 

0-49 

0-51 

0-26 

0-44 

0-57 

0-52 

Extractive 

6-075 

3-49 

4-69 

1-36 

4-09 

4-51 

6-4 

Alcohol     as 

proof     spirit 

by  volume  . 

30-32 

1204 

11-4 

7-08 

9-96 

10-6 

32Q 

An  examination  of  the  official  formula  will  at  once  indicate  that 
the  usual  (1  to  3)  preparation  is  an  impossible  compound,  and 
the  1  to  2  article  barely  possible,  containing  as  it  does  90  per  cent, 
of  Tinct.  Cardam.  Co.  by  volume.  This  fact  has  been  recognized  by 
some  wholesale  firms  who  do  not  list  the  stronger  (?)  preparation, 
but  I  found  that  it  was  quoted  by  others  without  any  warning 
as  to  j)roducing  an  article  deficient  in  spirit,  and,  indeed,  some 
firms  have  sent  out  the  concentrated  article  bearing  a  label 
stating  definitely  that  when  diluted  with  three  or  two,  as  the  case 
may  be,  volumes  of  water,  this  preparation  produces  the  decoc- 
tion of  the  British  Pharmacopoeia.  In  these  circumstances  it  is 
scarcely  surprising  that  many  retail  chemists  have  assumed  that 
they  are  quite  safe  in  using  such  prejjarations  in  disjiensing, 
although,  as  before  indicated,  the  official  formula  alone  sliould 
have  been  sufficient  to  arouse  the  strongest  suspicion  to  the  (-(^n- 
trary. 

*  It  afterwards  trtiiispired  that  Sample  No.  4  had  been  diluted  with 
seven  volumes  of  water  instead  of  three,  hence  these  results  should  be 
doubled  for  comparison. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


449 


In  Older  to  ascertain  the  composition  of  the  Dec.  Aloes  Co. 
Cone,  of  commerce,  I  obtained  from  friends  in  retail  business 
nine  samples,  being  the  products  of  as  many  different  wholesale 
firms  ;  the  majority  of  these  were  from  firms  of  repute,  but  No. 
2  of  Table  II  was  tlie  article  sent  out  by  a  London  firm  who 
"  cut  "  prices  to  a  very  low  figure.  Taljle  No.  II  refers  to  samples 
of  the  1  to  3  preparation,  and  No.  3  to  those  of  1  to  2  strength, 
in  each  case  reduced  by  dilution  with  the  prescribed  proportion 
of  water,  so  as  to  be  comparative. 


Table  No.  II. — (Concentration  1  to  3.) 


No.  of  Sample. 

1. 
10146 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Specific  gravity 

1-000 

10162 

1-0248 

10111 

9990 

1012-8 

Total  solids 

5-08 

1-9 

5-59 

8-66 

4-91 

4-35 

5-2 

Alkalinity  cal- 

cxilated       as 

K.,CO.i     (an- 

hydrous) 

U-47 

0-32 

0-48 

0-49 

0-46 

0-31 

0-5 

Extractive 

461 

1-58 

511 

8-17 

4-45 

404 

4-7 

Alcohol  as  proof 

spirit          by 

volume  . 

7-66 

1218 

7-96 

9-51 

7-56 

21-5 

100 

Table  No.  III. — (Concentration  1  to  2.) 


No.  of  Sample, 

8. 

0. 

10. 
1015-5 

11. 

Specific  gravity     . 

1006-4 

996-6 

1000-2 

Total  solids      .      .      . 

5-03 

4-49 

5-47 

5-54 

Alkalinity  (as  KoCOg) 

0-40 

0-32 

0-61 

0-a 

Extractive 

4-63 

4-17 

4-86 

5-04 

Alcohol  as  proof  spirit 

by  voluiTie 

18-43 

25-4 

906 

30- 12 

These  results  show  a  serious  deficiency  in  alcoholic  strength  in 
tlie  case  of  every  sample  except  No.  II,  which  was  made  by  myself 
by  the  following  method  : — The  extracts  of  aloes,  licorice,  and 
myrrh  were  softened  at  a  gentle  heat  with  tlie  addition  of  the 
least  possible  quantity  of  water.  Potassium  carbonate  added, 
then  the  tincture  gradually,  at  first  weW  rubbing  down  in  a  mortar, 
and  finally  made  up  to  volume  with  distilled  water.  Samples  6 
and  9  are  roughly  10  per  cent,  deficient  in  "  extractive,"  assuming 

GG 


-150 


imiTlSH  THARMACBUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 


1-5  per  cent,  to  be  till'    miiiiimiin  for  a  well-prepared  aitiik\'     1 

have  never  known  a  tlecoetion  of  B.P.  strength  to  give  anj^thing  j 

like  so  low  a  figure  as  this  ;    it  is  frequently  over  G  ])er  cent,  j 

In  conclusion  I  wish  to  express  my  opinion  that  concentrated  j 

decoction  of  aloes  is  (except  for  the  making  of  proprietaries)  an  ! 

altogether  unnecessary  preparation  ;    the  B.P.  article  is  easily  ; 
made  and  keeps  well,  certainly  as  well  as  its  concentrated  repre- 
sentative of  1  to  3  or  1  to  2  strength. 

The  President  said,  with  reference  to  the  detenniuation  of  ! 

alcoholic  strength,  there  apjjeared  to  be  no  difficulty  in  making  it  I  i 

to  2.     It  answered  the  requirements  which  Mr.  Crij^ps  had  fixed  . 
in  regard  to  total  solids  and  alkaloids. 

Mr.   Bird  could  not  agree  with  Mr.  Cripps  that  Decoctum  j 

Aloes  Co.  Cone,  was  an  unnecessary  preparation,  becau.se  there  i 

was  a  great  demand  for  it,  and,  moreover,  there  was  no  difficulty  in  | 
making  a  concentrated  j)reparation  equal  to  the  dilute  official 
one  if  properly  mixed  with  alcohol  and  w^ater.     He  had  examined 
a  good  many  samples  of  concentrated  decoction  when  diluted, 

and  he  experienced  no  difficulty  in  getting  the  jjroper  amount  of  1 

extractive.   He  noticed  that  one  sample  in  Mr.  Cripps'  table  yielded  | 

8  per  cent.,  which  was  more  tlian  necessary.     The  average  for  j 

the  B.P.  preparation  he  had  also  found  to  be  about  6  per  cent.     It  j 

was  strange  that  for  manv  veais  it  was  the  custom  to  send  out  i 

the  concentrated  decoction  as  B.P.  when  diluted,  and  no  one  i 

seemed  to  find  out  that  the  thing  was  impossible  till  attention  was  j 

directed  to  it  some  time  ago.       Most  wholesale  houses  point  out  ; 

that  the  concentrated  decoction  diluted  1-3  with   water  only  i 
gives  a  prej)aration  containing  all  tlie  medicinal  ingrediiMits  of  Ihe 

*  Taking  the  B.P.  funmila,  and  calculating  ''  extractive  "  from  the  per-  i 

C3ntage  of  each  of  tlie  .soHd  constituents  sohible  in  a  weak  alkaline  liquid,  j 

I  should  (theoretically)  place   tlie  miniinuni   extractive  at   4"S   per  cent.,  j 

the  maximum  at  CrGo  per  cent.,  as  follows  : —  ] 


Ext.  Aloes     .... 

MjT-rh 

Saffron 

Ext.  Licorice 

Comp.  Tinct.  Cardamom 


Proportion 

in 
Decoction. 


Per  cent. 
Soluble. 


10  pe.  —CO  to  80 
0-5  p.c.  —  30  to  60 
Oo  p.c.  —  30  to  50 
40  p.c.  —  60  to  80 
300  p.c.  —  5  to  7  p.c. 
extractive. 


Per  cent.  Solids  in 
Decoction. 


0-6    —  OS 
OIo  — 0-30 
01 5  — 0-2.5 
2-4    —3-2 
1-5    —21 


4-80  to  6-65 


BRITISH   niARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  451 

B.P.,  but  deticieiit  in  aleoliul,  and  that  if  the  diluted  product 
is  to  be  strictly  B.P.,  then  a  certain  amount  of  alcohol  and  water 
must  be  used  for  dilution  according  to  the  formula  given  on  the 
label. 

Mr.  Cripps,  in  reply  to  Mr.  Bird's  remark  about  the  labels  now 
requiring  alcohol  and  water  to  be  added,  said  it  was  not  so  in  the 
case  of  labels  he  had  described,  as  some  of  them  distinctly  stated 
it  produced  the  B.P.  preparation  when  diluted  with  water  only. 


A  CONTRIBUTION  TO  THE  PHARMACY  OF  CAPSICUM. 
By  a.  W.  Gerrard, 

The  main  object  of  the  work  presented  in  this  communication 
has  been  to  determine  the  best  all-round  solvent  of  the  active 
principles  of  official  capsicum  fruit,  with  the  vieAV  of  obtaining 
an  extract  rej^resenting  the  full  activity  of  the  drug.  It  was 
further  desired  that  the  extract  should  be  of  such  a  nature  as  to  be 
capable  of  being  utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  other  galenicals 
of^  capsicum.  Another  object  is  to  elicit  by  discussion  among  the 
members  of  tliis  Conference  information  as  to  the  extent  to  which 
capsicum  preparations  are  in  demand  ;  that  is,  whether  their  use 
is  on  the  increase  or  decline,  and  the  kind  of  preparations  most 
favoured  by  the  medical  profession  and  the  public.  Observa- 
tions of  my  own,  extending  over  the  past  three  years,  go  to  show 
that  capsicum  is  growing  in  favour,  especially  in  the  form  of 
local  applications,  as  I  have  had  to  prepare  in  increasing  amounts 
not  only  ointments,  but  capsicum  wools  and  plasters  of  various 
kinds. 

The  literature  of  the  subject,  in  so  far  as  British  pharmacy  is 
concerned,  is  not  at  all  extensive — in  fact,  it  is  scanty  ;  never- 
theless, the  work  of  one  investigator  stands  out  pre-eminent  to 
all  others.  I  allude  to  the  research  work  of  Dr.  J.  C.  Thresh,  an 
old  colleague  and  officer  of  this  Conference,  who  discovered  and 
clearly  defined  the  crystalline  active  principle  of  capsicum.  Dr. 
Tliresh's  communications  are  the  only  ones  to  which  I  have  been 
able  to  refer  with  any  profit  or  satisfaction  ;  and  altlfough  the 
author  does  not  enter  into  the  galenical  pharmacy  of  capsicum, 
he  throws  much  light  on  its  beliaviour  towards  solvents.  Informa- 
tion from  this  source  has  guided  man}-  of  my  experiments  and 
enabled  me  to  confirm  most  of  Dr.  Thresh's  work. 


452  BRITISH    PHARMACEtJTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

Bearing  in  mind  tlic  fact  that  capsicum  fruit,  in  addition  to 
resin,  contains  much  fat,  which  Dr.  Thresli  states  is  palmitic 
acid,  it  was  deemed  expedient  to  jjcrcjoljite  the  drug  with  such 
fluids  as  are  well-known  solvents  of  resins  and  fats.  The  fol- 
lowing experiments  were  therefore  made  : — 

Ten  grammes  of  capsicum  in  No.  60  powder  was  packed  in 
each  of  six  percolators,  comj)osed  of  glass  syringe  tu})es,  and 
slowly  percolated  respectively  with  ether,  90  per  cent,  alcohol, 
benzine,  petroleum  ether,  bisulphide  of  carbon,  and  chloroform 
until  100  c.c.  of  percolate  had  collected  from  each.  The  perco- 
lates were  evaporated  over  a  steam  bath  until  the  solvent  was 
quite  removed.  The  residues  obtained  were  weighed,  and  are 
given  here  as  percentages  : — 

Percentage  Yield 
Solvents  Used.  of  Extract. 

Ether  18-2 

Alcohol,   DO  per  cent •J6-4 

Benzine  ......  18'G 

Petroleum  ether        ......      1(5"4 

Bisulphide  of  carbon         .....      16"7 

Chloroform       .......      17'5 

The  physical  characters  of  each  extract  differed  somewhat  ; 
all  of  them  on  standing  twenty-four  hours  deposited  a  soft  granu- 
lar fat,  and  separated  a  fluid  dark  red  resin.  The  fat  yielded  from 
the  carbon  bisulphide  was  somewhat  crystalline,  and  in  the 
resinous  portion  of  the  extract  numerous  small  crystals  were  seen 
floating.  The  palest  coloured  extract  was  obtained  by  petroleum 
ether,  which  solvent  does  not  readily  remove  the  colour  from 
capsicum.  To  test  the  activity  of  the  various  extracts  small 
portions  of  each  were  applied  to  the  skin  of  the  arm  :  all  were 
found  powerfully  stimulating.  To  make  certain  that  the  powdered 
capsicum  in  each  case  had  been  properly  exhausted,  small  por- 
tions of  each  marc  were  tasted,  and  except  in  the  case  of  the 
alcohol-treated  marc,  all  were  found  to  possess  much  pungcMicy. 
The  alcoholic  marc,  though  slightly  warm  to  the  taste,  might 
certainly  be  considered  as  practically  exhausted.  It  is  tlius 
evident  that  a  much  larger  yield  of  extract  is  obtained  by  alcohol 
than  by  the  other  solvents,  the  alcohol  giving  264  per  cent., 
against  an  average  of  17"5  per  cent,  from  the  others,  a  difference 
in  favour  of  the  alcohol  of  about  35  })er  cent.  The  question  now 
arose  whether  the  extract  retained  in  the  pungent  residues  was 
worth  recovery.  To  test  the  point,  the  following  experiment 
was  made  :    The  dried  marcs    or  residues  of  the  previous   ex- 


j  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  453 

tractions,  except  that  with  alcohol,  were  again  packed  in  the 
percolators  and  treated  with  90  per  cent,  alcohol  until  100  c.c. 
had  been  collected  ;  on  evaporation  of  the  alcohol  there  was  ob- 
tained in  each  case  a  browai,  resinous,  stiongly  pungent  residue, 
in  the  following  proportions  : — 


From  the  etlier  inaro 
Benzine 

Petroleum  ether 
Bisulphide  of  carbon  . 
Chloroform 


7" 9  per  cent. 
75  per  cent. 
9-0  per  cent. 
7  2  per  cent. 
7 "4  per  cent. 


By  adding  these  figures  to  the  previously  obtained  figures,  under 
their  proper  solvents,  we  get  approximately  the  same  amount  of 
extract  as  when  alcohol  alone  is  employed.  The  unmistakable 
lesson  then  of  these  experiments  is  to  show  that  alcohol  is  the 
most  powerful  and  perfect  solvent  of  the  drug  capsicum.  The 
conclusion  thus  arrived  at  will  come,  no  doubt,  as  a  surprise  to 
many  who  have  long  been  taught  to  regard  ether  as  the  perfection 
of  solvents  for  this  drug. 

Having  decided  the  question  of  the  most  suitable  solvent  for  cap- 
sicum, attention  was  next  given  to  the  provision  of  a  working 
formula  for  the  manufacture  of  a  satisfactory  extract.  Noticing 
that  the  semi-solid  alcoholic  extract  of  previous  experiments  had 
separated  on  standing  into  two  portions,  it  was  deemed  that  this 
want  of  homogeneity  would  not  recommend  it  for  pharmaceutical 
purposes.  On  diluting,  however,  the  extract  with  its  own  weight 
of  90  per  cent,  alcohol  it  became  quite  fluid  and  perfectly  homo- 
geneous, and  in  this  form  will  no  doubt  prove  itself  a  valuable 
and  convenient  preparation  for  general  use.  Based  on  the  fore- 
going results,  the  following  formula  has  been  devised  : — 

Liquid  Extract  of  Capsicum. 

Take  of  capsicum  fruit  in  No.  60  powder  100  parts,  ex- 
liaust  it  by  percolation  with  80  per  cent,  alcohol,  distil  off 
the  alcohol  until  the  residual  extract  weighs  50  parts. 

Each  grain  of  this  extract  is  equivalent  to  2  grains  of  powdered 
capsicum,  and  should  yield  on  evaporation  of  the  alcohol  not  less 
than  half  its  weight  of  semi-solid  extract.  The  process  followed 
is  similar  to  that  for  liquid  extract  of  capsicum  of  the  U.S. P.,  but 
the  product  of  the  new  formula  is  double  the  American  strength  in 
capsicum.     This  extra  strength  was  determined  on  for  the  good 


454         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

reason  tliat  it  gave  an  extract  far  more  suitable  for  tlie  manu- 
facture of  other  galenicals  of  capsicum  than  would  have  been  the 
case  had  I  diluted  with  more  alcohol,  as  in  the  American  extract. 

Attention  may  now  usefully  be  given  to  a  consideration  of  the 
pharmacy  of  several  well-known  official  and  unofficial  preparations 
of  capsicum,  csjiccially  as  the  above  results  indicate  that  certain 
preparations  of  the  drug  are  not  fornnilated  on  the  most  correct 
I  lines.     The  so-called  oleoresin  of  capsicum,  for  example,  is  one 

"  of  the  worst  of  them,  though  often  regarded  as  one  of  the  test. 

It  provides  a  shocking  example  of  pharmaceutical  waste,  a 
waste  unworthy  of  nineteenth-centur}^  phaimacy.  Made,  as 
you  know,  by  extraction  with  ether,  the  ether  leaves  it  as  a 
loosely  mingled  mass  of  resin  and  fat.  This  mixture  is  placed  en 
muslin  and  allowed  to  drain,  with  the  result  that  5  to  6  percent., 
calculated  on  the  ch'ug,  of  the  so-called  oleoresin  drains  off,  and 
about  13  per  cent,  of  fat  and  other  matters  remain  on  the  strainer, 
and  is  usually  thrown  away.  If  an  examination  be  made,  how- 
over,  of  the  fatty  residue,  it  will  be  found  intensely  active  when 
applied  to  the  skin,  and  no  wondei'  this  is  the  case  when  we  know, 
as  ])()inted  out  by  Dr.  Thiesh,  that  fats  are  powerful  solvents  of 
capsicum.  Were  it  possible  by  some  simjile  means  to  separate  the 
active  principle  from  the  fat,  and  get  it  into  the  resin,  then  tlie 
fat  might  with  good  reason  be  rejected  ;  but  until  such  a  process 
is  discovered  it  is  folly  to  throw  away  such  valuable  material. 
If  oleoresin  of  capsicum  is  to  have  a  place  in  pharmacy,  let  it  Ve 
the  whole  thing,  not  half.  The  "  Unofficial  Formulary  "  of  this 
Conference  contains  an  ointment  of  eleoresin  of  capsicum  which 
is  as  ill  or  even  worse  conceived  than  the  oleoresin.  Tliis  ointment 
contains  in  5oz.,  loz.of  oleoresin,  equivalent  to  the  prodigious 
quantity  of  20  oz.  of  powdered  capsicum.  No  careful  phainuicist, 
we  may  be  sure,  will  take  this  formula  seriously,  so  we  are  not 
surprised  that  the  late  W.  Martindale  said.  "  It  is  much  too  stiong 
for  tender  skins." 

We  turn  with  more  satisfaction  to  the  capsicum  ointment  of 
the  B.P.,  and  though  the  process  is  wasteful  the  product  is  fairly 
active.  An  improvement  whicli  would  strengthen  it  and  lessen 
the  heat  and  time  of  maceration  required  would  be  to  use  No. 
GO  powder  instead  of  crushed  capsicum.  It  should  be  known 
that  there  is  an  average  loss  of  20  per  cent,  of  ingredients  in 
making  this  ointment,  due  to  the  fats  taken  up  by  the  crushed 
capsicum.  Following  is  a  revised  foimula  foi-  this  oiulmcnt. 
in  which  an  amount  of  extract  is  emploj^ed  corresponding  with 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFEREISCE.  455 

the  amount  of  capsicum  used  in  the  B.P.  ointment.  This  oint- 
jiient  is  siin])!e  to  prepare,  free  from  waste,  and  full  of  activity. 

OiNTMEKT    OF   C'aPSICUM. 

Liquid  extract  of  cap.'sif'nm        .  .  .60  grains. 

Olive  oil  ......         1   oz. 

Spermaceti         ......      fiO  grains. 

Melt  the  oil  and  spermaceti  together,  stir  in  tlie  extract,  and 
allow  to  cool. 

An  altogether  more  rational  and  superior  ointment  from  a 
therapeutic  point  of  view  is  one  made  with  a  lanolin  base.  We 
all  know  that  lanolin  gets  drugs  into  the  skin  more  readily  than 
other  fats,  and  this  is  the  ease  when  mixed  with  capsicum.  The 
follo^^'ing  is  a  good  formula  : — 

Lakolin  Ointaient  of  Cap.sicum. 

Liquid  extract  of  capsicum  .  .      (\0  grain. 

Hydrous  lanolin  ....         1    oz.    C>0  grains. 

AFelt  the  lanolin  with  a  gentle  heat  and  stir  in  the  extract. 

Capsicum  wool,  in  various  forms  under  proprietary  names, 
has  long  been  before  the  public,  but  I  am  unaware  that  any 
formula  has  been  published  for  its  preparation,  so  submit  the 
following  : — 

Cap.sicum  Wool. 

Licjuid  extract  of  capsicum  .  .  r     2  oz. 

Absorbent  cotton  in  thin  sheets        .  .  .9  oz. 

Alcohol,   90  per  cent.  .  .  .  .7  oz. 

Dissolve  the  extract  in  the  aicohol,  and  pour  the  solution  on  to 
the  cotton,  under  pressure,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  cotton 
becomes  eventy  saturated  with  the  whole  of  the  fluid.  Dry  the 
cotton,  and  preserve  it  in  well-closed  cartons.  This  wool  contains 
10  per  cent,  of  solid  extract  of  capsicum.  When  freshly  made 
it  is  of  a  pale  orange  colour  ;  age  bleaches  it  without  loss  of 
strength.  To  keep  its  colour  uniform,  it  is  advisable  to  lightly 
dye  it  with  eosin.  Capsicum  wool  acts  slowly  on  the  skin  when 
dry,  but  rapidly  in  tlie  presence  of  moisture  ;  hence  covering 
the  wool  with  a  waterproof  protective  facilitates  its  action. 

Capsicum  plaster  is  the  last  jireparation  with  which  1  intctul 


450  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

to  deal.  Two  published  fonnulai  are  known  to  me.  Tliat  of 
the  U.S. P.,  and  that  of  University  College  Hospital  Pharma- 
copoBia.  The  former  of  these  is  of  very  amateurish  construction, 
looking  uncommonly  like  a  makeshift  plaster.  It  is  prepared 
by  spreading  resin  plaster  on  muslin,  and  painting  on  each  4 
s(|uare  inches  4  grains  of  oleoresin  of  capsicum.  The  sj^reading 
of  resin  plaster  on  muslin  is  no  easy  matter,  as  the  material  is 
thin  and  flimsy,  hence  the  plaster  works  through  it  ;  a  stouter 
cloth  sliould  liave  been  selected,  the  oleoresin  should  have  been 
MU'lted  into  the  resin  plaster,  and  the  mixture  spread  at  one 
operation.  The  formula  of  University  College  Hospital  was 
devised  by  myself  many  years  ago  ;  it  is  an  active  plaster,  but 
can  be  improved  by  using  the  new  liquid  extract  mentioned 
above  in  its  j)reparation.     Here  is  a  formula  : — 

Capsicum  Plaster. 

Xiqviid  extract  of  capsicum  ,  .  .10  parts 

Resin  plaster     .  .  .  .  .  .95  parts 

Evaporate  the  spirit  from  the  extract  over  a  water-bath,  then 
stir  it  into  the  melted  resin  plaster. 

When  fresh  made  and  spread,  this  plaster  is  of  a  bright  orange 
colour,  but  with  age  it  bleaches  ;  hence,  perhaps,  it  is  advisable 
to  give  it  a  shade  of  artificial  colouring  with  a  resin  such  as 
dragons'  blood.  This  plaster,  though  only  containing  5  per  cent, 
of  solid  extract,  is  the  most  active  of  the  preparations  here 
formulated  ;  it  adheres  closely  to  the  skin,  and  thus  is  able  to 
exercise  its  stimulating  property  for  a  considerable  time.  As 
a  warming  plaster  I  do  not  hesitate  in  saying  it  puts  the  miserable 
calefacient  plaster  of  the  B.P.  outside  consideration. 

In  conclusion,  permit  me  to  say  that  the  above  fornuilae  ha\'e 
the  merit  of  simplicity,  and  are  offered  for  your  trial  and  ciiti- 
cism,  with  the  hope  that  some  of  them  at  least  may  prove  of 
service  to  pharmacy,  to  the  medical  profession,  and  to  the  public. 


The  President  said  Mr.  Gerrard  had  showed  how  necessarj- 
it  was  at  frequent  intervals  to  investigate  the  pharmacy  of 
well-known  drugs  and  to  study  them  in  the  recent  light  thrown 
on  the  chemistry  of  these  drugs.  Referring  to  the  use  of  acetone 
as  a  solvent  for  capsicin,  he  said  he  would  leave  Mr.  Umney  to 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         457 

deal  with  that  question,  as  he  understood  that  he  had  made 
numerous  investigations  in  that  direction. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Umney  said  he  had  made  a  series  of  experiments  for 
the  B.P.C.  Formulary  with  a  view  to  finding  what  was  the  most 
suitable  solvent  for  preparing  capsicin  and  gingerin.  He  had 
come  to  the  conclusion  in  the  case  of  ginger  that  acetone  was 
the  best  where  a  flavouring  prejiaration  was  desired,  because 
the  solvent  was  one  easily  removed  by  distillation,  especially 
under  reduced  pressure,  and  thus  no  volatile  oil  was  lost.  In 
tlie  case  of  capsicum  alcohol  yielded  the  greatest  proportion  of 
extractive,  and  the  extract  was  the  most  homogeneous,  and 
probably  for  internal  use  was  the  best.  He  did  not  know,  how- 
ever, whether  for  external  use  the  preparation  of  the  U.S. P. — 
viz.,  the  oleoresin,  separated  from  fixed  fat^ — was  not  more 
powerful. 

Mr.  R.  Brodie  referred  to  the  fact  that  the  author  had  not 
mentioned  any  experiment  with  dilute  alcohol.  He  himself 
had  found  in  practice  that  90  per  cent,  alcohol  produced  a 
tincture  brighter  in  colour  than  that  of  the  B.P.  His  own 
tincture  press  was  a  powerful  one,  and  lie  found,  on  pressing, 
that  a  good  deal  of  fatty  matter  came  through  and  subsequently 
deposited  from  the  tincture.  He  had  at  first  been  reluctant  to 
taste  the  fat,  but  on  doing  so  he  found  that  it  simply  liad  the 
taste  of  grease,  and  could  have  no  effect  on  the  skin. 

Mr.  Alcock  referred  to  the  fact  that  a  distinguished  Birming- 
ham physician,  who  had  been  aided  in  his  experiments  by  well- 
known  pharmacists  of  that  city,  prescribed  ethereal  tinctures. 
His  reason  for  preferring  the  ethereal  tincture  was  that  it  was 
more  easily  absorbed  by  the  skin,  and  not  that  it  contained  all 
the  active  constituents  of  capsicum.  He  asked  whether  the 
author  had  tested  his  products  for  neutral  fat.  Dr.  Attfield  had 
pointed  out,  many  years  ago,  that  oleic  acid  would  dissolve 
alkaloids  ;  and  if  the  active  principle  of  capsicin  was  an  alkaloid, 
that  would  account  for  its  solubility  in  free  fat-acids.  Could  it 
be  said  that  the  compound  was  laalmitate  of  capsicin  ? 

Mr.  Bird  was  pleased  that  alcohol  had  proved  satisfactory. 
Although  ether  was  a  very  valuable  solvent,  it  was  advisable  to 
avoid  its  use.  He  referred  to  Mr.  Gerrard's  paper  as  a 
model  whicli  constituted  a  distinct  advance  in  the  pharmacy  of 
capsicum. 

Mr.  Ransom,  speaking  from  practical  experience,  said  that, 
although  alcohol  was  the  best  solvent,  there  was  no  doubt  that 


458         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

a  stronger  preparation  could  be  made  with  ether  if  the  fat  were 
removed.     There  was  a  demand  for  this  ethereal  extract. 

Mr.  Upsher  Smith  raised  a  question  in  connexion  with 
capsicum  wool.  Tiiis  wool  was  to  be  applied  to  the  skin,  and 
its  value  depended  on  the  promotion  of  an  active  flow  of  per- 
spiration. The  wool  was  more  satisfactory  if  it  contained  less 
fat  and  resin,  whicli  tended  to  form  a  protective  layer  on  the 
fibres,  and  so  prevented  j)erspiration  from  permeating  the  wool. 
If  a  process  could  be  devised  for  lessening  the  amount  of  fat  and 
resin  it  would  be  desirable. 

The  President,  before  calling  on  Mr.  Gerrard  to  rei:)ly,  referred 
to  the  fact  that  the  tincture  of  capsicum  of  the  B.P.  had  an 
unsightly  appearance  in  the  cold  weather,  and  based  a  questif  n 
on  til  at  fact. 

Mr.  Gerrard  said  he  was  glad  those  who  discussed  his 
jiaper  seemed  to  be  in  favour  of  the  use  of  alcohol  as  a  solvent. 
Tlie  question  had  been  raised  as  to  whetlier  the  alcohol  ex- 
tract was  relatively  more  active  than  that  of  ether.  He  sliould 
say  that,  dose  for  dose,  it  was  nf)t.  but  that  it  did  contain, 
calculated  on  the  yield,  a  larger  amount  of  the  active  princi- 
ples. When  ether  was  used  he  found  that  7  or  8  per 
cent,  of  active  extractive  was  left  behind.  Replying  to  Mr. 
Brodie's  question  with  regard  to  tlie  fact  that  a  pieparation 
made  with  70  per  cent,  alcohol  was  fieer  from  fat  tlian  that 
made  witli  90  per  cent.,  if  a  weaker  alcohol  were  used,  a  lower 
]Dei'centage  of  fat  would  be  found  in  the  resultant  tincture, 
while  the  preparation  would  be  just  as  active,  although  it  miglit 
contain  more  extractive  matter,  which,  however,  was  no  dis- 
advantage. He  did  not  know— this  in  answer  to  Mr.  Alcock — 
wltether  the  fat  was  neutral  or  acid,  but  it  did  not  make  much 
difference.  Capsicin  was  an  active  principle  of  a  class  wliich 
had  not  yet  been  defined.  Referring  to  Mr.  Smith's  question 
as  regards  capsicum  wool,  he  said  it  was  preferable  to  eliminate 
the  fatty  matter,  but  he  did  not  think  it  made  very  much  differ- 
ence. A  5  per  cent,  capsicum  plaster  was  more  active  than  a 
10  per  cent,  capsicum  wool,  because  the  former  came  into  more 
intimate  contact  with  the  skin. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  459 

NOTE   ON   THE  ANALYSIS  OF   COMPOUND  TINCTURE 
OF  CAMPHOR. 

By  F.  C.  J.  Bird. 

Tliis  compound  tincture  of  camphor  contains  in  each 
fluid  draclim  a  proportion  of  tincture  of  opium  equivalent 
to  one-thirtieth  grain  of  morphine  hydrochloride,  or  to  j 
grain  of  opium  (containing  10  per  cent,  of  anhydrous 
morphine),  or  to  nearly  0-5  milligramme  (0-00040  Cm.)  of 
anhj'drous  morphine  in  each  cubic  centimetre. 

The  foregoing  statement  is  found  in  the  British  PharmacojDoeia 
as  an  oflicial  note  following  tlie  formula  given  for  the  preparation 
of  compound  tincture  of  camphor,  but  no  analytical  metliod 
is  indicated  or  suggested  by  which  the  strength  in  morphine 
of  a  sample  of  this  tincture  can  be  ascertained.  Naturally,  the 
oflicial  process  for  tincture  of  opium  first  presents  itself  as  being- 
applicable,  but  on  turning  to  the  directions  given  for  the  analy- 
tical examination  of  tincture  of  opium  it  is  observed  that  to 
work  with  the  etjuivalent  of  the  official  quantity  of  80  c.c.  of 
tincture  of  opium  it  is  necessary  to  operate  on  no  less  a  volume 
tlian  about  1,300  c.c.  of  compound  tincture  of  camphor,  or 
nearly  2  pints  6  fl.  oz.  Fair  results  may  be  obtained,  however, 
by  taking  250  c.c.  only,  evaporating  to  6  c.c.  and  continuing 
the  B.P.  process,  using  one-fiftli  the  official  quantities  throughout. 
With  these  reduced  quantities  the  morphine  alwaj^s  comes  out 
a  little  low.  It  may  be  pointed  out  here  that  the  official  state- 
ment that  compound  tincture  of  camphor  contains  0-00046  Cm. 
of  anhydrous  morphine  in  each  c.c.  is  based  on  the  supposition 
that  tincture  of  opium  containing  0-75  per  cent,  morphine  has 
Ijeen  used  in  its  preparation.  As  the  B.P.  hmits  for  the  latter 
are  0-7  to  0-8  per  cent,  when  tincture  of  opium  of  these  strengths 
are  employed,  the  figures  for  Tinct.  Camph.  Co.  become  000043 
and  0-00049  respectively — an  important  point  som.etin.es  wh.en 
a  sample  taken  under  the  Sale  of  Food  and  Diugs  Act  is  in 
question. 

Recent  experience  with  a  certain  sample  led  to  the  writing 
of  this  note,  as  it  is  evident  that  an  inspector  under  the  Act 
would  rarely  purchase  even  IJ  pints  of  compound  tincture 
of  camphor  for  the  purpose  of  analj-sis.  This  quantity  appears 
to  be  necessary  if  approximately  accurate  quantitative  lesults 
are  to  be  expected  by  the  B.P.  process,  as  in  my  c^^n  expeiience 


4G0  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

I  have  found  tliat  as  tlie  quantity  of  tincture  taken  decreases 
so  the  figure  for  the  morphine  found  comes  out  lower  than  the 
truth,  until  a  point  is  reached  when  practically  no  morphine  at 
all  can  be  found  in  Tr.  Campli.  Co.  of  strictly  B.P.  strength. 
The  custom  of  many  inspectors  is  to  hand  in  about  2  ounces 
for  analysis,  and  if  the  analyst,  without  jirevious  experience 
in  (lie  assay  of  this  particular  preparation,  attempts  to  apply 
the  B.P.  process,  it  is  easy  to  understand  that  erroneous  con- 
clusions may  be  drawn  from  the  results.  In  fact,  the  case 
already  mentioned  may  be  cited  as  a  striking  example  of  this. 
The  facts  were  as  follows  :  A  retail  pharmacist  in  the  Midlands 
supplied  an  inspector  with  about  6  fl.  oz.  of  compound  tincture 
of  camphor  (which  he  took  from  a  previously  unopened  Win- 
chester quart)  for  the  purpose  of  analysis.  About  2  fi.  oz., 
constituting  one-third  of  the  sample,  was  handed  to  the  City 
Analyst,  who  condemned  it  as  being  "  deficient  in  tincture  of 
opium  to  the  extent  of  100  per  cent.,"  or  in  other  words  as  con- 
taining no  tincture  of  ojaium  at  all,  although  the  preparation 
was  of  the  proper  colour  and  contained  the  average  amount  of 
alcohol  and  extractives.  On  reference  to  tlie  laboratorj'^  books 
of  the  manufactures  of  the  tincture  there  was  the  fullest  evidence 
that  it  had  been  proi^erly  prepared,  and  250  c.c.  from  the  Win- 
chester quart  already  mentioned,  when  carried  through  the  B.P. 
process,  yielded  very  nearly  the  correct  percentage  of  morphine, 
so  that  there  was  no  doubt  that  the  tincture  had  been  made 
strictly  according  to  the  Pharmacopoeia.  The  City  Analyst, 
before  condemning  the  sample,  had  taken  the  precaution  to 
send  a  portion  of  it  to  an  eminent  London  analyst,  who  con- 
firmed his  opinion  that  no  morphine  was  present,  and  on  this 
the  Town  Council  decided  to  prosecute.  The  second  portion  of 
the  sample  was  then  handed  to  another  London  analyst,  who 
returned  it  as  genuine,  and  his  opinion  was  confirmed  in  a  further 
analysis  of  part  of  the  same  sample  by  one  of  the  highest  authori- 
ties in  the  analytical  world.  A  small  portion  (2-5  c.c.)  of  the 
same  sample  examined  by  the  manufacturers  analyst  also 
afforded  abundant  evidence  of  the  presence  of  moiphine.  On 
this  difference  of  opinion  being  represented  to  the  prosecution 
they  agreed  to  withdraw  the  summons,  provided  the  third  portion 
of  the  sample  was  submitted  to  an  independent  analytical 
authority  for  the  final  decision.  This  was  agreed  to.  and  as  a 
result  a  certificate  was  received  which  statttl  that  morphine 
was  present,  but  only  to  the  extent  of  about  l-32nd  part  of  the 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  461 

quantity  required  h}^  the  Pharmacopoeia,  and  there  tJie  matter 
rests.  Sucli  a  state  of  things  is  most  lamentable,  both  for  the 
retail  pharmacist,  who  suffers  all  the  annoyance  and  anxiety  of 
answering  the  summons,  and  also  for  the  wholesale  house,  which 
is  put  to  tlie  great  trouble  and  very  heavj-  expense  of  defending 
the  genuineness  of  a  perfectly  genuine  article  against  an  un- 
warranted and  unjustifiable  imputation.  There  is  this  much 
to  be  said,  however,  as  some  excuse  for  the  errors  made  in  this 
case,  that  when  working  witli  a  small  quantity  of  Tr.  Camj)h.  Co., 
such  as  10  c.c.  (which  only  contain  about  5  milligrammes  of 
morphine),  it  is  quite  easy  to  miss  the  alkaloid,  and  in  order 
to  prevent  similar  unpleasant  experiences  in  the  future  it  appeared 
desirable  to  bring  before  the  Conference  a  simj)le  process  which 
would  indicate  the  presence  of  morphine  in  a  small  quantity  of 
compound  tincture  of  camphor,  and  if  possible  approximately 
show  the  correct  percentage  to  be  present.  It  may  be  useful 
to  note  here  that  the  colour  reaction  given  by  meconic  acid  with 
ferric  chloride  cannot  be  depended  upon  as  an  indication  of 
the  proportion  of  opium  present  in  Tr.  Campli.  Co.  ;  the  amount 
of  meconic  acid  aj^pears  to  vary  enormously  in  different  samples 
of  tincture  of  opium. 

The  following  process  answers  well  with  as  little  as  2-5  c.c. 
Tr.  Camph.  Co.  (containing  rather  more  than  1  milligramme 
morpliine),  although  10  c.c.  is  recommended  as  the  most  suitable 
(]uantity  : — 

Comjjound  tincture  of  camphor,  10  c.c.  Evaj)orate  to  dryness 
on  a  M'ater-bath,  take  up  with  dilute  alcohol  and  a  minute  drop 
of  acetic  acid,  evai^orate  again  to  dryness,  and  dissolve  the 
residue  in  2  c.c.  distilled  water.  One  drop  of  this  solution  tested 
with  Mayer's  solution  should  give  a  copious  precipitate. 

Filter  the  aqueous  solution  and  wash  filter  with  distilled 
water.  Transfer  to  a  small  separator  and  extract  with  hot 
amylic  alcohol  and  a  few  drops  of  a  saturated  solution  of  potas- 
sium carbonate.  Separate  the  amylic  alcohol  and  wash  the  same 
with  h  c.c.  distilled  water.  Repeat  the  amylic  extraction  twice 
and  evaporate  the  mixed  amylic  extracts  on  a  water-bath  to 
dryness. 

The  amylic  residue  from  a  genuine  tincture  is  at  this  stage 
brownish  yellow,  but  if  no  opium  is  present,  nearly  colourless. 

Dissolve  the  amylic  residue  in  2  c.c.  distilled  water  and  four 
drops  of  diluted  hydrocholoric  acid.  Filter  the  solution  through 
a  tiny  filter,  with  a  little  Pulv.  Cret.  Gal.  to  remove  colour, 


■162  BKITISH   niAKMACEUTlCAL  CONFERENCE. 

until  prefcctly  bright,  and  wash,  filter  with  distilled  water. 
Extract  the  clear  aqueous  solution  in  a  separator  with  4  c.c. 
liot  aniylic  alcohol  and  sufficient  powdered  ammonium  bicar- 
bonate to  make  alkaline  and  repeat  the  extraction  twice  with 
successive  2  c.c.  quantities  of  hot  amylic  alcohol.  The  mixed 
amylic  extracts  should  be  quite  colourless  and  measure  8  c.c. 
Evaporate  2  c.c.  of  the  amylic  extract  to  dryness  in  a  very  small 
glass  basin,  concentrating  the  residue  on  to  one  spot,  place  on 
a  v.'hite  surface  and  moisten  the  residue  ^\^th  a  ver}-  dilute  solution 
of  neutral  ferric  chloride.  A  perfectly  distinct  dirty  blue  colo- 
ration characteristic  of  morphine  should  ajipear.  Another  2  c.c. 
evaporated  should  afford  an  orange  yellow  colour  wath  nitric  acid. 

The  reactions  may  be  compared  with  those  obtained  from 
10  c.c.  of  a  known  sample  of  Tr.  Camph.  Co.  carried  through 
the  process  at  the  same  time,  when  there  should  be  no  difficulty 
in  coming  to  a  conclusion  as  to  the  approximate  correctness  or 
otherwise  of  any  sample  in  question.  The  reactions  are  also 
given  quite  distinct^  with  the  residue  from  2o  c.c.  tincture, 
but  when  that  amount  is  taken  one-fourth  only  of  the  quantities 
of  solvent,  etc.,  mentioned  in  the  process  must  be  used  through- 
out. 

Note. — It  is  very  important  that  the  amylic  alcohol  be  specially 
redistilled  ;  20  or  30  c.c.  evaj^jorated  in  a  glass  capsule  on  the 
water-bath  should  not  leave  the  slightest  residue. 


The  President  said  the  incident  cited  by  Mr.  Bird  showed 
how  necessary  it  was  that  a  process  for  the  detection  of  morphine 
in  very  minute  quantities  such  as  existed  in  compound  tincture 
of  camjihor  should  be  jirovided,  and  pharmacists  were  greatly 
indebted — and  public  analysts,  he  thought,  would  also  recognize 
that  they  were  indebted— to  Mr.  Bird  for  having  nuide  these 
experiments  and  provided  them  with  a  process  for  the  detection 
of  the  alkaloid  upon  which  they  might  absolutely  rely. 

Mr.  Garsed  said  so  much  had  been  said  during  the  last  few 
years  to  throw  discredit  upon  colour  reactions  that  he  thought 
it  would  have  been  advisable  to  take  the  film  of  alkaloidal  residue, 
dissolve  it  in  a  drop  of  clear  lime  water  or  potash,  liberate  the 
alkaloid  by  a  drop  of  anmionium  chloride  solution,  and  watch 
through  the  microscope  for  the  characteristic  ciystals  of  mor- 
phine to  come  out,  so  as  to  have  corroborative  e%idence  of  the 
presence  of  morphine. 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         463 

Mr.  H.  \V.  G'add  said  it  had  long  been  a  source  of  anxiety  that 
lliere  was  no  ready  means  of  determining  tlie  morphine  in  com- 
pound tincture  of  camphor.  Hitherto  the  pharmacist  could 
only  put  in  the  right  amount  of  opium  and  trust  that  the  alkaloid 
was  there.  Mr.  Bird's  process  involved  the  working  with  such 
small  quantities  of  material  that  he  thought  it  would  require 
a  pharmacist  of  his  (Mr.  Bird's)  manipulative  dexterity  to  carry 
it  out  successfully.  It  would  be  better  to  insist  on  having  an 
cidequate  quantity  for  analysis.  He  hoped  some  steps  would 
bo  taken  to  direct  the  attention  of  the  editor  of  the  Analyst  to 
tliis  paper,  in  order  that  it  might  be  brought  to  the  notice  of 
public  analysts. 

Mr.  FiNNEMORE  said  Mr.  Bird  in  his  colour  reaction  process 
used  ferric  chloride,  and  asked  if  lie  had  compared  this  with  the 
colour  reaction  of  molybdic  acid  in  sulphuric  acid,  which  was  a 
very  delicate  test. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Hill  complimented  Mr.  Bird  on  his  very  character- 
islic  paper,  and  said  he  hoped  it  would  be  a  much-needed  caution 
to  public  analysts.  It  was  a  source  of  satisfaction  to  him  that 
Mr.  Bird  had  described  a  process  which,  in  a  much  cruder  form, 
he  (Mr.  Hill)  had  been  using  for  twenty  years,  and  he  had  found 
it  in  practice  to  be  an  exceedingly  reliable  method.  His  opinion 
was  that  if  they  got  the  ferric  chloride  reaction  and  the  nitric 
acid  reaction  they  were  pretty  safe.  As  to  the  molybdic  acid 
reaction,  it  was  very  delicate  with  a  small  cjuantity  of  morphine, 
but  unfortunately  there  were  other  substances  which  gave  a 
similar  reaction — still,  it  was  a  good  one  to  use  to  corroborate 
the  ferric  chloride  and  nitric  acid  reactions. 

Dr.  Symes  said  hitherto  the  difficulty  had  been  to  find  the 
morphine  when  it  was  present.  He  remembered  a  case  where 
an  unqualified  person  had  sold  compound  tincture  of  camphor, 
and  it  was  examined  with  a  view  to  prosecution  luider  the 
Pharmacy  Act,  but  in  the  2  oz.  purchased  no  morphine  was  found, 
and  proceedings  could  not  be  taken.  It  was  quite  possible  the 
morphine  was  there,  but  that  it  was  overlooked,  and  Mr.  Bird's 
process  would  probably  have  shown  its  presence. 

Mr.  W.  S.  Glyn-Jones  emphasized  what  Mr.  Gadd  had  said 
as  to  bringing  tlie  paper  to  the  attention  of  public  analysts. 
He  thought  there  should  be  some  authority  who  should  direct 
public  analysts  not  to  condemn  samples  except  after  carrying 
out  such  a  process  as  Mr.  Bird  had  set  forth.  The  difficulty  now 
was  that  though  they  might  submit  Mr.  Bird's  paper  to  them, 


464         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

public  analyses  could  .still  g(j  on  at  their  own  sweet  will  applying 
sucli  tests  as  they  themselves  have  made,  and  have  the  accuracy 
of  those  tests  accepted  in  courts  of  law  at  the  expense  of  both 
retailer  and  wholesale!-.  He  believed  tiie  Pharmaceutical  Society 
was  taking  some  steps  in  the  matter  of  the  administration  of 
the  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Acts,  and  lie  hoped  good  would 
result  from  the  conference  with  public  analysts  and  others  which 
it  was  i)ioi)osed  to  hold. 

Mr.  11.  A.  Robinson  said  the  question  of  administration  of 
the  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Acts  was  of  importance  to  the  com- 
munity as  well  as  to  pharmacists,  and  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society  was  endeavouring  to  bring  about  some  standard  of  uni- 
formity. He  believed  public  analysts  were  desirous  of .  con- 
ferring with  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  and  other  autliorities 
concerning  this  matter,  and  though  there  had  been  a  little  un- 
avoidable delay  in  arranging  a  conference,  negotiations  were 
proceeding,  andjie  was  very  ho]ieful  of  the  result.  l*harmacists 
did  not  wish  for  inferiority  of  drugs,  but  they  did  not  want  to 
be  harrassed  by  public  analysts — their  desire  was  to  supply  the 
best  preparation  based  upon  the  best  process. 

Mr.  E.  White  emphasized  what  Mr.  Bird  had  said  about  aniylic 
alcoliol,  but  it  was  very  essential  that  amylic  alcohol  (b.p.  128° 
to  132^)  should  be  j^ure,  so  as  to  ensme  a  clear  colour  reaction. 
He  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Bird  whether  he  had  tried  saturating 
his  liquid  with  some  neutj-al  salt  to  render  the  extraction  of  the 
alkaloids  more  comj)lete,  as  it  was  very  essential  to  get  every- 
thing out. 

Mr.  Alcock  said  the  difficulty  in  evaporating  amylic  alcoliol 
was  somewhat  great,  owing  to  its  high  boihng  point,  and  it  was 
possible  that,  in  spite  of  Mr.  Bird's  pharmaceutical  skill  he  failed 
to  get  the  whole  of  the  alkaloid  :  it  was  also  possible  the  heat 
destroyed  some  of  it.  The  probability  was  that  the  analyst 
found  the  same  difficulty  in  regard  to  m()r])liine  in  compound 
tincture  of  canqjhor.  What  seemed  to  be  wanted  was  an  im- 
miscible solvent.  Amylic  alcohol  was  very  good,  but  he  would 
suggest  a  more  volatile  solvent,  perha])s  a  little  acetic  ether 
would  add  to  the  efficacy  of  amylic  alcohol.  He  endorsed  what 
had  been  said  by  Mr.  Glyn- Jones  and  Mr.  Robinson  in  regard  to 
the  proposed  confei'ence  with  pubhc  analysts— at  present  phar- 
macists suffered  great  hardship  in  some  cases.  A  good  many 
years  ago  a  case  was  brought  before  the  law  courts  in  London 
in  connexion  with  tincture  of  quinine,  and  a  public    analyst, 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  465 

vvliose  authority  was  somewhat  "  highish,"  gave  evidence  that 
he  failed  to  find  the  proper  amount  of  alkaloid.  But  a  professor 
of  some  eminence  came  forward,  and  showed  that  the  process 
emjiloved  by  the  analyst  was  not  the  latest  or  the  best  process, 
and  the  analyst  confessed  that  he  had  never  heard  of  that  jirocess. 
If  the  British  Pharmacopoeia  did  not  give  a  good  process  for  the 
extraction  of  the  whole  of  the  alkaloid,  and  an  opposing  analyst 
came  forward  and  showed  there  was  a  better  process  which  had 
extracted  more  of  the  alkaloids  than  the  official  process,  he 
thought  the  defendant  ought  to  win  the  case  and  to  get  his  full 
expenses. 

Mr.  Bird,  in  reply,  said  that  a  reliable  process  should  be 
given  for  the  determination  of  the  alkaloidal  strength  after  the 
pharmacist  has  made  his  preparation  according  to  the  B.P.  He 
thought  that  if  they  got  the  ferric  chloride  and  nitric  acid 
reactions  they  could  be  pretty  certain  that  morphine  was 
present.  He  might  mention  the  iodic  acid  test  as  a  reliable  one. 
Witli  regard  to  the  molylxlic  acid  reaction,  he  did  not  think 
it  was  so  characteristic  as  the  ferric  chloride,  because  the  re- 
action with  molybdic  acid  was  so  very  similar  to  that  given 
with  other  substances.  In  regard  to  Mr.  Gadd's  remark  about 
the  minute  instructions,  they  were  necessary  in  dealing  with 
such  microscoj^ic  quantities.  He  might  mention  that  it  was 
shown  by  the  late  Mr.  A.  H.  Allen  that  one  of  the  alkaloids 
of  ipecacuanha  gave  a  very  similar  reaction  to  morphine, 
but  there  was  no  reason  to  suspect  that  alkaloids  of 
ipecacuanha  would  be  present  in  compounf*  tincture  of 
camphor.  He  hoped  the  proposed  conference  between  the 
Piiarmaceutical  Society  and  public  analysts  would  be  productive 
of  good  results.  He  thought  such  a  conference  was  very 
desirable,  as  drug  analysis  was  a  special  branch,  and  even  a 
good  analyst  was  liable  to  get  very  erroneous  results.  Such  a 
conference  was  necessary  for  the  protection  of  pharmacists  and 
indirectly  for  the  benefit  of  public  analysts.  He  should  adopt 
the  suggestion  thrown  out  bj^Mr.  White  about  the  amylic  alcohol. 
He  had  no  reason  to  believe  that  he  did  not  get  all  the  alkaloid 
out  ;  from  the  reaction  he  should  think  he  got  most  of  it.  Mr. 
Alcock  had  suggested  that  the  morphine  was  injured  by  heat  in 
evaporating  amylic  alcohol.  He  did  not  think  that  was  so,  as 
amyhc  alcohol  evaporates  very  easih^  and  there  was  no  necessity 
to  heat  it  to  its  boiling  point.  He  thought  hot  amylic  alcohol 
was  generally  considered  the  best  solvent  for  morphine. 

HII 


466  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

THE  CHEMISTRY  AND  PHARMACY  OF  THE  LEAVES 
OF  VIOLA  ODORATA. 

Bv  i\.  \Vi  PI-ELL  Gadd,  F.C.S. 

Violet  leaves  as  a  remedy  for  various  morbid  conditions  have 
l)een  recommended  since  the  days  of  James  1,  and  of  late  years 
attention  has  been  devoted  to  them  as  a  remedy  for  cancerous 
growths.  The  evidence  of  their  value  for  such  purposes  has, 
however,  been  so  inconclusive  that  one  took  but  little  interest 
in  the  matter,  until  in  March  last  particulars  of  a  case  of  ''  An 
apparent  cure  of  a  presumably  malignant  growth  Ijy  the  use 
of  violet  leaves  "  appeared  in  the  Lrmcef.  The  medical  man 
who  published  the  case  was  so  much  impressed  by  it  that  he 
desired  to  make  clinical  experiments  with  the  leaves.  It  was 
ascertained  that  the  leaves  used  were  those  of  a  cultivated  sjiecies 
of  violets,  known  to  gardeners  as  the  "  Princess  of  Wales." 
The  experimenls  hereafter  described  were  all  made  ^\itll  tliis 
species. 

Botanists  differ  as  to  its  exact  systematic  name,  ihv  authori- 
ties at  Kew  stating  that  it  is  a  selected  form  of  I' iola  odomfa  ; 
but  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes  doubts  this  conclusion,  and  thinks  it  is 
a  hybrid.  I  submit  fresh  and  dried  s]jecimens  of  the  jjlant, 
unfortunately  collected  after  the  flowering  Avas  over,  in  order 
that  those  learned  in  such  matters  may  tear  them,  and  if  neces- 
sary, each  other,  to  pieces  at  their  leisure. 

For  clinical  purposes  a  handful  of  leaves  (aliout  forty,  weigh- 
ing about  three  and  a  quarter  ounces)  is  infused  in  a  pint  of  boiling 
water,  the  resultant  product  being  taken  internally  and  a])])licd 
externally  as  a  fomentation.  Experiments  and  observations 
have  been  made  with  this  infusion  during  the  last  few  months, 
the  results  of  which  will  be  published  in  due  course. 

In  the  Lancet  of  April  22  last  a  series  of  experiments  was  de- 
scribed, founded  en  the  work  of  Mandelin,  published  in  1883. 
He  found  that  the  Viola  tricolor,  var.  arveusis,  contained  a 
glucoside  having  the  compcsition  and  i^roperties  of  quercitrin, 
which  he  named  "  Violaquercitrin."  He  obtained  this  glucoside 
by  exhausting  the  fresh  plant  with  warm  alcohol,  removing 
the  alcoliol  by  distillation,  and  treating  the  residue  with  warm 
distilled  water.  He  found  on  boiling  with  dilute  mineral  acid 
the  glucoside  decomposed,  forming  quercetin  and  a  fermentable 
sugar.     He  also  detected  the  presence  of  sahcylic  acid  in  minute 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  467 

quantities,  both  in  the  leaves  of  V.  tricolor,  var.  arvensis,  and 
those  of  the  V.  odorafa.  In  the  latter  ease,  however,  the  acid 
was  only  isolated  after  the  leaves  had  been  boiled  with  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid. 

As  it  seemed  i^robable  that  the  glucoside,  or  some  product  of  its 
hydrolysis,  niiglit  be  the  active  ingredient  of  the  leaves,  a  solution 
was  prepared  in  the  following  way  :  The  fresh  leaves  were  taken 
and  boiled  under  a  reflux  condenser  with  rectified  spirit  foi"  two 
liours.  The  greater  portion  of  the  spirit  was  then  removed  by 
distillation,  and  the  residue  evaporated  until  a  sticky,  treack- 
like  mass  was  obtained.  This  was  treated  with  water,  and  the 
solution  diluted  sufficiently,  so  that  one  fluid  part  of  the  finished 
product  should  represent  one  part  by  weiglit  of  the  fresh  leaves. 
This  solution  reduces  Feliling's  solution,  but  more  freely  after 
being  boiled  with  dilute  mineral  acid. 

The  amount  of  glucoside  present  was  estimated  in  tliis  way  : 
the  precipitated  cuprous  oxide  being  collected,  washed  with 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  ignited  and  weighed  as  cupric  oxide. 
The  result  showed  the  presence  of  1  036  j)er  cent,  of  glucose  ecpial 
to  3-7  per  cent,  glucoside,  reckoned  as  quercitrin.  The  solution 
was  shaken  in  a  separator  with  ether,  the  ether  was  evaporated 
and  the  residue  treated  witli  liot  water,  and  the  aqueous  solu- 
tion tested  for  salicylic  acid  with  a  negative  result. 

A  more  exhaustive  and  systematic  examination  of  the  leaves 
was  next  started.  Their  strong,  peculiar,  and  persistent  odour 
suggested  the  presence  of  a  volatile  oil.  On  heating  the  fresh 
leaves  in  a  still,  however,  no  distillate  was  obtained  under  100°  C. 
A  liquid  having  a  pleasant  odour  distilled  over  at  the  tempera- 
ture of  a  brine  bath.  No  oil  separated  from  this.  Water  was 
then  added  to  the  contents  of  the  still,  and  the  mixture  heated 
over  a  glycerin  bath.  A  distillate  having  an  uni)leasant  odour 
resulted,  but  no  oil  separated  from  tliis.  It  was,  therefore, 
concluded,  that  the  leaves,  dried  at  a  low  temperature,  would  not 
suffer  any  loss  save  that  of  moisture. 

A  quantity  of  leaves  (about  1,000)  were  exposed  in  a  hot 
room  for  four  or  five  days,  the  temperature  never  exceeding 
50°  C*.  At  the  end  of  that  time  they  were  sufficiently  dried  to 
be  powdered,  the  dried  powdered  product  weighing  twenty 
percent.  (20 per  cent.)  of  the  weight  of  the  fresh  leaves.  The 
dry  powder,  a  sample  of  which  is  shown,  is  a  convenient  form 
in  which  to  keep  the  leaves.  It  might  be  administered  in 
cachets,  or  a  fresh  infusion  made   from    it,    or    the    glucosidal 


468  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

.solution  described  above.  Twenty-five  Gni.  of  tlie  powder  was 
taken  and  exhausted  in  a  Soxhlet  tube  with  a  purified  petro- 
leum spirit,  boiling  under  80°  C.  The  spirit  was  removed  by 
means  of  a  current  of  air.  The  residue,  which  had  the  consis- 
tence of  a  soft  extract,  was  equal  in  weight  to  2h  per  cent,  of 
the  weight  of  the  dried  leaves  taken.  It  is  of  an  oily  nature, 
free  from  smell,  lighter  than  water,  insoluble  in  water,  .soluble 
in  alkalies.  Shaken  with  dilute  acid  and  filtered,  the  filtrate 
gave  no  definite  reaction  with  alkaloidal  reagents.  On  standing, 
some  minute  tabular  crystals  were  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 
oily  mass. 

The  leaves  which  had  been  tlius  exhausted  with  jietroleum 
spirit  were  then  treated  in  a  Soxhlet  tube  with  boiling  alcohol 
(absolute)  until  all  the  colouring  matter  was  extracted.  The 
alcoholic  solution  gave  no  reaction  with  Fehling's  solution,  until 
it  had  been  boiled  with  dilute  mineral  acid.  The  alcoholic 
solution  was  evaporated  over  a  water-bath,  and  the  residue 
had  a  slightly  granular  appearance.  It  rapidly  took  up  moisture, 
even  when  kept  in  a  desiccator  over  chloride  of  calcium,  and 
attempts  to  obtain  crystals  by  evaporating  in  vanio  over  sul- 
phuric acid  failed.  The  residue  was  treated  with  water  and 
filtered.  The  insoluble  portion  was  shaken  with  dilute  sulphuric 
acid  and  filtered.  No  indication  of  the  presence  of  an  akaloid 
could  be  obtained  in  the  filtrate. 

The  aqueous  solution  was  evaporated  over  a  water-bath,  and 
left  an  intensely  sweet  treacle-like  residue.  No  crystals  could 
be  obtained  from  this  residue  in  vacuo  over  sulphuric  acid.  The 
exhausted  marc  in  the  Soxhlet  tube  consisted  chiefly  of  fibrous 
matter  and  starch. 

From  the  above  experiments  it  would  seem  that  any  activity 
violet  leaves  possess  is  due  either  to  the  glucoside,  the  products 
of  its  decomposition,  or  a  natural  ferment  associated  with  it 
Jn  the  present  state  of  our  ignorance  it  is  better  to  use  for  clini- 
cal expariments  the  drug,  the  whole  drug,  and  nothing  but  the 
drug.  "  Which  would  you  rather  have  t  "  asked  a  school  inspec- 
tor, "  half  an  orange  or  eight-sixteenths  of  one  ?  "  "  Half," 
was  the  prompt  reply.  "  Why  ?  "  said  the  inspector,  scenting 
an  imperfect  knowledge  of  fractions.  "  Because  in  getting  the 
sixteenths  you  lose  so  much  juice  !  " 

In  dissecting  and  concentrating,  even  in  purifying,  we  may 
destroy  the  subtle  entity  with  which  nature  works  her  wonders. 

I  have  to  thank  Dr.  William  Gordon,  physician  to  the  Devon 


BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  469 

and  Exeter  Hospital,  for  suggestions  and  interest  from  a  medical 
point  of  view  ;  Mr.  F.  Southerden,  B.Sc,  for  help  on  the  chemi- 
cal side  ;  and  my  pupil,  Mr.  W.  J.  H.  Clarke,  who  has  done 
much  of  the  practical  work. 


The  President  said  that  most  of  tliose  piesent  liad  made 
themselves  famihar  with  recently  published  chemical  works 
on  this  subject.  He  hoped  Mr.  Cadd  would  continue  tliis  inv^es- 
tigation,  since  a  large  quantity  of  material  is  required  in  sucli 
cases,  and  he  had  the  necessary  appliances  for  such. 

Mr.  Atkins  related  a  case,  under  his  own  observation,  of  a 
lady  from  Soutli  Africa  who  suffered  from  cancer  and  had  been 
given  up  as  hopeless  by  a  celebrated  surgeon,  but  is  still  living 
and  is  intending  to  return  to  Soutli  Africa.  The  only  treatment 
slie  had  undergone  was  the  consumption  of  infusion  of  violet 
leaves.  He  would  not  say  that  she  was  cured  or  would  survive, 
])ut  the  case  was  of  great  interest,  and  lie  hoped  Mr.  Gadd  would 
proceed  with  this  investigation. 

Dr.  Attfield  said  this  was  a  case  in  which  bio-cliemical 
methods  were  required  in  addition  to  chemical  and  pharma- 
ceutical investigations. 

Mr.  Druce  said  that  the  plant  used  for  these  experiments 
was  a  cultivated  form  belonging  to  the  odorata  group.  Wliatever 
the  results,  they  would  not  show  whether  the  wild  violet  was  a 
cure  for  cancer.  This  cultivated  garden  plant  was  not  in 
existence  in  Jacobean  times,  so  that  it  is  not  the  old  drug,  but 
a  different  one  that  is  being  investigated.  He  thought  the 
experiments  should  be  made  on  wild  violets.  He  had  no  doubt 
that  these  had  a  distinct  therapeutic  action.  In  one  case  an 
infusion  had  produced  sickness,  but  the  patient  found  an  oint- 
ment most  useful. 

Dr.  Mc Walter  said  this  paper  would  do  a  great  deal  of  good. 
Even  if  the  hope  given  to  patients  is  empty  and  delusive,  it  does 
no  harm  and  makes  them  happy. 

Dr.  Martindale  wished  to  know  whether  Mr.  Gadd  had 
read  the  report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the  use  of  violet 
leaves.  The  Lancet  had  stated  that  an  alkaloid  allied  to  emetine 
had  been  found  in  violet  leaves,  which  might  account  for  the 
emesis  produced. 

Mr.  J.  W.  White  agreed  with  Mr.  Druce  that  it  was  highly 
desirable  that  wild  violets  should  be  used. 


470  PKITTSH   PHAKMACEUTTCAL    CONFERENCE. 

Mr.  BoORNE  related  a  case,  given  up  by  doctors,  which  had 
been  cured,  and  it  was  stated  that  scented  species  of  violets 
should  be  used. 

Mr.  Gadd,  in  repty,  said  that  he  had  not  been  able  to  isolate 
quercitrin,  but  obtained  a  solution  which  gave  a  red  colour 
with  ferric  chloride.  The  cure  of  cancer  was  no  part  of  his  pa])er. 
Dr.  Cordon  was  investigating  this  subject.  He  accepted  Mr. 
Druce's  correction  about  the  form  of  violets  used.  He  used 
the  Princess  of  Wales  variety,  because  that  was  first  used  by  a 
gardener  whose  case  was  the  first  to  be  noticed  recently,  and 
he  had  found  that  this  variety  was  stronger  in  taste  than  the 
wild.  He  had  not  found  an  alkaloid,  but  would  not  like  to  say 
it  was  not  there. 


LABORATORY  NOTES  ON  (a)  NUX  VOMICA  SEEDS  ; 
(5)  THE  ASSAY  OF  CINCHONA  BARK;  (c)  THE 
i\rANUFACTURE   OF   FERROUS   CARBONATE. 

By  Sydney  C.  CJadd. 

{(t)  In  a  discussion  at  Sheffield  last  year,  which  followed  a 
paper  on  "  The  Distribution  of  Fat  and  Strychnine  in  Nux 
Vomica,"  by  H.  Wippell  Gadd  and  myself  {Y.-B.  P.,  1904,  515). 
Mr.  Alcock  suggested  that  a  determination  of  the  reaction  of  the 
fat  M'ould  be  instructive.  A  few  samples  have  been  examined 
in  accordance  with  this  suggestion  with  the  following  results  : — 

Decorticated  Seeds. 

Sample  A  contained  3-52  per  cent.  fat.  1  Gm.  of  this  fat 
required  for  neutralization  3-4  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution. 

Sain])le  B  contained  fat  3-9  per  cent.  ;  1  Gm.  of  \thich  required 
for  neutralization  3  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution. 

Hairs  and  Seeds. 

A  sample  of  the  hairs  from  the  seeds  yielded  10/15  per  cent, 
fat,  which  was  neutral.  A  sample  of  hairs  and  skins  yielded 
3-33  per  cent,  fat  ;  1  Gm.  of  which  required  for  neutralization 
018  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution.  It  would  appear  therefore  that 
the  fat  found  in  the  decorticated  seeds  is  acid  in  character, 
whilst  that  in  the  hairs  is  neutral. 


BKITTSH   PIIAnMACEUTirAL   CONFERENCE.  471 

Liquid  Extracts 

were  also  prepared  and  examined. 

Liquid  extracts  made  from  decorticated  seeds.  Sample  A. — 
Fat  0-62  per  cent.  ;  1  Gm.  of  which  required  for  neutralization 
3-2  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution.  Sample  B.  Fat  0-78  per  cent.  ; 
1  Gm.  of  which  required  for  neuti'alization  3  c.c.  N/10  NaOH 
solution. 

Liquid  extract  made  from  hairs  and  skins.  Fat  1-84:  per  cent.  ; 
1  (tUI.  of  which  required  for  neutralization  016  c.c.  N/10 
NaOH  solution. 

Liquid  extract  made  from  whole  seeds. — Fat  0-83  per  cent.  ; 
1  Gm.  of  which  recpiired  for  neutralization  3-4  c.c.  N/10  NaOH 
solution. 

Commercial  Samples  of  Tincture  of  Nux  Vomica. 

Sample  A. — Fat  0-87  per  cent.  ;  1  Gm.  of  which  required  f i  r 
neutralization  3-4  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution. 

Sample  B. — Fat  0-88  per  cent.  ;  1  Gm.  of  which  required  for 
neutralization  3-4  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution. 

Sample  C. — Fat  1-03  per  cent.  ;  1  Gm.  of  which  required  for 
neutralization  3-3  c.c.  N/10  NaOH  solution. 

(b)  The  official  process  for  the 

Assay  of  Cinchona  Bark 

requires  slight  modification  and  great  attention  to  details  to 
ensure  satisfactory  results. 

The  directions  might  be  amplified  as  follows  :- — 

Take  of 

Bark 20  Gm. 

Slaked  lime 6  Gm. 

Mix  and  triturate  with  20  c.c.  of  distilled  water.  Allow  to  stand 
for  one  hour.  Transfer  to  a  350  c.c.  flask,  add  130  c.c.  benzolated 
amylic  alcohol  and  attach  to  a  reflux  condenser.  Boil  over  a 
water-bath  for  half  an  hour.  Decant  on  a  filter  paper  having 
a  diameter  of  13  Cm.  Repeat  this  with  two  successive  40  c.c. 
of  benzolated  amylic  alcohol.  Transfer  the  contents  of  the  flask 
to  the  filter  paper.  Wash  with  40  c.c.  hot  benzolated  amyhc 
alcohol.  Take  6  c.c.  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  dilute  to 
42  c.c.  with  distilled  water.  Divide  this  solution  into  four  equal 
portions  and  shake    the    benzolated    amylic    alcohol    solution 


472         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

with  each  in  turn.  Wash  the  benzolated  amyhc  alcohol  solution 
with  10  c.c.  distilled  water,  and  add  the  washings  to  the  mixed 
acid  solutions.  Nearly  neutralize  the  solution  with  solution  of 
ammonia  and  concentrate  to  about  20  c.c.  If  the  solution  begins 
to  deposit  resinous  substances,  slightly  acidulate.  Now  make 
the  concentrated  solution  exactly  neutral  with  solution  of 
ammonia.  Dissolve  1-5  Gm.  of  sodium  potassium  tartrate  in 
3  c.c.  of  water,  and  add  this  soluticm  to  the  above  with  stirring. 
Remove  from  the  water-bath  and  set  aside  for  one  hour.  Filter. 
Wash  and  dry  the  precipitate.  Weigh.  Eight-tenths  of  the 
weight  will  represent  the  amount  of  c{uinine  and  cinchonidine 
in  20  Cm.  of  the  bark.  To  the  filtrate  add  solution  of  ammonia. 
c()lle(!t,  wash,  dry  and  weigh  tlie  precipitate.  The  woiglit  will 
represent  the  amount  of  the  other  alkaloids  in  20  Gn\.  of  tlie  bark. 

Ferrous  Carbonate  for  Capsules. 

(r)  There  is  a  demand  for  preparations  which  shall  have 
the  effect  of  Blaud's  pills,  without  their  bulk.  After  some  experi- 
ments, the  following  method  has  been  found  to  give  the  most 
satisfactory  results.  It  is  based  on  the  process  given  in  Ihe 
United  States  PharmacopoMa  for  (he  ])r(^parati()n  of  saccliajated 
ferrous  carbonate. 

Take  of 

Ferrous  sulphate  .  .  .  .  .      30  lb. 

i  Bicarbonate  of  .sodium  .  .  .  .      21  lb. 

Glucose  and  water  .  .  .  .  .      q.s. 

Dissolve  the  ferrous  sulphate  in  12  gallons  of  hot  water.  Dis- 
solve the  bicarbonate  of  sodium  in  30  gallons  of  warm  water 
(about  50°  C).  Filter  if  necessary.  When  cool,  add  (1)  (o 
(2)  in  a  60-gallon  vessel,  with  stirring.  Fill  up  the  vessel  with 
boiling  water.  Stir,  and  set  aside.  Cover  loosely.  When 
cool,  syphon  off,  and  reject  the  clear  supernatant  liquor.  Re]ieat 
this  twice.  Collect  the  precipitate  on  calico,  and  squeeze  out 
the  water.  Mix  the  precipitate  in  a  large  mortar  with  5  per 
cent,  of  its  weight  of  glucose.  Set  aside  for  seven  days.  Decant 
the  supernatant  water. 

The  finished  product  contains  about  fiO  per  cent,  of  ferjous 
carbonate. 


The  President  said  these  notes  were  of    a  very  praclica 
cliaiacfor,  and  the  information  would  prove  most  useful. 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  473 

Mr.  F.  H.  Alcock  pointed  to  a  sentence  in  the  note  on  the 
assay  of  cinchona  bark — "  The  weight  will  represent  the  amount 
of  the  other  alkaloids  in  20  Gni.  of  the  bark."  He  respectfully 
begged  to  say  that  it  will  do  nothing  of  the  kind.  If  he  took 
the  filtrate,  after  the  addition  of  ammonia,  and  treated  it  with 
cliloroform,  he  would  get  another  1  per  cent.  Mr.  R.  A.  Cripps, 
although  he  was  not  disposed  to  put  it  so  high  as  1  per  cent., 
was  inclined  to  say  that  at  least  10  per  cent,  of  the  whole  alkaloid 
was  present.  He  criticized  the  decanting  method  of  the  B.P., 
and  suggested  that  in  the  next  edition  it  would  be  well  if 
quinine  was  considered  separately,  and  not  with  cinchonidine. 

Mr.  Gadd,  in  readying,  said  he  was  not  responsible  for  the 
defects  of  the  B.P.,  which  did  not  state  quantities  to  be  used. 
With  regard  to  Mr.  Cripps'  suggestion,  he  had  no  doubt  that  the 
extraction  could  be  made  in  a  better  way,  but  one  should  tliink 
t  u'ice  before  deciding:  to  substitute  new  methods  for  tried  ones. 


CASTOR  OIL.— PART  I. 

By  Horace  Finnemore.  A.I.C. 

{Pharmacist  to  GuxJ'h  Hospital), 

and 

Harrold  Deane,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  A.I.C. 

A  statement  in  the  recently  published  Research  List  of  this 
Conference  that  an  investigation  is  required  for  the  isolation  of 
a  purgative  principle  from  castor  oil  has  induced  us  to  look 
into  the  literature  of  this  subject,  and  it  seemed  that  it 
would  be  of  interest  to  give  an  account  of  the  woik  already 
pubhshed  by  otiier  investigators. 

RiCININE. 

.  Tuson,  in  1864  {Journ.  Chem.  Soc,  17,  195).  separated  a 
crystalline  principle  from  the  seeds,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
ricinine.  He  proved  it  contained  nitrogen,  and  expressed  the 
opinion  that  it  was  present  in  the  oil.  This  substance  has  been 
shown  to  be  present  in  the  leaves  (Wayne,  Amer.  Journ.  Pharm., 
1874,  46,  97)  and  in  the  seedlings  (Schultze,  Berichte,  1897,  30, 
2,197),  who  gave  it  the  name  ricidine,  apparently  unaware  of  the 
existence  of  ricinine,  but  from  its  melting  point,  other  physical 


474  BKITTSH    THARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

characters,  and  percentage  comiDOsition  it  is  undoubtedly  identical 
(compare  also  Evans,  Journ.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  1900,  22,  39). 
This  substance  has  also  been  investigated  by  Soave  {Ann.  Chim. 
Farm.,  21,  49  ;  Ahs.  Chem.  Soc,  1896,  i.,  386),  and  by  Werner 
{Pharm.  Zeit.  f.  Euss.,  1810,  9,  33),  who  stated  that  it  was  a 
magnesium  salt  of  an  organic  acid,  but  who  was  apparently 
investigating  a  different  substance.  The  most  recent  and  most 
e.xtensive  work  is  by  Maquenne  and  Philippe.  {Ccmpies 
Rendus,  1904,  138,  506,  and  1904,  139,  840),  wlio  obtained  0-2 
per  cent,  from  the  press-cake.  They  find  the  m.p.  201-5°  C. 
(corr.),  and  show  it  to  be  a  pyridine  derivative,  with  the  empiii- 
cal  formula  C^H^N^O^  and   the  probable  structure  : — 

CCOoMe  :  C 

N-Me/  I )  N 

Vh    :  CHC 

Dey  {Indigenous  Drugs  of  India,  p.  273)  states  that  ricinine. 
has  no  purgative  property  ;  Soave  {I.e.)  says  it  is  poisonous. 
but,  as  the  leaves  are  used  in  America  and  India  as  a  galactogogue, 
a  further  pharmacological  investigation  seems  desirable. 

RiCIN. 

Vogl  {Pharmakognosie,  1892,  p.  204)  states  that  Biibnow  and 
Dixson  in  1887  discovered  a  purgative  principle  named  ricinone, 
and  that  Stillmark  in  1889  discovered  a  poisonous  body  which  he 
called  ricin.  This  statement  appears  in  most  of  the  English 
books  on  pharmacogn.osy  since  published.  Biibnow  worked 
under  Schmiedeberg,  and  separated  a  poisonous  substance  ; 
but  he  died  before  completing  his  work,  and  only  left  very  frag- 
mentary notes.  These  were  handed  over  to  Dixson  {Ausirala- 
sian  Med.  Gaz.,  1887.  6, 137).  who  worked  on  the  same  lines,  and, 
by  extracting  the  oil-free  cake  vni\\  dilute  acid  and  precipitating 
with  alkali,  and  also  by  extraction  with  Mater  and  precipitation 
with  alcohol,  obtained  a  precipitate  which  was  poisonous  and 
contained  much  albumen.  Its  activity  was  instantly  destroyed 
at  a  temperature  of  100°  C.  He  considered  the  activity  due  to 
a  glucoside,  but  does  not  give  his  evidence.  He  shows  from  the 
difference  in  its  pharmacological  action,  and  the  fact  tiuit  tlie 
oil  is  not  affected  by  heating  even  to  300°  C,  that  this  is  not  the 
active  principle  of  the  oil.  From  its  method  of  preparation, 
pharmacological  action,  and  general  j^'opcrties.  Iheie  seems  no 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  475 

doubt  that  this  is  the  same  substance  that  Stilbnark  (Arbeiten  des 
Pharmak.  Inst,  zu  Dor  pat.,  Ill,  1889,  p.  59)  prepared  and  called 
ricin.  He  extracted  the  cake  with  sodium  chloride  solution  and 
precipitated  by  saturation  with  magnesium  sulphate  and  further 
purified  it  by  dialysis.  This  is  an  exceedingly  poisonous  sub- 
stance, as  little  as  O-O-l  Mgm.  per  kilo,  of  body  weight  being 
fatal  to  dogs  (C'ushny,  ArcJn'v.  fiir  Exper.  Path,  und  Pharm., 
1898,  41,  439)  ;  of  a'  further  purified  preparation,  0-002  Mgm. 
per  kilo,  was  fatal  to  rabbits  (Osborne  and  Mendel,  Amer.  Journ. 
Physiol.  ;  Ahs.  Chem.  Sac,  1904,  II,  198).  It  is  a  toxin  similar 
in  nature  to  the  bacterial  toxins,  and  Ehrlich  {Deut.  Med.  Woch., 
1891.  Fortschriite  der  Med.,  1897)  has  showai  that  an  antitoxin 
(antiricin)  is  produced.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  results 
of  this  investigation  led  Ehrlich  to  the  discoveries  resulting  in 
the  preparation  of  antidiphtheritic  and  other  sera  (Miiller, 
Archiv.  fiir  Exp.  Path,  und  Pharm.,  1899.  42,  302).       ^■ 

In  addition  various  enzymes  (proteolytic  and  lipolj^tic)  have 
been  found  in  the  germinating  seed,  cf.  J.  R.  Green  {Proc.  Roy. 
Soc.  1890,  48,  370)  and  Nicloux  {Comptes  Bendiis,  1904,  138, 
1.352). 

RiciNOLEic  Acid. 

The  only  fatty  acid  obtained  from  the  oil  that  has  any  phar- 
macological importance  is  ricinoleic  acid.  Claus  {Berichte,  1876, 
9,  1.916)  prepared  this  by  fractionally  precipitating  with  cal- 
cium chloride  the  crude  soap  obtained  from  castor  oil,  rejecting 
the  first  third  and  last  sixth  of  the  precipitate  ;  recrystallizing 
the  remainder  several  times  from  alcohol  and  liberating  the  acid 
with  hydrochloric  acid.  Thus  prejiared,  the  acid  has  a  melting 
point  of  4-5°  C.  (Juillard,  Bull.  Soc.  Chim.,  1895,  13,  240). 
Krafft  {Berichte,  1888,  21,  2,730)  prepared  it  by  saponifying 
with  potash,  decomposing  with  hot  hydrochloric  acid,  washing, 
cooling  until  the  acid  solidifies,  and  pressing  out  the  liquid  acids 
at  a  gradually  increasing  temjDerature.  It  was  a  hard 
white  crystalhne  solid,  melting  at  16-17°  C,  but  thus  pre- 
pared it  is  probably  not  pure  (Juillard. /oc.  cit.).  It  is  an  un- 
saturated   hydroxyacid,    probably    having    the    constitution  : — 

CH3.(CH,)5-CH(OH).CH  :  CH(CH,)gCOOH. 

Goldsobel   {Berichte,   1894.  27,  3,121)  supports  the  formula:— 

CH3.(CH2),.CH(OH).CH2CH  :  CH(CH,)^COOH. 


476  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

It  is  converted  into  a  solid  isomer  ricinelaidic  acid  by  treatment 
with  nitrous  acid. 

Hazura  and  Grussner  {Monatshef.,  1888,  9,  475),  whose  work 
was  confirmed  by  Dieff  {Journ.  fur  Prakt.  Chem.,  1899,  39) 
obtained,  by  oxidation  of  the  hquid  fatty  acids  with  alkaline 
]:)erinanganate,  two  isomeric  trihydroxystearic  acids  respectivelj'' 
melting  at  140-142°  C.  and  110-111"  C,  and  therefore  concluded 
that  the  oil  contained  two  isomeric  acids,  ricinoleic  and  ricinisoleic 
acids.  They  were  only  able  to  obtain  one  acid  (m.p.  114-115°  | 
C.)  by  the  oxidation  of  ricinelaidic  acid  {Monatshef.,  1889,  10, 
19G).'  But  Mangold  {Monatshef.,  1892.  13,  326)  pointed  out 
tiiat  their  supposition  is  unnecessary  and  unfounded,  since  two 
stereoisomeric  oxidation  products  would  naturally  be  obtained 
by  oxidizing  an  acid  containing  a  double  bond  ;  moreover,  he 
found  that  on  the  oxidation  of  ricinelaidic  acid  two  well  char- 
acterized acids  are  formed,  melting  at  117-120*^  C.  and  113-1 16*^ 
C — a  fact  which  supported  his  argument. 

The  next  work  which  bears  on  this  subject  was  by  Scheurer- 
Kostner  {Comptes  Rendus,  1891,  113,  201),  who  found  that  by 
tlie  action  of  water  at  150*^  C.  castor  oil  was  decomi^osed.  and  a 
mixture  of  ricinoleic  and  diricinoleic  acids  was  formed  ;  by 
heating  at  a  higher  temperature  other  polymers  were  obtained. 
When  ricinoleic  acid  is  heated  alone  it  gradually  polymerizes. 
Meyer  {Arch,  der  Pharm.,  1897.  235,  184)  showed  that  this 
polymerization  occurs  on  keeping  the  acid  for  some  years. 

Hans  Meyer  {Archiv.  fur  Exp.  Path,  und  Pharm.,  1891,  28, 
145)  prepared  ricinoleic  acid  by  Claus'  method,  being  very  care- 
ful in  recrystallizing  the  calcium  salt  many  times,  also  using 
l)aiium  and  other  salts.  These  salts  gave  figures  on  analysis 
closely  conesponding  to  the  calculated  ones.  He  found  by 
experiments  on  cats  and  on  men  that  the  acid  separated  from 
these  salts  was  as  active  if  not  more  active  than  the  original 
castor  oil.  He  also  prepared  a  glyceride  by  heating  the  acid 
with  glycerol  to  300°  C.  in  a  stream  of  carbon  dioxide,  and  found 
this  to  be  active.  The  solid  ricinelaidic  acid  and  ricinelaidin 
were  inactive. 

Taking  into  account  the  solvent  power  of  soap  and  of  fatty 
acids,  Meyer  considered  the  question  of  a  possible  active  prin- 
ciple which  might  not  be  eliminated  by  his  purification.  He 
argued  that  since  ricinelaidic  acid  was  inactive  and  ricinoleic 
active  this  hypothetical  substance  might  have  been  destroyed 
by  the  nitrous  acid.      But  he  found  on  finely  dividing  Heine- 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  477 

laidic  acid  in  an  emulsion  that  it  became  active,  and  there- 
fore the  former  inactivity  was  due  to  its  sohd  condition,  which 
l^revents  its  rapid  absorption,  and  not  to  the  destruction  of  a 
purgative  principle.  After  dissolving  jalapin  or  podophjilin 
in  the  melted  ricinelaidic  acid  and  subsequent  cooling,  the 
purgative  action  was  only  delayed,  but  not  destroyed.  Hence 
it  is  evident  that  any  contained  purgative  principle  in  the  ricin- 
elaidic acid  would  have  exerted  its  action. 

It  has  been  shown  by  Krich  (  Exper.  qncedam  de  Oleis  Ricini, 
I)ori)at,  1857)  that  rapid  absorption  is  necessary  for  the  pur- 
gative action  of  castor  oil,  because  the  irritation  which  it  causes 
is  only  temporary,  and  ends  on  its  absorption,  and  therefore  it 
cannot,  like  other  laxatives,  produce  a  cunudative  effect  by 
gradual  absorption.  This  explains  why  solid  ricinelaidic  acid 
does  not  purge,  as  its  high  melting  point  prevents  rapid 
digestion. 

Dott  and  Stockman  [Pharm.  Journ.,  1892  [3],  22,  745) 
prepared  the  fatty  acids  by  acting  on  castor  oil  with  superheated 
steam,  and  found  them  practically  inactive  on  cats  and  dogs, 
and  therefore  concluded  that  their  and  Meyer's  acids  were  dif- 
ferent. This  difference  might  be  explained  by  the  formation 
of  polyricinoleic  acids  as  described  l)y  Scheurer-Kestner  {v.fi.) 
but  Meyer  states  in  a  later  paper  that  the  activity  is  not  destroyed 
by  such  treatment. 

Meyer,  in  a  further  paper  {Archiv.  fur  Exp.  Path,  und  Pharm., 
1897,  38,  336),  described  the  preparation  of  methyl  and  ethyl 
esters  from  ricinoleic  acid  by  the  action  of  dry  hj^drochloric 
acid  on  the  alcoholic  solution.  These  were  inactive,  as  was  the 
acid  regenerated  from  them.  By  treating  barium  or  sodium 
ricinoleate  with  the  alkyl  iodides  in  sealed  tubes  at  160°  C. 
and  purifying  the  products  by  distillation  under  diminished 
pressure  he  obtained  esters  which  were  physiologically  active, 
and  the  acid  prepared  from  these  was  also  active.  Hydro- 
chloric acid,  therefore,  must  convert  ricinoleic  acid  under  such 
conditions  into  another  acid,  which  he  called  pseudoricinoleic 
acid. 

Ricinolamide  prepared  by  the  action  of  alcoholic  ammonia 
on  castor  oil  occurs  as  a  white  crystaUine  precipitate,  which  had 
previously  been  found  to  be  inactive.  This  author  found  that 
the  acid  regenerated  from  it  by  the  action  of  alkalis  was  active, 
whilst  that  obtained  by  means  of  acid  was  inactive.  He  thus 
claims  to  have  shown  that  only  those  ricinoleic  acid  compounds 


478        BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

arc  attive  which  are  cither  themselves  soluble  in  the  intestines 
(alkali  soaps)  or  through  decomposition  are  rendered  soluble 
(glyceryl  and  alcoholic  esters),  whilst  such  compounds  as 
ricinolamide  and  magnesium  ricinoleate  which  pass  through 
the  intestines  completely  or  almost  completely  unaltered  lootscss 
no  purgative  action. 

Other  Fatty  Acids 

Stearic  acid  (Kraflft,  Berkhte,  1888,  21,  2.7:]0)  and  dihy- 
droxystearic  acid  (Juilard,  Bull.  Soc.  Cliim.,  1895,  13,  238) 
have  also  been  found  in  the  oil,  but  both  arc  inactive 
(Meyer,  I.e.). 

Lewkowitsch  {Oih,Fats  andWaxes,  p.  644)  states  tliat,  judg- 
ing from  its  iodine  value  in  conjunction  with  its  acetyl  value, 
castor  oil  must  contain  a  less  saturated  acid  than  licinoleic  acid, 
but  this  is  based  on  a  miscalculation  due  to  overlooking  the  fact 
that  the  acetyl  value  is  calculated  on  tlie  acetylated  product 
and  not  on  the  original  oil.  On  p.  270  he  calculates  the  percentage 
of  triricinolein  in  tlic  oil  from  an  acetyl  value  of  loO-.'J  and  finds 
it  94-4,  while  on  p.  644,  using  an  acetyl  value  of  150,  he  finds  it 
to  be  831.  Neither  of  these  figures  is  a  correct  deduction  from 
his  premises.  The  molecular  weight  of  triacetylricinolein  is 
1,058.  and  its  calculated  acetyl  value  1591.  Taking  the  acetyl 
vahie  of  acetylated  castor  oil  as  150-3,  thei:)eicentage  of  triacetyl- 
ricinolein in  it  is  94-4  and  the  amount  of  non-acetylated  gly- 
cerides  is  100  — 94-4=5-6.  As  the  molecular  weight  of  tri- 
ricinolein is  932,  94-4  of  triacetylricinolein  is  produced  from 
831  triricinolein,  and  therefore  the  percentage  of  triricinolein  in 

the  oil  is  -„    -^^  =  93-68.    The  oil  contains  about  1  per  cent. 

831  +  5-6 

of  dihydroxystearic  acid  Avith  an  acetyl  value  of  271-9  (not 
281-9,  cf.,  p.  644,  Lewkowitsch),  and  therefore  the  percentage 
of  tririciiiolein  is  about  92 ;  tlie  calculated  iodine  value  of 
triricinolein  is  81-76,  and  therefore  the  oil  containing  92  per 
cent,  would  have  an  iodine  value  of  75-2,  but  the  actual  value 
found  is  84-86.  so  another  unsaturated  acid  must  be  present, 
tiiough  in  smaller  amount  than  deduced  by  Lewkowitsch. 

In  this  account  we  have  omitted  to  mention  numerous 
papers  dealing  purely  with  the  chemical  beha\iour  of  these  sub- 
stances, and  also  several  papers  on  the  phy.siological  action  of 
ricin. 


british  pharmaceutical  conference.  479 

Conclusion. 

It  .seems  lo  us  that  the  above  results  conclusively  show  that 
the  purgative  action  of  the  oil  is  due  to  the  fatty  acids,  but  it  is 
not  quite  clear  whether  ricinoleic  acid  has  been"  obtained  abso- 
lutely pure,  or  that  it  is  the  only  purging  fatty  acid  in  the  oil, 
and  in  any  case  it  appears  that  there  must  be  other  undiscovered 
a-ids.  We  hope  to  have  the  opportunity  of  elucidating  these 
IJoints. 


The  President  complimented  the  authors  on  their  work,  and 
referred  to  the  fact  that  this  was  the  first  paper  they  had  con- 
tributed to  the  Conference.         * 


AJVIATEUR  LABORATORY  CONSTRUCTION. 

By  Evelyn  Wm.  Pollard,  B.Sc, 

PhaniKicfutical  Chemist. 

In  the  following  notes  I  propose  to  give  my  personal  experience 
of  the  methods  and  cost  of  making  a  laboratory.     I  presuppose 
that  the  pharmacist  is  a  "handyman,"  and  famihar  with  the  use 
of  such  tools  as  the  screw-diiver,  plane,  brace  and  bit,  soldering- 
iron,  etc.  First,  with  regard  to  the  position  of  the  proposed  labora- 
tory ;    it  should  be  as  far  away  from  the  shop  as  convenient,  so 
that  no  perfume  can  filter  from  it  to  customers,  and,  for  the  same 
reason,  should  not  form  part  of  the  dwelling  house,  though  many 
students  do  good  work  in  their  bedrooms.     Space  is  like  time— 
the  energetic  man  "  makes  it."     I  requisitioned  a  part  of  a  large 
bottle  store,  cutting  off  a  space  about  lift,  by  8ft.  by  a  match- 
board partition  ;    the  part  cut  off  should  be  provided  with  lock 
and  key,  so  that  no  one  can  interfere  with  any  delicate  operation. 
Shelves  are  fitted  as  convenient,  taking  into  account  the  position 
of  tlie  light.     I  have  two  long  and  wide  shelves  on  the  partition 
for  storing  general  apparatus  and  stock  bottles.      If   the  walls 
are  of  brick  the  wall  is  plugged  with  wood,  and  uprights  fixed,  to 
which  brackets  carrying  the  shelves  are  fixed.     On  another  wall 
the  shelves  for  the  reagent  bottles  are  fixed  ;  these  are  conveniently 
five  in  number,  4ft.  long,  Sin.  wide  ;  each  takes  eighteen  ordinary 
6-oz.  bottles  ;    the  two  upper  shelves  I  reserve  for  "  oddments  " 
in  bottles.  They  are  all  within  very  convenient  reach,  immediately 


480 


BRITISH    I'llAKIMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


above  the  working  bench.  For  the  bench  I  use  an  ehn  board, 
8tt.  by  2ft.,  supported  on  trestles  ;  this  has  the  advantage  of 
being  movable  ;  a  chemical  bench  while  being  steady  need  not 
be  as  firm  as  a  carpenter's  bencli.  The  shelves  and  bench  are 
"  ironed  "  with  paraffin  wax. 

A  table  for  the  balance  and  a  stool  complete  the  furniture. 
Gas  and  water  must  be  laid  on  ;  whether  the  pharmacist  will  do 
this  himself  depends  on  his  skill  as  a  plumber.  Gas  fitting  is 
easy  for  the  "  handy  man,"  but  laying  on  water  requires  more 
skill,  as  well  as  physical  force.  One  ordinary  straight  gas  bracket 
and  two  nozzles  near  the  bench  for  gas,  and  two  water  taps  will 
usually  suffice.  The  sink  is  rather  a  bother,  the  fitting  of  a 
l)ropcr  one  entailing  some  amornit  of  mason's  work,  and,  there- 
fore, expense.  One  that  answers  every  purpose  is  made  by  lining 
a  strong,  wood  box  with  lead  and  having  an  exit  tube  of  |in. 
"  compo  "  pipe,  the  exit  being  protected  by  gauze.  The  tube 
can  be  caj-ried  to  any  convenient  gutter.  Care  must,  of  course, 
be  taken  not  to  throw  down  any  greasy  or  sticky  substance  that 
would  block  a  narrow  pipe.  A  great  convenience  in  connexion 
with  the  water  supply  is  a  filter  pump  ;  a  metaUic  one  can  be 
made  from  an  old  blowpipe  by  boring  a  hole  at  the  broad  end, 

and    soldering   a    tube    with    nariow 
orifice  in  as  shown  in  Fig.  1. 

I  have  an  adapter  to  my  only  water- 
tap,  which  is  continued  to  a  tube 
having  a  branch  to  the  sink  and 
another  to  the  filter  pump  ;  the  latter 
is  about  4ft.  long.  The  exit  tube  of 
the  pump  is  a  glass  one,  joined  by  an 
I.R.  connexion  at  A,  Fig.  2.  This 
connexion  is  very  convenient  for  a 
water  supply  in  conducting  a  high  dis- 
tillation or  reflux,  as  in  the  use  of  a 
Soxhlet  with  vertical  condenser.  Taps 
aie  fitted  as  shown  in  the  diagram.  In 
making  these  joints  a  very  useful  little 
instrument  for  soldering  is  made  by 
fitting  a  tiny  phial  of  spirit  with  wick 
just  below  the  nozzle  of  an  ordinary 
blow  pii)e.  This  can  be  carried  about  and  soldering  done  in 
mid-air  without  the  iron. 

A  centifuge  is  also  a  great  addition  to  any  laboratory  ;   I  use 


v^tA. 


7-7   / 


;k 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


481 


one  described  by  Spurge  {Year-Book,  1902)  which  consists  simply 
of  a  bicycle  wheel  and  a  bicycle  hub.  Mine  is  fixed  direct  to  the 
floor,  and  the  particular  kind  of  hub  used  is  a  Singer  back-wheel, 
in  which  the  cogged  wheel  is  perforated  with  holes  through  which 
screws  can  be  passed.  A  hole  is  braced  in  the  floor  to  take  the 
lower  end  of  the  spindle.  A  number  of  different  size  containers 
can  be  nutted  at  A.  Fig.  3  B  is  a  light  strip  of  brass  turned  up 
at  the  ends  and  lined  with  cork  ;  ordinary  test-tubes  can  be 
fitted  to  this  by  strong  rubber  bands,  and  with  so  light  a  load  a 


5^      3 

speed  of  2,000  revolutions  can  be  attained  ;  this  is  a  perfect 
luxury  for  precipitates,  such  as  alumina,  in  ordinary  analysis.  In 
addition,  I  have  a  vertical  extension  in  the  shape  of  a  brass  tube 
C  with  thread  cut  to  fit  the  end  of  the  spindle.  Any  ordinary 
clamp  can  be  affixed  to  this,  but  the  speed  is  thereby  rather 
lessened. 

No  laboratory  is  complete  without  a  still  for  water,  and  indeed, 
considering  the  recent  concessions  of  the  revenue  authorities,  there 
is  no  excuse  for  a  chemist  not  distiUing  his  own  water. 

A  still  that  can  be  made  for  half-a-crown  is  shown  in  Fig  4, 
consisting  of  a  J  cwt.  glycerin  tin  to  which  is  fitted  a  cork,  covered 
with  tin-foil  to  prevent  organic  contamination.  A  glass  tube 
is  bent,  and  continued  to  a  glass  worm,  which  can  be  obtained  at 
any  apparatus  house.  The  worm,  is  fixed  in  a  lard  or  butter 
bucket,  the  cold  water  entering  at  the  bottom  by  a  tube  as 
shown.     Three  gallons  are  put  in  the  tin,  the  first  portion  of  the 

II 


482  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

distillate  being  rejected  if  any  ammonia  is  present  in  the  original 
water  This  apparatus  looks  decidedly  crude,  but  I  guarantee 
no  better  water  can  be  produced.     There  are  many  stills  on  the 


^^^:V:>t^^jc^^g;WM^i4y->;^^^<-y-^^^ 


market  and  in  some  recent  ones  the  condensation  is  effected  by 
a  conical  cooling  surface  ;  I  cannot  speak  from  experience  of 
tho^e  but  I  accept  the  statement  that  water  can  be  produced  at 


3d  per  gallon,  n^m  (jrano  salis.  The  one  I  use  at  present  is  I, 
think  as  economical  as  any.  Fig  5  A  is  a  round  copper  boiler: 
about  8  in.  high  and  8  in.  in  diameter,  holding  rather  less  thanj 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


483 


O 


^t-^. 


6 


a  gallon,  thus  escaping  a  licence.  There  are  two  orifices,  one  1  in. 
diameter,  and  the  other  a  bare  \  in.  ;  at  the  side  is  seen  the  usual 
constant  level  device.  The  condenser  is  taller  than  usual — 14in. 
by  6  in.,  and  the  worm  is  made  of  9  ft.  of  block  tin  tubing  of  ^  in, 
clear  bore.  Cold  water  enters  by  a  glass  tube  to  the  bottom  of  the 
condenser  ;  the  steam  passing  through  the  pipe  heats  the  water 
at  the  top  to  a  temperature  of  95°  C,  while  the 
l)ottom  is  cool  ;  this  is  a  higher  temperature  than 
in  any  still  I  have  seen  advertised.  This  hot  water 
overflows  back  to  the  still,  the  excess  passing  down 
the  central  tube  to  waste.  The  greatest  economy  is 
effected  by  having  the  exit  tube  of  the  condenser 
branched  as  in  Fig,  6.  The  cock  A  can  be  turned 
so  that  the  inflow  to  the  still  only  slightly  exceeds 
the  flow  of  distilled  water  from  the  worm  ;  the 
excess  drops  over  the  side  into  the  funnel,  and  thus 
to  waste.  When  distilling  water  only,  I  do  not 
keep  the  bottom  of  the  condenser  very  cool,  but 
allow  the  water  to  flow  into  the  collecting  bottle 
at  a  temperature  of  about  80°  C,  thus  preventing  largely 
any  ammonia  that  might  be  present  from  condensing,  besides 
saving  gas.  I  have  frequently  used  the  still  for  some 
hours  without  any  waste  water  flowing  away,  the  flow  into  the 
still  exactly  equalling  the  amount  of  distilled  water  produced. 
With  a  small  ring,  burning 
10  ft.  per  hour,  I  get  a  gallon 
in  three  hours ;  with  a  larger 
burner  proportionately  more. 
I  do  not  beheve  any  still 
wdll  give  more  than  a  gallon 
per  30  cubic  feet  of  gas  con- 
sumed, and  many  stills  re- 
quire 40  ft. 

Every  one  has  experienced 
the  annoyance  of  a  still  or 
evaporating  vessel  running 
dry  ;  or,  perhaps,  in  the 
distillation  of  an  aromatic 
water,  the  collecting  vessel 
carrying  the  essential  oil  with  it.  Five  shilhngs  spent  on  an 
electric  bell  and  Leclanche  cell  will  obviate  this.  Fig.  7  shows 
the  plan.     A  is  the  boiling  or  evaporating  vessel,  of  any  shape  or 


v/////:v////////////////////////////////// 


^^ 


has     "  overflowed    its    banks," 


484        BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE 

size  ;  it  is  fitted  with  a  side  tube,  as  in  the  still.  For  existing 
vessels  a  neck  of  a  broken  distillation  flask  answers  admirably. 
A  cork  is  placed  in  tlie  lower  end  of  the  tube,  and  through  the  cork 
a  stout  copper  wire  is  passed  ;  the  height  of  this  can  be  adjusted. 
F  is  a  metallic  float  of  some  kind— either  a  hollow  metallic  ball 
or  a  halfpenny  floated  by  cork,  to  which  is  soldered  a  very  flexible 
wire  or  Ught  chain.  Connexions  are  made  to  the  battery  B  and 
l)ell  C,  as  shown  ;  this  bell  may,  of  course,  be  situated  anyAv-here. 
The  action  is  self-evident.  As  the  liquid  evaporates  the  ball 
sinks,  and  eventually  makes  contact  with  the  copper  wire,  the 
bell  continuing  to  ring  tiU  attended  to.  There  are  innumerable 
extensions  to  this  idea.  I  have  been  interested  in  the  subject  of 
wireless  telegraphy,  and  have  made  a  portable  wireless  receiver. 
The  float  connexions  can  be  made  to  the  primary  of  an  induction 
coil ;  the  discharge,  givmg  out  Hertzian  waves,  taking  place  from 
the  secondary.  The  little  receiver  can  be  carried  about  the 
garden  or  taken  with  one,  if  necessary.  Should  the  still  or 
waterbath  run  dry  the  bell  of  the  receiver  will  tinkle  without  fail. 
The  ordinary  apparatus  of  a  laboratory  can  be  purchased  as 
required.  I  give  an  approximate  cost,  but  some  items  will  vary, 
according  to  the  position  of  the  laboratory. 


Partition,  with  door,  etc.  .  .  .£200 

Wood  for  shelves,  bench,  trestles,  and 

brackets 
Gas  and  water  fitting 
Bottles  and  reagents 
Still,  complete 
Apparatus,  say 


0  10  0 

1  0  0 
1  0  0 
1  0  0 
3     0  0 


I  do  not  include  a  balance,  nor  any  of  the  usual  pharmaceutical 
apparatus  found  in  every  chemist's  shop. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  say  that  a  country  pharmacist  need  not 
expect  to  make  a  fortune  out  of  analytical  work— a  guinea  here 
and  five  shillings  there  is  perhaps  all  he  will  get.  But,  beyond 
that,  a  laboratory  tends  to  keep  one's  own  brains  in  order,  and 
last,' but  not  least,  is  fair  treatment  for  any  apprentice  one  may 
take. 


The  President  said  that  the  paper  was  full  of  useful  matter, 
and  he  recommended  it  to  members  for  very  careful  study. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Hilt,  rejoiced  that  there  were  men  like  Mr.  Pollard 
in  their  ranks.     The  paper  was  remarkable  for  its  ingenuity. 

Mr.  Bird  made  some  interesting  remarks  about  the  still  described 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         485 

by  the  author.  The  suggestion  to  collect  the  distilled  water  hot 
was  an  excellent  one.  Not  only  was  the  quality  of  the  distillate 
improved,  but  it  kept  better.  He  asked  what  Revenue  con- 
cession was  referred  to  by  the  author. 

Mr.  Pollard,  in  a  brief  reply,  said  the  concession  he  men- 
tioned had  been  made  within  the  last  fortnight.  He  knew  that 
in  Ryde  the  chemists  had  been  notified  that  no  licence  was  re- 
quired for  a  still  of  the  capacity  of  one  gallon  when  used  for  water 
only. 


TRAGACANTH  AND  ACACIA  :  COMPARATIVE  VISCOSITY 
OF  THE  SIMPLE  AND  MIXED  MUCILAGES. 

By  Edmund  White,  B.Sc,  F.I.C. 

In  making  up  a  formula  for  a  nmcilage  containing  tragacanth 
and  gum  acacia  it  was  noticed  that  the  finished  product  was  much 
less  viscous  than  might  have  been  expected  from  the  proportions 
of  the  two  gums  present.  As  the  formula  contained  several 
other  ingredients  it  was  at  first  supposed  that  one  or  other  of 
these  must  have  contributed  to  the  result.  It  was,  however,  found 
by  experiment  that  if  mucilage  of  tragacanth  be  mixed  with 
water  and  mucilage  of  acacia  respectively  the  mixed  mucilages  are 
thinner  than  the  corresponding  mixture  of  tragacanth  mucilage 
and  water.  The  result  was  rather  surprising,  and  no  mention 
could  be  found  of  the  fact  in  any  of  the  text  books  of  materia 
medica,  pharmacy,  or  pharmacognosy. 

I  have  also  asked  several  pharmacists  of  large  experience 
whether  they  have  observed  this  phenomenon,  and  while  none  of 
them  appeared  to  be  familiar  with  it  several  could  recall  similar 
results,  which  had  been  attributed  to  other  causes.  The  matter 
appears  to  be  of  some  importance  in  relation  to  dispensing, 
especially  in  the  case  of  compound  tragacanth  powder  when  used 
as  a  suspending  agent  in  mixtures;  and  in  the  use  of  mixtures  of 
tragacanth  and  acacia  used  in  making  emulsions.  With  other 
gums,  like  gliatti,  which  form  glairy  or  viscous  mucilages,  the 
same  result  does  not  appear  to  be  obtained. 

The  cause  of  the  reaction  is  very  obscure,  and  as  my  experience 
was  gained  only  a  few  weeks  before  the  date  of  this  meeting,  I 
am  only  able  to  record  the  facts  as  above  stated.  Perhaps  some 
one  present  will  be  able  to  suggest  an  explanation,  but  if  none  is 


486         BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 

forthcoming  it  api)ecir.s  to  be  a  problem  which  could  very  well  be 
placed  on  the  Research  List  of  the  Conference. 


Mr.  liiUD  said  tliat  some  years  ago  he  experimented  with 
acacia  and  tragacanth,  and  found  tliat  acacia  was  a  very  good 
dividing  agent  for  oils,  tragacanth  was  a  good  suspending 
agent,  and  that  a  combination  of  the  two  give  a  very  stable 
emulsion,  but  he  had  to  use  much  more  tragacanth  than  he 
expected. 

The  President  expressed  the  hope  that  Mr.  Wliite  would 
continue  liis  investigations. 


MERCURIC  ZINC  CYANIDE. 

By  D.  B.  Dott,  F.R.S.E.,  F.I.C. 

This  substance  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  as  an  antiseptic 
in  surgical  dressings,  having  been  introduced  for  that  purpose 
by  Lord  Lister.  For  what  we  know  of  its  chemistry  we  are 
principally  indebted  to  Professor  W.  R.  Dunstan.  In  his  first 
paper  (Pharm.  Journ.,  20  [3],  653),  Professor  Dunstan  describes 
the  method  used  for  the  preparation  of  the  double  cyanide,  as 
then  approved  by  Lister.  Twenty -f our  oz.  mercuric  cyanide  and 
12  oz.  171  grains  of  potassium  cyanide  were  dissolved  in  four 
pints  water  ;  27  oz.  139  grains  of  zinc  sulphate  crystals  were 
dissolved  in  twelve  pints  water,  and  the  two  solutions  mixed. 
The  precipitate  was  then  collected  and  washed  with  two  quarts 
water.  It  may  here  be  noted  that  the  amount  of  water  men- 
tioned is  not  sufficient  to  completely  wash  the  precipitate. 
Some  of  the  compound  (or  mixture)  prepared  in  this  manner 
gave  on  analysis  17-77  per  cent,  of  mercuric  cyanide  ;  and  the 
compound  used  by  Lister  is  elsewhere  described  as  containing 
about  15  per  cent.  Dunstan  found  that  by  reducing  water  to 
a  minimum  a  precipitate  could  be  obtained  containing  36- 17 
per  cent,,  of  Hg(CN)2.  After  describ'ng  several  experiments, 
the  opinion  is  arrived  at  that  "  only  one  [hypothesis]  has  stood 
the  test  of  exi:>erimental  verification,  namely,  that  which  sup- 
poses that  the  mercuric  cyanide  is  mechanically  retained  by 
the  zinc  cyanide.     With  this  hypothesis  all  the  facts  perfectly 


BRITISH   rHARMACEUTICAL    CONFERENCE.  487 

accord."     As    representing    the    proportions    to    be    used,    tlie 
equation  is  given  : — 

HgCCNo)  +  2KCN  =  HgKo(CN), 
HgKo(CN),  +  ZnSOi  =  HgZn{CN)4  +  K.SO* 

In  PJmrm.  Journ.,  22  [3],  769,  there  is  a  connnunication  by 
some  author  announcing  that  further  experiment  had  convinced 
him  that  this  double  cj^anide  is  really  a  definite  compound,  and 
that  it  consists  of  tetra-zincic-monomercuric^ecac3^anide,  mixed 
with  more  or  less  zinc  cyanide.  For  fuller  information  we  are 
referred  to  Chem.  Soc.  Journal,  1892,  Trans.,  666.  This  is  an 
elaborate  paper,  with  much  interesting  matter  and  details  of 
analysis,  but  whether  it  bears  out  the  conclusion  arrived  at 
may  be  open  to  doubt.  Some  of  the  experiments  are  not  very 
convincing,  as  when  it  is  attempted  to  prove  from  the  fact  that 
zinc  cj^anide  has  no  tendency  to  retain  potassium  sulphate, 
that  it  should  therefore  not  be  expected  to  retain  mercuric 
cyanide  ;  or,  to  use  the  professor's  own  words,  "  zinc  cyanide 
has  no  tendency  to  entangle  salts  which  are  precipitated  with 
it."  Without  attempting  to  review  all  the  data  given,  it  may 
suffice  to  say  that  the  chief  argument  used  to  prove  the  exist- 
ence of  the  tetra-zincic-monomercuric  decacyanide  is  the  observa- 
tion that  the  proportion  of  mercuric  cyanide  retained  by  the 
precipitate  diminishes  as  the  water  present  increases  ;  so  that 
a  double  salt  containing  38  per  cent.,  or  as  little  as  1  per  cent., 
may  be  obtained  by  varying  the  proportion  of  water  during  pre- 
cipitation. The  maximum  mercuric  cyanide  'found  was  38-5 
per  cent.,  and  it  was  not  found  possible  to  increase  this.  Hav- 
ing regard  to  the  fact  that  some  decomj)osition  must  occur, 
and  that,  therefore,  the  substance  will  always  contain  some 
free  zinc  cyanide,  it  is  held  that  the  pure  compound  would  con- 
tain somewhat  more  mercuric  cyanide  than  the  maximum 
actually  obtainable,  viz.,  38-5  per  cent.  "The  simplest  molecu- 
lar proportion,  representing  somewhat  more  than  38-5  per  cent., 
is  Zn(CX)2iHg(CN)2,  or  Zn,Hg(CN)io,  which  requires  40-65 
per  cent,  of  mercuric  cyanide."  By  an  ingenious  plotting  of 
curves,  the  number  40-5  is  obtained,  and  is  held  to  represent 
the  percentage  of  mercuric  cyanide  which  ought  to  be  retained 
by  the  equimolecular  mixture  of  the  salts.  40-5  is  "  a  number 
which  agrees  almost  exactly  with  the  percentage  (40-65)  required 
by  the  formula,  ZnHg(CN)io.  It  may,  therefore,  be  safely 
concluded  that  this  is  the  formula  of  the  double  salt." 


488  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  the  percentage  of  mercuric  cyanide 
required  by  the  above  formula  is  not  40-65,  but  35-0,  so  that 
any  argument  based  on  the  number  40-5  falls  to  the  ground. 
Secondly,  if  the  percentage  38-5  is  really  obtained  from  a  properly 
washed  precipitate,  a  salt  is  indicated  having  a  higher  propor- 
tion of  mercury  than  the  tetra-zincic-monomeruric  compound. 
In  my  own  experiments  I  have  not  obtained  more  than  29-3 
per  cent,  of  Hg(CN)2  in  a  washed  and  air  dry  precipitate,  and 
when  dried  at  140'  F.  the  percentage  falls  distinctly  under.  In 
actual  practice  the  percentage  easily  varies  from  29  to  23,  and 
even  to  21.  Variations  of  temj)erature,  of  manner  of  mixing, 
of  time  of  contact  of  the  water  with  the  precipitate,  etc.,  caused 
marked  differences  in  its  comiDosition. 

There  is  no  clear  line  of  demarcation  between  intimate  chemi- 
cal compounds  and  more  loosely  combined  molecular  or  merely 
physical  combinations.  Any  number  of  salts  may  exist  in 
theory,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  tetra-zincic-mono- 
mercuric  salt  has  ever  been  jirepared,  or  that  a  combination 
approximating  closely  to  that  composition  is  readily  formed. 
One  might  just  as  well  insist  that  the  precipitate  should  agree 
with  the  formula  Zn6Hg(CN)i4,  or  Zn8Hg(CN)i8.  There  are 
many  metallic  compounds  which  vary  appreciably  according 
to  the  conditions  of  their  formation,  as  the  basic  salts,  ammonium, 
carbonate,  etc.,  but  all  the  same  a  normal  composition  is 
strongly  indicated.  There  is  no  such  thing  with  this  so-caUed 
tetra-zincic-monomercuric  cyanide.  The  evidence  suggests  that 
the  substance  in  question  should  be  called  simply  "  zinc  and 
mercury  cyanide."  It  might  be  convenient  to  fix  a  definite 
proportion  of  mercuric  cyanide,  say,  20  per  cent.,  but  that 
would  be  quite  an  arbitrary  matter.  The  precipitate  has  no 
fixed  or  definite  composition. 


Mr.  Gekrard  said  that  he  agreed  with  IMi*.  Dott.  He  found 
that  commercial  samples  varied  from  18  to  35  per  cent,  of  mer- 
curic cyanide,  mostly  between  20  to  25  per  cent.  Variations 
in  time,  temperature,  dilution,  washing,  and  other  physical 
conditions  influence  the  resulting  product,  so  that  constancy 
was  unattainable. 

Mr.  Upsher  Smith  also  agreed,  and  said  this  was  the  most 
popular  surgical  antiseptic  at  present  in  use. 


BRITISH   PHAEMACEUTICAL   CONFEKENCE.  489 

ARSENIOUS  IODIDE  :    NOTES  AND  CRITICISMS. 
By  R.  C.  Cowley  and  J.  P.  Catford. 

The  unsatisfactory  character  of  much  of  the  commercial 
article  has  been  commented  on  in  various  communications  and 
discussions,  notably  at  two  of  the  Edinburgh  evening  meet- 
ings held  on  January  18,  1893,  and  December  23,  1903.  As 
we  have  been  investigating  the  subject  recently,  and  our  con- 
clusions differ  in  many  respects  from  those  we  have  hitherto 
seen  published,  we  venture  to  submit  them  for  consideration 
by  pharmacists.  All  the  methods  practically  used  to  prepare 
this  iodide  may  be  regarded  as  comprised  in  the  two  ways  alluded 
to  in  1885  Pharmacopoeia  monograph  ;  the  method  adopted 
by  Meurer  and  others — decolorising  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
iodine  witli  arsenuretted  hydrogen — may  be  passed  over  with- 
out comment.  Prej^aration  by  sublimation  of  the  elements, 
as  described  in  C.  L.  Bloxam's  Chemistry,  is  not  likely  to  be 
adopted  by  pharmacists,  nor  fusing  them  together  as  formerly 
ordered  in  the  U.S.  Pharmacopoeia. 

Various  solvents  for  tlie  iodine  have  been  proposed,  such  as 
boiling  ether,  CS2,  alcohol,  etc.,  involving  needless  trouble  and 
expense,  besides  producing  other  reactions  imjDairing  the  quality 
and  quantity  of  the  desired  product.  Whether  one  starts  with  the 
elements  or  with  AS2O3  and  HIAq,  when  joroperly  conducted 
the  result  is  the  same — 

3(OH2)     \  [3 (OH,)  evaporated 

-  I  =  AS2O3  +  6HI  =  I 

Aso  +  3I2J  (2ASI3  residual  product. 

— or  independently  of  atomic  theory  and  expressed  in  simple  com- 
bining proportions  by  weight,  both  methods  are  comprised  in 
our  diagram  as  follows  : — 

9 


33^ 


152 
Very  pure  iodide  of  arsenic  may  be  easily  prepared  as  follows  : 


0 

H  X 

8 

1 

-128 

25 

127 

As 

I  / 

490  BRITISH    PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

— Powdered  arsenium,  10 ;  resublinied  iodine,  51  ;  distilled 
water,  200.  Mix  the  solids  with  a  few  drops  of  the  water  into  a 
paste  in  a  shallow  dish,  pour  on  the  remainder  of  the  water,  and 
without  stirring,  digest  at  a  gentle  heat,  on  a  water-bath,  for 
about  iialf  an  hour  ;  then  evaporate  quickly  with  constant 
stirring  to  complete  dryness.  The  product  should  not  differ  so 
much  as  1  per  cent,  from  the  combined  weights  of  the  solid 
materials  used — i.e.,  no  loss  of  iodine,  and  no  oxide  or  un- 
combined  arsenium  in  the  product. 

The  arsenium  should  be  pure,  and  the  iodine  above  the  B.P. 
requirement,  as  any  cyanide  of  iodine  (or  iodide  of  cyanogen), 
CI  or  Br,  would  cause  loss  of  iodine,  if  not  of  arsenic,  and  fixed 
impurities  would,  of  course,  remain  in  the  product.  Ordinary 
commercial  iodine  is  not  suitable  even  if  an  extra  quantity  be 
used,  unless  the  only  impurity  in  it  -were  water,  but  in  actual 
fact  that  is  by  no  means  the  case. 

The  iodine  dissolves,  without  stirring,  twice  as  fast  as  the 
arsenium  becomes  oxidised,  owing  to  the  solubility  of  iodine 
in  hydriodic  acid,  forming  a  deep  red  layer  under  the  water 
which  protects  the  HI  from  the  action  of  atmospheric  oxygen. 
If  too  much  heated  (before  sharing  the  elements  of  water  with 
the  arsenium,  and  becoming,  virtually,  the  comparatively  non- 
volatile HI)  uncombined  iodine  would  be  driven  off  and  un- 
combined  arsenium  remain.  On  the  other  hand,  it  would  be  still 
worse  to  leave  it  unfinished  for  hours  ;  arsenious  oxide  would  de- 
posit, the  HI  in  solution  would  be  oxidised  and  iodine  liberated 
again  which  would  not  recombine  with  the  AS2O3  wlien  attempting 
to  evaj)orat€  the  liquid  to  dryness.  Consequently  the  product  may 
be  made  to  contain  both  AS2O3  and  free  iodine,  in  wliicli  case  its 
solution  Avould  be  yellow  even  when  dilute,  and  would  turn  starch 
blue  unless  NaHCO^,  had  been  previously  added,  as  in  the  usual 
process  for  titrating  AsoOy  when  an  amount  of  tiioxidc  (present 
as  impurity)  proportional  to  the  free  iodine  would  be  converted 
into  pentoxide  before  the  titration  commenced.  Of  course,  this 
would  not  be  reckoned  in  the  estimated  percentage.  Even  when 
tliere  is  no  uncombined  iodine,  this  preparation  so  commonly 
contains  AS2O.J,  one  might  say  usually,  that  we  nmst  decidedly 
differ  from  the  advocate  of  the  standard  iodine  titration  as  to 
its  reliability,  compared  with  gravimetric  determination  of 
both  I  and  As,  or  at  least  of  the  former  combined  with  titration 
of  the  arsenium  in  cases  where  samples  are  proved  to  be  free 
from  uncombined  iodine.     Asia  made  as  above  and  the  iodine 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         491 

purified  by  .sublimation  (from  a  little  KI,  as  usual)  prevents 
any  error  in  the  gravimetric  assay  from  calculating  AgCl  as 
Agl. 

As  the  same  quantity  of  iodine  is  required  to  convert  thirty- 
three  parts  of  AS2O3  into  AS2O5  as  for  152  of  Aslg,  it  is  evident 
that  any  amount  of  impurities  in  a  sample  might  pass  undetected 
by  the  person  who  relied  on  the  iodine  titration  alone,  if  only 
about  one-fifth  of  the  impurity  consisted  of  AS2O3. 

At  both  the  Edinburgh  meetings  tlie  favourite  method  for 
preparing  Asia  appears  to  have  been  that  in  which  KI  and  HC 1 
are  employed  ;  and  dissolving  out  the  Asia  from  the  potassium 
chloride  by  means  of  CS2.  The  formula  in  the  1904  Year- 
Book  appears  to  have  a  typographical  error  in  the  quantity 
of  KI  ordered,  but  even  correcting  that  we  did  not  succeed  in 
obtaining  one-half  of  the  theoretical  yield.  Not  having  seen 
any  published  report  of  the  proportion  obtained  by  others,  we 
merely  say  that  it  appears  to  us  a  messy,  wasteful  process.  If 
the  excess  of  HCl  be  omitted  in  order  to  be  able  to  evaporate 
to  dryness  before  extracting  with  CS2,  then  the  j)otassium 
(and  the  arsenic  ?)  is  shared  between  the  HCl  and  the  HI.  In 
a  trial  of  a  small  quantity,  instead  of  4-5  Gm.  of  Asia  onty  one- 
tliird  (1-5  Gm. )  was  extracted  by  an  ounce  of  CS2,  a  costly  process, 
product  dubious  as  to  quantity  and  quality.  We  found  it  far 
better  to  substitute  for  the  HCl  a  concentrated  solution  of 
tartaric  acid,  exactly  sufficient  to  remove  the  alkali  base  from 
the  sphere  of  action,  and  then  dissolve  the  AS2O3  in  the  filtrate. 
Unfortunately,  alcohol  could  not  be  used  to  remove  the  last 
trace  of  tartar,  as  it,  like  most  organic  solvents,  in  the  presence 
of  water  would  react  with  HI,  liberating  iodine  during  evapora- 
tion to  dryness.  So  that  to  free  the  product  from  the  small 
proportion  of  potassium  salt  it  is  still  necessary  to  recrystallize 
from  CS2  ;  but  as  an  alternative  method  where  arsenium  is  not 
at  hand,  this  is,  in  our  experience,  the  next  best  method  ;  that 
is  assuming  there  is  no  ready-made  hydriodic  acid  available,  and 
pharmacists  are  not  likely  to  stock  it  (twice)  nor  to  prepare  it 
from  text-book  directions  ;  yet  the  preparation  of  Asia  from 
HI  and  As^Oa  would  be  an  ideal  method,  notwithstanding  Mr. 
Dott's  figures  to  the  contrary — his  product  containing  only 
72-73  per  cent,  instead  of  83-55  per  cent,  of  iodine.  We  notice 
that  for  2-8  Gm.  AsoOa  were  used,  only  64  c.c.  of  11  per  cent. 
HI.  Now  2-8  Gm.  As.Oa  require  10-86  Gm.  HI,  or  98  Gm.  of 
11  per  cent,  solution.     The  specific  gravity,  not  given  in  the 


492  BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

report,  being  about  1-09  there  would  be  required  [90-5  c.c.  of 
11  per  cent,  hydriodic  acid  instead  of  the  64  c.c.  actually  used. 
This  would  exactly  account  for  the  deficiency  of  iodine  in  his 
pi'oduct.  A  sample  made  by  us  with  HIAq  titrated  witli 
standard  NaOH  and  showing  45-7  per  cent.  HI  (specific  gravity 
about  1  -5,  yielded  within  1  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  product, 
so  that  we  cannot  agree  "  that  the  alternative  mctliod  referred 
to  in  the  Pliarmacopana  (1885)  does  not  yield  a  salt  of  the  com- 
position required "  ;  nor  do  we  agree  with  the  inference 
"  that  this  is  an  instance  in  which  it  would  be  better  for  the 
Pharmacopoeia  not  to  refer  to  the  methods  of  preparation,  but 
rather  to  content  itself  with  giving  sufficient  tests  for  purity." 
That  the  Pharmacopoeia  should  give  sufficient  tests  for  purity 
we  hope  we  have  contributed  some  good  reasons  in  this  paper, 
but  as  to  "  not  referring  to  methods  of  preparation  " — and  the 
compilers  of  1898  appear  to  have  followed  this  advice,  inasmuch 
as  they  have  omitted  reference  to  the  alternative  method  with 
hydriodic  and  arsenious  acids — are  not  the  different  connnit- 
tees  appointed^  for  the  purpose  of  practically  investigating  and 
comparing  various  methods  ?  and  not  to  take  on  trust  the  work 
of  any  one  else,  however  eminent  and  able,  remembering  that 
humanmn  est  errare  ;  even  such  a  high  authority  as  the  Editor 
is  resjjonsible  for  asserting  that  the  aqueous  solution  (of  Asia) 
"  has  a  neutral  reaction." 

Considering,  then,  that  this  is  a  pharmaceutical  preparation 
scarcely  used  by  any  but  pharmacists,  and  too  often  supplied 
to  them  badly  made,  for  the  sake  of  those  who  would  like  to 
prepare  it  cotnme  il  faut,  the  information  about  it  in  ordinary 
I'eference  books  being  conflieting,  meagre,  and  unsatisfactory — 
we  unhesitatingly  say  it  is  an  instance  where  not  merely  reference 
to  methods  of  preparation  should  be  given,  but  the  best  and  most 
convenient  working  formula  should  be  given,  in  detail,  in  the 
Pharmacopoeia. 

It  seems  rather  inconsistent  that  in  the  same  standard  work, 
in  which  it  is  contemplated  to  insert  elaborate  tests  for  detect- 
ing almost  infinitesimal  proportions  of  arsenic  in  non-arsenical, 
yet  the  arsenical  preparations  themselves  are  so  indifferently 
treated  that  the  proportion  of  arsenic  in  many  of  them  may  be 
almost  anything  so  far  as  any  check  is  provided.  The  B.P.C. 
are  asking  for  a  method  for  determining  the  arsenic  in  ferri 
arsenas,  but,  would  it  not  be  as  well  to  first  find  out  how  to 
make  it  properly  ? 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE. 


493 


Arsenious  iodide  of  excellent  quality  is  commercially  ob- 
tainable. We  have  had  submitted  for  examination  a  sample 
made  by  a  firm  second  to  none  in  this  country  in  repute  for  pure 
chemicals.     The  results  of  careful  analysis  were  : — 


J-,         ,    Iodine  82" 73  percent. 

l,Arsenu:m      17  04       ,, 

99-77       „ 
Undetermined     0'23       ,, 

10000      „ 


IG-S)  '^^^3  '^^  calculation 
99-99 


one  per  cent,  of  AsaOo  in  the  sample  would  mean  0-24  per  cent, 
of  oxygen. 

Iodine  82-73  \ 
17  04  Arseniuni      rv  7r"> 

0-24J   =  I'^O  ^^^3 


99-01  Aslg 


As  a  commercial  article  it  may  be  fairly  regarded  as  up  to  an 
acceptable  standard  of  purity  for  pharmacevitical  purposes. 

Notwithstanding  what  has  been  recently  asserted  to  the  con- 
trary, the  proportion  of  iodine  ordered  in  Donovan's  original 
formula  for  his  solution  {P.  J.,  1,  425,  and  2,  469,  1842)  is  not  in 
excess  of  what  is  rec^uired  to  combine  with  the  other  elements  ; 
in  fact,  if  calculated  by  the  atomic  weights  of  the  present  B.P., 
the  proportion  of  iodine  required  is  50-304  instead  of  the  50 
ordered.  The  additional  J  grain  of  hydriodic  acid  (not  "  free 
iodine  ")  per  fluid  ounce  of  the  solution  served  to  dissolve  any 
oxidised  arsenium,  of  almost  constant  occurrence  in  all  but  re- 
cently sublimed  arsenium.  Careful  perusal  of  the  original 
articles  shows  that  Donovan  himself  looked  on  tlie  presence 
of  free  or  uncombined  iodine  as  a  fault  ;  nor  is  there  any- 
thing in  the  present  Pharmacopoeia  to  justify  its  presence.  But, 
perhaps,  it  may  have  been  the  oiigin  of  the  peculiar  error  as  to 
the  behaviour  to  litmus  ;  a  sample  with  free  iodine  may  have 
left  blue  litmus  paper  still[blue.  The  new  U.S. P.  reproduces  the 
erroneous  statement  as  to  neutrality  of  solution. 


Mr.  J.  R.  Hill  said  he  knew  Mr.  Duncan  had  obtained  per- 
fectly pure  and  stable  crystals  by  recrystallization  from  carbon 
disulphide.  These  had  been  in  his  possession  some  years  and 
remained  quite  unchanged. 


494  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 


REPORT  UPON  THE  RESULTS  OBTAINED  FROM  THE 
ANALYSIS  OF  PHARMACEUTICAL  PREPARATIONS, 
BY  THE  ANALYSTS  OF  THE  POOR-LAW  UNIONS 
OF  IRELAND  IN  THE  YEAR  ENDED  MARCH  31, 
1905. 

By  J.  E.  BRUNKER,  M.A.  (Dub.) 

I  had  the  lionour  of  communicating  to  the  Conference  which 
met  at  Sheffield  last  year  certain  tables  which  showed  the  average 
results  obtained  from  tlie  analysis  of  the  galenical  preparations 
of  the  Pharmacopoeia  siipplied  during  two  years  for  the  service 
of  the  Medical  Charities  of  Ireland. 

As  many  pharmacists  now  take  an  interest  in  this  subject, 
I  have  thought  it  well  to  follow  up  those  tables  with  the  experience 
of  another  year. 

The  tables  now  communicated  form  a  portion  of  my  official 
report  to  the  Local  Government  Board  for  Ireland  for  the  year 
ended  March  31  last. 

I  have  no  remark  to  make  upon  the  figures  shown,  except  to 
note  a  fractional  reduction  in  the  percentage  of  alcohol  found  in 
some  of  the  tinctures,  etc. 

This  reduction  was  traced  to  one  source.  The  contractor  in  a 
few  instances  only  allowed  his  preparations  to  fall  below  the 
minimum  standard,  but  his  supplies  were  found  rather  frequently 
to  fall  below  the  normal  alcohol  value. 

The  incident  illustrates  how  sensitive  averages  are  to  any 
exceptional  influence  ;  and,  further,  proves  that  there  is  now  no 
practical  difficulty  in  the  way  of  arriving  at  normal  figuros. 


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498  uniTISII   rHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

GENERAL  BUSINESS. 
Thanks  to  the  Mayor. 

Dr.  Attfield,  called  upon  by  the  President,  prcpcfcd  that 
a  very  liearty  vote  of  thanks  be  accorded  to  the  Mayor  of  Brighton, 
Mr.  Alderman  F.  Blaker.  J. P.,  for  his  great  kindness  in  so  warmly 
receiving  tlie  members  of  the  British  Pharmaceutical  Conference. 
He  said  the  Mayor's  kindness  in  coming  to  welcome  the  Conference 
the  previous  day  had  already  been  alluded  to,  but  he  desired  to 
bring  the  matter  forward  again,  because  the  Maj-or  had  not  only 
done  the  Conference  a  great  service  as  well  as  kindness  in  welcoming 
the  members  to  Brighton,  but  he  had  shown  his  interest  by  coming 
in  tlie  middle  of  each  day  for  luncheon,  and  had  thus  ideiitified 
himself  with  the  Conference,  representing  not  only  the  pharmacists 
of  tlie  town,  but  the  town  itself.  Dr.  Attfield  then  referred  to  the 
constitution  and  objects  of  the  Conference,  which  was  founded 
in  1863,  and  first  visited  Brighton  in  1872.  One  of  its  two 
aims  was  "  the  encouragement  of  pharmaceutical  research," 
the  other  was  "  the  promotion  of  friendly  intercourse  amongst 
pharmacists."  In  alluding  to  the  friendly  feeling  and  good-fellow- 
ship engendered  by  the  meeting  of  the  Conference  in  various  parts 
of  the  country,  he  showed  that  the  courtesy  invariably  extended 
by  municipal  authorities  wherever  the  Conference  was  held 
greatly  aided  in  the  hitherto  successful  accomplishment  of  its 
second  object.  The  Mayor  of  Brighton  had  much  helped 
the  Conference  in  this  way,  and  his  efforts  deserved  and  would 
rec-eive  the  heartiest  recognition  of  the  members. 

Dr.  Symes  seconded  the  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Mayor,  speaking 
in  appreciative  terras  of  the  right  royal  welcome  Brighton  had  ac- 
corded to  the  Conference.  He  referred  to  the  Mayor's  as.sociation 
with  the  sanitary  autliority  of  Brighton,  which  had  no  doubt  given 
him  a  considerable  amount  of  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  the 
Conference,  inasmuch  as  sanitary  and  pharmaceutical  matters 
were  allied  in  some  measure. 

The  President  put  the  motion  to  the  meeting,  and  it  was 
carried  with  enthusiasm. 

The  Mayor,  in  reply,  thanked  the  Conference  for  the  cordial 
manner  in  wliich  the  vote  of  thanks  had  been  assented  to,  and 
spoke  in  higli  terms  of  tlie  work  of  the  Local  Committee.  Per- 
sonallj'^  it  had  been  quite  a  privilege  to  have  been  associated 
with  so  many  of  those  engaged  in  pharmacy — he  had  found  seme 
.'^.pleiidid    fellows   among   them,    and    he   should   look    forward 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE.  499 

with  interest  to  meeting  them  again  during  his  travels  to  other 
parts  of  the  comitry.  Dr.  Symes  had  referred  to  his  connection 
with  sanitation.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  sanitary  authority 
of  Brighton  for  twelve  years,  and  he  had  seen  many  changes, 
and  all  in  the  right  direction.  One  of  the  last  things  he  did  was 
to  pilot  a  movement  to  induce  the  Council  to  give  a  grant  of 
£500  a  year  towards  fighting  that  terrible  scourge  consumption, 
which  must  be  recognized  and  grappled  v/ith  as  a  foul  disease. 
He  was  glad  to  say  the  Council  made  the  grant,  and,  though  £500 
was  not  a  large  sum  for  a  town  like  Brighton,  they  had  recog- 
nized the  principle  that  something  must  be  done. 


The  Bell  and  Hills  Fund 
The  President  said  he  had  now  the  very  pleasant  duty  of 
presenting  to  the  local  pharmaceutical  association  a  gift  of  the 
following    books   from    the    Bell    and  Hills    Fun.d,  and    hoped 
tliey  would  be  carefully  kept  and  read  : — 

Art  of  Dispensing. 

Perkin  and  Kipping's  Organic  Chemistry. 

Strasburger  and  Hillhouse's  Botany. 

Ince's  Latin  Grammar. 

Allen's  Chemistry  of  Urine. 

White  and  Humphrey's  Pharmacopedia. 

Green's  Botany,  2  vols. 

Hol^lyn's  Dictionary  of  Medical  Terms. 

Squire's  London  Hospitals^  Pharmacoposia. 

Dun's  Veterinary  Medicine. 

Quain's  Dictionary  of  Medicine. 

Harrington's  Practical  Hygiene. 

Mr.  Gibson  said  :  Mr.  President,  I  beg  to  thank  you  very  much 
for  the  kind  words  you  have  uttered  in  presenting  this  beautiful 
set  of  books.  I  am  convinced  they  will  be  of  good  service  not 
only  to  the  men  of  the  present  time,  but  to  those  who  are  to 
follow.  I  distinctly  remember  tliirty-three  years  ago  we  had  a 
similar  present.  Those  books  have  been  well  read  and  well  pre- 
served ;  they  have  been  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  chemists  of 
Brighton  for  many  years,  and  when  we  add  these  new  books  they 
will  form  a  library  which  we  shall  be  proud  to  have.  They  will 
be  well  cared  for.  and  will  be  read  with  great  benefit,  and  we 
hope  and  sincerely  trust  thatwlien  the  Conference  visits  Brighton 
again  you  will  be  able  to  add  to  them. 


500  british  pharmaceutical  conference. 

Place  of  Meeting  for  1906 

Mr.  Gerrard,  in  the  course  of  an  eloquent  speech  on  behalf  of 
the  cliemists  of  the  Midlands,  invited  the  Conference  to  visit 
Birniingliam  in  1906.  It  would,  he  said,  be  a  great  change  from 
"Beautiful  Breezy  Brighton,"  but  if  they  came  to  Birmingh;.m 
they  would  still  have  the  three  B's — "  Busy  Beehive  Birmingham." 
He  spoke  of  the  beauties  and  historic  interest  of  the  surrounding 
country,  and  expressed  the  hope  that  the  invitation  would  be 
accepted. 

Mr.  C.  Thompson,  who,  as  Mr.  Gerrard  explained,  was  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Local  Committee  when  the  Conference  visited  Birming- 
ham nineteen  years  ago,  seconded  the  invitation,  and,  on  behalf 
of  the  ladies  of  Birmingham,  asked  the  ladies  of  the  Conference 
to  visit  them  next  j^ear.  At  the  Belfast  and  Dublin  Conferences 
the  cry  of  the  Irishmen  was  "  We  will  do  our  best  " — he  would 
only  add  one  word  to  that,  and  say  "  We  will  do  our  very  best." 

Mr.  Atkins  moved  that  the  invitation  from  Birmingham  be 
accepted.  He  recalled  two  previous  Conferences  at  Birmingliam. 
in  1865  and  1886,  at  which  he  was  present,  and  said  he  thought  it 
was  Thackeray  who  stated  that  all  great  events  required  to  have 
a  rehearsal.  Birmingham  had  had  two  rehearsals,  and  he  \^'as 
sure  that  if  the  invitation  was  accepted  they  would  have  a  right 
royal  reception. 

Mr.  Xewsholme  in  seconding  the  resolution,  remembered  that 
he  attended  a  Conference  in  Birmingham  eighteen  years  ago. 
He  had  very  pleasant  recollections  of  that  city  :  their  Brimingham 
friends  had  been  very  kind  to  them. 

Tlie  invitation  to  Birmingham  was  unanimously  accepted. 


Mr.  Kemp  then  proffered  an  invitation  to  INIanchester  for  the 
Conference  of  1907.  He  was  aware  that  it  was  forbidden  to  the 
Conference  to  bind  itself  so  far  in  advance,  but  he  took  it  that,  if 
members  were  agreeable,  now,  to  accepting  it,  it  was  more  than 
likely  that  at  the  next  Session  they  would  express  the  same 
opinion.  Continuing,  he  made  a  humorous  comparison  between 
Belfast,  Glasgow,  and  Manchester,  and  referred  to  shipping  and 
the  various  industries  to  be  visited  in  Cottonopolis.  He  regretted 
the  absence  of  the  President  of  the  Manchester  Pharmaceutical 
Association,  Mr.  WooUey. 

The  President  thanked  Mr.  Kemp  for  the  invitation. 


british  pharmaceutical  conference.  501 

Thanks  to  the  Local  Committee. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Robinson,  President  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society, 
proposed  the  following  resolution  : — 

That  a  most  cordial  vote  of  thanks  be  accorded  to  the  ladies  and 
gentlemen  of  the  Local  Committee  for  their  exertions  in  bringing 
the  Brighton  meeting  to  such  a  successful  issue. 

Mr.  Robinson  referred  to  the  Ladies'  Committee,  and  said  how 
much  they  were  obliged  to  all  of  them  for  the  care  they  had  taken 
of  the  lady  visitors,  and,  in  fact,  some  of  the  men  visitors.  They 
all  knew  Mr.  Gibson,  the  Chairman,  and  what  he  was  capable 
of  doing.  They  also  knew  that  lie  had  had  very  valuable  assistance 
from  Mr.  Savage  and  Mr.  Yates,  the  Hon.  Local  Secretaries.  Mr. 
Robinson  referred  to  the  able  manner  in  which  the  detail  work 
had  been  arranged,  and  instanced  the  arrangements  for  special 
trains.  He  did  not  think  he  could  pay  a  better  compliment 
to  the  Brighton  Committee  than  by  repeating  what  he  had  heard 
said  b}^  a  distinguished  visitor,  "  Couldn't  we  come  to  Brighton 
every  year  ?  " 

Mr.  Glyn-Jones,  in  seconding  the  resolution,  said,  it  was  always 
very  difficult  to  supplement  anything  Mr.  Robinson  said,  for  the 
President  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  did  his  part  of  the  work 
so  thoroughly.  All  that  he  could  say  was  that  the  arrangements 
had  been  perfection. 

The  resolution  was  unanimously  carried. 

Mr.  Gibson,  in  replying,  said  the  Brighton  Committee  had  been 
more  than  amply  repaid  for  their  trouble.  The  work  of  preparation 
had  been  a  pleasure  to  the  Executive,  and  the  Chairmen  of  the 
three  Committees  had  thrown  great  zeal  into  their  work.  He 
recalled  the  previous  visit  of  the  Conference  to  Brighton,  and 
mentioned  that  in  the  photograph  taken  only  two  ladies  appeared, 
whereas  in  the  photograph  of  this  year's  meeting  there  would  be 
quite  a  hundred. 

Mr.  Savage,  in  a  happy  speech,  said  the  Brighton  Committee 
had  had  in  view  the  desire  to  make  the  "  Queen  of  Watering 
Places  "  the  best  place  to  visit. 

Mr.  Yates  also  replied  in  a  few  well-chosen  words. 


Election  of  Officers. 

Mr.  Druce  proposed  and  Mr.  Idris  seconded  that  the  follow- 
ing be  elected  officers  for  the  ensuing  year  : — President,  W.  A.  H. 
Naylor,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S. ;  Vice-Presidents,  R.  A.  Robinson,  W.  F. 


502  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

V\  ells,  D.  B.  Dott,  Professor  Greenish,  F.  Ransom,  Thos.  Barclay  ; 
Hon.  Treasurer,  J.  C.  Unniey  ;  Hon.  Secretaries,  E.  Saville 
Peck  and  Edmund  White ;  Hon.  Local  Secretary,  Charles 
Thompson  ;  Executive  :  F.  C.  J.  Bird,  H.  W.  Gadd,  D.  Lloyd 
Howard,  W.  H.  Martindale,  J.  F.  Tocher,  F.  H.  Alcock,  W.  W. 
Savage,  R.  Wright,  A.  W.  Gerrard  ;  Auditors  :  J.  W.  Bowen  and 
W.  P.   Robinson. 

The  motion  was  carried. 


Closing  Votes  of  Thanks. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Ubiney  proposed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Editor  of 
The  Pharmaceutical  Journal  for  the  bound  volumes  of  the  papers 
which  had  been  supplied,  and  congratulated  Mr.  Humphre}^  on 
his  return  to  good  health. 

Mr.  Peck,  in  seconding  the  motion  (which  was  heartily  carried), 
said  the  Editor  had  been  exceedingly  kind  not  only  to  compile 
the  book  but  also  to  collect  the  papers.  The  fact  of  having  the 
papers  in  this  form  greatly  helped  discussion. 


Mr.  Wells  moved  "  That  the  Conference  place  on  record  its 
appreciation  of,  and  thanks   for,    the   extremely  able  way  the 
President,  Mr.  W.  A.  H.  Naylor,  had  conducted  the  business  of  the    i 
Conference  meetings." 

Mr.    Rutherford   Hill   seconded.  I 

Dr.  Attfield  having    put  the   motion   (which  was    carried)    j 
to  the  meeting,  I 

The  President  briefly  replied. 


THE  SOCIAL  GATHERINGS.  . 

Monday,  July  24. 

The  Reception  at  the  Royal  Pavilion. 

On  Monday  evening  the  Mayor  and  Mayoress  of  Brighton 
(Alderman  and  Mrs.  Frederick  Blaker)  brilliantly  inaugurated  the 
forty-second  annual  meeting  with  a  reception  at  the  Royal 
Pavilion.  About  four  hundred  guests  were  present,  the  Mayor 
having  invited  a  number  of  representative  residents  of  Brighton 
and  Hove  to  meet  the  members  of  the  Conference.     The  Mayoress, 


BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFEREi^CE.  503 

unfortunately,  could  not  be  present,  but  her  duties  were  charm- 
ingly fulfilled  by  her  little  daughter,  Miss  Minnie  Blaker. 

The  rooms  of  the  Royal  Pavilion  were  beautifully  decorated 
with  flowers,  and  the  grounds  tastefully  illuminated.  The  band 
of  the  Royal  Marine  Artillery  played  a  selection  of  music  on  the 
Eastern  Lawn,  which  was  much  enjoyed,  the  evening  being  fine 
and  warm,  thus  rendering  a  promenade  in  the  grounds  very 
agreeable. 

About  10  o'clock  dancing  commenced  in  the  Music  Room, 
under  the  direction  of  Messrs.  A.  J.  Franklin,  J.  Padwick,  C.  E. 
Robinson,  and  G.  B.  Savage,  while  two  drawing-rooms  were  set 
aside  for  refreshments.  At  intervals  during  the  evening  Madame 
Ennis  Carmen  beautifully  rendered  a  selection  of  songs  in  the 
Banqueting  Hall,  which  were  much  appreciated  by  the  large 
company  present. 

The  whole  proceedings  passed  off  most  enjoyably,  and  reflect 
the  greatest  credit  upon  those  responsible  for  their  arrangement. 


Tuesday,  July  25. 

At  the  close  of  the  afternoon  meeting  the  members  adjourned 
to  the  West  Pier,  where  afternoon  tea  was  served  on  the  Pavilion 
Terrace,  music  being  provided  by  the  band  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Dunlop. 

In  the  evening  a  concert  and  dance  were  held  at  the  Hotel 
Metropole.  The  gardens  were  tastefully  illuminated  by  lanterns 
lent  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Gibson.  Dancing  took  jjlacc  in  the  ball- 
room, music  being  provided  by  the  band  of  the  Hotel  Metropole. 
The  spacious  corridors  were  utihzed  as  a  promenade,  while  in 
the  conservatory  an  attractive  concert  programme  was  carried 
out  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  A.  Lauder,  and  much  enjo3^ed 
by  the  company  present. 

During  the  day  the  enjoyment  of  the  ladies  visiting  the  Con- 
ference was  amply  provided  for  by  the  Ladies'  Committee. 
Visits  were  made  to  the  Picture  Gallery,  Museum,  and  Royal 
Pavilion,  and  in  the  afternoon  to  Booth's  ]\Iuseum  of  British 
Birds.  There  was  also  a  motor-car  trip  to  the  electricity  works 
of  the  Brighton  Corporation  at  Southwick. 

Wednesday,  July  26. 

In  the  morning  a  drive  was  arranged  for  the  ladies  through 
the  most  attractive  parts  of  Brighton  and  Hove. 


504  BRITISH   PHARMACEUTICAL   CONFERENCE. 

At  the  close  of  the  afternoon  proceedings  two  excursions  were 
provided.  One  party  drove  in  carriages  to  Devil's  T3yke,  where 
tea  was  served,  wliile  anotlier  went  by  steamboat  to  Eastbourne. 
On  arrival  the  party  was  welcomed  by  the  Mayor  of  Eastbourne 
(Councillor  Simmons),  and  high  tea  was  served  at  the  Queen's 
Hotel.  After  tea  there  was  a  most  enjoyable  drive  arranged 
by  the  chemists  of  Eastbourne,  to  whose  kindness  the  visitors 
were  much  indebted,  as  they  were  thus  enabled  to  visit  the  town 
and  its  charming  surroundings  in  the  limited  time  available. 
At  8.30  the  party  re-embarked  for  Brighton,  the  weather  having 
been  gloriously  fine.  After  passing  Beachy  Head,  however,  the 
steamer  ran  into  a  sea-fog,  which  j^ersisted  during  the  whole  of 
the  return  journey,  and  naturally  the  boat  reached  Brighton 
later  than  was  anticipated.  The  two  parties  then  joined  forces, 
and  finished  the  evening  with  a  smoking  concert  at  the  Hotel 
Metropole,  which  was  admirably  carried  out  under  the  genial 
presidency  of  Mr.  J.  R.  Gwatkin. 


Thursday,  July  27. 
Excursion  to  Arundel. 

At  10  o'clock  the  members  of  the  Conference  left  Brigliton 
station  by  special  train  for  Arundel,  which  was  reached  shortly 
after  11  o'clock.  The  party,  numbering  nearly  300,  proceeded 
at  once  to  Arundel  Castle,  which,  by  the  kindness  and  courtesy 
of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  had  been  thrown  open  for  their  inspec- 
tion. Luncheon  was  served  at  the  Norfolk  Hotel,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Gibson,  chairman  of  the  Local  Committee,  being  in  the  chair. 
After  the  loyal  toasts  had  been  duly  honoured,  the  chairman 
proposed  tlie  health  of  tlie  Duke  of  Norfolk,  referring  in  felicitous 
terms  to  the  kindness  of  his  Grace  in  allowing  them  to  visit  the 
castle  and  its  charming  grounds.  The  Duke  had  written  him  a 
very  kind  and  courteous  letter  regretting  that  he  was  unable  to 
be  at  Arundel  that  day.  He  therefore  begged  to  couple  the 
toast  with  the  name  of  Lieut. -Colonel  Mostyn,  who  was  repre- 
senting the  Duke  of  Norfolk  there  that  day.  Lieut. -Colonel 
Mostyn,  in  responding,  said  he  was  sure  it  gave  his  Grace  the 
greatest  pleasure  to  afford  them  the  opportunity  of  visiting 
Arundel  Castle,  and  he  trusted  the  Conference  would  spend  a 
l^leasant  day  at  Arundel. 

Councillor  Milner  Black,  in  a  very  neat  speech,  proposed  the 


BRITISH  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONFERENCE.         505 

health  of  the  President  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Conference,  to 
which  Mr.  W.  A.  H.  Naylor  replied,  dwelling  feelingly  upon  tlie 
great  kindness  with  which  the  Conference  had  been  received  at 
Brigliton. 

Mr.  S.  R.  Atkins  proposed  "  The  Ladies  "  in  his  well-known 
courtly  and  polished  style.  His  speech  was  distinguished  by  a 
delicate  shade  of  humour,  whicli  enabled  Mr.  G.  C.  Druce,  who 
responded  for  the  ladies,  to  display  similar  talents  in  a  manner 
liighly  appreciated  by  his  audience. 

After  luncheon  there  was  a  delightful  drive  through  the  park 
and  Fairmile  Bottom,  returning  througli  Slindon.  Others  went 
for  a  trip  up  the  river  Arun  by  steam  launch.  All  met  again  for 
tea  at  the  Norfolk  Hotel,  a  photograph  of  the  party  being  after- 
wards taken  in  the  Castle  grounds. 

The  return  journey  was  made  to  Brighton  by  special  train, 
after  a  most  enjoyable  day,  which  had  been  spent  in  the  midst 
of  delightful  surroundings  and  favoured  with  perfect  summer 
weather. 


i\ 


I 


INDEX 


Abies  amabilia.  Essential  Oil  of,  122. 

Abies  amubilis,  Oleoresiii  of,  171. 

Acacatecliin,  57. 

Acacia  and  Tragacantli,  Compara- 
tive Viscosity  of  the  Simple  and 
Mixed  Mucilages  of,  485. 

Acacia  concinna  in  Burma,  179. 

Acacia  farnesiana  in  Bnrma,  180. 

Acacia  farnesiana  in  Cuba,  293. 

Acacia  Mucilage  (Pinchbeck),  225. 

Acacia  verek,  A.  kirkii,  A.  seyal, 
A.  spirocarpa,  A.  arabica,  A. 
stenocarpa,  A.  usanibarensis,  A. 
stuhlmannii  and  A.  verugea  in 
German  East  Africa,  202. 

Acetic  Acid  for  Sldn  Application, 
293. 

Acetic  Acid  Ointment,  293. 

Acetic  Acid  Paste,  293. 

Acetic  Extract  of  Belladonna  Leaf 
(Dohme),  226. 

Acetic  Extract  of  Colcliicum  Seeds 
(Dohme),  226. 

Acetic  Extract  of  Digitalis  (Dohme), 
226. 

Acetic  Extract  of  Lobelia  (Dohme), 
227. 

Acetic  Extracts  (Dolime),  226. 

Acetopyrine,  171. 

Acetylmethylcarbinol  in  Commer- 
cial Vinegar,  166. 

Acid  Acetic  for  Application  to  the 
Skin,  293. 

Acid  Acetic  Ointment,  293. 

Acid  Acetic  Paste,  293. 

Acid  Boric,  Detection  of,  with  ]Mi- 
mosa  Flower  Tincture,  50. 

Acid  Boric  Dressings,  Assay  of,  229. 

Acid  Carbolic  and  Soft  Soap  Sheep 
Dip,  299. 

Acid  Carbolic  Dressings,  Assay  of, 
230. 

Acid  Carbolic,  in  Hypodermic  In 
jections,  181. 

Acid  Carbolic  Ointment,  288. 


Acid  Carbohc  Salve  (Bayne),  296. 

Acid  Cecropic,  58. 

Acid  Formic  for  Muscular  Trem- 
bling, 193. 

Acid  Formic,  New  Reaction  for,  15. 

Acid  Gjmocardic,  Pills,  242. 

Acid  Hydriodic,  Glycerol  of  (Kirch- 
gessner),  256. 

Acid  Hypophosphorous  in  Dis- 
pensing, 257. 

Acid  Infusion  of  Cinchona,  Con- 
centrated (Cripps),  443. 

Acid  Phosphoric,  Determination  of, 
in  Food,  (Flem-ent),  129. 

Acid  Picramic,  New  Process  for 
Preparation  of,  and  Determina- 
tion of  K.  with,  130. 

Acid  Picric  for  Chilblains,  316. 

Acid  Picric  for  Determination  of 
Antipyrme,  22. 

Acid  Quinine  Hydrochloride,  419. 

Acid  Ricinoleic,  475. 

Acid  Salicylic  and  AniUne  Colours, 
Detection  of,  in  Foods,  22. 

Acid  Salicylic  as  a  Buccal  Disin- 
fectant, 214. 

Acid  SalicyUc  Dressings,  Assay  of, 
230. 

Acid  Tartaric,  Detection  and  De- 
termination of  Pb.  in  (Gadais), 
103. 

Acid  Thorium  Urate,  440. 

Acids,  Fatty,  of  Castor  Oil,  478. 

Acokanthera  abyssinica  in  German 
East  Africa,  202. 

Aconite  Root  and  Preparations, 
U.S. P.  Standards  for,  397. 

Aconitine,  New  Reaction  for,  15. 

Aconitum  napellus,  Cultivation  of, 
305. 

Acorus  calamus  Root  in  India 
(D.  Hooper),  172. 

Adam,  P.  :  Petroleum  Products, 
279. 

Adrenaline  Ointmoat,  227. 

Adrenaline,  Therapeutics  of,  172. 


508 


INDEX. 


Adulterant  of  Pepper  (Erviop),  186. 

Adulterated  Civet,  GO. 

Adulterated  Cream  of  Tartar  (Mill- 
iard), 70. 

Adulterated  East  Indian  Sandal 
Oil,  153. 

Adulterated  Eucalyptus  Oil  (Ben- 
nett), 73. 

Adulterated  French  Lavender  Oil, 
103. 

Adulterated  Lemon  Grass  Oil,  106. 

Adulterated  Lycopodium,  201. 

Adulterated  Turpentine  Oil,  Detec- 
tion of  Petroleum  and  Pine-tar 
Oil  in,  165. 

Adulterated  Vanillin,  165. 

Adulteration  of  Alimentary  Sub- 
stances with  Powdered  Almond 
Sliell,  316. 

Adulteration  of  Antipj-rine  with 
PjTamidon,  135. 

Adulteration  of  Beeswax  Detected 
by  Examining  Colom-ing  Matter, 
45. 

Adulteration  of  Cananga  Oil  with 
Coconut  Oil  and  Resin,  55. 

Adulteration  of  Lavender  Oil  with 
Ethyl  Succinate  and  Spanish 
Lavender  Oil,  102. 

Aerva  javanica  in  Burma,  179. 

Ahmed-Hussein :  Detection  of 
Sodium  Silicate  in  Soap,  154. 

Ahrens,  C. ,  and  P.  Hett  :  Tests  for 
Storax,  157. 

Airol  as  a  Diagnostic  in  Carious 
Aiu"al  Inflammation,  173. 

Alboni,  — :  Active  Principles  of 
Cecropia  peltata,  58. 

Albumin  in  Urine,  Detection  and 
Determination  of  (Bellocq),  15. 

Alcock,  F.  H.  :  Ash  of  Myrrh,  422. 

Alcock,  F.  H.  :  Compomid  Tincture 
of  Gentian,  423. 

Alcock,  F.  H.  :  Modifi^J  Umballi- 
ferone  Test,  165. 

Alcock,  F.  H.  :  Volumetric  Deter- 
mination of  BaClo,  45. 

Alcohols,  Colour  Reactions  for 
(Gu^rin),  16. 

Alcohols,  Primary,  Secondary  and 
Tertiary,  Xew  Method  of  Dis- 
tinguishing (Sabatier  and  Send- 
crens),  17. 

Aldehydes  and  Ketones,  Determi- 
nation of,  by  Neutral  Sulphite 
Method  (Schimmels),  17. 

Alkaline  Antiseptic  Solution,  X.F., 
227. 


Alkaline  Fluorides,  Detection  of,  in 

Meat  Foods,  17. 
Alkaliverdin,    Colouring   Matter   of 

Sarracenia  purpurea,  18. 
Alkaloid^    Mydriatic,     in     Lactuca 

muralis,  101. 
Alkaloid,  New,  from  Lupinua  poly- 

phylliis,  109. 
Alkaloidal  Assav  of  Cinchona  Bark 

(S.  C.  Gadd),^471. 
Alkaloidal     Assay     of     Belladonna 

Leaves  (Forsberg),  46. 
Alkaloidal    Assay    of    Extract    of 

Belladonna      Leaf      (Farr      and 

Wright),  234. 
Alkaloidal  Assay  of  Liquid  Extract 

of  Cinchona  (E.  S.  Hooper),  245. 
Alkaloidal   Assay   of   Nux   Vomica 

Extract  (Bourquelot),  272. 
Alkaloids,    Determination   of,   with 

Potassium  Bismuth  Iodide,  18. 
Alkaloids,   Mydriatic,    Solanaeeous, 

Occurrence  of,  in  Different  Plants, 

115. 
Alkaloids  of  Corydalis  cava  and  C. 

aolida  Herb  (Gadamer  and  Haars), 

69. 
Alkaloids     of     Datura      inetel,     D. 

arborea,    D.    quercifolia    and    D. 

stramonium  (E.  Schmidt),  115. 
Alkaloids  of  Lupins,  109. 
Alkaloids    of    Opium,    Criticism    of 

B.P.  Monographs  on  (Dott),  120. 
Alkaloids  of  Zygadernus  venenosus, 

168. 
AUanbekia  stuhlmannii   in  German 

East  Africa,  203. 
AUyl     and     Propenyl     Groups     of 

Arouiatic  Compounds,  Differenti- 
ation of.  24. 
Almatenia,  174. 
Almond  ,Aleal,  2:13. 
Aloes,  AloinosL',  the  Sugar  of,  20. 
Aloes,     Compound     Decoction     of. 

Concentrated,  447. 
Aloes,    Detection    and    Differentia- 
tion  of,   in   Compound   Rhubarb 

Pills  (Fausett),  227. 
Aloes,   Valuation  of  (Tschirch  and 

Hoffbauer),  19. 
Aloinose,  Sugar  of  Aloes,  20. 
Aloy,   J.,    and   A.    Frebault :     Pre- 
paration   of    Picramic    Acid    and 

Determination  of  K.  with,  130. 
a-Thujone,  162. 
Althcea    officinalis,    Cultivation    of, 

307. 
Altingia  excelsa  Balsam,  178. 


INDEX. 


509 


Alvarez,    E.    P.  :  New   Colour   Re- 
actions for  Polyphenols,  133. 
Alvarez,  E.  P.  :   New  Reaotion  for 

Aconitine,  15. 
Alvarez,  E.  P.  :    New  Reagent  for 

Potassium,  134. 
Ammonia  in  Water,  New  Reaction 

for   (Trillat   and   Turchet),    1(57  ; 

(Cavalier  and  Arthus),  168. 
Animonium  Acetate  and  Cinchona 

Extract,  Incompatibility  of,  229. 
Ammonium    Acetate    and    Citrate, 

Behaviour     of,     with     Cinchona 

Alkaloids  (Lyons),  243. 
Amomiim  inula  Fruit,  Essential  Oil 

of,  21. 
Aynorpha  fnictuosa.  Essential  Oil  of, 

21. 
Ana?sthesine    for    JNIouth    Diseases, 

174. 
Anal   Fissure,   Compound  Applica- 
tion of  Ichthyol  for,  257. 
Analysis  of  Compound  Tincture  of 

Camphor  (Bird),  459. 
Anderson,    W.    C.  :     Formation    of 

MgO  from  JMagnesium  Carbonate 

by  Heat,  and  tlie  Effect  of  Tem- 
perature on  the  Product,  109. 
Anethol,     Polymerization     of,     by 

Keeping,  22. 
Angostura  Copaiba  (Schimmels),  69. 
Aniline  Colours  and  Salicylic  Acid, 

Detection  of,  in  Foods  (La  Wall), 

22. 
Aniline  Colours,  Toxicity  of  Certain, 

293. 
Animal  Charcoal  as  on  Antidote  to 

Naphthols,  294. 
Anthemis    nobilis.    Cultivation    of, 

310. 
Antipest,    a    Domestic    Insecticide, 

294. 
Antipyrine  and  Pyramidon,  Separa 

tion  of,  174. 
Antipyrine,  Determination  of,  witli 

Picric  Acid,  22. 
Antiseptic    Action    of    Kava-kava 

Resin,  200. 
Antiseptic  Solution,  N.F.,  229. 
Antiseptic  Vapour,  294. 
Ants  at  Syrup  Jars,  To  get  rid  of, 

294. 
Apiol,  Dill-,  and  Parslev-  (Thorns), 

23. 
Apiimorphine  Brojnethylate,    190. 
Appert,  — ,  and  Jaffe  :    Red  Colour 

of  Urine  after  Administration  of 

Pyramidon,  211. 


Application,  Camphor,  for  Itching, 
296. 

Application  for  Perspiring  Hands, 
295. 

Application  for  Warts,  295. 

Apricot  Tree  Gum,  French,  24. 

Aquilaria  agallocha,  178. 

Arctium  lappa.  Essential  Oil  of,  24. 

Argentine  Mustard,  204. 

Aristol,  Adulterated,  24. 

Arnicated  Cream,  277. 

Aromatic  Compoiuids,  Differentia- 
tion of  Allyl  and  Proponyl 
Groups  of,  24. 

Arrow  Poison  of  the  Lukarets  of 
the  Lado  Territory,  25. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of  (Bird),  36. 

Arsenic,  Detection  of,  in  Official 
Drugs  (Dunstan  and  Robinson), 
25  ;  (Mann),  38  ;  (Naylor  antl 
Chappel),  38. 

Arsenic,  Determination  of,  in  Mi- 
nute Quantity  (Cowley  and  Cat- 
ford),  41. 

Ai'senic  in  HgOo  Solution,  42. 

Arsenic  in  Reduced  Iron,  Detection 
and  Limit  for  (C.  A.  Hill  and 
J.  C.  Umney),  42. 

Arsenic  in  Sodium  Phospliate,  43. 

Arsenic,  New  Method  of  Separa- 
tion, 43. 

Arsenious  Iodide,  Notes  and  Criti- 
cisms on  (Cowley  and  Catford), 
489. 

Artemisia  annua.  Essential  Oil  of, 
43. 

Artemisia  herba  alba.  Essential  Oil 
of,  44. 

Arthus,  — ,  and  —  Cavalier  :  New 
Reaction  for  NH3  in  H,0,  168. 

Artificial  Musk  Solutions,"  295. 

Arundo  donax  in  Burma,  179. 

Aseptic  Infusions  (Currie),  258. 

Ash  of  Calabar  Bean  (Keblcr),  118. 

Ash  of  Coca  Leaves  (Kebler),  118. 

Ash  of  Digitalis  Leaves  (Kebler), 
118. 

Ash  of  Ipecacuanha  (Kebler),  118. 

Ash  of  Jaborandi  (Kebler),  118. 

Ash  of  Myrrh  (Alcock),  422. 

Ash  of  Nux  Vomica  (Kebler),  118. 

Ash  of  Stramonium  Leaves  and 
Seeds  (Kebler),  118. 

Aspidium  filix-mas.  Cultivation  of, 
312. 

Assay  of  Iodoform  (Utz),  97. 

Assay  of  Iodoform  Dressing  (Utz), 
98. 


510 


INDEX. 


Assay  of  Iodoform  Gauze  (Grimbcrt), 

262. 
Assay  of  Jfedicated  Dressings  (ICre- 

inel),  229. 
Assay  of  Rhamnus  frangula   Bark 

(Warin),  144. 
Assay     of     Rhubarb     and     Aloes 

(Tschirch  and  Cristofoletti),  145. 
Asthma  Cures,  295. 
Astlima  Fumigating  Powders,  295. 
Astlima  Papers,  295. 
.\stiiic,    A.  :      Piperazine    Glycero- 

phospliates,  132. 
Atoxyl,  174. 
Atropa   belladonna,    Cultivation   of, 

311. 
Atropa  belladonna.     See  also  under 

Belladonna. 
Atropine   Methyl   Bromide,   Thera- 
peutics of,  175. 
Aufrecht,  —  :    Va.senol,  288. 
Aufrecht,  —  :    Vitose,  288. 
Aya-Pana,  True  and  False,  175. 


B. 


Bachhousia  citriodora.  Essential  Oil 
of,  44. 

Bacteria  in  Plasters,  281. 

Baliia  Copaiba  (Schimmels),  68. 

Baker,  R.  T.,  and  H.  G.  Smith  : 
Constituents  of  Essential  Oils  of 
Eucalyptus  of  Various  Species,  73. 

Balland,  —  :  Baobab  Kernels,  44. 

Balm  of  Columbia,  296. 

Balmain's  Phosphorescent  Mass, 
316. 

Balsam,  Gurjun,  Collection  of,  in 
Cochin  Cliina,    195. 

Balsam,  Peruvian,  in  Ointments, 
231. 

Balsam,  Peru\ian,  White,  128. 

Baobab  Kernels,  Constitutents  of, 
44. 

Barbados  Lime  Oil,   107. 

Barbaloin,  Constitution  of  (Jowett 
and  Potter),  45. 

Barljier,  — ,  and  A.  Robin  :  jNletal- 
lic  Ferments  and  Colloidal 
Metals  for  Pneumonia,  203. 

Bardet,  — :  Precautions  in  Com- 
poiuiding  Orthoform,  275. 

Barger,  G.  :  Saponarin,   153. 

Barille,  — :  Incompatibility  of 
Cherry  Laurel  Water  with 
Alkaloidal  Solutions,  243. 

Barium  Chloride,  Volumetric  Deter- 
mination of,  45. 


Bark  Mixtiu-es,  Manipulation  of, 
231. 

Baroni,  F.  :  Hypodermic  Injection 
of  Iron,  256. 

Baroni,  F.  :  Test  for  Neutrality  of 
Glass  Bottles,  253. 

Basic  Bismuth  Gallate  Dressings, 
Assay  of,  231. 

Battandier,  J.  B.  :  Colour  Reac- 
tions for  Quinine  and  Quinidine, 
136. 

Batelle,  F.  :  Toxicity  of  Red  Blood 
Corpuscles  of  Various  Animals  on 
the  Rabbit,  321. 

Bay  Berries,  Bermudan,  Essential 
Oil  of,  47. 

Bayne,  S.  :  Carbolic  Salve,  296. 

Beebe,  S.  P.,  and  B.  H.  Buxton  : 
Formation  of  Fat  from  Albiunin 
by  Bacilli,  299. 

Beeswax,  Detection  of  Adultera- 
tion by  Examination  of  Colour- 
ing matter,  45. 

Beeswax,  Indian  (D.  Hooper),  45. 

Beeswax,  Saponification  Value  of, 
46. 

Belladonna  Leaf,  Acetic  Extract  of 
(Dohme),  226. 

Belladonna  Leaf,  Alkaloidal  Assay 
of  (Forsberg),  46. 

Belladonna  Leaf  and  Root,  Pow- 
dered, JVIicroscopieal  Characters 
of,  237. 

Belladonna  Leaf  Extract,  Alcoholic, 
Powdered,  Standardized  (Farr 
and  Wright),  232. 

Belladonna  Leaf  Extract,  For- 
mula of  Xew  Codex  for,  231. 

Belladonna  Root,  Exhaustion  with 
Alcohol  (E.  Hooper),  235. 

Belladonna  Root,  Powdered  Alco- 
holic Extract  of.  Standardized 
(Farr  and  Wright),  236. 

Belladonna,  Standards  for,  in  the 
U.S. P.,  398. 

Belladonna,  Standardization  of 
Preparations  of  (Naylor),  361. 

Bellenoux,  E.  S.  :  Calcium  Nitrate 
as  Manm-e,  296. 

Bellier,  J.  :  Detection  of  other 
Oils  in  Nut  Oil,   118. 

Bellocq,  H.  :  Detection  and  Deter- 
mination of  Albumin  in  Urine,  15. 

Bennett,  C.  T.  :  Eucalj-ptus  Oil 
Adulterated  with  Castor  Oil,  73. 

Bennett,  C.  T.,  and  J.  C.  Unmey  : 
Essential  Oil  of  Eucalyphis  poly- 
bracteata,  80. 


INDEX. 


511 


Bennett,  C.  T.,  and  J.  C.  Umney  : 

Essential  Oils  of  the  U.S. P.,  404. 

Bennett,  C.  T.,  and  J.  C.  Umney  : 

Sicilian  Peppermint  Oil,  126. 
Bennett,  C.  T.,  and  J.  C.  Umney  : 
Suggested   Characters  and  Tests 

for  Cod  Liver  Oil,  64. 
Bentin,  — ,  and  —  Troeger  :  Essen- 
tial Oil  of  Pinus  strobns,  132. 
Benzoin  Lotion,  296. 
Benzoinated  Paraffin,  238. 
Berheris  aristata,  B.  lycium  and  B. 

asiatica  as  Sources  of  Rusot,  212. 
Borgamot    and    other    Citrus    Oils 

(Burgess  and  Page),  47. 
Borgell,     — ,     and     R.      Psehorr  : 

Euporphine,    Apomorphine    Bro- 

methylate,  190. 
Bergh,  G.  F.  :  New  Alkaloid,  from 

Lxipinus  polyphylhis  Seeds,  109. 
Berlinia    eminii    in    German    East 

Africa,  202. 
Bermudan    Bav    Berries,    Essential 

Oil  of,  47. 
Bertherand,   — ,   and  R.   Gaultier  : 

Magnesium   Peroxide    for    Diar- 

vhcB-A,  201. 
Berti,  E.  :  New  Process  for  Deter- 
mination of  xVldehydes  in  Lemon 

Oil,  105. 
Bertini,  L.  :  Almatenia,  174. 
Bertrand,      G.  :      New      Sugar      in 

Mountain  Ash  Berries,  157. 
Beryl,  New  Element  in,  47. 
Beslier,  —  :  Sterilization  of  Catgut 

with  Benzol,  241. 
iS-Eucaine  Lactate,  176. 
/3-Naphthol  as  a  Vermifuge,  176. 
iS-Thujone,  162. 
Biltz,   A.,   and  H.   Thoms  :    White 

Peruvian  Balsam,  128. 
Biochemical      Standardization       of 

Drugs,  387. 
Birch  Buds,  Essential  Oil  of  (Von 

Soden  and  EIze),  48. 
Bird,   F.   C.   J.  :   Analysis  of  Com- 

poimd  Tincture  of  Camphor,  459. 
Bird,     F.     C.     J.  :     Detection     of 

Arsenic,  36. 
Bischoff,    — :    Balsam    of   Peru    in 

Ointments,  231. 
Bismuth  /:f-Resorcylate,  48. 
Bismuth  Gallate,  Basic,  Dressings, 

Assay  of,  231. 
Bismuth  Meta-oxybenzoate,  48. 
Bismuth  Oxysalicylate,  49. 
Bismuth  Para-oxybenzoate,  48. 
Bismuth  Salts  of  Organic  Acids,  48. 


Bitter   Almonds,   Essential   Oil   of. 

Manipulation    of    the    CI    Test, 

49. 
Bitter  Ox'ange  Flowers,  Formation 

of  Essential  Oil  in,  49. 
Bitter    Orange   Prevents    Thalleio- 

quin  Reaction  in  Quinine  Wine, 

282. 
Black  Ink  for  Brass  Stamps,  302. 
Bleach  for  Nails,  313. 
Blomberg,    J.    jun.  :   Quinine  Pills, 

282. 
Blood  Acid-Albumin    Preparations, 

238. 
Boa,    P.  :    Liniment    of    Potassium 

Iodide  with  Soap,  268. 
Board  of  Agriculture,  Order  of,  on 
'■•  Sheep  Dips,     298. 
Baus,    — :     Calcium    Chloride    for 

Bleeding  Hjemorrhoids,  181. 
Boissel,    — :    Frothing   Powder   to 

Facilitate  talcing  Nauseous  Medi- 
cines, 252. 
Bondong,  A.  :  Hirudin,   196. 
Bone  and  Malt  jMixture,  239. 
Bonjean,    C.  :    Arsenic    in    Sodium 

Phosphate,  43. 
Borassus    flabelliformis.    Sugar    of, 

158. 
Boric     Acid,     Detection     of,     with 

Tincture  of  Mimosa  Flowers,  50. 
Boric  Acid  Dressings,  Assay  of,  229. 
Borneo  Camphor,  Collection  of,  by 

the  Malays,  176. 
Bornyl    Valerianate   as   a   Nervous 

Seclative,  178. 
Bornyval,  178. 
Botanical     Source     of    Derbyshire 

Valerian,  220. 
Bottles,  Test  for  Neutrality  of,  253. 
Bougault,  J.  :  Detection  of  Sodium 

Salts    by   Modified    Fi-emy's  Re- 
agent,  155. 
Bourcet,  P.  :  Detection  of  Pyrami- 

don    as   an   Adulterant   of   Anti- 

pyrine,   135. 
Bourciuelot,  E.  :    Nux  Vomica  Ex- 
tract of  the  new  Codex,  271. 
Bourciuelot,    E.  :     Sugar    of    Cocos 

nucifei-a  and  of  Borassus  flabelli- 
formis,  158. 
Bourquelot,  E.,  and  H.   Herissey  : 

General  Presence  of  Trehalaso  in 

Fungi.  163. 
Boyd,  A.  :  Preparation  of  Camphor 

Liniment,  240. 
B.P.C.  :   Appointment  of  Research 

Sub-Committee,  380. 


512 


INDEX. 


B.P.C.  :  Attendance  List  at  Brigh- 
ton, 1905,  354. 

B.P.C.  :  Bell  and  Hills  Fund,  Finan- 
cial Statement,  382. 

B.P.C.  :  Bell  and  Hills  Fimd, 
Presentation  of  Books  from,  499. 

B.P.C.  :   Constitution,  328. 

B.P.C.  :   Election  of  Officers,  501. 

B.P.C.  :   Excursion  to  Arimdel,  504. 

B.P.C.  :   Financial  Statement,  381. 

B.P.C.  :  Foreign  and  Colonial 
Members,  329. 

B.P.C.  :  General  Business,  498. 

B.P.C.  :  General  Meeting,  356. 

B.P.C.  :  Home  Members,  332. 

B.P.C.  :  Honorary  Members,  329. 

B.P.C.  :  Letters  of  Apologies  for 
Absence,  370. 

B.P.C.  :   List  of  Papers,  382. 

B.P.C.  :   Nomination  Form,  328. 

B.P.C.  :  Obituary,  373. 

B.P.C.  :   Officers,  351. 

B.P.C.  :  Order  of  Business,  1905, 
3.52. 

B.P.C.  :  Place  of  Meeting  for  1906, 
500. 

B.P.C.  :   Presidential  Address,  358. 

B.P.C.  :  Programme  of  Proceedings, 
1905,  351. 

B.P.C.  :  Reception  of  Delegates, 
377. 

B.P.C.  :  Report  of  Executive  Com- 
mittee, 379. 

B.P.C.  :  Research  List,  1905,  323- 
30. 

B.P.C.  :  Rules,  329. 

B.P.C.  :   Social  Gatherings,  502. 

B.P.C.  :  Thanks  to  Local  (Brighton) 
Committee,  501. 

B.P.C.  :  Transactions,  327-505. 

B.P.C.  :  Visitor  from  the  Cape,  384. 

B.P.C.  :   Votes  of  Thanks,  502. 

Brachin,  A.  :  Lactase  in  the  Vege- 
table Kingdom,   100. 

Brandt,  W.,  and  C.  Mannich  :  Sub- 
stitution of  Heteropteris  pcmci- 
flora  Root  for  Tpecacuanlia, 
197. 

Brass   Stamps,  Black  Ink  for,  302. 

Brassica  alba  and  B.  nigra.  Culti- 
vation of,  307. 

Brassica,  Various  Species  of,  found 
in  Mustard  Seeds,  204. 

Brauns,  D.  H.  :  Caper-rutin  in 
Capparis  sptnosa,  55. 

Brainis,  D.  H.  :  Quercitrin,   130. 

Brauns,  D.  H.  :  Sophorin  in  Sophora 
japonica,  156. 


Brieger,  L.,  and  M.  Eo-ause  : 
Spear  Poison  from  the  Came- 
roons,   150. 

Brietenstein,  A.  :  Equisetum  ar- 
vense  as  a  Diuretic,  180. 

Bromine  Absorption  Equivalent  of 
Fats,  New  Method  of  Deter- 
mining, 51. 

Bromo-methyl-heptyl  Ketone,  52. 

Briiguiera  gymnorhiza  in  German 
East  Africa,  202. 

Bruhat,  J.,  and  H.  Dubois,  Per- 
borates, 127. 

Brvmel,  L.  ;  Thymomentliol,  103. 

Bruni,  G.,  and  E.  Tornani  :  Differ- 
entiation of  Allyl  and  Propenjl 
Groups  of  Aromatic  Compounds, 
24. 

Brunker,  J.  E. :  Results  obtained 
from  the  analyses  of  the  analysts 
of  the  Poor-Law  Union  of  Ireland 
in  the  year  ending  March  31, 
1905,  494. 

Brunner,  H.  :  Primula  Camphor, 
1.35. 

Bryonia  dioica.  Cultivation  of, 
308. 

Buddlein  aftiatica  in  Burma,  179. 

Buffalo  j\Iilk,  Lactose  in,  53. 

Buisson,  — :  Maple  Sugar,  110. 

Burgess,  H.   E.,  and  T.   H.   Page  : 

Bergamot  and  other  Citrus  Oils, 
47. 

Burmese  Drugs  (Hooper),  178. 

Burmese  Storax,  178. 

Busse,  W.  :  Jledicinal  Plants  in 
German  East  Africa,  201. 

Buxton,  B.  H.,  and  S.  P.  Beebe  : 
Formation  of  Fat  from  AUju- 
min  by  Bacilli,  299. 

C. 
Cacao   Butter,   Beha\iour  of,   with 

Certain  Compoimds,  239. 
Cacao-butter  Soap  Dentifrices,  239. 
Caffeine,  Hypodermic  Injection  of, 

240. 
Cajuput  Oil,  Green  Colour  of  (Prin- 

son-Geerling),  53. 
Calabar   Bean   Preparations,    Stan- 
dardization of  (Naylor),  307. 
Calcivun      Chloride      for      Bleeding 

Haemorrhoids,  181. 
Calcium  Nitrate  as  Manure,  296. 
Calomelol,    Ointment  and   Dusting 

Powder,  240. 
Calophyllum  inophyUum,  Fixed  Oil 

of  Seeds  of,  53. 


INDEX. 


513 


Calumba,  Concentrated  Infusion  of 

(Cripps),  442. 
Calumba     Root,     so-called      False 

(Holmes),  181. 
Calycanthine  (Gordin),  53. 
Camphor   Application   for   Itching, 

296. 
Camphor,     Borneo,     Collection     of, 

170. 
Camplior,       Compound       Tincture, 

Analysis  of,  459. 
Camphor,     Detei'mination     of,     in 

Liniment  of  Camplior  (Lothian), 

55. 
Camphor  Liniment  (Bovd),  240. 
Camphor  JNlilk,  241. 
Camphor  Snow,  241. 
Cananga      Oil      Adulterated      with 

Coconut  Oil  and  Re.sin,  55. 
Candle,  Stramonium,  295. 
Cantoni,    H.,    and    J.    Chauterus : 

New  iVIethod  of    Separating    Ar- 
senic, 43. 
Caper-rutin  in  Capparis  spinosa,  55. 
Capparis  ffavicans  and  C.  hastirjern 

in  Burma,  179-180. 
Capparis   spinosa,    Caper-rutin    in, 

55. 
Capsicum  Counter-irritant,  241. 
Capsicum,  Liquid  Extract,  453. 
Capsicum  Ointment,  455. 
Capsicum  Ointment,  Lanoline,  455. 
Capsicum  Parafifin  Liniment,  241. 
Capsicum,  Pharmacy  of  (Gerrard), 

451. 
Capsicum  Plaster,  456. 
Capsicum  Wool,  455. 
Capsules,    Ferrous    Carbonate    for, 

472. 
Capsules,  Two  Part,  Gelatin,  filling 

with  Liquid,  252. 
Carawaj'  Oil,  Constituents  of,  55. 
Carbolic  Acid  and  Soft  Soap  Sheep 

Dip,  299. 
Carbolic  Acid  Dres.sings,  Assay  of, 

230. 
Carbolic  Acid  in  Hypodermic  Injec- 
tions, 181. 
Carbohc  Salve  (Bayne),  296. 
Cardamoms,  Compound  Tincture  of 

(Lucas  and  Stevens),  247. 
Carette,   H.  :     Quinine   Hydrochlo- 
rides, 138. 
Carica    papaya.    Elixir     of    (Kirch- 

gessner),  249. 
Carnation  Pink  Sachet  Powder,  318. 
CartJmmiis    tinctorius    Fruit,    Fixed 

Oil  of,  56. 


Cascara  Sagrada,  Chemical  Exami- 
nation of  Bark  ( Jowett),  56. 

Cascarilla,  Infusion  of.  Concen- 
trated (Cripps),  442. 

Caspari,  C.  E.  :  Determination  of 
Codeine  in  Opium,  65. 

Castor  Oil  (Finnemore  and  Deane), 
473. 

Castor  Oil,  Suggested  Official  Cha- 
racters and  Tests  for  (Nash),  57. 

Catechin  and  Acacatechin,  57. 

Catford,  J.  P.,  and  R.  C.  Cowley  : 
Determination  of  Arsenic  in 
Minute  Quantity,  41. 

Catford,  J.  P.,  and  R.  C.  Cowley  : 
Notes  and  Criticisms  on  Arseni- 
ous  Iodide,  489. 

Catgut,  Sterilized  (Grimbert),  284. 

Catgut,  Sterilization  of,  with  Ben- 
zol, 241. 

Cavalier,  — ,  and  —  Arthus  :  New 
Reaction  for  NH3  in  HoO,  168. 

Cavwipore  Rape,  204. 

Cecropia  peltata.  Active  Principles 
of,  58. 

Cecropic  Acid,  58. 

Cecropidine,  58. 

Cecropine,  58. 

Cephalophine,  182. 

Ceriops  candolleana  in  German  East 
Africa,  202. 

Cliap  Salve,  297. 

Chappel,  E.  J.,  and  W.  A.  H. 
Naylor  :  Detection  of  Arsenic  in 
Official  Drugs,  38. 

Charabot,  E.,  and  G.  Laloue  :  For- 
mation of  Essential  Oil  in  an 
Annual,  200. 

Charabot,  E.,  and  G.  Laloue  :  For- 
mation of  Essential  Oil  in  Bitter 
Orange  Flowers,  49. 

Charta  Sinapis  (Gerrard),  242. 

Chaulmoogra  Liniment,  242. 

Chaulmoogra  Oil,  Pharmacy  of,  242. 

Chaulmoogra  Oil  Spirit,  242. 

Chaulmoogra  Ointment,  242. 

Chaulmoogra  Plaster,  242. 

Chauterus,  J.,  and  H.  Cantoni  : 
New  Method  of  Separatinor  Ar- 
senic, 43. 

Chemical  Plant-food,  297. 

Chemistry,  13-168. 

Chemistry  and  Pharmacy  of  Viola 
odorata  Leaves,  466. 

Chenopodium  album  in  Burma,  1 80. 

Cherry  Laurel-water  and  Alkaloidal 
Solutions,  Incompatibility  of, 
243. 

L   L 


514 


INDEX. 


Chovallier,  — ,  and  —  Pouchot  : 
Physiological  Action  of  Valerian 
Juice,  220. 

Cliithee,  179. 

Clilopin,  E.  W.  :  Toxicity  of  Cer- 
tain Aniline  Colours,  293. 

Cliloivthoforni,  182. 

('lilori)f.)rni  as  an  Antidote  to 
Nitrous  Oxide  Poisoning,  183. 

Cliloroforin  as  a  T:cnifuge,  182. 

Chochar,  213. 

Choline,  the  Toxin  of  Epilepsy,  297. 

C  iristofoletti,  —  :  Determination 
of  Oxymethyl-anthraquinono 

Constituents  in  Purgative  Drugs, 
123. 

Christofjletti,  — ,  and  A.  Tschirch  : 
Rhubarb  and  Aloes,  Assay  of, 
145. 

Chromogenous  Ethers  in  Lichens, 
Test  for,  209. 

Chrysarobin,  Compound  Ointment 
of  (Dreuw),  243. 

Cider  Must,  Preparation  of,  from 
Sterilized  Apples,  297. 

Cinchona,  Acid  Infusion  of  Con- 
centrated (Cripps),  442. 

Cinchona  Alkaloids,  Behaviour  of, 
with  Solutions  of  Ammonium 
Acetate  and  Citrate  (Lyons),  243. 

Cinchona  Bark,  Assay  of  (S.  C. 
Gadd),  471. 

Cinchona  Bark,  Determination  of 
Quinine  in  (Vigneron),  137. 

Cinchona  Extracts,  Incompatibility 
of,  with  Antipyretics,  244. 

Cinchona,  Liquicl  Extract  of  (E.  S. 
Hooper),  244. 

Cinchona  Preparations,  Standard- 
ization of  (Naylor),  362. 

Cinnamomum  loureirii,  Essential 
Oil  of,  59. 

Cinnamomum  tarnalam  Burma,  179. 

Cissampdos  pareira  in  Burma,  180. 

Citrate  of  Iron  and  Quinine  in 
Mixtures,  245. 

Citronolla,  Essential  Oil  of,  Oflicial 
Testing  in  Ceylon,  59. 

t;itroptone  of  Lemon  Oil,  59. 

Civet,  Adulterated,  60. 

Clausina  anisnta  in  German  East 
Africa,  203. 

Cleary's  Asthma  Fumigating  Pow- 
der, 296. 

Clement,  E.  :  Formic  Acid  for 
Muscular  Trembling.  193. 

Cloetta,  —  :  Digalene,  Soluble  Digi- 
toxin,  184. 


Cloves,  Essential  Oil  of,  Refractive 

Index  of,  60. 
Cobalt,   New   Reaction   for   (Pozzi- 

Escot),  61. 
Coca,  Standards  for,  in  the  U.S. P., 

398. 
Cocaine    and   Morphine,    New    Re- 
actions of  (Reichard),  61. 
Cochleuria    armoracia.     Cultivation 

of,  307. 
Cochlospermum  gos.sypium.  Gum  of, 

183. 
Coconut  Soap,  Neutral,  283. 
Coco.t  nucifera.  Sugar  of,  158. 
Cod  Liver  Oil  (Gane),  (Liverseego), 

62. 
Cod   Liver   Oil,   Kremel's  Reaction 

for  (Schamelhout),  64. 
Cod    Liver    Oil,    Suggested    Official 

Characters  and  Tests  for  (Umney 

and  Bennett),  64  ;  (Parry),  65. 
Codeine,   Determination   of  Opium 

in  (Caspari),  65. 
Coffea  arahica  var.  stuhlmannii,  C. 

sanguehnricce  and  C.  schumannii 

in  German  East  Africa,  201. 
Coignet,  — :    Enesol,  185. 
Colchicum  Corm,  U.S. P.  Standards 

for,  398. 
Colchicum  Seeds,  Acetic  Extract  of 

(Dv)hme),  226. 
Colcothars,  Analysis  of,  66. 
Cold  Cream  (Hodges),  240. 
Cold  Cream,  Petroleiun,  277. 
Ci)ld-water  Starch  and  Gloss,  304. 
Cold  Water  Starch,  Licjuid,  304. 
C;.llie,    J.     N.  :     Methyl    Fluoride, 

113. 
Collin,  E.  :    Erviop,  a  Pepper  .Vdul- 

terant,  186. 
Collin,  E.  :    Powdered  Almond  Shell 

as  an  Adulterant  of  Alimentary 

Substances,  316. 
Collyrium,  Oily,  of  Eserine,  251. 
Colour      Reactions      for      Alcohols 

(Gucrin),  16. 
Colovu"  Reactions  for  Tungsten,  164. 
Comanducci,  E.  :   New  Reaction  for 

Formic  Acid,  15. 
Commercial     Samples     of     Official 

Galenicals     (H.     W.     and     S.     C. 

Gadtl),  273. 
Composition      of      Dentifrices      as 

Affected    bj'    Recent    Investiga- 
tions in  Dental  Science,  385. 
Compound  Elixir  of  Pepsin,  276. 
Compound     Ichthj'ol      Application 

for  Anal  Fissiae,  257. 


INDEX. 


515 


Compound     Licorice     Powder     (J. 

Evans),  267. 
Compound  Mixture  of  Chloral  and 

KBr  (Jackmann),  246. 
Compound  Pill  of  Galbanum,  253. 
Compound    Tincture    of    Camphor, 

Analysis  of  (Bird),  459. 
Compound  Tincture  of  Cardamoms 

(Lucas  and  Stevens),  247. 
Compound     Tincture     of     Gentian 

(Alcock),  423. 
Compoimding    Orthoform,    Precau- 
tions in,  275. 
Concentrated  Infusions  (H.  Deane), 

259  ;      (G.     E.      Pearson),     261  ; 

(Cripps),  441. 
Concentrated    Todo- Syrup    for    the 

Preparation  of  lodotannic  Svrup, 

264. 
Confection      of      Senna     (Lenton), 

247. 
Conine    and    Nicotine,    Distinctive 

Reactions  of  (Reichard),  67. 
Conine,    Sparteine     and     Nicotine, 

Tests  for  (Reichard),  116. 
Conium    Fruit,    U.S.  P.     Standards 

for,  398. 
Conium  maculatwn.  Cultivation  of, 

368. 
Conium  maculatum.  Essential  Oil  of, 

67. 
Conium  Ointment  (Lenton),  248. 
Conium  Preparations.  Standardiza- 
tion of  (Naylor),  368. 
Constitution  of  Barhaloin   (Jowett 

and  Potter),  45. 
Constitution   of   Dill-  and   Parsley- 

Apiol  (Thoms),  23. 
Convallaria,  Therapeutics  of,  183. 
Conversion    of    Isopilocarpine    into 

Pilocarpine  (Jowett),  98. 
Copaiba  Balsam,  Angostura  (Scliim- 

meFs),  69. 
Copaiba     Balsam,     Bahia     (Schim- 

mels),  68. 
Copaiba  Balsam,  Para   (Schimmels), 

68. 
Copaiba      Balsam,     Surinam     (van 

Itallie),  68. 
Copaiba  Balsams  (Schimmels),  68. 
Copaiba  Mixtures,  Manipulation  of 

(Wyatt),  248. 
Copper  Citrate  Rods  for  Ophthal- 
mic Work,  248. 
Copper  Laundry  Ink,  303. 
Copper  Sulphate  for  Purification  of 

Water  Supplies,  69. 
Copying  Ink,  Green,  303. 


Cormimboeuf,  H.  :  Analysis  of  Col- 
cothars,  66. 

Cormimboeuf,  H.  :  Detection  of 
Traces  of  Fe  in  MnOo,  1 10. 

Oorydalis  cava  and  C.  solida  Herb, 
New  Alkaloids  from  (Gadamer 
and  Haars),  69. 

Coryza,  Formane  for,  192. 

Cosmetic  Soap  Paste,  Petrolatum, 
315. 

Cotargite,  270. 

Cotton.     See  W^ool. 

Cowley,  R.  C,  and  J.  P.  Catford  : 
Arsenious  Iodide,  Notes  and  Cri- 
ticisms, 489. 

Cowley,  R.  C,  and  J.  P.  Catford  : 
Determination  of  Arsenic  in 
Minute  Quantity,  41. 

Crampton,  C.  A.  :  Detection  of 
Palm  Oil  in  Other  Oils,  123. 

Crayons,  Copper  Citrate,  248. 

Crayons,  Permanganate,  277 

Cream,  Arnicated,  277. 

Cream  of  Tartar,  Adulterated  (Mil- 
lard), 70. 

Cream  of  Tartar,  Detection  and 
Determination  of  Pb.  in  (Gadais), 
103. 

Cream,  Petroleum,  277. 

Cream,  Witch  Hazel,  277. 

Creme  de  Cacao  for  the  Hair,  298. 

Creosotal  Pills,  248. 

Creosote  Wine,  249. 

Cripps,  R.  A.  :  Commercial  Con- 
centrated Infusions,  441. 

Cripps,  R.  A.  :  Concentrated  Com- 
pound Decoction  of  Aloes,  447. 

Croton  oblongifolius  in  Burma,  180. 

Crouzel,  E.  :  Incompatibility  of 
Ammonium  Acetate  and  Extract 
of  Cinchona,  229. 

Crouzel,  E.  :  Detection  of  FeS04 
in  CUSO4,  70. 

Cupric  Sulphate,  Detection  of 
FeS04  in,  70. 

Cuprocitrol  Rods,  248. 

CuiTie,  A.  :    A.septic  Infusions,  258. 

Cyanastrwm  sp.  in  German  East 
Africa,  202. 

Cypress,  Essential  Oil  of,  Consti- 
tuents of,  70. 

Cytisufi  scoparius.  Cultivation  of, 
"307. 

D. 

Dalche,  —  :  Fluid  Extract  of 
Senecio  vulgaris  for  Dyspepsia, 
214. 


516 


INDEX. 


Datura  metel,  D.  arborea,  D.  ^uerci- 
folia,  and  D.  stramonium.  Alka- 
loids of  (E.  Schmidt),   115.  I 
Datura  stramonium,  Cultivation  of, 

311. 
Datura  stramonium,  Indian,  97. 
Deane,    H.  :      Concentrated     Infu- 
sions, 259. 
Deane,    H.,    and    H.     Finnemore : 

Castor  Oil,  473. 
Decoctum    Aloes    Co.    Concentratum 

(Cripps),  447. 
Delta  Rays,  432. 
Delphinium     Seeds,     Tincture     of, 

(O'Xeil),  249. 
Deniges,     G.  :     Incompatibility     of 

Nirvanine  and  HgCU,  257. 
Dental  Caries,  Formalin  and  Gera- 
nium Oil  for,  300. 
Dentifrice,  Hydrogen  Peroxide  as, 

302. 
Dentifrice,  Miller's  Thymol,  320. 
Dentifrices  with  Cacao-butter  Soap, 

239. 
Derbyshire  Valerian  Root,  220. 
Derris  stuhlmannii  in  German  East 

Africa,  202. 
Detection  of  Saccharin  in  Beverages, 

151. 
Diacetyl-morpliine     Hydrochloride 

(Dott),  183. 
Dialopsis  africana  in  German  East 

Africa,  202. 
Diarrhoea,    Tinctm'e    of    Immature 

Oranges  for,  215. 
Diatoms,  Pure  Cultiu-es  of,  317. 
Diazo-reaction  of  Typhoid,  298. 
Dick,    A.    D.,    and    E.    W.    Lucas  : 

Official  Tinctures,  288. 
Digalene,  Soluble  Digitoxin,  184. 
Digestive  Power  of  Pepsin,  Deter- 
mination of  (Lucas),  275. 
Digitahs,       Acetic        Extract        of 

(Dohme),  226. 
Dill-Apiol,  23. 

Dionine  in  Whooping  Cough,  185. 
Dioscorea  hulbifera  in  Burma,  180. 
Diphenyl  Carbacide  as  a  Reagent 

for  Molvbdenum,  71. 
Dips  for  Sheep  Scab,  298. 
Di-sodic  Orthophosphate  as    Basis 
for  Permanganate  Crayons,  277. 
Dixon,       W.       E.  :       Bio-Chemical 

Standardization  of  Drugs,  387. 
Dohme,  A.  R.  S.  :  Acetic  Extracts, 

220. 
Doliclws       pseudo-pachyrrhizns      in 
German  East  Africa,  202. 


Dott,    D.    B.  :    Criticism    of    B.P. 

Monographs    on    Certain    Opium 

Alkaloids,   120. 
Dott,    D.     B.  :     Diacetyl-morphine 

Hydrochloride,   183. 
Dott,      D.       B.  :       Ethylmorphino 

Hydrochloride,  186. 
Dott,  D.  B.  :   Lithium   Citrate,  108. 
Dott,  D.  B. :  Mercuric  Zinc  Cyanide, 

486. 
Dott,  D.  B.  :   Opium  and  Tincture 

of  Opium,  Morphinometric  Assay 
of,  120. 
Dregea  ruhicunda  in  German  East 

Africa,  202. 
Dressings,  Jledicated  Assay  of,  229. 
Dressings,  New,  270. 
Dreuw  :      Compound     Chrysarobin 

Ointment,  243. 
Druce,  G.  C.  :  The  Flora  of  Sussex, 

426. 
Drugs,  Official,  Detection  of  Arsenic 

in  (Dunstan  and  Robinson),  25  ; 

(Bird),  30  ;  (Navlor  and  Chappel), 

38  ;  (Mann),  38. 
Dubois,   H.,   and   J.    Bruhat  :    Per- 
borates,  127. 
Duncan,    W.  :     Pill    Excipient    for 

Dried  Ferrous  Sulphate,  280. 
Duncan,  W.  :  Solubility  of  Quinine 

in     Ammonia     and      ^lethod     of 

Testing  Quinine  Sulphate,  140. 
Dunning,    H.    A.    B.,    and    N.    G. 

Keirle  :      Toxicity     of     Saponin 

and     its     Emploj-ment     as     an 

Emulsifj-ing  Agent,  318. 
Dunstan,  W.  R.,  and  H.  H.  Robin- 
son :     Detection    of    Arsenic    in 

Official  Drugs,  25. 
Dusting  Powder,  Calomelol,  240. 
Dusting  Powder,  Xcroform,  288. 
Dutch  Mustard,  204. 
Duyk,   —  :    Pumice  Powder  as  an 

Aid  to  Incineration,  97. 
Dyspepsia,  Fhiid  Extract  of  Sene- 

cio  vulgaris  for,  214. 
Dysentery,     Salol-coated     Pills     of 

Ipecacuanha  for,  283. 

E. 

Eau  de  Beaute  Cosmetic,  299. 
Edelfsen,  G.  :   Pepsin  Mixtm-e,  277. 
Elder      Flowers,      Stearoptene      of 
I        Essential  Oil  of,  71. 
Elemis,  Sunmiarv  of  Investigation 

of  (Tschirch  and  Saal),  71-72. 
Elephantopus  scaber  in  Burma,  180. 


INDEX. 


517 


Elixir  of  Carica  papaya  (Kirch- 
^essiier),  24!). 

Elixir  of  Gentian,  Glyceriiitited, 
N.F.,  253. 

Elixir  of  Glycerophosphates,  N.F., 
255. 

Elixir  of  Pepsin,  Conipountl,  270. 

Elze,  F.,  and  H.  von  Soden  : 
Essential  Oil  of  Birch  Buds,  48. 

Emery,  J.  A.  :  Determination  of 
Nicotine  in  Presence  of  Pyridine, 
117. 

Emetine  and  Cephaeline  Hydrochlo- 
ride, Therajieutic  Action  of(Ze2Df), 
185. 

Emollient  Skin  Balm,  299. 

Emodin,  Determination  of  (Warin), 
144  ;  (Tschirch  and  Cin'istofoletti), 
145. 

Emulsion,  Petroleum  (Niece),  277  ; 
(N.F.),  (McDonnell),  (Cook),  278. 

Emulsion  of  Petroleum  with  Hypo- 
phosphites,  278. 

Endermol,  249. 

Enesol,  Mercury  Salicylarsenate, 
185. 

Engels,  O.  :  Bornyl  Valerianate  as 
a  Nervous  Sedative,  178. 

English  Mustard,  204. 

English  Rosemary  Oil,  150. 

Enklaar,  C.  J.,  and  P.  von  Rom- 
burgh  :  Essential  Oil  of  Ocimum 
basilicum,  119. 

Epilepsy,  Choline  the  Toxin  of,  297. 

Equisetum  arvense  as  a  Diuretic, 
186. 

Erba,  C.  :  Quinine  Hydrochlorides, 
139. 

Ergot,  Acid  Tincture  of,  250. 

Ergot,  Extract  of  Formula  for,  in 
New  Codex,  250. 

Ergot,  Liquid  Extract  of,  of  New- 
Codex  (Grimbert),  250. 

Erlich's  Reaction  for  Typhoid,  298. 

Erviop,  a  Pepper  Adulterant,  186. 

Erythroplceum  guiniense  in  German 
East  Africa,  202. 

Eserinol,  Oily  Collyrium  of  Eserine, 
251. 

Essence  of  Pepsin  (Hynson),  277. 

Essential  Oil,  Formation  and  Dis- 
tribution of,  in  an  Annual,  300. 

Essential  Oil  of  Amomurn  mala 
Fruit,  21. 

Essential  Oil  of  Amorpha  fructuosa, 
21. 

Essential  Oil  of  Arctiuin  lappa,  24. 

Essential  Oil  of  Artemisia  anntia,4:3. 


Essential    Oil  of    Artemisia    herba 

alba,  44. 
Essential    Oil   of   Backhousia   citri- 

odora,  44. 
Essential    Oil    of    Bermudan    Bay 

Berries,  47. 
Essential  Oil  of  Betula  Icnta,  U.S. P. 

Characters  for,  409. 
Essential  Oil   of  Birch  Buds   (Von 

Soden  and  Elze),  48. 
Es.sential    Oil    of    Bitter    Almonds, 

Manipulation  of  the  Test  for  CI. 

in,  49. 
Essential    Oil    of    Bitter    Almonds, 

U.S. P.  Characters  for,  408. 
Essential     Oil     of     Bitter     Orange 

Flowers,  Formation  of,  49. 
Essential    Oil    of    Cajuput,    Green 

Cokuu'  of  (Prinsen  Geerling),  53. 
Essential    Oil    of    Cajuput,    U.S. P. 

Characters  for,  409. 
Essential   Oil  of  Cananga,   Adulte- 
rated with  Coconut  Oil  and  Resin, 

55. 
Essential    Oil   of   Caraway,   Consti- 
tuents of,  55. 
Essential    Oil    of    Caraway,    U.S. P. 

Characters  for,  410. 
Essential  Oil  of  Cinnamotnum  lou- 

reirii,  59. 
Essential  Oil  of  Citronella,  Official 

Testing  of,  in  Ceylon,  59. 
Essential  Oil  of  Cloves,  Refractive 

Index  of,  60. 
Essential     Oil     of     Cloves,    U.S. P. 

Characters  for,  410. 
Essential  Oil  of  Gonium  niacidatum. 

Fruits  and  Herb,  67. 
Essential    Oil    of    Copaiba    (Schim- 

mels),  69. 
Essential    Oil   of    Copaiba,    U.S.P. 

Characters  for,  411. 
Essential  Oil  of  Coriander,  U.S.P. 

Characters  for,  411. 
Essential    Oil    of    Cubebs,    U.S.P. 

Characters  for,  412. 
Essential    Oil    of    Cypress,    Consti- 
tuents for,  70. 
Essential     Oil    of    Elder    Flowers, 

Stearoptene  of,  71. 
Essential  Oil   of  Erigeron,   U.S.P., 

412. 
Essential  Oil  of  Eucalyptus,  Adulte- 
rated with  Castor  Oil,  73. 
Essential  Oil  of  Eucalyptus,  Thera- 
peutics of  (E.  M.  Holmes),  187. 
Essential  Oil  of  Eucalyptus,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  412. 


518 


INDEX. 


Essential  Oil  of  Eucalyptus  poly- 
bractcata  (J.  C.  Umney  and  C.  T. 
Bennett),  80. 

Essenticil  Oil  of  Fennel,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  412. 

Essential  Oil  of  Fagara  octandra,  80. 

Essential  Oil  of  French  Camphor 
Leaves,  102. 

Essential  Oil  of  Geranium  and  For- 
malin for  Dental  Caries,  300. 

Essential  Oil  of  Hedeoma,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  413. 

Essential  Oil  of  Inula  graveolens,  97. 

Essential  Oil  of  Juniper  Borries, 
Russian,  100. 

Essential  Oil  of  Juniper,  U.S.P. 
Cliaracters  for,  413. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lavender,  Frencli, 
Adulterated,  103. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lavender  Flowers, 
U.S.P.  Characters  for,  413. 

Essential  Oil  of  Ledum  paltistre, 
Stearoptene  of,  104. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lemon,  Citroptene 
of,  59. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lemon,  New  Pro- 
cess for  Aldehj'de  Determination 
(Berti),  105. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lemon  Petit-grain, 
106. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lemon,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  414. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lemongrass,  Adul- 
terated with  Citronella  Oil,  106. 

Essential  Oil  of  Lignaloe,  Charac- 
ters of,  107. 

Essential  Oil  of  Limes,  Barbados, 
107. 

E.ssential  Oil  of  Matico  (Thoms),  1 10. 

Essential  Oil  of  Monarda  didyma, 
115. 

Essential  Oil  of  jMustard,  Determi- 
nation of,  in  Commercial  Mustard 
Seeds,  205. 

Essential  Oil  of  Mustard,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  418. 

Essential  Oil  of  Nikkei,  59. 

Essential  Oil  of  Nutmeg,  B.P. 
Characters  for,  119. 

Essential  Oil  of  Nutmeg,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  415. 

Essential  Oil  of  Ocimum  basilicum. 
119. 

Essential  Oil  of  Opoponax,  121. 

Essential  Oil  of  Orange,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  409. 

Essential  Oil  of  Patchouli,  Consti- 
tuents of,  125. 


Essential  Oil  of  Peppermint,  French, 
125. 

Essential  Oil  of  Peppermint,  Javan, 
125. 

Essential  Oil  of  Peppermint,  Sici- 
lian, 126. 

Essential  Oil  of  Peppermint,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  414. 

Essential  Oil  of  Phellandrium  aqua- 
ticum,  128. 

Essential  Oil  of  Pine  Tar,  Finnish, 
131. 

Essential  Oil  of  Pimento,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  415. 

Essential  Oil  of  Pinus  utrobus,  132. 

Essential  Oil  of  Pinus  sylvestri< 
Buds,  131. 

Essential  Oil  of  Pseuxlotsuga- mucro- 
nata,  122. 

Essential  Oil  of  Raspberry,  144. 

Essential  Oil  of  Rose,  Characters  of 
(Schimmels),  147  ;  (Jeancard 
and  Satie),  148  ;   (Simmons),  149. 

Essential  Oil  of  Rose,  French  (Jean- 
card  and  Satie),  148. 

Essential  Oil  of  Rose,  Iodine  Ab- 
sorption Value  of  (Simmons),  149. 

Essential  Oil  of  Rose,  U.S.P.  Cha- 
racters for,  416. 

Essential  Oil  of  Rosemary,  English 
and  Spanish,  150. 

Essential  Oil  of  Sandal  Wood,  East 
Indian,  in  Capsules,  Adulterated, 
153. 

Essential  Oil  of  Sandal  Wood, 
U.S.P.  Characters  for,  417. 

Essential  Oil  of  Sandarach  Wood, 
153. 

Essential  Oil  of  Sassafras,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  418. 

Essential  Oil  of  Savin  (Ziegehnann), 
153. 

Essential  Oil  of  Savin,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  417. 

Essential  Oil  of  Tanacetum  boreale, 
159. 

Essential  Oil  of  Tea-rose,  148. 

Essential  Oil  of  Tetranthera  poly- 
antha  var.  citrata,  159. 

Essential  Oil  of  Thyme,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  418. 

Essential  Oil  of  Turpentine,  Detec- 
tion of  Adulteration  in  (MacCand- 
less),  164. 

Essential  Oil  of  Turpentine,  Greek, 
165. 

Essential  Oil  of  Wintergreen,  U.S.P. 
Characters  for,  412. 


INDEX. 


519 


Essential  Oil,  Proportion  of,  ia 
Comiiierfial  ^Mustards,  205. 

Essential  Oils  of  Eucalyptus,  Con- 
stituents of,  of  Various  Species 
(Baker  and  Smith),  73. 

Essantial  Oils  of  th?  U.S.P.,  401. 

Essential  Oils,  Toxicity  of,  in  the 
Living  Cell,  .321. 

Ethyl  Succinate  as  Adulterant  of 
Lavender  Oil,  102. 

Ethvlmorphine  H y  d r  o  cli  1  or  i  de 
(Dott),  186. 

Eucalyptus  ozcidentalis  Bark,  78. 

Eucalyptus  Oil  Adulterated  with 
Castor  Oil  (Bennett),  73. 

Eucalyptus  Oils,  Constituents  of, 
of  Various  Species  (Baker  and 
Smith),  73. 

Eucalyptus  Oils,  Therapeutics  of 
(E.  M.  Holmes),  187. 

Eucalyptus  p'jlyhi'acteat'-i.  Essential 
Oil  of  (J.  C.  Umney  and  Bennett), 
80. 

Euguform  and  Euguform  Gauze 
and  Wool,  271. 

Euguform  Paint,  251. 

Eupatorium,  africanum  in  Ger.nan 
East  Africa,  203. 

Euphorbia  antiquorum  in  Burma, 
180. 

Euporphine,  Apomorphine  Brjme- 
thylate,  190. 

Euquinine  in  Mixtures,  251. 

Evans,  J.  :  Compound  Licorice 
Powder,  267. 

Exodin  (Merck),  190  ;  (Zernik), 
191. 

Extract  of  Belladonna  Leaf,  For- 
mula of  New  Codex  for,  231. 

Extract  of  Belladonna  Leaf,  Alco- 
holic, Powdered,  Standardized 
(Farr  and  Wright),  232. 

Elxtract  of  Belladoiuia  Root,  Pow- 
dered, Alcoholic  (Farr  and 
Wright),  236. 

Extract  of  Capsicum,  Liquid,  453. 

Extract  of  Ergot  of  New  Codex, 
250. 

Extract  of  Hyoscyamus  of  the  New 
Codex,  256. 

Extract  of  Maize  Stigmata,  268. 

Extract  of  Malt  Soap,  305. 

Extract  of  Nux  Vomica  of  New 
Codex,  271. 

Extract  of  Pariera,  Liquid  (Green- 
ish), 275. 

Extra- 1  of  Taraxacum,  Liquid  (Len- 
ten)   268. 


F. 

Farjara  octandra.  Essential  Oil  of, 
80. 

False  Calumba  Root,  So-called, 
181. 

False  Yohimbi  Bark,  191. 

Farr,  E.  H.,  and  R.  Wright  :  Pow- 
dered Alcoholic  Extract  of  Bella- 
donna Leaf,   Standardized,    232. 

Farr,  E.  H.,  and  R.  Wright  :  Pow- 
dered Alcoholic  Extract  of  Bella- 
donna Root,  Standardized,  23(>. 

Fat,  Formation  of,  from  Albumin 
by  Bacilli,  299. 

Fat  of  Seeds  and  Seed-Hairs  of 
Nux  Vomica  ;  and  of  Preparations 
of  Nux  Vomica,   470. 

Fats,  New  Method  for  Determinin,;^ 
Bromine  Absorption  Value  of, 
51. 

Fats,  Rancid,  Detection  of,  in 
Alimentary  Substances,  143. 

Fatty  Acids  of  Castor  Oil,  478. 

Fawsett,  T.  :  Detection  and  Differ- 
entiation of  Aloes  in  Compound 
Rhubarb  Pills,  227. 

Faj^olle,  Villiers,  Maynier  de  la 
Source  and  Rocrjues  :  Detection 
of  Saccharin  in  Beverages,   151. 

Fendler,  G.  :  Examination  of  Com- 
mercial Lecithins,   104. 

Fendler,  G.  :  Fixed  Oil  of  Seeds  of 
Calophyllum  inophyllum,  53. 

Fendler,  G.  :  Fixed  Oil  of  Cartha- 
771  us  ti7ictorius,  50. 

Fendler,  G.  :  Fucol  not  an  Efficient 
Substitute  for  Muscular  Trem- 
bling,  193. 

Feronia  clephantum  Gmn,  191. 

Ferric  Chloride  Dressings,  Assay  of, 
229. 

Ferric  Vanadate  ;  Ferrozon,  192. 

Ferrous  Carbonate  for  Capsules, 
472. 

Ferrous  Chloride,  Pill-excipient 
for,  280. 

Ferrous  Sulphate,  Dried,  Pill-Exci- 
pient  for,  280. 

Ferrozon,  192. 

Fibrolysin,   192. 

Filling  Ointments  into  Collapsible 
Tubes.  274. 

Filmaron,   192. 

Finnemore,     — ,     and     —     ^^  ade  : 

Chlorethoform,   182. 
Finnemore,     H.,     and    H.     Deanc  : 
Castor  Oil,  473. 


520 


INDEX. 


Finnisli  Pine  Tar  Oil,  131. 
Fischer's  Astliina  Powder,  2\)6. 

Fisli  Oils,  Characters  of  (Liver- 
seogo),  53. 

Fixed  Oil  of  Seeds  of  Calophyllum 
inophijllum,  53. 

Fjellaiider,  A.  G.  :  Dionine  iii 
Whooping  Coiigli,  185. 

Flu'/ellaria  indica  in  German  East 
-Urica,  202. 

Fleiirent,  E.  :  Determination  of 
Pliosphoric  Acid  in  Food,  12'J. 

FInoi-Wax,   304. 

Florti  of  Sussex,  426. 

Fluid  Extract  of  Senecio  vulrjaris 
for  Dyspepsia,  214. 

Fluorides,  Alkaline,  Detection  of, 
in  Meat  Foods,   17. 

Fosnicuium  capillaceum.  Cultiva- 
tion of,  308. 

Foot  Powder,  300. 

Foreign  Seeds  in  Mustard,  205. 

Formalin  and  Geranium  Oil  for 
Dental  Caries,  300. 

Formalin  Cotton,  252. 

Formalin  Gauze  and  other  Forma- 
lin Dressings,  252. 

Formane  for  Coryza,   192. 

Formation  and  Distribution  of 
Essential  Oil  in  an  Annual,  300. 

Formation  of  Fat  from  Albumin  by 
Bacilli,  299. 

Formic  Acid  for  Muscular  Trem- 
bling, 193. 

Formic  Acid,  New  Reaction  for,  J  5. 

Formula  for  Inks,  302. 

Forsberg,  W.  C.  :  Alkaloidal  Assay 
of  Belladonna  Leaves,  46. 

Frabot,  C.  :  Colour  Reactions  for 
Tungsten,    164. 

Frebaidt,  A.,  and  J.  Aloy  :  Picra- 
inic  Acid,  New  Piocess  for  Pre- 
paration of,  and  Determination 
of  K.  with,   130. 

Frencii  Apricot-tree  Gum,  24. 

French  Camphor  Leaves,  Essential 
Oil  of,   102. 

French  Peppermint  Oil,  125. 

French  Rose  Oil  (Jeancard  and 
Satie),   148. 

Fritz,  G.  and  R.  :  Potassium  Sul- 
phoguaiacolate,  211. 

Froidevaux,  J.  P.  :  Detection  of 
Alkaline  Fluorides  in  Meat  Foods, 
17. 

Frothing  Powder  to  facilitate  tak- 
ing of  Nauseous  Medicines,  25*2. 

Fruit  Vinegars,  301. 


Fucol   not   an   Eflficient   Substitute 

for  Cod  Liver  Oil,   193. 
Fulmcr,  E.  :  Reaction  of  Lard  from 

Cotton      Seed      Meal-fed      Hogs, 

with  Halphen's  Test,  102. 
Fumigating  Preparations,  Asthma, 

295. 
Fungi,  Trehalase  in,    163. 
Furniture  Polish,  Paraffin,  314. 

G. 

Gadais,  L.  and  J.  :  Detection  and 
Determination  of  Pb.  in  Cream 
of  Tartar  and  Tartaric  Acid,  103. 

Gadamer,  J.,  and  O.  Haars  :  New 
Alkaloids  from  Corydalia  cava 
and  C.  aolida  herb,  69. 

Gadd,  H.  W.  :  Chemistry  and  Phar- 
macy of  the  Leaves  of  Viola 
odorata,   466. 

Gadd,  H.  W.  and  S.  C.  :  Com- 
mer  ial  Samples  of  Official  Gal- 
enicals, 273. 

Gadd,  S.  C.  :  Laboratory  Notes  on 
Nux  Vomica  Seeds ;  the  Assay  of 
Cinchona  Bark,  and  the  Manu- 
factiu-e  of  Ferrous  Carbonate, 
470. 

Galbanum  Pill,  Compound  (D.  A. 
Young),  253. 

Galenicals,  Standardization  of,  358. 

Galimard,  J.  :  Keratin  in  Eggs  of 
Ringed  Snake,  303. 

Gane,  E.  H.  :  Cod  Liver  Oil,  62. 

Gans,  J.,  and  L.  Vanino  :  Phos- 
phorescent Pastes  and  Masses, 
316. 

Garcinia  livingstonei  and  G.  busaei 
in  German  East  Africa,  203. 

Gardal  Mustard,  204. 

Gardenia  turgida  in  Burma,  179. 

Gardner,  C.  T.  H.  :  Water  Dis- 
placement in  Preparation  of 
Tinctures,  286. 

Garsed,  W.  :  Qiunine  Acid  Hydro- 
chloride, 419. 

Gaaertolobiuni  bidens  and  G.  poly- 
atachum  from  West  Australia, 
221. 

Gaul  tier,   R.,   and  —  Bertherand  : 
Magnesium    Peroxide    for    Diar- 
rhaea,  201. 
Gauze,  Euguform,  271. 
Gauze,  Iodoform,  Assay  of  (Grim- 

bert),  262. 
Gauze,  Isoform,  271. 
Gauze,   Quinine  Lygosinate,    271 
Gauze,  Stypticine,  270. 


INDEX. 


521 


Gauzes,  Medicated,  Assay  of,  "22!). 
Gelatine  Capsules,  Two-pai"t,  Filling 

with  Liquid,  252. 
Gelatin  Ovules  (Grinibert),  253. 
Gentian,     Compound    Infusion     of, 

Concentrated  (Cripps),  443. 
Gentian,     Conipoiuid     Tincture     of 

(Alcock),  423. 
Gentian,   Glycerin  Elixir   of,   N.F., 

253. 
German  Mustard,  204. 
German  Opium,  200. 
Gerrard,    A.    W.  :    Charta    slnapi.s, 

242. 
Gerrard,     A.      \V.  :     Pharmacy     of 

Capsicum,  451. 
Geinayel,  M.  :  Kola  Granules,   205. 
Gies,  \\.  J.,  and  G.  M.  Meyer,  Alka- 

li\ertlin  in  Sarracenia  purpurea, 

18. 
Glass  Bottles,   Test  for  Neutrality 

of,  253. 
Gloriosa  supcrba  in  Biu'ma,   17'J. 
Glycerin-Camphor  Ice,  301. 
Glycerin  Jelly,  254. 
Glycerin  of  Lead  Acetate  (Lotliiau), 

254. 
Glycerin     Suppositories,     De\-elop- 

ment  of  Red  Colour  in,  255. 
Glycerinated     Elixir     of     Gentian, 

N.F.,  253. 
Glycerophosphates,     Elixir,     N.F., 

255. 
Glycosal    for    Acute    Rheumatism, 

193. 
Golden  Seal,   193. 
Gonococci,  Stain  for,  301. 
Gordin,  H.  JM.  :  Calvcanthine,  53. 
Gordon,  F.  T.  :  Ricin  Soap,  282. 
Granules,  Kola,  265. 
Greek  Turpentine  Oil,   105. 
Green  Copying  Ink,  303. 
Greenish,  H.  G.  :   Linimentum  Hy- 

drargyri,  268. 
Greenish,  H.  G.  :  Lic^uid  Extract  of 

Pareira,  275. 
Greenish,  H.  G.  :  Pilula  Ferri,  281. 
Greenish,    H.    G.  :    Suggested    Im- 
provements   in    Certain     Official 

Syrups,  285. 
Grimal,      E.  :      Essential      Oil      of 

Sandarach  Wood,   153. 
Grimbert,    J.    :     Podophyll  n       and 

Belladonna  Pills,  281.' 
Grimbert,     L.  :     Arsenic    in     HoOo 

Solution,  42. 
Grimbert,    L.  :     Extract    of    Bella- 
donna (Leaf),  of  New  Codex,  231. 


Grimbert,  L   :  Extract  of  Ergot  ot 

New  Codex,  250. 
Grimbert,   L.  :   Exti-act  and   Syrup 

of  Maize  Stigmata,  268. 
Grimbert,  L.  :  Extract  of  Hyoscya- 

mus  of  the  New  Codex,  256. 
Grimbert,  L.  :  Gelatin  Ovviles,  253. 
Grimbert,    L.  :    lodotaniiic    Syrup, 

203. 
Grimbert,    L.  :    Liquid    Extract    of 

Ergot  of  New  Codex,  250. 
Grimbert,    L.  :    Saline    Solution    of 

Gelatin,  283. 
Grimbert,     L.  :     Sterilized     Catgut, 

284. 
Griserin,   195. 
Gruene,   H.  :    Phosphorescent   Zinc 

SiUphide,  129. 
Guaiacum  Lozenges  for  Tonsilitis, 

256. 
Guerin,    G.  :    Colour   Reactions   for 
*■' Alcohols,   16. 

Guigues,    P.  :     Thalleioc[uin    Reac- 
tion Prevented  by  Bitter  Orange 

in  Quinine  Wine,  282. 
Gum     of     Stereospermum     euphori- 

oides,  215. 
Gurjun    Balsam,    Collection    of,    in 

Cochin  China,   195. 
Guzerat  Rape  Seeds,  204. 
Gynocardic  Acid  Pills,  242. 

H. 

Haars,  O.,  and  J.  Gadamer  :   New 

Alkaloids    from    Corydalis    cava 

and  C.  solida  Herb,  69. 
Hair  Dves,  Paraphenylene  Diamine 

in,    124. 
Hair  Prejiaratious,  Paraffin,  314. 
Harlay,     M.  :     Saccharose    in    Offi- 
cinal Roots,  Rhizomes  and  Bulbs, 

152. 
Haronga     thaniculata     in     German 

East  Africa,  202. 
Hartwich,    C,    and    A.    Vuillemin  : 

Commercial  Mustard  Seeds,  204. 
Healing  Salve,  Universal,  322. 
Heat  Evolution  by  Radium,  434. 
Heckel,  E.  :   Origin  of  the  Potato, 

313. 
Heliotrope  Sachet  Powder,  318. 
Heliotropium  indicum  in  Biu'mah, 

180. 
Helium   and   Neon,  Amount   of,  in 

the  Atmosphei'e,   21. 
Hemm,    F.  :    Improved    Syrup    of 

Calcium  Lactophosphate,  285. 


522 


INDEX. 


Honbano    Preparations,    Standardi- 
zation of  (Naylor),   308. 
Henljano,  Sec  also  Hyosf-yanius 
Hc>|iatic'  Colic,  Sodium  Glycocholate 

for,  -214. 
Herb  Vinegar,  301. 
Herissey,  H.,  and  E.   Bourquelot  : 

General    Presence     of    Trehalase 

in  Fungi,   163. 
Herzog,  J.:  False  Yohiinbi  Bark,  191 
Heteropteris    pmiciflora    substituted 

for  Ipecacuanha,   197. 
Hctt,  P.,  and  C.  Ahrens  :  Tests  for 

Storax,  157. 
Hibiscus  sabdariffa,  195. 
Hill,    C.    A.,    and    J.    C.    Umney : 

Arsenic  in  Rfuluced  Iron,  42. 
Hills,  J.  S.  :  Physiological  Action  of 

Linum  catharticum,  201. 
Hills,    J.    S.,    and   W.    P.    Wynne  : 

Linin,  107. 
Hippol,  190. 
Hirudin,  196. 

Hodges,  M.  D.  :  Cold  Cream,  240. 
Hoenigschmeid,     — :    Amesthesine 

for  Moutli  Diseases,  174. 
Hoffbauer,    — ,    and    A.    Tschirch  : 

Valuation  of  Aloes,  19. 
Holdermann,    E.  :    Zinc    Borate    or 

Oxyljorate,    168. 
Holmes,     E.     M.  :     Cultivation     of 

Medicinal  Plants,  305. 
Holmes,  E.  M.  :  Bark  of  Eucalyi> 

tus  occidentalis,  78. 
Holmes,     E.     M.  :     Hibiscus     sab- 
dariffa,  1 95. 
Holmes,  E.  M.  :  Jaborandi  Leaves 

of  Commerce,   199. 
Holmes,   E.   M.  :   Poisonous   Plants 

from  West  Australia,  221. 
Holmes,    E.    M.  :     So-called    False 

Calumba  Root,  181. 
Holmes,    E.    M.  :    Therapeutics    of 

Eucalyptus  Oils,  187. 
Hooj)er,  D.  :  Acorus  calamus  Root 

in  India,   172. 
Hooper,   D.  :   Burmese  Drugs,   178. 
Hooper,  D  :  Constituents  of  Melia 

azadirachta  Leaves,   111. 
Hooper,  D.  :  Indian  Beeswax,  45. 
Hooper,  D.  :  Rusot,  212. 
Hooper,     D.  :     Trombidium     gran- 

dissimum,  217. 
Hooper,    Elsie    S.  :    Exhaustion    of 

Belladonna    Root    with    Alcohol 

235. 
Hooper,  Elsie  ^S. :  Liquid   Extracts 

of  Cinchona,  244. 


Houda,  J.  :   Skimmianine,    154. 
Hydrastis,    U.S. P.    Standards    for, 

399. 
Hydriodic       Acid,       Glycerol        of 

(Kirchgessner),  256. 
Hydrogen    Peroxide    as     a    Denti- 
frice, 302. 
Hydrogen    Peroxide    Solution,    Ar- 

seni '-  in,  42. 
Hynson,  H.   P.,  Essence  of  Pepsin, 

277. 
Hynson,  H.    P.  :    Filling  Two-part 

Gelatin    Capsules    with    Liquid, 

252. 
Hyoscyamus  Extract  of   the    New 

Codex,  256. 
Hyoscyamus    muticus    and    Datura 

stramonium,  Indian,  97. 
Hyoscyam,U8   niger.    Cultivation   of, 

311. 
Hyoscyamus,      U.S. P.,      Standards 

for,  399. 
Hypodermic  Injection  of  Caffeine, 

240. 
Hypodermic  Injection  of  Iron,  256. 
Hypodermic    Injection    of    Phenol, 

181. 
Hypophosphorous     Acid     in     Dis- 
pensing, 257. 


Ice,  Glycerin-Camphor,  301. 

Ichthyol,  Com25ound  Application 
for  Aiial  Fissure,  257. 

Ichthyol  for  Scarlet  Fever,   196. 

Iconogene  as  a  Reagent  for  Potas- 
sium, 134. 

Incineration,  Pumice  Powder  as  an 
Aid  to,  97. 

Incompatibility  of  Ammonium 
Acetate  with  Cinchona  Extract, 
229. 

Incompatibility  of  Cherry  Laurel 
Water  witli  Alkaloitlal  Solutions, 
243. 

Incompatibility  of  Cinchona  Ex- 
tracts with  Antipyretics,  244. 

Incompatibility  of  Nervanine  and 
HgCl.,,  257. 

Indestructible  Ink,  302. 

Indian  Acorus  calamus,   172. 

Indian  Beesv%'ax,  45. 

Indian  Brown  Rape  Seed,  204. 

Indian  Hyoscyamus  muticus  and 
Datura  stramonium,  97. 

Indian  ^lustards,  204. 

Indigo  f  era  garckeana  in  German 
East  Africa,  202. 


INDEX. 


523 


Indoform,   197. 

Infusion  of  Calumba,  Concentrated, 
(Cripps),  442. 

Infusion  of  Cascarilla,  Concen- 
trated, (Cripps),  442. 

Infusion  of  Cinchona,  Acid,  Con- 
centrated (Csipps),  443. 

Infusion  of  Gentian,  Compound, 
Concentrated  (Cripps),  443. 

Infusion  of  Quassia,  Concentrated 
(Cripps),  444. 

Infusions,  Aseptic  (Currie),  258. 

Infusions,  Concentrated         (H. 

Deane),    259  ;    (G.    E.    Pearson), 
261  ;  (Cripps),  441. 

Injection,  Hypodermic,  of  Iron, 
256. 

Ink,  Black,  for  Brass  Stamps,  302. 

Ink,  Copper,  Ltxundry,   303. 

Ink,  CoiDving,  Green,  303. 

Ink  for  Porcelain  Jars,  303. 

Ink  for  Typewriter  Ribbons,    302. 

Ink  for  Zinc  Labels,  303. 

Ink  Fonnute,  302. 

Ink,  Indestructible,   302. 

Ink  Powder,  303. 

Ink,  Transfer,  Lithographic,  3()r). 

Insecticide,  Domestic,  294. 

Insoluble  Powders  in  Mixtures 
(Wyatt),  262. 

Introduction,   1-12. 

Inula  graveolens,  Essential  Oil  of, 
97. 

lodoeugenol  Gauze  and  Wool,  271. 

Iodoform,  Determination  of,  97. 

Iodoform  Dressings,  Assay  of,  229. 

Iodoform  Gauze,  Assay  of  (Grim- 
bort),  262. 

lodotannic  Syrup  (Grimbert),  (Vig- 
neron),  263  ;  (Wyatt),  (Martin). 
264. 

lodotannic  Syrup  Phosphated,  280. 

lodotannic  Wine,  Phosphated,  280. 

lodoterpin,  271. 

lodo-Syrup  for  the  Preparation  of 
lodotannic  Syrup,  204. 

lothion,    197. 

Ipecacuanha  Preparations,  Stan- 
dardization of  (Naylor),  363. 

Ipecacuanha  substituted  by  Hetcr 
opteris  pauci flora,  197. 

Ipecacuanlia,  U.S.  P.  Standards 
for,  399. 

Ishizaka,  —  :  Matrine  from  Sophora 
angiistifolia.    111. 

Isoform,   197. 

Isoform  Gauze,  271. 

Isophysostigmine,   198. 


IsopiloccU-pine,  Conversion   of,  into 

Pilocarpine  (Jowett),  98. 
Isopral,  198. 
Isopral  Mixture,  265. 
Iso-safrol,  Toxicity  of,  303. 
Itallie,   L.    van :    Powdered   Amber 

as  an  Adulterant  of  Lycopodium, 

201. 
Itallie,   L.    van  :    Surinam    Copaiba 

Balsam,  68. 


Jaborandi  Leaves  of  Commerce 
(E.  M.  Holmes),   199. 

Jaborandi  Preparations,  Stan- 
dardization of  (Naylor),  369. 

Jaborandi,  U.S. P.  Standards  for, 
400. 

Jaekman,  W.  F.  :  Compound 
Elixir  of  Pepsin,  276. 

Jaekman,  W.  F.  :  Compound  Mix- 
ture of  Chloral  and  Potassium 
Bromide,  246. 

Jaffc,  — ,  and  —  Appert :  Red 
Coloration  of  Urine  after  Ad- 
ministration of  Pyramidon,   211. 

Jalap,  U.S.P-.  Sttmdards  for,  400. 

Japan  Wax  (Parry),  98. 

Jac[uet,  —  :  Filmaron,   1 92. 

Javan  Peppermint  Oil,  125. 

Jeancard,  P.,  and  C.  Satie,  Essen- 
tial Oil  of  Rose,  French  and 
Bulgarian,   148. 

Jorissen,  A.  :  Potassium  Perman- 
ganate Pills,  281. 

Jowett,  H.  A.  D.  :  Bromo-methyl 
Heptyl  Ketone,  52. 

Jowett,  H.  A.  D.  :  Chemical  Ex- 
amination of  Cascara  Bark,  56. 

Jowett,  H.  A.  D.  :  Conversion  of 
Isopilocarpine  into  Pilocarpine, 
98. 

Jowett,  H.  A.  D.  :  Substances  hav- 
ing Analogous  Constitutioti  to 
Pilocarpine,    130. 

Jowett,  H.  A.  D.,  and  C.  E.  Potter, 
Constitution  of  Barbaloin,  45. 

Juglans  regia.  Saccharose  in,   100. 

Jumelle,  H.  :  Stereospermum,  eu- 
pJiorioides  Gum,  215. 

Juniper  Beri'ies,  Russian,  Essential 
Oil  of,  100. 

Juniperus  communis.  Cultivation 
of,  312. 

Juniperus  sabina.  Cultivation  of. 
312. 

K. 
Kalawbin,   179. 


524 


INDEX. 


Kapit  haimipiscum,  191. 
Katzensteiii,    M.  :    Coinijomid    Ich- 

tliyol       Application      for      Anal 

Fissure,  257. 
Kava-kava  Resin,  Antiseptic  Action 

of,  200. 
Kebler,   L.    F.  :   Nitrogen  and  Ash 

of  Certain  Drugs,   118. 
Kcirle,  H.  U.,  jun.,  and  H.  A.   B. 

Dunning :    Toxicity    of    Saponin 

and      its      Employment     as      an 

Emulsifying  Agent,  318. 
Keratin  in  Eggs  of  Ringed  Snake, 

;}03. 
Kerocloan,  Non-inflammable 

Cleanser,  304. 
Ketones     and     Aldehydes,     Deter- 
mination   of,     by    Neutral     Sul- 
phite Method  (Schimmels),   17. 
Kirchgessner,     W.     C.  :     Elixir     of 

Carica  papaya,  249. 
Kirchgessner,   W.    C.  :    Glycerol    of 

Hydriodic  Acid,  256. 
Kneipp's  Pills,  315. 
Koepke,   K.  :   Menthyl  Valerianate 

for  Sea  Sickness,  203. 
Kola  Granules,  2G5. 
Kopp,  A.  :  Vasenol,  288. 
Krause,  M.,  and  L.  Brieger  :  Spear 

Poison  from  tlie  Cameroons,  156. 
Kremel,    A.  :    Assay    of    Medicated 

Dressings,  229. 
Kremel's    Reaction    for    Cod   Liver 

Oil  (Schamelhout),  64. 
Kromayer,    — :     Lenigallol    Paste, 

267. 

L. 
Laboratory  Construction,  Amateur, 

479. 
Lactase  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom, 

100. 
Lactose  in  Buffalo  Milk,  53. 
Lacto.se,  New  Reacticju  for,   100. 
Lactuca    tnwalis.    Occurrence    and 

Distribution  of  Mydriatic  Alkaloid 

in,   101. 
Lai  i;re    — :    Therapeutics    of    Con- 

vallaria,    183. 
L  iloue,     G.,     and     E.     Charabot  : 

Formation    of    an    Essential    Oil 
in  an  Annual,  300. 
Laloue,     G.,     and     E.     Charabot  : 
Formation     of    Essential    Oil    in 
Bitter  Orange  Flowers,  49. 
Lami,  P.  :  Potassium  Percarbonate 
as  a  Source  of  O  and  HoOj,  134. 
Lanoline    Ointment    of    Capsicum, 
455. 


Lard  from  Cotton  Seed  Meal-fed 
Hogs,  Reaction  of,  with  Halphen's 
Te-st,  102. 

Laundry  Blue,   Liquid,    .304. 

Laundry  Blue,  Paste,  3ltl. 

L  lundry  Inl<,   C'opijcr,   303. 

L  lundry   Specialities,   304. 

Liuntiry  Starch-glaze  Powder,  304. 

Launtlry  \Vax-polish,   304. 

Laurus  camphora  Leaves,  Frencli, 
Essential  Oil  of,    102. 

Lavendc-r  Oil  Adulterated  with 
Ethyl  Succinate  and  Spanish 
Lavender  Oil,   102. 

Lavender  Oil,  French,  Adulterated, 
103. 

La  Wall,  C.  H.  :  Detection  of 
Aniline  Colours  and  Salicylic 
Acids  in  Foods,  22. 

Leach,  A.  E.  :  Composition  of 
Turmeric,  164. 

Lead  Acetate,  Glycerin  of  (Lothian), 
254. 

Lead,  Detection  and  Determina- 
tion of,  in  Cream  of  Tartar  and 
Tartaric  Acid  (Gadais),    103. 

Lead  Subacetate,  Strong  Solution 
of  (Merson),  265. 

Lebeau,  P.  :  Physical  Properties  of 
Propane,   135. 

Lecithins,  Commercial  Examina- 
tion of  (Fendler),    104. 

Lscoccj,  E.  :  Dephenylcarbacide  as 
a  Reagent   for   Molybdenum,  71. 

Ledum  palustre,  Stearoptene  of 
Essential  Oil  of,  104. 

Leger,  E.  :  Aloinose  the  Sugtir  of 
Aloes,  20. 

Leger,  E.  :  Methyl-nataloemodin 
and  Nataloemodin,   114. 

Lemaire,  P.  :  Detection  of  Adulter- 
ation of  Beeswax  by  examining 
the  Colouring  Matter,  45. 

Lemaire,  P.  :  Determination  of 
Antipyrine  with  Picric  Acid,  22. 

Lemaire,  P.  :  Disodic  Orthophos- 
phate  as  a  Basis  for  Perman- 
ganate Crayons,  277. 

Lemaire,  P.  :  Picric  Acid  for 
Chilblains,  316. 

Lsmeland,  P.  :  Cochlospermiim 
gossypium  Gum,    183. 

Lemeland,  P.  :  Feronia  clephantum 
Gum,    191. 

Lemeland,  P.  :  French  Apricot-tree 
Gum,  24. 

Lemon  Oil,  New  Process  of  Alde- 
hyde Determination  (Berti),  105. 


INDEX. 


525 


Lemon  Petit-grain  Oil,   lOG. 

Lemon  Vinegar,   30 1 . 

Lemongrass  Oil,   Adulterated  with 

Citrdnella  Oil,  106. 
Lenigallol  Paste,  267. 
Lenton,     W.     H.  :     Confection     of 

Senna,  247. 
Lenton,  W.  H.  :  Liquid  Extract  of 

Taraxacum,  268. 
Lenz's  Salt,  70. 
Leredde,  —  :  Acetic  Acid  for  Skin 

Applications,  283. 
Lesage,  J.  :  Animal  Charcoal  as  an 

Antidote  to  Naphthols,  294. 
Leuctna  glaiica  in  Burma,   180. 
Library  Paste,  White,  322. 
Lichens  used  in  Preparing  Orchil,    ^ 

208.  I 

Licorice     Powder,     Compound     (J.    I 

Evans),  267.  ! 

Liebrecht,  A.  :  Isoforni,   197.  1 

Lignaloe  Oil,  Characters  of,   107. 
Lime  and  Sulphur  Sheep  Dip,  298. 
Lime  Oil,  Barbados,  107. 
Limonia  acidissima,  179. 
Liniment  of  Camphor  (Boyd),  240. 
Liniment  of  Camphor,  Determina- 
tion of  Camphor  in  (Lothian),  55. 
Liniment  of  Chaulmoogra,  242. 
Liniment  of  Potassium  Iodide  with 

Soap  (Shuttleworth),  267  ;  (Boa), 

268. 
Liniment,    Paraffin,    of    Capsicum, 

241. 
Linimenfum     Hydrargyri     (H.      G. 

Grreenish),  268. 
Linin,  107. 

Linoleum  and  Floor  Wax,  304. 
Lint,   Stypticine,   270. 
Linum    catharticmn.     Physiological 

Action  of,  201. 
Lipol  Lip  Salve,  305. 
Licjuid  Cold-water  Starch,  304. 
Liquid  Extract  of  Cinchona  (E.  S. 

Hooper),  244. 
Liquid    Extract    of    Ergot  of    New 

Codex,  250. 
Liquid    Extract    of    Nux    Vomica, 

Fat  of,  471. 
Liquid    Extract  of  Pareira  (H.    G. 

Greenish),  275. 
Liquid      Extract     of      Taraxacum 

(Lenton),  268. 
Liquid    Extracts,  Table  of  Analyti- 
cal   Results    obtained    by    Irish 
Analysts,  497. 
Liquid  Laundry  Blue,  304. 
Liquid  Metal  Polish,  313. 


Liquors,  Table  of  Analytical  Re- 
sults obtained  by  Irish  Analysts, 
497. 

Litliium  Citrate  (Dott),  108. 

Lithographic  Transfer  Ink,  305. 

Li\-erseege,  J.  F.  :  Cod  Liver  and 
other  Fish  Oils,  62. 

Lobelia,  Acetic  Extract  of  (Dohme), 
227. 

Lomidse,  —  :  Stearoptene  of  Oil  of 
Ledum  palustre,  104. 

Lothian,  J.  :  Determination  of 
Camphor  in  Liniment  of  Cam- 
phor, 55. 

Lothian,  J.  :  Glycerin  of  Lead 
Acetate,  254. 

Lotion,  Benzoin,  296. 

Lozenges,  Guaiacum,  for  Tonsilitis, 
256. 

Lucas,  E.  W.  :  Determination  of  the 
Digestive  Power  of  Pepsin,  275. 

Lucas,  E.  W.,  and  A.  D.  Dick  : 
Tinctures,  Official,  288. 

Lucas,  E.  W.,  and  H.  B.  Stevens  : 
Compound  Tincture  of  Carda- 
moms, 247. 

Lundwik,  E.  :  Essential  Oil  of 
Fimiish  Pine  Tar,  131. 

Lupeol  in  Roitcheria  griffithiana 
Bark,   150. 

Lupin  Alkaloids,  109. 

Lupinus  polyphyllus.  New  Alkaloid 
from,   109. 

Lycium,  212. 

Lycopodium,  Powdered  Amber  as 
an  Adulterant  of,  201. 

Lyons,  A.  B.  :  Behaviour  of  Cin- 
chona Alkaloids  with  Solutions 
of  Ammonium  Acetate  and  Ci- 
trate, 243. 

M. 

Maben,  T.  :  Standardization  in  the 
New  U.S. P.,  394. 

MacCandless,  — :  Detection  of 
Adulteration  in  Turpentine  Oil, 
164. 

Magnesia,  Formation  of,  from  Mag- 
nesium Carbonate  by  Heat,  and 
the  Effect  of  Temperature  on  tlie 
Properties  of  the  Product,  109. 

Magnesium  Peroxide  for  Diarrhoea, 
201. 

Magnesium  Sulphate,  Synonyms 
for,  320. 

jMagnier  de  la  Source,  Villiers, 
Rocqvies  and  Fayolle  :  Saccharin 
in  Beverages,  151. 


526 


INDEX. 


Maize  Stigmata,  Extract  and  Svrup 

of,  268. 
Mallet  Bark,  78. 
Malt  Extract  Soap,  305. 
ilanganese    Dioxide,    Detection    of 

Traces  of  Iron  in,  110. 
Mann,  E.  W.  :   Detection  of  Arsenic 

in  Official  Drugs,  38. 
Mann,   H.  :     Artificial   Musk   Solu- 
tions, 295. 
Mannich,  C,  and  W.  Brandt :    Sub- 
stitution   of    Heteropteris    pauci 
flora  Root  for  Ipecacuanha,  197. 
Mantelin,     — :       Application     for 

Warts,    295. 
Manure,  Calcium  Nitrate  as,  296. 
Maple  Sugar,  110. 
Marpmann,  G.  :    Antiseptic  Action 

of  Kava-kava  Resin,  200. 
Martindale,  W.  H.  :    Further  Notes 

on  Radio-activity,  429. 
Masson,  V.  :    Manipulated  Smyrna 

Opium,  206. 
Materia  Medica,  109-221. 
Mathis,  —  :    Hydrogen  Peroxide  as 

a  Dentifrice,  302. 
Mathis,   — :     Neutral   Tooth   Pow- 
ders, 313. 
Matico  Oil  (Thorns),  110. 
Matricaria  chamomilla.  Cultivation 

of,  310. 
Matrine,  111. 

Meat,  Detection  of  Alkaline  Fluo- 
rides in,  17. 
Medicinal  Mite,  Trombidium  grand- 

iasimum,  217. 
Medicinal     Plants,     Cultivation     of 

(E.  M.  Holmes),  305. 
Medicinal   Plants   of  German   East 

Africa,  201. 
Melia   azadirachta   Leaves,    Consti- 
tuents of,  111. 
Members,     Foreign    and     Colonial, 

B.P.C.,  329. 
Members,  Home,  B.P.C.,  332. 
Members,  Honorary,  B.P.C.,  329. 
!Mendel,  F.  :    Hvpodermic  Injection 

of  Caffeine,  240. 
Mcnthyl    Valerianate   for    Sea-sick- 

ne.ss',  203. 
Menyanthes    tri/oliafa.    Cultivation 

of,  311. 
Mercuric  Chloride  Dressings,  Assay 

of,  230. 
Mercuric    Nitrate    Ointment    (Sna- 

vely),  269. 
Mercuric  Oxide,  Yellow,  Ointment 
of  (Schanz),  269. 


Mercuric  Zinc  Cyanide,  486. 

Mercury  Cvanide  as  a  Disinfectant, 
269. 

INIercury,  Detection  of,  in  Urine 
(Zenghelis),  111  ;  (Sonnie-Moret), 
112. 

Mercury  Liniment  (H.  G.  Greenish), 
268. 

Mercury  Salicylarsenate,  185. 

Mesotan,  Precautions  in  Prescribing 
and  Dispensing,  203. 

Metal  Polisli,  Liquid,  313. 

Metal  PoHshes,  313. 

Metallic  Ferments  and  Colloidal 
^letals  for  Pneumonia,  203. 

Methyl  Alcohol,  Detection  of,  in 
Presence  of  Ethyl  Alcohol,  113. 

Methyl  Fluoride,  113. 

Methylheptenone  in  Palmarosa  Oil, 
124. 

Methylnatalo-emodin  and  Natalo- 
emodin  (Leger),  114. 

Meyer,  G.  M.,  and  W.  J.  Gies  : 
AlkaUverdin  in  Sarracenia  pur- 
purea, 18. 

Microscopical  Characters  of  Pow- 
dered Belladonna,  Leaf  and  Root, 
237. 

Mignon,  —  :  Adrenaline  Ointment, 
227. 

Milk  of  Camphor,  241. 

Millard,  E.  J.  :  Adulterated  Cream 
of  Tartar,  70. 

:\Iiller's  Thymol  Dentifrice,  320. 

Mimosa  Flower  Tincture  to  Detect 
Boric  Acid,  50. 

MirheUa  racemosa  from  West  Aus- 
tralia, 221. 

Mixture,  Isopral,  265. 

Mixtiu-e  of  Chloral  and  KBr,  Com- 
pound (Jackman),  246. 

Mixture,  Pepsin,  277. 

Mixtures,  Citrate  of  Iron  and  Qui- 
nine in,  245. 

Mixtures,  Copaiba,  JIanipulation  of, 
248. 

Mixtures,  Insoluble  Powders  in,  262. 

Moissan,  H.  :  New  Synthesis  of 
Oxalic  Acid,  122. 

Moller,  J.  :    Atoxyl,  174. 

Molybdenum,  Diphenjdcarbacide  as 

a  Reagent  for,  71. 
Monarda  did y ma.  Essential  Oil  of, 

115. 
Montanari,     C.  :       Red     Colouring 

Matter  of  Tomato,  144. 
Moore,     G.     T.  :      Purification     of 
Water  Supplies  with  CUSO4,  69. 


INDEX. 


527 


Morgan,  G.  T.  :    Thorium  Salts  for 

Medicinal  Use,  160. 
jMorphine,  Reactions  of  (Reichard), 

61. 
Morphinonietric    Assay    of    Opium 

(Petit),  121. 
Morphinometric    Assay    of    Opiiun 

and  its  Tincture  (Dott),  120. 
Mourelo's     Phosphorescent      Mass, 

316. 
Muavi,  202. 
jNIucilagc    of    Acacia    (Pinchbeck), 

225. 
^luscular  Trembling,   Formic   Acid 

for,  192. 
Musk,  Artificial,  Solution  of,  295. 
Mustard  Seeds,  Commercial,  204. 
Mydriatic     Solanaceous     Alkaloids, 

Occurrence  of,  in  Different  Plants, 

115. 
Myrrh,  Ash  of  (Alcock),  422. 
jMjTrh,     Tincture     of.     Dispensing 

(Ruddiman),  270. 


N. 

Nail  Bleach,  313. 

Naphthols,  Animal  Charcoal  as  an 
Antidot3  to,  294. 

Naphthol-Camphor  a  Dangerous 
Drug,  205. 

Nasarow,  M.  S.  :  Ichthyol  for 
Scarlet  Fever,  196. 

Nash,  L.  Myddleton  :  Suggested 
Characters  and  Tests  for  Castor 
Oil,  57. 

Natalo-emodin  (Leger),  114. 

Naylor,  W.  A.  H.  :  Standardiza- 
tion of  Galenicals,  358. 

Naylor,  W.  A.  H.,  and  E.  J.  Chap- 
pel  :  Detection  of  Ar.senie  in 
Official  Drug:s,  38. 

Neon  and  Helium,  Amount  of,  in 
tlie  AtmosphiM'e,  21. 

Neumeyer's  Asthma  Powder,  296. 

Neutral  Tooth  Powders,  313. 

Neutrality  of  Bottles,  Test  for,  253. 

New  Dressings,  270. 

New  Element  in  Beryl,  47. 

New  Sugar  in  Movmtain  Ash  Ber- 
ries, 157. 

New  Tuberculin  Koch,  219. 

Nicolaicz,  A.  :    Hippol,  196. 

Nicotine  and  Conine,  Distinctive 
Reactions  of  (Reichard),  67. 

Nicotine,  Conine  and  Sparteine, 
Tests  to  Differentiate  (Reichard), 
116. 


Nicotine,  Determination  of,  in  Pre- 
sence of  Pyridine  (Emery),  117. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Capsicum  Counter- 
irritant  and  Capsicum  Paraffin 
Liniment,  241. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Domestic  Insecticide, 
294. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Glycerin  Camphor 
Ice,  301. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Non-infiammal>le 
Cleansing  Fluid,  304. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Paraffin  and  Walnut 
Hair  Stimulant,  314. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Paraffin  Furniture 
Polish,  314. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Paraffin  Hair  Pre- 
parations, 314. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :   Paraffin  Rouges,  315. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Perfumed  Paraffin 
Cakes,  315. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Petrolatum  Cosmetic 
Soap  Paste,  315. 

Niece,  F.  E.  :  Petroleum  Cold 
Cream,  277. 

Nim  Leaves,  Constituents  of.  111. 

Nirvanine  and  HgClo,  Incompati- 
bihty  of,   257. 

Nitrogen  Iodide  (Silberrad),  118. 

Nitrogen,  Presence  of,  and  Amount 
of  Ash,  in  Certain  Medicinal 
Plants  (Kebler),  118. 

Non-inflammable  Cleansing  Fluid, 
304. 

Notes  and  Formulaj,  291-322. 

Nut  Oil,  Detection  of  Other  Oils  in, 
118. 

Nutmeg,  Essential  Oil  of,  B.P. 
Characters  of,  119. 

Nux  Vomica  Extract  of  the  New 
Codex,  271. 

Nux  Vomica,  Fat  of  Seeds  and 
Seed-hairs,  470. 

Nux  Vomica  Preparations,  Stan- 
dardization of  (Naylor),  364. 

Nux  Vomica  Seeds,  Laboratory 
Notes  on  (S.  C.   Gadd),  470. 

O. 

Ocimum  basilicum.,  Essential  Oil  of, 

119. 
Ocimum  canum  in  Burma,  180. 
Ocimum    canum    in    German    East 

Africa,  203. 
(Enanthe  croca to.  Cultivation  of,  309. 
Official       Galenicals,       Commercial 

Samples    of    (H.    W.    and    S.    C. 

Gadd),  273. 


528 


INDEX. 


Ogiii, — :    Isophysostigmine,  198. 
Oil,  Castor  (Finneinore  and  Deane), 

473. 
Oil,    Ca.stor,   Characters   and   Tests 

for  (Nash),  57. 
Oil,    Chaulmoogra,    Pharmacv    of, 

242. 
Oil,  Cod  Liver  (Gane),  (Liverseege), 

G2. 
Oil,   Cod   Liver,    Suggested   Official 

Cliaracters  and  Tests  for  (Umnej' 

and  Bennett),  04  ;  (Parry),  05. 
Oil,  Essential.  See  Essential  Oil. 
Oil,  Fattj',  of  Podophyllum  peltatum, 

132. 
Oil,  Nut,  Detection  of  Other  Oils  in, 

118. 
Oil  of  Carthamus  tinctorius  Fruit, 56. 
Oil,   Palm,   Detection  of,   in  Other 

Oils,  123. 
Oils,    Fish,    Characters    of    (Liver- 
seege), 63. 
Ointment,  Adrenaline,  227. 
Ointment,  Calomelol,  240. 
Ointment,  Capsicvnn,  455. 
Ointment,  Capsicum,  Lanoline,  455. 
Ointment,    Carbolic    Acid    (H.    G. 

Greenish),  288. 
Ointment,  Chaulmoogra,  242. 
Ointment,  Compound,  Chrysarobin 

(Dreuvv),  243. 
Ointment,  Conium  (Lenton),  248. 
Ointment     for     Psoriasis      (LTnna- 

Dreuw's),  274. 
Ointment,  Mercuric  Nitrate  (Snave- 

ley),  269. 
Ointment,  Peruvian  Balsam,  231. 
Ointment,  Yellow  Mercuric  Oxide, 

269. 
Ointments    in     Collapsible     Tubes, 

Method  of  Filling,  274. 
Old  Tuberculin  (Koch),  218. 
Oleoresin  of  Abies  amahilis,  171. 
O'Neil,  H.  M.  :    Tincture  of  Delphi- 

niimi  Seeds,  249. 
Opium  Alkaloids,  Criticism  of  B.P. 

Monographs  on  (Dott),  120. 
Opium    and    Tincture    of    Opium, 

Morphinometric  Assay  of  (Dott), 

120. 
Opium,   Determination   of  Codeine 

in  (Caspari),  65. 
Opium,  German,  206. 
Opium,  Persian,  206. 
Opium   Preparations,    Standardiza- 
tion of  (Naylor),  365. 
Opium,    Smvrna.    "  Mnnipulated," 

206. 


Opium,  Suggested  Morphinometric 
Assay  Process  for  (Petit),  121. 

Opoponax  Oil,  121. 

Orange  Vinegar,  301. 

Orchil,  208. 

Orcin,  Tests  for,  in  Lichens,  209. 

Oregon  Balsam  (Rabak),  122. 

Origin  of  the  Potato,  313. 

Orthoform,  Precautions  in  Com- 
pounding of,  275. 

Otto  of  Rose.  See  Essential  Oil  of 
Rose. 

Ovules,  Gelatin  (Grimbert),  2.")3. 

Ovules,  Tannin,  286. 

Oxalic  Acid,  New  Synthesis  of,  122. 

Oxymethj'l-anthraquinone,  Con- 
stituents in  Purgative  Drugs, 
Determination  of  (Christofoletti), 
123. 

P. 

Page,  T.  H.,  and  H.  E.  Burgess  : 
Bergamot  and  Other  Citrus  Oils, 
47. 

Palm  Oil,  Detection  of,  in  Other 
Oils,  123. 

Palmarosa  Oil,  Jlethyl-lieptenone 
in,  124. 

Papain  Elixir  (Ivirchgessner),  249. 

Papaver  somniferum.  Cultivation  of, 
307. 

Papaver  rhoeas.  Cultivation  of,  306. 

Papers,  Asthma,  295. 

Para  Copaiba  (Schimmels),  68. 

Paraffin  and  Walnut  Hair  Stimu- 
lant, 314. 

Paraffin,  Benzoinated,  238. 

Paraffin  Cakes,  Perfumed,  315. 

Paraffin  Furniture  Polish,  314. 

Paraffin  Hair  Preparations,  314. 

Paraffin  Rouges,  315. 

Paraphenylenediamine  in  Hair 
Dj'es,  Detection  of,  124. 

Pareira,  Liqviid  Extract  of  (H.  G. 
Greenish),  275. 

Parkia  bussei  in  German  East 
Africa,  202. 

Parrv,  E.  J.  :  Adulterated  Civet,  60. 

Parry,  E.  J.  :    Japan  Wax,  98. 

Parry,  E.  J.  :  Leniongrass  Oil  Adul- 
terated with  Citronella  Oil,  106. 

Parry,    E.    J.  :     Suggested    Official 
Characters    and    Tests    for    Cod 
Liver  Oil,  65. 
Parsley  Apiol,  23. 
Passiflora  incarnata  as  a  Sedative, 

210. 
Paste  Laundry  Blue,  304. 
Paste,  Lenigallol,  267. 


INDEX. 


529 


Paste,  Library,  White,  322. 

Paste,  Wliite,  for  Polishing  Metal, 

313. 
Pastes  and  Masses,  Phosphorescent, 

316. 
Pastor  Kneipp's  Pills,  315. 
Pastureau, —  :   Presence  of  Aeetyl- 

methylcarbinol     in     Commercial 

Vinegar,  KUi. 
Patchouli  Oil,  Constituents  of,  125. 
Patein,    —  :      Separation    of    Anti- 

pyrine  and  Pyraniidon,  174. 
Piuil,  B.  H.  :    Test  for  Cinehonidine 

in  Quinine  Sulphate,  142. 
Pavesi,  V.  :    Essential  Oil  of  Amor- 

pha  fructiiosa,  21. 
Pearson,  G.  E.  :    Concentrated  In- 
fusions, 261. 
Pencils,  Permanganate,  277. 
Pencils,  Zinc  Chloride,  290. 
Pepper  Adulterant,  Er\iop,  186. 
Peppermint  Oil,  French,  125. 
Peppermint  Oil,  Javan,  125. 
Peppermint  Oil,  Sicilian,  126. 
Pepsin,  Determination  of  Digestive 

Power  of  (Lucas),  275. 
Pepsin  Elixir,  Compound,  276. 
Pepsin,  Essence  of  (Hynson),  277. 
Pepsin  Mixtiu-e,  277. 
Perborates,  127. 
Perfumed  Paraffin  Cakes,  315. 
Perhydrol,  210. 
Perkin,  A.  G.  :    Catechin  and  Aca- 

catechin,  57. 
Permanganate      Crayons,      Disodie 

Orthophosphate  as  Basis  for,  277. 
Perricr,   G.  :     Preparation   of  Cider 

Must  from  Sterilized  Apples,  297. 
Persian  Mustard,  205. 
Persian  Opium,  206. 
Perspiring  Hands,  Application  for, 

295. 
Peruvian  Balsam,  Wliite,  128. 
Pessaries,  Tannin,  286. 
Petit,  A.,  and  Albert  Petit :    Mor- 

phinometric  Assay  of  Opium,  121. 
Petrolatum  CosmeticSoapPaste, 3 1 5. 
Petroleum  Cold  Cream,  277. 
Petroleum  Emulsion  (Niece),  277  : 

(N.F.).        278;         (MacDonnell), 

(Cook),  278. 
Petroleum    Emulsion    with    Hypo- 
phosphites,  278. 
Petroleum   in    Turpentine   Oil,    De- 
tection of,  164. 
Petroleum      Products,      Petroleum 

Ether,  Vaseline  Oil  and  Vaseline, 

279. 


Pharmacy,  223-290. 

Pharmacy   of   Capsicum    (Gerrard), 

451. 
Pharmacy  of  Viola  odorata  Leaves, 

466. 
Phrllandriiim,  aquaticutn.   Essential 

Oil  of,  128. 
Phisalix,    C.  :      Action    of    Radium 

Emanations  on  Toad  Venom,  320. 
Phosphated  lodotannic  Syrup  and 

AVine,  280. 
Phosphorescent    Preparations    and 

Masses,  316. 
Phosphorescent  Zinc  Sulphide,  129. 
Phosphoric  Acid,  Determination  of, 

in  Foods  (Fleurent),  129. 
Physostigma,  U.S. P.  Standards  for, 

400. 
Picramic  Acid,  New  Process  of  Pre- 
paration  of,    and    Determination 

of  K.  witli,  130. 
Picric  Acid  for  Cliilblains,  316. 
Pill    Excipient    for     Dried    Ferrous 

Sulphate,  280. 
Pill  Excipient  for  Ferrous  Chloride 

and     Potassiuin     Permanganate, 

280. 
Pills,  Belladonna  and  Podoiihyllin, 

Codex,  281. 
Pills,   Compound  Rhubarb,   Detec- 
tion and  Differentiation  of  Aloes 

in,  227. 
Pills,  Creosotal,  248. 
Pills,  G;^Tiocardic  Acid,  242. 
Pills,     Ipecaciianha,     Salol-coated, 

283. 
Pills,       Potassivim       Permanganate 

(Joussen),  281. 
Pills,  Pastor  Kneipp's.  315. 
Pills,  Quinine  (Blomberg),  282. 
Pilocarpine,       Substances      having 

Analogous  Constitution  to  (Jow- 

ett),  130. 
Pilula  Ferri  (H.  G.  Greenish),  281. 
Pinchbeck,    G.  :     Acacia    Mucilage, 

225. 
Pine-tar  Oil,  Finnish,  131. 
Pine-tar  Oil  in  Turpentine  Oil,  D;-- 

tection  of,  164. 
Pinus  halapensis,   Essentinl   Oil   cf. 

165. 
Pinus  sihestris.  Buds,  Essential  Oil 

of,  131. 
Pinna  .strobnfi.  Essential  Oil  of.   132. 
Piperazine  Glyeerophosphntes,   132. 
Planes,   P.  :     True   nnd   False   Aya- 

Pana,  175. 
Plant-food,  Chemical,  297. 
M   M 


530 


INDEX. 


Plaster,  Capsicum,  456. 

Plaster,  Chaulmoogra,  242. 

Plasters,  Bacteria  in,  281. 

Plectronia  heliotropiodora  in  German 
East  Africa,  203. 

Plcnderleith,  J.  W.  :  Pill  Exci- 
pient  for  Ferrous  Chloride  and 
Potassium  Permanganate,  280. 

Plenderleith,  J.  W.  :  Filling  Oint- 
ments into  Collapsible  Tubes, 
274. 

Pneumonia  jVIetallic  Ferments  and 
Colloidal  Mi-tals  for,  20.'?. 

Podophvllin  and  Belladonna  Pills, 
Codex,  281. 

PorlnphyUum  peltatum,  Fatty  Oil  of. 
132. 

Poisonous  Plants,  West  Australian 
(E.  M.  Holmes),  221. 

Polish,  Furniture,  Paraffin,  314. 

Polish,  Liquid,  for  Metal,  313. 

Polish,  Wax-,  Laundry,  304. 

Polislies  for  Metal,  313. 

Pollaril,  E.  W.  :  Amateur  Labora- 
tory Construction,  479. 

PoUok,  J.  H.  :  New  Element  in 
Beryl,  47. 

Polygonum  tomentosum  in  Burma, 
180. 

Polymerization  of  Anethol  bj'  Keep- 
ing, 22. 

Polyphenols,  Xew  Colour  Reaction 
for  (Alvarez),  133. 

Porcelain  Jars,  Ink  for,  303. 

Porcher,  C.  :  Lactose  in  Buffalo 
Milk,  53. 

Potassium  Bismuth  Iodide  for  Do- 
termination  of  Alkaloids,  18. 

Potassivim  Iodide  and  Soap  Lini- 
ment (Shuttlevvorth),  267  ;  (Boa), 
268. 

Potassium,  New  Reagent  for  (Al- 
varez), 134. 

Potassium  Percarbonate  as  a  Source 
of  O  andHaOa,  134. 

Potassium  Permanganate  Pencils, 
277 

P.)tassium  Permanganate,  Pill-ex- 
cipient  for,  280. 

Potassium  Permanganate  Pills 
(Jorissen),  281. 

Potassium  Sulphoguaiacolate,  211. 

Potato,  Origin  of,  313. 

Potter,  C.  E.,  and  H.  A.  D.  Jowett  : 
Constitution  of  Barbaloin,  45. 

Pouchet,  — ,  and  —  Chevallier : 
Plivsiolouical  -Action  of  Valerian 
Juice.  22Q. 


I    Powder,    Compound     Licorice    (J. 

Evans),  267. 
I    Powder,  Foot,  300. 

Powder,  Ink,  303. 

Powders,  Astiuna,  Fumigating,  295. 

Powdered  Almond  Slicll  as  an 
Adulterant  of  Alimentary  Sub- 
stances, 316. 

Pozzi-Escot,  E.  :  New  Reaction  for 
Cobalt,  61. 

Prcmna  lati folia  in  Burma,  180. 

Presidential  Address,  358. 

Primary,  Secondary  and  Tertiary 
Alcohols,  Now  Method  of  Distin- 
guishing (Sabatier  and  Sender- 
ens),  17. 

Primula  Camphor  (Brunner),  135. 

Prinsen-Geerling,  H.  C.  :  .  Green 
Colour  of  Cajuput  Oil,  53. 

Propane,  Physical  Properties  of, 
135. 

Pruniis  Inuro-cerasus,  Cuhi\ation 
of,  308. 

Pschorr,  R.,  and  —  Bergell  :  Eupor- 
phine,  Apomorphine  Bromethy- 
late,  190. 

Pseudotsuqa  mucronata.  Essential 
Oil  of.  122. 

Psoriasis,  Drouw's  Compound 
Chrysorobin  Ointment  for,  243. 

Pterocarpus  hussei  in  German  East 
Africa,  202. 

Pumice  Powder  as  an  Aid  to  In- 
cineration, 97. 

Pure  Cultures  of  Diatoms,  317. 

P3Tamidon,  Detection  of,  in  .Anti- 
pyrine,  135. 

Pyramidon,  Nature  of  Red  Colour 
of  Urine  after  Administration  nf, 
211. 

Q. 

Quassia,  Infusion  of,  Concentrated 

(Cripps),  444. 
Quercitrin,  136. 
Quinine         Acid         Hydrochloride 

(Garsed),  419. 
Quinine     and     Cinchonidine,     New 

Reactions  for  (Reicliard),    136. 
Quinine      and      Quinidine,      Colour 

Reactions  for  (Battandier).  136. 
Quinine,  Det(>rmination  of,  in  Cin- 
chona Barks  (Vigneron),   137. 
Quinine    H\-drochlorides    (Carette), 

138  ;  (Erba),    139. 
Quinine    Lygosinate    and     (Quinine 

Lygosinate  Gauze  and  Wool,  271. 
Quinine  Pills  (Blomberg),  282. 


rSTDEX. 


531 


Quinine,  Sokability  of,  in  Ammonia, 
and  Method  of  Testing  Quinine 
Sulphate  (Duncan),  140. 

Quinine  Sulphate  Test  for  Cin- 
chonidine  in  (Paul),   142. 

R. 

Rabak,  F.  :  Essential  Oil  of  Pseu- 
dotsuga  mucronata,   122. 

Rabak,  F.  :  Oleorcsin  of  Abies 
amabilis,   171. 

Rabak,  F.  :  Oregon  Balsam  from 
Ahie^  amabilis,   122. 

Radio-activity,  429. 

Radium  Electroscope,  New,  433. 

Radium  Emanation,  434. 

Ramsay,  W.  :  Amount  of  Neon  and 
Helium    in    the    Atmosphere,  21. 

Rancid  Fats,  Detection  of,  in 
Alimentary  Substances,   143. 

Rape  Seeds,  Various,  204. 

Raspberry,  Essential  Oil  of,  144. 

Raspberry  Shrub,  317. 

Raspberry  Vinegar,  301. 

Reactions,  Colour,  for  Quinine  and 
Quinidino  (Battandier),   136. 

Reaction  for  Aeon itine( Alvarez),  15. 

Reaction  for  Cobalt  (Pozzi-Escot), 
61. 

Reaction  for  Formic  Acid  (Com- 
manducci),    lo. 

Reactions  for  Cocaine  and  Mor- 
phine (Reichard),  61. 

Reactions  for  Polyphenols  (Alvarez), 
133. 

Reactions  for  Quinine  and  Cin- 
chonidine  (Reichard),  136. 

Read,  S.  :  Composition  of  Denti- 
frices as  affected  by  Recent  Inves- 
tigations in  Dental  Science,  385. 

Reagent,  New,  for  Potassium  (Al- 
varez), 134. 

Red  Colour  in  Glycerin  Supposi- 
tories, 255. 

Red  Colour  of  Tomato,  144. 

Reduced  Iron,  Arsenic  in  (Dun- 
stan  and  Robinson),  35  ;  (Mann), 
38  ;  (C.  A.  Hill  and  J.  C.  Unuiey), 
42. 

Reichard,  C.  :  Distinctive  Reactions 
of  Conine  and  Nicotine,   67. 

Reichard,  C.  :  New  Reactions  of 
Cocaine  and  Morphine,  61. 

Reichard,  C.  :  New  Reactions  for 
Quinine  and  Cinchonidine,   136. 

Reichard,  C.  :  Tests  to  Differentiate 
Nicotine,  Conine  and  Sparteine, 
116. 


Research  List,  1905,  323-326. 

Results    of    Analyses    of    Pharma- 
ceutical    Preparations     by     the 

Analysts  of  the  Poor  Law  Unions 

of   Ireland   in    the    Year   ending 

March,   18j5,  494. 
Bhamnus    frangula     Bark,    Deter- 
mination of  Active  Principles  in, 

144. 
Rheumatism,   Acute,   Glycosal   for, 

193. 
Rhizopliora    mucronata    in    German 

East  Africa,  202. 
Rhubarb     and     Aloes,     Assay     of 

(Tschirch  and  Christofoletti),  145. 
Rhubarb  and  the  Plants  Producing 

it  (Tschirch),  211. 
Rhubarb      Pills,      Detection      and 

Differentiation       of      Aloes       in 

(Fawsett),  227. 
Richaud,  A.  :  Mercury  Cyanide  as 

a  Disinfectant,  269. 
Richet,  C.  :   Thalassine  in  Prawns, 

159. 
Richter,     O.  :      Pure     Cultures     tf 

Diatoms,  317. 
Ricin,   474. 
Ricin  Soap,  282. 
Ricinine,  473. 
Ricinoleic  Acid,  475. 
Ringed  Snake,  Keratin  in  Eggs  of, 

303. 
Rings,    to    Remove    from    Swollen 

Finger,  321. 
Robert,     — - :     Incompatibility     of 

Cinchona    Extracts    with    Anti- 
pyretics, 244. 
Roberts,     W.  :     Salve-coated     Pills 

of    Ipecacvianha    for    Dysentery, 

283. 
Robin,  A.,  and  —  Barbier  :  Metallic 

Ferments    and    Colloidal    JNIetals 

for  Pneumonia,  203. 
Robin,  L.  :  Detection  of  Boric  Acid 

with  Tincture  of  Mimosa  Flowers, 

50. 
Robinia      pseudo-acacia,      Robinin 

from,  147. 
Robinin,  147. 
Robinson,  H.  H.,  and  W.  R.  Dun- 

stan  :    Detection    of    Arsenic    in 

Official  Drugs,  25. 
Rochard,    E.  :    Danger    of    L^se    of 

Naphthol-Camphor,    205. 
Roccjues,     Fayolle,     Villier.s,     and 

Maynier  de  la  Source  :  Detection 

of  Saccharin  in  Beverages,  151. 
Rods  of  Copper  Citrate,  248. 


532 


INDEX. 


Romburgh,    P.    von,    and    C.     J. 

Enklaar :    Essential  Oil    of    Oci- 

mum  basilicuni,  119. 
Ronceray,  P.  S.  :  Orchil,  208. 
Rosa  canina.  Cultivation  of,  .308. 
Ifosa  involucrata  in  Burma,   180. 
Rose  Oil,   Bulgarian  Characters  of 

(Schimmels),  147  ;  (Jeancard  and 

Satie),  148  ;  (Simmons),  149. 
Rose    Oil,    French    (Jeancard    and 

Satie),   148. 
Rose  0:1,  Iodine  Absorption  Value 

of  (Simmons),   149. 
Rosemary  Oil,  English,   150. 
Rosemary  Oil,  Spanish,   150. 
Rosenthaler,  L.  :  Vanillin  and  HCl 

as  a  Reagent,   165. 
Roucheria  griffithiana  Bark,  Lnpeol 

from,  150. 
Rouges,  Paraffin,  315. 
Rubber     Gloves,     Substitute     for, 

319. 
Ruddiman,    E.    A.  :    Behavioiu*    of 

Cacao  Butter  with  Certain  Com- 
pounds, 239. 
Ruddiman,      E.      A.  :      Dispen  ing 

Tincture  of  Myrrh,  270. 
Ruddiman,    E.    A.  :    Zinc    Cliloride 

and  Iodide  Solutions,  290. 
Rusot,  212. 

Russian  Juniper  Oil,   100. 
Russian  Mustard,  204. 
RxUo  graveolens ,  Cnltivation  of,  307. 


S. 


Saal,  O.,  and  A.  Tschirch  :  Sum- 
mary of  Investigation  of  Elemi, 
71.  ' 

Saal,  O.,  and  A.  Tschirch  :  Taca- 
mahaca  Elemi,  158. 

Saal,  O.,  and  A.  Tschirch  :  Taca- 
mahac  Resin,   158. 

Sabatier,  P.,  and  J.  B.  Senderens  : 
New  Method  for  Distinguishing 
Primary,  Secondary  and  Tertiary 
Alcohols,   17. 

Saccharin,  Detection  of,  in  Bever- 
ages (Villiers,  Maynier  de  la 
Source,  Rocques  and  Fayolle). 
151. 

Saccharose  in  Juglans  regia,  100. 

Saccharose  in  Officinal  Rhizomes, 
Roots  and  Bulbs,   152. 

Sachet  Powders,  317. 

Sack,  J.  :  Tyrosine  in  Elderberries, 
153. 


Sack,  J.,  and  B.  Tollens  :  Lupeol 
in  Bark  of  Roucheria  griffithiana, 
150. 

Sada  Rape  Seed,  204. 

Sadtler,  S.  P.  :  Detection  of  Methyl 
Alcoliol  in  Liquids  Containing 
Ethyl  Alcohol,   113. 

Salicylic  Acid  as  a  Buccal  Disin- 
fectant, 214. 

Salicylic  Acid,  Detection  of  (La 
Wall),  22. 

Salicylic  Acid  Dressings,  Assay  of, 
230. 

Saline  Solution  of  Gelatin,  283. 

Salol-coated  Pills  of  Ipecacuanha, 
283. 

Salve,  Carbolic,  296. 

Salve,  for  Chaps,  297. 

Salve,  Lip,  305. 

Salve,  Universal  Healing,  322. 

Salvoni,  — :  Saccharose  in  Jug- 
lans regia,  100. 

Samhucus  nigra  Berries,  Tyrosine 
in,   153. 

Sambucus  nigra.  Cultivation  of, 
309. 

Sandal  Oil,  East  Indian,  in  Cap- 
sules, Adulterated  with  Castor 
Oil  and  West  Indian  Sandal  Oil, 
153. 

Sandarach  Wood,  Essential  Oil  of, 
1.53. 

Sapin,  A.  :  Arrow  Poison  of  the 
Lukarets  of  the  Lado  Territory, 
25. 

Saponarin  (Barger),  153. 

Saponification  Value  of  Beeswax, 
46. 

Saponin,  Toxicity  of,  and  its 
Employment  as  an  Emulsifying 
Agent,  318. 

Sapophthalum,  Neutral  Coconut 
Soap,  283. 

Sarason,  — :  Malt  Extract  Soap, 
305. 

Sarepta  Mustard,  204. 

Sarracenia  purpurea,  Alkaliverdin 
in,  18. 

Satie,  C,  and  P.  Jeancard  :  Essen- 
tial Oil  of  Rose,  French  and 
Bulgarian,  148. 

Savin,  Essential  Oil  of,   153. 

Scarlet  Fever,  Ichthyol  for,   196. 

Schamelhout,  —  :  Kremel's  Re- 
action for  Cod  Liver  Oil,  64. 

Schanz,  F.  :  Yellow  Mercuric  Oxide 
Ointment,  269. 

Schiffmann's  Asthma  Powder,  206. 


ENDEX. 


533 


Schmidt,  E.  :  Citroptene,  the 
Stearoptene  of  Essential  Oil  of 
Lemon,   59. 

Schmidt,  E.  :  Occurrence  of  Mydria- 
tic Solanaceous  Alkaloids  in 
Different  Plants,   115. 

Schimmels :  Determination  of 
Aldehydes  and  Ketones  by 
Neutral  Sulphite  Method,   17. 

Schindelmeiser,  J.  :  Persian  Opium, 
206. 

Schober,  C.  :  Glycosal  for  Acute 
Rheumatism,   193. 

Schwartz,  —  :  Detection  of 
KHC4  H^Oe  in  SbKCjH^O^,  159. 

Schwarz,  —  :  Saponification  Value 
of  Beeswax,  46. 

Scopola,  U.S. P.  Standards  for,  400. 

Sco\dlle,  W.  S.  :  Spermaceti  instead 
of  Beeswax  for  Hardening  Sup- 
positories, 284. 

Sea-sickness,  Menthyl  Valerianate 
for,  203. 

Sea-sickness,  Validol  for,  221. 

Seltzer,  E.  and  N.  :  Bone  and  Malt 
3Iixture,  239. 

Semecarpus  albescens  in  Burma,  179. 

Senderens,  J.  B.,  and  P.  Sabatier, 
New  Method  of  Distinguishing 
Primary,  Secondary  and  Tertiary 
Alcohols,   17. 

Senecio  vulgaris  Fluid,  Extract  of, 
for  "Dyspepsia,  214. 

Senft,  E.  :  Microchemical  Detec- 
tion of  Sugar,   157. 

Senna,  Confection  of  (Lenton),  247. 

Shuttleworth,  J.  H.  :  Liniment  of 
Potassium  Iodide  with  Soap,  267. 

Sheep  Dips  for  Scab,  298. 

Shrub,  Raspberry,  317. 

Sicilian  Peppermint  Oil,   126. 

Silberrad,  O.  :  Nitrogen  Iodide,  118. 

Simmons,  W.  H.  :  Iodine  Absorp- 
tion Value  of  Essential  Oil  of 
Rose,   149. 

Simmons,  W.  H.  :  Refractive  Index 
of  Essential  Oil  of  Cloves,  60. 

Sinapis,  Various  Species  of,  in 
Commercial  IMustard,  204. 

Skimmianine  from  Skimmia  japo- 
nica,  154. 

Skin  Balm,  Emollient,  299. 

Slade,  H.  B.  :  Alkaloids  of  Zyga- 
dernus  venenosus,   168. 

Smith,  H.  G.,  and  R.  T.  Baker  : 
Constituents  of  Eucah-ptus  Oils 
of  Various  Species,  73. 

Smyrna  Opium,  Manipulated,  206. 


Snavely,    C.    O.  :    Mercuric   Nitrate 

Ointment,  269. 
Snow,  Camphor,  241. 
Soap    Coconut,    Neutral,    Sapoph- 

thalum,  283. 
Soap,  Detection  of  Sodium  Silicate 

in,   154. 
SoajD,  Malt  Extract,  305. 
Soap  Paste,  Petrolatum,  Cosmetic, 

315. 
Soap,  Ricin,  282. 
Soaps,  Stain-removing,  318. 
Soden,  H.  von,  and  F.  Elze  :  Essen- 
tial Oil  of  Birch  Buds,  48. 
Sodium- Ahmi,  155. 
Sodium    Glycocholate    for    Hepatic 

Colic,  214. 
Sodium  Phosphate,  Arsenic  in,  43. 
Sodium     Salts,     Detection     of,    by 

Modified  Fremy's    Reagent,   155. 
Sodium  Silicate  in  Soap,   154. 
Solanum  dulcamara.  Cultivation  of, 

311. 
Solubility  of  Quinine  in  Ammonia, 

140. 
Solution      of      Lead      Subacetate, 

Stronger  (Merson),  265. 
Solutions  of  Zinc  Iodide  or  Chloride, 

290. 
Sommeani  Rape,  204. 
Sonnie-Moret,     — :     Detection     of 

Mercury  in  Urine,  112. 
Sophora  angusti folia,  Matrine  from, 

HI. 
Sophora  japonica,  Sophorin  in,  156. 
Spanish    Lavender    Oil    as    Adul- 
terant of  French  Oil,   102. 
Spanish  Rosemary  Oil,   150. 
Sparteine,     Conine,    and     Nicotine, 

Tests  for  (Reichard),   116. 
Spear  Poison  from  the  Cameroons 

(Brieger  and  lirause),   156. 
Sperinaceti  in  Suppositories,  284. 
Sphceratithus  indicus  and   S.    pegu- 

ensis  in  Bm'ma,  180. 
Spirit  of  Chaulmoogra,  242. 
Stagnin,  215. 
Stain  for  Gonococci,  301. 
Stain-removing  Soaps,  318. 
Standardization  in  the  New  U.S. P., 

394. 
Standardization  of  Galenicals,  358. 
Stapleton,    W.    S.  :     Passiftora   in- 

carnata  as  a  Sedative,  210. 
Starch-Glaze  Powder,   304. 
Starch,  Liquid  Cold-water,  304. 
Stereosp^rmum  euphorioides    Gum, 

215. 


634 


ENDBX. 


Sterilized  Catgut  (Grinibert),  284. 

Sternber;,',  L.  :  Acid  Tincture  of 
Ergot,  250. 

Ste\'ens,  H.  B.,  and  E.  W.  Lucas  : 
Compound  Tincture  of  Carda- 
moms, 247. 

Storage  of  Galenicals  (Naylor),  366. 

Storax,  Tests  for  (Ahrens  and  Hett), 
157. 

Stramonium  Candle,  295. 

Stramonium  Preparations  Stan- 
dardization of  (Naylor),  370. 

Strawberry  Vinegar,  301. 

Strebulus  asper  in  Burma,  189. 

Strong  Solution  of  Lead  Subace- 
tate  (Merson),  265. 

Strophanthus[kombe,  and  S.  eminiiin 
German  East  Africa,  202. 

Strophanthus  Preparations,  Stan- 
dardization of  (Naylor),  370. 

Strychnos  quaqua,  S.  leiocarpa,  S. 
suherifera,  S.  hehrensiana,  S. 
goetzii,  S.  radiosperma,  S.  melo- 
nicarpa,  S.  cardiophylla,  S. 
harmsii,  S.  pungens,  S.  engleri, 
S.  euryphylla,  and  <S'.  omphalo- 
carpa  in  German  East  Africa,  202. 

Stuhlmannia  moavi  in  German  East 
Africa,  202. 

Stypticine  and  Stj'pticine  Gauze, 
Wool,  and  Lint,  270. 

Styptol,  270. 

Styracol,  215. 

Sublimate  Dressings,  Assay  of,  230. 

Substances  ha\dng  Analogous  Con- 
stitution to  Pilocarpine  (Jowett), 
130. 

Substitute  for  Rubber  Gloves,  319. 

Sugar,  Slicroehemical  Detection  of 
(Senft),   157. 

Sugar  New,  in  Mountain  Ash 
Berries,   157. 

Sugar  of  Cocos  nucifera  and 
Borassua  flabelliformis,  158. 

Suppositories  for  Internal  Haemorr- 
hoids, 284. 

Suj^positories,  Spermaceti  instead 
of  Beeswax  for  Hardening,  284. 

Suppositories  of  Witch  Hazel  and 
Hydrastis  Extracts,  285. 

Suppositories,  Tannin,  286. 

Surinam  Copaiba  (van  Itallie),  68. 

Sussex,  The  Flora  of,  426. 

Synonyms  for  Magnesium  Sulphate, 
320.  iv 

Syrup,  Concentrated  lodo-,  for  the 
Preparation  of  lodo-tannic 
Syrups,  264. 


Syrup,  lodotannic  (Grimbert), 
(Vigneron),  263  ;  (Wyatt),  (Mar- 
tin), 264. 

Syrup,      lodotannic,      Phosphatod, 

Syrup  Jars,  To  keep  Ants  from,  294. 
Syrup,  ]Maize  Stigmata,  268. 
Syrup  of  Calcium  Lactophosphate, 

Improved  (Hemm),   285. 
Syrupus  Pruni    Virginiance  (H.  G. 

Greenish),  285. 
Syrupus    Rhei    (H.    G.    Greenish), 

285. 
Syrupus  Tolutanus  (H.  G.  Greenish), 

285. 
Syrups,  Official,  Improvements    in 

Certain  (H.  G.  Greenish),  285. 


Tacamahac  Resin,  158. 
Tacamahaca  Elemi,  158. 
Tanacetumboreale,  Essential  Oil  of, 

159. 
Tannin   Ovules,    Suppositories   and 

Pessaries  (Grimbert),  286. 
Tapeworm  Remedy,  320. 
I    Taraktogenos  kurzii  in  Burma,  179. 
I    Taraxacum,     Liquid     Extract     of 
1        (Lenton),  268. 
!    Taraxacum     officinale.    Cultivation 

of,  310. 
Tartarated     Antimony,     Detection 

of  KHC4H4O6  in,  159. 
Taxus  baccata,  Cultivation  of,  312. 
TazweU,   — :    To   keep   Ants  from 

Syrup  Jars,  294. 
Tea-Rose  Oil,  148. 
Telfairia   pedata   in    German   East 

Africa,  203. 
Telle,   F.  :   New  Method  of  Deter- 
mining the  Br  Absorption  Value 

of  Fats,  51. 
Tephrosia  vogelii  in  German  East 

Africa,  202. 
Terminalis  oliveri,   178. 
Test  for    Cinchonidine  in    Quinine 

Sulphate  (Paul),   142. 
Testing  Quinine  Sulphate  (Duncan), 

140. 
Tetranthera  polyantha   var.   citrata. 

Essential  Oil  of  Bark  and  Leaves 

of,  159. 
Thalassine  in  Prawns,   159. 
Tluilleioquin  Reaction    in    Quinine 

Wine  Pre\ented   by  Presence  of 

Bitter  Orange,  282. 
Thanaka,    179. 
Thansa,  178. 


INDEX. 


535 


Thibault,     P.  :     Organic     Salts     of 

Bismuth,  48. 
Thomann,  J.  :   Detection  of  Para- 

phenylenedianiino         in         Hair 

Dyes,  124. 
Thorns,    H.  :    Constitution  of  Dill- 

ancl  Parsley  Apiol,  23. 
Tlionis,  H.  :  Determination  of  Alka- 
loids    with     Potas.sium-Bismutli 

Iodide,   18. 
Thorns,  H.  :  German  Opium,  '2)(\. 
Thorns,  H.  :  Matico  Oil,   110. 
Thoms,    H.,   and   A.    Biltz  :    White 

Peruvian  Balsam,  128. 
Thorium  Acid  Urate,  440. 
Thorium        Camphor  -    sulphonatc 

(Morgan),  162  ;  (Martindale),  439. 
Thorium  Cinnamatc  (Morgan),  160; 

(Martindale),    438. 
Thorium  Glycerophosphate,  439. 
Thorium    Lactate    (Morgan),     161  ; 

(Martindale),  439. 
Thorium     Oleate     (Morgan),     100; 

(Martindale),  439. 
Thorium  Ortho-coumarate,  438. 
Thorium  Phenol-compounds,  160. 
Thorium    Para-phenyl    sulphonate, 

439. 
Thorium  Salicylate  (Morgan),  160  ; 

(Martindale),  438. 
Thorium  Salts  of  Organic  Acids  for 

Medicinal  Use,  160. 
Thorium  Quinate,  440. 
Thorium     Sulpho-carbolate     (Mor- 
gan),  161  ;  (Martindale),  439. 
Thujone,  162. 

Thymol  Dentifrice,  Miller's,  320. 
Thymomenthol,  163. 
Tincture    of    Camphor,    Compound 

Analysis  of,  459. 
Tincture  of  Cardamoms,  Compound 

(Lucas  and  Stevens),  247. 
Tincture     of      Delpliinium     Seeds 

(O'Neil),  249. 
Tincture  of  Ergot,  Acid,  250. 
Tincture    of    Gentian,    Compound, 

423. 
Tincture  of  Immatui'e  Oranges  for 

Diarrhoea,  215. 
Tinctiu-e  of  Myrrh,  Dispensing  of, 

270. 
Tincture   of  Nux  Vomica,    Fat   of, 

471. 
Tinctures,  Official  (Lucas  and  Dick), 

288,  289. 
Tinctures  ;   Table  of  Analytical  Re 

suits  obtained  by  Irish  Analysts, 

495. 


Tinctures,  Water  Displacement  in 
Preparation  of,  286. 

Toad  Venom,  Action  of  Radium 
Emanations  on,  320. 

Tobacco  and  Sulphur  SheejD  Dip, 
2J9. 

Toff,  E.  :  Xeroform  Dusting  Pow- 
der, 288. 

Toilet  Ammonia,  321. 

ToUens,  B.,  and  J.  Sack  :  Lupeol  in 
Roucheria  griffithiana  Bark,  150. 

Tomato,  Red  Colouring  Matter  of, 
144. 

Tonka  Beans,  Collection  and  Curing 
of,  215. 

Tonsilitis,  Guaiacum  Lozenges  for, 
256. 

Tooth  Powders,  Neutral,  313. 

Tornani,  E.,  and  G.  Bruni  :  Differ- 
entiation of  Allyl  and  Projicnyl 
Groups  of  Aromatic  Compounds, 
24. 

Toxicity  of  Certain  Aniline  Colours, 
293. 

Toxicity  of  Essential  Oils  on  the 
Living  Cell,  321. 

Toxicity  of  Iso-safroi,  303. 

Toxicity  of  Red  Blood-corpuscles  of 
Various  Animals  on  the  Rabbit, 
321. 

Trehalase,  General  Presence  of,  in 
Fimgi,  163. 

Tragacanth  and  Acacia,  Compara- 
tive Viscosity  of  the  Simple  and 
Mixed  Mucilages,  485. 

Transactions,  B.P.C.,  327-505. 

Transfer  Ink,  Lithographic,  305. 

Trichilia  emeiica  in  German  East 
Africa,  203. 

Trillat,  A.,  and  —  Tm-chet  :  New 
Reaction  for  NH3  in  HoO,  167. 

Troeger,    — ,    and   —   Beutin  :    Es- 
sential Oil  of  Pinus  strobus,  132. 
Trombidvmn  grandissimum,  a  Medi- 
cmal  Mite,  217. 

Tschirch,    A.  :     Rhubarb    and    the 

Plants  Producing  it,  211. 
Tschirch,  A.,  and  —  Christofoletti  : 
Rhubarb  and  Aloes,  Assay  of,  145. 
Tschirch,    A.,    and    —   Hoffbauer  : 

Valuation  of  Aloes,  19. 
Tschirch,  A.,  and  O.   Saal  :     Sum- 
mary of  Investigation  of  Elemis, 
71-72. 
Tschirch,  A.,  and  O.   Saal  :    Taca- 

mahac  Resin,  158. 
Tschirch,  A.,  and  O.   Saal  :    Taca- 
mahaca  Elemi,  158. 


536 


INDEX. 


Tuberculin  (Gaiiiljk-),  21.S. 

Tungsten,  Colour  Reactions  for, 
KU. 

Turchet,  — ,  and  A.  Trillat  :  New 
Reaction  for  NH3  in  HoO,  167. 

Turicine,  'i-JO. 

Turkish  3Iustard,  204. 

Turmeric,  Composition  of  (Leach), 
1()4. 

Turpentine  Oil,  Detection  of  Adul- 
teration in  (MacCandless),  104. 

Turpentine  Oil,  Oreek,  from  Pinus 
halepensis,  1  (ia. 

Typhoid,  Erlicii's  Diazo-Reaction 
for,  298. 

Tyrosine  in  Elderberries,  153. 


ITmbelliferoue  Test  Modified  (Al- 
cock),  165. 

Umney,  J.  C,  and  C.  T.  Bennett: 
Essential  Oil  of  Eucalyptus  polij- 
bracteata,  80. 

Umney,  J.  C. ,  and  C.  T.  Bennett : 
Essential  Oils  of  the  U.S. P.,  404. 

Umney,  J.  C. ,  and  C.  T.  Bennett : 
Sicilian  Peppermint  Oil,  126. 

Umney,  J.  C,  and  C.  T.  Bennett : 
Suggested  Official  Characters  and 
Tests  for  Cod  Liver  Oil,  64. 

Unmey,  J.  C,  and  C.  A.  Hill  : 
Arsenic  in  Reduced  Iron,  42. 

Unguentum  Acidi  Carholici  (H.  G. 
Greenish),  288. 

Universal  Healing  Salve,  322. 

Unna-Dreuw's  Ointment  for  Psori- 
asis, 274. 

L^rine,  Detection  and  Determina- 
tion of  Albumin  in  (Bellocq),  15. 

Urine,  Detection  of  Mercury  in 
(Zenghelis),  111  ;  (Sonnie-Moret), 
112. 

Urine,  Nature  of  Red  Colour  of, 
after  Administration  of  Pyra- 
midon,  211. 

U.S.P.,  Essential  Oils  of,  404. 

U.S.  P.,  New  Standardization  in, 
394. 

Utz,  — :  Determination  of  Iodo- 
form, 97. 

Utz,  — :  Greek  Turpentine  Oil 
from  Pinus  halepensis,  165. 

V. 

Valerian  Juice,  I'liysiological  Action 
of,  220. 

Valerian  Root,  Derbyshire,  Botani- 
cal Source  of,  220. 


Valeriana  officinalis.  Cultivation  of, 

309. 
Valeriana    officinalis,     V.    sambuci- 

folia  and  V.  mikanii,  220. 
Valiaschko,  N.  A.  :    Robinin,  147. 
Validol  for  Sea-.sickness,  221. 
Vandevelde,  A.  J.  J.  :    Toxicity  of 

Essential  Oils  on  the  Living  Cell, 

321. 
Vanillin    Adulterated    with    Terpin 

Hydrate,  165. 
Vanillin  and  HCl  as  a  Reagent,  165. 
Vanino,    L.,   and   J.    Gaus  :     Phos- 
phorescent   Pastes    and    Masses, 

316. 
Vanino's  Phosphorescent  IMass,  316. 
Vapour,  Antiseptic,  294. 
Vaseline  Oil  and  Va.seline,  279. 
Vasenol  (Kopp),  (Aufrecht),  288. 
Velvet  Violet  Powder,  322. 
Ventilago  calyculata  in  Burma,  180. 
Vidal,  —  :    Euquinine  in  Mixtures, 

251. 
Vigneron,    — :      Determination    of 

Quinine  in  Cinchona  Bark,  137. 
Vigneron,   —  :     lodotannic   Syrup, 

263. 
Vilampishin,  191. 
Villiers,  — ,  Maynier  de  la  Source, 

Rocques  and  FayoUe  :    Detection 

of  Saccharin,  151. 
Vinegar,        Commercial,        Acetyl- 

methylcarbinol  in,  166. 
Vinegars,  Fruit,  301. 
Vioforni  and  Vioform  Gauze,  271. 
Viola    odorata    Loaves,    Chemistry 

and  Pharmacy  of,  466. 
Violet  Powder,  Velvet,  322. 
Violet  Sachet  Powders,  317. 
Viscutn  orientale  in  Burma,  180. 
Vitose  (Aufrecht),  288. 
Volatile    Acids,    Distribution    and 

Formation  of,  in  Plants,  166. 
Volatile  Oil.  See  Essential  Oil. 
Volumetric  Determination  of  BaCl.^, 

45. 
Vorlaender's  Asthma  Powder,  296. 
Vorontzoy,    V.     N.  :      Tinctiu-e    of 

Immature  Oranges  for  Diarrhoja, 

215. 
Vuillemin,    A.,    and    C.    Hartwich  : 

Commercial  Mustard  Seeds,  204. 

W. 
Wade,     — ,     and     —     Finnemore  : 

Chlorethoform,  182. 
Wadmore,    J.    M.  :     Sodium-Alum, 

155. 


INDEX. 


537 


Wahl,  A.  von  :  Stain  for  Gonococci, 

301. 
Waldnianii,  —  :     Adulterated  Aris- 

tol,  24. 
Wallach,  O.  :    Thujone,  102. 

Walnut  and  Paraffin  Hair  Stimu- 
lant, 314. 

Warin,  J.  :  Determination  of 
Active  Principles  in  Bhamnus 
frangula  Bark,  144. 

"VVarts,  Application  for,  295. 

Water,  New  Reaction  for  the  Detec- 
tion of  Ammonia  in  (Trillat  and 
Turcliet),  167  ;  (Cavalier  and 
Arthus),  168. 

Water  Supplies,  Pm-ification  of, 
witli  CUSO4,  69. 

Wax,  Bees-,  Detection  of  Adultera- 
tion of,  by  Examining  Colouring 
Matter,  45. 

Wax,  Bees-,  Indian  (Hooper),  45. 

Wax,  Bees-,  Saponification  Value  of 
(Schwarz),  46. 

Wax,  Japan,  98. 

Wax,  Linoleum  and  Floor,  304. 

Wax,  Polish,  Laundry,  304. 

Weil,  L.  :  Precautions  necessary  in 
Prescribing  and  Dispensing  IMeso- 
tan,  203. 

Weisskopf,  —  :  Chloroform  as  an 
Antidote  to  Nitrous  Oxide 
Poisoning,  183. 

AVesemberg,  G.  :    lothion,  197. 

West  Australian  Poisonous  Plants 
(E.  M.  Holmes),  221. 

Wliite,  E.  :  Comparative  Viscosity 
of  the  Simple  and  Mixed  Muci- 
lages of  Acacia  and  Tragacanth, 
485. 

WTiite  Library  Paste,  322. 

White  Peruvian  Balsam,  128. 

White  Polishing  Paste  for  Metal, 
313. 

Wiedmann,  F.  :  Detection  of  Ran- 
cid Fats  in  Alimentary  Sub- 
stances, 143. 

Wielen,  P.  van  der  :  Cacao  Butter 
Soap  Dentifrices,  239. 

Wielen,  P.  van  der  :  Javan  Pepper- 
mint Oil,  125. 

Wielen,  P.  van  der  :  Sapophthahun, 
Neutral  Coconut  Soap,  283. 

Wilbert,  M.  I.  :   Camphor  3Iilk,  241. 

Wilbert,  M.  I.  :  Camphor  Snow, 
241. 

Wilbert,  M.  I.  :   Glycerin  Jelly,  254. 

Wild-Borbeck,  E.  :    Eserinol,  251. 

Wine,  Creosote,  249. 


Wine,  lodotannic,  Phosphated,  280. 

Witch  Hazel  and  Hydrastis  Sup- 
Ijositories,  Basis  for,  285. 

Witch  Hazel  Cream,  277. 

Wood-apple  Gmn,  191. 

Woehlk,  A.  :  New  Reaction  for 
Lactose,  100. 

Wool,  Capsicum,  455. 

Wool,  Euguforra,  271. 

Wool,  Isoform,  271. 

Wool,  Quinine  Lygosinate,  271. 

Wool,  Stypticine,  270. 

Wools,  Medicated,  Assay  of,  229. 

Wright,  R.  :  Occurrence  and  Dis- 
tribution of  Mydriatic  Alkaloid 
in  Lactuca  muralis,  101. 

Wright,  R.,  and  E.  H.  Farr  : 
Powdered  Alcoholic  Extract  of 
Belladonna  Leaf,  Standardized, 
232. 

Wright,  R.,  and  E.  H.  Farr  : 
Powdered  Alcoholic  Extract  of 
Belladoim.a  Root,  Standardized, 
236. 

Wyatt,  H.  :  Citrate  of  Iron  and 
Qmnine  in  Mixtures,  245. 

Wyatt,  H.  :  Hj^Dophosphorous 
Acid  in  Dispensing,  257. 

Wjatt,  H.  :  Insoluble  Powders  in 
Mixtures,  262. 

Wyatt,  H.  :   lodotannic  Syrup,  264. 

Wvatt,  H.  :  Manipulation  of  Bark 
Mixtiu-es,  231. 

Wyatt,  H.  :  Manipulation  of  Co- 
paiba Mixtures,  248. 

Wymie,  W.  P.,  and  J.  S.  Hills  : 
Linin,  107. 


X. 


Xanthium    strumarium    in    Burma, 

181. 
Xeroform  Dusting  Powder,  288. 
Xylocarpus    granaturn    in    German 

East  Africa,  202. 

Y. 

Yellow  Mercuric   Oxide   Ointment, 

269. 
Yohimbi  Bark,  False,  191. 
Young,  D.  A.  :    Compomid  Galba- 

num  Pills,  253. 


Zelis,  P.  :    Formalin  Dressings,  252. 
ZeUs,  P.  :    New  Dressings,  270. 
Zenghelis,  —  :    Detection  of  Traces 
of  Hg  in  L^rine,  111. 


538 


INDEX. 


Zepf,  P.  :  Therapeutics  of  Emetine 
and  Cephajlino  Hydrochloride, 
185. 

Zernik,  F.  :  /i-cuc-aino  Lactate,  176. 

Zernik,  F.  :    Exodin,  191. 

Zernik,  F.  :    Griserin,  195. 

Zernik,  F.  :    Isopral,  198. 

Zernik,  F.  :   Perhydrol,  210. 

Zeuner,  W.  :  Guaiacum  Lozenges 
for  Tonsilitis,  256. 


Ziegolmann,  E.  F.  :  Essential  Oil  of 
Savin,  153. 

Zinc  Borate  or  Oxyborate,  168. 

Zinc  Chloride  and  Iodide  Solutions, 
290. 

Zinc  Chloride  Pencils,  290. 

Zinc  Labels,  Ink  for,  303. 

Zinc  Sulphide,  Phosphorescent,  129. 

Zyf/adernus  veyienosus  Bulbs,  Alka- 
loids of,  168. 


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annually. 

Two  Scholarships,  of  the  value  of  72  frw'nps^^  each,  are  reserved  for  Students 
of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  or  London  ITniversities. 

Fees  (inclading  Subscription  for  Students'  Club). — -For  the  five  years'  curri- 
culum of  study  required  by  the  various  examininf;  bodies  and  for  Hospital 
Practice.    115  guineas  in  one  sum,  or   126  fjuinea^  in   five  instalments. 

The  composition  fee  for  sons  of  registered  medical  (iractitioner.s  is  105  guinea.s, 
and  the  fee  by  instalments  115  guineas  in  five  payments. 

The  composition  fee  for  Dental  Students  is  5.5  guineas,  or  61  guineas  payal)le 
in  two  instalments  of  31   guineas  and   .30  guineas  respectively. 

A  proportionate  reduction  of  the  above  fee  is  made  to  Students  who  liave 
completed  part  of  ths  curriculum  elsewhere. 

Appointments. — The  opportunities  for  obtaining  Resident  Hospital  and  other 
appointments  after  qualification — of  wliich  there  are  upwards  of  30 — are  specially 
f.ivourable. 

Charing  Cross  Hospital  is  within  three  minutes'  walk  of  the  Royal  Dental 
Hospital  of  London,  and  the  hours  of  Lectures  are  arranged  to  suit  the  con- 
venience of  both  General  and  Dental  Students. 

The  Hospital  and  School  are  situated  within  two  minutes  of  both  Charing 
Cross  Stations,  and  the  Athletic  Ground  at  Eltham  can  be  reached  within  half 
an    hour   from   C'harine   Cross. 

The  SCHOOL  PROSPECTUS,  containing  full  information  concerning  the 
classes,  prizes,  and  all  other  arrangements  connected  with  the  Medical  School, 
will  be  sent  on  application  to  the  Dean,  62-65,  Chandos  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

HERBERT   F.   WATERHOUSE.   Dean. 

^be  1Ro\?al  S)cntal  Ibospital 

AND 
LONDON  SCHOOL  OF  DENTAL  SURGERY, 

Leicester  Square,  London,  W.C. 


The  Royal  Dental  Hospital  was  founded  in  1858  at  Soho  Square,  and 
in  March,  1874,  was  removed  to  Leicester  Square.  The  increased  demands 
made  on  it  by  the  public  and  the  rapid  growth  of  the  Medical  School 
necessitated  the  erection  of  an  entirely  new  building.  The  new  Hospital 
was  opened  in  March,  1901,  and  is  complete  in  every  detail  with  modern 
appliances,  and  the  school  portion  of  the  building  thoroughly  equipped 
for  teaching  purposes.  The  clinic  of  the  Hospital  is  unrivalled.  In  1904 
the  number  of  the  cases  treated  was  99,458,  being  1,628  in  excess  of  tlic 
preceding  year. 

The  HONORARY  MEDICAL  STAFF  consists  of  six  Dental  Surgeons, 
six  Assistant   Dental  Surgeons,  and  four  Anrt-sthetists. 

Five  House  Surgeons  are  appointed  every  six  months. 

Four  Operative  and  two  Mechanical  Demonstrators  assist  Students  in 
their  practical  work. 

INSTRUCTION  IN  MECHANICAL  DENTISTRY. 

The  instruction  in  Mechanical  Dentistry  as  required  for  the  Dental 
curriculum  can  be  obtained  at   this  Hospital. 

Further  particulars  concerning  fees,  scholarships,  etc.,  can  be  obtained 
on  application  to — 

THE  DEAN. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


545 


r 


Established 
1797. 


? 


Grand  Prix, 
Paris  1900. 


HOWARDS  a 
6  SONS, 


LTD. 


Telegraphic  Address :   "Quinology,  London." 

QUININE,  CINCHONA  ALKALOIDS. 


Acetates  of  Soda  ami  I'otasli. 

Acids,  I'lirc. 

/1:tliers,  pure  a;id  methylated. 

Antimony  preparations. 

Itenzoic  Acid  and  lienzoates. 

Iticarbonate  of  Soda  (Howards'). 

Bismuth  Salts,  inclndi.i};  Salicylas. 

itorax  and  Koracic  Acid. 

Bromides  of  the  Alkalies. 

Caffeine  and  Citrate,  P.B. 

Calomel. 

Camphor  Bells,  Blocks  and  llowers. 

Citrate  of  iron  and  Quinine,  I'.B, 

Citric  Acid  and  Citrates. 


Cocaine  and  its  Salts. 

Corrosive  Sublimate. 

Ext.  Cinch.  I.iq.  P.B.,  and  H.  &  S. 

Iodides  of^the  Alkalies. 

lodof  :rm. 

Liq.  Bismuthi  et  Am.  Citratis. 

Magnesia. 

Mercurials. 

Rochelle  Salt  and  I'ulv.  Seidlitz. 

Scale  Preparations. 

Spirit  preparations,  and  for  t.vport 

under  drawback. 
Terebene. 
Zinc  and  Iron  Sulphates,  etc. 


AND  OTHER  PHARMACEUTICAL  CHEMICALS. 


iz>  STRATFORD,    ESSEX,  xs' 


The  above  Preparations  may  be  obtained  in  ORIGINAL  PACKAGES  through 

any  Wholesale   Druggist. 

HOWARDS  &  SONS,  Ltd.,  wish  to  draw  special  aKention  to  (hen-  QUININE 

TABLETS  and  QUININE  PILLS. 

Hopkin  &  Williams,  Ltd. 

Telegraphic  Address  :  "Cerium,  London." 

a 

The  FINEST  CHEMICALS  for 
Manager  : 

EDMUND   WHITE,     Pharmacy,     Research, 

B.Sc,  F.I.C.,  etc.  T»v       .      _  1 

Photography 

a 

16,    CROSS    STREET,    HATTON    GARDEN, 
LONDON,   E.C. 


NN 


j46  ADVERTISEMENTS 


EVANS 

For  DRUGS  AND  CHEMICALS. 

For  PHARMACEUTICAL 
PREPARATIONS. 

For  ESSENTIAL  OILS. 
For  COATED  PILLS,  CAPSULES, 
COMPRESSED  TABLETS,  &c. 

For  Counter  Adjuncts,  Customers' 
Names  and  Addresses. 

For  Druggists'  Sundries. 

For  Photographic  Requisites. 

For  Patent  Medicines,  Proprietary 
Articles,  &c. 

For  Shop  Fittings,  Counter  Cases,  &c. 


COMPLETE    DISTINCT   LISTS   FOR 
EACH    DEPARTMENT. 


EVANS  SONS  LESGHER  &  WEBB  Ltd. 

LIVERPOOL  &  LONDON. 


i?ADVERTISEMENrS 


Evans  %m  Lesgher  &  Webb 

-  LIMITED, 

LIVERPOOL     AND     LONDON. 

(EVANS,    SONS    &    CO.)         (EVANS,    LESCHER    &   WEBB.) 

Wholesale   and  .  . 

.  .  Export    Druggists 

l¥IMNUFACTURING    CHEMISTS, 

DISTILLERS  OF  ESSENTIAL  OILS 
PIONEERS  of  COUNTER  ADJUNCTS 

Bearing  Customer's  Name  and  Address. 

Dealers  in  and  Manufacturers  of 

DRUGGISTS^    SUNDRIES. 


PHOTOGRAPHIC    REQUISITES    .    . 

.    .    PATENT    r/iEDICINES,    AND    .    . 

.    .    .    PROPRIETARY    ARTICLES 


S48 


Telegrams : 
"  UMNEY,  LONDON. " 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


iT  iT 


^  ^ 


"I" 


TRIPLE 
IVIILLED 


WRIGHT,  LAYMAN  AND 

UMNEY'S 

1  TOILET 

SOAPS. 


""TK  I-L  our  Toilet  Soaps  are  pre- 
/  \  pared  from  the  purest  edible 
fats,  and  are  free  from 
obnoxious  colouring  matters  and 
adulterants,  and  delicately  scented 
with  the  finest  Perfumes. 


Packed  in  attrac- 
tive Cardboard 
Boxes,  each  con- 
taining one  dozen 
Tablets. 


18/- 


Brown  Windsor 

Lavender 

Buttermilk 

Oatmeal 

Cold  Cream 

Parma  Violet 

Curd 

Rose 

Ciycerine  and 

Rose  (White)  and 

Cucumber 

Cucumber 

Golden  Lily 

Superfatted 

Honey 

Skin 

Per  dozen  Boxes. 

Sample  Box,  19 
post  free. 

'Phese  Soaps  are  also 
t  ackeii  in  Cnrdboard 
Boxes,  cnntaiiiing  3 
Tablets,  botli  Wrappers 
ami  R"X  Labels  being 
artistically  finished  and 
printed  in  numerous 
colours. 

23/- 

Per  gross  Tablets. 


WRIGHT,  LAYMAN  &  UMNEY,  Lim.,  southwark,  s.e. 


ADVERTISEMENTS  r4ft 

WE  OmmD  ALL  OUR  DRUGS 

and  we  exercise  fullest  Analyticcl  Control,  therefore 
WE  CAN  ABSOLUTELY  GUARANTEE 

ALL  our   Powders   Genuine 
and  Correct 

as  regards 

ASH   PERCENTAGE 

(Gamboge,  Saffron,  etc.) 

RESIN   PERCENTAGE 

(Jalap,  Scammony,  etc) 

ALKALOID   PERCENTAGE 

(Cinchona,  etc.) 


Telegrams:  "UMNEY,  LONDON." 
Telephone  :    608  HOP. 


/ZJ 


T,    j^ 


LAYMAN    £f 


AND 


UMNEY,  Ltd. 


SOUTHWARK, 


550  ADVKRTISEMKNTS 


GOLD     MEDAL     and      DIPLOMA,     PARIS,     1900. 

J.  F.  Macfarlan  &  Co. 

MANUKACTUKKKS    nl 

MORPHIA    and    its    SALTS 

CODE  I A    aiid    its    SALTS 

All  other  OPIUM  products  and  its  synthetic  derivatives 


DrACETYL  MORPHINE  HYDROCHLORIDE 
ETHYL  MORPHINE  HYDROCHLORIDE 

Tliese  Esters  were  fully  investigated  by  Stockman  and  Dott  in  1887-88, 

and  have  since  been  sold  by  us  under  their  systematic  names   as  above. 

Subsequently  the}'  were  made  by  Continental  firms  and  sold  under  the 

protected  names  "  Heroin  "  and  "  Dionin." 

PURE    CHLOBOFORM 

[Answering  British  Pharmacopoeift  and  all  Official  Te-ts. 

ANJESTHETIC    ETHER. 

(As  used  by  the  late  Dr.  Thfis.  Keitli  and  other  eminent  Surgeons.) 

SPIRITUOUS     GALENICALS     OF     B.P.     1898. 

Prepared  and  stanflaniised  in  our  ov^n  Laboratories  tor  E.xport  under  Bond. 

ANTISEPTIC     DRESSINGS     AND     APPLIANCES. 

Used  in  tlie  Listerian  System  of  Suigerv,  prepared  according  to  the  Special  Formulas 

of  LORD  LISTER,  ex-P.R.S. 

EDINBURGH    Addres.s—  LONDON     Address- 

93    &    109,    Abbeyhill.  9  &  11  Moor  Lane,  Fore  St.,  E.C. 


FINE  CHEMICALS   for    Scientific   purposes   and   for   College   and 
Technical  Institute  Laboratories. 

PHARMACEUTICAL     CHEMICALS     of    Standard     Quality    for 
Manufacturing  and   Dispensing. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC  CHEMICALS  in  Bulk  or  ready  Packed 
for  Retailing. 

RADIUM  PREPARATIONS  and  MINERALS. 

MINERAL  and  GEOLOGICAL  SPECIMENS  and  SETS. 

TECHNICAL   CHEMICALS    for    Glass,    China,    Enamel,    Varnish, 
and  other  manufacturing  purposes. 


HARRINGTON  BROS. 

IfffirvtLo.NDON."       Manufacturing  Chemists,       ict^.fc"ent'a"i. 

4,  OLIVER'S  YARD,  CITY  ROAD,  LONDON,  E.C. 


AD  VERTISEMENTS 


551 


THOMAS  TYRER  s  CO,,  Ltd, 


Stratford,    London, 
England.        ""i 

GOLD  MEDAL.  St.  Louis,  1904. 

ANALYTICAL,     PMARMACBUTICAL,     PHOTOGRAPHIC, 
TECHNICAL    AND    SPECIAL    CHEMICALS. 

Practitioners  are  requested  to  Specify   TYREWS  j\Iamifacture  u-hen 
orderiiuj  from    Wholesale  Houses. 


I  SterliiiG 


BISMUTH  SALTS 
ETHERS 

HYPOPHOSPHITES 
MERCURIALS 
PHOSPHORIC  ACID 
SCALE  PREPARATIONS 

CHEMICALS  FOR 
METALLURGY 
ASSAYING 
ANALYSIS 
PHARMACY 
PHOTOGRAPHY 


1^ 


P 


P 
f 


TECHNICAL   EXPERIMENTS 

ON    A     MANUFACTURING    SCALE 
CARRIED     OUT.    =     =     =     =     =     =     = 


ENQUIRIES  SOLICITED  FROM 

-  -  Inventors,  Patentees,  &c. 

Telegrams  :     "  TYRER,l.STRATFORD.     LONDON." 


552 


r 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


W.   MARTINDALE 

WHOLESALE     &     EXPORT     CHEMIST 


n 

«IST.        I 


'/VJeyiviius  .- 

"  Mjirtindii'e, 

Choiiiist,  Liiidon." 

MONTHLY 
PRICE     LIST 

(Up-to-date. 

We    hold   stock 

of 

ALL  NEW 

PREPARATIONS 

post   free. 


•A.N'n  ANAUIi'-';it-CH.BM.[^T. 


Tclejihoncs  ; 
1797    rndUnyton. 
■1C88  Germ  1(1. 


We  supply  the  Trade 

with  Chemicals, 

Drujis,  (ialenicals, 

and  Surgeon*.'  and 

General  Sundries 

at 
moderate  prices. 

Quotations 
per  return  post. 


10,  New  Cavendish  Street,  London,  W. 


Animal 
Extracts 

WILLOWS,  FRANCIS,  BUTLER, 

and  THOMPSON,  Ltd. 

40,  ALDERSGATE  ST  ,   London,  E.G. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


553 


TO   WHOLESALE   AS^D    EXPORT  TRADES. 


W.  RANSOM  &  SON 


JjA   Sli^  Jjfi  J^fi  J^Jfi  S}fi  JS(^ 

WWWWWWW 


(Established  Half  a  Century), 

nftanufactuniu3  ipbannaceutical 
Cbeinists, 

Distillers  of  Essential  Oils  and  Cultivators  of  Medicinal  Plants, 

HITCHIN,    near    LONDON. 


Solid  and  Liquid  Extracts. 
Expressed  Juices. 
Essential  Oil  of  Lavender. 
Essential  Oil  of  Peppermint. 
Scannmony  Resin. 
Jalap  Resin. 


si»E:ciii.x^iT'iE:s  :— 

Elaterium. 


Mercurial  Pill  and  Ointment. 

Dried  Medicinal  Leaves. 

English  Aconite  Root. 

Aloin. 

English  Dandelion  Root. 


leiiioina!  Tinctures,  Spirits,  etc.,  of  best  quality 
supplleil  in  Ijonil  for  export. 


International  Exhibitions — London,  1862,  Chicago,  1893.       Prize 
Medals  awarded  for  Pharmaceutical  Extracts,   Essential 
Oils,   and  Dried  Herbs  of  Superior  Quality. 
Also     Award     at    the     Paris     Exhibition,      1867. 


r,r)4  ADVERTISEMENTS 


1855.  1862.  1865. 

Medal,  Paris.  Honourable  Meutiou,  London.  Medal,  Dublin. 


E)nui3,  Cbcmicals,  ant)  pbannaceutical  preparations. 

HIRST,  BROOKE  &  HIRST,  Lil. 

WHOLESALE  DRUGGISTS  AND  MANUFACTURING  CHEMISTS, 

MILLGARTH   MILLS,    LEEDS, 

Manufacturers   of 

iPharniaccutical  iPrcparationg : 

Acetic    Acid;     Liq.    Ammon.    Fort;     Mercurial    Ointments; 

Tasteless  Coated  Pills;  Medicated  Bougies;  Pessaries; 

Suppositories ;  etc.,  etc. 

Also  of  BRITISH  WINES ;   HIGHLY  PEEFUMED  TOILET  SOAPS 
AND  PEEFUMERY,  etc.,  etc. 

Finest  Non-freezing   COD  LIVER  OIL,   "WHITE   BEAR  BRAND." 

ORANGE-QUININE     WINE. 


r 


POTTER  and  CLARKE 

.     .     .    THE  HOUSE  FOR     .    .    . 

Herbs,  Roots 
-   -   and  Barks. 

FLUID     EXTRACTS. 

POTTER'S  ASTHMA  CURE. 


L 


POTTER  &  CLARKE,  Wholesale  Druggists, 

SO,  62,  64,  Artillery  Lane, 

LONDON,   E. 

Herb  Farms  :     Carlshalton,  Mitcham,  SURREY. 


ADVEBTISEMENTS 


555 


Jujubes  and  Pastilles 


IN    FREE  TINS. 


Of  very  superior  flavours  and  of  excellent  brilliance  and 
finish.  Chemists  desiring  to  put  forward  a  speciality  of 
their  own  can  have  Jujubes  and  Pastilles  manufactured 
for  them  of  any  colour,  flavour,  or  shape,  provided  that 
not  less  than  56  lbs.  be  ordered  at  a  time. 


JUJUBES  AND   PASTILLES. 


Aniseed  Liquorice. 
Black  Currant. 
Delectable. 
Glycerine. 
Glycerine  and 
Black    Currant. 


Lichen. 

Liquorice. 

Magnum   Bonum. 

Pectoral. 

Pine. 


Raspberry. 

Rose. 

Tamarind, 

Violet. 

Voice. 


JUJUBES    and    PASTILLES    in    Bulk,    tins  free,  or    put 
up  for  retail  sale  in  ornamental  boxes. 


ALLEN  &  HANBURYS  LTD., 

.  .  BETHNAL  QREEN,    LONDON. 


556  ADVERTISEMENTS 

C.  F.  Boehringer  &  Soehne 

Mannheim-JValdhof]    Germany, 

CO  CAIN  E^ 
SULPHATE  OF 

QUININE 


And   all   other   Cinchona 
Preparations. 


Atropine,    Caffeine,   Chloral   Hydrate,   Hyclroquinone,   Codeine   and   its 

Salts,  Cumarin,  Gallic  Acid,  Lactophenine,  Phenacetin,  Terpin-Hydrate, 

Theophyllin,  Strychnine,  Vanilline,  etc. 


Agents    fop   England    and    Ireland— 
MicssRS.  DOMEIER  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  20  &  21.  Harp  Lane,  GhiEAT  Tower  St., 
Agents    for    Scotland-  [  London,   E.G. 

Messrs.  F.  E,.  MULLEE  &  CO.,  47,  Waterloo  Street,  Glasgow. 

Hi^Kiesi:    i«I.-»iira,x««i,    "GfS.».INr]>    I»I*IX:,"    F»JVFEIS,    1900. 

swers  :ill  Otti.iiil  'I'ests. 

CHLOROFORM  RECT. 

Fioiii  Al.M.ln.l. 


A 


.  &  H. 
SMITH 


MORPHINE 
AND    CODEINE 

AND  THEiR  SALT5.       £3  IWI     I       1       f^i  JALAP    RESIN. 

ERCOTm                                         \\tJT^^  SCAMMONY  RESIN. 

CAiEpiM                                  21,  Duke  street,  EDINBURGH-  «"*«-AfirJ. 

aMLIt/lrli                                                                   '                              >  ,  Iii\  I'litois  uiul  sole 

22.  City  Road,  LONDON,  E.C.  ;  .Miiinif^ictiiiers  of  the 

37,  Washington  St.,  GLASGOW.  TCI  fl  V^SICATORIA 

United  States  Agency—  or  Blistering  Tissue, 

CAPSICiNE.                           r>IIQTAV    MAQTIM  By  far  ths  most  efficient 

oiuf^cniric                               l«UO  8  «V     IVif%n  I  IN)  Cantharides  Vesicant 

LlNCfcKIKt.                           38  PFARL  STRf  FT,  BOSTON.  in  existence. 


ALOiN, 
APOMORPHiNE 


FULL     ILLUSTt^ATED     LISTS     FREE 

Chemists'  Stamps,  Seals  and 
Stencils  a  Speciality, 
Window  Ticket  Marking  Sets. 
O-  D.  I^ICH:FOR.ID, 
8  &  9,  snow  hill,  london,  e.c. 
Established  20  Years. 


RUBBER 

STAM  PS 


€adl>ti^i/M^ 


ABSOLUTELY  PURE, 
therefore  BESTm 

Oadbury's  is"  Tlie  T.viiical  Cocom  NO  CHEMICALS  USED  IN 

ot    lilTiirliHli    Manufacture,   Abso-  ^^x^^^-,      CADBURYS  AS  IN  SO-CALLED 

lutely  Pure."— T/ic  Anahjst.  m— »7m.-*>**     pure  FOREIGN  COCOAS. 


ADVERTISEMENTS  557 


THOMAS  WHIFFEN, 

BATTERSEA,     LONDON, 

MANUFACTURER    OF 

CAFFEINE   AND   EMETINE, 

QUININE   AND   ALL   CINCHONA   SALTS, 

STRYCHNINE  ("HULLE'S"), 

QUINETUM  AND  QUINETUM  SULPHATES, 

LIQUID  EXTRACT  OF  CINCHONA,  P.B.,   1898, 

.    AND    . 

LIQUID  EXTRACT  OF  CINCHONA  FLAVA,  P.B„  1867 
EXTRACT  NUCIS  VOMICA  LIQUIDUM,   P.B.,  1898, 
SALICINE. 

Telegraphic  Address— "  WHIFFEN,   LONDON." 

GEORGE  ATKINSON  &  CO., 

31  &  32,  St.  Andrew's  Hill,  London,  E.G. 

Works— SOUTH  ALL,   MIDDLESEX. 

Telegraphic  Address— "  CAMPHOR,   LONDON." 


Specialities : 
ANTIMONY   and    its   Preparations. 
IODOFORM    and    Iodine    Resublimed. 
POTASSIUM    BROMID  and   Bromine  Preparations. 
POTASSIUM    lODID    and    Iodine   Preparations. 
VERMILION    and    other   Mercurials. 
SANDALWOOD  OIL.  CLOVE  OIL. 

REFINED    CAMPHOR,  in  Bells  and  Flowers. 

TABLETS,   from  ^-oz.  to  16  oz.  each. 


OIL   PRESSERS  AND   DISTILLERS, 

DRUG  GRINDERS,   etc.,  etc. 


558 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


Quinine  Wine, 

B.P. 

BUYERS   OWN    NAME   ON    LABEL 

Orange  Wine. 

In  strict  accoi'dance  with  the  reqiiiiijiiR-nts  of  the 
British  Phai'macopceia. 

The  above  both  Perfectly  fermented  Wines. 


LIME  JUICE  CORDIAL. 
LEMON    SQUASH.      LEMON   SYRUP. 


G.    Y.    HOIVIE    &    CO., 

RECTIFIERS    AND    BRITISH    WINE    MAKERS,    BRISTOL. 

ESTABLISHED    1841. 


I>Ii.      FtEH^lMER'S 


Establislnnent  for  Vaccination  with  Calf  Lymph, 

75,  Upper  Gloucester  Place,  LONDON,  N.W. 

THE     OLDEST     ORIGINAL    CALF    VACCINE    INSTITUTION    IN    THIS    COUNTRY. 


Prices  of  Calf  Lymph  (Glycerinated). 

"  Large "  Tubes        2s.     each,     or     3     for  58. 

■' Small  "  ditto          Is.    each,    or    3    for    28.  6d. 

"Half"  ditto             8d.  each,     2  for  Is.,  or    6    for    28  6d. 

VIALS, 

■  Concantrated  Glycarized  Pulp. 

"  Large  "  (sufficient  for  60-80  Vaccinations)    lOs.  6d.  each. 

"  Small  "(  half ;        5s.  6d.  each. 

COUQHS.-tericaii  Clierry  Pectoral, 

KOli    THE    CURE    OF 

Coughs,  Colds,  Influenza,  Hoarseness,  Bronchitis,  Incipient  Consumption, 

and  affording  the  gTeatest  n-lief  in  advanced  stages  of  Disease. 
In  Bottles,  at  Is.  l-d.,  2s.  9d.,  4s.  6d.,  and  lis. 

Also  C]ME:FSFC'y   PECFOfSAii.   il.oze:n^G£:s  for  Coughs,  etc 

IB.  lid.  and  2s.  9d. 


BRADLEY    &    BOURDAS,  ^•^^'^'^'^f^^%t"lo^aoTs%T*'^^'^'^^ 


and  may  be  had  of  all  Chemists. 


Telegraphic  Address— "  BOURDAS,   LONDON." 


Telephone — 727,    Westminster. 


ADVERTISEMENTS  559 


Standardised  Pharmaceuticals. 


Fluid  Extracts.    Powdered  Extracts.    Concentrations. 

Pills— Gelatin-Coated  and  Sugar-Coated. 

Compressed  Tablets— Chocolate-Coated,  Sugar-Coated, 

AND  Plain. 

Tablet-Triturates.       .        Hypodermic  Tablets. 

Medicinal  Elixirs  and  Syrups. 

SPECIALITIES    OF    WORLD-WIDE    REPUTATION 


all  drugs  issued  by  us  are 

physiologically  or 
chemically  standardised. 


ORGANIC 
PRODUCTS 

Of  Absolute  Reliability: 

PHYSIOLOGICALLY  STANDARDISED. 

Adrenalin,  the  Active  Principle  of  the  Suprarenal  Gland. 
First  isolated  by  Takamine,  and  prepared  only  by  us.  The 
most  powerful  haemostatic  and  ischaemic  known. 

Solution  Adrenalin  Chloride,  1 :  1000. 

"  Eudrenine  "  for  painless  and  bloodless  operations. 

Suprarenal  Tablets,  each  representing  2  grains  of  Desic- 
cated Gland. 

Thyroid  Powder ;  Thyroid  Tablets. 

Thyroidectin,  prepared  from  the  blood  of  thyroidectomised 
animals. 

Thymus  Gland,  in  capsules. 


PARKE,    DAVIS    &    CO., 

Ill,  QUEEN  VICTORIA  STREET,  LONDON,  E.C. 

Telegraphic  Address:     "  Cascara,  London." 


560  ADVERTISEMENTS 


P.A.T.A. 

ATKINSON  &  BARKER'S 

Royal  Infants'  *   - 
"   -   Preservative, 

E:st:£Lblislied    X793. 

SUPPLIED  TO  HER  LATE  MAJESTY  QUEEN  VICTORIA. 

Has    been    placed    on    the    Protected    List    of 
the   Proprietary   Articles*   Trade    Association^ 

Minimum  Prices— lli  size,  1/-;  2/9  size,  2/6;  4/6  size,  4/-. 

Proprietors— R.  BARKER  &  SON,  ii,  Russell  Street, 
MANCHESTER. 


Lac    Bismuth,      Lac    Bismuthi    et    Cerii. 
Syr.   Hypophos.     Hydrobronri. 

''->b.  &  Mb.    >|;riw|raLTiwW'l^^       If  y A  Ji  5-ib.  bottles, 
bottles,       ill  H  V^\  #>i  k  1 11  a1  XK  li' 

20/-  lb.  UmiHlffiUJLfllHiT'  19  -  lb- 

Miniature  Throat  Spray, 
Chloride    of  Ammonium    Inhalers,    etc. 

SYMES    &    CO.,    LTD.r  LIVERPOOL. 

London  Agents-THOS.  KERFOOT  &  CO..  189,  Holloway  Road,  N. 

FOUND    DEAD. 

■H.XT^TLt'Ery    ^'Y     SA.I«^FOfSI>'S     ISA-O?     POISON*. 

Which  is  said  by  Farmers  to  be  tlie  >)est  and  most  effective  ever  introduced.  Mr.  liliss. 
Farmer,  Helcthorpe,  Leighton,  writes  that  from  one  dressing  lie  fmind  136  dead  Itats 
next  iniirning.  Aid.  Ashton,  of  Huntington,  says  he  killed  70  Rats  with  a  Is.  box  of  San- 
FOHD's  Rat  Poison.  J.  Long,  Esq.,  of  Carlton,  states  that  he  found  over  3iX)  Rats  killed 
bv  u^in'J:  a  10s.  tin,  of  Poison.  Price  M..  \s.,  -Ix.,  3.s-..  and  iis.  per  tin.  To  be  had  of  all 
C'liPiris  s  or  SANFORD    &    SON,    SANDY,    BEDS. 

\Vh<ik's;ile  of  Maw,  San  A'  Snni,  Newbury  tt  Son,  Edwards  A:  Son,  ami  others,  London. 

F^gOERICK    FINK    &    CO., 

ID,    II,    MINCING    LANE,    LONDON,    E.G. 

SPECIALITIES  : 

Glycerine,   Hand-picked    Cum  Arabic   ?nd  rum  Arabic  in   sorts, 

Gum  Tra^Rcanth,  rure  Beeswax  and  Honey. 


AUVEIITISEMKNTS 


561 


Telegraphic  Address 

"POTHS.  LONDON. 


Telephone  Nos.  — 

1381     !    Avenue. 


H.  POTHS  &  CO. 

4,  5,  &  6,  Bury  Court,  St.  Mary  Avenue,  LONDON. 

SHOP  BOTTLES  and  JARS  with  Vitrified  Labels. 

SHOW   BOTTLES,  GRADUATED  iVIEASURES  &  MEDICINE 

TUMBLERS,   PERFUME  BOTTLES,   BOXES,  etc. 

New  Illustrated  Catalogue  free.    Also  large  list  of  Inseriptions  specially 
arranged  so  as  to  reduce  to  a  minimum  the  labour  of  making  out  orders  and  lists 

for  same. 


662  ADVERTISEMENTS 


C.  R.  MARKER,  STAGG 
and  MORGAN,  Ltd., 

nDamifacturing     ^^     TObolcsale  anb 
dbcmists,        Ww  Eyport  Bruooists, 

15,  LAURENCE  POUNTMEY  LANE,  LONDON,  E.O, 

ARE     REMOVING     TO 

NEW   PREMISES 
DEVON  WHARF, 

Emanott  Street,    Mile  End,  LONDON,  E., 

Where  their  Laboratories  are  being  fitted  with  Electric  Power  and  the  most 
modern  pharmaceutical  machinery  and  appliances. 


Telegraphic  Address  :  "  EDULCINE,  LONDON."  Telephone  :    949  (Bank). 


RAIMES    &     CO.,     YORK 

(SLINGER     &    SON.      incorporated     1899), 

Wholesale  Druggists  &  lUlanyfactyrlng  Gtiemlsts. 

LIQ.  VIOL/E  GONG.    1-15 
LIQ.  RHIEADOS  C 
SYR.  RHSEADOS. 


Sttecialities .- !  I/O.  RHtEADOSGONG.    1-7. 


PROPRIETORS     OF 

SLINGER'S    NUTRIENT    SUPPOSITORIES. 


ALFRED  WHITE  &  SONS, 

MANUFACTURING      CHEMISTS, 

Established     1775. 

Manufacturers  of  Acids,— /Ethers,— Sp.  /Ether.  Nit., — Sp.  Ammon. 

Arom.,  — Liq.  Ammon.,— Soldering  Solution,— etc.,  and  preparations 

of  Alum, — Animal  Charcoal, — Antimony, — Baryta, — Bismuth, — 

Strontia, — Tin, — Zinc, — etc. 

ALLEN     STREET,     GOSWELL     ROAD,     E.G. 

(Late  Castle  Street,  Saffron  Hill,  E.G.) 

WORKS  :-WEST    DRAYTON,    MIDDLESEX. 

Telegraphic  Address :-"  ETHER  METHYLATED.  LONDON." 


ADVBBTISEMENrS  563 


^Qy^l  Balsamic   Plaisters, 

AS    SUPPLIED    TO    THE    ARMY    AND    NAVY 
AT    SCUTARI    HOSPITAL. 

Makers    of    Every    Description    of 

-H^-^A'^v^     Approved    Form. 


SurgEcaS  Plaisters  in  Gndiarubber  Cotnbmation, 

Porous    and     Plain. 

In  order  to  meet  the  larg-ely  increased  demand  for  our  Rubber 
Combination  Plaisters,  new  and  additional  machinery  has  been  laid  down, 
and  we  now  possess  every  facility  for  the  production  of  Perfect  Plaisters, 
and  are  in  a  position  to  execute  orders  without  delay. 

MATHER'S       Chemical 


For  Poisoning  Flies,  Wasps,  Ants,  Mosquitoes,  etc. 

SPECIAL     PRICES     ON     APPLICATION. 

Any  Registered  Chemist  in  Business  who  has  not  received  a  Poison  Book 
and  Sample  Fly  Paper  per  post,  can  have  them  on  application. 


:iER,  Ltd., 

0]/er  Street,  H^lme,  E^ANCHESTER. 


London   and   E.rj  ort   Arjciits— 

Messrs.  MACE  &  HALDANE,  94,  Milton  Street,  E.G. 


564 


'^ADVERTISEMENTS 


DINNEFORD    &    CO. 


MANUFACTURERS     OF 


Horse=Hair  Friction  Gloves,  Belts, 

Etc.,  Etc. 


WHOLESALE     PRICE     LIST. 


Gent's  Flesh  Gloves 

(in  Pairs).     For  chy  use  only. 

No.  1  size,  36s. ;  No.  2,  40*. ;  No.  3, 

42s.  per  doz.  jmirs. 


LadiCa'  Flesh  Gloves 

(in  Pairs).     For  dry  usu  oiil}'. 
In  3  sizes.     No.  1,  2,  and  3,  42s.  pL-r 
doz.  pairs. 


Oxford  Washing  Pad  Army  Bath  Pad 

For  cleaning  and  softening  the  hands,  For  wet  or  tlry  use.    11  air  on  both 
and  for  the  Bath.     In  1  doz.  sides.     A  luxury  for  the 

boxes.     8s.  per  doz.  Bath.     12s.  per  doz. 


For  wet  or  dry 
use. 


Bath  Gloves. 


Price, 
21s.  jjer  doz. 


^^XI^^  THE     ORIGINAL     PATENTEES, 

180,  New    Bond   Street,   London,   W. 


advertise:\ients  565 


DINNEFORD    &   CO. 

MANUFACTURERS     OF 

Horse=Hair  Friction  Gloves,  Belts, 

Etc.,  Etc. 


WHOLESALE     PRICE     LIST. 


\ 


Hound  Glove. 

Hair  on  both  sides,  or  in  pairs,  hair  on  one  side  only.     Unrivalled  for 

producing  a  healthj',  sleek  and  glossj-  surface  on  the  coats  of  greyhounds, 

foxhounds,  harriers,  and  other  smooth-coated  dogs. 

Double  Gloves,  42s.  per  doz. 

Single  Gloves,  or  in  pairs.  No.  1  size,  18s. ;  No.  2,  20«. ;  No.  3,  21s.  per  doz. 

or  36a-.,  40s.,  and  42s.,  per  doz.  paii"s. 


Gent's  Flesh  Strap  and  Ladies'  Belt. 

For  drj'  use  onl^'.     42s.  per  doz. 
Hair  on  one  side.     Ladies'  quality,  light  hair  and  soft  pile.     Gent's 
quality,  black  or  grej",  and  pile  of  various  degx'ees  of  hardness.    Specially 
useful  for  rubbing  the  back,  spine,  and  slioulders.     An  excellent  Anti- 
rheumatic, and  very  invigorating. 


Bath  Straps. 

For  wet  or  dr^'  use.     42s.  joer  doz. 

The  dry  Frictors  should  be  used  immediately  after  rising,  and  just 
before  the  shower,  sponge,  or  jilunge  bath.  The  most  delicate  can  in  this 
manner  enjoy  the  luxury  of  a  cold  bath  without  the  risk  of  taking 
cold.  A  few  minutes'  friction  at  bedtime  prevents  that  irritability 
which  so  often  arises  from  imjierfect  action  of  the  skin. 

The  Bath  Gloves  and  Bafh  Straps  may  be  used  as  dry  Frictors  before 
the  bath,  or  for  wet  use  generally. 


I>Il^NE:FOflD    &    CO.,. 


Pd  THE     ORIGINAL    PATENTEES, 

180,  New    Bond   Street,   London,  W. 


506  ADVERTISEMENTS 

CJtiJElVIISTS'     TRANSFERS. 

oC,  I.ijiOATE  Hill,  I.dMxiN. 

Messrs.  ORRiDGE  &  CO.,  Chemists'  Transfer  Agrents, 

RI:iy  be  (niimiltcl  at  tlic  aliove  address  on  matters  of  SaLK,  PrKCHASE,  and  VALUATION. 

Tlie  business  condiuted  by  Messrs.  OiiKlliGE  &  Co.  has  been  known  as  a  Transfer  Agency 
in  the  advertising  columns  of  tlie  Pharmaceutical  Jourkal  since  the  year  1846,  and  is  well 
kn(jwn  to  all  the  leading  firms  in  the  Trade. 

VENDORS  have  the  advantage  of  Messrs.  O.  &  Co.'s  direct  attention  and  advice  as  to 
valui'  without  any  additional  fees. 

PU  RC  H  AS  JERS.— Applicants  are  invited  to  forward  a  statement  of  their  requirements 
which  will  be  notified  free  of  charge  in  a  classified  register  kept  for  that  purpose. 

VALUATIONS. — Valuations  liaving  always  been  a  prominent  feature,  Messrs. 
Okkipoe  a  Co.  trust  that  the  lengthened  period  during  whicli  they  have  enjoyed  the 
conii  Icnce  of  the  profession  will  be  regarded  as  a  sufficient  proof  of  the  sincerity  of  tlieir 
endeavours  to  conduct  these  transactioas  in  an  honourable  and  straightforward 
manner. 

Terma  for  Valuation  on  Application.     Appointments  by  post  or  wire  have  immediate  attention. 


Garruthars  Street,    MABMCH ESTER, 

MANUFACTURERS     OF     .     .     . 

MEDICATED   LOZENGES,  JUJUBES   AND  PASTILLES. 

Antisoptic,  Mountain  Pine,  and  Eucaiyptus.       Mentho!  and  Eucalyptus- 
Full  Strength.    Crystallized  Cherry  Cough  Pastilles     Good  Sailing  Line. 
Linseed,  Licorice  and  Chlorodyne    Lozenges  in  decorated  2  and 
4  lb.  tins  a  Speciality.     Finest  Cachous,  Tulips,  Opoponax, 
Parma  Violets.    Finest  Boiled  Sugars.    Worm  Cakes,  etc. 

SEND     FOR     LIST,     SAMPUeS,  AND     COMPARE. 
Ti:i  rrnoNE    235.  Tet-f.^rams,   "  CxUESTO." 

W.  H.  CHAPLIN  &  CO.,  LTD., 

Wholesale  Wine,  Spirit  &  Liqueur  IVIerGhants. 

HOLDERS  OF  ONE  OF  THE  LARGEST  STOCKS  IN 

LONDON   IN   BOND  AND  DUTY  PAID. 

Market  List  published  Monthly. 

Offices :  35  &  36,  MARK  LANE,  E.G.,  and 

10,  VILLIERS  STREET,  W.C,  LONDON. 


Duty  Paid  Vaults— Beneath  Charing^  Cross  Sta.tion,  S.E.R. 

Telegrams:  "  WINECHAP,  London."  Telephones:  5215  Central,  and  3184  Gerrard. 

POWELL  ^  BARSTOW,  Limited 

ivc^i^^^s  of       SURGICAL     INSTRUMENTS    and 
^  ELASTIC  STOCKINGS. 

Ladies'    and     Gentlemen's    Abdominal     Belts,    etc. 

TRUSSES,     Anklets,     Leer^ings,     Knee    Caps,     etc.,     etc. 
Bandagres,     Bath     Gloves,     Chest     Protectors, 
Cotton    Wool,     DrusS'sts'    Sundries,     Lint, 

India    Rubber    Goods    of"    every    Description,    etc.,    etc. 

Write  for  our  Newf  Price  List. 

246a,  BOROUGH  HIGH  STREET,  LONDON,  S.E. 


AD  VERTISEMENTS 


667 


NATURAL  MINERAL 
-     WATERS     ■ 

SALTS,   PASTILLES,   &c. 

2B'  2B'  SB'  afi* 


SOLE     AGENTS     FOR 


STATE  SPRINGS 

AND 

CARLSBAD  WATER 

AND    SALTS. 


WHOLESALE    AGENTS   for 


AESCULAP, 

BONIFACIUS, 

CONDAL,    , 

CONTREXEVILLE, 

EMS, 

EVIAN, 

FACHINGEN, 

FRANZ-JOSEF, 

FRIEDRICHSHALL, 

GIESSHUBLER, 

HUNYADI-JANOS, 

KRONENQUELLE, 

iiiifl  all  other  Natiir 


LEVICO, 

OBERBRUNNEN, 
OBER-SELTERS, 
ROSBACH, 
ROYAT, 
PERRIER, 
RUBIXAT, 
ST.  GALMIER, 
VALS, 

VILLACABRAS, 
VITTEL, 
WILDUNGEN, 
al  Mineral  Waters. 


INGRASVI    &    ROYLE,    Ltd. 


LONDON  LIVERPOOL 

(26,  Upper  Thames  St  ,  E.(".)  (in,  South  John  St.) 

And  BRISTOL 

(Bath  Bridge.) 
Price  List  and  Pam]>h]et  on  application.     Special  Discounts  For  Export. 


568 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


ELASTIC  SURGICAL  STOCKINGS,  APPLIANCES,  etc. 


SPFCIAI  mrs    SlUmCAL  F.LASTIC  stockings  without  Seams.    trusses  and  BELTS  for 

SI  LUAI-1  " '-^     SI.  ';V',~  ,•;,,,..:,.,,,„,.„  ijei„„ given,  instructions  will  l)e  forwarded  for  taking 

l!'!^^^'tJ^V'^^^^^^^-  -   -  nopartn.ont   worth   the  attention  of 

•lonis  s^iH  good  profit  may  be  obtained  npon  special  arU 

nandhook\/r>n,  Manufactures  tvill  be  forwarded  to  any  Surgical  Instrument  Maker  or 

Chemist  free. 
SPECIAL    TRUSSES     FOR     SERIOUS    CASES. 
Elastic  Surgical  Stockings,  Knee  Caps,  etc.       Trusses  of  every,  description. 


Patent  Spiral  Seamless  El  islic  Stockings, 

Patent  Pile  Surgical  Elastic  Stockings. 
Elastic  Supports  for  Lawn  Tennis,  Cricket, 
Lacrosse  and  other  Athletic  Sports. 
Bath  and  Ruhbing  Gloves. 
Hathing  Caps  and  Belts. 


Poro-Plastic  Jackets. 

Bandages  ^Indiaruhber,    Elastic,    liint, 

Cotton,  Sayres',  etc. 
Chest  Expanding  Braces. 
Horse  Ear  Caps  &  Veterinary  Appliances. 
Suspensory  Bandages. 
Ladies'  and  Gentlemen's  Belts. 


Hathing  uaps  ana  teus.  ,■..,,   .4.i„„     Tl,^/^o^ 

t^T'^^^^tcZ^r.^^r^ii^'  ^j^;;;  La[lcland   Nursery  Appliances,  etc. 

Al  VVirACTUlIl-.U    AND  Patkntke^ 

J.     H.     HAYWOOD,     CASTLE     GATE,     NOTTINGHAM. 


ACIDS,  COMMERCIAL  AND  PURE. 


Sulphuric,  Puriss  Redistilled 
Sulphuric,   Commercial 
Sulphurous,  Puriss  BP. 
Sulphurous  Commercial 
Nitric        Nitres 


Aqua    Fortis 
Dipping 
Acetic 

Spirits  Salts 
Liquor  Ammonia 


W.  MOULDER,  SON  &  CO., 


(Established   1780.) 


Nat.  Teleph.  1017  Southall. 

MIDDLESEX. 


^ 


J 


A  ..s^ 


^    .#■>    ^  o>'/     C«?<r 


H.    ERHARDT 
y/  &  CO., 

r  9,     BOND     COURT, 

WALBROOK,  LONDON,  E.G. 

Tele.trraphic  Addivss  : 

"  KailAHDT,    LOMION." 


ALEMBIC    AUTOMATIC    STILL. 

A.s  used  in  the  Pharmaceutical  Society,  Blooin.shury  Square. 

We  guarantee  tliis  to  iJi'oduco  6  jnnts  of  aqtia  ilcsl.  per  hour.    Total  cost  of 

gas^d.  per  gallon.    To  make  Aromatic  Waters  and  the  recover^'  of  Alcuhol. 

38/6     Nctt.  Pamphlets  on  application. 

T2-E7r-k'W"Kr     je.-      C^^^-iwr       Engiiiecr.s,  Coppersmiths,  Joiners,  and 
.M^*:^%JMilT»i      at,      ^CJIM,  Laboratory  Speciali.st.s. 

MURIEL  STREET,  AND  CHARLOTTE  STREET,  LONDON,  N. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


569 


k 


K 

k 
h 


eUR     TEUSSES    are   constructed    ou    an    entirely    new 
principle,  the  springs  and  the  pads  being  made  scjjarati' 
and  distinct,  tlie  one  from  the  other.     The  springs  arc 
made  of  the  best  steel,  and  are  slotted  to  receive  our  patented    ^ 
slide,  by  means  of  which  a  pad  of  any  desired  shape  or  size 
may  be  attached  to  a  spring.     This,  in  itself,  is  a  great  advance    H 
over  the  ordinary  Truss  with  fixed  and  immovable  pad  ;  but,  in    ^ 
addition,  the  slide  is  so  constructed  that  the  spring  may  be 
expanded  or  contracted  as  found  necessary,  whilst  the  pad     ^ 
may  be  set  at  almost  any   angle,    thfse   adjustments   being 
elFected  either  by  the  Fitter  or  the  patient  and  whilst  on  the 
body — a  unique  advantage  not  found  in  any  other  form  of 
Truss. 

Further,  whilst  the  Triisses  possess  all  the  advantages  clainifd 
above,  we  have  been  enabled,  by  sim23lif3'ing  the  method  of  manu- 
facture, to  place  them  on  the  market  at  a  price  little  higher  than 
the  old-fashioned  Trusses  with  fixed  pads.    Prices  on  application. 

Prices  from  24s.  a  dozen. 

Press,  etc.,    Opinions. 

"L.4.NCET"  April  3rd,  1903.— "  We  consider  the  device  is  ingenious,  and  fully 
answers  the  purpose.  The  rsraarliable  price  at  which  it  is  supplied  should 
lead  to  its  extensive  eixi])loyment." 

"  The  Bbitish  Medical  Journai.,"  April  25:.li,  1903.—  "  We  recommend  tlie 
invention,  as  it  is  likely  to  prove  useful  in  rhe  majority  of  cases." 

"Chemist  and  DruggistJ"  February  a8th,  190:j.— "  It  is  a  good  invention  and 
its  advantages  will  he  appreciated  by  Truss  wearers." 

A  London  SuKGEOtf  writes  :— "  I  have  worn  it  two  days  and  find  it  efficient  and 
comfortable.  I  consider  the  movableness  of  the  pads  a  most  useful  invention." 

A  CitcMisr  writes  :— "  All  i\v  me  to  congratulate  you  on  prod  iciug  such  a  com- 
fortable lifting  Truss." 

JAMES  WOOLLEY,  SONS  &  CO.,  LIMITED, 

Patentees  and  Manufacturers  of  Trusses  and  other 

Surg-ical  Appliances, 

VICTORIA  BRIDGE,     IVIANGH ESTER^ 


570 


ADVEBTISEHENTS 


^v    -'111  '  ria    !  §1    1   "         *    ^' 


^^7f^ 


JAMES  WOOLLEY,  SONS  &  CO.,  Ltd., 

MANCHESTER, 


Manufacturers  and     Tincturcs,    Liiiiments,    Fluid  Extracts  and   all 

Exporters  of ._     Medlclnal    Spirits,    Flavouring    Essences    and 

Perfumes. 

In  Bond  or  otherwise,  as  desired. 


? 


TASTELESS     COATED      PILLS      (Gelatin     or     Sugar     Coating), 

SIMPLE     AND     COMPOUND     POWDERS, 

LEVIGATED      OINTMENTS,     COMPRESSED      PELLETS, 

GELATIN     CAPSULES,     etc. 

Chemical  and  Physical  Apparatus,  Optical 

Instruments  and  Photographic  Requisites. 

Druggists'  Sundries,  Surgical  Appliances,   Trusses,  etc. 

WAREHOUSE,     OFFICES    &    SHOWROOMS,    /!)         a 

0         0         0         0         VICTORIA  BRIDGE. 

Laijoratoiues  axu  Drug  Mills:   KXOWSLEY  STEEET. 

Telegrams—"  PHARMACY,     MANCHESTER." 

Prices  Current  of  Drugs  and  lUustnitcd  Catalogue  of  Sniidriea  (over  2,000  Illustrations), 
free  on  reciept  of  Business   Card. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISEMENTS. 


V  A  G  E 


Aberdeen  School  of  Pharmacy 5'i2 

Allen  &  Haiiburys' Jujubes  arid  Pastilles 555 

Atkinson  &  Barker's  Royal  Infants'  Preservative         ....  560 

Atkinson  (G.)  &  Co.'s  Specialities  in  Drugs  and  Chemicals  .         .        .  557 

Attfield's  (Dr.)  Chemistry  (Gurney  &  Jackson) 512 

Boehringer  &  Soehne's  Cocaine  and  Quinine 556 

Bradley  &  Bourdas's  American  Cherry  Pectoral 558 

Brown  &  Son's  Alembic  Automatic  Still 568 

Burroughs  Wellcome  &  Co.'s  Soloid  Products 541 

Bush  &  Co.'s  Essential  Oils       ....      Inside  front  cover,  page  2 

Cadbury's  Cocoa -     556 

Chaplin  (W.  H.)  &  Co.'s  Wines  and  Spirits 566 

Charing  Cross  Hospital  Medical  School 544 

Churchill's  (J.  &  A.)  Publications    .         .   54:5  and  Inside  end  cover,  page  1 

Dinncford  &  Co.'s  Horse-Hair  Goods,  etc 564  and  565 

Erhardt  (H.)  &  Co.'s  Tinfoil,  Parchment  and  Skins  .  .  .  .568 
Evans,  Sons,  Lescher  &  Webb,  Wholesale  Druggists     .        .       516  and  547 

Fink  (F.)  &  Co.'s  Specialities  in  Glycerine,  Gums,  etc 566 

Guest  (T.)  &  Co.'s  Lozenges,  etc 566 

Harker,  Stagg  &  Morgan's  Assayed  Drugs,  Sjjirits,  etc.        .        .        .     562 

Harrington  Bros.,  Manufacturing  Chemists 550 

Haywood's  (J.  H.)  Elastic  Surgical  Appliances 568 

Hearon,  Squire  &  Francis,  Wholesale  Druggists.  Inside  front  cover,  page  3 

Hirst,  Brooke  &  Hirst's  Drugs,  Cliemicals,  etc 554 

Home  (G.  Y.)  &  Co.'s  Quinine  and  Orange  AVine 558 

Hooper,  Struve  &  Co.'s  Brighton  Seltzer  Water.    Inside  end  cover,  page   2 

Hopkin  &  Williams'  Fine  Chemicals 545 

Houlder,  Son  &  Co.'s  Acids,  Commercial  and  Pure  ....  568 
Howards  &  Sons'  Quinine  and  other  Chemicals 545 

Idris  &  Co.'s  Eoyal  Mineral  Waters  .  .  Inside  front  cover,  page  1 
Ince's  Latin  Grammar  of  Pharmacy  (Bailliere  &  Co.)  ....  542 
Ingram  &  Eoyle's  Natural  Mineral  Waters,  etc.  ....     567 


572  INDEX    TO    ADVERTISEMENTS. 

PAGE 

Mai-farlaii  (J.  F.)  &  Co.'s  Pharmaceutical  Preparations        .        .         .  550 

Martiiidali!  (VV.),  Wholesale  Chemist 552 

Martiiulale  &  Westcott's  Extra  Pharmacopijeia  (H.  K.  Lewis)     .         .  542 

Mather's  (W.)  Plaisters,  Fly  Papers,  etc 563 

Orridge  &  Co.'s  Chemists'  Transfer  Agency 566 

Parke,  Davis  &  Co. 's  Organic  Products .  559 

Poths  (K.)  &  Co.'s  Bottles  and  Jars .  561 

Potter  &  Clarke's  Drugs  and  Herbs 554 

Powell  &  Barstow's  Instruments  and  Stockings     .....  566 

Uaimes  &  Co.,  Wholesale  Druggists          .......  56i 

Ransom  (W.)  &  Son's  Specialities 553 

Renner's  (Dr.)  Establishment  for  Calf  Lymph  Vaccination  .         .         .  558 

Eichford's  (C.  D.)  Rubber  Stamps 556 

Ro^'al  Dental  Hospital 544 

Sanforil  &  Son's  Rat  Poison       .........  560 

Smith  (T.  H.)  &  Co.'s  Morphine,  Codeine,  Ciiloroform,  etc.    .         .         .  556 

Symes  &  Co.'s  01.  Lavand.  Rect.,  etc 560 

Tyrer  (Tliomas)  &  Go's  Preparations 551 

Whiffen's  (T.)  Quinine  and  other  Preparations 557 

White  (Alfred)  &  Sons'  J<]thers,  Bismuth,  etc 562 

Willows,  Francis,  Butler  &  Thompson's  Animal  Extracts  .  .  .  552 
Woolley  (J.),  Sons  &  Co.,  Drugs  and  Surgical  Appliances  .  56!)  and  570 
Wright,  Layman  &  Umney,  Wholesale  Druggists          .         .       548  and  549 


TERMS   FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS. 

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Whole  Page 2    0  0 

Half  Page 12  0 

Quarter  Page 12  0 

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the  Pt(^9i{(^iif    n 

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Butler  &  Tanner.  The  Selwood  Priming  Works,  l-rome.  and  London. 


SERIAL 


ADVKKTISKMKN  TS. 


J.&A.  CHURCHILL. 

BOOKS    FOR     PHARMACISTS. 


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TUSON'S        VETERINARY        PHARMACOPCEIA, 

including  the  outlines  of  Materia  Medica  and  Tlicrapeutics.  Sixth  Edition.  Edited  by 
James  Bayne,  F.C.S.,  late  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  To.xicology,  Royal 
Veterinary  College.     7s.  bd.  net. 

London:  J.  &  A.  CHURCHILL,  7,  Great  Marlborough  Street. 


p 

Med. 

Y 

1905 

Year  Book  of  Pharmacy  and 
British  Pharmaceutical 
Conference 

Transactions 

<i  Medical 

Dr.  STRUVE'S 

ORIGINAL  BRIGHTON  SELTZER 
-    -    -    WATER    -    -    - 

As  supplied  to  their  Majesties  tlie  King  and  Queen 
by  Royal  Warrant  of  Appointment 

Per  2/6  doz. 

Six  Dozen  Carriage  Free  to  any  part  of  England  or  Wales. 
In  Cases.     No  Packing  required. 

Distitiguished  durinfj  more  than   Three-quarters  of  a  Century  as  the  moat 

PURE,  HEALTHFUL,  and    .  . 
DELICIOUSLY  BEFRESHINB 

.  .  .  TABLE  WATER. 

Relieving  GOUT,  promoting  DIGESTION,  preventing  and  cor- 
recting ACIDITY,  also  HEARTBURN,  stimulating  the 
HEART'S  ACTION,    and    giving   tone  to    the    whole     system. 


Observe 
that  . 


HOOPER,  STRUVE  &  CO.,  Ltd., 
LONDON  &   BRIGHTON, 


is      branded 
on  every 
Cork. 


Manufacturers  of  Pure  Soda,  Lemonade,  Potash,  and  Lithia 

Waters  to  be  obtained  of  all  ('hemists  and   Wine  Merchants   through- 
out the  kingdom. 


ADDRESS  ORDERS  DIRECT  TO 

THE  ROYAL  GERMAN  SPA, 

BRIGHTON. 

Telegraphic  Address  ;  "  SUPERABOUND,  LONDON."  Telephone  No.:  3857  (Gerrard)