Skip to main content

Full text of "Ye solace of pilgrimes, a description of Rome, circa A.D. 1450, with a frontispiece illusrating the author's handwriting"

See other formats 


/ 


i 

1 

i 

t 

f^r. 


\W6  l«ifi--iM-»Ht^«H4^  of  a  jTCf^oftMii*  <sr^V  czilfefit  toctu*  &f^o|s  e  / 
§L#M^^ofi«i5oi*n?  be  |«  beiy  ^tv^ytn  «n(^  Au^fyn  lUi^cftr  ^ 


ict*H4!S^CNi^HafH/ttva«9caopl*^  iMpjt^ 

^Jltij/cfi^ont©  o<i4^f^«^  ti^tt^AJ&cj  «G«j<*^4J  4I>  fiji^  Otc  of^4i^ 

fWt  vJke  of-^te  pttjrwe)  ijktt-  aS^yie  P^f^  ^^^  ^H4>lfee  )ALJbn  1« 
i^Q3tf^§^U4|y^p^l£iaPouyt^itC^H0^  ^^ue  *ct0ju<r  c^f&'P&i/if^ 

<£g(t^l  ^nat^d^Ailb^^ti^^  ^haynfy  ^sB^m  ^la^^  yet  txnfiB^ 

x«  IftHI-^ctv^vtt  jptt-w  {>rtpm  &i36rfho  mote  (fi«B- &iyu^fi^  coHf 


C 


BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  ROME 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

A  DESCRIPTION  OF  ROME,  circa  A.D.  1450, 
BY  JOHN  CAPGRAYE,  AN  AUSTIN  FRIAR 

OF  KING'S  LYNN 

WITH  A  FRONTISPIECE  ILLUSTRATINQ  THE  AUTHOR'S  HANDWRITING 

EDITED   BY 

C.  A.  MILLS 

SECRETARY,    BRITISH   AND   AMERICAN   ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY   OF   ROME 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE  BY 

THE  REV.  H.  M.  BANNISTER,  M.A. 


HENRY  FROWDE 

OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
LONDON,  NEW  YORK,  TORONTO,  AND  MELBOURNE 

1911 


OXFORD:   HORACE  HART 
PRINTER  TO  THE  UNIVERSITY 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface vii 

Introductory  Note xi 

PART  I 

Author's  Preface 1 

Chapter  I.   The  founders  of  Home 3 

II.   The  gates,  walls,  and  towers 7 

III.  The  bridges 12 

IV.  The  hills 13 

V.   The  palaces 16 

VI.   The  arches  of  victory     . 18 

VII.   The  cemeteries 20 

VIII.   Other  holy  places  and  their  ancient  names       .         .         .21 

IX.    The  '  anguilla  sancti  Petri  *,  or  needle  of  S.  Peter     .         .       22 

X.   Temples  of  pagan  gods  converted  to  churches .         .         .25 

XI.    The  Capitol 26 

XII.    The  two  horses  of  marble,  or  the  Caballus       ...       29 

XIII.  The  horse  of  brass,  or  Marcus  Aurelius  .         .         .         .31 

XIV.  The  Coliseum 33 

XV.    The  Pantheon 37 

XVI.   AraCaeli 39 

XVn.   The  tomb  of  Augustus 42 

XVIII.   The  Septizonium 44 

XIX.   The  arch  of  Priscus  Tarquinius 45 

XX.    The  Cantharus  in  the  forecourt  of  S.  Peter's    .         .         .46 

XXI.    The  tombs  of  Romulus  and  Remus 47 

XXII.   The  palace  of  Trajan  and  Hadrian 48 

XXIII.    The  *  conk  '  or  bath  of  Constantine          ....  49 

XXrV.   *  Omnis  terra '  or  Monte  Testaccio 50 

XXV.    The   rulers   of  Rome  from   Romulus  to  Tarquin  (part 

missing) 52 

XXVI.    The  rulers  of  Rome  from  Tarquin  to  Frederick  II  (part 

missing)  .         .         .         .         ...         .         .         .53 

a2 


IV 


CONTENTS 


PART  II 


Pbeface 

Chapter  T.  S.  Pietro 

IL  S.  Paolo 

III.  S.  Sebastiano 

rV.  S.  Giovanni  Laterano 

V.  S.  Croce 

VI.  S.  Lorenzo  fuoii     . 

VIL  S.  Maria  Maggiore 

VIII.  Station  at  S.  Sabina 

IX.  Station  at  S.  Giorgio  in  Velabro 

X.  Station  at  SS.  Giovanni  e  Paolo 

XI.  Station  at  S.  Trifone      . 

XII.  Station  at  S.  Giovanni  Laterano 

XIII.  Station  at  S.  Pietro  in  Vincoli 

XIV.  Station  at  S.  Anastasia  . 
XV.  Station  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore 

XVI.  Station  at  S.  Lorenzo  in  Panisperna 

XVn.  Station  at  SS.  Apostoli  . 

XVIII.  Station  at  S.  Pietro 

XIX.  Station  at  S.  Maria  in  Dominica 

XX.  Station  at  S.  Clemente   . 

XXI.  Station  at  S.  Balbina 

XXII.  Station  at  S.  Cecilia 

XXm.  Station  at  S.  Maria  in  Trastevere 

XXIV.  Station  at  S.  Vitale 

XXV.  Station  at  SS.  Marcellino  e  Pietro 

XXVI.  Station  at  S.  Lorenzo  fuori     . 

XXVn.  Station  at  S.  Marco 

XXV ill.  Station  at  S.  Pudenziana 

XXIX.  Station  at  S.  Sisto 

XXX.  Station  at  SS.  Cosma  and  Damiano 

XXXI.  Station  at  S.  Lorenzo  in  Lucina 
XXXn.  Station  at  S.  Susanna    . 

XXXIII.  Station  at  S.  Croce 

XXXIV.  Station  at  SS.  Quattro  Coronati 
XXXV.  Station  at  S.  Lorenzo  in  Damaso 

XXXVI.  Station  at  S.  Paolo 

XXX  Vn.  Station  at  S.  Marti  no  ai  Monti 

XXXVm.  Station  at  S.  Eusebio     . 

XXXIX.  Station  at  S.  Nicola  in  Carcere 


CONTENTS 

v 

PAGE 

Chapter  XL. 

Station  at  S.  Pietro 135 

XLI. 

Station  at  S.  Crisogono 

.     137 

XLII. 

Station  at  S.  Ciriaco  .... 

138 

XLIII. 

Station  at  S.  Marcello.         ... 

140 

XLIV. 

Station  at  S.  Apollinare 

142 

XLV. 

Station  at  S.  Stefano  Rotondo      . 

144 

XLVI. 

Station  at  S.  Giovanni  a  Porta  Latina 

145 

XLVII. 

Station  at  S.  Giovanni  Laterano . 

146 

XLVIII. 

Station  at  S.  Prassede 

147 

XLIX. 

Station  at  S.  Prisca     .... 

149 

L. 

Station  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore 

150 

LI. 

Station  at  S.  Giovanni  Laterano  . 

151 

LIL 

Station  at  S.  Croce     .... 

152 

LIIL 

Station  at  S.  Giovanni  Laterano  . 

154 

LIV. 

Station  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore 
PART  III 

155 

Peeface 156 

Chapter  I.    S.  Maria  Rotonda 157 

II.    S.  Maria  Araceli  (part  missing) 158 

III.  (Missing) — 

IV.  S.  Maria  sopra  Minerva  (part  missing)    .         .         .         .159 
V.    S.  Maria  Annunziata 160 

VI.  S.  Maria  in  Traspontina          .         .         .         .         .         .161 

VII.  S.  Maria  delle  Palme  (Domine  quo  vadis)        .         .         .162 

Vm.   S.  Maria  del  Popolo 163 

IX.  S.  Maria  de  Penis  inferni  (S.  Maria  Liberatrice)      .         .165 

X.  S.  Maria  in  Cosmedin     .         .         .         .         .         .         .     167 

XI.  S.  Maria  Imperatrice     .         .         .         .         .         .         .168 

XII.    S.  Maria  della  Consolazione 169 

XIII.    S.  Maria  in  Porticu  (part  missing) 170 


Index 


171 


VI 


EXPLANATORY  NOTE 

5  =  g  or  y ;  sometimes  at  the  end  of  a  word  it  may  mean  h  or  gh,  pronounced 
or  silent. 

u  =  u  or  V  as  the  case  may  be. 

i  is  sometimes  shown  short  and  sometimes  long  (1  or  I).  Whenever  instances 
of  its  use  in  the  latter  form  can  be  expressed  by  the  more  modern  'j'  this 
has  been  done :  e.  g.  both  the  forms  *  iewis '  and  '  jewis ', '  ion '  and  *  jon ',  &c., 
will  be  found  in  the  transcript.  The  long  I  is  generally  used  to  indicate 
the  personal  pronoun  or  the  beginning  of  a  sentence.  (See  Facsimile, 
f.  387  r,  lines  1  and  3,  and  last  line  :  '  In  ail  he?  peynes  pe '.) 

Only  the  punctuation  actually  indicated  in  the  MS.  itself  has  been  entered 
in  the  transcript. 

Italics  in  the  text  of  the  transcript  represent  contractions,  which,  for  the 
sake  of  convenience,  have  been  expanded  and  written  in  full.  Words  under- 
lined in  the  same  are  underlined  in  the  MS.  (See  Facsimile,  f.  387  r,  lines  5, 
16,  and  17.)  Whether  this  was  done  by  the  writer  or  by  a  reader  is  difficult 
to  say.    It  has  therefore  been  shown  in  every  case  wherever  it  occurs. 


vu 


PREFACE 

FouK  years  ago  this  MS.  was  shown  to  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Bannister 
by  Mr,  Madan,  one  of  the  Bodleian  Librarians,  with  the  suggestion 
that  he  should  publish  it  if  he  thought  it  of  sufficient  value.  It  so 
happened  that  the  editor  was  present  on  this  occasion,  and  when 
Mr.  Bannister  made  a  short  examination  of  the  MS.,  the  first  chap- 
ter which  came  under  particular  notice  was  that  entitled  '  Omnis 
terra'.  This  expression  alone,  as  applied  to  Monte  Testaccio, 
sufficed  to  show  that  the  work  was  of  considerable  interest,  and 
likely  to  yield  some  valuable  information. 

Mr.  Bannister,  whose  whole  time  is  fully  occupied  with  his 
own  special  studies,  could  not,  however,  find  leisure  to  undertake 
the  necessary  transcription,  and  the  editor — although  he  had 
never  attempted  anything  of  the  kind  before — offered  to  do  his 
best  if  Mr.  Bannister  would  kindly  help  him  with  his  advice. 
Mr.  Bannister  was  good  enough  to  promise  his  assistance,  and  it 
has  been  most  generously  given ;  indeed,  it  is  not  too  much  to 
say  that,  without  it,  the  editor  would  have  been  quite  unequal 
to  the  task  for  want  of  experience. 

At  this  time  the  name  of  the  author  was  unknown  ;  but  it  was 
hoped  to  be  able  to  ascertain  the  date  of  the  work,  to  compare  the 
facts  therein  mentioned  with  those  given  by  known  contemporaries, 
and  so  test  the  accuracy  and  powers  of  observation  of  the  writer. 
Fortunately,  the  MS.  yielded  abundant  information  on  these  points. 
It  was  clear  that  he  was  an  Augustinian  friar,  and  the  author  of 
another  work  entitled  Concordia  ^  (see  p.  92  and  the  facsimile  of 
f.  387  r  of  the  MS.) ;  that  he  was  in  Rome  during  the  pontificate  of 
Nicholas  V  (1447-54) ;  and  that  he  came  on  a  pilgrimage  under 
the  special  protection  of  Sir  Thomas  Tudenham,  a  gentleman  of 
Norfolk,  near  King's  Lynn,  who  was  executed  for  high  treason  in 
1461.  As  there  was  an  Augustinian  house  at  King's  Lynn,  the 
natural  inference  was  that  the  author  came  from  it.  Whether  or 
not  he  wrote  the  book  in  England  from  notes  taken  in  Rome — 

^  Cf.  E.  E.  Text  Society,  vol.  cxl,  1910,  p.  146.  In  a  sermon  which  John  Capgrave 
preached  at  Cambridge  in  1422,  he  says  :  *  This  mate?  is  proued  with  grete  euydens  .  .  . 
in  ))e  book  whech  I  mad  to  J>e  abbot  of  Seynt  lames  at  Norhampton  in  Latin,  whech  boke 
I  named  Concordia,  be-cause  it  is  mad  to  reforme  charite  be-twix  Seynt  Augustines 
heremites  and  his  chanones.* 


viii  PREFACE 

from  internal  evidence  it  is  probable  that  he  did — he  must  have 
gathered  the  information  he  gives  us  between  the  years  1447  and 
1452,  inasmuch  as  he  mentions  the  recent  death  of  Henry  Beaufort, 
Bishop  of  Winchester,  who  died  April  11,  1447,  and  describes  John 
Kempe  as  Cardinal  of  S.  Balbina  and  Archbishop  of  York,  which  he 
ceased  to  be  in  July,  1452,  on  promotion  to  the  higher  rank  of 
Cardinal  Bishop  of  S.  Rufina  and  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  From 
several  passages  one  can  infer  that  Rome  was  much  crowded  when 
he  was  there,  so  that  he  probably  took  part  in  the  Jubilee  of  1450, 
for  in  the  fifteenth  century  the  population  of  Rome  was  not  great. 

Fortunately  we  have  other  records  of  pilgrims  about  this  period, 
notably  Giovanni  Rucellai,  a  Florentine  merchant,  and  Niklaus 
MufFel,  a  Nurnberg  patrician.  We  have  Ranulf  Higden  and 
Adam  de  Usk  (an  ofiicial  of  the  Papal  Court)  for  the  period  from 
1350  circa  to  1415,  before  our  chronicler's  visit ;  we  can  also  consult 
von  HarflTs  Pilgerfahrt,  and  the  anonymous  author  of  Ein  Buchlein, 
&c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  for  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

But  the  most  complete  test  of  our  author's  accuracy  is  that  he 
was  in  the  habit  of  copying  inscriptions  and  lists  of  relics  in  most 
of  the  churches  which  he  visited.  From  those  inscriptions  which 
still  exist  (and  there  are  several)  it  will  be  seen  that  our  Augustinian 
friar  is  in  every  case  letter-perfect.  We  can  therefore  accept  his 
testimony  as  to  those  which  have  since  disappeared.  His  keenness 
of  observation  is  remarkable,  and  he  has  this  one  great  superiority 
to  most  mediaeval  writers  :  viz.,  that  he  is  most  careful  not  to  put 
down  a  thing  unless  he  has  either  seen  it  himself,  or  has,  in  his 
opinion,  the  best  of  authority  for  it.  As  examples  of  this  refer, 
firstly,  to  what  he  says  about  the  archus  Prisci  Tarquinii  (p.  45) : 
and,  secondly,  about  the  relics  at  S.  Lawrence  in  Panisperna 
(p.  102).  In  the  former  case  he  reproaches  himself,  and  admits 
frankly  that  he  either  did  not  take  the  trouble  to  see,  or  failed  to 
find  the  monument,  and  in  the  second  that  he  did  not  make  a  copy 
of  the  list  of  relics  because  of  the  press  of  people  there  at  the  time. 
His  topography  is,  as  a  rule,  most  accurate,  and  he  is  a  most  careful 
observer  and  a  well-read  man.  For  his  facts  regarding  ancient 
Rome  he  depends  on  the  Mirabiliay  the  guide-book  of  all  educated 
pilgrims  of  this  period.  It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  after  his 
death  he  is  sometimes  styled  '  Beatus ',  and  Henry  VII  is  known  to 
have  made  an  effort  to  have  him  canonized. 

There  is  a  great  wealth  of  mediaeval  legendary  lore  in  Part  I  of 
the  MS.     This  has  been  compared  with  the  works  of  some  of  the 


PREFACE  •  ix 

best  authors  on  this  subject,  notably  Adinolfi  and  Graf.  The 
author  takes  this  opportunity  of  acknowledging  his  indebtedness  to 
Graf's  Roma  nella  memoria  e  nelV  immaginazione  dd  Medio  Eva, 
2  vols.,  Turin,  1880,  a  book  which  has  been  of  the  greatest  help, 
and  has  been  very  freely  quoted.  The  legends  regarding  the  lives 
of  the  saints  in  Parts  II  and  III  have  also  been  compared  with  the 
recognized  authorities  on  this  subject. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  editor  has  not  entered  upon  any 
critical  examination  of  the  work  or  the  text,  for  which,  indeed,  he 
feels  that  he  is  not  qualified.  He  has  merely  made  what  he  hopes 
is  a  faithful  transcript,  and  has  further  attempted  to  illustrate  the 
MS.  by  quoting  from  the  writings  of  contemporary  authors,  and  of 
others  who  have  dealt  with  the  subject-matter  of  this  chronicle. 
The  present  volume  was  originally  intended  cmly  to  be  published 
privately  for  the  members  of  the  British  and  American  Society  of 
Kome,  as  an  interesting  description  of  Rome  by  an  English  pilgrim. 
The  editor  had,  at  first,  no  idea  of  appealing  to  a  wider  audience. 
But  a  discovery  made  only  a  few  weeks  ago,  at  the  time  when  this 
book  was  ready  for  publication,  has  thrown  an  entirely  new  light 
upon  it.  The  author's  identity  has  now  been  ascertained.  This  is 
a  hitherto  lost  work  of  John  Capgrave,  Prior  of  King's  Lynn  and 
Provincial  of  the  Augustinian  Order,  a  well-known  writer  and  his- 
torian of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  discovery  was  made  in  the 
following  manner. 

On  his  way  from  Rome  to  Oxford,  the  editor  took  the  transcript 
of  the  MS.  to  Sir  George  Warner  at  the  British  Museum,  to  ask  his 
opinion  as  to  the  authorship  of  the  MS.  From  the  above-mentioned 
data  he  considered  that  the  author  might  possibly  be  John  Capgrave 
(1393-1464),  who  was  known  to  have  written  a  description  of 
Rome.  This  description  bad  disappeared,  with  the  exception  of  two 
fragments  which  are  attached  to  the  binding  of  two  other  Capgrave 
MSS.  at  Oxford  (All  Souls  and  Balliol  College  Libraries).  Sir  George 
Warner  then  showed  the  British  Museum  Capgrave  MS.  to  the 
editor,  who  was  at  once  struck  with  the  remarkable  similarity  of 
its  handwriting  to  that  of  the  present  work.  This  can  be  observed 
by  comparing  the  facsimile  of  the  script  of  this  work  with  that  of 
the  British  Museum  MS.  The  latter  can  be  seen  in  E.  E.  Text 
Society,  vol.  cxl,  1910.  On  comparing  the  text  of  the  two  frag- 
ments (which  can  be  seen  in  vol.  i  of  the  Rolls  Series,  p.  355) 
with  that  of  our  MS.,  it  was  found  that  the  latter  was  almost  an 
exact  copy  of  portions  of  chapters  XI,  XII,  and  XIII  of  Part  I  of 

b 


X  PKEFACE 

this  book.^  There  was  now  no  possible  doubt  that  the  present  work 
is  the  lost  description  of  Rome  by  John  Capgrave,  and  that  a  literary 
discovery  of  considerable  importance  had  been  made. 

The  further  examination  of  the  fragments  in  question,  and  of 
other  MSS.  reputed  to  be  Capgrave's  autograph  works,  was  left  to 
the  Rev.  H.  M.  Bannister,  as  the  editor  felt  that  he  was  not  quali- 
fied for  that  task.  The  result  of  Mr.  Bannister's  investigations  at 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  London,  will  be  found  in  his  Introductory 
Note. 

It  now  only  remains  to  express  the  editor's  thanks  to  those  who 
have  been  good  enough  to  help  him,  without  which  assistance  he 
feels  that  the  task  would  have  been  one  beyond  his  powers.  First 
and  foremost  his  most  grateful  thanks  are  due  to  his  friend,  the 
Rev.  H.  M.  Bannister,  who,  whenever  it  was  required,  has  been 
most  kind  in  giving  his  guidance  and  advice.  He  also  wishes 
to  mention  his  deep  sense  of  the  courtesy  of  the  authorities  of  the 
Bodleian  Library,  who  have  readily  granted  him  every  facility  for 
the  transcription  and  publication  of  the  work.  Thanks  are  also  due 
to  the  Provost  of  Oriel  and  to  Father  Ehrle,  Prefect  of  the  Vatican 
Library,  who  have  kindly  permitted  the  editor  to  reproduce  the 
miniatures  in  Oriel  MS.  132  and  Vatican  Cod.  Reginen.  1880.  Dr. 
Ashby,  of  the  British  School  of  Rome,  has  kindly  helped  with  his 
advice,  and  permission  to  reproduce  the  illustrations  of  the  Carnival 
on  Monte  Testaccio  and  the  churches  of  Rome  from  old  and  rare 
prints  in  his  possession.  The  editor  also  wishes  to  express  his 
obligation  to  Dr.  Ch.  Hvilsen,  and  to  authors  whose  works  he  has 
made  use  of,  more  especially  to  Professor  Arturo  Graf  and  to  Mr. 
F.  M.  Nichols,  a  member  of  the  British  and  American  Archaeological 
Society. 

C.  A.  MILLS. 

Oxford,  August,  1911. 


*  From  f.  864  r,  1.  27,  to  f.  366  v,  1.  2,  of  the  MS. ;  cf.  pp.  26-82. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

In  the  Preface  the  editor  has  shown  how  the  MS.  here  published  was 
ascertained  to  be  the  long-lost  work  on  Rome  by  John  Capgrave.  My  con- 
nexion with  it  has  been  confined  to :  (1)  an  examination  of  the  MS.,  with 
a  suggestion  as  to  its  date  and  orthography ;  (2)  advice  as  to  the  method  of 
editing  it ;  and  (3)  -an  investigation  as  to  whether  it  can  claim  to  be  an 
actual  autograph  of  the  author. 

1.  The  MS.  2322  (Bodley  MS.  423),  1  +  416  leaves  of  parchment  and 
paper,  272  x  197  mm.,  is  a  composite  volume  containing  five  MSS.,^of  which 
the  Capgrave  is  the  last ;  but  as  the  other  four  came  as  a  donation  from 
Dr.  W.  Cotton,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  in  1605,  and  were  bound  together  with  it 
by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley's  orders,  they  need  not  be  considered  here.  It  is  to 
be  regretted  that  our  MS.  was  then  considerably  cut  down  both  in  length 
and  breadth  to  match  the  other  four,  hence  its  marginalia  are  now  incom- 
plete, and  the  original  pagination  was  so  cut  away  that  it  had  to  be  refoliated 
as  ff.  355-414.  At  present  it  consists  of  eight  qoiires  of  eight  parchment 
leaves ;  the  third  one  lacks  its  middle  four  leaves,  and  the  last  one  has  one 
missing  leaf;  the  rest  of  the  MS.  is  now  lost.  It  bears  on  its  first  page  the 
title  '  Stations  of  Rome '  in  Bodley's  handwriting. 

There  are  no  signs  of  Norfolk  provenance  in  the  rest  of  the  volume  ;  the 
only  name  added  in  our  MS.  is  that  on  f.  387  v  of  "Warner,  a  common  Norfolk 
name,  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  what  connexion  he  had  with  the  MS. 

(a)  Date  of  the  work.  Dr.  Furnivall  (Early  English  Text  Society,  vol.  c, 
p.  viii)  has  suggested  that  it  was  at  some  date  after  1422  and  before  c.  1437, 
when  he  settled  down  to  write  his  Annals,  that  Capgrave  went  to  Rome  and 
was  there  in  his  illness  helped  by  Bishop  Grey.  These  dates,  however,  are 
not  consistent  with  the  bishop's  movements,  for  his  sojourn  in  Italy  was 
mostly  after  1442,  and  he  did  not  take  up  his  abode  in  Rome  until  1449. 
This  date  fits  in  admirably  with  that  assigned  by  the  editor  to  our  MS., 
viz.  c.  1450. 

(6)  Orthography.  The  present  MS.  adds  considerably  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  Middle  English  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  for  an  account  of  this,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  recent  editions  of  two  of  John  Capgrave's  other 

*  I  am  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Madan  for  allowing  me  to  see  his  copy  for  the  next  volume 
of  the  Summary  Catalogue. 

b2 


xii  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

English  works  in  vols,  c  and  cxl  of  the  Early  English  Text  Society,  and 
to  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  vol.  i  of  the  Rolls  Series.  A  further  notice 
of  Capgrave's  English  can  be  seen  in  John  Cajygrave  und  die  englische 
Schriftsprache,  a  doctor's  disputation  by  William  Dibelius,  Friedrich- 
Wilhelms  University,  Berlin,  1899. 

2.  I  have  suggested  that  the  practice  of  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
should  be  retained  as  to  the  use  of  the  ]>  and  the  5,  in  the  typographical 
reproduction  of  the  final  g,  11,  n),  and  ?,  and  in  the  universal  use,  as  in  the 
MS.  of  u  for  v;  but  as  to  punctuation  I  felt  that- the  custom  of  the 
MS.  should  be  invariably  retained ;  it  may  occasionally  be  defective  and 
misleading,  and,  to  our  minds,  it  is  always  incomplete,  but  I  think  that  the 
small  additional  effort  demanded  of  the  reader  is  preferable  to  an  arbitrary 
editorial  trampling  on  the  transcription  of  the  text.  For  the  same  reason 
I  have  not  advised  that  hyphens  should  be  inserted  between  adverbs  and 
their  adjectives,  or  between  two  words  which  are  now  joined  together,  such 
as  on  to,  with  in,  be  for,  for  the  MS.  in  veri/  few  instances  lessens  in  their 
case  the  space  between  the  words,  and  capital  letters  are  not  used  for  such 
words  where  only  modern  custom  demands  them,  unless  the  text  gives  some 
warranty  for  their  use. 

The  text  of  the  MS.  in  every  case  treats  the  final  syllables  of  words  ending 
in  -ion,  such  as  opposition,  petition,  meditation,  religion  (cf  Early  English 
Text  Society,  vol.  cxl,  p.  61),  as  written  -iou  with  contraction  mark  for  n 
over  the  u  and  not  as  -ion.  The  u  and  n  of  the  MS.  are  practically  identical 
in  form ;  the  letter  is  here  written  as  intended  by  the  scribe,  and  the  example 
of  the  Early  English  Text  Society,  vol.  cxxii,  pp.  510,  &c.,  which  prints  Etieas 
for  Eneas  because  the  second  letter  looks  more  like  a  u  than  an  n,  has  not 
been  followed.  I  am  aware  that  in  this  advice  I  am  departing  from  the 
usual  modern  practice,  but  the  exact  transcription  of  the  text  appears  to  me 
to  be  of  more  importance  than  an  attempt  to  render  it  more  intelligible  to 
some  of  its  readers. 

3.  The  question  as  to  John  Capgrave's  autograph  is  more  difficult  than 
appears  at  first  sight ;  it  has  been  seriously  compromised  by  the  fact  that 
almost  without  exception  every  early  MS.  of  his  writings  has  been  called  his 
autograph  by  recent  editors  and  cataloguers.  For  convenience  of  reference 
these  MSS.  are  here  recited : — 

No.   1.  Liber  de  illustribus  Henricis.      Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge,  MS.  408. 
„     2.  Livesof  S.Augustine,  S.  Gil-     Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MS.  36704. 
bert,  &c. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE  xi 

No.  3.  Description  of  Rome.  Bodleian  MS.  423 — the  present  one. 

AH  Souls  MS.  17. 


4.  Fragments  of      „  Fly-leaves  of 


Balliol  MS.  190. 


„     5.  Commentary  on  Genesis.  Oriel  MS.  132. 

„     6.  „  „  Exodus.  Bodl.  Duke  Humphrey  MS.  b.  1. 

„     7.  „  „  the  Acts.  Balliol  MS.  189. 

„     8.  The  Chronicle  of  England.  Univ.  Libr.  Cambridge,  Gg.  4. 12, 

„     9.  Commentary  on  the  Creeds.  Balliol  MS.  190. 

„  10.  „  „  „  All  Souls  MS.  17. 

„  11.  Life  of  St.  Norbert.  Phillipps  Library,  Cheltenham, 

The  article  on  John  Capgrave  in  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography 
applies  the  term  *  autograph  '  to  1,  5,  8,  10,  and  perhaps  7.  This  statement 
is  apparently  founded  on  Preb.  Hingeston- Randolph's  Introd.  to  Nos.  1  and 
7  in  the  Rolls  Series,  vol.  vii,  pp.  li,  124,  183,  211  ^  and  vol.  i,  pp.  xiii,  xvi, 
XX,  xxvi,  356,  and  is  accepted  by  Dr.  Furnivall,  Early  English  Text  Society, 
vol.  c  (1893),  pp.  xiii,  xiv,  xviii,  and  by  Dr.  Horstmann,  Nova  Legenda 
Angliae  (Oxford,  1901),  vol.  i,  p.  Ixviii,  who  includes  in  the  list  of  auto- 
graphs No.  11.  The  Catalogvs  of  Additions  to  the  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum,  MDCCCC-MDCCCCV  (1907),  p.  vii,  speaks  of  No.  2  as  'auto- 
graph ',  and  states  that  '  the  hand,  both  of  text  and  corrections,  agrees  with 
that '  of  No.  8,  '  which  there  seems  to  be  adequate  reason  for  regarding  as 
Capgrave's  MS.,'  and  refers  to  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  for 
several  other  of  his  works  occurring  in  the  same  hand.  The  latest  editor  of 
Capgrave,  Mr.  J.  J.  Munro,  in  his  Introd.  to  the  Lives  of  S.  Augustine^ 
S.  Gilbert^  &c.  (Early  English  Text  Society,  vol.  cxl  (1910),  p.  ix),  states  that 
No.  2  is  in  Capgrave's  own  hand,  with  his  characteristic  orthography,  and 
contains  the  author's  corrections  in  th-e  text. 

Mr.  E.  W.  B.  Nicholson,  Bodley's  Librarian,  in  an  insertion  in  Mr.  F. 
Madan's  Summary  Catalogue  of  Western  MSS.,  &c.,  vol.  vi,  Ft.  I,  states  that 
*  The  companion  Genesis ',  i.e.  No.  5,  *  shows  that  the  Exodus  '  (No.  6)  pur- 
chased for  the  Bodleian  in  January,  3  907,  *  is  in  Capgrave's  own  hand.' 
Similar  conceptions  can  be  seen  in  K.  K,  Vickers,  Humphrey  Duke  of 
Gloucester  (London,  1907),  'the  original  copy  is  at  Oriel';  and  Dr.  M.  R. 

'  *  The  style  of  the  writing  of  Cambridge,  Gg.  4.  12,  corresponds  very  closely  with  that 
of  those  MSS.  of  Capgrave  which  are  known,  by  unmistakable  evidence,  to  have  been 
written  by  his  own  hand.  ...  A  comparison  of  all  the  extant  MSS.  leaves  no  doubt  as  to 
the  identity  of  the  author's  handwriting  and  which  of  them  are  autographs '  (Rolls  Series, 
vol. i,  p.  xxvi).  'The  writing  of  No.  1  corresponds  exactly  with  that  of  Nos.  4,  7,  8,  10. 
Two  at  least  of  these  MSS.  contain  good,  though  not  strictly  conclusive,  evidence  that  they 
are  in  the  handwriting  of  their  author  '  (Rolls  Series,  vol.  vii,  p.  li). 


xiv  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

James's  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  MSS.  in  the  Library  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge  (1910),  p.  378,  'the  autograph  MS.  is  Univ.  Library, 
Gg.  4.  12.' 

Doubts,  however,  arose  as  to  the  statement  in  the  Introduction  to  The 
Chronicle  of  England,  Rolls  Sei-ies,  vol.  i,  p.  356,  that  the  handwriting  of 
No.  4  (the  fragments  of  the  Guide  to  the  Antiquities  of  Rome)  was  '  identical 
with  that  of  the  English  Chronicle  and  the  other  works  of  John  Capgrave,  of 
which  we  possess  the  autographs',  and  Prof.  Napier's  letter  of  May  16, 
1892  (Early  English  Text  Society,  vol.  c,  p.  xxxiv),  proved  that  'neither  the 
fly-leaves  of  All  Souls'  17  nor  the  body  of  that  MS.  are  in  the  same  hand  as 
the  Cambridge  University  MS.  of  the  Chronicle  ;  all  three  are  different '. 

Doubts,  too,  have  been  expressed  as  to  the  validity  of  the  argument  founded 
on  the  use  of  the  so-called  autograph  which  forms  the  colophon  at  the  end 
of  several  MSS.,  Feliciter  per  John  Capgrave,  and  of  the  trefoil- shaped  mono- 
gram which  is  assumed  to  be  the  private  mark  of  the  author,  which  either 
accompanies  the  colophon  or  occurs  in  the  margin  of  some  of  the  MSS. 

The  present  seemed  to  be  an  appropriate  time  to  investigate  the  above 
statements,  and  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  exactly  how  many  MSS.  are  John 
Capgrave's  autograph.  It  has  been  my  privilege  to  compare  at  the  same 
time  all  the  MSS.  at  Oxford,  Nos.  3-6,  7,  9,  10,  and  to  examine  the  two  at 
Cambridge,  Nos.  1,  8,  and  the  one  at  the  British  Museum,  No.  2 — in  fact 
all  the  possible  '  autographs'  of  Capgrave  with  the  exception  of  No.  11  — 
with  the  following  results : — 

(i)  The  Rome  fragments.  No.  4,  are  scarcely  (cf.  Rolls  Series,  vol.  i, 
p.  356)  *  only  first  and  rough  copies ',  and  that  this  is  the  cause  of  the 
*  universal  carelessness  of  the  spelling,  and  the  incompleteness  of  many  of 
the  sentences'.  My  impression  is  that  these  leaves  formed  part  of  a  late 
copy  which  must  have  been  made  from  dictation,  for  no  other  explanation 
seems  to  account  for  the  entirely  different  spelling,  e.g.  say  for  sey,  siluer 
for  siluyr,  conqueste  for  conqwest,  sekemes  for  sekir  nerkis,  &c. ;  a  copy  which 
has  no  words  underlined  and  no  initial  letters  inserted  in  colour,  but  was 
left  unfinished  and  rejected  as  only  fit  for  fly-leaves  of  other  MSS.  No  one 
can  take  up  our  present  MS.  and  compare  it  with  the  two  fragments  without 
being  struck  by  its  great  superiority  and  accuracy.  (Some  of  the  errors  in 
the  fragments  as  printed  in  the  Rolls  Series,  No.  7,  are  due  not  to  the  scribe 
but  to  the  transcriber,  who  has  turned  '  christes  birth '  into  *  giftes  such  ',  has 
omitted  the  word  *  puerum  '  which  is  necessary  for  the  scansion  of  a  hexa- 
meter, and  has  printed  '  exameron '  as  '  epistolarium '.) 

(ii)  Feliciter  per  John  Cajygrave,  which  forms  the  colophon  in  Nos.  1, 
5-7,  9-11,  is,  judging  by  the  form  of  the  letters  a,  I,  p,  the  work  of  at  least 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE  xv 

four  or  five  different  scribes;  its  position  varies,  for  it  occurs  either  as 
a  separate  clause,  attached  to  or  separate  from  the  text  of  the  corpus  libri, 
or  as  part  of  the  Incepit,  &c.,  or  as  Feliciter  only.  In  the  presentation 
copies  to  Humphrey,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  Bishop  Grey,  Nos.  5-7,  which 
I  believe  to  have  been  written  by  professional  copyists,  these  words  are 
undoubtedly  by  the  hand  of  the  copyist.  The  expression  is  doubtless  derived 
from  the  author's  colophon  in  the  original  copy,  as  we  shall  see  in  the  De 
illustribus  Henricis,  No.  1,  but  it  was  retained  and  copied  more  or  less 
exactly  by  subsequent  scribes.  Thus  Genesis  and  Exodus,  though  the  work 
of  the  same  copyist,  differ  in  that  the  former  uses  Feliciter  only  whilst  the 
latter  has  F.  p.  J.  G.  The  argument  founded  on  the  occurrence  of  these 
words  has  been  unduly  forced,  for  they  do  not  bear  the  interpretation 
usually  assigned  to  them. 

(iii)  The  trefoil  mark  occurs  in  Nos.  1,  5-11,  either  in  black  or  red;  its 
shape  varies  considerably,  being  either  with  or  without  a  stalk,  the  shape  of 
which  is  seldom  made  in  the  same  way.  It  is  found  occasionally  in  the 
margins  of  some  MSS.,  in  places  which  do  not  seem  to  have  called  for  special 
notice,  except  that  it  is  affixed  to  the  year  of  the  author's  birth,  to  his 
personal  opinion,  *  we  think  that ',  and  to  references  to  the  resurrection.  It 
is  also  used  in  connexion  with,  either  before  or  after,  the  Feliciter  per  John 
Capgrave.  It  used  to  be  called  the  private  monogram  of  John  Capgrave, 
but  recent  editors  have  felt  that  this  is  an  unsafe  argument,  e.  g.  Mr.  Munro 
(Early  English  Text  Society,  vol.  cxl,  p.  10),  '  the  monogram  itself  is  not 
infallible,  nor  is  the  Feliciter j  «&c.,  for  both  of  these  were  liable  to  be  copied ' ; 
and  Prof.  Napier  writes  (loc.  cit.),  *  the  sign  may  have  been  copied  from  the 
exemplar.' 

(iv)  What  authority  have  such  expressions  as  Incepit  .  .  .  hoc  opus  .  .  .  ei 
fecit  Jlnem  ejusdem,  as  found  in  the  Genesis  and  the  Exodus  1  Do  they 
necessarily  refer  to  the  copying  of  the  MS.  and  not  to  the  composition  of  the 
work  itself]  The  use  of  the  third  person  instead  of  the  first,  and  of  hoc  opus 
instead  of  hunc  lihrum,  though  not  conclusive,  is  at  least  suggestive ; 
I  believe  that  in  most  cases  the  original  colophon  in  the  author's  copy  was 
copied  by  the  transcriber,  without  any  intention  of  misleading  or  fear  of 
misapprehension.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  of  how  many  mediaeval  authors  do 
we  possess  the  ipsissima  acripta  1  They  wrote  either  rough  notes  or  rough 
copy,  occasionally  they  made  a  fair  copy,  but  as  a  rule  this  was  done  by 
professional  scribes,  who  produced  the  exemplar  which  served  for  others  in 
the  same  or  some  other  scriptorium.  Unless  a  MS.  gives  us,  either  by  some 
expression  in  the  text  or  by  its  known  handwriting,  some  evidence  to  the 
contrary,  no  copy  of  any  work  should  be  regarded  as  written  by  the  author. 


xvi  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

(v)  Of  the  ten  MSS.  examined,  three  are  the  work  of  one  scribe,  two  of 
another,  but  the  remaining  five  are  due  to  different  copyists.  It  is  true 
that  the  dates  of  the  works  copied  extend  from  1438  to  1461,  yet,  especially 
in  the  larger  MSS.,  most  of  them  show  signs  of  a  common  scri2)torium  by  the 
ruling  of  the  lines,  the  underlining  in  red,  and  the  scroll  mark  at  the  end  of 
the  quires ;  one  can  detect  the  same  illuminators  and  the  same  revisers, 
but  the  writing  itself  varies  considerably,  being  either  an  ecclesiastical  script 
(preferred  for  the  Latin  MSS.),  occasionally  badly  formed,  or  the  usual 
English  script  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  in  the  case  of  the  Genesis,  Exodus, 
and  Acts  both  are  employed. 

(vi)  The  same  scribe  probably  copied  Nos.  5  and  6,  the  Genesis  and 
Exodus ;  both  MSS.  have  for  the  Bible  text  a  larger  script  than  that 
employed  for  the  Expositio,  and  at  first  sight  the  hands  seem  dissimilar  (cf. 
especially  No.  6,  f.  75  r),  but  there  is  no  reason  why  difference  of  parchment, 
of  pen,  and  of  ink  may  not  account  for  this.  Hence,  though  a  second  scribe 
is  suggested  by  the  different  position  of  the  Feliciter  and  by  the  varying 
words  of  the  Inceint,  &c.,  I  attribute  to  the  same  trained  copyist  both  these 
presentation  copies  to  Duke  Humphrey. 

(vii)  There  is  one  MS.,  however,  which  is  undoubtedly  the  autograph  of 
John  Capgrave  :  No.  1 ,  the  Be  illustrihus  Henricis  at  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge.  At  pp.  135,  138,  where  the  author  gives  the  title  and  incipit 
of  certain  works  which  he  had  seen,  he  uses  a  thicker  pen  or  darker  ink  in 
order  to  make  these  incipit  more  prominent ;  but  for  the  last  example  his 
memory  failed  him,  and  he  inserted  later  on,  in  a  third  quality  of  ink,^  *  iam 
now  recorder  quoniara  ad  manias  now  est.'  There  is  no  change  whatever  in 
the  handwriting.  This  proof  of  autograph  seems  decisive  and  unanswerable  ; 
no  one  but  Capgrave  himself  could  have  inserted  these  words.  (The  English 
words  on  p.  1 08,  '  make  no  space  but  writh  forth  invocato  '  (see  Rolls  Series, 
vol.  vii,  p.  11),  a  direction  for  some  future  copyist,  may  be  and  in  fact  seem 
to  be  the  work  of  a  subsequent  reviser,  but  the  *  corrige  librum  quia  erronee 
ecribi^wr'  on  p.  83  is  apparently  by  the  author.) 

With  this  MS.  before  us,  we  are  able  to  point  out  two  others  which  by 
the  rules  of  their  Libraries  cannot  be  compared  side  by  side,  but  which 
a  careful  examination  of  each  letter  proves  to  be  by  Capgrave  himself. 
These  are : 

(a)  No.  2.  British  Museum,  Add.  MS.  36704,  which  the  Catalogue  rightly 
calls  *  autograph  ',  but  it  unfortunately  quotes  as  a  similar  hand  No.  8,  the 
Cambridge  University  copy  of  The  Chronicle ;  the  alphabet,  however,  of  this 

'  Similar  change  of  quality  of  ink  can  be  seen  on  pp.  98-95 ;  the  MS.  clearly  was  not 
all  written  at  one  time  ;  cf.  pp.  95,  111. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE  xvii 

MS.  in  at  least  eight  letters,  a,  h,d,  h,  h,  I,  m,  w,  is  entirely  different.  This 
can  be  seen  by  a  comparison  of  the  facsimiles  in  Early  English  Text  Society, 
tol.  cxl,  and  in  the  Rolls  Series,  vol.  i. 

No.  2  bears  some  evidence  on  the  fly-leaf,  f.  3  r,  as  to  the  author :  '  Magister 
lohannes  Capgrave  conuenius  \mn  fecit  istuw  librum  ex  precepto  unius 
generose.'  The  expression  facere  librum  (not  opus)  seems  to  refer  to  the 
writing  of  the  MS. ;  hence,  with  the  palaeographical  evidence  before  me,  I 
share  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Munro,  who  apparently  had  not  seen  the  Corpus 
MS.,  that  No.  2  is  a  holograph  of  Capgrave's. 

(b)  The  MS.  now  edited.  A  comparison  of  the  collotype  of  f.  387r  of  this 
MS.,  here  printed,  with  that  of  No.  2  (Early  English  Text  Society,  vol.  cxl) 
leaves  no  doubt  as  to  their  both  having  been  written  by  the  same  man  ;  the 
words  augustinus  (augustyn),  ordre  (orde?),  titiled  (entytled),  seynt,  frer,  and 
whech  occur  on  both  facsimiles  ;  the  words  '  concordia '  and  '  ye  jere  of  ou^ 
lord  a  mccccxij '  of  our  collotype  can  be  seen  on  ff.  116,  1 1 7  of  the  British 
Museum  MS.     It  appears  to  me  that  the  identity  is  indisputable. 

(viii)  Judging  by  Dr.  Furnivairs  account  (Early  English  Text  Society, 
vol.  c,  pp^  xliv,  xlv),  the  MS.  at  Cheltenham  would  appear  to  be  an 
autograph. 

(ix)  There  is,  however,  another  source  of  evidence  open  to  us :  the  script 
of  contemporary  or  early  revisers  of  the  text.  Did  John  Capgrave  correct 
any  of  the  MSS.  which  he  did  not  write  himself,  and  if  he  did,  may  not  his 
autograph  appear  in  the  margins  or  between  the  lines  of  their  text  1  One 
would  naturally  expect  corrections  by  the  author  of  a  presentation  copy  of 
any  of  his  works,  in  order  that  the  accuracy  of  the  copy  should  be  guaran- 
teed, but  in  the  MSS.  before  us  each  one  without  exception  bears  some 
witness  in  this  sense  (later  additions  do  not  concern  us),  and  the  writing  of 
at  least  three  or  four  revisers  can  be  made  out. 

Taking  them  in  order  and  summarizing  my  notes,  I  find  that — 

No.  1 .  In  almost  every  page  Capgrave  has  inserted  words  above  the  line 
with  a  red  sign  (\)  below,  and  in  the  margins ;  I  see  no  trace  of  any  other 
reviser. 

No.  2.  Nearly  all  the  corrections  are  due  to  the  scribe  himself. 

No.  3.  The  text  has  frequently  been  altered  by  erasures  or  by  a  red 
deleting  line,  without  any  advisory  indications  in  the  margin.  This  is  what 
one  would  expect  if  the  author  were  personally  revising  his  own  writing. 

No.  4  was  left  in  its  imperfect  state. 

Nos.  5  and  6.  Both  MSS.  were  carefully  looked  over  by  some  one  who 
inserted  in  red  (in  the  margin  and  between  the  lines  of  the  text)  words 
which  were  to  be  altered  or  inserted ;  where  the  words  erroneously  written 

c 


xviii  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

in  the  text  were  so  many  that  an  erasure  was  impossible,  va  .  .  .  cat  is 
written  at  their  beginning  and  end.  These  temporary  readings  were  almost 
always  erased  as  soon  as  they  had  served  their  purpose  and  the  original 
scribe  had  inserted  them  in  the  text.  These  corrections  are  naturally  fewer 
in  the  Exodus  than  in  the  Genesis.  To  Capgrave  may  possibly  be  ascribed 
the  words  '  contra  ^d^cexdotei  terrarios  '  (!)  in  the  Genesis,  chapter  45 — they 
are  not  a  correction  of  the  text,  but  are  apparently  the  expression  of  the 
author  calling  attention  to  its  purport. 

No.  7  has  very  few  alterations,  all  apparently  by  the  first  hand — ^the  *  in 
ydiomate  *  in  the  margin  of  Acts,  chapter  21,  is  preceded  by  the  red  line  and 
point  (1.)  which  occurs  five  times  in  our  MS. 

No.  8  has  been  carefully  revised  by  the  original  scribe. 

No.  9.  Capgrave's  hand  is  probably  to  be  seen  in  the  margins  of  ff.  5  v, 
49  V,  11 1  r  (in  the  latter  page  the  red  1.  appears) ;  the  other  few  corrections 
are  either  by  the  original  scribe,  or  by  the  reviser  of  the  All  Souls  MS. 

No.  10.  On  pp.  175,  204  I  detect  the  hand  of  Capgrave,.  and  I  note  that 
the  reviser  of  No.  9  also  exercised  his  office  on  this  MS. ;  a  reference  to  tiie 
Book  of  Judges  occurs  by  the  same  hand  in  All  Souls,  pp.  2,  77,  and  in 
Balliol  190,  fi*.  4v,  42 r;  'iste  sermo  '  «fec..  All  Souls,  p.  60,  is  by  the  scribe 
who  wrote  'idem  sermo  est'  in  Balliol  190,  f.  33 r,  but  the  'lierum  Sim- 
holum  hugonis  '  of  p.  4  is,  as  in  No.  9,  apparently  by  Capgrave. 

But  a  discussion  of  such  details  would  lead  us  too  far ;  they  are  only 
a  corollary  to  the  evidence  that  we  have  produced  as  to  the  autograph  of 
Capgrave  being  found  in  three  MSS.:  C.C.C.Camb.408,  B.M.  Add.  MS.  36704, 
and  in  the  volume  now  under  examination — but  in  the  text  of  no  other  MS. 

HENRY  MARRIOTT  BANNISTER. 
OxFOBD,  August  5,  1911. 


YE  SOLACE  OP  PILGKIMES 

Many  men  in  J>is  world  aftyr  he?  pilgnmage  haue  left  memoriales  of  f.  855  r 
swecli  ]?ingis  as  Ipei  haue  herd  and  seyn  Ip&t  nowt  only  here  eres  schuld  be? 
witnesse  but  eke  he?  eyne.  So  ded  pictagoras  pat  trauayled  as  seith  sey^tt 
ierome  be  ]>e  prophetis  memphetik.  So  did  plato  fiat  laboured  ]?orw  egipt 
and  alle  J^oo  cuntres  of  itayle  weeh  we?  called  sumtyme  grecia  maior* 
not  aschamed  he  ]?at  was  a  maystir  at  atenes  schuld  be  a  pilgWme  for  to 
lerne  strange  ]?ingis  namely  in  strau??ge  cuntrees.  To  on  eke  J^at  was 
clepid  titus  liuiz^s  came  many  men  owt  of  spayn  on  to  rome  mo?  for  Ipe 
fame  of  Ipe  man  J^an  Ipe  fame  of  Ipe  cite  for  to  here  him  trete  and  dispute 
of  f>e  werkys  of  natu?  and  J?e  maneres  of  men  whech  are  comendable. 
This  same  clerk  seynt  jerom  f)at  wrytith  alle  fese  storyes  he  him  selue 
laboured  all  ]>e  holy  lond  to  knowe  Ipe  spaces  and  Ipe  townes  )?e?  J:e  holy 
patWarches  dwelt  sumtyme  &  spemly  fe?  our  lord  ihu)with  his  holy  presens 
halowid  ]?e  circuite.  Yerfo?  Ipei  })at  wil  knowe  J^is  processe  lete  hem  rede 
])e  same  book  of  seynt  ierom  whech  is  called  de  distanciis  locorww.  Also 
pe?  was  a  man  of  uenys  whech  ]:ei  called  marcus  paulus  he  laboured  alt  f>e 
soudanes  londe  and  descryued  on  to  us  ]>e  natu?  of  Ipe  cunt?  J>e  condiciones 
of  f»e  men  and  ]>e  stately  aray  of  }?e  grete  cane  houshold.  Eke  jon 
maundeuyle  knyth  of  yngland  aftir  his  labou?  made  a  book  ful  solacious  on 
to  his  nacyoun.  Aftyr  aH  f>ese  grete  cryeris  of  many  wonderful!  fingis  I  wyl 
folow  with  a  smal  pypying  of  swech  straunge  sitis  as  I  haue  seyn  and  swech 
strauTige  J?ingis  as  I  haue  herd.  No  man  blame  me  J)ow  he  be  leue  not  )?at 
I  schal  write  for  I  schal  not  write  but  f>at  I  fynde  in  auctores  &  fat  is  for 
a  prmcipall,  or  ellis  ]?at  I  sey  with  eye  and  ]?at  is  for  a  secuwdari,  or  ellis 
}3at  1  suppose  is  soth  lete  J?at  be  of  best  auctorite.  On  to  all  men  of  my 
naciouTi  ]?at  schal  rede  f)is  present  book  and  namely  on  to  my  spmal  mayst^ 
sir  thomas  tudenham'^  undyr  whos  protecciouTi  my  pylgremage  was  spectaly 
sped  I  recomende  my  sympilnesse  praying  hem  of  paciens  in  }>e  redyng  j?at 

grecia  maior. 

1  Corrected  thus  in-  MS. :  grete  grece. 

^  Sir  Thomas  Tudenham  was  18  years  old  in  1417 ;  married  Alice,  daughter  of  John 
Wodehouse,  before  he  was  of  age ;  had  no  issue ;  obtained  a  divorce  Nov,  22,  1486 ; 
and  was  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill  on  Feb.  22,  1461,  together  with  John,  Earl  of  Oxford, 
the  Earl's  son  Aubrey,  John  Montgomery,  and  William  Tyrrell,  for  corresponding 
with  Margaret  of  Anjou,  wife  of  Henry  VI.  He  was  Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Oxburgh, 
in  the  NW.  part  of  the  County  of  Norfolk,  not  far  from  King's  Lynn.  There  were  three 
houses  of  Austin  friars  in  the  county,  one  at  Norwicli,  one  at  Thetford,  and  one  at  King's 
Lynn  (Blomefield,  Norfolk^  vol.  vi,  p.  174,  n.  4,  p.  175). 

B 


2  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

fei  take  no  bed  at  no  crafty  langage  whe?  non  is  but  at  Ipe  good  entent  of 
J?e  make?.    If  je  wil  algate  wite  what  ye  book  scbal  bite  me  Jjinkith  best  to 
kalle  it  solace  of  pilgWmys  in  wbecb  scbal  be  ail  J^e  descripciouw  declared  of 
rome  )?at  was  before  scbortly  drawe  in  a  mappa.^     The  forme  of  ou?  werk 
scbal  be  ordred  Ipua.     The  first  part  scbal  declare  the  disposiciouri  of  rome 
fro  bis  first  makyng.     The  secu^de  part  scbal  decla?  fe  bolynesse  of  J>e 
same  place  fro  his  first  crystendam.    These  be  J?e  chapeteres  of  f>e  first  part. 
H  Whech  we?  f>e  first  fouwdatoris  of  rome.  pnmi. 
U  Of  f>e  dyu^rse  5atis  wallis  and  towris  of  rome.  ii. 
U  Of  J?e  dyuerse  bryggw  of  rome.  iii. 
H  Of  J?e  dyuerse  hillis  of  rome.  iiii. 
f.  355  V  ^  Of  f>e  mul/titude  of  paleys  in  rome.  u. 

U  Of  J?e  multitude  of  arches  in  rome  rered  for  djuera  uictories.  ui. 

U  Who  many  cymyteries  be  in  rome.  uii. 

H  "Who  many  ofir  holy  places  &  of  he?  names  be  for  it  was  cristen.  uiii. 

U  Of  f>at  place  in  special  fat  is  calle  angulla  sci  petri.  ix. 

U  Of  dyuers  templis  of  fals  goddis  now  turnyd  to  g^ruyse  of  seynti*.  x. 

U  Of  J>e  capitole  principal!  place  of  J>e  cite.  xi. 

U  Of  \>e  too  bors  of  marbill  and  too  nakid  men  whech  ]>ei  clepe  J?e  caballis.  xii. 

H  Of  J?e  bors  of  brasse  and  pe  ryde?  J)at  stant  at  laterane.  xiii. 

U  Of  }>at  place  whech  pei  clepe  ]>g  collise.  xiiii. 

U  Of  Ipai  place  eke  whech  pei  clepe  pantheon,  xu. 

U  Of  ])6  fay?  place  clepit  Ara  cell.  xui. 

H  Of  f>e  tou?  lpa.t  stant  fast  be  }>e  jate  whech  is  clepid  porta  flaminea.  xuii. 

U  Of  f)at  werk  whech  pei  clepe  septisolium.  xuiii. 

H  Of  )?e  arche  clepid  prici  tarqmni.  xuiiii. 

51  Of  J?e  place  be  fore  seynt  petres  kyrk  whech  ]>ei  calle  cantarus  xx. 

51  Of  pe  sepulcris  of  remus  and  romulus.  xxi. 

U  Of  f>e  paleys  longyng  to  traiane  &  adriane.  xxii. 

U  *  Of  fe  conke  in  whech  constantine  was  baptized,  xxiii. 

Of  ]>e  gouernouris  in  rome  fro  ]?e  tyme  of  vomvlus  on  to  J>e  last  kyng 
t&rquinius  xxiiii. 

Of  Jje  gouemoures  in  rome  iFro  fat  same  kyngz's  on  to  fat  emperourw 
begu?me.  xxu. 

Of  all  fe  emperouris  from  juliws  cesar  on  to  frederik.  xxui. 


,    *  The  writer  is  here  evidently  alluding  to  an  early  map  or  plan  of  Rome,  but  which  one 
it  is  now  impossible  to  say. 

'  In  the  margin  (opposite  the  word  *  constantine ')  are  the  letters  *  place  oii  tfa ' ;  the 
rest  of  the  words  having  been  cut  away  in  binding  this  MS.  with  three  others. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  3 

"Whech  we?  first  foundatourts  of  rome  cap  i. 

Of  J?e  auctoris  or  ellis  fe  makeris  of  rome  or  of  hem  J^at  first  dwelt  J?ere 
are  many  opynyones.  Suwme  sey  J?at  remus  &  romulus  bilid  it  first  &  ^aue 
he?  name  to  it  but  a  geyn  f»at  opynyouw  is  solim^g  de  mirabilib?/g  mundi  f)at 
seith  it  hith  rome  er  J^ese  brethren  we?  bo?.  For  fese  oppynyones  and 
many  moo  I  wil  precede  be  ordre  and  declare  on  to  J?e  rederes  of  J^e  first 
dwellerts  of  rome.  The?  was  a  cronicale?  in  elde  tyme  whech  f>ei  called 
Estodius*  whos  book  is  not  now  redyly  founde  but  he  is  rehersid  in  Ipe 
newe?  bookis  as  for  a  trewe  auctou?.  Thus  writith  he  that  aftir  f>e  tyme  f>at 
noe  had  seyn  who  his  successioun  had  bilid  ))*  hy  tou?  of  babilon  &  ueni- 
tmnce  taken  on  f>e  puple  in  confusioun  of  tungis  fat  same  noe  with  certeyn 
of  his  frenschip  in  a  litil  schip  seyled  in  to  itayle  dwelt  and  deyid  in  ]?at 
same  place  whech  we  clepe  now  rome.''  Aftir  him  dwelt  yere  janus '  his 
sone  othir  cronicles  calle  him  ionlcus  and  Jjei  sey  of  hym  fat  he  was  a  grete 
astronome?  for  he  taut  fat  sciens  on  to  nembroth  he  eke  prophecied  of  f e 
regnes  fat  we?  deryued  fro  f  e  sunnys  of  noe.  For  of  cam  was  he  belus  born 
after\s'ard  kyng  of  surry.  Of  sem  spronge  f  ei  of  mede  f  ei  of  perse  and  f  ei 
eke  of  grece.  And  of  iaphet  come  f  e  romaynes.  These  f  ingis  wrote  f  is 
joniew*  and  many  othir.  Neuyr  fe  lasse  for  I  am  not  sykyr  wheythir  /  f  ese  f.  356  r 
too  names  longyn  to  o  man  or  to  too  f  ^rfor  I  write  what  cronicles  sey  of 
janus.  lanus  fei  say  with  jan\is  his  son  &  his  neue  tamese*  biggid  fe 
cite  whech  fei  called  janiclye  and  eke  ouyr  tibur  he  mad  a  paleys  whech  he 
clepid  janicle  in  fat  same  place  whe?  seynt  pet«r  cherch  stant  and  f e  paleys 
as  I  suppose  for  f  is  cause  for  f  e  hiH  a  boue  f  ese  too  hith  ^et  mons  janicul?^g. 
Sone  after  f  is  tyme  saturne  whech  was  of  his  owne  son  gelt  and  fled  fro  his 

*  Although  he  is  mentioned  by  name  in  old  chronicles  no  other  trace  of  the  works  of 
Hescodius  (Escodius,  Estodius)  can  be  found.  Sometimes  he  is,  without  any  justifica- 
tion, identified  with  Hesiod,  and  sometimes  with  Methodius  (Nichols,  The  Marvels  of 
Rome,  part  i,  ch.  i,  p.  2,  n.  2). 

2  The  legend  of  Noah  having  died  at  Rome  is  very  fully  discussed  in  A.  Grafs  Roma 
nella  memoria  e  nelV  immaginazione  del  Medio  Evo,  a  book  which  will  be  much  quoted 
in  part  i  of  this  chronicle.  From  note  15,  pp.  85-6,  vol,  i,  of  the  same,  it  would  appear 
that  near  the  well-known  Colonnacce,  in  the  forum  of  Nerva,  there  was  an  arch,  known 
before  the  fifteenth  century  as  the  *  arch  of  Noah',  probably,  a  corruption  of  arcug  Nervae 
(Graf,  Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  pp.  80-91 ;  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  part  i, 
ch.  i,  p,  2,  n.  3).  For  another  account  of  the  Arco  di  Noe,  and  the  Arco  di  Oro  or 
Aureo,  and  the  origins  of  these  names,  cf.  Adinolfi,  vol.  ii,  pp.  58-9,  and  pp.  63-4. 

'  Ranulf  Higden  (bom  in  the  latter  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  died  probably  in 
A.D.  1363)  says  :  *  lanus  vero  cum  lano  filio  Iaphet  nepote  suo  trans  Tiberim  laniculum 
condidit,  ubi  modo  est  ecclesia  Sancti  lohannis  ad  laniculum '  (Higden,  Polychronicon,  ed. 
Babington,  London,  1865,  vol.  i,  p.  203  ;  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  part  i,  ch.  i,  p.  2,  n.  4). 

*  He  is  called  Caraese  in  the  Mirahilia;  and,  in  that  work,  is  not  a  relative  of  Janus, 
but  a  native  of  the  place,  who  helped  Janus  to  build  the  city  Janiculum  on  the  Palatine 
hill  (Urlichs,  Codex  Topographicusi,  p.  113.;   Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  p.  2). 

b2 


4  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES 

cuntre  he  cam  to  f>e  same  place  and  )?e?  aftyr  many  bataylis  he  bylid  a  cyte 
where  now  stant  pe  capitole.  In  J)00  same  dayis  ])e  kyng  of  itaile  cam  to 
\)e  same  saturne  with  ali  ])e  strength  of  J?e  siracusanis  whech  is  a  cyte 
of  cicile  and  he  bylid  eke  a  grete  part  of  rome  fast  by  J^e  flood  J)at  was 
JjanfD  clepid  albula  and  now  is  it  clepid  tibur.  Hercules  eke  his  son  as  uarro 
writith  mad  a  cite  undir  J)e  capitol  whech  he  clepid  ualery.  Than  cam  a  kyng 
J)at  dwelt  up  on  tybu?  and  mad  J)e?  a  cyte.  Euander  after  ]?is  kyng  of 
archadye  bilid  him  a  cite  in  ]>e  mount  palantine.  This  same  man  fled  his 
cunt?  as  summe  men  seyn  for  he  had  kyllid  his  fadir  at  instauns  of  his 
moder  whech  hith  hym  grete  fingis  for  Ipe  dede  and  aftirward  fled  with  hym 
on  to  rome.  Of  J^is  same  Euander  spekith  uirgil  in  Ipe  uiii  book  eneydos. 
Aftir  him  to  men  on  hith  coroboam  an  othir  hith  glausus  bylid  mech  ping 
in  rome.  And  J)ann)  as  writith  solinws  cam  a  fled  woman  fro  troye  whos 
name  was  romen  sumtyme  it  is  seid  ]?at  sche  was  dowtir  to  eneas  and  summe 
tyme  it  is  seid  sche  was  but  cosin  but  sche  jaue  fe  name  to  Ipe  cyte  as  we 
seide  be  fo?  longe  or  remus  and  romulus  we?  bore.  Wherfor  writith  J?is 
auctou?  ]?at  it  was  for  bodyn  in  he?  sacraries  yat  no  man  schul  name  f>is 
woman  but  only  put  all  Ipe  honour  on  to  romuliw  aftir  tyme  he  had  take 
pe  reule.*  Auentinws  eke  Ipe  kyng  of  albany  mad  him  a  cite  in  Jjat  hili 
fat  is  jet  called  auentyn.  And  f)ann)  euene  iiii  hundred  jere  aftir  Ipe  de- 
struccioun  of  troye  fifty  and  four  romulus  born  of  Ipe  troianes  blood  his  broj^ir 
remus  deed  or  slayn  pe  je?  of  his  age  xxii  Ipe  xu  kalende  of  may  all  pese 
forsaide  citees  coupled  to  gydir  and  walled  in  on  empire.  And  be  cause  pat 
J?ese  too  bretheri?i  mad  rome  &  sette  it  in  a  p^rfithnesse  perfor  me  J>inkith 
ful  necessarie  to  descryue  he?  birth  and  he?  persones  for  eschewing  of  grete 
errouris  J>at  poetis  feyne  of  hem.  There  was  a  kyng  fast  be  rome  in  pe 
kyngdam  J)at  was  called  regio  latinor-wm  whos  name  ]3ei  clepid  Amuli^g  pe 
son  to  procate  kyng  of  pe  same.  This  man  Amiliws  had  a  ekie?  brothir  J)at 
hith  munitor.  So  f)is  jonge?  brothir  droue  out  pe  eider  fro  j^at  kyngdam  and 
exiled  for  euyr  for  he  wold  be  kyng  alone.  Eke  he  took  his  doutyr  clepid  rea 
f.  366  T  an<i  put  hi?  in  a  hous  of  /  religioun  dedicate  on  to  mars  god  of  batayle  J)at  sche 
Bchuld  be?  no  childyrn  whech  upenhap  myth  uenge  pe  wrong  ]?at  was  do.  This 
woman  pus  constreyned  to  chastite  conseyued  it  is  not  pleynli  teld  of  whom 
for  aft  pe  clerkys  in  ]^oo  dayis  feyned  ]?at  })ese  too  men  we?  be  gotyn  of  a  god 
celestiaft  ^  and  so  pe  woman,  hir  selue  confessed  J^at  mars  god  of  batayle  had 

*  For  the  above  account  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  compare  Nichols,  The  Marvels  of 
Some,  part  i,  ch.  i ;  being  a  translation,  with  notes,  of  the  Mirabilia  urbis  Fomae ;  also 
Urlicha,  Codex  Urbis  Romae  Topographicus,  p.  113. 

*  Brunetto  Latini  (born  at  Florence  1230,  died  1294),  on  p.  43  of  Li  Livres  dou  Tresor 
(Paris,  1863),  says:  'Cil  Numitor  en  fu  rois  aprfes  la  mort  de  son  pere,  et  avoit  une  fille  qui 
livoit  k non  Emilia;  mais  Amulio  li  toH  son  legne,  et  chaca  Numitorem  et  sa  fille  en  essil,  et  il 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  5 

be  goten  Ipese  childirn.  But  for  ali  Ip&t  Ipe  trewe  jugis  at  })at  time  con- 
dempnecl  hi?  to  be  doluyn  qwik  for  swech  deth  was  ordeyned  f)ai3n)  for 
maydenes  J)at  we?  consecrate  to  ]?e  templis  if  Ipei  broke  be?  cbastite.  Aftir 
]>e  deth  of  fe  mode?  J>ese  too  childyrn  we?  leyd  be  J>e  tibu?  side  fat  doggis 
and  woluys  schuld  distroye  hem.  So  happed  a  schypard  f>at  kept  J^e  kyngis 
flok  whos  name  was  fastulus  to  kom  by  and  sey  f)oo  fay?  babes  left  in 
gwech  pereli  he  took  hem  up  and  bare  hem  boom  to  his  wyf  laureTis  j^at  sche 
schuld  norch  hem  and  releue  hem.  It  is  seid  comouTily  J?at  J^ei  we?  fed  of 
a  wolf  for  J»is  same  laurence  was  called  lupa  whech  sour^dith  in  ou?  langage 
a  Avolf  rith  for  })is  cause  fer  sche  was  fay?  and  lecherous  and  grete  appetite 
had  to  many  men  and  perfor  was  sche  likned  on  to  J^is  stynkyng  beest.  And 
5et  on  to  J?is  day  J>e  celles  J^at  comown  women  dwell  in  f)orw  oute  Ipe  latyn 
tonge  be  clepid  lupanaria  -j^at  is  to  sey  houses  of  woluys.  But  who  so  euyr 
it  be  of  f)ese  exposiciones  Ipe  cronicles  of  rome  and  pictu?  })orw  ytaile  here 
wytnesse  f>at  a  wolf  5aue  soke  on  to  J>ese  childyrn  perauenture  or  faustulus 
had  founde  hem.*  Thus  grew  J»ei  undir  protecciouw  of  J)is  schiphard  and  his 
wif  til  J>ei  come  to  swech  age  J»at  Ipei  coude  ryde  and  schote  &  put  hem  in 
prees  Ipere  bufiPetis  schuld  be  ^oue.  So  it  happed  on  a  tyme  pat  remus  went 
oute  a  lone  or  ellis  with  a  smal  felawchip  and  was  taken  of  theuys  led  as 
a  thef  to  pis  munitor  f>at  was  his  moderis  fadir.  That  herd  sey  romulws 
and  with  fastulus  pe  scliiphard  gadered  a  grete  strength  for  to  fecch  hom  his 
bro}?ir  and  whan  he  cam  to  ]?is  munitor  and  herd  him  telle  what  wrong  his 
^onge?  brothir  had  doo  to  hym  J)ei  alle  in  fere  went  and  kyllid  ]3is  amilium 
and  restored  pe  trewe  eyir  to  pe  kyngdam.  Thus  haue  I  schewid  he? 
)?at  J)Ow  J>e?  we?  many  dwelleris  at  rome  be  fore  J?ese  too  brej^rin  jet  J^ei 
coupled  ali  J?ese  citees  to  gidir  made  J^e  wallis  and  pe  touris  whech  we? 
not  mad  be  fo?.  This  cite  in  })is  wise  was  begunne  of  })ese  too  men 
pe  xix  je?  of  phacee  kyng  of  isrl  and  pe  iiii  je?  of  achaz  kyng  of  ierlm 
in  pe  fourte  age  of  pe  world  of  whech  was  spent  iii  hundred  jere  and  xxiii  fro 
pe  hegjnnjng  of  pe  world  iii  fousand  ii  hundred  Ixxxii  and  fro  pe  destruc- 
cioun  of  troye  iiii  hundred  &  liiii.    The  f)ird  je?  folowyng  aftir  J?is  was  remus 

Be  fist  f  aire  roi ;  et  Emilia  concut  ii  filz,  Eomulum  et  Remum,  en  tel  maniere  que  nus  ne  sot 
qui  fu  lor  peres;  maia  11  plusor  disoient  que  Mars,  Ii  diez  des  batailles,  les  engendra,  et 
dha  lors  en  avant  fu  cele  feme  apelde  Rea,  et  puis  fist  ele  une  cit^  en  mileu  de  Ytaille,  qui 
por  le  non  de  Ii  est  apelee  Reate.* 

*  •*  Et  porce  que  maintes  estoires  devisent  que  Romulus  et  Remus  furent  nd  d'une  lue, 
il  est  bien  droiz  que  je  en  die  la  verity.  II  est  voirs  que  quant  ils  furent  n^,  Ton  les  gita 
8or  une  riviere  porce  que  la  gent  ne  s'aperceussent  que  lor  mere  eust  conceu.  Entor  cele 
riviere  manoit  une  feme  qui  servoit  a  touz  comunement,  et  tels  femes  sent  apel^es  en  latin 
lues.  Cele  feme  prist  les  enfanz  et  les  norri  molt  doucement ;  et  por  ce  fu  il  dit  que  11  es- 
loient  fil  d'une  lue,  mais  ne  estoient  mie  '  (Brunetto  Latini,  Li  Livres  dou  Tresor,  ed. 
Chabaille,  Paris,  1868,  p.  43  ;  Graf,  JRoma  nella  memoria  e  nelV  immaginadone  del 
Medio  Evo,  vol.  i,  p.  96). 


6  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

slayn  with  a  laboureris  rake  of  a  m&n  J?at  hith  fabius  duke  of  romulws  host 
367  r  wheythir  be  pe  consent  of  romulws  /  or  nowt  is  put  in  dowt.^  Rakes  are 
called  ]3e?  long  hokls  of  jmn  with  too  tynes  with  whech  fei  turne  he?  lond. 
For  euene  as  we  with  spadis  put  J)e  lond  from  us  in  deluyng  so  ])ei  with  he? 
rakes  draw  it  on  to  hem.'^  Summe  writeris  sey  })at  fese  too  brejjrin  fell  at 
debate  wheoh  of  hem  schuld  be  pnncipall  and  it  plesed  hem  both  J)at  J?is 
souereynte  schuld  be  had  with  sum  heuenely  tokne.  So  both  to  we?  acordid 
to  go  in  to  f»e  hill  aduentyne  and  whan  {)ei  come  J)edir  first  on  to  remus 
appered  seuene  egles  J)an  after  on  to  romulus  appered  fourtene.  Remus 
mad  his  chalange  yat  he  schuld  be  pWncipaH  for  J?e  first  apperyng.  Ro- 
mulus seyd  he  had  mo?  rith  for  ])e  grette?  nowmbyr  and  so  in  J?is  strif  J^e 
forseyd  man  fabius  hit  him  with  a  rake  J)at  lay  next  hand  as  is  seyd  be  fo?. 
An  othir  apiniouw  of  his  deth  I  fynde  wrytyn  J^at  aftir  ]>e  wallis  we?  made 
summe  &  summe  dikys  )?e?  ]>e  walUs  schuld  be  it  was  mad  a  lawe  J^at  no 
man  schuld  passe  hem  with  outen  leue  and  in  dew  tyme  and  for  J>e  cause  ]5at 
remus  was  Ipe  first  breke?  of  J^is  lawe  yerfo?  was  he  slayii.  Aftir  fe  deth  of 
J)is  man  romulus  called  on  to  fe  cite  mech  sundry  puple  sabinenses  albanenses 
tuBculanes  politanes  celanenses  sicanens«s  camarianis  campanis  lucanis  &  ny 
all  pe  noble  puple  of  itayle.  Than  was  J^e  grete  care  for  to  haue  so  many 
me?i  with  outen  women  and  specmly  for  fei  of  J>e  cuntre  were  not  glad  to 
lete  he?  dowteris  be  weddid  to  Ipe  dwelleris  of  rome  for  J>e  grete  noyse  J>at 
was  of  hem  in  extorsion  theft  and  mord?  as  is  used  a  mongis  werriouris. 
Wherfo?  J)is  same  romulus  let  make  a  grete  cry  of  dyuers  exercises  iustyng 
schetyng  putting  9,t  ]>e  ston  and  swech  othir  to  towe  ])e  cunt?  both  man  and 
woman  on  to  J^ese  gay  games.  And  whan  pe  puple  was  most  gadered  euery 
man  )?at  was  sengil  chase  him  a  make  of  J)oo  maidenes  whech  we?  come  oute 

*  In  the  Latin  text  of  the  Folychronicon  we  find :  '  Igitur  regnante  Komulo,  Remus 
frater  Romuli  a  Fabio  duce  Romuli  rastrp  pastoral!  occisus  est.  Eutropius*  (10).  *Nescio 
an  fratris  voluntate  id  actum  sit ;  cuius  causa  interitus  haec  fuit,  quod  ut  tutelam  novae 
urbis  vallum  non  posse  suflEicere  Remus  increpaverit.  In  cuius  rei  argumentum  ipse  val- 
lum saltu  transiliit.  Titus  Livius  (1).'*  The  Trevisa  translation  is  as  follows :  '  Yanne 
while  Romulus  regnede  his  ledere  Fabius  slowj  Remus  [Romulus]  his  broker  wi])  a  herdes 
rake.  Martinus.  I  noot  5if  J)at  was  idoo  by  his  bro])ir  wil.  pe  cause  of  his  deth  was 
\nB:  Romus  seide  J)at  as  engle  wal  was  nou5t  strengjje  ynow  for  ]>e  newe  citee,  and  for 
to  make  ))at  good  he  lepe  ouer  J)e  wal  at  oo  leepe.  [Titus].'  The  Harleian  MS.  2261  has 
only :  <  Romulus  reignenge,  Remus  his  brother  was  sleyne  of  AfFabius  a  duke  of  Romulus. 
Titus  Livius'  (R.  Higden,  Polychronicon,  vol.  iii,  p.  54). 

■  This  passage  is  interesting  as  showing  the  diflFerent  methods  of  cultivation  in  use  at 
this  period  in  Italy  and  in  England.  It  would  seem  that,  in  Italy,  the  earth  was  worked 
with  two'pronged  forks,  whereas  spade  cultivation  was  more  in  vogue  in  our  country. 
But  the  forks  appear  from  the  text  to  have  served  the  purpose  of  a  harrow  or  rake ;  as  the 
author,  in  truth,  calls  them. 

♦  '  (10)  Eulropius]  cm.  C.  D.  The  circumstance  is  not  mentioned  in  Eutropius.  (1)  Titm 
Accius  C.  D.    A.  omits  reference.' 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  7 

of  Ipe  cunt?  but  moost  sp«cmly  of  )jat  naciou?i  whech  we?  called  sabynes. 
And  Ip&re  be  gan  a  grete  bataile  be  twix  }>e  romaynes  and  sabynes  and  lested 
many  dayes  on  to  f»e  tyme  }jat  fei  we?  })us  acordid  Ipat  enery  child  fat  is 
born  of  both  blodes  schuld  haue  to  names  on  in  worchip  of  J)e  fadyr  an  othir 
in  worchip  of  J?e  mode?.  Thus  grew  rome  in  grete  nowmbir  and  in  grete 
worchip  for  romulus  chase  owt  an  hundred  of  ]>e  eldest  men  &  called  hem 
senatoures  a  senectute  whech  is  for  to  sey  age  menyTig  her  by  J>at  elde  men 
and  weel  wered  of  longe  exp«riens  schuld  haue  gouernauwoe  omV  f)e  puple. 
Eke  he  chase  owt  of  J>e  puple  of  j^e  moust  strenghesb  &  likly  men  and  ech 
of  hem  called  was  miles  fat  is  to  sey  in  ow?  langage  a  knyth.  For  mille  is 
a  fousand  and  a  fousand  of  fese  chase  he  first  fat  soo  of  J?is  noumbir  be  gan 
bis  name.  Whan  he  had  regned  J>ub  not  many  jeres  he  held  a  bataile  in 
a  marys  of  campanie  and  sodeynly  a  grete  tempest  and  grete  J? undir  rysyng 
to  /  gidir  sodeynly  bare  him  a  wey  fat  no  man  wist  whe?  he  be  cam  and  f.  357  v 
f  anfO  f  e  puple  annowbred  him  a  mongzs  he?  goddis  and  called  him  god 
qwyryn  for  f  is  cause  for  qwyryn  in  f  e  sabynes  tonge  is  called  a  schaft  and 
he  rood  neuyr  with  cute  a  spere  yerfor  fei  apprarid  to  him  fat  nam«.  And 
in  worchip  of  him  for  f  e  moost  part  of  f  e  romaynes  at  f  eso  dayes  if  f  ei  goo 
on  fote  f  ei  walk  with  speres.  A  nothir  cause  of  f  is  name  is  assigned  be 
writeris  fat  aftir  his  deth  f ei  picchid  his  schaft  m  f e  mount  aduentyn  and  it 
grew  on  to  a  tree  y^rfor  wold  f  ei  calle  him  f  e  god  qwyrynaU. 


Of  f  e  5atis  wallis  and  towris  cap.  ii. 

Now  of  f  e  jatis  of  rome  wallis  and  towris  schal  be  ou?  tretyng  folowyng 
euyr  fe  steppis  of  ou?  elde.  3^tis  be  fere  in  rome  xii  be  side  fe  cite 
leonyne  whe?  seint  petir  cherch  stant  whech  cite  hath  iii  ^ates  and  eke 
f  e  cite  transtibe?  whe?  seynt  cecile  and  seynt  pancras  and  seynt  grisogonws 
lyn  whech  hath  alsoo  of ir  iii.  As  for  f e  wallis  50  schal  undirstand  fat  f ei 
stand  at  fis  day  sumwhat  appeyred  of  age  as  no  wonder  is  but  jet  are 
f ei  strong  and  hy  for  f>e  most  part  as  touris  be  in  inglond  of  f e  townes  fat 
stand  fere.  Who  many  myle  f ei  conteyne  I  can  not  seyn  but  be  gessyng  for 
I  fynde  writyn  fat  if  a  man  go  a  boute  f e  wallis  and  f e  watir  he  schuld  goo 
xxii  myle  and  I  hald  not  fe  watir  fro  fe  tou?  by  seynt  poules  jate 
on  to  f e  toure  fat  ^  be  f e  jate  whech  is  called  porta  flaminea  not  mech  mo? 
fan  ui  myle.  So  as  be  myn  estimacioun  fro  seyn  poules  jate  fat  stant  in  f e 
south  on  to  porta  flaminea  fat  stant  in  f e  north  f e  wall  conteynyth  in  length 
up  on  xui  myle.'^      As  touching  fe  toures  fe  elde  writeris  sey  fat  fere 

*  *  Btant  *  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  For  the  discrepancy  in  the  length  of  the  >\*alls  of  Rome,  cf.  Nichols,  Marvels  of 
Rome,  p.  6,  n.  11 ;  Urlichs,  Codex  Topographicus,  p.  92. 


8  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

be  iii  hundred  sexti  and  on  whech  is  likly  I  now  to  be  soth  for  J^ei  stand  rith 
ny  to  gidir.  U.  Now  of  J>e  5atis  we  wil  beginne  at  ]?at  ^ate  ]>'dt  ledeth  to  seynt 
paules  whech  stant  on  fe  south  side  of  rome  it  is  cleped  in  elde  bokis  porta 
capena  *  whech  souwdith  in  ou?  langage  J^e  takyng  jate  for  pstt  wey  fat  goth 
be  J?at  3ate  is  clepid  uia  hostiensz'g  for  it  goth  to  a  cyte  })at  hith  hostie 
whech  stant  in  swech  a  place  whe?  tibu?  rennyth  in  to  J>e  see  and  so 
souwdith  Ipe  name  in  latyn  for  hostium  is  a  do?  and  ]3at  is  called  soo  as 
fe  dore  of  tibu?.  On  Ipe  rith  hand  of  J?is  5ate  stawt  a  grete  sware  hili 
ny  ioyned  on  to  J>e  wal  mad  al  of  fre  ston  grete  be  nethin  and  smal  a  bouyn 
hier  panji  ony  tou?  in  whech  remus  is  byried  as  J>ei  sey  ]7ere.  This  porta 
capena  is  sumtyme  in  elde  bookis  called  porta  campania  whe]?ir  it  is  errou? 
of  writeris  or  nowt  I  leue  it  as  now.  Be  )?is  jate  was  seynt  paule  led  whan 
he  schuld  be  ded.  Be  J?is  jate  cam  seynt  syluest^r  horn  whaiD  he  had 
f.  358  r  dedicate  paules  cherch  so  late  fat  he  /  was  constreyned  to  prey  god  of 
endewryng  of  ]>e  sunne  and  as  it  ^  seid  fe  suwne  sernyd  him  tyl  he  came  at 
seynt  petres  cherch  &  be  fat  tyme  it  was  mydnyth.  This  dedicacioU7^  was 
in  halowmesse  monthe  sumwhat  aftyr  seynt  martyn  day.  H.  Next  f  is  jate 
stant  fat  5at6  fat  is  called  porta  appia  *  f is  wey  goth  first  on  to  a  litil 
cherch  whech  is  cleped  sea  maria  de  palma  and  fann)  to  a  crosse  me  calle 
domme  quo  uadis  fery^rmo?  on  to  fat  holy  place  whech  is  dedicate  on  to  f e 
name  of  seynt  Sebastian)  wh^  is  kalixti  cymyteri  and  eke  catacumbas  of 
whech  places  whe  speke  now  but  litil  for  aftir  in  ou?  book  we  will  speke 
of  hew  mo?  largely.  Fast  by  f  is  jate  was  seynt  sixte  heded  for  f  e  name  of 
oure  lord  ihu  as  we  fynde  in  cronicles  whech  sixte  was  pope  of  rome 
and  maystir  on  to  seynt  laurens.  The  cause  whi  it  is  clepid  porta  appia  for 
a  grete  lord  of  rome  whech  hith  appius  claudius  mad  it.  IT.  Porta  latina 
is  alsoo  a  grete  5ate  of  rome  and  is  clepid  latina  for  fat  wey  goth  on  to  fat 
lond  fat  was  called  f e  latyw  lond  f e?  be  gan  first  f  e  latyn  tunge  with  labou? 
and  study  of  latyn  kyng  of  fat  lond  and  of  karmentis  his  modi?.   Fast  by  f  is 

*  The  gate  of  San  Paolo  was  known  as  the  '  porta  capena '  in  the  Middle  Ages.  On 
referring  to  Plate  No.  I  (of  the  thirteenth  century)  published  in  De  Rossi's  Piante  icono- 
grafiche  di  Roma,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  gate  is  marked  *  porta  capena  *.  In 
Plate  III  the  same  thing  is  found ;  but  in  Plate  IV  the  Porta  Appia  is  called  the  Porta 
Capena  for  the  first  time.  In  Plate  II  the  Porta  Appia  is  marked  Porta  Dazza.  *  Porta 
chapua  la  quale  se  chiama  la  porta  de  sancto  paulo'  {Edifichazhon  di  molti  palazzi, 
Venice,  1480,  p.  B  iii).  'Prope  portam  capenam,  quae  vocatur  porta  sancti  Pauli  iuxta 
murum  urbis,  inter  portam  predictam  et  montem  testarum,  eepultus  est  Remus,  frater 
Romuli '  (Mirabilia,  Cod.  Cott.).  For  list  of  references  as  to  this  gate  bearing  the  name  of 
Porta  Capena  see  Tomassetti,  Campagna  JRomana,  Via  Ostiense  e  Laurentina,  1897, 
p.  10,  published  by  the  Societk  Romana  di  Storia  Patria.  It  appears  to  have  been  known 
under  that  name  until  the  fifteenth  century. 

»  (?)  is. 

^  Cf.  Tomassetti,  Campagna  JRomana  nel  Medio  Evo,  vol.  i,  pp.  87  sqq.  (Rome,  1884). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  9 

5ate  stant  a  litiii  chapeii  in  whech  seynt  jon  f)e  euawgeliste  was  put  in  a 
tunne  of  hrcnnyng  oyle  and  be  myracle  had  no  harm.  The  mane?  of  J^is 
martirdam  is  declared  in  cronicles  on  J>is  wyse  ne?.^  He  was  in  ephese  and 
preched  j^ere  bysily  'pe  feith  of  oul?  lord  ihu.  Than  \>e  proconsul  of  f>e  cite 
defended  him  his  ■preching.  He  answerd  l^at  it  was  better  for  to  obeye  to 
god  ]?an  to  man.  And  J?a?e  was  jon  sent  to  rome  with  a  lettir  to  domiciane 
in  whech  he  was  called  a  wycch  ful  of  sacrilege  and  a  loue?  of  him  J)at  was 
do  on  Ipe  crosse.  So  be  comau/wimewt  of  domiciane  he  was  put  in  ]>e  innne 
and  whann  pe  emperou?  say  J)at  he  was  so  meruelously  delyueryd  he  had 
yout3  for  to  a  saued  him  but  for  f>e  grete  hate  whech  he  had  to  crist  he  sent 
him  in  to  pathmos  to  be  exiled  f>ere.  U.  Eke  pere  is  a  jate  whech  suwme  clepe 
metronia  &  summe  triconia.  This  ^ate  is  not  now  used  but  sperd  up  for 
f)orw  J)at  tou?  entreth  a  fresch  watir  in  to  pe  cite  whech  rennyth  J^orw 
\)e  nunnes  place  }>at  dwell  at  seynt  syxtes  and  it  appereth  a  geyn  in  a  deep 
hole  fast  by  seynt  georges  and  J^anfD  undir  pe  ground  mo?  pan  too  myle  for 
it  rennyth  in  to  tybyr  with  a  grete  ^  at  a  well  fat  stant  ny  sea  maria  de  pplo.^ 
Metronia  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  mesuryng  and  triconia  soundith  in  our*  tunge 
dressing  of  he?  in  to  iii  partes.  Be  cause  women  waschen  at  J)is  jate  custom- 
habily  both  exposiciones  of  gramar  may  be  applied  to  fat  place  first  mesu? 
of  he?  camisees  whech  fei  boyle  fere  and  dressing  of  hee?  whech  f ei  wasch 
J>e?.  U.  Now  folowith  pe  5ate  fat  f ei  clepe  laterane  or  ellis  asinari.  Laterane 
is  it  cleped  for  it  stant  be  f  e  pa/leys  lattfranens/5  and  whi  fat  paleys  is  called  f.  358  v 
soo  auctores  seyn  for  l&tus  lat^ris  is  a  side  and  be  cause  fat  place  stant  on  f e 
0  side  of  rome  and  closith  in  f  e  cite  f  ^rfor  f  e  calle  it  soo.  Othir  men  sey 
fat  it  was  clepid  laterane  of  f e  frosch  fat  was  in  nero  wombe  whech  frosch 
at  his  comaundment  was  byried  f  e?  for  lateo  is  for  to  hide  &  rana  is  a  frosch 
in  latyn  tunge  whech  soundith  hidyng  of  f  e  frosch.*     He?  may  50  knowe 

*  *  ne? '  begins  a  line ;  '  wise '  ends  the  preceding  one.  Probably  the  author  thought 
he  had  written  *  in  this  nian-ner '.    The  *  ner  *  is  redundant. 

*  *  streem  '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  This  stream,  now  called  the  Mariana  or  Marrana,  is  fully  described  by  Adinolfi. 
Our  chronicler  is  mistaken  in  supposing  that  it  fell  into  the  Tiber  near  S.  Maria  del 
Popolo.  He  should  have  said  S.  Maria  in  Cosuiedin.  It  is  mentioned  by  Cicero,  and 
was  formerly  called  the  Aqua  Crabra  or  Dannata  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  156). 

*  The  derivation  of  the  word  Lateran  from  lateo-rana  seems  to  have  been  universal  in 
the  Middle  Ages.  Giacomo  di  Voragine,  in  De  saucto  Petro  Apostolo,  c.  Ixxxix,  tells 
the  same  story,  concluding  thus  :  '  Unde  et  pars  ilia  civitatis  ut  aliqui  dicunt,  ubi  rana 
latuerat,  Lateranenis  nomen  accepit.'  Enenkel  (Welthuch)  says  :  'Nerone  chiama  a  se 
settanta  due  medici,  e  fa  intendere  loro  il  suo  desiderio.  Questi  da  prima  si  scusano,  ma, 
minacciati  di  morte,  e  rinchiusi  in  un  carcere,  ricorrono  all'  espediente  del  beveraggio  e 
della  rana,  poi,  liberati  e  largamente  premiati,  se  ne  fuggono.  La  gravitlanza  faccndosi 
assai  tormentosa,  Nerone  chiama  altri  medici,  e  con  I'ajuto  dell'  arte  loro  vomita  il  mal 
concepito  figluolo,  al  quale  tosto  provvede  una  nutrice  perchfe  lo  allevei,  e  dh,  per  compagni 
i  figluoli  di  tutti  i  principi  che  si  trovano  in  Roma.   Celebra  poscia  una  festa  solenne,  a  cui 

C 


10  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

weel  ]>&i  of  ful  lewid  dedis  of  men  risen  in  J)is  world  ful  famous  places  for  of 
Jie  fame  of  J>is  place  schal  be  mad  ful  gret  declaraciouw  aftirvvard  in  ou? 
secuwd  book.  This  jate  is  called  alsoo  asinari  for  f)e  multitude  of  asses 
J>at  come  in  5et  at  J^ese  dayes  with  dyuerse  birdenes.*  U.  Now  next  aftir 
J?is  3ate  stant  a  ful  solempne  ^ate  whech  fei  calle  f>e  grettest  and  eke 
fei  name  him  Iperio  porta  lauicana  be  J>is  5ate  passe  J^e  pilgrmies  whan)  pei 
goo  to  seiTit  laurens  extra  muros.  And  wheythir  it  is  clepid  laui  with 
a  u  or  lani  with  a  n  it  is  dowt  to  summe  men  for  lanicana  with  a  n 
soundith  J>e  5ate  of  wollis  and  lauicana  with  a  u  souwdith  Ipe  jate  of 
wasching.  I  leue  all  f)is  in  f>e  disposiciouw  of  ])e  rederes.  I  wene  ueryly  J>at 
fe  weye  )?at  goth  be  fis  jate  is  called  uia  ardeatina.^  U.  Next  fanii)  is 
a  nothir  3ate  whech  J>ei  call  porta  sci  laurentii  it  is  clepid  so  for  whan) 
men  haue  be  on  pilgWmage  at  seiwt  laurence  pel  come  hom  a  geyn  to  rome  be 
J?is  5ate.  But  in  elde  tyme  it  was  called  porta  taurina  J>e  bullis  ^ate  or  ellis 
porta  tiburtiyia  fe  jate  J>at  ledeth  to  pe  cite  whech  hitith  tiburtine  fat  stant 
xii  myle  fro  rome  and  jet  Ipe  romaynes  haue  it  in  subiecciouTi  in  token  wherof 
J>e  keyis  of  fat  cyte  hange  with  in  rome  '  at  a  gate  fast  be  fe  cherch  of  uiti 

intervengono  settanta  due  re,  e  fa  girare  per  Roma  la  nutrice  e  la  rana  in  un  carro  di 
argento  con  le  ruote  d'oro,  tempestato  di  gemme,  adorno  di  un  magnifico  baldacchino, 
e  tirato  da  un  cervo  domesticato.  Nel  passare  un  ponte,  la  rana  salta  nell'  acqua  e 
sparisce.  Nerone,  furibondo,  fa  mettere  a  morte  la  balia  e  quindici  giovanotti,  figli  di 
principi.  Allora  i  padri  si  ribellano,  segue  una  gran  battaglia,  e  Nerone,  vinto,  si  fa 
uccidere  da  uno  de'  suoi  capitani.  I  principi  vincitori  edificano  il  Laterano  '  (Graf, 
Boma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  pp.  338  sqq.).  See  also  Edijichazion  di  molti  palazzi, 
Venice,  1480,  p.  B  iii.  *  Hanc  tamen  ranam  Nero  fecit  in  turri  quadam  custodiri  usque  ad 
obitum  suum,  unde  putant  quidam  locum  ilium  a  rana  ibi  latente  lateranam  appellari  * 
(R.  Higden,  Folychronicon,  vol.  iv,  p.  396). 

*  For  the  Porta  Asinaria  (S.  Giovanni),  and  the  derivation  of  the  name,  see  Ashby 
Classical  Topography  of  the  Boman  Campagna — III  {The  Via  Latina). — Section  I. 
Papers  of  the  British  School  at  Rome,  vol.  iv,  p.  42. 

^  Here  our  author  makes  a  mistake  in  his  topography,  as  the  Via  Ardeatina  of  course 
did  not  start  from  the  Porta  Maggiore, 

•  *  Das  ist  pey in  thor  darunter '  (S.  Vito  e  Modesto) "  *  die  schlussel  von  der  Tyber 
pruck  hangen,  die  von  Tiberi  die  tur  nicht  hinein  geen  Rom  geen  den '  (als)  *  durch 
dasselb  thor.'  This  passage  is  from  the  chronicle  of  Niklaus  MufFel  (p.  54),  who  was 
a  man  of  good  family  and  fortune,  a  citizen  of  Nurnberg,  of  which  place  he  was  town- 
councillor  at  the  age  of  twenty-two.  He  was  sent  to  Rome  on  the  occasion  of  Frederick  Ill's 
coronation ;  and  on  p.  5  of  his  book  he  says  :  *  und  die  kronung  des  keysers  geschach  am 
Suntag  Letare  in  der  vasten  anno  1452  iar.'  His  visit  to  Rome  coincided  almost  exactly 
with  that  of  our  chronicler ;  and  as  he  will  be  quoted  frequently,  it  will  be  suflBcient  to 
note  his  name,  and  the  page  of  his  work,  which  appeared  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Litterarischer  Vereiiij  Stuttgart,  cxxviii — 1875-6,  herausgegehen  von  Wilhelm  Vogt. 
Adinolfi  says  in  one  passage:  'Dal  mezzo  della  curvatura  dell'  arco  intitolato  da 
M.  Aurelio  Vittore  a  Gallieno  e  Salonina,  ossia  dalla  chiave,  fino  agli  ultimi  tempi 
pendea  appiccata  una  catena  coUe  chiavi  che  Giuliano  Giamberti,  architetto,  in  numero  di 
quattro  figurb  ne*  suoi  disegni,  tolte  da'  Roraani  ai  Viterbesi  in  un  combattimento  che 
ebbero  con  cotestoro,  dalla  porta  di  Viterba  detta  della  Salciccia'  (Adinolfi,  vol.  ii,  p.  229). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  11 

and  modesti  be  a  chene  of  yrun}  H.  The  nexte  5ate  folowycg  as  summe  sey 
is  porta  salaria  but  seynt  anneis  legend  calleth  it  porta  numentana  and  so  ])e 
nexte  in  to  }?e  north  side  is  salaria  f is  hold  I  f>e  trewer  party.  Be  )5is 
5ate  go  men  to  seynt  anneis  cherch^  and  to  seynt  constauwce  and  whi 
J?ei  calle  it  numewtana  auctores  say  for  f)at  wey  goth  on  to  a  cunt?  whech 
is  called  soo  in  whech  cunt?  we?  many  worthi  werriourrs  and  continued 
in  many  batailes  a  geyn  fe  romaynes  as  men  may  rede  in  Ipe  book  de 
gestis  romanorwm.  U.  Than  folowith  f e  jate  whech  f>ei  calle  salaria  be 
p&t  wey  go  men  to  a  cyte  of  pe  same  name.  For  as  lucane  Ipe  poete 
seith  in  his  secured  book  this  cite  berith  his  name  of  pe  grete  plente  of 
salt  J?at  fei  fynde  in  the  mouwtis.  And  J>at  )?is  is  soth  pilgnmes  may 
knowe  weel  be  f>e  pokes  of  salt  J>at  hors  and  asses  be?  speaaly  if  men 
go  be  J?at  wey  to  rome  pere  peruse  stant.'  IT.  A  nothir  jate  J>ere  is 
Jjat  is  cleped  p^?^ciana  and  took  his  name  of  fat  hill  J>at  goth  from 
sea*  de  pplo  on  to  J>e  same  jate.  Men  sey  at  rome  fat  Ipere  dwelt 
a  tyraunt  sumtyme  whech  hith  pincis  of  whom  fis  hill  took  his  name.  At 
fis  day  are  3et  /  uoutes  in  fe  hill  many  and  walles  eke  for  mech  of  fe  hiH  f.  359  r 
longith  on  to  J?e  fre?  austenes  J>at  dwell  at  sea  maria  de  pplo.  Summe 
sey  fat  it  was  on  of  nero  paleys  and  both  may  be  soth.  Fast  by  f is  jate 
a  boue  fe  hill  stood  a  cherch  of  seynt  felice  fe  martir  but  now  it  is 
falls  down  fe  most  part  as  many  othir  be.'^    Anothir  jate  is  fere  fast  be  sea 

^  S.  Vito  e  Modesto  is  a  very  ancient  church,  erected  in  the  fourth  century  near  the 
arch  of  Gallienus  on  the  Esquiline,  and  restored  by  Stephen  III.  It  was  abandoned  for 
centuries,  restored  by  Sixtus  IV  in  1477,  and  again  fell  into  a  ruinous  state.  It  was 
finally  rebuilt  by  Federico  Colonna,  duke  of  Palliano,  in  1620,  in  gratitude  for  his  recovery 
from  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog.  It  had  the  title  of  a  cardinal,  instituted  by  S.  Gregory,  and  in 
the  ninth  century  was  known  by  the  name  '  in  macello ',  from  the  macellum  Liviae,  near 
which  it  stood.  It  should  not  be  confused  with  S.  Vito  •  ad  lunam',  which  was  an  oratory, 
dedicated  to  S.  Vito,  near  the  monastery  which  Pope  Hilary  built  in  the  place  known  as 
*  ad  lunam '.  This  was  probably  on  the  Aventine,  not  far  from  S.  Prisca,  where  there  was 
an  ancient  temple  to  the  goddess  Luna,  mentioned  by  Ovid  in  the  Fasti  (Adinolfi,  vol.  ii, 
p.  225 ;  Armellini,  p.  656 ;  Nibby,  Soma  nelV  anno  1838,  Rome,  1889,  vol.  i,  p.  760). 

^  The  church  of  S.  Agnes  is  believed  to  have  been  founded  by  Constantino  in  324.  It 
was  enlarged  by  Symmachus  (498-514),  rebuilt  by  Honorius  I  (625-40),  altered  and 
restored  in  the  fifteenth  and  nineteenth  centuries.  The  church  of  S.  Costanza  was  alfo 
built  by  Constantine,  over  his  daughter's  tomb  (Marucchi,  p.  468 ;  Armellini,  p.  672 ; 
Nibby,  p.  43). 

'  This  derivation  of  the  word  *  Salaria '  is  a  curious  reversal  of  fact,  as  salt  was  prepared 
by  evaporation  in  salt-pans  by  the  seaside,  and  carried  inland  for  trading  purposes; 
whereas  the  author  describes  it  as  being  found  in  the  mountains,  and  brought  into  Rome. 

*  *  maria '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  S.  Felix  in  pincis  was  on  the  Pincian  hill,  as  the  name  denotes.  It  was  an  important 
Basilica ;  it  is  shown  in  Bufalini's  plan  of  Rome.  It  stood  near  the  Villa  Medici ; 
S.  Gregory  preached  one  of  his  homilies  in  it.  Hadrian  J  and  Benedict  III  enriched  the 
church,  but  it  was  allowed  to  fall  into  ruin  (Armellini,  p.  237).  It  is  also  marked  in 
Antonio  van  den  Wyngaerde's  panorama,  circa  1560  (Lnuc\a.n\,  Bollet{i7io  Comtnunaledi 
Archeologia,  1895,  p.  81). 

c2 


12  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

m  de  pplo  }?ai  etant  evene  in  to  J)e  north  and  J?e  wey  to  peruse  and  to  uenyce 
lith  Jjere  ouyr  a  grete  brigg  of  ston  a  long  myle  fro  )?e  ^ate  whech  brigg  pei 
calle  pons  miluiws.  The  jate  is  clepid  porta  flaminea  for  )?is  cause  for  it  is 
open  to  a  prouyw.ce  of  J»at  same  name.  Geruase  in  his  book  de  ociis 
imperialibws  rehersith  xuiii  prouinces  fat  longe  to  ytaile  of  whech  f)is 
flaminea  is  put  in  pe  xi  place.  ^.  The  last  5ate  of  alle  is  called  porta  colina 
ul  colatina  whech  stant  at  J>e  briggis  foot  under  ]?e  casteH  aungeli  whech 
castett  was  sumtyme  clepid  templum  adriani.^  U.  In  transtibe?  a^  f>e? 
iii  jates  and  in  pe  cite  leonyne  of)ir  iii  whos  names  I  coude  not  esely  lerne 
but  on  of  hem  hith  portuens^^g  and  f>at  is  in  J>e  wall  J?at  goth  fro  J>e  popes 
paleis  on  to  f)e  castell  auwgell.  Anothir  hith  aurelia  and  })at  is  a  boute 
seynt  pancras  as  I  suppose  in  transtibe?.^ 


Off  dyuerse  briggis  in  rome.     cap  iii. 

Of  ]?e  dyuers  briggis  in  rome  schul  we  make  but  schort  processe  for  it  is 
a  mate?  of  no  grete  charge.  The  first  brigg  is  pons  milui^^g  of  whech  I  spak 
be  fore  whech  stant  more  J)an  a  myle  fro  pe  north  ^ate  of  rome  and  pere  goo 
men  ouyr  tibu?  fat  schul  to  peruse  goo  or  ellis  to  uenyce.  It  had  summe 
tyme  grete  touris  and  mech  housyng  a  boute  it  as  fe  name  of  it  soUTidith 
jet,  for  miluitts  is  as  mech  to  say  as  a  fousand  and  be  cause  Ipe  romanes  wold 
not  he?  enmyes  schuld  ^nt?  with  inne  he?  wateris  yerfor  had  f ei  fe?  as  it  is 
seyd  a  J>ousand  assigned  to  kepyng  of  J>is  brigg.  U.  The  secunde  is  pont 
adriane  for  it  stand  undir  adrianes  temple  now  is  fat  temple  cleped  casteH 
auwgeli  for  f e  grete  miracle  fat  was  do  fere  in  seynt  gregory  tyme  of  whech 
place  we  schul  speke  mo?  largely  aftirward.  This  brigg  is  f  e  comouw  weye 
out  of  rome  on  to  seynt  petres.  U.  The  thirde  brigg  is  called  neroniane 
I  hope  it  be  falle  down  for  we  may  jet  se  f  e  steppes  of  him  and  many  moo 
fat  stood  sumtyme  and  now  are  falle.  It  was  cleped  neroniane  for  nero  mad 
it.  Thow  he  was  cursyd  in  lyuyng  jet  was  he  as  f  ei  write  a  grete  bylder. 
U.  The  iiii  is  called  pont  antonine  for  fat  lord  mad  it  and  many  other  f ingis 

^  Our  author  appears  to  have  fallen  into  an  error  here,  as  he  is  confusing  the  Porta 
Collatlna  with  the  Porta  CoUina,  which  latter  was  near  the  Castel  S.  Angelo.  Its 
position  is  mentioned  in  the  Ordo  Romanus.  It  appears  to  have  closed  the  bridge, 
opposite  the  Castel  S.  Angelo,  from  the  Leonine  city  (Nichols,  Marvels  of  Borne,  p.  168, 
n.  392).  Adinolfi  calls  this  gate  the  Porta  di  S.  Pietro  in  Adriano,  and  adds  :  *  Fb.  appel- 
lata  eziandio  Porta  CoUina  senza  aver  riguardo  a  questi  edifizi'  (S.  Peter's  and  the 
Vatican),  '  ma  solo  ai  colli  Vaticani.  Fh  una  delle  due  porte  Aurelie,  secondo  quel  che 
disse  Procopio,  e  dall'  essere  di  bronzo  corrottamente  veniva  chiamata  dello  Brunoso,  ciofe 
bruonso'  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  133).  *  Porta  cholina  apresso  dil  castello  dandriano'  {Edifi- 
chazion  di  molti  palazzi,  &c.,  Venice,  1480,  p.  B  iii). 

'  The  gate  of  S.  Pancrazio  was  also  called  the  Porta  Aurea  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  138). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  13 

in  rome  as  we  schal  trete  of  aftirward.  1[[.  The  fifte  is  pofit  fabrice  for  on 
fabricius  mad  it  a  man  eke  of  grete  fame.  U.  The  sixte  is  pont  graciane  for 
]>at  holy  cristen  emperou?  mad  it.  This  man  was  so  good  and  so  propicius 
to  ]>e  cherch  J^at  seynt  arabrose  bischop  of  melan  wrote  on  to  him  a  grete 
book  of  ])e  feith  of  ou?  lord  ihu  whech  is  now  /  ful  straunge  for  to  fynde.  f.  359  v 
U.  The  uii  was  cleped  Ipe  senatouris  brigg  for  be  cause  pei  made  it.  II.  The 
uiii  was  all  of  marbill  theodosius  Ipe  emperou?  made  it  &  of  him  it  ba?  }>e 
name.  U.  The  ix  mad  ualentiniane  pe  emperou?  &  eke  it  ba?  his  name. 
^.  But  50  schul  undirstand  }?at  of  all  f)ese  briggis  stand  now  but  u,  as  fer 
forth  as  I  could  aspie  and  eke  )?ei  be  not  ful  longe  as  othir  citees  haue  for 
pei  passe  not  fou?  or  u  arches  Ipe  watir  is  dep  but  not  rith  brood.* 


Of  Ipe  dyuers  hillis  in  rome.    cap  iiii. 

Seuene  famouse  hillis  we?  sumtyme  rehersid  of  rome  &  Ipe  names  of  hem 
haue  be  so  ofte  chauwged  fat  it  is  ful  hard  for  to  write  pe  treuth  of  hem. 
IT.  Mons  ianiculus  is  pe  first  and  on  pe  foot  of  pat  hill  stant  seint  petir 
cherch  and  pe  popes  paleys.  Of  ]?is  hiH  J)us  writith  domznicus  de  arecio  in 
his  book  de  montibws.'^  Janicle  he  seith  is  on  of  pe  uii  hillis  of  rome  so 
named  of  jane  fat  dwelt  fe?  whom  pe  romanes  aftir  he  was  ded  receyued 
for  a  god  &  fat  in  saturn2<s  tyme.  Of  whom  ouyde  in  his  bok  de  fastis 
rehersith  certeyn  wordis  fat  janus  schuld  haue  seid  whann  his  aute?  was 
mad.  Ara  mea  est  collis  quern  uulgus  nomine  nostro  nuncupat  hec  etas 
ianiclum  qj  vocat.'  This  is  to  say  iu  ou?  tu?2ge.  This  is  myn  auter  of  fat 
hill  whech  f  e  puple  be  my  name  calletli  ianicle  in  f  is  age.  This  hill  was 
ioyned  on  to  rome  and  wallid  in  fertoo  whann)  anthus  marcius  medulienst^ 
had  ouyr  come  f  e  kingdam  of  f  e  latyn  tunge  and  brout  aH  f  e  puple  on  to 
rome  for  fer  he  mad  hem  dwell.  H.  Mons  palantinws  is  fat  hill  as  I  suppose 
on  whech  f  e  grete  paleys  stood  on  f  e  est  side  stant  seynt  gregory  monastery 
and  on  the  west  side  stant  f  e  cherch  of  seynt  anastase  on  f  e  south  side 
gardeynes  fat  we?  sumtyme  all  marys  and  watir.  This  reherse  I  for  to 
acorde  with  auctores  whech  speke  of  f  is  hill.  For  of  it  f  us  writith  domi- 
nicus  de  arecio.  Palantine  he  seith  is  on  of  fe  uii  hill  of  rome  up  on  whech 
hill  remus  and  romulw*  bygunne  her  first  bildyng.  But  of  f  e  name  of  f  is 
hill  is  dyuers  writing  a  mongts  f ese  auctores.     Uarro  seith  in  his  u  bok  fat 

1  For  early  accounts  of  the  bridges  of  Rome  cf.  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome^  p.  24 ; 
TJrlichs,  Codex  Topographicus,  pp.  95,  118,  128,  158. 

'  Dominicus  of  Arezzo,  otherwise  known  as  Bandino,  was  an  Italian  poet  who  died  in 
the  year  1348. 

'  Ovid,  Fast,  lib.  i,  11.  245-5.     The  first  line  is  not  quoted  quite  correctly. 


14  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

certeyn  men  cleped  palantes  whech  come  fro  a  cunt?  J^ei  calle  it  reatyne 
came  J>edir  with  euander  bat  oute  J^e  dwelleres  fat  were  Jje?  and  named  f>e 
hiti  aftir  hem.  Solin^g  de  mirabilibi^g  mundi  seith  J^at  it  was  named  of 
certeyn  men  J>*  come  fro  Archadye  and  mad  he?  dwellyng  ]?ere.  And  summe 
othir  sey  ]?at  euander  had  a  son  whech  hith  palante  and  he  inhabite  pis  hiii 
and  jaue  it  his  name.  Of  J^e  paleys  f)*  stood  up  on  pis  hill  schul  we  speke 
in  J?e  next  chapet?  folowyng.  U.  Mons  auentintta  is  eke  on  of  fese  hill  of 
f.  360  r  rome  /  of  whech  uarro  writith  }>us.  Mouwt  auentine  for  summe  cause  men  sey 
was  J3us  named.  On  neuius  J^at  stood  )?e?  sey  certeyn  birdis  J>at  come  out 
of  tybir  and  litid  up  on  hym.  Uirgil  speketh  of  f>is  story  in  f>e  uiii  book 
eneydos  whe?  he  seith  duarttm  nidus  domus  oportuna  uolucres.  The  sentens 
of  fe  poete  is  fat  to  nestis  of  birdis  litid  on  fis  man  on  fe  same  hill  whech 
hill  he  seith  is  ful  able  to  birdis.*  Summe  othir  sey  fat  it  is  called  auentyne 
of  new  comeres  or  dwelleris  ferto  for  so  sou7^dith  fe  latyn  tunge  whech 
dwelleris  mad  f e?  a  temple  to  diane.  Therfo?  seith  uarro  fat  it  was  called 
so  ab  aduewtu  fat  is  to  sey  of  newe  comyng  of  men  f ertoo.  Sumtyme  fro 
fat  hill  to  rome  folk  we?  feried  with  botis  now  is  it  londid.  Titus  liuiws 
seith  fat  it  was  called  soo  of  a  kyng  of  albany  whech  had  f e  same  name 
fere  smet  ded  with  f undir.  Of  f is  story  makith  ouyde  menciouw  in  his 
iiii  book  de  fastis.  Uenit  auentini^  post  hos  locus  unde  uocatur  Mons  quoq^ 
&cra.^  That  is  to  sey  in  englisch.  Auentine  cam  thidir  with  his  boost 
aftir  whom  fe  place  is  named  and  eke  fe  mount.  Eke  in  fe  iiii  book 
methamorphoseos  fas  spekith  he  of  f is  mate?.  Tradidit  auentino  qui  quo 
regnaret  eodem  Monte  jacet  positus  tribuitq^  uocabula  monte.^  This  same 
auentine  he  seith  dwelt  in  fe  foreseid  hill  and  aftir  his  birying  jaue  his 
name  to  fat  hill.  This  hill  was  annexid  on  to  rome  be  a  worthi  conqwerou? 
called  anthus  m&rciits.  In  fis  hill  stant  fe  paleys  of  enfermiane  and 
a  cherch  of  geynt  sabyn  of  whech  we  wil  speke  of  aftirward.  This  hill  eke 
is  cleped  qwirinall  ^  for  whan  romulus  was  ded  f ei  picchid  his  schaft  fere 
and  it  grew  of  whech  mate?  we  spoke  be  fore  &  eke  whi  he  is  called  qwyrinws 
in  f e  first  chapet?.  II.  Mons  canalis  hangith  on  f e  south  side  of  fis  same 
hiH  and  it  is  called  soo  as  I  suppose  for  it  is  fro  fat  pleyn  be  fo?  seynt  poules 
jate  lowe  lich  a  gutte?  in  his  ascense  and  on  fis  hiH  stant  a  cherch  of  seynt 

1  Thig  may  refer  to  Cn.  Naeviua,  the  poet,  whose  works  have  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared, but  who  would  seem  to  have  been  much  appreciated  by  bis  contemporaries  and 
his  successors.  Ennius  and  Vergil  copied  him ;  PlautuB,  Terence,  Cicero,  and  Horace 
admired  him,  and  praise  him. 

»  Ovid,  Fast.f  lib.  iv,  11.  51-2. 

»  Ovid,  Metam.,  lib.  xiv,  11.  620-1.    The  first  word  should  be  '  Tradit '  not  '  Tradidit '. 

*  Of  course  our  author  is  mistaken  here.  The  same  hill  was  never  called  by  both  the 
names  Aventine  and  Quirinal. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  15 

boneface  f>e  martyr  in  whech  lith  eke  seynt  alexe  Ipe  couwfessou?,^  Up  on  Ipe 
side  of  f)is  hitt  stant  a  piler  of  marbiit  with  a  hole  for  to  receyue  a  schaft 
whech  schaft  hath  a  cloth  of  silk  wounde  a  boute  it  and  who  can  ride  best 
and  soonest  touch  J^is  schaft  he  schal  haue  f>is  cloth.  Thus  be  f)e?  iii  clothis 
set  up  and  woune  on  fasting  gong  Sunday  euerj  ^ere.  And  he?  cours  of  he? 
ridyng  be  gynnyth  at  ]?e  hill  whech  is  clepid  omnis  terra  and  endith  in  J^is 
same  hitt.  U.  Mons  Capitolinus  stant  ny  in  f>e  myddis  of  rome.  Uarro 
seith  f>at  it  is  clepid  soo  for  whan  f>ei  diggid  Ipe  ground  for  to  make  J^ere 
a  temple  on  to  iubit^r  J>ei  fouwde  a  mawnis  bed  al  hool  and  ]?is  caused  pe 
hillis  name  for  caput  is  a  heed  and  soo  of  caput  was  ]>e  hill  called  capitoline. 
Be  for  J)at  jet  in  elde?  tyme  f)e  hill  was  clepid  tarpeye  of  a  raayden  pat  had 
f>e  same  name  whech  was  fere  byryid  and  slayn.  3et  be  for  fat  tyme  was 
it  clepid  mons  saturni^g  for  pere  stood  a  litil  town  called  saturnia  as  /  uirgitt  f.  360 v 
geith  in  Ipe  uiii  book  eneydos.  And  be  cause  Ipere  schal  be  a  special  chapet? 
of  Ip'iB  place  in  ou?  book  folowyng  pernor  as  now  we  speke  no  mo?  of  him. 
H.  Mons  Celius  is  eke  on  of  fe  seuene  so  named  as  uarro  seith  in  his  u  book 
of  on  celienne  keper  of  f>at  hitt  whech  man  was  with  him  Eomulus  a  grete 

*  It  is  difficult  to  understand  this  passage,  when  it  is  compared  with  the  previous  one, 
which  refers  to  the  church  of  S.  Sabina.  As  a  rule,  our  author  is  very  accurate  in  his 
topography,  but  here  he  would  seem  to  have  fallen  into  an  error.  The  present  church  of 
S.  Alexis  was,  in  ancient  times,  dedicated  to  S.  Boniface;  it  was  probably  founded  in  the 
fourth  century.  It  was  built  in  the  palace  of  Eufermianus  (father  of  S.  Alexis)  on  the 
Aventine,  and  in  the  tenth  century  a  Greco-Latin  monastery  was  attached  thereto ;  it 
was  then  dedicated  to  the  two  saints.  In  time  the  name  of  S.  Boniface  dropped  out,  and 
the  title,  which  at  first  was  named  after  that  saint,  now  bears  the  name  of  S.  Alexis  only. 
Possibly  there  may  originally  have  been  two  separate  churches,  which  were  united  in  the 
tenth  century,  but  it  is  quite  certain  that  the  church  of  S.  Boniface  (or  S.  Alexis),  the 
palace  of  Eufermian,  and  the  church  of  S.  Sabina  were  all  close  together  on  the  Aventine. 
It  is  difficult  to  say  what  hill  our  author  may  mean  by  mons  canalis.  He  may  be  think- 
ing of  the  hill  generally  known  as  the  Pseudo-Aventine,  on  which  the  church  of  S.  Saba 
stands.  On  the  other  hand,  he  may  mean  the  spur  running  down  from  the  Collegio  of 
S.  Anselmo  towards  the  Porta  S.  Paolo,  and  along  which  the  Via  del  Priorato  descends 
to  the  plain.  On  referring  to  De  Rossi's  Piante  iconogrqfiche  di  Homa,  it  is  curious  to 
find  that  although  S.  Alexis  and  S.  Sabina  are  shown  in  their  correct  relative  positions  in 
Plate  No.  IV,  in  a  later  Plate  (the  large  one  in  sections  at  the  end  of  the  work)  S.  Sabina  is 
shown  furthest  to  the  east,  and  S.  Alexis  near  to  S.  Saba  (Plates  VIII  and  IX).  The  follow- 
ing occurs  in  a  MS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library : — 

*  Montes  infra  urbem  sunt  isti. 

laniculus  qui  dicitur  ianuarius  ad  S.  Salavam. 

Mons  cavalleus  ad  S.  Alexium. 

Mons  S.  Stephani  in  celio  monte. 

Mons  capitolii. 

Mons  in  palatio  maiori. 

Mons  sanctae  Mariae  maioris. 

Mons  rivealis  ubi  Virgilius  captus  fuit 

a  Romanis  et  invisibiliter  ivit  Neopolym. 

[M^.  Mons  Testarum]  * 
{MS.  Bodl.  Laud.  Mist.  203,  fol.  147  r,  sec.  xiv). 


16.  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES 

helper  a  geyn  J^e  kyng  of  pe  latyn  tunge  in  ali  his  batayles.  And  J?is  hiH 
was  anuexid  to  Ipe  cyte  whech  tyme  tuUius  bostilius  ouyr  cam  in  batayle  pe 
puple  of  a  regioun  called  albanoritm  whech  puple  he  translate  on  to  pe  cyte. 
This  hitt  eke  ba?  a  grete  name  for  f>at  same  tulli^g  hostiliws  dwelt  perm  and 
eke  it  was  mo?  noysed  for  pe  gloriouse  poete  enniws  dwelt  in  f)at  same  place. 
Of  pe  temple  J)at  stood  J?erupon  and  who  it  is  dedicate  to  seynt  steuene  we 
schul  trete  in  pe  secund  book  whech  schal  be  of  spm^ual  Ipmgis.  IT.  Mons 
supcragofius  is  J^at  hill  on  whech  stant  sea  maria  maior  whech  edificaciouTi 
was  mad  be  a  grete  miracle  of  snow  as  it  schal  be  declared  in  pe  secund  book. 
Be  side  J^ese  hillis  a?  many  othir  as  pe  hill  in  whech  titus  and  uespasianies 
lyn,  and  pe  hill  whe?  pe  cherch  of  seynt  balbyn  stant,  and  pe  hill  of  quatuor 
coronatorMW  fast  be  laterane,  and  pe  hill  Jjat  is  clepid  omwis  t^rra  fast  by 
seynt  poules  ^ate,  and  pe  hiH  eke  )pat  is  be  twix  pe  housyng  of  rome  &  sea 
maria  de  pplo  whose  names  for  errou?  of  writeres  I  can  not  discerne.  For 
f)ei  write  J)at  pere  schuld  be  a  hill  in  whech  pe  romanes  wold  a  slayn  uirgili 
and  fro  fat  hill  he  went  iwuysible  to  naples  summe  men  calle  f>is  hiH 
iuuenalis  &  snmme  riaalis.^ 


Of  pe  multitude  of  paleysis  in  rome  cap  u. 

Now  of  pe  paleysis  f>at  be  in  rome  we  wil  schortly  trete.  And  first  of  pe 
grete  paleys  fus  writith  an  auctor.  The  grete  paleys  stood  in  pe  myddis 
of  pe  cite  in  tokne  f»at  J?ei  we?  lordes  of  all  pe  world  and  it  was  mad  in 
forme  of  a  crosse  in  fou?  frontes  in  whech  frontes  we?  a  hundred  3ates 
on  eche  side  euery  3ate  of  brasse.  In  tokne  f)at  pere  we?  so  many  brasen 
jatis  a  man  may  jet  se  in  cherchis  many  y^rof  all  hole,  for  a  grete  part 
of  hem  are  jotyn  in  to  othir  uses  as  men  may  se.  For  J^e  body  of  seynt 
petir  church  is  cured  ^  with  metall.  This  paleis  was  as  I  suppose  a  myle 
a  boute  and  jet  stand  pere  many  wallis  dyu^rs  arches  &  maruelous  uontes. 
The?  is  a  sele?  jjat  longid  to  ]?at  paleis  as  J>ei  sey  a  uout  undir  J>e  ground 
whech  hath  iiii  deambulatories  &  euery  deambulatory  hath  xui  arches  eucry 
arch  is  xui  fete  fro  pile?  to  pele?  eke  euery  pile?  is  iiii  fete  sware  and  pis 
was  a  sele?  for  wyn.  A  no]^ir  sele?  sey  I  J^e?  Jjat  stant  of  seuene  longe  panes 
and  sex  walles  be  twix  pe  paues  sum  wall  hat  u  dores,  sum  ui,  sum  uii,  so 
disposed  J>at  o  man  may  se  xiiii  or  xu  dores  at  ones  if  ony  man  go  owt  or 
in.^   II.  A  paleys  J^e?  is  eke  whech  is  called  pe  paleys  of  romulus  I  can  not 

'  For  early  accounts  of  the  hills  of  Rome  of.  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Home,  pp.  16-17; 
Urliche,  Codex  Topographic  us,  pp.  93,  128,  144,  156.  Note  32  on  p.  17  of  Nichols's 
work  is  particularly  interesting,  in  regard  to  the  above  legend  concerning  Vergil. 

^  Covered.  ^  This  is  a  very  good  description  of  the  Sette  Sale,  and  leads  one 

to  believe  that  the  author  was  thinking  of  them  when  he  penned  this  passage. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  17 

gesse  of)ir  but  /  it  is  templum  pads  for  both  of  Ipis  and  eke  of  Ipe  capitoH  f.  361  r 
fynde  I  wnim  Ip&t  ])ei  scbuld  stand  on  to  Ipe  tyme  fat  a  mayde  bo?  a  cbild 
and  on  J)at  nyth  whech  ou?  lord  was  bore  it  is  seide  of  bothe  ]?at  a  grete  part 
of  hem  fell  down.  But  ^et  at  pese  dayes  pat  temple  }>at  was  cleped  templum 
pacis  fallith  be  pecis  5erely  in  Ipe  fest  of  Ipe  natiwite  of  ou?  lord  crist.  ^.  pe 
paleys  latsrsmenBis  is  sumtyme  clepid  nero  paleys  suwtyme  constantine 
paleis  in  fese  elde  descripciones  of  rome.  And  J^is  is  J^e  cause  as  I  suppose. 
Nero  berith  Ipe  name  of  it  for  he  bilid  a  grete  part  ]>erof.  Constantine  eke 
berith  "pe  name  of  it  for  he  5aue  it  in  to  j^e  cherchis  possessiouw.  Nero  had 
an  othir  paleys  fast  be  Ipe  cherch  of  marcelline  and  petir,  eke  an  othir  be 
twix  pe  hospitall  of  pe  holy  goost  and  seynt  petir  cherch,  eke  an  othir  be  pe 
place  whech  f)ei  calle  Eca  maria  de  pplo  whe?  he  killid  him  selue.  A  bouen 
on  pe  hiii  of  whech  paleys  are  sene  ^ete  many  uoutis  and  cloysteris  undir  pe 
erde  summe  as  hole  as  euyr  we?  J;ei.  |  The  paleys  of  traiane  I  wot  not  uerily 
whe?  it  standith.  |  Adrianes  paleys  J)ei  sey  is  pe  casteli  aungeli  summe  sey 
it  is  a  no}?ir  place  be  whech  stant  a  columpne  in  altitude  xx  passe.  |  The 
paleys  of  him  clauditts  stant  fast  by  pantheon  all  in  ruyne.  |  The  paleys  of 
Julius  cesar  was  fast  by  pe  grete  stoon  on  whech  his  bones  ly.  |  The  paleys 
of  eufemyane  fade?  to  seynt  alexe  was  in  pe  hill  auentyne  whe?  stant  now 
a  fay?  cherch  of  seynt  sabine  and  a  place  of  fre?  pr^choures.  |  The  paleys  of 
hem  called  titus  &  uespasianws  stant  with  oute  rome  as  men  goo  on  to 
cathacumbas.  If.  The  paleys  of  domician  was  in  transtibe?.  |  The  paleys 
of  octonian  ^  was  fast  by  pe  cherch  of  seynt  syluest^r.  |  The  paleys  called 
olympiadis  was  in  f)at  place  whech  seynt  laurence  was  rostid  called  now 
laurencii  in  pgrliperne.^  |  The  paleys  of  him  tulliug  cicero  is  but  litil  fro 
pe  iewis  market  mo?  in  to  pe  est.  |  This  man  was  pnnce  and  pnncipaH 
of  rethoryk  fyndyng  and  teching  in  pe  latyn  tunge.  |  The  paleys  of  uenus  * 
was  fast  by  J^at  place  whech  J^ei  clepe  scola  grecort^m  &  summe  sympitt  men 
calle  it  catonys  scole.  |  The  paleys  of  on  called  kateline  a  man  of  wondirful 
witte  and  maruelous  gou^rnaunce  stood  in  f)at  place  whe?  now  stant  a  cherch 
of  seiwt  antoni.*  These  eraperoures  eke  had  certeyn  places  whech  J:ei  clepid 
theatra  and  ]5at  souwdith  in  ou?  tunge  a  place  in  whech  men  stand  to  se 
pleyis  or  wrestilingts  or  swech  oj^ir  exercises  of  myth  or  of  solace.  Summe 
of  J?ese  places  we?  called  ampheatriim  f>at  was  a  place  all  round  swech  as  we 
haue  he?  in  })is  lond,  summe  we?  called  theatrwm  &  J^at  was  a  place  was  lich 

*  ?  Octauian.  *  panispenia.  '  ?  remus. 

*  Some  account  of  the  palaces  of  Eome  will  be  found  in  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Home, 
p.  19  ;  TJrlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  98, 115, 128,  157.  There  ia  also  a  reference  to  the  palace 
of  Catiline  in  Nichols,  p.  97,  n.  197  ;  being  a  translation  of  the  DescHptio plenaria  in 
Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  p.  109.  The  mention  of  Cannapara,  in  connexion  with  the  temple  of 
Ceres  and  Tellue,  is  also  interesting.     Compare  with  note  2,  p.  22  of  this  book. 

D 


18  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

half  a  sercle  of  whecli  pere  were  uii  in  rome.  On  y*^  titus  and  uespaslant«5 
mad  be  he?  paleys  as  we  goo  to  catacuwbas.  The  secunde  made  tarqmnms 
\>e  kyng  fast  be  f>e  place  clepid  septisolium.  The  iii  made  pompey  fast  by 
J>e  cherch  of  seynt  laurence  in  damasco.  The  iiii  made  antonie  fast  by  seynt 
f.  861  V  sixtis.  The  u  made  /alisaundre  pe  emp^rou?  fastbyseynt  mary  rotunde.  |  The 
sexte  made  nero  fast  by  creeensis  casteH.  |  The  uii  was  called  flamineum  fast 
by  porta  appia.^ 


Of  pe  multitude  of  arches  in  rome  rered  for  diuers  uictories.  ca  ui. 
Arches  in  Rome  were  many  rered  in  worchip  of  conqwerouris  aftyr  he? 
grete  conquestis.  The  arche  )?at  was  gilt  fast  by  seynt  celsis  ^ '  rered  in 
worchip  of  alisaund?  not  grete  alisaund?  kyng  of  macedony  but  of  on 
alipauTzd?  emperou?  of  rome.  But  5e  must  undirstawd  )?at  all  )?ese  we?  not 
housed  with  uoutis  but  J^ei  called  arches  alle  swech  eterne  memoriales  for 
J?e  most  pait  of  hem  we?  sette  on  arches.  The  nobilnesse  of  J?is  man  is 
expressed  in  cronicles  whech  calle  him  Alexander  mammeas  for  mammea 
hith  his  mcdir.  Sche  sent  aftir  origene  on  to  grete  alisaund?  for  to  speke 
with  him  for  J^e  grete  fame  of  clergy  whech  was  bo?  of  hiw.  And  he  cam 
to  rome  to  Jjis  lady  conueried  hi?  and  taute  hi?  pe  feith  of  ou?  lord  ihu  not 
longe  aftir  f>ei  to  brout  pe  same  alisaund?  on  to  pe  trewe  by  leue.  And 
sone  after  he  was  cristen  he  went  in  to  perse  and  J'ere  had  a  grete  conqueste 
a  geyn  pe  kyng  of  perse  called  xerses  perhr  reisid  pe  romanes  on  to  him 
J)is  memorial  as  I  suppose,  for  J^ei  took  euyr  mo?  heed  at  temperall  ioyes 
J)an  goostly.  This  same  emperou?  graunted  leue  to  hem  of  edissa  to  fecch  pe 
body  of  seynt  thomas  pe  aposteH  in  to  he?  cyte.  ^.  An  othir  arche  is  pe^ 
be  seynt  urse  *  which  was  mad  in  honou?  of  iii  cristen  emperoures  theodosi 

*  For  an  account  of  the  theatres,  of.  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Home,  p.  23 ;  Urlichs,  God, 
Topog.,  pp.  94,  116,- 180. 

*  *  was '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  The  chronicler  is  referring  to  the  church  of  S.  Celso  e  Giuliano,  which  is  a  very 
ancient  parish  church  in  the  Via  dei  Banchi,  near  the  Bridge  of  S.  Angelo.  In  the 
twelfth  century  it  was  one  of  the  most  important  churches  in  Rome.  Julius  II  pulled  it 
down  partly,  iti  order  to  increase  the  width  of  the  street,  and  reduced  it  much  in  size. 
Under  Clement  XII  it  was  demolished,  and  rebuilt  in  its  present  form.  Even  as  late 
as  1625  the  parish  would  appear  to  have  been  considered  one  of  the  most  important  in 
the  city  (Armellini,  p.  184  ;  Nibby,  p.  166).  The  golden  arch  of  Alexander  appears  to 
have  fallen  down  in  the  reign  of  Urban  V  (cf.  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Borne,  p.  10  ;  Urlichs, 
Codex  To'pog.  Anonymus  Mngliahecchianus,  pp.  153  and  168,  which  gives  the  position  of 
S.  Ursus  as  near  S.  Celsus). 

*  S.  Ursus  is  not  mentioned  by  Armellini ;  but,  according  to  Jordan,  it  is  said  by 
Martinelli  {R.  ex.  ethn.  Sacra,  pp.  313,  406)  to  be  identical  with  the  Oratorio  della  Pietk 
dei  Fiorentini  {not  the  church  of  S.  Giovanni  dei  Fiorentini) ;  and,  according  to  the  old 
church  registers,  S.  Ursus  was  in  the  Regio  of  S.  Thomas,  west  of  the  Via  Papale,  whereas 
S.  Celflus  was  in  the  Regio  of  the  XII  Apostles.  See  Jordan  (Hulsen),  vol.  i,  3,  pp.  598-9, 
and  notes  106-8,  edition  1907;  also  vol.  ii,  pp.  413-14,  edition  1871. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGKIMES  19 

ualentine  &  graciane.  These  men  ded  so  many  ]?ingis  for  pe  comoun  profite 
\>&t  Ipe  puple  of  rome  lete  make  fis  memoriai  for  hem.  H.  Eke  with  outen 
f>e  5ate  whech  was  clepid  and  ^et  it  is  porta  appia  stood  sumtyme  a  temple 
consecrate  to  mars  god  of  batayle  and  fast  by  j^at  temple  stood  an  arche  was 
cleped  SLYchus  triumphal  is.  U.  To  Titus  &  uespasiant^g  pei  made  eke  an 
arche  whan)  J?ei  came  from  ierlm  j?is  arche  stant  fast  by  sea  maria  le  none. 
I  An  arch  jere  was  eke  made  in  worchip  of  f>e  emperou?  and  j^e  senatoures 
whech  stood  fast  by  seynt  laurens  in  lucina.  |  An  othir  was  J^ere  rered  in 
worchip  of  pe  emp^rou?  octauiane.  |  Eke  an  othir  J)ei  called  antonini.  |  An 
othir  fast  by  seynt  marc  chercli  called  pe  hand  of  flesch  in  latyn  mantis 
carnea.  |  Eke  on  in  pe  capitole  f)at  was  clepid  archus  panis  aurei  J)at  is  to 
sey  pe  arche  of  golden  brede.  |  Be  side  ail  J)ese  was  pe^  on  be  seynt  marie 
rotunde  whech  J?ei  cleped  archus  pietatis.^  This  was  mad  as  J)ei  say  for 
swech  a  cause.  The?  was  an  emperou?  redy  in  his  cliare  sum  sey  it  was 
traiane  )?at  rood  oute  to  batayle.  Happed  a  certeyn  woma^^  to  mete  wit5 
him,  wepte,  felle  down  at  his  foot  and  prayed  him  of  mercy.  He  askid 
what  sche  wold  and  sche  sayde.  I  had  a  sun  and  no  moo  but  him  and  f)i 
sun  killid  /  my  son  wherfo?  I  charge  J^e  as  f)ou  art  a  trewe  juge  do  me  rith  f.  362  r 
in  J3is  mate?.  The  emperou?  answerd  on  to  pe  woma^i  f)at  whech  tyme 
he  come  hom  a  geyn  fro  his  iornay  he  wold  se  J^at  rith  schuld  be  had  in  pe 
best  mane?.  Sche  mad  obieccion  a  geyn  and  seide.  If  it  be  soo  J?at  f)ou 
dey  er  J)ou  com  hom  who  schal  do  me  rith  pann).  That  sey  the  emperou? 
and  cam  down  from  his  chare  examined  pe  mate?  and  condempned  pe  ma/i 
qwelle?  to  pe  deth.     Tho  fell  sche  down  and  prayed  him  fat  sche  myth 

*  See  the  account  of  this  arch  in  the  Mirahilia  (De  Mirabilihus),  p.  129  :  *  Sunt 
praeterea  alii  arcus  qui  non  sunt  triuiuphales  sed  memoriales,  ut  est  arcus  Pietatis  ante 
sanctam  Mariam  Kotundam,  ubi  cum  esset  imperator  paratus  in  curru  ad  eundum  extra 
pugnaturus,  quaedanx  paupercula  vidua  procidit  ante  pedes  eius,  plorans  et  damans ; 
domine,  antequam  vadas  mihi  facias  rationem.  Cui  cum  promisisset  in  reditu  facere 
plenissimum  ius,  dixit  ilia :  forsitan  morieris  prius.  imperator  hoc  considerans  praesiliit 
de  curru,  ibique  posuit  consistorium.  Mulier  inquit :  habebam  unicum  filium,  qui  inter- 
fectus  est  a  quodam  iuvene,  ad  hanc  vocem  sententiavit  imperator  :  moriatur,  inquit, 
homicida  et  non  vivat.  Morietur  ergo  filius  tuus,  qui  ludens  cum  filio  occidit  ipsum.  qui 
cum  duceretur  ad  mortem,  mulier  ingemuit  voce  magna  :  reddatur  mihi  iste  moriturus  in 
loco  filii  mei,  et  sic  erit  mihi  recompensatio,  alioquin  nunquam  me  fatear  plenum  ius 
accepisse,  quod  et  factum  est,  et  ditata  nimium  ab  imperatore  recessit.'  It  will  be  noticed 
that  Trajan  is  not  mentioned  here  by  name,  nor  is  he  in  Parthey's  Mirahilia  Itomae,  pp.  7-8; 
in  other  texts  the  name  is  given  :  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  killer  is  not  the  emperor's 
son.  See  Codex  Casanatensis  D.V.  13,  f.  148:  'Arcus  pietatis  ante  sanctam  mariam 
rotundam,  ubi  accedit  quedam  istoria  de  paupere  muliere  cuius  filius  occlsus  erat  a  filio 
vicine  sue,  que  petiit  ius  sibi  fieri  ab  imperatore  Traiauo  peracto  ire  ad  exercitum,  Ac' 
Jean  d'Outremeuse  in  Li/  myreur  des  histors,  vol.  i,  p.  64,  says  even  that  the  widow 
married  the  emperor's  son  (cf.  Graf,  Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  ii,  p.  25,  n.  48). 
See  also  Comm'"*'  Giacomo  Boni's  account  of  this  legend  in  the  Nuova  Antologia, 
Nov.  1,  1906. 

D  2 


20  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

haue  his  son  for  hir  son.  Thus  pe  emperour'  grauTited  hir  })at  sche  desired 
and  J>us  was  trewe  jugemewt  had  and  pite  exercised  in  sauaciouw  ©f  fis 
mannis  lif  wherfoi?  was  J^is  memoriail  cleped  archus  pietatis.^ 


"Who  many  cymyteries  be  in  rome.  cap  uii. 

Cymiteries  in  rome  are  called  nowt  only  swech  places  as  deed  men  be 
byried  in  but  swech  as  holy  men  dwelt  in.  This  sey  I  not  f)at  men  schuld 
undirstand  fat  no  msm  were  byryed  in  hem  but  to  j^is  entent  for  to  proue 
))at  J?ei  serued  of  sumwhat  ellis.  For  cimitmum  in  latyn  is  not  ellis  for  to 
sey  but  tredyng  of  deed  mewnis  bodies  and  je  must  undirstande  }>at  J?e  cymy- 
teries at  rome  be  grete  uoutes  and  mynes  undir  J>e  erde  in  whech  seyntis 
dwellid  sumtyme  but  now  be  ]?ei  desolate  for  horrible  derknesse  and  disuse 
of  puple  saue  only  Ip&t  cymytery  whech  is  called  kalixti.  And  be  cause  f>at 
in  Ipe  secuwd  book  we  schul  trete  of  ]>e  goostly  tresou?  f)at  is  in  f>is  cymyterie 
"perfor  in  J?is  chapet?  wil  we  reherse  only  pe  multitude  of  hem  Ipou^  J?ei  be  now 
desolate.  |  Cimitmum  kalepodii  is  at  seynt  pancras  in  transtibi?.  |  Cimi- 
terinm  agathe  is  in  J^e  place  of  )?e  same  title.  |  Cimiterium  ursi  in  pe  same 
place.  I  Cimitgrium  sci  felicis  in  f>e  same  place.  |  Cimiterium "  moost 
famouse  fast  by  catacumbas  undir  seint  sebastianes  cherch.  |  Cimitmum 
prgtaxati  is  be  twix  Ipe  5 ate  whech  is  cleped  porta  appia  &  seynt  appollina?. 
I  Cimiteriuw  ccmcordianum  is  with  outen  porta  latina.  |  Cimiterium  inter 
duos  lauros  is  fast  by  seynt  heleyn.  |  Cimiterium  ad  ursum  pileatum  sum 
bokis  sey  pai  is  fast  by  seynt  sabines  but  I  fonde  writin  in  marbill  at  a  crosse 
fast  be  seynt  julianes^  f)at  seynt  uiuianes'*  place  was  sumtyme  clepid  ad 
ursum  piHeatum.°  |  Cimiterium  in  agro  uerano  is  at  seynt  laurens  extra 
muros.  I  Cimitmum  priscille  at  pe  same  title.  |  Cimiterium  trasonis  fast  by 

*  Consult  the  chapter  on  triumphal  arches  in  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  9-15  ;  and 
Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  92-3,  115,  129,  153-6. 

^  *  Kalix '  in  margin  of  MS. 

8  The  church  of  S.  Giuliano  was  in  the  street  leading  from  the  Lateran  to  S.  Mary 
Major,  and  was  called  S.  Giuliano  agli  Trofei  di  Mario.  It  was  restored  by  Nicholas  V, 
but  fell  into  ruin  afterwards  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  202). 

*  The  church  of  S.  Bibiana  was  founded  about  467  by  Pope  Simplicius,  near  the  pala- 
tium  Licinianum.  It  was  originally  called  Olympina,  after  a  pious  matron,  Avho  provided 
the  funds  for  constructing  it.  A  nunnery  was  attached  to  the  church,  and  the  name  of 
the  street  in  which  it  stood  was  ursus  pileatas.  Honorius  III  restored  it  in  1220,  and 
the  church  was  entirely  altered  by  Urban  VIII.  In  ancient  times  there  was  a  statue  of 
a  hatted  bear  there  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  281 ;  Armellini,  p.  167  ;  Marucchi,  p.  844  ; 
Nibby,  p.  134 ;  Stadler's  Eeiligenlexikon,  vol.  i,  p.  479). 

*  A  note  in  Adinolfi,  however,  says  that  some  authors  ascribe  this  name  to  one  Ursus 
Togatus,  a  freedman  of  Verus.  A  statue  to  him  bore  an  inscription,  commencing : 
*  Ursus  togatus  qui  primus  pila  lusi  decenter  cum  meis  lusoribus,'  &c. ;  which  inscription 
is  in  the  Capitoline  Museum  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  281,  n.  3). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  21 

seint  saturnyn.^  |  Cimiterium  see  felicitatis  in  fe  same  title.  |  Cimit^riu?^ 
ponciani  fast  by  cimitmum  kalixti.  I  Cimiterium  h^rmetis  &  domitile  and 
cimiterium  cuviaci  were  in  f)e  weye  whech  goth  to  seint  poules  it  is  cleped 
uia  hostienszs.  But  ye  moost  part  of  f)ese  be  now  desolat  and  onknowen 
nowt  only  to  pilgrymes  /  but  eke  on  to  hem  fat  haue  be  J»ere  all  he?  lyue.^   ^-  362 


Of  of>ir  holy  places  &  he?  names  be  for  it  was  cn'sten.  uiii. 
Of  o}>ir  holy  places  spoken  of  in  oure  legendzs  and  martilogis  wil  we  trete 
now  for  it  is  grete  cou?^fort  on  to  ou?  deuociouw  ]?at  whan  we  rede  of  hem 
we  may  rememb?  J)at  we  sey  hem.  Owt  at  Ipe  5ate  whech  is  cleped  porta 
appia  l^ere  was  sumtyme  a  temple  of  mars  god  of  bataile  and  now  is  J)e? 
a  fay?  arche  in  whech  is  depeynted  all  Ipe  story  who  ou?  lord  met  with 
petir  and  seyde  on  to  him  )5at  he  wold  go  to  rome  to  be  crucified  ageyn 
and  J>e?  he  sent  petir  ageyn  to  receyue  his  martirdam  whech  was  in  will 
to  a  fled  yerfro.  Thus  pe  temple  of  f)e  fals  feyned  god  of  batayle  is  turned 
on  to  a  memorial  of  trewe  fiteres  for  ou?  lord  ihu  whech  wold  rather  deye 
J»an  forsake  his  feith.  |  That  place  pat  is  now  cleped  custodia  mamortini 
whe?  seynt  petir  was  in  prisouTi  was  sumtyme  a  temple  consecrat  to 
jubiter.  |  That  cherch  whech  is  cleped  seynt  adrianes  was  sumtyme  the 
temple  of  refuge  J)at  is  to  sey  who  so  euyr  fled  yertoo  was  saf  fere.  |  The 
cherche  of  seynt  george  was  J»e  temple  of  concorde.  |  That  place  whech  is 
cleped  now  sea  m.  de  penis  inferni^  whe?  fe  dragon  lyuyth  ^et  undyr  Ipe 
ground  as  fei  sey  was  sumtyme  templum  ueste.  Uesta  wis  as  mech  for 
to  seye  as  a  goddesse  keper  of  chastite  &  uestales  we?  called  foo  uirgines 

*  The  church  of  S.  Satuminus  and  the  Cymeterium  Trasonis  were  on  the  Via  Salaria. 
The  church  was  restored  by  Hadrian  I,  rebuilt  by  Felix  IV,  after  its  destruction  by  fire, 
and  decorated  with  pictures  by  Gregory  IV.  It  lasted  till  the  time  of  Nicholas  IV 
(1287-92),  but  is  not  mentioned  again  after  his  date.  Bosio  found  remains  of  it,  when 
exploring  the  Catacombs,  and  traced  the  staircase  connecting  the  church  with  them. 
A  modern  chapel  was  erected  in  the  Villa  della  Porta,  and  dedicated  to  S.  Satuminus 
(Armellini,  p.  669). 

^  At  the  time  our  chronicler  wrote  hardly  anything  was  known  about  the  Catacombs. 
Their  rediscoverer  was  Antonio  Bosio,  who  was  born  about  1576  in  Malta.  He  began  his 
life's  work  in  1593,  and  devoted  thirty-six  years  to  their  study.  De  Rossi  very  justly 
calls  him  (in  the  Introduction  to  hia  great  work)  the  Columbus  of  underground  Rome 
{Roma  Sotterranea,  p.  26  sq.).  De  Rossi  also  mentions  the  work  of  the  Belgian 
scholar  Philip  van  Winghen,  who  lived  in  Rome  for  two  years.  In  1590  he  had 
already  discovered  the  Catacombs  of  Priscilla,  but  he  died  young.  Bosio  carried  on  the 
work  he  had  begun  ;  and  ultimately,  when  he  published  his  own  book,  Roma  Sotterranea^ 
included  in  it  some  maps  which  had  been  drawn  by  Van  Winghen  (cf.  Orbaan,  Sixtine 
jRorne,  London,  1911,  p.  276).  For  early  accounts  of  the  Catacombs  see  Nichols,  Marvels 
of  Rome,  pp.  26-9  ;  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  96,  118,  130. 

'  At  or  near  the  church  of  S.  Maria  AuLiqua. 


22  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

fat  dwelt  })e?.  |  That  place  whecli  is  cleped  sea  maiia  le  none  fat  was  fe 
temple  of  concorde  and  pite.  |  Fast  by  was  a  place  cleped  cartularium  in 
whech  place  we?  here  bokes  kept  of  he?  lawe.  For  fei  engrosed  on  to 
hem  aH  f>e  gode  customes  of  fe  world  J?at  we?  writyn  in  ony  book  and 
f>ei  inacted  hem  in  to  he?  bokes  whech  bokes  f ei  named  bibliotecis  of  foo 
had  fei  xxii  uolumes.  |  That  cherch  cleped  seynt  petir  ad  uincula  whe? 
seynt  petir  cheyne  is  schewid  was  sumtyme  temple  to  uenus  goddesse  of 
leacherye.  |  That  place  whe?  seynt  paules  cherch  stant  was  called  in  elde 
tyme  ortus  lucille.  This  same  woma?*  ^aue  mech  possessiouw  on  to  fe  cherch 
as  men  may  rede  in  cronicles.  |  Fast  by  septisolium  was  a  foule  pitte  of 
wose  and  watir  in  whech  seynt  Sebastian  body  was  cast  and  he  appered  on 
to  p'la  same  woman  lucille  and  teld  hi?  fat  sche  schuld  fynde  his  body  f e? 
whech  he  bid  schuld  be  byried  in  fe  cherch  fast  by  catacumbas  and  sche 
fulfillid  his  commaundme?it.*  |  Fast  by  f  e  capitolie  was  a  hous  all  undir  f e 
ground  whech  is  cleped  in  f  e  legendis  of  martires  in  tellure.'^  |  The  strete 
fat  is  cleped  laterane  goth  by  seynt  praxedis.  |  That  place  where  seynt 
laurens  was  rested  is  called  sumtyme  olimpiades  pales  as  is  seid  by  fo? 
sum  tyme  it  is  cleped  olimpiades  temple.  Many  ofir  places  be  fe?  f us 
chaunged  to  f  e  best  of  whech  we  schul  speke  mo?  largely  in  f  e  secund 
f.  363  r  book  whan  we  schull  /  descryue  f  e  cherchis.^ 


Of  fat  place  in  specml  yt  is  called  angulla  sci  petn.    ix.* 
Ther  is  a  pile?  fast  .by  seynt  petir  cherch  ail  of  o  ston  a  grete  m«rueyle 
for  to  be  hold  for  as  f e  elde  writeris  sey  fat  had  experiens  of  f e  mesu?  f e 

»  See  n.  2.  p.  68. 

^  The  position  of  the  place  in  tellure,  so  often  mentioned  in  this  MS.,  is  approxi- 
mately fixed  by  the  following  passage  :  '  Anche  dove  se  cliiama  anchoi  chanapara  fo  il 
tepio  di  Cerere  &  di  telure  le  qle  dee  secodo  la  opinioe  de  li  romai  sono  la  terra  cioe  adire 
el  tepio  della  terra  '  {Edifichazion  di  molti  palazzi,  Venice,  1480,  p.  A  ii  v).  It  must 
not,  however,  be  confused  with  the  temple  of  Tellus  in  the  Suburra,  in  Carinia  (see 
n.  69,  p.  31,  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  and  n.  78,  p.  33).  *  Item  dagegen '  (tem- 
plum  Concordiae)  *  ist  gewesen  templum  telluris,  das  ist  der  got  des  erttriclis,  des  man 
nichtz  sicht,  nu  heist  mans  zu  sand  Salvator  in  Tellumine'  (Jordan,  ii.  483),  *  und  fur 
tellure  sprechen  sy  tellumine.  Item  mer  stet  ein  edel  gepeu  noch  eins  tempels  Mercurio 
ein  got  der  redung  oder  potschaft  den  man  nun  Sand  Michel'  (Jordan,  ii.  487)  'geweicht 
hat,  do  man  izunt  die  fisch  verkauft  *  (Muffel,  p.  53). 

'  Compare  with  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  29-34  ;  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  p.  94. 

*  The  etymology  of  the  name  anguilla  sancti  petri  is  more  or  less  confused.  In  the 
Mvrahilia  the  word  *  agulia'  occurs  :  'iuxta  quod  est  memoria  Cae.saris  id  est  agulia,  ubi 
splendide  cinis  eius  in  bug  sarcophago  requiescit.'  In  a  MS.  in  the  Turin  Library  the 
word  becomes  the  name  of  a  piazza,  and  the  tomb  of  Caesar  is  described  as  :  *  une  pomme 
d'ereen  doree  sor  un  haulte  colombe  de  marbre  ou  marchiet  qu'on  dist  Julie  a  Romme' 
{Cod.  L.  Ily  10,  f.  106  v).   The  following  forms  are  found  :  acus,  acucila,  agucchia,  aguglia 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  23 

pile?  is  in  heith  cc.  feet  and  .n.  Up  on  |?is  pilere  is  a  grete  ball  of  copir 
or  brasse  whech  was  sumtyme  gilt  and  fretted  with  precious  stones  in 
whech  was  julius  cesar  body  put  rith  for  f>is  cause.  For  as  he  was  lord 
a  boue  alle  men  f)at  we?  olyue  whil  he  regned  he?  so  schuld  his  body  rest 
a  boue  aii  bodies  }?at  we?  byried  be  fo?  him.  Wherfo?  in  fat  round 
ball  of  gold  be  wrytyij  Ipeae  uers.  Cesar  erat  tantus  quantus  fuit  ullus 
in  orbe  Se  nunc  in  modico  clausit  in  antro  suo  Mira  sepultura  stat 
cesaris  alta  columpna  Regia  structura  qua  rite  nouercat  in  aula  Aurea 
concha  patet  qua  cinis  ipse  latet  Si  lapis  est  unus  die  qua  fuit  arte  leuatus 
Et  si  sint  plures  die  ubi  iuwctura  inest.^     This  is  f>e  sent  ens  of  f>ese  uers. 

(Latinized  form  aguglia),  according  to  Graf.  But  in  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  believed  that 
the  name  was  a  corruption  of  Julia,  and  Gervase  of  Tilbury  calls  it  Julia  Petra  (cf.  Graf, 
Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  p.  288).  Ranulf  Higdeu  says:  '  Hanc  autem  Pyrami- 
dem  super  quatuor  leones  fundatam  peregrin!  mendosi  acum  beati  Petri  appellant,  men- 
tiunturque  ilium  fore  mundum  a  peccatis  qui  sub  saxo  illo  liberius  potuerit  repere  ' 
(Higden,  Polychromcon,  ed.  Babington,  London,  1865,  vol.  i,  p.  226).  'Presso  a  sancto 
Pietro  dove  mo  se  dice  la  gulgia  dove  e  una  cholona  quadra  grandissima  come  una  tore, 
&  di  sopra  &  la  zenere  dil  chorpo  di  zessare '  {Edijichazion  di  molti  palazzi,  Venice, 
1480,  p.  B  iv).  In  De  Rossi's  Piante  iconograjiche  di  Roma  the  obelisk  is  shown  in 
Plate  No.  I,  and  the  term  acus  (=  needle)  is  used  to  describe  it.  De  Rossi  says,  in  the 
text,  that  he  considers  this  use  of  the  word  to  be  *  singolare  '.  In  the  large  plan,  at  the 
end  of  De  Eossi's  work,  it  is  called  '  La  Guglia ',  and  it  is  shown  as  an  obelisk  with  a  ball 
at  the  top.     It  is  also  shown  thus  in  Plate  No.  IV, 

^  This  inscription  varies  a  good  deal  in  different  authors.  Ranulf.  Higden  says  as 
follows  :  *  Pyramis  lulii  Caesaris,  habens  in  altitudine  ducentos  quinquaginta  pedes  in 
cuius  summo  fuit  sphaera  aenea  cineres  et  ossa  lulii  continens.  De  quo  colosseo  quidam 
Metricus  sic  ait : 

Sic  lapis  est  unus,  die  qua  fuit  arte  levatus  : 
Si  lapides  plures,  die  ubi  contigui  * 

(Higden,  Polychromcon,  vol.  i,  p.  226). 
And  again  : 

*  Item  in  columna  lulia  quae  nunc  a  peregrinis  acus  Petri  dicitur,  ubi  pulvis  combusti 
corporis  lulii  ponebatur,  sic  erat  metrice  scriptum  : 

Tantus  Caesai*  eras  quantus  et  orbis. 
Sed  nunc  in  modica  clauderis  urna.' 

(Higden,  Polychromcon,  hook  iii,  vol.  iv,  p.  210). 
Thus  rendered  by  John  Trevisa : 

*  J>ou  were  grete,  Cesar,  as  al  \>e  world  is  at  ene 
And  art  now  sette  J)ere  i-closed  in  a  litel  stene  ' 
Here  is  another  version  : 

'  Mira  sepultura  stat  Caesaris  alta  columpna, 
Regia  structura,  que  rite  vocatur  Agula, 
Aurea  concha  patet,  qua  cinis  ipse  iacet ' 
{Mon.  Germ.  Hist.  Script,  xxii.  67  ;  Gotfredi  Viterbiensis,  Speculum  Begum,  vv.  837-9). 
And  another : 
*  As  man  dat  unden  an  eyme  steyne  gehauwen  vindt  myt  desen  nae  gescreuen  versen 
Cesar  tantus  erat  quo  nullus  maior  in  urbe, 
Sed  in  modico  nunc  tam  magnus  clauditur  antro. 
Intra  scriptura  stat  Caesaris  alta  columpna 
Regia  structura  quanta  non  extat  in  aula. 


24  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

This  maw  was  swech  ])ere  is  now  non  him  lich.  Now  passed  fro  men  and 
sperd  ill  his  litil  den  A  meruelous  sepultu?  a  pile?  of  hy  figu?.  To  a  kyngis 
bildyng  fuH*  in  halle  stand  pere  no  swech.  The  rounde  balle  we  se 
in  whech  his  asches  be  If  f>is  be  but  o  ston  be  what  craft  myth  it  up 
gon  If  ioyntis  ony  ^e  se  telle  us  whe?  fat  Ipei  be.  This  is  pe  pWramydall 
memorie  of  pis  noble  conqwerou?  to  whom  was  not  joue  so  grete  worchip 
aftir  his  deth  with  outen  notable  dedis  in  his  lyfP.  Whe?for  we  list  now 
to  reherse  summe  of  his  dedis  fat  all  f e  rederes  may  know  he  hath  not 
J)is  memoriall  with  oute  cause.  Or  he  was  emperou?  whilis  he  was  on  of 
\>e  consulis  he  caused  fat  f e  romanes  sent  oute  wise  men  gretly  lerned  in 
secular  sciens  to  mesu?  all  f e  world.  Thei  laboured  a  boute  fis  werk  xxxi 
5e?  and  fouwde  fat  f e  erde  hath  famouse  sees  xxx,  prouiwces  seuenety  and 
uiii,  notabil  citees  an  hundred  and  seuenety.  So  all  f  e  world  sehuld  cowteyne 
in  his  sercle  xx  fousand  myle  and  xl  myle  an  be  cause  fe  circumferens 
of  euery  sercle  is  thries  as  mech  as  is  fe  space  fro  o  side  to  an  othir 
f «rfor  f ei  concluded  fat  fro  fe  o  side  of  fe  world  to  f e  othir  sehuld  be 
ui  fousand  myle  and  uii  hundred.  Grrete  uictories  had  f  is  man  ouyr  dyuers 
naciones  fat  is  to  seye  frauds  germanie  with  all  his  prouynces  whech  is 
ful  ny  fe  f irde  part  of  cristendam  sueue  eke  he  conquered  grete  brytayn 
whech  fei  clepe  inglond  erlond  &  many  ofir.  He  had  so  many  batailes 
in  f e  prouynces  of  germanye  fat  fe  noumbre  of  hem  fat  we?  slayn  fere, 
cam  as  cronicles  telle  to  iic  thousand  Ixxxii  thousand  of  chosen  armed  men. 
At*  grete  alisaund?  also  mad  he  meruelous  werk  saue  o  rebuk  had  he  fere 
he  was  fayn  to  flee  to  f  e  watir  and  whan  he  had  entred  a  schip  Ipere  folowid 
him  so  many  men  fat  f e  schip  sank.  Thanfi)  saued  he  him  selue  swymmywg 
f.  363  V  with  o  hand  iic  passe  and  /  certey  letteris  in  his  ofir  hand  whech  we?  neuly 
brout  on  to  him.     This  lord  eke  with  ful  grete  stodye  corrected  f  e  kalende? 


Si  lapis  est  unus  qua  fuit  arte  levatus, 
Et  si  sint  plures  die  ubi  congeries ' 

{Filgerfahrt,  Ritter  v.  Harff,  1496-9,  p.  24,  Coin,  1860). 
And  lastly : 

*  Ut  in  quirinali  aurei  scriptum  est : 
Cesar  tantus  fuit  quantus  fuit  uUus  in  orbe 
Se  nunc  in  modico  clausit  in  antro  suo. 
Mira  sepultura  stat  Cesaris  alta  columpna. 
Regia  structura  qua  rite  novercat  in  aula. 
Aurea  concha  patet  qua  cinis  ipse  latet 
Si  lapis  est  unus  die  qua  fuit  arte  levatus 
Et  si  sint  plures  die  ubi  contiguant' 

{MS.  Bodl.  Laud.  Misc.  203,  fol.  148  r,  saec.  xiv). 
See  also  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  70-3  ;  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topoj.,  pp.  105,  132. 
*  *  iich '  in  margin  of  MS. 

»  ?A8. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGKIME8  2S 

whech  was  neuyr  parfith  on  to  pe  tyme  f>at  J?is  correcciou^^  was  mad  and 
J?erfor  was  on  of  f>e  monthis  of  it  named  aftir  him.  Suetoni^g  seith  of  him 
J?at  his  hand  was  as  able  to  )?e  penne  as  to  Ipe  swerd.  Of  his  meknesse  it  is 
told  )?at  he  cam  on  a  tyme  in  to  skole  whe?  as  acciitg  pe  poete  sat  and  red 
on  to  his  disciples.  AUe  men  rose  a  geyn  pe  emperou?  saue  f>is  accius  J?at 
sat  stille.  Aftir  pe  acte  was  do  a  lord  enqwirid  of  J)is  poete  whi  he  ros  not 
and  ded  worchip  to  pe  uictou?  of  ali  f>is  world.  He  answered  a  geyn  in  J^is 
mane?  )^at  a  sougreyn  schuld  not  rise  on  to  his  subiecte,  j^e?  for  to  do  worchip 
on  to  his  pare  is  ful  conuenient  but  wisdam  excellith  al  pmg.  This  same 
proposiciouTi  was  so  alowid  of  pe  emperou?  fat  he  ded  make  a  lavve  pere 
schuld  neuir  maystir  in  skole  rise  a  geyn  non  astat.*  Aftir  many  dyuers 
commendaciones  of  }>is  lord  pe  cronicles  conclude  fat  he  was  killid  in  pe 
capitole  be  enuye  of  ^  hrutus  casams.  Of  pe  mane?  of  his  deth  and  pe 
toknys  be  for  his  deth  we?  ouyr  longe  for  to  telle  and  eke  ouyr  fer?  fro 
ou?  purpous  on  whech  we  sette  oure  book  at  ou?  begynnyng. 


Of  dyuers  templis  of  fals  goddis  turnyd  to  seruyse  of  seyntes.     cap  x. 

Be  fore  in  pe  uiii  chapetir  spoke  we  sumwhat  in  ph  mate?  and  he?  schul 
we  fulfille  fat  was  left  fere.  Be  fore  adrianes  temple  we?  of ir  too  temples 
on  was  dedicat  to  f  e  goddesse  of  flowres  f  e  of  ir  was  consecrate  to  phebus. 
Phebus  called  f  ei  f  e  sunne  for  f  is  cause.  Phebus  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  cler 
or  brith  fer  for  called  f ei  so  f e  suwne  for  he  is  britest  of  ali  planetis.  And 
you5  so  be  fat  alle  f ingis  fat  growyn  on  erde  be  moost  norchid  be  f e  surme 
jit  f  ese  men  in  he?  errouris  wold  haue  a  nof  ir  specml  goddesse  on  to  floures 
and  hi?  called  f  ei  flora.  On  of  f  ese  templis  is  now  dedicat  on  to  ou?  lady 
and  f  e  of  ir  on  to  seyn  jame.^     The  cherch  fat  is  clepid  seynt  urse  was  sum- 

*  *  Auditorium  TuUii  Caesar  intravit.  Cui  cum  assurgeret  Tullius,  Caesar  prohibuit, 
dicehs,  "Non  assurgas  mihi,  maior  est  enim  sapientia  quam  potentia."  Cui  Tullius  : 
"  Orbis  victori  non  assurgam?  "  Et  Caesar,  "At  tu  maiorem  lauream  adeptus  es  quam 
propagare  terminos  Komani  imperii."  Cuius  verbi  occasione  lex  a  Caesare  emanavit  ut 
nemo  codicem  tenens  aut  legens  cuiquam  assurgat.  Valerius.'  And  later :  *  Accius 
poeta  lulio  Caesari  ad  collegium  poetarum  venienti  non  assurrexit.  Interrogatus  autem 
cur  tantae  maiestati  eupersederet,  respondit,  "  Inferior  superiori  assurgit :  par  pari  con- 
venit,  sed  sapientia  cunctos  praecellit  (excellit),"  quod  quidem  dictum  lulius  approbavit. 
Banulphus'  (Higden,  Polt/cAronicon,  vol.  iv,  pp.  216,  218). 

*  *  tm '  corrected  thus  in  MS. 

^  This  is  probably  S.  Giacomo  del  Portico.  This  portico  was  the  celebrated  one  which 
led  from  the  bridge  of  S.  Angelo  to  the  Vatican  basilica,  and  was  constructed  for  the 
convenience  of  pilgrims,  and  for  the  venders  of  sacred  objects.  The  church  still  exists,  and 
is  now  called  S.  Giacomo  di  Scossacavalli  (Ai-mellini,  p.  247  ;  Nibby,  p.  233).  The  church 
dedicated  to  Our  Lady  is  probably  S.  Maria  Traspoutina. 

E 


26  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

tyme  nero  secretari  in  whech  as  men  rede  he  used  ful  cursid  nygromawcy 
and  dyuynacioun  moost  speciali  in  deed  mewnys  bodies.  For  we  rede  of 
hym  and  of  juliane  apostata  both  J^at  J>e  deuel  wold  not  speke  on  to  hem  on 
to  tyme  fei  must  sle  a  fay?  woma»i  grete  with  childe  and  sche  schuld  be 
hangid  up  and  opened  as  a  beest  fann)  schuld  f)e  deuel  apperin  in  hir  body 
and  jiue  hem  answe?  of  he?  materis.  These  houses  comounly  we?  called 
he?  scry  secretaries.  Blessed  be  ihu  )?at  hath  turned  cristen  metinys  hertis 
fat  not  only  J»ei  be  aferd  for  to  doo  swech  dedis  but  eke  it  is  horrible  on  to 
hem  for  to  he?  J>erof.  The?  was  eke  a  feld  fast  by  martis  temple  whech 
stood  as  we  seide  be  fore  fast  by  fat  place  whech  fei  clepe  domme  quo  uadis. 
This  feld  seruyd  to  fis  office.  The  firde  kalendis  of  July  come  ail  J>e  worth  i 
f.  364  r  puple  of  rome  /  to  ]mt  same  and  J?e?  was  fe  usage  to  chese  he?  consules 
whech  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  wise  men  of  couwceli  whech  we?  chosen  to  gouerne 
J>e  puple  as  for  o  je?.  For  we  rede  of  J>e  worfi  men  of  rome  fat  f ei  were 
twyes  consul  or  thries  or  foure  sithes  often  tyme  chose  for  he?  worthinesse. 
These  men  fus  chosen  schulde  abide  fere  fro  fat  iii  fet.  of  July  on  to  fe 
kalendis  of  januari  and  f  ann)  schuld  be  brout  on  to  f  e  capitol  with  grete 
Bolempnite  and  receyue  fe?  his  office.  Minerues  temple  whech  is  clepid 
goddesse  of  wisdom  is  now  turned  in  to  a  cherch  of  ou?  ladi  and  a  couent  of 
frere  prechoures  in  whech  stant  a  conclaue  Ipere  many  a  pope  hath  be  chosen 
for  grete  sewirnesse  for  it  stant  in  f  e  myddis  of  f  e  cyte.  And  f  e?  be  mer- 
uelous  merkis  made  in  marbill  and  writyng  f erupon  who  bye  fat  tybu?  hath 
risen  dyuera  jeres.  This  chauwgyng  of  templis  in  to  chirchis  schal  be  mo? 
largely  talked  in  f e  secunde  book  whan  we  come  to  f e  same  places  fat  we 
speke  of  now. 


Of  f  e  capitol  principal  place  of  f  e  cite,     ca  xi» 

Of  f  e  capitol  whech  is  now  and  euyr  hath  be  as  principal  place  of  f  e  cite 
wil  we  speke.  First  je  schal  undirstand  fat  f is  place  stant  on  a  hill  whech 
is  cleped  mons  capitolinitg  for  f  is  cause  as  we  ^eyde  be  fore  in  f  e  capitule  de 
montibw«  fat  a  man^ies  bed  al  hoi  was  fou^ide  in  f e  ground  whanw  f ei  diggid 
to  make  a  temple  in  worchip  of  jupiter.^  It  was  eke  clepid  capitol  as  heed 
of  aft  f e  world  for  in  fat  hous  f ei  kept  he?  couwceft  who  f  ei  schuld  gouerne 
all  f e  world.  It  had  grete  wallis  and  foo  sumtyme  sette  with  gold  and 
precious  stones  of  ful  meruelous  Werk  fat  wold  not  lithly  be  distroyed  with 
wedir  for  f  e  stones  we?  sawen  in  dyuera  formes  and  couchid  in  f  e  waft  with 

*  *  Tandem  in  monte  Tarpeio  templum  lovi  construxit.  In  quo  loco  quia  caput  hominis 
inventum  est  dum  foderent,  Capitolium  locum  ilium  vocaverunt*  (Ranulf  Higden, 
Poltfchronicon,  vol.  iii,  p.  158). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  27 

cyment  as  men  may  ^et  se  in  dyuers  cherches  in  rome.  But  Jjis  werk  of  J?is 
place  and  many  moo  is  distroyed  eythir  be  conqwest  of  J?e  cite  or  ellis  be 
chauwge  on  to  bettir  use.  With  inne  J>is  tou?  was  a  temple  whech  pei  sey 
as  of  ricchesse  was  worth  J)e  J^ird  part  of  J?e  world  of  gold  siluyr  perle  and 
precious  stones  in  which  uirgile  mad  a  m^ruelous  craft  *  fat  of  euery  region 
of  J?e  world  stood  an  ymage  mad  aH  of  tre  and  in  his  hand  a  lytil  belle,  as 
often  as  ony  of  J>ese  regiones  was  in  purpos  to  rebelle  a  geyn  ]>e  grete  mageste 
of  rome  a  non  J?is  ymage  J?at  was  assigned  to  f>at  regiouw  schuld  knylle  his 
bell.  Thanw  was  ])ere  in  J?e  myddis  of  fe  hous  al  a  boue  a  knyt  mad  of  bras 
&  a  hors  of  fe  same  metaH  whech  euene  a  noon*  as  fis  belle  was  ruwge 
turned  him  with  a  spere  to  fat  cost  of  j?e  erde  whei"  fis  puple  dwelt  fat 
purposed  f  us  to  rebelle.*  This  aspied  of  f  e  prefas  whech  be  certeyn  cuw- 
panyes  we?  assyned  to  wecch  and  wayte  on  fis  ordynauws  a  non  aH  fe 
knythod  of  rome  with  he?  legionis  /  mad  hem  redy  to  ride  and  redresse  f  is  f.  364  v 
rebellion.  Summe  auctores  sey  fat  f e  belle  hing  a  boute  f e  ymages  nek. 
And  a  non  as  f  e  puple  mad  rebellion  f  e  ymage  turned  his  bak  to  f  e  gret 
god  iubiter  fat  stood  in  f e  myddys.  Thei  enqwyred  of  uirgile  who  lowge  f is 
werk  Bchuld  endewre  and  he  answered  tyl  a  may  *  bare  a  child  wheHor  f  ei 
concluded  fat  it  schuld  stande  euyr.  In  f e  natimte  of  crist  f ei  sey  aH  f is 
brak  and  many  of ir  f ingis  in  the  cite  to  schewe  fat  f e  lord  of  aH  lordes  was 
come.  Men  may  haue  merueile  fat  uirgile  schuld  haue  swech  knowyng  of 
f e  misteries  of  ou?  feith  and  I  answe?  f ertoo  fat  f e  holy  goost  put  his  jiftis 
nowt  only  in  good  men  of  trewe  by  leue  but  eke  in  othir.  Lych  as  it  is  seyd 
of  cayphas  fat  prophecied  of  cristis  deth  f e  euangelist  spekith  of  him  f us. 
These  wordes  seid  he  not  of  him  self  but  be  cause  he  was  bischop  for  fat  5e? 
f^rfor  he  prophecied.  Neuyrfelasse  in  uirgil  bookes  be  founde  open 
testimonies  of  cristis  birth  as  it  is  cowteyned  in  a  latyn  book  fat  a  woma/i 
called  proba  gadered  owt  of  uirgiles  uers.  These  iii  uers  folowyng  coupled 
sche  owt  of  f  e  first  book  eneydos  &  uii  book.  Uirginis  os  habituw  qj  gerens 
mirabile  dictu  Nee  generis  nostri  puerww  nee  sanguinis  edit  Uera  q3  terrifici 

^  The  legends  regarding  Vergil's  miraculous  powers  would  appear  to  have  originated 
among  the  common  people  of  Naples,  and  to  have  spread  from  there  to  Rome  and  to 
countries  outside  Italy.  They  disappeared  from  literature  after  the  sixteenth  century ; 
but,  in  the  south  of  Italy,  they  survive  among  the  people  to  this  day  (Comparetti,  Vergil 
in  the  Middle  Ages,  Part  ii,  London,  1908).  Jligden  gives  Alexander  de  naturis  rerum, 
as  the  *  rehersour  of  mony  meruellous  thynges '  regarding  Vergil's  necromancy  (Higden, 
Poly  chronic  on,  vol.  iv,  p.  248).  *  ever  anon. 

'  The  Salvatio  Romae  is  described  in  Edijichazion  di  molti  palazzi,  Venice,  1480, 
p.  A  i  V  ;  and  in  Solinus  De  memorahilihus  mundi,  Venice,  1491,  p.  G  ii  v;  but  the 
latter  author  places  it  in  the  Pantheon  instead  of  the  Capitol.  Higden  also  speaks  of  it 
{Polychronicon,  vol.  i,  p.  216  et  seq.).  See  also  Graf  in  the  chapter  entitled  La  Potenza  di 
Jioma,  in  his  work  Homa  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  ch.  v,  p.  182  et  seq.  *  ?maid. 

E  2 


28  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

cecinenint  omnia  uates.  These  uers  mene  J^is  in  ou?  tunge  as  I  suppose, 
A  woman  beryng  a  uirginal  mouth  and  a  uirginal  habite  merueyl  to  seye 
Neythir  of  our  kynrod  ne  of  owre  blood  hath  bore  a  child.  The  late  comyng 
of  }5is  dredful  lord  sunge  f>e  forme?  prophetis.  This  same  capitol  had  many 
templis  and  houses  hangmg  up  on  him  as  jet  is  sene.  For  in  J^e  heith 
a  boue  was  a  temple  consecrate  to  iubiter  and  iuno.  A  lithil  be  neth 
an  othir  temple  cleped  uestal  in  whech  maydenes  dweld  in  clennesse  of 
chastite  as  I  declared  be  fore.  In  a  noJ)ir  temple  put  was  sumtyme  named 
of  ]>e  lady  rose  ^  was  a  solempne  chayer  in  whech  Ipe  principal  bischop  of  alle 
here  temples  J?e  day  of  his  entre  schuld  be  intronyzid  in  whech  chaye?  f>ei 
sette  juliws  cesar  whanw  he  was  first  receyuyd  and  J)at  was  pe  ui  day  of 
march.  Ali  f>is  as  it  semeth  was  on  pe  est  side  of  fe  capitol.  And  on  Ipe 
west  side  to  pe  mercate  ^  side  was  a  temple  dedicate  to  mynerue.  And  fast 
by  a  tou?  in  whech  fei  kyllid  J>e  noble  man  often  rehersid  whech  hith 
julii^a  cesar.  Alle  fese  places  ar  ny  chaunged  or  distroyed  be  dyuers  men 
of  ofir  londis  f>at  haue  wonne  rome  often  tyme.  And  for  pe  romanes  sey 
J)at  J?ei  ferd  neuir  weel  ne  neuyr  stood  in  prosperite  sith  cristendawi  cam 
perfor  wil  I  schewe  hem  })at  ofir  naciones  conquered  hem  longe  be  fore  crist 
was  incai:nate.  The  cronycles  of  grete  brytayne  ly  now  nexte  hand  whech 
is  cleped  inglond  ferfor  out  of  j?oo  wil  I  take  my  testimonie.  Belinw£_and 
brenn^g  we?  to  Kyngis  of  fis  IcmS.  regnyng  to  gidir  in  f>at  same  tyme  fat 
f.  365  r  hester  was  wedded  to  /  assue?.  These  to  bretherin  wonne  a  grete  pMy  of 
rome '  but  principal  was  brennws  whech  made  pe  cytees  in  lumbardye  both 
melan  and  pauye  and  aftyrward  J^ese  too  brej>rin  held  a  grete  batayle  with 
J>e  romaynes  at  a  flood  of  Jjis  side  of  rome  called  albula  where  pe  romanes 
fled  and  fei  folowed  and  took  all  J)is  citee  saue  J>is  capitol  whech  had  be 
take  had  not  a  gander  with  cry  a  waked  J^e  keperes.  Of  J^is  story  not  only 
ou?  cronicles  be?  witnes  but  pe  cronicles  of  itaile*  |  pai  is  to  sey  godfrey  of 

*  It  is  diflBcult  to  understand  what  the  author  means  by  the  Temple  of  *  J)e  lady  rose  '. 
The  MiraUUa  mentions  a  place  called  in  monasferio  dominae  Rosae  castellum  aureum 
(Urlichs,  Cod.  Topoff.,  p.  108).  Nichols,  in  n.  167,  p.  86,  identifies  the  castellum 
aureum  as  the  Circus  Flaminius,  and  the  monasterium  dominae  Bosae  as  S.  Caterina  ai 
Funari.  '  ?  market. 

'  Brennius,  brother  of  Belinus,  King  of  Britain,  rebels  against  the  latter,  and  expels 
him.  Belinus  flees  to  France,  and  becomes  Duke  of  Brittany.  He  invades  England,  but 
their  mother  makes  peace  between  them.  They  then  conquer  France,  a  great  part  of 
Germany,  and  finally  lay  siege  to  Rome.  Furius  Caraillus,  however,  breaks  the  siege 
(Higden,  Polychronicon,  ch.  xvii,  vol.  iii,  pp.  264-70.  See  also  ch.  xix,  vol.  iii,  pp.  294-806, 
for  another  account  of  Belinus  and  Brennus). 

*  *  Et  k  la  voix  des  oies  puet  on  conoistre  toutes  les  hores  de  la  nuit  et  les  vigiles ;  et 
n'est  nus  animaus  au  monde  qui  sente  si  bien  les  homes  come  eles  font.  Et  a  lor  cri 
furent  aperceu  li  Francois  quant  il  voloient  prendre  le  Chapitoile  de  Rome,  selonc  ce  que 
I'iatoire  nous  raconte'  (Brunetto  Latini,  Li  Livres  dou  Tresor,  p.  206), 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  29 

uiterbe  in  his  book  whech  he  clepeth  pantheon  |  and  trogus  pompeius  ^  in 
his  book  eke,  ysid  bischop  of  spayn  in  his  book  of  cronicules.^  Also 
seynt  ambrose  bischop  of  melan  in  his  book  called  exameron  seith  on  to  rome 
J?at  f>ei  we?  mo?  bouwde  to  do  worchep  on  to  he?  gees  Ipann  to  he?  goddis  for 
pe  gandyr  was  wakyng  and  warned  hem  whann  he?  goddis  slept.  And  in 
uery  soth  whan  J>i8  brenn^^a  had  receyued  a  grete  summe  of  gold  and  was 
goo  f>e  fonnyd '  puple  defouled  in  errou?  ded  make  a  gandyr  of  white  marbili 
and  ded  to  it  worchip  as  to  a  god.  The  hed  of  it  is  broken  but  J?e  body  lith 
jet  hool  at  a  cherch  do?  whech  )?ei  clepe  scs  mcho\n,u8  in  carcere.* 


Of  Ipe  too  hors  of  marbili  &  to  naked  men  called  J>e  caballis.    xii.* 

Off  f  e  caballis  be  many  strange  tales  sum  sey  f>ei  we?  geauwtis  summe  sey 
jyei  were  philisophres.  Too  grete  horses  Ipere  be  and  too  naked  men  standyng 
be  hem.  On  fe  othir  side  of  ]>e  strete  sittith  a  woman  wbunde  al  a  boute 
with  a  serpent  and  a  fayre  conk  of  porphiry  ston  be  fo?  hi?.^  This  is  Ipe 
treuth  of  J^is  mate?  as  cronycles  telle.  In  ]>e  tyme  of  tiberiw*  pe  emperou? 
come  to  rome  to  naked  men  and  philisophres  but  5ong  of  age  on  of  hem 
hith  pratellus  pe  oj^ir  hith  sibia.     These  men  were  brout  on  to  pe  emperou? 

*  For  an  account  of  Trogus  Pompeius  see  article  on  Justinus,  the  historian,  in  Smith's 
Dictionary/  of  Biography/.  He  flourished  in  the  time  of  Augustus.  His  great  work  was 
called  Liber  Sisforiarum  Philippicarum,  to  which  title  the  words  et  tofiua  mundi  origines 
et  terrae  situs  were  afterwards  added.  Justinus  admits  that  his  own  book  was  entirely 
derived  from  Trogus  Pompeius's  Universal  History  (Smith,  Dictionary  of  Classical 
Biography,  vol.  ii,  p.  680  b). 

2  There  are  several  theological  writers  named  Isidore  ;  but  the  writer,  who  in  another 
passage  speaks  of  him  as  a  *  bishop  of  Spain ',  appears  to  be  referring  to  Isidore,  Bishop  of 
Seville.  He  is  generally  called  S.  Isidore  the  younger,  so  as  to  distinguish  him  from 
S.  Isidore,  Bishop  of  Cordova.  S.  Isidore  the  younger  was  the  son  of  Severian,  Governor  of 
Cartagena,  and  Theodora ;  he  flourished  in  the  seventh  century,  and  died  in  the  year  636. 
S.  Isidore  the  elder  lived  in  the  reign  of  Honorius  and  Theodosius  the  younger  (Moreri, 
Dictionnaire  historique). 

^  Fond,  foolish. 

*  For  an  early  account  of  the  Capitol  see  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Borne,  pp.  86-90 ;  Urlichs, 
■Cod.  Topog.,  p.  120. 

*  Earlier  and  similar  accounts  of  the  following  legend  will  be  found  in  Ranulf  Higden, 
Polyckronicon,  vol.  i,  p.  276  ;  Graf,  Boma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  pp.  141  sqq. ;  Urlichs, 
Cod.  Topog.,  p.  122.    *  Temporis  Tiberii ...  in  concha  ilia.' 

'  Nichols  thinks  that  the  statue  of  a  sitting  woman  mentioned  here  may  be  the 
Hygeia  of  the  Giustiniani  Palace  (Marvels  of  Borne,  p.  41,  n.  95).  Michaelis  mentions 
this  statue  of  the  woman  wound  about  with  a  serpent,  and  remarks  that  it  must  have 
disappeared  early ;  as  that  of  the  capti  ve  dwarf  under  the  horse's  hoof  of  the  bronze  statue 
of  Marcus  Aurelius  must  also  have  done  ;  neither  of  them  are  mentioned  by  any 
author  after  the  Mirahilia.  He  agrees  with  Nichols  that  it  is  very  likely  that  the  statue 
of  Hygeia  in  the  Giustiniani  Palace  is  the  same ;  as  it  shows  (by  its  considerable  restora- 
tion)  signs  of  having  been  exposed  for  a  long  period  to  the  action  of  the  weather 
(JRomische  Mittheilungen,  1898,  p.  252). 


30  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

for  "pe  puple  dempt  be  here  strauwge  aray  f>at  fei  knewe  suwme  strauwge 
Jjingis.  The  emperou?  inqwirid  of  hem  what  was  cause  of  he?  comywg  and 
whi  j?ei  went  nakid.  Thei  answerd  J?at  as  f>e  schap  of  he?  body  was  open  to 
alle  men  be  cause  of  he?  nakednesse  soo  aii  f)e  pryuy  ^  of  fe  world  were  open 
on  to  her  knowyng.  Calle  f  ou  pi  couwceli  in  to  J>i  pryuy  chambir  J^us  seid 
fei  on  to  )?e  emperou?  and  comouTi  on  to  hem  what  mate?  J?ou  wilt  as 
pryuyly  as  fou  can  and  we  schal  telle  J>e  aftirward  what  was  seyd  fro  pe 
moost  on  to  pe  leest.  The  emperou?  assayed  fat  fei  seide  and  he  fond  all 
ping  Both  )?at  was  promissed.  Tho  hith  he  hem  grete  ricchesse  and  had  hem 
in  ful  grete  reuerens  and  f>ei  refused  aii  and  desired  of  him  no  oJ>ir  fing  but 
yt  J>is  memorial  schul  be  mad  in  he?  name.^  Or  we  precede  ferj>er  in  on? 
mate?  we  wil  satisfie  pe  resones  of  men  })at  wil  aske  in  what  wise  fese  men 
myth  haue  J)is  pryuy  cunnywg.  And  we  answe?  perio  J?at  ]?ei  had  fis 
cunnyng  as  is  suppose  for  innocens  for  f>ei  J?at  walked  so  naked  had  litil 
f.  365  V  appetite  on  to  worldly  good  /  and  were  ful  uertuous  eke  in  here  maneres 
wherefor  ou?  lord  list  to  rewarde  hem  with  sum  special  jift.  I  suppose  eke 
|?at  J)ei  we?  of  a  naciouw  whech  be  clepid  guynosopistis  of  whom  we  rede  in 
pe  geesiis  of  grete  alisauTidre  J>at  aftir  he  herd  pe  fame  of  hem  he  wolde  algate 
se  hem  whom  he  fond  al  naked  man  and  woma^i  dwellyng  in  caues  in  pe  erde 
euyr  preising  god  neuyr  doing  wrong  lyuywg  with  outen  stryf  with  oute 
debate.  Here  lyuyng  plesed  )?is  king  so  wel  }>at  he  comauwded  hem  to  ask 
of  hym  what  J?ei  wold  haue  and  he  schuld  grauwte  hem.  Thei  prayed  him 
to  jyue  hem  immortalite  and  he  answerd  J?at  ]?ing  whech  he  had  not  him 
self  ne  not  myth  haue  who  schul  he  jyue  it  on  to  oJ)ir  men.  Tho  J?ei 
undirtok "  of  his  pride  manslauth  ouyr  rydyng  of  pe  cuntre  and  mech  oJ>ir 
J?ing  and  he  passed  fro  hem  gretly  meuyd  of  her  innocent  lyuyng.  All  J?is 
sey  we  for  to  proue  be  liklynesse  J?at  J>ese  too  men  were  of  J?is  naciouw. 
Therfor  stood  f>ei  naked  for  J)ei  knew  many  priuy  J>ingis  as  if  a  man  se 
anoJ?ir  naked  he  schal  haue  mo  sekir  merkis  of  him  p&nn  if  he  se  him  clad. 
That  J>ei  hald  up  he?  handis  and  he?  armes  it  be  tokneth  J?at  J?ei  coude  telle 
of  J>ingis  whech  schul  falle  aftirward.   The  grete  hors  J>at  trede  so  sore  up  on 

*  *  J)ingi8 '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  The  following  passage  in  Nichols's  translation  of  the  Mirahilia  is  interesting,  and 
comes  in  at  this  point  of  the  legend :  *  Therefore  he  made  them  the  memorial  that  he  had 
promised,  to  wit,  the  naked  horses,  which  trample  on  the  earth,  that  is  upon  the  mighty 
princes  of  the  world  that  rule  over  the  men  of  this  world ;  and  there  shall  come  a  full 
mighty  king,  which  shall  mount  the  horses,  that  is,  upon  the  might  of  the  princes  of  this 
world.  Meanwhile  there  be  the  two  men  half  naked,  which  stand  by  the  horses,  and  with 
arms  raised  on  high  and  bent  fingers  tell  the  things  that  are  to  be  ;  and  as  they  be  naked, 
Bo  is  all  worldly  knowledge  naked,  and  open  to  their  minds  '  (Nichols,  Marvels  of  JBowe, 
pp.  40-41).    For  the  Latin  text  see  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  p.  97. 

^  *  him '  in  margin  of  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  31 

]>e  erde  betokneth  J>e  prmces  and  potestatis  J?at  haue  gouernauws  of  fis 
world  ouyr  whom  stood  fese  naked  men  for  to  signifie  J>at  wis  dam  is  mo?  of 
honou?  pann  power.  For  in  kyng  alisaundre  lif  is  a  story  ful  iust  to  f  is 
purpos  whech  tellith  )?at  f>e  kyng  was  in  will  for  to  distroye  a  cite  man  & 
woman  wal  and  hous  \>e  city  hith  attenes.  And  whanw  lie  was  come  ]3idir 
with  al  his  hoost  he  fonde  sittyng  in  Ipe  sunne  an  eld  philisoph?  called 
anaximenes  whech  had  sum  tyme  be  his  maystir.  The  kyng  supposed  as  it 
was  fat  f>e  city  had  sent  him  for  to  gete  grace  of  fe  kyng  and  a  non  as  he 
say  him  with  a  grete  ire  and  a  grete  oth  he  seide  ]?ese  wordis.  Be  pe  hy 
prouydens  of  god  a  boue  what  so  euyr  pou  ask  of  me  ))is  day  it  schal  not  be 
had.  And  ]>e  philisoph?  answerd  him  and  seide.  Now  be  pat  same 
prouydens  whech  Jjou  hast  named  I  charge  pe  fat  fou  lette  not  til  J>is  cite 
be  distroyed.  O  quod  alisau/id?  euyr  is  pe  maistiris  wit  a  boue  his  disciple. 
Thus  was  pe  cite  saued  and  pe  kyngis  ire  softed.  These  too  naked  men  whos 
memorial  we  haue  now  in  hand  to  descryue  fei  profecied  of  pe  cherch  and 
eke  of  pe  bap  tern  and  perfor  in  testimonie  of  fis  profecie  J?e?  sittith  a  woman 
wouwde  with  a  serpent  an  a  gret  uessel  by  for  hir  of  a  porphiri  ston.  This 
woman  wou^ide  with  a  serpent  be  tokneth  pe  soules  whech  were  in  pe  deueles 
daunger  with  errou?  in  he?  feith  and  cursed  customes  in  he?  manors.  The 
fai?  uessel  of  porphiri  ston  be  tokneth  pe  baptem  in  whech  sche  schuld  be 
waschid  fro  all  pese  grete  perellis.  This  same  exposiciouw  is  touchid  /  in  f.  366  r 
pe  eld  cronicles  of  rome  and  not  neuly  feyned  be  us.^ 


Of  pe  hors  of  bras  and  pe  ride?  y*  stant  at  laterane  xiii. 

Now  of  pe  hors  fat  stant  at  laterane  and  of  pe  sitter  fat  is  up  on  him 
schal  BOW  ^  be  ou?  processe  for  summe  men  sey  fat  it  was  mad  in  worchip  of 
grete  constantine  but  it  is  not  soo,'  First  wil  I  declare  on  to  50U  f  e  schap  of 
f e  ymage  and  aftir  telle  f e  story  what  he  was  and  whi  he  was  sette  fere, 
A  grete  hors  of  brasse  is  fere  of  ful  fay?  schap  whech  was  sumtyme  gilt  and 
a  man  eke  of  f  e  same  metal!  sittyng  on  his  bak  with  outen  sadiil.  A  kyng 
bouwdyn  undir  f  e  hors  fot  and  a  bird  sittyng  on  f  e  horses  hed.    This  ymage 

*  '  De  femina  citcundata  serpentibuS.  Habews  &nte  se  concham,  significat  baptismuw 
&  prcdicationeg  quag  predicabuntwr  ut  quicunque  ad  dominum  ire  voluerib  |  non  potent: 
nisi  lavetMr  pHus  in  concha  in  fonte  baptismatis  *  (Solinus,  De  memorabilibtu  mundi^ 
Venice,  1491,  p.  G  ii).    See  also  Higden,  Polychronicon,  vol.  i,  p.  226, 

^  *  now '  interlineated  in  MS. 

^  *  Unten  auf  der  erden  do  stet  gar  ein  gross  eren  ross  and  ein  pawr  darauf  gar  meyster- 
lichen  gossen  von  aller  glidmass,  ist  hoi  innen  und  vergult  gewest ;  hat  man  denselben 
pawren  zu  eren  gemacht,  hat  geheyssen  Septimosephero,  der  Rom  behalten  und  der  konig^ 
der  davor  lag,  erschlagen  gen  Rom  pracht  hat '  (Muffel,  p.  14). 


32  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

was  sette  pere  for  J>is  cause.  In  ]?at  tyme  J>at  consules  gouerned  rome  "be  feH 
)?at  a  kyng  cam  oute  of  pe  est  with  a  grete  strength  of  men  and  be  sechid 
rome.  In  fe  tyme  of  consules  seide  I  for  rome  was  first  gouerned  be  kyngis  and 
Jiann  be  to  consules  whech  we?  chosen  euery  jere  and  J^ann)  be  emperouris  of 
whech  iulius  cesar  was  ]>e  first.  So  as  I  seide  in  J>at  same  tyme  }?at  counsellouris 
gouerned  )?e  cite  in  whos  tyme  speciali  fynde  I  not  cam  fis  kyng  and  be  seged 
rome.  The  cite  was  gretly  frayed  of  J^is  kyng  and  coude  not  fynde  a  mene  who 
fei  schuld  a  uoide  hym.  Than  was  pere  in  rome  a  maw  of  grete  strength  summe 
bokes  sey  J>at  he  was  a  knyth  summe  a  swyer"  and  summe  J>at  he  was  but  of 
pe  low  degre  in  pe  puple  whech  is  to  sey  in  her  langage  rusticw*  in  ou? 
a  chorl.  A  bold  man  be  was  strong  and  wise.  Happed  him  to  be  in  pe 
capitoft  whe?  pe  states  and  pere  puple  treted  what  cheuesauwce  ^  j^ei  myth 
make  to  uoyde  J?is  grete  dauwge?.  He  stood  up  a  mongis  hem  and  seide 
what  wold  30  gyue  a  man  )?at  schuld  delyuer  50U  fro  )?is  distresse.  The 
senate  answerd  lete  f>at  man  appe?  and  ask  what  he  wil  and  he  schal  haue 
it.  I  wil  seid  J?is  man  tak  J)is  iornay  up  on  me  so  fat  5e  grauTit  me 
XXX  sextaries  of  gold  and  eke  make  a  memorial  in  my  name  hors  and  man 
lich  as  1  wil  ride.  Alle  J>is  schal  be  mad  of  brasse  and  gilt  a  boue  on  pe  best 
wise.  The  senate  grauwted  him  to  fulfill  aH  his  desire.  Than  seide  he  on 
to  hem.  At  mydnyth  loke  50  be  redy  alle  in  dikys  and  cauernes  in  )?e 
ground  and  in  pe  arches  with  inne  pe  wallis  and  wbat  so  euyr  I  bid  50U  do 
loke  je  fulfille  it.  Thei  consentid  to  al  }7at  was  seid.  At  mydnyth  J>is  man 
lep  up  on  a  grete  hors  and  a  strong  and  rood  forth  in  to  pe  feld  with  a  sith 
on  his  bak  as  Jjouj  he  wold  goo  to  mowe.  When  he  cam  in  pe  boost  he 
houed  and  taried  til  pe  kyng  had  slept  his  slepe  and  roos  and  went  on  to  a 
tre  to  auoyde  pe  birden  of  his  worabe.  Certeyn  knytis  and  swieres  f>at  we? 
keperis  for  ye  body  folowed  fro  feii*  and  sey  J>is  man  J)us  arayed  lich  a  charl 
ridyng  wit5  oute  a  sadel  supposed  not  fat  he  had  be  of  rome  but  rather  sum 
t.  866  V  laboure?  of  /  he?  owne  party  and  pus  fei  cried  on  to  him.  Be  wa?  carl 
what  J>ou  do  come  not  so  ny  pe  kyng  fou  schal  be  hangid  and  fou  touch  him. 
The  man  herd  what  fei  seide  and  with  a  good  a  uis  he  lyft  up  pe  kyng  on  to 
his  hors  for  he  was  a  large  man  and  a  strong  and  pe  kyng  but  of  litil  statu?. 
Thus  rood  he  forth  crying  with  a  loude  voys.  Rise  romanes  and  defende 
jou  for  I  haue  caute  pe  kyng.  The  romanes  caut  grete  counfort  fat  fis 
kyng  was  take  pe  opir  partye  lost  hert  fat  he?  heed  was  absent  and  f us  had 
romanes  f e  feld  f is  man  grete  worchip  and  f  e  perell  delyueryd.  For  fat  same 
kyng  was  fayn  to  compown  wit^  hem  and  pay  hem  grete  tribute  or  his 
delyueraunce  was  mad.     Than  rered  f  ei  f  is  ymage  at  laterane  with  many 

^  *  Chevissance ',  old  French  word  =  ce  dont  on  a  besoin,  ce  qu'on  se  propose. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  33 

o))ir  Ipingis  J>aiiw  we  expr^sse  now  for  J^ei  be  wasted  with  age  and  rust  as 
men  may  uerily  see.* 


Of  fat  place  whech  J>ei  clepe  ]?e  coUise     cap  xiiii. 

The  collise  eke  is  a  meruelous  place  whech  was  mad  round  of  schap  & 
grete  arches  &  mayn  as  jet  is  sene  for  J?e  moost  part  of  it  stant  at  J)is  day. 
It  was  ]3us  disposed  J>at  a  wal  goth  in  a  sercle  I  suppose  pat  it  was  ny  of  an 
hundred  arches  a  boute  and  a  boue  fat  as  many  and  eke  a  boue  fat  as  many. 

^  This  legend  was  a  favourite  one  in  the  Middle  Ages,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following 
references  :  Edifichazion  di  molti  palazzi,  Venice,  1480,  p.  B  vi ;  Solinus,  De  tnemorahili- 
bus  mundi,  Venice,  1491,  p.  g  ii.  He  speaks  '  de  rustico  sedewte  super  equum  ereum ' 
(Ritter  von  HarflF,  Pilgerfahrf  in  den  Jahren  1496-9,  pp.  15-16  :  von  Groote,  Coin,  1860). 
He  says :  *  Item  hie  bij  vur  der  kirchen  saegen  wir  eynen  groissen  metaellen  man  off 
eynem  metaellen  perde  sitjen,'  &c.  In  the  Descriptio  plenaria  of  the  Mirahilia  we  read : 
*  Laterani  est  quidam  caballus  aureus  qui  dicitur  Constantini  sed  non  est  ita,'  &c.  (Urlichs, 
Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  98,  99).  Graf  thinks  that  the  owl  on  the  head  of  the  horse  was  only 
the  plaited  forelock  of  hair  between  the  ears  of  the  animal,  and  that  the  figure  of  the 
bound  dwarf  king,  now  no  longer  to  be  found,  represented  some  subdued  people  {Roma 
nella  memoria.  Sec,  vol.  ii,  pp.  113-115).  Rucellai,  a  Florentine  pilgrim  of  1450,  says 
that  the  hero  of  the  legend  was  a  *  villano  o  vero  uno  pastore  che  guardava  bestie ' 
{II  Giuhileo  delV  anno  santo,  ArcMvio  St.  Fat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  571).  But 
Higden's  account  differs  so  much  from  all  the  others  that  it  is  interesting  enough  to  quote 
in  full.  At  vol.  i,  p.  228,  the  Latin  text  begins  :  '  Est  et  aliud  signum  ',  and  the  trans- 
lation in  the  Harleian  MS.  2261  is  as  follows :  *  Also  there  was  an  other  signe  a  fore  the 
palice  of  the  pope,  whiche  is  a  horse  made  of  brasse,  and  the  sitter  on  hit  as  spekenge  to 
the  peple  by  the  signe  of  the  rijhte  honde,  and  governenge  the  horse  as  with  the  lyfte 
honde,  havenge  a  brydde  callede  a  cukkowe  made  betwene  the  eeres  of  the  horse,  and 
Nanus  lyke  to  dye  under  his  feete,  whom  pilgremes  calle  Theodoricus,  the  commune  peple 
Constantyne,  but  clerkes  of  the  cowrte  calle  hit  Marcus  or  Quintus  Curtius.  That  signe 
stode  somme  tyme  on  iiii  pyllers  of  brasse  a  fore  the  awter  of  lupiter  in  the  Capitoly  or 
chiefe  place  of  Rome.  But  Seynte  Gregory  put  downe  the  horse  man  and  that  horse, 
and  putte  the  pillars  in  the  chirche  Lateranense.  The  Romanes  toke  the  horse  man  and 
the  horse  and  sette  hit  before  the  palyce  of  the  pope.  Men  eallenge  hyt  Marcus  assigne 
this  cause.  A  man  callede  Nanus,  erudite  in  the  arte  of  nigromancy,  which  subduenge 
to  hyra  mony  kynges  and  realmes  wente  to  the  Romanes,  takenge  a  weye  from  theyme  the 
vertu  of  smytenge  and  kyHenge  {virtutem  feriendi)  segede  theyme  longe  schutte  with  in 
the  cite.  This  Nanus  wente  from  his  felowschippe  erly  in  the  mornenge  afore  the  rysenge 
of  the  Sonne,  and  put  hia  arte  in  exercise ;  whiche  thynge  perceyvede,  the  Romanes  made 
promise  to  Marcus,  a  noble  knyjhte,  that  he  scholde  have  predominy  of  the  cite  and  a 
perpetualle  memory  if  he  cowthe  delyuer  that  cite.  Marcus  pereschenge  the  walle  of  the 
cite  on  that  parte  where  Nanus  usede  the  arte  of  nigromancy  goenge  furthe  on  the  ny5hte 
taryede  for  Nanus  untylle  the  morowe,  whom  a  brydde  callede  a  cuckowe  schewede  by 
here  voyce ;  whiche  takenge  him  broujhte  hym  in  to  the  cite,  whiche  fallenge  down 
amonge  the  feete  of  the  horses  supposede  to  have  delyverede  hym  by  his  arte  ;  wherfore 
Marcus  had  that  memorialle.  Men  that  calle  hit  Quintus  assigne  this  reason,  seyenge 
that  there  was  a  place  open  in  the  myddes  of  the  cite  pereschenge  mony  men  as  with 
a  brethe  of  sulphure,  an  answere  jiffen  to  the  peple  that  hit  wolde  not  be  schutte  un  tylle 
a  man  felle  in  to  hit  voluntarily.  Then  Quintus  armenge  hym  felle  in  to  hit  to  delyuer 
the  cite ;  that  doen,  a  cukko  did  flye  owte  from  that  pytte,  and  the  erthe  was  closed 
anoon '  (R.  Higden,  Polychronicon,  vol.  i,  p.  228). 

F 


34  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Thann  was  f)e?  an  othir  wal  inward  J^at  had  as  many  arches  be  }>e  ground 
as  fe  first  part  had  but  Ipe  arches  we^  lesse  as  reson  askith  for  J»e  sercle 
was  smalle?  and  ]?is  wal  had  but  to  cors  of  arches  for  Ipe  curyng  of  ]>e 
uoutes  we?  so  disposed  J?at  J>e  roof  was  hy  with  oute  and  descended  lowe? 
with  inne.  Than  was  J?e?  Ipe  J?ird  wal  whech  had  and  hath  as  many  be  f>e 
ground  as  hath  pe  opir  but  it  hath  non  a  bouen.  So  hath  J?e  uttir  wal 
iii  arches  in  heith  the  secunde  ii  arches  in  heith  the  iii  but  on.  Than^i 
was  fere  in  ])e  myddis  a  grete  uoide  court  and  a  solempne  werk  yerin 
whech  is  now  distroyed  for  J>ere  stant  but  an  eld  chapeli.  As  of  J^e  name 
of  J)is  place  fus  write  oure  bokis.  Catholicon  ^  seith  pat  coUiseus  is  swech 
a  J>ing  J?at  is  rered  for  f)e  mynd  of  a  ded  \  He  allegith  for  him  juuenal 
J?e  poete  fat  seith  fus.  Et  de  marmoreo  citharam  suspende  colloso.  "Whech 
is  to  sey.  And  al  of  marbil  hang  up  an  harp  to  fe  collise.  Wherby  he 
ment  fat  what  f ing  be  mad  to  f e  memorie  of  a  ded  man  it  may  be  called 
a  collise.  Therfo?  seide  papie'  fat  collise  is  a  grete  ymage  of  marbill  and 
a  hy.  Catholicon  seith  alsoo  he?  fat  in  f is  same  place  stood  yoo  ymages 
with  bellis  a  boute  he?  nekkis  whech  *  f  e  rebellioun  of  dyuers  cuntres  a  geyns 
rome.  But  all  of ir  auctores  sey  fat  f is  ordinauws  was  in  f e  capitol  as  we 
declared  be  fo?.  Wherfor  we  will  iustly  write  now  what  ye  elde  auctores 
sey  in  yis  mate?.°  The  collise  f  ei  sey  was  a  temple  of  grete  heith  and  brede 
nomiwat  and  consecrate  on  to  f  e  suiine  and  f  e  mone  in  whech  we?  many 
f.  867  r  /  wondirful  werkis.  For  f  e  rof  a  boue  was  cured  with  plates  of  metail  so 
gilt  and  depeynted  fat  it  was  lich  f e  sterred  heuene  a  boue  in  whech  be 
sotiti  craft  f  ei  feyned  f  undris  and  leuenes  reynes  and  of  ir  wederes  swech 

^  Catholicon  at  this  date  meant  a  dictionary. 
'  *  man '  in  margin  of  MS. 

*  There  are  three  writers  of  this  name.  The  first  is  S.  Papias,  Bishop  of  Hierapolis,  a 
disciple  of  S.  John  Evangelist ;  or,  according  to  Eusebius,  of  S.  John  of  Ephesus.  He 
wrote  five  books,  entitled  The  Explanation  of  the  Discourses  of  our  Lord  ;  only  some 
fragments  remain.  Papias  No.  2  was  of  Alexandria,  and  lived  in  the  fourth  century. 
He  wrote  on  Mathematics  in  the  time  of  Theodosius  the  Great.  Two  of  the  eight  books 
which  he  wrote  have  been  lost ;  the  remainder  were  published  in  Latin  at  Pesaro.  Papias 
No.  3  was  the  author  of  a  book  called  the  Elementarium  doctrinae  rudimentum.  His 
date  is  uncertain ;  but  a  manuscript  of  his  book  is  believed  to  have  existed  in  1173.  His 
work,  a  glossary,  was  published  in  Venice  in  1496  (Moreri,  Dictionnaire  historique). 

*  '  schewid  '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  For  the  legend  of  the  Colosseum  consult  Graf,  Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  pp.  118 
and  122.  It  will  be  noticed  in  the  Mirabilia  that,  in  the  older  editions,  such  as  the 
descriptio  plenaria,  the  Orapliia,  &c.,  the  wording  is  :  *  Ante  Coliseum  fuit  Templuui 
solis  ubi  fiebant  .  .  . ,'  &c. ;  whereas  in  later  editions  the  words  are  :  '  Coliseum  fuit 
templum  solis,'  &c.  This  would  show  that  the  earlier  authorities  believed  that  the 
Temple  of  the  Sun  was  a  separate  building  in  front  of  the  Colosseum,  but  that  later  writers 
took  the  Colosseum  itself  to  be  the  Sun-temple.  Compare  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topoff.,  p.  110 
with  p.  136. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  35 

as  come  fro  f)e  firmament.  The?  we?  also  apperyng  Ipere  ])e  signes  super 
celestial  expressid  ful  weel  in  whech  tymes  of  fe  jer  ))e  sunne  passith  be 
hem.  As  in  januari  be  Ipe  signe  f>ei  clepe  aquari,  in  februari  be  ]>e  fischis, 
in  march  be  J^e  ram,  in  april  be  Ipe  bul,  in  may  be  ]>e  too  twynnes  castor  & 
pollux,  in  iune  be  ]>e  crabbe,  in  iule  be  Ipe  \eoun,  in  august  be  Ipe  uirgin,  in 
September  be  J?e  balau?ice,  in  October  be  pe  scorpiouTi,  in  novembir  be  pe 
scheter,  in  december  be  ]?e  gote.  All  pese  we?  schewid  J^e?  ful  meruelously 
in  he?  meuingis  and  many  ofir  f)ingis.  In  the  myddis  of  Ipia  place  stood  pe 
grete  god  phebus  so  is  Ipe  sunne  cleped  and  eke  apollo  is  his  name.  He  was 
so  mad  J?at  with  his  feet  he  touched  fe  erde  and  with  his  rith  hand  Ipe 
heuene  for  in  his  left  hand  held  he  a  bal  as  J30U3  he  had  al  pis  world  in 
gouernauTice.*  Whi  he  is  cleped  phebus  and  whi  apollo  and  whi  f>at  iuuenal 
seid  be  fo?  })at  pe  harp  schuld  be  hange  be  fo?  him  rather  ]?an  be  for  othir 
all  f>is  wold  ask  longe  declaraciouw  of  poetrie  whech  is  now  fer  fro  my 
mynde  &  clene  out  of  use.  Neuyrfelasse  as  a  gramarioun  I  wil  sumwhat 
expowne  J>is  J?at  sol  is  clepid  phebus  a  phos  whech  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  lith 
for  )?is  cause  f>at  he  hath  mo?  lith  psm  alle  pe  planetis.  He  is  eke  cleped 
appollo  aftir  a  famouse  man  fat  had  fat  same  name  whech  was  a  souereyn 
lech  and  f  is  name  was  attribut  on  to  pe  sunne  for  he  cureth  pe  sores  of 
erde  and  causeth  pe  same  erde  to  bring  forth  forth  ful  rip  frutes.  The 
melodye  of  pe  harp  is  oflFered  on  to  him  as  to  pe  reule?  and  prmcipall  of  ail 
planetis  in  whech  planetes  cours  and  turnyng  as  philisophres  sei  is  ful  grete 
melodye.  Now  whi  al  fis  fayre  werk  was  distroyed  wil  I  telle  50U.  Seint 
eiluester  aftir  yat  tyme  he  had  baptized  ye  grete  constantine  was  mad  lord 
and  emperou?  of  all  fis  side  of  pe  world  for  pe  for  said  constantin  went  on 
to  Constantinople  and  dwelt  f>e?  fat  he  ne  non  of  his  schuld  interrupt  pe 
grete  powe?  and  pe  grete  possessiouw  whech  he  ^ave  to  pe  cherch.  Thus 
standyng  pe  cherch  at  his  liberte  mech  cristen  puple  come  to  rome  in  pil- 

*  *  Another  signe  is  an  ymage  of  Colossus,  whom  they  seye  to  be  the  ymage  of  the  sonne 
or  elles  of  the  cite  of  Rome  of  whom  hit  is  to  be  meruaylede  how  that  so  hevy  a  thynge 
myjhte  be  soe  erecte,  sythe  hit  is  in  longitude  of  c  foote  and  xxui" ;  whiche  ymage  was 
Bomme  tyme  in  the  yle  of  Rhodus,  whiche  was  more  hie  in  altitude  by  xu  foote  than  eny 
place  of  the  cite.  That  ymage  hade  in  the  ryjhte  honde  of  hit  a  rownde  thynge  after  the 
similitude  of  \>e  worlde,  and  a  swerde  in  the  signe  of  batelle  in  the  lifte  honde,  in  token 
that  hit  is  less  vertu  to  gete  than  to  kepe  thynges  y-geten.  That  ymage  was  made  of 
brasse,  but  hit  was  ouer  gilte  with  golde  imperialle,  schynenge  contynually  in  derkenesse, 
movenge  egally  with  the  son  in  his  circumference,  hade  the  face  of  hit  contrarious  alle- 
weyes  to  the  body  of  the  sonne ;  whom  alle  Romanes  worschippede  in  a  signe  of  subieccion, 
whom  seynte  Gregory  destrayede  with  fyre ;  of  whiche  jm&ge  the  hede  and  ryjhte  honde 
remaynede,  whiche  be  sette  nowe  afore  the  palice  oflf  the  pope  on  ii  pyllers  of  marbole  * 
(Ranulf  Higden,  Polychronicon).  This  passage  follows  immediately  on  the  quotation 
already  made  in  chapter  xiii,  describing  the  legend  of  the  *  hors  of  brass '  (vol.  i,  pp.  283-5). 
See  also  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  62-4,  notes  112  and  114. 

r  2 


36  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

gWmage  and  vvliann  f>ei  seyn  J)is  gay  bildyng  and  })is  meiiyng  of  J»ese 
planetis  as  I  haue  declared  |?ei  left  mech  of  he?  deuocioun  and  stood  and 
gased  on  f)ese  uanities  rith  for  nouelte  of  ]>e  site,  Tho  mad  semt  siluester 
Jjis  mauwmentrie  to  be  broke  and  spent  in  to  betir  use.  Al  ]?is  haue  I  red, 
f)at  whech  folowith  in  f>is  mate?  haue  I  herd.  Men  sey  ]?at  siluester  cam 
jpidir  on  processiouw  whech  tyme  J^is  werk  schuld  be  distroyed  and  ]?is  grete 
1 367  V  ymage  J?at  stood  al  a  boue  /  be  power  whech  fe  deuele  had  perm  spak  to 
siluester  and  seide  J^us.  Colis  eum  J)at  is  to  sey  in  englisch  worchipis  fou 
him.  The  deuele  spak  yoo  wordes  at  p&t  tyme  to  stere  ])e  puple  whech  was 
redy  to  distroye  fat  maumewtrie  fat  for  very  fe?  of  foo  wordis  fei 
schuld  lette  hir  werk.  And  fann)  seynt  siluester  with  a  grete  boldnesse 
turned  fe  xposiciou?i  on  to  anothir  and  seyd  to  fe  mauTidmewt.  Colis 
deum.  fat  is  to  sey  fou  worchipist  god.  So  cried  f ei  oft  sithis  as  it  is  told 
fe  on  colis  eum  f e  of ir  colis  deum  and  of  fis  dialoge  in  returnywg  of 
a  terme  roos  f e  name  of  fis  place  as  sum  sey  fat  it  was  called  collise. 
"Whefir  fis  be  treuth  or  nout  I  make  no  meyntenauwce.  But  fis  haue 
I  red  in  fis  mate?  fat  siluester  ded  distroye  it  and  in  tokne  fat  f e?  was 
swech  a  f  ing  sumtyme  f  e  grete  heed  and  f  e  left  hand  in  whech  he  held  f  e 
ball  he  sette  at  laterane  and  jet  stant  it  f  e?.^ 

*  After  describing  the  statue  of  Marcus  Aurelius  as  standing  before  the  Lateran, 
Mufiel  describes  this  head  and  hand  of  the  Colossus  as  being  in  the  same  place.  The 
former,  he  says,  was  popularly  known  as  *  septimo  sephero ' ;  of  the  latter  he  remarks  :  *  und 
nit  fern  davon  do  stet  ein  grosz  ern '  (ehern)  *  haubt  von  einem  aptgot,  das  ist  grosser  dan 
ein  saltz  scheib  und  dopey  die  haiit  desselben  aptgotz,  hat  ein  maiestat  apfel  in  yr 
begriifen,  gar  wercklich  gemacht '  (MufFel,  p.  14).  '  Item  in  sulla  piaza  in  sur  un  pezo  di 
colonna  una  testa  di  giogante  di  bronzo  e  uno  braccio  con  una  palla  di  bronzo'  (Rucellai, 
n  Giuhileo  delV  anno  1450,  Arch,  St.  Pat,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  572).  Solinus  in 
his  description  says  that  St.  Sylvester,  after  destroying  the  figure  of  Apollo,  •  Caput  vero 
et  manus  dicti  idoli  cum  pomo  ad  palacium  in  laterano  fecit  poni  in  memoriam;  q«ae 
pftlma  &  caput  Samsonis  falso  vocatMr  a  vulgo'  {De  mirdbilibus  mmidi,  Venice,  1491, 
p.  G  ii  v).  The  following  passage  occurs  after  a  description  of  the  'Colixeum':  *aco  da 
poi  el  dco  SCO  bonifatio  papa  el  chapo  e  lamano  desso  idolo  fece  ponere  per  memoria  alia 
ecclesia  di  sancto  ihoanwe  laterano.  &  chussi  ene  achoi  de  mettalo  &  dichono  li  grOssi 
homeni  che  la  e  la  testa  &  la  mano  di  sampsone  ma  non  e  vero  come  o  dco  &  lavanza 
de  esso  idoUo  disperso  qua  &  la  per  roma,  *  {Edifichazion  di  tnoUi  palazzi,  Venice,  1480, 
p.  A  iii  V.  Compare  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  p.  136).  In  Plate  No.  I  of  De  Rossi's  Piante 
iconograjicke  di  Roma  it  will  be  noted  that  the  head  and  hand  of  the  Colossus  are  shown 
close  to  the  Sancta  Sanctorum  of  the  Lateran,  and  that  the  statue  is  also  there.  In 
subsequent  plates  the  head  and  hand  are  no  longer  shown;  but  the  statue  appears  as 
late  as  Plate  VIII,  when  the  following  words  are  written  (in  another  hand  to  the  engraver's) 
on  the  plate:  *Haec  enea  equestris  statua  M.  Aurelii  Antonini  Severi  aut  Septimii 
Seven,  nunc  posita  capitolio.'  It  is  also  noteworthy  that  Coliseus  is  spelt  so  in  Plate  I, 
and  that  in  Plate  II  the  building  is  covered  with  a  cupola,  which  very  likely  refers  to  the 
legendary  description  of  the  heavenly  spheres  given  in  our  MS.  The  colossal  head  of 
Domitian  (then  believed  to  be  either  that  of  Commodus  or  of  Nero)  was  removed  from 
the  Lateran  Palace,  together  with  the  hand  holding  an  orb  (popularly  known  as  the 
palla  Samsonis),  by  Sixtus  IV  in  1471,  and  taken  across  to  the  Capitol.     They  found 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  37 

Of  }?at  place  whech  Ipei  clepid  pantheon,  cap  xu. 
Pantheon  was  eke  a  notable  place  now  it  is  called  sea  maria  rotunda  ul  * 
sea  maria  ad  martires.  And  of  all  ]>ese  names  schal  be  mad  \  In  ]?at  same 
tyme  ]7at  kyngis  had  cesed  at  rome  and  consules  had  f)e  gouernsmnce  ther 
was  a  man  a  mongis  hem  cleped  marcus  agrippa  grete  of  witteand  of  powe?. 
This  man  was  sent  be  f>e  auctorite  of  pe  senate  for  to  conquere  pe  west 
parties  of  pe  world.  And  took  with  him  iiii  legiones  and  went  down  in  to 
J)e  lowe?  cuntres  conqwered  on  to  he?  empi?  all  pe  sueues  and  saxones  and 
many  ofir.  Whan  ]?is  conquest  was  performed  and  he  com  hom  receyued  as 
a  uictou?  not  longe  aftir  on  of  yoo  ymages  ]?at  stood  with  he?  belles  a  boute 
he?  nekkis  in  J>e  capitole  ronge  his  belle  and  turned  his  face  a  wey  fro  J?at 
coost  fat  he  be  held  be  fe?  and  Ipis  same  ymage  was  named  and  markid  on 
to  J>e  kyngdam  of  perse.  This  say  fe  prest  fat  was  ebdomadary  for  fat 
weke  whech  lay  and  wayted  up  on  swech  chauwces  as  his  office  was  he  roos 
up  a  non  went  up  in  to  f e  capitol  on  to  f e  lordes  and  teld  in  sothnes  fat 
f  e  puple  of  perse  was  redy  to  debate  and  purposed  to  rebelle.  Thei  gadered 
he?  counceH  to  make  remedy  a  geyn  f is  rebellion  and  all  f ei  consentyd  fat 
f  is  marcus  agrippa  schuld  goo  on  to  f  is  conquest  for  too  causes.  On  was 
for  he  had  sped  so  weel  in  his  of  ir  iornay,  a  ndpir  cause  for  his  puple  was 
redy  on  to  his  hand  and  he  as  late  exp^rte  knew  best  f  e  condiciones  of  hem 
what  f  ei  coude  doo  or  ell  what  f  ei  myth  doo.  This  man  refused  f  is  charge 
alleggyng  fe  labou?  fat  he  had  late  and  fe  litil  rest  aftir  fat.  Neuyrf elasse 
at  grete  instauns  of  f  e  senate  he  took  a  uisemewt  of  iiii  dayes  to  jeue  hem 
yanne  a  final  answe?.  Hom  he  gooth  heuy  and  f  outhful  stodying  on  f  is 
mater  of  f  e  grete  disiauwce  of  f  e  weye  of  f  e  perel  eke  in  f  e  see  and  moost 
for  f  e  powe?  as  was  reported  yat  f  ei  of  /  perse  had  purueyed  a  geyn  rome.  f.  368  r 
Thus  as  he  lay  half  a  slepe  fere  appered  on  to  him  a  fay?  woman  sche  coun- 
forted  him  as  he  font  &  bad  him  be  myry  for  if  he  wold  doo  aftir  hi? 
councell  he  schuld  haue  as  fay?  a  iornay  as  euyr  had  conqwerou?  of  rome. 
The  man  in  f  is  uisioun  as  he  foute  spak  on  to  fis  lady  he  had  merueyl  he 
seide  what  sche  was  fat  hit3  him  so  grete  f ingis  of  whech  he  stood  sore  in 
dout.  Sche  answerd  on  to  him  fat  sche  was  modyr  of  fe  grete  goddis 
celestial  wyf  on  to  saturnws  modir  on  to  jubiter  neptune  and  pluto  my 
name  sche  seith  is  cibeles  whech  in  jou?  sacraries  is  rehersed  wit^  gret 
Bolempnite.  0  blissid  modir  seith  fis  man  will  je  now  make  me  sewir  fat 
I  schal  haue  f e  uictorie  at  fis  iornay.  |  3a  treuly  sche  seith  so  fou  make  fis 

a  new  home  under  the  portico  of  the  Palace  of  the  Conservatori ;  and  formed  an  historical 
group  together  with  the  celebrated  brazen  wolf  of  the  Capitol  (Michaelis,  JRomische 
Mittheilungen,  1891,  p.  14  and  note). 

*  *  ul*  =  uel.  2  t  mewcion '  in  margin  of  MS. 


38  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

byhest  fat  J)ou  schalt  make  me  a  temple  of  J>at  schap  whech  I  schal  deuyse  on 
to  J5e.  There  sche  dyuysed  hem  all  pe  schap  of  )?e  temple  both  in  heith  and 
in  brede  and  he  be  hite  hi?  aftir  his  iornay  sped  he  scliuld  fulfill  al  f>at  sche 
had  comauwded.  He  roos  up  in  Ipe  morownyng  weel  counfortid  told  all  Jjis 
couTiceH  on  to  fe  senate  and  all  J? at  euyr  he  had  be  hit^  f)ei  promissed  to 
fulfille.  Men  myth  ask  he?  whi  ou?  lord  suffered  f>ese  wikked  spiritis  J^us  to 
appe?  and  ))us  undir  simulat  religious*  to  make  men  spend  so  grete  good  in 
])e  deueles  seruyse.  As  for  fe  sufferauTis  of  god  J)at  mater  is  inp^rscrutabil 
saue  J^at  seynt  paule  seith  fat  for  \>e  grete  defautes  whech  we?  in  he? 
lyuyng  fei  we?  worfi  for  to  be  disseyued.  Thus  seith  he  in  fe  epistiH  ad 
romanos.  To  J>e  ofir  party  whi  he  suffered  swech  richesse  to  be  spent  in  pe 
deueles  seruyse  summe  men  answe?  because  it  was  wrongfully  gote  it  had  fe 
lesse  grace  for  to  be  weel  spent.  Summe  men  sey  bettir  f e?  to  fat  god  mad 
a  pumyauwce  at  fat  tyme  fat  f oo  grete  houses  whech  were  rered  up  for 
errou?  or  for  uanyte  schuld  aftirward  serue  in  betir  use  to  worchip  of  god 
and  seyntis  as  dauid  took  f  e  crowne  of  an  hethen  kyng  and  wered  it  him 
selue  f  is  rede  we  in  f  e  secund  book  of  kyngis.  Now  to  telle  ou?  processe  f  is 
marcus  agrippa  restored  his  boost  and  with  grete  strength  went  in  to  perse 
many  schippis  had  he  for  he  led  with  him  u  legiones.  pere  with  grete 
labou?  and  many  batayles  he  ouyr  cam  hem  and  put  hem  undyr  gretter 
tribute  on  to  rome  f  ami  f  ei  we?  by  fore.  Thus  comth  he  horn  uictou?  and  is 
receyued  with  grete  worchip.  A  non  as  he  hath  rested  him  a  while  he  by 
gan  f  is  temple  with  ful  grete  cost  for  it  is  a  meruelous  hous  and  a  grete 
whech  myth  not  haue  so  grete  sintiris  *  as  f  e  arches  ar  wyde  and  f  erfor  he 
ded  make  a  grete  hill  of  erde  and  couchid  all  f  ese  uoutes  f  erupon  and  in  f  e 
erde  was  f rowyn  mech  mony  fat  fe  puple  aftir  edificacioun  of  the  hous 
Bchuld  be  glad  for  to  here  oute  f  e  erde.'    Eke  f  eporche  is  made  with  pileres 

*  Centering. 

'  •  Giacomo  da  Voragine  racconta  neW&Legenda  aurea  (ed.  del  Grasse,cap  clxii,  p.  167) 
una  storia  assai  appropriata  al  concetto  che  nel  medio  evo  si  ebbe  della  ricchezza  dei 
Bomani.  Quando  a  Roma  si  prese  a  costruire  il  Pantheon,  di  forma  rotonda  per  significare 
I'etemitk  degli  dei,  si  vide  che  stante  I'ampiezza  del  giro  non  sarebbe  stato  possibile 
di  alzare,  con  gli  aiuti  ordinari,  la  testudine,  ossia  la  cupola.  Allora  si  penso  di  ri- 
empiere  di  terra,  mescolata  con  denari,  tutto  il  vano  dell'  edifizio  mano  mano  che  le  mura 
crescevano  sopra  suolo.  A  questo  modo  si  potfe  compiere  agevolmente  I'opera  e  compiuto 
che  fli,  si  diede  licenza  a  chiunque  volesse  trar  fuori  di  quella  terra  di  appropriarsi  le 
monete  che  vi  avrebbe  trovato.  Accorse  gran  moltitudine  di  gente,  e  in  poco  d'ora  fu 
votato  il  tempio'  (Graf,  Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  p.  180).  In  Vasari's  Life  of 
Filippo  Brunelleschi  a  similar  proposal  was  made  at  the  time  of  the  celebrated  discussion 
as  to  how  the  dome  of  the  cathedral  at  Florence  was  to  be  built.  He  says :  '  E  non 
mancb  che  dicesse  che  sarebbe  stato  bene  empierla  di  terra  e  mescolare  quattrini  fra  essa, 
acciochfe,  volta,  dessino  licenza  che  chi  voleva  di  quel  terreno  potesse  andar  per  esso,  e  cosi 
in  un  Bubito  il  popolo  lo  portasse  via  senza  spesa'  (Giorgio  Vasari,  Le  vite  de'  piit 
eceelUnti  pittorif  ecuUori  e  architetti). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  39 

of  marbil  so  hye  and  so  grete  J?at  it  is  mer/ueil  for  to  se  and  for  to  ))ink  f.  868  v 
who  \>ei  myth  be  caried  or  lift  up.  Aftir  J?e  hous  was  mad  he  sette  up 
a  ymage  of  cibeles  in  ]>e  heith  of  }>e  roof  whech  ymage  was  made  of  bras  fal 
weel  gilt  a  boue  and  ouyr  hir  hed  was  pat  coproun  ^  fat  stant  by  fo?  seynt 
petres  cherch  who  it  cam  ]>ere  or  in  whos  tyme  schal  be  declared  aftirward  in 
])e  secund  book.  Sufficid  now  of  }>is  place  f>us  mad  in  f»e  honoz^r  of  cibeles 
modir  of  J>e  goddis  and  neptune  god  of  J^e  see  in  special  and  all  oj^ir  goddis 
in  general.  Summe  men  sey  f>at  f>is  J^ing  was  doo  in  domicianes  tyme  and 
)je  elde  cronycles  sey  it  was  doo  in  the  consules  tyme.  Whech  beguTine  to 
gouerne  rome  at  ]>e  last  kyng  and  cesed  whan  fe  first  emperou?  cam  whech 
was  Julius  cesar  eke  be  twix  iulius  and  domician  were  ix  emp«roures.  He? 
be  to  opiniones  let  men  chose  what  fei  will.' 


Of  J?at  fai?  place  cleped  ara  celi.     cap  xui. 

Ara  Celi  is  now  a  ful  solempne  place  standyng  on  a  hill  fast  by  f>e  capitoll 
it  is  not  ou?  occupaciou?*  for  to  telle  what  it  is  for  fat  longith  to  J>e  secunde 
book  but  for  to  telle  what  it  was.  The?  was  a  emp^rou?  at  rome  clepid 
octauian  next  regnywg  aftir  juliws  cesar  for  he  was  cosyn  on  to  iuliw^.  This 
emperou?  with  grete  labou?  and  prudens  mad  subiecte  on  to  rome  all  pe 
naciones  of  fe  world  fus  sey  fe  romanes.  We  sey  fat  crist  ded  f is  for  whan 
he  schuld  come  &  take  mankynde  and  ioyne  it  on  to  his  godhed  he  wold 
haue  a  general  pes  f orw  oute  fe  world  whech  feH  in  f is  mawnes  tyme  fe  xlii 
je?  of  his  regno.  The  senatoures  and  f e  puple  of  rome  fat  knew  not  crist 
ne  receyued  him  nowt  seyn  aH  f  is  pes  had  in  f  is  mannes  tyme  tendred  eke 
f e  grete  iornayes  fat  he  had  mad  considered  alsoo  f e  beute  of  his  p^rsoue 
f  ei  cleped  him  on  to  he?  capitol  and  had  on  to  him  swech  wordis.  |  Lord 
hiest  of  myth  fayrest  of  beute  moost  fortunat  to  pees  and  trancquillite  we  se 
weel  and  perseyue  fat  fis  f ing  myth  neuyr  be  doo  be  a  worldly  man.  | 
Wherfor  we  undirstand  weel  fat  pere  is  a  grete  part  of  deite  regnyng  with 
inne  f e  and  for  fat  cause  we  alle  with  on  assent  a?  f us  acordid  to  worchip 
f i  persone  as  a  god  to  sette  up  f  i  statue  and  a  lawe  f erupon  fat  who  so  euyr 
come  forby  and  do  it  no  worchip  he  schal  be  ded.  Eefuse  not  fat  we  profir 
for  of  uery  loue  and  pu?  deuocioun  we  oflBr  to  50U  all  fis  seruyse.  The 
emperou?  heryng  f  ese  wordes  stood  al  a  stoyned  knowing  him  a  man  corrupt- 
ible and  dedly  prikkid  f  us  with  ueyn  glorie  on  f  e  0  side  and  with  fe?  of  deth 
on  f e  of ir  side  jaue  hem  fis  answere.     3e  schal  he  seitb  grauwt  me  leyser 

*  ?  cuprum  =  copper. 

*  For  the  early  legends  regarding  the  Pantheon  see  the  Mirabilia  commencing: 
*  Temporibus  consulum  et  Benatorum  Agrippa  .  .  .  quod  Caesar  ei  concessit '  (Urlichs, 
Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  99-101 ;  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  46-50 ;  Graf,  Roma  nella 
memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  pp.  130-2). 


40  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

and  auysement  of  )?ia  mate?  and  aftir  tyme  I  haue  a  uised  me  ^e  schal  haue 
swech  answere  with  whech  36  schal  be  plesed.  Aftir  he  was  go  fro  hem  he 
sent  for  a  woman  f  ei  cleped  hir  sibillam  tiburtinam  eythir  was  sche  cleped 
f.  369  r  so  for  sche  dwelt  in  J^at  cite  or  ellis  for  /  sche  was  bo?  in  f>at  cite.  Whanw 
sche  was  come  he  rehersed  on  to  hi?  alt  J)at  pe  senate  had  purposed  on  to 
him  and  sche  took  of  him  iii  dayes  of  auisemewt  in  whech  sche  fastid  ful 
streytly  praying  J?e  grete  god  of  heuene  to  5eue  hir  grace  J?at  sche  schuld 
be?  J)e  emp^rou?  an  answe?  whech  schuld  be  plesamis  to  god  and  worchip  to 
his  persone.  Here  may  men  se  f)at  be  fo?  cristis  birth  were  ful  goode  and 
holy  creatures  nowt  only  in  Ipe  iewis  lawe  whech  was  joue  be  moyses  but  eke 
a  mongis  pe  hethen  men  as  romanes  we?  dwelt  sum  folk  whech  be  uery 
inspiractouTi  of  god  had  f)is  undirstawdyng  J^at  pei  knew  weel  p&re  was  no 
god  but  on  make?  of  heuene  and  erde,  pei  knewe  eke  J>at  })oo  mawmewtis 
sperd  in  templis  had  no  part  of  deite  as  pe  puple  supposed  but  al  was  errou? 
and  mysbeleue.  "Whan  J>is  woman  in  fastyng  and  praye?  had  continued 
J>ese  iii  dayes  sche  mette  with  pe  emperou?  rith  in  pe  same  place  called  now 
ara  celi  psmn  was  it  clepid  octauianz*  chambir  and  J^ere  had  sche  meruelous 
wordis  on  to  pe  emperou?  for  sche  as  J»is  story  seith  brout  him  fidir  xxuii  uers 
pe  first  begynnyth.  Judicii  signum  tellus  sudore  madescit  in  whech  xxuii  uers 
in  capitales  of  hem  was  contejned  fis  sen  tens.  lesos  cristos  tenuyios  sother/ 
in  latyn  f>us.  lesus  Xpc  dei  filius  saluator,  in  english  J?us.  lesus  crist  pe  son 
of  god  ou?  sauyou?.  Of  fese  uers  and  ]?is  sibrile  spekith  seint  austyn  in 
pe  xuiii  book  de  cimtate  dei  but  sumwhat  (diu))  seth  he  fro  )?is  cronicle  whech 
calleth  hi?  tiburtinam  for  austin  clepith  hi?  erutheam.  Aftir  yese  uerse  red 
and  expowned  as  J>ei  loked  up  fei  sey  pe  heuene  opyn  and  a  grete  clernesse 
brith  as  pe  sunne  eke  an  ante?  J>ei  seyn  and  on  pe  aute?  a  fai?  mayde 
standyng  and  in  hir  arme  a  child.  Summe  bokis  sey  )?at  J^is  mayde  with  hir 
child  appered  in  a  sunne  and  suwme  sey  fat  f)e?  appered  J>at  day  })at  crist 
was  bore  iii  sunnes  and  alle  iii  in  schort  tyme  turned  in  to  on,  be  whech 
j^ing  as  J)ei  say  was  undirstande  psii  in  pe  godhed  a?  iii  persones  and  on  of 
J?ese  iii  took  ou?  kynde  of  J>is  mayde.  Othir  men  sey  f)at  fis  J>ing  signified 
who  iii  kyndes  godhed  soule  and  flesch  schuld  be  ioyned  in  o  persone. 
Whan  pe  emp«rou?  had  be  hold  fis  a  gre  while  he  herd  a  uoys  fro  heuene 
souwdyng  f)ese  wordis.    This  is  pe  auter  of  god  to  J>is  loke  J>ou  do  worchep.'^ 

*  'Irjaods  xP^crbs  0€ov  "tibs  "Xorriip. 

^  'Tempore  Octaviani  imperatorig  senatores  videntes  eum  tantae  pnlchritudinis,  quod 
nemo  in  oculis  eius  intueri  posset,  et  tantae  prosperitatis  et  pacis,  quod  totum  mundum 
sibi  tributarium  fecerat,  ei  dicunt :  "Te  adorari  volumus  quia  divinitas  est  in  te;  si  hoc 
non  esset,  non  tibi  omnia  subirent  prospera."  Quod  renitens  indutias  postulavit  ad  se 
sibillam  tiburtinam  vocavit,  cui  quod  senatores  dixerant  recitavit.  Quae  spatium  trium 
dierum  petiit  in  quibus  artum  ieiunium  operata  est,  post  tertium  diem  respondit  impera- 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  41 

A  non  f>e  emp^rou?  and  sibill  fett  down  to  ground  and  ded  reuerens  and 
deutq  to  )?at  lord  Ipat  wold  schew  him  swech  msmer  misteries.  All  ]?is  was 
don  on  ]>e  same  day  J^at  crist  was  born  )?at  not  only  bedlem  schuld  haue 
knowing  of  cris>t,  ne  not  only  schiphardis  in  iude,  ne  not  only  J>e  kyngis  of 
pe  est,  but  men  of  rorae  whech  we?  fer  fro  Ipe  trewe  feith.  Thoo  went  pe 
emperou?  on  to  Ipe  senate  and  teld  hem  of  f>e  gret  memeilis  whech  he  had 
seyn.  per"  he  refused  ail  fat  Ipei  profered  him  and  seide  he  wold  be  seruauwt 
on  to  f)is  child  euyr  whil  he  may  lyue.  The  senate  consentid  to  all  J>at  is 
don  and  go  horn  euery  man  /  musyng  up  on  f)is  site  whech  pe  emperou?  and  f.  369  v 
eke  sibili  had  seyn.  Sone  aftir  he  ded  make  an  ante?  in  pe  same  place  ^ 
and  called  it  ara  celi,  now  it  is  a  ful  solempne  couente  of  fre?  myenouris  and 
be  cause  we  schul  not  talk  peroi  in  pe  secund  book  for  it  is  neythir  on 
of  pe  uii  cherches  ne  non  of  pe  patnarcal  cherchis  whech  be  clepe  staciones 
perfor  wil  I  write  he?  uers  whech  I  red  J?ere.  Cnnctarum  prima  que  fuit 
orbe  sita  Noscas  quod,  cesar  tunc  struxit  octauianws  Hanc  aram  celi  sacra 
proles  cum  patet  ei.^  Thus  mene  f>ei  in  englisch  with  declaracioun  and 
addiciouTi  of  moo  termes  for  esie?  undirstawdyvig.  The  first  church  of  all 
cherches  J^at  we?  mad  in  p\s  world  is  })is.  Knowe  weel  J?at  pe  emperou? 
octauian  mad  f>is  same.  He  cleped  it  pe  auter  of  heuene  whech  tyme  ]?at  pe 
mayde  with  hir  child  appered  on  to  him.     This  same  place  as  I  fond  writen 

tori,  "  Hoc  pro  certo  erit,  domine  imperator  :  ludicii  signum  tellus  sudore  madescet,  E  celo 
rex  adveuiet  per  secla  futurus,  Scilicet  in  came  presens,  ut  iudicet  orbem."  Et  cetera 
quae  secuntur.  Ilico  apertum  est  celum,  et  maximus  splendor  irruit  super  eum.  Vidit 
in  celo  quandam  pulcerrimam  virginem  stantem  super  altare,  puerum  tenentem  ia 
brachiis;  miratus  est  nimis  et  vocem  dicentem  audivit :  "Haec  ara  filii  dei  est" ;  qui  statim 
in  terram  procidens  adoravit,  quam  visionem  senatoribus,  et  ipsi  mirati  sunt  nimis. 
Haec  visio  fuit  in  camera  Octaviani  imperatoris,  ubi  nunc  est  ecclesia  sanctae  Mariae  in 
Capitolio.  Idcirco  dicta  est  ecclesia  sanctae  Mariae  ara  celi '  (Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog., 
pp.  95-6).  See  also  paper  on  the  legend  of  Ara  Caeli,  read  before  the  British  and  Ameri- 
can Archaeological  Society  in  Rome  by  Dr.  Ch.  Hiilsen  in  February,  1907,  published  in 
Proceedings  of  the  Society  for  1906-7  ;  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Borne,  pp.  35-8. 

*  In  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  believed  that  Augustus  had  adored  the  infant  Christ,  and 
that  Tiberius,  Titus,  and  Vespasian  had  received  baptism.  Eusebius,  S.  Jerome,  and 
OrosiuB  all  believed  that  Philip  was  a  Christian.  This  was  also  believed  by  Baroniua 
and  I'Huet,  but  disputed  by  Pagi  (see  Graf,  vol.  ii,  n.  45,  p.  75).  It  is  stated  that 
Alexander  Severus  was  not  only  a  Christian,  but  that  he  also  endowed  the  Church 
liberally  (see  Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  Speculum  regum,  v.  1026-81).  Giacomo  Malvezzi  says 
that  during  the  reign  of  Philip,  the  moet  Christian  Emperor,  the  church  of  S.  Peter  in 
Brescia  was  dedicated  (Chronicon,  dist.  iii,  C.  5).  See  also  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog., 
pp.  101-3,  which  gives  a  long  account  of  Philip  ;  Graf,  lioma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  ii, 
p.  75. 

^  Curiously  enough,  the  first  line  of  the  inscription  (which  still  exists)  is  not  found  here. 
The  remainder  is  quite  correct  (see  Forcella,  Isorizioni,  &c.,  vol.  i,  p.  181).  The  missing 
line  is  as  follows  : — 

Luminis  hanc  almam  matria  qui  scandis  ad  aulam : 
and  the  inscription  is  cut  in  Gothic  letters. 

G 


42  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

J>ere  was  conseci-at  be  anaclete  f>e  pope  whech  was  fe  iiii  fro  petir.  And  up 
on  to  J?is  are  ])e  fayrest  graces  of  white  marbil  J>at  be  in  })e  world  for  ])ere 
be  as  I  haue  mynde  ui  sco?  and  eyte.^ 


Of  J^at  place  ]:at  stant  fast  be  J>at  ^ate  called  flaminea.     cap  xuii. 

Fast  by  J?at  5ate  whech  ]>ei  clepe  porta  flaminea  f>is  same  octauian  did 
make  a  grete  tou?  whech  he  clepid  Ipe  emperoures  casteli  whepir  it  was  ]>e 
grete  rouwd  hiil  f)at  stant  ]>ere  and  ail  pe  housyng  is  distroyed  saue  uoutis  in 
"pe  ground  or  ellis  it  is  a  grete  tou?  of  ston  Jjat  stant  nyher  the  foreseid  ^ate  it 
is  to  me  a  doute.^  But  J?is  mech  fynde  I  wrytyn  J^at  he  mad  J>is  werk  to  J?is 
entent  fat  emperoures  schuld  be  byried  J^ere.  Edified  it  was  with  grete 
tables  of  marbil  and  in  Ipoo  tables  grauen  pe  conquestis  of  rome.  Therfor 
hope  I  3et  ]?at  ]?is  same  tou?  lpa,t  stant  jet  a  grete  part  is  f)at  same.  He 
called  it  )?e  castelle  augustaH,^  Augustus  is  as  mech  for  to  sey  as  an  emperou? 

*  The  church  of  S.  Maria  in  Ara  Celi  was  founded  about  the  fifth  century  near  the  Temple 
of  Juno  on  the  Capitol.  Its  old  name  was  S.  Maria  in  Capitolio,  and  it  became  known  by 
its  present  one  about  the  fourteenth  century.  The  convent  is  mentioned  in  the  year  882  ; 
in  1250  Innocent  IV  gave  it  to  the  Franciscan  Order  ;  previous  to  this  date  it  had  been 
held  by  Benedictines.  It  was  reconstructed  by  Paul  III,  who  connected  it  with  the 
Palazzo  Venezia  by  means  of  a  covered  way  (only  recently  destroyed),  along  the  Via  della 
Pedacchia  and  the  Via  della  Ripresa.  The  tower  of  Paul  III  and  a  great  part  of  the 
convent  have  been  destroyed  to  make  room  for  the  monument  to  Victor  Emanuel 
(Armellini,  p.  376  ;  Marucchi,  p.  258  ;  Nibby,  p.  341).  Our  chronicler  must  have  counted 
these  steps.  At  present  there  are  124.  Alterations  in  the  Piazza  below  them  will 
account  in  all  probability  for  the  other  four.  The  following  note  is  interesting :  'Und 
vorderselben  kirchen  pey  dem  Capitolium  do  stet  ein  nodel  darauf  ist  ein  gulder  knopf, 
do  liegt  Octavianus  in  begraben  .  .  .  un  des  sind  in  dem  Capitolio  in  die  zurstortten  maur 
zwifeltig  pogen  in  das  neu  gepey  gemacht,  izunt  leckt '  (legt)  *  man  das  gemein  saltz  hin 
und  in  den  geschriben  ist  mit  sehr  gar  alten  puchstaben  und  die  das  saltz  nahet  auszgessen 
hat ;  noch  ein  grab  darein  Gains  Publius  und  sein  erben  darein  gelegt  worden,  das  do  dy 
rathherm  und  das  volk  schutfen  von  ir  ere  und  tugend  wegen'  (MuflFel,  p.  52). 

2  There  would  appear  to  be  some  confusion  in  the  author's  mind  here,  and  he  is  not 
certain  which  is  the  *  tower '  of  Augustus ;  the  tower  by  the  gate,  or  the  Mausoleum 
(now  the  Augusteo).  On  referring  to  De  Kossi's  Piante  iconografiche  di  Roma,  it  will  be 
seen,  in  Plate  IV,  that  the  mausoleum  and  the  tower  by  the  gate  are  both  marked  ;  and,  in 
the  large  plate  (in  sections)  at  the  end  of  the  book,  the  latter  is  called  the  *  torre  dove  stete 
gran  tempo  il  spirito  di  Nerone  '. 

*  *Ad  portam  flaminiam  fecit  Octavianus  quoddam  castellum  quod  vocatur  Augustum, 
ubi  sepelirentur  imperatores,  quod  tabulatum  fuit  diversis  lapidibus.  Intus  in  girum  est 
concavum  per  occultas  vias.  In  inferiori  giro  sunt  sepulturae  imperatorum ;  in  unaquaque 
sepultura  sunt  litterae  ita  dicentes :  haec  sunt  ossa  et  cinis  Nervae  imperatoris,  et  victoria 
quam  fecit ;  ante  quas  stabat  statua  dei  sui,  sicut  in  aliis  omnibus  sepulcris.  In  medio 
sepulcrorum  est  absidia  ubi  sedebat  Octavianus ;  ibique  erant  sacerdotes  facientes  suas 
querimonias.  De  omnibus  regnis  totius  orbis  iussit  venire  unam  cirothecam  plenam  de 
terra  quam  posuit  super  templum,  ut  esset  in  memoriam  omnibus  gentibus  Romam  venien- 
tibus '  (see  chapter  xxiv  of  this  part  and  note  ;  Urlichs,  Cod.  Tojpog.,  pp.  106-7  ;  Nichols, 
Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  80-1).     There  is  a  short  description  ot  the  Mausoleum  Augusti  in 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  43 

and  J)is  name  was  first  50ue  to  octauiane  for  f>is  skil  for  augeo  auges  is 
as  mech  to  sey  as  to  make  a  J^ink  mo?  lpa,r\n  it  was,  and  because  fis  man 
mored  ]>e  empi?  of  rome  with  grete  conquestis  yerfor  ]>ei  joue  him  Ipis  name 
and  mad  eke  on  to  his  worchip  on  of  Ipe  monthis  of  J>e  ^e?  to  be?  his  name. 
This  same  octauian  had  a  special  loue  as  it  semeth  on  to  J»is  jate  and 
\>\a  strete  f>at  gooth  |?erby.  The  cause  of  Ip'is  spectalte  is  alegged  in  a  book 
de  uiris  illustrib^  f»at  domimcus  de  arecio  mad  ca^  nero,  whe?  he  writith  \)\xs 
whanw  octauian  had  wedded  his  new  wyf  he  brout  hi?  hom  by  J>is  same 
strete  and  J^is  same  5ate.  And  happed  as  sche  cam  be  Ipe  weye  an  egle  to 
flye  ouyr  hir  whech  had  caute  a  white  henne  to  his  pray.  The  henne  had  in 
hir  mouth  a  brauwch  of  laure?  with  ripe  bayes  yeron,  for  euene  as  sche  stood 
for  to  fede  hi?  ])e  egle  caute  hir  up  and  whann)  he  had  bo?  hir  but  a  lityl 
space  he  lette  henne  brauwch  and  att  fail  in  fis  ladies  lappe.^  /  Mech  lokyng  f.  370  r 
was  on  Jjis  and  busy  rounyng'^  be  twix  J^e  lordis  what  Jjis  myth  be  tokne.  The 
grete  maystiris  of  swech  sory  sciens  of  magik  and  sorsry  we?  councelled 
what  pia  schuld  mene  but  f»ei  wolde  5eue  non  answe?  f>^rinne  but  comauwded 
J>at  ]>e  braunche  schuld  be  sette  and  Ipe  henne  kepte.  And  fat  5ere  as 
writith  J>is  man  were  in  Ipat  plage  of  rome  moost  plenty  of  hennys  f>at  euyr 
men  herd  sey.  Eke  fro  ]?at  time  forward  in  )?at  partie  a  mongis  he?  nine? 
J^ei  planted  many  laureris  and  jet  be  Ipere  many  growyng  in  euery  nine.  Be 
fo?  in  J?e  chapit?  of  jates  we  seid  J^at  pis  jate  is  cleped  porta  £taminea 
of  a  prouynce  J^at  hatj  f)e  same  name  and  )?is  jate  is  Ipe  weye  to  pe  same 
prouynce.  This  was  seid  fanii)  undir  auctorite  of  geruase  and  jet  we  sei  f>e 
same.  But  oute  of  fis  may  men  sone  contryue  a  newe  colou?  why  it  is 
cleped  flaminea.  For  flameum  flamei '  as  seith  catholicon  is  a  kerchi  or  ellis 
a  large  wympil  mad  of  red  silk  all  f>inne  with  whech  jong  women  hid  her 
face  ))at  here  schameful  a  baschid  chere  schuld  not  gretly  be  aspied.  Lucane 
in  his  secuwd  book  berith  witnesse  of  fis  exposiciouw  whe?  he  seith.  Lutea 
demissis  uelarunt  flamea  uultus.  The  poete  seith  J5*  with  red  kerchies  J^ei 
hillid  he?  schamful  facis.  For  luteus  is  take  in  grame?  both  for  jelow  and 
red.  Than  conclude  I  Ipua  of  \)\s  mate?  in  as  mech  as  }>is  lady  rood  with 
swech  a  kerchi  be  ]?is  same  jate  in  whech  fell  on  to  hi?  swech  a  notable 

Hautle's  account  of  the  embassy  of  Johann  Gottfried  von  Aschhausen,  Prince  Bishop  of 
Bamberg,  who  visited  Rome  in  1612-13.  It  is  particularly  interesting,  because  he  says 
that  he  saw  the  statue  of  Augustus  and  that  of  Agrippina  the  mother  of  Nero  in  the 
building  itself  {Litterarischer  Verein,  Stuttgart,  1881,  p.  195  et  seq.). 

^  The  site  of  this  event  is  the  Alta  Semita  on  the  Quirinal  hill,  see  SoUetHno  di 
Archeologia  Cristiana,  1870,  p.  Ill,  'domum  positam  in  hac  urbe  regione  quarta  iuxta 
locum  qui  appellatur  Gallinas  albas  '  (S.  Gregorii  Epistolae,  lib.  Ill,  II  ep.  17,  ed. 
Maurin,  t.  ii,  p.  636  ;  Priller,  Die  Regionen  der  Stadt  Bom,  10-11). 

'  whispering,  secret  consultation. 

'  flammeum,  a  bright-coloured  bridal  veil. 

G  2 


44  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

pronosticaciouw  pernor  of  hir  ueil  whech  is  clepid  flameum  cleped  J?ei  Ipe  ^ate 
flamea  j^ou^  it  we?  so  pat  it  had  J?e  same  name  be  fo?. 


Of  pe  place  cleped  septisoliuwi.     cap  xuiii. 

Septi solium  ^  alsoo  was  a  famous  place  it  stant  fast  be  seynt  gregories 
monasterie  a  meruelous  place  of  bildyng  for  in  pe  west  side  it  is  mad 
of  grete  aschler  stones  and  f>oo  ar  all  to  schake  as  fou^  Ipei  schuld  falle.  The 
oJ?ir  iii  sides  ar  open  with  peleres  of  marbil  so  disposed  f>at  Ipere  be  distincte 
uii  setis  be  twix  pese  pileres  and  so  souwdith  J>e  name  of  Ipe  place,'^  for 
septem  is  seuene  and  solium  a  sete  f)at  is  for  to  say  seuene  setis.  A  boue  f>ese 
seuene  setis  are  oJ>ir  seuene  &  eke  aboue  J^o  seuene  ar  o]?ir  seuene  })at 
it  is  merueil  who  f>o  heuy  pileres  of  marbil  myth  be  caried  up  so  hy.  Of  f)is 
place  be  thre  opynyones  wherof  J>at  it  serued.  The  romanes  sey  j^at  ]>ei 
dwelt  j^e?  J>e  uii  wise  men  whech  J>ei  clepe  pe  uii  sages.  We  rede  J>at  ]>er^ 
we?  uii  wise  men  in  grece  whos  names  be  redy  in  cronicles.  pe  first  hith 
pitacus,  Ipe  secund  solon,  pe  J^ird  eylon,  pe  fourt  piriandw«,  pe  fift  cleobulus, 
pe  sexte  bias,  and  pe  uii  bienws.'  But  J>ese  men  leued  not  aii  at  ones  at  o  tyme 
and  )?ou5  f)ei  had  be  at  o  tyme  I  wene  )?at  Jjei  come  neuyr  at  rome.  To  f)is  sey 
pe  romanes  fat  fis  place  was  mad  for  oj^ir  seuene  but  pel  haue  not  he?  names 
rydyly.  Wherfo?  I  5eue  no  grete  credens  to  J?is  tale  for  }?is  cause  namely  for  ali 
f.  370  y  /pe  grete  clerkis  of  rome  for  pe  most  party  had  places  of  he?  owne  as  seneca 

*  The  name  was  corrupted  into  Septizodium,  Septidonium,  and  later  Septemsolium, 
Septem  Solia,  Septisolium,  Septa  Solis,  Sedes  Solis,  Septem  Viae.  For  the  last  see 
Hiilsen's  Anonimo  Eimiellense.  In  the  sixteenth  century,  Schola  Septem  Sapientium,  &c. 
(Jordan,  Tojpographie,  vol.  ii,  p.  511).  In  the  Mirabilia  it  is  described  as  the  '  templum 
solis  et  lunae\  but  the  Magliahecchiana  MS.  says  :  *  Ad  septem  solia  fuit  teinplum  omnium 
septem  scientiarum,  et  posito  quod  aliqui  velint  dicere  templum  solis  fuisse,  vel  domum 
Severi  Afri ;  sed  derivatio  sua  est  septem  artium  scilicet  septem  omnium  scientiarum 
domus '  (Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.  p.  167).  See  also  Graf,  Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  Appendix 
to  vol.  i,  p.  569  et  seq. 

*  *  Do  ist  auch  das  studium,  darynn  die  siben  kunst  gefunden  sind,  und  sind  siben  gaden ' 
'    (Stockwerk)  '  von  seulen  und  sust  gezirt  und  auf  einander  gesetzt  gar  kostlich  und  ist 

ein  tempel  gewest  der  gottin  Vesta  (*)  die  ein  gottin  des  feurs  gewest  ist  fiber  all  offen  ' 
(MufFel,  p.  58).  (*)  Vogt  notes  here  :  *  MufFel  scheint  hier  die  sog.  Schola  xantha  und  den 
Vestatempel  fur  ein  und  dasselbe  Gebaude  zu  halten,  was  unrichtig  ist.  Beide  standen 
nicht  einmal  neben  einander.' 

'  Kanulf  Higden  gives  their  names  as  follows  :  he  names  Thales  of  Miletus  as  the 
first  in  vol.  iii,  pp.  62-8,  and  on  pp.  64-6  he  adds  :  *  Ceteri  sex  sapientes  tempore 
transmigrationis  ludaicae  floruerunt,  qui  tamen  nulla  post  se  scripta  reliquerunt.  Sed 
quadam  morum  honestate  homines  docuerunt.  Horum  nomina  sunt :  Pittacus  Mity- 
lenaeus,  Solon  Atheniensis,  Chilon  Lacedemonius,  Periandrus  Corinthius,  Cleobulus 
Lydius,  Bias  Prienaeus.  Valerius,  lihro  quarto,  capitulo  primo,  De  mensa  aurea.*  In 
the  Trevisa  and  Harleian  MSS.  Bias  is  called  Bias  Pieneus  or  Pienus.  Our  author  has 
copied  the  names  but  has  omitted  Thales  (of  whom  a  separate  and  longer  account  is  previously 
given  by  Higden) ;  and,  to  make  up  seven  wise  men,  he  makes  two  of  Bias,  viz.  Bias  and  Bienus. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  45 

tulliws  caton  boys  ^  and  eke  salustius.  |  An  othir  opinion  red  I  in  dommicus 
book  de  arecio  ]?at  it  was  clepid  septisolium  for  whanw  octauian  cam  horn  fro 
aii  his  conquestis  and  was  in  pees  with  al  J>e  world  pe  romanes  ordeyned  J)e? 
f)at  he  was  receyued  with  uii  sundry  worchippis  peraiientu?  of  euery  sciens  of 
J^e  uii  liberal  was  mad  sum  special  pagent  in  comendacioun  of  fe  man.  |  I  red 
eke  a  nopir  tale  at  seynt  gregories  monasteri  be  fe  schewyng  of  an  englisch 
monk.  It  was  and  is  writyn  J)ere  f>at  seynt  gregory  occupied  ))is  place  with 
grete  maisteris  of  all  seuene  sciens  at  his  cost  fat  what  man  wold  com  lerne 
ony  of  Ipe  seuene  he  schuld  frely  lerne  in  lpa,t  place. 


Of  ])B.i  place  whech  is  clepid  archus  pWci  tarquini.     cap.  xix. 

Archus  prici  tarquinii  is  an  othir  place  and  in  uery  suyrte  I  wot  not 
where  it  standith.'^  The  descripcioun  of  J^e  place  schal  I  write  as  I  fynde 
leuynge  pe  soile  for  to  be  soute  of  hem  J?at  wil  walk  and  take  heed  mo? 
bisily  Ip&n  I  ded.  Martyn '  seith  in  his  cronicle  J?at  it  stood  be  twix  pe 
mount  auentyn  and  pe  grete  paleys  and  it  had  as  he  seith  too  jates  on  in  to 
)?e  est  an  of)ir  in  to  Ipe  west  menielously  disposed  as  we  schal  trete  aftirward. 
Martyn  clepith  f>is  place  circus  prici  &  Ipe  cronicle  clepith  it  archus  prici. 
Archus  is  a  arche  rered  for  a  uictou?  circus  is  a  place  mad  for  rewnyng 
of  hors.  This  place  was  of  ful  grete  beute  and  so  meruelously  mad  j^at  fouj  "jpere 
stood  neiiir  so  many  men  Iperin  schuld  neuiV  man  lette  olpir  to  see  f)oo  games 
whech  we?  exercised  J^e?.  Al  a  boue  we?  arches  mad  with  gold  and  precious 
stones  and  a  boute  foo  arches  was  sitting  mad  for  women  for  to  se  pe  grete 
dedis  f>at  we?  exercised  Ipere  in  the  kalend  s  of  may.  In  fe  myddis  of  }?ese 
arches  were  too  by  columpnes  fe  lesse  had  Ixxxuii  feet  on  heith,  and  "pe 
grette?  had  ccxxii.  Al  a  boue  J>is  hy  pile?  stood  a  hors  of  metali  gilt  ful 
weel.      And   a   nof>ir   hors   on    pe  o  jate   whech    we?   made  with  swech 

^  ?Boethius. 

^  The  author  appears  never  to  have  seen  this  monument,  but  it  is  shown  in  Plate  III  of 
De  Rossi's  Piante  iconografiche,  and  would  seem  to  have  been  close  to  the  chordhes  of 
S.  Sabina  and  S.  Alexis. 

■  The  Martin  here  referred  to  is  probably  Martinus  Pol  onus,  who  was  a  native  of 
Poland,  although  some  authorities  say  that  he  was  a  Scotsman  and  others  a  Frenchman. 
He  was  of  the  Order  of  S.  Dominic,  and  was  penitentiary  to  John  XXI  and  Nicholas  III. 
The  latter  nominated  him  Archbishop  of  Gnesen  in  Poland ;  but,  before  he  could  take 
possession  of  his  charge,  he  died  at  Bologna,  on  June  27,  1278.  He  wrote  a  chronicle 
which  was  afterwards  continued  on  to  1320,  which  led  to  the  belief  that  he  lived  up 
to  that  date.  But  this  must  have  been  the  work  of  a  later  writer,  for  Martin  himself  says, 
in  the  preface  to  his  work  ;  '  Ego  F.  Martinus  domini  papae  poenitentiarius  &  capellanus, 
ex  diversis  chronicis  &  gestis  summorum  pontificum  &  imperatorum,  praesens  opusculum 
usque  ad  lohannem  XXI  papam  deduxi  inclusive.'  John  XXI  died  in  12/7  (Moreri, 
Dictionnaire  historique,  Paris,  1732). 


46  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

countenauwce  J)at  it  Bemed  uerily  on  of  hem  schuld  renne  a  geyn  Ipe 
oJ)ir.  Eke  al  a  boue  f)ese  werkis  was  a  sete  for  pe  emp«rou?  whann  he 
wold  see  fese  pleyis.^  But  all:  )5is  is  down  and  as  I  seide  be  fo?  I  am 
in  doute  whejjir  it  was  f>is  place  or  no\vt  for  pere  be  of>ir  higgingis  whech  to 
my  dom  ^  we?  mo?  likly  fan  fis  J^at  swech  werkis  fschuld  be  pere. 


Of  J>e  place  bi  fo?  seiwt  petiV  kirk  cleped  cantari^s    xx 

There  is  a  uoide  place  by  fo?  seynt  petir  cherch  closed  in  al  with 
housyng  and  in  pe  myddis  peroi  stant  a  fay?  disposed  werk  sumwhat 
lich  a  cundite.  This  werk  J»ei  sey  mad  symon  magus  whech  was  grete  enmy 
to  petir  and  poule  and  gretly  meynteyned  be  nero  thei  clepe  J)is  same  werk 
cantarus'  and  cantarus  as   sey  auctores   is  a   uessel    in   whech   men  be? 

1  Here  the  author  is  quoting  verbatim  from  the  *  descriptio  plenaria '  of  the  Mirahilia, 
which  he  calls  the  chronicle  in  this  connexion  (Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  1 10-1:  'Circus 
Prisci . . .  visebant  ludum ').    Nichols  thinks  the  writer  is  referring  to  the  Circus  Maximus 
(Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  103-5,  n.  211). 
^  *  dom ',  Norw.  dialect  =  deeming,  judgement. 

'  Mufifel  mentions  the  Cantharus  as  heaving  been  brought  by  evil  spirits  from  Troy  to 
Constantinople,  and  from  Constantinople  to  Rome.  It  was  then  placed  above  the 
Pantheon,  and  afterwards  removed  to  the  Atrium  of  S.  Peter's.  He  describes  it  as  :  *  auf 
die  vi  merblein  seul  gesetzt  worden  und  ist  sunst  mancherley  zir  darumb  gesetzt  von  eren 
pfaben'  (pfauen)  'und  tyeren  darein  gossen  gar  kostlichen  '  (Muffel,  p.  19).  *  Also  wew 
man  hin  uflf  kompt  so  heist  es  im  paradeis,  da  ist  in  der  mitt  ein  knopfF  von  messig 
gross  (?)  der  stundt  uff  d'kirche  Maria  rotunda  die  well  sie  was  ein  tempel  der  aptgoter 
da  man  sie  weihet  flirt  der  teuffel  den  knopfF  enweg  und  warff  in  in  dye  Tibur  zu  Rom 
und  man  hat  in  durch  wunder  her  gesetzet  zu  einem  zeychen'  {Ein  BilchUn,  &c., 
Strassburg,  1500,  p.  c  ii).  [Two  copies  of  Mn  Buchlin  have  been  consulted.  One  is  in 
the  Bodleian  Library,  the  other  in  the  British  Museum.  These  are  apparently  of  two 
diflFerent  editions.  The  Museum  copy  has  the  following  words  written  on  the  fly-leaf : 
'Auctor  huius  tractatw*  est  Onophrius  Pan vinius,  Verona,  Italius  Eremita  Augustinianus, 
supposito  nowine  StephanMg  Blanck,  Passavianus,  edidit  hie  librum  ao  1550'  (sic) 
*  occasione  lubilaei  sub  Alexandre  VI  papatus  ipsiw*  anno  9.'  When  quoting  from 
the  British  Museum  copy  the  letters  B.M.  will  be  added  to  the  title  of  the  book  in  the 
footnotes.]  As  to  the  manner  in  which  the  Cantharus  came  to  S.  Peter's,  see  Stacions  of 
Rome,  E.  E.  Text  Society,  1867 ;  Vernon  MS.,  ab.  1370 ;  and  PorJcington  MS.,  No.  10, 
ab.  1460-70,  p.  20. 

Uppon  his  heued  .  a  couert  of  bras. 

To  seynte  petres  .  blowen  hit  was. 

With  a  wynt  of  helle  .  as  I.  trouwe 

For  no  mon  mihte  hit .  pider  haue  prowe. 

per  hit  stont .  I.  telle  J^e. 

5if  ))ou  go  Jjider  .  pon  may  hit  se. 
See  also  Graf,  Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  vol.  i,  p.  132,  and  n.  67.  There  is  a  description 
of  the  Cantharus  in  the  Mirahilia,  in  which  the  place  is  called  the  Paradise  of  S.  Peter 
(Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  pp.  105-6  and  118-19).  See  also  Dr.  Hiilsen's  full  and  interesting 
article  on  the  Cantharus  of  old  S.  Peter's,  and  the  ancient  Pigna  fountain  (Hiilsen, 
Romische  Mittheilungen,  1904,  p.  87  sq.). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  47 

wyn  with  /  merth  and  uphap  f)is  fals  man  whech  was  gretly  exercised  in  f.  371  r 
wischcraft  and  ful  familia?  with  spiritis  mad  swech  grete  uesseles  for  to 
meue  and  stere.  This  uessel  was  arayed  with  meruelows  pileris  of  porphiri 
ston  with  tables  of  fay?  marbil  with  copir  platis  anameled  and  gilt  with 
flouris  birdis  and  delphuns  of  meruelous  werk  whech  had  dyuers  spoutes 
rewnyng  with  watir.  In  fe  myddis  of  Jjis  werk  now  stant  J>e  pynot  J^at  was 
sumtyme  a  curyng  on  to  fat  place  clepid  f>oo  dayes  pantheon  now  sea  maria 
rotunda.  This  piuot  had  sumtyme  certeyn  pipes  of  led  in  whech  watir  was 
caried  ful  sottilly  to  alle  men  pat  had  nede  Iperot.  And  a  grete  part  of  Jjt 
same  watir  was  caried  to  \>e  emperouris  batth  ^  be  sotiii  ymaginaciones  but 
prtncipaly  be  nygromawcie  and  wischcraft  of  J?is  forseid  man  simon  magus 
whech  was  ^oue  al  to  swech  Ipinggis.  But  now  be  all  fese  fingis  distroyed 
for  yere  is  left  no  ping  of  swech  sotiltees. 


Off  pe  sepulturis  of  Romulus  and  Remus,     cap  xxi. 

The?  is  eke  a  place  be  twix  seynt  petir  cherch  and  casteli  aungell  whech 
Jjei  clepe  aruagia  ^  whech  is  as  mech  to  say  as  a  place  in  a  feld  for  aruus  in 
pe  latyn  tunge  is  a  feld.  In  J>is  same  place  stant  a  grete  hili  mad  of  ston 
in  whech  romulus  body  lith.  And  fis  hili  was  wallid  a  boute  sum  tyme 
lich  a  warde  of  a  casteli  with  grete  marbiii  stones  but  cristen  men  at  com- 
aundment  of  pe  pope  in  elde  tyme  took  a  wey  ))oo  stones  &  mad  perot  pe 
grecis  and  pe  pauimewt  be  for  seynt  petir  cherch.     It  had  eke  a  nofir  waii 

'  The  '  emperouris  bath '  is  described  by  Adinolfi,  in  his  chapter  on  the  Acquedotto 
Sabbatino.  It  is  also  mentioned  by  Petrus  Mallius,  in  his  account  of  the  Vatican  under 
Alexander  III,  and  was  in  the  position  assigned  to  it  by  our  chronicler.  In  course  of 
time  its  name  was  confused  with  that  of  the  pilgrims'  bath.  It  was  close  to  the 
Cantharus  (Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  161). 

'  Dr.  Hulsen  has  very  kindly  furnished  the  following  note :  *  The  word  "  arvagia  "  must 
be  a  corruption  of  Almachia,  and  the  author  must  have  had  a  guide-book  similar  to  the 
Anonymm  Magliabecchianus,  who  begins  his  description  of  the  Vatican  territory  with 
the  words  (Urlichs,  Cod.  Topoy.,  p.  161;  Jordan,  Topographie,\\,  626) :  "in  Almachia, 
id  est  iuxta  S.  Mariam  Transpontinam,  est  meta,  quae  ut  dicitur  fuit  sepulcrum  Romuli ". 
It  was  easy  to  invent  the  etymology  from  "  arvum  ",  but  I  find  no  other  mention  of  it.  The 
name  Almachia  itself  is  a  corruption  from  Naumachia  (see  my  dissertation  II  Oaianum 
e  la  Naumachia,  p.  24).  The  "great  hill  made  of  stone"  is  the  Meta  Rorauli  itself;  it 
was  believed  by  some  authors  that  Pope  Donus  (676-8)  took  away  the  marble  decora- 
tions when  •'  atrium  ecolesiae  S.  Petri  qui  est  ante  ecclesiam  in  quadriporticum  magnis 
marmoribus  stravit ".  See  Duchesne's  note  to  the  life  of  Donus  in  the  Liher  Pontijicalis. 
MufFel  thinks  that  the  shape  of  the  tombs  (pyramidal)  was  made  so  "in  der  meynung  das 
kein  hunt  auf  yr  grab  kummen  soil ".  He  also  calls  the  bridge  of  S.  Angelo  the 
"donerpruck  ",  saying  :  "  die  ander  nodel  stet  pey  der  Tyber  prucken  die  toner  prucken 
genannt,  die  ein  keyser  fur  das  wetter  machen  liess,  dem  geweissagt  was,  dtis  er  vom 
weter  erschlagen  solt  warden,  und  die  hat  ein  loch  oder  spelunk ;  do  ging  er  eins  tags,  do 
es  ser  heytter  und  schon  am  hymel  was  unter  das  loch ;  von  stund  an  erschlug  in  daa 
wetter"  (Mutfel,  Michaeli's  edition,  in  Romische  Mittheilungen,  1888,  p.  260,  n. *).' 


48  YE  SOLACE  OF  PTLGRIMES 

with  outeii  yia  as  a  dobil  warde  and  fast  by  was  a  strete  called  tiburtineum 
and  eke  a  grete  market  place  to  ward  J?at  hili  f>e?  seynt  petzV  was  crucified 
but  ali  is  turned  now  ad  seruyth  in  bettir  use.  In  ]?ese  stones  of  Ipese 
walles  was  mech  grauyng  of  certeyn  hethen  stories  with  pecokkis  and  oj^ir 
birdis  of  metall  ful  weel  gilt  and  a  bull  in  pe  myddis  ful  weel  made  of  J?e 
same  werk  whech  is  but  wast  for  to  speke  of  as  now  for  as  I  seide  al  is 
chauTiged  and  turned  in  to  bettir  use.  The  graue  of  lemus  was  touchid 
be  fo?. 


Of  fe  paleis  longing  to  traiane 

adr 
cap 

Eke  ]?e  paleys  of  traiane  and  adriane  J^e  emperouris  was  ful  costful  werk 
of  metall  ad  of  stones  with  dyu^rs  memoriales  of  elde  stories  whech  we? 
longe  to  speke  of.  |  But  o  fing  in  sp^cml  was  J^ere  whech  me  lykith  gretly 
to  declare.  For  in  J>is  place  were  tables  of  brasse  in  whech  was  wrytyn  J)e 
fraternite  and  f)e  frenchip  whech  was  mad  be  twix  J?e  jewis  and  Ipe  romanes 
in  iudas  machabeus  tyme.  And  be  cause  J?e  bible  spekith  of  f>is  mate? 
yerfor  wil  we  haue  recors  on  J>at  same  book  and  translate  on  to  50W  f>oo 
wordes  J?at  he  hath  pnmo  machaj^  uiii.  Judas  machabeus  he  seith  herd 
speke  of  J?e  grete  name  of  pe  romanes  who  J>at  f>ei  we?  strong  of  powe?  and  / 
f.  371 V  gentiH:  in  helping  of  ali  men  pat  wold  pray  hem  of  frenschip.  Eke  he  herd 
speke  of  }>e  grete  batayles  whech  f>ei  had  in  galys  ^  who  pei  had  ouyr  come 
hem  and  put  hem  undyr  tribute  and  of  hem  of  spayn  who  J>ai  we?  obedient 
on  to  pe  romanes  to  sende  hem  both  gold  &  syiuyr  with  of»ir  metallis  whech 
a?  fouride  in  J)at  lond.  pei  herd  speke  eke  of  asie  and  lydie  and  many  ofir 
cuntres  whos  kyngis  &  dukis  pe  romanes  had  ouyr  come  with  powe?  and 
good  counsel!  in  so  mech  J>at  whom  ]3ei  wold  prefer?  f>ei  schul  regne  in 
prosperite  and  whom  pe  wold  oppresse  pe  schuld  neuyr  rise.  FerJ?e?  mo? 
J>at  pere  was  no  kyng  a  mongt*  hem  ne  no  man  usurped  to  we?  no  crowne  in 
dommacioun  ouir  pe  puple  but  J?ei  had  cccxx  councellouris  with  whos  witte 
ali  ]?ese  iomayes  we?  doo,  saue  )>at  ))ei  made  special  coTzimissioun  to  0  man 
for  0  iornay  or  for  0  je?  to  do  certeyn  'pmgis  at  he?  comaundmewt.  |  Judas 
heryng  ali  Jjis  worchip  of  hem  sent  on  to  hem  his  embassiatouris  with 
swech  a  message.  Of  ]?ese  embassiatoures  on  of  hem  hith  eupolemy  pe  oJ?ir 
hith  eleazar.'  These  too  men  come  to  rome  in  to  pe  court  a  jRongis  })ese 
counselloures  and  swech  wordes  fei  seide  on  to  hem.     Judas  machabe  and 

^  Edge  of  MS.  cut  here  |  for  purpose  of  binding.  ^  Qalicia. 

*  Jason,  the  son  of  Eleazar. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  49 

his  breJ>Wn  and  eke  ail  Ipe  puple  of  f>e  iewis  whech  dweli  a  boute  ieilm  sent 
us  hidir  on  to  50U  to  make  comenauwt  of  pees  ferme  and  stable  be  twix  50U 
and  hem  J?at  ]>ei  schuld  be  accept  in  to  ^our  felawchip  &  50  schuld  entre 
hem  in  5011?  memoriales  as  50U?  felawis  and  50U?  frendes.  These  tjdjnggis 
{>at  pese  men  brout5  we?  weel  accepted  on  to  Ipe  romanes  so  fe?  forth  f)at 
f>ei  wrote  J?ese  same  comenauwtts  in  too  tables  of  bras  and  on  of  hem 
remayned  at  rome  in  J?e  same  place  of  whech  we  speke  of  now,  and  J>e  oj^ir 
sent  J>ei  to  ierlm  as  for  a  perpetual  memorye.  And  })is  is  J>e  sentens  of  J^at 
epistill  writyn  in  J?ese  tables.  Euyr  be  it  weel  on  to  Ipe  romanes  and  to 
pe  puple  of  jewis  both  in  Ipe  se  and  in  pe  lond  J^e  enmy  and  J^e  swerd  euyr 
be  fer?  fro  hem.  And  if  it  so  fulle  fat  pere  come  ony  grete  batayle  on  to  pe 
romanes  or  to  ony  oJ?ir  naciones  whech  are  ioyned  in  felawchip  on  to  hem 
pe  puple  of  pe  iewis  schal  help  hem  as  tyme  and  space  may  serue  with 
trewe  hert  and  hool  enUnt.  And  pe  same  romanes  ne  non  fat  longe  on  to 
hem  schul  not  5eue  on  to  pe  iewis  nefir  whete  ne  armou?  ne  siluyr  ne 
gchippis  but  fei  schul  help  pe  romanes  and  fite  and  be  gouerned  aftir  pe 
romanes  comauwdment.  Also  if  fe?  come  ony  batayle  or  ony  distresse  on 
to  pe  puple  of  pe  iewis  pe  romanes  schul  ^  hem  as  tyme  and  space  wil  sufiTyr 
and  to  foo  helperes  pe  iewis  schul  neythir  jeue  whete  ne  armou?  ne  syluyr 
ne  bred  as  it  pleseth  pe  romanes  and  fei  schul  kepe  he?  comauwdmentis 
with  outen  ony  deceyt.  The  same  romanes  wrote  eke  on  to  pe  puple  of 
iewis  f>at  if  ye  romanes  or  ellis  pe  iewis  list  aftirward  to  sette  mo?  to  f>is 
writyng  or  lesse  ony  ping  J?at  is  ferinne  fei  schul  do  fis  at  good  leyse?  and 
good  tyme  aftir  dis/posiciouw  of  both  parties  and  all  fat  it  writyn  or  schal  f.  372  r 
be  writyn  schal  be  hald  grate  and  rate.^ 


Of  pe  conk  in  whech  constantin  was  baptized,   xxiii. 

The  conk  in  whech  constantin  was  baptized  stant  at  seynt  jon  lateranensts 
not  in  pe  same  place  whe?  it  stood  in  tyme  of  his  baptem  but  in  a  litil 
chapeli  on  pe  rith  hand  as  we  come  in  gratid  ail  with  tymbir.  This  conk 
is  hewyn  owt  of  a  blak  ston  schapyn  lich  a  hoi  trow  in  whech  appere  ^et  pe 
swames  of  his '  whech  tyme  f ei  fell  from  his  body.  Off  fis  uessel  who  it 
was  arayed  sum  tyme  spekith  domniicus  de  arecio  in  his  book  oftyn  allegged 

^  *  help '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  The  beginning  and  end  of  this  chapter  are  taken  from  the  Descriptio  plenaria 
(Urlichs,  Coil.  Topog.,  pp.  108-9).  For  the  middle  part  see  1  Maccabees,  ch.  viii.  An 
account  of  the  church  of  S.  Basilius  will  be  found  in  Armellini,  p.  151.  Its  old  name 
W!i8  S.  Basilio  di  Arco  Noe,  and  it  is  very  ancient.  Nichols  (pp.  91-3)  thinks  that  the 
remains  of  the  Basilica  Ulpia  are  referred  to  as  being  the  palace  of  Trajan  and  Hadrian. 

'  '  lep?  '  in  margin  of  MS. 

H 


50  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

in  ]?is  mane?.  That  same  uessel  in  whech  constantyn  was  baptized  f>at  on 
uulgare  name  is  clepid  a  conke  it  was  hewyn  owt  of  a  blak  ston  polchid  as 
brith  as  geet.  Whecb  ston  constantyn  in  worchip  of  his  baptem  hillid  with 
syluyr  both  with  oute  and  with  inne  as  fer?  as  f  e  watir  went  in  tyme  of 
his  wasching.  In  Ipe  myddis  of  Ipe  uessel  he  ded  sette  a  fay?  pile?  of  porphiri 
ston  up  on  whech  pile?  he  sette  a  laumpe  of  pure  gold  whech  weyid  lii 
pouwd  and  in  f)is  lau??ipe  all  ester  tyme  was  norchid  a  lith  J>at  brent  with 
non  ofir  licou?  but  with  bawme.  A  boue  on  ])e  brmke  of  J^is  uessel  he 
sette  a  lombe  al  of  gold  whech  with  sotil  gemetry  pored  watir  down  in  to 
]>e  uesseft  and  )5is  same  lombe  weyid  a  hundred  pou^d  and  Ixx.  In  ]?e 
rith  part  of  \>e  same  uessel  he  sette  an  ymage  of  ou?  sauyou?  ihu  crist 
whech  weyid  a  hundred  pouwd  &  seuenety  all  of  clene  siluyr.  And  on  f)e 
]yft  side  of  Ipe  same  uessel  sette  he  a  ymage  of  seynt  jon  baptist  of  Ipe  same 
metal!  and  of  pe  same  with  *  holdyng  a  scrowe  in  his  hand  in  whech  was 
wrytyn  ecce  agnus  dei  ecce  qui  tollit  pgcca^cc  muyidi.  iEke  a  boute  J^e  brynk 
be  twix  J»ese  ymages  we?  sette  uii  bestes  whech  we  clepe  hertis  ich  of  hem 
with  a  spoute  poryng  watir  in  to  Ipe  uesseli  and  ich  of  hem  was  jotyn  of 
pu?  gold  Ipe  wite  of  iiii  sco?  pouTid.  All  pese  iowelles  and  al  f>is  aray  is 
now  goo  and  a  way  as  J>is  man  wrytith  eythir  with  fals  couetyse  of  prestis 
whech  haue  mys  spent  it,  or  ellis  with  robbyng  of  tyrauwtes  whech  haue 
conqwerd  rome  oft  sythe  and  so  ]>e  uesseli  at  l?is  day  stant  naked  and  ba?. 


Of  yat  place  cleped  omms  terra,  cap  xxiiii. 

As  we  goo  to  seynt  paules  stant  a  hill  on  ye  rith  hand  whech  J?ei  clepe 
omnis  tgrra  and  f>is  is  pe  cause  whi  it  is  clepid  soo.  In  f>at  tyme  J?at 
romanes  had  lordchip  of  all  Ipe  world  for  Ipe  moost  party  pei  mad  a  con- 
stituciouTi  in  he?  senate  J>at  ail  fat  puple  whech  was  undir  he?  dominaciouw 
schuldbrynge  with  he?  tribute  certeyn  pottis  ful  of  erde  suwme  mo?  summe 
lesse  aftir  J>e  quantite  of  J?e  regiouw  and  "jpe  distau9^ce  of  pe  place,  pis  usage 
lested  many  ^eres  and  )?at  is  sene  })e?  for  J^e  hill  is  gret  and  brod  and  at 
))is  day  if  a  man  delue  in  )?at  hill  he  schal  fynde  all  pe  erde  ful  of  schordis 
f.  372  V  of  pottis.^  /  Up  on  fis  hill  is  gret  ordinau^ice  on  fastinging  Sunday  for  J>e? 

*  1  weight. 

^  In  a  prose  commentary  on  the  Speculum  regum  of  Godfrey  of  Viterbo  (Pertz,  Script., 
vol.  xxii,  p.  76)  we  read  as  follows  :  *  Sciendum  est  quod  imperator  Antoninus  Pius  erat 
mitis  et  benignus,  avaritiam  non  habens  nee  amans.  Ideo  ab  omni  populo  romano  imperio 
subiecto  tributum  accipere  noluit,  sed  terram  de  omnibus  regnis  mundi  loco  tributi 
apportari  iussit  in  signum  obedientie  et  montem  Rome  qui  dicitur  omnis  terre  iuxta 
sepulcrum  Remi  de  eadem  terra  fecit.'  '  E  tributi  venivano  a  Roma  in  vasi  di  terra 
invetriati  chon  diversi  cholori,  et  questo  providdono  e  romani  per  fare  di  ci5  perpetua 
memoria  perchfe  come  el  tribute  era  giunto  a  Roma  gittavano  et  rompevano  il  vaso  in  uno 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  51 

be  grete  cartis  with  bugles  Iperin  for  to  drawe  hem  and  ])e  cartis  ful  of 
swyn,  I  alle  Jjis  ordinauwce  is  sette  a  boue  f>e  hiil  and  }pere  come  pe  romanes 
with  armoii?  and  swerdis  in  he?  best  aray  for  he  f'at  may  cacch  a  mussel  of 
flesch  )?at  day  he  is  a  man  for  euyr.  Thus  sodeynly  pe  cartes  go  down  and 
f)e  men  be  redy  with  speris  for  to  go?  pe  bestis  so  what  for  Ipe  grete 
descence  and  sodeyn  fro  Ipe  hill  and  hurt  of  f)e  bestis  and  cry  of  Ipe  men  J?e 
ge?  brekith  and  Ipe  bestis  are  loos  a  ful  onlikly  game  me  f>out5  it  was  whe? 
)?at  flesch  is  hewe  with  rusty  heren^  and  summe  men  hurt  and  summe  dede 
but  j?is  is  he?  elde  game  whech  Ipei  can  not  leue.^     A  nothir  game  is  pere  of 

Inogho  di  che  apare  uno  grandissimo  monte  apresso  a  quella  porta  che  va  a  Santo  Pagholo 
dove  h  il  sepolcro  di  Remo,  che  si  dice  la  meta  di  Santo  Pagholo '  (Libro  Imperiale,  iii, 
c.  4,  Cod.  Casanat.,  d,  i,  4,  p.  62.  Cf.  Graf,  vol.  i,  p.  153).  *  Item  neder  wart  off  der 
seluer  hant  zo  der  stat  lijcht  eyn  kleyn  berchelgen,  Omnis  terra  geheysschen,  ertrijch  van 
alle  der  werlt.  As  do  die  Romer  alle  die  werlt  vnder  sicli  hadden  ind  eyn  yeclich  lant  yen 
tzyns  ind  tribuyt  geuen  moyst,  dae  sij  nu  goltz  ind  siluers  genoich  hatten,  begerden  sij  van 
eyner  jeclicher  lantschaff  der  gantzer  werlt  zo  tzynse  zo  brengen  eycen  pot  voll  ertrijchs 
van  der  seluer  lantschafft.  Dae  worffen  sij  die  potte  vol  erden  all  off  eynen  houff.  Uss 
der  meniiichueldicheyt  waert  ein  berch  geheysschen  Omnis  terra '  (Ritter  A.  von  Harff, 
Pilgerfahrt  in  den  JaJiren  1496-9,  p.  21,  Dr.  E.  von  Groote,  Coin,  1860).  *  Die  dritt 
haubt  kirch  ist  zu  sant  Pauls  zweltfpoten  usserhalb  der  stat  by  dem  thor  do  man  usz  hin 
get  zu  sant  pauls  ist  der  perg  der  von  aller  welt  erdrich  gemacht  ist  worden.  ]  Do  di 
romer  gutes  gen6g  hetten  und  nicht  goldes  oder  silbers  begerten  do  geboten  sie  zu  geben 
fur  den  zinsz  |  des  ertnchs  usz  aller  welt  in  krugen  do  wiirffen  sie  di  kr^g  uff  ein  hauffen 
usz  der  menig  wart  ein  perg  |  '  (Em  Biichlin,  &c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  p.  C  v.  See  also 
Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog.,  p.  143).  *  Testaccio  che  h  uno  monte  pocho  meno  chel  (che  '1)  monte 
di  Sancto  Miniato  di  Firenze  fatto  solo  di  vasi  rotti  di  terra  cocta  ne'  quali  i  suditi  de' 
Romani  quando  signoreggiavano  il  mondo  recavano  e  tributi  o  vero  e  censi  et  voti  che  gli 
erano  i  Romani  gli  facevano  portare  in  su  detto  monte'  (Rucellai,  II  Giiibileo  del- 
Vanno  santo  1460,  Archiv.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  578). 

*  *  heren  ',  obs.  form  of  iron. 

^  *  La  seguente  Dominica  (Quinquagesima)  si  ragunavano  in  Campidoglio  i  pih  nobili 
cittadini  tutti  adornati  di  ricche  e  preziosi  vesti,  e  di  Ik  tutti  insieme  partivansi  in  pompa 
prendendo  la  via  di  Testaccio,  ordinati  nel  modo  seguente.  Ogni  Rione  aveva  il  suo  carro 
trionfale  colla  sua  insegna  tirato  da  quattro  bianchi  cavalli  e  seguito  da  dieci  giovani  giuo- 
catori  montati  sopra  cavalli  riccamente  bardati,  e  cadauno  di  essi,  i  quali  erano  de'  piti 
ricchi  e  nobili  cittadini,  accompagnato  era  di  sei  staflReri,  riccamente  vestiti  con  uniformi 
livree.  II  Rione  di  Trastevere  andava  innanzi  e  seguivano  cosi  per  ordine  tutti  gli  altri. 
Appresso  i  giuocatori  venivano  i  Capo-Rioni  con  dieci  staflSeri  per  ciascuno  con  preziose 
vesti  e  preceduti  da  tamburri  e  trombette.  Seguivangli  i  Maestri  Giustizieri,  i  Riforma- 
tori  dello  studio,  i  due  Giudici  del  Senatore,  il  Capitano  dell'appellazione,  ed  il  putto 
della  Giustizia.  Ne  venivano  di  poi  i  due  Cancellieri  del  popolo,  i  Conservatori  ed  il 
Senatore,  i  quali  accompagnavano  trecento  soldati  a  piedi  col  loro  capitano  a  cavallo. 
Chiudevano  finalmente  la  pompa  una  folia  di  gentiluomini  Romani  e  Forestieri  tutti  a 
cavallo  riccamente  addobbati  di  scarlatto  e  ganzo  di  oro.  Gionta  questa  pompa  trionfale  nel 
Prato  di  Testaccio,  lasciavansi  dal  monte  tredici  carri  tirati  dai  tori,  in  ciascuno  de'  quali 
erano  legati  quattro  porci,  e  vi  s'innalzava  un'  aata  dalla  quale  pendea  unacanna  di  drappo 
rosato.  Appena  giungevano  i  carri  nel  piano  che  quei  diversi  giuocatori  di  rione  sguai- 
nate  le  spade  vi  correvano  sopra  per  rapire  i  porci  ed  il  drappo  ;  ed  urtandosi  e  conibat- 
tendo  tra  loro,  era  questa  una  vera  battaglia  nella  quale  restavan  feriti  non  pochi  ed  alcuna 
volta  anche  morti.  A  questa  battaglia  succedeva  il  giuoco  della  Cuccagna,  che  consisteva 
in  molti  travi  innalzati  unti  di  sevo,  e  sh  di  essi  montava  a  gara  la  plebe  per  rapire  le 

II  2 


52  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

more  gentili  sport  for  f»ei  ridyn  fro  }>e  foot  of  )?is  hiii  to  f>e  mou?it  can  ale 
and  who  ride  best  schal  haue  a  cloth  of  silk  to  his  reward  as  we  seyd  be  fo? 
whan  we  spoke  of  fe  same  liiH. 


Of  ]?e  gouernouris  in  rome  fro  romulits  on  to  tarqmniMS.    cap.  xxu. 

Now  wil  we  mak  recapitulaciou**  of  all  }pe  gouernouris  of  rome  from 

romulus  on  to  frederik  and  specialy  in  f)is  chapet?  of  J^e  uii  kyngis  fat 

1  regned  J^e?  first.     Romulus  as  we  seide  be  fore  was  first  kyng  and  gouernowr 

of  rome  aftir  tyme  fat  it  was  broute  on  to  a  monarchic  for  as  we  declared  in 

cibarie  che  vi  erano  appese,  che  eran  di  quelle  procacciatesi  nella  cerca  fatta  per  la  cittk. 
Compivasi  di  poi  la  festa  con  corse  di  cavalli,  correndosi  dal  monte  Testaccio  fine  alle 
faldi  deir  Aventino,  ed  il  premio  dei  vincitori  erano  trenta  caniie  di  panno  rosato.  Non 
sempre  questo  giuoco  si  usava  di  fare  nel  tnodo  istesso,  ma  si  variava  alcune  volte,  come 
pure  avveniva  dei  giuochi  che  si  usava  di  fare  nella  Piazza  Navona,  i  quali  erano  un 
simile  di  questo,  e  che  io  per  non  essere  soverchiamente  lungo  avviso  non  essere  qui  pre- 
gio  di  fame  la  descrizione '  (Magni,  Biscorso  sopra  gli  spettacoli,  le  fesfe,  ed  il  lusso 
degli  Italiani  nel  secolo  xiv,  Koma,  1818,  pp.  28  sq.).  See  also  Gregorovius,  vol.  vi, 
part  ii,  pp.  709-10  and  p.  670  for  Adam  de  Usk.  In  Adam  de  Usk's  (1377-1421  a.d.) 
Chronicon,  2nd  ed.,  1904,  by  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson,  K.C.B.,  pp.  94-5  and  269-71, 
the  following  full  account  is  found  written  in  the  year  1404  :  *  Romani  circa  Dominicam 
in  Quinquagesima,  cum  capitibus  regionum  ad  agonem,  tanquam  fallerata  phalanx,  con- 
veniunt ;  et  iuxta  id  beati  Pauli  dictum  :  '*  omnes  quidem  currunt,"  &c.,  probravio  forti- 
ter  certant.  Tres  magnos  anulos  argenteos,  ad  unam  altam  cordam  ligatos,  ponunt,  et  in 
equis,  ut  lanceas  in  eos  mittant,  currunt,  inde  huiusmodi  anulos  habituri.  In  isto  ludo 
urbis  senator '  (cenator  in  MS.),  *  duo  conservatores,  et  septem  regentes  eiusdem  in  magno 
apparatu,  stipiti  et  securi  pro  cediciosorum  decapitacione  precedentibus,  intersunt. 
Eodem  ludo  taberne  crapula,  sed  miserie  epula,  cum  indomita  luxuria,  ut  Belial  et  Bel- 
fagor  filii,  quam  bestialiter  discurrunt  Romani.  Deinde  in  ipsa  Dominica,  ludaeoruin 
expensis,  ad  quatuor  currus,  octo  apros  vivos  continentes  et  scarleto  rubio  contectos,  ad 
sunimitatem  montis  omnis  terre,  ideo  quia  ex  omni  terra  mundi  in  signum  universalis 
dominii  illuc  allata  compositus,  octo  ponuntur  tauri  indomiti,  et,  per  descensum  montis 
dissolutis  curribua  et  bestiis  liberis,  omnia  cedunt  Romanorum  in  predam  ;  et  tunc  quili- 
bet  ac  si  dissoluto  impetu '  (infetu  in  MS.)  'dictas  bestias  invadit  suo  instrumento. 
Itaque,  si  quis  aliquid  de  huiusmodi  preda  uxori  non  attulerit,  quasi  miser  efc  vecors  ad 
Sancti  Panchardi  festum  cum  ea  non  coibit.  Et  sepius  in  huiusmodi  discursu  cedes  et 
vulnera,  et  presertim  curtesanis,  propter  uxores  et  filias  sibi  exosis,  inferunt.  Postea  tres 
pannos,  primum  aureum  pro  melioribus,  secundum  argenteum  pro  secundis  equis,  et  ter- 
cium  sericum  pro  equabus  velocius  currentibus,  in  lancee  ponuntur  summitate  ;  et,  si  quig 
huiusmodi  equester  prius  eos  tetigerit,  eos  pro  se  in  bravium  reportat.  Et  demum  a  dicto 
bestiarum  incursu,  aliqui  cum  modicis  frustis,  aliqui  cum  intestinis  et  stercoribus  in  gladio- 
rum  mucronibus,  pomparum  cum  vilitate  transeunt  ad  uxores.'  '  Et  in  detto  luogho  si 
fa  la  domenica  innanzi  al  carnesciale  una  certa  festa  di  tori  et  porci  con  carro  per  memoria 
di  certi  giudei  che  solevano  ogn'  anno  fare  raorire  in  tale  di  *  (!).  *  Et  in  sur  uno  prato  a  pib 
del  detto  monte  di  Testaccio  in  tale  di  fanno  correre  tre  pali  due  con  cavagli  ed  uno  con 
cavalle  et  vannovi  e  caporioni  con  molte  genti  armate  et  a  pife  et  a  cavallo  et  la  detta 
festa  pagano  e  giudei  ch'  abitano  a  Roma  che  costa  scudi  600'  (Ruceilai,  7Z  Giubileo 
delV  anno  eanto  1450,  Arohiv.  St.  Pat.^  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  pp.  578-9).  See  also  an 
interesting  article,  entitled  *  The  Carnival  of  Rome  in  the  Middle  Ages ',  by  Count  D.  Gnoli, 
in  the  Giornale  d' Italia,  Rome,  Feb.  22,  1909. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  63 

\>e  first  chapet?  Ipere  were  many  smale  kyrigis  be  fo?  regnywg  on  ];e  smale 
parties.  Of  )?is  romulus  both  of  his  dedes  and  his  deth  and  eke  his  deite  is 
spoke  be  fo?  yerfor  he?  it  schal  be  left.  H.  The  secund  kyng  at  rome  aftir  2 
romulus  was  clepid  numa  pompilius.  This  man  regned  in  rome  xli  jere  in 
J?at  same  tyme  fat  ezechie  was  kyng  in  iury.  This  kyng  of  hye  prouydens 
ordeyned  f>at  knytis  schuld  haue  he?  wages  of  pe  comown  errarie  f>at  J»ei 
Echuld  J?e  mo?  absteyne  fro  extorsioun  for  mech  of  his  tyme  he  had  pees 
witj  f>e  regiones  fat  stood  a  boute  him.  This  kyng  eke  addid  on  to  fe  jere 
too  monthis  januai  i  and  februari  for  pe  ^e?  be  fo?  his  tyme  be  gan  at  march. 
Eke  f>e  first  mony  fat  was  mad  of  siluyr  was  mad  be  his  a  uys  for  he  made 
f  e  werkmen  to  graue  f  erin  his  ymage  and  write  "perin  his  name.  And  perfor 
in  pe  latyn  tonge  pe  name  of  pe  money  was  deryued  oute  of  f  is  lordis  name. 
For  nuwmMs  in  latyn  tuwge  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  mony  and  f  is  mawnes  name 
was  numa  so  oute  of  numa  cam  nummus.^  He  assyned  eke  x  wise  men  to 
write  oute  solon  his  lawes  and  fat  f ei  myth  be  used  in  fat  puple  he  sette 
hem  in  longe  declaraciouTz  in  xii  parties  whech  f  ei  clepe  bibliotekes.  The 
names  of  f ese  men  fat  had  f is  labou?  a?  f ese.  Appius,  Claudius,  Gemiciw*, 
Ueteriws,  Julius,  Maniliits,  Suspiciws,  Sixtus,  Curaciws,  Romulus  postumtt^. 
This  last  romulus  postumws  hath  too  names  in  f  e  cronicles  for  different  fro 
f e  first  romulus.  U.  The  f irde  kynge  fat  regned  in  rome  hith  tullius  3 
hostiliug  and  he  regned  eke  fat  same  tyme  in  whech  manasses  was  kyng  in 
iude.     This  man  .  .  . 

Here  part  of  the  MS.  has  been  lost. 

/uerus  regned  uii  jere.     This  man  was  of  euel  condicioun  and  sp^czaly  in  f.  373  r 
gloteny  and  leachery  in  so  mech  fat  he  wedded  his  stepmodyr  called  iulia 
he  deyid  in  f  e  cite  whech  fei  clepe  edissa.     U.  Than  was  an  emperowr  thei  22 
clepe  martinws  whech  regned  but  0  ^ere  for  he  and  his  son  on  0  day  lost 
both  he?  hedis.     Of  fis  marines  name  and  of  fe  place  of  his  deth  is  grete 
contradiccioun  a  mongis  f  ese  writeres.     Suwime  sey  he  hith  martinws  summe 
sey  macrinw«  summe  sey  he  deyed  in  inglond  summe  sey  in  rome  all  fis  leue 
I  to  diecusse  a  monges  f e  rederw  of  fis  book.     H.  A  nof ir  antony  regned  23 
aftir  him  a  man  of  cursed  lyf  ferfor  was  he  slayn  and  his  modir  to  gidir 
whan  he  had  regned  iii  ^er.     In  his  tyme  lyued  seynt  kalixte  fe  pope  of 
whom  5e  schul  he?  aftir.     U.  Than  was  Alisaundre  emperou?  whech  regned 
xiii  56?.    This  man  be  in  stauns  of  his  modir  marnmeas  and  teching  of  origene 
whech  cam  to  rome  to  couerte  hi?,  was  mad  so  good  on  to  cristen  men  fat 

*  Compare  Ranulf  Higden,  Polychronicon,  vol.   iii,   pp.  72-4,  as   regards   Numa's 
invention  of  money. 


64  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

he  suffered  hem  to  haue  he?  couwcelles  and  he?  prayerls  be  hem  self. 
NeuzVJjelasse  in  his  tyme  fe  schrewed  officeres  of  his  killid  many  martires 
seynt  urbane  cecile  tiburce  and  ualeriane.  U.  Maximianits  regned  yann) 
iii  56?  suwme  bokis  calle  him  maximinws.  Ther  is  no  gret  wrytyng  of  pis 
man  but  j^at  for  mis  gou^rnaunce  he  was  slayn  and  his  son  eke  whech  was 
but  5ong  of  age.  ^.  Aftir  him  was  gordian  emperou?  ui  56?  he  regned  and 
slayn  he  was  eke  aftir  he  cam  fro  perse.  In  his  tyme  lyued  fat  grete  write? 
often  allegged  in  bokes  J^ei  clepid  him  affricanus.  U.  Philippe  }>e  elde? 
regned  yann)  and  philippe  his  sone  aftir  him  Ipe  regne  of  hem  both  is  connted 
to  gidir  for  f»ei  regned  but  uii  5ere.  Thei  both  we?  baptized  of  a  raartir  J^ei 
clepe  poncius  and  aftirward  slayn  of  J?e  boost  on  of  hem  at  rome  Ipe  othir  at 
uerone.  Thei  beqwoth  in  hir  deth  all  he?  tresou?  on  to  seynt  sixte  whech 
was  pope  ^  f>at  tyme  pat  he  Echuld  dispose  f>is  good  to  Ipe  worchip  of  god 
and  sustenau?^ce  of  po?  men  and  seynt  laurence  at  assignaciou^i  of  his 
maystir  sixte  departed  Ipis  tresou?  aboute  rome  whech  was  grete  cause  of 

28  his  martyrdam.  II.  Decius  was  next  emperou?  a  wise  man  of  wer?  but  to 
cristen  men  an  odious  tyrauwt.  For  philippe  pe  elde?  sent  him  in  to  frauwce 
be  cause  f>ei  rebelled  &  whan  he  herd  sey  f>at  decius  had  redressed  all  f)ing 
weel  &  was  comy^ig  homward  a  geyn  he  for  to  do  him  a  singule?  worchip 
met  with  him  at  uerone  and  sone  aftir  Ipe  same  decius  killid  his  lord  a  slepe 
in  his  bed.  This  herd  sey  Ipe  ^onge?  philippe  })at  was  at  rome  he  took  J?ann 
al  j^is  tresou?  to  seynt  sixt.  Of  pis  decius  is  mech  strif  in  cronicle  for  sum 
sey  })at  seynt  laurence  was  not  in  his  tyme  and  it  is  excused  fus  fat  fis  man 
is  clepid  decius  cesar  &  not  decius  impe^-ator  so  be  fat  exposiciouw  pere  we? 
too.     Summe  othir  men  say  fat  galiene  fe  emperou?  hith  deciws  alsoo. 

29  U.  Ualeriane  was  aftir  him  and  he  regned  with  his  son  galiene  xu  56?. 
This  man  was  manly  in  f  e  beginni^ig  but  aftirward  he  was  5oue  to  nice  and 

f.  373  V  mech/wrecchidnesse  and  so  was  his  son  galiene.  Summe  auctoris  sey  fat 
be  fo?  f  ese  too  we?  of  ir  too  emiperoniis  whech  f  ei  calle  gallus  and  uolusianus. 
I  suppose  fat  f ei  regned  but  litil  tyme  and  f erfor  f e  writeres  charged  not 
her  bokes  with  them,  or  elles  f  ei  were  emperouris  extraordinari.  For  we 
rede  of  swech  many  of  on  glodius  fat  was  a  oribile  etere  and  diynke?  and 
of  an  othir  diadumeus  fat  was  as  f ei  sey  bo?  with  a  cappe  on  his  heed. 
This  ualerianws  of  whom  we  spoke  went  in  to  perse  and  fere  for  f e  grete 
blood  of  martires  whech  he  had  spilt  was  taken  of  f  e  kyng  of  perse  whan  he 
had  take  him  he  put  oute  both  his  eyne  and  kepte  him  to  f is  office  fat  whan 
so  euyr  he  schuld  ride  f  is  ualerian  schuld  ly  down  and  he  schuld  set  his  feet 
on  his  bak  whan  he  wold  take  his  hors.     This  say  and  herd  galiene  his  son 

^  From  this  point  in  the  MS.  the  word  *  pope '  is  frequently  erased,  so  as  to  make  it 
illegible.    Wherever  this  occurs  in  future  the  word  will  be  marked  thus  :  *  pope*'. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  55 

|3at  was  left  at  rome  and  fat  caused  fat  lie  was  not  so  cruel  to  cristen  men 

as  he  was  be  fore.     II.  Aftir  fese  regned  claudi^^g  fe  secund  i  5ere  and  uiii  31 

monthes.    This  man  aftir  a  uictori  whech  he  had  in  macedony  was  sone  deed. 

^.  Thann)  aftir  him  regned  quintiiiv^  his  brof  ir  but  uii  dayes  for  he  was  32 

slayn  a  non.     ^.  Aurelianws  was  J?o  emperou?  and  in  his  tyme  cristen  men  33 

had  mech  persecucioun  most  s^ecidl  in  frauwce  for  fere  was  he  him  selue  & 

exercised  mech  tyranny e  and  fat  fai?  cite  whech  fei  clepe  orgliaunce  he 

named  it  aftir  him.     U.  Tacitus  was  f  ann)  a  wis  man  and  a  redy  but  sone  3A 

ded  he  regned  f  e?  uii  monthis.     51.  Thanw  regned  on  probus  ui  jer  and  Sci 

iii  monthis.     He  was  bore  in  perse  as  summe  men  sey  but  f  e  trewe?  opiniouTi 

is  fat  he  was  a  roman.     In  his  tyme  roos  fat  heresi  whech  fei  clepe  maniches 

of  a  prmce  of  hem  cleped  manes  a  geyns  whom  seynt  austen  laboured  ful 

strongly  and  fat  in  many  bokis.     ^.  Tho  regned  clarus  and  his  too  sones  36 

carini^s  and  numerianus  but  sone  we?  fei  ded  f e  fade?  was  drenchid  in  3/\ 
'  ■  ^  00 

a  watir  f  e  o  son  killid  in  his  bed  f  e  othir  sone  ded  but  it  is  not  expressid 

on  what  wise.     AH  f  ese  iii  regned  but  too  5ere.     U.  Diocleciaun  cam  aftir  39 

hem  and  maximian  fe  on  regned  on  f  e  est  fe  ofir  in  fe  west.     The  first  aq 

f ing  f is  diocleciauw  ded  he  brent  all  f e  cristen  bokes  fat  myth  be  fouwde. 

These  too  tyrauwtis  ded  most  harm  on  to  cristen  men  fan  euyr  did  ony  ofir 

for  X  jere  lested  her  persecuciouw  for  as  we  redyn  with  inne  xxx  dayes 

XX  f  ousand  men  we?  slayn  for  cristis  cause  a  mongis  whech  we?  seynt 

anastase  and  sebastiaurt  and  many  ofir.     U.  Galeriz^  regned  aftir  with  on  jii 

constancies,  galeriws  in  fe  est,  constancitts^  so  wa«  fe  empi?  at  foo  dayes  A2 

dyuyded.     This  constauwce  aftir  tyme  fat  he  had  conquered  ali  spayn  he 

went  in  to  grete  brytayn  and  fere  he  wedded  heleyn  a  kyngis  doutyr 

of  whom  he  be  gate  grete  constantyiO  and  f  is  same  constauwciws  deyid  in 

britayi]^  &  is  byryed  at  ^ork  as  martyn  seyth.     Grete  Constantino  regned  A3 

xxx  5ere  x  monthis  and  xi  dayes.     This  man  brout  cristen  men  to  he?  liberte 

&  5aue  hem  leue  to  bilde  /  cherches  to  f  e  worchip  of  god.     Summe  cronicles  f.  347  r 

slauwdir  him  and  sey  fat  in  f e  last  ende  of  his  lyf  he  schuld  be  peruerted  to 

f e  heresy  of  fe  arianes  but  fis  oppinioun  is  a  geyn  seynt  gregori  in  his 

registe?,  and  seint  ambrose  up  on  f  e  psalmes,  and  ysidre  in  his  cronicle, 

whech  all  sey  fat  he  ended  wel.     The  grekis  eke  sey  of  him  as  of  a  seynt 

for  his  fest  fallith  f  e  xxi  of  may.     AVe  schal  write  of  him  mech  mo?  in  f  e 

secund  book  whan  we  schul  decla?  f e  werkis  fat  he  mad.     U.  Constantinus  ASif 

f e  secunde  regned  with  his  too  brefrm  xxxiiii  jer  and  in  his  last  ende  was  he 

peruerted  to  f e  heresi  of  fe  arianes  be  a  bischop  called  eusebi  so  fat  summe 

men  slauwder  f e  fadir  for  f e  son  be  cause  fei  had  both  0  name.    The  ende  of 

fis  man  was  fis  as  he  schuld  go  in  Constantinople  to  a  grete  couaicell  in  whech 

*  *  in  ]je  west '  in  margin  of  MS. 


56  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

he  had  fout  to  a  c(widempned  J?e  bischoppis  and  clerkis  of  trewe  by  leue  he 
went  be  fo?  to  a  chambir  to  a  uoyde  swech  J^ing  as  natu?  *  and  Ipere  sodeynly 
his  boweles  felle  fro  him  and  he  sone  ded.  This  same  ende  had  arry  ^  eke 
A  t^  as  we  rede.  U.  Julian2^g  apostata  was  next  him  and  he  regned  too  5er  & 
uiii  monthis  he  was  clepid  apostata  for  he  fled  f»is  constawtin  whech  killid 
his  broJ)ir  and  for  fe?  of  deth  was  mad  a  monk  but  aftirward  be  couTiceil  of 
a  nygromancer  he  asked  of  J^e  deuele  whef)ir  he  myth  be  emperou?  or  nowt 
and  ])e  spirit  answerd  J^at  he  schuld  be  emperou?  o  condicioun  pat  he  schuld 
forsake  his  cristendam  &  be  uttir  enmye  on  to  cristen  men.  And  so  was  he 
for  he  jaue  leue  to  pe  iewes  p-dt  ]?ei  schuld  bilde  a  geyn  J^e  temple  of  ierlih 
and  fro  cristen  men  he  took  all  he?  godes  undir  colou?  of  f)at  clause.' 
U.  Jourmanus  regned  aftir  him  but  uiii  monthis  for  whan  iulian  was  ded 
pe  boost  chase  him  emperou?  and  he  seide  it  was  not  leful  to  a  cristen  man 
to  be  lord  ouyr  so  many  hethen  men.  Thei  answerd  rather  J^ann)  he  schuld 
forsake  pe  empi?  pel  wold  be  cristen  alh  Thus  took  he  ]?at  dignite  but  sone 
was  he  ded  and  in  meruelous  mane?.  For  he  was  leyd  after  his  iornay  in 
a  cloos  hous  all  of  stone  newly  whitid  with  lym  in  whech  J?ei  mad  on  to  his 
couwfort  as  f>ei  f)out  a  fi?  of  cha?  cole  and  of  pe  eyir  of  j^ese  too  in  pe  morow 
he  was  fouwd  deed.  U.  Aftir  him  regned  ualentinian  with  his  bro]?ir  ualent 
for  he  departed  pe  empi?  and  jaue  his  broJ)ir  pe  est  and  kept  him  selue  pe 
west.  This  ualentinianws  was  a  lord  wit5  iuliane  apostata  and  happed  him 
on  a  tyme  for  to  go  in  to  a  temple  of  fals  goddis  for  to  do  sacrifise  and 
mimstres  stood  pere  with  watir  halowid  aftir  he?  *  with  whech  pe  strewg " 
lordis.  This  ualentinianws  smet  pe  minister  Jr'at  j?rew  watir  up  on  him  and 
seid  he  was  rather  defiled  per  by  J>an  clensed.  Be  cause  of  J)at  Julian  ded 
him  exile  but  ou?  lord  god  for  his  open  confession  of  his  name  rewarded  him 
with  pe  empi?.  His  bro))ir  ualent  fell  in  to  pe  oppinyon  of  arianes  &  deyid 
in  J?at  heresi.  This  same  ualent  lyued  iiii  je?  after  ualentiniauws  with 
gratiane  and  a  nothir  ualentinian)  pe  5onger.  In  J?is  tyme  lyued  seynt 
f.  374  V  ambrose.  U.  Grattan  with  his  brejwin  ualenti/nian  pe  ^onger  and  eke 
with  theodosiug  regned  ui  5e?.  In  his  tyme  were  cherches  oppened  a  geyri 
&  cristen  men  had  leue  to  renewe  goddis  seruyse  whech  ]?ingis  we?  defended 
uO  by  fo?  at  comaunment  of  emperouris  infect  with  heresie.  U.  Theodosie 
regned  aftir  him  with  J)is  ^ong  ualentiniane.  This  man  distroyed  pe  temples 
of  maumentrye  and  in  his  tyme  eke  seynt  ierom  translate  pe  bible  and 

*  *  requirit '  in  margin  of  MS. 
""  ?Ariu8. 

^  There  is  a  marginal  note,  in  another  hand,  which  says:  *in  J-e  gospel  nisi  quia 
renu»ciav«rit  omwibus  quae  possidcf  no7i  potest  mens  esse  discipwlMs.' 

*  *  gise  *  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  •  lid  J)e '  in  margin  of  MS.    ?  sprinkled  the. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  57 

seynt  ambrose  mad  J?e  ympnis,  and  seynt  aiisten  was  conuerted.     This  man 
faut  a  geyn  his  enmyes  mo?  with  orison  and  praye?  )?an  with  swerd.     He 
regned  xi  ^ere.     He  deyid  at  melan  and  biried  at  Constantinople.     U.  Archa-  ui 
Aius  and  honoring  regned  xiii  36?  and  in  he?  tyme  rome  was  wel  ny  distroyed 
be  a  kyng  clepid  ularicus  of  whech  destruccioun  roos  a  gret  blaspheme  of 
pe  romanes  for  Jjei  seide  p&t  f>ei  ferd  neuyr  weel  sith  crist  cam  to  rome  &  be 
raute  hem  he?  goddz^  be  fe  J^reching  of  petir  and  poule.     A  geyn  Ip'is  blas- 
pheme seynt  austin  mad  Ipat  solempne  werk  whech  we  clepe  de  cimtate  dei. 
II.  Honorius  aftir  |?is  with  theodosi2^g  his  broJ?ms  son  regned  xu  jere  a  man  u2 
of  holy  lyf  for  too  wyues  had  he  and  pei  deyed  both  maydenes.     He  loued 
epectaly  J?e   cherch  &  hated  gretly  heretikes.      In  his  tyme  deyid  seynt 
ierom  at  bethlem  )?e  jere  of  his  age  Ixxxxi.     H.  Theodosius  Ipe  ^ongir  with  u3 
ualentiniane  his  neue  regned  xxuii  ^ere.     In  his  time  was  J>e  fest  ordeyned 
whech  is  clepid  ad  uincla  sci  petii.     In  his  tyme  deyed  seynt  austyn  J?e  5er 
of  his  age  Ixxui.     In  his  tyme  we?  reisid  be  miracle  J?e  uii  sleperes  whech  had 
slept  cc  5ere.     This  man  deyid  at  Constantinople  and  pere  is   he  biried. 
II.  Marcianus  &  ualentinianus  regned  uii  ^ere  in  whos  tyme  was  holde  fe  grete  u  A 
counceli   calcedonensis   whe?   pe   heretikes  euticen  &  dioscorus  we?  con- 
dempned.  |  xi  ]?ousand  uirgines  at  coloyn  we?  martirized  in  his  tyme  but  not 
be  him.     H.  Leo  pe  first  regned  xuii  5ere.     In  his  tyme  were  Ipe  rogacioues  uli 
ordeyned  be  for  pe  ascensioun  of  seynt  mamert  bischop  of  uyenne.     The  pope  * 
eke  of  rome  at  p&t  tyme  hith  leo  eke  with  whom  was  a  notable  clerk  and 
notary  on  to  him  ]?ei  calle  him  prosper  whose  bokes  wehaue  togretlernyng.^ 
f.  Zeno  aftir  J^at  legned  xu  jere  in  whos  tyme  fe  bodies  of  seynt  mathew  Ipe  u6 
euangelist  and  seynt  barnabe  pe  apostel  we?  fouwde  and  wit^  hem  pe  gospel 
fat  seynt  mathew  wrot.     H.  Anastasius  aftir  him  regned  xxui  3ere.     In  his  tjA 
tyme  we?  many  heretikes  of  pe  arianes  oppiniouw  sodeynly  ded  on  olimpius 
at  cartage  and  a  nofir  barabas  whech  was  gret  confusiouw  to  J?at  errou? 
and  confirmaciou?i  on  to  us.     H.  lustiims  aftir  him  regned  ix  ^er.     This  man  m8 
with  all  his  myth  laboured  to  distioye  heresi  in  pe  cherch  to  whom  eke  fro 
rome  jon  pe  pope  *  went  on  to  Constantinople  for  to  gete  grace  J^at  arrianes 
schuld  haue  he?  cherches  a  geyn  at  instaunce  of  a  tyraunt  called  theodorici/^ 
and  fat  same  cite  was  ful  glad  to  se  goddis  uike?  uisite  hem  whech  had  not 
ofte  be  seyn  be  fo?.     51.  lustiniane  cam  aftir  fis  man  and  /  he  was  first  taute  f.  875  r 

*  S.  Prosper  of  Aquitaine  or  Guienne  was  the  secretary  of  Pope  S.  Leo.  He  is  said 
by  some  to  have  been  Bishop  of  Reggio;  by  others,  of  Riez  in  Provence.  He  died 
a  little  after  455,  and  was  buried  at  Eiez,  in  a  church  which  he  had  built  and 
consecrated  to  S.  Apollinaris.  What  remains  of  his  works  has  been  published  at  Lyon 
in  1539,  at  Louvain  in  1566,  at  Douai  in  1577,  at  Cologne  in  1609  and  1680,  and  at 
Paris  in  1711.  The  last  is  said  by  Moreri  to  be  the  best  edition  (Moreri,  Dictionnaire 
his(onque). 


58  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

with  a  biscliop  of  \)e  arrianes  secte  alle  J^e  erroures  ]?at  longe  to  )?at  heresie. 
But  aftirward  be  pe  mercy  of  oure  lord  and  bysy  labour*  of  }?e  pope  *  cleped 
agapiti^s  he  was  turned  fro  J?at  heresy  in  to  ]>e  trewe  feyth.  This  is  fe  same 
man  j?at  gadered  all  pe  lawe  cyuyle  Institues  Code  and  Digest.  He  mad 
eke  f  e  grete  temple  at  constantynople  whech  Ipei  clepe  see  sophie.  He  regned 
in  J>at  empi?  xxxuiii  5ere.  II.  lustinian-wg  pe  secunde  regned  xi  5ere.  In  his 
tyme  itayle  rebelled  a  geyns  him.  pe  capitayne  of  })is  rebelliou-Ti  was  on 
narces  with  a  grete  multitude  of  himbardis.  pe  cause  j^at  sophie  J>e 
emp«?^esse  hated  him  and  pat  mad  him  to  fle  in  to  lum.bardye  and  rere  pe  powe? 
be  fo?  seyd.  U.  Tiberius  regned  aftir  him  uii  5ere  lasted  his  regne.  This 
man  3aue  grete  good  in  almesse  for  cristis  loue  so  ferforth  p'di  he  was  falle 
in  grete  pouert  but  aftirward  releued  be  a  grete  tresou?  founde  in  partie  be 
myracule.  U.  Maurici^s  regned  aftir  him  xx  5ere  euene.  In  his  tyme  was 
seynt  gregorie  pope  *  be  whom  inglond  was  neuly  conuerted  on  to  pe  feith. 
U.  Than  regned  focas  whech  grauTi^ted  leue  to  pope  *  boneface  f)at  pe  temple 
piad  in  worchip  of  all  goddis  schuld  be  consecrate  to  aH  seyntis.  This 
temple  hith  now  sea  maria  rotunda.  U.  Eraclius  regned  aftir  him  xxxi 
jere.  This  man  killid  "pe  kyng  of  perse  cosdre  and  browt  pe  holy  crosse  on 
to  ierlm.  In  his  tyme  eke  regned  Jjat  cursed  prophete  machomete.  II.  Con- 
stantin-Ms  tertius  regned  aftir  him  xxuii  5ere.  This  was  eraclius  son  and 
deceyued  with  pe  same  heresie  with  whech  his  fader  wasdeceyued  })e  heresy 
is  cleped  monachelitart^w  )3ei  seid  f)at  in  crist  was  but  o  will.  The  feith 
puttith  too  in  crist  on  to  pe  godhed  a  noJ>ir  to  pe  mayihod.  ^.  Constantinws 
quartKg  son  to  J^e  forsaid  man  regned  aftir  his  fader  xuii  ^ere.  This  lord 
hated  Jjat  his  fader  loued  and  was  ful  bysy  for  to  distroye  fat  heresy  whech 
was  meynteyned  be  his  fader.  For  be  his  comaundmcTit  was  gadered  J^e  sexte 
couwseH  at  Constantinople  of  cc  bischoppis  iiii  score  and  ix  whech  all  diffyned 
fat  pere  we?  in  crist  to  willis  as  is  seid  be  fore.  U.  lustinian^g  pe  secund, 
son  to  pe  same  constaTityne  regned  aftir  his  fader  x  5ere.  He  went  fro  his 
fader  steppes  &  5aue  fauou?  to  heresy  wherfor  ou?  lord  suffered  him  to  be 
■exiled  in  to  an  yle  fei  clepe  tersone  first  priuyd  both  of  his  nase  and  eke  of  his 
tunge.  In  his  tyme  lyued  bede.  II.  Leo  ]>e  secuyid  regned  iii  5ere  whom 
tiberius  exiled  in  to  pe  ilde  cleped  tersona  first  cuttyng  his  nase  and  his 
tunge.  The  same  ti-berit^  regned  aftir  him  uii  ^ere  whom  J?e  forseid  iustini- 
anw5  fat  was  exiled  kyllid.  H.  Philippe  pe  secunde  regned  a  ^e?  and  ui 
monthis.  He  distroyed  all  pe  ymages  of  criste  or  of  seyntis  whech  he  fond 
ofir  pingis  of  him  rede  we  nowt.  ^.  Anastasius  pe  secu?id  regned  iii  ^e?, 
f.  375  V  This  /  man  killid  pe  forseid  philippe  wherfor  pe  knytis  of  his  boost  deposed 
A3  him  &  mad  him  a  preest.  51.  Theodosius  pe  f  irde  was  intronized  be  pe  same 
Aa  knytis  a  good  man  and  pesible  he  regned  o  je?.     II.  Than  regned  Leo  iii 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  59 

xxu  56?  whecli  deyed  in  Tpat  same  errou?  whech  suffer! tli  non  ymages  to  be 
honowred.    In  his  tyme  was  J>e  body  of  seynt  austyn  translate  fro  sardyny 
to  papie.     51.  Constantinus  u  yis  marines  son  both  in  natur  and  in  maneris  A^ 
regned  xxxu  jere.     Aftir  him  regned  leo  iiii  whech  desired  a  crowne  owt  of  /\6 
a  cherch  and  whan  he  had  it  on  his  hed  a  non  a  feue?  took  him  and  mad 
an  ende  of  him.     II.  Tho  regned  constantinus  ui  jeres  x.     In  his  tyme  was  A  A 
gadered  pe  grete  cou?iceH  at  nycene  of  ccc  &  1  faderis  in  whech  ])e  crede 
was  mad  whech  we  singge  at  masse.     II.  Aftir  him  regned  nicephorus  ix  5ere.  AS^  A^ 
%.  And  yanne  michael  ii  5ere  whech  was  good  and  trewe  of  condiciouw.     Than  80 
came  charles  called  ]>e  grete  in  to  Ipe  empi?.     This  man  at  comauTfcdmewt  of 
adriaiie  J>e  pope  *  went  in  to  ytaile  &  took  on  desideri  lord  of  })at  cunt?  led 
him  prisone?  in  to  frau^ce  and  aftirward  at  prayer  of  pe  pope  and  pe 
romanes  took  up  on  him  J>at  empi?.     He  regned  euene  xiiii  56?.     H.  Lode-  81 
wik  son  of  pe  same  karolus  regned  xxu  5e?.     In  his  tyme  we?  pe  bokis  of 
seynt  denys  translate.     Lotharios  ius  regned  aftir  him  x  ^ere.     In  his  tyme 
was  seynt  heleyn  modir  to  const awtine  translate  from  rome  in  to  fraunce. 
Lodewicits  iius  regned  aftir  him  xxi  5e?.     Carolus  iius  whech  was  cleped  ^^ 
caluitg  regned  aftir  him  iii  5er  and   ix   monthis.       H.  Than    carolus  iims  g^ 
whech   was  cleped  grossus  regned  xii  jere.     H.  Than  arnulphus  xii  ^ere.  8a 
H.  Than  lodwic^g  iii^^g  ui  jere.     H.  Than  berengari^g  i^g.     In  his  tyme  was  86  8/\ 
fat  abbey  fouTidid  whech  J»ei  clepe  clunacenst'g  we  calle  it  cloyne.     He? 
cesed  pe  frensch  blod  to  regne  and  j^e  almaynes  be  ^nnne.    H.  Conrardus  uis  88 
regned  uii  56?  summe  men  anowbir  him  nowt  a  mong2s  pe  emperoun's  be 
cause  he  was  neuir  confermed  be  pe  pope.*      H.  Berengarit^g  ii^g  regned  89 
}?ann)  uiii  5ere.     II.  Than  regned  herry  pe  kyng  xuiii  56?  in  almayne  but  90 
not  in  itaile  ferfor  is  he  not  anoumbired  a  mongis  em-perouTis.     H.  Beren-  91 
garius  iiius  regned  aftir  him  uiii  ^ere.     H.  Octo  pnmus  regned  yann)  xxxui  92 
je?.     He   weddid  as  we  fynde  pe    sister  of  adelstan   kyng    of  ynglond. 
H.  Octo  iius  regned  xx  5ere  he  went  to  rome  and  j^ere  was  crowned  of  pope*  93 
benedicte.     H.  Than  regned  octo  iii^s  xix  jere.     ^.  And  fann)  henricws  ius  9fi> 
xii  5ere.     H.  Than  conrardus  pWmus  xx  5ere.     This  man  was  m^ruelously  9cj-6 
comaunded  to  be  slayn  whil  he  was  ^ong  and  be  grete  miracle  saued  but  pe 
story  is  long.     ^.  Aftir  him  regned  henricus  iius  xuii  ^ere.     In  his  tyme  9a 
was  berengarie  in  frauwce  cowdempned  &  conuicte  of  heresie  as  it  is  cowteyned 
in  pe  decrees  dist^  ii  ego  berengarius.     And  in  his  tyme  was  mad  f>e  grete 
uiage  to  ierlm  whan  godfrey  of  boloyn  was  mad  kyng  /  J^ere.  H.  ISenricus  f.  376  r 
iiius   regned  xlix^  5ere.      In  his  tyme  was  grete  pestilens  forw  oute  pe 
world.     In  his  tyme  eke  was  found  pe  spe?  f)at  ou?  lord  was  wounded  with. 
H.  'Henricus  iiii^^s  son  to  J)is  man  regned  xu  je?.  Aftir  tyme  he  was  intronized 
be  sufferauns  of  his  fader  he  put  his  fader  in  prison  &  kept  him  J?ere  til  he 

i2 


60  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

deyed.  In  liis  tyme  lyued  hugo  de  sco  uicto?  at  parj^s.^  H.  Conrardus  ])e 
secuTide  regned  xa  jere  he  mad  a  ful  solempne  iornay  in  to  Ipe  holy  lond  at 
instans  of  seynt  bernard.  U.  Frederic7/s  -primus  regned  xxxuii  jere.  He  was 
crowned  at  seynt  petres  in  rome  and  aftir  took  his  iornay  in  to  J>e  holy  lond 
and  deyid  Jjere.  For  in  his  dayes  was  ierlrh  take  oute  of  cristen  mennis 
handis.  U.  Henricns  xius  regned  uiii  56?  he  conquered  in  his  tyme  Ipe 
regiones  both  of  cicile  and  of  neaplis.  H.  Aftir  him  regned  Octo  iuius. 
He  regned  but  iiii  ^ere  for  all  Ipe  pn'nces  of  almayne  {onien  a  geyn  him  with 
frederik  at  comaundmewt  of  Ipe  pope  *  cleped  honorii^s.  Aftir  him  regned 
frederici/s  i\us  jeres  xxiii.  This  man  was  grete  enmy  to  f>e  cherch  in  so 
mech  J)at  he  was  deposed  be  Ipe  pope  *  and  aftirward  leued  a  wrecchid  lif 
and  had  deth  lich  on  to  his  lyf  and  he?  wil  we  mak  an  ende  of  Ip'is  partie  of 
ou?  ^  as  we  promised  and  go  streith  on  to  J?e  secund  part  which  echal  trete 
of  J?e  sptre'mal  treso?  of  rome. 


Here  begiwnyth  Ipe  secunde  part  whech  tretith  of  Ipe  cherchis  in  rome  and 
of  Ipe  spm/uale  tresou?  conteyned  in  hem. 

Prologus. 

The?  is  grete  question?!  a  mongis  studious  men  whi  rome  hath  swech  grete 
pryuylege  f>at  J»e  hed  of  alle  cristendam  schuld  dwelle  f)e?  as  for  ])e  most  part 
and  alle  Ipe  cherchis  of  cristendam  schuld  obeye  pat  cherch  as  for  a  pn'ncipal 
moder  and  norche?  of  oure  feith.  Summe  men  sey  it  was  conuenient  J>at 
\)ere  schuld  god  be  principaly  honoured  whe?  he  was  pWncipaly  despised  and 
)?at  cyte  whech  was  heed  of  all  errou?  schuld  be  mad  aftirward  heed  of 
aft  lernyng.  So  can  oure  lord  as  seith  seiwt  austin  make  his  gode  J^ingis  of 
ou?  euele.  Othir  men  be  J>e?  fat  grounde  hem  in  pe  gospell  whe?  ou?  lord 
jaue  powe?  plenarie  on  to  seynt  peter  in  whech  \>ei  sey  is  conteyned  J^at  he 
was  mad  pWnce  and  principal  ouyr  aft  Ipe  apostelis  so  J?ei  conclude  f>at  f>ow 
\>e  cherch  of  antyoche  be  elde?  of  tyme  ]>e  cherch  of  rome  is  worthier  of 
dignyte.  A  othir  cause  is  rehersed  of  grete  constantine  whech  mad  aftir  his 
baptem  certeyn  lawes  euyr  for  to  be  kepte  of  whech  lawes  f>is  was  on,  pat  lich 
as  \>e  emperou?  of  rome  is  lord  and  pnncipaft  ouyr  aft  kyngis  so  pe  bischop 

*  Hugo  de  S.  Victor,  a  celebrated  theologian,  and  Prior  of  S.  Victor  in  Paris,  devoted 
himself  to  a  religious  life  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  in  the  year  1115,  He  died  in  1142. 
He  taught  theology  from  the  year  1180  with  such  success  that  he  was  called  the  '  second 
Augustine'.  His  works  have  been  published  at  Paris  in  1526,  at  Venice  in  1588,  at 
Mainz  in  1617,  and  at  Rouen  in  1648  (Moreri,  Dictionnaire  hUtorique). 

'  *  book  *  in  margin  of  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRTMES  61 

of  rome  scliuld  be  pWncpal  ouyr  all  bischoppis.  We  fynde  also  in  bokys  J>at 
\)e  cherch  of  Constantinople  presumed  for  to  be  principal  of  all  pe  world  and 
for  }>at  presumpcioun  pope  *  boneface  pe  iiii  mad  suggestion  to  Ipe  emperou? 
/  cleped  focas  )?at  he  schuld  sette  sum  remedy  in  J^is  mate?.  And  he  f.  376  v 
ordeyned  J)at  \>e  cherch  of  seynt  petir  at  rome  schuld  be  in  name  &  in 
auctorite  pnncipail  of  all  fe  world.  Men  f)ink  ferf>grmore  of  grete  reson  f)at 
it  schuld  be  soo  for  pe  multitude  of  martires  whech  spilt  he?  blood  in 
confirmacioun  of  ou?  feith  in  ]?at  same  place.  Than  wil  we  speke  of  fis  holy 
place  and  of  pe  dyuers  parcellis  of  ]?is  place  undir  f>is  forme.  First  of 
pe  seuene  cherchis  whech  be  cleped  pn'ncipal.  Thanii)  of  all  )?oo  cherchis  in 
whech  pe  staciones  be  holde  in  lenton)  or  esterne.  Last  of  all  f>oo  cherchis 
whech  be  hald  in  ony  fame  as  ferforth  as  ou?  rememberauwce  may  atteyne. 


Off  U  seynt  petir  cherch.^    cap  i. 

Seynt  petir  cherch  stant  on  pe  west  side  of  rome  nowt  in  rome  for  it  is  a 
cyte  be  pe  selue  J^at  and  J^e  popes  *  paleys  and  castell  a.ungeii  &  a  strete  with 
iii  cherches  and  an  hospital.  This  same  cyte  in  elde  cronicles  is  clepid 
cimtas  leonina.  This  cherch  of  seynt  petir  is  gret  and  long  and  hath  many 
dyufrs  houses  hangyng  up  on  him.  The  length  is  xxii  pileres  be  twix  euery 
pile?  is  xii  fete  of  space  and  euery  pile?  contejnyth.  iiii  fete  of  f)iknesse  so  a? 
fere  of  f>o  spacis  of  xii  fete  xxiii,  be  side  of>ir  pileres  whech  caw^  out 
of  salamones  temple  of  whech  iiii  stande  on  side  and  iiii  on  pe  opir  and  iiii 
ouyr  whert  -  be  for  pe  auter.'  Or  we  come  at  seynt  petres  pere  be  greces  *  of 
marbil  whech  a?  as  brood  as  al  pe  cherch  of  summe  mewnys  passe  ]?ei  are  of 
length  luiii  for  so  brood  is  pe  cherch  f)at  is  to  seye  pe  body  with  iiii  eles  too 
on  eythir  side.   A  passe  conteynyth  u  fete  aftir  pe  mesure  of  gemetry  whech 

*  The  Basilica  of  S.  Peter,  according  to  tradition,  is  over  an  oratory  built  by  Pope 
Ana«letu8  to  mark  the  site  of  the  Apostle's  tomb.  The  original  basilica  was  founded  by 
Constantine  in  306,  and  rests  in  part  upon  the  walls  of  Nero's  circus.  The  existing 
church  was  commenced  in  1450  by  Nicholas  V,  and  dedicated  by  Urban  VIII  in  1626. 
The  nave  was  finished  as  early  as  1612.  The  work  made  little  progress,  however,  until 
it  was  undertaken  energetically  by  Julius  II  in  1506,  with  Bramante  as  architect. 
Raphael,  Sangallo,  and  Michelangelo  succeeded  him ;  the  fa9ade  was  designed  by 
Maderno,  and  the  dome  completed  by  Giacomo  della  Porta. 

'  Overthwart  =  athwart,  transversely. 

'  'Appresso  all '  altare  maggiore  sono  colonne  sedici  di  marmi  bianchi  storiate  alquanto 
rotonde  molto  gentili  che  si  dice  venneno  di  Gerusalem '  (Rucellai,  II  Giuhileo  delV  anno 
santo  1450,  Archiv,  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  567).  Another  authority  of  the 
same  period  says  there  were  fourteen  pillars  from  Solomon's  Temple,  two  of  which  were  by 
the  altar  of  the  Vemacle,  the  others  in  the  choir  (Muffel,  p.  21). 

♦  Steps. 


62  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

is  conuenieni  here.  These  greces  be  in  noumbir  xxix,*  and  as  oftyn  as 
a  man  goth  up  on  pese  greces  be  cause  of  deuocioun  as  oftyn  hat^  he  for 
euery  gre  uii  5ere  of  indulgens  grauwted  of  alisaundre  f>e  pope  *  as  we  fynde 
writin  in  elde  rememberaurice.  With  inne  )?e  cherch  of  seynt  petir  be 
iiii  score  auteres  and  uiii  ^  and  to  euery  auctei?  is  graunted  pardon  of  xxuiii 

*  Muflfel  says  that  the  number  of  steps  leading  up  to  the  basilica  was  twenty-eight ; 
they  appear  to  have  been  increased  to  thirty-five  under  Paul  II  (1464-71)  (MuflPel,  p.  18 
and  n.  5). 

'  There  is  a  strange  diversity  in  the  accounts  given  by  various  mediaeval  authors  as  to 
the  number  of  altars  in  S.  Peter's  ;  also  as  to  whom  the  seven  head  altars  were  dedicated. 
Here  follow  the  statements  made  by  some  of  the  writers  most  frequently  quoted  in  these 
footnotes.  MufFel  (p.  25)  says  there  were  105  altars  and  that  the  principal  altars  were 
dedicated  as  follows :  (1)  S.  Simon  and  S.  Jude,  (2)  S.  Gregory,  (3)  S.  Andrew,  (4)  S.  Leo, 
(6)  The  Holy  Cross,  (6)  our  Lady,  (7)  The  Vernacle.  Ritter  von  Harff  (p.  22)  says  that 
there  were  100  altars,  and  that  the  principal  ones  were  dedicated  to  (1)  the  Trinity, 
(2)  All  Souls,  (3)  S.  Gregory,  (4)  our  Lady,  (5)  S.  Leo,  (6)  S.  Lucian,  (7)  the  Vernacle. 
lEin  Biichlin,  Strassburg,  1500,  says  there  were  100  altars,  and  agrees  with  von  Harflf  as 
to  the  dedication  of  the  principal  ones  (see  pp.  C  ii  v  and  C  iii).  Adam  de  Usk,  who  was 
an  official  of  the  Papal  court,  gives  the  principal  altars  (on  page  354)  as  follows  :  (1)  S.  Peter, 
(2)  the  Holy  Cross,  (8)  the  Vernacle,  (4)  S.  Gregory,  (5)  S.  Fabian  and  S.  Sebastian, 
(6)  S.  Leo,  (7)  S.  Andrew.  A  MS.  Bodl.  Dighy  196,  folio  10,  entitled  Descriptio  urhis 
Rome  cum  indulgenciis,  gives  a  total  of  89,  and  says  that  the  principal  altars  were 
(1)  Sudarium,  (2)  S.  Simon  and  S.  Jude,  (3)  S.  Gregory,  (4)  our  Lady,  (5)  S.  Andrew, 
(6)  S.  Leo,  (7)  Holy  Cross.  The  Porkington  MS.,  E.  E.  Text  Society,  1867,  p.  30,  gives  100 
altars,  and  adds  :  *  But  vii  byn  moche  and  most  of  dygnyte,  J)at  is  to  say,  furst  on  J)e  right 
hond  ys  ])e  autwr  of  J)e  vernaculle.  %.  The  ij  of  J)e  honoure  of  oure  lady  :  The  J)red  of  seynt 
Symon  and  Jude  :  The  iiii  of  cent  androw  :  The  v  of  sent  gregorye,  and  \er  he  lythe :  The 
vi  of  sent  leoo  J)e  pope  :  The  vii  of  J)e  holly  cross,  and  perin  commythe  no  woman.'  The 
Vernon  MS.  (1370),  E.  E.  Text  Society,  1867,  vol.  xxv,  p.  2,  on  the  Stacions  of  Rome,aa.ys  : 
In  ])at  Munstre  .  men  may  fynde. 
An  hondred  Auteres  .  biforen  and  behynde. 


II  Among  ye  Auters  .  seuene  "per  be. 

More  of  grace  .  and  dignite. 
1[  J>e  Auter  of  ])e  vernicle  is  on. 

Up-on  ])e  riht  hond  .  as  |jou  fcchalt  gon. 
%  J>e  secunde  .  in  l>e  honour  of  ur  ladi  is. 
H  Pe  J)ridde  .  of  seynt  Symon  and  Jude  I.-wis. 
U  pe  Feorjje  .  of  seint  andreuj  .  )?ou  schalt  haue. 
%  pe  Fifbe  of  seint  gregori  .  ]>er  he  lyth  in  graue. 
^  pe  Sixte  .  of  seint  leon  ])e  pope. 
per  he  song  masse  .  in  his  cope. 
%  Of  seint  Crois  .  ])at  seuenjje  is. 

In  wjuche,  no  wowmon  schal  comen  I.-wis. 
It  will  be  observed  that  the  two  English  authors  agree,  as  do  the  two  Germans ;  but 
that  the  two  nationalities  dijGFer  widely  from  each  other.  But  one  of  the  two  English  MSS. 
is  much  earlier  than  the  other  authorities ;  the  dates  being :  Vernon  MS.  about  1370, 
PorJcington  MS.  about  1460-70,  MufFel  1452,  Von  Harff  1496-9,  Ein  Biichlin  1500.  The 
date  of  the  Dighy  MS.  (Bodleian)  is  not  mentioned,  but  it  is  about  1450  to  1475.  Rucellai 
says :  *  In  detta  ohiesa  sono  novansei  (96)  altari  dove  si  dice  messa '  {II  Giubileo  delV  anno 
eanto  1450,  Archiv.  St.  Pat,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  567.  II  Giubileo  delV  anno  eanto  is 
from  the  Zibaldini  quaresimale  which  Giovanni  Rucellai,  merchant  and  citizen  of  Florence, 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  63 

jere  j?at  day  fat  J>e  seynt  fallith  to  whech  seynt  f>e  ante?  is  consecrat  this 
same  indulgens  durith  be  \>e  ootaue  of  f>e  same  fest.  Seuene  aucteres  be  f>e? 
of  principal  auctorite.  The  ante?  of  Ipe  uernacle,  pe  aute?  of  ou?  lady, 
\>e  aute?  of  seynt  gregory,  ]>e  aute?  of  J^e  apostoles  simon  and  iude,  f  e  ante? 
of  seynt  andrew,  J>e  ante?  of  seynt  leon  and  seynt  cruce  whe?  wome-w  enter 
not.  To  ech  of  J>ese  is  grauTited  tociens  quociens  uii  ^ere  indulgens.  In  ]>e 
fest  of  e  anuriciaciouTi  of  ou?  lady  who  so  euer  uisite  fis  cherch  hath 
of  indulgens  a  m1  5ere,  on  mauTide  Jjursday  a  mI  5ere.  In  euery  feest  of 
seynt  petir  a  mI  5010.  In  Ipe  dedicatioun  of  Ipe  cherch  whech  falleth  in  ])e 
octane  of  seynt  martyn  uii  mI  ^ere  &  pe  J)irde  part  remission?*  of  all  synne. 
Whann  so  euyr  pe  uernacle  is  schewid  iii  mI  5ere  is  grauTited  to  J^e  romanes. 
I  And  to  hem  alle  J^at  dwelle  ouyr  Ipe  mowntis  /  ix  m1  jere.  |  And  to  f  00  })at  f.  377  r 
dwelle  be  fishalue  Ipe  mowntis  xii  m1  ^e?.^  But  ^e  schal  undirstand  ]?at  m 
J>e  cite  of  rome  resten  uiii  bodies  of  J>e  aposteles.  In  seynt  petir  cherch  is  half 
]>e  body  of  petir  and  half  of  poule  incinerat  saue  ye  bones  and  Ipe  oJ)ir  half 
of  Ipe  same  is  at  seynt  poules.  Also  in  Ipe  cherch  of  seynt  petir  are  simon 
&  iudas  lying  a  boue  in  pe  waH,  Ipe  oJ?ir  iiii  aposteles  schul  be  teld  of 
aftirward.  In  pe  same  cherch  lith  seynt  gregory  Ipe  pope  *,  seint  leon 
Jje  pope  *,  seint  ion  crisostom  bischop  of  Constantinople,  J^e  holy  martires  pro- 
cessus &  martinianws,^  seynt  petroniil  and  o]?ir  mo.    U.  Of  fie  holy  uernacle  wil 

ordered  to  be  written  in  1459,  and  which  remained  until  recent  times  in  the  possession  of 
the  family  of  the  same  name.  It  then  passed  into  other  hands,  and  an  extract  from  it  was 
published  in  1872  by  John  Temple-Leader,  an  Englishman,  then  resident  in  Florence, 
who  had  acquired  it  (see  JrcMvio  della  Societd  Eomana  di  Storia  Patria,  1881,  vol.  iv, 
fasc.  iv,  p.  563,  n.  1).  While  on  the  subject  of  the  altars  in  S.  Peter's,  it  is  interesting 
to  note  a  fact  which  Muffel  states.  He  says  that  at  the  high  altar  are  now  (1452) 
the  ancient  pictures  of  S.  Peter  and  S.  Paul,  which  were  shown  by  S.  Silvester  to 
Constantino,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  they  were  the  persons  who  had  appeared  to 
him  in  his  dream  (MufFel,  p.  24  ;  see  also  Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  pp.  123  and  132). 
He  says:  'The  picture  yet  standi th  in  the  altar  wall  above  the  high  altar'  (of  S.  John 
Lateran).  This  passage  occurs  in  a  Cod.  Vat  4265  {Mirahilia),  of  the  fourteenth 
century. 

*  In  the  Vernon  MS.  above  mentioned  (on  p.  3),  the  Indulgences  at  S.  Peter's  are  said 
to  be  as  follows  :  AtS.  Peter's  altar  every  day  twenty-eight  years.  From  Holy  Thursday 
to  Lammas,  14,000  years.  On  the  date  of  the  consecration  of  the  church  14,000,  and  one- 
third  remission  of  sins.  When  the  Vernacle  was  shown,  3;000  years  to  Romans,  9,000  to 
other  people,  12,000  to  those  that  cross  the  sea  to  go  on  pilgrimage  to  Rome.  According 
to  Ruceilai,  there  was,  on  the  occasion  of  the  jubilee  of  1450,  plenary  remission  of  all  sin 
for  penitents  who  stayed  in  Rome  for  at  least  fifteen  days,  and  visited  every  day  the  four 
Churches  of  S.  Peter,  S.  Paul,  S.  John  Lateran,  and  S.  Mary  Major  {II  Giubileo  delV  anno 
santo  1460,  Archiv.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  563). 

'^  SS.  Processus  and  Martinianus  are  believed  to  have  been  baptized  by  S.  Peter  in  the 
Mamertine  prison,  on  which  occasion  a  spring  miraculously  appeared  in  the  floor  of  the 
prison  for  the  purpose  of  the  rite.  S.  Gregory  speaks  of  their  martyrdom  in  Horn.  32,  n.  7. 
There  was  a  church  of  their  name  outside  the  Porta  Aurelia,  and  S.  Lucina  founded  a 
cemetery  under  it.     Their  remains  were  at  first  laid  to  rest  in  this  place  ;   but,  under 


64  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

we  speke  now.^  Summe  men  clepe  it  J)e  siidary  of  crist.  Of  J^is  same  grete 
relik  spekitli  geruasius  in  his  book  yat  he  mad  de  ociis  impmalibus.  He 
seith  fere  fat  f>is  woman  fat  had  f is  sudary  in  whech  crist  wipt  his  face 
whan  he  went  to  his  passiouw  was  martha  whom  he  had  cured  eke  fro  fe  flux 
of  blood  whech  sche  had  suffered  xii  5ere,  and  on  uolusianus  frend  on 
to  tibery  fe  emp^rou?  whan  he  herd  sey  at  ierlm  fat  fis  woman  had 
f is  sudary  he  caused  hi?  for  to  come  to  rome  with  the  same  sudary  fat  fe 
emperowr  with  contemplacioun  of  f  e  face  myth  be  hool  of  certeyn  seknesse 
fat  he  had.  This  was  do  in  dede  for  a  non  as  he  sey  f e  face  of  ihu  in  fat 
sudary  he  was  hool.  The  woman  teld  him  f  e  mane?  pleynly  who  sche  cam 
be  fis  figure.  Sche  saide  a  litil  be  fore  f e  passioun  sche  undirstood  weel 
partye  be  f e  wordis  of  ou?  lord  partye  be  f e  conspiracioun  of  iewis  fat  ou? 
lord  in  schort  tyme  schuld  deye  wherfo?  sche  ordeyned  a  fay?  kerchy  in 
whech' sche  foutj  sche  wold  haue  depeynted  fe  face  of  ou?  lord  and  as 
sche  went  to  seke  f  e  poyntot^r  ou?  lord  mette  hir  and  askid  he?  whidir 
sche  went  and  sche  answerd  and  told  him  f  e  treuth.  Tho  ou?  lord  took  f  e 
kerchy  and  impressid  f  erin  f  e  liknesse  of  his  face  whech  was  al  disfugured 
of  colon?  of  labou?  in  preching  and  fastyng  and  of  ir  hardnesse  whech  he 
used.  For  ou?  bokes  sey  fat  of  swech  penauns  he  semed  mech  elde?  f ann 
he  was  as  may  be  seyn  in  jones  gospel  whe?  f e  iewis  supposed  fat  he 
was  L  ^ere  old  whann  he  cam  neuyr  to  xxxiiii.  This  same  geruase  tellith 
of  an  of  ir  figure  of  ou?  lord  and  alleggith  for  him  a  book  i  called  gesta 
de  uultu  lucano  whech  book  is  not  I  trow  in  fis  lond.  This  geruase  seith 
fat  whan  ou?  lord  hing  naked  on  f e  crosse  Joseph  ab  arimathia  stood 
a  mongis  of  ir  frendis  of  ihu  and  morned  lich  as  f  ei  dede.  And  f  oo  he  seide 
on  to  ou?  lady  and  of  ir  fat  stood  by.  This  man  he  seith  fat  hangith  on  f  e 
tre  he?,  he  may  sey  fat  he  hath  but  febil  frendis  whan  non  of  us  hath  he?  a 
cloth  to  hide  with  al  his  nakidnesse.    Tho  sent  f  ei  with  o  consent  and  bowt 

Pascal  I,  they  were  translated  to  S.  Peter's.  Their  feast-day  is  observed  in  many  churches 
in  Rome  besides  S.  Peter's  ;  especially  at  S.  Pietro  in  Carcere.  The  mosaic  at  their  altar 
in  the  basilica  represents  their  martyrdom ;  the  original  of  the  picture  is  at  the  Quirinal. 
In  some  martyrologies  they  are  associated  with  S.  Firmiu  (Stadler,  Seiligenlexikon ; 
Acta  Sanctorum,  July,  vol.  i,  p.  800). 

^  The  first  mention  of  the  Vernacle  by  name  is  made  by  Nicholas  IV  in  1290,  who 
says  :  *  sui  pretiosissimi  vultus  Imaginem,  quara  Veronicam  fidelium  vox  communis 
appellat  in  singularis  amoris  insigne  tribuit  venerari.'  Some  authorities  derive  the  word 
from  a  corruption  of  the  words  'vera  icon'.  Others  think  that  the  name  of  the  matron  of 
Jerusalem,  who  helped  our  Lord  on  His  way  to  Calvary,  was  Berenice  or  Berenice  ;  whence 
the  name  Veronica.  Her  house  is  described  as  550  paces  from  that  of  Pilate,  and  on  the 
left  hand  of  the  pilgrim  as  he  goes  towards  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  The  so-called  Gospel  of 
Nicodemus  first  mentions  the  tradition  that  she  was  the  woman  cured  of  the  flux  of  blood 
(Mark  v.  25).  She  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  wife  of  S.  Aniator,  who  again  is  believed 
to  be  identical  with  Zacchaeus  of  the  New  Testament.  They  both  fled  from  persecution  to 
France.     Her  name  is  not  found  in  the  Mart.  Rom.  (Stadler,  Eeiligenlexikon). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  65 

hem  a  fay?  schete  a  large  and  a  clene  and  woud  ]?is  schete  a  boute  him 
whil  he  hing  on  fe  crosse,  and  body  schete  and  al  f)ei  took  down.  But 
/  whan  yei  schuld  ley  him  in  Ipe  graue  al  ye  schap  of  his  body  was  impr^ssid  f.  377  v 
in  l^e  cloth.  Nichodemws  kept  J>is  cloth  and  ded  poynt  a  nolpir  aftir 
fat  figu?  woud  it  up  and  kept  it  with  oj^ir  relikes,  )?at  is  to  sey  a  crowet  with 
fe  blood  of  ou?  lord,  on  of  Ipe  nayles,  part  of  }>e  crowne  of  ]?orn,  fe  sponge 
and  mech  o]?ir  j?ing.  And  )?is  orison  folowyng  seid  he  euery  day  in  presens 
of  Jjese  relikes.  Ecce  agnus  dei  ecce  qui  tollit  ipeccata  muwdi  ecce  deus 
uiuoritm  &  mortuoritm  ecce  uita  uiuencium  salus  omniwm  credenciuw  quern 
adoramw*  quern  glorificamws  cui  b^nedicimws  &  dominum  patrew  omnipotew- 
tem  &  filiuw  cuw  spm^u  sco  laudamus  &  superexaltam^<s  in  secula.  Adiutor 
&  protector  &  defensor  sis  michi  domme  benignissime  &  Eanctis^ime  & 
misericordissime.  This  same  geruase  spekith  of  an  othir  figure  of  ou?  lord  J^at 
was  in  a  cyte  pei  clepe  edissa  and  J^e  grete  story  whech  is  cleped  eccZesiastica 
historia  berith  witnesse  of  Ipe  same.  The  processe  is  f)is.  A  kyng  of  j^at 
same  cite  cleped  abgarus  uexid  with  grete  seknesse  sent  to  ou?  lord  ihu  to 
ierlm  desiring  to  se  his  p«rsone  desiring  eke  Jjat  he  schuld  cure  him  of 
certeyn  greuous  seknesse.  Ou?  lord  wrote  on  to  him  a  lettir  in  whech 
he  seyde  l?at  J^e  kyng  was  blessid  for  to  be  leue  in  him  whom  he  had  nowt 
seyn.  He  wrote  ferJ?ermo?  J:at  he  must  fulfill  f)at  dispensacion  for  whech 
he  was. sent  but  aftir  his  deth  he  be  hiih  him  for  to  send  on  of  his  disciples 
whech  schuld  lerne  him  ])e  trew  feyth.  And  as  touchyng  sith  of  his  persone 
he  sent  him  a  cloth  in  whech  was  depeynted  J^e  ymage  of  ou?  sauyou?.  And 
as  it  is  wrytyn  in  f>e  cronicles  of  f  e  cyte  ou?  lord  leyd  him  selue  naked  on 
j)e  cloth  in  whech  al  his  body  was  meruelously  merkid  and  f>at  same  cloth  is 
Bchewid  eu^ry  esterne  day,  in  whech  pe  ymage  apperith  in  dyuers  formes,  ]>e 
first  hou?  of  ]?e  day  it  semeth  a  child  of  uii  5ere  age,  Ipe  seciind  ou?  xiiii  5ere 
age,  )?e  iii  oure  xx  jere,  and  last  ou?  in  swech  age  as  he  suffered  passion  for 
us.  All  Ipia  is  seid  undir  auctorite  of  geruase.  There  be  alsoo  in  seynt 
petir  cherch  xii  pileres  standyng  next  pe  ante?  whech  as  we  seide  be  fore 
were  caried  fro  ierlm  &  on  ich  of  J)ese  pileres  stood  sum  tyme  an  ymage  lich 
to  on  of  pe  aposteles  of  siluyr  and  gold  but  J^e  tyraurites  J?at  haue  coTiquered 
rome  bore  a  wey  J>at  rychesse.  On  pere  is  a  mongis  all  moost  precious  of  )?oo 
pileres  whech  is  barred  a  boute  with  yruw  and  what  uertu  it  hath  and  whi 
it  hath  swech  uertu  is  wrytyn  peie  in  latyn  in  hard  marbiii  pe  sentens  of 
}>at  writirig  is  translate  here  in  englisch.  This  is  pe  pilere  on  whech  ou? 
lord  ihu  crist  lened  whann)  he  prechid  to  pe  puple  and  on  whech  he  rested 
whann  he  prayed  to  pe  fader  of  heuene,  whech  pilere  with  othir  xi  J)at  stande 
lie?  a  boute  were  brout  fro  salamones  temple  on  to  fis  nobel  cherch,  pe  uertu 
perof  puttith  a  wey  /  wikkid  spirites  fro  men  ):at  be  uexid  with  hem  &  doth  f.  378  r 


66  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

many  o))ir  miracles.*  A  litil  fro  Ipese  pileres  is  an  autere  of  white  marbil  & 
in  ]>e  myddis  a  fayre  porphiri  ston  mo?  pamn  a  sup^raltari.  This  sentens  is 
writen  "pere  in  latyn.  Upon  J^is  porphiri  ston  were  weyed  f>e  bones  of  pe 
holy  aposteles  petir  and  paule  &  departed  be  seynt  siluester  J^e  pope*  pe 
jere  of  ou?  lord  iii  hundred  and  xix  wh&nn  J>is  cherch  was  mad.  Many  ofir 
fingis  be  J?e?  at  seynt  petres  but  fese  be  most  famouse. 


O  seynt  paules  cherch  ^    caplm  ii 

Now  of  J>e  cherch  of  seynt  paule  wil  we  speke  whech  stant  in  j?e  south 
side  of  rome  a  myle  oute  fro  J>e  jate  whech  J?ei  called  in  old  tyme  porta 
capena  now  is  it  clepid  porta  sci  pauli.  It  is  fro  seynt  petir  cherch  to  seynt 
paules  cherch  iii  myle.  ^e  schul  undirstand  J)at  in  J?e  cherch  of  seynt  petir 
ar  seculere  chanones  and  in  J^e  cherch  of  seynt  paule  monkis  of  seynt 
benedictis  ord?.  This  same  cherch  of  seynt  paule  is.  large  ny  of  schap  to 
seynt  petres  with  a  body  and  iiii  eles  saue  in  length  it  hath  too  pileres  lesse 
in  eu^ry  rowe  for  seynt  ^  hath  iiii  sco?  and  uiii  in  al  and  fis  hath  but  iiii 
score.  The  auter  of  seynt  petir  cherch  stant  in  to  Ipe  west  and  pe  aute?  of 
seynt  paule  cherch  stant  in  to  J>e  est.     Therfor  sum  pilgWmes  be  p^  knowe 

^  The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  inscription  on  the  column.  Our  author  cannot  have 
written  before  1447,  so  that  the  inscription  was  then  about  ten  years  old. 

EEC  E  ILLU  COLtJNA  I  QUA  BASILICE.      HIC  LOCATA 

^NS  NK  YH'uS  XPS  APPO  FUIT.      DEM  ONES  EXPELLlT.      ET 

DIATUS.      DUM  POPULO  P  AB  IMMUNDIS  SPIKITIBUS  VE 

BEDICABAT.      ET  DEO  PKI  P  XATOS  LIBEROS  REDDIDIT.     ET 

CES  1  TEMPLO  EFPUNDE  MULTA  MIRAC'lA  COTID 

BAT.    ADHERENDO  STABAT.  IE  FACIT  :    P  REVERENDISSIM 

QUE  UNA  CU  ALUS  UND  PREM  ET  DOMINU  DNU' 

=ECI  HIO  CIRCtJSTANTIBUS  CARD.      DE  URSINIS      OR 

DE  SALAMONIS  TEMPLO  NATA  :    ANNO  DOMINI 

IN  TRIUMPHUM  HUI*  M  CCCC  XXXVIII. 

*  The  more  ancient  Basilica  of  S.  Paul  was  founded,  according  to  tradition,  by 
Anacletus;  it  was  enlarged  by  Constantine,  and  stands  over  the  tomb  of  the  Apostle, 
which  was  in  the  Catacombs  of  Lucina.  The  second  church,  in  which  the  orientation  of 
the  former  building  was  reversed,  was  commenced  by  Valentinian  II,  Theodosius,  and 
Arcadius ;  it  was  completed  by  Honorius  in  396,  restored  by  Leo  the  Great  in  the  fifth, 
by  Eusebius  in  the  sixth,  and  by  Leo  III  in  the  eighth  century.  After  its  desecration  by 
Saracen  invaders,  John  VIII  repaired  the  church,  surrounded  it  with  a  fortified  wall,  and 
gave  it  the  name  of  Johannopolis.  Other  works  were  carried  out  by  Hildebrand 
(Gregory  VII),  whose  name  was  engraved  on  the  bronze  doors.  Honorius  III  decorated 
the  apse  with  mosaics,  and  many  other  pontiffs  repaired  and  beautified  the  church.  The 
last  to  carry  out  important  works  therein  was  Benedict  XIV,  but  it  was  destroyed  by  the 
disastrous  fire  of  the  year  1823,  and  the  work  of  restoration,  which  is  under  the  charge 
of  the  Italian  Government,  has  not  as  yet  been  completed,  though  it  is  well  advanced. 
'  •  petir  c  I  '  in  margin  of  MS.     The  rest  of  the  addition  cut  off  for  purpose  of  binding. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  67 

J?e  cause  whi  men  go  in  at  J»e  west  ende  of  seynt  paules,  for  Ipe  redie?  weye  • 
is  for  to  ent?  be  f>e  north  side.  The  cause  whi  foo  men  f)at  knowe  Ipe  place 
enter  be  Ipe  west  side  is  J)is,  for  aftir  tyme  ]?at  seynt  paules  heed  was  smet 
of  too  myle  f>ens  it  was  caried  and  hid  Ipere  fe  west  dore  is  now  and  aftir- 
ward  fouwde  and  kepte  with  grete  reuerence.  And  in  worchip  of  f>at  heed 
who  so  euyr  enter  be  fat  do?  he  hath  eu^ry  day  xxuiii  ^ere  of  indulgens  with 
remissiouw  of  Ipe  J>irde  part  of  his  synnes.  In  f>e  feste  of  seynt  paule  is 
graunted  a  mi  jere.  In  his  comiercioun  a  c  5ere.  In  Ipe  feste  of  iw^nocentis 
xl  je?.  In  f>e  dedicacouTi  of  pe  cherch  whech  is  f>e  octane  day  of  seint 
martyn  uii  mi  ^ere  &  pe  f)ird  part  remissions.  Euery  sunday  of  pe  ^ere 
hath  a  man  J?ere  as  mech  pardon  as  ]?ow  he  went  to  seynt  iames  in  gales.* 
This  lond  whe?  pis  cherch  stant  and  pe  abbey  with  all  he?  comoditees  was 
sumtyme  cleped  ortus  lucille  in  englisch  it  meneth  pe  gardeyne  of  lucille. 
This  lucilla  was  a  rich  woman  and  an  holy  whech  spent  liir  good  in  coum- 
forting  of  martires  in  he?  passiones  and  in  byrying  of  he?  bodies  aftir  her 
deth.  Also  in  J^e  cherch  of  seynt  paule  be  twix  pe  liye  ante?  and  pe  ante? 
of  seynt  benedict  is  a  ful  fay?  ymage  of  crist  hanging  on  pe  crosse  whech 
ymage  spak  certeyn  wordes  on  to  seynt  bryde  whech  tyme  sche  lay  J?ere  in 
contemplacion  and  pe  same  ston  f>at  sche  rested  on  at  fat  tyme  is  fere  closed 
in  a /grate.  Eke  in  pe  sacristie  may  a  man  see  pe  same  bible  fat  was  seynt  f.  878  v 
ieromes,  and  as  summe  sey  fere  he  wrote  it  him  selue.  A  fay?  book  is  it 
and  a  large  and  ful  wel  arayed.'^ 


Of  f  e  cherch  of  seiwt  sebastiaun.*   iij. 

The  cherch  of  seynt  Sebastian  stant  to  myle  fro  seynt  paules  also  oute  of 
f  e  wallis  of  rome  a  grete  myle  for  we  enter  in  to  rome  a  geyn  whan  we  haue 

*  In  the  Staciom  of  Rome,  E.  E.  Text  Society,  1867,  p.  4,  the  indulgences  are  as  follows : 
on  the  Festival  of  his  Conversion  100  years,  on  S.  Paul's  Day  1,000  years,  on  Chi] derm asse 
Day  4,000  years ;  and,  for  a  whole  year's  Sundays,  as  much  pardon  as  for  a  pilgrimage  to 
S.  James's. 

'  The  great  Alcuin  Bible  at  S.  Paul's  is  of  the  ninth  century;  it  is  a  good  copy  of  the 
recension  made  for  Charlemagne  by  Alcuin,  and  presented  to  the  emperor  at  Christmas,  800. 
Bishop  Grandison,  of  Exeter,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  had  all  the  Bibles  of  his  diocese 
corrected  by  a  copy  of  this  Bible  at  S.  PauFs.  It  is  Jerome's  only  in  the  sense  that  it  is 
his  recension  of  the  Vnlgate. 

*  The  Basilica  of  S.  Sebastian  was  erected  in  the  fourth  century,  in  honour  of  SS.  Peter 
and  Paul,  and  was  then  known  as  the  Basilica  A  postal  or  iim.  Below  the  confessio  of  the 
building  was  the  Platonia,  where  the  remains  of  the  Apostles  were  laid  for  security  during 
the  troubled  period  of  the  persecutions.  The  church  appears  to  have  consisted  of  a  nave 
and  two  aisles,  separated  by  columns,  with  an  apse  ;  behind  the  apse  was  a  matroneum. 
It  was  frequently  restored  during  the  Middle  Ages,  but  was  completely  reconstructed  in 
its  present  form  by  Cardinal  Borghese  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Practically,  but  little 
of  the  old  building  can  now  be  seen  (Armellini,  p.  714 ;  Nibby,  p.  704 ;  Marucchi,  p.  488). 

K  2 


68  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

do  ou?  labour*  \>ere  be  a  5ate  fei  clepe  porta  appia.  In  )?is  cherch  litb  f>e 
holy  pope  seynt  fabiane  fat  was  chosen  to  ]?at  dignite  be  a  grete  myracle  for 
a  dowe  cam  sodeyTily  and  rested  on  his  heed.  It  was  he  J^at  ordeyned 
notaries  in  rome  for  to  write  J>e  deth  of  martires  whech  we?  killid  \>ere  for 
cristis  cause.  This  man  lith  in  f>e  hye  aute?  f>at  stant  a  boue.^  There  is 
a  nojjir  aute?  be  nethe  as  we  come  oute  fro  J)e  cymytery  whech  is  cleped 
kalixti  and  in  )?at  auter  lith  Ipe  holy  martir  called  sebastiane.  This  aute? 
is  hald  on  of  J?e  holy  places  of  rome.^  For  at  ]:)is  aute?  sang  seynt  gregori 
and  an  aungeH  mynistered  at  his  messe  whech  au^igeii  for  f)e  moost  party 
of  f>at  messe  stood  on  a  white  ston  f)at  lith  J)ere  jet  and  it  is  hald  in  ful 
grete  reuerens.  The  aurigeft  seid  )?ese  wordis  as  it  is  writyn  pere.  In  loco 
isto  est  uera  promissio  &  i^eccatorum  remissio  splendor  &  lux  perpetua  ac 
sine  fine  leticia  quam  promeruit  xpi  martir  sebastianits.  That  is  to  sey 
in  englisch.  In  J^is  place  is  J?e  uery  behest  &  remission  of  all  synnes 
schynywg  and  lith  euyr  lastyng  ]?orw  pe  meritis  of  cristis  martir  sebastiane. 
Also  a  bouen  in  Ipe  same  cherch  be  f>at  dore  pat  goth  to  rome  lith  sei^it 
steuene  fe  pope  a  for  an  aute?  undir  a  fai?  ston  i  grated  with  irun.  This 
cherch  hath  grete  pardouTi  euery  day  ]?orw  oute  Ipe  jere  a  mi  jere  and  in 
o  Sunday  in  may  remission  of  ali  synnes.  The  cymytery  cleped  kalixti  is 
undir  Ipe  cherch  a  caue  or  ellis  a  myne  undir  J?e  ground.  It  is  neythir  uery 
ston  ne  uery  erde  but  be  twix  both  red  of  colou?.  Many  caues  be  fere  and 
stopped  with  stones  fat  men  schuld  not  erre  in  her  weye  saue  too  are  left 

1  S.  Fabian  succeeded  S.  Anteros  in  the  Holy  See  in  the  year  236.  According  to 
Eusebius,  his  election  was  unanimous ;  because,  when  the  clergy  and  the  people  were 
assembled  to  choose  a  Pope,  a  dove  settled  on  his  head  ;  this  was  accepted  as  a  miraculous 
sign.  But  we  know  little  certain  about  him.  Eusebius  says  that  he  was  of  a  good  Roman 
family  ;  that  he  was  the  nineteenth  Bishop  of  Rome,  and  reigned  from  236  to  251 ;  other 
authorities  say  that  he  was  the  twenty-first  Pope,  and  only  reigned  fourteen  years, 
perishing  in  the  persecution  of  Decius  in  250.  The  latter  version  is  accepted  by  the 
Bollandiats  as  the  more  correct.  He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  S.  Callixtus  on  the 
Appian  Way,  and  the  church  of  S.  Sebastian  was  erected  over  his  grave.  S.  Cyprian  calls 
him,  in  a  letter  to  Pope  Cornelius,  an  incomparable  man  ;  he  is  said  to  have  baptized  the 
Emperor  Philippus  Arabus;  he  sent  S.  Denis  to  Gallia;  and  during  his  pontificate, 
according  to  Gregory  of  Tours,  the  Churches  of  Paris,  Tours,  Toulouse,  Narbonne,  Aries, 
Clermont,  and  Limoges  were  founded  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum, 
January,  vol.  ii,  p.  252  ;  Duchesne,  Liber  Pontificalis,  vol.  i,  p.  148). 

'  S.  Sebastian  was  bom  at  Narbonne  ;  his  family  came  originally  from  Milan,  where 
his  youth  was  spent.  He  came  to  Rome  about  283.  He  was  appointed  officer  in  the 
Pretorian  body-guard  ;  it  was  not  known  at  the  time  that  he  was  a  Christian.  He  used 
his  official  position  to  help  his  fellow  believers  as  much  as  possible ;  amongst  others,  he 
Was  able  to  be  of  assistance  to  the  Pope  S.  Caius.  His  martyrdom  took  place  in  the  reign 
of  Diocletian  and  Maximianus.  Owing  to  the  care  of  a  pious  widow,  Irene,  he  recovered 
from  the  wounds  inflicted  on  him  by  the  arrows ;  but  he  was  beaten  to  death  in  the 
circus,  and  his  body  was  thrown  into  the  cloaca.  It  was  recovered  and  buried,  in 
the  manner  described  by  our  chronicler  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexihon  ;  Acta  Sanctorumf 
Januaiy,  vol.  ii,  p.  259). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  69 

open  of  whech  on  as  |7ei  sei  was  seynt  petir  chapel.  But  if  je  bere  lith  in 
5our  hand  50  se  rith  newt  for  it  is  dep  undir  )>e  grouTid.  For  whan  we  go 
down  on  Ipe  0  side  of  f)e  cherch  Ipere  be  xxxii  greces  and  i  trow  as  many 
upward  on  f>e  o]?ir  side  Ip&re  J?e  auTigell  ministred  to  seint  gregori  at  messe. 
The  cymytery  is  f)us  long  ]?at  if  a  man  tary  not  in  pe  chapeles  but  go  rith 
forth  he  schal  walk  it  be  J?ann)  he  hath  said  iiii  sithes  miserere  mei  dens. 
In  }>is  place  wer  biried  xlui  popes*  and  ech  of  hem  jaue  grete  indulgence  to 
Ipe  same  place.  Ther  was  seynt  cecile  biried  alsoo  hir  memorial  is  ])ere  ^et 
grauen  in  white  marbiii  ful  wel.  The  comouw  opinion  is  ])ere  of  }?is  place 
f)at  who  so  euyr  out  of  synne  uisite  it  })at  is  to  seye  clene  schreue  and  /  con-  f.  379  r 
trite  he  is  assoiled  as  clene  as  a  man  may  be  be  power  of  Ipe  cherch.  This 
cymytery  was  mad  be  calixte  pe  pope*  pernor  it  bereth  his  name.  He  mad 
it  as  fei  sey  for  too  causes  on  is  J^at  f>e  hedes  or  ellis  J?e  popes*  of  f>e  cherch 
schuld  dwelle  fere  secretly  fro  perel  of  tirauntis  for  it  was  nececarie  fat  fei 
schuld  leue  lenge?  to  confirmacioun  of  hem  fat  were  neophites.  An  ofir 
cause  fei  sei  he  had  for  he  desired  for  to  byry  martires  fat  deied  for  cristis 
sake  and  for  he  myth  not  doo  f  is  openly  f  erfor  he  ordeyned  f  is  priuy  place.^ 
Be  side  f is  cherch  is  a  grete  hous  whech  f ei  clepe  cathacumbas  fis  same 
catacuwbas  is  a  meruelous  name  for  it  is  not  expowned  in  ou?  latyne  bokes 
ne  non  of  f e  gramaiiones  touch  fis  word  f us  compowned.  The  simples  fei 
speke  of  as  of  cata  whech  soundeth  as  fei  wryte  fat  cata  is  a  boue  or  ellis 
cata  is  al  and  cumbo  or  ellis  cumbas  fei  sey  fat  fis  is  lowe  or  ellis  dep  so 
fis  word  souwdith  all  lowe  or  elles  al  dep  and  in  uery  sikirnesse  fis  same 
hous  is  dep  in  f  e  erde  and  was  sumtyme  a  grete  pitte  for  we  go  down  jertoo 
on  xxuiii  greces.  Summe  men  sey  fat  is  was  f e  purgacioun  of  all  yssewes 
of  f e  bocheres  fat  dwelt  fere  for  fere  be  jet  many  wallis  on  whech  stood  ful 
solempne  houses  whech  houses  we?  a  bochery  sumtyme  to  rome  and  in  fis 
place  as  fei  sey  were  petir  and  paule  f rowe  rith  for  despite.  This  tale  in 
partie  is  soth  and  in  partie  not  for  fat  it  was  a  macelle  called  in  ou?  tonge 
a  bochery  fat  is  soth  and  fat  fei  were  f rowe  fere  of  f 00  men  fat  killid  hem 
for  despite  fat  is  not  soth.  Therfor  wil  we  declare  on  to  50U  f e  trewth  of 
fis  mate?.  Petir  and  paule  suflfered  he?  passion  at  rome  f e  last  jere  of  nero 
both  at  0  tyme  as  gelasius  fe  pope  *  writith.  Petir  was  killid  in  uia  aurea 
and  fere  byried  in  a  place  whech  fei  clepe  uaticanz^s  whech  place  is  now 

1  S.  Callixtus  I  was  Pope  from  219  to  222.  Some  authorities,  however,  give  217  and  218 
as  the  date  of  his  election.  He  appears  to  have  been  born  at  Ravenna,  and  to  have 
belonged  to  the  family  of  Doniitian.  He  founded  the  cemetery  on  the  Via  Appia  which 
bears  his  name.  He  was  martyred  during  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus ;  probably  not 
by  his  orders,  as  the  emperor  is  said  to  have  had  a  warm  personal  regard  for  him.  He 
was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  Kalepodius  on  the  Via  Aurelia  ;  his  relics  rest  in  the 
church  of  S.  Maria  Trastevere  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon;  Acta  Sanctorum,  October, 
vol.  vi,  p.  401  ;  Duchesne,  Liber  Pontificalis,  vol.  i,  p.  141). 


70  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES 

ioyned  on  to  seynt  petir  cherch*  and  it  was  clepid  so  for  pe  prestis  of  f>e 
hethen  lawe  had  f>ere  certeyn  reuelaciones  as  J»ei  seide  be  whech  J?ei  -pro- 
phecied  on  to  ]>e  puple.  For  uates  is  a  prophete  and  canus  is  as  mech  to 
sey  in  fat  tonge  as  elde  so  ioyned  to  gidir  f)is  place  soundith  in  oure  tonge 
a  place  of  elde  prophecye.  And  )?at  )>is  place  stood  uia  aurea  or  aurelia  as 
it  is  cleped  snmtyme  witnessith  f>e  legende  of  seynt  pancrace.  Now  was 
paule  ded  u  myle  fro  J>at  place  uia.  hostiensi  where  a  chapelle  with  iii  welles 
stant  jet  fast  bi  scala  celi  and  Ipere  biried  and  so  ley  j^ei  many  jeres  on  to  Ipe 
tyme  of  cornely  J>e  pope*  whech  was  fe  xxi  pope*  fro  petir  for  in  his  tyme 
fe  grekis  J?at  dwelle  at  Constantinople  hauywg  enuie  J>at  f)e  cherch  of  rome 
schuld  be  mo^  in  honou?  J)an  he?  cherch  &  considering  psd  J>ese  bodies  of 
petir  and  paule  biried  at  rome  were  a  grete  cause  of  accesse  of  pilgWmes  ful 
sotilly  f)ei  com  to  rome  and  with  grete  curiosite  stole  }>ese  bodies  with  entent 
to  be?  hem  to  hostie  and  so  forth  to  J^e  se.  And  whan  J?ei  we?  goyng  Ipe 
f.  379  V  spi/ritis  fat  were  in  ydolis  constreyned  be  J»e  grete  powe?  of  ou?  lord  cried 
with  a  loude  uoys  help  men  help  for  ellis  jour  goddis  schul  be  stole.  The 
cristen  men  undirstood  f  is  of  Ipe  bodies  of  petir  and  paule,  J?e  hethen  men 
undirstood  it  of  he?  maumentis,  and  so  with  o  consent  fei  pursewid  fe 
grekis,  and  ^  sey  fe  grekis  J>ei  frewe  Ipe  bodies  in  f is  pitte  and  Ipere  lay  fei 
as  summe  cronicles  sey  Ixx  jere.  Martines  cronicle  seith  fat  f ei  were  f rowe 
fere  in  Cornelius  tyme  and  lift  up  eke  in  f e  same  popes  tyme  and  translate 
to  f  0  places  Ipere  f  ei  ly  now  at  instans  of  a  blessid  woma?^  callid  sumtyme 

^  This  passage  is  interesting,  as  it  shows  that  in  the  fifteenth  century  the  site  of  the 
martyrdom  of  S.  Peter  was  believed  by  some  to  be  near  the  Basilica  of  S.  Peter,  and  not 
on  the  Janiculum  at  S..  Peter  in  Montorip.  For  a  full  discussion  of  this  subject  see 
lecture  by  Comm.  Prof.  O.  Marucchi,  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
British  and  American  Archaeological  Society.  The  modern  error,  which  fixes  the  site  at 
S.  Pietro  in  Montorio,  appears  to  have  crept  in  somewhere  about  this  period  (1450),  for 
which  see  In  diesem  Biichlin  stet  geschryhen  wie  Rom  von  erst  gehauet,  &c.,  Strassburg, 
1500,  p.  G  ii  V :  *  Es  ist  zfi  sant  peter  in  montorio  ist  ein  closter  des  ordens  sante 
francisci  und  halten  di  observanz  )  ufF  der  selben  stat  die  kirch  lygt  da  is  gemartert 
wordew  und  gecretitziget  sant  peter  der  zwelfFpot  |  da  is  grosz  genad  und  ablasz.' 
Muffel's  account  is  interesting,  as  It  also  shows  that  in  1452  the  site  of  S.  Pietro 
in  Montorio  was,  by  some,  held  to  be  the  true  one.  He  says  that,  after  parting  with 
S.  Paul,  *  sand  Peter  ward  wyder  in  kerker  gefiSrt,  und  on  einem  andern  tag  gekreutzigt 
auf  einem  perg  zwischen  den  zweyen  nodellen'  (nadel=  pyramid)  *dye  do  sten  eine  in  der 
maur,  do  sand  Paulus  thor  hinauf  get  und  Rumulus  und  Remus  auf  begraben  ligen  .  .  . 
und  zwischen  der  anderen  nodelen,  die  do  steht  zwischen  der  Tyber  prucken  und  sand 
Peter  *  (p.  28).  Again,  in  speaking  of  the  Church  of  S.  Pietro  in  Montorio,  von  HarfF 
says :  *  Off  deser  stat  is  gemartelt  ind  gecruciget  woirden  sijnt  Peter  apostel '  {Pilgerfahrt 
in  den  Jahren  1496-9,  p.  30,  Dr.  E.  von  Groote,  Coin,  1860).  The  Cliurch  of  S.  Pietro  in 
Montorio  is  ancient,  and  is  mentioned  in  the  ninth  century  by  Agnello  in  the  Liber 
Pontificalis  of  Ravenna.  Sixtus  IV  bestowed  the  church  upon  the  Franciscans  in  1472, 
and  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  employed  Pontelli,  the  architect  of  the  Palazzo  Venezia,  to 
rebuild  it  (Armellini,  p.  551;  Marucchi,  p.  460;  Nibby,  p.  587;  Urlichs,  Cod.  Topog., 
p.  174).  ••'  '  pat '  in  margin  of  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  71 

lucilla  and  suwtyme  lucina.  Otbir  cronicles  sey  j^at  J?ei  were  translate  fro 
J?at  place  long  aftir  f>at  tyme  for  siluest^r  was  J>e  xii  pope  fro  cornely  whech 
weyid  hem  and  departed  hem  as  it  is  writyn  in  marbil  openly  in  seynt  petir 
cherch.  Swech  contradiecioun  is  a,lday  in  cronicles  but  for  be  cause  it 
touchith  not  J?e  articles  of  oure  feith  ))erfor  may  men  chese  what  party 
J?ei  wil. 

Of'J>e  cherch  latcranensi^.*     cap  iiii. 

The  cherch  clepid  lateranensis  is  a  ful  solempne  place  and  many  dyu^rs 
houses  be  perin  with  dyuers  relikes.^  First  whan  we  come  fro  sebastianes 
we  entre  a  hous  cleped  seynt  gregoryes  librarie  for  J)ere  as  fei  sey  mad  he 
J>e  most  part  of  his  bokis  in  token  J>at  it  is  so,  mech  of  his  lif  is  jet 
depoynted  on  fe  wallis.  A  noj^ir  litil  chapel  is  by  and  on  J?e  ante?  stand 
to  elde  pileris  of  ston  whech^ileres  pei  sey  stood  in  J^at  conclaue  at  Nazareth 
whe?  gabriel  told  ou?  lady  J^oo  first  heuenely  tydyngis.  And  in  uery  soth 
a  ymage  of  ou?  lady  is  on  pe  o  pile?  and  a  ymage  of  gabriel  on  )?e  o|3ir  of 
ful  elde  picture.  Than  go  we  in  to  J>e  baptistery.  The  baptistery  is  a  grete 
hie  round  hous  in  whech  constantyn  was  baptized  and  many  of>ir  houses 
hangen  \>eroii  as  schal  be  declared  aftirward.  In  J>e  myddis  of  J>is  hous 
stand  uiii  grete  pileres  of  porphiri  ston  be  twix  whech  was  J^e  uessel  sette 
in  whech  he  was  waschid.  On  J)e  rith  hand  as  we  come  in  is  a  hous  grated 
with  tymbir  where  J^e  conk  stant  )?us  pe'i  clepe  it  Ipe  uessel  of  his  baptem  of 
whech  conk  we  mad  a  sp«cml  declaracion  in  f>e  first  part  be  fore  Ipe  xxiii 
chapetre.  Next  )5at  hous  is  a  litil  chapel  halowid  in  Ipe  worchip  of  seynt 
ion  baptist  in  whech  no  woma^i  entre th  and  pere  as  )?ei  sey  is  plene? 
remissiouw  tociens  quociens  of  J»e  grauTit  of  sei^it  siluester  women  haue  pe 

*  The  church  of  S.  John  Lateran  occupies  part  of  the  site  of  the  family  palace  of  the 
Laterani.  At  the  time  of  Constantine  it  was  imperial  property,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
conferred  by  him  upon  S.  Silvester  as  an  episcopal  residence.  The  emperor  founded  the 
basilica,  and  from  this  time  the  Patriarchum,  as  it  was  called,  was  the  ordinary  residence 
of  the  Popes.  The  basilica  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  or  by  fire,  and  was  rebuilt  by 
Sergius  III  (904-11).  Innocent  IV  embellished  it,  and  Boniface  VIII,  in  the  year  of 
his  jubilee,  decorated  it  magnificently.  Two  outbreaks  of  fire,  in  1307  and  1361,  caused 
great  damage,  which  was  repaired  by  Clement  V,  Innocent  VI,  and  Urban  V  ;  the  last 
named  sent  funds  from  Avignon.  On  the  return  of  the  Popes  to  Rome,  the  building  was 
found  to  be  in  a  ruinous  condition ;  it  was  subsequently  entirely  renovated  by  Clement  VII, 
Innocent  X,  and  Clement  XII. 

^  Muffel  gives  a  very  careful  description  of  the  Lateran,  and  says  that  the  indulgences, 
when  the  heads  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  are  shown,  are  the  same  as  when  the  Vemacle  is 
shown  at  S.  Peter's:  i.e.  7,000  years  for  Romans,  10,000  for  other  Italians,  and  14,000 
years  for  those  who  come  from  across  the  mountains.  He  also  mentions  the  lex  regia, 
which  Cola  di  Rienzo  hung  up  in  the  church  :  *  Item  neben  an  der  seul  stet  der  zwelf 
tafel  eine  von  messing,  dorin  die  recht  geschriben  stend  die  den  Romern  von  Athenis 
geschickt  wurden  do  Rom  nur  xx  jargestanden  was'  (pp.  10-11). 


72  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

same  if  fei  go  on  pilgWmage  and  touch  f»e  dore.  Than  next  is  a  grete 
chapett  and  an  offering  on  to  an  ymage  of  ou?  lady  Ipe  ppecial  offeringis  be 
ringis  of  gold  or  of  siluer  and  ])erfor  is  j^at  ymage  cleped  Sea  maria  de  anulo 
fat  is  to  sey  in  englisch  Seyn  mary  of  J>e  ring.  Who  j^at  )?is  offering  cam 
t  380  r  /in  use  first  is  writyn  ]?ere  in  a  table  rith  thus.  U.  There  was  sumtyme  in  rome 
a  rich  man  whech  had  on  to  his  wyf  a  woman  both  ^  and  good.  This  man 
loued  be  side  his  wyf  a  woman  of  uicious  condicionis  and  pei  to  spent  grete 
good  in  riot  and  uicious  lyuyng.  The  wif  f>at  was  good  of  lyf  had  f)is 
condiciou/i  J>at  ones  or  twyes  in  J?e  weke  sche  wold  walk  to  seynt  ion 
lat^ranense  and  spectal  deuocioun  wold  sche  sey  be  fo?  J?is  ymage  J^at  is  in 
worchip  of  ou?  lady.  The  uicious  woman  perceyued  weel  J^at  al  f>e  loue  of 
pe  husbond  was  go  fro  fe  wif  and  ful  onkendly  com  to  hi?,  detracted  pe  wif 
in  his  presens  and  seid  J>at  sche  used  J>e  same  onclennesse  whech  he  used 
and  prouyd  J>is  be  grete  absens  fi'o  hir  owne  hous  ones  or  twies  in  pe  weke. 
The  man  leued  not  j^ese  tales.  Tho  f)is  wikkid  woman  went  to  a  nygro- 
mancer  and  compelled  a  dawipned  spirit  to  stele  J^e  ring  p^  ]:)is  good  woman 
was  weddid  with  and  be  him  selue  appe?  lich  a  5ong  man  weryng  J)is  ring. 
And  whan  pe  husbond  sey  al  })is  a  non  he  hastid  homward  al  fat  he  myth 
in  purpos  for  to  sle  his  innocent  wif  for  to  f>is  entent  wroute  pe  forseid 
wikkid  woman  al  J>is  malicious  werk.  And  fan  pe  wif  prayed  oure  lady  for 
sche  coude  not  fynde  pe  ryng  whech  he  bad  hir  seke  and  be  grete  myracle 
f  e  ryng  was  brout  a  gayn  and  all  pe  fraude  of  pe  fend  parceyued,  pe  husbond 
eke  conuerted  fro  his'^  and  f  is  same  is  jet  a  gret  offeryng  in  rome  in  special 
of  ryngis.''  In  fat  same  chapel  is  a  nof ir  fay?  hous  in  whech  fei  seye 
constantine  held  his  counceil  with  his  lordis  and  fere  stant  jet  partie  of  his 
tribunal.  Be  side  f  is  is  a  chapett  and  be  f  e  do?  stant  a  pile?  of  marbitt 
scarce  a  metjerd  by  be  twix  whech  pile?  and  f  e  wal  is  a  litil  space  and  in 
fat  space  on  of  f  e  popes  *  clepid  gregorie  condempned  him  selue  to  prison 
but  aftirward  he  was  delyueryd  be  miracle  and  on  f  is  pile?  stood  sumtyme 
a  crucifixe  whech  men  kissed  with  grete  deuocioun.  So  happed  it  fat 
a  gentil  woman  cam  for  to  kisse  f  is  crucifixe  and  sey  anof  ir  old  po?  woman 
kisse  fe  same.  And  as  of  dedignacioun  whan  sche  wold  haue  wipte  fe 
crucifixe  al  sodeynly  it  fled  fro  fat  place  up  to  a  wal  and  mo?  fan  fou? 
fadom  hy  hing  stille  and  jet  it  hangith  in  testimonie  of  f  e  miracle.*     Aftir 

*  *  fay?'  in  margin  of  MS.  ^  '  wi '  (?  wish,  will)  in  margin  of  MS. 

'  •  In  ...  is  another  chapel,  wherein  is  painted  an  image  of  our  Lady,  that,  upon  the 
offering  of  a  ring  by  a  certain  woman,  stretched  forth  her  hand,  and  drew  to  her  the  ring, 
where  it  yet  appeareth  upon  the  finger  in  the  picture'  (Nichols,  Marvels  of  Some, 
p.  188,  translation  of  Codex  Vaticanus  4265). 

*  Ein  BUchlin,  &c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  gives  a  similar  account  of  this  miracle.  See  also 
Rucellai,  II  GiuUleo  delV  anno  eanto  1450,  Archiv.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  568. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGKIMES  73 

uisitaciouw  of  Jjese  places  we  entre  in  to  \>e  grete  cHercli  whech  was  ]>e  first 
Jjat  euyr  was  bilid  in  ciisteTidam  and  euene  ouyr  J?e  ante?  on  ]>e  wal  is  fe 
face  of  our  sauiou?  whech  appered  on  to  ali  J^e  puple  of  rome  uisibile  J?e 
same  day  )?at  seynt  syluester  halowid  Ipe  cherch.     And  as  fe  elde  stories  sey 
it  was  neuyr  mad  with  mannes  hand  but  sodeynly  Jjus  it  appered.     A  fayre 
figure  it  is  and  biith  of  colon?  brown  and  red  and  large  eke.     Than  turne 
we  down  in  to  f»e  cherch  /  and  kisse  a  grete  auter  ouyr  whech  auter  be  J>e  f.  380  v 
hedes  of  petir  and  paule  whech  be  schewid  ofte  sith  in  fe  weke  be  fo?  estern 
openly  on  to  Ipe  puple.^     The  hed  of  petir  is  a  brood  face  with  mech  he?  on 
his  herd  and  )?at  is  of  grey  colou?  be  twix  whit  and  blak.    The  hed  of  paule 
is  a  long  face  balled  with  red  he?  both  herd  and  hed.     On  eithir  side  of  yis 
ante?  stand  too  grete  pileres  of  brasse  hoi  ful  of  seyntes  bones.     Suwme 
men  sey  }?at  }?oo  we?  f>e  pileres  f>at  hiram  mad  to  salamon  as  f)e  J^irde  book 
of  kyiigis  make  mynde  but  Jjis  be  leue  I  nowt  for  f)at  descripciouw  whech  is 
mad  in  Ipe  book  of  regum  accordith  rith  nowt  with  Ipe  schap  of  fese  pileres. 
In  pe  uttir  ende  of  Ipe  cherch  fer]:»est  fro  fis  aute?  is  a  chapell  in  whech  be 
many  relikis.     The?  is  J?e  arke  of  }pe  eld  testament  with  Ipe  tables  \>e  rodde 
))at  floured  &  Ipe  uessel  of  gold  with  marina.    The?  is  Ipe  bord  on  whech  crist 
mad  his  maunde,  fe  3erd  of  moyses,  of  Ipe  u  loues  and  of  J?e  too  fischis  fat 
left  at  cristis  fest,  Ipe  cote  of  on?  lord  whech  ou?  lady  mad,  part  of  ou? 
ladies  kerchi,  part  hir  he?,  J?e  hed  of  zakarie  jon  baptist  fader,  of  ]>e  blood 
and  of  Ipe  aschis  of  seynt  jon  baptist  body,  Ipe  hed  of  seint  pancrace,*  Ipe 
schuldir  of  sey?it  laurens,  f>e  cote  of  seynt  jon  euawgelist  with  whech  he 
reysid  iii  dede  men,  Ipe  cuppe  in  whech  he  drank  uenuw,  Ipe  chene  with 
whech  he  was  teyid  in  ephese  &  many  of  ir  ymgis.     Now  go  we  upward  in 
to  fe  cherch  a  geyn  and  entren  in  to  a  cloistir  whech  ledith  in  to  fe  grete 
halle  where  Ipe  general  councell  be  holden  whech  tyme  pei  be  at  rome.    At  fe 
hey  des  of  fis  halle  is  a  ful  fayre  marbil  ston  so  cured  a  boue  witb  bord  fat 

*  Montaigne  aleo  saw  the  heads  of  the  Apostles  when  he  travelled  in  Italy,  and 
describes  them  thus  :  *  La  veille  de  Pasques  je  via  k  S.  Jean  de  Latran,  les  chefs  S.  Pol 
et  S.  Pierre,  qu'on  y  montre,  qui  out  encore  leur  chamure,  teint  et  barbe,  comme  s'ila 
vivoient ;  S.  Piene,  un  visage  blanc  un  peu  longuet,  le  teint  vermeil  &  tirant  sur  le  san- 
guin,  une  barbe  grise  fourchue,  la  teste  couverte  d'une  mitre  papale.  S.  Pol,  noir,  le 
visage  large  et  plus  gras,  la  teste  plus  grosse,  la  barbe  grise,  espesse'  {Journal  du 
Voyage  en  Italic,  ed,  by  Ancona,  Cittk  di  Castello,  1895). 

'  S.  Pancratius  was  the  only  son  of  wealthy  heathen  parents  of  Synnada,  a  town  in 
the  north  of  Phrygia  mluiaris.  On  the  death  of  his  father  he  went  with  his  uncle 
Dionysius  to  Rome,  where  they  lived  in  a  large  house  on  the  Caelian  Hill.  They  were 
both  converted  to  the  Christian  faith,  in  spite  of  the  persecution  which  was  then  raging. 
The  uncle  fell  ill,  and  died  in  peace  ;  but  S.  Pancras,  in  spite  of  his  youth,  was  sentenced 
to  death  by  the  sword.  He  sufiFered  martyrdom  in  the  year  804,  in  the  reign  of  Diocle- 
tian, on  the  Via  Aurelia,  and  was  buried  by  the  noble  matron  Octavilla  in  the  cemetery 
of  Kalepodius  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum^  May,  vol.  iii,  p.  17). 

L 


74  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

men  may  kisse  it.  On  ))is  ston  stood  seynt  jon  f)e  euangelist  and  prechid 
\>e  feith  of  ou?  lord  on  to  domician  emp«rou?  and  to  J^e  puple  of  rome.  Aftir 
his  sermone  ou?  lord  ihu  appered  on  to  him  in  swech  figure  as  he  went  in 
erde  and  )3ankid  him  for  his  sermone  and  so  sodeynly  passed  oute  at  J^e  o]?ir 
ende  of  f>e  halle  no  man  wist  where.  This  uisiou^i  caused  popes  *  in  elde 
tyme  to  grauwte  grete  indulgence  to  »)?is  hous  xl  3ere  &  xl  leutones.  And 
be  cause  no  ma«  can  telle  uerily  be  whech  do?  crist  went  oute  for  )?e?  be  iii 
dores  perfor  pilgWmes  goo  J>orw  ail  iii  doresl^  Euene  be  fore  J>oo  dores  is 
a  ful  fayre  hous  open  on  to  J>e  cort  of  lat^ranense  and  sette  hye  up  on 
a  uoute  in  whech  hous  seynt  gregory  prechid  often  on  to  \>e  puple.  The 
desk  of  marbil  stant  'pere  ^et  on  whech  he  was  wone  to  lene  whan  he  prechid. 
Than  go  we  forth  in  a  long  pane  of  a  cloystir  and  Ipere  lith  a  grete  rouwd 
ston  of  toarbil  and  fast  by  is  depoynted  a  ymage  of  seynt  jame.  This  is  f»e 
uery  story  of  ])ese  toknes  as  I  lerned  Ipere.  Seynt  jon  Ipe  euangelist  whan 
he  was  at  rome  had  grete  desire  to  speke  with  james  his  broj^ir  whech  was 
f.  881  r  ]5at  tyme  in  spayn  at  gales.  This  /  same  jon  cried  out  at  pe  windowne  and 
spak  on  to  seiwt  iame  &  iames  answered  him  of  certeyn  materis  whech  f>ei 
wold.  This  )?ing  semeth  impossible  to  marines  witte  for  j^e  grete  distauns 
of  u  or  ui  hundred  myle  but  to  god  is  no  ping  impossible  whan  he  will  werk 
ony  J>ing  for  his  seruauntes.  A  litil  ferthe?  in  fat  cloyster  hang  .pe  first 
bellis  f>at  euyr  wer  mad.^  And  forth  in  anoJ?ir  pane  of  )?at  cloystir  is 
a  chapei  and  pere  stant  J>e  chaye?  f)at  pe  pope*  is  asayed  in  whef>ir  he  be 
man  or  wom&n  be  cause  j^e  cherche  was  deceyued  ones  in  a  woman  whech 
deyid  on  processiouw  grete  with  child  for  a  ymage  is  sette  up  in  memorie 
of  hir  as  we  go  to  laterane  be  for  a  litil  place  sumtyme  a  cherch  as  I  suppose 
it.schuld  be  cleped  titulus  pastoris.^     Aftir  yis  chapeli  be  a  peyre  greces 

*  Ritter  A.  von  Harff  mentions  the  fact  that  pilgrims  go  through  all  three  doors.  On 
p.  14  he  says:  *'Dae  steynt  oUch  drij  ander  portzen  beneiien  eyn  andereren,  weyss  man 
vnder  den  drynnen  nyet  wylch  die  rechte  poertz  sij,  darumb  geyt  man  durch  sij  alle 
drij.*  He  adds,  that  he  who  does  this  with  devotion,  all  his  sins  are  forgiven.  He  also 
tells  us,  on  p.  15,  that  in  the  church  is  a  stone,  on  which  S.  Silvester  stood  and  preached 
to  CJonstantine  ;  and  that  cm  it  are  written  the  words  :  Aures  ntediencium  {Pilgerfahrt  in 
den  Jahren  1496-9  :  Von  Groote,  Coin,  1860). 

'  *  Item  appresso  al  detto  luogo  due  campane  non  molto  grandi  senza  battaglio  che  si 
dice  furono  le  prime  campane  che  si  fflicessino  mai  al  mondo*  (Rucellai,  II  Giiibileo  del- 
Vanno  santo  1450,  Archiv.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  571.    See  also  Muffel,  p.  14). 

'  Our  chronicler  has  made  the  mistake  of  confusing  the  very  ancient  church  of  S.  Pas- 
tor with  the  titulus  pastoris,  the  old  name  of  S.  Pudenziana.  S.  Pastor  was  near 
S.  Clemente ;  it  is  mentioned  in  the  papers  of  the  hospital  of  S.  Salvatore,  in  the  year 
1452,  as  •  ecclesia  S.  Pastoris  prope  S.  Clementem  de  qua  non  restat  nisi  pars  tribunae '. 
It  appears  to  have  been  attached  to  the  Monastery  of  S.  Clemente  ;  for,  in  a  catalogue  of 
churches  of  the  time  of  Pius  V,  it  is  referred  to  as  *  S.  Pastore  dentro  S.  Clemente  '.  The 
catalogue  of  Turin  says  :  *  Ecclesia  S.  Pastoris  habet  unum  sacerdotem  '.  There  is  now 
no  trace  whatever  of  it ;  and  Armellini,  while  admitting  that  he  knows  of  no  historical 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  75 

down  in  to  J>e  cort  of  fai?  white  marbill  as  I  haue  mynde  now  "jpere  be  euene 
xxuiii.  Up  on  on  of  f)ese  greces  stood  ou?  lord  ihu  be  fore  pilate  whan  he 
was  dempt  to  Ipe  deth  and  not  withstanding  J)at  o  gre  is  merkid  for  )?at 
cause  as  J?ei  sey  5et  Ipe  deuocion  of  pilgn'mes  is  not  ccmtent  Iperhj  but  fei 
knele  up  on  alle  and  kisse  all  for  uery  sikirnesse.  3^^  aboue  in  \)e  cloistir 
be  othir  iii  chapellis  of  whech  on  in  sp^cml  is  of  grete  auctorite  f>ei  clepe  it 
J?e  chapel  of  )je  saluatou?  eke  in  ]?is  chapel  entreth  neuyr  no  womaTi.^  The 
story  of  f)at  chapel  is  writyn  Ipere  in  grete  declaraciouTi  here  it  schal  be 
abreggid.  Aftir  pe  deth  of  ou?  lord  ihu  ou?  lady  mary  made  grete  lamenta- 
cioun  for  absens  of  hir  son.  Consolacyon  wold  sche  non  receyue  but  if  sche 
myth  haue  a  face  lich  his  face  on  whech  sche  myth  loke  euerj  day.  This 
mate?  was  comouwned  a  mong^s  J>e  apostoles  and  }?is  weye  fouwde  J^erin.  fat 
seynt  luke  must  make  f>is  ymage.  He  wold  not  graunte  hem  to  make  it  but 
on  a  cojidicioun  J)at  J^ei  schuld  fast  and  prey  iii  dayes  for  his  good  speed. 
And  in  )?is  mene  while  J»is  luke  planed  a  table  of  a  palme  tre  in  whech  he 
J^out  for  to  make  his  werk  whech  table  he  sperd  up  pWuyly  )?at  no  man 
schuld  touch  it.  But  whann  tyme  cam  f)at  he  schuld  werk  he  fonde  a  face 
redy  mad  whech  no  ma?2.  coude  amende.  This  table  was  schewid  on  to  ou? 
lady  and  sche  had  so  grete  plesauns  f>mn  J?at  sche  kissid  it  swetely  and 

record  of  the  saint,  thinks  that  he  belonged  to  the  early  apostolic  era  in  Rome.  Maruc-. 
chi,  in  his  article  on  S.  Pudenziana,  thinks  that  S.  Pastor  was  the  brother  of  Pope 
Pius  I  (142-57).  (Armellini,  p.  501 ;  Marucchi,  p.  865.)  Adinolfi  says  that  the  tribuna 
of  the  church  was  standing  near  S.  Clemente  in  1462.  Regarding  the  legend  of  Pope 
Joan,  he  says  that  Martinus  Polonus  is  one  of  the  earliest  authors  to  mention  the 
fable,  which  was  invented  about  the  thirteenth  century  (vol.  i,  pp.  317-18 ;  vol.  ii, 
p.  79).  The  fable  of  Pope  Joan  is  also  mentioned  by  MufFel,  p.  18.  The  place  where 
the  statue  stood  which  in  the  Middle  Ages  was  supposed  to  record  this  event  was 
near  S.  Clemente ;  it  is  marked  in  the  large  map  (in  sections)  at  the  end  of  De  Rossi's 
Piante  iconografiche  di  Roma,  with  the  words  *  Logo  dove  partori  la  papessa '.  There 
is  some  interesting  information  regarding  the  sedes  stercoraria  in  Nichols,  Marvels  of 
Rome,  pp.  129-30,  notes  274  and  275.  Finally,  for  a  discussion  of  the  whole  subject,  see 
Tomassetti's  able  article  in  the  Bullettino  Communale,  1907,  p.  82,  on  La  Statua  delta 
Papessa  Giovanna.  He  attributes  the  legend  to  three  causes  :  (1)  The  rite  of  the  sella 
stercoraria,  abandoned  after  the  time  of  Leo  X;  (2)  the  existence  of  a  statue  on  the  road- 
side, which  statue  he  believes  to  be  that  of  Juno  suckling  Hercules,  in  the  Chiaramonte 
gallery  of  the  Vatican  Museum ;  and  (3)  the  abandoning  of  this  road  for  the  procession  of 
the  possessio.  This  change  was  attributed  to  the  existence  of  this  statue,  round  which  the 
legend  grew;  whereas  it  was,  according  to  Tomassetti,  really  due  to  the  impracticability 
of  the  road,  until  it  was  reopened  by  SixtusV,  who  is  also  believed  to  have  removed  the 
statue  to  the  Vatican. 

1  *  Item  si  dice  che  S.  Piero  vi  disse  messa  e  che  Sto  Lorenzo  cantb  il  vangelo  e  Sto 
Vincenzio  vi  disse  la  pistola  alia  predetta  messa  e  che  la  detta  cappella  fu  consecrata  per 
Cristo  e  per  Sto  Piero. — Item  si  dice  che  in  detta  cappella  non  si  pub  dire  messa  se  non  per 
la  persona  del  papa  e  che  gli  h  pi^  che  cento  anni  che  non  vi  si  disse  mai  messa  nfe  per  lo 
papa  nfe  per  altri  salvo  che  il  passato  papa  Nichola  quinto  vi  fece  dire  messa  a  uno  suo 
cappellano  V  anno  1448  '  (Rucellai,  Giuhileo  delVanno  santo  1460,  Archiv.  St.  Pat,  1881, 
vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  570). 

l2 


76  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

seide  pese  wordis.  This  same  is  licli  my  son.  In  ail  hir  lyf  myth  no  man 
gete  it  fro  hir  but  at  hi?  deth  sche  5aue  it  on  to  seynt  jon  euangelist,  and 
fro  him  it  was  be  left  with  pollicarp  his  disciple  and  aftirward  brout 
to  rome. 

Of  yat  cherch  cleped  seint  cruce.*    cap  u. 

Now  of  )?at  place  whech  is  cleped  seynt  cruce  wil  we  speke  and  first  telle 
fe  fundacion  of  J?at  place.  Constantine  had  a  doutyr  meruelously  cured  of 
scabbe  at  Ipe  graue  of  seynt  agues  as  we  schul  trete  mo?  largely  aftirward 
whan  we  speke  of  seynt  agues.  This  constauTice*  ded  mak  ]?is  cherch  of 
f.  381 V  seynt  cruce  and  pope  *  siluester  /  halowid  it.  In  J>e  hye  ante?  whech  is 
a  ful  fay?  conk  so  clepe  )?ei  hoi  uessels  of  ston  in  ]?at  same  conk  ly  \>e 
bodies  of  seynt  anastase  J>e  marti?  &  cesari  J^e  martir^  and  ])ere  to  is  grauTited 
xl  jere  of  pardon  and  as  many  lentones.    And  in  J?e  festis  of  J>ese  too  martires 

^  The  church  of  S.  Croce  in  Gerusalemme  was  founded  by  Constantine,  in  the  fourth 
century,  in  PalcUio  Seseoriano ;  which  palace,  in  classical  times,  was  near  the  place 
of  public  execution.  Marucchi  thinks  that  S.  Helena  may  have  lived  in  the  palace, 
which  was  at  that  time  joined  to  the  Lateran,  and  to  the  gardens  of  the  Esquiline.  The 
church  was  formerly  known  under  the  title  of  the  Basilica  Sessoriana.  Its  present  name 
is  derived  from  the  portion  of  the  Holy  Cross  placed  in  it  by  the  Empress  Helena  when 
she  brought  that  relic  to  Kome  from  Jerusalem.  The  church  was  embellished  in  the  fifth 
century  by  Placidia  and  Valentinian  III,  and  about  this  time  the  building  was  called  the 
Basilica  Heleniana,  It  was  restored  by  Gregory  II  in  7*20,  and  by  Benedict  VII  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  tenth  century.  The  present  form  of  the  church  is  due  to 
Benedict  XIV.  The  extraordinary  legend  (which  follows  in  the  text)  of  a  Pope  being 
dismembered  at  his  own  request  at  the  door  of  the  church,  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
Sylvester  II  expired,  while  he  was  celebrating  Mass,  on  Quadragesima  Sunday  in  1008. 
He  was  buried  at  S.  John  Lateran.  It  is  possible  that  he  may  have  expressed  a  wish 
that  his  heart  should  be  buried  in  the  church  in  which  he  died.  He  was  generally 
believed  to  have  acquired  magical  knowledge  from  the  Mohammedans  in  Spain,  and  the 
somewhat  gruesome  legend  has  probably  developed  by  degrees  around  the  above  data. 
His  epitaph  still  exists,  and  is  quoted  in  full  in  n.  2,  p.  77.  For  the  origin  of  the  name 
Sessorio  or  Seasoriano,  see  Adinolfi.  He  derives  it  from  the  Amphitheatrum  Castrense, 
which  was  named  the  Sessorian,  on  account  of  the  graduated  order  of  its  steps,  and  gave 
its  name  to  the  neighbourhood  (vol.  i,  p.  272). 

^  S.  Constantia,  the  daughter  of  Constantine,  bears  also  the  title  *  Augusta'.  She  was 
cured  of  a  dangerous  illness  at  the  grave  of  S.  Agnes ;  this  caused  her  conversion  to 
Christianity.  Gallicanus,  a  military  leader,  had  asked  for  her  hand  in  marriage ;  but  when 
he  had  to  leave  Rome  for  one  of  his  campaigns,  she  gave  him,  as  companions,  her  servants 
SS.  John  and  Paul ;  receiving  into  her  household,  in  return,  SS.  Attica  and  Artemia, 
daughters  of  Gallicanus  by  a  former  marriage.  Through  her  prayers  they  were  converted 
to  the  Christian  faith,  as  also  was  Gallicanus  on  his  return  from  victory.  S.  Constantia 
and  her  two  companions  took  upon  themselves  a  vow  of  chastity ;  she  built  a  church  and 
dwelling  at  the  grave  of  S.  Agnes,  in  which  she  lived  until  her  death  in  the  fourth  century 
(Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon;  Acta  Sanciorum,  Fehruarj,yo\.  iii,  p.  67). 

'  Possibly  this  S.  Cesarius  ig  the  saint  of  that  name  who  suffered  martyrdom  in 
Terracina  about  the  year  300,  in  the  persecution  of  Diocletian.  The  relic  of  his  arm 
was  preserved  in  S.  John  Lateran;  his  feast-day  ia  on  Nov.  1  (Stadler,  Edligenlexikon), 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  77 

is  grauTited  remission  of  fe  iiii  part  of  synne.  The  fest  of  anastase  falleth 
\)e  xxii  day  of  januari.  The  fest  of  cesari  fallith  on  halowmesday.  In 
f>is  cherch  is  a  grete  pece  of  ]>e  crosse  )?at  ou?  lord  suffered  passion  upon, 
«ke  raech  of  f>e  crosse  on  whech  )?e  theef  hyng  f>at  was  on  Ipe  rit  side. 
The?  be  too  saphires  hoi  at  ]>e  5ift  of  seynt  heleyn  in  on  of  hem  is  part  of 
fe  blood  of  ou?  lord  ihu  in  fe  o)?ir  part  of  J?e  mylk  of  Ipe  blessed  uirgine. 
The?  is  also  a  nayle  with  whech  ou?  lord  was  fast  to  pe  crosse  it  is  a  grete 
boistous  f^ing  of  too  handful  long  with  a  gret  heed  lich  a  schip  nayl  and 
blunt  at  \)e  ende  for  pat  poynt  whech  is  at  coloyn  of  too  unch  long  was 
broken  fro  f»is  nayl  at  comaundme«it  of  charles  whan  he  was  emperoi^r. 
He  ded  so  mech  for  J?e  cherch  pat  pe  cherch  myth  no  ping  denye  him. 
The?  is  a  cloth  J?at  seynt  ion  baptist  wered.  The?  is  a  laumpe  ful  of  bawm 
whech  bawm  ran  fro  pe  heid  of  seint  uincent.  The?  is  a  pees  of  pe  flesch 
of  seynt  laurens  and  coles  ioyned  perto  rith  as  J>ei  fried  in  his  passiouw. 
The?  be  many  oJ>ir  relikes  in  both  auteres  on  eythir  side  for  pe  summe  of 
indulgens  in  pe  same  place  is  euerj  day  a  hundred  ^ere  and  xxuii  and 
euery  sunday  wednysday  and  friday  ccliiii.  Than^i  go  we  down  on  a  pey? 
greces  in  to  a  chapel  J?ei  clepe  ierlm.  This  same  chapel  was  pe  pryuy 
chambir  of  seiwt  heleyTi  in  whech  sche  lay  moost  and  seynt  siluest^r  at  hir 
instauws  consecrate  fis  hous  and  jaue  perto  ful  grete  indulgens  for  euery 
friday  Jjorw  oute  pe  ^er  is  pere  plene?  remissiouw,  and  on  good  friday 
absolucioun  a  pena  &  culpa  as  pe  elde  writing  of  j^e  wallis  witnessid 
sumtyme.  In  f)is  chapeil  entreth  no  woman  but  o  day  in  pe  je?  and  f>at 
is  in  march  pe  xx  day,  in  pe  uigile  of  seint  benedict  for  J?at  day  was  )?is 
chapel  consecrate.  Whi  ))at  women  be  for  boden  swech  holy  places  be  told 
many  lewed  causes  to  whech  I  wil  5eue  no  credens  but  I  will  sey  myn 
opynyoun  in  ]?is  mate?.  Al  f  oo  whech  haue  be  at  rome  knowe  weel  J^at  pe 
women  J>e?  be  passing  desirous  to  goo  on  pilgrimage  and  for  to  touch  and 
kisse  euery  holy  relik.  Now  in  uery  sothfastnesse  pese  places  whech  are 
forbode  hem  be  rith  smale  in  quantite.  And  uphap  sum  woman  in  pe  prees 
efir  for  seknesse  or  with  child  hath  be  in  grete  jperel  pere  and  for  fis  cause 
})ei  we?  forbode  pe  entre  of  J?ese  houses  as  I  suppose.*  In  yis  same  chapel 
fel  a  wondirful  case  of  on  siluestgr  pe  pope  not  J^at  siluester  J?at  baptized 
constantyn  but  anoJ>ir  whech  hith  gilbert  be  fore.'   This  maw  was  enhau^ced 

*  The  following  reason  is  given  why  women  are  not  admitted  to  the  chapel  of  the 
Holy  Cross  at  S.  Peter's :  '  Das  kam  also  zu,  das  ein  fraw  ein  briester  lieb  het,  und 
dieweil  er  ob  dem  altar  stund  und  sy  in  ansach  mit  poser  begir,  do  enging  yr  die  natur  ; 
das  sicht  man  auf  dem  merbelstein  do  dy  fraw  ist  gestanden.'  The  author  adds  that  many 
Germans  were  buried  in  this  chapel  (Muflfel,  p.  24).  See  also  Nichols,  Marveh  o/Romej 
p.  127. 

^  Silvester  II  is  first  mentioned  in  the  Liher  Pontijicalis,  vol.  ii,  p.  258,  in  the  Life  t)f 
Benedict  VII  (974-83).   The  strange  legend  regarding  his  death  will  be  found  in  his  own 


78  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

f.  382  r  on  J>at  dignite  be  /  fals  menes  of  nygromayicie.  And  wh&nn  he  whas  pus 
sublimat  on  to  J>e  hiest  degre  of  fe  cherch  he  couTicelled  with  his  familia? 
deuel  who  longe  he  schuld  lyue  and  where  he  schuld  deye.  The  deuele  told 
him  undir  a  sophim  he  schul  neuyr  deye  but  at  ierlm.  Than  was  Ipe  name 
of  ]?is  chapel  onknowe  to  )?e  pope  *  for  he  supposed  ueryly  J>at  ierlm  whech 
stant  in  palestin  was  pe  place  asigned  be  pe  deuele.  Thus  leued  he  in 
a  maner  of  a  sikernesse  of  long  lyf  for  at  ]?at  ierlm  whech  we  spak  of  last  he 

life,  p.  268.  Duchesne,  in  n.  3,  ib.,  places  its  origin  about  the  end  of  the  eleventh  century, 
and  traces  it  to  the  Vita  et  Geata  Hildehrandi  of  Cardinal  Benno,  who  wrote  in  1099. 
Vincent  de  Beauvais  gives  it  at  length  (xxiv,  98)..  Sylvester  was,  however,  buried  in  the 
Lateran;  in  the  left  aisle,  near  the  entrance  to  the  modem  Corsini  chapel.  The  tomb 
was  stated  by  John  the  Deacon  to  drip  with  water.  He  says  :  *  Cuius'  (Silvestri)  'saepe 
sepulcrum,  etiam  in  serenissimo  acre,  cum  non  sit  in  humido  loco,  aquarum  guttas,  quod 
satis  est  hominibus  admirandum,  visibiliter  emanat.  Inde  est  altare  sanctorum  Quadra- 
ginta  Martyrura'  (Migne,  P.  X.,  t.  cxciv,  p.  1551).  The  tomb  was  opened  in  1648  ;  the 
stone  which  bore  the  epitaph  was  preserved,  and  is  still  to  be  seen  on  one  of  the  pillars  of 
the  right  aisle  of  the  church.  Another  very  strange  legend  grew  up  about  this  tomb ; 
viz.  that  the  bones  wei-e  heard  to  move  and  rattle  whenever  a  Pope  was  about  to  die. 
The  origin  of  this  legend  is  explained  by  the  inscription,  which  is  as  follows  : — 
Iste  locus  mundi  Silvestri  membra  sepulti 

Venturo  domino  conferet  ad  sonitum 
Quem  dederat  mundo  celebre  doctissima  virgo 

Atque  caput  mundi  culmina  romulea 
Primum  Gerbertus  meruit  francigena  sede 

Remensis  populi  metropolim  pata-iae 
Inde  Ravennatis  meruit  conscendere  summum 

Aecclesiae  regimen  nobile  sitque  potens 
Post  annum  Romam  mutato  nomine  sumpsit 

Ut  toto  pastor  fieret  orbe  novus 
Cum  nimium  placuit  sociali  mente  fidelis 

Obtulit  hoc  Caesar  tertius  Otto  sibi 
Tempus  uterque  comit  clara  virtute  sophiae 

Gaudet  et  omne  seclum  frangitur  omne  reuw 
Clavigeri  instar  erat  caelorum  sede  potitus 

Tema  sufFectus  cui  vice  pastor  erat 
Iste  vicem  Petri  postquam  suscepit  abegit 

Lustralis  spatio  saecula  morte  sui 
Obriguit  mundus  discussa  pace  triumphus 

Aecclesiae  nutans  dedidicit  requiem 
Sergius  hunc  loculum  miti  pietate  sacerdos 

Successorque  suus  compsit  amore  sui 
Quisquis  ad  hunc  tumulum  devexa  lumina  vertis 
Omnipotens  domine  die  miserere  sui. 
Obiit  anno,  dominioe  incarnationis  Miii.  name.  i.  m.  mai.  d.  xii. 

The  epitaph  says  nothing  of  the  humidity,  but  the  *  tumultus  ossium '  of  the  Liber 
Ponti/iealis  (p.  263)  was  suggested  by  the  second  line.  Duchesne  says :  *  Dans  le  venturo 
Domino  on  a  vu,  non  le  Souverain  Juge,  mais  le  pape  futur,  celui  qui  remplacera  le  pontife 
actuel  en  fonctions:  ad  sonitum  a  ^t^  entendu,  non  de  la  trompette  du  jugement  dernier, 
mais  du  bruit  que  font  en  se  choquant  les  os  de  Silvestre  II  (Silvestri  membra  sepulti . . . 
conferet)  chaque  fois  qu'il  y  a  un  dominus  venturus  k  Thorizon.  C'est  un  exemple 
remarquable  de  Ugende  formde  d'aprfes  une  inscription  mal  comprise '  (Note  5,  p.  264). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  79 

cast  him  neuyr  to  come.  Than  felle  it  a  day  in  whech  }?e  staciouw  was  at 
Jjis  chapell  and  f>e  pope  of  usage  mut  nede  synge  pere  for  at  pia  day  ^et 
syTiggith  no  man  at  fat  aute?.^  Whan  f)is  siluest^r  was  at  messe  f)e  wedyr 
wex  blak  and  meruelous  tempestis  aryse  crowis  innumerable  eke  appered. 
The  cardinalis  and  J>e  puple  fel  down  for  far  and  no  man  myth  entende  on 
to  pe  seruyse  so  were  fei  dismayed.  Tho  pe  pope*  cleped  on  un  to  him  an 
inqwired  of  him  J>e  name  of  ]?is  place.  He  answerd  and  seid  J?at  siluester 
named  it  ierlm  at  instauns  of  seint  heleyn.  Thoo  wept  J?e  pope  *  and  had 
grete  repentauns  of  his  wikkid  lyf  and  be  fore  }>e  puple  mad  open  con- 
fessioun  what  conuauntis  he  had  mad  with  pe  deuele  and  who  he  was 
deceyued  in  sophisticacioun  of  J>is  name  ierlm.  Wherfor  he  comaunded  hem 
fat  fei  schuld  disme?7ibir  him  ioynt  be  ioynt  and  frow  it  owt  to  pe  crowis  pe 
same  schuld  fei  do  of  his  hert  eke  if  f>ei  bo?  a  wey  his  hert  fei  schuld  nemV 
pray  for  him  he  seide,  and  if  fei  bo?  it  not  a  wey  fan  myth  fei  trost  fat 
he  stood  undir  proteccioun  of  goddys  mercy.  Thus  as  he  comaunded  it 
was  doo  for  f  e  hert  of  him  wold  f  ei  not  touch  whech  hert  in  tokne  of  f  is 
myracle  hangith  in  f  e  roof  on  to  f  is  day.''  Be  fo?  f  e  ^ate  of  seynt  cruces 
stand  iii  crosses  on  whech  f  e  passioun  of  ou?  lord  is  ensaumpled  on  good 
fryday  with  mech  of  ir  circumstauns.  Eke  as  we  go  forth  oute  of  f  e  cyte 
to  f e  cherch  of  seynt  laurens  is  a  grete  wal  standyng  on  arches  on  whech 
wall  runne  sumtyme  cundites  of  oyle  of  watir  and  of  wyn  on  to  f  e  grete 
paleys.  And  in  f  e  natiwtte  of  ou?  lord  fel  pere  a  meruelous  f  ing  on  of  f  o 
grete  pileres  mad  al  of  tyl  with  half  f  e  arch  of  f  e  o  side  and  half  on  f  e 
of  ir  side  whech  rested  up  on  him  turned  him  and  stood  euene  contrarie  to 
fe  werk  and  so  etant  he  at  fis  day. 


I 


Of  f  e  cherch  of  s  laurens.    lii. 

Now  go  we  oute  of  f  e  cyte  be  a  5ate  f  ei  clepe  porta  lauicana  and  betwix 
heggis  and  uynes  walk  a  grete  myle  or   we  come  at  fe  cherch  of  seynt 

^  '  but  J)e  *  (?  pope,  cut  off  in  binding)  in  margin  of  MS. 

2  Muffel  says  that  the  heart  of  the  Pope  is  buried  in  S.  John  Lateran,  but  appears  to 
be  confusing  the  grave  with  the  chapel  built  by  Pope  Hilary  in  honour  of  S.  Stephen 
Protomartyr  ;  for  he  says  :  *  Item  hinten  in  der  kirchen  in  der  abseytten  *  (apsis)  *  do  ist 
auch  das  grab  sant  stephanus  des  bapsts,  der  sich  zuhauen  liess  vor  der  kirchen  zu  Jeru- 
salem zu  dem  heiligen  creutz  .  .  .  und  dasselbig  grab,  darinn  das  hertz  ligt,  gibt  stetigs 
feuchtikeit  und  donnert  darynn,  wen  ein  bapst  sterben  sol,  das  mansz  etlich  tag  da  vor 
hort'  (p.  12).  *Vor  d'  kirch  ist  ein  roter  marmelstein  dar  uff  der  pabste  sasz  d'  sich  dem 
teuffel  ergab  wad  wurde  da  z6  stucken  gehawen.  JJnd  dew  teuffeln  flir  geworffen  di  dar 
kovamet  yn  vogels  gestalt.  Die  stuck  wiirde  yn  ein  feur  geworffen,  sie  fiirte  die  stuck  alle 
bin  da,  allein  das  hertz  mochtews  nit  weg  fiiren  nnd  das  was  ein  g&t  zeicheu  der  gnaden ' 
{Ein  BucAlin,  &c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  p.  D  ii  v,  B.M.). 


80  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

laurens.^  For  it  stant  in  a  feld  in  her  langage  and  in  oure  legendis  {>ei  sei 
in  agro  uerano.  This  cherch  is  edified  ful  wel  and  a  monasterie  of  muTikis 
f.  382  V  anexid  jerto.  In  fis  cherch  be  nethe  f)e  aute?  in  a  uoute  in  a  /  ful  fayre 
tumbe  lith  seint  laurens  with  seynt  steuene  ful  realy  laurews  was  byryed 
J?ere  aftir  his  martirdam  but  who  seynt  steuene  cam  yidir  fro  ierlm  ]?at 
schal  I  telle  50W.  Whan  he  was  stoned  to  J?e  deth  with  pe  iewis  and  left  in 
J)e  feld  J>at  bestes  and  foules  schuld  ete  him,  on  gamaliel  mayster  on  to  seynt 
paule  J>e  apostel  took  up  J>is  body  &  ded  it  byry  with  grete  worchip  in 
a  possession  of  his  clepid  in  fe  ebrew  tonge  caphargamala  and  ]>ere  lay  ]?is 
body  iiii  hundred  jere  to  couwte  fro  cristis  birth,  and  for  to  count  fro  ))e  deth 
of  seynt  steuene  ccc  jere  Ixui.  So  in  J>e  uii  5ere  of  honorii^s  ])e  emperowr 
)?is  same  gamaliel  appered  to  a  prest  cleped  lucianws  and  told  hym  whe? 
steuene  was  byried  and  o]3ir  persones  of  whech  J>is  gamaliel  was  on.  He 
coniaunded  him  eke  to  go  to  ]>e  bischop  of  ierlm  and  telle  him  J>at  it  was  Ipe 
wil  of  god  fat  f>ese  persones  schuld  be  lyft  fro  J>at  despect  place  in  whech 
]?ei  were  leyd  and  bore  on  to  Ipe  cherch  cleped  syon  in  whech  J)e  forseid 
steuene  was  sumtyme  arschdekne.  As  gamaliel  comaunded  al  was  do  for 
pere  was  fe  bodye  of  seynt  steuene  leyd  in  grete  worchip  and  many  myracles 
do  pat  day  as  seynt  austen  berith  witnesse  in  xxii  book  de  cimtate  dei.'^ 
Aftir  J>is  certeyn  jeres  a  gret  lord  senatou?  of  Constantinople  cleped 
alisaundre  sayled  on  to  ierlm  with  his  lady  julyane  to  uisite  J>oo  holy  places 
in  whech  oure  lord  suffered  for  us  passion.  And  whan  he  was  come 
for  grete  deuocioun  whech  he  had  to  seynt  steuene  he  mad  on  to  him  a  fay? 
oratorie  and  a  chest  of  silue?  in  whech  his  body  was  couchid.  So  happed  it 
with  inne  fewe  dayes  f>at  J>is  alisaund?  dyed  aftir  his  deth  his  frendis  made 
a  chest  of  siluer  lich  on  to  f>e  former  chest  and  leyd  his  body  perinne, 

*  The  more  ancient  Basilica  of  S.  Lorenzo  outside  the  walls  was  founded  by  Constantino, 
and  enlarged  by  Galla  Placidia  and  Pelagius  II  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries.  It  went 
under  the  name  of  speciosa ;  and,  as  it  was  erected  over  the  tomb  of  the  saint  in  the 
Catacombs  of  Ciriaca,  it  was  also  called  ad  corpus,  its  position  being  further  denoted  by 
the  words  super  arenario  crypiae.  The  entrance  to  it  was  on  the  far  side ;  that  is  to  say, 
where  the  tomb  of  Pius  IX  now  is.  The  second  basilica,  according  to  Armellini,  was  the 
work  of  Sixtus  III;  the  two  buildings  were  separate  and  distinct  until  the  time  of 
Honorius  III  (1218).  The  church  of  Sixtus  III,  which  was  erected  about  the  year  432, 
was  known  as  the  basilica  maior  from  its  size ;  later,  as  the  Basilica  S.  Maria  presso 
S.  Lorenzo  from  its  dedication.  The  entrance  to  it  was  from  the  Via  Tiburtina,  so  that 
the  orientation  was  reversed.  Honorius  joined  the  two  churches  together  (they  were  then 
back  to  back),  and  destroyed  the  two  apses,  thus  making  the  basilica  of  Constantine  the 
confessio  of  the  church  of  Sixtus  III.  The  porch  dates  from  this  period.  Alexander  IV 
decorated  the  interior  in  1254  (Armellini,  p.  679  ;  Duchesne,  Lib,  Fontif.,  vol.  i,  p.  197, 
n.  84,  pp.  233-4 ;  Marucchi,  p.  496 ;  Nibby,  p.  296). 

*  S.  Gamaliel,  a  Pharisee,  was  a  leading  teacher  of  the  Jewish  law,  in  which  he 
instructed  S.  Paul.  For  the  account  of  the  burial  of  S.  Stephen,  and  Gamaliel's 
apparition  to  Lucian,  cf.  Stadler,  BeiligenUxiJcon. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  81 

Seuene  jere  aftir  his  cleth  his  wif  juliane  desired  to  sails  to  Constantinople  and 
prayed  Ipe  bischop  of  ierlrn  to  ^eue  hir  leue  fat  sche  myth  cary  hir  husbondes 
body  horn  with  hi?.  He  answerd  f)at  in  treuth  he  knew  not  J>e  o  chest  fro 
J?e  o]?ir  be  cause  fei  were  so  lich.  Sche  saide  J>at  sche  had  pnuy  merkes 
whei*  hir  husbond  lay  of  whech  sche  schuld  not  faile.  Thoo  J?e  bischop 
schewid  both  and  sche  of  ignorauwce  chase  Ipe  chest  of  scynt  steuene  and  left 
hir  husbond  J>e?.  Whan  f>e  body  was  with  hir  in  fe  see  Ipe  deueles  of  pe  eyr 
cried  with  grete  noyse  fat  he?  enmy  steuene  was  stole  fro  ierlm.  Thus  was 
he  brout  on  to  Constantinople  and  had  'jpere  in  ful  grete  reu^rens.  Aftir  fis 
not  long  eudosia  f>e  douter  on  to  fe  emp^rou?  theodosius  was  "uexid  with 
a  wikkid  spirit  sche  at  rome  hir  fader  dwellyng  at  Constantinople.  Hi? 
frendis  sent  on  to  fe  emperou?  and  teld  him  of  J>is  chauT^s.  He  wrote  a  geyn 
on  to  hem  fat  sche  schuld  come  to  Constantinople  for  fere  he  hoped  sche 
schuld  be  cured  f  orw  meritis  of  seynt  steuene.  Whan  f  is  message  was  come 
f  e  deuele  with  in  hir  cried  and  seid  sche  schal  not  go  to  constaTitinople  but 
steuene  must  come  to  rome  for  so  is  /  f e  wil  of  f e  aposteles.  Than  was  fere  f.  383  r 
a  grete  trety  betwix  f  e  grekis  and  f  e  romanes  and  in  here  trety  f  is  was  her 
apoyntmewt  fat  f e  grekis  schuld  brynge  f e  body  of  seynt  steuene  to  rome 
and  leue  it  fere  and  in  reco7>ipe7is  receyue  f  e  body  of  seynt  laurens  and  here 
it  to  Constantinople.  Thus  come  f  ei  of  grace  with  f  e  body  of  seynt  steuene 
on  to  rome  and  fei  of  rome  had  ordeyned  fat  fis  body  schuld  be  leyd 
at  a  cherch  fei  clepe  sci  petri  ad  uincula.  But  whan  ]:ei  cam  fere  f e  wikkid 
spirith  with  in  f e  mayde  cried  and  spak  on  fis  wise.  |  Not  here  schal  he  ly 
but  with  his  brof  ir  laurens.  Tho  bore  fei  him  to  f  e  cherch  of  seynt  laure?^s 
&  euene  at  f e  entre  of  f e  cherch  f e  mayde  fat  folowid  continiely  be  labou? 
of  hir  frendis  was  delyuered  of  hir  wikkid  gest.  A  non  as  fei  cam  to 
f  e  tombe  of  seynt  laurens  for  to  make  a  chauwge  f  e  body  of  laurens  sodeynly 
turned  and  mad  a  space  whe?  his  felaw  schuld  ly.  Tho  leyd  fei  down  f e 
body  of  seynt  steuene  and  a  non  as  fei  leyd  baud  for  to  take  seynt  laurens 
fei  fett  down  as  ded  and  so  ley  still  a  grete  while  on  to  f e  tyme  fat  f e  pope  * 
and  f e  puple  prayed  for  hem,  eke  with  in  x  dayes  after  fei  deyid  all.  Thus 
cam  seynt  steuene  fro  ierlm  to  rome  on  to  f  e  cherch  of  seynt  laurens  of  whech 
cherch  fis  special  chapet?  is  mad.^  In  fis  cherch  ly  many  mo  seyntis  fan  fei 
to  as  a  table  fere  berith  witnesse  in  whech  be  wrytin  swech  uers.  Continet 
hoc  templum  sanctorum  corpora  plura  A  quibws  auxilium  suplex  homo 
poscere  cura  Cum  sixto  iacet  hvLrencius  igne  crematits  Et  prothomartir 
ste\:ihanua  leuita   beatus   Post  hos  ypolitws  collis  reWg&tus  equorum  Cum 

*  The  relics  of  S.  Stephen  were,  according  to  S.  Augustine,  discovered  in  a.d.  415.  An 
account  of  the  translation  of  the  same  from  Constantinople  to  Rome  will  be  found  in  the 
article  '  Stephanus*  in  Stadler,  HeiligenU'xiJcon. 

M 


82  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

imtWce  sua  cum  cuwcta  plebe  suoYum  Eomanus  miles  tiiphonia  uirgo  qurilla 
Et  quadraginta  quos  passio  coniinet  ilia  lustinws  sacer  defuwctos  qui 
tumulabat  Curiaca  uidua  que  sanctos  eciam  recreabat  Huiws  matrone  fuit  haec 
possessio  cara  Ipsius  nomew  speaaliter  co^itinet  ara.  This  is  fe  sentens  of 
Jjese  uers.  This  temple  conteynjih  of  seyntis  bodies  fele  ^  Of  whech  seyntis 
J>ou  man  aske  sum  help.  "With  sixte  J>e  pope*  lith  laurens  brent  in  fe  fir. 
The  first  martir  steuene  eke  he  lith  he?.  The  man  ypolitus  with  wild  hors 
drawe  to  j^e  deth  Lith  he?  with  his  norys  and  all  j^e  s^ruauTitis  of  his  hous 
Komanws  f>e  knyth  triphonia  J?e  mayde  and  quirille  And  xl  mo  as  he?  passion 
telleth  ful  pleyn  Justint^  )?e  prest  p&t  byried  J)is  puple  with  dreed  Curiaca 
J?e  widow  whech  fed  J^is  puple  ful  oft  On  to  )?is  woma^i  J^is  same  place 
longid  sum  tyme  |  Hir  name  is  ^et  on  )?e  ante?  ful  specialy  sette.^  These  be 
pe  relikes  eke  in  seynt  laurens  cherch  |  a  grete  ston  of  white  marbil  with 
certeyn  holes  on  which  his  body  was  fried  on  whech  ston  a  man  may  ^et  se  }>e 
blood  and  J>e  fatnesse  of  his  body.  The?  is  eke  a  grete  pece  of  f>e  gredil  ^  on 
whech  he  was  rosted,  and  of  his  maner  of  tormentrie  be  grete  opiniones  f>e?,* 
sum  sey  fat  Ipe  ston  lay  a  baue  ]>e  gridel  summe  sey  it  lay  be  nethe.  There 
is  schewid  eke  J?e  lauou?  of  copir  with  whech  he  baptized  all  f)at  cam  on  to 
f.  883  V  hiw  /  for  fat  cause.  There  be  schewid  alsoo  iii  stones  al  blody  whech  we? 
frowyn  at  seynt  steuene.  With  to  of  hem  Ipei  persed  on  to  his  braynes  and 
with  J?e  fird  fei  smet  him  down.  The  indulgens  of  fis  place  as  fei  sey 
is  grete  euery  day  uii  ^ere  as  many  lentenes  &  J?e  fird  part  remission  of  all 
synne.      In  fe  festis  of  steuene  and  laurens  a  c  jer  and  fat  dureth  be 

^  many,  Germ.  viel. 

^  De  Kossi  mentions  this  inscription,  which  still  exists.  It,  however,  contains  four 
more  lines  (at  the  end),  which  are  not  given  by  our  chronicler.  He  says  that  the  inscrip- 
tion was  generally  to  be  found  in  the  hooks  of  indulgences  and  relics  which  were  used  by 
pilgrims  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries  {Bollettino  cCArch.  Crist,,  Ser.  3,  An.  6, 
Kome,  1881,  p.  86  sq.).  S.  Hippolytus  appears  to  hav€  been  a  Roman  officer  whose  duty 
it  was  to  guard  S.  Lawrence ;  he  was  so  struck  with  his  constancy  that  he  was  converted 
and  baptized  by  him.  His  nurse's  name  was  Concordia ;  they  both  suffered  martyrdom 
on  the  same  day  in  a.d.  258,  Hippolytus  by  being  dragged  by  wild  horses,  and  Concordia 
by  being  scourged  to  death  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  August, 
vol.  iii,  p.  4).  S.  Romanus  was  a  soldier  of  the  Imperial  Guard  under  Valerian  and  Gal- 
lienus,  who,  witnessing  the  tortures  preceding  the  martyrdom  of  S.  Laurence,  was  so 
struck  by  his  patience  and  fortitude  that  he  embraced  Christianity,  and  was  baptized  by 
the  saint  before  his  death.  He  was  beheaded  outside  the  Porta  Salaria,  and  buried  in  the 
Agio  Verano  by  the  priest  Justinus  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon  ;  Acta  Sanctorurriy 
August,  vol.  ii,  p.  408).  SS.  Triphonia  and  Quirilia  were  mother  and  daughter.  The 
for  meris  said  by  some  authorities  (amongst  which  is  the  Mart.  Bom.)  to  have  been  wife 
of  the  Emperor  Decius.  This,  however,  was  not  so  ;  but  she  may  have  been  a  relative,  or 
perhaps  the  slave  of  his  wife.  She  was  baptized  by  the  priest  Justinus  with  her 
daughter,  and  both  were  martyred  on  the  following  day  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon  ; 
Acta  Sanctorum,  October,  vol.  viii,  p.  813  sq.). 

'  Over  the  word  <  gridil '  is  written  *  gridian  *. 

*  The  gridiron  is  now  at  S.  Lorenzo  in  Lucina. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  83 

\)e  octaue.  An  as  is  seid  ]:e?  and  writyn  in  autentik  bokes  who  so  euyr 
uisitith  J>is  cherch  eu^ry  wednysday  he  schal  delyue?  a  soule  fro  purgatorye. 
Of  whech  mate?  is  founde  in  wrytyng  swech  a  raeruelous  uision.  Ther  was 
sumtyme  a  holy  man  in  J^at  place  ful  of  uertu  keper  of  J?at  cherch  in  a  nyth 
as  he  lay  not  a  slepe  but  wakyng  he  say  seint  laurews  entir  be  Ipe  est  side 
of  fe  cherch  be  ]>e  wyndow  and  many  fayre  joiig  folk  hangyng  on  his  skirtis. 
The  seynt  cam  on  to  fis  man  and  seid  on  to  him  Ipns.  Wete  ]?ou  wel  f)at 
I  am  laurens  patron  of  pis  cherch  whech  stand  in  goddis  presens  continiely 
praying  for  all  J?oo  f>at  haue  special  deuociou?i  to  me  and  euery  Wednisday 
for  })at  day  was  I  martired  haue  I  a  special  commissiouw  of  ou?  lord  ]?at 
I  descende  to  purgatorie  where  as  many  soules  as  may  cacch  hold  of  me 
a"?  delyuered  fro  fat  peyne.  Theifor  fou  and  all  ofir  beth  bysy  to  do  sum 
special  seruyse  on  to  god  and  me  for  50  schul  haue  special  reward  better  fan 
56  gan  gesse.  This  seyd  ye  martir  with  all  his  felawchip  ascendid  up  to 
heuene  syngiwg  fis  antyme.  In  craticula  te  dominum  non  negaui  &cra.  He 
be  gan  it  and  fei  song  it  forth.  This  same  story  is  writyn  in  a  elde  legend 
whech  j?e  monkes  of  charter  hous  usen  and  a  clerk  f>ei  clepe  osbert  makith 
mynde  of  fe  same  in  his  book  of  epistoles.* 


Of  fe  cherch  cleped  sea  maria  maior.     ca  uii. 

Now  schal  we  speke  of  a  cherch  fei  clepe  sea  maria  maior  in  englisch  we 
may  calle  it  seynt  marie  fe  more.^     But  whi  it  is  cleped  so  ^e  schul  here. 

^  There  are  several  Osberts,  writers  on  theological  subjects.  The  first  was  a  Benedic- 
tine, Precentor  of  Canterbury  Cathedral  in  the  eleventh  century,  and  a  friend  of  Lan- 
franc.  He  wrote  a  Life  of  S.  Dunstan,  &c.  The  second  was  also  a  Benedictine,  who 
came  from  Clare  or  Stoke  Clare  in  England.  He  lived  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  wrote 
the  Life  of  S.  Edward  and  other  works.  The  third  was  Osbert  Pickengham,  a  Carmelite, 
and  Doctor  of  Paris  in  the  fourteenth  century.  He  was  the  author  of  various  theological 
treatises  (Moreri,  Dictionnaire  historique). 

^  The  Basilica  of  S.  Mary  Major  was  founded  near  the  Macellum  Liviae  in  the  year 
852  ;  it  was  enlarged  by  Sixtus  III  about  eighty  years  later,  after  which  its  name  was 
changed  from  Basilica  Siciniana  to  Basilica  S^'  Mariae  ad  praesepe.  It  was  also 
known  as  S.  Maria  in  superaggio,  in  allusion  to  the  agger  of  Servius  Tullius.  Great 
additions  to  the  church  were  made  by  Nicholas  IV  at  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
In  the  fifteenth  century  Alexander  VI  gilded  the  ceiling  with  the  first  gold  which  came 
from  America.  Sixtus  V  and  Paul  V  constructed  the  two  chapels  which  bear  their 
names  ;  finally,  the  modern  fa9ade  was  constructed  by  Benedict  XIV  in  1741,  replacing 
that  of  Eugenius  III  of  the  twelfth  century.  The  beautiful  campanile  is  the  work  of 
Gregory  XI,  and  was  built  after  his  return  to  Rome  from  Avignon  (Armellini,  p.  888; 
Marucchi,  p.  149 ;  Adinolfi,  vol.  ii,  p.  148).  Mufiel  gives  an  interesting  account  of 
a  chapel  which  he  saw  in  S.  Maria  Maggiore;  it  was  then  (1452)  being  decorated  by 
a  pious  Koman  lady  by  permission  of  Nicholas  V  (then  Pope).    Our  Lady  had  appeared 

M  2 


84  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Be  for  })ls  cherch  was  mad  ])ere  was  no  clierch  in  rome  in  memorie  of  oure 
lady.  And  pernor  ou?  lady  appered  on  to  a  certeyn  man  of  rome  comavinding 
him  with  his  good  to  make  fis  cherch  for  it  is  a  fay?  house  large  and 
plesauwt  to  J>e  sith  costful  eke  specialy  in  the  pauyment.  For  it  was  ])e 
first  was  mad  and  eke  it  is  J?e  largest  of  ail  Ipertor  is  it  called  maior.  la 
what  mane?  it  be  gan  and  be  what  myracle  it  was  mad  fus  fynde  we  wrytyn 
in  \)e  elde  stories  of  ]>e  cherch.  In  Ipe  tyme  of  liberiMg  \>e  pope  *  not  he  f>at 
was  sone  aftir  constantyn  but  a  noJ>ir  whech  is  cleped  liberi^^.^  pe  ^onger. 
In  his  tyme  was  in  rome  a  man  }>at  had  mech  f)e  gouernauws  of  rome  for 
emperouris  at  yat  tyme  ne  now  as  fer?  as  I  can  se  haue  lytyl  c?ominacion 
fere.  This  man  as  pe  bokis  sey  hith  jon  a  holy  man  deuoute  iuste  and 
trewe  whech  had  a  wif  of  J?e  same  proporciouTi  in  holynesse  deuociouw^ 
f .  384  r  rithwisnesse  /  and  treuth.  They  prayed  euery  day  to  ou?  lady  of  hie  deuocyoun 
fat  fei  myth  leue  in  fis  world  to  fe  pleasauns  of  ou?  lord  and  eke  fei  prayed 
enterly  J?at  J?oo  worldly  goodls  of  whech  fei  hadde  grete  habundauws  schuld 
be  expendid  in  sum  werk  whech  we?  plesauns  on  to  hir  son.  Aftir  f>is  lyf 
many  feres' cwitinued  ou?  lady  appered  on  to  pe  seid  pope*  and  to  f)is  same 
jon  eke  on  to  his  wyf  for  ail  fei  in  o  mome^it  had  o  man^r  auisiouw.  Sche 
sayde  on  to  hem  who  fat  grete  cyte  had  rered  up  many  a  solempne  hous  in 
worchip  of  dyuers  seyntis  and  non  in  al  fat  cite  was  dedicate  to  hi?  wherfo? 
it  plesed  hir  son  fat  sche  schuld  merke  f e  ground  and  f ei  schuld  edyfye  f e 
werk.  And  fat  f ei  myth  knowe  weel  fat  sche  whech  appered  was  modir 
on  to  crist  and  eke  fat  f is  was  f e  wil  of  crist  fat  f is  hous  schuld  be  edified 
Bche  told  hem  who  f *  sche  had  merkid  al  f  e  grouTid  with  snow  whe?  fat  sche 
fout  hir  hous  schuld  stande.  And  in  encresing  of  fe  myracle  fat  snow 
schuld  *  down  so  habuwdaurttly  sche  saide  hem  fat  it  was  ageyns  f  e  kynde 
of  fat  tyme  of  f e  ^ere  for  fis  was  do  f e  u  day  of  August.  This  man  jon 
aros  in  f e  morowny^ig  and  as  he  went  forby  fis  hill  whech  is  cleped  mons 
euipersLggitts  he  say  al  f e  top  ferof  snow.  Tho  went  he  forth  to  telle  f e 
pope*  of  fis  myracle  and  he  fond  him  redy  whech  had  sent  for  f e  cardynales 
and  f e  puple  of  f e  cyte  for  he  wold  with  solempne  procession  both  se  fis 
myracle  and  begynne  f  ese  grouTides.  Thus  go  f  ei  forth  all  in  fere  and  at 
fat  same  day  f ei  opened  f e  grouwdes  as  f e  snow  schewid.     Aftirward  with 

to  this  woman  in  a  vision,  which  event  was  followed  by  a  miracle.  The  Roman  lady 
would  seem  to  have  begun  a  picture  of  the  Virgin  in  this  chapel,  and  it  was  costing  her 
more  than  she  could  aflFord  to  expend.  She  began  to  beg  for  the  purpose,  by  order  of  our 
Lady,  who  in  the  vision  ordered  her  to  go  towards  S.  Paul's  Church,  and  ask  the  first 
person  whom  she  met  for  alms.  First  a  man  passing  her  gave  her  two  gulden,  and  then 
a  woman  gave  her  two  more  gulden  ;  but  when  she  opened  her  hand  she  found  she  had 
six  gulden,  and  the  story  ends  thus  :  *  ist  allererst  geschehen  im  gnadenreichen  jar,  das 
im  tausent.  virhundert  und  im  zweiund  funfzigsten  jar  gewest  ist '  (MufFel,  p.  83). 
*  *  &lle '  in  margin  of  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  85 

ricchesse  of  ]:>is  jon  )3is  chercli  was  mad  to  his  perfeccion  and  he  himselue 
with  his  wif  is  biried  pere  in  a  conk  of  red  ston  ))ei  clepe  porphiiie  ston  fast 
be  Ipe  dore  J?at  goth  to  seynt  ant  on}  e.  In  Ipe  hie  ante?  of  J>e  cherch  restith 
))e  body  of  seynt  raathie  Ipe  apostil.  And  in  a  no)?ir  auter  by  }>e  body  of 
seynt  ierom  doctou?.  There  is  also  a  ymage  of  ou?  lady  whech  seynt  luce 
mad.  The?  be  eke  Ipe  bodies  of  fese  popes*  honory  eugeny  gregory  pelagii 
&  nicholas.  The?  is  J^e  arme  of  seynt  luk  ]?e  euangelist  (  J?e  arme  o  seynt 
mathew  })e  euangelist  |  pe  lied  of  seynt  uyuyane  f)e  uirgine*  |  ipe  arme  of 
seynt  thomas  of  cauntirbyry  and  of  his  uestmentf^  |  f>e  cradill  f)at  crist  was 
leyd  in  |  J>e  manio?^r  with  f>e  hey  of  whech  pe  bestes  ete  whe?  crist  was  bore  | 
J?e  hosen  of  seynt  Joseph  |  pe  mylk  of  ou?  lady  |  and  mech  o]?ir  })ing.  These 
be  pe  indulgens  grau^ited  to  pe  same  place.  In  pe  dedicacou9i  of  pe  same 
cherch  ii  ml  ^ere  and  pe  f)ird  part  remissiou?i  of  al  maner  synne.  Euery 
day  }?orw  oute  pe  je?  ar  grau7^ted  xxuiii  jere  in  lenton  pe  pardon  is  dobled. 
In  euery  fest  of  ou?  lady  a  hundred  5ere.  Fro  pe  assumpcioun  of  oure  lady 
on  to  hi?  natiuite  is  graunted  euery  day  xiiii  hundred  ^e?.  The  summe  of  al 
pe  pardon  of  J)is  cherch  is  hald  pere  ful  grete. 


Of  pe  /  stacion  at  seynt  Sabine,     cap  uiii.  f.  384  t 

Now  wil  we  speke  of  all  J)oo  cherches  where  pe  staciones  be  holden  in 
lentow  but  50  schal  undirstand  fat  pe  staciones  be  sumtyme  at  })ese  same 
cherchis.^  Seynt  Gregory  as  we  redyn  ordeyned  J^ese  staciones  and  was  at 
hem  him  selue  and  prechid  f)ere  as  we  may  notabilly  parceyue  in  many  of  his 
omelies.  It  is  cleped  a  staciouTi  a  stando  for  staciouw  is  as  mech  to  sey  as 
to  stand  aftir  walkyng.  For  pilgWmes  walkyn  pe  sercle  with  grete  labou? 
and  summe  rest  neuyr  tyl  al  he?  labou?  be  don.  Wherfor  J)is  holy  doctor 
gregory  ordeyned  J?at  euery  day  schuld  be  a  masse  in  a  certeyn  place  and 
pere  schuld  men  rest  and  he?  J>at  masse.  Eke  for  to  encrese  he?  deuocyon 
mo?  on  to  Jjis  dede  he  graunted  on  to  Jjat  cherch  whe?  pe  stacyon  is  as  mech 
pardon  as  is  in  al  rome  as  for  pstt  day.  And  f>is  is  pe  cause  as  I  suppose 
)?at  fewe  romanes  walk  pe  sercle  but  pe  stacioun  as  a  man  may  pleynly  se. 

^  S.  Bibiana  (the  Roman  S.  Swithin)  was  the  daughter  of  the  Roman  knight  Flavian 
and  his  wife  Dafrosa,  who  were  also  martyrs.  She  was  brought  with  her  sister  S.  Deme- 
tria  before  Apronian  in  the  year  863,  during  the  reign  of  Julian  the  Apostate  ;  she  was 
then  cruelly  tortured  and  beaten  to  death.  Her  body  was  thrown  to  wild  beasts,  but 
was  secretly  buried  by  a  priest  named  Johannes  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Licinian 
palace  (Stadler,  HeiligenlexikorC). 

^  From  t  to  f,  the  reference  to  S.  Thomas  k  Becket,  has  been  erased  by  striking  it 
through  with  the  pen,  but  it  is  quite  legible. 

^  *  be  fo?  seid  '  in  margin  of  MS. 


86  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

The  first  stacion  on  puluyr  wednisday  is  at  a  clierch  yei  clepe  seynt  sabiue  ^ 
be  whech  cherch  stant  a  ful  fay?  place  whech  was  ]>e  paleys  of  eufermiane 
fader  on  to  seynt  alexe.  In  ]?at  place  haue  pe  fre?  prechoures  a  couent  and 
f>is  same  chercli  haue  J>ei  annexid  y^rto.  This  cherch  and  p\a  couent  stant 
on  a  hili  fei  clepe  it  mons  auentiriws  of  whech  we  spoke  be  fo?  in  pe 
capitule  de  montihus.  Now  wil  we  telle  50U  what  we  haue  red  of  fis  same 
sabine.  This  woman  was  doutyr  on  to  on  of  pe  heroudes  whech  was  clepid 
herodes  mettallarius  for  dyfferens  fro  ofir  heiaud?s  was  he  £0  clepid.  Sche 
was  weddid  on  to  a  worthy  man  of  rome  cleped  ualentine  and  aftir  his  deth 
sche  drow  to  felauchip  of  a  wor|?i  woman  and  holy  aftirward  martired  for 
crist  whech  ]?ei  cleped  seraphia.  This  seraphia  taut  J>e  feith  of  ou?  lord  to 
J)is  same  sabine  first,  and  aftirward  brout  hi?  on  to  ]>e  knoulech  of  holy  prestis 
of  whom  sche  receyued  hir  sacramentis.  Thus  with' J>is  seraphia  dwelt  f>is 
same  sabine  in  holy  conuersacioun  on  to  pe  tyme  J)at  f>is  foiseid  seraphia  was 
a  restid  led  on  to  fie  iuge  and  co?idempued  on  to  pe  deth  only  for  sche  beleued 
in  ou?  lord  ihu  crist.  This  same  sabyne  folowid  on  to  hi?  passion  and  aftir 
hir  deth  took  hir  body  and  byried  it  in  ye  same  graue  whech  was  ordeyned 
for  hir  selue.  Aftir  tyme  ]?at  mech  of  f)is  was  doo  but  be  fo?  pe  deth  of  J?is 
same  seraphia  a  grete  president  of  rome  cleped  berillus  called  Jjis  woman 
sabine  on  to  him  and  J?us  he  spak.  Why  doost  ]?ou  f>i  selue  so  mech  schame 
and  makist  ]?i  selue  so  wrecchid.  Why  considerest  nowt  what  f>ou  art  an 
whens  f>ou  cam.  Thou  hast  ioyned  pe  in  felauchip  on  to  )?ese  ciisten  folk 
and  hast  forgete  pe  noble  birth  f)ou  cam  of  and  pe  worthy  man  whech  weddid 
pe  eke  ]30u  art  notaferd  of  pe  wretth  of  ou?  goddys.  Turne  a  geyn  woman 
f.  385  r  to  Jjin  /  owne  hous  &  fle  pe  cumpany  of  J)at  vvicch  whech  hath  deceyued  pd 
and  many  oj^ir.  Sabine  5aue  him  })is  answere.  That  same  holy  mayde 
whom  f>ou  slaundrest  now  ful  on  treuly  wold  god  f)ou  had  herd  ^  pe  same 
councel  fat  fou  myth  forsake  pe  fals  ydoles  and  knowe  the  uery  god  fat 
calleth  good  men  to  euyrlasting  lyf  and  sendith  euel  men  to  euyrlasting  payn. 
This  president  berillus  whan  he  had  herd  fese  wordes  lete  hir  go  at  large 
and  seyd  no  mo?  on  to  hi?.  This  was  doo  be  fo?  pe  deth  of  seraphia  for 
aftir  hir  deth  sche  was  a  rened  and  brout  to  a  iuge  fei  cleped  helpidittg 
whech  seid  on  to  hi?  at  hi?  first  appering.  Thou  art  sabine  wyf  on  to  fat 
worthi  man  ualentine  and  doutyr  on  to  heraude  whech  was  of  ful  grete 
dignite.     Sche  answerd  I  am  fat  same  and  blessed  be  ou?  lord  ihu  fat  be  f  e 

*  The  church  of  S.  Sabina  was  commenced  under  Celestine  I  about  425,  and  completed 
under  Sixtus  HI  about  432.  Honorius  HI  lived  there,  as  did  Honorius  IV.  The  former 
allowed  S.  Dominic  to  occupy  part  of  hia  fortified  palace  attached  to  the  church. 
Eugenius  III  and  Gregory  IX  were  also  benefactors  of  the  church  (Armellini,  p.  582  ; 
Marucchi,  p.  184  ;  Nibby,  p.  688). 

*  '  of  hi? '  in  margin  of  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  87 

labou?  of  seynt  seraphia  hath  brout  me  fro  Ipe  onclennesse  of  Ipe  delues  ^  power 
on  to  ]>e  fredaw  of  ou?  lord.  The  iuge  whan  he  herd  fis  and  say  hir  grete 
constauns  in  Ipe  feith  pronouwsed  j^e  sentens  of  hir  deth  in  ))is  forme.  Sabine 
inobedient  on  to  Ipe  goddis  and  despising  ou?  lordis  Ipe  emiperouris  we 
comauride  to  be  heded  with  a  swerd  and  all  hir  godes  to  be  arested  on  to  Ipe 
comown  profith.  Thus  was  sche  siayn  J^e  xiiii  kalendts  of  septembir  and 
pryuyly  caried  be  nytli  of  cristen  men  and  byried  be  seraphia  maystresse  of 
hir  feith.*  In  J^is  same  cherch  be  many  relikes  whech  I  wrote  not.  O 
memoriale  say  I  yere  of  seynt  dominik  for  it  is  seid  whan  he  was  besy  to 
haue  his  ordre  co^ifermed  he  prayed  mech  with  grete  wecch  in  )3at  same 
cherch  and  pe  deuel  )?at  hath  enuye  with  ^eu^ry  good  dede  J)rew  a  grete  ston 
as  mech  or  mo?  f)an  a  marines  hed  to  a  slayn  him  but  be  grete  myracle  it 
felle  be  side  and  raf  ^  a  marbil  ston  doyng  him  no  harm.  Of  Jsis  story  are 
wrytyn  pere  swech  uers.  Credidit  orntntem  iacto  confundere  saxo  Hie 
sanctum,  dommicum  hostis  uersutus  set  ipswm  lUesum  dominus  seruat  mira- 
bile  factum  Marmoris  illisi  confracczo  monstrat  in  euuw  Hijs'  quod  fidera 
prebet  suspensus  &  iste  molaris.  The  sentens  of  pe  uers  is  J>is.  He  supposed 
whil  he  preyed  to  destroye  him  with  yis  ston.  Here  in  J)is  place  seynt 
dommic  ou?  wikkid  enmy  he  supposed  soo.  But  ou?  lord  kept  his  seruaunt 
fro  harm  a  meruelous  tale.  The  marbil  J?at  is  hurt  he?  berith  witnesse  for 
euyr.     And  eke  a  grete  euydeois  of  j?e  treuth  is  f>e  ston  })at  hangith  he?. 


Of  J?e  stacion)  at  f>e  cherch  of  seint  george.     ca  ix. 

The  fursday  be  fore  Ipe  first  Sunday  of  lenton  is  Ipe  stacion  at  a  cherch  of 
seynt  george  *  wher*  f)at  his  hed  is  schewid  his  spere  and  pe  ban5e?  with 
whech  he  killid  Ipe  dragon.     The  bed  stawt  Ipere  on  a  auter  Jjat  day  in  a 

1  ?  devil's. 

'  S.  Sabina  is  coupled  with  S.  Seraphia  in  the  Ada  Sanctorum,  and  the  facts  related 
regarding  her  life  agree  generally  with  those  here  given.  Some  ancient  authors  describe 
her  as  having  been  a  virgin  martyr,  but  she  was,  according  to  accepted  accounts,  the 
widow  of  Valentinus  and  the  daughter  of  Herod  Metallarius,  as  our  chronicler  says. 
Her  church  in  Rome  is  said  to  have  been  built  on  the  site  of  her  ancestral  home  (Stadler, 
HeiligenlexiJcon  (under  SS.  Seraphia  and  Sabina) ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  August,  vol.  vi, 
p.  496).  '  raf,  obs.  p.  t.  of  rive  =  riven. 

*  The  church  of  S.  George  in  Velahro  was  a  diaconia,  founded  before  the  si3t;th  century 
in  the  Velabrum,  the  ancient  name  of  the  quarter  of  the  city  where  it  stands.  It  was 
restored  by  Leo  II,  S.  Zacharias,  and  Gregory  IV,  who  adorned  it  with  mosaics,  and 
added  two  porticos.  Boniface  VIII  created  Cardinal  Stefaneschi  cardinal  of  the  title ; 
the  latter  ordered  Giotto  to  decorate  the  apse  with  frescoes  which  have  since  been 
destroyed.  Cardinal  Newman  was  titular  of  this  church,  and  up  to  a  few  years  ago  his 
coat  of  arms  was  to  be  seen  there.  Since  his  death  no  cardinal  has  been  appointed  to 
this  title,  and  the  church  is  practically  closed,  except  on  S.  George's  Day  and  the  day  of 
the  station  (Armellini,  p.  253 ;  Marucchi,  p.  266). 


88  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

tabernacle  of  syluyr  and  gilt  mad  soo  J>at  a  man  may  lyft  up  certeyn  part 
ferof  and  touche  and  kisse  f>e  bare  skul.*  OJ^ir  hedis  be  schewid  ])€re  whech 
f.  385  V  be  now  oute  /  of  remcmberauws.  But  as  touching  seynt  george  be  cause  f>is 
lond  haldith  him  in  grete  reuerens  sumwhat  of  his  lyf  wil  we  touch.  In  pe 
grete  couwcel  }>at  was  bald  at  nycene  a  cyte  in  grece  pere  J)e  lif  of  ))is  seynt 
was  a  noumbirid  a  mowgis  apocripha.  Apocrzfum  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  whan 
"pe  treuth  of  a  fing  is  in  doute  or  ellis  men  haue  no  certeyn  who  was  make? 
or  write?  of  fat  mate?.  But  pe  counceli  at  J^at  time  determined  f)at  he  was 
worthi  to  be  anoumbired  a  mongis  pe  holy  martires  of  crist.  Perauentu? 
pei  had  a  lif  with  sum  ueyn  tales  whech  cam  neuyr  to  ou?  handis.  But  for 
f)t  pei  at  f>at  tyme  whech  we?  faderes  of  J?e  cherch  a  noumbered  him  a  mongts 
Ipe  holy  martires  pertor  may  we  suppose  ueryly  Jiat  mech  whech  we  rede  fat 
he  ded  or  suffered  was  soth.  As  fat  he  was  bore  in  f e  lond  of  capadoce, 
and  fat  he  delyuered  f e  mayde  fro  fe  dragon,  and  killed  fat  best  whech 
dede  was  cause  of  conuercion  both  of  f  e  kyng  and  eke  of  f  e  cyte.  And  whan 
he  schuld  goo  fro  fe  kyng  he  taut  hem  iiii  f ingis.  On  fat  he  schuld  be  besy 
to  edifie  chirchis  in  his  lond.  The  secunde  fat  he  schuld  haue  f e  mynystris 
of  f e  cherch  in  grete  reuerens.  The  f irde  fat  he  schuld  here  f e  seruyse  of 
god  deuoutly.  The  fourt  fat  he  schuld  euyr  be  besy  to  releue  pore  men.  Al 
f  is  f  ing  touchid  in  his  lyf  is  likly  for  to  be  soth.  It  is  ful  lich  a  treuth  also 
fat  dacian  president  of  pers  undir  wikkid  diocleciane  compelled  f is  seynt  to 
thurifie  and  offir  to  f  e  deueles,  and  be  cause  he  wold  not  consent  to  ydolatrie 
fat  he  comaunded  him  to  many  tormentis.  First  to  be  hanged  on  a  gibet,  yann) 
his  sydes  to  be  rent  with  yrun  hokis,  and  bre?iny7zg  laumpes  put  to  f  e  wou^ides, 
and  aftir  mech  othir  tormentrie  his  bed  to  be  smet  of.  This  is  touchid  schortly 
of  his  passion  fat  men  may  knowe  wel  fat  f e  legende  whech  was  bald  suspect 
in  f  e  forseid  counceil  is  not  come  to  ou?  handis,  but  perauentu?  f  e  treuthis 
were  drawen  oute  f  erof  and  left  to  us  and  f  e  othir  suspecte  f  ingis  f  row  be 
side.  So  rede  we  fat  seynt  ierom  seyd  of  origenes  bokes,  for  certeyn  enmyes 
of  origene  in  slaunder  of  his  name  had  planted  heresies  a  mongis  his  treuthis, 
so  ferforth  fat  seynt  ierom  was  fayn  for  to  sey.  Sic  lego  origenem  tanquam 
coUigews  rosas  de  spinis.  So  rede  I  he  seith  origen  as  f  ou  I  schuld  gader 
roses  fro  f ornes.  Suffisith  fis  as  for  fe  memorie  of  seynt  george.  But  a 
mongis  studious  men  is  meuyd  fis  doute.^     Whi  yat  f e  region  of  ynglond 

*  The  head  of  S.  George  was  in  the  church  as  late  as  1891.  Chanoine  de  Bleser  men- 
tions it  in  his  Guide  du  Voyageur  dans  la  Gapitale  du  Monde  Chretien  (one  of  the  most 
exact  modern  books  about  relics  in  Roman  churches),  vol.  i,  p.  228.  Recent  inquiry 
shows  that  the  relic  in  question  is  still  in  the  sacristy  of  the  church,  but  that  it  is  no 
longer  exposed.     The  reliquarium  in  which  it  is  kept  is  a  modern  one, 

"  The  history  of  S.  George  is  obscure  to  this  day.  The  so-called  Acta  regarding  him 
were  rejected  by  the  Council  at  Rome  under  Gelasius  I  in  494,  as  being  the  work  of 
Arians.    This  gave  rise  to  a  belief  that  S.  George  had  never  existed.    He  would,  however. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  89 

hath  f)is  seynt  in  so  special  reuerens  fat  )?ei  make  him  a  pWncipal  capteyn  m 
he?  batayles  and  trost  up  on  him  moost  aftir  god.  Many  pingis  haue  I  herd 
in  fis  mate?  but  of  non  auctorite  and  \erhr  wil  T  leue  it  rith  as  I  fynde. 
I  rede  weel  J?at  a  specml  tuycioun  ouyr  aft  cristen  men  hath  fis  seynt  and 
f)is  rede  I  in  a  story  is  cleped  historia  antiochena  whe?  J?at  he  tellith  ]?U8. 
Whan  ]?e  last  sege  was  at  /  ierlm  and  cristen  men  went  J^idir  to  conque?  ]?e  f. 
cyte  Ipere  appered  a  fayre  5ong  man  on  to  a  prest  pat  dwelt  in  })at  place  whe? 
fe  body  of  seynt  george  rested  in  perse,  and  comaunded  J>e  same  prest  to  take 
fe  body  and  cary  it  forth  with  pe  ost  for  f)ei  schuld  spede  mech  f>e  bettir  as 
he  seide.  Whan  f>ei  came  to  pe  cyte  and  schul  skale  ]>e  wallis  ]>e  cristen 
men  we?  gretely  a  ferd  for  Ipe  sarsines,  most  for  he?  schotte  f>at  was  so 
habuwdawt.  Tho  appered  on  to  hem  pe  same  jong  man  in  white  clothis  and 
a  reed  crosse  perin  he  bad  hem  fat  f>ei  schuld  folow  him  and  put  a  wey  al 
fere.  So  dede  fei  and  wuwne  pe  cyte  to  ye  grete  honou?  of  cristen  men  and 
grete  confusion  of  sarsines. 


Of  pe  BtaciouTi  at  pe  cherch  of  jon  &  paule.     cap  x. 

The  friday  after  puluyr  wednysday  is  pe  staciouTi  at  a  cherch  fei  clepe 
johannis  &  pauli  it  stant  fast  be  pe  monastery  of  seynt  andrew  pe  monkig 
of  seynt  andrew  sey  fat  f ese  same  seyntis  jon  &  paule  be  translate  &  ly 
a  mongis  hem.*  Wei  wote  I  fat  whan  f e  stacioun  is  fe  puple  uisitith 
both  cherchis  but  f  e  grete  solempnite  and  al  f  e  tariing  of  f  e  puple,  eke 
certeyn  fingis  whech  J)ei  selle  pere  at  staciones  al  fis  is  at  fe  cherch  of 

appear  to  have  been  honoured  in  very  early  times  ;  and  the  doubt  which  arose  later  may 
in  part  be  the  cause  of  the  legends  (e.g.  that  of  the  dragon)  which  have  grown  up  around 
his  name.  We  may,  however,  accept  that  he  suffered  martyrdom  under  Diocletian  in 
Nicomedia,  or  Lydda,  in  the  year  303.  According  to  Metaphrastes,  he  was  born  of  a  good 
family  in  Cappadocia ;  after  his  father's  death  he  went  with  his  mother  to  Palestine,  her 
native  country,  and  where  she  had  much  property  at  Lydda,  between  Joppa  and  Jerusa- 
lem. He  joined  the  army  and  attained  high  rank  and  honour  under  Diocletian  ;  but  later, 
when  he  became  a  Christian,  was  barbarously  tortured  and  finally  decapitated  by  the 
orders  of  the  emperor.  While  one  need  not  accept  all  the  Acts  regarding  him,  the  Litur- 
gies and,  above  all,  the  Sacramentarium  of  Gregory  the  Great  are  practically  incontrover- 
tible proofs  of  his  existence  and  of  his  martyrdom.  The  Council  held  in  Oxford  in  1222 
ordered  his  feast-day  to  be  solemnly  kept  throughout  England  every  year  (Stadler, 
SeiligenlexiJcon  ;  Acta  Sanctorum^  April,  vol.  iii,  p.  100). 

^  The  monastery  of  S.  Andrew  here  mentioned  was  attached  to  the  church  of 
S.  Gregory  the  Great.  The  monastery  (which  preceded  the  church)  was  founded  by 
S.  Gregory  in  his  own  paternal  home ;  he  also  built  a  church,  which  he  attached  to  it 
and  dedicated  to  S.  Andrew.  After  his  death  the  monastery  was  abandoned,  but 
Gregory  II  restored  it,  and  erected  another  church,  which  he  dedicated  to  his  namesake. 
This  church  was  completely  altered  by  Cardinal  Scipio  Borghese  in  1633,  and  again  rebuilt 
by  the  monks  in  1725  (Armellini,  p.  290 ;  Marucchi,  p.  212). 


90  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

johannis  &  pauli.*  Be  side  J^e  clierch  is  a  fay?  place  J^at  longith  to 
a  cardinal,  and  on  ])e  olpii  side  as  we  go  forth  to  ]?e  collise  was  a  grete 
paleys  of  whech  stand  jet  many  hye  wallis  and  meruelous  uoutes.  In  pis 
cherch  is  ful  grete  indulge^is  J>at  day,  but  we  J^ink  best  at  pis  tyme  to  telle 
sum  what  of  pe  lyf  of  fese  seyntes  and  whi  ]?ei  wer  dede  as  we  cast  us  for  to 
do  of  alle  othir.  Thei  were  with  constaunce  doutir  on  to  constantine  m 
houshold,  on  of  hem  was  steward  of  hir  house  pe  othir  was  chambirleyn  and 
whan  pe  woma?i  deyed  of  pe  grete  good  whech  sche  left  sche  mad  })ese  men 
hir  aturnes.  Thei  as  goode  and  trew  men  disposed  ]?es  ricchesse  on  to  cristen 
men  in  many  sundry  degrees  mete  and  drynk  and  dothis  ^  was  euery  day. 
This  herd  julianus  J^e  emparou?  whech  is  cleped  apostata  for  he  was  first 
lerned  in  pe  feith  and  aftirward  he  forsoke  it '  and  be  cause  he  was  passing 
couetous  he  coloured  his  monetise  with  pe  gospell  whech  seith  to  cristen  men. 
But  if  je  forsake  al  J^at  je  haue  je  may  not  be  my  disciples.  Thus  robbid 
j^is  tyraunt  all  cristen  men  and  he  herd  sey  as  we  rehersed  of  pe  grete  elmesse 
5ouew  be  ion  and  paule  he  sent  on  to  hem  J?at  J^ei  schuld  come  on  to 
his  presens.     Thei  sent  him  a  geyn  swech  an  answere.     For  f>i  wikkidnesse 

*  The  church  of  SS.  John  and  Paul  is  believed  to  have  been  erected  by  Byzantius  and 
his  son  Pammachius  in  the  fourth  century,  over  the  house  in  which  the  two  saints  lived 
and  suflfered  martyrdom.  It  was  first  known  under  the  name  of  the  titulus  Pammachii. 
Pammachius  was  a  friend  of  S.  Jerome,  and  is  mentioned  by  him  in  his  letters.  The 
church  was  restored  by  Symmachus  in  the  fifth  century,  also  by  Hadrian  I  and  Leo  III 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighth.  The  beautiful  apse,  the  portico,  and  perhaps  the  fine 
pavement  were  constructed  in  1159  by  Hadrian  IV,  the  English  Pope.  Cardinal  Howard, 
in  1677,  placed  the  bodies  of  the  two  saints  under  the  high  altar  of  the  upper  church ; 
but  it  was  not  till  1887  that  ^he  excavations  of  Father  Oermano  made  the  interesting 
subterranean  dwelling-house  of  the  saints,  and  the  frescoes  contained  therein,  accessible 
(Armellini,  p,  276  ;  Nibby,  p.  266  ;  Marucchi,  p.  203). 
'  '  &  ])at '  in  margin  of  MS. 

^  For  mediaeval  legends  regarding  Julian  the  Apostate  see  Graf,  Roma  nella  memoriaf 
&c.,  vol.  ii,  ch.  xiv,  p.  121.     Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  in  his  Pantheon  (Pertz,  vol.  xxii,  p.  180), 
says,  referring  to  his  attempt  to  restore  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem : — 
Templa  tremunt,  pavimenta  ruunt  et  tigna  sub  illis 
Ignibus  e  celis  pereunt  exusta  favillis, 

Exiliunt  lapides,  area  sola  manet. 
Igneus  ex  templo  globus  est,  emissus  in  illos 
Incendens  homines  vestes  caput  atque  capillos, 

Astantesque  viri  iure  cremantur  ibi. 
Haec  ne  fortuitu  mala  provenisse  putentur, 
Signa  crucis  confixa  sibi  gestare  videntur, 
Gestant  ludei  corpora  signa  dei. 
But,  in  truth,  the  hatred  of  Julian  was  so  great,  that  some  of  the  stories  about  him  are 
too  horrible  to  repeat  here ;  there  is,  however,  one  exception,  a  very  notable  one.     The 
author  of  the    Gesta  episcoporum   Neap olitano rum  (eighth  or  ninth   century)   says : 
*Iuliano  apostata  imperatore  facto,  ad  idolorum  cultum  converso,  blanda  persecutio  fuit, 
inliciens  magis  quam  impellens  ad  sacrificandum,  in  qua  multi  voluntate  propria  corrue- 
runt.'    A  very  remarkable  instance  of  toleration  and  fair-mindedness  in  such  an  epoch. 


I 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  91 

haue  we  left  fi  lordchip  for  we  be  not  fals  feyned  cristen  as  fou  pretendist 
but  trew  seruauwtis  on  to  ou?  lord.  He  sent  hem  a  geyn  a  new  message 
undyr  swech  wordis,  3e  J>at  were  norchid  in  Ipe  emperoures  hous  it  is  not 
semly  f>at  56  schuld  withdraw  50U  fro  my  presens  for  if  it  be  so  J>at  I 
be  despised  of  50U  it  is  nedful  to  me  to  make  swech  ordiiiauns  fat  neythir  50 
ne  non  olpir  schiil  be  dis/piseres  of  pe  empi?.  Paule  and  ion  sent  him  J?is  f.  386  v 
answere  f>at  Ipei  dispised  him  nowt  in  swech  degre  J?at  fei  worchiped  ony 
of)ir  man  more  fjan  him  but  pei  put  be  for  him  in  worchip  J>at  lord  Jjat  hath 
his  lordchip  both  ouyr  heuene  and  erde,  and  be  cause  fat  his  comauwdmentis 
were  contrarious  to  J>is  hye  lordis  wil  perfor  J>ei  sent  hym  word  J?at  J?ei  wold 
neuyr  come  to  his  presens.  Julianws  sent  on  to  hem  a  geyn  and  seyd  fus. 
Ten  dayes  schul  be  joue  50U  of  auisement  at  Ipe  ten  day  if  je  come  I  schal 
receyue  50U  as  my  frendys  if  ^e  come  nowt  I  wil  punch  50U  as  myn  open 
enmyes.  Alle  fese  dayes  were  fese  seyntis  ful  bysi  for  to  gyue  a  wey  al  fat 
euyr  fei  had  on  to  po?  cristen  men.  On  fe  tent  day  cam  terrenciani^ 
a  grete  lord  with  juliane  with  a  ymage  formed  aftir  jubiter  comauwding  hem 
on  f e  emperoures  name  fat  f ei  schuld  worchip  f is  ymage  as  a  god.  They 
answered  rith  thus.  Juliane  if  he  be  f  i  lord  haue  pes  with  him.  To  us  is 
no  othir  lord  but  fe  fadir  and  fe  sun  and  fe  holy  gost  whom  he  was 
not  aferd  to  forsake.  And  be  cause  he  is  now  f  rowyn  fro  f  e  face  of  god  f  erfor 
wold  he  bring  of  ir  men  to  f  e  same  fal.  Aftir  f  is  comunicaciou7^  f  is  same 
terrenciane  ded  make  a  pitte  in  her  owne  hous  al  be  nyth  comaunded 
he?  hedes  to  be  smet  of,  wonde  ali  in  clothis  and  byried  hem  f  us  makyng 
a  cry  in  f e  morownywg  be  auctorite  of  f e  emperou?  fat  f ei  were  exiled  oute 
of  f  e  cite  of  rome.  This  was  f  e  ende  of  f  ese  martires.^  Sone  aftir  f  is 
was  juliani^s  killid  in  fe  batayl  of  pers  and  aftir  him  jouimane  fe  emperou? 
be  cause  he  was  a  cristen  man  jaue  leue  to  all  cristen  men  to  open 
he?  cherchis  and  exercise  goddis  seruyse  as  f  ei  had  do  be  fore.  Thoo  deueles 
with  inne  men  were  put  oute  specialy  in  f  e  hous  of  ion  and  paule  crying 
and  diuulgi^ig  here  holy  passion  in  so  mech  fat  fe  son  of  fe  forseid 
terrenciane  whech  was  obcessid  with  a  deuele  cam  on  to  fat  same  hous  of  jon 
and  paule  and  f e  deuele  with  inne  him  cried  fat  ion  and  paule  brent  him. 

^  The  account,  as  given  by  our  chronicler,  of  these  two  Roman  saints  is  correct  in  all 
details.  They  appear  to  have  been  martyred  in  secret  on  June  26,  862,  a  report  being 
afterwards  spread  that  they  had  been  exiled.  But  SS.  Crispus,  Crispinianus,  and  Bene- 
dicta  found  the  bodies  of  the  martyrs  in  response  to  their  prayers ;  but  they  also,  on 
refusing  to  sacrifice  to  false  gods,  were  in  their  turn  beheaded.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  two  saints  were  held  in  great  reverence  in  England :  for,  by  the  order  of  the 
Council  held  in  Oxford  in  the  year  1222,  it  was  laid  down  that  on  their  feast-day  it  was 
obligatory  to  hear  Mass  before  commencing  the  day's  work.  It  is  just  possible  that 
they  were  confused  with  S.  John  the  Evangelist  and  S.  Paul  the  Apostle  (Stadler, 
Heiligmlexikon;  Acta  Sanctorum,  June,  vol.  v,  p.  158). 

N  2 


f.  387  r 

H 
of  I 

was 
frere 


92  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

That  herd  f  e  fadir  he  cam  J?idir  and  askid  forgifnes  of  his  trespas  and  be  fore 
his  eyne  his  sone  was  cured,  eke  Ipei  both  at  esterne  folowiwg  we?  mad 
cristen  men  for  so  was  Ipe  usage  Jeanne.  This  same  terrenciane  endited 
pe  lif  and  fe  martirdam  cf  fese  seyntis  for  he  coude  best  be  cause  he  was  at 
fe  ende. 

Of  pe  staciow  at  seynt  tWphonis.     cap  xi. 

The  satirday  aftir  puluyr  wednisday  is  pe  stacion  at  seynt  triphonis 
an  elde  cherch  it  is  and  anexid  on  to  pe  cherch  is  a  couent  of  freres  whech 
we  clepe  comouwly  heremitis  of  seynt  austyn.^  In  })is  cherch  lith  seynt 
triphon  &  seynt  respicius  whech  was  his  felaw.  Thedir  is  eke  neuly 
translate  pe  body  of  seynt  raonica  modir  to  seynt  austyn.  The?  be  alsoo  pe 
bodies  of  seynt  felice  pope  *,^  seynt  auree^  &  longii  martires,  pe  hed  of  seynt 
menne  &  many  o]?ir.  Who  seynt  monica  cam  fjidir  and  in  whos  tyme  with 
al  pe  declaracion  we?  long  to  telle  who  wil  rede  it  /  he  may 
se  it  a  book  J^at  I  mad  titiled  to  seynt  austiii  whech 
is  cleped  concordist.  because  it  is  a  mane?  of  a  concord 
be  twix  chanonys  and  us.*    The  sewtens  of  J>at  translacioun 


1  S.  Trifone  in  posterula  was  built  by  Crescentius,  Prefect  of  Rome,  in  the  year  957, 
under  John  XII,  iuwta  posterulas,  in  the  street  now  called  the  Via  della  Scrofa.  It  was 
pulled  down  to  construct  the  Augustinian  convent  now  occupied  by  the  Ministry  of 
Marine  (Armellini,  p.  651 ;  Nibby,  p.  699).  *  If  Zu  sant  Tryfon  lyget  nahet  by  sant 
Augustin'  {Ein  Biichlin,  &c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  p.  E  vi  v,  B.M.). 

2  S.  Felix  IV,  fifty-fourth  Pope  in  order  from  S.  Peter,  was  elected  in  526,  after 
S.  John  I's  death  in  prison  during  the  reign  of  Theodoric.  He  was  a  worthy  Pope,  and 
did  much  work  in  building  and  adorning  churches.  More  especially  he  converted  the 
Temple  of  Romulus  into  a  church  (SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian)  ;  restored  the  Basilica  of 
S.  Satuminus,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  fire ;  and  completed  that  of  S.  Stephen.  He 
lived  into  the  reign  of  Athalaric,  and  died  in  529  or  630,  being  buried  at  S.  Peter's 
(Stadler,  Reiligenleodkon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  January,  vol.  ii,  p.  1032 ;  Duchesne,  Liber 
Fontificalis,  vol.  i,  p.  279). 

^  S.  Aurea  was  martyred  at  Ostia  in  the  nuddle  of  the  third  century  by  being  thrown 
into  the  sea  with  a  stone  round  her  neck.  On  referring  to  S.  Censurinus,  S.  Mennas  is 
amongst  those  who  sufiered  on  the  same  occasion  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon).  The 
Anonymus  of  Einsiedeln  (ed,  Hiilsen),  ch.  xiii,  n.  12,  p.  42,  mentions  a  church  of 
S.  Menna,  which  Armellini  thinks  was  dedicated  to  the  celebrated  Egyptian  martyr, 
S.  Mennas.  It  stood  on  the  celebrated  portico  from  the  Vatican  to  S.  Paul's.  Leo  IV 
and  Pascal  I  restored  and  adorned  it,  but  it  is  not  mentioned  after  the  tenth  century 
(Armellini,  p.  742). 

*  There  appears  to  have  been  an  entry  in  the  margin  of  the  MS.  here,  probably  giving 
the  name  of  the  chronicler.  Most  unfortunately  it  has  been  trimmed  off',  leaving  only 
the  few  letters  given  in  the  margin  of  the  book.  From  the  context  it  would  appear  that 
the  chronicler  was  an  Augustinian  friar,  and  author  of  another  work  called  Concordia. 
Search  has  been  made  for  this  in  the  Aniatasis  Avgustiniana  (Antwerp,  1614)  ;  Nar- 
ducci's  Catalogue,  1893,  of  the  Angelica  Library ;  Dissertatio  historica  de  ducentis  cele- 
herrimisAugustinorum  scriptoribus,'Rome,  1704  ;  Curtius  CorneliuS;  Fivoruw  illustrornm 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  »3 

I  wil  write  he?  schortly.  The  pope*  martyn  })at  was  last  at  instans  of 
a  fre?  of  ou?  ordre  called  petir  bischop  electensts  sexten  on  to  Ipe  pope  *  fat 
tyme  for  so  it  is  comouwly  J>at  f)is  ordre  hath  "pat  office.^  Be  instaunce  also 
of  a  gret  clerk  cleped  augustinus  de  roma  general  of  fat  ordre  for  ]?at  tyme  '^ 
5aue  leue  fat  freres  of  f is  ordre  schuld  goo  to  hostie  and  bryng  fis  body  to 
rorae  to  f<^  same  place  of  seynt  triphonis  of  whech  place  fis  special  chapet? 
is  mad.  He  f out  he  seid  in  his  butt  conuenient  fat  sith  fe  cherch  hath 
determined  fat  heremites  of  f is  ordre  be  f e  uery  childyrn  of  seyn  austyn 
and  eke  for  f  e  cherch  be  real  powe?  brout  hem  in  to  pauy  whe?  f  ei  haue 
possessiouw  of  f e  body  of  seynt  austyn  it  was  also  coTiuenient  fat  f  ei  whech 
haue  f e  son  schuld  also  haue  fe  mcdir.  This  translacion  was  mad  fe  jere 
of  ou?  lord  0  ml  ccccxx  swech  tyme  as  palme  Sunday  fell  o  f  e  ix  day  of  april. 
Now  of  fese  seyntis  of  whom  fe  place  is  dedicate  triphon  and  respicius  wil 
we  speke.  Thei  both  were  bore  in  asle  of  good  kynrod  of  nobil  condicion 
and  of  grete  disposiciouri  on  to  uertu.  Whan  f  ei  were  on  of  hem  xii  ^ere 
old  f  e  of  ir  xiiii  happed  to  mete  with  a  cristen  prest  whech  baptized  hem 
whech  taute  hem  f  e  feith  and  grouwdly  lerned  hem  many  treuthis  of  scriptu?. 
Aftir  f  ei  had  take  informaciouw  of  f  is  man  f  ei  went  forth  in  f e  cunt?  whe? 
f  ei  fel  in  felauchip  with  a  jong  child  of  here  age  and  aftir  her  aqueyntaurice 
fis  same  was  gretely  hurt  of  a  serpent  he  made  his  querimonie  on  to  fese 
seyntis  and  prayed  hem  of  help  for  he  knew  wel  he  seid  fat  ou?  lord  god 
had  graunted  hem  grace  to  hole  swech  sores.  Tho  triphon  prayed  on  to  ou? 
lord  with  swech  wordis.  O  lord  lite  of  oure  soules  incline  fin  eres  on  to  ou? 
prayeres  and  send  ou?  felaw  sum  reles  of  his  peyne  fat  att  fis  puple  may 
knowe  f  e  for  uery  lord  hauywg  powe?  ouyr  al  f  ing.  Thus  was  f  e  child 
sodeynly  mad  hool.  A  nof  ir  grete  myracle  ded  f  ei  be  f  e  wey  to  a  greke  & 
eke  a  marchauwd  fat  fell  down  sodeynly  ded  in  he?  sith  f ei  reisid  him  fro 
deth  to  lif  and  5oue  him  swech  exhortacion  fat  he  forsoke  fe  world  and 
folowid  crist  forth  att  his  lyf.  Thus  fro  asie  in  to  rome  in  euery  town 
or  castett  whe?  f  ei  restid  f  ei  preohid  f  e  feith  of  ou?  lord  ihii  crist  and  ded 
many  myracles  in  encresing  of  f e  feith.  So  come  to  rome  and  dwelt  fere  in 
empoure  philippis  tyme  but  undir  decius  f  e  eraperou?  were  f  ei  martired  be 
f  e  meyr  of  rome  aquiline.  First  were  f  ei  put  in  prison  kept  fro  mete  and 
drynk  fro  comfort  eke  of  att  cristen  men,  fanne  were  f  ei  drawe  oute  of  prison 

ex  ordine  eremit.  D.  Aug.,  Antwerp,  1636,  4'' ;  and  Elssius  Phil.  Encomiasticon ;  but 
no  trace  of  the  present  book,  nor  of  one  called  Concordia  by  an  Austin  friar,  can  be 
found  about  this  date  (1450). 

^  Peter,  Biahop  of  Alet  in  Brittany,  was  forty-five  years  sacristan  and  librarian  to  the 
Pope ;  died  1440,  in  France  (Chron.  Ord.  Frat.  Erem.  S.  August.,  p.  77  v,  Rome,  1581). 

*  Augustinus  Romanus,  episcopus  Nazianzenus  et  Cesenensis ;  appointed  General  of 
Order  1419  (p.  73)  ;  died  1448  (p.  79  v)  (Chron.  Ord.  Frat.  Erem.  S.  August,  Rome, 
1581). 


94  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGBIMES 

onto  tormejitiye  and  euyr  we?  f ei  redy  to  ali  mane?  peynes  putting  of  he? 
clof>is  with  good  wil.  Whann  fei  schuld  be  betyn  offeryng  hem  selue  redy  to 
f.  887  V  aH  mane?  torme?itrye.  In  ail  he?  peynes  f)e  /  meyhir  aqujlmus  cryed  on  to 
hem  with  swech  wordis.  Knowe  weel  5e  ^ong  men  J^at  no  man  schal  do 
a  geyn  J?e  comau?idment  of  Ipe  myty  emperouris  but  pei  schul  abyden 
ful  bittir  peynes.  And  j^is  answe?  J^ei  gaue  him  a  geyn.  Be  J)ou  sikyr  alsoo 
J?at  no  man  schal  be  inobedient  to  J)e  heuenely  comaundme^itis  but  he  schal 
be  punchid  with  belle  tormentis.  Tho  he  lete  hem  down  fro  Ipe  gibbet  whe? 
J>ei  we?  scorgid  and  comauwded  "pe  soles  of  he?  feet  to  be  smet  ful  of  nayles 
and  soo  to  be  led  f)row  oute  f>e  cyte  in  Ipe  grete  cold  of  wyntir,  for  he?  day 
of  he?  deth  and  martirdam  is  a  boute  f»e  fest  of  sei*it  martyne.  Last  of  ail 
he  comauwded  he?  hedes  to  be  smet  of  and  so  J?ei  knelyng  and  praying 
receyued  he?  martirdam  for  ou?  lordis  sake.  Thus  regne  he?  soules  in  heueue 
and  he?  bodies  in  erd  be  had  in  mech  worchip/ 


Of  "pe  staciouTi  of  seint  jon  lateranenses.     caplm  xii. 

The  first  sunday  of  lenton  is  pe  stacion  at  seynt  jon  lateranensis  of  whech 
place  we  seid  mech  J>ing  be  fore  in  pe  capitule  made  of  pe  same  cherch. 
But  here  5et  we  f)ink  it  is  resonable  to  reherse  summe  f>ingis  perauentu? 
left  be  fo?  for  it  schal  make  pe  boke  mo?  p^rfith  and  alsoo  it  schal  not 
acombir  pe  rederis  with  no  tariing  for  pe  processe  schal  be  succi7*ct.  This 
cherch  is  pe  first  cherch  ]^at  eu^r  was  rered  in  pe  world  for  constawtin  him 
selue  aftir  his  baptem  halp  for  to  digge  pe  grou9*dis  peroi  and  in  pia  same 
place  is  J^e  pope  *  crowned  aftir  his  eleccion).  For  J>is  place  was  principal 
paleys  of  constantine  whech  place  pe  same  constantine  resigned  on  to 
siluester  and  eke  pe  diademe  of  his  hed  for  he  mad  him  temporal  lord  ouyr 
al  pe  west  side  of  pe  world.  And  ]?at  pere  schuld  be  no  contrauersie  be 
twix  he?  ofiiceres  and  he?  housholdis  he  remeued  to  Constantinople  and 
dwelt  pere  ai  his  lyf.  Mech  )?ing  ded  ]?is  holy  emperou?  for  pe  cherch  for 
aftir  his  baptem  be  uiii  dayes  euery  day  ded  he  a  notable  f>ing.  The  first 
day  he  mad  a  lawe  and  ded  it  pronounce  J?orw  oute  rome  aftirward  J>orw 
out  pe  empi?  that  crist  schuld  be  honoured  as  a  god  and  who  so  euyr 

*  SS.  Tryphon  and  Respicius  came,  according  to  one  account,  from  Phrygia,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  under  Decius  during  the  winter  of  the  year  a.  d.  250.  Other  stories  differ  as 
to  their  birth,  standing,  and  age.  Some  say  that  S.  Tryphon  was  a  shepherd  and  of  tender 
age,  others  that  he  was  of  noble  birth  and  grown  up.  Respicius  again,  according  to  one 
account,  was  of  the  same  age  and  standing,  a  companion  and  fellow  convert  of  S.  Tryphon ; 
according  to  another,  he  was  a  heathen  military  officer,  who  was  converted  on  seeing  the 
constancy  of  the  saint  under  torture.  They  are  also  sometimes  associated  with  a  S.  Nynipha, 
about  whom  little  is  known  (Stadler,  HeiUgenlexilcori). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  95 

dispised  him  schuld  be  treted  as  a  traitoa?.  The  secund  day  was  ]?is  lawe 
mo?  largely  expressid  J^at  who  so  euyr  blasphemed  f>e  name  of  crist  schuld 
be  slayn.  Blaspheme  is  undirstand  he?,  whau  men  sey  of  crist  o]?irwise 
fan  treuth  as  suwme  heretik<es  seid  })at  he  took  no  uery  flesch  ne  blood  of 
mary  but  ]>e  body  whech  he  took  was  formed  of  pe  eyir  whech  body  he  myth 
transmute  as  he  wold.  Blaspheme  is  eke  cleped  whan  we  sey  of  crist  o]5ir 
wise  f)an  is  to  his  worchip  as  f>at  he  schuld  do  ony  forfete  or  ony  synne  or 
giue  meyntenau^s  to  ony  swech  )?iugi«.  The  J)ird  day  made  he  ]?is  lawe  pat 
who  so  euyr  ded  ony  cristen  man  ony  wrong  a  non  wit5  outen  ony  of)ir 
iugement  he  schuld  lese  half  his  godis.  Befor  J?at  tyme  it  was  leful  to 
eucry  man  to  robbe  cristen  men  and  brit^gge  /  hem  to  Ipe  iuge  and  pursewe  p.  388 
hem  to  J)e  deth.  The  iiii  d«.y  he  mad  f)is  lawe  ))at  euene  as  Ipe  emperou?  of 
rome  is  souereyn  lord  of  y*  empi?  so  schuld  pe  bischop  of  rome  be  hed  and 
souereyn  of  all  bischoppis  and  fis  lawe  is  grounded  in  J^e  gospeH  whe?  J?at 
crist  mad  petir  hed  of  ail  pe  apostelis  ioyned  Iperto  J)at  praktik  whanri  petir 
chase  his  principal  sete  at  rome.  The  u  day  mad  he  f)is  lawe  J?at  who  so 
euyr  fled  to  ony  cherch  for  sauacion)  of  his  lyf  J?e  cherch  schuld  saue  him 
and  J)is  lawe  is  nowe  ful  euel  kept  a  mougis  us,  god  ne  seyntis  ne  eke  he? 
houses  are  not  hold  in  reuerens  as  pei  schuld.*  The  ui  day  was  f>is  law 
mad  fat  no  man  schuld  make  no  chirch  in  no  cite  ne  town  but  if  he  had 
leue  of  Ipe  bischop  to  whom  fat  town  longith.  The  uii  day  ordeyned  he  fat 
f  e  tithes  of  all  his  possessiones  schuld  be  gadered  and  treuly  expendid  in 
edificaciouw  of  cherchis.  The  uiii  day  cam  be  to  fat  place  whe?  now  seynt 
petir  cherch  is  and  mekely  asked  for  gifnesse  of  all  his  synne,  aftirward  tok 
a  pickex  and  reisid  f  e  ground  f  e?  f  e  wallis  schuld  be,  eke  of  grete  meknesse 
he  bare  oute  of  f  e  pitte  of  dikkid  erde  xii  uessellis  in  worchip  of  f  e  xii 
aposteles.'' 

1  The  *  porta  santa '  appears  to  have  been  originally  always  open ;  even  murderers  who 
went  through  it  were  pardoned.  According  to  Muffel  it  remained  open  'pisz  einer 
fresslich  gemort  het  und  ging  dadurch  und  sprach :  wers  got  lieb  oder  leyt,  so  wolt 
er  hindurch  geen  und  ira  miisten  sein  siind  vergeben  werden '.  This  being  reported  to  the 
pope,  he  ordered  the  door  to  be  walled  up  (p.  20).  See  also  Rucellai,  II  Giuhileo  del- 
Vanno  santo  1450,  Archiv.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  570. 

*  *  Item  am  ersten  tag  so  constantinus  getauflft  ward  gepot  er  das  man  Jhesum  cristum 
yn  aller  welt  solte  eren  unrf  an  betten  vmd  ja  halten  fur  einen  waren  got  und  herren. 
H  Am  anderen  tage  gepot  der  keyser  wer  eynem  cristen  ein  leyd  thet  dem  solt  man  sein 
gut  halb  nemew.  H  Am  dritten  tage  gebot  er  das  Silvester  solt  seyn  ei»  bischoff  zu 
Rome.  H  An  dem  vierden  tag  gebot  er  und  schuff  in  masz  als  er  ein  keiser  und  ein 
herre  were  yn  d'welt  uber  alle  herren.  Also  solt  sein  ein  romischer  bischoff  uber  alle 
bischoff  und  uber  alle  priester  die  in  der  welt  weren  das  wart  darnach  uber.ccc.  iar 
bestetiget  von  dem  kaiser  focus,'  &c.  *  Tf  Am  funflften  tag  gebot  constantinus  wer  in 
eyn  kirchen  entriin  der  solt  dar  yn  freyung  haben  vor  gewalt  was  missetat  er  gethon 
hette.  ^  Am  sechsten  tage  gebot  der  keiser  das  man  kein  kirchen  solt  machen  es 
erlaubet  dan  der  pabst  silvester.     H  Am  .vii  tage  gebot  der  keiser  das  man  dem  bischoff 


96  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Of  "jpe  stacyouw  of  seynt  petir  ad  uincla.     cap  xiii. 

The  muTiday  aftir  f>e  first  Sunday  is  J>e  stacion  at  a  cherch  fei  clepe  sci 
petri  ad  uiucula  pere  is  schewid  )?e  chene  )?at  he  was  bouTide  with  at  ierlm 
pilgWmes  kisse  it  and  put  it  aboute  he?  )?rotes.^  Of  J^is  phice  fynd  I  mech 
writiTig  and  long  whech  I  schal  abreggin  he?.  We  rede  wel  })at  afttV  J)e 
ascencion  of  crist  petir  a  bode  stille  at  ierlm  and  in  pe  cunt?  a  boute.  This 
witnessit  seynt  paule  in  his  epistel  ad  galathas  whech  seitli  )?at  neUly  aftir 
his  conuercion)  he  went  up  to  ierlm  for  to  se  petir  and  pere  dwelt  with  him  xu 
dayes.  Thus  petir  dwellyng  at  ierlm  and  preching  f>e  feith  of  ou?  lord  ran 
in  offens  of  fe  iewls  whech  hated  crist  and  pei  of  malice  acused  him  to 
heraude  ]>^  was  mad  lord  of  al  pat  cunt?  be  pe  ^ift  of  gayus  whech  was  pan 
emperou?  of  rome.  This  heraud  killid  first  seynt  iame  hropir  on  to  jon  pe 
euangelist  and  whan  he  had  aspied  ]?at  he  plesed  pe  iewis  with  ))is  dede  he 
leyd  wecch  for  to  take  petir  took  him  and  bond  him  in  prison  with  chenes, 
assigned  many  men  to  wecch  him  but  ^et  was  he  delyucred  meruelously  be 
an  auwgell  as  it  is  wrytyn  in  actibw^  apos^olori^w.  And  yis  same  cheyne 
whech  pe  smngeli  losid  is  J?at  same  whech  is  in  so  mech  reuerens  at  rome. 
But  be  cause  fat  pere  is  grete  errou?  whech  heraude  ded  f>is  dede  for  pere 
wer  iii  perhv  wil  I  here  schortly  write  a  reule  whech  I  fynde  in  uers  J)at 
men  may  know  whan  )?ei  regned  and  what  f>ei  dede  in  he?  tyme.     The  uers 

solt  geben  bin  fiir  den  keiserlichen  pfennig  von  dem  leyb  nnd  schuff  di  zehenden  der 
kirchen.  Am  .viii.  tag  da  gieng  er  selbs  zu  sant  peters  kirchen  die  was  cleyn  nnd  hub  do 
an  dz  muster  zu  bawen  und  lialfT  selbs  arbeiten  und  trug  selbes  .xii.  korbe  my  t  erden  usz ' 
{Ein  Biichlin,  &c.,  Strasaburg,  1500,  pp.  B  ii  and  B  iii).  Chapter  xii  of  the  Legenda  aurea 
of  G.  da  Voragine  also  refers  to  this  subject.  Graf  mentions  this  and  says :  '  Allora 
per  sette  giorni  consecutivi  promulga  ogni  giorno  una  legge  in  favor  della  chiesa  e  della 
fede  ;  e  la  prima  h  che  nella  cittk  di  Roma  Cristo  sia  adorato  qual  vero  Dio  ;  la  seconda, 
che  chiunque  bestenmiia  Cristo  sia  punito  ;  la  terza,  che  chiunque  fia,  ingiuria  a  un 
cristiano  perda  la  meta  del  suo  avere ;  la  quarta,  che  il  Pontefice  Romano  sia  da  tutti  i 
vescovi  ricouosciuto  per  capo ;  la  quinta,  che  chiunque  ripara  in  una  chiesa  sia  tenuto 
immune ;  la  sesta,  che  nessuno  possa  costruir  chiese  dentro  le  mura  di  una  cittk  senza 
aveme  ottenuta  licenza  dal  vesoovo;  la  settima  che  alia  edificazione  delle  chiese  si 
consacri  il  decimo  dei  possedimenti  imperiali.  L'ottavo  giorno  I'imperatore  va  alia 
chiesa  di  S.  Pietro,  accusa  le  sue  colpe,  e  dovendosi  porre  le  fondamenta  della  nuova 
basilica  prende  a  cavare  con  le  proprie  mani  la  terra,  e  ne  leva  suUe  propria  sue  si)alle 
dodici  Bporte '  {Roma  nella  memoriae  &c.,  vol.  ii,  p.  82). 

1  The  church  of  S.  Peter  ad  vincula  was  built  by  Eudoxia,  wife  of  Valentinian  III,  to 
preserve  the  chain  with  which  Peter  was  bound  at  Jerusalem.  Leo  the  Great  added 
another  chain  with  which  the  Apoetle  was  bound  at  Rome  during  the  persecution  of 
Nero.  The  date  of  the  church  was  about  442  ;  it  was  called  the  Basilica  Eudoxiana, 
from  its  founder,  and  dedicated  to  the  SS.  Apostles.  Subsequently  it  was  restored  in  the 
eighth  century  by  Hadrian  I,  and  entirely  reconstructed  by  Sixtus  IV  and  Julius  II  in 
the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  (Adinolfi,  vol.  ii,  p.  108 ;  Armellini,  p.  553  ; 
Marucchi,  p.  311 ;  Nibby,  p.  663).  Muffel  'says  of  the  church  (p.  42)  :  *  do  ligt  gar  ein 
grosser  gegosner  steiner  trog  und  ein  abtgot  dapey.' 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  97 

ar  f>ese.  Ascalonita  necat  pueros  antipa  iohawnem  Agrippa  iacobu?n  claudens 
in  carcere  petrwm.  The  sentens  of  J^ese  uers  is  )3is.  The?  we?  iii  heraudes 
regnyng  by  and  by  /  on  of  hem  hith  heraude  ascalonita  ye  ofir  heraude  t  388  v 
antipas  J>e  J^irde  heraude  agrippa.  This  ascalonita  was  he  fat  regned  in 
ierlm  at  cristis  birth  whech  comauwdad  all  Ipoo  iwnocentis  to  be  slayn  f)at 
Crist  schuld  be  ded  a  mongzs  hem.  Antipas  was  he  f>at  killid  seynt  jon  J>e 
baptiste.  And  agrippa  was  he  fat  killid  seynt  iame  and  prisoned  seiwt 
petir  of  whos  cheynes  in  f>at  same  place  we  haue  now  take  on  hande  to 
speke.  Who  fan  fat  f ese  cheynes  cam  to  rome  it  is  told  in  eld  bokys. 
The  doutyr  to  theodosius  fe  emperou?  called  Eudosia  *  aftir  tyme  fat  sche 
was  delyuered  of  a  wikkid  spirit  be  presens  of  seynt  stetiene  whan  he  cam 
first  to  rome  as  we  told  be  fo?  in  fe  chapete?  of  seynt  laurens  f is  same 
woraari  f  us  delyudred  went  on  pylgWmage  on  to  ierlm  to  worchip  f  er^  f  e 
holy  steppes  of  crist.  And  be  cause  sche  was  grete  of  birth  and  held  fere 
grete  houshold  sche  drow  mech  folk  to  hir  aqweyntauwce  but  in  special  o 
iew  was  fere  whech  sche  had  take  to  grete  familiarite.  He  told  hi?  of  f a 
cheynes  whech  seynt  petyr  was  bourid  with,  and  whan  he  say  fat  sche 
desired  hem  he  brout  hem  on  to  hir  and  jaue  hem  as  for  a  grete  5ift.  Than 
cam  sche  to  rome  with  fis  relik  and  had  a  grete  couwceii  with  fe  pope* 
pelagitts  what  schuld  be  do  with  f ese  cheynes  for  f ei  both  desired  fat  fere 
schuld  be  a  special  place  and  special  solempnite  consecrate  on  to  hem.  Than 
was  fere  in  rome  be  fore  fat  tyme  a  gi*ete  haliday  f e  first  day  of  august  in 
worchip  of  octauiane  whech  solempnite  myth  not  esily  be  distroyed.  Tho 
mad  fis  woman  fis  cherch  and  fe  pope*  ordeyned  fat  al  fat  solempnite 
whech  was  doo  in  worchip  of  octauiane  schuld  be  turned  to  worchip  of  seynt 
petir.  The  cheyne  fat  cam  fro  ierlm  fro  heraudis  prison  was  brout  be  fis 
woman  and  offered  fere.  The  pope*  broute  fe  same  cheyne  whech  petir 
was  bouwde  with  at  comaundmewt  of  nero  and  whanw  f  ei  were  both  brouta 

^  Eudosia  was  the  wife  of  Theodoaius  II.  Her  name  was  Athenais,  and  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Leontius  (or  Heraclius),  an  Athenian  philosopher.  In  the  year  a.d.  424  she 
went  to  Constantinople,  was  instructed  in  the  tenets  of  Christianity  by  Atticus  the 
Patriarch,  and  was  baptized,  taking  the  name  of  Eudosia.  She  married  the  emperor  and 
bore  him  one  daughter,  Lucinia  Eudosia,  who  married  the  Emperor  Maximus.  Eudosia 
undertook  her  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem  in  the  year  438 ;  on  her  return  she  brought  back 
the  relics  of  S.  Stephen  with  her.  But,  in  the  year  449,  the  emperor  accused  her  of 
infidelity ;  this  suspicion  led  to  the  execution  of  the  patrician  Paulinus.  She  afterwards 
obtained  leave  to  retire  to  Palestine,  where  she  spent  the  rest  of  her  life  in  piety  and 
works  of  charity.  She  was  a  distinguished  poetess ;  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  first 
eight  books  of  the  Bible  in  verse,  a  paraphrase  of  the  books  of  Daniel  and  Zechariah,  and 
three  works  in  praise  of  the  martyr  S.  Cyprian.  None  of  her  works  have,  however,  come 
down  to  us.  She  is  often  called  Eudoxia ;  she  should  not  be  confused  with  the  Empress 
Eudoxia,  who  persecuted  S.  John  Chrysostom,  and  died  in  the  year  A.  D.  408  (Stadler, 
Heiligenlexikon 'f  Acta  Sanctorum,  August,  vol.  iii,  p.  4). 

0 


98  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

to  gidir  sodeynly  be  myracle  Ipe  o  cheyiie  was  fast  on  to  fe  o)?ir  as  \>ou  ]>ei 
had  be  wrouth  so  and  ]?us  J>ei  p^rseue?  in  to  J>is  same  day.^  A  no]?ir  cause 
of  J^is  fest  is  told  fat  pope  *  alisaundre  whech  was  ]>e  sext  pope  *  fro  seiwt 
petir  was  in  prison  for  cristis  cause  and  on  qwyrine  was  his  kepe?.  So  f>is 
co^^nauTit  was  be  twix  hem  both  )?at  qwyrine  schuld  dobil  his  cheynes  Ipat 
he  was  bouwde  with  and  schet  al  J?e  dores  of  Ipe  prison  and  if  he  myth  that 
nyth  come  to  his  hous  he  schuld  be  leue  in  crist.  Thus  was  he  alisaundre 
be  an  aungell  m^ruelously  delyueryd  fro  prison  and  appered  on  to  hem  and 
J»ei  mad  ful  promisse  to  be  baptized.  Tho  pei  prayed  him  for  helth  of  he? 
doutyr  whech  was  meruelously  seek.  And  he  comauwded  hem  J>at  sche 
schuld  go  to  his  prison  in  whech  he  was  and  kisse  his  cheynes  and  soo 
schuld  sche  be  hool.  Quyryne  seid  on  to  him  a  geyn.  Schal  sche  go  fidir 
&  not  fynde  Ipe  jpe?  and  he  answerd.  He  f)at  brout  me  fens  be  myracle 
f.  389 r  schal  lede  me  a  geyn  be  fat  same  mene.  The  mayde  cam  and  fond  /  pope* 
in  prison  and  whan  sche  wold  a  kissid  his  cheynes  he  comaunded  hir  to 
seke  f>e  cheynes  of  seynt  petir  and  kisse  hem  so  did  sche  and  was  hoi.  For 
f  is  special  myracle  f  is  same  pope  *  ordeyned  f  is  fest  to  be  solempnyzed  in 
pe  cherch.'  Many  myracles  haue  be  doo  with  f  ese  same  cheynis  as  is  openly 
declared  in  many  bokes  of  whech  we  haue  no  leiser  to  epeke  now. 


Of  pe  staciouw  at  seynt  anastase.     Caplih  xiiii. 

The  tewisday  aftir  pe  first  Sunday  is  pe  stacion  at  seynt  anastase  a  fay? 
cherch  fast  be  seynt  georges  but  it  is  but  seldom  used  as  I  suppose.'     This 

^  An  account  of  this  event  is  given  in  the  DescripHo  plenariaf  which  our  author  has 
made  use  of.  It  runs  :  '  Hie  ritus  pervenit  usque  .  .  .  apostolorum  Petri  et  Pauli.'  The 
second  chain,  however,  according  to  the  Mirahilia,  was  the  one  with  which  S.  Paul  was 
bound  by  order  of  Nero  (Urlichs,  Cod.  Topoff.,  p.  104). 

^  Alexander  I  was  elected  Pope  in  the  year  109.  His  feast-day  is  on  May  3  ;  there 
is  no  account  in  Stadler's  Heiligenlexikon  of  the  miracle  of  the  chains  here  related  by  our 
chronicler.  He  was  imprisoned,  together  with  two  priests,  Eventius  and  Theodulus, 
under  the  Emperor  Hadrian  (according  to  some  Trajan)  ;  the  name  of  his  jailer  was 
Quirinus,  and  he,  with  many  others,  was  converted  and  baptized  by  the  pope.  They 
were  all  martyred  under  circumstances  of  great  cruelty,  and  buried  on  the  Via  Nomentana. 
This  Pope  is  remarkable  for  having  introduced  some  customs  into  the  Church  which  have 
lasted  until  the  present  day.  For  example,  he  was  the  first  to  mix  water  with  the  wine 
of  the  Sacrament,  in  memory  of  the  blood  and  water  which  flowed  from  our  Saviour's 
side ;  also  the  custom  of  mixing  salt  with  holy  water,  the  salt  being  previously  blessed,  is 
due  to  him  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  May,  vol.  i,  p.  367 ;  Duchesne, 
Liher  Pontificalis,  vol.  i,  p.  127). 

'  The  church  of  S.  Anastasia  gave  a  title  to  a  cardinal  in  the  fifth  century.  It  was 
rebuilt  in  769,  again  by  Innocent  III  in  1210,  and  restored  by  Sixtus  IV  in  1475. 
Urban  VIII  rebuilt  the  fa9ade  in  1686,  and  Cardinal  da  Cunha  altered  the  interior  to  its 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGMMES  99 

nnastase  was  a  woman  of  grete  possessioun  and  leuyd  in  grete  perfeccion  as 
hir  lif  telleth.  Pretaxatws  a  worthi  man  of  rome  he  was  hir  f&der  and 
fausta  hir  modir.  This  same  fausta  was  conuerted  to  crist  be  mediacion  of 
a  holy  bischop  J?ei  cleped  crisogonus.  Eke  f>is  same  anastasia  fro  J)e  tyme 
fat  sche  coude  speke  was  induced  on  to  ]>e  feith  hir  fade?  dwellyng  still  in 
his  paganite.  So  whan  sche  cam  to  womannes  age  sche  was  constreyned  be 
hi?  frendis  to  be  weddid  to  on  publitts  a  rich  mawnes  child  but  of  ful  euel 
condiciones.  Sche  f)us  weddid  a  cristen  woman  on  to  a  hethen  man  wold 
not  comouw  with  him  in  fleschly  comunicacioun  but  feyned  hir  selue  seek  f>at 
schuld  undir  ]?at  colon?  abstine  fro  his  bed.  And  whan  he  had  aspied  J>at 
sche  was  a  cristen  woman  an)  who  sche  wold  in  ful  febil  aray  only  with 
o  mayde  uisite  J>e  pWsones  in  whech  cristen  men  we?  putte  and  refrecch  hem 
plenteuously  with  hir  goodis  a  non  J)is  wikkid  husbond  sperd  hi?  in  a  prison 
and  ordeyned  J)at  sche  schuld  neithir  haue  mete  ne  drynk  desiring  J?at  sche 
Bchuld  deye  for  hungir  )?at  he  myth  aftir  hir  deth  entir  in  to  hir  nobel  posses- 
siouw  &  spend  it  in  ryot  and  reuel  as  he  had  don  his  owne.  Thus  is  Jiis 
woman  in  pn'son  with  oute  consolaciouw  saue  J?at  sche  sent  c^rteyn  lettms 
on  to  selnt  grisogonws  and  he  sent  a  geyn  to  hi?  episteles  of  ful  holy  counceft 
as  men  may  rede  in  his  lif  and  perauentu?  whan  we  schul  speke  of  him  we 
wil  reherse  hem  )?ere.  Thus  aftir  grete  tribulaciouTi  f)is  woman  had  sum 
what  of  hi?  desi?  for  hir  husbond  deyed  &  sche  with  swech  godes  as  were  left 
ful  plenteuously  ded  elmesse  for  cristis  sake.  Than  was  sche  aftir  J)is  brout 
be  for  a  iuge  and  accused  J)at  sche  was  cristen.  The  iuge  say  Ipe  beute  of  hi? 
and  undirstood  weel  f>at  sche  was  bo?  to  grete  lyflode  he  led  hir  in  to  a  pnuy 
chambir  in  purpose  for  to  defile  hi?  }?ere.  A  non  as  fei  were  alone  sodeynly 
he  was  blynd  and  eke  \)erto  swech  maner  maledye  fell  up  on  him  J?at  with 
inne  a  litil  while  he  deyed  in  his  seruauntis  amies.  Than  was  sche  broute 
on  to  a  nofir  iuge  and  he  seid  on  to  hir  in  councell.  Anastase  if  fou  wil 
be  a  cristen  woman  do  as  crist  bad  Ipe  ^yue  a  wey  al  f>i  good  and  folow  him 
in  pouerte.  Sche  answerd  him  on  fis  wise.  Crist  bad  me  gyue  my  good 
for  his /sake  not  to  rich  men  but  to  pore  men.  Therfor  be  cause  )30u  art  f.  339  v 
rich  I  schuld  gretly  doo  a  geyn  my  lordis  comaundmewt  if  I  50ue  my  godes 
to  Ipe.  Than  comaunded  J?e  iuge  "jpei  schuld  lede  hi?  to  prison  and  lete  hir 
deye  J^ere  for  hungir.  In  whech  pWson  a  uirgine  whech  was  martir  but 
fewe  dayes  be  fore  fed  hir  with  heuenely  mete  ii  monthis.  Aftir  )7at  tyme 
passed  sche  and  ii  hundred  maydenis  were  exiled  out  of  rpme  to  certeyn 
yles  whech  be  cleped  insule  palmarie  be  cause  many  palmes  growe  \>ere. 
And  not  long  aftir  )?e  same  iuge  went  Jjidir  and  put  hem  all  to  fe  deth  but 

present  form  in  1722  (Armellini,  p.  Ill ;  Marucchi,  p.  246  ;  De  Rossi,  Bollettino  d'Arch. 
Crist,  1867). 

o  2 


100  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

anastase  he  ded  bynde  to  a  tre  J»at  sche  schuld  be  brent  whe?  sche  comcndid 
hir  soule  to  god  and  so  deyid  longe  or  Ipe  fi?  brent  ony  grete  j^art  of  hi?.  A 
worthi  man  gat  hir  body  and  biried  it  a  rome  as  many  men  suppose.' 


Of  f»e  stacion  at  sea  maria  maior.      Cap  xu. 

The  wednisday  aftir  |?e  first  Sunday  is  f>e  stacion  at  a  cherch  J^ei  clepe 
sea  maria  maior  of  whech  we  spoke  of  be  fore  and  told  all  Ipe  vvrityngis  whech 
we  fouwde  ])eie.  But  neu6rj)elasse  for  perfeccion  of  f)e  book  we  wil  plant 
in  sum  notable  processe  whech  fel  in  fis  place.  The  holi  doctor  seynt 
gregory  in  his  book  of  omelies  telleth  a  notable  processe  of  a  womaw  whech 
haunted  mech  J>is  cherch  and  J)is  tale  is  in  f>e  xi  omelie  of  his  book  f>at  is  to 
sey  ]>e  last.  There  was  an  elde  woman  in  rome  swech  tyme  as  he  leued  in 
monasterie  be  fo?  he  was  pope.*  This  woman  hith  as  he  seith  redempta. 
Sche  had  ioyned  on  to  hir  in  felauchip  too  5ong  women  of  gode  condiciones 
whech  we?  on  to  hi?  disciples.  On  of  hem  hith  romula  of  Ipe  olpir  he  seith 
he  knew  Ipe  fas  but  not  \)e  name.  AH  iii  leued  Ipus  in  good  lif  in  a  hous  fast 
be  J?is  cherch  of  seynt  mary  and  eu^ry  day  were  j^ei  in  fat  place  with  deuoute 
contemplacioun  and  in  ful  despect  habite.  So  aftir  many  jeres  Ipxxs  spent  in 
holy  lyf  J)is  romula  fel  in  to  greuous  siknesse  swech  as  J^ei  clepe  Ipe  peralise 
whech  encresed  up  on  hi?  f>at  sche  lost  ail  Ipe  use  of  hir  membris.  Thus 
lay  sche  many  jeris  wel  blessed  of  god  for  pe  mo?  seknesse  sche  had  J?e  mo? 
paciens  had  sche.  On  a  day  sche  cleped  hir  maystresse  on  to  hir  and  eke  hir 
felaw  and  prayed  hem  to  sitte  by  hi?  in  felauchip  to  hir  couwfort.  Euene 
as  \)e  sitte  by  hi?  j:ei  herd  grete  melodye  in  J)e  hous  and  felt  sote  sauou?  of 
whech  Jjei  felt  neuer  ere  and  bisily  f>ei  gunne  loke  on  J?is  woman  whech  lay 
)?us  long  sek  for  J?ei  supposed  uerily  ]?at  sche  knew  more  of  swech  J)ingis 
J?an  Jjei.  Tho  J?e  seek  woman  seid  on  to  hem  pese  wordes.  Beth  not  a  ferd 
for  I  schal  not  deye  Jjese  iiii  dayes.  The  iiii  day  sche  cleped  hem  a  geyn  and 
prayed  hem  J)at  Ipe  prest  myth  come  and  ministir  on  to  hi?  Ipe  holy  sacrament. 

*  The  accepted  story  of  S.  Anastasia,  widow  and  martyr,  differs  somewhat  from  that  of 
our  chronicler,  although  he  is  in  the  main  correct.  She  appears  to  have  lived  in  the  time 
of  Diocletian,  and  to  have  been  baptized  as  a  child,  a  rare  occurrence  in  those  days.  She 
refused  to  live  as  a  wife  with  her  pagan  husband,  Publius,  and  he  imprisoned  her  in  her 
own  house.  When,  however,  she  was  like  to  perish  from  hunger,  her  husband  himself 
died,  while  on  a  journey  to  Persia,  and  she  was  free.  Her  works  of  Christian  charity 
brought  her  into  contact  with  S.  Crisogonus  ;  she  accompanied  him  to  Aquileia,  where 
he  was  martyred.  Here  she  was  imprisoned,  and  left  for  thirty  days  without  food  or 
drink.  She  was  then  put  into  a  boat,  through  the  bottom  of  which  many  holes  had  been 
bored,  and  sent  to  sea  in  it.  But  the  boat  did  not  sink  ;  and  finally  she  was  burnt  at  the 
stake,  in  the  year  304.  Her  remains,  according  to  some  accounts,  were  brought  to  Rome  ; 
according  to  others,  to  Constantinople  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  101 

So  was  it  do  in  dede  and  aftir  J)at  mimstery  fulfiUid  Ipei  herd  J?e  same  noyse 
agayn  and  felt  fe  same  sauou?  more  ouyr  /  J?ei  herd  in  f>e  strete  as  it  had  be  f.  390  r 
too  sundry  qweres  on  of  men  an  othir  of  women  singing  ful  swetly  and  in  al 
|?is  swete  melodye  f  ei  loked  at  romula  and  hir  soule  was  passed  and  goo. 
This  tellith  seint  gregorie  to  Ipis  conclusioun  Jsat  J?ei  fat  seme  wrecchid  are 
sumtyme  fulder  worthi  with  god  and  we  rehersid  fis  to  J>is  ende  to  magnify- 
ing of  J^is  cherch  whech  Tpese  women  most  used.* 


Of  J>e  staciow  at  sei»^t  laurews  panisperne.     Ca  xni 

Anothir  staciouw  is  ])ere  on  pe  J^ursday  aftir  J>e  first  Sunday  of  lenton  at 
a  cherch  J?ei  clepe  seint  laurens  panisperne.  This  place  as  I  suppose  was 
cleped  so  for  gret  plente  of  bred  mad  ]?ere.  For  panis  in  her  tonge  is  breed 
and  perna  or  perne  souTidith  as  fatnesse  whech  fatnesse  with  a  mane?  of 
a  transumpcion  is  used  in  on?  langage  for  ple^ite  as  we  say  a  fat  lond  whech 
is  pleiiteuows  of  birden.  This  place  clepid  J>us  panisperne  was  a  place  in 
whech  mech  bred  was  mad  &  many  ouenes  used  for  in  on  of  }?oo  ouenes  as  J^ei 
sey  ])ere  whech  ouene  lesteth  pere  at  fis  tyme  was  seynt  laurens  rostid.^  A 
gret  merueyle  to  me  growith  in  f)is  mate?.  Summe  sey  he  was  rosted  on 
J)e  white  ston  J>at  stant  at  seynt  laurels  and  f>at  suppose  I  best  for  a  man 
may  5et  se  pe  places  whe?  Ipe  grees  and  Ipe  flesch  of  him  fried  and  j^is  ston  is 
not  smal  to  put  esily  in  a  ouene  for  it  is  as  meeh  as  a  comoun  graueston. 
Summe  sey  ]?at  he  was  rosted  on  a  gridel  of  yrun  of  whech  many  parties 

*  The  account  of  the  lives  of  S.  Redempta  and  Romula  will  be  found  in  St.  Gregory's 
Dial.  iv.  15  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexilcon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  July,  vol.  v,  p.  482). 

*  The  church  of  S.  Lorenzo  in  Panisperna  was  formerly  known  as  S.  Lorenzo  in  For- 
moso  or  Formonso,  the  meaning  of  which  is  obscure.  It  might  refer  to  alterations  carried 
out  by  Pope  Formosus  ;  but  in  Formonso,  which  is  mentioned  in  the  ninth  century, 
would  appear  to  refer  to  a  locality.  The  church  was  rebuilt  and  consecrated  by 
Boniface  VIII  in  the  year  1300,  again  under  Gregory  XIII  in  1575,  and  lastly  by 
Leo  XIII  in  1893  (Armellini,  p.  306  ;  Marucchi,  p.  374  ;  Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  250 ;  Nibby, 
p.  305).  See  also  Hiilsen's  Fianta  di  Boma  delV  Anonimo  Einsiedlense,  where  it  is 
mentioned  three  times,  on  pp.  17,  25,  and  28,  always  as  'S.  Laurentius  in  Formonso,  ubi 
ille  assatus  est '.  *  Ancho  el  palazo  de  holimpiade  dove  fo  arostito  sancto  lorewzo  benche 
deto  dove  mo  e  la  ecclexia  cioe  monastiero  de  done  io  o  vedutto  la  fornazeta  &  baxatolla 
dove  quelle  sa^icto  fo  arostito'  {Edifichazion  di  molti  paiazzi,  Venice,  1480,  p.  B  iv). 
The  name  Panisperna  is  difl&cult  to  explain ;  it  may  refer  to  an  old  pagan  Latin  inscrip- 
tion in  the  church,  in  which  the  name  Perpennia  occurs.  In  the  Mirabilia,  Codex  Mar- 
cianus,  the  following  passage  is  met  with :  *  In  thermis  Olympladis,  ubi  assatus  fuit  sanctus 
Laurentius,  et  vocatur  ibi  Panisperna ;  ideo  dicitur  Panisperna  quia  Olympias,  uxor 
Philippi  regis  Macedonii  ibi  colebatur  pro  dea,  et  offerebatur  ei  panis,  pola  et  perna,  vel 
caro  porcina '  (cf.  Graf,  vol.  i,  p.  217).  But  the  writer  has,  of  course,  confused  the  baths 
of  Alexander  Sever  us  with  a  supposed  palace  of  Alexander  the  Great ;  the  latter  was  at 
this  period  popularly  believed  to  have  been  oflfered  and  to  have  accepted  the  crown  of  the 
empire  by  the  Romans. 


102  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

lesteu  5et  in  rome  and  are  kissid  with  ful  grete  reuerens  for  touching  of  holy 
body.  SuTnme  sey  J>at  he  was  leyd  in  a  ouene.  I  may  weel  be  leue  fat  his 
tormewtis  we?  chau??ged  now  to  o  peyne  now  to  a  noj^ir  and  J>us  at  dyuers 
chauTiges  had  he  dyuers  torme^itis  and  all  in  fy?.  In  confirmaciouTi  of  myn 
opynion  is  fat  first  I  rede  in  his  lyf  fat  f ei  took  grete  hrennyng  plates  of 
yrun  and  leyd  hem  to  his  sides.  I  rede  also  fat  decius  seid  on  to  him  fat 
al  fat  nyth  schuld  be  spent  in  tormetne  of  his  body  whech  soundith  on  to 
my  eres  fat  fere  was  chauTige  of  tormentrye.  In  his  lif  eke  is  red  who 
decius  comaunded  a  bed  of  yrun  to  be  brout  forth  in  whech  laurens  schuld 
rest.  This  bed  of  yrun  is  clepid  f e  gridil.  And  I  suppose  ueryly  fat  if  I 
had  now  at  hand  f  e  grete  book  of  martires  whech  is  cleped  passionariuw 
T  schuld  fynde  mo  testimonies  for  myn  oppiniouTi.^  Suffiseth  as  now  fat  oure 
deuocioun  be  enclined  on  to  f  e  treuthis  whech  f  e  cherch  of  rome  pr^chid  both 
of  f  e  ston  whech  is  hald  in  grete  reuerens  and  stant  in  f  e  pn'ncipal  part  of 
f  e  hed  cherch  of  him  euene  on  f  e  rith  hand  of  f  e  popes  sete.  And  eke  of 
f  e  ouene  whech  is  anexid  to  a  cherch  of  his  name  and  ful  wel  hillid  a  boue 
in  whech  cherch  eke  a?  ful  good  women  lyuyng  solitarie  lif  in  he?  contem- 
placiouTi.  Many  of  ir  relikes  ar  schewid  in  f  is  cherch  of  whech  I  haue  now 
no  fresch  remewiberauws  for  I  wrote  hem  nowt  for  f e  prees  fat  was  f ere.^ 


f.  390  V  /  Of  f  e  stacion  at  f  e  xii  aposteles.     cap.  xuii 

The  friday  in  f  e  first  weke  of  lenton  is  f  e  stacion  at  a  cherch  dedicat  to 
fe  xii  aposteles.'  The?  is  part  of  f e  bodies  of  philippe  and  iacob  but 
in  special  fere  is  schewid  fe  arme  of  seint  philippe  al  hool.*  The?  ly 
f  e  bodies  eke  of  f  ese  martires  basilidis  cirini  naboris  nazarii  &  celsi  uictoris 

*  By  passionarium  is  no  doubt  meant  one  of  the  raartyrologies  which  were  in  use  in 
«arly  times. 

'  For  a  full  account  of  the  life  and  martyrdom  of  S.  Laurence,  see  Stadler,  Seiligen- 
lexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  August,  vol.  ii,  p.  485. 

'  It  is  believed  that  the  church  of  the  SS.  Apostoli  dates  from  the  Constantinian  period, 
with  which  opinion,  however,  Armellini  does  not  agree ;  nor  is  the  passage  in  the  Liber 
Pontificalis,  which  would  attribute  it  to  Julius  I  (887-40),  quite  convincing ;  but  the 
church  was  certainly  restored  by  Pelagius  I  and  John  Til  about  the  middle  of  the  sixth 
century.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1420,  and  again  in  1702.  Stephen  V  and  Martin  II  restored 
the  church,  and  a  portico  was  added  to  it  by  Cardinal  Giuliano  della  Rovere,  afterwards 
Julius  II  (Armellini,  p.  139  ;  Marucchi,  p.  390;  Nibby,  p.  108  ;  Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  16). 

*  The  date  of  S.  Philip's  death  is  variously  given  between  the  years  54  and  90. 
The  relics  of  his  body  were  formerly  for  many  years  venerated  at  Hierapolis ;  they  were 
brought  later  to  Constantinople,  and  thence  to  Rome.  At  the  latter  place  they  were 
placed  in  the  church  dedicated  to  the  SS.  Apostles.  The  Heiligenlexikon  says, 
*  Wahrscheinlich  wegen  der  oben  genannten  Widmung  dieser  Basilica  an  alle  Apostel 
wurde  ehedem  am  1.  Mai  zugleich  das  Fest  aller  Apostel  begangen.' 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGKIMES  103 

&  innocencu.^  This  philippe  was  martired  in  surry  and  aftir  translate 
to  rome  and  J^is  iames  martired  at  ierlm  and  eke  brout  to  rome.  Of  f»ese 
seyntis  basilidis  cirini  &  naboris  fynde  we  but  litil  writyng  but  }?at  J^ei  were 
ded  for  cristis  sake  in  a  cyte  fei  clepe  ebredunensi«  *  and  aftirward  in  tyrae 
of  pees  translate  to  rome.  Of  fis  nazariws  and  eke  of  celsus  fynde  we 
J>us  wrytyn.  That  f>is  nazarit^s  was  bore  in  rome  his  fadir  hith  affricani^s 
his  modir  perpetua  both  we?  J^ei  baptized  be  J?e  handis  of  seynt  petir.  He 
him  selue  was  baptized  and  lerned  in  f>e  feith  be  Ipe  labour*  of  seynt  clement. 
Aftir  good  instruccioun  of  seynt  clemcTit  he  went  frow  all  ytaile  be  placens 
and  melane  and  so  ouyr  pe  mouwtis  til  he  cam  in  {vsmns  euyr  preching  J?e 
feith  of  ou?  lord  ihu.  And  in  frauwce  in  a  cyte  fei  clepe  cunelle  a  worfi 
womaTi  of  ]?e  town  toke  hir  child  on  to  his  lernyng  whech  J>ei  clepe  celsus. 
Whom  he  baptized  and  taute  him  Ipe  feith  &  so  forth,  both  f>ei  went  up  in  to 
itaile  whe?  he  prechid  pe  name  of  crist  for  whech  preching  nero  comauwded 
Ipai  he  schuld  be  led  in  a  schip  in  to  J>e  myddis  of  Ipe  see  and  \)ere  )?rowe  in. 
So  was  he  seruyd  and  celsus  eke.  The  tempest  roos  aftirward  whech  was 
likly  to  ouyr  turne  pe  schip  and  ]>ei  whech  we?  in  Ipe  schip  sey  J^ese  seyntis 
walkyng  on  Ipe  see  and  cryed  ful  so?  on  ]?is  wise.  We  haue  synned  a  geyn 
J?e  god  of  nazariws  wherfor  we  schul  dey.  And  to  pe  seynt  Ipe  cried  }>us. 
Thou  holy  man  nazarius  help  us  in  ou?  nede  and  we  schal  lede  pe  to  what 
hauene  fou  wilt.  He  answerd  a  geyn.  Beleue  je  ]?at  my  god  may  saue  50U. 
They  seide  J?ei  beleued.  Tho  entred  he  pe  schip  and  blessed  hem  in  cristis 
name  and  charged  hem  to  kepe  hem  fro  pe  doctrine  of  nero  deueles.  Sone 
aftir  sesed  pe  tempest  and  fei  sette  him  up  on  J^e  lond  whe?  he  went 
and  prdchid  as  he  ded  be  fore.  Thus  cam  he  to  melan  whe?  he  fond 
in  prison  geruase  and  prothase  whose  confort  he  was  euery  day.  This 
aspied  of  on  anolim^s  whech  had  banched  hem  pe  cite  a  non  at  J^e  precept  of 
nero  he  comau?ided  hem  to  be  heded.' 


^  SS.  Basilides,  Cyrinus,  Nabor,  and  Nazarius  were  Eoman  soldiers;  they  were 
imprisoned  in  the  time  of  Diocletian  on  account  of  their  belonging  to  the  Christian  faith. 
Their  jailer  Marcellus  was,  with  many  others,  converted  by  them.  They  were  martyred  by 
order  of  the  Emperor  Maximian,  and  their  bodies  thrown  to  wild  beasts,  which  refused  to 
touch  them.  They  were  then  honourably  buried  by  their  fellow  Christians  (Stadler, 
Heiligenlexikon  ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  June,  vol.  ii,  p.  511).  "  Embrun. 

^  The  S.  Nazarius  usually  coupled  with  S.  Celsus,  whose  story  is  related  by  our 
chronicler,  is  not  the  S.  Nazarius  mentioned  in  the  last  note.  The  confusion  arises  from 
the  two  saints  having  a  common  festival  day,  June  12.  The  accepted  history 
regarding  him  differs  slightly  from  that  of  our  author,  who  is  however  generally  correct. 
His  father  Africanus,  for  instance,  is  said  to  have  been  a  heathen.  Noticing  the  difference 
in  the  religion  of  his  parents,  S.  Nazarius  was  divided  in  his  opinions ;  until  at  last  he 
was  inclined  to  the  Christian  faith,  and  was  baptized  by  S.  Linus.  His  father  endeavoured 
to  bring  him  back  to  the  pagan  religion,  but  in  vain ;  finally,  under  threats  of  persecution, 
and  at  both  his  parents'  wish,  he  left  Rome,  proceeded  to  Piacenza  and  thence  to  Milan 


104  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGKIMES 

Of  )3e  stacion  at  seynt  petir  cherch.     cap  xuiii. 

The  satirday  in  Ipe  first  weke  is  "jpe  staciouTi  at  seynt  petir  cherch  of  whech 
we  spoke  mech  before  but  sum  pety  fingis  left  we  for  to  plant  in  whanne  Ipe 
staciouwes  come  for  conneniens  of  J>e  book.  The?  is  a  place  ioyned  to  f>at 
f.  391  r  cherch  whech  )?ei  clepe  uaticaniig.  /  Uaticani^g  was  a  hous  in  Ipe  hethen 
lawe  in  whech  hous  J>e  prestes  of  fat  la  we  had  answere  of  certeyn  materes  of 
whech  J)ei  made  inquisicion.  For  uates  in  latyn  tunge  is  as  mech  to  sey  as 
a  prophete  and  canus  is  «ld  so  it  souwdith  an  elde  prophete.  P^auentu? 
J>e  deueles  wold  not  jeue  answere  but  to  he?  elde  seruauwtes  to  cause  ])e  o))ir 
junger  men  to  dwelle  J?e  more  stabily  in  he?  errouris  with  gret  desire 
to  come  sumtyme  to  knowlech  of  swech  preuy  J)ingis.  This  place  is  sumtyme 
in  many  legendes  cleped  in  monte  uaticano  in  Ipe  mouTit  uaticane  and 
J?e  cause  is  for  it  stant  hangi»ig  on  a  hill.  It  is  also  cleped  in  templo 
apollinis  for  appollo  is  "jpe  sunne  and  J^is  temple  was  in  special  consecrate  to  pe 
sunne.  In  J)is  same  place  wliech  is  cleped  uaticanws  was  seynt  petir  byried 
and  many  oJ>ir  popes  as  he?  legendis  be?  witnesse  for  linus  J)at  was  pope 
next  seynt  petir  he  was  byried  Ipere  first  &  aftir  translate  be  on  called 
gregory  bischop  of  hostie  on  to  J>at  same  place.  Cletus  his  successou?  was 
byried  ])ere  alsoo,  and  so  was  anacletus  euaristus  sixtus  thellophorus  iginii^s 
.  and  pius  and  many  oJ)ir  mo  whech  made  pe  place  of  ful  grete  fame.^ 


Of  pe  staciow  at  sea  maria  in  domnica.     cap  xix. 

The  secuwde  Sunday  of  lenton  is  pe  stacioun  at  a  cherch  of  ou?  lady  ]5ei 
clepe  it  sea  maria  in  dompnica  ^  ye  place  is  cleped  so  as  I  suppose  in  }?ese 

where  he  met  SS.  Gervasius  and  Protasius.  The  rest  of  the  account  given  of  him  in  this 
MS.  is  correct.  SS.  Nazarius  and  Celsus  were  martyred  in  the  year  68,  and  buried 
by  the  Christian  community  at  Milan.  Their  resting-place  was  revealed  to  S.  Ambrose, 
who  found  the  body  of  S.  Nazarius  quite  incorrupt  and  emitting  a  pleasant  odour. 
S.  Ambrose  buried  the  bodies  in  the  church  of  the  SS.  Apostoli.  Parts  of  the  relics  of  the 
two  saints  were  distributed  to  various  towns ;  one  was  given  to  the  church  of  S.  Giovanni 
in  Fonte  in  Kome  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  July,  vol.  vi,  p.  503). 

1  Regarding  the  crypt,  Muffel  says  that  there  was  great  pardon  at  the  altar  under 
which  half  the  bodies  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  lay,  but  that :  '  man  sperret  die  gruft  selten 
auf  von  siind  wegen,  die  do  geschehen  mochten,  dan  es  ist  daselbst  finster'  (p.  23). 

^  The  church  of  S.  Maria  in  Dominica  is  the  only  one  which  still  retains  the  old  title 
dominicum.  It  is  thought  by  some  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  house  of  S.  Ciriaca, 
which  stood  in  the  Castra  Peregrinorum.  The  name  in  navicellis  is  considered  both  by 
Annellini  and  Marucchi  to  be  modem,  and  not  to  be  found  before  the  sixteenth  century, 
when  Leo  X  substituted  the  present  boat,  now  in  the  Piazza,  for  the  ancient  one ;  but 
from  our  MS.  we  see  that  the  name  was  in  general  use  in  Rome  at  the  time  of  Nicholas  V, 
and  possibly  for  some  time  before  that.  The  church  was  restored  by  Pascal  I  in  817. 
Leo  X,  when  he  was  still  a  cardinal,  reconstructed  it  from  designs  furnished  by  Raphael  or 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRTMES  105 

eld  bokes  be  cause  J^e  staciou^i  falleth  on  fe  Sunday.  For  at  f)is  day 
J>e  romanes  clepe  it  a  nojjir  name  sea  maria  in  nauicellis.  And  ))is  is 
J?e  cause  whi  )?ei  clepe  it  soo  as  Ipei  sei  f>ere.  Be  fo?  fe  dore  of  ]?is  cherch 
stant  a  boot  al  of  marbil  as  weel  mad  as  )?ou5  it  were  tymbir  with  ribbis  and 
rou?^d  holis  where  f>e  ores  schuld  goo  and  nauis  in  he?  langage  is  a  schip  and 
nauicella  a  litil  schip  whech  we  clepe  a  boot  and  of  pis  same  nauicelle  berith 
]?at  cherch  his  name  at  J^is  day.  Dyuers  opiniones  herd  I  J>ere  of  J?is  schip 
summe  seid  j^at  a  certeyn  seynt  cam  be  myracle  rowyng  to  rome  in  f>at  same 
but  \>e  seynt es  name  pei  told  not  ne  mech  othir  ping  whech  I  inqwyryd. 
Othir  men  seid  f>at  f>e  uernicle  cam  in  pe  same  schip  ouyr  pe  se  fro  ierlm 
probaciou^  ne  writyng  alegged  J?ei  non  and  ferfor  30  schul  haue  pese 
opiniones  rith  as  I  haue.  I  may  w^l  be  leue  ))at  be  pe  grete  powere  of  god 
a  ston  myth  flete  on  pe  watir  but  wheithir  J^is  ston  ded  so  or  nowt  I  put  it 
in  dout.  We  rede  weel  fat  at  pe  comau7^dmewt  of  pe  prophete  helyse  a  grete 
exes  hed  fleted  in  pe  watir  whech  was  not  a  gayn  kynde  as  seith  sei^it  austin 
in  pe  secund  book  de  mirabilibws  sac?  scWptur  for  pe  watir  as  he  seith  J^ere 
is  more  myty  for  to  here  an  heuy  Jjing  J?an  is  pe  eyir.  For  grete  trees  fat 
pe  eyir  wil  not  here  pe  watir  wil  here  hem.  So  J>at  pe  watir  aftir  his 
iwuestigaciouTi  hath  natu?  of  pe  eyir  in  -pariie  and  in  partie  natu?  of  pe 
erde.  For  he  himselue  asayed  fis  ping  whech  I  schal  telle  50U.  A  grete 
ston  frowyn  in  pe  watir  /  teyid  with  a  rop  whech  to  men  myth  not  meue  ne  f.  391  v 
draw  scarsely  whan  it  lay  on  pe  erde  0  ma7^  schal  meue  it  esely  whan  it  is  in 
pe  watir.  Wherfor  fis  doctou?  cowcludith  fat  a  ston  or  yrnn  to  flete  is  not 
ageyn  kynde  but  partie  it  is  born  be  kynde  and  party  born  be  myracle. 


Of  pe  stacion  at  seynt  clemew-t  cherch.     cap  xx. 

The  munday  in  pe  secuwde  weke  is  pe  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  seynt  cle- 
ment *  in  whech  cherch  restith  his  body  and  fese  bodies,  of  seiwt  ignace  pe 

perhaps  Bramante.  The  portico  is  said  to  have  been  designed  by  Michelangelo.  It  was 
finally  restored  by  Cardinal  Riario  Sforza  in  the  pontificate  of  Pius  VII  (Armellini, 
p.  398  ;  Marucchi,  p.  217  ;  Nibby,  p.  371 ;  Adinolfi,  i,  p.  350). 

^  It  is  believed  that  S.  Clement  constructed  an  oratory  in  his  own  house,  remains  of 
■which  have  been  discovered  in  the  third  or  lowest  level  (near  the  Mithraeum)  under 
the  present  church  dedicated  to  the  saint.  This  oratory  was  replaced  by  a  basilica,  in 
which  the  Council  of  417  was  held,  and  in  which  S.  Gregory  read  two  of  his  homilies 
in  590.  That  the  church  was  very  ancient  is  proved  by  the  existence  of  the  slave's 
collar,  mentioned  by  De  Rossi  in  Boll.  dHArch.  Crist,  1863,  p.  26  sq.  This  basilica, 
as  is  well  known,  was  entirely  destroyed  by  Robert  Guiscard  in  1084,  and  the  present 
church  was  erected  over  the  ruins.  For  the  history  of  the  discovery  of  the  earlier  basilica 
in  1857  and  its  excavation,  see  S.  Clement,  Pope  and  Martyr,  and  his  Basilica  in  Borne, 
by  J.  Mullooly,  O.P.,  Rome,  1873  ;  Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  p.  305  ;  Armellini,  p.  191 ;  Marucchi, 
p.  287  ;  Nibby,  p.  170.  Muffel  says  (p.  42) :  *und  vor  der  thur  ligen  zwen  sten,  darauf 
man  vil  heiligen  hat  gemartert.' 


106  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

martir,^  sei?it  lazar  seynt  ciriak  and  opir  moo.  The?  is  schewid  eke  J>e  stole 
of  seint  demerit  his  chales  and  mech  oj^ir  ping.  Of  Ip'is  same  pope  wil  we 
telle  50U  sum  Ipingis  whech  a?  in  doute  a  mong?s  many  men.  For  summe  sey 
J?at  he  was  pope  *  next  petir  and  summe  sey  fat  too  were  be  fo?  him.  Also 
his  legend  seith  fat  he  was  biried  in  fe  se  and  lith  J»e?  on  to  f is  day  and 
fis  book  seith  he  lith  at  rome.  Al  fis  fing  wil  ask  declaraciouw.  As  for 
fe  first  mate?  je  schal  undirstand  fat  seynt  petir  whil  he  leued  chase  to 
prestes  of  his  f  e  on  hith  linus  f  e  of  ir  hith  cletus  and  mad  hem  his  uikeris 
general  graunting  hem  power  on  with  inne  f  e  wallis  of  rome  f  e  of  ir  with 
oute  to  gouerne  f  e  cristen  puple.  And  f  is  was  f  e  cause  whi  he  ded  f  us  for 
he  wold  haue  mo?  leiser  to  coitemplaciouw  and  to  connercioun  of  f  e  puple. 
But  whan  he  schuld  deye  he  took  clement  be  f  e  hand  and  comitted  on  to 
him  f  e  flok  whech  criste  had  comitted  to  him.  Al  f  is  is  co^iteyned  in  a 
epistel  whech  f  e  same  demerit  wrote  on  to  seynt  iame  bischop  of  ierlm.  But 
whanri  petir  was  ded  cleme7^t  wold  algate  prefer?  f  ese  too  men  be  fore  him 
be  cause  f  ei  had  so  grete  powe?  in  his  maistires  time.  And  f  is  meknesse  of 
clement  was  gretely  alowid  of  hem  fat  we?  fan  postes  of  f e  cherch.  So 
linws  reyned  xi  ^ere  and  certeyn  dayes  and  cletus  regned  of  ir  xi  5ere.  And 
clement  aftir  hem  ix  5ere  and  certeyn  dayes.  This  is  f  e  treuth  of  f  is  mate?.' 
As  touchyug  f  e  of  ir  poynt  who  fat  he  cam  to  rome  50  schul  undirstand 
fat  aftir  tyme  he  had  conuerted  mech  puple  in  rome  he  was  exiled  be 
comauwdment  of  traiane  f  e  emperou?  on  to  an  yle  whe?  many  cristen  men 
we?  exiled  and  aftir  he  had  fere  do  many  myracles  and  bylid  many  cherches 
traiane  sent  f idir  a  duke  whech  comaunded  fat  schipmew  schuld  take  and 
lede  him  in  to  f  e  depe  of  f  e  see  teye  an  ankyr  a  boute  his  nek  and  f  rowe 
him  in  to  fe  see  fat  cristen  men  schuld  not  worchip  his  body  as  a  god. 
Thus  was  it  doo  in  dede  but  too  of  his  disciples  Cornelius  and  phebus  kneled 
on  f e  brynk  and  prayed  ou?  lord  fat  f ei  myth  see  f e  body  of  f is  martir.' 
And  sodeynly  f  e  se  be  thre  myle  with  drow  him  and  f  ei  all  went  on  f  e  bare 
sond  tyl  f ei  came  fere  he  was  f rowe  whe?  f ei  fonde  a  hous  al  of  marbill 
f.  392  r  arayed  be  f  e  handis  of  auTigelis  and  his  body  restiTig  f  er  in.  /  Tho  had  f  ei 

^  S.  Ignatiua  (Theophorua)  was  Bishop  of  Antioch.  Stadler  gives  a  long  account  of 
his  interview  with  Trajan,  who  afterwards  ordered  him  to  be  sent  to  Rome  to  suffer 
martyrdom  in  the  amphitheatre.  He  arrived  in  Rome  on  the  last  day  of  the  games,  and 
was  thrown  to  the  wild  beasts.  His  relics  are  preserved  and  revered  in  the  church  of 
S.  Clement,  to  which  they  were  translated  {SdligenlexiJcon). 

^  '£t  quant  Pierres  dut  morir  il  ordena  I  de  ses  disciples  qui  ot'  (avoit)  *a  non 
Clemens  k  tenir  la  chaiere  aprbs  lui;  mais  il  ne  la  vost  onques  tenir,  ainz  constitui 
Linum  son  compaignon,  qui  la  tint  tant  comme  il  vesqui,  et  puis  constitui  il  Cletum,  qui 
autresei  la  tint  toute  sa  vie  ;  et  quant  il  furent  mort  andui,  Clemens  meismes  tint  la 
chaiere  etfu  apostoiles  de  Rome'  (Brunetto  Latini,  Li  Livres  dou  Tresor,  pp.  80-1). 

^  There  is  no  mention  of  Cornelius  and  Phebus  in  Stadler,  but  Suiius  speaks  of  them  in 
the  Life  of  S.  Clement  (  Fitae  Sanctorum,  vol.  xi,  p.  657). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 


107 


a  reuelacioun  J>at  J^ei  schuld  not  beie  him  a  wey.  And  [jus  euery  jere 
uii  dayes  at  his  feest  was  pe  se  Jpus  bare  on  to  pat  day  f)at  J?is  legend  was 
wrytin  and  sum  what  aftir.  In  iustinianes  tyme  fe  emperou?  and  in  pope 
nicholas  tyme  pe  first  an  holy  man  cleped  seint  cyrille  brout  Ipia  body  oute 
of  f>e  se  be  reuelacion  &  leyd  it  at  fe  cherch  of  his  name.^  Eke  fe  same 
cyrille  with  in  fewe  dayed  dyed  and  is  biried  in  pe  same  cherch  doying  many 
miracles.^ 


Off  f>e  stacion  at  seynt  balbine.     cap  xxi. 

Anothir  station  is  pere  on  J>e  tewsday  folowyng  at  a  cherch  J?ei  clepe 
seiT^t  balbine '  it  stant  on  a  hiii  in  pe  south  side  of  rome  munkis  j^ei  be  as 
I  suppose  J?at  dwell  Ipere  and  it  is  now  pe  title  on  to  f>at  wor]?i  man  of  J>is 
lond  cardinal  &  arschbiscop  of  5ork.^     This  same  balbine  was  doutir  to 

^  SS.  Cyrillus  and  Methodius  are  known  as  the  Slavorum  Apostoli  for  their  labours  in 
converting  the  Slavonian  race  to  Christianity.  S.  Cyrillus's  first  name  was  Constantine ; 
he  came  of  a  good  family  of  Thessalonica.  His  travels  took  him  as  far  as  the  Crimea, 
whence  he  brought  the  relics  of  S.  Clement  to  Rome.  He  died  about  878  or  879  in 
a  cloister  in  Rome,  and  was  buried  with  his  companion  at  S.  Clement's,  where  their  tomb 
is  still  shown  in  the  lower  church  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon). 

2  The  various  accounts  of  the  life  of  S.  Clement  are  most  conflicting.  The  date  of  his 
tenure  of  the  papacy,  and  the  order  in  which  he  came  after  S.  Peter,  are  even  disputed. 
The  generally  accepted  version  is  that  he  was  the  son  of  Faustinus  (Faustus),  a  Roman 
citizen  of  the  Caelian  Hill  region.  Some  say  that  he  was  a  Jew  by  birth,  for  the  reason 
that  in  his  first  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians  he  says  he  is  of  the  race  of  Jacob,  which  state- 
ment, however,  may  easily  have  a  spiritual  meaning.  Others  think  that  he  came  from 
Philippi,  and  that  he  was  originally  a  pagan,  from  a  passage  in  S.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the 
Philippians,  ch.  iv,  ver.  3,  &c.  The  account  here  given  of  his  martyrdom  is  the  generally 
accepted  version  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon). 

^  The  church  of  S.  Balbina  was  founded  in  the  time  of  Gregory  I  on  the  Aventine ;  it 
is  mentioned  in  the  synod  held  in  594  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Maurice.  That  part 
of  the  Aventine  on  which  it  stands  is  called  Alheston  or  Asheston,  and  is  supposed  to 
be  the  site  of  the  mutatorium  Caesaris.  The  church  was  restored  by  Leo  III,  and 
again  in  1489  by  Cardinal  Marco  Barbo  (nephew  of  Paul  II),  who  altered  its  character 
entirely  (Armellini,  p.  146;  Marucchi,  p.  173). 

*  The  following  is  a  list  of  English  cardinals  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VI  (Notes  and 
Queries,  Series  8,  vol.  xii,  pp.  2  and  71) ' — 


Name. 

See. 

Created  by. 

Died. 

Henry  Beaufort. 
John  Kempe.* 
Henry  Bowet. 
Henry  Chicheley. 
John  Stafford. 

Bishop  of  Winchester. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
Archbishop  of  York. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Martin  V,  1426. 
Nicholas  V,  1452. 
During  Henry  VI's  reign. 

1428  (?). 
Eugenius  IV,  1434. 

AprU  11,  1447. 
March  22, 1454. 
October  20, 1423. 

1443. 

1452. 

*  For  John  Kempe,  above  referred  to,  see  Isaacson,  Story  of  the  English  Cardinals, 
p.  110  sq.,  London,  1907,  from  which  it  appears  that  he  was  appointed  Archbishop  of 
York  in  1426,  Cardinal  Priest  by  Eugenius  IV  in  December,  1439  (while  Archbishop  of 
York),  thus  taking  precedence  of  Chicheley,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.     On  the  death 

P  2 


108  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

a  worf>i  maw  of  rome  whom  )?ei  clepid  qwjrinus.  This  same  qvvirinws  had 
in  prison  at  comauwdmewt  of  }?e  emp^rou?  a  man  of  rome  whech  had  be 
mey?  of  f>e  cite  fei  cleped  him  hermes.  This  qwyrjw  sey  J>is  worthi  man 
suffir  prison  and  cheynes  fus  paciently  for  cristis  cause  he  seid  on  to  him. 
I  haue  grete  wondir  of  )?e  J>at  hast  bo?  swech  office  in  f>e  cite  and  were  a  man 
endewid  with  grete  good  f)at  pon  hast  forsake  f>e  holy  religioun  of  ou?  goddis 
and  newly  take  a  secte  whech  ledith  ail  his  loueres  to  losse  of  he?  good 
slauwd?  of  he?  name  and  orible  deth.  This  hermes  answerd  fus  ageyw. 
AVith  inne  fewe  jeres  I  had  ]>e  same  oppinion  and  I  scorned  hern  fiat  J^us 
reklesly  lost  he?  good  as  me  f)out  and  wilfully  ruwne  on  to  he?  deth.  For 
1  supposed  be  fore  ]?at  pere  was  no  lyf  aftir  J^is  lif  and  men  whan  f>ei  deyed 
went  neythir  to  peyne  ne  to  ioye.  Tho  f  is  qwyrinws  seid  on  to  hermes. 
If  fou  can  schewe  me  be  ony  euydens  Jjat  ]>ere  is  a  lif  aftir  J>is  lif  is  spent 
fan  wold  I  encline  mjn  eres  to  ]>i  doctrine.  Hermes  seid.  If  f>ou  wilt  goo 
to  alisauTidre  pope  *  of  the  cristen  men  he  schal  lerne  ])e  J^is  skole  bettyr 
fan  I  can.  Whan  qwyryne  herd  f>e  name  of  alisauwd?  he  cried  with  a  loude 
voys  and  seide.  Now  cursed  be  fat  prest  whech  hath  deceyued  f us  many 
men.  I  seide  to  f e  fat  f ou  schuld  be  sum  opiw  euydens  or  be  sum  trewe 
witnesse  proue  me  fere  is  a  lif  after  f is  is  do  and  f ou  namest  to  me  a  cursed 
maw  a  renegat  a  maw  gretely  noised  with  wischcraft  and  swech  of  ir  wrecchid- 
nesse  for  whech  noyse  he  lith  bouwde  in  my  prison.  But  f  is  schal  I  do  for 
f  i  wordis.  The  wil  I  schette  sewirly  in  prison  &  him  schal  I  bynde  with 
dobil  cheynes  and  hardyly  f  e  doris  schul  be  schet  wel  I  now.  If  he  come  to 
f e  f is  nyth  or  f ou  to  him  fan  wil  T  be  leue  fat  crist  is  a  uery  god  and  eke 
fat  fere  is  a  nof ir  lif  aftir  f is  swete  on  to  his  loueres  and  bittir  on  to  his 
enmyes.  This  f  ing  whech  he  supposid  impossible  was  do  in  dede  for  at 
f.  892  V  mydnyth  /  met  f ei  both  in  fere  and  fan  was  f is  qwyryne  baptized  and  his 
doutir  both  cleped  balbina  whom  f  is  same  alisauwd?  had  cured  fro  greuous 
siknesse.  Qwyryne  is  biried  in  f  is  same  cherch  and  balbine  eke  but  sche 
berith  fe  special  name  for  aftir  deth  of  hir  fade?  as  it  is  seid  sche  spent  al 
hir  patWmonie  in  biggiwg  of  holy  places  and  sustenauws  of  po?  men.* 

of  Stafford,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  he  was  translated  to  that  see  in  1452,  and  pro- 
moted in  the  College  by  being  raised  to  the  rank  of  Cardinal  Bishop  of  S.  Ru6na,  and 
constituted  legate  a  latere.  He  was  twice  Lord  Chancellor,  held  three  bishoprics,  both 
archbishoprics,  and  is  buried  in  Canterbury  Cathedral,  where  his  tomb  still  exists.  He 
was  therefore  Cardinal  of  S.  Balbina  from  December,  1439,  to  July,  1452. 

'  S.  Balbina  was  bom  during  the  reign  of  Hadrian  ;  she  was  the  daughter  of  Quirinus, 
the  custodian  of  Pope  Alexander  I.  Quirinus  informed  his  prisoner  that  he  had  a  grown- 
up daughter,  beautiful,  but  disfigured  by  a  hideous  sore  (struma)  on  her  neck.  Having 
heard  of  the  miracles  of  the  Pope,  Quirinus  promised  that  he  would  become  a  Christian  if 
Alexander  would  help  his  daughter.  The  Pope  ordered  him  to  bring  her  to  his  presence, 
and  laid  the  chains  (hojas)  with  which  he  was  bound  about  her  neck.     On  this  a  youth 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  109 

Of  }>e  staciow  at  semi  cecile.     cap  xxii. 

Wednysday  in  J^e  same  weke  is  f>e  staciouT*  at  seint  cecile  in  transtibir.^ 
It  is  clepid  transtibir  for  tibir  goth  be  twix  rome  and  j^at.  For  J?is  transtibir 
is  a  cite  wallid  be  Ipe  selue  on  ]?e  west  side  of  tibir  and  so  is  c'lviisiS  leonina 
of  whech  we  spoke  be  fore  in  pe  first  capitule  of  fis  secund  part.  This 
transtibir  hath  a  cherch  of  ou?  lady  ful  famous  and  a  cherch  of  seynt  crisogon 
a  couent  of  f)e  menourzs  &  a  hous  of  chanones  and  a  hospital  of  seint  edmuwd 
pe  kyng.'^  Now  in  J)is  capitule  wil  we  speke  of  seynt  cecile  place  a  fayre 
cherch  it  is  and  a  fay?  place  hanging  Iperon  of  chanones  in  whech  place  stant 
5et  J?e  bath  in  whech  sche  dyed.  In  f>is  cherch  lith  sche  and  tiburcius  her 
husbond  ualeriantts  his  brojpir  and  urbane  as  manifest  writyng  is  Ipere  in 

(an  angel),  with  a  burning  torch  in  his  hand,  appeared ;  after  ordering  the  damsel  to 
remain  a  virgin  throughout  her  life,  he  vanished  again.  From  that  hour  she  was  healed,  and 
father  and  daughter  with  all  their  household  were  baptized.  Quirinus  suffered  martyrdom  ; 
Balbina  is  said  to  have  lived  a  pious  life  and  to  have  died  in  peace  in  the  year  a.d. 
130.  According  to  other  accounts,  she  also  suffered  martyrdom  (Stadler,  Seiligen- 
lexiJcon). 

^  The  church  of  S.  Cecilia  was  founded  on  the  site  of  her  martyrdom.  It  is  mentioned 
in  the  fifth  century.  The  convent  was  founded  by  Pascal  I,  who  also  rebuilt  the  church 
and  translated  the  remains  of  the  saint  from  the  Catacombs  of  S.  Callixtus  in  822.  (In 
1695  the  sarcophagus  of  Pascal  was  opened ;  this  event  has  been  described  by  Baronius, 
Ann.  Eccl.,  ad  ann.  821,  pp.  12-19  ;  and  by  Bosio,  Hist,  passionis  S.  Caeciliae,  p.  155.) 
After  the  first  mention  in  the  fifth  century  it  is  recorded,  in  the  Liber  Pontificalis,  that 
on  Nov.  22,  545,  Pope  Vigilius,  while  celebrating  the  feast-day  of  the  saint,  was 
surprised  in  this  basilica  by  Anthemius  Scribo,  who  had  been  sent  from  Constantinople 
by  the  Empress  Theodora  to  capture  him.  The  church  was  restored  in  1283,  and  the 
altar  and  the  confession  are  the  work  of  Arnolfo^  who  also  worked  at  S.  Paul's  outside 
the  Walls  (not  to  be  confounded  with  Arnolfo  di  Cambio).  The  restorations  of  1599  and 
1823  did  much  to  alter  the  character  of  the  church,  but  the  last  restoration  of  Cardinal 
Rampolla  in  1901  has,  on  the  other  hand,  done  much  to  restore  its  archaeological  interest 
(Armellini,  p.  179  ;  Marucchi,  p.  438  ;  Nibby,  p.  155). 

^  Armellini  says  that  there  was  formerly  a  small  oratorio  in  Trastevere  dedicated  to 
S.  Edmund,  near  the  church  of  S.  Giovanni  Battista  dei  Genovesi.  Martinelli  says  it 
was  built  *  a  quodam  Anglo '.  Piazza  {Ensevolagio  Romano,  ovvero  delle  Opere  Pie  di 
Roma,  1699,  p.  81)  says;  *01tre  al  sudetto  Spedale  (di  S.  Toma  Cantuariense)  ne  fu 
istituito  uno  in  Trastevere  dietro  la  Chiesa  di  S.  Grisogono  da  un  Mercante  Tnglese,  per 
i  suoi  Paesani,  dedicandolo  con  una  chiesa  a  S.  Edmondo  Re  d'Inghilterra,  ad  uso  e 
benefizio  in  particolare  dei  Mercanti  Inglesi,  e  Marinari,  che  veniuano  da  si  lungo 
viaggio  a  Roma.  Lo  Spedale,  con  le  sue  entrate,  fh  soppresso  &  unite  al  sudetto  Maggiore 
di  San  Tommaso  Cantuariense,  e  questo  al  nominate  Collegio  Inglese.  La  chiesa  di 
S.  Edmondo,  che  per  I'antichitk  minacciaua  rouina,  fu  ultimamente  fatto  demolire  da 
Alessandro  VII,  e  transferite  le  S.  Reliquie,  che  vi  erano,  con  la  sacra  supellettile,  et 
obbligo  di  Messe,  alia  medesima  chiesa  di  S.  Tommaso ;  et  accib  non  si  perdesse  il  culto 
e  la  memoria  di  quel  S.  Rb,  si  eresse  ivi  un  altare  al  medesimo,  ove  vi  si  conserva  e  vi  si 
espone  nel  di  della  festa  una  sua  reliquia.'  See  also  the  short  note  in  Passeroli's  Tesori 
nascosti  delV  Alma  cittci  di  Roma,  1625,  p.  605,  translated  into  German  by  Albert 
Resmarus,  Abgebildetes  neues  Rom,  Arnheim,  1661,  p.  121).  The  text  of  the  marble 
inscription  relating  to  the  suppression  of  the  oratorio  of  S.  Edmund,  on  May  29,  1664, 
will  be  found  in  Forcella,  Iscrizioni  delle  chiese  di  Roma,  torn,  vii,  p.  182,  No.  378. 


no  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGItlMES 

tablettis.  This  sey  I  for  suwime  men  seid  to  me  f>at  sche  lith  at  seynt 
gregoryes  but  f>e  writing  at  semi  ceciles  is  mo?  elder  fan  is  he?  writyng. 
Wei  wote  I  j^at  sche  was  slayn  in  hir  owne  place  and  byried  in  ciwiiterio 
kalixti  as  writing  berith  witnesse  in  pe  same  ci/mterie  5et  in  Ipe  hard  marbil 
and  as  me  J^inkith  it  was  ful  connement  to  translate  hir  on  to  hir  owne  place 
namely  whaw  seynt  urbane  a  non  aftir  hir  deth  consecrat  hi?  dwelli^ig  place 
on  to  a  cherch.  Of  j^is  glorious  martir  cecile  many  uotabil  J)i7igis  fynde  we 
wrytyn  of  whech  suwme  wil  we  reherse  schortly  Ip&i  Ipe  comendacioun  of  f>e 
seynt  schuld  not  slepe  and  pe  labou?  of  pe  rederes  schuld  not  be  long.  First 
rede  we  f)at  sche  ba?  pe  gospel  of  ou?  lord  euyr  at  hir  breest  whech  wordes 
are  dyuersly  undirstawd  at  dyuers  clerkis.  Summe  sey  fat  sche  ba?  pe  gospel 
materialy  wrytyn  in  hir  bosum  fat  sche  myth  rede  it  whan  sche  wold.  Othir 
pere  be  whech  sey  fat  f is  f ing  is  undirstawd  f us  fat  sche  bare  f e  preceptis 
and  f  e  couwceles  of  ou?  lord  whech  ar  writin  in  f  e  gospel  freschly  in  hir 
mynde  fat  sche  schuld  not  offende  god  for  ignoraunce.  Both  f ingis  ded  sche 
as  I  suppose  fat  is  to  sey  sche  f out  on  f e  comaundmentis  and  couwcellis  of 
cnst  whech  is  most  nedful.  For  f  0U5  a  maw  write  or  be?  hem  and  do  not 
feraftir  it  is  litil  mede  on  to  him.  So  f is  is  f e  bettir  part  for  to  haue  hem 
deuly  in  mynde.  And  f  0U5  it  be  not  f  e  betir  part  for  to  be?  hem  up  on  him 
5et  sey  we  fat  it  is  a  good  part.  For  we  rede  fat  f  e  holy  faderes  of  f  e  cherch 
ba?  f  e  material  gospel  a  boute  with  hem  whe?  f  ei  went.  In  specmle  rede  I  of 
f.  393  r  seynt  barnabe  fat  he  ba?  f  e  gospell  /  of  matbew  with  him  al  his  lyue  and 
whanw  he  was  ded  it  was  leyd  with  him  in  f  e  graue  and  fouwdy^i  hool  many 
jeres  aftir  in  tyme  of  zeno  f  e  emperou?.  We  rede  also  of  an  holy  munk 
cleped  serapion  '  fat  he  ba?  f  e  gospel  wit5  him  whe?  he  went.  And  be  cause 
fat  gospell  comauTideth  to  hem  fat  wil  be  perfith  fat  f ei  schuld  ^eue  a  wey 
al  he?  good  f  is  man  keping  f  is  couwcel  on  fe  streitest  maner  mad  him  selue 
naked  to  cloth  of ir  men.  Thei  fat  met  him  enqwired  of  him  who  had  so 
spoiled  him  and  he  seid  f e  gospel.  Al  f is  is  seid  to  make  prof  fat  it  is  ful 
likly  fat  f is  holi  martir  and  uirgine  seiwt  cecile  bare  a  boute  wit5  hir  f e 
material  gospel.  This  mayde  was  cause  of  conuercioun  of  f  ese  too  bref  er 
tiburciws  and  ualerian  and  of  many  of  ir.  Sche  was  homely  with  auwgeles 
and  hardy  on  to  f  e  deth  wherfo?  f  e  cherch  hath  hir  in  ful  grete  reuerens 
both  at  rome  and  he?.* 

*  Possibly  the  S.  Serapion  who  was  afterwards  Bishop  of  Thinuis  in  the  Nile  Delta, 
a  friend  of  S.  Athanasius  and  of  S.  Anthony.  He  was  at  the  Council  of  Sardica  in  348, 
and  died  in  358.  There  whs  another  Serapion,  an  Englishman,  who  devoted  his  life  to 
the  ransoming  of  those  Christians  who  had  become  prisoners  of  the  Moors.  Eventually 
he  was  crucified,  and  tortured  to  death  in  Algiers,  in  the  year  1240.  He  was  canonized 
by  Benedict  XIII  in  1728  (Stadler,  Heilirjenlexikon). 

^  S.  Cecilia  is  believed  to  have  been  contemporary  with  Urban  I  (223-30),  and  to  have 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  111 

Of  j?e  stacio?^  at  sea  niaria  &cera.     cap  xxiii. 

On  pe  )?ursday  in  ]?at  same  weke  is  J>e  staciouw  at  a  cliercli  of  ou?  lady 
whech  J3ei  clepe  sea  maria  transtiberim  J>at  is  to  sey  in  englisch  Seynt  mari 
ouyr  tibur  for  it  stawt  ouir  pe  watir  wbe?  seint  cecile  stant.  This  place  in 
eld  tyme  was  ordeyned  to  refresching  of  knytis  aftir  he?  labour  whan  fei 
were  falle  in  age.^  On  Ipat  same  day  f>at  crist  was  born  pere  sprong  in  J>is 
same  place  too  wellis  of  oyle  whech  run  all  Jjat  day  plenteuously  in  to  tibur. 
These  too  welles  be  ^et  pere  in  ful  grete  reuerens.  But  whi  J?ese  wellis  schuld 
rewne  mo?  oile  f>an  oj^ir  lycou?  is  assigned  J)is  cause  a  mong?s  clerkis  for 
oyle  Ipei  sei  signifieth  mercy  and  J)at  lord  was  come  whech  brout  with  him 
a  lawe  ful  of  mercy.  Of  ))is  conueniews  be  twix  oyle  and  mercy  speke  clerkis 
in  he?  bokis  and  sey  J?at  euene  as  oyle  ouerspredith  all  maner  licouizs  so  Ipe 
mercy  of  oure  lord  houyth  a  boue  all  his  werkis.  Who  may  susteyne  his  real 
power  or  make  resistews  a  geyn  his  ordinauws.  Who  can  sey  J^at  he  is 
onrithful  in  his  iugeme^itis  or  ellis  indiscrete  in  his  gouernauws.  Alle  fese 
blasphemes  schul  we  ley  a  side  and  knele  to  ou?  lord  and  J?ank  him  for  he 
hath  set  pe  oyle  of  mercy  be  fo?  al  his  werkis.  Wil  30  se  fe  maner  of  makyng 
of  oyle.  Smale  sedes  smale  frutes  are  pressed  ful  sore  f>at  Ipia  swete  lycou? 
schuld  be  had.  Crist  was  in  J>is  world  in  reputacion  of  pe  world  but  a  smale 
frute  but  whan  he  was  pressed  on  )?e  crosse  grete  plente  of  mercy  ran  owt  to 
ou?  redempciouw.  Wil  50  se  f>e  excesse  of  f>e  new  lawe  in  mercy.  The  persona 
in  moises  lawe  f)at  gadered  drye  stikkis  on  ])c  haly  day  was  stoned  to  fe  deth. 
The  woman  in  )?e  newe  lawe  taken  openly  in  a  uoutry  was  preserued  and  fat 
be  Ipe  iugemcTit  of  ou?  lord  ihu  mercyfully  fro  J>e  deth.  The?  was  y5e  for  y5e 
and  toth  for  totli  and  ioynt  for  ioynt  he?  is  "pe  couwcel  of  meknesse  openly 
inioyned  p^  /  comauwdith  in  J)is  wise.  If  a  man  smyte  pe  on  pe  o  cheke  f.  393  v 
profir  him  pin  oj^ir.     Opynly  crieth  salamoTi  in  his  epithalami  of  pe  mercy 

been  martyred  about  the  year  230  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus  (222-35).  Some 
authorities  hold  that  her  death  occurred  during  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius  (161-80). 
She  is  believed  to  have  been  of  noble  birth  and  to  have  been  a  Christian  from  her  child- 
hood. The  beautiful  story  of  her  conversion  of  her  husband  Valerian  and  his  brother 
Tiburtius  will  be  found  in  Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  see  also  Surius,  Vitae  Sanctormriy 
vol.  xi,  p.  638,  Turin,  1879. 

1  The  church  of  S.  Maria  in  Trastevere  is  the  first  large  church  in  Rome  dedicated  to 
the  Virgin,  Prima  aedes  Deiparae  dicata,  the  earliest  being  S.  Maria  Antiqua.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  S.  Callixtus,  by  permission  of  Alexander  Severus,  in  222,  on 
the  site  of  the  Taberna  meritoria,  a  hospital  for  old  soldiers,  and  to  have  been  abandoned 
(luring  the  persecutions.  It  was  reconstructed  by  Julius  I  in  840,  and  took  the  title  of 
SS.  Callixto  e  Giulio.  In  828  Gregory  IV  attached  a  large  Augustinian  convent  to  the 
church.  It  was  restored  by  Leo  IV  about  848,  by  Benedict  III  (857-8),  and  in  1189 
almost  completely  rebuilt  by  Innocent  III,  to  whom  we  owe  the  fine  mosaics ;  it  was 
again  restored  by  Nicholas  V,  Pius  V,  and  Clement  XI,  and  finally  by  Pius  IX  in  1870 
(  Armellini,  p.  414  ;  Marucchi,  p.  428  ;  Nibby,  pp.  140,  488). 


112  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

of  ou?  lord  spekyng  in  )3is  mane?.  Oyle  largely  spred  a  brod  [^at  is  ]?i  name. 
The  name  of  ihu  is  oyle  largely  spred  a  brood  spred  in  heuene  spred  in  erde 
spred  in  helle.  In  heuene  he  5eueth  seyntis  more  ioye  j^an  euyr  pei  deserued. 
In  erde  he  loueth  men  J>at  loue  not  him  and  doth  good  on  to  hem  J^at  despise 
him.  In  helle  he  proporcioneth  nowt  J?e  peyne  to  J?e  malice  of  J^e  synne. 
This  is  ou?  byleue  }>at  soules  in  hell  haue  lasse  peyne  J)aw  fe  be  worthi. 


Of  \>e  stacion  at  seynt  uitale.    cap  xxiiii. 

Friday  in  \>e  secund  w«ke  is  pe  stacion  at  a  chercb  dedicate  in  f)e  worchip 
of  seynt  uitale.  A  ful  desolate  place  it  is  and  al  in  ruine  as  pere  be  many 
moo.^  This  same  man  uitale  was  fader  on  to  f)oo  holy  seyntes  geruase  and 
prothase  martires  mad  for  ou?  lordis  sake  in  f>e  cyte  of  melane.  This  uitale 
was  in  so  grete  reuerens  at  melan  J>at  he  was  chose  to  be  on  of  fe  consules 
whech  had  gou^rnauns  of  al  J>e  puple  for  a  5ere.  He  was  turned  on  to  crist 
and  his  wif  alsoo  cleped  ualeria  be  suggestion  of  cWsten  men  J>at  come  fro 
rome.  So  happed  him  to  go  in  felauchip  of  a,  grete  iuge  J>ei  clepid  paulin^^s 
on  to  fat  cite  cleped  rauewna  to  haue  a  sessiou7^  up  on  certeyn  defautes. 
Whan  J?ei  we?  come  f>idir  J)is  paulynits  5aue  sente^is  up  on  a  cristen  man  of 
craft  a  leche  wbos  name  was  urciane.  But  whann  })is  uitale  sey  him  walk 
to  his  deth  with  ful  heuy  cbe?  be  cause  he  had  no  counfort  he  cried  loude 
on  to  him  J>at  al  J»e  puple  myth  here.  Be  ware  urciane  ]?at  J?i  hert  fayle 
not  now  for  Ipan  art  Ipou  hurt  with  Ipe  arow  of  dispey?  whech  wounde  schal 
nemV  be  hoi.  Think  what  counfort  fou  hast  goue  oJ>ir  men  in  he?  gret 
myschef  and  with  Ipai  same  consolacion  cou^ifort  now  J>i  self.  For  ]?ese 
wordis  }>is  man  went  boldly  on  to  ]>e  tormentis  and  paciently  suffered  his 
deth.  Aftir  his  marti:^dam  uitale  took  pe  body  and  biri^d  it  with  grete 
worchip.  The  iuge  sent  aftir  him  to  jeue  answere  to  pia  offens  but  he  wold 
not  come.  He  seide  he  was  a  cristen  man  and  aftir  pe  comaundment  of 
crist  he  had  doo  a  dede  of  obediens  in  byrying  of  his  broJ?ir.  Paulinas  was 
wroth  with  J)is  answere  made  him  to  be  brout  be  fore  him  and  hangin  on  to 
a  gebet  to  loke  if  he  wold  reney '  J^at  new  opinion  whech  he  had  take.  But 
whan  he  sey  him  stabil  in  pe  feith  he  comaunded  him  to  be  led  to  a  palme 

*  S.  Vitale  is  the  very  ancient  church  of  the  titulus  Vestinae,  the  name  of  a  pious 
Boman  matron.  It  was  dedicated  by  Innocent  I  between  the  years  401  and  412,  and 
raised  to  a  title  in  the  name  of  Vitale  and  his  sons  Gervasius  and  Protasius.  It  is 
mentioned  by  S.  Gregory,  and  was  restored  in  1475  and  1595,  under  Sixtus  IV  and 
Clement  VIII.  There  are  some  traces  of  the  old  construction  in  the  exterior  walls, 
so  that  it  is  believed  that  the  present  church  has  been  erected  directly  over  the  ancient 
one.  It  is  in  the  Via  Nazionale  (Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  260 ;  Armellini,  p.  244 ;  Marucchi,  p.  878 ; 
Nibby,  p.  768).  ^  reney,  renay,  obs. ;  Fr.  renter,  to  abjure,  renounce. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  113 

tre  whech  tre  was  halowed  on  to  J^e  deueles  and  but  if  he  wold  offer  encense 
pere  at  )?at  tre  he  comaunded  his  officeres  ]?at  )?ei  schuld  make  a  dep  graue 
and  byry  him  f»ere  al  qwik.'  A  prest  of  J?at  hethen  lawe  whech  ^aue  couwcel 
on  to  pe  iuge  fat  j^is  maw  schuld  J>us  be  ded  was  a  non  a  rested  /  of  J>e  f.  394  r 
deuele  and  uii  dayes  he  lay  crying.  Thou  brennyst  me  uitale.  The  uii  day 
he  ran  in  to  a  flood  and  so  mad  an  ende  of  his  lyf.  The  wif  of  fis  same 
martir  clepid  ualeria  aftir  pe  deth  of  hir  husbond  rood  hom  a  gayn  on  to 
melan  and  happed  be  J?e  wey  sche  fond  certeyn  men  in  a  wood  whech  mad 
hei*  sacrifice  pere.  Thei  spoke  to  hir  for  to  ete  and  drynk  of  swech  uitaile 
as  was  offered  on  to  ]300  mauraentis.  But  sche  refused  it  wherfo?  J>ei  bete 
hi?  BOO  ]?at  unneth  ^  myth  sche  be  caried  be  her  semauTztis  on  to  melan  with 
inne  iii  dayes  aftir  hir  spirit  was  separat  fro  pe  body  &  so  sent  to  god. 


Off  pe  staciouTi  at  marcelline  and  petir.     cap  xxu. 

Satirday  in  pe  same  weke  is  pe  stacion  at  a  cherch  dedicat  on  to  too 
seyntis  on  hith  marcelline  pe  ojjir  hith  petir.'  This  petir  was  in  prison  be 
cause  he  beleued  in  crist  undir  a  keper  J>ei  clepid  archemii^s.  This 
archemi^g  had  a  doutir  uexed  with  a  wikkid  spirit.  Petir  seid  on  to 
archeme  his  keper  ]5at  if  he  wold  beleue  in  crist  his  doutir  schuld  sone  be 
hool.  Archemye  answerd.  I  haue  grete  meruayle  of  j^i  foli.  Crist  ))i  god 
not  withstanding  ]?at  Jjou  art  euery  day  bete  for  his  cause  and  sufferist  eke 
mech  oJ>ir  penauws  of  prison  and  of  jrun  may  not  delyuyr  pe.  Petir 
answerd  fat  it  was  best  to  his  soule  fus  with  peyne  and  tribulaciow  for  to 
plese  crist.  Tho  seid  archemiws  on  to  petir.  I  schal  bynde  pe  in  prison 
and  ley  on  pe  irun  I  now  if  f>ou  can  breke  oute  of  prison  fan  wil  I  be  leue 

^  The  date  of  S.  Vitalis  is  not  very  certain,  as  the  Epistle  of  S.  Ambrose,  which  gives 
most  of  the  evidence  regarding  him,  is  not  quite  clear  on  the  point.  The  period,  however, 
must  be  between  a.d.  60  and  180.  He  was  a  soldier  by  profession,  but  it  is  not  known 
why  he  left  Milan  to  go  to  Ravenna.  The  name  of  the  physician  whom  he  befriended 
and  buried  was  S.  Ursicinus  (Stadler,  Jleiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  April,  vol.  iii, 
p.  562). 

*  uneath,  uneasily. 

^  The  Church  of  SS.  Peter  and  Marcellinus  is  very  ancient,  and  was  built  in  the 
Via  Labicana  over  a  temple  of  Isis.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  sixth  century.  Armellini 
gives  an  inscription,  found  in  1750,  which  would  tend  to  show  that  the  church  dated  from 
Pope  Siricius  (384-98),  but  in  the  Liher  Pontijicalis  it  is  said  :  'Fecit  etiam  Gregorius 
tertius  de  novo  ecclesiam  Sanctorum  Marcellini  et  Petri  prope  Lateranam.'  It  is  quite 
clear  that  this  must  refer  to  a  restoration,  or  perhaps  entire  rebuilding,  for  the  church  is 
mentioned  (as  is  said  above)  in  the  time  of  Gregory  the  Great  (cf.  Grisar,  Storia  di  Boma 
e  dei  Papi,  t.  i,  p.  254).  The  church  was  reconsecrated  by  Alexander  IV  in  1266, 
restored  by  Paul  IV  (1555-9)  ;  being  in  a  ruinous  state  it  was  entirely  reconstructed  by 
Benedict  XIV  (1740-58),  who  had  been  its  titular  Cardinal  (Armellini,  p.  326 ;  Marucchi, 
p.  351 ;  Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  80  ;  Nibby,  p.  586). 


114  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

on  J?i  lord  crist.  This  man  petir  Ipus  strongly  bouwde  appered  sodeynly  on 
to  archemye  clad  al  in  whit  and  a  tokne  of  fe  crosse  in  his  hand.  The  same 
houre  archemie  doutir  was  hool  and  ])e  same  archeme  with  his  wif  &  all  his 
houshold  be  leuyd  in  ou?  lord.  Tho  sent  f)ei  aftir  marcelline  J^e  preest 
whech  baptized  hem  alle.  A  grete  iuge  of  rome  clepid  serenus  called  )?is 
marcelline  and  petir  on  to  his  presens  and  aftir  he?  constau?it  confessiouw 
comaunded  hem  to  prison.  Marcelline  was  put  in  a  derk  hous  whe?  was 
neythir  mete  nor  lith  alle  pe  floi*  strowid  with  broke  glas  and  he  bare  leggis 
and  feet.  Petir  was  stokkid  in  a  noj^ir  hous  strongly  schette  and  barred. 
Eut  an  aungell  of  ou?  lord  was  sent  fro  heuene  whech  clad  marcelline  with 
clothis  delyuerid  him  and  petir  eke  and  brout  hem  on  to  archemie  hous. 
Whan  J)is  iuge  serenus  herd  sey  })at  f>ei  were  delyuered  oute  of  prison  and 
receyued  J^us  in  J>e  hous  of  archemye  he  comaufided  J>e  same  archemye  and 
his  wif  to  be  )3row  to  dede  with  stones.  Marcelliue  and  petir  he  iuged  to 
be  led  to  J?e  blak  wood  and  \)ere  to  be  heded.  He  f'at  smet  of  he?  hedis  say 
he?  soules  with  schining  cloj^is  arayed  with  perle  and  precious  stones  of 
auwgellis  born  up  in  to  heuene  and  in  his  last  dayes  he  repent  him  of  his 
f.  394  V  euele  dedes  ded  gret  penauns  /  and  was  baptized  his  name  was  dorotheus.^ 


Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  laurews.     Cap.  xxui 

The  fird  Sunday  of  lenton  is  pe  stacion  at  Ipe  principal  cherch  of  seynt 
laurens  whech  stant  oute  of  ]>e  wallis  of  rome  in  a  feld  J?ei  clepe  in  agro  uerano 
fat  is  to  eey  in  J>e  somer  feld.  For  uer  in  he?  tonge  is  as  mech  to  sey  as 
somer.  It  is  sumtyme  seyd  of  seyntis  }?at  ly  J?ere  f>at  f>ei  were  byried  iuxta 
arenarium.  Arenarium  is  a  place  whe?  men  digger  sond  and  in  sothnesse 
in  f  is  same  place  was  sumtyme  diggid  mech  sond  to  make  he?  mortar  in  rome. 
Now  haue  f  ei  found  a  newe  ueyn  of  sond  mo?  north  on  to  seynt  anneys  ward. 
This  same  feld  longed  sumtyme  to  a  blessed  widow  f>ei  cleped  cyriaca  whech 
jaue  al  ]?at  possessiouw  on  to  J?e  seruauwtis  of  seynt  laurens.     "We  redyn  in 

1  S.  Marcelline  was  a  priest,  and  Peter  an  exorcist  of  the  Roman  Church.  Many  other 
martyrs  suffered  with  them,  the  numbers  of  the  same  varying  from  forty-four  in  the 
Acta  Sanctorum— the  names  of  two,  Thomajus  and  Rogatus,  being  given — to  400  in  an  old 
Martyrologium  of  Treves.  They  were  martyred  during  the  persecution  of  Diocletian  in 
the  year  304.  The  name  of  their  judge  is  given  variously  as  Serenus  and  Severus.  The 
place  of  their  death,  formerly  known  as  the  silva  nigra,  was  afterwards  renamed  the 
silva  Candida.  Their  bodies  were  buried,  by  a  matron  named  Lucilla,  on  the  Via  Labicana, 
in  which  work  of  piety  another  matron  named  Firmina  is  said  to  have  helped  ;  they  were 
afterwards  removed  to  the  Catacombs  of  S.  Tiburtius.  Constantine  built  a  church  on  the 
spot  in  their  honour,  which  church  ranked  as  the  second  of  the  seven  having  a  cardinal's 
title.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  and  was  not  reconstructed,  but  was  united  with 
the  Bishopi-ic  of  Porto  by  Callixtus  II.  Later,  a  cemetery  in  Rome  was  named  after  the 
two  saints  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon  ;  Acta  Sanctorum). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  115 

martines  cronicle  f»at  constantine  f>e  emperou?  let  make  ]?is  cherch  of  seini 
laurens  and  all  fat  uoute  be  neth  Ipe  aute?  whe?  seiwt  laureris  lith  with 
mech  precious  f>ing  whech  is  not  pere  now  for  as  w^e  seid  ofte  a  boue  pese 
cherches  haue  be  spoiled  of  tirauTitis  ]?at  haue  conquered  rome.  This  blessed 
emperou?  constantine  J^at  spent  so  mech  good  in  worchip  of  god  and  seyntis 
hath  ful  grete  reward  perfor  as  we  suppose.  O  fing  in  f e  worchip  of  seynt 
laurens  wil  we  reherse  who  he  rewardith  his  seruauntis.  There  was  an 
emperou?  of  rome  cleped  herry  whech  had  a  wif  called  radegund?s.  These 
two  p^rsones  leued  in  swech  perfeccioun  f)at  both  be  o  consent  kept  he? 
maydenhed  to  god.  So  aftirward  at  storing  of  Ipe  deuele  f>is  emperoui*  fel  in 
a  gelosie  a  geyn  his  wif  demyng  of  hir  ofir  wise  f>an  it  was.  So  at  his 
comaundment  pe  lady  was  constreyned  fat  sche  schuld  goo  bare  foot  on  a 
gad  of  yrun  reed  hoot  to  proue  pere  hir  innocens.  Sche  mad  hir  redy  and 
blessed  hir  with  swech  wordis.  Euene  as  I  am  not  defiled  of  herry  ne  of 
non  ofir  man  so  crist  f ou  be  myn  help.  Thus  went  sche  saf  with  outen 
harm  ouyr  pe  hoot  yrun  saue  fat  pe  emperou?  smet  with  grete  ire.  Sone 
aftir  f  is  pe  emperou?  deyed  and  a  grete  multitude  ^  we?  gadered  be  fore  an 
hermytes  lious  to  be  present  at  pe  emTperouris  deth.  The  hermyte  inqwired 
of  hem  whidir  f  ei  schuld  and  f  ei  answerd  to  se  pe  em^erouris  ende.  He 
comaunded  hem  be  uertu  of  pe  passion  of  ou?  lord  crist  fat  f ei  schuld  come 
a  geyn  f  e  same  weye  and  telle  him  in  what  plith  f  e  emperou?  deyed.  Thei 
come  a  geyn  and  gaf  him  f  is  answere.  Oure  iornay  f  ei  seid  is  spent  in 
wast  for  fat  brent  laurens  cam  forth  with  a  potte  and  f rewe  it  in  f  e  balauns 
whech  weyid  down  fat  fals  suspicioun  and  fat  fals  iugement  a  geyn  his  wif 
and  alle  of  ir  trespaces  whech  he  had  doo.  In  uery  treut  f  is  emperowr  of 
grete  deuocioun  whech  he  had  to  seynt  laurens  had  offered  at  his  cherch  a 
chalys  of  so  grete  wite  fat  it  was  mad  with  /  to  eres  for  to  lift  it  esily  whech  f.  395  r 
was  mad  of  pu?  gold.  The  deueles  in  here  goyng  as  f ei  told  f is  hermyte 
pullid  a  wey  on  of  f  oo  eres.  This  reuelacion  was  found  soth  for  it  was 
noted  fat  in  fat  same  hou?  f e  emperou?  deyed  f e  ere  of  f e  chalis  eke  was 
founde  broke.  This  storie  is  rehersed  he?  to  magnifie  seint  laurens  and  eke 
sumwhat  to  enbelching  of  f  e  book. 


Off  f  e  stacion  at  seint  mark.     Cap  xxuii. 

On  munday  aftir  f  e  f  irde  Sunday  is  f  e  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  seynt 
marc  ^  but  his  body  lith  not  fere  for  it  lith  at  uenys.    In  f is  cherch  ly  f e  holy 

'  *  f  fendis  ',  in  margin  of  MS. ;  ?  of  fiends. 

^  The  church  of  S.  Mark  goes  back  to  Pope  S.  Mark  (886-7),  and  is  mentioned  in  an 
inscription  of  348,  where  it  is  called  de  Pallacine.  Cicero  mentions  this  locality  in  his 
oration  Pro  Sexto  Boscio  Amerino,  who  was  killed  ad  halneaa  palacinas.    The  chui-ch 

Q2 


116  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

martires  abdoii  &  senen  whech  were  slayn  for  cristis  loue  at  rome  undir  Ipe 
tyme  of  decius.*  He  fond  hem  in  a  cyte  whech  f>ei  clepe  corduba  for  Ipere 
were  J>ei  accused  for  tresou7z.be  cause  fei  byried  )?oo  men  J?at  were  killid  for 
cnst.  Decius  comaunded  hem  to  be  bouTide  strongly  with  yrun  cheynes  and 
to  be  led  so  to  rome  be  fore  his  chare.  And  be  cause  fei  had  be  in  office 
undir  J?e  empi?  of  rome  and  we?  men  of  sotil  wit  and  of  plenteuows  possession 
he  comauTided  hem  to  ape?  be  fore  Ipe  senate  in  a  hous  fat  stood  in  pe 
capitol  lowe  be  ]>e  grourid  cleped  in  ou?  legendis  in  tellude.  Thei  we? 
brout  in  as  \>ei  we?  take  for  pei  were  smale  kyng^5  in  perse  in  which  perse 
stawt  f>is  cite  corduba.  Thei  we?  brout  in  to  pe  senat  in  ful  good  aray  in 
cloJ?is  of  gold  and  precious  stones.  Alle  J>e  senate  meruailed  of  hem  to  se  so 
goodly  men  and  so  weel  arayed  J?us  sore  bounde  with  cheynes.  Thoo  spak 
decius  on  to  ]>e  senat  on  pis  maner.  Be  holde  f>ese  men  seres  for  J^ei  be  open 
enmyes  on  to  J?e  empi?  fauoureres  of  tretoures  and  renegates  whech  haue  for 
sake  ou?  lawe.  He  comauTxded  j^an  to  on  ualeriane  )?at  he  schuld  led  hem 
to  J)e  temple  of  f>e  Bunne  for  to  make  her  offeryng  fe?  if  )?ei  wold  not  he 
comaunded  hem  to  be  deuoured  of  wilde  bestes.  Tho  ualerian  mad  hem 
naked  and  led  hem  to  ]>e  temple  of  Ipe  sunne  compelled  hem  to  offyr  but  pei 
despised  Ipe  maumewt  and  spatillid  Iperat.  Than  were  J?ei  beten  with  staues 
clobbid  with  leed  led  forth  in  to  ]5at  place  whe?  martires  we?  tormewtid  and 
put  on  to  hem  too  leones  awd  iiii  beres.  The  bestes  runne  on  to  hem  first 
with  a  rage  but  whan  ))ei  cam  on  to  hem  J^ei  wex  tame  lay  down  be  he?  feet 
as  doggis.  Tho  J?e  iuge  comauwded  he?  hedes  to  be  smet  of  and  he?  bodies 
J)rowin  be  fore  ])e  maumerit.  So  lay  pei  iii  dayes  in  despite  of  cristen 
feith.  Aftir  J300  iii  dayes  a  dekne  cleped  qwyryne  lift  up  he?  bodies  ba?  hem 
horn  to  his  hous  closed  hem  fere  in  a  fay?  uessel  of  led  J>at  fei  schuld  not 
rote  &  biried  in  J>e  ground  ful  priuyly  in  Ipe  same  hous.  In  constantines 
tyme  ]>e  noble  emp«rou?  fese  same  martires  appered  on  to  a  cristen  man  pei 
told  him  whe?  he  schuld  fynde  hem  and  so  we?  fei  translate  in  to  a  cymyteri 
cleped  ponciane. 

was  rebuilt  by  Gregory  IV  in  the  ninth  century ;  to  him  we  owe  the  apse  and  the 
mosaics ;  it  was  altered  by  Paul  II,  and  lastly  by  Cardinal  Quirini  in  the  year  1727 
(Armellini,  p.  327  ;  Marucchi,  p.  884  ;  Nibby,  p.  821). 

*  It  is  not  clear  whether  SS.  Abdon  and  Sennen  came  of  their  own  free  will  to  Rome, 
or  whether  they  were  brought  in  triumph  from  Persia  by  Decius  as  suhreguli  of  that 
country,  and  were  then  martyred  on  account  of  their  adherence  to  the  Christian  faith. 
Probably  the  latter  was  the  case  ;  the  wording  of  the  MS. — '  to  be  led  so  to  Rome  be  fore 
his  chare ' — also  gives  that  impression.  The  rest  of  the  account  agrees  with  the  authori- 
ties, except  that  they  were  possibly  buried  in  the  cemetery  ad  ursum  pileatum.  Stadler 
mentions  a  marble  relief  bearing  their  names  and  portraits,  and  says  that  their  heads  each 
bear  a  crown  and  a  Persian  cap  (cf.  the  illustration  in  the  Acta  Sanctorum,  p.  130). 
The  acts  of  these  martyrs,  however,  are  late  in  date,  and  cannot  be  accepted  as  authorita- 
tive (Stadler,  HeiligenlexiJcon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  July,  vol.  vii,  p.  130). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGKIMES  117 

/Of  ))e  stacion  at  a  cherch  clepecl  seint  potewciane.     cap  xxuiii.  f.  395  v 

Tewisday  in  J>e  same  weke  is  ]?e  stacion  at  a  cherch  dedicate  in  J>e  name 
of  an  holy  uirgine  cleped  potenciane.^  Sche  was  doutir  on  to  an  holy  man 
disciple  of  seiwt  petir  whos  name  was  pudens.'^  Hir  modir  hith  sabinella 
hir  sistir  hith  praxedis  of  whom  we  schal  speke  of  aftir.  This  noble  womari 
potenciane  was  lerned  of  hir  fader  in  pe  lawe  of  crist  and  educate  in  perfith 
lif  on  ]>e  best  mane?.  Aftir  }?e  deith  of  hir  fader  be  pe  couTicel  of  pius  pe 
pope  &  of  anothir  holy  man  ny  of  hir  kin  cleped  pastor  ^  sche  mad  hir  hous 
a  cherch  and  ail  hir  seruauTitis  J^at  wold  be  cristen  sche  mad  hem  fre  and 
relesed  her  bondage  be  pe  consent  of  praxede  whech  was  hi?  sistir.  Aftir 
many  good  dedis  do  god  gaf  hir  reward  of  hir  good  werkys  for  sche  deyed 
pe  xiiii  kalend  of  June  and  is  byried  in  pe  cymyterie  cleped  pWscille.  In  f>is 
same  cherch  of  seynt  pote>iciane  ar  iii  f>ousand  bodies  of  seyntis  pe  most  part 
martires  for  crist.  In  J?is  cherch  is  a  chapel  with  an  ante?  and  a  aungeli 
depeynted  be  pe  auter  on  pe  wal  and  on  pe  rith  hand  in  pe  cornere  is  a  grete 
hole  as  mech  as  a  man  may  sitte  in  whech  was  mad  be  myracle  in  J^is  wise. 
Petir  whan  he  was  in  prison  at  instauns  of  his  frendis  was  late  loos  not 
knowyn  on  to  pe  gayleres.  Tho  fled  petir  on  to  fis  same  hous.  And  a  non 
as  he  cam  in  pe  wal  jaue  him  as  mech  place  as  he  myth  hide  his  body  in. 
The  gayleres  whech  had  take  charge  of  his  bodi  folovvid  and  sey  hym  nalJt 
be  cause  he  was  hid  in  Jje  wal  but  J)ei  sey  a  fayre  jong  maw  standyng  pere 
whech  was  petires  auwgeli  to  him  ]?ei  spak  &  inqwired  of  him  if  he  say  ony 
man  |?at  had  neuly  broke  prison.  He  answerd  on  to  hem  in  J^is  mane?. 
I  haue  merueile  he  sayde  {)at  je  se  him  naut  and  he  sittith  he  ]pe?  in  pe 
corne?.     Thus  be  bewreying  of  pe  auwgell  was  petir  take  and  led  a  geyn  to 

*  The  church  of  S.  Pudenziana,  like  that  of  S.  Prassede  (ch.  xlviii),  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  on  property  belonging  to  the  family  of  Pudens,  but  to  have  been  separated  from 
the  latter  by  the  Vicus  Patricius  (Via  tJrbana).  It  was  founded  in  the  second  century 
under  S.  Pius  I,  and  took  the  name  of  titulus  Pastoris  or  Pudentis.  The  term  lector  de 
Pudentiana  occurs  on  a  sepulchral  monument  of  the  year  884,  when  Ricimer  and  Cle- 
arcus  were  consuls.  The  church  was  restored  under  Hadrian  I ;  Gregory  VII  in  the 
eleventh  century  ;  Innocent  II,  twelfth  century ;  by  Cardinal  Gaetani,  sixteenth  centiuy  ; 
and  lastly  by  Cardinal  Bonaparte  (Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  240  ;  Armellini,  p.  565  ;  Marucchi, 
p.  864  ;  Nibby,  p.  677). 

2  S.  Pudens  from  the  earliest  authorities  appeai-s  to  have  been  a  Roman  senator ;  he 
was  the  son  of  Punicus  and  Priscilla,  and  the  friend  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  at  Rome. 
His  mother  founded  the  earliest  Christian  cemetery.  He  was  twice  married.  It  is  not 
quite  certain  which  was  the  first  wife,  but  the  name  of  one  wife  was  Claudia,  a  Briton 
by  birth,  who  bare  him  two  sons,  SS.  Novatus  and  Timotheus  (2  Tim.  iv.  21)  ;  the  name 
of  the  other  was  Sabinella,  the  mother  of  SS.  Pudenziana  and  Praxedis.  S.  Pudenziana 
is  the  first  maiden  recorded  to  have  taken  the  veil,  and  is  believed  to  have  died  in  peace 
about  the  middle  of  the  second  century,  after  a  life  of  piety  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikonf 
vol.  iv,  p.  1005 ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  May,  vol.  iv,  p.  296). 

3  See  note  3,  p.  74. 


118  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

prison.  Here  may  men  inqwire  of  me  whejjir  it  was  Ipe  wil  of  god  ))at  petir 
schuld  skape  fro  pnson  or  nowt.  That  it  was  his  wil  pei  may  proue  be  ]?e 
grete  myracle  whech  god  ded  for  him  whamie  he  hid  him  in  f)e  wal.  Whi 
Bchuld  f>oo  stones  5eue  place  to  hide  peteres  body  but  if  god  wold  J?at  petir 
schuld  be  hid.  And  whi  wold  he  petir  schuld  be  hid  but  )?at  j^e  gaileres 
schuld  not  fynde  him.  On  pe  oJ)ir  partye  men  may  argw  and  sey  ]?at  it  was 
goddis  wil  he  schuld  be  take  be  cause  he  sent  a  auwgeii  to  telle  pe  keperes 
whe?  he  was  and  j^e  testimoni  of  a  auyigel  is  more  expresyue  J>at  it  was  goddis 
wil  pSi.nn  is  pe  meuyng  of  stones.  To  J>is  difficulte  sum  men  answer*  in  general 
fat  ofte  tyme  god  sufferith  summe  men  to  haue  here  desi?  as  for  a  tyme  and 
r  jet  hath  he  ordeyned  an  oJ?ir  ende  for  hem  in  his  /  prouidens.  So  may  we  sey 
of  petir  )?at  peraue?^tu?  he  was  a  ferd  of  deth  whech  was  ordeyned  for  him 
and  up  on  )?at  fere  he  preyed  god  he  myth  be  excused  fro  ]?oo  bittir  tormentis 
for  we  rede  so  of  crist  ]?at  he  prayed  on  to  his  fader  for  pe  same  ente^it  and 
oure  lord  sent  him  warny7*g  be  pe  first  myracle  J>at  his  prayeres  were 
acceptable  in  pe  sith  of  god  and  be  pe  secu?^de  myracle  he  mad  him  to  haue 
knowlech  pat  it  was  goddis  wil  he  schuld  turne  a  geyn  to  pn'son  and  pere 
abide  pe  deth  whech  was  ordeyned  for  him.  This  same  processe  is  grouTided 
in  pe  gospel!  where  oure  lord  saide  to  petir  whan  J>ou  were  jong  f>ou  girt  pe 
&  went  whidir  f)ou  wold  but  whan  ))ou  art  agid  a  noj^ir  man  schal  gird  pe 
and  lede  pe  whidir  f)ou  wilt  nowt.  This  seid  ou?  lord  menyng  herby  f)at 
sumtyme  petir  schuld  be  suffered  for  to  do  as  he  wold  and  sumtyme  he  schuld 
be  led  to  do  f>at  he  wold  not.  In  J^is  same  cherch  is  a  chapel  with  an  auter 
at  whech  auter  was  do  f)at  grete  myracle  )?at  I  telle.  There  stood  a  prest 
at  messe  sumtyme  in  swech  plith  p^rauentu?  as  was  not  pleasauTis  to  god 
and  swech  tyme  as  he  schuld  receyue  pe  sacramerit  pe  same  sacrament 
sodeynly  fled  a  wey  fro  him  and  fel  on  a  marbil  ston.  On  to  f>is  day  it  lith 
still  incorporat  on  to  pe  ston  hard  as  ston  saue  it  hath  a  no]?ir  colon?  fan  pe 
ston.^  In  fis  same  cherch  eke  is  pe  stool  on  whech  crist  satte  whan  he  mad 
his  maunde. 

Of  pe  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  seint  sixt.     cap  xxix. 

Wednysday  in  fat  same  weke  is  pe  stacion  at  a  cherch  dedicate  to  seynt 
sixte.  At  f  is  cherch  dwelle  cloos  nuwnes  whech  haue  on  of  pe  y mages  of  ou? 
lady  fat  seynt  luke  peyntid  as  f ei  sey.^     This  sixte  was  a  pope  *  in  rome  in 

*  In  speaking  of  the  miracle  of  the  host  which  fell  out  of  the  priest's  hand,  MufFel  says 
that  the  host  is  red  and  the  stone  white.  He  also  speaks  of  the  miracle  of  S.  Peter  hiding 
in  the  cavity  in  the  wall  (p.  43). 

*  Under  Leo  III  there  existed,  near  the  very  ancient  title  of  S.  Sixtus,  two  monasteries, 
S.  Cesano  de  Corsas  or  Corsarum,  afterwards  called  in  Turrim  or  de  Palatio,  and 
S.  Simmetrius.     Leo  IV  united  them  under  the  title  of  SS.  I^immetrius  and  Cesarius 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  119 

f>at  same  tyme  )?at  seynt  laurens  lyued  ]?e?  for  he  was  maystir  on  to  seynt 
laurens.  He  was  bore  at  atenes  pe  nobil  studye  of  grece  and  taute  Ipere  in 
philosophic  on  pe  best  mane?.  Aftirward  cam  he  to  rome  and  pere  for  his 
nobil  conuersacioun  he  was  chose  to  fat  dignite  hed  of  f>e  cherch.  Decius 
herd  of  his  lif  and  eke  of  his  disciples  sent  aftir  him  in  to  a  hous  cleped 
in  tellude  al  be  nyth.  But  when  he  was  a  rested  pis  noble  man  sixtus  he 
seide  on  to  his  clerkis.  BreJ^nn  myn  beth  not  a  ferd.  Alle  pese  seyntis 
)?at  deyed  be  for  us  ]?ei  suffered  J^oo  tormewtis  with  grete  paciens  J?at  J^ei 
schuld  pe  more  sikirly  come  to  pe  euyrlastyng  lif.  Ou?  lord  ihu  suffered 
swech  deth  for  us  to  5eue  us  exaumpil  of  ful  grete  sikirnesse.  And  with 
a  lowde  uoys  he  seid.  Come  forth  and  folow  me  let  no  man  be  a  ferd  of 
peynes.  His  disciples  answered.  We  fadir  schul  go  with  pe.  Whidir 
schuld  we  go  but  pere  ou?  fadir  goth.  Thus  we?  J?ei  led  be  fore  decius  and 
he  spak  on  to  him  in  ]?is  m&ner.  Knowist  J?ou  sixte  whi  ]:>ou  art  called  and 
whi  J3at  ou?  officeres  haue  brout  pe  to  ou?  presens.  Sixtus  answered  )5at  he 
knew  it  week  /  Decius  said  on  to  him.  If  J^ou  knowe  it  wel  make  f)i  clerkis  f.  396  v 
for  to  knowe  pe  same  f)at  f>ou  may  lyue  and  )?i  clerkis  be  encresed.  Sixtus 
answerd.  Treuly  se?  I  do  and  haue  do  ful  grete  bysynesse  J?at  my  clergi 
schuld  be  encresed.  Go  make  sacrifise  said  decius  yanne  on  to  him,  to  ou? 
goddis  fat  be  immortale  and  fou  schal  be  in  oure  lawe  prince  of  aft  pe 
prestes.  I  haue  sayde  sixtus  mad  sacrifise  to  god  omnipotent  and  to  ou? 
lord  ihu  crist  haue  I  offered  a  clene  boost  and  undefiled  in  pe  miwzsterie  of  pe 
cherch.  Decius  saide  on  to  him.  ^eue  counsel  to  fin  age  as  we  counsel  pe 
so  f  ou  take  heed  at  fi  welfare  and  at  pe  helth  of  f  i  clerkis.  Sixtus  answerd. 
On  to  fis  day  haue  I  joue  hem  swech  counsel  fat  fro  f e  dep  pit  of  helle  I  haue 
be  euyr  bisi  with  al  my  labou?  to  kepe  hem.  Decius  was  wrooth  and  seid 
on  to  him.  Make  sacrifise  on  to  ou?  goddis  or  elles  f  ou  schal  be  exaumple 
to  alle  f 00  fat  despise  ou?  goddis.  Sixtus  saide.  Rith  now  I  saide  on  to  f e 
fat  I  haue  made  sacrifise  to  ou?  god  in  heuene  and  to  ou?  lord  ihu  crist  for 
ofir  sacrifise  wil  I  non  make.  Thoo  decius  comaunded  his  knytis  fat  f ei 
schuld  lede  him  to  f  e  temple  of  mars  whech  stood  fann  uia  appia  fast  by 
fat  place  cleped  domine  quo  uadis  and  if  he  wold  not  offer  he  bad  hem  bryng 
hiw  a  geyn  and  put  him  in  mamortines  prison  whech  stant  fast  by  f  e  capitol. 
In  his  ledyng  he  jaue  swech  exhortaciones  on  to  his  lederes  fat  yei  despised 
he?  lord  and  beleued  in  ou?  lord  ihu  crist.  Othir  ofiiceres  be  cause  he  wold 
not  obeye  brout  him  on  to  mamortines  prison.  And  whan  he  was  fere  seint 
laurens  bis  disciple  cam  on  to  him  with  swech  wordis.     Whidir  wilt  fou 

Corsarura,  and  the  church  was  called  S.  Maria  Corsarura.  In  1219  the  monastery  was 
given  to  Dominican  nuns,  and  took  the  name  of  SS.  Domenico  e  Sisto  (Armellini,  p.  332 ; 
Marucchi,  p.  168  ;  Nibby,  pp.  209,  719). 


120  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

fader  goo  with  oute  J?i  son,  J)ou  we?  neuyr  wone  to  offir  with  oute  a  seruaunt 
ne  neuyr  make  no  sacrifise  but  if  fou  had  a  ministir.  What  seest  )?ou  in  me 
J?at  schuld  displese  Ipi  fadirhood.  Hast  J)ou  founde  me  on  kynde  or  ellis 
ontrewe.  Take  now  trewe  experiens  whej^ir  fou  haue  chosen  a  trosti 
mimstir  or  nowt.  To  me  hast  Jjou  comitted  to  mim'ster  J?e  sacrame^it  of 
cristis  body  on  to  J^e  puple,  to  me  hast  fou  comitted  mimstraciouw  of  f>e 
sacrameritis  and  now  denyest  to  me  felauchip  of  f)i  martirdam.  Aftir  many 
oJ>ir  wordis  whech  seint  Ian  r ens  had  seynt  sixt  saide  on  to  him.  I  forsake 
fe  not  son  in  no  maner  wise  but  I  do  Ipe  to  wite  fat  gretter  tormentis  ar  kept 
for  Ipe.  We  as  aged  men  haue  chosen  a  wey  of  esy  batayle  the  as  a  5ong  man 
abydyn  gretter  tormentis  whech  ]?ou  schal  suffir.  Aftir  iii  dayes  fou  schal 
folow  me.  Helie  left  helise  be  hind  him  whan  he  was  raueschid  to  heuene 
and  took  no  uertu  fro  him.  Aftir  )?ese  wordes  was  sixtus  brout  on  to 
ualeriane  "pe  iuge  and  he  comaunded  him  to  be  led  to  martis  temple  with 
f.  897  r  his  deknes  felicissimi^g  &  agapititg  and  ]>ere  he?  he/dis  to  be  smet  of.  This 
ende  made  Ipia  holy  pope  *} 


Of  fe  stacion  at  cosmas  &  damianws.     cap  xxx. 

Thursday  in  f>e  same  weke  is  \>e  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  cosmas  and  damia- 
nus  fast  be  J^at  place  whech  was  clepid  t^mplum  pacis.^     There  resten  eke 

^  S.  Sixtus,  after  a  very  short  reign  (257-8),  was  arrested  in  the  cemetery  of  S.  Cal- 
lixtus  and  martyred,  together  with  SS.  Quartus,  Felicissimus,  Agapitus,  Januarius,  Vin- 
centius,  Magnus,  and  Stephanua.  This  was  done  by  order  of  the  Emperor  Valerian, 
shortly  before  his  departure  on  a  journey  to  the  East.  Pope  S.  Stephen  I  appointed 
Sixtus  his  archdeacon,  and  nominated  him  as  his  successor.  Before  the  outbreak  of  the 
persecution  in  which  he  suffered,  he  had  taken  the  precaution  of  placing  the  heads  of 
SS.  Peter  and  Paul  in  safety  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Duchesne,  Liher  Pontificnlis, 
vol.  i,  p.  155  ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  August,  vol.  ii,  p.  124). 

^  The  church  of  SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian  was  founded  about  526  by  Felix  IV,  who 
incorporated  in  it  two  pagan  temples.  Owing  to  the  rise  in  the  level  of  the  ground  in  the 
Forum,  Urban  VIII  raised  the  level  of  the  floor  of  the  church ;  he  removed  the  old 
entrance  doors,  and  replaced  them  on  the  higher  level.  The  old  altar,  however,  can  still 
be  seen  in  the  subterranean  crypt.  The  church  was  formerly  designated  in  silice  and 
in  tribus  fatis.  The  first  name  refers  to  the  selce  pavement  '  ubi  cecidit  Simon  Magus  *, 
the  second  to  a  name  given  to  that  part  of  the  Forum  from  a  statuary  group  of  the  three 
Fates  (Armellini,  p.  195;  Adinolfi,  i,  p.  412  ;  Marucchi,  p.  355;  Nibby,  p.  182).  *Da3 
ist  an  dem  Tempel  gewest  Rumoli,  darnach  ist  der  tempel  Antonini  gestanden  des 
keysers  und  Faustina  und  die  seulen  des  Tempels  sten  noch  eins  teyls  do  und  ein 
Bchwipogen  stet  do  pey  S.  Lorentzen,  heist  Tripolis,  do  man  die  drei  stet  gewan,  do 
wurd  er  gemacht,  do  sind  vil  schoner  merbelpild '  (Muffel).  The  name  Tripolis  (probably 
a  corruption  of  in  trihus  fatis)  puzzles  Vogt,  and  he  thinks  the  arch  meant  is  that  of  Titus. 
This,  however,  is  some  distance  off,  and  the  remains  of  the  Arch  of  Fabius  have  more 
recently  been  discovered  near  this  spot.  Could  it  by  any  chance  have  been  still  standing 
in  1452  ?  There  are  the  remains  of '  vil  schoner  merbelpild '  scattered  all  around,  including 
the  memorial  erected  by  the  Senate  in  memory  of  the  grandchildren  of  Augustus,  &c. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  121 

J?e  bodies  of  mauricii  exupii  &  candidi  f)at  were  gouernouris  of  a  legion  sent 
fro  thebes  ^  on  to  rome  to  maximiane  pe  emp^rou?  whech  wer  eke  martires 
for  crist  undir  J)at  same  tyraunt.  These  to  hreprin  cosmas  ^  were  lechis  of 
craft  &  born  in  arabye  f)is  grace  of  f>e  holy  goost  pei  had  f)at  whom  so  euir  pei 
fond  seek  ]?ei  cured  hym  a  non  with  oute^i  ony  cost  of  Ipe  pacient.  Lisias 
fat  was  president  of  pe  cyte  called  hem  on  to  him  and  inqwired  of  hem  her 
names.  Thei  said  )?ei  hith  cosmas  and  damianus.  Thre  breJ>Wn  eke  Ipei  had 
as  Ipei  said  *  ]jci  had  *  ^  whos  names  fei  cleped  antimus  leonciws  euprepii^5. 
AUe  were  sent  aftir  and  whan  J?ei  were  come  he  comauwded  hem  to  do  sacri- 
fise  to  ydoles.  Thei  wold  not.  Wherfo?  he  comaunded  hem  to  be  tormented 
with  hot  yrnes  both  in  her  handis  and  he?  feet.  In  fese  peynes  Ipei  fankid 
god  with  mery  chere  as  J)ou5  pei  had  no  torme^it  suffered.  Tho  pe  iuge  bad 
J>ei  schuld  be  bouwde  to  gidir  with  strong  cheynes  and  so  to  be  J)row  in  pe  se. 
Thus  were  f>ei  serued  and  be  pe  myty  hand  of  god  delyuered  for  sodeynly  )?ei 
stood  be  fore  pe  iuge  a  geyn.  Grete  wondyr  had  pe  iuge  of  fis  delyuersiuns 
and  seyd  on  to  hem.  Tech  me  }>is  wichcraft  whech  ^e  use  and  I  schal  be 
felaw  with  50U?  werkis.  A  non  as  he  had  seid  pese  wojdes  deueles  appered 
uisibily  and  bete  him  J)at  he  was  fayn  to  chauTige  his  langage  and  sey  on  to 
cosmas  &  his  hreprin  on  ]pis  mane?.  I  pray  30U  50  seyntis  of  god  pray  for 
me.  A  non  as  f>ei  prayed  for  his  help  pe  deueles  fled  fro  hym.  Tho  pe 
iuge  turned  on  to  his  errou?  a  geyn  sayde  on  to  his  assessouris,  Take  heed 
now  who  wrooth  oure  goddis  we?  with  me  be  cause  I  was  in  purpose  to  for- 
sake hem.  Thoo  bad  he  J)ei  schuld  be  J)rowe  in  a  grete  fire  but  be  pe  myth 
of  ou?  lord  it  was  sone  qwenchid  and  pe\  sone  delyueryd.  Tho  wold  he  J?at 
pe  puple  schuld  frow  hem  to  ded  with  stones  but  f>oo  stones  turned  a  geyn 
to  pe  J?roweres  and  hurt  hem  greuously.  Than  we?  ]?ei  hange  on  a  tre  and 
men  redy  with  scorgis  for  to  bete  hem  but  J>e  beteres  we?  wery  er  pe  seyntes 
we?  sory.  Than  we?  f>ei  teyid  on  to  a  tre  and  men  redy  with  arowis  to 
schote  hem  to  pe  deth.  The  arowes  hurt  pe  puple  and  pe  scheteres  pe 
seyntes  had  no  harm.  Thus  last  of  alle  he  comauT^ded  he?  hedis  to  be  smet 
of  and  he?  bodies  we?  left  J>at  doggis  and  woluys  schuld  ete  hem.     But  cristen 

Also,  at  this  period,  a  considerable  part  of  the  Regia  was  still  standing  (Muffel, 
p.  44). 

^  The  massacre  of  the  Christians  of  the  Theban  Legion,  which  took  place  in  802,  is 
fully  described  in  Stadler.  The  account  rests  on  the  strongest  evidence,  and  occurred 
at  Octodurum  (Martinach)  in  the  Rhone  Valley.  It  appears  that  the  fate  of  the  martyrs 
was  brought  about  by  their  refusing  to  sacrifice  to  heathen  gods,  when  preparing  to  start 
on  a  campaign.  Mauritius  is  described  as  the  Commander  of  the  Legion,  Exsuperius 
(not  Exupius)  as  the  Campidudor,  and  Candidus  as  the  Senator  militum.  S.  Moritz 
takes  its  name  from  S.  Mauritius  (Acta  Sanctorum,  September,  vol.  vi,  p.  309). 

*  *  &  damian«^  *  in  margin  of  MS. 

3  From  *  to  *  interlineated  and  struck  through  in  MS. 

R 


122  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

men  pn'uyly  caried  hem  and  biried  hem  with  grete  worchep.^  Felix  pe  uiii 
pope*  ded  make  he?  cherch  in  rome  as  it  is  writyn  ]}ere  in  uers  of  whech 
f.  397  V  summe  schul  be  rehersed  /  here.  These  ]?ei  be.  Aula  dei  claris  radiat 
speciosa  metallis  martiribus  medicis  populis  spes  certa  salutis  Optulit  hoc 
domino  felix  antistite  dignum.  Thus  mene  J>ei  in  englisch.  The  halle  of 
god  schynyth  and  )?at  ful  fay?  with  metall.  With  martires  and  leches  to  ])g 
puple  hope  of  uery  helth  Felix  offered  it  to  ou?  lord  ful  worj^i  on  to  J)e 
mytyr.'^ 

Of  J)e  stacion  at  seiwt  laurews  in  lucina.     Cap  xxxi. 

Friday  in  J>e  f)ird  weke  is  f>e  stacion  at  seynt  laurens  in  lucina  a  fayre 
cherch  it  is  and  a  cardinales  place  ioyned  ])erio  for  Ipis  cheich  is  his  tytle.' 
The?  lith  J>e  body  of  seynt  lucyne  whos  ground  f)is  was  and  many  mo  in 
rome.'*  The?  is  eke  pe  cheyne  with  whech  se'mt  laurens  was  bounde  in 
prison  and  many  o]pir  relikis.  Here  may  men  know  wel  )?at  j^is  blessed 
martir  laurens  suffered  mech  fing  for  crist  er  J?at  he  was  rested.  For  he  was 
bounde  in  pWson  whech  tynie  he  cured  al  Ipe  blind  men  })at  cam  on  to  him. 
Thus  rede  we  fat  on  lucillus  a  hethen  man  was  in  pnson  with  him  and  for 

^  The  account  of  SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian,  as  given  in  the  MS.,  agrees  with  the  accepted 
authorities.  They  are  called  by  the  Greek  Church  dvapyvpoi,  because  they  were  willing 
to  heal  the  sick  without  fee  or  reward.  They  lived  in  this  manner  for  some  years 
in  Aegea  in  Cilicia,  and  were  martyred  in  that  province  by  order  of  Lysias  the  governor 
thereof.  This  took  place  probably  about  the  year  287.  At  the  time  of  the  Crusades  an 
order  of  knighthood  was  established  in  their  honour,  the  members  of  which  lived  according 
to  the  rule  of  the  Basilians,  whose  duty  it  was  to  care  for  sick  pilgrims  and  to  release 
prisoners.  It  did  not,  however,  have  a  long  existence  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta 
Sanctorum,  September,  vol.  vii,  p.  428). 

^  The  remainder  of  this  inscription,  which  still  exists,  is  as  follows  :  *In  qua  plus  fidei 
0  lux  pretiosa  micat  f  Venite  x  Sacro  ^  Crevit  honore  locus  +  Munus  ut  aetheria  ^  Vivat 
in  arcepoli.'  The  portrait  in  mosaic  of  Felix  IV  (not  VIII)  was  restored  in  1660, 
unfortunately  out  of  all  resemblance  to  the  original,  which  was  probably  a  true  likeness. 

^  The  church  of  S.  Lorenzo  in  Lucina  was  founded  in  the  fourth  century.  Lucina  was 
a  pious  Roman  matron,  who  converted  her  house  into  this  basilica,  which  she  constructed 
at  her  own  expense.  It  was  a  station  church  in  the  sixth  century,  was  restored  by 
Benedict  IE  about  685,  then  by  Hadrian  I  in  780,  and  later  by  Celestine  III,  who 
reconsecrated  it  in  May,  1196.  Although  it  retains  its  old  mediaeval  porch,  the  interior 
was  entirely  remodelled  in  the  seventeenth  century.  It  was  originally  known  as  the 
Titulus  Lucinae,  under  which  name  it  is  mentioned  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  century.  In 
July,  1872,  several  tombs  of  the  eighth  century  were  discovered  near  the  church,  while 
carrying  out  some  works  at  the  Palazzo  Fiano.  One  of  the  epitaphs  is  of  the  time  of 
Hadrian  I  (783),  and  refers  to  a  deacon  named  Paul,  who  was  present  at  the  Boman 
Synod  of  that  year  (ArmelHni,  p.  309  ;  Marucchi,  p.  405 ;  Nibby,  p.  801). 

*  The  Mart.  Rom.  says  of  S.  Lucina,  that  she  was  a  disciple  of  the  Apostles  SS.  Peter 
and  Paul,  that  she  devoted  her  property  and  spent  her  life  in  helping  Christians 
who  were  in  need,  in  visiting  those  confined  in  prison,  and  burying  the  remains  of  the 
martyrs.  The  name  is  mentioned  in  many  of  the  Acts  of  the  Saints,  but  at  widely 
different  periods  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  123 

|?out  and  schame  felle  in  swech  weping  f>at  lie  lost  his  sitli.  Laurens  said  on 
to  him  f)at  if  he  wold  be  leue  in  ou?  lord  ihu  crist  he  schuld  haue  his  sith 
a  geyn.  Lucille  sayd  ))at  he  beleued.  Tho  laurens  baptized  him  &  mad  him 
hool  of  blyndnesse.  Aftir  f)is  many  blynde  men  cam  on  to  him  for  helth  and 
he  put  his  handes  up  on  hem  and  holed  hem.  This  was  Ipe  pnncipal  cause 
whi  ypolitus  ^  his  kepe?  beleued  in  ou?  lord  and  forsoke  att  J^e  ydoles  redy 
to  take  martirdam  as  he  ded.  For  after  Ipe  deth  of  seynt  laurews  he  was 
drawe  to  dede  with  wild  hors.  Of  seynt  laurens  speke  we  no  mo?  now  for 
we  talked  mo?  largely  of  him  be  fore. 


Of  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt  susanne.     Cap  xxxii. 

Satirday  in  J^e  J^irde  week  is  Ipe  stacioun  at  a  cherch  of  seynt  susa^ine  fast 
by  Ipe  place  whech  is  cleped  terme  diocleciane^  )5at  is  to  sey  pe  bathis 
of  diocleciane  for  Ipis  diocleciane  mad  J>e?  a  ful  solempne  paleys  Ipe  wallis 
and  archis  and  many  uoutis  stand  at  Ipia  day.  The?  were  housis  undir  pe 
ground  rennyng  with  kunditis  of  cold  watir  whe?  lordis  refreschid  hem  in 
somyr  for  Ipe  sunne  is  passing  bote  pere.  The?  we?  houses  eke  a  boue 
pe  ground  in  whech  runne  hot  cunditis  and  pere  abiden  pe  lordis  in  cold 
wedir.  This  paleys  was  gret  &  occupied  mech  lond,  and  on  pe  west  side 
perof  stant  J>is  place  of  seynt  susanne.  A  fai?  cherch  it  is  and  a  praty  place 
annexid  perto  fer  fro  ony  dwelleres  half  a  myle  on  sum  side  on  sum  side  a  hoi 
myle.  This  place  is  newly  5oue  to  pe  freris  whech  be  cleped  hermytes  of  seynt 
austyn  pere  dwell  now  iiii  for  J^e  place  is  not  grete.  This  pope  nicholas  sith 
he  was  pope  translate  pe  body  of  seynt  susanne '  fro  seynt  peteres  /  kirk  on  f. 
to  fis  same  as  an  englisch  frere  told  me  whech  was  on  of  hem  Jjat  bare 
hir.  And  pe  ston  ))at  was  up  on  hir  is  bo?  ]:>idir  eke  on  whech  J^ese  uers 
be  wrytyn.  Olim  presbiteri  gabini  filia  felix  Hie  susanna  jacet  in  pace 
patri  sociata.*    Thus  mene  f  ei  in  ou?  tonge.    Sumtyme  of  a  prest  gabine  pe 

^  See  note  2,  p.  82. 

^  The  church  of  S.  Susanna  is  said  to  have  been  founded,  late  in  the  third  century,  in  two 
houses  which  belonged  to  Pope  S.  Caius  and  his  brother  S.  Gabinius,  the  father  of 
S.  Susanna.  It  was  known  under  the  name  ad  duas  domos,  and  was  in  front  of  the 
Forum  of  Sallust.  The  name  ad  duas  domos  was  altered  to  inter  duas  lauros  in  the 
Liber  Pontificalis,  but  some  excavations  carried  out  in  1880  have  disclosed  the  remains 
of  ancient  Roman  houses  of  the  third  century  on  which  the  church  stands.  This  would 
tend  to  show  that  the  former  name  is  correct  (Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  328 ;  Armellini,  p.  637 ; 
Marucchi,  p.  380  ;  Nibby,  p.  732). 

^  Nicholas  V,  elected  Pope  March  19,  1447,  died  March  24,  1454. 

*  S.  Gabinius  (or  Gabinus)  was  the  father  of  S.  Susanna,  and  the  brother  of  the  Pope 
S.  Caius.  He  was  a  learned  man,  and  the  author  of  several  treatises  against  the  heathen 
religion.  On  the  death  of  his  wife  he  entered  the  priesthood ;  he  then  devoted  himself 
principally  to  the  instruction  of  catechumens.     He  suffered  martyrdom  under  Diocletian. 

R  2 


124  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES 

douter  rych  Here  susanne  gche  lith  in  pes  coupled  to  hlr  fader.  Of  f)i3 
susanne  I  mad  iuqwisicion  *  of  pin  suDaDno  *  ^  what  sche  was  for  sum  men 
supposed  )?at  it  had  be  susanne  of  j>e  elde  lawe  whech  was  wyf  to  ioachira 
and  doutyr  on  to  helchie  whech  was  accused  ful  wrongfully  of  too  prestes 
and  delyudred  with  grete  myracle  be  daniel  pe  prophete.  These  men 
J>at  seyd  ]?us  had  a  colou?  for  he?  opinione  ]?at  J>e  story  of  f>is  same  susanne 
is  red  f)at  same  day  in  pe  epistel  of  Ipe  messe.  But  a  nojjir  opinion  was  told 
me  whech  was  sayd  me  J>at  )>is  susanne  was  wif  to  seynt  alexe  son  to 
eufermyane  a  grete  lord  in  rome  whech  dwelt  in  Ipe  mount  aduentyne 
for  ]>ere  was  his  paleys  and  now  it  is  a  cherch  of  sei^it  sabyn  and  a  couent  of 
frere  prechouris.  That  sche  was  a  prestir  doutyr  is  not  inconuenient  for  so 
was  seynt  pernel.  Seynt  alexe  whan  he  had  wedded  he?  he  took  his  leue  of 
hi?  ful  pWuyly  in  his  chambir  and  sche  aftir  J^at  tyme  lyued  a  ful  solitary  lyf 
plesing  god  with  fastyng  and  prayer  and  so  endewred  al  hi?  lyf.^ 


Of  fe  staciow  at  ierlm  in  seiwt  cruces.     cap  xxxiii. 

The  iiii  Sunday  of  lenton  is  fe  stacion  at  a  chapel  undir  seynt  cruces 
called  ierusalem  of  whech  we  spak  be  fore.  We  saide  ]?e?  J?at  f>is  was 
]>e  conclaue  of  seynt  helyn  whech  at  hi?  instauTis  was  halowed  in  worchep  of 
J?e  crosse  and  cleped  ierlm  as  a  memorial  of  hi?  noble  labou?  fat  both  sout  & 
fond  ]>e  crosse  at  ierlm.  For  whan  constantine  was  baptized  of  siluestir  and 
J)is  same  heleyne  turned  on  to  pe  feith  a  non  with  a  gret  deuocion  sche  went 
on  to  ierlm  to  seke  pe  crosse  whech  ou?  lord  hyng  on.  Whan  sche  was  com 
J>idir  and  pe  iewes  had  knowyng  J?at  sche  had  newly  receyued  pe  feith 
of  ou?  lord  J?ei  we?  a  ferd  and  seid  a  mougis  hem.  What  wil  f)is*lady 
do  hope  5e.  On  of  hem  wh^ch  hith  judas  said  on  to  hem.  I  wote  ful  wel  fat 
sche  wil  inqwyre  of  us  where  Jmt  crosse  is  in  whech  ihu  crist'was  hangin. 
Be  ware  fat  non  of  50U  be  wrey  fis  couwcel  for  if  je  doo  oure  lawe  is 
distroyed  and  all  ou?  forfaderes  customes  schul  turne  to  nowt.  Zacheus 
whech  was  my  grau/itse?  said  on  to  my  fadir  and  my  fadir  told  it  on  to  me. 

He  is  said  to  have  been  a  relative  or  connexion  of  that  emperor,  and  to  have  come  from 
Dalmatia  originally  (Stadler,  Beiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  February,  vol.  iii,  p.  128). 
'Da  selbst  lygt  Sant  Susanna  \md  ir  vater'  {Ein  Biichlin,  &c.,  p.  F  ii,  Strassburg, 
1500,  B.M.). 

*  From  *  to  *  struck  out  and  interlineated  in  MS. 

"  S.  Susanna,  virgin  martyr,  was  daughter  to  S.  Gabinius  and  niece  to  S.  Caius,  Pope. 
Owing  to  her  having  taken  a  vow  of  virginity,  she  refused  to  enter  into  matrimonial 
relations  with  the  adopted  son  of  Diocletian,  and  her  chastity  was  miraculously  protected 
by  an  angel.  She  suffered  great  torments  with  unshaken  fortitude,  and  was  beheaded  in 
her  own  chamber  about  the  year  296  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon',  Acta  Sanctorum,  August, 
vol.  ii,  p.  624). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  125 

Thus  saide  he  on  to  me  whan  he  schuld  dey.  Take  heed  son  at  my  wordis 
if  pere  be  mad  ony  inqwyraurice  of  J?e  crosse  whech  ihu  hing  up  on  rather 
}?an  })ou  schal  deye  telle  hem  where  it  is  for  fro  J?at  tyme  ]5at  it  is  fouwde 
schal  neuyr  ou?  naciou%  stand  in  worchip  but  al  ))at  worchip  whech  /  whcoh  ^  f.  398  v 
we  had  schal  turne  on  to  fe  cristen  feith.  I  said  )?at  tyme  on  to  my  fadir. 
Sith  ou?  naciou92  knew  wel  J^at  he  was  crist  whi  wold  J>ei  put  him  on 
J^e  crosse.  My  fade?  answerd  herto  and  saide.  God  knowith  I  consented 
neuyr  on  to  Jjat  deth  but  oft  spak  I  a  gayn  hem  J)at  conspired  his  deth.  But 
J)e  pnncipal  cause  of  his  deth  was  J^at  openly  he  prechid  a  geyn  J?e  uices 
whech  J?e  pharisees  usen.  But  Ipis  is  sikir  |?at  }?e  fird  day  aftir  his  passion 
he  ros  fro  f)e  deth  and  fourty  dayes  aftir  f>at  resureccioun  was  he  seyn  who 
he  went  up  in  to  heuene  not  only  of  his  disciples  but  of  many  oJ)ir  of  ou? 
nacioun.  And  J>ese  myracles  were  cause  J?at  steuene  pi  brofir  be  leued  in 
him  and  prechid  of  him  openly  j^at  he  was  messias  whech  ou?  lawe  seith 
schuld  come  for  whech  preching  pei  stoned  him  to  pe  deth.  Therfor  son  be 
J?ou  wa?  f)at  fou  blaspheme  not  pe  name  of  ihu  ne  speke  no  euele  of  non  of 
his  disciples.  "Whan  pe  iues  herd  iudas  telle  f)is  tale  f»ei  said,  pis  ping 
herd  we  neuyr  or  now  but  whan  we  come  in  presens  of  pe  qween  loke  J^ou 
talk  not  so  large.  Sone  aftir  f>is  eomunicacion  )?ei  come  be  fore  pe  qween 
sche  inqwired  whe?  pe  crosse  was  but  non  of  hem  wold  make  knowlech  wherfor 
sche  comau^ided  hem  to  be  brent.  Thoo  in  grete  fere  )?ei  accused  iudas  and 
said  to  pe  qween  ]?at  he  was  most  pryuy  to  })is  mate?  where  pe  crosse  and 
many  of)ir  f>ingis  were  hid.  Tho  lete  sche  hem  alle  goo  and  on  to  iudas  sche 
said.  Deth  or  lyf  may  fou  chese  but  if  j5ou  telle  me  where  pe  crosse  is  f)ou 
schal  dey.  He  answerd  &  saide.  Now  is  it  ij  c  jere  sith  it  was  hid  I  was  not 
J?ann)  bore  ne  many  ^ere  aftir  who  wold  56  desire  J)is  J>ing  of  me.  Tho  was 
he  put  in  a  dep  pitte  and  kept  J^ere  with  oute  mete  and  drynk  wenyng  to  him 
J?at  he  schuld  deye  pere  for  hungir.  Than  he  asked  mercy  and  promised  pat 
he  schuld  telle  hi?  where  it  was.  Whann  he  had  brout  hir  to  pe  place  he 
set  him  on  his  knes  and  praied  ou?  lord  god  Jjat  he  schuld  fynde  it. 
Sodeynly  aftir  his  praye?  al  pe  erde  qwakid  and  out  of  certeyn  riftis  cam 
oute  smek  whech  smelled  swetter  fan  ony  spis.  Tho  iudas  lift  up  his  handis 
for  ioye  and  cried  with  a  loude  uoys.  Now  knowe  I  uerily  J?at  J?ou  crist  art 
sauyou?  of  fis  world.  Thei  doluen  xx  passes  &  {oundjn  iii  crosses  att  iii 
bore  J>ei  in  to  pe  cite  and  a  boute  non  of  J?at  same  day  pere  was  a  ded  maw 
brout  on  a  here,  iudas  took  0  crosse  and  laide  it  on  pe  man  &  hie  roos  not 
J)o  took  he  pe  secund  and  he  lay  still  f>an  pe  )?ird  and  he  roos.  Wherby  J^ei 
knew  wel  J?at  was  pe  crosse  whech  crist  halowid  with  his  blood.  Tho  fouTide 
J»ei  pe  nayles  and  sche  receyued  hem  with  ful  grete  reuerens.  Mech  ping  is 
^  '  whech '  struck  out  and  interlineated  in  MS. 


126  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

writin  of  Jjis  stori  whech  I  leue  now  for  I  wil  make  declaracion  of  oJ)ir 
staciones  whech  be  at  ofir  places.^ 


f.  399  r    Of  J>e  stacion  /  at  a  cherch  cleped  quatuor  coronatorwm.     Capitlm  xxxiiii. 

Munday  in  Ipe  fourt  weke  is  fe  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  iiii  corojiatoris  on 
a  hiil  on  pe  rith  hand  as  we  goo  to  seyn  ion  lateranensis  on  to  whech  cherch 
eke  is  annexid  a  fai?  place  longyng  on  to  a  cardinale.'^    In  J?is  cherch  lith  Ipe 

^  The  story  of  the  Invention  of  the  Cross  follows  the  usually  accepted  version,  and 
needs  no  remark ;  but  the  life  of  S.  Helena  is  of  such  interest  to  our  nation  that  something 
may  be  said  about  her  in  this  place.  Her  full  name  was  Flavia  Julia  Helena;  she  was 
the  wife  of  Constantius  Chlorus,  and  the  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great.  The  date  and 
place  of  her  birth  are  both  uncertain.  Some  authors,  especially  the  British,  say  that  she  was 
bom  in  Britain  at  York  or  Colchester,  and  that  she  was  the  daughter  of  King  Coilus. 
Others  fix  her  birthplace  at  Treves.  The  principal  reason  for  accepting  the  former 
theory  is  that  Constantine  is  believed  to  have  been  born  in  Britain.  But  even  this  is 
uncertain,  as  some  authorities,  notably  Pagius  and  Tillemont,  assert  that  he  was  bom  at 
Naissus  (Nissa)  in  Servia.  And  it  is  curious  that  Bede  never  mentions  the  fact  of  his 
having  first  seen  the  light  in  our  country.  The  only  certainty  is  that  Constantius 
Chlorus,  who  was  co-emperor  with  Diocletian,  died  in  Britain.  Some  German  authorities 
have  asserted  that  Treves  was  the  birthplace  of  S.  Helena,  but  the  grounds  for  this 
statement  are  even  weaker  than  the  grounds  for  the  first-mentioned  theory.  As  early 
as  the  sixth  century  Drepana  in  Bithynia  was  said  to  be  the  real  place  where  she  was 
born,  and  both  Nicephorus  and  Procopius  support  this  view.  This  town  was  on  the 
Bosphorus,  and  was  afterwards  renamed  Helenopolis  after  the  empress.  The  probable 
date  of  her  birth  was  a.d.  248,  and  S.  Ambrose — who  was  a  boy  of  five  years  of  age 
when  Constantius  Chlorus  died — says  that  she  was  of  humble  extraction,  and  was  the 
manageress  of  a  postal  station  when  Constantius  first  met  her.  S.  Ambrose,  as  the  son 
of  a  prefect,  may  very  easily  have  heard  this  from  his  own  father.  Eutropius,  an 
imperial  private  secretary,  in  his  Roman  history  states  that  after  the  death  of 
Constantius,  his  son  Constantine,  born  of  a  humble  marriage  (ex  ohscuriore  matrimonio) , 
was  elected  emperor  in  Britain  ;  and  he  must  have  known  the  facts,  as  he  was  a  Court 
official  who  accompanied  Julian  the  Apostate  to  Persia.  Some  pagan  writers  even 
assert  that  Constantine  was  illegitimate,  filius  spurius,  but  this  can  hardly  be  true,  and 
the  statement  is  attributable  to  their  hatred  of  the  Christian  empress.  Had  this  been 
the  case,  the  aristocratic  and  proud  Diocletian  would  hardly  have  cast  his  eye  on 
Constantius's  natural  son  to  succeed  him  after  his  death ;  nor  would  the  son  have  dared 
to  call  his  mother  Aiufusfa.  Nor  would  Eumenides  in  his  panegyric  have  presumed  to 
say  to  him  :  Thou  hast  deserved  the  empire  through  thy  birth ;  imperium  nascendo 
meruisti.  S.  Helena  was  eventually  divorced  by  Constantius,  and  settled  at  Treves. 
Eutropius,  in  speaking  of  this,  calls  her  the  uxor  of  the  emperor,  and  uses  the  words 
diremptis  prioribus  coniugiis  in  speaking  of  the  divorce.  Coins  and  inscriptions  also 
bear  witness  to  a  legal  union.  So  far  as  is  known,  Constantine  was  her  only  son.  She 
died,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  in  the  year  328,  at  Byzantium  or  Nicomedia.  Her  body  was 
brought  to  Borne  by  Constantine's  orders  (^t&.dlQTt  Seiligenlexikon',  Acta  Sanctorum, 
August,  vol.  iii,  p.  548). 

'  The  church  of  the  SS.  Quatuor  Coronati  existed  on  the  Caelian  Hill  from  the  fourth 
or  fifth  century;  it  was  rebuilt  by  Honorius  I  in  the  seventh,  and  by  Leo  IV  in  the 
ninth  century.  There  is  a  convent  attached  to  the  church,  but  the  history  of  the  four 
martyrs  is  very  obscure.  After  the  sack  of  Rome  by  Robert  Guiscard,  Pascal  II  rebuilt 
the  church  ;  it  was  again  restored  under  Martin  V,  by  Cardinal  Carillo,  and  later  by 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  127 

body  of  on  marius  ]^at  cam  fro  perse  and  took  his  martirdam  in  rome.  The? 
lith  his  wif  eke  whech  hite  martha  and  his  too  sones  on  hith  audifax  an  of)ir 
abacuk  alle  iii  martires  eke.^  These  foure  coronatoures  were  grauouris  of 
ymagery  and  entayle  most  speciali  in  stoon.  Thei  founde  first  pe  ma.ner 
of  werkyng  in  hard  stones  both  of  sawing  grauyng  and  pulching  at  it  is 
seide  at  rome.  Dyuers  oppiniones  be  of  he?  names  sunirae  sey  pere  we?  but 
fou?  whech  hith  f)us  seuerus  seuerianws  carpoforus  &  uictorinits.  Sum 
sey  ])ere  we?  .u.  claudiws  nichostrat^6S  castoriws  simphoriani^s  &  simpliciws. 
The  names  of  pe  iiii  first  myth  not  be  fou^ide  and  Iperfor  pe  cherch  sette  in 
f>ese  .u.  for  pei  were  martirized  f>e  same  day.  Diocleciane  mad  a  grete 
ter/zpil  in  whech  he  wold  make  a  grete  simulac?  of  pe  sunne  with  cart  and 
hors  and  al  pe  aray  as  pe  poetes  feyned.  For  J?ei  feyned  psit  pe  Bunne 
ridith  in  a  chare  of  iiii  wheles  and  pe  mone  in  a  cart  of  to  wheles  and  mech 
ofir  J>ing.  But  to  J)is  entent  say  we  f>is,  Diocleciane  had  found  a  noble 
ueyn  in  pe  erde  of  a  precious  ston  J>ei  clepe  thaso  he  did  clepe  both 
philisophres  and  grauoures  and  told  hew  his  a  uys  j^at  he  wold  haue  a  chare 
grauen  in  J^is  ston  with  iiii  wheles  and  iiii  hors  and  a  man  standing  in  pe 
chare  whech  schuld  represent  J^e  sunne.  These  iiii  coronatourz^  were 
presented  on  to  him  a  mongis  many  o]?ir  werkmen  as  most  parfith  and  most 
sotil  in  ymaginacion.  But  J>ei  wer  pn'uy  cristen  men  and  f>at  f)ei  schuld 
werk  J^ei  wrout  it  in  pe  worchip  of  crist  and  seyntis  elles  wold  J?ei  no  j^ing 
graue.  Grete  strif  was  pere  many  day  be  twix  pe  philisophres  and  pe 
werkmen  in  what  maner  J>is  ston  schuld  be  kit.  So  at  pe  comaundment  of 
diocleciane  pere  we?^  on  a  day  sex  hundred  werkmen  and  xx  with  too 
philisophres  &  euer  was  pere  gret  strif  be  twix  hew.  These  iiii  coronatoures 
stood,  be  side  and  ded  naut  to  pe  werk.  Thoo  pe  philisophres  chalanged  hem 
and  seid  on  to  hem.  What  is  J^e  cause  fat  50  obeye  not  on  to  pe  comaund- 
ment of  pe  most  goodly  and  mekest  prince  diocleciane.  Claudius  spak  for 
hem.  We  wil  not  blaspheme  him  ]?at  mad  us  ne  we  wil  do  no  swech  werk 
in  whech  we  schuld  be  found  gilty  in  his  sith.  The  philisophres  said  )?an 
on  to  hem.     It  semeth  fat  je  be  cristen  men.     Thei  answerd  all  with  o 

Pius  IV.  Two  Popes,  Leo  IV  and  Stephen  VI,  were  elected  in  it  (Adinolfi,  i,  p.  327 ; 
Armellini,  p.  571 ;  Marucchi,  p.  223  ;  Nibby,  p.  682). 

^  SS.  Marius  and  Martha  came  from  Persia  to  Rome  with  their  sons  SS.  Audifax  and 
Abacuk,  and  suffered  martyrdom  during  the  reign  of  Claudius  (268-70).  Marius  is 
sometimes  called  Marcus,  Marin  us,  Maras,  and  Maris.  Abacuk  has  many  variants, 
such  as  Abachum,  Abbacuc,  Abacuc,  Abachuch,  Arabacuc,  Ambacum,  Ambacu,  Abacen, 
and  Nabuchum.  The  father  and  the  two  sons  were  taken  prisoners  at  Ostia,  and  cruelly 
tortured  before  martyrdom  ;  the  mother  was  thrown  into  a  well.  They  are  sometimes 
(in  Germany)  venerated  as  the  three  physicians  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon;  Acta  Sanc- 
torum, January,  vol.  ii,  pp.  214  and  1136. 

^  '  gade '  (?part  of  'gadered ')  in  margin  of  MS.     The  rest  of  the  word  is  cut  off. 


128  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

uoys.  Treuly  are  we  cristen  men.  Thoo  pe  philisophres  chose  o)?ir  werk- 
men  whech  mad  an  ende  with  inne  xxx  daies.  And  whan  )>is  werk  was 
brout  be  fore  Ipe  sith  of  J?e  emperou?  he  merueiled  Iperot  and  seid.  This 
f.  899  V  haue  f>ei  made  ]?at  are  hald  so  gret  /  maisteres  in  J^is  craft.  The  philisophres 
answerd.  Holi  pnnce  J?o  men  of  whom  50  speke  ar  cristen  men  and  be 
magik  wene  for  to  make  all  men  subiect  on  to  hem.  Diocleciane  said. 
If  J?is  be  soth  we  schul  haue  experiens  and  J^e  same  hou?  he  comaiided  on 
lampadiws  to  do  execuciou?^  up  on  hem.  First  he  cleped  hem  and  schewid 
al  mane?  tormewtry  and  inqwired  of  hem  wheidir  J?ei  wold  do  sacrifise  to  Ipe 
immortal  goddis  or  nowt.  Thei  wold  not  do  his  comauwdme^it  as  J>ei  saide. 
Tho  mad  he  hem  naked  to  be  betyn  with  scorgis  and  a  crier  in  f>e  betyng 
cried  Jjus.  The  pr^ceptis  of  pnnces  schuld  ^e  not  despise.  In  J?at  same  ou? 
lampadius  was  obcessid  with  a  deuele  and  eue  in  his  sete  he  rent  him  selue 
and  deyde.  His  wif  and  his  eyir  ruwne  to  Ipe  paleys  crying  ueniauwge  of 
Jjese  wicchis.  Tho  Ipe  emp^rou?  comauwded  J)at  J^ei  alle  schuld  be  wou?id  in 
led  and  so  Iprowjn  in  tybir.  But  with  in  fewe  dayes  a  cristen  man  cleped 
nichodemws  lift  up  Ipe  bodies  and  biried  hem  in  his  hous.^ 


Off  J>e  sisicion  at  s  laurews  in  damasco.    xxxu. 

Tewisday  in  Jjat  same  weke  is  f>e  stacion  at  a  cherch  cleped  laurencii  in 
damasco.  This  cherch  stant  fast  be  campflou?.^  But  whi  it  is  clepid  in 
damasco  I  haue  not  lerned  ^et  wel  wot  I  ]?at  damascus  was  sumtyme  pe 
principal  cite  of  surry.     On  cleped  eleezer  steward  of  abrahames  houshold 

^  Much  doubt  lias  always  existed  as  to  the  names  of  the  four  crowned  martyrs,  but  the 
generally  accepted  ones  are  Severus,  Severianus,  Carpophorus,  and  Victorinus.  They 
were  beaten  to  death  with  clubs,  and  their  remains  thrown  to  the  dogs,  which,  however, 
refused  to  touch  them.  After  being  watched  for  five  days,  they  were  honourably  burled 
in  the  Via  Labicana.  As  their  names  were  unknown,  Pope  Melchiades  ordered  that  they 
should  be  venerated  under  the  name  of  the  Quatuor  Incoronati  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ; 
Acta  Sanctorum,  November,  vol.  iii,  p.  748). 

'^  The  church  of  S.  Lorenzo  in  Damaso  was  erected  by  Pope  S.  Damasus  near  the 
ruins  of  the  theatre  of  Pompey  in  the  year  880.  It  was  restored  by  Hadrian  I  and 
Leo  III,  and  entirely  reconstructed  when  Cardinal  Riario  built  the  adjoining  palace  of 
the  Cancelleria.  Up  to  this  time  the  front  of  the  church  faced  on  the  Via  del  Pellegrino, 
and,  according  to  De  Rossi,  consisted  of  a  double  portico  and  three  aisles  with  two  rows 
of  columns.  Armellini  adds,  *  ma  ci6  che  rendeva  caratteristica  e  degna  di  rilevanza  la 
distribuzione  architettonica  interiore  dell'  aula,  era  la  posizione  della  nave  cosi-detta 
trasversa,  la  quale  non  correva  innanzi  all'  abside,  come  in  tutte  le  altre  basiliche,  ma 
dietro  alia  medesiina  a  modo  di  portico,  cosicchfe  tutto  I'edifizio  era  cinto  ed  abbracciato  da 
portici.'  This  construction  is  described  by  Pope  Damasus  in  his  verses  on  the  church, 
the  text  of  which  has  come  down  to  us.  Bramante's  work  of  the  fifteenth  century  was 
finally  restored  by  Valadier  in  the  nineteenth  (Armellini,  p.  812  ;  Marucchi,  p.  419  ; 
Nibby,  p.  291). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  129 

he  mad  it,  summe  men  clepe  him  a  nolpir  name  and  so  he  hith  damascus  but 
f)is  may  not  be  drawe  in  no  colon?  to  namjng  of  J>is  cherch.  The  glose  *  up 
on  ysai  up  on  J^is  text  Omis  damasci  seith  J^at  in  J^is  same  place  where  J?e 
cite  of  damasc  stant  cayn  killid  abel  his  broj^ir,  and  as  seynt  gregori  seith 
eu^ry  wikkid  man  may  be  clepid  cayn  and  euery  good  man  J>at  sufferith 
paciently  persecucion  abel.  Wherfor  J?is  tyrauwt  deci^^s  was  lich  a  nolpir 
cayn  and  J^is  martir  laurens  lich  a  nojjir  abel  but  whe)?ir  }?at  seynt  laurews 
suffered  ony  tormentri  in  J^is  place  or  nowt  I  am  in  doute.  If  he  ded  J?an 
myth  it  be  called  Ipe  place  where  cayn  killid  his  brof>ir.  But  a  nyher 
euydens  may  we  make  of  f»is  place.  For  damascus  is  as  mech  for  to  sey  as 
a  blodi  feld  now  f>is  cherch  stant  ny  in  f)e  most  multitude  of  houses  and 
dwelleres  of  rome.  It  is  for  to  suppose  uerily  J^at  many  a  martir  was  killid 
in  )?at  place  be  cause  it  was  ny  J>e  puple  )?at  ^ei  schuld  be  mo?  a  ferd  to 
receyue  cristen  feith  Ipertor  was  it  called  f  e  blodi  feld  whech  in  surry  tong 
soundith  damascus.  A  mougis  all  ojjir  seintis  whech  restyn  in  J>is  cherch 
])ere  lith  an  holy  pope*  cleped  damasus  for  ]?at  mara  sum  sey  it  schuld  be 
cleped  laurencii  in  damaso  not  in  damasco  as  J>ei  clepe  pe  cherch  of  balbyne 
saluatoris  in  balbina  for  f»e  cherch  is  of  pe  saluator  crist  and  f>is  mayde 
balbyne  lith  pere  }?eifor  Ipei  clepid  it  soo.  This  damasus  J^e  pope  ded  mech 
))ing  /  in  Ipe  cherch  aftir  tyme  )?at  he  was  pope.  First  Eoute  he  c«rteyn  f.  400  r 
seyntis  and  translate  hem  and  mad  uers  up  on  he?  graues  for  he  was  a  grete 
uercyfiou?.  He  ordeyned  eke  at  instauws  of  seynt  ierom  ]?at  psalmes  schuld  » 
be  songe  both  nyth  and  day.  And  J>ese  too  uers  at  pe  psalmes  endes  wrote 
seynt  ierom  on  to  him  desiryng  of  him  pa,t  att  pe  cherch  schuld  be  bouwde  to 
f>e  same  obs^ruauTis,  glona  patri  &cra.^ 

^  gloss,  or  commentary. 

^  S.  Damasus  I,  a  Spaniard  by  descent  and  a  Koman  by  birth,  was  born  about  the  year 
306,  and  was  appointed  Archdeacon  of  the  Eoman  Church  in  355.  He  followed  his 
predecessor  Liberius  into  exile,  but  soon  returned  to  Eome,  and  on  the  death  of  Liberius 
was  elected  to  succeed  him  in  October,  366.  The  opposition  party,  who  held  to  the 
emperor,  elected  the  Deacon  Ursinus  (Ursicinus)  as  antipope  ;  a  struggle  took  place, 
which  led  to  bloodshed.  Eventually  Ursinus  was  banished  from  Kome  to  Gallia. 
S.  Damasus  worked  hard  to  restore  union  to  the  Church,  which  was  then  much  divided  on 
account  of  the  Arian  and  other  heresies.  Councils  were  held  in  Rome  in  868  and  370,  and 
he  was  present  at  the  great  Council  of  Constantinople  in  381.  He  did  much  for  the 
beautifying  of  Eome ;  he  built  some  churches,  restored  others,  and  decorated  many  of 
the  tombs  of  the  martyrs.  His  finely-lettered  inscriptions  are  still  universally  admired. 
He  was  a  friend  of  S.  Jerome,  and  asked  him  to  revise  the  Vulgate.  As  our  chronicler 
says,  he  ordered  that  psalms  should  be  sung  morning  and  evening  in  daily  prayer ;  also 
that  at  the  end  of  each  psalm  the  doxology,  Gloria  patri,  &c.,  should  be  sung.  He  died 
on  Dec.  10,  384,  aged  80 ;  his  remains  were  found  in  1639  in  a  church  built  by  him 
on  the  Via  Ardeatina ;  they  were  placed  under  an  altar  in  the  church  of  S.  Lorenzo 
in  Damaso  in  1645.  Two  editions  of  his  works  (in  1688  and  1754)  have  been  published 
(Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon). 


130  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 


Off  J>e  stacion  at  sei^it  paules     cap  xxxui. 

Wednysday  in  Ipe  same  weke  is  Ipe  stacion  at  f)e  cherch  of  seynt  paule 
whech  stant  with  out  J?e  wallis  on  ]>e  south  side  of  rome  of  whech  we  spoke 
be  fore  but  summe  addiciones  wil  we  sette  here  rith  for  conformite  of  ]>q 
book.  There  ly  in  Jjis  cherch  as  f>ei  sey  fat  dwelle  Ipere  a  f)ousand  of  J)oo 
iwnocentis  whech  were  killid  for  crist.  There  lith  thimotheus  J>at  was 
disciple  on  to  paule  and  titus  eke  whech  was  his  disciple  alsoo.  These  to 
men  receyued  notable  epistelis  fro  seynt  paule  and  hem  both  mad  he 
bischoppis  on  of  hem  in  asie  ]>e  of>ir  in  europe  as  seith  f>e  glose  up  on  fe 
same  episteles.  The?  lith  eke  in  yis  cherch  seini  maurw*  seynt  approniane 
and  seynt  archemie  felix  eke  Ipe  martir  fat  blew  down  many  mawmewtis. 
Audactws  \)e  martir  simplicius  f>e  martir  faustinws  beatrix  lucia  geminianus 
ciriacus  largus  &  smaragdus  and  many  ofir  of  whech  it  we?  al  to  longe  to 
write  here  pe  passiones.^  There  is  J?e  bed  of  seynt  ananie  whech  baptized 
seynt  paule  in  fe  cite  of  damasc.  The  bed  of  seynt  steuene  Ipe  first  martir,  fe 
arme  of  seiwt  anne  modir  to  ou?  lady,  pe  arme  of  seint  nicholas  bischop  of 
bare,  fe  arme  of  fe  woman  samaritane  J>at  jaue  crist  drynk  at  fe  welle. 
There  stant  also  a  pile?  whech  stood  in  pilates  hous  on  whech  stood  lith 
what  tyme  crist  was  bete  pere  summe  sey  fat  crist  was  hound  on  to  fe  same. 
In  f  is  same  cherch  lith  seynt  pla  ^  whech  lent  paule  a  cloth  whan  he  schuld 
be  ded.  And  be  cause  fat  story  longith  directly  to  f e  apostel  paule  for  fat 
cause  wil  we  reherse  it  he?.  Whan  paule  was  condempned  to  f  e  deth  he  was 
led  forth  in  to  f  e  feld  out  of  rome  for  f  e  place  where  his  lied  was  smet  of  is 
out  of  rome  iii  myle.  In  f  e  gate  of  rome  whech  is  cleped  porta  capena  or 
ellis  porta  sci  pauli  f  is  woman  plautille  whech  was  lerned  be  him  in  f  e  lawe 
of  god  met  pere  with  him.  Sche  wept  ful  sore  tok  hir  leue  and  comendid  hir 
to  his  prayeres.     Paule  saide  on  to  hir.     Fare  wel  plautift  doutyr  of  euer- 

^  Of  this  long  list  of  saints  whose  relics  are  to  be  found  in  S.  Paul's,  S.  Timothy 
sufifered  martyrdom  in  Ephesus  in  the  year  a.d.  97.  His  relics  were  brought  to 
Constantinople  in  366,  and  afterwards  a  part  of  them  were  sent  to  Rome.  S.  Titus,  his 
colleague,  died  in  Crete  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety-four,  and  was  buried  at  Gortyna. 
His  head  is  at  S.  Mark's,  Venice,  but  his  other  relics  appear  to  have  been  lost.  S.  Maurus 
and  S.  Appronianus  will  be  found  mentioned  in  the  Seiligenlexikon ;  the  story  of  Felix 
and  Adauctus  is  also  found  in  that  work.  The  three  saints  Simplicius  (Simplicianus), 
Faustinus,  and  Beatrix  suffered  in  the  persecution  of  Diocletian  in  802  or  303,  and  were 
buried  by  Lucina  in  the  cemetery  ad  ursum  pileatum  on  the  road  to  Porto.  At  the 
cemetery  near  Ponte  Galera  the  name  of  S.  Beatrix  can  still  be  seen.  S.  Lucia  was 
an  aged  widow,  who  with  S.  Geminianus  was  also  martyred  under  Diocletian  about  308. 
SS.  Cyriacus,  Largus,  and  Smaragdus  perished  in  the  same  persecution ;  a  short  account  of 
S.  Ananias  exists  in  Stadler,  Seiligenlexikon. 

'  ?  plautilla ;  the  rest  of  the  word  is  cut  off. 


b 


f 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  131 

lastjDg  helth  but  of  ^  fing  I  pray  pe  lende  me  a  kerclii  with  whech  I  may 
hide  myn  eyne  whann)  I  schal  lese  myn  hed.  Thoo  took  sche  him  a  kerchi 
and  he  bare  it  forth  with  him  and  whan  his  hed  was  smet  of  he  sprad  it  with 
his  owne  handis  and  gadered  J?e  blood.  Aftir  fat  gadering  J»e  kerchi  was 
sodeynly  at  rome  in  plautiil  hand.  Sche  /  was  a  knowe  aftirward  J^at  sche  f.  400  v 
say  petir-and  paule  who  ])ei  came  in  to  rome  arayed  with  cloJ)is  of  gold  and 
crownes  on  he?  hedes.  Sche  schewid  eke  hem  f>at  were  at  his  deth  )?e 
wympil  al  blody  whech  was  bront  hir  to  rome  longe  er  fei  myth  com  Jjider.'* 


Off  Ipe  stacion  at  s  martyn  in  montibus.     cap  xxxuii. 

Thursday  in  J?at  same  weke  is  J^e  stacion  at  a  cherch  cleped  sci  martini 
in  montibiea '  whe?  seynt  siluester  lith  &  ])ere  is  his  stole  his  uestment  &  his 
sandalys.  In  f)is  cherch  lyn  eke  many  ojjir  seyntis.  There  be  dwellyng  at 
pis  place  certeyn  freres  cleped  carmelites  for  he?  ord?be  gan  in  J^e  hill  cleped 
carmele  whech  stant  in  palestin.  This  martyn  was  pope  *  in  ]?at  same  tyme 
)?at  on  paule  patn'ark  of  Constantinople  sette  grete  scisme  in  pe  cherch.  For 
he  held  Ipat  heresie  whech  puttith  but  o  wil  in  J?e  persone  of  ou?  lord  ihu 
crist.  Alle  fe  testimonies  of  fe  old  faderes  of  f>e  cherch  he  refused  fe 
embassiatoures  J>at  were  sent  fro  rome  to  undirtake  him  of  his  grete  defautes 
he  despised.     Thoo  fat  we?  of  fe  trew  opinion  he  bet  hem  pn'soned  hem 

^  ?  o  =  one. 

2  This  beautiful  story  of  S.  Plautilla  will  be  found  in  the  Heiligenlexikon.  She  is 
believed  to  have  been  a  Roman  lady  of  good  family,  the  sister  of  the  Consul  Clemens,  and 
the  mother  of  Flavia  Domitilla.  She  died  in  peace  (date  uncertain),  and  her  remains 
are  said  to  rest  in  the  church  of  SS.  Nereo  and  Achilleo.  Some  relics  of  her  are  at 
S.  Bartholomew  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikcin  ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  May,  vol.  v,  p.  172 ;  vol.  vii, 
p.  818).  The  traditional  site  of  the  occurrence  is  shown  in  Plate  III  of  De  Rossi's  Piante 
iconograjlche  di  Boma.  It  is  marked  with  a  cross  and  the  words  '  ap  ha»c  cruceni 
S.  Paulws  puta  defnnctus  velum  mulieri  reddidit'.  The  cross  appears  in  Plate  II,  but 
not  in  Plate  IV,  nor  afterwards.  In  all  three  (IT,  III,  and  IV)  a  bridge,  and  a  chapel  on 
the  bank  of  a  small  stream,  are  shown  close  by  the  site  of  the  cross. 

5  The  church  of  S.  Martino  ai  Monti  was  constructed  in  the  baths  of  Trajan,  it  is  said 
(in  the  Liber  PontiJicaUs),  by  S.  Sylvester.  In  early  times  it  was  known  as  the  titulus 
equitii,  from  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the  property  on  which  it  stood.  But  it  soon  took 
the  name  of  the  Pope  who  dedicated  it,  and  was  then  called  titulus  S.  Silvestri.  In  it 
was  held  the  synod  against  Hippolytus,  Callixtus,  and  Victorinus  in  the  year  324.  Pope 
Symmachus,  in  the  fifth  century,  erected  another  building  over  the  old  Basilica  of 
S.  Silvester,  and  dedicated  it  to  S.  Martin,  Bishop  of  Tours,  and  to  S.  Silvester.  The  older 
church  remained  buried  underground,  and  was  only  accidentally  discovered  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  basilica  was  rest(5red  in  the  reigns  of  Hadrian  I,  Sergius  II, 
and  Innocent  III.  Leo  IV  decorated  it  with  paintings  and  mosaics.  In  the  sixteenth 
century.  Cardinal  Diomede  Caraffa  rebuilt  it ;  under  Pius  IV,  S.  Carlo  Borromeo  restored 
the  ceiling.  In  1650  the  General  of  the  Carmelites,  Antonio  Filippini,  spent  his  whole 
patrimony  of  70,000  scudi  in  beautifying  the  church.  The  fafade  was  renewed  in  1676 ; 
finally,  Cardinal  Zelada  again  restored  the  building  at  great  expense  (Adinolfi,  ii,p.  121  ; 
Armellini,  p.  459;  Marucchi,  p.  319;  Nibby,  p.  543). 

S  2 


132  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGPJMES 

exiled  hem  so  fat  many  -pleintis  come  to  rome  fro  many  sundri  parties  of  J^e 
world  f>at  sum  remedy  schuld  be  ordeyned  to  f>is  sore.  Thoo  j^is  same  pope  * 
martyn  mad  a  congregacion  at  rome  of  a  hundred  bischoppis  and  fyue  and 
"jpere  he  c^mdempned  ]>e  heresie  of  J^is  paule.  The  em^erou^  whech  )>at  tyme 
dwelt  at  Constantinople  was  infecte  with  f)is  same  heresie  and  he  sent  his 
chetou?^  in  to  ytaile  to  make  a  scisme  a  geyn  martyn  Ipe  pope.*  This  was 
asaied  be  many  menesbut  euyr  oure  lord  god  was  a  protect ou?  on  to  his  trew 
seruauwt  for  ou?  lord  wold  not  suffer  Ipe  hertis  of  his  puple  to  hate  f)is  man 
J>is  holy  preste  martyn.  Tho  ]?is  chetoure  whech  hith  olympus  turned  him 
to  an  horible  fraude  and  feyned  "pat  of  deuociouTi  he  wold  be  hoseled  of  pope  * 
martynes  hand  and  in  fis  feynyng  he  had  mad  comenaunt  with  him  fat  bare 
his  swerd  fat  whech  tyme  f e  pope  *  was  bisi  to  hosil  f is  maw  his  s^ruauwt 
with  his  swerd  schuld  sle  f  e  pope.*  But  ou?  lord  god  mad  f  is  jong  ma.n 
blynd  al  fat  messe  tyme  for  to  lette  fat  cursed  dede  as  he  swore  aftir  a  fo? 
f  e  puple.  The  helth  of  rithful  men  as  seith  dauid  is  of  ou?  lord  and  ou? 
lord  is  a  protectour  of  rithful  me^i  in  tyme  of  tribulacion.  The  emp^rou? 
aftir  f  is  sent  down  a  nof  er  officer  and  he  took  f  is  pope  *  and  led  him  in  to 
cersone  or  ellis  tersone  an  ylde  in  f e  see  fere  deyid  f is  man  in  grete  tribu- 
lacion for  rith  of  f  e  cherch.  There  dede  he  many  myracles  for  whech  f  ei 
tra^islate  him  to  rome.^  The  same  day  is  f  e  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  seynt 
siluester  whe?  fat  his  hed  is  and  eke  fe  bed  of  seynt  ion  baptist  and  in  fis 
place  dwelle  cloos  nurines  whech  haue  f  e  keping  of  f  e  baptistes  bed.*    Many 

^  escheator,  chamberlain. 

*  S.  Martin  I  was  elected  Pope  July  5,  649 ;  died  Sept.  15,  655.  Olympius,  the 
chamberlain  to  the  Emperor  Constans,  was  sent  to  Italy  as  exarch,  and  appears  to  have 
met  with  his  death  in  Sicily  (Anastasius,  In  Vit.  Mart.).  The  account  given  here  agrees 
with  that  of  the  usually  accepted  authorities  (Smith,  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography ; 
Stadler,  SeiligenlexiJcon ;  Duchesne,  Liher  Pontificalis,  vol.  i,  p.  33-6 ;  Surius,  vol.  xi, 
p.  421). 

^  The  church  of  S.  Silvester  was  originally  known  as  S.  Dionysius  inter  duos  hortos  or 
cata  Pauli.  The  Liber  Pontificalis,  in  the  life  of  Paul  I  (757-67),  says  that  he  built  the 
church  and  monastery  in  his  own  house  in  honour  of  SS.  Sylvester  and  Stephen  I,  both  of 
•whom  were  popes,  but  that  he  dedicated  the  church  to  S.  Dionysius.  Perhaps  the  church 
had  been  commenced  by  his  brother  and  predecessor  Stephen  II,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
Acts  of  SS.  Degna  and  Emerita  (Martinelli,  op.  cit,  p.  356).  Mallius  confirms  this  in 
de  Abb.,  c.  xxxi.  The  church  was  called  inter  duos  hortos  on  account  of  the  gardens  in  this 
neighbourhood  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Considerable  remains  of  antiquities,  amongst  them 
some  of  Mithraic  worship,  have  been  found  here  from  time  to  time ;  many  of  them  are 
preserved  in  the  courtyard  in  front  of  the  church.  It  is  now  known  as  S.  Silvestro  in 
Capite,  because  the  relic  of  the  head  of  S.  John  Baptist  is  preserved  here.  In  the  tenth 
century  the  church  was  a  very  important  one,  and  was  given  possession  of  the  Column 
of  Marcus  Aurelius,  which  no  doubt  helped  to  save  that  monument  from  destruction. 
Innocent  III  restored  the  church  in  the  twelfth  century;  the  campanile  is  of  his  date. 
The  church  was  altered  by  Clement  VIII,  restored  by  Clement  XI  a  century  later,  and 
bestowed  upon  the  English  Catholics  by  Leo  XIII  in  1890  ( Armellini,  p.  220 ;  Marucchi, 
p.  395;  Nibby,p.  713). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  133 

men  sey  pat  J?is  hed  is  at  amyas  ^  and  fei  must  understand  Tpere  is  no  more 

at  amyas  but  fe  nethir  chauyl  ^  for  al  J?e  ofir/  part  of  Ipe  hed  is  mad  off.  401  r 

goldsmytis  werk.    So  50  may  se  uerili  fat  Ipe  principal  part  of  baptistes  hed 

is  at  rome. 


Of  Ipe  stacion  at  seiwt  eusebie.     cap  xxxuiii. 

Friday  in  fat  weke  is  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt  eusebie  '  and  f is  cherch  was  Ipe 
title  of  fat  honorable  fade?  herry  bischop  of  wynchester  fat  deyid  now  late.* 
On  to  f  is  cherch  is  annexid  an  abbey  of  munkys  I  wot  not  uerili  now  of 
what  ordir.  To  fis  cherch  f e  same  cardinal  at  his  deth  be  set  good 
ornamewtis  and  fay?  ieweles  whech  are  schewid  fere  at  f e  stacion  to  grete 
worchip  of  englisch  men.  Off  fis  eusebie  elle  f e  teld  stories  of  f e  cherch 
fat  he  was  a  preest  in  rome  swech  tyme  as  constantine  was  emperou?  not  he 
grete  constantine  baptized  of  siluester  but  his  son  whech  was  defiled  with 
f  e  arrianes  heresi  and  was  rebaptized  eke  of  a  bischop  hith  eusebius  f  e 
grettest  fauto?  of  fat  scisme.  This  same  emperou?  constantine  had  so  fret 
f e  pope  *  at  fat  tyme  whech  hith  liberius  fat  he  was  fauourable  on  to  fat 
heresi.  For  fis  rede  we  fat  at  fe  comau?^dme7lt  of  fis  emp^rou?  fis  pope* 
liberiits  was  sodeynly  lift  up  in  a  chare  and  caried  oute  of  f  e  cite  in  to  an 
yle  whe?  he  was  exiled  iii  jere.  He  f  us  exiled  f  e  cherch  at  rome  be  his 
consent  chosen  a  new  pope  *  clepid  felix  whech  man  was  grete  enmy  to  f  e 
arrianes  for  a  geyn  hem  he  sette  a  gret  couwcel  at  rome  in  whech  councel 
he  reiecte  too  men  fautourts  on  to  f  e  emperou?.  On  of  hem  hith  ursaciits 
f  e  of  ir  hith  ualent.  And  wha?e  f  ei  were  f  us  put  oute  of  f  e  councel  f  ei 
laboured  on  to  f e  emperou?  fat  he  schuld  depose  fis  felix  and  clepe  him 
liberius  a  geyn  on  fat  condicion  fat  he  schuld  5eue  fauou?  to  her  heresie. 
Whan  he  was  come  a  geyn  fis  liberies  he  ded  as  f ei  desired  and  ^aue  grete 
fauou?  on  to  hem.  At  fat  tyme  fis  blessed  preest  eusebius  of  whom  fis 
present  capitule  is  mad  stood  up  manly  and  defended  f  e  trew  feith  euene 
in  f e  presens  of  fis  constantine  and  seid  fat  he  was  ful  sory  fat  liberius 
hed  of  f  e  cherch  schuld  f  us  falle  in  to  heresie.   Constawtine  was  wroth  with 

^  ?  Amiens. 

*  jowl.     Obs.  form. 

^  The  church  of  S.  Eusebius  is  very  ancient,  having  been  constructed  in  the  fourth 
century  in  the  house  of  the  saint ;  it  is  mentioned  in  the  fifth  century.  It  was  restored 
by  S.  Zacharias,  Hadrian  I,  Leo  III,  and  Gregory  IV,  entirely  reconstructed  in  1238 
under  Gregory  IX,  and  again  in  1711  and  1750.  Gregory  XVI  abolished  the  title  and 
transferred  it  to  S.  Gregory,  but  Pius  IX  restored  it  (Armellini,  p.  232 ;  Marucchi, 
p.  842 ;  Adinolfi,  i,  p.  290 ;  Nibby,  p.  214). 

*  This  was  Henry  Beaufort,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  who  was  nominated  Cardinal  of 
S.  Eusebius,  May  24,  1426  ;  received  the  hat  at  Calais,  March  25,  1427 ;  died  April  11, 
1447.     This  last  date  is  important  in  the  chronology  of  this  book. 


134  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

pe  wordis  of  J^is  man  and  comaunded  him  to  be  sperd  up  in  his  owne  hous 
in  a  smal  corne?  wbech  had  in  brede  no  mo?  f)an  iiii  fete.  There  continued 
J?is  holy  man  in  grete  constauns  and  deuoute  prayeres  many  monthis  and 
in  f>is  tribulacion  deyid  and  went  on  to  oure  lord  J>e  xix  kalend  of  septembir. 
Too  deuoute  prestes  gregor'ius  and  orosiws  took  up  his  body  and  bore  it  to 
J>at  place  eleped  cimitmum  kalixti  and  byried  it  J?ere.  Thei  sette  eke  f)is 
title  on  his  graue.  The  sepulture  of  eusebi  pe  man  of  god/  Whan  con- 
stantine  herd  f>at  J>is  gregory  had  byried  eusebius  body  he  comaunded  J?at 
f.  401 V  he  sehuld  be  sperd  in  J>e  same  uout  and  dey  pere  for  hungir  /  but  orosius 
his  felaw  caried  him  oute  be  nyth  and  counforted  him  5et  deyed  he  with 
inne  fewe  dayes  and  was  byried  in  J^e  same  uout  next  seynt  eusebye. 


Off  pe  etacion  at  a  cherch  clepid  nichoZaws  in  carcere.   xxxix. 

Satirday  in  |?at  same  weke  is  J>e  stacion  at  a  cherch  eleped  ses  nicholaus 
It  soundith  in  ou?  tunge  seynt  nicholas  in  J>e  prison.     For  J>is 


prison  was  mad  be  juliane  apostata  for  cristen  men  &  now  is  it  mad  a  cherch 
in  worchip  of  seynt  nicholas  where  as  J>ei  sey  is  seint  nicholas  arme  and  his 
pontifical.  The?  is  eke  fe  arme  of  seynt  alex  and  a  grete  part  of  seynt 
fraunceys  habite.  There  lith  eke  at  ]>e  dore  al  Ipe  body  of  a  gandir  whech 
was  worchipid  as  for  a  god  swech  tyme  as  a  gander  had  wakid  pe  keperes 
of  pe  capitol  whan  pe  kyng  of  ynglond  had  conqwered  al  saue  pe  capitol.^ 
Be  cause  ]?is  cherch  is  dedicate  to  seynt  nycholas  sumwhat  of  his  lyf  wil  we 
expleite  he?.  In  his  childhod  he  had  J^at  p^rfeccioun  fat  he  began  to  fast 
twyes  in  pe  weke  for  on  wednysday  and  friday  he  wold  in  pe  cradili  soke 
but  onys  pus  be  gan  in  him  pe  gret  perfeccion  of  abstinens.     Whan  his 

1  There  are  no  less  than  fifty-three  saints  named  S.  Eusebius,  and  the  one  mentioned 
by  our  chronicler  appears  to  be  a  Roman  priest,  who  was  a  zealous  opponent  of  Arianism 
during  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Constantius.  He  was  imprisoned  for  seven  months  in 
a  small  cell  in  his  house  before  he  died.  He  was  buried  in  the  Catacombs  of  S.  Callixtus 
(Stadler,  Heiligenlexihon  ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  August,  vol.  iii,  p.  166). 

'  The  church  of  S.  Nicola  in  Carcere  was  constructed  about  the  sixth  century  in  the 
Forum  Olitorium,  over  the  ancient  Temple  of  Piety,  in  the  district  known  as  ad  elephan- 
tum.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  prison,  mentioned  by  Pliny  (N.  JBT.,  vii,  c.  36)  :  *  et  locus 
ille  eidem  consecratus  deae  C.  Quinctio  M.  Acilio  Coss.  Templo  Pietatis  exstructo  in  illius 
carceris  sede,  ubi  nunc  Marcelli  theatrum  est.'  The  remembrance  of  the  theatre  lasted, 
for  it  is  mentioned  again  in  the  Life  of  Hadrian  I  {Lib.  Pont,  in  Adr.  v.  i)  :  *  deductisque 
elephant©  incarcerem  publicum  illic  coram  universo  populo  examinati  sunt.'  The  church 
was  restored  by  Felix  IV,  Boniface  IV,  Nicholas  III,  and  Alexander  VI,  and  was  altered 
to  its  present  form  in  1599  by  Cardinal  Pietro  Aldobrandini  (Armellini,  p.  475 ;  Maruc- 
chi,  p.  517 ;  Nibby,  p.  557  ;  De  Rossi,  Bull.  d'Arch.  Crist,  1873,  p.  82. 

'  MufiFel,  without  mentioning  the  name  of  the  church,  says :  '  Item  daselbst  sind  die 
zwen  abtgotter  die  man  den  gensen  gemacht  hat  die  Rom  behielten  '  (erhalten  =  retten) 
*  do  man  eingrub  unter  dem  Capitolium '  (p.  54). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  135 

frendis  we?  ded  he  saued  iii  maydenes  fro  fe  filth  of  leccherye  jeuywg  hem 
grete  habundauws  of  his  good  whe?  he  fulfilled  \>e  cou»iceli  of  ou?  lord  fat 
seid  to  his  disciples.  But  if  56  forsake  al  J?at  56  haue  56  may  not  be  my. 
In  f»is  dede  eke  he  fled  f>e  most  perilous*  of  ueynglorie  whan)  he  wold  do  it 
so  pryuyly.  He  was  chosen  bischop  with  onten  ony  symonie.  He  ministred 
in  his  office  with  oute  ony  couetise.  He  halp  marineres  in  p«rellis  of  pe 
see.  He  multiplied  ])e  whete  Jjat  was  seld  to  his  parischones.  Many  oJ?ir 
Ipingis  ded  he  whech  are  customable  in  f)is  lond  to  be  rehersid  both  in  latyn 
and  in  englisch.^ 


Off  J?e  siacion  at  s  petir    ca  xl. 

On  pe  passion  Sunday  is  pe  stacion  at  pe  cherch  of  seiwt  petir  of  whech 
place  mech  ping  was  seid  be  fore  but  sum  f>ing  was  left  to  sette  in  here. 
There  is  a  ymage  of  ou?  lady  in  a  chapeli  and  it  doth  many  miracles  in 
special  to  hem  J?at  haue  pe  hrennjng  feuy?.  Mech  offeryng  is  J»«/*too  and 
grete  pardon  graunted  to  aH  J?at  uisite  fat  place.  There  is  eke  a  noJ>ir 
ymage  of  ou?  lady  depeynted  on  a  wal  in  pe  cherch  and  be  cause  J?ei  had 
hange  iudas  roop  be  fore  he?  sche  stert  a  wey  with  indignaciouw  and  sodeynly 
appered  in  a  bare  wal  be  side  and  f>at  wal  whe?  sche  was  depeynted  is  bare 
as  neuyr  pictu?  had  be  pere.^  Eke  pere  is  pe  fird  ymage  of  ou?  lady  in  pe 
porch  as  we  come  in  and  a  iew  seyng  cristen  men  do  grete  reuerens  perto 
I  not  with  what  instrume^it  he  smet  it  but  in  uery  sikirnesse  pe  blood  ran 
owt  fro  pe  ymage  whech  is  poyntid  on  a  wal  jet  is  pe  blod  sene  both  of  pe 

^  '  uys '  in  margin  of  MS. 

'^  S.  Nicholas  was  born  at  Patara  in  Lycia,  the  names  of  his  parents  being  Epiphanius 
and  Johanna.  His  uncle  was  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Myra ;  the  nephew,  after  travelling  as 
a  pilgrim  to  Jerusalem  and  Mount  Sion,  was  also  elected  bishop  of  the  same  place  in  suc- 
cession to  one  Johannes,  who  held  the  see  between  the  uncle  and  the  nephew.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  piety  and  charity,  and  performed  many  miracles.  He  attended  the  Coun- 
cil of  Nicaea ;  after  that  event  he  travelled  to  Rome,  passing  through  Bari  on  the  way. 
He  died  at  Myra  on  December  6,  between  345  and  352.  His  body  was  translated  to  Bari 
in  Apulia  in  the  year  1087.  He  is  generally  shown  in  art  with  three  golden  apples  in  his 
hand.  These  refer  either  to  three  maidens  whom  he  saved  from  a  life  of  sin,  or  to  the 
fact  that  at  the  Council  of  Nicaea  he  upheld  the  dogma  of  the  equality  of  the  Three 
Persons  in  the  Trinity  (Stadler,  Seiligenlexihon ;  Beatillo,  Eistoria  della  vita,  dei 
miracoli,  &c.  del  S.  Nicold  di  Mira. 

^  For  a  similar  account  of  the  fresco  of  our  Lady  miraculously  moving  its  position 
when  the  rope  with  which  Judas  had  hanged  himself  was  shown  to  it,  see  MufFel,  p.  20. 
That  this  rope  was  actually  preserved  at  S.  Peter's  see  the  following :  *  Item  in  detta 
chiesa  il  capresto  con  che  Giuda  s'impichb  avendo  tradito  Christo  (xjio) '  (Rucellai,  II 
Giuhileo,  &c.,  Arch.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  p.  567);  and  'Also,  nigh  unto  the  altar 
where  the  pope  consecrateth  the  emperor,  hangeth  the  cord  of  Judas  Iscariot  *  (Nichob, 
Marvels  of  Rome,  p.  129,  Vatican  Cod.  4265,  xiv  cent.). 


136  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

f.  402  r  ymage  where  it  was  smet  and^  eke  on  a  mar/bil  ston  whidir  J?at  it  sprang.* 
The?  is  a  ston  up  on  whech  petir  wept  aftir  tyme  he  had  deneyed  his  maystir. 
We  rede  of  him  )?at  at  euery  tyme  whan  he  remembrid  pis  negacion  euyr 
wold  he  wepe  wherfo?  was  he  fayn  euyr  to  here  a  sudary  in  his  bosum. 
There  is  a  ston  alsoo  on  whech  ]?e  emperou?  of  rome  schal  receyue  his  crowne. 
The?  is  f>e  bason  in  whech  pilat  wasched  his  handis.  On  of  yo  firti  plates 
for  whech  crist  was  seld  is  Ipere  alsoo.  At  pe  qwe?  dore  is  f>at  place  whech 
\>ei  clepe  limina  Sj^ostoloium  where  ar  wretyn  swech  uers.  Hie  petre  diuini 
tribuebas  fercula  urbi  Sepius  hoc  loco  sacrificans  ihu  xpo.  Hec  domus  est 
aquile  seu  petri  presulis  almi.^     This  is  J>e  sentens  of  ]?ese  uers.     Here  petir 

^  This  legend  is  not  quite  clear,  as  there  is  a  slight  confusion  in  the  text.  Here  follows, 
however,  another  version :  *  Item,  vor  sauct  peters  muwster  do  is  unser  lieben  frowen  Marie 
der  iungfrow  ein  pild  gemalt  nnd  eyn  verzweiffelter  spiler  flfichet  do  der  iungfrow  maria 
und  warff  sie  mit  einem  stein  do  ist  ein  wfinderzeichen  geschehen  das  do  bl&t  usz  dem 
pild  is  geflossen  und  gespriitzet  uff  ein  stein  als  man  das  zeichen  noch  sicht  uff  dem  stein 
und  ist  ein  eisen  getter  daruber  gemacht  und  an  der  selben  stat  brach  der  teufFel  dem 
spiler  den  hals  ab  und  fiirt  yn  hin  mit  leib  und  sele  yn  die  ewigen  helle '  {Ein  Buchliiif 
&c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  p.  cii  v).  Another  version  of  this  miraculous  fresco  in  the  porch 
of  S.  Peter's  is  from  Muffel  (p.  19)  as  follows.  The  person  is  said  therein  to  have  been 
a  mercenary,  who  had  lost  three  gulden  at  play ;  in  his  anger  he  threw  a  stone  at  our 
Lady's  breast.  The  picture  shed  sixteen  drops  of  blood,  still  to  be  seen  on  the  marble 
floor  below,  and  the  author  adds  :  *  ist  geschehen  do  man  zalt  von  Crist  gepurt  tausent 
vierhimdert  &  xl  jar.'  (A  few  years  only  before  our  author  wrote  his  account,  and  only 
twelve  years  before  Muffel's  work.) 

2  Armellini  (p.  562)  gives  a  similar  inscription  as  having  been  seen  in  the  fourteenth 
century  at  S.  Prisca,  and  says :  '  Nel  decimo  quarto  secolo  tuttora  si  leggeva  nell'  archi- 
trave della  porta  di  quella  chiesa  la  seguente  iscrizione,  che  Pietro  Sabino,  autore  di  quel 
medesimo  secolo,  vide  incisa  lUteris  antiquis  {Codex  Marcian.  lat.  x.  195,  p.  303)  : 
Haec  domus  est  aquilae  seu  Priscae  virginis  almae 

Quos  lupe  ?  paule  tuo  ore  vehis  domino 
Hie  petre  divini  tribuebas  fercula  verbi 
Saepius  hocce  loco  sacrificans  domino ' ; 
and  adds :  *  L'epigramma  come  risulta  dallo  stile  e  del  medio  evo.'     De  Rossi  in  the 
Sylloge  of  Petrus  Sabinus  gives  this  inscription,  saying :  *  N®  165.     Supra  lanuam  tempi! 
S.  prisce.     In  Aventino.     Antiquis  litteris  marmori  InCisis.     Haec  domus  est  Aqui- 
lae &c.';  adding  the  following  note:  *  Periit.     Unus  Sabinus  epigramma  integrum  de- 
scripsit.    Marinius  e  schedis  Terribilinii  dedit  mutilum  et  corruptum,  adnotans ;  "  fortasse 
spectare  ad  aetatem  Callisti  III  qui  aedem  S,  Priscae  instauravit  (Mai,  1.  c.  p.  148,  3), 
cuius  est  epigramma  sequens  N®  166.     Sed  Sabinus  testatur  carmen  incisum  esse  mar- 
mori litteris  antiquis,  saeculi,  opinor,  noni  vel  decimi"*  (v.  2,  cf.  Aratorem,  de  Actihus 
Apost.  II,  V.  485  : 

*  0  Paule  rapax  dedit  hoc  benedictio  lacob 
Nomen  habere  tibi ;  quid  iam  remanebit  in  orbe 
Quod  non  ore  trahas,  postquam  solertia  Graia 
Cessit  et  invictas  in  dogmatae  vincis  Athenas  ? ' 
(De  Rossi,  Inscriptiones  Christianae  Urhis  Romae,  vol.  ii,  p.  443.)    Whoever  put  up  the 
inscription  in  S.  Peter's — copying  that  of  S.  Prisca,  where  the  Apostle  is  believed  to  have 
preached  and  baptized — would  appear  to  have  left  out  the  second  line  altogether,  not 
understanding  the  curious  epithet  lupus  as  applied  to  S.  Paul.   The  expression  seems  also 
to  have  astonished  Armellini. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  137 

of  goddis  word  J>ou  5aue  ful  largely  Ipe  mete  Oftyn  in  f)is  same  place  fou 
mad  saciifise  to  crist.     This  is  Ipe  hous  of  aquile  or  of  Ipe  hyest  bischop  petir. 


Off  pe  stacion  of  seint  grisogonus.     cap  xli. 

The  moneday  in  passion  week  is  f»e  stacion  ouyr  tibyr  at  a  clierch  dedicat 
to  seyn  grisogoni^s.^  There  is  Ipe  arme  of  james  Ipe  apostel  whech  was 
jebedeus  son.  Of  Ipis  grisogoni^s  we  spoke  sumwhat  be  fo?  in  Ipe  title  of 
seynt  anastase.  There  teld  we  who  he  cou9^fortid  hi?  with  his  noble  episteles 
he?  wil  we  telle  be  what  tribulacion  he  went  to  heuene.  Diocleciane  mad 
him  to  stand  be  for  him  for  he  had  herd  so  mech  of  J>is  man  f>at  he  wold  haue 
expmens  of  his  wisdam.  Aftir  many  wordis  had  be  twix  hem  too  of  crist 
and  of  }>e  feith  diocleciane  saide.  Take  up  on  Ipe  dignite  of  a  meyhir  J?at  is 
to  sey  f»at  ali  J^oo  men  J)at  are  arested  in  lpa,t  ward  where  ]?ou  dwellist  schul 
be  undir  Ip'i  iurisdicion.  Take  up  on  f)e  eke  at  ou?  3ifte  fat  worchip  J>at  Ipou 
schal  be  prmcipal  consul  and  gouernou?  of  al  J)i  kynrod.  We  desire  of  Ipe 
no  mo?  for  al  J>ese  rewardes  but  J?at  ]?ou  wilt  do  worchip  and  offir  to  ou? 
goddis.  Grisogonus  answerd  in  J)is  maner.  O  god  in  heuene  with  my  mynde 
I  worchip  and  with  clene  dedis  I  serue.  These  fals  ymages  of  50U?  goddis 
whech  ar  not  elles  but  cophres  for  deueles  to  dwell  in,  I  despice  and  forsake 
for  euyr.  Diocleciane  in  grete  angir  comaunded  f>at  he  schuld  be  led  to 
a  place  cleped  ad  aquas  gradaias  f)at  is  to  sey  in  englisch  to  ]>e  grecyd  wateris 
and  'pere  his  hed  to  be  smet  of.  These  greced  waterys  ar  a  pitte  fast  by 
seynt  georgis  whe?  a  fayre  spryng  comth  sodeynly  out  of  pe  ground  and 
sodeyiily  entreth  a  geyn  in  to  Ipe  ground  and  pe  pitte  is  so  dep  })at  a  mylle 
hous  whech  stant  be  neth  is  not  as  hy  as  pe  erde.  Othir  sey  f>at  )?ese  aque 
gradate  we?  ouyr  tibyr  but  f  ei  telle  not  where.  Aftir  his  hed  was  smet  of 
J>ei  f)rew  his  body  in  pe  flood  but  aftirward  it  was  founde  be  an  holy  prest 
/)?ei  clepe  him  5oilus.  He  lift  up  pe  body  and  biried  it  pryuyly  in  his  hous  f.  402  v 
in  a  cubicle  undir  pe  ground.  His  hed  was  founde  aftir  as  fay?  and  fresch 
as  it  was  pe  hou?  of  his  deth.     pis  hed  he  ioyned  to  J^e  body  and  euene  xxx 

^  The  church  of  S.  Crisogono  is  believed  to  date  from  the  Constantinian  period.  It  is 
mentioned  in  the  fifth  century ;  Gregory  III  in  781  restored  the  roof,  and  adorned  the 
walls  and  the  apse  with  pictures.  (For  the  recent  excavations  and  discovery  of  frescoes 
in  the  subterranean  church,  cf.  Prof.  Marucchi's  paper  on  this  subject  in  the  Journal  of 
the  B.  and  A.  A.  Society).  Giovanni  da  Crema,  Papal  Legate  to  England  under  Hono- 
rius  II,  was  titular  cardinal  in  1128  ;  he  restored  the  church,  as  also  did  Cardinal  Scipio 
Borghese  in  1623.  Stephen  Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  titular  of  S.  Criso- 
gono, as  was  Cardinal  Gioacchino  Pecci  when  he  was  elected  Pope,  taking  the  name  of 
Leo  XIII  (Armellini,  p.  202  ;  Marucchi,  p.  452  ;  Nibby,  p.  190). 

T 


138  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

days  aftir  grisogonws  deth  pia  same  prest  5oilus  as  for  a  spectal  reward 
receyued  deth  of  his  bodi  and  eterne  lif  of  his  soule.^  ^ 


Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  ciriac.    cap  xlii. 

Tewisday  is  J?e  stacyon  at  a  cherch  of  seynt  cyriac  fast  by  Ipe  batthes  of 
diocleciane  a  litil  chapel  it  is  and  ful  desolat  neuyr  open  in  j^e  ^er  but  fat 
day  as  I  suppose.^  3^*  is  pis  place  a  title  of  a  cardinal  vvhech  is  on  of  foo 
uii  Ip&t  longyn  to  seynt  mari  maior.  This  ciriacus  was  a  dekne  with  seynt 
marcell  J>e  pope*  whom  dioclecian  with  many  oJ)ir  cristen  men  dampned 
on  to  Ipe  deth  and  prolongid  her  lyf  on  fis  condicion  J>at  pei  schuld  dig  sond 
and  here  it  on  her  bakkys  on  to  fat  same  place  where  his  bathis  we?  in 
makyng.  A  mongis  fese  laboureres  was  an  eld  cristen  man  cleped  saturnyn 
whech  myth  not  labou?.  This  same  ciriac  of  grete  charite  halp  pe  eld  man 
and  bare  pe  birdenes  of  f>at  man  and  his  owne  eke.  And  f  is  labou?  performed 
he  with  gret  ioye  syngiwg  deuoute  ympnys  and  holy  psalmes  swech  as  pe 
cherch  used  at  f>oo  dayes.  The  meyhir  of  rome  whech  was  at  fat  tyme  sent 
a  knyt  cleped  approuyan  to  arest  f  ese  men  and  bryng  hem  to  his  consistory. 
"Whan  he  had  a  rested  hem  and  schuld  lede  hem  forth  he  herd  a  loude  uoys 
in  pe  ejY  crying  swech  wordis.  Come  je  blessed  men  of  my  fade?  and  receyue 
fat  kyngdam  whech  was  be  bote  50U  fro  f e  hegjnnjng  of  f e  world.  For  f is 
cry  was  f  is  same  approuiane  conuerted  on  to  f  e  feith  baptized  &  not  long  aftir 

^  The  life  of  S .  Chrysogonus,  as  generally  accepted,  differs  entirely  from  that  given  by 
our  chronicler.  He  is  generally  associated  with  S.  Zoilus,  and  they  were  martyred  in 
Aquileia  in  North  Italy,  during  the  persecution  of  Diocletian.  The  Mart.  Rom.  (in 
which  only  S.  Chrysogonus  is  mentioned)  says  that  after  a  long  imprisonment  in  Rome  he 
was  taken  to  Aquileia,  beheaded  there,  and  his  body  cast  into  the  sea.  The  fishes  bare 
his  body  to  land,  so  that  it  could  receive  Christian  burial.  His  head  is  preserved  in  the 
church  dedicated  to  him  in  E-ome;  his  body,  however,  is  at  Venice.  There  is  no  mention 
of  S.  Anastasia  or  of  the  aquae  gradatae  in  Stadler.  Another  authority  places  them  near 
Aquileia,  probably  on  the  road  to  Grado  (JReiligenlexikon  ;  Sertoli,  Antichitcl  di  Aquileia, 
pp.  9-11). 

^  S.  Zoilus  was  a  priest  in  Aquileia,  who  buried  S.  Chrysogonus  in  his  own  house,  after 
the  martyrdom  of  the  saint.  It  is  stated  that  when  he  laid  the  decapitated  head  with  the 
trunk,  they  were  miraculously  joined  together  again.  He  suffered  in  Aquileia,  and  his 
relics  are  still  venerated  there  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon). 

^  The  site  of  S.  Ciriaco  was  discovered  in  1874,  in  some  excavations  which  were  carried 
out  between  the  Ministry  of  Finance  and  the  Female  Orphan  Asylum  of  the  Termini. 
It  consisted  formerly  of  a  church  and  a  monastery,  dates  from  the  time  of  S.  Marcellus, 
was  restored  under  Hadrian  I,  Leo  II,  and  Gregory  IV,  but  was  for  some  unknown  reason 
abandoned  and  fell  to  ruin  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Lonigi  says  that  the  church  had 
fallen  in  his  time.  'Giace  hora  quasi  distrutta  dentro  la  vigna  dei  padri  di  S.  Maria 
degli  Angeli'  (Adinolfi,  ii,  264;  Armellini,  p.  189).  '  %  Zu  unser  liebew  frowe/r  invio- 
lata  dye  kirch  heist  ouch  zum  Sant  Ciriaco'  {Ein  Bilchlin,  &c.,  Strassburg,  1500,  p.  E  vi, 
B.M.) ;  and  on  p.  F  ii  we  find :  *  Zu  sant  ciriaco  lygt  by  dem  pallast  den  man  nennet 
Thermes  die  kirch  ist  zergangen.' 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  139 

ded  for  Ipe  confession  of  ou?  lord  crist.  In  J^oo  same  dayes  J?e  doutyr  of 
dipcleciane  archemia  was  vexid  with  a  wikkid  spirit  whech  spirit  cried  with 
inne  hi?  horribily.  But  if  cyryac  come  hedyr  ellis  wil  I  not  go  oute. 
Ciriac  was  sent  aftir  and  whan  he  was  come  he  comaunded  f>e  deuele  be  J^e 
uertu  of  pe  passiou?^  of  ou?  lord  ihu  f)at  he  schuld  uoide  J?at  place  and  seke 
a  new  hostage.  The  deuele  answerd  him  ageyn  and  saide.  If  fou  put  me 
oute  of  J>is  body  assygne  a  new  place  whe?  I  schal  dwelle.  Ciriac  saide  on  to 
him.  Lo  he?  is  my  body  enter  J^erin  if  f)ou  may.  The  deuel  said  a  gayn. 
Thi  body  is  so  crouch  id '  and  so  blessid  ))at  pere  may  I  not  come.  But  of 
o  ping  I  warne  pe.  If  f^ou  putte  me  oute  fro  ]pis  mayde  here,  I  schal  cause 
pe  to  seke  me  at  babilon.  Tho  he  comaunded  him  to  uoide  and  he  a  uoided 
so  was  pe  mayde  hool  and  aftir  baptized  in  pe  name  of  crist.  But  whan  Jiis 
ciriac  wened  to  a  dwelled  pesibily  in  his  hous  in  contemplacion  as  he  desired 
sodeynly  came  a  message?  fro/fe  kyng  of  perse  on  to  diocleciane  praying  f.  403  r 
him  to  send  him  cyriac  whech  cured  his  douter  for  as  he  wrote  his  welbeloued 
doutir  cleped  iobiane  was  obcessid  with  a  deuele  whech  deuele  cried  with  inne 
lii?  {jat  he  wold  neuyr  uoid  but  if  fis  ciriac  came.  Than  at  pe  prayer  of 
diocleciane  cyriac  was  sette  in  a  schip  and  sailed  in  to  perse  and  so  forth 
caried  to  babylone.  Whan  pe  mayde  was  brout  on  his  presens  pe  deuele 
with  inne  hi?  cried  loude.  I  haue  mad  pe  wery  ciriac.  And  ]?is  holy  man 
answerd.  I  am  not  wery  but  eu^r  redi  to  obeye  pe  gouernaurts  of  god.  ^et 
quod  J^e  deuel  haue  I  brout  pe  where  I  desired  f>ou  schuld  be.  Ciriac  saide 
on  to  him.  Mi  lord  ihu  crist  comaumleth  pe  fat  )?ou  leue  f)is  maide.  The 
deuele  cried.  O  dredful  name  J^at  f)us  constreyneth  me  to  goo.  And  with 
]?at  word  he  went  out  and  left  pe  mayden  hool.  Tho  ciriac  baptized  pe  kyng 
and  pe  qwen  and  he?  doutir  with  many  mo.  He  refused  pe  5iftis  }3at  pe  kyng 
profered  him  and  cam  hom  a  geyn  to  rome.  Sone  aftir  his  comyng  deyid 
f)is  dioclecian,  maximian  his  son  was  emperowr  aftir  him  whech  killid  his 
sistir  archemie  be  was  ^  sche  was  cristen.  Tho  called  he  ciriac  &  mad  for  to 
be  drawe  naked  bounde  with  chenes  a  grete  weye  rith  be  fo?  his  chare.  Tho 
he  hing  him  with  his  felawis  largus  and  sraaragdus  and  pored  hoot  pik  on  he? 
hedis.     Last  of  alle  he  comau?ided  hem  to  be  hedid.^ 

^  crutched,  from  crux.     Hence  the  term  Crutched  Friars.  '  ?  cause. 

'  S.  Cyriacus  is  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  in  Rome  about  the  year  303,  in  the 
persecution  of  Diocletian,  together  with  SS.  Largus,  Smaragdus,  and  twenty  other  Christians. 
He  worked  many  miracles ;  as  related  by  our  chronicler,  he  is  said  to  have  delivered 
Arthemia  (Artemia),  the  daughter  of  Diocletian,  of  an  evil  spirit.  He  was  then  sent  to 
Sapor,  King  of  Persia,  whose  daughter  Jobia  was  siniilarly  afflicted.  The  result  of  the 
miracle  in  delivering  the  latter  is  said  to  have  been  that  the  king  was  baptized  with 
430  others,  and  that  when  S.  Cyriacus  returned  to  Rome  he  was  barbarously  tortured 
and  martyred  by  order  of  Maximian.  All  this,  however,  is  disputed,  and  the  BoUandists 
point  out  that  the  name  of  the  daughter  of  Diocletian  was  Valeria  and  not  Arthemia. 

T  2 


140  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Of  ]>e  stacion  at  seynt  marcelL     cap  xliii. 

Wednysday  folowing  is  ]?e  stacion  at  a  chercli  of  seint  marcell  fast  by  Ipe 
columpne  where  fat  same  marceli  lith  and  J^e  hedes  of  cosmas  and  damianus.* 
There  lith  eke  Ipe  noble  emperour'  focas  ]:»at  gaf  leue  to  bonefas  J»e  pope  *  {)at 
])e  grete  temple  of  fals  goddis  schuld  be  consecrat  to  all  seyntis.^  This  cherch 
stawt  by  a  grete  memorial  of  rome  whech  is  cleped  columpna.  Columpna  is 
as  mech  to  sey  as  a  pile?  for  in  ))is  pile?  whech  is  a  gret  hy  ]?ing  and  rou^id 
mad  of  dyuers  stones  was  grauyn  and  jit  it  apperith  mech  peroi  all  ]>e  stories 
of  Ipe  batail  of  troye.  This  pile?  is  of  swech  fame  Ipere  p&t  on  of  J^e  grete 
kynrodis  of  rome  haue  her  name  peroi  and  comow/ily  on  of  Ipe  cardinales  is  of 
J>is  kynrod  he  ]?at  is  now  den  of  Ipe  cardinalis  hith  prosper  de  columpnis. 
And  pope  martyn  eke  was  of  f)is  kynrod.  Eke  a  noJ>ir  worthi  man  of  ordir 
of  heimytes  of  seynt  austin  a  notabil  clerk  as  skole  men  know  wel  I  now 
whech  J>ei  clepid  egidius  he  was  of  )?is  kynrod.^  But  of  Ipis  marceli  wil  we 
telle  sum  what  be  cause  ]?is  cherch  is  dedicat  to  his  name.  This  marcellus 
was  pope  of  rome  in  time  of  maxenciws  and  for  be  cause  he  halowid  a  cherch 

Baronius  also  in  his  Annals  says  that  there  was  no  Sapor,  King  of  Persia,  during  the 
reign  of  Diocletian.  It  is  generally  accepted  that  S.  Cyriacus  suffered  martyrdom  under 
Maximian  (286-305  and  306-10),  and  that  he  was  a  deacon  under  S.  Marcellus  (308-9), 
so  his  and  his  companions'  martyrdom  probably  occurred  about  309,  and  not  in 
303.  They  were  buried  on  the  Via  Salaria  near  the  gardens  of  Sallust,  and  afterwards 
were  removed  to  a  cemetery  on  the  Via  Ostiensia  (Stadler,  Heiliyenlexikon  \  Acta 
Sanctorum,  August,  vol.  ii,  p.  327). 

^  The  title  of  S.  Marcello  is  very  ancient,  as  it  was  founded  in  the  fifth  century.  It 
was  enriched  by  Leo  III,  Hadrian  I,  and  Gregory  IV ;  and  the  body  of  S.  Marcellus, 
which  was  translated  there  in  the  ninth  century,  was  found  there  in  the  restoration  of 
1869.  Up  to  1519  the  orientation  of  the  church  was  in  the  opposite  direction  to  the 
present  line;  the  alteration  was  made  in  that  year  by  Sansovino  (Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  277  ; 
Armellini,  p.  324  ;  Marucchi,  p.  394  ;  Nibby,  p.  316). 

'  *  Ouch  is  hie  dat  heufft  van  sijnt  Foco  des  keysers '  (Ritter  A.  von  HarflF,  Pilgerfahrt 
in  den  Jahren  1496-9,  p.  27  (Coin,  1860).  There  are  several  saints  named  Phocas, 
who,  of  course,  have  no  connexion  with  the  emperor  of  that  name.  The  relic  here 
mentioned  is  either  that  of  S.  Phocas  the  gardener-saint  of  Sinope  (not  to  be  confused 
with  S.  Phocas,  Bishop  of  Sinope),  or  of  S.  Phocas  who  was  martyred  at  Antioch.  There 
was  formerly  a  church  dedicated  to  the  former  not  far  from  the  Tre  Fontane,  but  it  has 
disappeared  (Stadler,  Seiligenlexikon). 

'  As  regards  the  members  of  the  Colonna  family  mentioned  in  the  chronicle,  the 
following  notes  may  be  of  interest.  At  the  election  of  Nicholas  V,  Prospero  Colonna 
was  beaten  by  only  one  vote,  according  to  a  letter  from  Fra  Cruelles,  Prior  of  the  Catalan 
Monastery  of  S.  Lorens  del  Mont  {Melanges  arcMol.  vol.  xxiii,  p.  419).  Prospero  Colonna 
was  made  Cardinal  of  S.  George  in  1426,  and  died  in  1463.  Oddo  Colonna  was  elected 
Pope  as  Martin  V  in  1417,  and  died  in  1431.  Egidio  Colonna  was  a  well-known  writer 
in  his  day.  Cf.  Intorno  ad  una  enciclopedia  sconosciuta  di  Egidio  Colonna  ed  al 
plagio  fattone  dalV  inglese  Bartolomeo  Glanville.  Rendiconti  della  R.  Ace.  dei  Lincei, 
Bene  iv,  Classe  di  sc.  morali,  1.  2.  18  Genu.  1885.  Cod.  Q.  5,  Bibl.  Angelica ;  Tille,  A. 
Eine  mittelniederdeutsche  t/bersetzung  des  Tractatus  de  Regimine  Principum  von  Egidius 
Romanus  {Zeitschrift  fiir  die  gesamte  Staatswissenschaft,  Ivii.  3,  1901). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  141 

in  worchip  of  ou?  lady  whech  was  a  dwelling  place  of  a  blessid  woman  clepid 
lucyna  whech  cherch  is  called  sea  maria  in  uia  lata  J)at  is  to  sey  semi  mari 
in  f)e  brood  stre/te  and  for  pat  cause  fe  forseid  maxencit^s  fat  he  had  turned  f.  403  v 
Jjis  woma^enes  hous  to  a  cherch  he  ded  make  of  f)at  cherch  a  comouw  stabil 
and  coTidempned  pe  same  pope  for  to  serue  bestes  f>er«  al  his  lyue.  In  Jjis 
same  place  he  deyid  and  was  biried  in  fe  cimiterie  clepid  pnscille.^  This  • 
pope  marcelle  ordeyned  xu  cardinales  in  rome  only  to  baptize  men  and  to 
birie  hem.  So  semetli  it  J>at  cardinales  at  j^at  tyme  were  not  of  swech 
dignyte  as  Ipei  be  now  for  f)ei  were  ))ann  ordeyned  as  for  curates  for  pia  same 
pope  *  was  be  fore  siluest^r  and  on  to  f>at  tyme  })at  siluester  cam  J^e  officeres 
of  J>e  cherch  were  nat  endewid  in  swech  dignite  as  J>ei  be  now.  And  be 
cause  J?at  f)is  man  was  pe  first  J)at  ordeyned  cardinales  and  before  Ipis  man 
we  rede  not  of  fis  name  pernor  if  pe  rederes  wil  consent  I  wil  declare  here 
pe  noumbir  of  pe  cardinales  pe  dignite  pe  office  and  eke  pe  titles.  Al  J?is 
wil  I  drawe  oute  of  martynes  cronicle  euene  be  ordre  as  he  seith.  Thus 
writith  he  fat  euene  as  ou?  lord  in  heuene  hath  iii  ierarchies  of  auTigellis 
ordeyned  to  his  seruyse  so  pe  pope  whech  is  cristis  uike?  in  erde  hath  iii 
ierarchies  of  cardinalis  ordeyned  to  his  mimstracioTi.  The  first  ierarchie  is 
of  cardinal  bischopis.  The  secunde  of  cardinal  prestis.  The  fird  of  cardinal 
deknes.  Cardinal  bischoppis  are  pere  uii  cardinal  prestis  xxuiii  cardinal 
deknes  xui.  The  uii  cardinal  bischoppis  a?  fese.  The  bischop  of  hostie 
whech  is  worthiest  of  all  for  be  his  handis  pe  pope  neUly  chosin  receyuyth 
his  consecraciow.  The  bischop  portuense  is  pe  secund.  The  bischop 
albanens^g  pe  f>ird.  The  bischop  sabinenszs  is  pe  fourt.  The  bischop  prenes- 
tine  pe  u.  The  bischop  see  ruffine  is  pe  ui.  The  bischop  tusculane  pe  uii.  | 
These  uii  be  pe  popes  *  uikeris  for  to  serue  him  at  pe  auter  in  pe  cherch 
cleped  lateranensis  on  Sundays  and  on  grete  festis.  U.  Cardinal  prestis  be 
pere  xxuiii  distincte  on  to  of>ir  iiii  cherches  to  euery  cherch  uii.  |  These  be 
pe  uii  intitled  to  pe  cherch  of  seynt  petir.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  mary 
transtiberim.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  griso^onits  in  pe  same  place.  The 
cardinal  of  seyn  cecili  in  pe  same  transtiberim.      Tlie  cardinal  of  seynt 

*  S.  Marcellus  was  Pope  from  808  to  309  (or  310),  and  succeeded  S.  Marcelliuus. 
Owing  to  the  similarity  of  the  names  there  is  some  confusion  in  regard  to  these  two  popes 
and  the  dates  concerning  them.  According  to  the  Liber  Pontijicalis,  the  Holy  See  was 
about  this  time  vacant  for  seven  years ;  according  to  other  authorities,  from  three  to  three 
and  a  half  years.  S.  Marcellus  was  a  Roman  by  birth,  the  son  of  Benedictus,  and  lived  in 
the  Via  Lata.  He  founded  the  Catacombs  of  Priscilla  on  the  Via  Salaria,  and  created  twenty- 
five  new  tituli  or  Christian  parish  churches.  He  became  a  Christian  about  the  time  of  the 
Emperors  Galerius,  Maximian,  and  Constantius  Chlorus.  He  was  savagely  flogged  and 
expelled  from  the  city.  This  is  proved  by  his  epitaph.  He  appears  to  have  returned 
shortly  afterwards,  and  to  have  been  condemned  to  labour  in  the  public  stables,  where 
he  died.  He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  Priscilla  (Stadler,  Ueilujenlexikon ;  Acta 
Sanctorum,  January,  vol.  ii,  p.  3 ;  Duchesne,  Liher  Pontijicalis^  vol.  i,  p.  164). 


142  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

anastase.  The  cardinal  of  seyiit  lauiens  in  damasco.  The  cardinal  of  seynt 
marc.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  martyn  in  montibits.  |  These  be  pe  uii  f)at 
serue  to  seyn  paules  cherch.  The  cardinale  of  seint  sabiiie.  The  cardinal 
of  seynt  prisce.  The  cardinal  of  seint  balbine.  The  cardinal  of  f)oo  seyntis 
nerei  &  achillei.  The  cardinal  of  semi  sixte.  The  cardinal  of  semi  marcelle. 
The  cardinal  of  seint  sasanne.  |  These  be  j^e  uii  cardinal  prestes  ]:»at  serue 
at  seiwt  laure7^s.  The  cardinal  of  seint  praxed.  The  cardinal  of  seint  petir 
ad  uincula.  The  cardinal  of  seint  laurens  in  lucina.  The  cardinal  of  seynt 
cruces  at  ierlm.  The  cardinal  of  seint  steuene  in  celio  monte.  The  cardinal 
of  jon  and  paule.  The  cardinal  of  quatuor  coronator?/m.  |  These  be  Ipe 
f.  404  r  uii  cardinal  )?at  serue  at  seint  /  mari  maior.  The  cardinal  of  f>e  cherch 
dedicat  to  \>e  xii  apostles.  The  cardinal  of  seint  ciriac  in  Ipe  bathis.  The 
cardinal  of  seint  euseby.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  potencian.  The  cardinal  of 
seint  uitale.  The  cardinal  of  marcellini  and  petri.  The  cardinal  of  seint 
clement.  |  These  be  J^e  cardinal  deknes  ordeyned  to  fe  mimsteri  of  oul?  fader 
J?e  pope  *  in  nounibir  ]>ere  be  xui.  The  cardinal  of  j^e  cherch  of  ou?  lady 
called  in  domnica  or  ellis  in  nauicellis  he  is  Ipe  first  and  archdekne  of  his 
felawis.  The  cardinale  of  seynt  lucie  whech  stant  in  f»e  gret  paleis  fast  bi 
septisolium.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  mari  none.  The  cardinal  of  cosme  and 
damiani.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  adriane.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  george. 
The  cardinal  of  seint  mary  by  f>e  grek  skole.  The  cardinal  of  seint  mari  in 
porticu.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  nicholas  in  careers.  The  cardinal  of  seynt 
aungel.  The  cardinal  of  seyn  eustas.  The  cardinal  of  seynt  mari  in  aquario. 
The  cardinal  of  seint  mari  in  uialata.  The  cardinal  of  seint  agas.  The 
cardinal  of  seint  lucie  whech  is  cleped  in  caput  suburre.  The  cardinal  of 
seint  qwirit. 

Off  ye  stacion  at  s  appollina?.     xliiii. 

Thursday  in  passion  weke  is  f>e  stacion  at  a  cherch  cleped  seint  appollina?.* 
This  same  was  disciple  on  to  seynt  petir  and  whan  his  maystir  had  lerned 
him  J>e  lawe  of  god  he  sent  him  to  rauenne  to  preche  Ipere  ])e  cristen  feith. 
AVhan  he  was  come  to  rauenne  he  holid  a  grete  lordis  wif  of  greuous  seknesse 
and  aftir  baptised  both  hir  and  hir  husbond.  The  iuge  of  j^e  cite  hering  J^is 
sent  aftir  him  and  compelled  him  to  offir  to  J>e  goddis  but  he  wold  not 
consent  for  he  saide  on  to  pe  iuge  J>at  it  had  be  mech  bettir  fat  gold  and  )?at 
siluyr  whech  hing  be  fore  Ipe  goddis  to  spend  it  in  clothis  in  mete  and  in 

*  The  church  of  S.  Apollinare  was  constructed  near  the  Stadium  of  Severus,  and 
is  known  to  have  existed  under  Hadrian  I.  It  was  called  de  Archipresbyteratu.  The 
present  church  is  an  entire  reconstruction  of  Benedict  XIV  (Armelliui,  p.  186 ; 
Marucchi,  p.  501 ;  Nibby,  p.  106). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGPJMES  143 

drynk  for  sustenauns  of  pore  men.  The  comauwded  fe  iuge  to  his  mini'stris 
J^at  for  f>is  blaspheme  a  geyn  he?  goddis  ]?ei  schuld  bete  him  with  battis  as 
long  as  fei  fouTide  in  him  ony  lif.  So  half  ded  half  on  lyue  pei  left  him  his 
disciples  cam  J?an  and  caried  him  to  a  womarines  hous  Ip^  was  cristen  ])ere 
with  inne  ui  monthes  he  was  mad  hool.  Than  went  he  to  a  cite  f>ei  clepe 
classensis  whe?  he  cured  a  noble  man  whech  myth  not  speke  and  a  jong 
mayden  he  delyu^red  fro  a  wlkkid  spirit  whech  was  with  inne  hir.  For  ]?ese 
myracles  Ipere  we?  turned  on  to  f>e  feith  of  ou?  lord  crist  mo  ]:an  u  hundred 
men  wherfor  )?e  paynemes  bete  him  with  grete  battis  forbedyng  him  fat  he 
schuld  not  reherse  Ipe  name  of  ihu.  He  for  febilnesse  lying  on  J>e  erde 
rehersid  euyr  Ipe  more  pe  blessed  name  ihu.  Tho  mad  pei  him  to  go  with 
bare  feet  up  on  brennawd  coles  where  he  prechid  with  grete  constauTis  J^e 
name  and  Ipe  uertu  of  ou?  lord  ihu.  Than  banched  f>ei  him  J)at  cite.  In  f)at 
tyme  Ipe  duke  /  of  rauenne  had  a  doutyr  greuously  seek  he  sent  for  apollinare  f.  404  v 
Jjat  he  schuld  cure  his  doutyr  and  at  f»e  first  entre  of  pe  seynt  j^e  doutir  was 
ded.  Than  saide  pe  duk.  I  wold  J3ou  had  neuyr  entred  mjn  hous  for  at 
f i  comywg  j^e  grete  goddis  ar  wroth  with  me  )?erfor  is  my  doutyr  ded. 
Appollina?  answerd  on  to  J^e  duk.  Drede  pe  not  but  o  J?ing  graunt  me  f»at 
if  f>i  doutyr  lyue  f)ou  schalt  not  let  hi?  to  serue  him  f>at  mad  hir.  Aftir  J^e 
faderis  graunt  pe  mayde  roos  up  heyl  and  sound  with  outew  ony  maledye. 
The  emperou?  of  rome  herd  of  ]?ese  meruelous  werkis  whech  were  wrout  be 
appollina?  comauwded  his  officeres  ]?at  })ei  schuld  compelle  him  to  do  sacrifise 
on  to  here  goddis  or  ellis  fei  schuld  banych  him  pe  cuntre.  Aftir  many 
passiones  and  tribulaciones  )?is  holi  man  was  couwcelled  of  cristen  men  for 
reformaciouTi  of  his  helth  to  dvvelle  for  a  tyme  a  mongi*'  myselles  ^  whe?  he 
was  aspied  and  neuly  so  betyn  f>at  with  inne  uii  dayes  he  sent  his  soule  to 
his  make?.^ 

^  The  meaning  of  this  word  is  obscure.  One  possible  deiivation  is  from  miselli,  poor, 
miserable  folk,  from  which  our  word  measly  comes ;  the  same  word  misellis  occurs  in  Capgrave's 
Life  of  S.  Gilbert  of  Sempringham,  E.  E.  Text  Society,  No.  140  of  1910,  ch.  iv,  p.  67, 
1.  31 ;  the  meaning  given  in  the  glossary  of  that  work  is  'lepers'.  (In  the  Middle  Ages 
this  term  '  measly'  was  synonymous  with  lepers.)  The  difficulty  arises  :  would  his  friends 
have  counselled  him  to  dwell  for  a  term  with  people  of  this  description,  *  for  reformation 
of  his  health '  ?  There  is  a  French  word  musel,  which  means  one  who  muses,  a  contem- 
plative person,  which  term  would  readily  apply  to  hermits.  Again,  S.  Apollinaris  is  * 
believed  to  have  visited  Burgundy  at  some  time  or  other,  and  therefore  may  have  lived 
at  Mussy-l'fiv^que  in  that  province.  After  he  left  Classis,  however,  he  went  to  Dalmatia, 
and  thence  returned  to  Classis  only  to  be  martyred  there.  The  word  Moslim  or  Mussulmen 
is  out  of  the  question,  as  it  is  not  found  so  early ;  in  fact,  our  chronicler  always  uses  the 
word  '  Sarsines ',  or  Saracens.    One  possible  explanation  is  suggested  in  the  following  note. 

2  S.  Apollinaris  was  the  first  Bishop  of  Ravenna,  where  he  was  sent  by  S.  Peter 
to  preach  the  Gospel.  As  he  came  from  Antioch  to  Rome  with  the  Apostle  in  the  reign 
of  the  Emperor  Claudius  he  is  believed  by  some  to  be  by  birth  a  citizen  of  Antioch,  and 
to  have  been  one  of  the  disciples.    The  Bollandists  fix  the  date  of  his  mission  to  Ravenna 


144  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Off  J?e  stacion  at  semt  steuene  in  celio  monte.    cap  xlu. 

Friday  in  passitsn  weke  is  j?e  stacion  at  a  cherch  of  seynt  steuene  wliecli 
stant  in  a  hiil  J>ei  clepe  there  mons  celius.^  This  hiii  was  famous  be  fore 
crist  for  a  grete  conqwerowr  cleped  tullius  hostilius  dwelt  J^e?  and  a  famouse 
poete  alsoo  had  his  dwellyng  ])ere.  On  fis  hill  sted  a  teraple  consecrat  to  swech 
goddis  as  ]?e  poetes  clepe  faunes.  But  seynt  ierom  and  o])ir  cristen  clerkis 
writiw  })at  Ipere  be  certey^i  spiritis  whech  apperen  sumtyme  in  forme  of  men 
sumtyme  in  o)?ir  forme  and  mad  certeyn  toknes  be  whech  toknes  men  knew 
)?ingis  J)at  schuld  falle  aftirward.  And  pei  pat  appered  f)us  and  spoke  not 
were  cleped  faunes.  Of)ir  we?  per-e  and  spoken  half  hors  half  men  as  a  man 
may  rede  be  pe  auctorite  of  seynt  ierom  in  pe  lif  of  seynt  antonie  whe?  he 
seith  psii  on  of  hem  was  taken  in  constantines  tyme  and  brout  qwik  to  grete 
alisaundr  where  al  pe  puple  sey  him.  Tho  deyed  he  and  was  salted  and 
caried  on  to  antioche  J^at  pe  emperou?  myth  se  him.  But  now  to  purpos. 
This  temple  sumtyme  dedicat  to  J>ese  faunes  is  now  coTisecrat  in  worchip  of 
seynt  steuene  and  )3is  was  pe  cause  as  I  suppose  for  he  had  be  fore  no  special 
place  in  rome  dedicate  to  him  ferj>er  mo?  I  haue  red  in  summe  cronicles  Jjat 
seynt  Sebastian  distroyed  pe  fals  maumewtes  f>at  stood  in  f)at  temple  and 
aftir  pe  grete  p^rsecucion  of  diocleciane  &  maxmiane  whan  J^ei  we?  ded 
cristen  men  halowid  )?is  temple  to  seynt  steuene.     This  same  seint  is  worf»i 

as  occurring  in  the  year  a.d.  46.  S.  Peter  Chrosologus  (Chrysostom),  Bishop  of  Ravenna, 
says  {Serm.  128)  that  S.  Apollinaris  had  on  several  occasions  shed  his  blood  for  the  faith, 
and  had  desired  nothing  so  much  as  to  die  for  it,  but  that  our  Lord  had  kept  him  long 
in  the  service  of  the  Church,  and  had  not  permitted  him  to  be  condemned  to  death  by  his 
persecutors.  From  this  many  say  that  he  never  sutfered  martyrdom,  but  the  Mart.  Bom, 
calls  him  martyr,  and  fixes  the  date  of  his  death  as  July  23,  a.d.  75,  in  the  reign  of 
the  Emperor  Vespasian.  S.  Apollinaris  preached  in  many  lands :  in  Lombardy,  in  Moesia, 
in  Thrace,  and  on  the  Danube.  His  travels  in  Moesia  may  possibly  have  given  rise  to  the 
word  'myselles'  (see  preceding  note)  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexihon  ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  July, 
vol.  V,  p.  328). 

^  S.  Stephen  in  Celio  Monte  is  the  church  on  the  •Caelian  now  known  as  S.  Stephen 
the  Round.  But  the  latter  name  (up  to  the  twelfth  century)  was  given  to  the  small 
round  church  (Temple  of  Vesta)  near  the  church  of  S.  Maria  in  Cosmedin  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tiber,  which  was  first  dedicated  to  S.  Stephen,  and  afterwards  to  S.  Maria  del 
Sole.  The  codex  of  Turin,  that  of  Camerarius,  as  well  as  that  of  Signorili,  all  agree  on 
this  point;  when  the  church  was  visited  by  Alexander  VII,  we  read:  '  ecclesia 
S.  Stephani  rotundi  supra  flumen.'  But  after  the  name  was  changed,  the  term  rotundas 
was  applied  to  the  church  on  the  Caelian.  The  date  of  the  construction  of  the  latter  is 
the  subject  of  some  controversy.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Pope  Simplicius  in  the 
fifth  century.  Armellini  does  not  agree  with  those  who  believe  the  building  to  be 
originally  pagan,  but  is  of  opinion  that  it  is  a  Christian  work,  both  in  plan  and  con- 
struction. He  quotes  Huebsch,  Die  altchristlichen  Kirchen,  pp.  36-7,  in  favour  of  this 
view,  to  which  De  Rossi  in  La  Basilica  di  8.  Stefano  rotondo,  Rome,  1886,  also  adheres. 
Marucchi,  on  the  other  hand,  is  inclined  to  think  that  it  was  part  of  the  macellum 
magnum  (Adinolfi,  i,  p.  336  ;  Armellini,  p.  631 ;  Marucchi,  p.  219  ;  Nibby,  p.  727). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  145 

ful  mech  worcliip  for  he  was  f>e  first  martir  J?at  deyed  for  crist  he  cam  at  it 
semeth  of  a  ful  good  stok  for  he  )?at  fond  ]?e  crosse  at  coartacion  of  seynt 
helyn  was  broj^ir  to  seynt  steuene.  First  hith  he  iudas  and  whan  he  was 
conuerted  by  po  grete  /  miracles  do  be  f»e  crosse  seynt  helyn  mad  him  to  be  f.  405  r 
cristen,  and  cleped  his  name  qwiriak.*  "We  fynde  eke  in  elde  annuales  yat 
he  was  aftir  f)at  chosen  bischop  of  ierlin.  We  rede  eke  of  se'ini  steuene  })at 
his  hed  is  at  cane.  For  at  Ipe  last  sege  of  ierlm  a  monk  cleped  odo  a  nor- 
mau7^t  of  birth  cam  fro  ierlm  to  rome  &  what  for  lettms  of  lordis  J?at  he 
brout  what  for  grete  Jpingis  fat  he  ded  he  gat  seynt  steuenes  hed  and  brout 
it  on  to  cane.  This  was  do  Ipe  ^ere  of  ou?  lord  as  ou?  cronicles  sey  a 
mi  Ixxxxui. 


Off  Ipe  stacion  at  s  ion  portlatiw.  cap.  xlui. 
Satirday  of  palme  Sunday  J^e  uigil  is  Ipe  stacion  at  a  cherch  dedicate  to 
seint  ion  euangelist  we  clepe  Ipe  fest  jon  portlatin,  for  pere  is  a  gate  in  rome 
cleped  porta  latina  and  fast  by  J>is  gate  on  Ipe  rith  hand  is  a  litil  chapel 
where  ]:at  pis  ion  euangelist  was  put  in  a  tonne  of  brennyng  oyle.^  "Whi 
J)is  gate  is  cleped  porta  latina  for  pat  strete  goth  to  a  lond  whech  is  cleped 
Ipe  latyn  lond  for  Ipere  be  gan  Ipe  latyn  tonge.  On  Ipe  ofir  side  of  ]?e  strete  is 
sette  a  fai?  cherch  in  worchip  of  Ipia  same  seynt  but  it  is  but  seldom  open  for 
J>ere  be  no  dwelleres  Iperon.  In  Ipis  chapel  is  an  auter  and  undir  Ipe  autere 
a  hole  whe?  men  crepe  Iporw  for  grete  cause  as  summe  sey  J^ere  for  as  oftyn 
as  a  maw  goth  forw  so  often  he  delyueryth  sum  soule  fro  purgatory.  In  J?* 
same  place  suffered  jon  pe  euangelist  his  martirdam.  He  prechid  first  in 
asie  and  f>ere  be  cause  he  wold  not  cese  of  preching  pe  gouernou?  undir  pe 
empgrou?  domiciane  put  him  in  prison  and  sent  a  lettyr  on  to  pe  emperou? 
whech  dwelt  f»an  at  rome  in  whech  lettir  he  informed  him  J?at  he  had  on  of 

^  There  is  some  confusion  about  S.  Judas  Quiriacus  (Cyriacus),  Bishop  of  Jerusalem. 
He  was  probably  not  the  S.  Cyriacus  converted  by  S.  Helena,  and  said  to  have  been 
martyred  by  Julian  the  Apostate  ;  it  is  knawn  that  there  was  no  bishop  of  that  name  in 
Jerusalem  in  Julian's  time.  Some  authors  therefore  make  him  Bishop  of  Ancona,  where 
he  is  now  the  patron  saint  of  the  city.  But  there  was  a  Bishop  Judas — who  was  killed 
in  a  rising  of  the  Jews  about  the  year  133— under  the  Emperor  Hadrian.  He  possibly 
assumed  the  name  Quiriacus,  on  account  of  the  detestation  in  which  his  own  name  was 
held  by  Christians.  He  is  mentioned  by  Theodoricus  Pauli  as  having  suffered  martyrdom 
in  Hadrian's  reign  (Stadler,  Seiligenlexihon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  May,  vol.  i,  p.  439). 

2  S.  Giovanni  a  Porta  Latina  is  a  very  ancient  church,  founded  by  Pope  Gelasius  I  in 
the  fifth  century,  rebuilt  by  Hadrian  I  in  772,  and  again  restored  in  the  twelfth  and 
sixteenth  centuries.  According  to  Crescimbeni  {Storia  di  S.  Giovanni  a  porta  Latina, 
p.  203  sq.),  Leo  II  attached  it  to  S.  John  Lateran.  From  Lucius  II  to  Boniface  VIII 
it  belonged  to  the  Benedictines ;  it  was  then  transferred  to  the  Trinitarians,  and  now 
belongs  to  French  Franciscans  ( Armellini,  p.  272 ;  Marucchi,  p.  170 ;  Duchesne,  Liber 
Pontificalis,  p.  608 ;  Nibby,  p.  269). 

U 


146  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

fe  disciples  of  crist  in  pWson  whech  disciple  hith  jon  a  man  he  seid  of 
meruelous  cowu^rsacion  for  a  wicch  he  was  as  he  seid  ful  of  sorsry  a  defiler  of 
holy  places  a  despiser  of  )?e  grete  goddis.  Domician  wrot  on  to  J>is  president 
a  geyn  ]:>at  he  schuld  send  him  to  rome.  Thus  cam  he  to  rome  &  prechid  in 
]>e  grete  halle  at  lateranensts  and  for  his  preching  was  despised  of  fe  romanes. 
For  first  J>ei  mad  al  f>e  he?  of  his  hed  to  be  schaue  lich  a  fool  fan  put  J»ei 
him  in  a  tu^ine  of  brasse  ful  of  boiling  oyle  wlie?  he  skaped  be  grete  miracle 
for  he  went  fro  Ipai  tormentrie  as  his  lif  saith  a  noynted  and  not  hurt.  This 
miracle  meued  so  J^e  emperou?  }>at  he  wold  not  sle  him  but  exiled  him  in  to 
pathmos.  The  romanes  as  we  fynde  write  were  not  wroth  for  f)at  \)e  apostoles 
prechid  of  crist  and  of  his  grete  werkis  for  Ipei  refused  no  god  but  receyued 
all  goddis  of  all  naciones  of  alle  sectis  on  to  worchip.  But  f)is  was  cause  of 
he?  rebellion  a  geyn  crist  for  pei  had  mad  a  la  we  f>at  no  man  schuld  be 
receyued  as  for  a  god  but  if  it  were  first  approbat  a  mongis  Ipe  senatourts. 
f.  405  V  And  be  cause  f)e  apostoles  prechid  of  cristis  deite  er  tyme  pat  he  /  was  appro- 
bat  for  a  god  a  mongis  hem  })is  was  cause  of  her  indignacion.  A  noJ?ir 
cause  was  fere  for  pei  saide  ^  was  a  proud  god  for  he  wold  be  god  a  lone  and 
receyue  non  ofir  on  to  felauchip  of  his  deite.  But  now  to  ou?  first  purpos. 
The  modir  of  jon  pe  euangeliste  salome  whech  was  on  of  foo  women  fat 
folowid  crist  in  his  preching  herd  sey  fat  hir  son  ion  was  in  prison  at  rome 
cam  to  rome  for  to  se  him  and  counforte  him.  But  er  sche  cam  ion  was 
exiled  and  sent  forth  to  pathmos.  Tho  went  sche  in  to  campanie  a  cuntre 
of  itayle  f e?  deyed  sche  and  was  biried  fast  by  a  cite  f  ei  clepe  uerulane.'^ 
Aftir  for  grete  miracles  fat  sche  ded  and  eke  for  appermg  of  james  hir  son 
whech  saide  to  a  holy  man  in  reuelacion  fat  it  was  goddis  wil  his  modir 
schuld  ly  in  mo?  solempne  place  sche  was  lift  up  and  translate  to  f  e  cite.^ 


Off  f  e  stacion  at  lateranens/s.     cap  xluii. 

On  palme  Sunday  is  f  e  stacion  at  seynt  ion  lateranensts  of  whech  cherch  is 
seid  mech  f  ing  be  fore  and  fewe  memoriales  left  to  rehers  he?.  This  mech 
we  sey  fat  it  is  f  e  use  of  cristen  men  to  be  gadered  at  her  modir  cherch  fat 
day  and  be  fe?  in  fat  solempne  procession  whech  crist  exaumpled  him  selue 
and  be  cause  fat  f is  cherch  is  f e  eldest  cherch  of  f e  world  f erfor  is  it  con- 
uewient  fat  f is  solempne  pr<7cession  schuld  be  at  f  e  eldest  cherch.  This  pro- 
cession was  first  begunne  be  oure  lord  and  cow-tinued  be  f  e  apostoles  on  to  f  e 

^  *  he '  or  *  Christ '  omitted  here  in  MS.  ^  Veroli. 

'  Nothing  is  known  of  S.  Salome,  mother  of  S.  John  Evangelist  and  S.  James,  except 
that  she  was  one  of  the  pious  Galilean  women  who  purchased  spices  for  our  Lord's  body, 
and  was  an  eyewitness  of  His  crucifixion  and  resurrection.  It  is  believed  that  she  died 
at  Jerusalem  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon  \  Acta  Sanctorum,  October,  vol.  ix,  p.  485). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  147 

tyme  ]?at  pei  deyed  and  so  forth  be  succession  of  oj^ir  faderes  fis  good  usage 
is  come  to  us.  For  seiwt  austiw  jeuith  us  swech  a  reule  in  his  book  de  mori- 
hus  ecdesie  ]?at  alle  ]?oo  good  usages  whech  ar  worchip  to  god  and  encrees  ^ 
whan  we  can  not  se  hem  growndid  in  scripture  we  schul  suppose  fat  crist 
taut  hem  his  apostoles  and  pel  taute  hem  ofir  faderes  and  so  is  ]>e  good 
custome  come  down  to  us.  I  sey  not  pis  for  cause  f>at  J?is  procession  is  not 
in  scriptu?  for  I  wote  weel  fe  gospell  telleth  fall  pleyn  who  crtst  cam  to 
ierusalem  and  who  pe  puple  with  grete  worchip  receyued  him.  But  I  sey 
J^is  J?at  we  fynde  not  in  scriptu?  ]?at  f>e  apostoles  kept  J)is  procession  aftir  J^e 
deth  of  crist  in  places  where  J^ei  abod  J>at  tyme  of  pe  5ere  and  jet  is  it  ful 
likly  J>at  pei  ded  so.  I  may  be  leue  eke  J>at  be  cause  seynt  gregory  sette 
pe  s^ruyse  of  pe  cherch  in  order  }?at  fis  same  day  at  fis  same  cherch  he 
sang  J^ese  newe  songis  and  said  pese  noble  orisones  now  used  in  pe  cherch 
and  so  ordeyned  }?at  J^e  stacion  schuld  jerly  be  kept.  We  rede  of  o  certeyn 
addicion  to  f)is  seruyse  mad  be  a  noble  man  called  theodulphus  bischop  of 
orgliauns  ]5at  he  mad  J'ese  uers  Gloria  laus  &  honor  &cr.^  The  cronicle 
tellith  of  him  J^at  he  was  accused  falsly  on  to  pe  eniperou?  lodewyk  of  certeyn 
defautes  and  pe  emperou?  in  grete  ire  comau9^ded  him  to  prison  at  angoye. 
Happed  of  palme  Sunday  pe  emperou?  to  be  pre/sent  in  J^at '  and  in  pro-  f.  406  r 
cession  to  go  forby  J^at  same  hous  in  whech  J>is  bischop  was  in  prison.  Tho 
]?is  bischop  loked  out  at  a  wyndown  and  asked  silens  and  pese  uers  whech 
he  had  mad  be  fore  he  sang  with  so  grete  melodye  fat  pe  emperou?  meuyd 
of  pite  comauwded  him  to  be  delyuered  fio  prison  and  restored  to  his  dignite. 


Off  pe  stacion  at  sei^it  praxede.     cap  xluiii. 

The  moneday  aftir  palme  Sunday  is  pe  stacion  at  seynt  praxedis  a  fat? 
cherch  it  is  and  a  place  of  murz-kis  annexid  fertoo.*     This  seynt  praxede 

^  *  of  good '  in  margin  of  MS. 

^  Theodulphus,  Bishop  of  Orleans,  lived  at  the  end  of  Charlemagne's  reign  and  the 
beginning  of  that  of  Louis  le  D^bonnaire.  He  was  bishop  at  the  time  of  the  Council  of 
Frankfurt  in  794.  He  was  chosen  by  Charlemagne  to  sign  his  will  in  811,  and  by  Louis 
in  816  to  receive  the  Pope,  who  was  coming  to  crown  the  emperor  at  Rheims.  The 
incident  mentioned  by  our  author  is  fully  described  by  Moreri.  Theodulphus  died  about 
821  or  822  ;  for  Jonas,  his  successor  in  the  bishopric  of  Orleans,  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Pope  Eugenius  II  by  Louis  in  824  (Moreri,  Dictionnaire  hutorique). 

8  ?city. 

*  The  church  of  S.  Prassede  is  said  to  have  been  built  on  a  property  belonging  to  the 
family  of  Pudens.  The  title  is  first  mentioned  about  the  end  of  the  fifth  century.  It  was 
largely  restored  in  the  ninth  century  by  Pascal  I,  to  whom  we  owe  the  mosaics.  It 
was  also  repaired  by  S.  Carlo  Borromeo,  who  was  titular  of  the  church,  and  finally 
restored  in  the  eighteenth  century  (Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  129  ;  Armellini,  p.  555 ;  Marucchi, 
p.  828  ;  Nibby,  p.  670). 

u2 


148  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

was  sistir  to  seynt  potenciane  a  rich  womsLn  a  louer  of  god  a  grete  refrescher 
of  pore  men.  This  cherch  was  hir  halle  and  in  )?e  myddis  was  a  welle 
whech  welle  sche  and  hir  seruauwtes  filt  o  day  with  blood  of  martires  J)^ 
were  ded  for  crist.^  The  wett  is  now  closed  with  a  rownd  ston  and  grated 
a  boute  with  irun.  We  rede  in  ]?e  cronicles  f)at  in  ]?is  praxedis  cherch  ly 
byried  ii  mi  martires  and  iiii  hundred.  This  is  writyn  in  f>e  marbil  as  we 
come  in  at  pe  dore.  There  is  eke  a  chapeil  on  J^e  rith  hand  with  an  ante? 
in  whech  ante?  lyth  seint  ualeyntyn-  and  undir  J>e  ante?  is  a  pes  of  })at 
pile?  to  whech  crist  was  scorgid.  It  is  a  met^erd  of  length  Ipe  fairest  blew 
marbili  J)at  ony  man  may  se.  The?  sei  we  in  ]?e  sacristie  a  fay?  uernycle 
whech  seynt  petir  ded  make  as  "pe  abbot  seid  to  us  and  kept  it  al  his  lyf  but 
whan  he  deyed  he  5aue  it  to  ]?is  mayde  and  many  olpir  j^ingis.  For  pere  is 
a  grete  pees  of  f>e  holy  crosse  mo?  )?an  a  fote  long  and  ii  unch  brood  and 
a  unch  )?ik  in  schap  of  a  crosse  with  his  transuersal  and  his  standard. 
There  be  eke  iii  of  J>oo  J>ornes  pt  were  in  cristis  bed  pei  be  white  of  colou? 
and  too  unch  of  length.  This  same  day  eke  is  pe  stacion  at  a  no]?ir  cherch 
dedicat  to  f)ese  seyntes  nereus  and  achilleus.^  These  to  men  conuerted  an 
holy  mayden  on  to  crist  whech  hith  domycelle.  This  mayde  was  nes  to 
domician  pe  emperou?  and  for  hir  hie  kynrod  hir  beute  &  hir  good  aray 
sche  was  desired  of  a  5ong  lord  cleped  aurelian  for  to  be  his  wif  but  pese  too 
men  J>at  were  hir  cubiculeris  and  baptized  of  seynt  petir  stered  here  lady 
fat  sche  schuld  no  husbond  receyue.  The  preisid  on  to  hir  pe  grete  uertu 
of  uirginite  pe  grete  mede  J>at  longith  perto  in  heuene.  Eke  fei  told  hir 
of  pe  grete  dauwgeris  in  mariage  of  pe  onstedfast  loue  be  twix  sum  men  and 

^  S.  Praxedis  was  daughter  of  Pudens  and  sister  of  S.  Pudentiana.  She  lived  a  life  of 
piety  and  charity ;  caring  for  the  imprisoned  and  persecuted  Christians  while  they  lived, 
and  collecting  their  remains  and  burying  them  when  they  were  dead.  She  sold  all  she 
possessed  to  give  to  the  poor,  and  died  in  peace  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexihon ;  Acta 
Sanctorum,  May,  vol.  iv,  p,  296). 

^  The  S.  Valentine  here  referred  to  was  a  priest,  who  sufiFered  martyrdom  in  the  reign 
of  Claudius  (Gothicus).  The  martyrdom  took  place  in  Eorae  before  the  Porta  Flaminia. 
For  centuries  there  was  a  church  near  the  spot  dedicated  to  him,  in  which  his  relics 
were  preserved.  This  church  was  founded  by  S.  Julius,  Pope,  and  restored  by  Theodore ; 
in  the  seventeenth  century  only  a  few  ruins  showed  where  it  had  once  existed  (Stadler, 
Heiligenlexihon;  Acta  Sanctorum,  February,  vol.  ii,  p.  751). 

^  The  church  of  SS.  Nereus  and  Achilleus  was  originally  known  under  the  name  of  the 
Titulus  Fasciolae,  from  a  fasciola,  or  bandage,  which  fell  from  a  wound  on  the  foot  of 
S.  Peter  during  his  flight  from  Rome,  after  his  escape  from  the  Mamertine  prison.  It  is 
first  mentioned  in  an  inscription  of  a.d,  471,  which  relates  to  a  priest  who  was  the  father 
of  Felix  III.  The  church  was  restored  by  Leo  III  about  800  ;  the  mosaics  are  of  his 
period.  At  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  church  was  almost  abandoned,  and  the 
principal  relics  were  removed  by  Gregory  IX  to  S.  Adriano.  About  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century  Sixtus  IV  repaired  it,  but  it  again  fell  into  decay.  Finally  it  was 
restored  by  Cardinal  Baronio  in  1597,  and  the  relics  were  brought  back  with  great 
solemnity  (Armellini,  p.  467 ;  Marucchi,  p.  163). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGBIMES  149 

here  wiues  who  "put  men  in  he?  wowyng  J^at  trete  jong  women  in  pe  best 
mane?  aftirward  rebuke  hem  and  bete  hem  in  pe  werst  \  Sche  answered  on 
to  pe  suasiones  of  ]?ese  men  &  seid  sche  had  good  mynde  f>at  hir  owne  fader 
was  ful  gelous  &  f)at  sche  wist  hir  modir  haue  ful  many  an  heuy  day.  In 
J»is  pletyng  be  twix  mariage  and  uirginite  sche  eonsentid  to  J^ese  men  both 
to  receyue  cristendam  and  eke  to  kepe  hir  bodi  clene.  /  He  f>at  wold  a  f.  406  v 
weddid  hir  aspied  J^is  and  compleyned  to  pe  emp^rou?  so  be  his  comauwd- 
me?*t  pe  maide  with  hir  couwcellourts  were  exiled  on  to  an  yle  fei  clepe 
ponciane.  Aftir  were  f>ei  all  iii  slayn  for  our  lordis  cause  pQ  too  men  lost 
her  hedes  pe  uirgine  was  sperd  in  a  hous  wi-th  ofir  maidenes  and  brent  with 
impetuous  fy?.^ 

Of  pe  stacion  at  seiwt  prisce.     ca  xlix. 

Tewisday  in  palme  weke  is  pe  stacion  at  a  cherch  dedicate  to  seint  prisca 
uirgin  and  martyr.  Ther  is  a  place  undir  pe  ground  whe?  seiwt '  ofte  tyme 
saide  masse  &  pere  is  schewid  his  stole  &  his  girdil  and  many  oJ)ir  relikkis.* 
This  mayde  was  bore  in  rome  doutir  to  a  consul  fay?  of  body  fayre?  in  soule. 
In  claudii^s  tyme  pe  emperou?  died  sche  for  confession  of  pe  feith.  Whan 
sche  was  brout  first  be  fo?  pe  emperou?  he  had  merueyle  of  hir  beute  and 
svvech  wordis  he  seid  on  to  hir.  O  god  appollo  grete  is  J^i  myth  f>at  can  make 
so  fayre  a  cieatu?  to  pe  plesauns  of  man.  Thoo  he  enqwirid  of  hir  religion. 
Sche  saide  on  to  him  f>at  euery  day  sche  mad  offering  on  to  hir  god  with 
outen  spillyng  of  blood.  He  undirstood  not  hir  wordis  but  mad  hir  to  be 
led  in  to  pe  temple  of  appollo  pere  to  make  hir  offering.     Sche  cam  to  ]?at 

^  '  gise  '  in  margin  of  MS. 

^  S.  Nereus  and  Achilleus  were  servants  of  Flavia  Domitilla,  and  were  baptized  by 
S.  Peter  together  with  her,  her  mother  Plautilla,  and  two  maids.  The  cause  of  their  martyr- 
dom appears  to  have  been  their  conversion  of  their  mistress,  who  was  betrothed  to  one 
Aurelian.  She  was  in  the  habit  of  spending  much  time  on  her  toilet  and  the  care  of  her 
person;  one  day  Nereus  said  to  her:  'O  Domitilla,  how  happy  wouldst  thou  be,  wert 
thou  to  spend  as  much  time  in  beautifying  thyself  for  thy  heavenly  bridegroom.'  This 
speech  impressed  the  maid,  and  eventually  she  joined  the  Christian  faith,  taking  vows  of 
lifelong  chastity.  All  three  were  exiled  to  Ponza  near  Terracina,  and  were  martyred 
there  by  the  Consul  Memmius  Rufus.  Their  bodies  were  brought  to  Rome  by  S.  Auspicius, 
and  buried  on  the  property  of  S.  Domitilla  in  the  Via  Ardentina  (Stadler,  Heilnjenlexikon ; 
Acta  Sanctorum,  May,  vol.  iii,  p.  4 ;  vol.  vii,  p.  707). 

^  ?  peter. 

*  The  church  of  S.  Prisca  is  beheved  to  be  on  the  site  of  the  house  of  Aquila  and 
Prisca,  where  S.  Peter  is  said  to  have  preached  and  baptized.  The  Tilulus  Aquilae 
et  Priscae  is  found  in  the  fifth  century,  and|an  abbey  of  Greek  monks  was  attached  to  it 
later.  The  church  was  consecrated  by  Pope  S.  Eutichianus  in  280,  restored  by  Hadrian  I 
in  772,  and  by  Callixtus  III  about  1455.  Cardinal  Giustiniani  repaired  it  from  the 
designs  of  Carlo  Lombardo  of  Arezzo;  finally,  Clement  XII  altered  it  to  its  present  form 
in  1784  (Armellini,  p.  560;  Nibby,  p.  675;  Marucchi,  p.  180). 


150  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

place  where  appoUo  was  honowred  swecli  a  orison  sclie  mad  ])cre  as  it  is 
reported.  loye  be  to  pe  fader  of  heuene  on  fe  I  calle  and  f)e  I  pray  J^is 
place  J?at  is  used  with  mech  onclennesse  ageyn  J^i  worchip  and  ]>[  comau^id- 
meni  )?ou  with  ]?i  myty  hand  distroye  })at  )?e  emperou?  may  know  and  all  f>e 
puple  }?at  we  schuld  not  worchep  but  only  Ipe.  Sone  aftir  J>ese  wordis  we? 
saide  a  non  J?e  erde  schoke  many  houses  of  Ipe  cite  broke  but  speaaly  J^is 
appollo  fell  down  sraal  as  sond  ]>e  )?ird  part  eke  of  his  temple  fel  down  with 
him.  Tho  comauTided  claudiws  j^at  j^ei  schuld  bete  hir.  In  he?  betyng  sche 
]?ankid  god.  Blessed  be  ))0u  lord  sche  saide  fat  hast  ordeyned  euyrlastyng 
mede  to  hem  J>at  trost  in  Ipe.  A  uois  was  herd  fro  heuene  in  f)at  same  tyme 
whech  saide.  Counfort  pe  doutir  in  god  for  aftir  schort  peyne  folowith  long 
reward.  Many  tormentryes  suffered  f)is  mayden  betyn  nakid  with  scorgis 
rased  hir  body  with  hokys  and  euyr  Ipe  next  day  was  sche  found  hool  put 
a  mongis  wilde  bestis  and  not  hurt  in  fe  myddis  of  a  grete  fi?  and  not  brent. 
AUe  J?ese  tormen tries  suffered  sclie  with  gret  paciens.  Last  of  alle  sche  lost 
hir  heed  for  cristis  loue  and  wan  heuene  ioying  j^ere  with  crist  hir  loue.* 


Off  ])e  stacion  at  seini  maria  maior.   ca  1. 

Wednysday  in  })at  weke  is  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt  mari  maior  of  whech  place 
we  haue  spoke  mech  for  we  had  a  special  chapet?  J^^rof  whan  we  spoke  of 
J»e  uii  pWncipal  cherchis  also  on  Ipe  wednysday  in  Ipe  first  weke  of  lenton 
whan  J>e  stacion  was  J>ere.  Now  for  to  reherse  ony  Iping  Ipat  is  seide  be 
f.  407  r  fore  but  if^  haue  sum  newe  circumstauTice  or  sum  newe  /  addicion  is  but 
ueyn.  For  J^is  cause  I  wil  reherse  here  a  short  chronicle  whech  gregoriws 
turonenszs'  tellith  in  worchip  of  oure  lady  to  J>is  ende  J>at  euery  w  man 
or  woma^i  whech  is  by  si  to  edifye  ony  hous  or  oratorio  to  hir  worchip  doth 
to  hir  and  to  hir  eon  ful  grete  plesauns.     The  story  is  J?is.     He  seyth  ]?at 

'  S.  Prisca  (Priscilla)  was  the  daughter  of  a  Roman  of  consular  rank,  and  is  the  proto- 
martyr  of  the  West.  She  is  believed  to  have  suifered  at  the  early  age  of  13,  during 
the  persecution  of  Claudius.  On  her  refusing,  even  after  torture,  to  worship  heathen  gods, 
she  was  taken  out  to  the  third  milestone  of  the  Via  Ostiensis  and  there  beheaded  about 
the  year  50.  Here  she  was  buried,  and  hei-  remains  were  translated  to  the  church 
named  after  her  by  Pope  S.  Eutichianus  (Stadler,  Heiliyenlexilon ;  Acta  Sanctorum, 
January,  vol.  ii,  p.  183). 

'  Gregory  of  Tours  was  one  of  the  most  famous  bishops  and  writers  of  his  day,  and 
flourished  in  the  sixth  centuiy.  He  succeeded  Euphronius  as  bishop  in  572  or  574,  and 
was  present  at  the  Synod  of  Paris  in  577.  He  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  where  he 
formed  a  friendship  with  S.  Gregory ;  he  died  on  Nov,  17,  595.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
France  in  ten  books,  many  other  works  on  the  lives  of  the  saints,  and  some  theological 
commentaries.  According  to  Moreri  the  best  edition  of  his  works  was  that  by  Dom 
Thierri  Ruinart,  Benedictine,  in  the  year  1699  (Dictionnaire  historique). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  HLGRIMES  151 

gret  constantyn  biggid  a  ful  solempne  cherch  in  constantiuople  in  worchep 
of  ou?  lady.  The  disposicion  of  Ipe  place  asked  grete  pileres  and  hye  to  be? 
up  Ipe  werk.  Now  was  it  f»e  usage  J?an  and  so  is  5et  at  rome  f>at  \>ei  mad 
no  piler  in  no  swech  solempne  werk  but  al  of  o  ston.  For  a  man  may  se 
f>ese  pileres  at  J?is  day  too  fadum  a  bout  and  more  and  of  fifti  fete  hy  or  mo? 
and  al  of  o  ston.  Swech  stones  had  constantyn  ordeyned  for  his  costful 
hous  and  whan  Ipei  were  redi  to  be  rered  f)ei  mad  redy  her  trises  and  he? 
pullynes  lynes  and  robynettis  but  pe  pileres  myth  not  be  reisid.  There  was 
grete  care  be  twix  J?e  werkme  so  Ipe  maistir  of  hem  a  deuoute  man  of  lyf  as 
it  is  writiw  prayed  on  to  ou?  lady  specialy  Ipai  sche  schuld  send  good  speed 
on  to  ]?is  werk  for  it  was  mad  in  honou?  of  hir.  The  nyth  folowyng  sche 
appered  on  to  him  and  bad  him  go  on  to  J^e  petite  skole  Ipere  beside  oute  of 
J>at  skole  sche  bad  him  chese  ©ate  *  iii  fauTites  ^  for  Ipei  thre  and  he  schuld 
reise  up  j^ese  pileres  with  oute  ony  more  help  f)us  sche  behite  him.  The 
mason  ded  hir  comauwdment  and  aH:  ping  came  to  haude  as  he  wolde. 
Here  may  men  se  fat  edificacion  of  swech  houses  in  erde  plesith  pe  seyntis 
in  heuene  and  J?at  may  we  know  be  Ipis  tokne  whan  ]?ei  hem  selue  wil  send 
help  Ipertoo. 

Of  fe  stacion  at  seiwt  jon  lat^ranewsw.     li. 

On  mauwde  J>ursday  is  pe  stacion  at  seiwt  jon  lateranensw  and  a  grete 
cause  whi  for  pere  is  pe  bord  on  whech  crist  mad  his  mauwde  of  fis  mate? 
J>an  wil  we  speke  in  J)is  capitle  for  we  haue  said  be  fo?  of  })is  cherch  al  )?at 
euyr  we  can.  Crist  be  fore  his  passion  comaunded  too  of  his  disciples 
petir  and  jon  to  go  in  to  ierlm  be  fore  him  and  ordeyne  pere  for  his  soper 
fat  he  with  his  disciples  schuld  ete  pe  paschal  lomb  er  he  departed  fro  hem. 
He  sent  hem  to  a  man  in  pe  cite  whos  name  pe  euangelistis  expresse  not 
but  oure  elde  clerkis  sei  fat  he  was  on  of  cristis  disciples  and  f is  euydens 
fei  make  perfor  fat  cnst  bad  hem  sey  f e  maistir  sent  hem  f idir.  Be  f is 
general  message  f ei  sei  is  undyrstand  fat  f is  man  fat  held  f is  hous  was  on 
of  hem  fat  beleued  in  crist.  For  it  was  a  comon  use  a  mongis  his  loueres 
for  to  sey  ou?  maistir  was  pere  or  ou?  maystir  said  soo.  This  name  was 
singlerly  appropriat  on  to  him  for  he  forbade  fat  non  of  his  discipiles  schuld 
clepe  ofir  maistir  on  was  he?  maistir  he  saide  whech  is  in  heuene.  The 
tokne  whereby  f  ei  schuld  know  f  is  man  whe?  crist  wold  suppe  he  told  hem 
on  f  is  mane?.  Whan  ^e  come  in  to  /  f  e  cite  he  seid  ^e  schal  se  a  man  be  f .  407  y 
fore  50U  with  a  uessel  of  watir  in  his  nek.  Folow  him  and  in  what  hous 
fat  he  entreth  sey  to  f e  maw  fat  oweth  f e  hous  fat  f e  maistir  wil  fat  he 

^  *  oute  '  struck  through  and  interlineated  in  MS.  '  *  fauntes '  =  children. 


152  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

shew  50U  J>e  place  whe?  he  schal  hold  his  soper.  Thus  as  J^ei  saide  J^ei  fond 
and  ail  J>ing  was  arayed  as  he?  maystir  prophecied.  It  was  a  ful  godly 
sith  to  se  ou?  lord  ihu  with  his  xii  come  down  in  to  Ipe  cyte.  It  is  to  suppose 
f)at  summe  of  Ipe  Ixxii  disciples  were  f»e?  to  do  seruise  on  to  ou?  lord  and 
to  J)o  xii.  For  we  rede  in  seynt  marciales  lif  ^  ]?t  pis  same  marcial  was  on 
of  Ipoo  disciples  whech  was  ])&t  nyth  with  ou?  lord  in  Ipat  same  hous  and 
ordeyned  for  ])e  soper  whech  was  made  pere.  We  rede  Ipat  he  brout  all  pe 
watir  with  whech  crist  wasched  Ipe  aposteles  feet  whan  pe  mete  was  redy. 
Jon  J?e  euangelist  as  sum  men  write  cam  to  ou?  lord  for  he  was  most 
familiar  with  him  and  saide  on  to  him.  Se?  je  may  sappe  whan  50  will. 
The  bord  f»at  Ipei  ete  on  was  not  fer  fro  Ipe  ground  as  su>yane  men  writyn 
for  Ipei  hem  self  sotyn  on  Ipe  ground  at  he?  sope?  for  J?is  was  f>e  usage  in 
elde  tyme  and  jet  it  is  in  pe  lond  of  palestin  whe?  ierusalem  standith  as 
many  laboured  men  sey.  But  who  so  euyr  it  be  at  j^is  day  it  was  so  Jeanne 
as  we  fynde  writy«*.  The  bord  J?at  J^ei  ete  on  was  sware  mad  of  dyuers 
peses  &  fe  mesure  of  eu^y  sware  as  bonauentu?  de  liita  xpi  seith  was  too 
braches  and  iii  fyngeris.  A  brache  in  ytaile  is  called  a  mesure  with  whech 
J>ei  mete  cloth  and  of  ou?  mesure  I  hald  it  iii  quai-teres  of  a  jerd  so  f>e 
swares  of  J>is  bord  on  euery  side  we?  in  mesu?  a  jerd  and  half  and  a  handful 
saue  a  unch  J>at  is  to  sey  iii  unch.  Thus  sete  pei  iii  on  ech  side  and  ion  in 
cristis  lappe  and  all  ete  f)ei  of  0  disch  and  as  we  seide  be  fo?  f>is  same  bord 
is  at  Jjis  same  cherch  of  whech  we  speke  now. 


Oif  ye  staeion  at  seynt  cruce.   caplm  Iii. 

On  good  friday  is  pe  staeion  at  seynt  crucis  where  J>at  a  grete  partye  of 
pe  crosse  is  schewid  and  be  cause  Jjat  in  many  cuntres  of  pe  world  ar  schewid 
peses  of  pe  holy  crosse  and  men  haue  m«rueyle  who  swech  a  tre  schuld 
extend  him  selue  in  to  so  many  partes,  eke  as  grete  merueyle  haue  J>ei  ]?at 
fo  peses  be  not  lich  for  summe  haue  o  colou?  and  suwme  haue  a  noJ?ir,  j^ese 
doutis  of  }?ese  men  causen  me  to  declare  here  J?is  matere.  As  for  pe  first 
I  rede  in  pe  lif  of  seint  heleyne  f>at  whan  sche  had  founde  pe  crosse  sche 
mad  certeyn  peses  to  be  cut  of  and  foo  brout  sche  to  rome  to  hir  son  with 
many  opir  relikes  so  J?at  it  semeth  J^e  tre  was  grete  and  myth  be  dyuyded 

1  S.  Martial  was  the  first  Bishop  of  Limoges.  One  version  says  that  he  died  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  third  century,  and  that  he  was  contemporary  with  the  Emperor  Decius ; 
this  statement  is  to  be  found  in  the  history  of  Gregory  of  Tours  (Hist,  i.  28).  The 
account  here  given  of  him  by  our  chronicler  is  open  to  doubt ;  the  question  has  given  rise 
to  much  discussion.  The  Bollandists  leave  it  open,  and  say  that  S.  Martial  lived  either 
in  the  first  or  in  the  third  century  (Stadler,  Heiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum,  June, 
vol.  V,  p.  535). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  153 

in  to  many  partes.     I  rede  alsoo  in  elde  bokes  ])&t  whan  a  pese  was  cut  fro 
fis  tree  J»e  tre  grewe  a  gayn  on  to  fe  same  quawtite  it  was  be  fore.     God 
ou?  lord  hath  multiplied  so  many  /  dyuers  fingis  in  J>is  world  and  it  is  f.  408  r 
lesse  merueile  fonj  he  werk  pe  game  maner  in  fat  tre  whech  was  instrument 
of  ou?  sauaciouw.     As  touching  }>e  o)?ir  mater  of  dyuers  colouris  of  Jjis  tre 
je  schal  undirstand  )>at  ]>e  crosse  was  mad  of  iiii  sundry  trees  J>at  is  to  sey 
palme  cadre  cipresse  and  olyue.    A  uers  of  elde  fad^ris  tyme  berith  witnesse 
of  "piB  ligna  crucis  palma  cedrus  cipressus  oliua.     He  seith  ]?us  J>e  trees  of 
J>e  crosse  we?  palme  cedre  cipresse  and  oliue.     Whech  was  )?e  standard 
whech  pe  transuersale  or  whech  Ipe  title  is  ful  hard  to  know  but  I  wil 
reherse  50U  myn  opinion.     The  oliue  was  fe  hi  tre  )?at  stood  up  rith  and 
bare  al  his  body.     This  is  f>e  cause  whi  J>at  I  suppose  so  for  I  rede  f>at  seth 
schuld  a  brout  Ipe  sed  peroi  fio  paradise  and  at  fe  comauTidment  of  f>e 
aungel  whech  tok  it  him  he  sette  it  on  his  fader  graue  whech  was  adam. 
I  rede  eke  ]3at  J>is  tre  was  hew  be  salamon  to  be  a  bem  in  pe  temple  but  it 
wold  not  acorde.     I  rede  eke  fat  pe  queen  of  saba  whan  sche  say  fis  tre 
sche  proficied  peroi  and  seid  fat  a  kyng  of  fat  lond  schuld  be  hanged  on  f e 
same  tre.     Than   for  fe  gretnesse  of  fe  tre  be  cause  he  was^  he  was 
ordeyned  for  a  bem  I  be  leue  uerily  fat  f is  was  f e  tre  of  f e  crosse  fat  stood 
rith  up.    Ther  was  a  stok  also  sette  in  f  e  erde  as  we  rede  and  in  f  is  stok 
was  a  gret  morteis  in  whech  f is  long  tre  stood  fe  more  sikir.     This  stok 
was  of  fe  cedre  as  we  suppose  for  fis  cause  for  fe  cedre  wil  neuyr  rote 
pertor  f ei  sette  fat  tree  in  f e  ground  wenywg  fat  f e  crosse  schuld  a  stande 
be  many  agis  to  here  witnesse  fat  swech  a  man  for  treson  was  ded  at 
ierusalem.     This  seid  f ei  and  purposed  fat  hated  crist  but  ou?  lord  turned 
f  e  mate?  an  of  ir  wey.     For  whan  f  ei  sei  in  who  grete  deynte  cristen  men 
had  all  f 00  f ingis  fat  touchid  his  body  a  non  of  pure  enuye  f ei  hid  hem 
all.    The  cipresse  for  it  is  swete  of  sauou?  was  fat  tree  to  whech  f 00  blessed 
handis  we?  nayled.     The  title  a  boue  in  whech  was  writyn  in  iii  man«r 
langages  ihc  nazarenws  rex  iudeorwm  was  mad  of  f e  palme  fat  haue  we  red 
in  elde  bokes  for  ail  uictores  we?  wone  to  be?  fe  palme  aftir  her  uictori 
and  be  cause  crist  had  conqwered  fan  all  f e  powe?  of  helle  pernor  f ei  sette 
fis  tre  al  a  boue  in  tokne  of  uictorie.    His  enmyes  sette  it  not  to  fat  entent 
but  god  stered  hem  to  sette  it  soo  f  0U3  it  we?  a  geyn  he?  entent.     He? 
haue  we  expressid  f e  parties  of  f  e  crosse  as  we  myth  if  ony  man  haue  sey 
ferfer  in  fis  mate?  we  grucch  not  fow  ou?  sentens  be  leid  be  side  and 
bettir  be  receiued.     Of  f  ese  fou?  parties  of  f  e  crosse  spekith  f  e  holi  apostil 
paule  ad  epli-5,  loke  je  be  roted  and  grounded  in  charite  he  seith  fat  je  may 
comprahende  whech  is  f  e  length  and  f  e  brede  f  e  heith  and  f  e  depnesse. 
struck  through  and  interlineated  in  MS. 
X 


154  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Up  on  j^is  seith  semi  austyii  pat  cristis  hed  was  sette  hie  on  f)e  crosse  }>at 
f.  408  V  a  cristen  man  schuld  euer  a  mongis  aH  /  oj^ir  )?ingis  haue  his  hert  most 
specialy  lift  up  to  heuene.  In  pe  brede  of  pe  crosse  whe?  cristis  handis 
were  nayled  is  undirstand  as  he  seith  J?at  oure  werkis  schuld  be  in  pe 
honou?  of  crist.  The  length  of  pe  crosse  causeth  in  us  ]?at  euene  as  pe  body 
of  crist  had  pere  his  tormentrie  so  a  cristen  man  schuld  suffir  sumwhat  for 
pe  loue  of  god  and  remission  of  his  synnes.  The  stok  be  nej>in  whech  is  hid 
in  pe  erde  maketh  us  to  be  leue  J^at  ou?  lord  hath  do  mo?  for  us  f)aw  we 
can  cowceyue. 

Of  pe  stacion  at  seiwt  ion  lat^rane.     cap  liii. 

Satirday  on  pas  euene  is  pe  stacion  at  seynt  ion  laterane  and  pere  is  leid 
an  ymage  of  crist  in  a  graue  and  mech  o]?ir  ping  doo  to  pe  worchip  of  cristis 
sepultu?  of  whech  sepultu?  we  wil  sey  sumwhat  to  edificacion  of  pe  rederes. 
Aftir  tyme  J?at  crist  was  ded  ou?  lady  and  maudelen  and  hir  too  sisteris  & 
jon  euangelist  a  bood  still  be  pe  crosse  and  pere  abood  til  knytis  cam  and 
broke  pe  thies  of  pe  too  }?eues  and  on  to  f)at  tyme  fat  lougius  had  put 
pe  spere  on  to  cristis  hert.  Aftir  pe  knytis  were  goo  J)ei  abode  stille  til 
ioseph  abarimathia  &  nichodemws  and  oJ?ir  mo  com  with  ladderis  and  of>ir 
instrumewtis  to  take  ou?  lord  down.  Joseph  took  down  pe  rith  hand  and 
nichodemws  pe  lift  J)us  losed  J>ei  aH  pe  body  and  leid  it  on  pe  ground  and  pe 
hed  in  ou?  lady  lap  and  maudelen  sat  and  kissid  pe  feet.  Longe  it  was  or 
f>ei  coude  gete  leue  of  ou?  lady  for  to  biry  him.  But  at  J^e  last  be  instauws 
of  jon  sche  suffered  him  to  be  byryed.  The  sepultu?  of  crist  was  a  round 
hous  hewyn  in  a  hill  of  ston  whech  ston  was  in  his  ueynes  sumwhe?  red  and 
sumwhe?  whit.  The  hous  was  no  hier  fan  a  man  myth  touch  with  his  hand. 
On  pe  est  side  was  pe  entre  ferto  on  pe  north  side  was  a  graue  mad  be  craft 
mete  for  a  mannes  body  uii  fete  of  length  and  iii  span  fro  pe  pauyment. 
This  was  mad  for  ioseph  and  in  fis  was  crist  layd.  Aftir  fat  crist  was 
biried  ioseph  abarimathie  desired  fat  ou?  lady  schuld  go  dwelle  at  his  hous 
but  hir  counceli  foute  it  was  to  fer  fro  ierlm.  Than  desired  mary  maundelen 
to  haue  ou?  lady  on  to  hir  herborow  sche  alleggid  a  gret  allectyf  ^  fat  it  was 
fe  pnncipal  logging  of  crist.  To  fis  wold  not  jon  consent  to  whom  ou?  lady 
was  comended  for  he  seid  it  was  mo?  conuenient  fat  sche  schuld  be  loggid 
in  f e  cite  for  fis  cause  for  f ei  had  told  her  frendis  before  whan  f ei  went  to 
f e  crosse  fat  f ei  schuld  come  to  f e  cite  a  gayn.  Therfor  maudelen  said  ion 
I  hope  f  ou  wilt  not  forsake  my  modir  at  fis  tyme  for  we  wil  go  and  be  loggid 
with  f e  same  man  whe?  ou?  maistir  suppid  last.  Thus  cam  f ei  forw 
f e  cite  and  many  of  here  frendis  met  with  hem  f  ei  saide  f  ei  were  ful  sory 
^  allective  =  allurement,  inducement. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  155 

f)at  ihu  was  so  ded  ne  J?ei  we?  neuyr  gilty  in  pe  mate?  ne  neuyr  consenting 
perio.  Thus  is  crist  biried  and  ou?  lady  brout  on  to  J^is  Iious  where  |?at 
/  crist  had  mad  his  mauwde.  f.  409  r 


Off  f>e  stacion  on  pase  day.     cap  liiii. 

On  pase  day  is  pe  stacion  at  seynt  mari  maior  whe?  seiwt  gregori  sang  on 
pe  same  day  on  whech  a  gret  myracle  fel  pere  for  whech  myracle  pia  stacioTt 
was  sette  pere  for  euyr  on  Jjis  day.  Thus  sede  we  in  seint  gregori  lif  ]?at  on 
pase  day  he  sang  messe  at  ]?is  same  cherch  and  ali  pe  puple  deuoutly  herd 
his  messe.  So  happed  it  at  pe  last  ende  of  masse  whan  he  seid  pax  domini 
sit  semp  uobiscum  whilis  pe  qweer  was  in  silens  an  aungeH  with  a  lowd  uoys 
answerd  and  said.  Et  cum  spm'^u  tuo.  No  wondir  fouj  fis  man  were 
deuoute  in  his  writyng  whan  ou?  lord  had  so  grete  tendirnesse  ouyr  him  ]?at 
he  wold  send  aungeli  to  do  him  seruyse.  For  we  rede  eke  J?at  a  no))ir  tyme 
an  aungeii  mimstred  at  his  masse  as  is  treded  more  largely  in  J>at  capitle  of 
seint  Sebastian.  For  J)is  miracle  was  ordeyned  a  statute  in  f>at  cherch  }?at 
if  pe  pope  singe  pere  pe  qwere  schal  not  answe?  whan  he  seith  pax  domini. 
And  treuly  whej>ir  )?ei  do  so  euyr  or  nout  I  wot  not  ueryly  but  J^is  herd  I  )?at 
at  dyuers  masses  be  note  pe  qwer  saide  all  iii  agnus  dei  with  misere?  nobis 
and  not  with  dona  nobis  pacem  as  we  do.  Thus  haue  I  descryued  on  to  50W 
pe  stacions  of  lenton  for  of  J?oo  staciones  be  fo?  lenton  or  of  f>oo  |)at  are 
in  hestern  weke  we  spoke  not  for  to  causes.  O  cause  is  for  pe  staciones  in 
lenton  ar  more  comendid  and  more  used.  A  noJ)ir  cause  is  for  att  ])00 
cherchis  ar  stacions  in  lenton  also  saue  to,  on  is  sea  maria  rotunda,  a  no}>ir 
is  seynt  pancras  and  of  f>ese  both  wil  we  speke  now  in  J^e  pird  part. 

These  be  J^e  capitles  of  })is  secund  part  be  fore.  The  prologe.  Off  pe  cherch 
clepid  seynt  peteres  caplm  i.  Off  pe  cherch  cleped  seynt  paules  cap  ii.  OSpe 
cherch  of  seynt  Sebastian  cap  iii.  Off  pe  cherch  cleped  lateranenst*  cap  iiii.  Off 
pe  cherch  of  seynt  cruce  cap  u.  Off  pe  cherch  of  seynt  laurens  cap  ui.  Off 
pe  cherch  cleped  maria  maior  cap  uii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  sabine  cap  uiii. 
Off  f>e  stacion  at  seynt  george  cap  ix.  Off  pe  stticion  at  jon  &  paule  cap  x.  Off 
pe  stacion  at  seynt  triphonis  cap  xi.  Off  Jje  stacion  at  seynt  jon  lat^ranensts 
cap  xii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  petir  ad  uincula  cap  xiii.  Off  pe  stacion  at 
seint  anastase  cap  xiiii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  mari  maior  cap  xu.  Off  pe 
stacion  at  seynt  laurens  pauispern  cap  xui.  Off  pe  stacion  at  pe  xu 
aposteles  cap  xuii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  petir  cherch  cap  xuiii.  Off 
pe  stacion  at  sea  maria  in  dompnica  cap  xix.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt 
dementis  cap  xx.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  balbyne  cap  xxi.  Off  pe  stacion 
at  seint  cecile  cap  xxii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  sea  maria  transtiberim  cap  xxiii. 
Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  uitale  ca  xxiiii.  /  Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  marcellin  f.  409  v 

x2 


156  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

and  petir  cap  xxu.  Off  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt  laurens  ca  xxui.  Off  Ipe 
stacion  at  seynt  mark  ca  xxuii.  Off  J?e  stacion  at  seynt  potenciane 
ca  xxuiii.  Off  J>e  stacion  at  seywt  sixte  ca  xxix.  Off  f>e  stacion  at  semiis 
cosmas  and  damianws  ca  xxx.  Off  Ipe  stacion  at  sei^^t  laure7^s  in  lucina 
ca  xxxi.  Off  pe  stacioTi  at  seynt  susanne  ca  xxxii.  Off  pe  stacion 
in  iemsalera  at  seiwt  cruce  ca  xxxiii.  Off  Ipe  stacion  at  a  cherch  clepid 
quatuor  coronator«*w  cap  xxxiiii.  Off  Ipe  stacion  of  seynt  laurens  in 
damasco  ca  xxxu.  Off  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt  paules  ca  xxxui.  Off  }>e 
stacion  at  seint  martyn  in  montibw*  ca  xxxuii.  Off  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt 
eusebie  cap  xxxuiii.  Off  Ipe  stacion  at  seynt  nicholas  in  careers  xxxix  ca. 
Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  petres  ca  xl.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  grisogonws  cap 
xli.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seiwt  ciriac  cap  xlii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  marcelle 
cap  xliii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  appollina?  ca  xliiii.  Off  pe  stacion  at 
seynt  steuene  in  monte  cello  ca  xlu.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seynt  jon  portlatyn 
ca  xlui.  Off  pe  stacion  at  Isiteranenais  ca  xluii.  Off  J^e  stacion  at  seynt 
praxede  ca  xluiii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  seint  prisce  ca  xlix.  Off  pe  stacion 
at  seyn  mari  maior  cap  1.  Off  pe  stacion  at  lateranensis  cap  li.  Off  pe 
stacion  at  seynt  cruce  cap  lii.  Off  pe  stacion  at  lateranensis  cap  liii.  Off 
pe  stacion  on  pase  day  caplm  liiii. 


Here  heg'mnyth  pe  f>ii*d  part  of  oJ)ir  cherches  in  Rome  prologus. 

Thus  fer  haue  we  brout  ou?  entent  yat  we  haue  descry ued  all  foo  places 
where  staciones  be  holde  in  lenton  now  wil  we  telle  sum  notable  f>ingis  of 
oJ?ir  cherches  in  rome  swech  as  be  famous.  Ou?  purpos  was  in  pe  hegbinyng 
of  J?is  werk  to  a  mad  but  too  parties  peroi  and  so  it  is  writyn  but  )?is  secund 
part  schuld  a  be  ouyr  prolix.  Therfor  men  councelled  me  of  )?ese  of)ir 
cherches  whech  schul  now  come  in  hand  to  make  a  special  part  be  him  selue 
so  schal  pe  werk  be  concluded  in  a  ternarie  for  f)at  noumbir  is  halowid  as 
we  sey  in  ou?  diuinite  be  cause  ou?  feith  prechith  on  to  us  thre  persones  in 
o  godhed.  Ou?  lord  god  alsoo  hath  made  his  miwistres  aungelles  and  sette 
in  swech  perfeccion  ]?at  fei  be  distiwcte  in  to  iii  ierarchies  and  euery  ierar- 
chie  distiricte  in  to  iii  ordres.  Eke  ou?  lord  hath  dyuyded  al  fis  world  in  to 
iii  parties  fat  is  to  sey  asie  europe  and  affrik.  Al  J)is  is  said  for  pe  perfec- 
cioun  of  J>is  noumbir  iii  and  mech  mo?  ping  myth  be  seid  J^erof  if  men  wolde, 
specialy  if  ))ei  wold  take  couricell  of  a  book  whech  ysidre  mad  and  it  is 
entitiled  de  more.  The  orde  in  J)is  werk  folowyng  schal  be  J?is.  First  wil 
we  speke  of  all  pe  cherchis  of  oure  lady  whech  wil  com  to  rememberauiis 
and  J)ann)  of  o)?ir  cherches  whech  stand  in  fame  and  speaaly  of  hem  of  whom 
f.  410  r  we  fynde  /  ony  notable  wrytyng. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGEIMES  167 

Off  sea  maria  rotunda,     caplm  i. 

There  is  a  cherch  in  rome  whechwas  clepid  sumtymepaTitheonnowit  is  clepid 
8ca  maria  rotunda  *or  ollio  aoa  maria  rotuyida*  *  or  elles  sea  maria  ad  martires. 
It  is  clepid  sea  maria  rotunda  for  it  is  a  round  hous  with  oute  pile?  and  ]?at  of  so 
grete  widnesse  and  so  grete  heitli  fat  it  is  wondir  who  fei  myth  rere  it.  The 
sey  J?e?  comouwly  and  I  fonde  it  wrytin  Jjere  J>at  J?ei  mad  a  grete  hitt  of  erde 
as  brod  and  as  hy  as  }?ei  wold  haue  Ipe  hous  and  in  f)is  hiH  J?ei  byried  mech 
mony  whan  J>e  hous  was  mad,  pei  joue  pe  puple  leue  to  cary  oute  Ipe  erde 
and  for  her  cariage  to  take  |?e  mony  whech  ]>ei  fond.  In  uery  sikirnesse 
I  sei  a  uout  mad  at  rome  a  ful  fayre  hous  whech  is  a  eele?  at  seiwt  thomas 
hospital  euene  of  fis  same  mane?.  It  is  cleped  eke  f)is  cherch  sea  maria  ad 
martires  for  it  was  halowid  not  only  in  worchip  of  ou?  lady  but  in  worehip 
of  an  martires.  Martires  is  seid  singule?ly  &  non  confessouris  for  Ipe  cherch 
said  not  of  confessoures  fan.  There  was  in  rome  a  pope*  clepid  boneface 
Ipe  fourt  a  blessid  man  of  lyf  and  grete  in  reputacion.  This  man  was  pope 
in  tyme  of  focas  ]>e  emperou?  sone  aftir  seiwt  gregory  for  aftir  gregory  was 
sabin?«s  a  ^ere  and  uili  raonthis  and  fanne  bonefaci^s  t^rcius  not  fully  a  jere 
so  J?at  be  my  counting  fis  bonefacii<5  iuius  was  in  pe  jer  of  our  lord  ui 
hundred  and  u.  This  boneface  prayed  Ipe  emperou?  focas  fat  he  schuld  jeue 
him  f is  temple  whech  was  cleped  be  fo?  pantheon  fat  is  to  sei  a  temple  of 
all  goddis  for  pan  is  as  mech  to  sey  as  al  and  theos  god  or  goddis.  The 
principal  cause  whech  meued  f e  pope*  was  fis  for  f e  wikkid  spiritis  fat 
had  receyued  grete  offering! s  fer«  of  f  e  puple  whil  f  ei  were  in  errou?  sey 
f  e  same  puple  had  forsake  hem  and  we?  turned  on  to  crist  of  gret  malice 
whech  f  ei  haue,  hurt  f  e  puple  in  morownyngts  and  euenes  with  meruelous 
maledies.  And  be  cause  fis  cherch  stant  in  fe  best  of  rome  wher  most 
puple  dwellith  ferfor  fis  pope*  of  grete  pite  was  f e  more  bisi  to  seke 
remedy  a  geyn  fis  myschef.  So  aftir  f e  emperoures  graunt  he  mad  ail  f e 
maume^itis  with  in  f e  hous  to  be  broke  clensid  f e  hous  of  aH  offices  fat 
were  with  in  longing  to  swech  cerymonics  as  f  e  hethen  puple  used.  Aftir 
fis  doo  he  called  att  f e  cristen  puple  of  rome  and  in  here  prcsens  halowid 
f e  place  saide  f  er^  a  messe  and  hosild  f e  most  part  of  fe  puple.  Tho  mad 
he  a  constitucion  of  f e  cherch  fat  fis  day  fro  fis  tyme  schuld  be  as  holy  as 
cristemasse  day  and  ali  f  e  puple  schuld  come  and  do  reucrens  to  god  and 
too  att  seyntis  fat  all  f e  necligenses  whech  falle  in  /  f e  long  jere  schuld  be  f.  410  v 
amendid  with  solempnite  of  fis  fest.  Summe  croniculeris  write  fat  boneface 
set  fis  feest  f e  xu  day  of  may  and  on  of  f e  gregories  aftirward  chauwged  it 

1  From  *  to  *  struck  through  and  interlineated  in  MS. 


158  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

and  set  it  f>e  first  day  of  nouembir  for  J)is  cause.  For  grete  multitude  of  Ipe 
cuntre  cam  to  rome  at  f)is  feast  and  uitaile  Ip&t  tyme  of  j^e  56?  was  passing 
scarse  wherfor  lie  sette  it  at  fis  tyme  whan  corn  and  wyn  is  in  moost  plente.* 


Off  ara  cell  cherch  of  ou?  lady,     cap  ii. 

Off  ara  celi  we  spoke  be  fore  in  })e  first  party  and  told  who  it  was  sum- 
tyme  octauian  chaumbir  whech  he  dismitted  fro  him  and  halowid  it  on  to  god. 
This  cherch  as  j^ei  sey  pere  is  spectaly  consecrat  on  to  ou?  lady  be  cause  )?e 
same  emperou?  on  cristmasse-day  saw  a  uiigin  appering  in  Ipe  sunne  and  in 
hir  arme  a  child.  This  uision  of  cristis  birth  whech  was  schewid  to  octauian 
J?e  day  of  his  birth  was  nout  only  schewid  in  rome  but  in  o]?ir  places  of  )?e 
world.  For  as  I  haue  red  when  f>e  sterre  appered  to  f>e  iii  kyngis  in  ynde 
pere  appered  with  J^e  sterre  a  child  with  a  crosse  and  seid  on  to  hem  fat  f>ei 
Bchuld  seke  ])e  newe  kyng  born  at  bethlem.  For  )?e  progenie  ^  of  f>ese  kyngts 
had  ordeyned  certeyn  men  to  wayte  aftir  J)is,  meuid  be  a  prophete  J?ei  called 
balam  whech  was  in  ])e  tyme  of  moises.  This  is  seid  undir  auctorite  of 
Btrabus  in  his  notes  super  maitheum.^  We  rede  also  in  ofir  cronicles  f»at 
ieremie  ]>e  prophete  in  Ipe  captiwite  of  ierlm  fled  in  to  egipt  where  he  told 
to  "pe  kyng  of  egipt  J^at  whan  a  mayde  bare  a  child  in  f>e  lond  of  iude  all  fe 
ydoles  of  egipt  schuld  fall  down  and  be  distroyed.  These  wordes  of  ieremye 
were  in  so  grete  auctorite  in  egipt  \>&i  f>e  prestis  of  fe  temple  pere  in 
memphis  ded  peynt  a  ymage  of  a  mayde  and  in  hir  lap  a  child  and  sette  it 
in  a  pryuy  place  of  Ipe  temple  as  for  a  special  memorial.  Tholome  ]>e  grete 
astronome?  whech  was  kyng  of  egipt  aftir  a  studiows  man  to  lerne  strauwge 
f>ingis  inqwired  of  Ipe  prestis  what  fis  ymage  ment  and  he  had  of  hem  non 
olpir  answe?  but  )?at  f>e  holy  prophete  ieremie  told  swech  a  fing  on  to  he? 
elderes  and  fei  be  leued  ueryly  it  schuld  be  as  he  seide.  This  place  J?at  is 
J?us  consecrat  in  worchip  of  ou?  lady  is  not  clepid  with  OMten  cause  pe  auter 

*  S.  Maria  della  Rotonda,  or  ad  Marty  res,  was  consecrated  by  Pope  Boniface  IV  on 
May  18,  608.  In  655  Constans  II,  who  removed  so  many  treasures  from  Rome,  stripped 
the  roof  of  its  gilt  bronze  tiles  and  removed  them  to  Constantinople;  this  work  of 
destruction  was  completed  in  1632  by  Urban  VIII,  who  melted  down  the  remains  of  the 
bronze  roof  for  the  baldacchino  of  S.  Peter's.  The  church  was  repaired  by  Benedict  II  in 
684,  Gregory  III  in  735,  Anastasius  IV  in  1153,  and  Eugenius  IV  in  1434.  Pius  IV 
repaired  the  great  bronze  doors,  and  Urban  VIII  restored  the  fa9ade  in  1634,  adding  two 
clumsy  campanili  which  were  afterwards  removed.  The  Volto  Santo  was  kept  here  for 
centuries  in  a  chest  locked  with  thirteen  keys,  of  which  each  Rione  of  the  town  possessed 
one  (Armellini,  p.  346 ;  Adinolfi,  ii,  p.  407 ;  Marucchi,  p.  412  ;  Nibby,  p.  406). 

'  ancestors. 

'  Walafridus  Strabo  (807-49)  was  the  author  of  the  Qlossa  ordinaria  (see  Migue, 
Pat.  Lat.,  cxiv,  col.  73). 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  159 

of  god  for  ]?at  uirgine  was  pe  first  aute?  fat  receyued  fe  flesch  and  \>e  blood 
of  ou?  lord  ihu  whech  flesch  and  blood  a  mongis  cristen  men  now  is  ministred 
on  euery  auter.  In  ]?is  cherch  are  wrytyn  )?ese  uers.  Hac  ara  celi  sibilla 
sermone  fideli  Quern  genus  bumanum  colat  instruit  octauianum.  Hec  e 
uirgo  parens  ait  hie  deus  est  homo  parens  Hie  rex  fine  carens  tu  rex  homo 
flos  uelut  arens.  This  is  pe  sentens  of  J^ese  uers  as  I  undir stand.  This  is 
fe  aute?  of  heuene  where  sibille  wit^  wordis  ful  trewe  Off  him  fat  alle  men 
schul  worchip  mad  ... 

(Part  of  MS.  missing  here.) 

/  stand  of  fe  lowe?  wisdam  whech  is  sent  fro  god.  A  nofir  part  of  hir  f.  411  r 
pictu?  is  fat  sche  is  euyr  peyntid  5ong.  For  wisdam  is  neuyr  eld  but  euyr 
new  and  new  offered  to  ou?  soule.  Sche  halt  a  speie  in  hir  hand  to  signifie 
fat  f ei  whech  be  endewid  with  wisdam  schuld  be  redy  euyr  to  defende  hem 
fro  f  e  perilous  temptaciownes  of  f  e  deuele.  Gorgones  heed  berith  sche  in 
hir  breest.  These  poetes  feyne  fat  f e?  were  thre  monstres  fat  is  to  sey 
men  or  women  mis  schapin  for  f  ei  thre  had  but  o  hed  and  on  eye  whech 
monstres  a  conqwerou?  as  f  ei  feyne  his  name  was  perseus  killid.  But  be  for 
his  conquest  he  borowid  f e  spere  of  f is  same  pallas  and  eke  hir  scheld  fat 
was  mad  of  cristal.  Al  f is  is  feyned  to  f is  entent  fat  a  wise  ma  schal  euyr 
haue  dreed  in  his  breest  for  to  be  wa?  and  redy  a  geyn  alle  f  e  fraudes  of 
ou?  enmy  whech  may  transfigure  him  selue  in  to  what  schap  fat  he  wil. 
Many  mo  similitudes  ar  writen  be  twix  f  ese  to  myuerue  and  wisdam  but 
I  wil  leue  hem  and  sent  50U  if  je  list  to  lerne  mo?  of  f  is  mate?  on  to  a  book 
cleped  mithologie  fulgencii.^ 

*  The  church  of  S.  Maria  sopra  Minerva  was  erected  over  a  temple  dedicated  to  that 
goddess,  the  cella  of  which  could  be  traced  in  the  adjoining  convent  until  the  sixteenth 
century.  S.  Zacharias,  about  the  year  750,  granted  it  to  Greek  Basilian  nuns,  who, 
however,  abandoned  it.  It  was  given  in  1370  by  the  Senate  and  people  of  Rome  to  the 
Dominicans  of  S.  Sabina,  and  was  entirely  reconstructed.  The  interior  was  restored  and 
redecorated  at  great  expense  in  1849-54,  but  unfortunately  in  the  most  florid  style. 
This  is  all  the  more  to  be  regretted,  as  this  is  the  only  Gothic  church  in  Rome  which 
retains  to  any  extent  its  original  style  (Armellini,  p.  406  ;  Marucchi,  p.  514 ;  Nibby, 
p.  414  ;  Masetti,  Memorie  storiche  delta  chiesa  di  S,  Maria  sopra  Minerva,  Rome,  1855). 
Part  of  the  temple  existed  at  the  time  our  author  wrote,  for  Muffel  says:  'iat  der 
abtgotter  tempel  gewest,  Minerfa  genannt,  ein  gar  herlich  kloster,  die  ist  ein  ^ottin 
gewest  der  streit,  der  wafFen,  und  des  alten  tempels  stet  nur  noch  ein  stuck'  (p.  61). 
Fulgentius  Plauciades  (who  must  not  be  confused  with  Fulgentius  Ruspensis)  lived 
about  A.D.  520,  and  is  believed  to  have  been  Bishop  of  Carthage.  He  was  the  author  of 
three  books  of  mythology,  addressed  to  a  priest  named  Catus.  A  book  of  the  allegories 
of  Virgil,  addressed  to  Chalcides  the  grammarian,  is  also  attributed  to  him  (Moreri, 
Dictionnaire  historique). 


160  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Of  fe  cherch  cleped  marie  anuriciat.     cap  u. 

Marie  anunciat  is  a  wol  fayre  cherch  whech  stant  in  pe  feld  as  we  go  fro 
scala  celi  *  on  to  seiwt  sebastianes  a  myle  fro  \>e  o  place  and  a  myle  fro  f>e 
ofir.  It  siscnt  now  with  outen  ony  dwelle?  and  jet  hath  it  a  fayre  litil 
place  annexid  ]>erto.  Saue  at  J>e  dedicacion  of  J>e  place  whech  is  in  "pe  fest 
of  anuwciacion  of  ou?  lady  J>an  be  sum  folk  abydyng  pere.'^  Off  J?is  place  we 
fynde  swech  wrytyng.  An  holy  man  dwelt  pere  sumtyme  J>at  seruyd  god 
and  oure  lady  in  ful  solitary  lif  and  be  cause  pe  place  was  of  f)at  fest  of  ou? 
lady  whech  is  clepid  anuwciacion  whan  f)at  gabriel  cam  fro  heuene  and  teld 
oure  lady  f)oo  gracious  tydynggis  pe  sauacion  of  al  pe  world  he  had  in  f)is 
place  grete  deuociou^.  Up  on  a  day  ou?  lady  appered  on  to  him  and  seide 
J?at  what  man  in  clene  lif  deuoutely  wil  uisite  ]?is  place  he  schal  neuyr  com 
in  pe  peynes  of  purgatoric.^  Many  o]>ir  J»inggis  be  seid  pere  of  J^is  place 
whech  I  may  wel  be  leue  be  cause  J^at  J^is  fest  of  ou?  lady  is  a  solempne  and 
a  principal  fest  aftir  myn  opinion  for  on  J)is  day  nowt  only  was  oure  lady 
gladid  with  tydynggzs  of  gabriel  but  many  oJ)ir  pingis  fel  in  J?is  feest  as 
a  grete  uersifyoui*  witnessith  in  certeyn  uers  whech  folow  here.  Salue  festa 
dies  que  uulnera  nostra  coherees  Angelus  est  missus  est  passus  in  cruce 
cristus.  Est  adam  factus  &  eodem  tempore  lapsus  Ob  mmtum  decime  cadit 
abel  fratris  ab  ense  Offert  melchisedec  ysaac  supponit^^r  aris  Est  decolatus 
Xpi  baptista  beatus  Petrus  ereptus  iacobus  sub  herode  peremptus  Corpora 
scorwm  cum  Xpo  multa  resurguTit  Latro  dulce  tamen  per  Xpm  suscipit 
f.  411 V  amen.  /  This  is  pe  sentens  of  j^ese  uers.  Heil  Jjou  festful  day  )?at  puttist 
our*  wouTides  away.  This  day  pe  aungel  was  sent  crist  on  pe  crosse  was  bent. 
Adam  was  mad  ))is  day  and  turned  to  pe  synful  way.  For  fals  tithyng  we 
say  cayn  killid  abel  fis  day.  Melchisedech  with  abraham  mette  with  bred 
and  wyn  he  him  grette.     Ion  baptist  f>is  day  was  ded  for  treuth  he  lost  his 

^  Tre  Fontane. 

2  The  church  of  S.  Maria  Annunziata  (Nunziatella)  is  near  the  Via  Ardeatina,  about 
three  miles  from  the  city.  It  was  consecrated  by  Honorius  III  in  1220,  probably  on  the 
site  of  an  older  church  (Nibby,  Bintorni  di  Roma,  f.  iii,  p.  561).  There  used  to  be  an 
old  pilgrims'  road  from  Tre  Fontane  to  this  church,  and  thence  on  to  S.  Sebastiano.  The 
latter  part  of  it  exists,  and  is  still  much  used  on  the  day  of  the  Annunciation,  and  on 
the  first  Sunday  in  May.  There  are  some  catacombs  close  by,  with  some  interesting 
frescoes.  Inside  the  church,  which  is  now  in  an  abandoned  condition,  will  be  found  some 
remains  of  its  former  importance.  In  the  apse  there  is  a  fine  fresco  (much  restored)  of 
the  Quattro  Cento,  the  subject  being  the  Annunciation.  There  is  a  cosmatesque  pavement 
in  front  of  the  high  altar  and  a  cosmatesque  tabernacle  in  the  sacristy,  both  of  which 
appear  to  belong  to  the  restoration  of  Honorius  III.  There  is  an  ancient  stone  altar  in 
the  sacristy  which  probably  was  in  the  older  church,  and  the  dedicatory  inscription 
of  Honorius  III  is  still  in  situ,  on  the  interior  wall  of  the  building  (Armellini,  p.  729). 

^  *  purgatorie '  crossed  through  in  MS.,  but  quite  legible. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  161 

hed  Petir  fro  prison  was  drawe  and  james  ]?is  day  I  slawe.  Many  men  owt  of 
pe  ground  Else  ))is  day  both  hool  and  ^  The  feef  on  cristis  rith  hand  herd 
ful  good  tytand  ^. 

Of  \>e  cherch  clepid  marie  transpodium.  ui. 
Marie  transpodium  is  a  cherch  of  ou?  lady  in  ]>e  cyte  leonine  whe?  seynt 
petir  cherch  stant  whi  it  is  called  transpodium  treuly  I  coude  not  lerne  for 
Ipe  dwelleres  ar  wroth  a  non  if  men  ask  ony  questiones.'  Trans  is  as  mech 
to  sey  as  ouyr  and  podium  a  lenywg  ioyned  in  ou?  langage  it  souTidith  ouyr  fe 
lenywg  what  lenywg  was  he?  or  whi  it  is  clepid  soo  treuly  I  caw  not  gesse. 
This  mech  I  say  Ipe^,  too  pileris  on  to  whech  petir  &  paule  were  bounde  and 
bete  for  Jjei  taute  fe  feith  of  on?  lord  ihu.  Thus  were  pe  holy  apostoles  ofte 
tyme  serued  whan  pel  cam  first  on  to  a  cyte  and  prechid  J^e  name  of  crist  a 
non  J>ei  were  had  in  to  J^e  couwcel  and  betyn  naked  and  forbodyn  )?at  J)ei 
schuld  no  more  nemel*  cristes  name  on  to  pe  puple.  Off  f)is  maner 
chastising  were  many  dyuers  uses  a  mongzs  dyuers  naciones.  I  haue  red  )?at 
summe  iuges  a  mongis  pe  hethen  men  suffered  he?  tormewtouris  to  bete  men 
with  outen  mesu?  ef)ir  tyl  pe  beter  was  wery  or  ellis  til  he  }?at  was  betyn  was 
ded.  For  peae  ondiscret  iuges  oure  lord  god  comaunded  his  puple  in  pe  old 
testament  )?at  pe  iuges  schuld  not  suffir  men  to  be  betyn  undiscretly  for  ou? 
lord  put  on  to  hem  a  reule  Jjat  pei  schuld  not  passe  xl  lacch.  Off  f>is  mate? 
spekith  sei/it  paule  ful  pleynly  as  a  man  f>at  had  gret  experiens  of  J>is  mate? 
in  J^e  secund  epistel  ad  coriwthios  and  seith  on  J^is  mane?.  A  iudeis  quin- 
quies  quadragenas  una  minws  accepi.  In  englisch  he  seith  ]3us.  Of  J^e  iewis 
fyue  sithis  fourty  lasch  on  lesse  I  took.     These  schort  wordis  wil  I  expresse 

^  '  sound '  in  margin  of  MS.  ^  tidings. 

^  The  church  of  S.  Maria  Transpontina  was  known  under  no  less  than  ten  names,  of 
which  Armellini  gives  us  nine,  as  follows :  In  capite  portieus,  in  capite  pontia,  trans- 
pontem,  transpadina,  transpontina,  traspadina,  in  transpondina,  transpondine,  and 
in  cosmedin.  The  tenth,  in  turrispadina,  is  given  by  Signorili.  The  existing  church,  of 
the  same  name,  was  built  on  quite  a  different  spot,  and  most  authorities  agree  that  the 
old  church  was  near  the  Castle  of  S.  Angelo,  though  Adinolfi  thinks  (reasoning  from  the 
name)  that  it  was  nearer  the  old  bridge  which  no  longer  exists,  and  was  on  the  platea 
castelli  mentioned  in  documents  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Writers  disagree  as  to  under  whose 
pontificate  the  old  church  was  pulled  down  in  order  to  rebuild  it  on  another  site.  Donati 
(Roma  vetus  et  recens,  I.  II,  c.  9,  p.  871)  says  that  it  was  done  by  Alexander  VI ;  Felini, 
in  his  treatise,  p.  60,  and  Alveri  {Roma  in  ogni  stato,  p.  2*),  think  it  was  Pius  IV  ;  the 
annotators  of  the  Bollario  Vaticano  give  Sixtus  V ;  Torrigio  {Grotte  Vaticaue,  p.  134) 
says  that  it  was  where  the  ditch  of  the  castle  was  in  his  time,  and  that  it  was  pulled 
down  by  Pius  IV  in  July,  1564,  in  order  to  rebuild  the  bastions  of  the  fortress.  Adinolfi 
thinks  that  Felini  and  Alveri  are  probably  right  in  the  view  they  take  (Adinolfi,  La 
portica  di  S.  Pietro,  ossia  horgo,  nelV  etd,  di  mezzo,  p.  67  ;  Armellini,  p.  348 ;  Nibbj, 
p.  485).  One  of  the  meanings  of  podium,  given  by  Ducange  is  hill  or  castle :  can  the 
meaning  transpodium  possibly  be  the  church  across  or  beyond  the  Castle  of  S.  Angelo  ? 

*  obs.  =^  to  name. 

Y 


162  .  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

to  50U  in  large?  langage.  The  iewis  hated  paule  gretly  be  cause  he  forsok 
he?  secte  and  be  leued  in  crist  wherfor  oft  tyme  ])ei  called  him  to  couwcelt 
and  bete  him  for  his  preching.  The  noumbir  of  his  scorgingzs  he  telleth  he? 
fyne  sithis  he  seith.  The  maue?  he  telleth  eke  eche  tyme  had  he  fourty  lacch 
saue  on  )?at  is  to  sey  ech  tyme  xxxix.  Be  cause  her  lawe  comaunded  J)at 
))ei  schuld  not  passe  xl  lacch  and  fei  hem  self  wold  be  hald  mercyful  f>ou5  J^ei 
were  not  soo  Iperfor  J^ei  5oue  him  on  lasse  })an  ])e  lawe  comauwded.  Thus  had 
))e  seruauntis  of  ou?  lord  mech  aduersite  in  Jjis  world  for  whech  aduersite  Ipei 
be  now  gretly  enhaunsed  in  heuene. 


f  412  r  /  Of  f>e  cherch  cleped  sea  maria  de  palma.     cap  uii. 

Marie  de  palma  is  a  cherch  in  J»e  hey  wey  as  we  go  fro  porta  appia  on  to 
sebastianes  cherch.^  This  is  a  praty  litil  cherch  &  a  place  annexid  ]>ertoo 
where  is  comouwly  a  tauerne  to  f>e  couwfort  of  pilgrimes.  Whi  it  is  clepid 
de  palma  I  lerned  not  but  a  maner  of  gessing  I  haue  for  pere  left  ou?  lord 
ihu  seint  petir  whan  he  sent  him  a  geyn  to  rome  to  receyue  his  deth  in 
confirmacion  of  cristen  feith.  And  be  cause  conquerouris  in  eld  tyme  wered 
pe  palme  for  uictori  pernor  pe  cherch  applieth  J? is  langage  on  to  martires 
seying  f>at  aftir  he?  deth  pei  are  worthi  pe  palma  f)at  is  to  sey  to  be  clepid 
uictores  as  maystires  ouyr  pe  fleschly  lustis,  &  ouyrcomerts  of  temptaciones 
of  pe  world,  pe  deuel,  and  greuous  tyrauntes.  Be  jond  f)is  cherch  not  fer 
litil  mo?  pan  a  boweschote  sta'W-t  a  crosse  J>ei  clepe  it  domine  quo  uadis.  Ther 
met  ou?  lord  with  petir  whan  he  fled  his  martirdam.'^    Petir  knew  him  weel 

^  The  chui-ch  of  S.  Maria  de  palma  is  the  one  so  familiar  now  under  the  name  of  the 
Domine  quo  vadis.  It  is  first  mentioned  as  the  church  *  ubi  Dominus  apparuit',  and 
appears  to  have  been  known  as  early  as  the  ninth  century.  As  time  went  on  it  was 
called  de  palma,  ad  palmas,  ad  passus,  plantarum,  ad  traneitum,  of  which  terms 
Armellini  says  :  * ,  .  .  alcune  delle  quali  si  referiscono  all'  apparizione  storica,  altre  ad  una 
pietra  sulla  quale  sono  scolpite  due  impressioni  di  piedi  nelle  quali  la  pietk  dei  pellegrini 
dell'  etk  di  mezzo  ritrovb  le  orme  miraculose  del  Salvatore.  Di  questa  pietra  non  si  trova 
perb  alcuna  allusione  se  non  nei  secoli  posteriori.'  Finally,  in  the  fourteenth  century  it 
was  generally  known  as  S.  Maria  de^Ze  Palme  or  del  Passo,  and  this  name  continued  till  the 
sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century.  In  the  E.  E.  Text  Society's  vol.  No.  25  for  1867,  p.  7, 
will  be  found,  in  the  Vernon  MS.  (fourteenth  century)  on  the  Stacions  of  Eome,  a  passage 
in  which  the  church  is  called  the  Palmalle,  or  footsole.  The  church  was  rebuilt  in  1620 
under  Clement  VIII,  and  the  fa9ade  is  due  to  Cardinal  Barberini  in  1637  (Armellini, 
p.  704  ;  Marucchi,  p.  515). 

^  It  will  be  noticed  that  our  chronicler  fixes  the  precise  spot  of  the  meeting  at  a  bow- 
shot's distance  from  the  church,  and  that  this  spot  was  then  marked  by  a  cross,  and 
called  the  Domine  quo  vadis.  It  is  now  marked  by  the  small  circular  chapel  built  by 
Cardinal  Pole.  MufFel  agrees  with  our  author,  and  says  that  the  first  altar,  where 
Christ,  beMing  the  cross,  appeared  to  Peter,  is  700  paces  from  the  spot  where  He 
disappeared,  leaving  the  mark  of  His  feet  on  the  stone,  where  a  church  has  been  built 
to  record  the  place.  Then  follows  a  curious  legend  about  another  small  church  in  this 
neighbourhood :    '  Item  so  ist  ein  capellen  unser  liben  frawen  auch  auf  dera  weg  gen 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILG RIMES  163 

and  asked  of  him  whidir  he  wold  goo.  Oure  lord  saide  he  went  to  rome 
a  gayn  to  be  crucified.  Thoo  was  petir  gretly  rebukid  and  on?  lord  saide  on 
to  him  )3anne.  Go  pou  to  rome  a  gayn.  Thus  walkid  pei  fro  }>at  crosse  on 
to  f)is  cherch  ou?  lord  and  he  to  gidir  and  sodeynly  at  f>at  place  where  J)is 
cherch  stant  ou?  lord  passid  fro  him.  And  Ipere  was  a  ston  sumtyme  in  J)at 
cherch  kept  undyr  f>e  auter  wher  Ipe  steppes  of  ou?  lordis  bare  feet  are 
impressid  but  be  cause  ]>e  place  is  desolat  saue  whan  pil grimes  be  J^e?  f>erfor 
is  J^is  ston  born  to  seynt  sebastianes  and  per  it  lith  in  pe  sacristie  men  may 
se  it  whan  )?ei  wil.  Crist  as  it  semeth  was  a  meth  *  man  for  pe  steppis  be 
rith  large.  |  Here  may  men  enqwire  of  me  of  f>is  apparicion  of  crist  for  it 
was  aftir  his  ascension  wheythir  his  body  was  pere  or  nowt,  or  elles  an  auwgeil 
appered  in  his  stede.  |  Of  J?is  mate?  is  grete  difficulte  a  mongis  dyuynes.  Be 
fo?  pe  incarnacion  J)ei  sey  jjat  f)oo  appariciones  we?  mad  be  aungelles 
representyng  pe  persone  of  god  and  doyng  pe  message  of  god.  Aftir  pe 
incarnacion  pere  is  no  doute  but  J?at  crist  appered  in  his  manhod  uisibily 
on  to  ali  jjat  wold  se  him.  Be  twix  pe  resurrexion  and  pe  ascencioun  is  seid 
also  J>at  crist  appered  in  his  uery  body  glorificat  whech  body  myth  enire 
Jjorw  wali  and  bord  &  no  J>ing  lette  it  for  {jat  body  had  J?anfi)  and  jet  hath 
pe  iiii  precious  J^ingis  whech  f»ei  clepe  dotes  J?at  is  to  sey  subtilite  |)at  no 
ping  may  hold  it,  agilite  fat  al  f>ing  may  here  it,  impassibilite  J?at  it  may 
suffer  neythir  deth  ue  seknesse,  clernesse  eke  with  whech  pe  dul  undistanding 
of  pe  body  is  a  uoyded.  So  up  on  ]?is  ou?  doctouris  put  in  doute  J^oo  appariciones 
aftir  his  ascencion  wheithir  ^o  were  ^  f)oo  were  in  cristis  body  assumpt  or 
ellis  be  pe  ministeri  of  an  aungeli  summe  hold  pe  o  part  aum  pe  oplr,  but 
I  be  leue  /  fat  pe  manhod  of  crist  myth  aftir  his  ascensioun  appe?  on  to  petir  f.  412  v 
pow^  it  were  so  fat  petir  say  not  pe  godhed.  If  f is  posicion  be  ony  fing 
a  geyn  pe  feith  or  a  geyn  scriptu?  I  wil  gladly  reuoke  it. 


Of  pe  cherch  clepid  sea  m  de  pplo.     ca  uiii. 
Sea  maria  de  pop?^lo  is  a  fay?  litil  place'  in  rome  fast  by  a  gate  cleped 
porta  flaminea  on  pe  north  side  of  rome  whech  place  is  inhabit  with  freres 

Sant  Sebastian,  do  eiu  ratter  gain  weib  dem  teufel  wolt  geben  haben,  der  in  reych  machen 
solt,  do  stig  sein  weib  ab  dem  rosz  unci  pettet  vor  dem  altar  unser  frawen  und  entschliff, 
do  sasz  die  junckfraw  Maria  in  des  beibs'  (Weibs)  'gestalt  hinder  in  und  do  era  dem 
teufel  wolt  antburtten,  do  floch  der  teufel  und  die  fraw  ward  also  erlost  von  dem  teufel 
von  der  junckfraw  Maria '  (Mufifel,  p.  89). 

^  mighty,  large  or  great  in  stature. 

*  Struck  through  and  interliueated  in  MS. 

'  A  small  oratory  was  founded  by  Pascal  II  in  1099  on  the  site  believed  to  be  Nero's 
tomb.  A  larger  church  was  built  in  1227.  This  was  restored  by  Sixtus  IV  and  completed 
by  Julius  II.  Alexander  VII  modernized  the  church,  and  it  is  now  known  as  S.  Maria 
del  Popolo  (Armellini,  p.  389  ;  Marucchi,  p.  515  ;  Nibby,  p.  456). 

Y  2 


164  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

cleped  hermytes  of  seynt  austyn.  The  fame  of  J^is  place  ros  for  f>is  cause. 
The  wikkid  emperou?  of  roine  clepid  nero  ded  many  grete  wrongis  to  f>e  cite 
for  whech  dedis  he  had  ful  grete  enmyte.  The  last  wrong  he  ded  on  to  hem 
he  mad  his  men  to  sette  a  grete  part  of  rome  on  fy?  sum  sey  ]?e  romanes 
compleyned  on  to  him  J)at  her  stretes  were  narow  and  whan  he  had  brent 
half  rome  he  seid  on  to  hem  f>at  J>ei  had  space  I  now  to  make  her  stretis 
more  large.  Summe  sey  J>at  he  red  who  gret  lamentacion  was  mad  at  troye 
whan  it  was  on  fi?  and  for  f)at  cause  he  fyred  rome  to  loke  what  lame^itacion 
pe  puple  schuld  make.  This  dede  was  cause  fat  J>e  puple  roos  and  compelled 
pe  senatoures  to  gadei-  he?  couneell  to  loke  what  remedye  myth  be  had  a  geyn 
J>e  wikkid  desires  of  f)is  tyrauTit.  The  counceii  answerd  J?at  he  was  cursed 
and  incorrigibil  wherfor  f)ei  determyned  J?at  with  grete  strength  J?ei  wold 
sle  him.  This  cam  to  neroes  ere  and  be  nyth  he  fled  on  to  J?is  same  place 
whech  is  clepid  sea  maria  de  populo  &  yere  he  killid  him  selue  with  a  swerd 
as  it  is  openly  peynted  in  ]?at  place.  But  o]?ir  cronicles  sey  J)at  as  he  went 
for  to  hide  him  a  mongis  )>e  uynes  and  f)e  buschis  he  herd  too  or  thre  chorles 
J>at  sote  be  a  fyre  speke  of  pe  emperou?  and  on  of  hem  sayde.  Be  my  trouth 
and  I  wist  wher  he  were  I  schuld  sone  be  sikyr  of  him.  Nero  herd  fis  and 
)?out  it  schuld  be  grete  derogacion  to  his  name  if  he  wer  ded  of  a  chorlys 
hand  J^erfor  with  a  gret  scharp  stake  he  persed  him  self  to  Ipe  hert.  This 
was  Ipe  end  of  pe  man  aftir  ou?  cronicules.  Many  dayes  aftir  j^is  was  doo 
pe  deueles  )?at  kept  his  body  ded  mech  harm  at  J^is  gate  J?at  )?e?  myth  no 
man  erly  ne  late  go  ne  entir  be  J?is  wey  but  he  were  gretly  hurt.  So  in  pope* 
pascalis  tyme  pe  puple  of  rome  compleyned  gretly  of  ]3is  greuauns  and  he 
comaunded  f)at  pe  same  puple  schuld  fast  iii  dayes  and  pray  god  to  send  sum 
remedy  a  geyn  f)is  tribulacion.  On  pe  f>ird  nyth  ou?  lady  appered  on  to  J^e 
pope  *  ad  seyde  he  must  go  with  procession  of  pe  puple  on  to  pe  gate  on  pe 
north  side  of  rome  clepid  flaminea  f»e?  in  a  uyne  ^erd  schuld  he  fynde  many 
walnot  trees  and  undir  pe  grettest  tre  of  ail  pere  schuld  he  fynde  pe  body 
of  wikkid  nero.  This  body  sche  bad  him  he  schuld  take  up  and  brenne.  | 
pe  tree  schuld  he  dig  up  rote  an  all  and  where  pe  tree  stood  make  an  auter 
f.  413  r  in  pe  worchip  of  hir/ whech  is  qween  of  heuene  and  modir  to  god.  This 
pope  *  pascale  made  pe  auter  as  he  was  comaunded  and  gaf  to  pe  place  many 
relikes  I  wote  weel  of  dyuers  seyntis  pere  be  mo?  f)at  *  xl  eythir  of  her  flesch 
or  of  her  bones  or  cloj^is  or  sum  o))ir  f>ing.  The  fayrest  iewel  is^  f>e?  is  a  ymage 
of  ou?,  lady  depeynted  of  seynt  luk  it  is  but  half  a  ymage  fro  pe  naule  upward 
in  a  blew  mantel!  ribaned  with  white  and  gold  enterfered  pe  uisage  of  it  large 
and  brood  and  pe  mantell  Jjrow  ouyr  hir  hed  in  hir  lift  hand  hir  child  clad 
in  red.  There  be  mo  y  mages  in  rome  of  luk  is  peynti/ig  f>an  pis  but  f>is  is 
*  ?  than.  ^  'h'  struck  out  in  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  165 

gretly  soute.^  For  euery  satirday  comth  mech  puple  j^idir  and  pe  cardinales 
and  courtisanes  uisit  ]?is  place  deuly  not  withstanding  it  is  not  open  ne  J?ei 
se  it  nowt.  On  pe  friday  be  fo?  J?e  fourt  Sunday  in  lenton  fan  is  it  set  open 
and  grete  multitude  of  puple  is  ]>ere  at  yat  openyng  and  so  is  it  kept  open 
on  day  lith  on  to  J?e  Sunday  aftir  pas  whech  is  called  in  albis,  euery  day  f>at 
tyme  is  pere  grete  pres  of  romanes  but  moost  on  Satirday  aftir  noon  for  be  for 
noon  pel  uisit  Ipe  saluatou?  at  seynt  ion  lateranensis.  Whi  J?is  place  is  cleped 
sea  maria  de  pplo  or  who  j^is  ymage  cam  in  to  f»at  place  now  schal  je  here. 
In  f)e  tyme  of  f>e  ix  pope  *  gregorie  it  were  betir  seid  in  tyme  of  J>at  pope  * 
whech  was  clepid  gregorie  f>e  ix  fett  a  grete  pestilens  in  rome  for  euyr  whan 
deth  comth  to  J)at  cite  J>ei  dey  with  grete  speed  and  mech  wayling  and  CF3'ing 
is  pere.  So  in  J?is  popes  tyme  and  in  J^is  pestilens  J?e  puple  of  rome  ru?2ne 
hool  on  to  f^e  popes  presens  and  prayed  with  gret  instauns  fat  he  wold 
ordeyne  a  procession  and  comaund  \>e  puple  for  to  prey  on  to  god  fat  fis 
ueniaunce  myth  sese.  The  pope  *  graunted  hem  her  peticioun  and  saide  he 
wold  go  with  hem  and  haue  a  sermone  and  syng  masse  him  selue.  pe  place 
of  her  stacion  fat  day  he  assigned  him  selue  he  wold  haue  fe  stacion  he  saide 
at  fat  place  of  ou?  lady  whech  was  neuly  bikkid  be  his  predecessou?  pascale. 
And  to  multiple  mo?  deuocioun  in  f  e  puple  he  wold  brynge  on  of  f  o  ymages 
fat  seint  luke  depeynted  and  ofiPere  it  and  gyue  it  to  fe  place  for  euyr.  Al 
f is  promisse  rehersid  was  do  in  dede  f e  pestilens  cesed  f e  ymage  is  fere  stille 
and  be  cause  f  e  pope  *  gaue  f  e  ymage  at  instaunce  of  f  e  puple  and  graunted 
eke  grete  pardon  to  f  e  same  place  at  f  e  same  instaunce  f  erfor  is  it  clepid 
sea  maria  de  populo.'^ 

Of  f  e  place  cleped  sea  m  de  penis  iwferni.    ca  ix. 

There  is  a  place  *fast  by  seynt  georges  entitiled  eke*^  on  to  ou?  lady  and 
f ei  clepe  it  f  e?  sea  maria  de  penis  inferni.     Who  f  is  name  cam  up  red  I  fere 

^  This  description  of  the  miraculous  picture  is  absolutely  correct  in  every  detail.  It  is 
still  preserved  over  the  high  altar  of  the  church,  and  was  originally  in  the  chapel  of  the 
Sancta  Sanctorum,  until  it  was  brought  here  by  Gregory  IX  as  described  by  our  chroni- 
cler.  In  Mid  Lent  a  procession  is  formed  in  the  church  and  the  picture  is  exposed.  It 
remains  open  to  view  until  the  Tuesday  following  the  first  Sunday  after  Easter  {in  alhis), 
when  it  is  again  covered.  It  is  much  blackened  with  age,  but  there  is  a  good  copy  (old) 
behind  the  high  altar,  from  which  it  can  be  studied  better.  Muffel  mentions  this  picture 
also,  and  says  (p.  53,  ed.  Vogt) :  *  do  ist  gar  ein  andechtig  unser  Frawen  pild,  das  sand 
lucas  gemacht  hat,  sol  ir  gleich  sein.*  Also  in  the  oldest  German  Mirabilia  (about  1476) 
we  find  :  '  Czu  unser  lieben  Frawen  de  populo ...  do  ist  unser  lieben  Frawen  pilt,  hat  Sc. 
Lucas  gemalet.' 

^  Mufifel's  account  of  the  foundation  of  this  church  agrees  in  all  particulars  with  the  above ; 
except  that  he  says,  as  regards  the  origin  of  the  name  :  '  die  capellen  ward  gantz  gepauet 
von  allem  volk  nur  in  eim  tag,  und  darumb  wurd  sie  geheissen  Maria  de  populo '  (p.  53). 

8  From  *  to  *  interlineated  in  MS. 


166  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

schortly  in  J)e  same  cherch  on  p)is  mancr.^  Ther  was  a  dragon  in  rome  of 
f.  413  V  grete  qua7^tite  whech  killid  mech  puple/  and  seynt  siluester  bond  him  be 
neth  J>e  ground  an  hundred  passe  &  1.  &  called  J»at  place  libera  nos  de  penia 
inferni  and  grauwted  Iperto  pardon  xi  ml  jere.  This  is  wrytyn  on  a  table 
in  ]?at  litil  cherch.  But  in  Ipe  lif  of  seynt  siluester  is  more  large  talkyng  of 
J>is  mate?.  Ther  fynde  I  wrytyn  Ipat  aftir  tyme  siluester  had  conuerted  con- 
stawtine  and  ouercome  Ipe  xii  iewis  J)at  heleyn  brout  fro  ieilm  conueried  hem 
and  heleyn  eke  aftir  J?is  fe  bischoppis  of  ])e  maume?itis  in  rome  came  with 
a  grete  compleynt  on  to  constantin  and  told  him  who  f»at  dragon  ]7at  had  be 
in  a  pitte  many  day  and  do  but  litil  harm  now  sith  constantin  was  cristen 
had  slayn  moo  pan  iii  hundred  persones.  This  saide  )?ei  to  make  J^e  emper- 
ou?  be  leue  })at  her  goddis  were  wroth  for  he  was  cristen  and  in  her  wreth 
ded  f>is  ueniaumie.  Siluester  was  sent  aftir  and  he  undirtok  in  J^e  name  of 
ou?  lord  to  ordeyn  remedye  a  geyn  j?is  perel.  The  bischoppis  of  Ipe  temples 
whe?  ydoles  were  worchiped  p9'omitted  on  to  constantin  ]>B.t  if  siluester 
ordeyn  for  ]?is  dragon  he  do  no  more  harm  ]?ei  all  wil  be  conuerted  to  crist. 
Siluester  continued  a  day  or  too  in  fastyng  and  prayer.  Thoo  appered  on 
to  him  seynt  petir  and  saide  Ipe^e  wordes.  Be  not  a  ferd  siluestir  for  to  do 
as  I  shal  sey  Ipe.  Thou  and  too  of  J^i  prestes  goo  boldly  down  to  pe  dragon 
he  lith  be  net  he  in  J>e  erde  I  hundred  passe  &  1.  Take  lith  with  J»e  and 
whan  ]?ou  seest  him  sey  on  to  him  J^ese  wordis.  Ou?  lord  ihu  crist  born  of 
a  uirgine  crucified  and  biried  whech  ros  up  pe  Ipird  day  fro  deth  and  sittith 
on  J?e  rithand  of  pe  fader  aftirward  schal  come  and  deme  both  qwik  and 
dede  he  comaundeth  Ipe  dragon  J)at  })ou  do  no  harm  he  coraaumleth  Ipe 
sathanas  J>at  f>ou  abide  him  here  in  Ipis  same  place  on  to  ])a,t  same  tyme  J>at 
he  schal  come  to  pe  doom.'^     Whan  J?ou  hast  said  fese  wordes  take  a  J^reed 

•  S.  Maria  de  penis  inferni  was  on  the  same  site  as  the  church  of  S.  Maria  Liberatrice, 
and  was  built  on  or  near  the  ruins  of  S.  Maria  Antiqua  which  has  been  so  recently 
excavated  in  the  Forum.  The  existence  of  the  interesting  ancient  church,  now  brought 
to  light  by  the  demolition  of  S.  Maria  Liberatrice,  was  well  known,  and  the  frescoes  had 
been  seen  and  described  more  or  less  correctly  before  the  demolition  was  determined  upon 
(see  Armellini).  It  is  not  known  when  the  church  of  S.  Maria  Antiqua  was  abandoned, 
bnt  it  is  believed  to  have  occurred  about  the  end  of  the  eighth  or  beginning  of  the  ninth 
century.  The  more  modern  church  was  constructed,  according  to  Marucchi,  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  was  restored  by  Cardinal  Lante  in  1617.  But  it  seems  clear  from 
our  author  that  a  church  existed  there  in  the  fifteenth  century,  that  it  was  a  station 
church,  and  that  there  was  an  inscription  in  it  which  explained  the  origin  of  the  title  de 
penis  inferni  (Armellini,  p.  857  ;  Marucchi,  p.  247  ;  Nibby,  p.  877). 

^  Graf  quotes  the  Storia  di  8.  Silvestro,  ed.  by  Michele  Melga,  Naples,  1859,  which 
says  that  Peter  speaks  as  follows  to  S.  Silvester :  *  Incontanente  che  tu,  Silvestro, 
giugnerai  alio  dragone,  e  tu  dirai  cotali  parole :  Jesu  cristo,  nato  della  Vergine  per  virtti 
dello  Spirito  Santo,  e  quale  fu  crocifisso  e  sopellito,  e  riuscitb  dalla  morte ;  el  quale  andb 
in  cielo,  e  siede  dalla  mano  dritta  del  sue  padre ;  el  quale  verrk  nella  fine  del  mondo 
a  giudicare  e  giusti  e  peccatori,  si  ti  manda,  comandando,  Settanas,  el  quale  abita  in 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  167 

and  bynde  his  mouth  to  gidir  and  with  a  ryng  fat  hath  a  crosse  graue  ferin 
fou  schalt  sele  Ipe  knot  and  make  al  sikir.  Seynt  siluest^r  ded  as  petir 
comauwded  and  aftir  his  dede  cam  cute  saaf  and  hool.  Too  wicchis  pere 
were  fat  folowid  siluestir  in  to  fe  pitte  for  to  se  who  he  wold  werk  and  fei 
had  be  ded  of  fe  blast  of  fis  beest  but  f>at  siluestir  prayed  for  hem.  Thei 
too  seying  fis  miracle  we?  turned  to  ciist  and  all  fe  forsaid  bischoppis  with 
mech  ofir  puple.  Tho  siluester  ded  stop  J?is  hole  and  set  fis  cherch  in  J>e 
hole  clepid  it  as  we  said  be  fo?  and  ^aue  on  to  it  swech  indulgence  as  is  eke 
rehersed. 


Of  }>e  cherch  cleped  sea  m  iuxta  scolam  grecorwm.     ca  x. 

A  nothir  cherch  of  ou?  lady  called  sea  maria  iuxta  scolam  grecorww  is 
rith  in  fe  weye  as  we  go  to  seynt  paules  or  we  come  at  fe  mount  aduewtyn 
fe  cherch  stant  on  Ipe  lift  hand  and  scola  grecorwm  on  J?e  rith  hand.*  This 
same/scola  grecorum  is  a  grete  hye  lonnd  hous  whech  stood  on  white  f.  414  r 
pileres  of  marbiii  now  it  is  al  wallid  with  til  for  fe  pileris  be  ^e  ar  wasted. 
In  fis  skole  was  exercise  of  lerny-Tig  in  ail  fe  uii  scienses  for  mech  of  oure 
lernyng  cam  fro  fe  grekis  and  for  ]:at  cause  fe  grekis  held  open  skole  at 
rome  in  her  langage.  That  fe  seuene  sciens  were  taute  as  weel  in  J?e  greke 
tonge  as  in  fe  latyn  tonge  witnessith  fe  lif  of  seynt  austyn  where  it  is  seid 
fat  f e  same  austyn  hated  f e  gi'ek  lettms  and  loued  f e  latyn.  The  cherch 
Ip^  BtRnt  be  for  f  is  skole  is  dedicat  on  to  oure  lady  and  in  f  is  cherch  as  we 
fynde  writyn  taute  *  seynt  thomao  of  cauntirbyry  *  ^  philosophie  and  rethorik 
to  hem  fat  wold  come.  For  he  was  exile  uii  5ere  &  in  his  exile  he  dwelled 
sumpart  at  rome.'      Be  fore  f  e  dore  of  f  is  cherch  stant  a  grete  round  ston 

questa  cava,  si  debbi  aspettare  di  qui  alia  fine  del  mondo,  e  non  debii  nuocere  a  persona* 
{Roma  nella  memoria,  &c.,  Appendix  to  vol.  ii,  p.  585). 

*  The  church  of  S.  Maria  iuxta  Scholam  &raecam  or  Graecorum,  or  t»  Cosmedin^  was 
erected  on  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  temple  of  Ceres  and  other  gods.  It  is  recorded  in  the 
sixth  century  as  a  diaconia.  The  title  of  the  church  arises  from  the  number  of  Greek 
merchants  and  seamen  who  traded  and  worked  in  the  vicinity ;  in  the  eighth  century  the 
bank  of  the  river  here  was  called  the  Hipa  Graeca.  Adrian  I  rebuilt  the  church,  and  after 
this  it  took  the  name  of  in  Cosmedin  (a  derivative  oi  Kocftuy,  to  ad(M-n),  a  title  it  shared 
with  S.  Maria  in  Transpontina,  a  church  at  Naples,  and  another  at  Ravenna.  It  was 
restored  in  the  ninth  century  by  Nicholas  I,  and  by  Callixtus  II  in  the  twelfth.  Three 
Popes  were  elected  here,  Gelasius  II,  Celestine  III,  and  Benedict  XII,  antipope.  The 
front  was  added  by  Cardinal  Albani  in  1718  (Armellini,  p.  391;  Marucchi,  p.  270; 
Nibby,  p.  867).  ^  From  *  to  *  struck  through  in  MS. 

^  '  In  ecclesia  see  marie  de  scola  grecorum  ubi  sanctus  martir  Thomas  tenuit  schulas 
sunt  septem  anni  indulgencie '  {Bodl.  MS.,  Dighy,  fol.  10). 
*  At  a  chapel  .  of  ure  ladi. 
per  held  scole  seint  Thomas  of  Cawtarburi ' 
(E.  E.  Text  Society,  18C7.     Vernon  and  Porkington  MS.,  Siacions  of  Some,  p.  28). 


168  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

and  ]3at  is  mad  aftir  pe  figure  of  a  mannes  face.  This  ston  calle  J^ei  J^ere  os 
iusti.  This  ston  was  enchauwted  sumtyme  be  swich  craft  J^at  what  man 
cam  to  Ipis  ston  or  woman  and  swore  a  trew  oth  in  ony  mater  ]?at  he  we? 
charged  of  he  schuld  putte  his  hand  in  pe  mouth  of  J>is  ston  &  pulle  it  oate 
esely.  And  if  so  were  fat  liis  oth  were  fals  he  schuld  neuyr  pulle  oute  his 
hand  with  oute  grete  hurt.  Therfor  was  J?is  ston  cleped  os  iusti  pe  rithful 
mouth.* 


Of  sea  m  iwperatWx  de  imperiali.    ca  xi. 

A  nothir  memorie  of  oure  lady  is  as  we  go  to  lateranensis  at  a  corner  & 
pat  is  cleped  imp^ratrix  de  impmali  J^e  emperesse  of  pe  empi?.  There  is 
a  fayre  ymage  peynted  on  a  wal  in  honour*  of  ou?  lady  whech  ymage  spak 
sum  tyme  to  a  pope  comau9^dyng  him  to  do  hir  reuerens  as  he  ded  to  othir. 
The  story  seith  rith  f)us.  There  was  a  pope  in  rome  cleped  celestin^g  qmntus. 
This  pope  had  so  grete  deuocion  in  ou?  lady  ]?at  be  fore  euery  ymage  of  hir 
he  wold  tary  and  sey  an  aue  maria.  This  used  he  many  5eres.  So  in  his 
tyme  was  gadered  a  grete  couTicell  at  seynt  jon  lat^rane  for  reformaciouTi 
of  pe  cherch  and  )?is  pope*  rode  in  a  morownyrig  with  his  hreprin  pe  cardinales 
comownyng  of  certeyn  materes  fat  were  purposed  in  pe  counceii  liauy^ig  no 
consideracion  at  J>is  ymage  ne  doyng  no  reuerens  Iperioo.  Sche  stood  fan 
openly  peynted  on  pe  wal  as  sche  doth  now  but  sche  was  not  housed  as  sche 
is  now.  "Whan  pe  pope  *  was  sumwhat  passed  and  goo  pe  ymage  of  ou?  lady 
cried  with  a  lowde  uoys  and  seyde.  Celestine  what  offens  haue  I  do  to  pe 
fat  f ou  wilt  not  do  me  f e  same  seruyse  whech  f ou  art  wont  to  do  to  all  my 
sisteres.  Remember  f e  wel  who  fere  is  no  ymage  in  my  name  but  f ou  wilt 
with  glad  chere  tary  be  fore  it  and  with  deuoute  hi^  sey  fere  f e  same  wordes 

*  This  stone  was  at  one  time  believed  to  be  a  magical  work  of  Vergil,  and  was  called 
Bocca  della  Veritk  for  the  reason  given  in  the  text.  But,  according  to  the  MirahiUa,  it 
was  formerly  known  as  the  rota,  for  we  find  :  *  In  portion  eiusdem'  (S.  Maria  in  Cosmedin) 
'est  magna  rota  lapidea  ad  molae  formam,  cui  foramina  quinque  adsunt,  quasi  oris, 
narium,  et  oculorum,  et  vocant  Bocca  della  Veritk.'  See  Graf,  Jtoma  nella  memoria,  &c., 
vol.  ii,  p.  139.  See  also  article  by  Ersilia  Lovatelli-Caetani  in  the  Nuova  Antologia, 
cxvii,  1891, pp.  152-9.  In  the  MirahiUa  also  occurs  the  following  passage  :  'Ad  sanctam 
Mariam  in  fontana  templum  Fauni  quod  simulacrum  locutus  est  luliauo  et  decepit  euni.' 
This  refers  to  the  story  of  the  widow  who  entrusted  her  property  to  Julian  the  Apostate, 
and  was  robbed  by  him.  She  demanded  that  Julian  should  be  sworn  in  presence  of 
an  idol  she  had  found  in  the  Tiber,  an  image  of  Mercury.  When  Julian,  by  order  of  the 
Pope  (whose  chaplain  he  was  !),  introduces  his  hand  into  the  mouth  of  the  idol  and 
swears,  his  hand  is  caught  in  the  closing  mouth,  and  his  guilt  thereby  proved  (Grraf, 
vol.  ii,  pp.  135  sqq.).  *  Una  pietra  tonda  a  modo  di  macina  con  uno  viso  iutagliatovi  dentro 
che  si  chiama  la  lapida  della  veritk,  che  anticamente  aveva  virtti  di  mostrare  quando  una 
donna  avessi  fatto  fallo  al  suo  marito'  (Rucellai,  II  Giuhileo  deli^  anno  santo  1450, 
Archiv.  St.  Pat.,  1881,  vol.  iv,  fasc.  iv,  p.  580). 


a  ( 


hi  '  struck  through  in  MS. 


YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES  169 

whech  gabriel  saide  to  me.     The  pope  *  was  al  astoyned  descended  of  his  hors 

kneled  down  deuoutly  be  fore  Ipe  ymage  mekely  asked  forgyfnesse  and  deuly 

saide  /  fere  swech  orison  as  he  used.    Tho  named  he  J?is  place  ad  scam  mariam  f.  414  v 

imperatric^m  de  imperiali  pe  place  of  seynt  mari  emperesse  of  Ipe  empire. 

He  grauwted  eke  to  ait  f)oo  f>at  uisite  J^is  place  with  deuocion  a  ml  3ere  and 

u  hundred.^ 


Of  Ipe  cherch  cleped  sea  m  de  c^msolacione.    ca  xii 

There  is  a  nojpir  litil  cherch  fast  by  J>e  capitol  entitiled  on  to  ou?  lady 
whech  pei  clepe  sea  maria  de  consolacione.'^  In  J^is  cherch  as  it  is  seid  seynt 
bemard  used  mech  to  sey  his  dutes  both  seruyse  dyuyne  and  uoluntarie 
deuociones.  He  wold  eke  wayte  him  tyme  whan  he  myth  solitarie  knele» 
be  fore  |?is  ymage  and  loke  peron  f>an  wolde  he  with  grete  deuocion  haue  hig 
meditaciones  be  him  self.  Aftir  grete  custom  of  [?is  noble  exercise  up  on  a  day 
he  kneled  and  lokid  on  p\a  ymage.  And  saide  be  fore  hir  })is  ympne.  Aue 
marie  stella  and  whan  he  cam  at  pis  uers  Monstra  te  esse  matrem  sodeynly 
be  gret  myracle  pe  ymage  put  hir  hand  on  to  hir  breest  and  jurist  hir  breest 
so  J?at  too  or  thre  dropes  of  mylk  sprang  in  bernardis  face.  More  fynde 
I  not  of  J?is  place.* 

*  The  church  of  S.  Maria  Imperatrix  has  entirely  disappeared.  In  a  note  (p.  165) 
Nichols  says :  •  S.  Gregory  in  Martio  is  identified  with  the  little  chapel  of  S.  Maria 
Imperatrice,  which  lately  existed  in  the  garden  of  the  English  sculptor  Warrington  Wood, 
at  the  Villa  Campana,  in  the  angle  between  the  Via  S.  Giovanni  Laterano  and  the  Via 
SS.  Quattro.'  This  agrees  exactly  with  the  position  described  in  the  MS.  Armellini 
gives  the  same  indication  of  its  existence  in  the  Villa  Campana  (now  built  over),  and 
adds  that  Mellini  read,  in  an  inscription,  a  legend  stating  that  the  image  of  the  Virgin 
had  miraculously  spoken  to  S.  Gregory  (not  to  S.  Celestine).  In  another  place  (p.  447) 
he  says  that  the  image  was  transferred  to  S.  Maria  delle  Grazie,  a  small  oratory  attached 
to  the  Lateran  Hospital  (Nichols,  Marvels  of  Rome,  p.  165,  n.  382  ;  Armellini,  pp.  286, 
447).  In  the  Church  of  SS.  Cosmas  and  Damian  there  is  a  written  tablet  connecting 
the  miracle  with  S.  Gregory ;  Marucchi,  in  the  index  of  his  book  (p.  518),  says  that  it 
happened  to  S.  Gregory.  There  is  no  mention  of  the  occurrence  in  the  article  on  S.  Celes- 
tine in  Stadler's  SeiligenlexiJcon.  '  Item  zu  sant  Marcellino  lygt  hinter  unser  frowen 
capell  keyserin  im  wingarten '  (Ein  Bilchlin,  Strassburg,  1500,  p.  E  iiii  B.M,  p.  E  iii  v, 
Bodleian  copy).     See  also  Muffel,  p.  18 ;  also  cf.  Adinolfi,  vol.  i,  pp.  218,  802. 

2  Our  author  can  hardly  be  referring  to  the  church  now  called  S.  Maria  della  Consola- 
zione,  inasmuch  as  Armellini  and  Marucchi  agree  that  it  was  built  in  1470.  There  was, 
however,  a  miraculous  picture  of  the  Virgin  in  the  Vicus  Jugarius,  in  the  portico  of  the 
granaries  of  the  Mattel.  Whether  there  was  an  oratory  or  not,  is  not  quite  clear  in 
Bruzio's  narration,  as  quoted  by  Armellini  (Armellini,  p.  388 ;  Marucchi,  Appendix, 
p.  518). 

'  This  story  of  S.  Bernard  is  found  in  chronicles  of  his  Order,  but,  as  Stadler  says,  such 
accounts  can  only  be  accepted  as  legendary.  It  was  believed  in  the  Middle  Ages  that  the 
saint  owed  his  honeyed  eloquence  to  his  having  drunk  from  the  Blessed  Virgin's  breast 
(Stadler,  Seiligenlexikon). 


170  YE  SOLACE  OF  PILGRIMES 

Of  J»at  chercli  clepid  sea  maria  in  porticu.     cap  xiii. 

A  no]?ir  place  Ipere  is  consecrate  to  ou?  ladi  wheeh  pei  clepe  sea  maria  in 
porticu  seint  mary  in  Ipe  porch.^  In  J?is  place  dwelled  sumtyme  a  worthi 
womaw  called  galla.  Sjnacus  a  gret  lord  of  rome  was  hir  fader.  Sche  leued 
in  J?e  tyme  of  pe  first  pope  J»at  hith  jon  and  in  Ipe  dayes  of  pe  emperou? 
iustiniane  whech  was  justines  son.  This  woman  aftir  f>e  deth  of  hir  fader 
was  endewyd  with  grete  richesse  and  spent  Ipoo  goodes  left  on  to  hir  in  noble 
uses  pWncipaly  to  J?e  worchip  of  god.  Sche  hir  selue  eke  leued  in  gret  con- 
templaciouTi  comittirig  pe  gouernsinns  of  hir  houshold  on  to  hir  seruauTitis. 
Up  on  a  day  as  sche  sat  at  mete  on  of  hir  maydenes  went  to  fe  seler  for  to 
fech  wyn  and  sodeynly  up  on  a  pile?  whech  bo?  up  Ipe  hous  sche  sey  a  grete 
brithnesse  and  in  pe  myddis  of  f»is  lith  a  fai?  ymage  of  ou?  lady.  The  mayde 
sore  astoyned  ran  in  to  hir  lady  and  told  hir  of  f)is  meruelous  sith.  Sche 
res  with  gret  hast  and  loked  Ipe  lith  sey  sche  wel  but  ymage  sche  sey  non. 
Hir  couTiceH  gaue  hir  J?is  reed  that  to  pe  byschop  ^  schuld  she  goo  and  telle 
him  pleynly  J)is  J'ing  newly  fallen.  So  to  pe  paleys  lateranenszs  sche  goth 
for  pere  lay  pe  byschop  ^  )?anne  pere  told  sche  him  of  J?is  apparicion  desired 
of  him  he  schuld  come  J^idir  him  selue.  The  byschop  ^  consented  to  hir  desire. 
He  wold  first  he  seid  haue  his  confessou?  and  dispose  him  to  swech  heuenely 
sitis.  He  cou9^celed  hir  eke  to  do  pe  same  and  J)is  do  he  seid  streit  he  wil 
go  with  hir.  Thei  cam  hom  on  to  galla  hous  nout  alone '  with  cardinales 
patWarkes  and  bischoppis  with  pe  senatoures  and  mech  puple  of  rome. 
"Whan  pei  we?  pere  .  .  .  ^ 


Csetera  desunt. 

^  The  church  of  S.  Maria  in  Porticu  is  also  called  S.  Galla,  having  been  founded  by 
S.  Galla,  daughter  of  Sjrmmachus,  mentioned  by  S.  Gregory  in  his  Dialogues  (lib.  IV, 
cxiii).  It  was  consecrated  by  S.  John  I  in  the  time  of  Theodoric.  The  portico  from 
which  it  takes  its  cognomen  was  known  in  the  Middle  Ages  by  the  name  of  the  Porticus 
Gallatorum,  The  church  was  rebuilt  by  Gregory  VII  (Hildebrand)  in  the  year  1073, 
and  was  restored  by  the  Odescalchi  family  in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  miraculous 
fresco  was  removed  by  Alexander  VII  to  the  church  of  S.  Maria  in  Campilelli,  with 
which  this  church  must  not  be  confused  (Armellini,  p.  860  ;  Nibby,  p.  857  ;  Marucchi, 
Appendix,  p.  506). 

'  '  pope '  erased,  '  byschop '  substituted  in  another  hand  in  MS. 

'  '  but  *  in  margin  of  MS. 

*  S.  Galla  was  the  daughter  of  Symmachus,  who,  together  with  Boethius,  was  executed 
during  Theodoric's  reign.  She  was  widowed  shortly  after  her  marriage,  and  Fulgentius 
Kuspensis  addressed  his  letter  de  statu  viduarum  to  her.  After  the  miraculous  apparition 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  she  converted  her  house  into  a  church.  She  then  retired  to  a  cell  on  the 
Vatican,  and  gave  all  her  wealth  to  the  poor.  She  bore  with  patience  great  suffering,  due 
to  an  incurable  disease ;  and,  after  a  life  of  charity  and  piety,  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
sixth  century  (Stadler,  Seiligenlexikon ;  Acta  Sanctorum^  October,  vol.  iii,  p.  147). 


INDEX 


A. 

Abacuk,  p.  127. 

Abdon  and  Sennen,  martyrs, 

p.  116  and  note  1 ;  persecuted, 

p.  116 ;  brought  before  senate, 

p.ll6 ;  tortured  and  martyred, 

p.  116. 
Abel,  p.  129,  p.  160. 
Abraham,  p.  128,  p.  160. 
Accius,  p.  6  note  1 ;    the  poet 

and  J.  Caesar,  p,  25. 
Acilius,   M.,   Consul,   p.    134 

note  2. 
Acquedotto   Sabattino,  p.    47 

note  1. 
Adam,  p.  153,  p.  160. 
Ad  aquas  gradatas,  p.  137  and 

note  1,  p.  138. 
Ad  lunam,  p.  11  note  1. 
Adriani  templum   (Castel  S. 

Angelo),  p.  12. 
Ad  ursum  pileatum,  cemetery 

of,  p.  20,  p.  130  note  1. 
Aegea,  p.  122  note  1. 
Africa,  p.  156. 
Africanus,    a   writer   in   Gor- 

dian's  reign,  p.  54. 
Africanus,  father  of  S.  Naza- 

rius,  p.  103  and  note  2. 
Agapetus  converts  Justinian, 

p.  58. 
Agapitus,  deacon,  p.  120. 
Agatha,  cemetery  of,  p.  20. 
Agnello,   of  Ravenna,   p.   70 

note  1. 
Agrippina,  p.  42  note  3. 
Agro  Verano,  cemetery  of,  p. 

20  ;   St.   Lawrence's  Church 

there,  p.  80,  p.  82   note  2, 

p.  114. 
Ahasuerus,  p.  28. 
Ahaz,  Kome   founded  during 

reign  of,  p.  5. 
Alaric,  his  invasion,  p.  57. 
Albanenses,      summoned      by 

Romulus  to  Rome,  p.  6. 
Albani,  cardinal,  p.  167  notel. 
Albany,  king  of,  p.  4. 
Albeston,  p.  107  note  3. 
Albula,   old   name    of  Tiber, 

p.  4  ;  battle  of,  p.  28. 
Alcuin,  p.  67  note  2. 
Aldobrandini,  Cardinal  Pietro, 

p.  134  note  2. 
Alet,     in    Burgundy,     Peter, 

bishop  of,  p.  93  and  note  1. 
Alexander,  de  naturis  rerum, 

p.  27  note  1. 


Alexander,  pope,  grants  in- 
dulgence at  S.  Peter's,  p.  62. 

Alexander,  pope,  p.  108 ;  cures 
Balbina  and  converts  Quiri- 
nus,  p.  108. 

Alexander  I,  pope,  imprisoned, 
p.  98  and  note  2;  miracu- 
lously delivered,  p.  98  ;  heals 
his  jailer's  daughter,  p.  98, 
p.  108  note  1. 

Alexander  III,  pope,  p.  47 
note  1. 

Alexander  IV,  pope,  p.  80 
note  1,  p.  113  note  3. 

Alexander  VT,  pope,  p.  46 
note  3,  p.  83  note  2,  p.  134 
note  2,  p.  161  note  3. 

Alexander  VII,  pope,  p.  109 
note  2,  p.  144  note  1,  p.  163 
note  3,  p.  170  note  1. 

Alexander,  senator  of  Con- 
stantinople, p.  80 ;  builds 
oratory  at  Jerusalem  to  S. 
Stephen,  p.  80;  dies  and  is 
buried,  p.  80. 

Alexander  Severus,  emperor, 
a  Christian,  cf>nquers  Xerxes, 
his  arch,  p.  18,  p.  41  note  1, 
p.  53,  p.  69  note  1,  p.  101 
note  1,  p.  110  note  2. 

Alexander  the  Great  and 
Alexander  Severus  confused, 
p.  101  note  1. 

Alexander  the  Great,  King  of 
Macedon,  p.  18  ;  receives  the 
gymnosophists,  p.  30  ;  would 
destroy  Athens,  p.  31  ;  pre- 
vented by  Anaximenes,  p.  81, 
p.  144. 

Algiers,  p.  110  note  1. 

Almachia,  p.  47  note  2. 

Alta  Semita,  p.  43  note  1. 

Altars  in  S.  Peter's,  p.  62  and 
note  2. 

Ambrose's  JExameron,  p.  29. 

Amelia  (or  Emilia),  p.  4  note  2. 

Amilius,  King  of  the  Latins, 
p.  4 ;  killed  by  Romulus, 
p.  5. 

Amphitheatres,  p.  17 ;  (tmphi- 
theatrum  Castrense,  p.  76 
note  1. 

Amulius,  p.  4  and  note  2. 

Amyas  (?  Amiens),  p.  183. 

Anacletus,  pope,  consecrates 
Ara  Celi,  p.  42,  p.  61  note  1, 
p.  66  note  2,  p.  104. 

Anastasius,  emperor,  p.  57. 

Anastasius  II,  emperor,  p.  58 

z  2 


Anastasius  IV,  pope,  p.  158 
note  ]. 

Anaximenes  and  Alexander, 
p.  31. 

Anchus  (or  Anthus)  Marcins 
Meduliensis  conquers  the 
Latins,  p.  13 ;  annexes  the 
Aventine,  p.  14. 

Ancona,  p.  145  note  1. 

Angoye  (?  Anjou),  p.  147. 

Anguilla  S.  Petri,  p.  17,  p.  22 
and  note  4  ;  height  of,  p.  28  ; 
Caesar  buried  in  ball  on  sum- 
mit thereof,  p.  23 ;  inscrip- 
tion on,  p.  23  and  note  1. 

Anolinus,  p.  108. 

Anonymus  Magliabecchianus, 
p.  47  note  1, 

Anthemius  Scribo,  p.l09  note  1. 

Anthony,  emperor,  succeeds 
Macrinus,  p.  58. 

Antinius,  p.  121. 

Antioch,  Church  of,  older  than 
Rome,  p.  60  ;  history  of,  p. 
89,  p.  106  note  1,  p.  140  note 
2,  p.  143  note  2,  p.  144. 

Antonine,  emperor,  bridge  of, 
p.  12 ;  arch  of,  p.  19. 

Antoninus  Pius,  emperor,  p. 
50  note  2. 

Apocrypha,  p.  88. 

Apollo,  see  Phoebus,  p.  85 ; 
origin  of  name,  p.  85,  p.  86 
note  1 ;  temple  of,  p.  104, 
pp.  149-50. 

Appius,  p.  53. 

Appius  Claudius,  builds  Porta 
Appia,  p.  8. 

Approvyan,  a  knight  of  Rome, 
p.  138. 

Apronian,  p.  85  note  1. 

Apulia,  p.  135  note  2. 

Aqua  Crabra,  or  Dannata,  p.  9 
note  3. 

Aqueduct,  curious  remark 
about,  p.  79. 

Aquila,pp.  136-7,  p.  149  note  4. 

Aquileia^  p.  100  note  1,  p.  188 
note  1,  p.  188  note  2. 

Aquilinus,  Mayor  of  Rome, 
p.  93 ;  persecutes  SS.  Tryphon 
and  Respicius,  p.  94. 

Aquitaine,  p.  57  note  1. 

Arabia,  p.  121. 

Ara  Celi,  description  of,  p.  89  ; 
Octavian  meets  sibyl  at,  p.  40 ; 
his  vision  at,  p.  40  ;  altar 
erected,  p.  41 ;  inscription  of, 
p.  41 ;  steps  of,  p.  42,  p.  158. 


172 


INDEX 


Arcadius  and  Honorius,  em- 
perors, p.  57,  p.  66  note  2. 

Arch,  of  Alexander  Severus, 
p.  18  ;  — ,  of  Antonine,  p.  19  ; 
— ,  of  Gallienus  and  Salonina, 
p.  10  note  3  ;  — ,  of  the 
Golden  Bread,  p.  19  ;  — ,  of 
the  Hand  of  flesh,  p.  19  ;  — , 
of  Noe  (the  Colonnacce),  p.  3 
note  2  ;  — ,  of  Ootavian, 
p.  19 ;  — ,  of  Piety,  p.  19  and 
note  1 ;  — ,  of  Priscus  Tar- 
quinius,  p.  45  ;  — ,  of  the 
Senators,  p.  19;  — ,  of  Theo- 
dosius,  Valentinian,  and  Gra- 
tian,  pp.  18-i9;  — ,  of  Titus 
and  Vespasian,  p.  19  ;  — ^  of 
Triumph,  p.  19 ;  — ,  painted 
with  the  story  of  the  I)omine 
quo  vadis,  p.  21. 

Archemia,  daughter  of  Dio- 
cletian, p.  139;  killed,  p.  139. 

Archemius,  p.  113,  p.  114. 

Arches  of  Rome,  the,  p.  20 
note  1. 

ArcMpreshyteraUi  de,  title  of 
Church  of  S.  Apollinare,  p.  142 
note  1. 

Arco  di  Oro  (or  Aurea),  p.  3 
note  2. 

Arenarium,  p.  114. 

Arezzo,  p.  149  note  4. 

Arius,  his  death,  p.  56. 

Aries,  p.  68  note  1. 

Amolfo,  p.  109  note  1. 

Amolfo  di  Cambio,  p.  109 
note  1. 

Amulph,  emperor,  p.  59, 

Arthemia,  daughter  of  Dio- 
cletian, p.  139  note  3. 

Arvagia,  p.  47  and  note  2. 

Asbeston,  p.  107  note  3. 

Aschhausen,  von,  Johann  Gott- 
fried, Prince-Bishop  of  Bam- 
berg, p.  42  note  3. 

Asgarus,  King  of  Edissa,  p. 
65. 

Asia,  conquered,  p.  48,  p.  145, 
p.  156. 

Athenais,  p.  97  note  1. 

Athens,  saved  by  Anaximenes, 
p.  31,  p.  71  note  2,  p.  119. 

Atrium  of  S.  Peter's,  p.  46 
note  2. 

Atticus,  the  patriarch,  p.  97 
note  1. 

Audifax,  p.  127. 

Augustine,  the  second,  Hugo 
de  St.  Victor  described  as, 
p.  60  note  1. 

Augustinian  convent  of  S.  Try- 
phon,  p.  92  note  1. 

Augustinus,  de  Roma,  p.  93 
and  note  2. 

Augustus,  p.  29  note  1 ;  mauso- 
leum of,  p.  42  and  note  3; 
derivation  of  word,  p.  43. 


Auralian,  emperor,  his  perse- 
cution, p.  55. 

Aurelian,  betrothed  to  Flavia 
Domitilla,p.l48,p.l49note2. 

Author,  writes  work  called 
Concordia,  p.  92 ;  was  an 
Austin  friar,  p.  92  and  note  4. 

Aventinus,  King  of  Albany, 
p.  4 ;  builds  city  on  Aventine, 
p.  4. 

Avignon,  p.  132  note  1. 


B. 


Babylon,  p.  189. 
Balam,  a  prophet,  p.  158. 
Bamberg,  p.  42  note  3. 
Barabbas,   an   Arian,    sudden 

death  of,  p.  57. 
Barberini,    cardinal,     p.    162 

note  1. 
Barbo,  Cardinal  Marco,  p.  107 

note  3. 
Bari,  p.  135  note  2. 
Baronio,  cardinal,  p.  148  note  3. 
Baronius,  p.  109  note  1. 
Baronus,  p.  41  note  L 
Basilians,  p.  122  note  1 ;  nuns 

of  order,  p.  159  note  1. 
Basilica,    ad    Corpus,    p.    80 

note  1 ;  — ,  Apostolorum^  p.  67 

note  3  ;  — ,  Eudoxiana,  p.  96 

note  1 ;  — ,  Heleniana,  p.  76- 

note  1 ;  — ,  Major,  p.  80  notel ; 

— ,   S.  Mariae   ad  Praesepe, 

p.  83  note  2 ;  — ,  Sessoriana, 

p.  76  note  1 ;   -— ,  Siciniana, 

p.  83  note  2  ;  — ,  Ulpia,  p.  49 

note  2. 
Basilides,  martyr,  p.  102. 
Bath,    the    emperor's,    p.    47 

note  1. 
Beaufort,     Henry,     cardinal, 

p.  107  note   4,  p.   133   and 

note  4. 
Beauvais,  Vincent   de,   p.   77 

note  2. 
Bede,  p.  58,  p.  126  note  1. 
Belial,  p.  51  note  2. 
Belinus  and  Brennus,  kings  of 

England,  p.  28  and  note  3; 

former  driven  out  of  England 

becomes  Duke   of  Brittany, 

p.  28  note  3. 
Bells,  the  first  ever  made  are 

at  S.  John  Lateran,  p.  74. 
Belphegor,  p.  51  note  2. 
Benedict  II,  pope,  p.  122  note  3, 

p.  158  note  1. 
Benedict  III,  pope,  p.  11  note  5, 

p.  Ill  note  1. 
Benedict    VII,    pope,    p.    76 

note  1,  p.  77  note  2. 
Benedict  XII,  antipope,  p.  167 

note  1. 
Benedict  XIII,   pope,  p.  110 

note  1. 


Benedict    XIV,    pope,   p.    66 

note  2,  p,  76  note  1,  p.  83 

note  2,  p.  113  note  8,  p.  142 

note  1. 
Benedictines,  p.  42  note  1  ;  at 

S.  Paul's,  p.  6Q,  p.  145  note  2. 
Benedictus,  father  of  S.  Mar- 

cellus,  p.  141  note  1. 
Benno,  cardinal,  p.  77  note  2. 
Berengaria,    of    France,    con- 
demned for  heresy,  p.  59. 
Berengarius  I,  emperor,  p.  59  ; 

— ,  II,  emperor,  p.  59;   — , 

III,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Berenice  (S.  Veronica),  p.  64 

note  1. 
Berillus,  p.  86. 
Bethlehem,  p.  158. 
Bias,  p.  44  and  note  3. 
Bible  of  S.  Jerome,  p.  67  and 

note  2. 
Biennius,  p.  44  and  note  3. 
Bishop  of  Jerusalem,  p.  80. 
Bithynia,  p.  126  note  1. 
Blanck,Stephanus,  p.  46  note  8. 
Bocca    delta    Veritd,   p.    168 

and  note  1. 
Boethius,  p.  45,  p.  170  note  4. 
Bollandists,  the,  p.  68  note  1, 

p.  139  note  3,  p.  143  note  2. 
JBollario    Vaticano,  ^  p.     161 

note  3. 
Bologna,  p.  45  note  3. 
Bonaparte,    cardinal,    p.    117 

note  1. 
Bonaventura,  de  vita  Christi, 

p.  152. 
Boniface  III,  pope,  p.  157. 
Boniface  IV,  pope,  p.  36  note  1, 

p.  58,  p.  61,  p.  134  note  2, 

p.  140,  p.  157  and  note  1, 

p.  158. 
Boniface   VIII,    pope,   p.    71 

note  1,  p.  87  note  4,  p.  101 

note  2,  p.  145  note  2. 
Borghese,  Cardinal  Scipio,  p.  67 

note  3,  p.  89  note  1,  p.  137 

note  1. 
Bosio,  p.   21  note  2,  p.  109 

note  1. 
Bosphorus,  p.  126  note  1. 
Bowet,  Henry,  p.  107  note  4. 
Boys  (?  Boethius),  p.  45. 
Brache  (  =  Braccio),  a  measure, 

I  yard  long^  used  in  Italy, 

p.  152. 
Bramante,  p.  61  note  1,  p.  104 

note  2,  p.  128  note  2. 
Brazen  tablets  of  Rome,  treaty 

with  Jews  on,  p.  49. 
Brennus  (see  Belinus),  builds 

Milan     and     Pavia,     fights 

Romans    and    captures    city 

except  Capitol,  p.  28 ;  accepts 

large  ransom,  p.  29. 
Brescia,  Chiu-ch  of  S.  Peter  at, 

p.  41  note  1. 


INDEX 


173 


Bridges  of  Rome  {see  Pons), 

p.  13  note  1. 
Britain,  p.  28  note  3. 
Brittany,  p.  28  note  3. 
Brunelleschi,    Filippo,    p.    38 

note  2. 
Brutus,  kills  Caesar,  p.  25. 
Bruzio,  p.  169  note  2. 
Bufalini,   his  plan   of  Rome, 

p.  11  note  5. 
Byzantium,  p.  126  note  1. 
Byzantius,  p.  90  note  1. 

C. 

Caballus,  description  of,  p.  29  ; 
the  woman  wound  about  with 
a  serpent,  p.  29  and  note  6, 
p.  30  note  2 ;  explanation  of 
same,  p.  31. 

Caesar.     See  Julius  Caesar. 

Caetani  -  Lovatelli,  Countess 
Ersilia,  p.  168  note  1. 

Caiaphas,  his  prophecy,  p.  ^7. 

Cain,  p.  129,  p.  160. 

Callixtus,  pope,  p.  53. 

Callixtus,  synod  against,  p.  131 
note  8. 

Callixtus  II,  pope,  p.  114  note 

1,  p.  167  note  1. 
Callixtus    III,    pope,   p.    149 

note  4. 
Camarians,  p.  6. 
Camerarius,  p.  144  note  1. 
Camese,  p.  3  note  4. 
Campania,  p.  146. 
Campanians,  p.  6. 
Campflour  (fiampo  dei  Mori), 

p.  128. 
Cancelleria,  palace  of,  p.  128 

note  2. 
Candidus,  p.  121. 
Cane  (Caen),  p.  145. 
Cannapara,  p.  17  note  4. 
Canterbury,  p.  83  note  1. 
Cantharus,  description  of,  p.  46 

and  note  3,  p.  47  note  1. 
Caphargamala,  p.  80. 
Capitol,description  of,  pp.  26-7; 

great  wealth  in,  p.  27  ;  origin 

of  name,  p.  26  note  1,  p.  36 

note  1,  p.  42  note  1,  p.  51  note 

2,  p.  119,  p.  134  note  3,  p.  169. 
Capitoline  Mu8eum,p.20  note  5. 
Cappadocia,  p.  88  note  2,  p.  88. 
Caraffa,     Cardinal     Diomede, 

p.  131  note  3. 

Cardinals,  ordained  first  by 
S.  Marcellus,  p.  141 ;  at  first 
of  little  importance  or  dignity, 
p.  141;  constitution  of  College 
and  list  of  same,  pp.  141-2. 

Carillo,  cardinal,  p.  126  note  2. 

Carinus,  emperor,  p.  55. 

Carmel,  p.  181. 

Carmelites,  p.  131. 

Carnival  at  Rome,  the,  p.  51 
note  2. 


Carolingian  Bible,  p.  67  note  2. 

Carpophorus,  p.  127,  p.  128 
note  1. 

Cartagena,  p.  29  note  2. 

Carthage,  p.  159  note  1. 

Cassius,  kills  Caesar,  p.  25. 

Castel  S.  Angelo,  p.  12  and 
note  1 ;  miracle  at,  p.  12,  p.  47, 
p.  61,  p.  161  note  3. 

*  Castelle  Augustall ',  mauso- 
leum of  Augustus,  p.  42. 

CastelUim  Aureum,  p.28  note  1. 

Castle  of  Crescentius,  p.  18. 

Castorius,  p.  127. 

Castra  Peregrinorum,  p.  104 
note  2. 

Catacombs,  p.  8,  p.  17,  p.  18, 
p.  20 ;  discovery  of  Priscilla  C. 
in  1590,  p.  21  note  2,  p.  22 ; 
meaning  of  word,  p.  69  ;  con- 
nexion of  with  neighbouring 
macella,  p.  69. 

Catacombs  of  S.  Callixtus,  p. 
109  note  1,  p.  110,  p.  120 
note  1. 

Cataline,  p.  17 ;  palace  of,  p.  17. 

Catholiccm,  name  for  diction- 
ary in  Middle  Ages,  p.  34  and 
note  1 ;  error  in  same  re- 
garding the  Salvatio  Romae, 
p.  34. 

Cato,  his  school  (schola  Grae- 
corum),  p.  17,  p.  45. 

Catus,  p.  159  note  1. 

Celanenses,  summoned  by  Ro- 
mulus, p.  6. 

Celestine  I,  pope,  p.  86  note  1. 

Celestine  III,  pope,  p.  122  note 
3,  p.  167  note  1. 

Celestine  V,  pope,  p.  168,  p. 
169  note  1. 

Celienne,  keeper  of  Caelian 
hill,  p.  15. 

Celsus,  martyr,  p.  102. 

Cemeteries,  p.  20.  {See  Cyme- 
tery.) 

Cemetery  of  S.  Callixtus,  p.  8, 
p.  68  and  note  1 ;  description 
of,  p.  68 ;  S.  Peter's  chapel  in, 
p.  69 ;  forty- six  popes  and 
S.  Cecilia  buried  there,  p. 
69 ;  great  pardon  of,  p.  69 ; 
reasons  for  making  it,  p.  69, 
p.  120  note  1. 

Centaurs,  p.  144  ;  one  caught 
and  brought  to  Alexander  the 
Great,  p.  144. 

Ceres,  and  Tellus,  temple  of, 
p.  17  note  4;  — ,  temple  of, 
p.  167  note  1. 

Chains  of  S.  Peter,  brought  to 
Rome,  p.  97;  miraculously 
joined  to  Roman  chain,  p.  98. 

Chalcedon,  Council  of,  p.  57. 

Chalcides,  p.  159  note  1. 

Chapters,  of  Part  I,  p.  2  ;  — ,  of 
Part  II,  pp.  155-6. 


Charlemagne,  emperor,  p,  59, 

p.  Q7  note  2;   takes  part  of 

nail  used  at  Crucifixion  from 

S.  Croce,  p.  77,  p.  147  note  2. 
Charles  II,  the  Bald,  emperor, 

p.  59. 
Charles  III,  the  Fat,  emperor, 

p.  59. 
Charterhouse,  monks  of  the, 

p.  83. 
Cherson  (or  Terson),  p.  132. 
Chiaramonte  Gallery,    of  the 

Vatican,  p.  74  note  3. 
Chicheley,    Henry,     cardinal, 

p.  107  note  4. 
Chilon,  p.  44  and  note  3. 
Chosroe,  King  of  Persia,  killed, 

p.  58. 
Chrysogonus,  bishop,  p.  99. 

Churches. 
S.  Adrian,  p.  21,  p.  148  note  3. 
S.  Agnes  (*  Anneis '),  p.  11  and 

note  2,  p.  76  ;  ward  of,  p.  114. 
S.  Alexis,  p.  45  note  2. 
S.  Anastasia,  p.  13,  pp.  99-100 

and  note  1,  p.  100. 
S.    Andrew,    p.    89    note    1 ; 

monastery  of,  ib. 
S.  Angelo,  portico  of,  p.  25  note 

4 ;  — ,  bridge  of,  p.  12  note  1, 

p.  47  note  2 ;  — ,  castle  of,  p.  12 

note  1,  p.  161  note  3. 
S.  Anthony,  p.  85. 
S.  Apollinaris,  p.  20,  p.  142  and 

note  1. 
SS.  Apostoli,region  of,  p.  1 8  note 

4,  p.  102  and  notes  3  and  4. 
S.  Balbina,  p.  107  and  note  3, 

p.  129. 

S.  Bartholomew,  p.  131  note  2. 

S.  Basilius,  p.  49  note  2. 

S.  Bibiana,  p.  20  and  note  8. 

S.  Boniface,  on  Mons  Canalis, 
p.  15  and  note  1. 

SS.  Callixtus  and  Julius,  old 
name  of  S.  Mary  in  Trans- 
tiber,  p.  lllnotel;  Cemetery 
of  S.  Callixtus,  p.  8,  p.  68  and 
note  1 ;  S.  Peter's  chapel  in, 
p.  69,  p.  69  note  1,  p.  120 
note  1,  p.  134  note  1. 

S.  Caterina  ai  Funari,  p.  28 
note  1. 

S.  Cecilia,  p.  109  and  note  1. 

S.  Celso  and  Giuliano,  near 
arch  of  Alexander  Severus, 
p.  18  and  note  3,  p.  18  note  4. 

S.  Chrysogonus,  p.  109,  p.  137 
and  note  1 ;  relics  therein, 
p.  137,  p.  138  note  1. 

S.  Ciriacus,  p.  138  and  note  8  ; 
a  small  desolate  place,  p.  138 ; 
cardinal     of,      attached     to 

5.  Mary  Major,  p.  138;  site 
discovered  in  1874,  p.  138 
note  8  ;  church  abandoned  in 
sixteenth  century,  ib. 


174 


INDEX 


S.  Clement,  p.  74  note  3,  p.  105 
and  note  1 ;  Council  of  417 
held  there,  ib.,  p.  107  note  1. 

SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian,  p.  92 
note  2,  p.  120  and  note  2; 
built  by  Felix  IV,  p.  120 
note  2;  also  called  in  silice 
and  in  tribus  fatis,  p.  120 
note  2,  p.  169  note  1. 

S.  Constantia,  p.  11  and  note  2. 

S.  Croce,  p.  76  and  note  1 ; 
built  by  Constantia,  p.  76 ; 
relics  therein,  p.  76 ;  chapel 
of  S.  Helena,  p.  77 ;  women 
only  allowed  therein  on 
March  20,  p.  77  ;  reason  why, 
p.  77 ;  legend  of  Pope  Syl- 
vester II's  Mass,  p.  77  and 
note  2  ;  Passion  play  held  on 
Good  Friday  outside  church, 
p.  79. 

S.  Dionysius  inter  duos  hortos 
(S.  Silvester),  p.  132  note  3. 

S.  Edmund  the  King,  hospital 
of,  p.  109  and  note  2. 

S.  Eusebius,  p.  133  and  note  3  ; 
Henry  Beaufort,  cardinal, 
presents  ornaments  to  church, 
p.  138. 

S.  Felix  in  Pincis,  p.  11  and 
note  5. 

S.  George,  p.  21,  p.  87  and 
note  4,  p.  137,  p.  140  note  3, 
p.  165. 

S.  Gregory,  p.  89  note  1,  p.  188 
note  3 ;  monastery  of,  p.  18, 
p.  44,  p.  45. 

S.  Gregory  in  Martio,  name 
for  S.Mary  Imperatrix,  p.  169 
note  1. 

S.  Helen,  p.  20 ;  altar  of,  at 
Ara  Celi,  p.  41  note  2. 

Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem, 
p.  64  note  1. 

S.  James  del  Portico,  or  Scossa- 
cavalli,  p.  25  and  note  3. 

S.  James  *  in  Gales ',  p.  67. 

S.John  Baptist,  of  the  Genoese, 
p.  109  note  2. 

S.  John  Evangelist,  chapel  of 
{in  olio),  p.  9. 

S.  John  of  the  Florentines, 
p.  18  note  4. 

S.  John  in  Fonte,  p.  103  note  8. 

S.  John  ad  laniculum,  p.  8 
note  8. 

S.  John  Lateran,  p.  33  note  1, 
p.  86  note  1 ;  chapel  oiSancta 
Sanctorum,Y>-  36  note  1,  p.  49 ; 
treasures  given  by  Constan- 
tine,  p.  50,  p.  63  note  1; 
description  of,  p.  7 1  and  note  1 ; 
S.  Gregory's  library,  p.  71 ; 
the  baptistery,  p.  71 ;  chapel 
of  S.  John  Baptist  closed  to 
women,  p.  71 ;  chapel  of 
S.  Mary  of  the  Ring,  p.  72 ; 


Constantine's  council  cham- 
ber, p.  72  ;  miracle  of  crucifix, 
p.  72 ;  description  of  the 
church,  p.  73 ;  heads  of 
SS.  Peter  and  Paul  shown, 
p.  78  and  note  1 ;  Hiram's 
pillars,  p.  78 ;  relics,  p.  78 ; 
hall  where  S.  John  preached, 
p.  74 ;  S.  Gregory's  pulpit, 
p.  74  ;  the  cloister,  p.  74  ;  the 
sedes  stercoraria  and  legend 
of  Pope  Joan,  p.  74 ;  the 
Scala  Santa,  p.  75 ;  chapel 
above  forbidden  to  women, 
p.  75;  our  Saviour's  chapel 
and  the  Volto  Santo,  p.  75, 
p.  76  note  1,  p.  77  note  2; 
station  at,  p.  94 ;  ranks  as 
first  church  in  the  world, 
popes  crowned  there,  p.  94; 
Constantine's  palace  and  re- 
signed by  him  to  S.  Silvester, 
p.  94,  p.  126,  p.  145  note  2 ; 
station  and  procession  on 
Palm  Sunday,  p.  146  ;  another 
station  at,  p.  151 ;  relic  of  the 
board  of  the  holy  maunde, 
pp.  151-2 ;  station  at,  p.  154  ; 
the  *  sepulchre '  there,  p.  154, 
p.  168  ;  Council  at,  p.  168. 

S.  John  at  the  Latin  Gate, 
p.  145  and  note  2 ;  chapel  of 
S.John  in  oZto,p.l45  ;  church 
practically  deserted,  p.  145 ; 
hole  under  altar  for  penitents 
to  creep  through,  p.  145. 

SS.  John  and  Paul,  pp.  89-90 
and  note  1,  p.  90. 

S.  Julian,  p.  20  and  note  3. 

S.  Laurence  in  Damasco,  p.  18, 
p.  128  and  note  1 ;  derivation 
of  name  of  church,  pp.  128-9, 
p.  129  note  2. 

S.  Laurence  fuori,  outside  the 
Walls,  p.  20,  p.  79  ;  descrip- 
tion of,  p.  80  and  note  1 ; 
SS.  Laurence  and  Stephen 
buried  there,  p.  80 ;  transla- 
tion of  S.  Stephen,  p.  80  sq. ; 
list  of  other  saints  buried 
there,  pp.  81-2  ;  relics  and  in- 
dulgences, pp.  82-3 ;  station, 
p.  114. 

S.  Laurence  in  Lucina,  p.  19, 
p.  82  note  4,  p.  122  and  note  8 ; 
site  belonged  to  S.  Lucina, 
p.  122. 

S.  Laurence  in  Panisperna, 
p.  17,  p.  101 ;  derivation  of 
name,  p.  101  and  note  2  ;  also 
called  in  Formonso  or  For- 
moso,  p.  101  note  2. 

S.  Lorenzo  del  Mont,  Catalan 
monastery  of,  p.  140  note  3. 

SS.  Marcellinus  and  Peter, 
p.  17,  p.  113  and  note  3,  p.  169 
note  1, 


S.  Marcellus,  p,  140  and  note  1, 
near  the  columpna  of  M.  Au- 
relius,  p.  140 ;  orientation  of 
church  changed  by  Sansovino, 
p.  140  note  1. 

S.  Mark,  p.  19,  p.  115  note  2  ; 
also  called  de  Pallacine,  ib. 

S.  Mark's,  Venice,  p.  130 
note  1. 

S.  Martin  in  Montihits,  p.  131 
and  note  3;  dedicated  to  S. 
Martin  of  Tours  and  S.  Sil- 
vester, or  perhaps  to  S.  Mar- 
tin, pope,  p.  131  note  1 ;  Sy- 
nod of  324,  p.  131  note  1. 

S.  Mary,  of  the  Angels,  p.  138 
note  3  ;  — ,  of  the  Annuncia- 
tion, p.  160  and  note  2  ;  be- 
tween Tre  Fontane  and  S. 
Sebastian,  p.  160  ;  vision  of 
our  Lady  to  hermit  dwelling 
there,  p.  160 ;  — ,  Antiqua, 
p.  166  note  1 ;  — ,  de  Anulo, 
chapel  of,  p.  72  note  8 ;  — , 
of  Ar^  Celi,  p.  39,  p.  42  note 
1,  p.  158 ;  called  Octavian's 
chamber,  its  altar  and  inscrip- 
tion thereon,  pp.  158-9;  — , 
in  Canipitelli,  p.  170  note  1 ; 
— ,  in  Cannapara,  p.  22  note 
2 ;  — ,  of  the  Capitol,  p.  42 
note  1 ;  — ,  of  Consolation, 
p.  169  and  note  2 ;  near 
Capitol,  p.  169  ;  account  of 
S.  Bernard's  vision  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  p.  169  ;  — , 
in  Cosmedin,  p.  144  note  1, 
p.  167  and  note  1 ;  — ,  Cor- 
sarum,  p.  118  note  2  ;  — ^,  in 
Dominica,  p.  104  and  note  2, 
also  called  in  naviceUis,  p. 
105 ;  only  church  in  Rome  re- 
taining title  of  Dominicum, 
p.  104  note  2 ;  — ^,  of  Grace, 
p.  169  note  1  ;  — ,  Imperatrix 
de  Iwperiali,  p.  168 ;  its 
position,  and  account  of  mi- 
raculous fresco,  p.  168  ;  also 
called  S.  Gregory  in  Martio, 
p.  169  note  1 ;  — ,  Inviolata 
{In  Via  Lata),  p.  138  note  3, 
p.  141 ;  — ,  Major,  p.  16,  p. 
63  note  1  ;  description  of,  p. 
83  and  note  2  ;  the  first 
church  in  Rome  dedicated  to 
our  Lady,  p.  84 ;  also  called 
S.  Mary  in  Superaggio,  p.  88 
note  2  ;  miracle  of  the  snow, 
p.  84  ;  relics  and  indulgences, 
p.  85 ;  miracle  which  hap- 
pened in  1452,  p.  88  note  2  ; 
station  at,  p.  150 ;  miracle  at, 
p.  151 ;  — ,  of  the  Martyrs, 
Smother  name  for  the  Pan- 
theon, p.  87,  p.  157,  p.  158 
note  1 ;  — ,  over  Minerva, 
conclave  at,  p.  26  ;    records 


INDEX 


175 


of  Tiber  floods  at,  p.  26,  p. 
159  and  note  1 ;  erected  over 
temple  to  Minerva,  p.  159 
note  1 ;  — ,  the  New,  p.  19, 
p.  22 ;  — ,  of  the  Palm,  p.  8, 
p.  162  and  note  1  ;  origin  of 
name,  p.  162  ;  now  known  as 
the  Domine  quo  vadis,  p.  162 
note  1  and  2;  apparition  of 
our  Lord  to  S.  Peter,  pp. 
162-8 ;  — ,  de  penis  infer ni, 
p.  21,  p.  165-6,  p.  166  note  1 ; 
— ,  of  the  People,  p.  9  note  3, 
p.  11,  p.  16  ;  Nero's  palace 
close  by,  p.  17,  p.  163  and 
note  3 ;  site  of  Nero's  death, 
p.  164  ;  haunted,  p.  164  ;  ap- 
parition of  our  Lady  to  Pope 
Pascal,  p.  164;  he  destroys 
body  and  grave  of  Nero  to 
found  church  on  site,  p.  164  ; 
S.  Luke's  picture  of  the  Vir- 
gin, p.  165  notes  1  and  2  ; 
procession  there  to  stay  the 
plague,  p.  165 ;  — ,  of  the 
Portico,  p.  170  and  note  1; 
apparition  of  our  Lady  to 
Galla's  servant,  p.  170  ;  — , 
the  Round,  p.  18,  p.  19  and 
note  1 ;  another  name  for 
Pantheon,  p.  37,  p.  46  note 
8,  p.  58 ;  description  of, 
p.  157  r  mode  of  building 
dome,  p.  157  ;  also  called  S. 
Mary  of  the  Martyrs,  p.  157  ; 
Pope  Boniface  obtains  leave 
to  consecrate  the  Pantheon, 
p.  157  ;  destroys  idols  there- 
in and  fixes  feast  day  for  the 
church,  pp.  157-8,  p.  158  note 
1 ; — ,  iuxta  Scholam  Graeco- 
rum,  p.  9  note  3,  p.  167  and 
note  1 ;  church  opposite  the 
Schola,  p.  167  ;  S.  Thomas  of 
Canterbury  teaches  here,  p. 
167  ;  the  Bocca  della  Veritdby 
pp.  167-8 ;  now  called  S.  Mary 
in  Cosmedin,  p.  167  note  1 ; 
a  diaconia,  p.  167  note  1 ;  — , 
of  the  Sun,  p.  144  note  1 ; 
— ,  Transpontine,  p.  25  note 
3,  p.  47  note  2,  p.  161  and 
note  3  ;  in  the  Leonine  city, 
p.  161 ;  pillars  at  which  SS. 
Peter  and  Paul  were  scourged, 
p.  161 ;  its  ten  different 
names,  p.  161  note  3;  the 
original  church  was  near  Cas- 
tel  S.  Angelo,  p.  161  note  3, 
p.  167  note  1  ;  — ,  Transtiber, 
p.  69  note  1,  p.  Ill  and  note 
1 ;  formerly  a  knights'  hos- 
pital, p.  Ill  note  1 ;  legend 
of  wells  of  oil,  p.  111. 
S.  Menna,  p.  92  note  3. 
S.  Michael,  p.  22  note  2. 
S.    Moritz,    town  of,    named 


after   S.    Mauricius,    p.    121 

note  1. 
SS.  Nereus  and  Achilleus,  p. 

131  note  2,  p.  148  and  note  3. 
S.  Nicholas  in  Car  cere,  statue 

of  gander  at,  p.  29   and  p. 

184 ;   church,  description  of, 

p.  134  and  note ;  relics  at,  p. 

134. 
S.  Pancras,  p.  7,  p.  20,  p.  155. 
S.  Pastor,  p.  74  note  3. 
S.  Paul  outside  the  Walls,  p. 

21  ;    site    known   as  Tiortus 

Lucillae,  p.  22,  p.  63  note  1 ; 

description  of,  p.  66  and  note 

2  ;  number  of  pillars,  p.  66  ; 

high  altar  at  east  end,  p.  66  ; 

reason    why    pilgrims   enter 

church  at  west  door,  p.  67  ; 

indulgences,  p.  67  and  note 
1 ;    miraculous    crucifix   and 

Bible  of  S.  Jerome,  p.  67,  p. 
88  note  2,  p.  92  note  8;  list 
of   saints   buried   there    and 
relics,  p.  130  and  note  1. 
S.  Paul's,  London,  p.  67  note  2. 

S.  Peter,  p.  12  note  1  ;  cover- 
ed with  metal  taken  from  the 
'  great  palace ',  p.  16,  p.  17, 
p.  22,  p.  25  note  8,  p.  46  and 
note  3 ;  the  place  called 
Paradise,  p.  46  note  3  ;  pave- 
ment in  front  of,  p.  47  ;  de- 
scription of  church,  p.  61  and 
note  1  ;  dimensions  of  and 
spaces  between  pillars,  p.  61 ; 
pillars  from  Solomon's  tem- 
ple, p.  61 ;  steps  leading  to 
church,  dimensions  of  same, 
pp.  61-2  and  note  1,  p.  62  ; 
number  of  altars,  p.  62  and 
note  2;  indulgences,  p.  63 
and  note  1 ;  principal  altars, 
seven  in  number,  p.'  63 ;  to 
whom  dedicated,  p.  63;  an- 
cient portraits  of  SS.  Peter 
and  Paul  at  high  altar,  p.  62 
note  2 ;  relics,  p.  63 ;  the 
Vemacle,pp.  63-4;  inscription 
on  one  of  the  pillars  of  Solo- 
mon's Temple,  pp.  65-6  and 
note  1 ;  stone  on  which  bodies 
of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  were 
weighed  and  divided,  p.  66, 
p.  71,  p.  92  note  2  ;  Constan- 
tine's  work  in  foundations  of 
church,  p.  95  ;  station  at,  p. 
104 ;  body  of  S.  Susanna 
translated  from,  p.  123  ;  sta- 
tion at,  p.  135  ;  chapel  of  S. 
Mary  of  the  Fever,  p.  135  ; 
fresco  of  our  Lady  miracu- 
lously changes  its  position,  p. 
185  and  note  3 ;  another 
miraculous  fresco  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  in  the  porch, 
p.  135  ;  the  Limina  Apodolo- 


rum,  and  inscription  tliere, 
p.  136  and  note  2,  p.  158 
note  1,  p.  161. 

S,  Peter  at  Brescia,  p.  41  note  1. 

S.  Peter  in  Carcere,  p.  63  note  2. 

S.  Peter  in  Montorio,  p.  70  note 

S.  Peter  ad  Vincula,  p.  22, 
p.  96  and  note  1 ;  also  called 
Basilica  Eudoxiana,  p.  96 
note  1. 

S.  Prassede,  p.  22,  p.  147  and 
note  1 ;  was  the  liouse  of 
Praxedis,  p.l48;  well  in  same 
filled  with  martyrs'  bones,  p. 
148 ;  chapel  of  pillar  of  the 
flagellation,  p.  148;  other 
relics,  p.  148. 

S.  Prisca,  p.  149  and  note  4  ; 
S.  Peter's  chapel  underground 
there,  p.  149  ;  church  on  site 
of  house  of  Aquila  and  Prisca, 
p.  149  note  4. 

S.  Pudenziana,  p.  74  note  3, 
p.  117  and  note  1 ;  three 
thousand  bodies  of  saints,  p. 
117 ;  the  cavity  in  the  wsJl 
where  S.  Peter  was  hidden, 
p.  117 ;  miracle  of  the  sacra- 
ment, p.  118. 

SS.  Quatuor  Coronati,  p.  126 
and  note  2. 

S.  Saba,  p.  15  note  1. 

S.  Sabina,  p.  14,  p.  15  note  1, 
p.  17,  p.  20,  p.  45  note  2 ; 
description  of,  p.  86  and  note 
1,  p.  124,  p.  159  note  1. 

S.  Saturninus,  p.  21  and  note 
1,  p.  92  note  2. 

S.  Saviour,  hospital  of,  p.  74 
note  3. 

S.  Saviour  in  Balbina,  another 
name  for  S.  Balbina,  p.  129. 

S.  Saviour  in  tellumine,  p.  22 
note  2. 

S.  Sebastian,  p.  20,  p.  67  and 
note  3  ;  description  of,  p.  68  ; 
altar  of  S.  Fabian,  p.  68  ;  of 
S.  Sebastian,  p.  68  ;  legend  of 
the  angel  ministering  at  S. 
Gregory's  Mass,  p.  68  ;  cata- 
combs under  the  church,  p.  68 ; 
reasons  for  making  the  same, 
p.  69 ;  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  laid 
here  to  conceal  their  bodies 
during  troubled  times,  p.  69, 
p.  71,  p.  160  and  note  2,  p.  162 
note  2,  p.  162. 

S.  Sebastian,  cemetery  of,  p.  20, 
p.  22. 

S.  Silvester,  p.  17,  p.  182  note  3. 

S.  Sixtus,  p.  18,  p.  118  and 
note  2  ;  picture  of  B.  Virgin 
by  S.  Luke  here,  p.  118  ;  for- 
merly known  as  SS.  Dominic 
and  Sixtus,  p.  118  note  2  ;  the 
monastery   of  S.  Cesario   de 


176 


INDEX 


Corsas,  or  Corsarum,  near  it, 
p.  118  note  2. 

S.  Sophia,  at  Constantinople, 
p.  58. 

S.  Stephen,  Basilica  of,  p.  92 
note  2. 

S.  Stephen  the  Round,  or  in 
Celio  Monte,  p.  16,  p.  144  and 
note  1 ;  on  site  of  temple  of 
Fauns,  p.  144  ;  idols  of  temple 
destroyed  by  S.  Sebastian, 
p.  144 ;  name  of  S.  Stephen 
the  Round  first  belonged  to 
temple  of  Vesta,  near  Tiber, 
p.  144  note  1 ;  disagreement 
amongst  authors  whether 
building  was  originally  pagan 
or  Christian,  p.  144  note  1. 

S.  Susanna,  also  called  ad  duas 
domos,  and  inter  diias  lauros, 
p.  123  and  note  2  ;  its  solitary 
and  deserted  condition,  p.  123. 

S.  Thomas,  region  of,  p.  18 
note  4  ;  hospital  of,  present 
English  College,  p.  109  note  2, 
p.  157. 

S.  Tryphon  in  posterula,  de- 
scription of,  p.  92  and  note  1. 

S.  Ursus,  p.  18  and  note  4,  p.  25. 

S.  Ursus,  Cemetery  of,  p.  20. 

S.  Valentine,  p.  148  note  2. 

S.  Victor,  monastery  of  at  Paris, 
p.  59  note  1. 

S.  Vitalis,  p.  112  and  note  1 ; 
desolate  state  of,  p.  112. 

S.  Vitus  ad  lunam,ip.  11  note  1. 

S.  Vitus  and  Modestus,  keys  of 
Tivoli  hanging  there,  p.  11  and 
note  1. 

Cicero,  p.  9  note  3,  p.  14  note  1 ; 
palace  of,  p.  17,  p.  115  note  2. 

Cilicia,  p.  122  note  1. 

Circus,  Flaminius,  p.  28  note  1 ; 
— ,  Maximus,  p.  46  note  1 ;  — , 
Prisci,  p.  43,  p.  43  note  2. 

Ciriaca,  cemetery  of,  p.  80 
note  1. 

Cirinus,  martyr,  p.  102. 

Ci vitas  Leonina,  p.  61,  p.  109. 

Clare,  or  Stoke  Clare,  in  Eng- 
land, p.  83  note  1. 

Clarus,  emperor,  p.  55. 

Classensis,  Classis,  p.  143. 

Claudia,  p.  117  note  2. 

Claudius,  a  law  writer,  p.  53. 

Claudius,  emperor,  palace  of, 
p.  1 7  ;  temple  of,  p.  90,  p.  143 
note  2,  p.  149,  p.  150  note  1. 

Claudius  II,  emperor,  p.  55, 
p.  127  note  1,  p.  148  note  2. 

Claudius,  martyr,  p.  127,  p.  127. 

Clearcus,  p.  117  note  1. 

Clemens,  consul,  p.  131  note  2. 

Clement  V,  pope,  p.  71  note  1. 

Clement  VII,  pope,  p.  71  note  1. 

Clement  VIII,  pope,  p.  112 


note  1,  p.  132  note  3,  p.  162 

note  1. 
Clement  XI,  pope,  p.  Ill  note 

1,  p.  132  note  3. 
Clement  XII,  pope,  p,  18  note 

3,  p.  71  note  1,  p.  149  note  4. 
Cleobulus,  p.  44  and  note  3. 
Clermont,  p.  68  note  1. 
Cletus,  pope,  p.  104,  p.  106; 

succeeds   Linus,  p.  106   and 

note  2. 
Cloaca^  the,  p.  68  note  2. 
Cluny,  abbey  of,  founded,  p.  59. 
Coilus,  king  in  Britain,  p.  126 

note  1. 
Cola  di  Rienzo,  p.  71  note  2. 
Colchester,  p.  126  note  1. 
Cologne,  martyrdom  of  11,000 

virgins  at,  p.  57,  p.  57  note  1. 
Colonna,    Federico,    Duke    of 

Palliano,  p.  11  note  1 ;  family 

of,  p.  140 ;  Prospero,  cardinal, 

p.  140  and  note  S;    Egidic, 

p.    140   and   note   3 ;    Oddo 

(Martin  V),  p.  140  note  3. 
Colonnacce,  in  Forum  of  Ner  va, 

known  as  *  Arch  of  Noe ',  p.  3 

note  2. 
Colosseum,  description  of,  p.  33, 

p.  3-4  note  5  ;  origin  of  name, 

p.  36,  p.  90. 
Colossus,    the   image    of   the, 

p.    35   note   1 ;    remains    of, 

taken  to  the  Lateran,  p.  36 

and  note  1. 
Columpna,  the,  p.  132  note  3, 

p.  140. 
Commodus,  p.  36  note  1. 
Conclaves,   held   at   S.   Mary 

over  Minerva,  p.  26. 
Concord  and  Pity,  temple  of 

(Venus  and  Rome),  p.  22. 
Concordia,   temple   of,   p.   21, 

p.  22  note  2. 
Concordia,   title    of    a    book 

written  by  author,  p.  92  and 

note  4. 
Concordianum  cemetery,  p.  20. 
*  Conk '  of  Constantine,  p.  49. 
Conrad,  emperor,  the  first  of 

the  German  line,  p.  59. 
Conrad  I,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Conrad  II,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Conservatori,   palace    of   the, 

p.  86  note  1. 
Constans  II,  emperor,  p.  132 

note  2,  p.  134  note  1,  p.  158 

note  1. 
Constantia,  cured  of  leprosy, 

p.  76 ;  builds  S.  Croce,  p.  76, 

p.  90. 
Constantine    the    Great,   em- 
peror, p,  11  note  2  ;  his  palace 

{jfee  Lateran  palace),  p.  17 ; 

statue  at  Lateran  not  of  him, 

as  believed,  p.  31,  p.  33  note  1 ; 

gives    S.    Silvester    lordship 


over  Rome,  p.  35 ;  goes  to 
Constantinople,  p.  85  ;  his 
*  conk ',  p.  49 ;  baptized  there- 
in, p.  49 ;  great  treasures 
given  by  him  to  St.  John 
Lateran,  p.  50  ;  his  birth, 
p.  55 ;  becomes  emperor,  p.  55 ; 
some  say  he  was  an  Arian, 
p.  55 ;  canonized  by  Greek 
Church,  p.  55  ;  founds  S,  Pe- 
ter's, p.  61  note  1 ;  gives 
dominion  to  bishops  of  Rome 
in  spiritual  matters,  pp.  60-1, 
p.  62  note  2  ;  founds  S.  Paul's, 
p.  66  note  2  ;  his  baptistery, 
p.  71  and  note  1 ;  his  Council, 
p.  72;  his  daughter  cured, 
p.  76 ;  founds  S.  Croce,  p.  76 
note  1 ;  founds  S.  Lawrence, 
p.  80  note  1 ;  founds  S.  John 
Lateran  and  digs  in  foun- 
dations thereof,  p.  94 ;  his 
principal  palace,  p.  94;  resigns 
it  and  dominion  over  west  to 
S.  Silvester,  p.  94  ;  retires  to 
Constantinople,  p.  94  ;  makes 
eight  laws  on  eight  days  after 
his  baptism,  pp.  94-5  and 
note  2,  p.  95 ;  founds  S.  Peter's 
and  digs  in  foundations  there 
also,  p.  95,  p.  114  note  1, 
p.  115,  p.  116,  p.  124,  p.  126 
note  1,  p.  144,  p.  151,  p.  166. 

Constantine  II,  emperor,  an 
Arian,  p.  55 ;  his  miserable 
end,  pp.  55-6,  p.  133,  p.  134. 

Constantine  III,  emperor,  p. 
58. 

Constantine  IV,  emperor,  p.  58. 

Constantine  V,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Constantine  VI, emperor,  p.  59. 

Constantine,  original  name  of 
S.  Cyril,  p.  107  note  1. 

Constantinople,  p.  46  note  8 ; 
Council  of,  p.  58 ;  Church  of, 
claims  to  be  principal,  p.  61, 
p.  97  note  1,  p.  102  note  4, 
p.  109  note  1,  p.  129  note  2, 
p.  130  note  1,  p.  151,  p.  158 
note  1. 

Constantius  Chlorus,  emperor 
with  Galerius,  p.  55  ;  conquers 
Spain,  goes  to  Britain,  marries 
Helena,  dies  at  York,  p.  55, 
p.  126  note  1,  p.  141  note  1. 

Consuls,  ceremonies  at  choice 
of,  p.  26. 

Cordova,  p.  29  note  2. 

Corduba,  p.  116. 

Cornelius,  pope,  p.  68  note  1, 
p.  70. 

Cornelius,  disciple  of  S.  Cle- 
ment, p.  106  and  note  3. 

Coroboam,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Rome,  p.  4. 

Coronation  stone  of  the  em- 
perors, p.  136. 


Corsini  chapel  in  S.  John 
Lateran,  p.  77  note  2. 

Council,  of  Constantinople, 
p.  58,  p.  120  note  2;  — ,  of 
Nicaea,  p.  59,  p.  135  note  2; 
— ,  of  Constantine,  p.  72  ;  — , 
of  417  A.D.  at  S.  Clement'8, 
p.  105  note  1;  — ^,  at  Eome, 
p.  120  note  2. 

Cradle  of  our  Lord  at  S.  Mary 
Major,  p.  85. 

Crescembeni,  p.  145  note  2. 

Crescentius,  castle  of,  p.  18, 
p.  92  note  1. 

Crete,  p.  130  note  1. 

Crimea,  p.  107  note  1. 

Cross,  Invention  of  the,  p.  126 
note  1. 

Cruellea,  Fra,  p.  140  note  3. 

Crusades,  p.  122  note  1. 

Cuccagna,  sport  of,  p.  51  note 
2. 

Cultivation,  Italian  and  Eng- 
lish methods  compared,  p.  6 
and  note  2. 

Cunelle,acityinFrance,p.  103. 

Cura'cius,  p.  53. 

Curiaca,  p.  82. 

Curiacus,  cemetery  of,  p.  21. 

Custodia  Mamortini,  p.  21. 

Cybele,  apparition  of  to  M. 
Agrippa,  p.  37  ;  wife  of  Saturn, 
mother  of  Neptune,  Jupiter, 
and  Pluto,  p.  37 ;  Pantheon 
built  in  honour  of,  p.  38. 

Cyriaca  (see  Curiaca),  p.  114. 

*  Cymetery',  Ad  ursum  pilea- 
tum,  p.  20,  p.  116  note  1, 
p.  130  note  1 ;  — ,  Agathae, 
p.  20;  — yConcordianiim, I). 20; 
— ,  Curiaci,  p.  21 ;  — ,  Felicis, 
p.20 ;  — ,  Fdicitatu,^.  21 ;  — , 
Sermetis  et  Domitillae,  p.  21 ; 
— ,  Intra  duos  lauros,  p.  20  ; 
— ,In  Agro  Verano,'p.20 ;  — , 
Kalepodii,  p.  20 ;  — ,  Kalixti, 
p.  20,  p.  134;  — ,  Ponciani, 
p.  21,  p.  116;  — ,  Praelextati, 
p.  20;  — ,  Priscillae,  p.  20, 
p.  117,  p.  141  and  note  1; 
— ,  S.  Sebastianr,  p.  20  ;  — , 
Tihurtii,  p.  114  note  1 ;  — , 
Trasonis,  pp.  20-1  and  note  1 ; 
— ,  Ursi,  p.  20. 


Dacian,  ruler  of  Persia  under 

Diocletian,  p.  88. 
Da    Cunha,    cardinal,    p.    98 

note  3. 

Dafrosa,  p.  85  note  1. 
Dalmatia,  p.  123  note  4. 
Damascus,  p.  128. 
Damasus,    pope,    p.    129   and 

note  2. 
Daniel,  prophet,  p.  124. 


INDEX 

Daniel,  book  of,  paraphrased  by 
Eudosia,  p.  97  note  1. 

Danube,  the,  p.  143  note  1. 

David,  p.  132. 

De  Bleser,  Chanoine,  p.  88 
note  1. 

Decius,  emperor,  p.  54, 
murders  Philip,  p.  54,  p.  68 
note  1,  p.  82  note  2,  p.  93, 
p. 94  notel,p.  102,  p.ll6and 
note  1,  p.  119,  p.  129,  p.  152 
note  1. 

Delia  Porta,  Giacomo,  p.  SI 
note  1. 

Delta  of  the  Nile,  p.  110  note  1. 

Desiderius,  p.  59. 

Diadumenes,  p.  54. 

Diocletian,  emperor,  p.  55  ;  his 
persecution,  p.  55,  p.  68  note  2, 
p.  73  note  2,  p.  76  note  3, 
p.  88  note  2,  p.  88,  p.  100 
note  1,  p.  103  note  1,  p.  114 
note  1 ;  baths  of,  p.  123  and 
note  2,  p.  123  note  4,  p.  124 
note  2,  pp.  127-8,  p.  130  note 
1,  p.  137,  p.  138  note  1, 
p.  139  and  note  3,  p.  144. 

Dionysius,  uncle  of  S.  Pancras, 
p.  73  note  2. 

Dioscorus,  p.  57. 

Domine  quo  vadis,  p.  8,  p.  26, 
p.  119;  church  of,  p.  162 
note  1 ;  formerly  known  as 
S.  Maria  de  Palma,  p.  162 
note  1 ;  in  time  of  author  the 
chapel  of  Cardinal  Pole  was 
called  so,  p.  162  note  2,  and 
marked  by  a  cross,  p.  162. 

Dominicans,  p.  159  note  1. 

Dominicum,  title  of,  p.  104 
note  2. 

Dominicus  de  Arecio  (Arezzo), 
his  book  de  montibusy  p.  13 
and  note  2  ;  his  account  of  the 
Palatine,  p.  13 ;  his  de  viris 
illustiihuSy  p.  43,  p.  45,  p.  49. 

Domitian,  emperor,  orders  S. 
John  to  be  tormented  and 
exiled,  p.  9  ;  palace  of,  p.  17  ; 
colossal  head  of,  p.  36  note  1 ; 
some  say  that  Pantheon  was 
built  in  his  reign,  p.  39,  p.  69 
note  1,  p.  145,  p.  148. 

Domitilla,  cemetery  of,  p.  21, 
p.  149  note  2. 

Donnerpruck,  German  name 
for  Bridge  of  S.  Angelo,  ori- 
gin of  name,  p.  47  note  2. 

Donus,  pope,  p.  47  note  2. 

Dorotheus,  p.  114. 

Dotes,  p.  163. 

Douai,  p.  57  note  1. 

D'Outremeuse,  Jean,  p.  19 
note  1. 

Drepana,  p.  126  note  1. 

Duchesne,  MonsignorL.,  p.  47 
note  2,  p.  77  note  2. 
A  a 


177 


Ebredunensis  (Embrun),  city 

in  which    S.    Basilides    and 

others  were  martyred,  p.  103. 
JEcclesiastica,  kistoria,  p.  65. 
Edissa,  people  allowed  to  bring 

S.  Thomas's  body  to,  p.   18, 

p.  53,  p.  65. 
Egypt,  p.  158. 
Einsiedeln,  the  Anonymiis  of, 

p.  92  note  3,  p.  101  note  1. 
Eleazar,  Jewish  ambassador  to 

Rome,  p.  48. 
Eleazar,   Abraham's   steward, 

p.  128. 
Elephantum,    ad,   district  of, 

p.  134  note  2. 
Elijah  (Helie),  p.  120. 
Elisha(Hely8e),prophet,p.l05, 

p.  120. 
Emilia,  p.  4  note  2. 
E-nperor's  bath,  the,  p.  47  and 

note  1. 

Enenkel,  p.  9  note  4. 
Ennius,  poet,  p.  14  note  1,  p. 

16. 
Ephesus,  p.  73,  p.  130  note  1. 
Epiphanius,  p.  135  note  2. 
Erythraean  Sibyl,  p.  40. 
Esquiline,  p.  11   note  1  ;  — 

gardens,  p.  76  note  1. 
Esther.     See  Hester,  p.  28. 
Estodius    (Escodius),    an   old 

chronicler,  his  works  lost,  p» 

3  and  note  1. 
Eudoxia,  asks  for  S.  Stephen's 

body,  p.  81,  p.  97  note  1,  p. 

97 ;  brings  S.  Peter's  chains 

to  Rome,  p.  97. 
Eufermian,  palace  of,  p.  14,  p. 

15  note  1,  p.  17,  p.  86,  p. 

124. 
Eugenius,  pope,  buried  at  S. 

Mary  Major,  p.  85. 
Eugenius    II,    pope,    p.    147 

note  2. 
Eugenius  III,  pope,  p.  83  note 

2,  p.  86  note  1. 
Eugenius    TV,  pope,    p.    107 

note  4,  p.  158  note  1. 
Eumenides,  p.  126  note  1. 
Euphronius,  Bishop  of  Tours, 

p.  150  note  3. 
Eupolemy,  Jewish  ambassador 

to  Rome,  p.  48. 
Euprepius,  p.  121. 
Europe,  p.  156. 
Eusebius,    perverts    Constan- 
tine II,  p.  55  ;  Arian  bishop 

of  that  name,  p.  133. 
Eusebius,  pope,  p.  66  note  2. 
Eusebius,  p.  34  note  3,  p.  41 

note  1,  p.  68  note  1. 
Euticen,  p.  57. 
Eutichianus,     pope,     p.     149 

note  4. 


178 


INDEX 


Eutropius,  p.  6  note  1 ;  Im- 
perial private  secretary,  p. 
126  note  1. 

Evander,  builds  city  on  Pala- 
tine, flying  to  Rome  after 
killing  father,  p.  4  ;  brings 
Palantes  from  Reati  to  Rome, 
p.  14 ;  or  had  a  son  called 
Palante,  p.  14. 

Evaristus,  pope,  p.  104. 

Even  tins,  p.  98  note  2. 

Bocamerony  by  S.  Ambrose,  p. 
29. 

Exupius,  p.  121. 

F. 

Fabias  slays  Remus,  p.  6  and 

note  1. 
Fabricius,  bridge  of,  p  13. 
Fastingong  Sunday  (Quinqua- 

gesima),  p.  15. 
Fauns,  temple  of,  p.  144  ;  na- 
ture of,  p.  144,  p.  168  note  1. 
Fausta,  mother  of  S.  Anasta- 

sia,  p.  99. 
Faustinus,  p.  107  note  2. 
Faustulus,  finds  Romulus  and 

Remus,  p.  5. 
Feast  of  ad  vincula  Si  Petri 

ordained,  p.  67. 
Felicissiraus,  p.  120. 
Felicitas,  cemetery  of,  p.  21. 
Felix,  cemetery  of,  p.  20. 
Felix  II,  pope,  p.  133. 
Felix  III,  pope,  p.  148  note  3. 
Felix  IV,  pope,  p.  21  note  1, 

p.  92  note  2,  p.  120  note  2, 

p.  122  note  2,  p.  134  note  2. 
Female  orphan  asylum,  p.  138 

note  3. 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  p.  70 

note  1. 
Filippini,     Antonio,     p.     131 

note  3. 
Firmina,  p.  114  note  1. 
Flaminia,   origin  of  word,  p. 

43. 
Flavia  Domitilla,  p.  181  note 

2,  p.  149  note  2. 
Flavia,     Julia     Helena,    full 

name  of  S.  Helena,   p.  126 

note  1. 

Flavian,  p.  85  note  1. 
Floods.     See  Tiber. 
Flora,  temple  of,  p.  25. 
Florence,  p.  4  note  2  ;  cathe- 
dral of,  p.  38  note  2,  p.  62 

note  2. 
Forum  of  Sallust,  p.  123  note 

2  ;  — ,  Olitorium,  p.  134  note 

2 ;    — ,    Romanum,    p.    166 

note  1. 
Foundation    of    Rome,    p.    4 

note  1. 
France,  p.   28   note   2,  p.  64 

note  1;  history  of,  by  Gregory 

of  .Tours,  p.  160  note  3. 


Franciscans,  p.  42  note  1,  p. 

70  note  1 ;  — ,  French,  p.  145 

note  2. 
Frankfort,  Council  of,  p.  147 

note  2. 
Frederick  I,  emperor,  p.  60. 
Frederick  II,  emperor,  p.  52, 

p.  60  ;   his  bad  life,  depose! 

by  pope,  p.  60. 
Frederick  III,  emperor,  p.  10 

note  3. 
French    Franciscans,   p.    145 

note  2. 
Fulgentius,    mythology  of,  p. 

159;  — ,  Planciades,  p.  169 

note  1 ;  — ,  Ruspensis,  p.  169 

note  1,  p.  170  note  4. 
Furius  Camillus,  p.  28  note  2. 


G. 


Gabriel,,    archangel,     p.    71, 

p.  160,  p.  169. 
Gaetani,  cardinal,  p.  117  note 

1. 
Gaius  Publius,  p.  42  note  1. 
Galatians,  S.  Paul's  Epistle  to, 

p.  96. 
Galerius,   emperor  with  Con- 

stantius,  p.  55,  p.  141  note  1. 
Gales,  in  Spain,  p.  74. 
Galla,  p.  170  note  4,  p.  170. 
Gallia,  p.  68  note  1,  p.  129 

note  2. 
Gallicanus,  p.  7Q  note  2. 
Gallienus,  arch  of,  p.  11  note 

1 ;    also    said    to    be    called 

Decius,  p.  54,  p.  82  note  2. 
Gallinas  albas,  ad,  p.  43  note 

1. 
Gallus,  p.  54. 
Galys  (?  Galicia), conquered  by 

Rome,  p.  48. 
Gamaliel,    p.    80;    buries    S. 

Stephen,  p.   80  ;    appears  to 

Lucianus,  p.  80  ;  article  on  in 

Heiligenlexikon,  p.  80  note  2. 
Gates  of  Rome,  p.  7  sq. 
Geese,  story  of  saving  of  Capitol 

by,  p.  28  and  note  4;  statue 

of  one  at  S.  Nicola  in  Carcere, 

p.  29,  p.  134  and  note  3. 
Gelasius,  pope,  p.  69,  p.  88  note 

2,  p.  146  note  2. 
Gelasius  II,  pope,  p.  167  note 

1. 
Gemicius,  p.  68. 
Gerbertus,  name  of  Silvester 

II,  p.  77  note  2. 
Germano,  Father,  his  excava- 
tions, p.  90  note  1. 
Germany,  p.  28  note  2,  p.  127 

note  1. 
Gervasius,  p.  12,  p.  43  ;  his  de 

otiis  imperialibus,  p.  64. 
Gervasius,   son   of   S.   Vitale, 

p.  lOa,  p.  112. 


Giacomo    da    Voragine,    p.    9 

note  4,  p.  96  note  2. 
Giacomo    della    Porta,    p.    61 

note  1. 
Giamberti,  Giacomo,  architect, 

p.  10  note  3. 
Gilbert,  afterwards  Pope  Sil- 
vester II,  strange  legend  of, 

p.  77  seq. 
Giotto,  p.  87  note  4. 
Giovanni    da   Crema,    p.    137 

note  1. 
Qiuhileo  delV  anno  Santo,  1450, 

a  MS.,  p.  62  note  2. 
Giustiniani,  cardinal, p.l  4  9  note 

4  ;  — ,  palace,  p.  29  note  6. 
Glanville,  Bartholomew,  p.  140 

note  3. 
Glausus,  one  of  the  founders  of 

Rome,  p.  4. 
Glodius,  p.  54. 
Gnesen,    a   town  in   Poland, 

p.  45  note  3. 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  p.  59. 
Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  pp.  28-9, 

p.  41  note  1,  p.  50  note  2, 

p.  90  note  3. 
Gordian,  emperor,  p.  54. 
Gorgon,  p.  159. 
Gortyna,  p.  130  note  1. 
Gospel   of  S.    John,    on    our 

Lord's  unduly  aged  appear- 
ance, p.  64. 
Grandison,  Bishop  of  Exeter, 

p.  67  note  2. 
Gratian,  his  bridge,  p.  18  ;  his 

character,  p.  13 ;    his   arch, 

p.  19. 
Greeks,  their  attempt  to  steal 

bodies  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul, 

p.  70. 
Gregory,Bishop  of  Ostia,  p.l04. 
Gregory,  pope,  his  prison  at 

S.    John    Lateran,    p.     72 ; 

miracle     of    crucifix     there, 

p.  72. 
Gregory,    pope,   buried   at  S. 

Mary  Major,  p.  85. 
Gregory  I,  pope,  p.  107  note  3. 
Gregory  II,  pope,  p.  76  note  1, 

p.  89  note  1. 
Gregory  III,  pope,  p.  118  note 

3,  p.  137  note  1,  p.  158  note  1 
Gregory  IV,  pope,  p.  21  note  1, 

p.  87  note  4,  p.  Ill  note  1, 

p.  116  note  2,  p.  133  note  3, 

p.  138  note  3,  p.  140  note  1. 
Gregory  VII,  pope,  p.  6Q  note  2, 

p.  117  note  1,  p.  170  note  1. 
Gregory  IX,  pope,  p.  86  note  1, 

p.  183  note  3,  p.  148  note  3, 

p.  166  note  1. 
Gregory  XI,  pope,  p.  88  note  2. 
Gregory  XIII,  pope,   p.   101 

note  2. 
Gregory  XVI,    pope,   p.    183 

note  3. 


INDEX 


179 


Gregory,  a  priest,  p.  134. 
Gregory  Turonensis,  p.  68  note 

1,  p.  150  note  3,  p.  152  note  1. 
Guienne,  p.  57  note  1. 
Gymnosophists,  p.  30;  received 

by  Alexander,  p.  80. 


Hadrian,  emperor,  temple  of, 
p.  12 ;  palace  of,  p.  17,  p.  25, 
p.  145  note  1. 

Hadrian  and  Trajan,  emperors, 
palace  of,  p.  48. 

Hadrian,  pope,  p.  59. 

Hadrian  I,  pope,  p.  11  note  5, 
p.  21  note  1,  p.  90  note  1, 
p.  96  note  1,  p.  117  note  1, 
p.  122  note  3,  p.  128  note  2, 
p.  131  note  3,  p.  133  note  3, 
p.  134  note  2,  p.  138  note  3, 
p.  140  note  1,  p.  142  note  1, 
p.  146  note  2,  p.  149  note  4, 
p.  167  note  1. 

Hadrian  IV,  pope,  p.  90  note  1. 

Hay  of  the  manger  of  Bethle- 
hem at  S.  Mary  Major,  p.  85. 

Heinrich  I,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Heinrich  II,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Heinrich  III,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Heinrich  IV,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Heinrich  V,  emperor,  p,  60. 

Helchie,  father  of  Susanna,  p. 
124. 

Helena,  a  king's  daughter,  wife 
of  Constantius,  p.  55. 

Helenopolis,  p.  126  note  1. 

Helie.     See  Elijah. 

Helpidius,  p.  86. 

Helyse.    See  Elisha. 

Henry  VI  of  England,  p.  1 
note  2,  p.  107  note  4. 

Heraclius,  emperor,  p.  58 ;  con- 
quers Persia,  p.  58. 

Heraclius,  a  philosopher,  p.  97 
note  1. 

Hercules,  son  of  Saturn,  builds 
city  under  Capitol,  called 
Valery,  p.  4. 

Hermes,  Mayor  of  Rome,  im- 
prisoned for  Christianity,  p. 
108  ;  converts  his  jailer,  Qui- 
rinus,  p.  108. 

Sermetis  et  Domitillae,  ceme- 
tery, p.  21. 

Hermits  of  S.  Austin,  pp.  92-3, 
p.  123,  p.  164. 

Herod,  p.  160. 

Herod  Agrippa,  slays  S.  James 
and  imprisons  S.  Peter,  p.  97. 

Herod  Antipas,  slays  S.  John 
Baptist,  p.  97. 

Herod  of  Ascalon,  slays  the 
Innocents,  p.  97. 

Herod  Metallarius,  father  of 
S.  Sabina,  p.  86  and  note  2, 
p.  87. 


Herods,    how    to    distinguish 

between,  pp.  96-7. 
Herry,  German  emperor,  p,  59 ; 

suspects  his  wife  Radegund, 

p.  115 ;  persecutes  her,  p.  115 ; 

dies,  and  is  saved  by  S.  Law- 
rence's interposition,  p.  115. 
Hescodius,  p.  3  note  1. 
Hesiod,  p.  3  note  1. 
Hester   (Esther),  married   to 

Ahasuerus,  p.  28. 
Hezekiah,Kingof  Judah,p.53. 
Hierapolis,  p.  84  note  8,  p.  102 

note  4. 
Hilary,  pope,  p.  11  note  1,  p.  79 

note  2. 
Hildebrandi  Vita  et  gesta,  p. 

77  note  2. 
Hills    of    Rome   (see    Mons), 

general  account  of,  p.  16  notel. 
Hippolytus,  martyr,  p.  81,  p. 

123. 
Hippolytus,  Synod  against,  p. 

131  note  3. 
Hiram,  pillars  of,  p.  73. 
Sistoria  Antiochena,  p.  89. 
Holy  Cross,  altar  of  the,  at 

S.  Peter's,  p.  63. 
Honorius,  emperor,  p.  29  note 

2,  p.  66  note  2,  p.  80. 
Honorius  and  Arcadius,  joint 

emperors,  p.  57. 
Honorius      and      Theodosius, 

joint  emperors,  p.  57. 
Honorius,  pope,  p.  60  ;  buried 

at  S.  Mary  Major,  p.  85. 
Honorius  I,  pope,  p.  11  note  2, 

p.  126  note  2. 
Honorius     II,    pope,    p.    137 

note  1. 
Honorius  III,  pope,  p.  20  note 

4,  p.  66  note  2,  p.  80  note  1, 

p.  86  note  1,  p.  160  note  2. 
Honorius  IV,  pope,  p.  86  note  1. 
Horace,  p.  14  note  1. 
Hortus  Lucillae,  p.  67. 
Hospital  of  S.  Spirito,  p.  17. 
Hospital  of  S.  Thomas,  p.  157- 
Howard,  cardinal,  p.  90  note  1. 
Hugo  de  S.  Victor,  p.  59  and 

note  1. 
Hygeia,  statue  of,  p.  29  note  6. 

I. 

Iginius,  pope,  p.  104. 
In  agro  verano,  cemetery,  p.  20. 
Indulgences  at  S.  Paul's,  p.  67. 
Indulgences  at  S.  Peter's,  p. 

68  and  note  1. 
Innocent  I,  pope,  p.  112  note  1. 
Innocent     II,    pope,    p.    117 

note  1. 
Innocent  III,  pope,  p.  98  note 

3,  p.  Ill  note  1,  p.  131  note 
3,  p.  132  note  3. 

Innocent  IV,  pope,  p.  42  note  1, 
p.  71  note  1. 

A  a  2 


Innocent  VI,  pope,  p.  71  note  1. 
Innocent  X,  pope,  p.  71  note  1. 
Innocentius,  martyr,  p.  103. 
Innocents,  slain  by  Herod  of 

Ascalon,  p.  97 ;  relics  of,  p.l30. 
In  tellure,  p.  22  and  note  2, 

p.  116,  p.  119. 
Intra  duos  lauros,  cemetery, 

p.  20. 
Invention  of  the  Cross,  p.  126 

note  1. 
Irene,  p.  68  note  2. 
Isaac,  p.  160. 
Isidore,    Bishop     of    Seville, 

chronicle  of,  p.  29  and  note  2, 

p.  156. 
Isidore,   Bishop    of    Cordova, 

p.  29  note  2. 
Isis,  temple  of,  p.  118  note  3. 
lude  (?  ludaea),  p.  158. 

J. 

Jam  (or  Cam),  son  of  Noah, 
father  of  Belus,  King  of  Surry 
(?  Assyria),  p.  8. 

Janiculum,  p.  3  notes  8  and  4, 
p.  70  note  1. 

Janus,  son  of  Noah,  also  called 
lonicus,  founds  Janiculum, 
p.  3  note  8,  p.  3  note  4,  p.  13. 

Japhet,  son  of  Noah,  ancestor 
of  the  Romans,  p.  3. 

Jeremiah,  p.  158. 

Jerusalem,  S.  Helena's  chapel 
at  S.  Croce  so  called,  p.  77, 
p.  124. 

Jerusalem,  town  of,  captured 
by  Turks,  p.  60,  p.  64  note  1, 
p.  88  note  2,  p.  97  note  1, 
p.  105,  p.  135  note  2  ;  Quiriac, 
Bishop  of  Jerusalem,  p.  145 
and  note  1,  p.  146  note  8, 
p.  152,  p.  154,  p.  158,  p.  166. 

Jews,  treaty  with  Romans, 
p.  48. 

Joachim,  husband  of  Susanna^ 
p.  124. 

Jobiane,  p.  139  and  note. 

Johanna,  p.  185  note  2. 

Johannes,  Bishop  of  Myra, 
p.  135  note  2. 

Johannes,  a  priest,  p.  85  note  1. 

Johannopolis,  p.  66  note  2. 

John,  a  holy  man,  founds 
S.  Mary  Major,  p.  84  ;  buried 
there,  p.  85. 

John  the  Deacon,  p.  77  note  2. 

John,  pope,  p.  57. 

John  I,  pope,  p.  170  and  note  1. 

John  III,  pope,  p.  102  note  3. 

John  VIII,  pope,  p.  66  note  2. 

John  XII,  pope,  p.  92  note  1. 

John  XXI,  pope,  p.  45  note  3. 

Jonas,  Bishop  of  Orleans,  p.  147 
note  2. 

Joppa,  town  of,  p.  88  note  2. 


180 


INDEX 


Joseph  of  Arimathea,  p.  64, 
p.  154. 

Jourmanus,  emperor,  succeeds 
Julian  the  Apostate,  p.  56 ; 
his  strange  death,  p.  56. 

Jovinane  (Jovianus),  emperor, 
succeeds  Julian,  p.  91. 

Judas  and  S.  Helena,  p.  124, 
p.  145  and  note. 

Judas  Iscariot,  rope  of,  p.  135 
and  note  3. 

Judas  Maccabeus,  p.  48  ;  sends 
embassy  to  Rome,  p.  48,  p.  49 
note  2. 

Jude  (Judaea),  p.  158. 

Julia  (see  Verus),  p.  53. 

Julian  the  Apostate,  emperor, 
p.  26,  p.  56  ;  permits  Jews  to 
rebuild  Temple,  p.  56  ;  exiles 
Valentinian,  p.  56,  p.  85 
note  1 ;  persecutes  SS.  John 
and  Paul,  p.  90  and  note  3 ; 
killed,  p.  91,  p.  126  note  1, 
p.  134,  p.  145  note  1,  p.  168 
note  1. 

Juliana,  wife  of  Alexander, 
Senator  of  Constantinople, 
p.  80 ;  asks  leave  to  remove 
husband's  body,  p.  81 ;  re- 
moves S.  Stephen's  by  mis- 
take, p.  81. 

Julius  Caesar,  palace  of,  p.  17  ; 
ashes  buried  on  Anguilla 
S.  Petri,  p.  23 ;  inscription 
on  same,  p.  23  and  note  1 ; 
account  of  his  life,  p.  24 ; 
surveys  the  world,  p.  24  ;  his 
victories,  p.  24 ;  corrects  the 
calendar,  p.  24  ;  his  modesty, 
p.  25  and  note  1 ;  his  death, 
p.  25;  inducted  as  Pontifex 
Maximus  on  March  6,  p.  28, 
p.  39. 

Julius  I,  pope,  p.  Ill  note  1. 

Julius  II,  pope,  p.  18  note  3, 
p.  61  note  1,  p.  96  note  1, 
p.  163  note  3. 

Julus,  p.  53. 

Juno,  temple  of,  on  Capitol, 
p.  28,  p.  42  note  1 ;  statue 
of,  suckling  infant  Hercules 
{see  Pope  Joan  fable),  p.  74 
note  3. 

Jupiter,  temple  of,  p.  21,  p.  26 
and  note  1 ;  figure  of  on 
Capitol,  p.  27,  p.  28,  p.  33 
note  1,  p.  91. 

Justin,  emperor,  p.  57,  p.  170. 

Justinian,  emperor,  converted 
from  Arianism,  p.  57 ;  his 
code  and  building  of  S.  Sophia, 
p.  58,  p.  107,  p.  170. 

Justinian,  the  younger,  em- 
peror, Narses  rebels  against 
him,  p.  58. 

Justinian  II,  emperor,  exiled 
for  heresy,  p.  58. 


Justinus,  the  historian,  p.  29 

note  1. 
Justinus,  a  priest,  p.  82  and 

note  2. 
Juvenal,  p.  84, 

K. 

Kalipodii,  cemetery  of,  p.  20, 
p.  69  note  1,  p.  73  note  2. 

Kallixtus,  cemetery  of,  p.  20. 

Kempe,  John,  Archbishop  of 
York  and  Cardinal  of  S.  Bal- 
bina,  p.  107  and  note  4;  Car- 
dinal-bishop of  S.  Rufina  in 
1452,  p.  107  note  4. 

King's  Lynn,  p.  1  note  2. 

Knights,  appointed  by  Romu- 
lus, p.  7. 

L. 

*  Lady  Rose  *,  temple  of  the, 

p.  28  notel. 
Lampadius,  p.  128. 
Lanfranc,    archbishop,    p.    83 

note  1. 
Langton,  Stephen,  archbishop, 

p.  137  note  1. 
Lante,  cardinal,  p.  166  note  1. 
Largus,  p.  189. 
Lateran,      legend      regarding 

origin  of  name,  p.  9  and  note 

4. 
Lateran  church.     See  S.  John 

Lateran. 
Lateran  hospital,  p.  169  notel. 
Lateran   palace,  p.  17,  p.   33 

note  1,  p.  71  note  1,  p.  76  note 

1,  p.  146,  p.  170. 
Laterani,  palace  of  the,  p,  71 

note  1. 
Latin    tribes,    conquered    by 

Anchus  Martins  Meduliensis, 

p.  13. 
Latini,  Brunette,  p.  4  note  2. 
Latium,  p.  145. 
Laurence    (or   Lupa),   nurses 

Romulus  and  Remus,  p.  5  ; 

why  called  Lupa,  p.  5  and 

note  1. 
Legenda  aurea,  of  G.  da  Vora- 

gine,  p.  95  note  2. 
Leo  I,  emi)eror,  p.  57. 
Leo  II,  emperor,  p,  58,  exiled 

and  mutilated,  p.  58. 
Leo  III,  emperor,  p.  58. 
Leo  IV,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Leo  I,  pope,  the  Great,  p.  57, 

p.  66  note  2,  p.  96  note  1. 
Leo  II,   pope,  p.  87  note  4, 

p.  138  note  3,  p.  145  note  2. 
Leo  III,  pope,  p.  66  note  2, 

p.  90  note  1,  p.  107  note  3, 

p.  118  note  2,  p.  128  note  2, 

p.  133  note  8,  p.  140  note  1, 

p.  148  note  3. 
Leo  IV,  pope,  p.  92  note  8, 


p.  Ill  note  1,  p.  118  note  2, 

p.  126  note  2,  p.  131  note  3. 
Leo   X,   pope,   p.   74   note  3, 

p.  104  note  2. 
Leo  XIII,  pope,  p.  101  note  2, 

p.  132  note  3,  p.  137  note  1. 
Leoncius,  p.  121. 
Leonine   city,   the,  has  three 

gates,  p.  7,  p.  12  and  note  1, 

p.  109,  p.  161  and  note  8. 
Leontius,  p.  97  note  1. 
Lewis,   son   of    Charlemagne, 

emperor,  p.  59. 
Lewis.  II,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Lewis  III,  emperor,  p.  59. 
IjCX  Begia,  the,  p.  71  note  2. 
L'Huet,  p.  41  note  1. 
Liber  Pontificalis,  p.  47  note  2, 

p.  77  note  2. 
Liberius,  pope,  p.   84,  p.  129 

note  2,  p.  183. 
Libraries,  p.  22. 
Library  of  S.  Gregory,  p.  71. 
Licinian  palace,  p.  85  note  1. 
Limina-  apostolorum,    the,  p. 

186. 
Limoges,  p.  68  note  1,  p.  152 

note  1. 
Linus,  pope,  p.  104,  p.  106 ; 

succeeds  S.  Peter,  p.  106. 
Lisias,  p.  121. 
Livia,  wife  of  Augustus,  story 

of  the  white  hen,  p.  43. 
Livy,  p.  1,  p.  6  note  1 ;   his 

account  of  the  Aventine,  p. 

14. 
Lodewick    (Lewis),    emperor, 

p.  147  and  note  2. 
Lombardo,     Carlo,    architect, 

p.  149  note  4. 
Lombardy,  p.  143  note  2. 
Longinus,  p.  154. 
Lonigi,  p.  138  note  8. 
Lothair,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Louvain,  p.  57  note  1. 
Lucan,  p.  43. 

Lucanians,  summoned  by  Ro- 
mulus to  Rome,  p,  6. 
Lucianus,  his  vision,  p.  80. 
Lucilla  (or  Lucina),  garden  of, 

p.   22 ;   her  vision  of  S.  Se- 
bastian, p.  22,  p.  114  note  1, 

p.  122  note  1,  p.  122  note  2, 

p.  141. 
Ludllae  hortus,  p.  67,  p.  70. 
Lucillus,  p.  122. 
Lucina,    Catacombs   of,  p.  66 

note  2,  p.  130  note  1. 
Lucinia  Eudosia,  p.  97  note  1. 
Lucius  II,  pope,  p.  145  note  2. 
Lycia,  p.  185  note  2. 
Lydda,   a  city   in    Palestine, 

p.  88  note  2. 
Lydia  conquered,  p.  48. 
Lyon,  p.  57  note  1. 
Lysias  {see  Lisias),  p.  122  note 

1. 


INDEX 


181 


M. 

Macellum  Liviae,  p.  11  note  1, 
p.  83  note  2  ;  — ,  near  Cata- 
combs of  Callixtus,  p.  69 ; 
— ,  magnum,  p.  144  note  1. 

Maderno,  p.  61  note  1. 

Mahomet,  p.  58. 

Mainz,  p.  59  note  1. 

Mallius,  Petrus,  p.  132  note  3. 

Malta,  p.  21  note  2. 

Malvezzi,  Giacomo,  p.  41 
note  1. 

Mamertine  prison,  p.  21,  p.  63 
note  2,  p.  119,  p.  148  note  3. 

Mammaea,  mother  of  Alexan- 
der Severus,  p.  18;  converted, 
p.  18,  p.  53. 

Manasseh,  king  of  Judah,  p. 
53. 

Manes,  originator  of  Mani- 
chaean  heresy,  p.  55. 

Manichaean  heresy,  p.  55. 

Manilius,  p.  53. 

Manus  carnea,  arch  of,  p.  19. 

Mappa,  early  plan  of  Rome 
called  so,  p.  2  note  1. 

Marcellus,  theatre  of,  p.  134 
note  2. 

Marcellus,  a  jailor,  p.  103 
note  1. 

Marcianus,  emperor  with  Va- 
lentinian  III,  p.  57. 

Marco  Polo,  of  Venice,  his 
travels,  p.  1. 

Marcus  Agrippa,  sent  to  con- 
quer West,  p.  87;  then  to 
quell  Persian  rebellion,  p. 
37  ;  his  vision,  p.  37  ;  Cybele 
orders  him  to  build  Pantheon, 
p.  38 ;  puts  down  rebellion 
and  returns,  p.  38 ;  builds 
Pantheon,  mode  of  construc- 
tion, p.  38  and  note  2. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  p.  29  note  6  ; 
statue  of,  p.  31 ;  not  of  Con- 
Btantine  as  believed,  p.  31 
and  note  3 ;  popularly  called 
*  Septimosephero ',  p.  36  and 
note  1,  p.  110  and  note  2  ; 
column  of;  p.  132  note  3. 

Marcus  Aurelius  Victor,  p.  10 
note  3. 

Marcus  (or  Quintus)  Curtius, 
p.  33  and  note  1. 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  p.  1  note  2. 

Mariana  (or  Marrana),  stream, 
p.  9  note  3. 

Marius,  martyr,  p.  127. 

Mars,  p.  4  and  note  2  ;  temple 
of  near  Porta  Appia,  p.  19, 
p.  21,  p.  26,  p.  119. 

Martha,  said  to  be  the  name 
of  the  woman  who  helped  our 
Lord  with  the  sudary  on  the 
way  to  Calvary,  p.  64. 


Martha,  martyr,  p.  127. 
Martin,  his  chronicle,  p.   45, 

p.  55,  p.  70,  p.  115,  p.  141. 
Martin   I,   pope,  p.  131   and 

note  3. 
Martin  V,  pope,  p.  93,  p.  126 

note  2,  p,  140  note  3. 
Martinach,  p.  121  note  1. 
Martinus  (Macrinua),  emperor, 

p.  53. 
Martinus  Polonus,  p.  45  note 

3,  p.  74  note  3. 
Mary  Magdalen,  p.  154. 
Mass   of  S.  Gregory  and  the 

angel,  p.  68. 
Mattei,  granaries   of  the,  p. 

169  note  2. 
Maundeville,    Sir    John,    his 

travels,  p.  1. 
Maurice,    emperor,   p.   58,   p. 

107  note  3. 
Mauricius,  p.  121. 
Mausoleum  of   Augustus,  p. 

42  and  note  1. 
Maxentius,  emperor,  pp.  140-1. 
Maximianus        (Maximinus), 

emperor,  p.  54,    (with   Dio- 
cletian) p.  55,  p.  68  note  2, 

p.  103  note  1,  p.  121,  p.  139, 

p.  139  note  3,  p.  144. 
Maximus,  emperoi",  p.  97  note  1 . 
Melchiades,pope,p.  1^8  note  1. 
Melchisedek,  p.  160. 
Memmius    Rufus,    consul,    p. 

149  note  2. 
Memphis,  p.  158. 
Mercury,  temple  of, p.  22  note2. 
Metaphrastes,  p.  88  note  2. 
Methodius,  p.  3  note  1. 
Michael,  emperor,  p.  59. 
Michelangelo,   p.   61   note  1, 

p.  104  note  2. 
Milan,   built  by  Brennus,   p. 

28,  p.  68  note  2,  p.  103  and 

note  3  ;  S.  Vitale  consul  of,  p. 

112  and  note  1,  p.  113. 
Milk  of  our  Lady,  relic  at  S. 

Mary  Major,  p.  85. 
Minerva,  p.  159  and  note  1. 
Ministry,  of  Finance,   p.   138 

note  3  ;  — >  of  Marine,  p.  92 

note  1. 
Mithraeum,  at  S.  Clement's, 

p.  105  note  1. 
Moesia,  p.  143  note  2. 
Mohammedans,  in  Spain,  p.  76 

note  1. 
Monasterium  dominae  Bosae, 

p.  28  note  1. 
Monastery  of  S.  Gregory,  p.  18, 

p.  44,  p.  45. 
Monothelite  heresy,  p.  58. 
Mens,  Aventinus,  p.  11  note  1 ; 

origin  of  name,  p.  14  ;  also 

called    Quirinal,   p.    14   and 

note  4,  p.  15  note  1,  p.  17, 

p.  45,  p.  51  note  2,  p.  86, 


p.  107  note  3 ;  j — ,  canalisy 
position  of,  pp.  14-15  and 
note  1 ;  sports  held  there  in 
Carnival,  p.  15,  p.  51  note  2, 
p.  52  ;  — ,  Capitolinus,  p.  15, 
p.  26  ;  — ,  Cavalleus  ad 
S.  Alexium,  p.  15  note  1 ;  — , 
Celius,  p.  15  and  note  1, 
p.  73  note  2,  p.  107  note  2, 
p.  126  note  2,  p.  144;  — , 
laniculug,  p.  8  notes  8  and  4 ; 
origin  of  name,  p.  8  ;  position 
of,  p.  13,  p.  15  note  1 ;  — , 
lanuarius  ad  S.  Sulavam, 
p.  15  note  1 ;  — ,  luvenalis, 
or  nivalis,  where  the  Romans 
would  have  slain  Vergil,  p.  16 ; 
— ,  Palatinus,  built  on  by 
Evander,  p.  4 ;  accounts  of 
Dominicus  de  Arecio,  Solinus 
and  Varro,  p.  13  ;  in  Palatio 
maiori,  p.l5  note  1 ;  — ,Quiri- 
nali8,-p.  14  note  4 ;  — ,Biveali8, 
p.  15  note  1 ;  — ,  S.  Stephani 
in  celio  monte,  p.  15  note  1 ; 
— ,  Satumia,  another  name 
for  Capitoline,  p.  15 ;  — , 
Superaggius,  p.  16,  p.  84 ;  — , 
Tarpeia,  another  name  for 
Capitoline,  p.  15  ;  — ,  Testa- 
rum,  or  Testaccio,  p.  8  note  1, 
p.  15  note  1 ;  — ,  Vaticanus, 
p.  12  note  1,  p.  104. 

Montaigne,  sees  heads  of  SS. 
Peter  and  Paul,  p.  73  note  1. 

Montgomery,  John,  p.  1  note  2. 

Moses,  rod  of,  p.  73 ;  the  law 
of,  p.  Ill,  p.  158. 

Mount  Sion,  p.  135  note  2. 

MuflFel,  Nicholas,  p.  10  note  3. 

Mullooly,  Father,  his  excava- 
tions, p.  105  note  1. 

Munitor,  elder  brother  of 
Amulius,  p.  4  ;  exiled,  p.  4 ; 
meets  Romulus  and  Remus, 
p.  5. 

Mutatorium  Caesaris,  p.  107 
note  3. 

Myra,  p.  135  note  2. 

MyselUs,  p.  148  notes  1  and  2. 

N. 
Nabor,  martyr,  p.  102. 
Naevius,   Cn.,  a  poet,  p.   14 

note  1. 

Naissus  (Nissa),  p.  126  note  1. 
Nanus,  p.  83  note  1. 
Naples,  p.  27  note  1;  taken, 

p.  60,  p.  167  note  1. 
Narbonne,  p.  68  note  1. 
Narses,  p.  68. 
Naumachia,  p.  47  note  2. 
Navicella,  the,  p.  105  note  1, 

p.  104. 
Nazareth,    pillars     from,    at 

S.  John  Lateran,  p.  71. 
Nazarius,     martyr,    p.    102 ; 


182 


INDEX 


miracle  and  martyrdom  of, 
p.  103. 

Neptune,  specially  honoured  in 
Pantheon,  p.  39. 

Nero,  legend  regarding  birth 
of  frog,p.  9  and  note  4  ;  builds 
pons  Neroniana,  and  many 
other  works,  p.  12  ;  his  palace 
of  the  Lateran,  p.  17  ;  another 
near  SS.  Marcellinus  and 
Peter,  p.  17 ;  another  near 
S.  Spirito,  p.  17 ;  another  near 
S.  Mary  of  the  People,  p.  17  ; 
death  of,  p.  17 ;  his  secretariat, 
p.  26 ;  his  necromantic  prac- 
tices, p.  26,  p.  86  note  1,  p.  42 
note  2  ;  circus  of,  p.  61  note  1, 
p.  69,  p.  96  note  1,  p.  103, 
p.  163  note  3,  p.  164. 

Nerva,  arch  of  (see  Arch  of 
Noe),  p.  42  note  3 

Nevius,  p.  14.  {See  Nae- 
vius.) 

Newman,  cardinal,  p.  87  note  4. 

Nicene  (Nicaea),  Council  of, 
p.  59,  p.  88,  p.  185  note  2. 

Nicephorus,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Nicephorus,  p.  126  note  1. 

Nicholas  I,  pope,  p.  107,  p.  167 
note  1. 

Nicholas  III,  pope,  p.  45  note  3, 
p.  134  note  2. 

Nicholas  IV,  pope,  p.  21  note  1, 
p.  64  note  1,  p.  83  note  2 ; 
buried  at  S.  Mary  Major, 
p.  85. 

Nicholas  V,  pope,  p.  20  note  8, 
p.  61  note  1,  p.  75  note  1, 
p.  83  note  2,  p.  104  note  2, 
p.  Ill  note  1,  p.  123,  p.  140 
note  3. 

Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Myra, 
p.  135  note  2. 

Nicodemus,  Gospel  of,  p.  64 
note  1 ;  preserves  our  Lord's 
winding-sheet,  p,  65 ;  assists 
at  His  burial,  p.  65,  p.  154. 

Nicodemus,  buries  the  four 
crowned  saints,  p.  128. 

Nicomedia,  p.  88  note  2,  p.  126 
note  1. 

Nicostratus,  p.  127. 

Nile,  delta  of  the,  p.  110  note  1. 

Noah,  builds  Babylon,  sails  for 
Italy,  and  dies  at  Rome,  p.  3 
and  note  2  ;  arch  of,  see  Arch 
of  Noe. 

Norfolk,  p.  1  note  2. 

Norwich,  p.  1  note  2. 

Numa    Pompilius,    king,    his 
reign  and  laws,  coins  money 
first,  p.  58  and  note  1. 
Numerianus,  emperor,  p.  55. 
Numitor,  p.  4  note  2. 
Nunziatella,  the  church  of  and 
catacombs,  p.  160  note  2. 

Nfimberg,  p.  10  note  3. 


0. 

Octavian,  palace  of,  p.  17 ;  arch 
of,  p.  19  ;  conquers  world  and 
establishes  peace,  pp.  89  and 
40  note  1 ;  his  beauty,  p.  39  ; 
Senate  wish  to  deify  him, 
p.  39  ;  consults  sibyl  of  Tibur, 
p.  40 ;  meeting  with  her  at 
Ara  Celi,  p.  40;  his  vision, 
p.  40 ;  refuses  deification  and 
erects  altar,  p.  41  and  note 
1 ;  his  tower  near  Porta 
Flaminia,  p.  42 ;  received 
with  seven  acts  of  worship, 
p.  45  ;  principally  worshipped 
in  Rome  on  August  1,  p.  97; 
his  chamber,  p.  158,  p.  159. 

Octavilla,  p.  73  note  2. 

Octodurum,  p.  121  note  1. 

Odescalchi,  family  of,  p.  170 
note  1. 

Odo,  p.  145. 

Olympias,  palace  of,  p.  17,  p. 
22  ;  wife  of  Philip  of  Mace- 
don,  p.  101  note  2. 

Olympius,  sudden  death  of  at 
Carthage,  p.  57. 

Olympius,  chamberlain  to  Em- 
peror Constans,  p.  132  and 
note  2. 

Omnis  tei^ra  (Testaccio),  sports 
on  Quinquagesima  Sunday,  p. 
15 ;  hill  of,  p.  16,  p.  50 ;  why 
so  called,  p.  50  and  note  2  ; 
full  description  of  sports,  pp. 
50-1  and  note  2  p.  51. 

Oratorio  della  Pietk  dei  Fioren- 
tini,  p.  18  note  4. 

Ordo  Romanus,  p.  12  note  1. 

'Orgliauns'  (Orleans),  p.  55, 
p.  147  and  note  2. 

Origen,  p.  18  ;  comes  to  Rome, 
converts  Mammaea,  p.  18,  p. 
53,  p.  88. 

Orleans,  named  after  Aurelian, 
p.  55,  p.  147  and  note  2. 

Orosius,  p.  41  note  1,  p.  184. 

Orsini,  cardinal,  p.  66  note  1. 

Ortus  Lucillae,  p.  22. 

Os  lusti  (Bocca  della  Veritk), 
p.  168. 

Osbert,  p.  83  ;  — ,  of  Canter- 
bury, p.  88  note  1 ;  — ,  of 
Clare,  p.  83  note  1 ;  — ,  Pick- 
engham,  p.  83  note  1. 

Ostia,  derivation  of  name,  p.  8, 
p.  70,  p.  92  and  note  8,  p.  127 
note  1. 

Otto  I,  emperor,  p.  59  ;  marries 
Athelstane's  sister,  p.  59. 

Otto  II,  emperor,  p.  59. 

Otto  III,  emperor,  p.  59,  p.  77 

note  2. 
Otto  IV,  emperor,  p.  60. 

Our  Lady's  altar,  at  S.  Peter's, 
p.  63. 


Outremeuse,    Jean    d',    p.    19 

note  1. 
Ovid,  de  Fastis,  p.  11  note  1, 

p.  13 ;  his  description  of  the 

Avenfcine,  p.  14. 
Oxburgh,  p.  1  note  2. 
Oxford,  Council  of  in  1222,  p.  88 

note  2,  p.  91  note  1. 
Oxford,  John,  Earl  of,  and  his 

son   Aubrey   executed,   p.   1 

note  2. 

P. 

Pagi,  p.  41  note  1. 

Pagius,  p.  126  note  1. 

Palace,  of  Cataline,  p.  17  ;  — , 
of  Claudius,  in  ruins  near 
Pantheon,  p.  17  ;  — ,  of  the 
Conservatori,  p.  36  note  1 ; 
— ,  of  Domitian,  p,  17  ;  — ,  of 
Eufermian,p.  17;  — ,thegreat, 
p.  16,  p.  45  ;  — ,  of  Hadrian, 
p.  17  ;  — ,  of  Julius  Caesar,  p. 
17;  — ,  the  Lateran,  p.  17, 
p.  146 ;  — ,  of  Nero,  p.  17 ; 
— ,  of  Octavian,  p.  17 ;  — , 
Olympiadis,  p.  17,  p.  22  ;  — , 
ofRemus(orVenus),p.l7; — , 
of  Romulus  (Tempi umpacis), 
p.  16  ;  — ,  of  Titus  and  Ves- 
pasian, p.  17  ;  — ,  of  Trajan, 
p.  17,  p.  49  note  2;  — ,  of 
Trajan  and  Hadrian,  p.  48 ; 
— ,  of  TuUius  Cicero,  p.  17. 

Palaces  of  Rome,  general  ac- 
count of,  p.  18  note  1. 

Palacinae  balneae,  p.  115  note 
2. 

Palantes,  p.  14. 

Palatine,  p.  3  note  4. 

Palatium  Licinianum,  p.  20 
note  4. 

Palazzo  Fiano,  p.  122  note  3. 

Palazzo  Venezia,  p.  42  note  1, 
p.  70  note  1. 

Palestine,  p.  88  note  2,  p.  97 
note  1,  p.  131,  p.  152. 

Palla  Sansonis,  the,  p.  36  note 
1. 

Pallas,  p.  159. 

Palmaria,  island  of,  p.  99. 

Pammachius,  p.  90  note  1. 

Panis  aurei,  arch  of,  p.  19. 

Pantheon,  p.  17,  p.  27  note  8, 
p.  87  ;  mode  of  building,  p.  88 
and  note  2,  p.  46  note  3  ;  con- 
verted to  Christian  use,  p.  58, 
p.  157. 

Panvinius  Onofrius,  p.46  note  3. 

*Papie'   (Papias),    p.  34  and 

note  3. 
Paris,  p.  57  note  1,  p.  59  note 
1,  p.  68  note  1,  p.  83  note  1, 
p.  150  note  3. 
Pascal  I,  pope,  p.  63  note  2, 
p.  92  note  3,  p.  104  note  2, 
p.  109  note  1,  p.  147  note  4. 


INDEX 


183 


Pascal  II,  pope,  p.  126  note  2, 

p.  163  note  3,  p.  164. 
Passion   play,    in  front  of  S. 

Croce,  on  Good  Friday,  p.  79. 
Passionarium,     name    for     a 

martyrology,  p.  102  and  note 

Pastor,  Titiilus  of,  p.  74  and 
note  3,  p.  117. 

Patara,  p.  135  note  2, 

Patmos,  S.  John  exiled  to,  p.  9, 
p.  146. 

Patriarchum,  a  name  for  the 
Lateran,  p.  71  note  1. 

Paul  I,  pope,  p.  132  note  3. 

Paul  II,  pope,  p.  107  note  3, 
p.  115  note  2. 

Paul  III,  pope,  p.  42  note  1. 

Paul  IV,  pope,  p.  113  note  3. 

Paul  V,  pope,  p.  83  note  2. 

Paul,  tomb  of  Deacon,  p.  122 
note  3. 

Paul,  Patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, p.  131. 

Paulinus,  p.  112. 

Paulinus,  a  patrician,  p.  97 
note  1. 

Pavement  before  S.  Peter's, 
how  constructed,  p.  47. 

Pavia,  built  by  Brennus,  p.  28. 

Pecci,  Cardinal  (Leo  XIII), 
p.  137  note  1. 

Pelagius,  pope,  buried  at  S. 
Mary  Major,  p.  85  ;  changes 
date  of  worship  of  Octavian 
and  dedicates  it  to  S.  Peter, 
p.  97,  p.  102  note  3. 

Pelagius  II,  pope,  p.  80  note  1. 

Perpetua,  mother  of  Nazarius, 
p.  103. 

Perseus,  p.  159. 

Persia,  conquered,  p.  18 ;  re- 
volt of,  p.  87,  p.  100  note  1, 
p.  116  and  note  1,  p.  126 
note  1,  p.  127,  p.  139  and 
note  3 ;  Sapor,  king  of,  p.  139. 

Pesaro,  p.  34  note  8. 

Peter,  Bishop  of  Alet  in  Bur- 
gundy, p.  98  and  note  1. 

Petrus  Mallius,  p.  47  note  1. 

Phacee,  King  of  Israel,  Rome 
founded  during  his  reign,  p.  5. 

Philip,  emperor,  believed  to 
have  been  a  Christian,  p.  41 
note  1 ;  church  of  S.  Peter  at 
Brescia  dedicated  in  his  reign, 
p.  41  note  1,  p.  68  note  1, 
p.  98. 

Philip  the  elder  and  younger, 
emperors,  p.  54. 

Philip  II,  emperor,  an  icono- 
clast, p.  58. 

Philip,  King  of  Macedon,  p.  101 
note  2. 

Philippi,  p.  107  note  2. 

Phocas,  emperor,  p.  58 ;  permits 
consecration    of     Pantheon, 


p.  58  ;    grants  precedence  to 

Roman  Church,  p.  61,  p.  95 

note  2  ;   called  S.  Phocas,  his 

head  at  S.  Marcellus,  p.  140 

and  note  2,  p.  157. 
Phoebus,    temple    of,   p.    25 ; 

origin  of  name,  p.  25  ;  statue 

of  in  Colosseum,  p.  35  ;   deri- 
vation of  word,  p.  35. 
Phoebus,     a     disciple     of   S. 

Clement,  p.  106  and  note  3. 
Phrygia,  p.  94  note  1. 
Phrygia  salutaris,  p.  73  note  2. 
Piacenza  (Placens),  p.  108  and 

note  3. 
Piazza  Navona,  p,  51  note  2. 
Pietatis,  arch  of,  p.  19. 
Piety,  temple  of,  p.  134  note  2. 
Pigna,  fountain  of  the,  p.  46 

note  8. 
Pilate,  p.  64   note  1,  p.   75, 

p.  130  ;  his  bason,  p.  136. 
Pillars   of  the  Annunciation, 

p.  71. 
Pincian  hill,  p.  11. 
Pincis,  gives  bis  name  to  hill, 

p.  11. 
Pittacus,  p.  44  and  note  3. 
Pius,  pope,  p.  104. 
Pius  I,  pope,  p.  117  note  1, 

p.  117. 
Pius  IV,  pope,  p.  126  note  2, 

p.  181  note  3,  p.  168  note  1, 

p.  161  note  3. 
Pius  V,  pope,  p.  74  note  3, 

p.  Ill  note  1. 
Pius  VII,  pope,  p.  104  note  2. 
Pius  IX,  pope,  p.  80  note  1, 

p.  Ill  note  1,  p.  183  note  8. 
Placidia,  p.  76  note  1,   p.  80 

note  1. 
Platea  Ci(sfelli,  p.  161  note  3. 
Plato,  his  journey,  p,  1. 
Platonia,  the,  at  S.  Sebastian, 

p.  67  note  3. 
Plautilla,    story    of,   p.    180, 

p.  131  note  2. 
Plautilla,    mother   of    Flavia 

Domitilla,  p.  149  note  2. 
Plautus,  p.  14  note  1. 
Pliny,  p.  134  note  2. 
Poland,  p.  45  note  3. 
Pole,  cardinal,  p.  162  note  2. 
Politanes,  summoned  by  Ro- 
mulus to  Rome,  p.  6. 
Pompey,   theatre    of,   p.    128 

note  2. 
Ponciane   (Ponza),  island  of, 

p.  149. 
Pons,  Adrian! ,  p.  12  ;  — ,  An- 

tonini,  p.  12  ;  — ,  Fabricii,  p. 

13  ;  — ,  Gratiani,  p.  13  ;  — , 

Milvius,  p.  12,  p.  12 ;  — ,  Nero- 

nis,  p.  12  ;  — ,  Senatorum,  p. 

13  ;  — ,  Theodosii,  p.  13 ;  — , 

Valentiniani,  p.  13. 
Ponte  di    S.    Angelo,  called 


DonnerprucJc,  reasonof  same, 
p.  47  note  2. 

Ponte  Galera,  p.  130  note  1. 

PontelH,  architect,  p.  70  note  1. 

Pontianus,  cemetery  of,  p.  21. 

Potitifex  Maximus,  bow  in- 
ducted, p.  28. 

Pontius,  martyr,  p.  54. 

Ponza,  p.  149  note  2. 

Pope  Joan,  fable  of,  p.  74  and 
note  3. 

Porta,  Appia,  p.  8  note  1,  p.  8 
and  note  3,  p.  19,  p.  20,  p. 
21  ;  — ,  Asinaria  (Laterana), 
p.  9  and  note  4 ;  — ,  Aurelia,  p. 
12  and  note  2,  p.  63  note  2 ; 
— ,  dello  Brunoso,  p.  12  note 
1;  — ,  Campania  (S.  Paolo), 
p.  8  and  note  1 ;  — ,  Capena 
(S.  Paolo),  p.  8  note  1,  p.  66 ; 
— ,  CoUatina,  p.  12  and  note 
1 ;  — ,  Colina  (CoUina),  p.  12 
and  note  1  ;  — ,  Flaminia,  p. 
7,  p.  12  ;  Ootavian's  tower 
near,  p.  42,  p.  148  note  2,  p. 
163,  p.  164  ;  — ,  Labicana  or 
Lavicana,  p.  10;  — ,  Laterana 
or  Asinaria,  p.  9  ;  — ,  Latina, 
p.  8,  p.  20,  p.  145  ;  — ,  Lavi- 
cana (Labicana),  p.  10,  p. 
79 ;  — ,  Maggiore,  p.  10  note 
2 ;  — ,  Metronia  (Triconia), 
stream  passing  through  tower 
of,  p.  9  ;  — ,  Nomentana,  p. 
11;  — ,  Pinciana,  p.  11;  — , 
Portuensis,  p.  12  ;  — ,  S.  Gio- 
vanni, p.  10  note  1 ;  — ,  S. 
Lawrence,  p.  10  ;  also  called 
Taurina  or  Tiburtina,  p.  10  ; 
— ,  S.  Pancras,  p.  12  note  2  ; 
— ,  S.  Paul,  p.  7  ;  also  called 
Capena  and  Campania,  p.  8 
and  note  1 ;  miracle  of  S. 
Silvester  at,  p.  8,  p.  50  note 
2,  p.  66,  p.  130 ;  — ,  S.  Peter 
in  Adriano,  p.  12  note  1 ;  — ^ 
Salaria,  p.  11,  p.  82  note  2; 
— ,  della  Salciccia,  at  Viterbo, 
p.  10  note  3  ;  — ,  Taurina  (S. 
Lawrence),  p.  10  ;  — ,  Tibur- 
tina (S.  Lawrence),  p.  10 ;  — , 
Triconia  (Metronia),  p.  9. 

Portico  of  S.  Angelo  to  Vati- 
can, p.  25  note  3. 

Porticus  Oallatorum,  p.  170 
note  1. 

Porto,  p.  114  note  1,  p.  181 
note  1. 

Posterulas  iujcta,  p.  92  note  1. 

Pratellus,  one  of  the  naked 
men  of  the  Caballus,  p.  29. 

Pretextatus,  cemetery  of,  p. 
20. 

Pretextatus,  father  of  S.  Ana- 
stasia,  p.  99. 

Pretorian  Guard,  p.  68  note  2. 

Priscilla,  cemetery  of,  p.  20; 


184 


INDEX 


discovery  of  in  1590,   p.   21. 

note  2,  p.  141  note  1. 
Priscilla,  p.  117  note  2. 
Priscus   Tarquinius,    arch   of, 

p.  45  and  note  2 ;  circus  of, 

p.  45. 
Probns,  emperor,  p,  55. 
Procate,  father  of  Amilius,  p. 

4. 
Procopius,  p.  12  note  1,  p.  126 

note  1. 
Prosper,  notary  to  Pope  Leo, 

p.  57  and  note  1. 
Protasius,  p.  103,  p.  112. 
Provence,  p.  57  note  1. 
Publius,  husband  of  S.  Ana- 

stasia,  p.  99  and  note  1,  p.  100. 
Publius  Gaius,  p.  42  note  1. 
Pudens,  p.  117   note  2  ;    dis- 
ciple of  S.  Peter,  p.  117,  p. 

147  note  4. 
Punicus,  p.  117  note  2. 
Puriandrus,  p.  44  and  note  8. 
Pyramid  of  Cestius,  p.  8. 
Pythagoras,  p.  1. 

Q. 

Quinctius,  C,  consul,  p.  1S4 
note  2. 

Quintilius,  emperor,  p.  55. 

Quintus  Curtius,  see  Marcus  C. 

Quiriacus,  Christian  name  of 
Judas,  who  found  the  Holy 
Cross,  p.  145. 

Quirilla,  p.  82. 

Quirinal,  p.  43  note  1 ;  — 
palace,  p.  63  note  2. 

Quiiini,  cardinal,  p.  115  note 
2. 

Quirinus,  another  name  for 
Romulus,  p.  7. 

Quirinus,  a  deacon,  p.  116. 

Quirinus,  jailer  of  Pope  Alex- 
ander I,  p.  98  and  note ;  his 
conversion,  p.  98. 

Quirinus,  jailer  of  Hermes,  p. 
108  ;  endeavours  to  persuade 
his  prisoner  to  abandon  the 
Christian  faith,  p.  108;  is 
converted,  together  with  his 
daughter  Balbina,  by  a  mira- 
cle, p.  108. 

R. 

Radegund,   empress,  p.   115 ; 

her  ordeal,  p.  115. 
Rakes,  see  Cultivation,  p.   6 

note  2. 
Rampolla,    cardinal,    p.    109 

note  1. 
Raphael,  p.  61  note  1,  p.  104 

note  2. 
Ravenna,  p.  69  note  1,  p.  77 

note  2,  p.  113  note  1,  p.  140, 

p.  141  note  2,  p.  167  note  1. 
Rea,  daughter  of  Munitor,  p.  4 ; 

gives  birth  to  Romulus  and 


Remus,  p.  4  and  note  2  ;  fate 
of,  p.  5. 

Reati,  p.  4  note  2. 

Reatyne,  p.  14. 

Redempta,  pp.  100-1. 

Reggio,  p.  57  note  1. 

Remus,  slain,  p.  4 ;  captured 
and  brought  to  Munitor,  p.  5  ; 
death  of,  p.  6  and  note  1 ; 
where  buried,  p.  8  ;  palace  of, 
p.  17,  p.  50  note  2. 

Rheims,  p.  147  note  2. 

Rhodes,  p.  35  note  1. 

Rhone,  valley  of, p.  121  note  1. 

Riario,  cardinal,  p.  128  note  2. 

Ricimer,  p.  117  note  1. 

Riez,  p.  57  note  1. 

Ripa  Greca,  p.  167  note  1. 

Robert  Guiscard,  p.  105  note  1, 
p.  126  note  2. 

Romanus,  a  knight,  p.  82. 

Rome,  date  of  foundation  of, 
p.  5. 

Romen,  daughter  or  cousin  to 
Aeneas,  flies  from  Troy  to 
Italy,  Rome  named  after  her, 
p.  4. 

Romula,  pp.  100-1. 

Romulus,  born,  p.  4 ;  comes  to 
Munitor  in  search  of  Remus, 
p.  5 ;  kills  Amilius,  p.  5 ; 
calls  various  nations  to  Rome, 
p.  6  ;  appoints  senators  and 
knights,  p.  7 ;  taken  up  to 
heaven,  p.  7  ;  called  Quirinus, 
p.  7,  p.  14;  together  with 
Celienne  fights  the  Latin 
tribes,  p.  15  ;  palace  of,  p.  16, 
p.  52 ;  temple  of  Romulus,  son 
of  Maxentius,  p.  92  note  2. 

Romulus  and  Remus,  found 
Rome,  p.  3 ;  exposed,  p.  5,  p. 
5  note  1 ;  found  by  Faustulus 
and  Lupa,  p.  5 ;  dispute  be- 
tween brothers,  p.  6 ;  their 
burial-place,  p.  47  and  note  2. 

Romulus  posthumus,  p.  53. 

Rouen,  p.  59  note  1. 

Rucellai,  a  pilgi-im  of  1450,  p. 
62  note  2. 

Ruinart,  Dom  Thierri,  p.  150 
note  3. 

Rulers  of  Rome,  chapter  on, 
p.  52. 

S. 
Sabinella,  p.  117  and  note  2. 
Sabines,  summoned  to  Rome  by 

Romulus,  p.  6 ;  rape  of  Sabine 

women,  p.  7. 
Sabinus,  pope,  p.  157. 
Sacramentarium  of  S.Gregory, 

p.  88  note  2. 
Sages,  the   seven,  p.  44  and 

note  3. 

Saints. 
S.  Abacuk,  p.  127  and  note  1. 


SS.  Abdon  and  Sennen,  p.  116 
and  note  1. 

S.  Adauctus,  p.  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Agapitus,  p.  120  note  1. 

S.  Agnes,  p.  76  and  note  1 ; 
h^r  ward,  p.  114. 

S.  Alexander  I,  pope,  p.  98 
note  2,  p.  108  note  1. 

S.  Alexis,  buried  in  Church  of 
S.  Boniface,  p.  15  and  note  1, 
p.  17,  p.  86,  p.  124,  p.  134. 

S.  Amator,  p.  64  note  1. 

S.  Ambrose,  writes  book  in 
honour  of  Emperor  Gratian, 
p.  13^;  his  JExameron,  p.  29, 
p.  55,  p.  56,  p.  103  note  3, 
p.  113  note  1,  p.  126  note  1. 

S.  Ananias,  p.  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Anastasia,  martyred,  p.  55  ; 
buried  at  S.  Croce,  p.  76 ; 
feast  of,  p.  76;  a  wealthy 
Christian,  p.  99 ;  wedded  to 
a  heathen,  lives  apart  from 
him,  p.  99  ;  imprisoned,  p.  99  ; 
her  judge  struck  blind,  p.  99  ; 
banished  to  Insula  Falmaria, 
p.  99 ;  martyred,  p.  100  and 
note  1,  p.  137,  p.  138  note  1. 

S.  Andrew,  his  altar  at  S, 
Peter's,  p.  63. 

S.  Anne,  p.  130. 

S.  Anteros,  pope,  p.  68  note  1. 

S.  Anthony,  p.  110  note  1,  p. 
144. 

S.  ApoUinaris,  p.  57  note  1 ; 
disciple  of  S.  Peter,  p.  142 ; 
goes  to  Ravenna,  p.  142  ;  tor- 
mented, p.  143;  his  miracles, 
p.  143  ;  again  tortured  and 
banished,  p.  143;  raises  duke's 
daughter  from  dead,  p.  143  ; 
martyrdom,  p.  143  and  note  2. 

S.  Appropinanus,  p.  131  and 
note  1. 

S.  Archemius,  p.  180. 

S.  Athanasius,  p.  110  note  1. 

SS.  Attica  and  Artemia,  p.  76 
note  2. 

S.  Audactus,  p.  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Audifax,  p.  127  and  note  1. 

S.  Aurea,  p.  92  and  note  3. 

3.  Auspicius,  p.  149  note  2. 

S.  Austin,  his  account  of  the 
Sibyl  and  Augustus,  p.  40 ; 
writes  against  Manichaeans, 
p.  55,  p.  56 ;  writes  de  civitnte 
Dei,  p.  57  ;  dies,  p.  57 ;  his 
body  translated  to  Pa  via,  p.  58, 
p.  60,  p.  80 ;  hermits  of, 
p.  92;  hiB  de  mirahilibus  sacr. 
Script,  p.  105;  hermits  of, 
p.  123  ;  his  de  moribxis  eccle- 
siae,  p.  147,  p.  154 ;  hermits 
of,  p.  164,  p.  167. 

S.  Balbina,  hill  of,  p.  16; 
daughter  of  Quirinus,  her 
charity,  p.  108  note  1,  p.  108. 


INDEX 


185 


S.  Barnabas,  his  body  found 
with  S.  Matthew's,  p.  57, 
p.  110. 

S.  Basilides,  p.  103  note  1. 

S.  Beatrix,  p.  180  and  note  1. 

S.  Benedict,  his  altar  at  S. 
Paul's,  p.  67  ;  vigil  of,  p. 
77. 

S.  Benedicta,  p  91  note  1. 

S.  Bernard,  crusade  of,  p.  60, 
p.  169  and  note  3. 

S.  Bibiana,  her  head  at  S.  Mary 
Major,  p.  85  and  note  1. 

S.  Bryde,  spoken  to  by  crucifix 
at  S.  Paul's,  p.  67. 

S;  Caius,  p.  68  note  2,  p.  ]23 
note  2. 

S.  Callixtus,  pope,  p.  69  note  1 ; 
founds  S.  Mary  Transtiberina, 
p.  Ill  note  1. 

S.  Candidus,  p.  121  and  note  1. 

S.  Carpophorus,  p.  127,  p.  128 
note  1. 

S.  Charles  Borromeo,  p.  181 
note  8,  p.  147  note  4. 

S.  Cecilia,  p.  7 ;  martyred, 
p.  54  ;  buried  in  cemetery  of 
Callixtus,  p.  69  ;  married  to 
Tiburtius,  p.  109 ;  martyred 
in  her  own  house  and  buried 
in  Catacombs,  p.  110  and 
note  1 ;  her  piety,  p.  110. 

S.  Celestine,  pope,  p.  169  note  1. 

S.  Cesarius,  buried  at  S.  Croce, 
p.  76  and  note  3 ;  his  feast, 
p.  76. 

S.  ChrysogonuB,  p.  7  ;  see  chap- 
ter on  S.  Anastasia,  pp.  99- 
100  and  note  1,  p.  109  note 
2  ;  persecuted  by  Diocletian, 
p.  137 ;  tempted  to  abjure 
Christianity,  p.  187  ;  refuses, 
and  is  martyred  ad  aquas 
gradatas,  p.  137,  p- 188  note  1. 

S.  Ciriaca,  p.  104  note  2. 

S.  Ciriacus  (Cyriacus),  p.  106  ; 
p.  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Ciriacus,  deacon  of  Pope 
S.  Marcellus,  p.  138  ;  perse- 
cuted by  Diocletian,  p.  138  ; 
casts  out  devil  from  emperor's 
daughter,  p.  139 ;  baptizes 
her,  p.  139  ;  is  sent  to  Baby- 
lon, p.  139 ;  casts  out  devil 
from  king's  daughter,  p.  189  ; 
baptizes  king  and  his  family, 
p.  139 ;  martyred  by  Maxi- 
mian,  p.  139  and  note  3. 

S.  Clement,  baptizes  Nazarius, 
p.  103 ;  third  pope  after 
S.  Peter,  p.  106  and  note  2 ; 
hisEpistle  to  S.James, p.  106 ; 
his  meekness,  p.  106 ;  exiled 
by  Trajan,  p.  106  ;  martyred, 
p.  106 ;  miracle  of,  p.  106, 
p.  107  note  2 ;  body  trans- 
lated, p.  107. 


S.  Concordia,  p.  82  note  2. 

SS.  Cosfno  and  Damian,  come 
from  Arabia,  p.  121  ;  tor- 
mented and  martyred  by 
Lysias,  pp.  121-2  and  note  1 ; 
relics  of,  p.  140. 

S.  Crispinianus,  p.  91  note  1. 

S.  Crispus,  p.  91  note  1. 

S.  Cyprian,  p.  68  note  1,  p.  97 
note  1. 

S.  Cyriacus,  p.  130  note  1. 
See  S.  Ciriacus. 

S.  Cyrillus,  p.  107  and  note  1. 

S.  Cyrinus,  p.  108  note  1. 

S.  Damasus,pope,p.  128  note  2, 
p.  129  and  note  2. 

S.  Demetria,  p.  85  note  1. 

S.  Denis,  his  books  translated, 
p.  59,  p.  68  note  1,  p.  182 
note  8. 

SS.  Digna  and  Emerita,  p.  132 
note  8. 

S.  Dominic,  p.  86  note  1 ; 
miraculously  saved,  memorial 
thereof,  p.  87. 

S.  Domitilla,  p.  149  note  2. 

S.  Dunstan,  p.  83  note  1. 

S.  Edward,  p.  83  note  1. 

S.  Eudosia,  p.  97  note  1. 

S.  Eusebius,  a  priest  during 
reign  of  Constantine  II,  p.  133 ; 
imprisoned,  dies  in  prison, 
p.  184  and  note  1. 

S.  Fabian,  pope,  buried  at 
S.  Sebastian,  p.  68  and  note  1 ; 
elected  pope  by  a  miracle, 
p.  68  ;  orders  first  martyr- 
ology  to  be  compiled,  p.  68. 

S.  Faustinus,  p.  180  and  note 
1. 

S.  FelicissimuB,  p.  120  note  1. 

S.  Felix,  martyr,  p.  130  and 
note  1. 

S.  Felix,  pope,  p.  92  and  note  2. 

S.  Firmin,  p.  68  note  2. 

S.  Focas,  p.  140  note  2. 

S.  Francis,  p.  134. 

S.  Gabinus,  p.  123  and  note  4, 
p.  124  note  2. 

S.  Galla,  p.  170  and  notes  1 
and  4. 

S.  Gamaliel,  p.  80  note  2. 

S.  George,  his  head  ahown, 
pp.  87-8  and  note  1,  p.  88; 
was  he  apocryphal?  p.  88  and 
note  2 ;  decision  of  Nicene 
Council,  p.  88 ;  born  inCappa- 
docia,  kills  the  dragon  and 
converts  the  king,  p.  88  ;  tor- 
mented and  martyred,  p.  88  ; 
patron  saint  of  England, 
pp.  88-9 ;  apparition  of  at  siege 
of  Jerusalem,  p.  89. 

SS.  Gervasius  and  Protasius, 
p.  108  note  3. 

S.  Giminianus,  p.  130  and  note 
1. 

Bb 


S.  Gregory,  p.  11  note  1,  p.  11 
note  5  ;  miracle  in  his  time  at 
Castel  S.  Angelo,  p.  12,  p.  83 
note  1 ,  p.  65 ;  his  altar  at  S. 
Peter's,  p.  68 ;  his  body,  p.  63, 
p.  63  note  2  ;  his  Mass  and  the 
angel,  p.  68  ;  orders  stations 
to  be  held,  p.  85,  p.  88  note 
2,  p.  89  note  1;  his  40th 
homily  on  Redempta,  p.  100  ; 
reads  homily  at  S.  Clement, 
p.  105  note  1,  p.  110,  p.  112 
note  1,  p.  113  note  8,  p.  129, 
p.  147,  p.  150  note  8  ;  miracle 
of  the  angel,  p.  155,  p.  157, 
p.  169  note  1,  p.  170  note  1. 

S.  Helen,  her  body  translated, 
p.  59,  p.  76  note  1 ;  presents 
relics  to  S.  Croce,  p.  77  ;  her 
chapel  called  Jerusalem,  p. 
77,  p.  79;  goes  to  Jerusalem 
in  search  of  the  cross,  p.  124  ; 
Judas  reveals  where  it  is 
hidden,  p.  125,  p.  126  note  1, 
p.  145  and  note  1,  p.  152, 
p.  166. 

S.  Hippolytus,  p.  82  note  2. 

S.  Ignatius,  p.  106  and  note  1. 

S.  Isidore,  p.  29  note  2. 

S.  James,  his  miraculous  ap- 
pearance to  his  brother,  p.  74 ; 
killed  by  Herod  Agrippa, 
p.  96,  p.  97,  p.  102  ;  martyr- 
dom, p.  108  ;  relic  of,  p.  187, 
p.  146  note  8,  pp.  160-1. 

S.  Januarius,  p.  120  note  1. 

S.  Jerome,  speaks  of  Pyth»- 
goras's  travels,  p.  1 ;  his  own 
travels  in  Palestine,  p.  1  ; 
writes  de  didanciis  loconinty 
p.  1,  p.  41  note  1,  p.  56;  dies 
at  Bethlehem,  p.  57 ;  his  Bible, 
p.  67  and  note  2;  his  body  at 
S.  Mary  Major,  p.  85  ;  his 
remark  on  Origen's  works, 
p.  88,  p.  90  note  1,  p.  12» 
note  1,  p.  129,  p.  ''44. 

S.  John  Baptist,  chapel  of, 
closed  to  women,  p.  71  ;  relics 
of,  p.  78  ;  garment  of  at  S. 
Croce,  p.  77  ;  slain  by  Herod 
Antipas,  p.  97 ;  head  of, 
p.  182  and  note  8,  p.  160. 

S.  John  Chrysostom,  his  body, 
p.  63,  p.  97  note  1. 

S.  John  of  EphesuB,  p.  34  note  3. 

S.  John  Evangelist,  martyr- 
dom, p.  9,  p.  84  note  3;  relics 
of,  p.  78 ;  preaches  before 
Domitian,  p.  74 ;  gives  picture 
of  our  Lord  to  Polycarp,  p.  76, 
p.  91  note  1 ;  put  in  tun  of 
boiling  oil,  p.  145 ;  imprisoned, 
p.  145  ;  Domitian  oitlers  him 
to  be  sent  to  Rome,  p.  146 
and  note  8 ;  exiled  to  Patmos, 
p.  146,  p.  152,  p.  154. 


186 


INDEX 


SS.  John  and  Paul,  p.  76  note 
2,  p.  91  note  ;  in  Constan- 
tia*s  household,  p.  90  ;  in- 
herit her  property,  p.  90 ; 
Julian  the  Apostate,  hearing 
this,  sends  for  them,  p.  90 ; 
they  refuse  to  come,  p.  91  ; 
Terentianus  orders  them  to 
sacrifice,  they  refuse,  p.  91; 
martyred,  p.  91 ;  buried  in 
their  own  house,  p.  91 ;  they 
cast  out  devil  from  son  of 
Terentianus,  who  is  converted, 
p.  92. 

S.  John  I,  pope,  p.  92  note  2, 
p.  170  and  note  1. 

S.  Joseph,  his  hose  at  S.  Mary 
Major,  p.  85. 

S.  Judas  (Quiriacus),  p.  145 
note  1. 

S.  Julius,  pope,  p.  148  note  2. 

S.  Largus,  p.  130  and  note  1, 
p.  189  note  3. 

S.  Laurence,  disciple  of  Sixtus, 
p.  8 ;  martyrdom  of,  p.  22, 
p.  54 ;  his  shoulder,  a  relic, 
p.  73,  p.  75  note  1 ;  relic  of  at 
S.  Croce,  p.  77  ;  buried  with 
S.  Stephen,  p.  80  ;  miracle  of, 
on  arrival  of  S.  Stephen's 
body,  p.  81,  p.  82  note  2; 
vision  of,  p.  83,  p.  97  ;  his 
torment  and  martyrdom, 
p.  101  and  note  2  ;  saves  soul 
of  Emperor  *  Heriy ',  p.  115  ; 
disciple  to  S.  Sixtus,  p.  119  ; 
joins  him  in  his  martyrdom, 
p.  120;  his  chains  at  his 
church  in  Lucina,  p.  122  ; 
his  miracles,  p.  123,  p.  129. 

S.  Lazarus,  p.  106. 

S.  Leo,  p.  57  note  1 ;  his  altar 
at  S.  Peter's,  p.  63  ;  his  body, 
p.  63. 

S.  Linus,  p.  103  note  3. 

S.  Longius  (?  Longinus),  p.  92. 

S.  Lucia,  p.  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Lucina,  p.  63  note  2,  p.  122 
note  3. 

S.  Luke,  prepares  to  paint 
portrait  of  our  Lord,  p.  75 ; 
finds  it  painted  by  an  .angel, 
p.  75  ;  picture  given  to  Poly- 
carp,  p.  76 ;  his  picture  at 
St.  Mary  Major  and  his  arm, 
p.  85 ;  his  picture  at  S.  Mary 
of  the  People,  p.  164,  p.  165 
and  note  1. 

S.  Magnus,  p.  120  note  1. 

S.  Mamert,  Bishop  of  Vienne, 
p.  57. 

S.  Marcellinus,  baptizes  Peter's 
jailer,  p.  114  and  note  1 ; 
martyred,  p.  114. 

S.  Marcellinus,  pope,  p.  141 
note  1. 

S.  Marcellus,  pope,  p.  138,  p. 


189  note  3  ;  elected  in  time 
of  Maxentius,  p.  140  ;  dedi- 
cates S.  Mary  in  Via  Lata, 
p.  141  ;  church  made  a  stable, 
p.  141 ;  condemned  to  work 
in  same,  and  dies,  p.  141 ;  is 
the  first  to  institute  cardi- 
nals, p.  141 ;  body  found 
during  alterations  of  1869,  p. 
141  note  1. 

S.  Marius,  p.  127  note  1. 

S.  Mark,  pope,  p.  115  note  2, 

S.  Martha,  p.  127  note  1. 

S.  Martial,  p.  152  note  1. 

S.  Martin,  octave  of,  is  the 
feast  of  dedication  of  S. 
Peter's,  p.  63 ;  and  of  S. 
Paul's,  p.  67. 

S.  Martin,  pope,  p.  131  ;  calls 
Council,  p.  132  ;  emperor 
sends  Olympius  to  assassinate 
him,  p.  132  ;  exiled  to  Cher- 
son,  and  dies,  p.  182  and 
note  2. 

S.  Martinianus,  relics  of,  p.  63 
and  note  2. 

S.  Matthew,  his  body  and  that 
of  S.  Barnabas  found  with  his 
Gospel,  p.  57  ;  his  body  at  S. 
Mary  Major,  p.  85. 

S.  Mauricius,  p.  121  note  1. 

S.  Maurus,  p.  180  and  note  1. 

S.  Menna,  p.  92  and  note  3. 

S.  Methodius,  p.  107  note  1. 

S.  Monica,  p.  92  ;  translation 
of,  p.  93. 

S.  Nabor,  p.  103  note  1. 

S.  Nazanup,  p.  103  note  1. 

SS.  Nazarius  and  Celsus,  p. 
103  note  1. 

SS.  Nereua  and  Achilleus,  p. 
149  and  note  2. 

S.  Nicholas,  p.  130,  p.  184; 
his  life  of  abstinence  and  vir- 
tue, p.  134  ;  patron  of  mari- 
ners, p.  135 ;  chosen  bishop, 
p.  135  and  note  2. 

SS.  Novatius  and  Timotheus, 
p.  117  note  2.i 

S.  Nympha,  p.  94  note  1. 

S.  Pancras,  p.  7 ;  feast  of,  p. 
51  note  2,  p.  70;  head  of,  p. 
73  and  note  2. 

S.  Papias,  p.  34  note  3. 

S.  Pastor,  perhaps  brother  of 
Pius  I,  p.  74  note  3. 

S.  Paul,  head  of  carried  away 
and  hidden,  p.  67  ;  martyr- 
dom and  burial,  p.  70  and 
note  1,  p.  80  and  note  2,  p. 
91  note  1 ;  legend  of  Plau- 
tilla,  pp.  130-1 ;  his  Epistle 
to  the  Ephesians,  p.  158,  p. 
161. 

S.  Peter,  picture  of  his  meet- 
ing with  our  Lord,  p.  21 ;  site 
of  his  crucifixion,  p.  48,  p.  63 


note  2 ;  crucifixion  again  men- 
tioned, p.  69  and  note  1,  p. 
70  ;  burial,  pp.  69-70,  p.  75 
note  1 ;  persecuted  by  Herod 
Agrippa,  p.  96  ;  miraculously 
delivered,  p.  96  ;  chains  found 
by  Eudoxia,  p.  96  ;  Augus- 
tus's feast-day  dedicated  to 
him,  p.  96  ;  baptizes  Africa- 
nu3  and  Perpetua,  p.  108 ; 
appoints  his  successor,  p,  106 
and  note  2  ;  miraculously 
hidden  in  S.  Pudenziana,  p. 
117 ;  concealment  revealed, 
p.  117  ;  stone  on  which  he 
wept,  p.  136,  p.  137,  p.  142, 
p.  143  note  2,  p.  148,  p.  149, 
p.  149  note  4,  p.  151,  p.  160, 
p.  162  and  note  2,  p.  166 
and  note  2. 

S.  Peter,  companion  to  Mar- 
cellinus, converts  his  jailer, 
p.  113  ;  martyred,  p.  114  and 
note. 

SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  p.  46; 
their  bodies  divided,  p.  68,  p. 
66  ;  laid  in  the  Catacombs,  p. 
69 ;  heads  shown  in  Holy 
Week,  p.  73  and  note  1,  p, 
98  note  1,  p.  117  note  2,  p. 
120  note  1,  p.  122  note  4  ; 
appear  to  Plautilla,  p.  131,  p. 
161. 

S,  Peter  Chrysologus  (Chryso- 
stom),  p.  143  note  2. 

S.  Petronilla,  relics  of,  p.  63 ; 
called  also  S.  Parnel,  p. 
124. 

S.  Philip,  p.  102  and  note  4  ; 
martyrdom  of,  p.  103. 

S.  Phocas,  p.  140  note  2. 

S.  Plautilla,  p.  131  and  note  2. 

S.  Polycarp,  brings  S.  Luke's 
picture  of  our  Lord  to  Rome, 
p.  76. 

S.  Praxedis,  p.  117  and  notes 
1  and  2,  p.  148  and  note  1. 

S.  Prisca  (Priscilla),  daughter 
of  a  consul,  p.  149  and  note 
4  ;  accused  of  being  a  Chris- 
tian, p.  149  ;  refuses  to  sacri- 
fice, p.  150 ;  tormented  and 
martyred,  p.  150  and  note  1. 

S.  Processus,  relics  of,  p.  63 
and  note  2. 

S.  Prosper,  p.  57  note  1. 

S.  Pudens,  p.  117  note  2,  p. 
147  note  4. 

S.  Pudenziana,  p.  117  notes  1 

and  2,  p.  148  and  note  1. 

S.  Quartus,  p.  120  note  1. 

SS.  Quatuor  Coronati,  hill  of, 
p.  16  ;  martyred,  pp.  127-8, 
p.  128  note  1. 

S.  Quiriacus,  p.  145  note  1. 

S.  Quirilla,  p.  82  note  2. 

S.  QuirinuB,  p.  108  note  1. 


INDEX 


187 


SS,  Redempta  and  Romula,  pp. 
100-1,  p.  101  note  1. 

S.  Respicius,  p.  94  and  note  1 ; 
raises  maa  from  dead,  p.  93  ; 
martyred,  p.  94. 

S.  Romanus,  p.  82  note  2. 

S.  Sabina,  p.  87  note  2  ;  daugh- 
ter of  Herod  Metallarius,  p. 
86 ;  married  to  Valentine, 
and  friend  of  Seraphia,  p.  86  ; 
Seraphia  martyred,  p.  86 ; 
Berillus  attempts  to  pervert 
her,  p.  86  ;  tried  and  mar- 
tyi-ed,  p.  87. 

S.  Salome,  p.  146  and  note  3. 

S.  Saturninus,  p.  21  note  1. 

S.  Sebastian,  vision  of,  p.  22 ; 
martyred,  p.  55  ;  his  altar, 
p.  68  and  note  2,  p.  144. 

S.  Seraphia,  p.  87  note  1. 

S.  Serapion,  p.  110  note  1. 

S.  Severus,  p.  127,  p.  128  note  1. 

S.  Severianus,  p.  127,  p.  128 
note  1. 

S.  Silvester,  miracle  of,  p.  8 ; 
made  lord  of  Rome,  p.  35 ; 
destroys  idols  at  Colosseum, 
p.  86  ;  contest  with  the  devil, 
p.  36  and  note  1,  p.  62 
note  2  ;  divides  relics  of 
SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  p.  66, 
p.  71  and  note  1 ;  conse- 
crates Lateran,  miracle,  p. 
73  ;  preaches  to  Constantine, 
inscription  recording  this, 
p.  74  note  1 ;  consecrates 
S.  Croce,  p.  76,  p.  77  ;  given 
dominion  over  West,  p.  94, 
p.  124,  p.  131  and  note  8, 
p.  132  and  note  3,  p.  141, 
pp.  166-7,  p.  166  note  2. 

S.  Simnjetrius,  p.  118  note  2. 

SS.  Simon  and  Jude,  altar  at 
S.  Peter's,  p.  63  ;  their  bodies, 
p.  63. 

S.  Simplicius,  p,  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Sixtus,  pope,  martyred,  p.  8, 
p.  54,  p.  81 ;  born  at  Athens, 
p.  119 ;  comes  to  Rome,  elected 
pope,  p.  119  ;  persecution  of, 
p.  119 ;  refuses  to  sacrifice, 
p.  119  ;  martyred,  p.  120  and 
note  1. 
S.  Smaragdus,  p.  130  and  note  1, 

p.  139  note  3. 
S.  Stephanus,  p.  120  note  1. 
S.  Stephen,  pope,  where  buried, 
p.  68,  p.  79  note   2,  p.  120 
note  i,  p.  132  note  3. 
S.  Stephen,  protomartyr,  p.  79 
note  2  ;   buried  with  S.  Lau- 
rence, p.  80 ;  first  buried  by 
Gamaliel,  p.  80  and  note  2  ; 
place  revealed  in  vision,  p.  80  ; 
removal  of  body,  p.  80  and 
note  2;  oratory  of,  at  Jeru- 
salem, p.  80 ;  body  placed  in 


silver  chest,  p.  80 ;  removed 
to  Constantinople,  p.  81 ;  sent 
to  Rome,  p.  81 ;  finally  trans- 
lated to  S.  Lawrence's,  p.  81, 
p.  97  and  note  1 ;  his  martyr- 
dom, p.  125,  p.  130  ;  brother 
to  Judas  (Quiriacus),  p.  145; 
his  head,  p.  145. 

S.  Susanna,  translation  of, 
p.  123  and  note  4  ;  formerly 
believed  to  be  Susanna  of  the 
Old  Testament,  p.  124;  her 
piety,  p.  124  and  note  2. 

S.  Swithin,  p.  85  note  1. 

SS.  Thomajus  and  Rogatus, 
p.  114  note  1. 

S.  Thomas,  his  body  brought  to 
Edissa,  p.  18. 

S.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  arm 
and  vestment  of,  at  S.  Maiy 
Major,  p.  85 ;  his  hospital 
(the  present  English  College), 
p.  157,  p.  167  and  note  8. 

S.  Tiburtius,  martyred,  p.  54. 

S.  Timothy,  p.  130  and  note  1. 

S.  Titus,  p.  130  and  note  1. 

SS.  Tryphoii  and  Respicius, 
p.  93;  S.  Tryphon  baptiz-d, 
p.  93 ;  cures  child,  p.  98 ; 
raises  man  from  dead,  p.  98  ; 
martyred,  p.  94  and  note  1. 

S.  Tryphonia,  p.  82  note  2. 

S.  Urban,  martyred,  p.  54 ;  con- 
secrates Church  of  S.  Cecilia, 
p.  110. 

S.  Ursicinus,  p.  118  note  1. 

S.  Valentine,  p.  148  and  note  2. 

S.  Valerian,  martyred,  p.  54. 

S.  Veronica,  her  altar,  p.  61 
note  3,  p.  64  note  1. 

S.  Victorinus,  p.  127,  p.  128 
note  1. 

S.  Vincent,  p.  75  note  1 ;  relic 
of,  at  S.  Croce,  p.  77. 

S.  Vincentius,  p.  120  note  1. 
S.  Vitale,  father  of  SS.  Ger- 
vasius  and  Protasius,  p.  112  ; 
consul  at  Milan,  p.  112  ;  con- 
version of,  goes  to  Ravenna, 
p.  112;  encourages  a  Christian 
on  way  to  death,  p.  112  ;  tried, 
and  cruelly  martyred,  p.  113 
and  note  1. 
S.  Ysidore,  p.  55. 
S.  Zoilus,  p.  137,  p.  138  and 
note  2. 

Salaria,  curious  reversal  in  de- 
rivation of  name,  p.  11  note  8. 

Sallust,  p.  45 ;  forum  of,  p.  123 
note  2 ;  gardens  of,  p.  139 
note  3. 

Salome,  mother  of  S.  John 
Evangelist,  p.  146  and  note  3. 

Salvatio  Romae,  made  by  Ver- 
gil, p.  27 ;  description  of,  p.  27 
and  note  3. 

Bb2 


Samaritan  woman,  the,  p.  180. 
Samson,  p.  86  note  1 ;  palla 

of,  the,  p.  36  note  1. 
Sancta    Sanctorum,    p.    165 

note  1. 
Sangallo,  p.  61  note  1. 
Sansovino,  p.  140  note  1. 
Sapor,  King  of  Persia,  p.  189 

note  3. 
Saracens,   defeated    owing    to 

vision   of  S.  George,  p.  89, 

p.  114  note  1. 
Sardica,    council    of,    p.    110 

note  1. 
Saturn,  builds  a  city  on  Capi- 

toline,  p.  8 ;  Janus  deified  in 

his  time,  p.  18. 
Saturnia,  a  town  on  the  Capi- 

toline  hill,  p.  15. 
Saturninus,  p.  138. 
Scala  Celt,  p.  70,  p.  160. 
Scala  Sancta,  p.  75. 
Scipio  Borghese,  cardinal,  p.  89 

note  1,  p.  187  note  1. 
Scola  Oraecorum,  p.  17,  p.  167 

and  notes  1  and  3. 
Scola  Xantha,  p.  44  note  2. 
Secretariat  of  Nero,  p.  26. 
Sedes  (or   Sella)  Stercoraria, 

p.  74  and  note  3. 
Sem,  son  of  Noah,  ancestor  of 

Medes,  Persians,  and  Greeks, 

p.  3. 
Senate,  choose  Agrippa  to  sub- 
due Persia,  p.  87;  wish  to 

deify  Augustus,  p.  89. 
Senators,  appointed  by  Romu- 
lus, p.  7  ;  arch  of  the,  p.  19. 
Seneca,  p.  44. 
Sennen,    see    Abdon,    p.    116 

note  1. 
Septimosephero,  name  for  sta- 
tue  of  M.  Aurelius,  p.  81 
note  8. 

Septizoniiun,  p.  18,  p.  22,  p.  44; 
derivation  of  name,  p.  44  and 
note  1 ;  seven  wise  men  lived 
there,  p.  44  and  note  8. 

Sepulchre,  description  of  the 
holy,  p.  154. 

Sepultures,  of  Romulus  and 
Remus,  p.  47,  p.  60  note  2, 
p.  70  note  1. 

Seraphia,  p.  86. 

Serapion,  p.  110. 

Serenus  (Severus),  p.  114  and 
note  1. 

Sergius  II,  pope,  p.  181  note  3. 

Sergius  III,  pope,  p.  71  note  1. 

Sergius  IV,  pope,  p.  77  note  2. 

Servia,  p.  126  note  1. 

Servius  Tullius,  agger  of,  p.  88 
note  2. 

Sessorian  palace,  p.  76  note  1. 

Seth,  p.  153. 

Sette  Sale,  the,  description, 
p.  16  note  8. 


188 


INDEX 


Severian,  governor  of  Carta- 
gena, p.  29  note  2. 

Severianus,  p.  127,  p.  128 
note  1. 

Severius,  p.  127,  p.  128  note  1. 

Severua  Afer  (Septimius),  p. 
44  note  1. 

Severus  Alexander,  p.  18; 
stadium  of,  p.  142  note  1. 

Seville,  p.  29  note  2. 

Sforza,  Riario,  Cardinal,  p.  104 
note  2. 

Sheba,  Queen  of,  p.  153. 

Sibyl  of  Tibur,  consulted  by 
Augustus,  p.  40;  fasts  and 
meets  emperor,  p.  40,  p.  159. 

Sicanians,summoned  by  Romu- 
lus to  Rome,  p.  6. 

Sicily,  conquered,  p.  60,  p.  132 
note  2. 

Signorili,  p.  144  note  1,  p.  161 
note  3. 

Silice,  in,  see  Church  of  SS. 
Cosmo  and  Damian. 

Silva  Candida,  p.  114  note  1 ; 
silva  nigra,  ibid. 

Simon  Magus,  constructs  the 
Cantharus,  p.  46, p.  120  note  2. 

Simphorianus,  p.  127. 

Simplicius,  pope,  p.  20  note  4, 
p.  144  note  1. 

Simplicius,  p.  127. 

Sin  ope,  p.  140  note  2. 

Sion,  p.  80. 

Siricius,  pope,  p..  113  note  S> 

Sixtus,  p.  54. 

Sixtus,  pope,  p.  104. 

Sixtus  III,  pope,  p.  80  note  1, 
p.  83  note  2,  p.  86  note  1. 

Sixtus  IV,  pope,  p.  11  note  1, 
p.  36  note  1,  p.  96  note  1, 
p.  98  note  3,  p.  112  note  1, 
p.  148  note  3,  p.  163  note  3. 

Sixtus  V,  pope,  p.  74  note  3, 
p.  83  note  2. 

Slave's  collar, from  S.Clement's, 
p.  106  note  1. 

Sleepers,  the  seven,  awakened, 
p.  57. 

Smaragdus,  p.  139  and  note  3. 

*  Solace  of  pilgrimes ',  title  of 
this  book,  p.  2. 

Solinus,  his  de  tnirahilihus 
mundi,  on  date  of  name  of 
Rome,  p.  3,  p.  4  ;  his  account 
of  the  Palatine,  p.  14. 

Solomon,  pillars  of  the  temple 
of  at  S.  Peter's,  p.  61 ;  in- 
scription on,  p.  65  and  note  1, 
p.  66 ;  Hiram's  pillars  for, 
p.  73 ;  epithalamium  of,  p.  Ill, 
p.  153. 

Solon,  p.  44  and  note  3;  his 
laws  adopted  by  Numa,  p.  63. 

Sophia,  empress,  p.  58. 

Spain,  conquered,  p.  48. 

Sports,  on  omnis  terras  p.  15; 


description  of,  p.  61  and  note 

2. 
Stadium    of   Severus,   p.   142 

note  1. 
Stafford,  John,  cardinal,  p.  107 

note  4. 
Stations,  origin  and  meaning 

of,  p.  85. 
Stefaneschi,    cardinal,    p.    87 

note  4. 
Stephen  II,  pope,  p.  132  note  3. 
Stephen  III,  pope,  p.  11  note  1. 
Stephen  VI, pope, p.  126  note  2. 
Strabo,  p.  158  and  note  3. 
Sudary,  a  name  for  the  Ver- 

nacle,  p.  64. 
Suetonius,  his  saying  of  Caesar, 

p.  25. 
Sun,  temple  of  the,  p.  34  note 

5. 
Suspicius,  p.  63. 
Sylvester  II,  pope,  p.  76  note 

1,  p.  77  note  2. 
Symmachus,  p.  170  notes  1  and 

4. 
Symmachus,  pope,  p.  11  note  2, 

p.  90  note  1,  p.  131  note  3. 
Synnada,   in   Phrygia,   p.    73 

note  2. 
Synod,   of  694   a.d.,   p.    107 

note  3. 
Sy  racusans,  help  Saturn  to  build 

Rome,  p.  4. 

T. 

Taberna,  meritoria,  p.  Ill  note 
1. 

Tacitus,  emperor,  p.  56. 

Tamese,  nephew  of  Janus,  helps 
to  build  city  of  Janiculum, 
p.  8. 

Tarpeian  rock,  p.  26  note  1. 

Temple,  of  Ceres,  p.  22  note  2  ; 
— ,  of  Concordia,  p.  21,  p.  22 
note  2  ;  — ,  of  Concord  and 
Pity  (Venus  and  Rome), 
p.  22 ;  — ,  of  Flora,  p.  25 ;  — ,  of 
Hadrian,  p.  25  ;  — ,  of  Jeru- 
salem, p.  90  note  3  ;  of  Juno, 
p.  42  note  1 ;  — ,  of  Jupiter, 
p.  21,  p.  26  and  note  1,  p.  28  ; 
— ,  of  Mars,  p.  26 ;  — ,  of  Mer- 
cury, p.  22  note  2 ;  — ,  of 
Minerva,  p.  26 ;  on  west  side 
of  Capitol,  p.  28 ;  site  of 
Caesar's  murder,  p.  28;  — ,  ot 
Phoebus,  p.  25 ;  — ,  of  the 
Sun,  p.  34  note  5 ;  — ,  of  Tellus, 
p.  22  note  2 ;  — ,  of  Venus, 
p.  22 ;  —,  of  Vesta,  p.  21, 
p.  28,  p.  44  note  2,  p.  144 
note  1 ;  — ,  of  *  ye  lady  rose*, 
p.  28. 

Temple-Leader,  John,  p.  62 
note  2. 

Temples,  *  turned  to  service  ot 
saints,'  p.  25. 


Templum  pads,  or  palace  of 

Romulus,  p.  17,  p.  120. 
Templum  solis  et  lunae,  p.  44 

note  1. 

Templum  felluris,  p.  22  note  2. 
Terence,  p.  14  note  1. 
Terentianus,  kills  SS.  John  and 

Paul,  p.  91 ;  is  converted,  p.  92. 
Terme  Diocleziane,  p.  123. 
Termini,  p.  138  note  3. 
Terracina,  p.  76  note  3,  p.  149 

note  2. 
Terson,  see  Cherson,  p.  132. 
Testaccio,  sports  on,  p.  51  and 

note  2. 
Thales,  p.  44  note  3. 
Thaso,  a  precious  stone,  p.  127. 
Theatre,  of  Alexander,  p.  18  ; 

— ,  of  Anthony  (Marc),  p.  18 ; 

— ,  of  Flaminius,  p.  18  ;  — ,  of 

Nero,  p.  18  ;  — ,  of  Pompey, 

p.  18 ;  — ,  of  Tarquin,  p.  18  ; 

— ,  of  Titus  and  Vespasian, 

p.  18.  . 
Theatres    of    Rome,     general 

account  of,  p.  18  note  1. 
Theban  legion,  the,  p.  121  note 

1. 
Thebes,  p.  121. 
Thellophorus,  pope,  p.  104, 
Theodolphus,   Bishop    of    Or- 
leans, p.  147  and  note  2. 
Theodora,  empress,  p.  109  note 

1. 
Theodora,  p.  29  note  2. 
Theodore,  pope,  p.  148  note  2. 
Theodoric,  p.  57,  p.  92  note  2, 

p.  170  note  4. 
Theodoricus  Pauli,  p.  145  note 

1. 
Theodosius,  emperor,  his  arch, 

p.  18,  p.  34  note  3,  p.  56, 

p.  66  note  2. 
Theodosius  II,  emperor,  p.  29 

note  2  ;  with  Honorius,  p.  57  ; 

with  Valentinian,  p.  57. 
Theodosius  III,  emperor,  p.  58, 

p.  81,  p.  97  and  note  1. 
Theodulus,  p.  98  note  2. 
Thermes,  a  palace,  name  for 

baths   of  Diocletian,   p.  138 

note  3. 
Thessalonica,  p.  107  note  1. 
Thetford,  p.  1  note  2. 
Thmuis,  in  Egypt,  p.  110  note 

1. 
Tholome  (?  Ptolemy),  p.  158. 
Thrace,  p.  143  note  2. 
Tiber,   p.    9    note  1 ;    bridge, 

keys  of,  p.  10  note  3,  p.  46 

note  8,  p.  47  note  2. 
Tiberius,  emperor,  receives  the 

naked  philosophers,  p.  29  and 

note  5  ;  believed  to  have  been 

baptized,     p.     41     note     1 ; 

Tiberius  and  the  Sudarium, 

p.  64. 


INDEX 


189 


Tiberius  II,  emperor,  p.  58. 

Tiberius  III,  emperor,  p.  58. 

Tibur  (Tivoli),  in  subjection  to 
Rome,  p.  10. 

Tiburtius,  pp.  109-10,  p.  110 
note  2. 

Tillemont,  p.  126  note  1. 

Timotheus,  disciple  of  S.  Paul, 
p.  130  note  1. 

TUulus,  Aquilae  et  Priscaej 
p.  149  note  4  ;  — ,  Eqaitiiy 
p.  131  note  3;  Fasciolae, 
p.  148  note  8;  — ,  Ludrtae, 
p.  122  note  3 ;  — ,  Pammackii, 
p.  90  note  1 ;  — ,  Pastoris, 
p.  74  and  note  3,  p.  117  note  1 ; 
—',Pudentin,  p.  11 7  note  1 ;  — , 
S.  Silvestri,  p.  131  note  3 ;  — , 
— ,  Vestinae,  p.  112  note  1. 

Titus,  was  he  baptized  ?,  p.  41 
note  1. 

Titus  Accius,  p.  6  note  1. 

Titus  and  Vespasian,  where 
buried,  p.  16 ;  palace  of,  p.  17 ; 
arch  of,  p.  19. 

Titus,  disciple  of  S.  Paul,  p.  130 
and  note  1. 

Tomassetti,  his  article  on  Pope 
Joan  fable,  p.  74  note  3. 

Torre  cartularia,  p.  22. 

Toulouse,  p.  68  note  1. 

Tours,  p.  68  note  1. 

Tower  Hill,  p.  1  note  2. 

Towers,  in  walls  of  Rome,  p.  7 ; 
number  of,  p.  8. 

Trajan,  palace  of,  p.  17  ; 
Trajan  and  the  widow, 
pp.  19-20  and  note  1 ;  his 
arch,  p.  19,  p.  49  note  2, 
p.  98  note  2,  p.  106  and  note 
1 ;  baths  of,  p.  131  note  3. 

Trajan  and  Hadrian,  palace  of, 
p.  48,  p.  49  note  2. 

TVanstiberine  city,  p.  3  note  3 ; 
three  gates  of,  p.  7,  p.  51  note 
2,  p.  109 ;  Aquae  gradatae 
said  by  some  to  be  in,  p.  137. 

Trasonis,  cemetery  of,  p.  20. 

Tre  Fontane  (Scala  Cell), 
p.  140  note  2,  p.  160  and  note 
2. 

Treaty,  between  Jews  and 
Romans,  table  of,  p.  48 ;  con- 
tents of  same,  p.  49. 

Treves,  p.  114  note  1,  p.  126 
note  1. 

Tribus  Fatis,  in,  see  Church  of 
SS.  Cosmo  and  Damian. 

Trinitarians,  p.  145  note  2. 

Triphonia,  virgin  martyr,  p.  82. 

Triumphalis,  Arcus,  p.  19. 

Trogus  Pompeius,  p.  29  and 
note  1. 

Troy,  p.  46  note  3,  p.  140, 
p.  164. 

Tudenham,  Sir  Thomas,  the 
author's  patron,  p.  1  and  note  2. 


TulliuB  and  Caesar,  p.  25  note 

Tullius  (Cicero),  p.  45. 
Tullius    Hostilius,    overcomes 

the    Albans,    p.    16,    p.   53, 

p.  144. 
Turin  Library,  MS.  in  p.  22 

note  4 ;    catalogue  of,  p.  74 

note  3  ;  codex,  p.  144  note  1. 
Tusculans,       summoned       by 

Romulus  to  Rome,  p.  6. 
Tyrrell,  William,  p.  1  note  2. 

U. 

Ulpia,  Basilica,  p.  49  note  2. 

Urban,  p.  109,  p.  110  note  2. 

Urban  V,  pope,  p.  71  note  1. 

Urban  VIII,  pope,  p.  20  note 
4,  p.  61  note  1,  p.  98  note  3, 
p.  120  note  2,  p.  158  note  1. 

Urcian,  p.  112. 

Ursacius,  p.  133. 

Ursicinus  (Ursinus),  p.  129 
note  2. 

Ursus,  cemetery  of,  p.  20. 

Ursus  Togatus,  p.  20  note  5. 

V. 

Valadier,  p.  128  note  2. 

Valens,  emperor,  p.  56  ;  an 
Arian,  p.  56. 

Valent,  an  Arian  in  time  of 
Constantino  II,  p.  133. 

Valentine,  husband  of  S.  Sabi- 
na,  p.  86. 

Valentin ian,  his  arch,  p.  19. 

Valentinian,  emperor  with 
Valens,  p.  56  ;  previously  an 
oflficer  with  Julian  the  Apos- 
tate, p.  56. 

Valentinian  the  younger,  em- 
peror, p.  56,  p.  66  note  2. 

Valentinian  III,  emperor  with 
Theodosius  II,  p.  56,  p.  76 
note  1,  p.  96  note  1. 

Valentinus,  p.  87  note  1.  {See 
Valentine.) 

Valeria,  wife  of  S.  Vitale,  p. 
112,  p.  113. 

Valeria,  daughter  of  Diocle- 
tian, p.  189  note  3. 

Valerian,  emperor  with  Gal- 
lienus,  p.  54;  blinded  by 
King  of  Persia,  p.  54,  p.  82 
note  2,  p.  120  note  1. 

Valerianus,  p.  109,  p.  110  and 
note  2. 

Valerianus,  p.  116;  a  judge, 
p.  120. 

Van  Winghen,  Philip,  p.  21 
note  2. 

Van  den  Wyngaerde,  Anthony, 
his  plan  of  Rome,  p.  11  note  6. 

Varro,  p.  4 ;  describes  Pala- 
tine, p.  18  ;  Aventine,  p.  14 ; 
Capitoline,  p.  16;  and  Caelian, 
p.  16. 


Vatican,  palace,  p.  61;  S. 
Peter  buried  at,  p.  69  ;  origin 
of  name,  p.  70,  p.  92  note  3  ; 
derivation  of  word,  p.  104. 

Velabrum,  p.  87  note  4. 

Venice,  p.  59  note  1,  p.  115,  p. 
138  note  1. 

Venus,  temple  of,  p.  22. 

Vergil,  mentions  Evander,  p. 
4,  p.  14  and  note  1,  p.  15; 
goes  invisible  to  Naples,  p.  1(J 
and  note  1 ;  makes  the  Sal- 
valio  Somae,  p.  27,  p.  27  and 
note  2  ;  his  prophecy,  p.  27  ; 
his  great  knowledi^e,  p.  27 
and  note  1,  p.  159  note  1, 
p.  168  note  1. 

Vernacle,  altar  of,  p.  68,  p.  64 
and  note  1 ;  said  to  have  come 
in  Navicella,  p.  105. 

Verulane  (Veroli),  in  Cam- 
pania, p.  146  and  note  2. 

Verus,emperor,p.20note5,p.  53. 

Vespasian,  said  to  have  been 
baptized,  p.  41  note  1,  p.  143 
note  2. 

Vespasian  and  Titus,  where 
buried,  p.  16 ;  palace  of,  p.  17; 
arch  of,  p.  19. 

Vesta,  temple  of,  p.  21,  p.  28, 
p.  144  note  1. 

Vestina,  p.  112  note  1. 

Veterius,  p.  58. 

Via,  Appia,  p.  68  note  1,  p.  119 ; 
— ,  Ardeatina,  p.  10  and  note 
2,  p.  129  note  2,  p.  149  note 
2,  p.  160  note  2;  — ,  Aurea, 
or  Aurelia,  p.  69  note  1 ;  site 
of  S.  Peter's  martyrdom,  pp. 
69-70,  p.  78  note  2 ;  — ,  dei 
Banchi,  p.  18  note  8 ;  — ,  del 
Pellegrino,  p.  128  note  2  ;  — , 
della  Pedacchia,  p.  42  note  1 ; 
— ,  della  Ripresa,  p.  42  note 
1 ;  — ,  della  Scrofa,  p.  92  note 
1 ;  — ,  Labicana  (Lavicana), 
p.  118  note  8,  p.  128  note  1 ; 
— ,  Lata,  p.  141  note  1 ;  — , 
Nazionale,  p.  112  note  1 ;  — , 
Nomentana,  p.  98  note  2  ;  — , 
Ostiensis,  p.  8,  p.  21 ;  site  of 
S.  Paul's  martyrdoii),  p.  70, 

p.  189  note  8,  p.  150  note  1 ; 

— ,  Papale,  p.  18  note  4  ;  — > 

S.  Giovanni  in  Laterano,  p. 

169  note  1 ;  — ,  SS.  Quattro 

Coronatl,  p.  169  note  1 ;  — , 

Salaria,  p.  21  note  1,  p.  1S9 

note   8,  p.  141   note  1;  — , 

Tiburtina,  p.  80  note  1 ;  — , 

Urbana,  p.  117  note  1. 
Victor,  va&rtyr,  p.  102. 
Victor  Emanuel,  p.  42  note  1. 
Victorinus,  martyr,  p.  127,  p. 

128  note  1. 
Victorinus,  synod  against,  p. 

131  note  3. 


190 


INDEX 


Vicfit^  Jngariug,  p.  169  note  2 ; 

— ,  Pairieiuf,  p.  117  note  1 ; 

— ,  Ursui  Pileatug,  p.  20  note 

4. 
Vigilius,  pope,  p.  109  note  1. 
TiUa  Campana,  p.  169  note  1. 
Villa  della  Porta,  p.  21  note  1. 
Villa  Medici,  p.  11  note  5. 
Viterbo,  keys  of,  p.  10  note  8. 
Volto  Santo,  p.  158  note  1. 
Volusianus,  j).  54,  p.  64. 


W. 


length 


Walls,  condition  of,  p.  7  i 

of,  p.  7  and  note  2. 
Warrington  Wood,  p.  169  note 

1. 


Wolf,  the  brazen,  of  the  Capitol, 

p.  36  note  1. 
Women,  why  not  admitted  to 

certain  holy  places,  p.  77  and 

note  1. 
Woodhouse,  Alice,  p.  1  note  2. 


Xantha,  Schola,  p.  44  note  2 
Xerxes,  King  of  Persia,  p.  18. 


Ynde  (?  India),  p.  158. 
York,  p.  126  note  1. 
Ypolitus,  see  Hippolitus. 
Ysidore,  Bishop  of  Spain,  chro- 
nicle of,  p.  29,  p.  156. 


Zacchaeus,  p.  64  note  1,  p.  124. 

Zaoharias,  father  of  S.  John 
Baptist,  his  head,  p.  73. 

Zacharias,  pope,  p.  87  note  4, 
p.  133  note  3,  p.  159  note  1. 

Zacharias,  book  of,  paraphrased 
by  Eudosia,  p.  97  note  1. 

Zebedeus,  p.  137. 

Zelada,  cardinal,  p.  131  note  3. 

Zeno,  emperor,  p.  57,  p.  110. 

Zibaliiini  Quai'esimale,  p.  62 
note  2. 

Zodiac,  signs  of  at  the  Colos- 
seum, p.  35. 

Zoilus,  p.  137,  p.  188  note  2. 


Oxford :  Horace  Hart,  Printer  to  the  University 


(1»^ 


o 

to 


a 

•HI 
U 


CO 

en 

C\2 


Si 

Q 

U 

bO 


P 

o 

H 
d 


UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 
LIBRARY 


Acme   Library   Card   Pocket 

Under  Pat.  "  Ref.  Index  Kile." 
Made  by  LIBRARY  BUREAU