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A ZOLA DICTIONARY

UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME

A DICKENS DICTIONARY. By A. J. Philip.

A THACKERAY DICTIONARY. By I. G. Mudge
and M. Earl Sears.

A DICTIONARY OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS
OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. By M. F. A.
Husband.

A MEREDITH DICTIONARY. With a Concordance
of the Poems. \_In prep.

A THOMAS HARDY DICTIONARY. With Maps
of Wessex. By F. Saxelby.

A KIPLING DICTIONARY. By W. Arthur Young.

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ZOLA DICTIONARY

THE CHARACTERS OF

THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS

OF EMILE ZOLA

With a Biographical and Critical Introduction,

Synopses of the Plots, Bibliographical

Note, Map, Genealogy, etc.

J. G. PATTERSON

LONDON

GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, Limited

NEW YORK : E. P. BUTTON AND CO.

1912

PREFATORY NOTE

In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, reUed
for information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely,
Notes d'un Ami, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier) ; ^mile Zola,
a Biographical and Critical Study, by R. H. Sherrard (London, Chatto
& Windus, 1893) ; ^mile Zola, Novelist and Reformer : An account
of his Life and Work, by Emest Alfred Vizetelly (London, John
Lane, 1904). Reference has also been made to Mr. Arthur Symons*
Studies in Prose and Verse, and to articles in the Fortnightly
Review by Mr. Andrew Lang, in the Atlantic Monthly by Mr.
Henry James, and in the Contemporary Review by M. Edouard
Rod, as well as to articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and in
the Dictionnaire Universd des Contemporains.

By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been
possible to include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genea-
logical Tree, which appears in the Preface to their edition of Doctor
Pascal, and to make use of their translations in the preparation
of the Dictionary. In compiling the latter, Zola's own words have
been adopted so far as possible, though usually they have required
Buch condensation as to make direct quotation difficult. This
difficulty was increased by the fact that occasional use was made
of different translations of the same book, and that frequent
references to the original were found necessary.

The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the

order in which the books should be read, as indicated by their

Author in Le Docteur Pascal, and confirmed by his biographer,

Mr. E. A. VizeteUy.

J. G. P.

Bdikburah, ifay, 10 IS.

CONTENTS

Map of France Illustrative of the Eougon - Macquart

Novels ..... Facing title

Pag*
Introduction . . . . . . . ix

Note on the French Editions and English Translations of

THE Rougon-Macquart Series . . . . xxiii

Diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree . xxvi

Synopses of the Plots of the Rougon-Macquart Novels xxviii

The Zola Dictionary . . . . . . 1

Alphabetical List of Principal Scenes . . . . 228

INTRODUCTION

£mile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father,
Fran9ois Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not
been a success, though this was not due to any lack of energy or
abihty. Zola pere was of mixed nationality, his father being an
ItaUan and his mother a Greek, and it is not unlikely that his
unrest and want of concentration were due to the accident of his
parentage. When quite a young man, FranQois fought under the
great Napoleon, after whose fall he became a civil engineer. He
spent some time in Germany, where he was engaged in the con-
struction of the first tramway line in Europe, afterwards visiting
Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to have accom-
panied him, for in 1831 he applied for and obtained an appoint-
ment as lieutenant in the Foreign Legion in Algeria. His career
in Africa was, however, of short duration ; some irregularities
were discovered, and he disappeared for a time, though ultimately
he came forward and made up his accounts, paying the balance
that was due. No prosecution took place, and resignation of his
commission was accepted. Nothing more was heard of the matter
till 1898, when his son fimile identified himself with the cause of
Dreyfus, and in the campaign of calumny that followed had to
submit to the vilest charges against the memory of his father.
The old dossier was produced by the French Ministry of War, the
officials of which did not hesitate to strengthen their case by the
forgery of some documents and the suppression of others. In
view of these proved facts, and of the circumstance that Fran9ois
Zola, immediately after his resignation from the Foreign Legion,
estabUshed himself as a civil engineer at Marseilles and prepared
a scheme for new maritime docks there, and that in connection with
this scheme he visited Paris repeatedly, obtaining private audiences
with the King and interviewing statesmen, it must be held that
the charges against him were of a venial nature, in no way
warranting the accusations brought forward by the War Office
nearly seventy years later to cast discredit on his son. Nothing
came of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same fate attended
subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola p^rg, who by this
time had married, then turned his attention to a proposal to supply
water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of a reservoir and
a canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and after
many delays and disappointments ultimately signed an agree-
ment for the construction of the works. Even then further delays

took place, and it was not till three years later that the work could
be commenced. But the engineer's ill fortune still attended him,
for one morning while he was superintending his workmen the
treacherous mistral began to blow, and he took a chill, from the
effects of which he died a few days afterwards.

The young widow, with her son l^mile, then a child of seven,
was left in poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim
against the municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had
some means, and came to her assistance during the years of fruit-
less struggle to establish the rights of her dead husband, fimile
had up to this time been allowed to run wild, and he had spent
most of his time out of doors, where he acquired a love of the
country which he retained in later years. Even when he was sent
to school he was backward, only learning his letters with difficulty
and showing little inclination for study. It was not till 1852,
when he was twelve years old, that his education really began.
By this time he was able to realize his mother's financial position,
and to see the sacrifices which were being made to send him as a
boarder to the lycee at Aix. His progress then became rapid, and
during the next five years he gained many prizes. Throughout
all these years the struggle between Madame Zola and the
municipaUty had gone on, each year diminishing her chance of
success. In the end her position became desperate, and finding
it impossible to continue to reside at Aix, the little family removed
to Paris in 1858. Fortunately ^^mile was enabled by the inter-
vention of certain friends of his late father to continue his studies,
and became a day pupil at the Lycee St. Louis, on the Boulevard
St. Michael. For some reason he made httle progress there, and
when he presented himself for his baccalaureat degree he failed to
pass the examination. A later attempt at the University of
Marseilles had the same result. As this examination is in France
the passport to all the learned professions, Zola's failure to pass it
placed him in a serious position. His mother's resources were by
this time entirely exhausted, and some means of support had to
be sought without delay. After many attempts, he got a place as
clerk in a business house at a salary of twenty-six pounds a year,
but the work proved so distasteful that after two months of drudgery
he threw it up. Then followed a period of deep misery, but a
period which must have greatly influenced the work of the future
novelist. Wandering the streets by day and, when he could find
money to buy a candle, writing poems and short stories by night,
he was gaining that experience in the school of life of which he
was later to make such splendid use. Meantime his wretchedness
was deep. A miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient food,
inadequate clothing, and complete absence of fixe may be an
incentive to high endeavour, but do not render easy the pathway
of fame. The position had become all but untenable when Zola
received an appointment in the publishing house of M. Hachette,

of Paris, at a salary beginning at a pound a week, but soon after-
wards increased. During the next two years he wrote a number
of short stories which were pubhshed later under the title Conies
a Ninon. The book did not prove a great success, though its
undoubted abiUty attracted attention to the writer and opened
the way to some journaUstic work. About this time he appears
to have been studying Balzac, and the recently published Madame
Bovary of Flaubert, which was opening up a new world not only in
French fiction, but in the literature of Europe. He had also read
the Germinie Lacerteux of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on
which he wrote an appreciative article, and this remarkable book
cannot have been without its influence on his work. The effect
was indeed immediate, for in 1865 he published his next book,
La Confession de Claud, which showed strong traces of that de-
parture from conventional fiction which he was afterwards to
make more pronounced. The book was not a financial success,
though it attracted attention, and produced many reviews, some
favourable, others merciless. Influenced by the latter, the Pubhc
Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding the author to be made at
Hachette's, but nothing more was done, and it is indeed doubtful
if any successful prosecution could have been raised, even at a
period when it was thought necessary to indict the author of
Madame Bovary,

Zola's employers had, however, begun to look askance at his
literary work ; they may have considered that it was occupying
too much of the time for which they paid, or, more probably, they
were becoming alarmed at their clerk's advanced views both on
politics and literary art. As Zola afterwards explained the matter,
one of the partners said to him, " You are earning two hundred
francs a month here, which is ridiculous. You have plenty of
talent, and would do better to take up literature altogether. You
would find glory and profit there." The hint was a direct one,
and it was taken. The young author was again thrown upon his
own resources, but was no longer entirely unknown, for the not
unfavourable reception of his first book and the violent attacks
on his second had given him a certain position, even though it may
to some extent have partaken of the nature of a succes de scandale.
As he wrote at the time, he did not mean to pander to the likes or
the dishkes of the crowd ; he intended to force the public to caress
or insult him.

Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open,
and Zola got an appointment on the staff of a newspaper called
L'^venem^nt, in which he wrote articles on literary and artistic
subjects. His views were not tempered by moderation, and when
he depreciated the members of the Salon in order to exalt Manet,
afterwards an artist of distinction, but then regarded as a dangerous
revolutionary, the public outcry was such that he was forced to
discontinue publication of the articles. He then began a second

Xll

story called Le Voeu d'une Morte in the same newspaper. It was
intended to please the readers of L'J^venement, but from the first
failed to do so, and its publication was stopped before it was half
completed. Soon afterwards the ^venement was incorporated
with the FigarOy and Zola's connection with it terminated. A
time of hardship again began, and during the year 1867 the wolf
was only kept from the door by unremitting toil of the least agree-
able kind. In the midst of his difficulties Zola wrote two books
simultaneously, one supremely good and the other unquestionably
bad. The one was TMrese Raquin, and the other Les My stir es de
Marseille. The latter, which was pure hack-work, was written to
the order of the publisher of a Marseillaise newspaper, who suppUed
historical material from researches made by himself at the Mar-
seilles and Aix law courts, about the various causes celebres which
during the previous fifty years had attracted the most pubUc
attention. These were to be strung together, and by an effort of
legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a
novel. Zola, desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that
might have been anticipated.

Therese Raquin is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put
the best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest
care. It is a tale of Divine justice, wherein a husband is murdered
by his wife and her lover, who, though safe from earthly conse-
quence, are yet separated by the horror of their deed, and come to
hate each other for the thing they have done. The book is one of
remarkable power, and it is interesting to note that in the preface
to it Zola first made use of the word naturalisme as describing that
form of fiction which he was afterwards to uphold in and out of
season. A violent attack in the Figaro gave opportunity for a
vigorous reply, and the advertisement so obtained assisted the
sales of the book, which from the first was a success. It was
followed by Madeleine Ferat, which, however, was less fortunate.
The subject is unpleasant, and its treatment lacks the force which
made Therese Raquin convincing.

Up to this time Zola's life had been a steady struggle against
poverty. He was terribly in earnest, and was determined to
create for himself a place in Hterature ; to accomplish this end he
counted no labour too arduous, no sacrifice too great. His habits
were Spartan in their simplicity ; he was a slave to work and
method, good equipment for the vast task he was next to under-
take. He had long been an earnest student of Balzac, and there
is no doubt that it was the example of the great Comedie Humaine
which inspired his scheme for a series of novels deahng with the
life history of a family during a particular period ; as he described
it himself, " the history natural and social of a family under the
Second Empire." It is possible that he was also influenced by
the financial success of the series of historical novels written by
Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the Romans Nationaux. It was

not, however, the past about which he proposed to write ; no
period was more suitable for his purpose than that in which he
lived, that Second Empire whose regime began in blood and con-
tinued in corruption. He had there, under his own eyes and
within his personal knowledge, a suitable mise-en-scene wherein to
further develop those theories of hereditary influence which had
already attracted his attention while he was writing Madeleine
Ferat. The scheme was further attractive in as much as it lent
itself readily to the system of treatment to which he had applied
the term naturalismey to distinguish it from the crudities of the
reahstic school. The scientific tendency of the period was to rely
not on previously accepted propositions, but on observation and
experience, or on facts and documents. To Zola the voice of
science conveyed the word of ultimate truth, and with desperate
earnestness he set out to apply its methods to literary production.
His position was that the noveUst is, like the scientist, an observer
and an experimentahst combined. The observer, he says, gives
the facts as he has observed them, fixes the starting-point, lays the
sohd groimd on which his characters are to walk and his phenomena
to develop. Then the experimentalist appears and starts the
experiment, that is to say, he makes the personages in a particular
story move, in order to show that the succession of events will be
just what the determinism of phenomena together with study
demand that they should be. The author must abstain from
comment, never show his own personality, and never turn to the
reader for sympathy ; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has observed,
be as cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought the ap-
pUcation of this method would raise the position of the novel to
the level of a science, and that it would become a medium for the
expression of established truths. The fallacy of the argument
has been exposed by more than one critic. It is self-evident that
the " experiments " by the novelist cannot be made on subjects
apart from himself, but are made by him and in him ; so that
they prove more regarding his own temperament than about what
he professes to regard as the inevitable actions of his characters.
The conclusion drawn by a writer from such actions must always
be open to the retort that he invented the whole himself and that
fiction is only fiction. But to Zola in the late sixties the theory
seemed unassailable and it was upon it that he founded the whole
edifice of Les Rougon-Macquari. The considerations then that
influenced Zola in beginning a series of novels connected by subject
into one gigantic whole were somewhat various. There was the
example of Balzac's great Comedie Humaine ; there was the
desire of working out the theories of heredity in which he had
become interested ; there was the opportunity of putting into
operation the system which he had termed naturalisme ; and
there was also the consideration that if he could get a publisher
to agree to his proposals he would secure a certain income for a

XIV

number of years. His original scheme was a series of twelve novels
to be written at the rate of two a year, and he entered into a con-
tract with a pubUsher named Lacroix, who was to pay him five
hundred francs a month as an advance. M. Lacroix would, how-
ever, only bind himself to pubUsh four out of the twelve novels.
The arrangement could not be carried out, and at the end of three
years only two volumes of the Rougon-Mac quart series had been
pubhshed, while Zola found that he had become indebted to the
publisher for a very considerable sum.

The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not
published till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account
of the war with Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and
seems to have regulated his literary production with machine-
like uniformity. As his friend and biographer Paul Alexis writes :
" Only four pages, but four pages every day, every day without
exception, the action of the drop of water always falHng on the
same place, and in the end wearing out the hardest stone. It
seems nothing, but in course of time chapters follow chapters,
volumes follow upon volumes, and a whole life's work sprouts,
multiplies its branches, extends its foliage like a lofty oak, destined
to rise high into the air and to remain standing in the forest of
human productions.*'

His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart
series may be conveniently summed up in a few words from an
article which he had only a month before written in the Gaulois :
" If I kept a school of morals," he says, " I would hasten to place
in the hands of my pupils Madame Bovary or Germinie Lac&rteux,
persuaded that truth alone can instruct and fortify generous souls.''

In La Fortune des Bougon, then, Zola set out to plant the roots
of the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during
the next twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the
origin of the family which he had selected for dissection in his
series, and to outHne the various principal characters, members
of that family. Mr. Andrew Lang, writing on this subject in the
Fortnightly Beview, points out that certain Arab tribes trace their
descent from a female Dog, and suggests that the Rougon-Macquart
family might have claimed the same ancestry. Adelaide Fouque
came of a race of peasants who had long lived at Plassans, a
name invented by Zola to conceal the identity of Aix, the town in
Provence where his youth had been spent. She was undoubtedly
an undesirable ancestress, for she was highly neurotic, with a
tendency to epilepsy, but from the point of view of the naturahstic
novehst she offered many advantages. When a mere girl she
married a man named Rougon, who died soon afterwards, leaving
her with a son named Pierre, from whom descended the legitimate
branch of the family. Then followed a^ liaison with a drunken
smuggler named Macquart, as a result of which two children
were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide's original neurosis had by

this time become more pronounced, and she ultimately became
insane. Pierre married and had five children, but liis financial
affairs had not prospered, though by underhand methods he had
contrived to get possession of his mother's property, to the ex-
clusion of her other children. Then came the Cowp d'etat of 1851,
and Pierre, quick to seize his opportunity, rendered such services
to the Bonapartist party as to lay the foundation of the family
fortune, a foundation which was, however, cemented with treachery
and blood. It was with these two families, then, both descended
from a common ancestress, and sometimes subsequently united
by intermarriage, that the whole series of novels was to deal.
TTiey do not form an edif3dng group, these Rougon-Macquarts,
but Zola, who had based his whole theory of the experimental
novel upon the analogy of medical research, was not on the out-
look for healthy subjects ; he wanted social sores to ^robe. This
is a fact much too often overlooked by readers of detached parts
of the series, for it should always be kept in mind that the whole
was ^Titten with the express purpose of laying bare all the social
evils of one of the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the

belief that through publicity might come regeneration. Zola was

all along a reformer as well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in
many a bitter newspaper controversy. It has been urged against
iTlnnthat there were plenty of virtuous people about whom he
could have \\Titten, but these critics appear to forget that he was
in a sense a propagandist, and that it was not his metier to convert
persons already in the odour of sanctity.

La Fortune des Rougon was not particularly successful on its
pubHcation, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany
was barely concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola's
financial position was, however, by the arrangement with his
pubUsher now more secure, and he felt justified in marrying. This
he did, and settled down into the quiet bourgeois existence in
which his life was spent.

The next book was La Curee, a study of the mushroom society
of the Second Empire. The subject — the story of Phaedra adapted
to modem environment — is unpleasant and the treatment is
daring ; but despite a slight succes de scandale, its reception by the
public was no more favourable than that of La Fortune des Rougon,

La Curee was followed by Le Ventre de Paris, which reached a
second edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing,
but was severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as
the apotheosis of gluttony, while they resented the transference
of a pork- butcher's shop to literature and took particular excep-
tion to a certain " symphony of cheeses."

Next came La Conquete de Plassans, an excellent story, to be
followed by La Faute de I'Abbe Mouret, one of Zola's most romantic
books, and the first to attain any considerable success. He next
wrote Son Excellence Engine Raugon, in wliich he dealt with the

XVI

political side of the Second Empire and sketched the life of the
Imperial Court at Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly
well equipped, and the book was only moderately successful.
Then came L'Assommoir^ and with it fame and fortune for the
writer. It is a terrible story of working-class life in Paris, a
study of the ravages wrought by drink. Again to quote Mr.
Andrew Lang, " It is a dreadful but not an immoral book. It is
the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written. As
M. Zola saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he
once lived, when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he
describes, one may fear that L'Assommoir is a not untruthful
picture of the lives of many men and women in Paris."'

In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole
of L'Assommoir in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its
coarseness and nothing of its force. For this alone he was attacked
by many critics, and from its publication onwards an unexampled
controversy arose regarding the author and his methods. Looking
backwards it is difficult to see why such an outcry should have
arisen about such a masterpiece of literature, but water has flowed
beneath many bridges since 1877, and, largely by the influence of
Zola's own work, the limits of convention have been widely ex-
tended. At the time, however, the work was savagely attacked,
and to the author the basest motives were assigned, while hbels
on his own personal character were freely circulated. Zola replied
to these attacks in a manner so calm and so convincing that quota-
tion may be permitted. " It would be well,'* he said, " to read my
novels, to understand them, to see them clearly in their entirety,
before bringing forward the ready-made opinions, ridiculous and
odious, which are circulated concerning myself and my works.
Ah ! if people only knew how my friends laugh at the appalling
legend which amuses the crowd ! If they only knew how the
blood-thirsty wretch, the formidable novelist, is simply a respect-
able bourgeois, a man devoted to study and to art, living quietly
in his corner, whose sole ambition is to leave as large and living a
work as he can. I contradict no reports, I work on, and I rely on
time, and on the good faith of the public, to discover me at last
under the accumulation of nonsense that has been heaped upon
me." This statement is absolutely in accordance with fact, and
when it is realized that the writer of the Rougon-Macquart novels
was merely a hard-working, earnest man, filled with a determina-
tion to complete the vast task which he had planned, and not to
be turned from his ideas by praise or blame, it will go far to
promote a better understanding of his aims and methods. It is
necessary too, as has already been said, that the various novels
forming the Rougon-Macquart series be considered not as separate
entities, but as chapters of one vast whole.

L'Assommoir was an immediate success with the public, and
the sales were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they

XVll

amount to one hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the
original French alone.

In 1878 Zola published Une Page d' Amour, the next volume of
the series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and
romantic descriptions of Paris. Then followed Nana, to which
L'Assommoir was the prelude. Nana dealt with the vast demi-
monde of Paris, and while it was his greatest popular success, was
in every sense his worst book. Of no subject on which he wrote
was Zola more ignorant than of this, and the result is a laboured
collection of scandals acquired at second-hand. Mr. Arthur Symons,
in his Studies in Prose and Verse, recounts how an English paper
once reported an interview in which the author of Nana, indis-
creetly questioned as to the amount of personal observation he
had put into the book, replied that he had once lunched with an
actress of the Varietes. " The reply was generally taken for a
Joke," says Mr. Symons, " but the lunch was a reality, and it was
assuredly a rare experience in the life of solitary diligence to which
we owe so many impersonal studies in life." The sales of the book
were, however, enormous, and Zola's financial position was now
assured.

Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on.
Pot-Bouille, a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel
Au Bonheur des Dames, a study of life in one of those great em-
poriums which were beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers
of Paris. La Joie de Vivre, that drab story of hypochondria and
self-sacrifice, was succeeded by Germinal, the greatest, if not the
only really great, novel of labour that has ever been written in any
language. After Germinal came L'QiJuvre, which deals with art
life in Paris, andJajn part an autobiography of the author. We
now come tojXa T err epuround which the greatest controversy has
raged. In parts the book is Shakespearian in its strength and
insight, but it has to be admitted at once that the artistic quality
of the work has been destroyed in large measure by the gratuitous
coarseness which the author has thought necessary to put into it.
Even allowing for the fact that the subject is the brutishness
and animality of French peasant life, and admitting that the
picture drawn may be a true one, the effect has been lessened by
the fact that nothing has been left to the imagination. On the
other hand there has, since Shakespeare, been nothing so fine as
the treatment of Pere Fouan, that peasant King Lear, by his un-
grateful family. It has been urged that Zola overdid the horrors
of the situation and that no parent would have been so treated
by his children. By a singular chance a complete answer to this
objection may be found in a paragraph which appeared in the
Daily Mail of 18th April, 1911. A few days before, a peasant
woman in France had entered her father's bedroom and struck
him nine times on the liead with an axe, afterwards going homo
to bed. Tlie reason for the crime was that the old man two years

XVlll

previously had divided his property between his two daughters
on condition that they paid him a monthly allowance. His elder
daughter was always in arrear with her share of the pension, and,
after constant altercations between father and daughter, the
latter extinguished her liability in the manner indicated. Now
this tragedy in real life is the actual plot of La Terre, which was
written twenty-four years before it occurred.

In accordance with the author's usual plan, whereby a heavy
book was followed by a light one, La Terre was succeeded by Le
Reve, a work at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As La
Terre is of the earth, earthy, so is Le Reve spiritual and idyllic,
the work of a man enamoured of the refined and the beautiful.
It has indeed been described as the most beautiful book written
in France during the whole of the nineteenth century.

La Bete Humaine, the next of the series, is a work of a different
class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola's
novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms,
with a background of constant interest in the railway life of
Western France. The motives are always obvious and strong, a
criticism which can by no means be invariably applied to French
fiction.

Next appeared L' Argent, which is a sequel to La Curee and
deals with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the
Union Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indict-
ment of the law affecting joint- stock companies. To U Argent
there succeeded La Debacle, that prose epic of modern war, more
complete and coherent than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end
all came Le Docteur Pascal, winding up the series on a note of pure
romance.

Rer^arded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable
to the Comedie Humaine, It occupied nearly twenty-five years in
writing, consists of twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred
characters, and a number of words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly
at two million five hundred thousand.

There can be little doubt that Zola's best work was expended on
the Rougon- Mac quart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a
reformer began to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later
books partake more of the nature of active propaganda than of
works of fiction. They comprise two series : Les Trois Villes
(Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and Les Quatre ^vangiles, of which only
three (Fecondite, Travail, and Verite) were written before the
author's death.* Politics had begun to occupy his attention, and
from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested himself in the Jewish
question which culminated in the Dreyfus case. His sense of
justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the authorities,
and on 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter, beginning
with the words J 'accuse, a letter which altered the whole course of
events in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect of Zola's

XIX

action in this matter ; he was attacked with a virulence almost
unexampled, a virulence which followed him beyond the grave.
Four years later, on the day after his death, the Paris correspondent
of The Times WTote : "It is evident the passions of two or three
years ago are still alive. Many persons expressed their joy with
such boisterous gestures as men indulge in on learning of a victory,
and some exclaimed savagely, ' It is none too soon.' The un-
seemliness of this extraordinary spectacle evoked no retort from
the passers-by." The feeling of resentment is still alive in France,
and it is necessary to take it into account in the consideration of
any estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a
mistake to attribute Zola's campaign for the rehabilitation of
Dreyfus to mere lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly
was ambitious, but had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd
he would not have adopted a cause which was opposed by the
majority of the nation. As a result of the agitation, he was obliged
to leave France and take refuge in England, till such time as a
change of circumstances enabled him to return.

On 29tW September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that
fimile Zola had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the
fumes of a stove, and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying
with him. A life of incessant literary labour had been quenched.

The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small
degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was
introduced to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry
Vize telly, who between 1884 and 1889 published a number of
translations of his novels. The last of these was The Soil, a trans-
lation of La Terre, which aroused such an outcry that a prosecu-
tion followed, and Mr. Vizetelly was sentenced to three months'
imprisonment. Without raising any question as to the propriety
of this prosecution, it is difficult to avoid pointing out that Mr.
Vizetelly was singularly ill advised not to have taken into account
the essential differences between English and French literature,
and to have seen that the publication of this particular book in its
entirety was an impossibility under existing conditions. It is
regrettable also that Mr. Vizetelly, who though a gentleman of the
highest character, was no doubt anxious to make the most possible
out of his venture, did not duly appreciate that the word
" Realistic," which was blazoned on the covers of the various
books issued by him, was in the early eightk^s invariably inter-
preted as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was further
from Mr. Vizetelly 's wish — his defence at the trial was that the
books were literature of the highest kind — but it is unquestionable
that the format was such as to give the impression indicated, an
impression deepened by the extremely Gallic freedom of the
illustrations. There can be little doubt that had the works been
issued in an unobtrusive form, without illustrations, they would
have attracted less attention of the undesirable kind which they

afterwards received. The use of the term " Realistic '* was the
more remarkable as Zola had previously invented the word
Naturalisme to distinguish his work from that of the Realistic
school. But if Zola's reputation in England suffered in this way,
it is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E. A. Vize telly
under which the English public now lies. Some time after the
prosecution of his father, Mj. Vizetelly began to publish, through
Messrs. Chatto & Windus, a series of versions of Zola's works.
The translations were admirably done, and while it was found
necessary to make certain omissions, the task was so skilfully
accomplished that in many cases actual improvement has resulted.
These versions are at present the chief translations of Zola's works
in circulation in this country ; but while their number has been
added to from time to time, it has not been found possible to in-
clude the whole of the Rougon-Macquart series. In 1894-5,
however, the Lutetian Society issued to its members a literal and
unabridged translation of six of the novels, made by writers of
such eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and Ernest
Dowson. These are the only translations of these works which are
of any value to the student, but they are unfortunately almost
unobtainable, as the entire edition was restricted to three hundred
copies on hand-made paper and ten on Japanese vellum.

A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was
a somewhat ignorant person, who required to get up from text-
books every subject upon which he wrote. Now there seems to be
little doubt that it was in the first instance due to the indiscretion
of his biographer, M. Paul Alexis, that this charge has arisen.
Impressed by the vast industry of his friend, M. Alexis said so
much about " research " and " documents " that less friendly
critics seized the opportunity of exaggerating the importance of
these. Every novelist of any consequence has found it necessary
to " cram " his subjects, but says little about the fact. James
Payn, for instance, could not have written his admirable descrip-
tions of China in By Proxy without much reading of many books,
and Mr. Rudyard Kipling has not been blamed for studying the
technicalities of engineering before he wrote The Ship that found
Herself. It is open to question even whether Mr. Robert Hichens
acquired his intimate knowledge of the conditions of life in Southern
Europe and Northern Africa entirely without the assistance of
Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly studied his subjects, but far
too much has been made of the necessity for his doing so. His
equipment for the task he undertook was not less complete than
that of many another novelist, and, Uke Dickens, he studied life in
that school of a " stony-hearted stepmother,'* the streets of a great
city.

Zola's literary method may be described as a piling up of detail
( upon detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelm-
ing. He lacked, however, a sense of proportion ; he became so

XXI

carried away by his visions of human depravity, that his characters
developed powers of wickedness beyond mortal strength ; he lay
under an obsession regarding the iniquities of mankind. In deahng
with this it was unfortunately his method to leave nothing to the
imagination, and herein lies the most serious blemish on his work.
There is undoubtedly much coarseness in some of his books, and
the regrettable feature is that it is not only unnecessary, but in
many cases actually lessens the effect at which he aimed. It is
doubtful whether he was possessed of any sense of humour. Mr.
Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was absolute, a darkness that
can be felt ; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the other hand, indicates that
his work " teems with quiet fun." On the whole, truth seems to
lie with Mr. Lang. M. and Madame Charles Badeuil, in La Terre,
may seem Dickensian to an English reader, but there is always the
Gallic point of view to be reckoned with, and it is doubtful if Zola
did not regard these persons merely as types of a virtuous
bourgeoisie.

It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly
excelled ; there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the
strikers in Germinal or the charges of the troops in La Debacle.
Contrast him with such a master of prose as George Meredith, and
we see how immensely strong the battle scenes in La Debacle are
when compared with those in Vittoria ; it is here that his method
of pihng detail on detail and horror on horror is most effectual.
*' To make his characters swarm," said Mr. Henry James in a
critical article in the Atlantic Monthly (August, 1903), " was the
task he set himself very nearly from the first, that was the secret he
triumphantly mastered." ^^

" Naturahsm " as a school had a comparatively brief existence — '
Zola himself departed largely from its principles after the con-
clusion of the Rougon-Mac quart series — but its effects have been'
far-reaching on the literature of many countries. In England
the limits of literary convention have been extended, and path-
ways have been opened up along which later writers have not
hesitated to travel, even while denying the influence of the crafts-
man who had cleared the way. It is safe to say that had L'Assom-
moir never been written there would have been no Jvde the Obscure,
and the same remark applies to much of the best modern fiction.
In America, Frank Norris, an able writer who unfortunately died
before the full fruition of his genius, had obviously accepted Zola
as his master, and the same influence is also apparent in the work
of George Douglas, a brilliant young Scotsman whose premature
death left only one book. The House with the Oreen Shutters, as an
indication of what might have sprung from the methods of modified
naturalism. M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, writing in the Con-
temporary Review (1902), pointed out that the influence of Zola
has transformed novel writing in Italy, and that its effect in
Germany has been not less pronounced. The virtue of this in-

XXll

fluence on German letters was undoubtedly great. It made an
end of sentimentality, it shook literature out of the sleepy. rut into
which it had fallen and forced it to face universal problems.

One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid
offending those prejudices which were so powerful in his time.
The novelist who adopts the method of the surgeon finds it
necessary to expose many painful sores, and is open to the taunt
that he finds pleasure in the task. On no one did this personal
obloquy fall more hardly than on Zola, and never with less reason.
It may be that he accumulated unseemly details and risky
situations too readily ; but he was an earnest man with a definite
aim in view, and had formulated for himself a system which he
allowed to work itself out wdth relentless fatality. The unredeemed
baseness and profligacy of the period with which he had to
deal must also be borne in mind. As to his personal character,
it has been fitly described by M. Anatole France, himself a dis-
tinguished novelist. Zola, said he, " had the candour and sincerity
of great souls. He was profoundly moral. He has depicted vice
;■ with a rough and vigorous hand. His apparent pessimism ill
\ conceals a real optimism, a persistent faith in the progress of
jintelHgence and justice. In his romances, which are social studies,
, he attacks with vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous society, a base
\ and noxious aristocracy. He combated social evil wherever he
encountered it. His work is comparable only in greatness with
that of Tolstoi. At the two extremities of European thought the
, lyre has raised two vast cities. Both are generous and pacific ;
but whereas Tolstoi's is the city of resignation, Zola's is the city of
work.''

It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value
of Zola's writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered
judgments ; but their influence has been, and will continue to be,
far reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and
have made possible to others much that was formerly unattain-
able.

NOTE ON THE FRENCH EDITIONS AND
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE
ROUGON-MACQUART SERIES

(The works of Eraile Zola in the original are published in the Bibliotheque
Charpentier by Fasquelle, Paris.)

1. La Fortune des Rougon, 1871. Forty-second thousand on sale

in 1911. Translations: "The Fortune of the Rougons "
(London, Vizetelly & Co.) ; " The Fortune of the Rougons "
(London, Chatto & Windus).

2. La Curee, 1872. Fifty-seventh thousand on sale in 1911.

Translations : " The Rush for the Spoil " (Vizetelly & Co.) ;
" La Curee,'* translated by A. Teixeira de Mattos (Lutetian
Society).

3. Le Ventre de Paris, 1873. Fifty- third thousand on sale in

1911. Translations : " Fat and Thin " (Vizetelly & Co.) ;
" The Fat and the Thin *' (Chatto & Windus).

4. La Conquete de Plassans, 1874. Thirty-ninth thousand on

sale in 1911. Translations: "The Conquest of Plassans "
(Vizetelly & Co.) ; " The Conquest of Plassans '* (Chatto
& Windus).

5. La Faute de VAhhe Mourety 1875. Sixty-second thousand on

sale in 1911. Translations : " Abbe Mouret's Transgression "
(Vizetelly & Co.) ; " Abb6 Mouret's Transgression " (Chatto
& Windus).

6. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, 1876. Thirty-sixth thousand

on sale in 1911. Translations: "His Excellency Eugene
Rougon " (Vizetelly & Co.) ; " His Excellency " (Chatto
& Windus).

zziii

XXIV

7. L'Assommoir, 1877. One hundred and sixty-second thousand

on sale in 1911. Translations: "The Assommoir '* (Vize-
telly & Co.) ; " The Dram Shop " (Chatto & Windus) ;
" L'Assommoir/' translated by Arthur Symons (Lutetian
Society) ; " Drink " (Greening & Co.).

8. Une Page d' Amour, 1878. One hundred and twelfth thousand

on sale in 1911. Translations : " A Love Episode " (VizeteUy
& Co.) ; " A Love Episode " (London, Hutchinson).

9. Nana, 1880. Two hundred and fifteenth thousand on sale in

1911. Translations : " Nana " (Vizetelly & Co.) ; " Nana,"
translated by Victor Plarr (Lutetian Society).

10. Pot-Bouille, 1882. One hundred and second thousand on sale

in 1911. Translations: " Piping- Hot " (Vizetelly & Co.);
" Pot-Bouille," translated by Percy Pinkerton (Lutetian
Society).

11. Au Bonheur des Dames, 1883. Eighty-fifth thousand on sale

in 1911. Translations: "The Ladies' Paradise" (Vizetelly
& Co.) ; " The Ladies' Paradise " (Hutchinson).

12. La Joie de Vivre, 1884. Sixty-first thousand on sale in 1911.

Translations : " How Jolly Life is ! " (Vizetelly & Co.) ;
" The Joy of Life " (Chatto & Windus).

13. Germinal, 1885. One hundred and thirty-second thousand

on sale in 1911. Translations : " Germinal " (Vizetelly
& Co.); "Germinal" (Chatto & Windus); "Germinal,"
translated by Havelock Ellis (Lutetian Society).

14. L'CEuvre, 1886. Seventy-first thousand on sale in 1911.

Translations : " His Masterpiece " (Vizetelly & Co.) ;
" His Masterpiece " (Chatto & Windus).

15. La Terre, 1887. One hundred and sixty-second thousand on

sale in 1911. Translations: " The Soil " (Vizetelly & Co.) ;
" La Terre," translated by Ernest Dowson (Lutetian
Society).

16. Le Reve, 1888. One hundred and thirty-second thousand

of Charpentier's Edition on sale in 1911. Translation :
" The Dream " (Chatto & Windus).

XXV

17. La Bete Humaine, 1890. One hundred and eighth thousand

on sale in 1911. Translation: *' The Monomaniac"
(Hutchinson).

18. U Argent, 1891. Ninety-sixth thousand on sale in 1911.

Translation : " Money '' (Chatto & Windus).

19. La Debacle, 1892. Two hundred and twenty-ninth thousand

on sale in 1911. Translation: "The Downfall" (Chatto
& Windus).

20. Le Docteur Pascal, 1893. One hundred and first thousand

on sale in 1911. Translation: "Doctor Pascal" (Chatto
& Windus).

RErRINTED BY PERMlSSIrtN OF MesSRS. ChATTO AND WlNDUS.

PUGRAM OF THE ROUGON-M-\CQUAB.T GENEALOGICAL-TREE.

(^ Q Q © © © ® © (^ © (^ © ©
© © 6 0 © © © © © © ©

0 § 0

6 ■

JFira< Generation.

1. Adelaide Fouque, called Aunt Dide. bora

in 1768, married in 1786 to Rougon, a
placid, lubberly gardener ; bears him a
son in 1787 ; loses her husband in 1788 ;
takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smug-
gler, addicted to drink and half crazed ;
bears him a son in 1789, and a daughter
in 1791 ; goes mad, and is sent to the
Asylum of Les Tulettes in 1851 : dies
there of cerebral congestion in 1873 at
105 years of age. Supplies the original
neurosis.

Second Generation.

2. PiERBE EouGON, bom in 1787, married in

1810 to F61icit6 Puech, an intelligent,
active and healthy woman ; has five
children by her ; dies in 1870, on the
morrow of Sedan, from cerebral conges-
tion due to overfeeding. An equilibrious
blending of characteristics, the moral
average of his father and mother, re-
sembles them physically. An oil mer-
chant, afterwards receiver of taxes.

3. Antoine Macquart. born in 1789 ; a

soldier in 1809 ; married in 1829 to a
market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a
vigorous, industrious, but intemperate
woman ; has three children by her ; loses
her in 1851 ; dies himself in 1873 from
spontaneous combustion, brought about
by alcoholism. A fusion of characteristics.
Moral prepotency of and physical like-
ness to his father. A soldier, then a
basket-maker, afterwards lives idle on
his income.

4. Uhsule Macquart, bom in 1791, married

in 1810 to a journeyman-hatter, Mouret,
a healthy man with a well-balanced
mind. Bears him 3 children, dies of
consumption in 1840. An adjunction of
characteristics, her mother predominat-
ing morally and physically.

Third Generation.

5. Eugene Rougon, born in 1811, married in

1857 to V^ronique Beulin d'Orcheres, by
whom he has no children. A fusion of
characteristics. Prepotency and ambition
of his mother. Physical likeness to his
father. A poUtician. at one time Cabinet
Minister. Still alive in Paris, a deputy.

6. Pascal Rougon, born in 1813. never marries,

has a posthumous child by Clotilde Rougon
in 1874 ; dies of heart disease on Novem-
ber 7. 1873, Innateness. a combination
in which the physical and moral character-
istics of the parents are so blended that
nothing of them appears manifest in the
offspring. A doctor.

7. Aristide Rougon, alias Saccard, bom in

1815, married in 1836 to Angele Sicardot,
the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an
officer ; has by her a son in 1840, a daugh-
ter in 1847 ; loses his wife in 1854 ; has a
natvural son in 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie
Chavaille, counting consumptives and
epileptics among her forerunners ; re-
married in 1855 to Ren6e Beraud Du
Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An
adjunction of characteristics, moral pre-
potency of his father, physical likeness to
his mother. Her ambition, modified by
his father's appetites. A clerk, then a
speculator. Still alive in Paris, directing
a newspaper.

8. SiDONiE Rougon, born in 1818, married at

Plassans in 1838 to a solicitor's clerk, who
dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger,
in 1851 a daughter Ang61ique, whom she
places in the foundling asylum. Prepo-
tency of her father, physical likeness to
her mother. A conunission agent and
procuress, dabbling in every shady call-
ing ; but eventually becomes very austere.
Still alive in Paris, treasurer to the (Euvre
du Sacrement.

9. Marthe Rougon, born in 1820, married in

1840 to her cousin Francois Mouret, bears
him three children, dies in 1864 from a
nervous disease. Reverting heredity,
skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral
and physical likeness to Adelaide Fouque.
Resembles her husband.

10. Franqois Mouret, born in 1817, married
in 1840 to Marthe Rougon. who bears
him 3 children ; dies mad in 1864 in a con-
flagration kindled by himself. Prepotency
of his father. Physical likeness to his
mother. Resembles his wife. At first
a wine-merchant, then lives on his
income.

XXVll

11. HzVENE MouBET. bom in 1824. married in

1841 to Grandjean. a puny man. inclined
to phthisis, who dies in 1853 ; has a
daughter by him in 1842 ; remarried in
1857 to M. Ram baud, by whom she has no
children. Iimateness as in Pascal Rougon's
case. Still living, at Marseilles, in retire-
ment with her second husband.

12. SiLVERE MotTRET, bom in 1834 ; shot dead

by a gendarme in 1851. Prepotency of his
mother. Innateness with regard to physi-
cal resemblance.

13. Lisa Macquart, born in 1827, married in

1852 to Qu^nu, a healthy man with a well-
balanced mind. Bears him a daughter,
dies in 1863 from decomposition of the
blood. Prepotency of and physical like-
ness to her mother. Keeps a large pork-
butcher's shop at the Paris markets.

14. Gebvaise Macquart, born in 1828. has

three sons by her lover Lantier, who
counts paralytics among his ancestors ;
is taken to Paris, and there deserted by
him ; is married in 1852 to a workman,
Coupeau, who comes of an alcoholic stock ;
has a daughter by him ; dies of misery
and drink in 1869. Prepotency of her
father. Conceived in drunkermess. Is
lame. A washerwoman.

15. Jean Macqu.vrt, born in 1831, married in

1807 to Francoise Mouche. who dies child-
less in 1870 ; remarried in 1871 to M^lanie
Vial, a sturdy, healthy peasant-girl, by
whom he has a son, and who is again
enceinte. Innateness, as with Pascal and
H616ne. First a peasant, then a soldier,
then peasant again. Still alive at Val-
queyras.

Fourth Generation.

16. Maxime Eougon. alias Saccard. born in

1840. has a son in 1857 by a servant.
Justine M6got. the chlorotic daughter of
drunken parents ; married in 1863 to
Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the
same year ; succumbs to ataxia in 1873.
A dissemination of characteristics. Moral
prepotency of his father. i)hysical likeness
to his mother. Idle, inclined to spending
unearned money.

17. Clotilde Rouoon. alias Saccard, bom In

1847. has a son by Pascal Rougon in 1874.
Prepotency of her mother. Reverting
heredity, the moral and physical character-
isticH of her maternal grandfather pre-
ponderant, sun alive at Plassans.

18. Victor Rou<ion, alias Saccakd. born in

1853. Adjunction of charactcristicH.
PbyRical resemblance to his father. Has
disappeared.

19. Akoeuque Rouoon. bom In 1851, married

in 1869 to F^Ucien de Hautccfuur. and
dle« the «amc day of a complaint never
determined. Innateness : no resemblance
to her mother or forerunners on the ma-
ternal nide. No infonnation m to her
father.

20. Octave Moubkt, born in 1840. married in

1806 to Madame IKklouin. who (Ilc« the
tame year: remarried in 186'.) to Dcninc
Baudu. a healthy girl with a well-balanced
mind, by whom be has a boy and a girl,
iitlll too yooDg to be daMifled. Prepotency
of bin father. Pbyiilcal reMmblance to
bif uncle, Kugtoe Boucon. Indirect

heredity. Establishes and directs "The
Ladies' Paradise.' StiU alive in Paris.

21. Serge Moubet, bora in 1841. A dissemina-

tion of characteristics ; moral and physical
resemblance to his mother. Has his father's
brain, influenced by the diseased condi-
tion of his mother. Heredity of a form of
neurosis developing into mysticism. A
priest, still alive at St. Eutrope.

22. Desiree Mouret, born in 1844. Prepotency

of and physical likeness to her mother.
Heredity of a form of neurosis developing
into idiocy. Still alive at St. Eutrope with
her brother Serge.

23. Jeanne Grandjean. born in 1842, dies of a

nervous complaint in 1855. Reverting
heredity, skipping two generations. Physi-
cal and moral resemblance to Adelaide
FouQue.

24. Pauline Quenu. born in 1852. never marries.

An equilibrious blending of characteristics.
Moral and physical resemblance to her
father and mother. An example of
honesty. Still ahve at Bonneville.

25. Claude Lantier. born in 1842, married in

1865 to Caroline Hallegrain, whose father
succumbed to paraplegia ; has by her.
prior to marriage, a son Jacques, who dies
in 1869 ; hangs himself in 1870. A fusion
of characteristics. Moral prepotency of
and physical resemblance to his mother.
Heredity of a fonn of neurosis developing
into genius. A painter.

26. Jacques Lantier, born in 1844, killed in an

accident in 1870. Prepotency of his
mother. Physical likeness to his father.
Heredity of alcoholism, developing into
homicidal mania. An example of crime.
An engine-driver.

27. Etienne Lantier. born In 1846. A dis-

semination of characteristics. Physical
resemblance, first to his mother, after-
wards to his father. A miner. Still alive,
transported to Noumea, there married,
with children, it is said, who cannot, how-
ever, be classified.

28. Anna Coupeau, alias Nana, bom In 1862,

gives birth to a child. Ix)uis. in 1867. loses
him In 1 870. dies herself of small-pox a few
days later. A blending of characteristics.
Moral prepotency of her father. I'liysical
resemblance to her mother's first lover,
Lantier. Heredity of alcoholism develop-
ing into mental and physical perversion.
Au example of vice.

Fifth Generatpm.

29. CiiARLES RouooN. alias Saccabp. born in

1857, dies of hiemorrhago in 1873. Re-
verting heredity skipping three genera-
tions. Physical and moral resemblance to
Adelaide Fouquc. The laat outcome of an
exhausted stock.

30. Jacques Louis Lantier. bom in 1860. a

case of bydrocephaluH. died In 1869. Pre-
potency of hlB father, whom he physically
resembles.

31. Ix>infl Coupeau, coUed Louisbt, bora in

1867. dies ot small-pox In 1870. Pre-
potency of his mother, whom be pbynlcally
resembles.

32. Tin UMXMOWir Child will b« bora in 1874

What win it be 7

SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE
ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS

La Fortune des Rougon.

In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity,
and the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great
series which deals with the life history of a family and its de-
scendants during the Second Empire.

The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was
Adelaide Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to
nervous seizures. From her father she inherited a small farm,
and at the age of eighteen married one of her own labourers, a
man named Rougon, who died fifteen months afterwards, leaving
her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly after her husband's
death she fell completely under the influence of Macquart, a drunken
smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time she had a son
named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became more
and more subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind
was completely unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was
a man of strong will inherited from his father, and he early saw
that his mother's property was being squandered by the Macquarts.
By means approximating to fraud he induced his mother, who was
then facile, to sell her property and hand over the proceeds to him.
Soon after he married Felicite Peuch, a woman of great shrewd-
ness and keen intelligence, by whom he had three sons (Eugene,
Aristide, and Pascal) and two daughters (Marthe and Sidonie).
Pierre Rougon was not particularly prosperous, but his eldest son,
Eugene, went to Paris and became mixed up in the Bonapartist
plots which led to the Coup d'Etat of 1851. He was consequently
able to give his parents early information as to the probable course
of events, and the result of their action was to lay the foundations
of the family fortune.

The scene of the book is the Provengal town of Plassans, and
the tragic events attending the rising of the populace against the
Coup d'Etat are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a
charming love idyll between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Mac-
quart, and a young girl named Miette, both of whom fell as victims
in the rising which followed the Coup d'etat.

Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his Introduction tojthe EngUsh transla-
tion of The Conquest of Plassans (London : Chatto & Windus),
points out that almost every incident in Ths Fortune of the Rougons

xxviii

XXIX

is based upon historical fact. " For instance/* he says, " Miette
had a counterpart in Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of
the young woman who, carrying the insurgents' blood-red banner,
was hailed by them as the Goddess of Liberty on their dramatic
march. And in like way the tragic death of Silvere, linked to
another hapless prisoner, was founded by M. Zola on an incident
that followed the rising, as recorded by an eye-witness."

Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of
Pierre Rougon {La Fortune des Rougon), who went to Paris from
Plassans, becoming involved in the plots which resulted in the
Coup d'etat of 1851 and the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial
power. The future career of Rougon was assured ; his services
had been too important to be overlooked, and he ultimately became
Minister of State and practically Vice-Emperor. He fell for a
time under the influence of Clorinde Balbi, the daughter of an
Italian adventuress, but, realizing the risk of compromising him-
self, he shook himself free, and married a lady whose position in
society tended to make his own still more secure. The novel gives
an excellent account of the political and social life of the Second
Empire, and of the cynical corruption which characterized the
period.

In a preface to the English translation {His Excellency. London :
Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion,
" with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject,
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon is the one existing French novel
which gives the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in
political spheres at an important period of the Empire. But His
Excellency Eugene Rougon is not, as many critics and others have
supposed, a mere portrait or caricature of His Excellency Eugene
Rouher, the famous Vice-Emperor of history. Symbolism is to be
found in every one of Zola's novels, and Rougon, in his main lines,
is but the symbol of a principle, or, to be accurate, the symbol of a
certain form of the principle of authority. His face is Rouher's,
like his build and his favourite gesture ; but with Rouher's words,
actions, opinions, and experiences are blended those of half a
dozen other personages. He is the incarnation of that craving,
that lust for power which impelled so many men of ability to
throw all principle to the winds and become the instruments of an
abominable system of government. And his transformation at
the close of the story is in strict accordance with historical facts."

La Cur^e.

In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene
to Paris in the hope of sliaring the spoils of the Second Empire
{La Fortune des Rougon), was successful in amassing a vast fortune
by speculation in building-sites. His first wife jiaving died, he

XXX

married Ren6e B6raud du Chatel, a lady of good family, whose
dowry first enabled him to throw himself into the struggle of
financial life. In a magnificent mansion which he built in the
Pare Monceau a life of inconceivable extravagance began. The
mushroom society of Paris was at this period the most corrupt in
Europe, and the Saccards soon came to be regarded as leaders in
every form of pleasure. Vast though their fortune was, their
expenses were greater, and a catastrophe was frequently imminent.
Renee, satiated with prodigality of every kind, entered on an in-
famous liaison with her husband's son, a liaison which Aristide
condoned in order to extract money from his wife. Renee ulti-
mately died, leaving her husband immersed in his feverish specula-
tions.

The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of
Parisian society in the period which followed the restoration of
the Empire in 1851.

L' Argent.

After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard {La Fortune des
Rougon and La Curee) was forced to sell his mansion in the Pare
Monceau and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune.
Chance made him acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose
residence in the East had suggested to him financial schemes
which at once attracted the attention of Saccard. With a view to
financing these schemes the Universal Bank was formed, and by
force of advertising became immediately successful. Emboldened
by success, Saccard launched into wild speculation, involving the
bank, which ultimately became insolvent, and so caused the ruin
of thousands of depositors. The scandal was so serious that
Saccard was forced to disappear from France and to take refuge
in Belgium.

The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation
and fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of
directors, and the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with
the shady underwoods of the financial world.

Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation
{Money, London : Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in
sketching Saccard, that daring and unscrupulous financier, " must
have bethought himself of Mires, whose name is so closely linked
to the history of Second Empire finance. Mires, however, was a
Jew, whereas Saccard was a Jew-hater, and outwardly, at all
events, a zealous Roman Catholic. In this respect he reminds one
of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety, just as Hamelin the
engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux's associate. Indeed, the
history of M. Zola's Universal Bank is much the history of the
Union General. The latter was solemnly blessed by the Pope, and
in a like way Zola shows us the Universal receiving the Papal
benediction. Moreover, the secret object of the Union General

XXXI

w&s to undermine the financial power of the Jews, and in the novel
we find a similar purpose ascribed to Saccard's Bank. The Union,
we know, was eventually crushed by the great Israelite financiers,
and this again is the fate which overtakes the institution whose
meteor-hke career is traced in the pages of L' Argent."

Le Reve.

Written as a " passport to the Academy," this novel stands
alone among the Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic
grace. Angelique, a daughter of Sidonie Rougon {La Curee), had
been deserted by her mother, and was adopted by a maker of
ecclesiastical embroideries, who with his wife lived and worked
under the shadow of an ancient cathedral. In this atmosphere
the child grew to womanhood, and as she fashioned the rich em-
broideries of the sacred vestments she had a vision of love and
happiness which was ultimately realized, though the realization
proved too much for her frail strength, and she died in its supreme
moment. The vast cathedral with its solemn ritual dominates the
book and colours the lives of its characters.

La Conquete de Plassans.

The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter
of Pierre and Felicite Rougon {La Fortune des Rougon), who had
inherited much of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother
Adelaide Fouque. She married her cousin, Fran9ois Mouret.
Plassans, where the Mourets Uved, was becoming a stronghold
of the clerical party, when Abbe Faujas, a wily and arrogant
priest, was sent to win it back for the Government. This power-
ful and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly set aside every obstacle
to his purpose, and in the course of his operations wrecked the
home of the Mourets. Marthe having become infatuated with the
priest, ruined her family for him and died neglected. Fran9ois
Mouret, her husband, who by the machinations of Faujas was
confined in an asylum as a lunatic, became insane in fact, and
having escaped, brought about a conflagration in which he perished
along with the disturber of his domestic peace.

The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and
intrigues of a country town, and of the political movements which
followed the Cou^ d'etat of 1851.

Pot-Bouille.

A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of
Fran9ois Mouret, has come to the city, where ho has got a situation
ill " The Ladies' Paradise," a draper's shop carried on by Madame
ll6douin, a lady whom he ultimately marries. The interest of the
l)ook centres in a house in Rue de Choiseul which is let in flats to
iriouH tenants, the Vabres, Duvreyiers, and Josserands among
thers. The inner lives of tliese people, their struggles, their

xxxu

jealousies and their sins, are shown with an unsparing hand. Under
the thin skin of an intense respectabiUty there is a seething mass
of depravity, and with ruthless art Zola has laid his subjects upon
the dissecting- table. Of plot there is little, but as a terrible study
in realism the book is a masterpiece.

Au Bonheur des Dames.

Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin,
greatly increased the business of " The Ladies' Paradise,'' which
he hoped would ultimately rival the Bon Marche and other great
drapery establishments in Paris. While an addition to the shop
was in progress Madame Mouret met with an accident which
resulted in her death, and her husband remained a widower for a
number of years. During this time his business grew to such an
extent that his employees numbered many hundreds, among
whom was Denise Baudu, a young girl who had come from the
provinces. Mouret fell in love with her, and she, after resisting
his advances for some time, ultimately married him. The book
deals chiefly with life among the assistants in a great drapery
establishment, their petty rivalries and their struggles ; it con-
tains some pathetic studies of the small shopkeepers of the district,
crushed out of existence under the wheels of Mouret 's money-
making machine.

La Faute de l'Abb6 Mouret.

Serge Mouret, the younger son of Fran9ois Mouret (see La
Conquete de Plassans), was ordained to the priesthood and ap-
pointed cure of Les Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to
whose degenerate inhabitants he ministered with small encourage-
ment. He had inherited the family taint of the Rougon-Mac quarts,
which in him took the same form as in the case of his mother — a
morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever
followed, and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental
past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save his reason,
removed him from his accustomed surroundings and left him at
the Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house
near Les Artaud, where he was nursed by Albine, niece of the
caretaker. The Abb6 fell in love with Albine, and, oblivious of
his vows, broke them. A meeting with Archangias, a Christian
Brother with whom he had been associated, and a chance glimpse
of the world beyond the Paradou, served to restore his memory,
and, filled with horror at himself, he fled from that enchanted
garden. A long mental struggle followed, but in the end the
Church was victorious, and the Abbe returned to her service with
even more feverish devotion than before. Albine, broken-hearted,
died among her loved flowers in the Paradou.

The tale is to some extent an indictment of the celibacy of the
priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put

XXXlll

quite fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse,
in entire forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book
contains some of Zola's best work, and is both poetical and con-
vincing.

Une Page d' Amour.

A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene
Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret
{La Fortune des Rougon) and Frangois Mouret {La Conquete de
Plassans). Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar-
refiner of Marseilles, whose family opposed the marriage on the
ground of her poverty. The marriage was a secret one, and some
years of hardship had followed, when an uncle of M. Grandjean
died, leaving his nephew a substantial income. The couple then
moved to Paris with their young daughter Jeanne, but the day
after their arrival Grandjean was seized with illness from which
he died. Helene remained in Paris, though she had at first no
friends there except Abbe Jouve and his half-brother M. Rambaud.
Jeanne had inherited much of the family neurosis, along with a
consumptive tendency derived from her father, and one of her
sudden illnesses caused her mother to make the acquaintance of
Doctor Deberle. An intimacy between the two families followed,
which ripened into love between the doctor and Helene. Events
were precipitated by an attempt on the part of Helene to save
Madame Deberle from the consequences of an indiscretion in
arranging an assignation with M. Malignon, with the result that
she was herself seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor Deberle
and for the first and only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose
jealous affection for her mother amounted to mania, was so af-
fected by the belief that she was no longer the sole object of her
mother's love that she became dangerously ill and died soon after-
wards. This bitter punishment for her brief lapse killed Helene's
love for Doctor Deberle, and two years later she married M. Ram-
baud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, Helene was a good and
pure woman, upon whom the fate of her family fell.

In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to

make all Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study

in realism, it contains much that is truly pathetic. The descrip-

ions of Paris under varying atmospheric aspects, with which each

oction of the book closes, arc wholly admirable.

Le Ventre de Paris.

A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central
markets of Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine
Macquart {La Fortune des Rougon). She has become prosperous,
and with prosperity her selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-
law Florent had escaped from penal servitude in Cayenne and
lived for a time in her house, but she became tired of his presence

XXXIV

and ultimately denounced him to the police. The book contains
vivid pictures of the markets, bursting with the food of a great
city, and of the vast population which lives by handling and dis-
tributing it. " But it also embraces a powerful allegory,'' writes
Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his preface to the English translation {The
Fat and the Thin. London : Chatto & Windus), " the prose song
of the eternal battle between the lean of this world and the fat —
a battle in which, as the author shows, the latter always come off
successful. M. Zola had a distinct social aim in writing this book."'

La Joie de Vivre.

Pauline Quenu [Le Ventre de Paris), having been left an orphan,
was sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast.
It was a bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their
drab, hopeless lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death.
The Chanteaus, Pauline's guardians, took advantage of her in
every way, and Lazare Chanteau, her cousin, with whom she fell
in love, got from her large sums of money to carry out wild schemes
which he devised. The character of Pauline is a fine conception ;
basely wronged and treated with heartless ingratitude, her hopes
blighted and her heart broken, she found consolation in the com-
plete renunciation of herself for the sake of those who had so
greatly injured her.

" The title selected by M. Zola for this book," says Mr. E. A.
Vizetelly in his preface to the English translation {The Joy of Life.
London : Chatto & Windus), "is to be taken in an ironical or
sarcastic sense. There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters
whom he portrays in it. The story of the hero is one of mental
weakness, poisoned by a constantly recurring fear of death ;
whilst that of his father is one of intense physical suffering, blended
with an eager desire to continue living, even at the cost of yet
greater torture. Again, the story of the heroine is one of blighted
affections, the wrecking of all which might have made her life
worth living."

L'Assommoir.

A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social
condition of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no
other work of fiction in which the effects of intemperance are
shown with such grimness of realism arid uncompromising force.

Gervaise Mac quart, daughter of Antoine Mac quart {La Fortune
des Rougon), having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris,
taking with her their two children, was deserted by him a few
weeks after their arrival in the city. She got employment in the
laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and a few months later married
Coupeau, a zinc-worker, who, though the son of drunken parents,
was himself steady and industrious. For a while everything
prospered with the Coupeaus ; by hard work they were able to

XXXV

gave a little money, and in time a daughter (Nana) was born to
them. Then an accident to Coupeau, who fell from the roof of a
house, brought about a change. His recovery was slow, and left
him with an unwillingness to work and an inclination to pass his
time in neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime Grervaise, with
money borrowed from Groujet, a man who loved her with almost
idyUic affection, had started a laundry of her own. She was success-
ful for a time, in spite of her husband's growing intemperance
and an increasing desire in herself for ease and good living ; but
deterioration had begun, and with the reappearance of Lantier,
her old lover, it became rapid. Coupeau was by this time a con-
firmed loafer and drunkard, while Gervaise was growing careless
and ease-loving. Lantier, having become a lodger with the
Coupeaus, ceased doing any work, and as he never paid anything
for his board, his presence not unnaturally hastened the downfall
of his hosts. Circumstances conspired to renew the old relations
between Grervaise and Lantier, and by easy stages she descended
that somewhat slippery stair which leads to ruin. The shop was
given up, and she again got employment in the laundry of Madame
Fauconnier, though she was no longer the capable workwoman of
former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious from childhood, had
taken to evil courses ; her husband had at least one attack of
delirium tremens ; and she herself was fast giving way to intemper-
ance. The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of Sainte-
Anne after an illness the description of which is for pure horror
unparalleled in fiction ; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest
depths of degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret.
The tragedy of it all is that Grervaise, despite her early lapse with
Lantier, was a good and naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin
was wrought by circumstances and by the operation of the relent-
less laws of heredity.

It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in L'Assom-

moir that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842,

aid fitienne, born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844),

lot elsewhere mentioned, the hero of La Bete Hum^ine, a sub-

f!quent work in the Rougon-Macquart series.

L'CEuvre.

A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of
the Second Empire.

Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise

Macquart {fxi Fortune des Rougon and L'Assommoir), had been

du(;atei at Pla.sHanH by an old gentleman who was interested by

lis cliiidish skill in drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a

um which yielded an annual income of a thousand francs, and he

came to Paris to follow an artistic career. There he mrt Dubuche,

Pierr-i Sandoz, and others of his former schoolboy friends, and the

little band formed a coterie of revolutionary spirits, whose aim was

XXXVl

to introduce new ideas and drastic changes into the accepted
canons of art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a
picture which he called Plein Air (" Open Air "), in which he went
direct to nature for inspiration, and threw aside all recognized
conventions. The picture was refused by the committee of the
Salon, and when subsequently shown at a minor exhibition was
greeted with derision by the public. The artist was in despair, and
left Paris with Christine Hallegrain, a young girl between whom
and himself a chance acquaintanceship had ripened into love.
They lived happily in a little cottage in the country for several
years, a son being born to them, but Claude became restless, and
they returned to Paris. Here he gradually became obsessed by an
idea for a great picture, which would show the truth of his theories
and cover his detractors with confusion. By this time there is
no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated
disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to
manifest itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this
picture ; his little fortune was gradually encroached on, and his
wife and child (he had married Christine some time after their
return to Paris) were frequently without the necessaries of life.
Christine was, however, devoted to her husband, and did all she
could to induce him to leave the picture, which she saw was in-
creasing his mental disturbance. This was becoming more serious,
and in the death of his child he saw only the subject of a picture,
UEnfant Mort, which was exhibited at the Salon and was re-
ceived with even more contempt than Plein Air. Despite all the
efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended masterpiece,
and one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged him-
self in front of the fatal picture.

As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is
little doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by
that of Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist
school, with whom Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also
certain that Pierre Sandoz, the journalist with an idea for a vast
series of novels dealing with the life history of a family, was the
prototype of Zola himself.

La Bete Humaine.

A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close
of the Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second
son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier [La Fortune des
Rougon and L'Assommoir). When his parents went to Paris with
his two brothers, he remained at Plassans with his godmother,
*' Aunt Phasie,'' who afterwards married Misard, a railway 'signal-
man, by whom she was slowly poisoned to secure a small legacy
which she had concealed. After Jacques had passed through the
School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans he became a railway engine-
driver, and entered the service of the Western Railway Company,

XXXVll

regularly driving the express train between Paris and Havre. He
was a steady man and a competent engineer, but from his early
youth he had been affected by a curious form of insanity, the
desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond. " It
seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring
thirst to avenge some very ancient offences, the exact recollection
of which escaped him." There was also in the employment of the
railway company, as assistant station-master at Havre, a com-
patriot of Lantier named Roubaud, who had married Severine
Aubry, the godchild of President Grandmorin, a director of the
company. A chance word of Severine's roused the suspicions of
Roubaud regarding her former relations with the President, and,
driven to frenzy by jealousy, he compelled her to become his
accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in an express train
between Paris and Havre.

Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able
to prove an alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired
that Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, the
inquiry into the murder was dropped. By a singular chance, how-
ever, Jacques Lantier had been a momentary witness of the crime,
and the Roubauds became aware of his suspicions. To secure his
silence they invited him constantly to their house, and a liaison
with Severine followed. For the first time Lantier 's blood lust
was not aroused ; the knowledge that this woman had killed seemed
to constitute her a being apart and sacred. After the murder of
Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of Roubaud's character set
in, and he became in time a confirmed gambler. His relations with
his wife were ultimately so strained that she induced Lantier to
promise to murder him, in order that they might fly together to
America with the proceeds of a small legacy she had received from
Grandmorin. The arrangements were made, but at the last moment
Lantier's frenzy overtook him, and it was Severine who was struck
down by the knife destined for her husband. Lantier escaped
without suspicion ; but Roubaud, who was found on the scene of
the crime under circumstances considered compromising, was
tried, and along with a companion equally innocent, was sentenced
to penal servitude for life. But Nemesis was not distant ; Jacques
had aroused the jealous fury of his fireman, Pecqueux, who, one
night in 1870, attacked him as they were driving a train loaded
with soldiers bound for the war. A fierce struggle followed, and in
the end the two men fell from the engine and were cut in pieces
beneath the wheels of the train, which, no longer under control,
rushed on into the darkness with its living freight.

Germinal.

A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation
to coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France
at a time preceding and during a great strike ; the hero is fitienno

XXXVIU

Lanticr {La Fortune cles Rougon and L'Assommoir). In a moment
of passion Lanticr had struck one of his superiors, and having been
dismissed from his employment as an engineer, found it difficult
to get work, till, after drifting from place to place, he eventually
became a coal-miner. The hardships of the life and its miserable
remuneration impressed him deeply, and he began to indoctrinate
his comrades with a spirit of revolt- His influence grew^ and he
became the acknowledged leader of the strike which followed.
The result was disastrous. After weeks of misery from cold and
hunger the infuriated workmen attempted to destroy one of the
pits, and were fired upon by soldiers sent to guard it. Many were
killed, and the survivors, with their spirits crushed, returned to
work. But worse was yet to come. Souvarine, an Anarchist,
disgusted with the ineffectual struggle, brought about an inunda-
tion of the pit, whereby many of his comrades were entombed.
Among them was Lantier, who was, however, eventually rescued.
As a study of the ever-existing struggle between capital and
labour the work has no rival in fiction ; the miseries and degrada-
tion of the mining class, their tardy revolt against their employers,
and their sufferings from hunger during its futile course, these are
the theme, and the result is a picture of gloom, horrible and with-
out rehef.

Nana.

A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the
daughter of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife {L'Assommoir),
has been given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des
Varietes, and though she can neither sing nor act, achieves by
the sheer force of her beauty an overwhelming success. All Paris
is at her feet, and she selects her lovers from among the wealthiest
and best born. But her extravagance knows no bounds, and ruin
invariably overtakes those who yield to her fascination. After
squandering vast sums she goes to the East, and stories spread
that she has captivated a viceroy and gained a great fortune in
Russia. Her return to Paris is speedily followed by her death
from small-pox. In this novel the life of the courtesan class is
dealt Avith by Zola with unhesitating frankness ; there are many
vivid studies of theatrical manners ; and the racecourse also
comes within its scope. The work was intended to lay bare the
canker which was eating into the social life of the Second Empire
and ultimately led to the debacle of 1870.

La Terre.

This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural
life in France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent
downfall of the Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most
powerful of all Zola's novels, but in dealing with the subject
he unfortunately thought it necessary to introduce incidents and
expressions which, from their nature, must always render it

XXXIX

impossible to submit the book in its entirety to the general English
reader.

Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat
sUght. Jean Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of
Grervaise [La Fortune des Rougon), having served his time in the
Army, came to the plain of La Beauce, and became an agricultural
labourer on the farm of La Borderie, which belonged to Alexandre
Hourdequin. He fell in love with Lise Mouche, who, however,
married Buteau, and Macquart subsequently married her sister
FranQoise. Constant quarrels now arose between the two sisters
as to the division of their father's property, and in the end Frangoise
was murdered by her sister. Macquart, tired of the struggle,
decided to rejoin the army, which he did immediately after the
outbreak of war.

The interest of the book is, however, largely concerned with the
hfe history of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member
of which, having grown old, divided his land among his three
children. The intense and brutish rapacity of these peasants,
their utter lack of any feeling of morality or duty, their perfect
selfishness, not stopping short of parricide, form a picture of
horror unequalled in fiction. It is only to be regretted that the
author, in leaving nothing to the imagination, has produced a
work suitable only for the serious student of sociology.

La Debacle.

In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had
dealt with every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in
this novel he tells the story of that terrific land-slide which over-
whelmed the regime. It is a story of war, grim and terrible ; of a
struggle to the death between two great nations. In it the author
has put much of his finest work, and the result is one of the master-
pieces of literature. The hero is Jean Macquart, son of Antoine
Macquart and the brother of Grervaise [La Fortune des Rougon),
After the terrible death of his wife, as told in La Terre, Jean en-
listed for the second time in the army, and went through the
campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After the capitulation he
was made prisoner, and in escaping was wounded. When he
returned to active service he took part in crushing the excesses of
the Commune in Paris, and by a strange chance it was his hand
that killed his dearest friend, Maurice Levasseur, who had joined
the Communist ranks. La Debdcle has been described as " a prose
< pic of modern war," and vast though the subject be, it is treated
in a manner that is powerful, painful, and pathetic.

In the preface to the English translation {The Downfall. London :
Cluitto & Wiiulus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview
with Zola regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says,
" containn. or may be made to contain, everything ; and it is
because that is my creed that I am a novelist. I have, to my think-

ing, certain contributions to make to the thought of the world on
certain subjects, and I have chosen the novel as the best way of
communicating these contributions to the world. Thus La Debdcle,
in the form of a very precise and accurate relation of a series of
historical facts — in other words, in the form of a realistic historical
novel — is a document on the psychology of France in 1870. This
will explain the enormous number of characters which figure in
the book. Each character represents one etat d'dme psychologique
of the France of the day. If my work be well done, the reader will
be able to understand what was in men's minds and what was the
bent of men's minds — what they thought and how they thought
at that period."

Le Docteur Pascal.

In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon- Mac quart series,
Zola gathers together the threads of the preceding volumes and
makes a vigorous defence of his theories of heredity. The story in
the book is both simple and sad. Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical
man at Plassans and a distinguished student of heredity, had
brought up his niece Clotilde (daughter of Aristide Rougon alias
Saccard) from childhood. Years afterwards they found that they
passionately loved one another, but they did not marry, as Pascal,
who had lost money, thought that by doing so she would sacrifice
her interests. (In this connection it is right to mention that
marriage between an uncle and a niece is legal in France, and is
not uncommon.) With fine self-sacrifice Pascal persuaded Clotilde
to go to Paris to live with her brother, who was wealthy and wanted
her to nurse him. Soon after her departure Pascal showed symptoms
of a fatal affection of the heart, and after some weeks of great
suffering telegraphed for Clotilde to come back. One hour before
her return he died. His mother, Madame F61icite Rougon, who
feared that his researches on heredity might bring scandal on the
family, burned all his papers, and in one hour destroyed the work
of a lifetime. A child was born to Clotilde seven months after the
death of Doctor Pascal ; a child which he had intensely desired,
in the hope that through it might come the regeneration and re-
juvenation of his race.

Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface
to his translation of Le Docteur Pascal (London : Chatto & Windus),
states that in this book he has been able to defend himself against
all the accusations which have been brought against him. " Pascal's
work on the members of his family," says Zola, " is, in small, what
I have attempted to do on humanity, to show all so that all may be
cured. It is not a book which, like La Debdcle, will stir the passions
of the mob. It is a scientific work, the logical deduction and con-
clusion of all my preceding novels, and at the same time it is my
speech in defence of all that I have done before the court of public
opinion."

THE ZOLA DICTIONARY

Ad^ile, the girl for whom Auguste
Eantier deserted Gervaise Mac-
quart. They lived together for
seven years, a life of constant
bickerings and quarrels, ac-
companied, not infrequently,
by blows, until the connection
was ended by Adele running
away. Her sister was Virginie,
with whom Gervaise fought
in the public washing-house
on the day of her desertion by
Lantier. U Assommoir .

AoiiLE, maid - servant to the
Josserands, and one of Hector
Trublot's friends. Pot-Bouille.

Ad£:le, an assistant in the shop
of Quenu, the pork-butcher.
It was she who took charge
of the shop on the sudden
death of her master, and sub-
sequently sent Pauline Quenu
to Madame Chanteau. La
Joie de Vivre.

Adolphe, an artillery driver in
the same battery as Honor6
Fouchard. In accordance with
a rule of the French artillery,
under which a driver and a
gunner are coupled, he messed
B

with Louis, the gunner, whom,
however, he was inclined to
treat as a servant. At the
battle of Sedan, before the
Calvary d'llly, where the
French were almost extermin-
ated by the Prussian artillery,
Adolphe fell, killed by a wound
in the chest ; in a last con-
vulsion he clasped in his arms
Louis, who had fallen at the
same moment, killed by the
same shot. La Debacle.
Albine, niece of Jeanbernat,
keeper of the Paradou, a neg-
lected demesne in Provence.
Her father had ruined himself
and committed suicide when
she was nine years old, and
she then came to live with her
uncle. She grew up in that
vast garden of flowers, herself
its fairest, almost in ignorance
of the world outside, and when
Abbe Mouret came to the
Paradou forgetful of his past,
she loved him unconsciously
from the first. As she nursed
him towards health, and his
mind began again to grow
from that fresh starting-point
to which it had been thrown

ALE

back, there developed an idyll
as beautiful and as innocent
as that which had its place in
another and an earlier garden.
The awakening of Abbe Mouret
to the recollection of his priest-
hood ended the romance, for
the call of his training was too
strong for his love. One effort
Albine made to bring him back,
and it was successful in so
much that one day he returned
to the Paradou. Again there
followed the struggle between
the flesh and the Church,
and again the Church pre-
vailed. Broken-hearted, Al-
bine passed for the last time
through her loved garden,
gathering as she went vast
heaps of flowers. More and
more she gathered, till her
room was nearly full ; then,
closing the door and windows,
she lay down amongst the
flowers, and allowed herself to
be suffocated by their over-
powering perfume. La Faute
de VAhhe Mouret.

Alexandre, a porter at the
Halles Centrales, where he
became a friend of Claude
Lantier. He was involved
along with Florent and
Gavard in the revolutionary
meetings at Lebigre's wine-
shop, and was sentenced to
two years' imprisonment. Le
Ventre de Paris.

andHI

Alexandre, one of the warders
at the asylum of Les Tulettes.
He was a friend of Antoine
Macquart, and at his request
allowed Frangois Mouret to
escape from the asylum, with
disastrous results to Abbe
Faujas and his relations. La
Conquete de Plassans.

Alexandre, a boy employed in
the shop known o.^ Au Bon-
heur des Dames. Pot-Bouille.

Amadieu, a speculator on the
Paris Bourse who made a
fortune by a rash purchase of
mining stock. He went into
the affair without calculation
or knowledge, but his success
made him revered by the
entire Bourse. He placed
no more orders, however, but
seemed to be satisfied with
his single victory. L' Argent.

Amanda, one of the singers at
a cafe concert in Boulevard
Rochechouart. UAssommoir.

Am:6lie, a demi-mondaine who
lodged at the Hotel Vanneau,
which was kept by Madame
Correur. Son Excellence Eu-
gene Rougon.

Amelie, wife of a journeyman
carpenter who occupied a
little room at the top of
Vabre's tenement - house in
Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille.

Andr6 (Le Pere), an old
countryman at Chavanoz, the

ANG

village where Miette spent her
childhood. La Fortune des
Bougon.

Angele (Sister), a nun attached
to the infirmary of the college
of Plassans. Her Madonna -
like face turned the heads of
aU the older pupils, and one
morning she disappeared with
Hermeline, a student of rheto-
ric. L'CEuvre.

Anqelique Mabie, bom 1851,
was the daughter of Sidonie
Rougon, by an unknown
father. Soon after her birth
she was taken to the Found-
ling Hospital by a nurse,
Madame Foucart, and no
further inquiries were ever
made about her. She was at
first boarded with Fran9oise
Hamelin, by whom she was
not unkindly treated, and
subsequently went to Paris
with Louis Franchomme and
his wife, who wished to teach
her the trade of artificial-
flower making. Franchomme
having died three months
later, his widow went to
reside at Beaumont with her
brother Rabier, taking Ange-
lique with her. Unfortu-
nately, Madame Franchomme
died a few months afterwards,
leaving Angolique to the caro
of the Rabiers, who used her
badly, not even giving her
enough to eat. In conbo-

quence of their treatment,
she ran away on Christmas
Day, 1860, and the follow-
ing morning was found in a
fainting condition by Hubert,
the chasuble - maker, who
noticed her lying in the snow
within the porch of the cathe-
dral of Beaumont. Hubert
and his wife took the child
into their house, and, be-
coming attached to her, ulti-
mately adopted her as their
daughter, teaching her the art
of embroidering vestments, in
which she became very skilful.
Angelique, though an amiable
girl, was at first liable to
violent attacks of temper, and
it was only by the exercise
of much patience and tact
on the part of Madame Hubert
that this tendency was over-
come. The girl was always a
dreamer, and her cloistered
life with the Huberts, along
with constant reading of the
lives of the saints, brought
out all that was mystic in her
nature. A chance meeting
between Angelique and a
young man named F61icien
led to their falling in love, she
being in entire ignorance of
the fact that he was the son
of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur,
and a member of one of the
oldest and proudest families
in Franco. F^licien's fatlier
having refused his coujsent to

ANG

AUB

a marriage, and a personal
appeal to him by Angelique
having failed, the lovers were
separated for a time. The
girl gradually fell into ill-
health, and seemed at the
point of death when Mon-
seigneur himself came to ad-
minister the last rites of the
Church. Having been miracu-
lously restored to a measure
of health, Angelique was
married to F61icien d'Haute-
coeur in the great cathedral
of Beaumont. She was very
feeble, and as she was leaving
the church on the arm of her
husband she sank to the
ground. In the midst of her
happiness she died ; quietly
and gently as she had lived.
Le Beve.

fj Anglars (Irma d'), a demi-
mondaine of former times who
had been celebrated under the
First Empire. In her later
years she retired to a house
which she owned at Chamont,
where she lived a simple yet
stately life, treated with the
greatest respect by all the
neighbourhood. Nana.

^ Annouchka, mistress of Sou-
varine, and implicated with
him in a political plot. Dis-
guised as a countryman, she
assisted in the undermining
of a railway over which an
imperial train was to pass,

and it was she who eventually
lit the fuse. She was captured
along with others, and Sou-
varine, who had escaped, was
present at her trial during
six long days. When she
came to be executed, she
looked in vain among the
crowd for her lover, till Sou-
varine mounted on a stone,
and, their eyes having met,
remained fixed in one long
gaze till the end. Germinal.

Antonia, waiting-maid to Clo-
rinde Balbi, with whom she
was on familiar terms. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Archangias (Brother), a
Christian Brother, who lived
at Les Artaud, and taught the
children there. He was a
coarse-minded man of violent
temper, whose hatred of
women led him to make the
gravest charges against them.
He constituted himself a spy
on the actions of Abbe Mouret,
and was partly the means of
calling back the priest's
memory of his sacred calling.
He insulted Jeanbernat and
Albine so grossly, that after
the girl's death the old man
attacked him and cut off his
right ear with a pocket-knife.
La Faute de VAhhe Mouret,

AuBERTOT (Madame Eliza-
beth), sister of M. Beraud du
Chatel, and aunt of Renee and

AUB

AUG

Christine. She gave a large
sum of money to Saccard on
his marriage to Renee. La
Curee.
AuBRY (Severine), youngest
daughter of a gardener in the
employment of Grandmorin.
Her mother died when she
was in infancy, and she
was only thirteen when she
lost her father also. President
Grandmorin, who was her
godfather, took charge of her,
and brought her up with his
daughter Berthe. The two
girls were sent to the same
school at Rouen, and spent
their holidays together at
Doinville. Ignorant and facile,
Severine yielded to the de-
signs of the old President,
who subsequently arranged a
marriage for her with Rou-
baud, an employe of the
Western Railway Company.
For three years the couple
lived happily, but a moment
of forgetfulness, a trifling lie
which she neglected to sustain,
revealed everything to Rou-
baud. In an accession of
jealous fury he forced his
wife to become his accomplice
in the murder of Grandmorin, '
and it was she who threw
herself across the limbs of the
President wliilo her husband
struck the fatal blow. Sus-
picions fell upon the Rou-
bauds, and indeed the truth

was known to M. Camy-
Lamotte, but political con-
siderations made it desirable
that the character of President
Grandmorin should not be
publicly discussed, and the
inquiry into the murder was
dropped. The domestic re-
lations between the Roubauds
were becoming more and more
strained, and Severine became
entirely enamoured of Jacques
Lantier. In order to free
herself from her husband, she
persuaded Lantier to murder
Roubaud and fly with her to
America. The arrangements
were completed when Lantier
was seized with one of the
homicidal frenzies to which
he was subject, and it was
Severine herself who fell under
his knife instead of their
intended victim. La Bite
Humaine.

AuQUSTE, keeper of an eating-
house known as Le Moulin
d' Argent on Boulevard do la
Chapelle. The wedding party
of Coupeau and Gervaise was
given there. VAssommoir.

AuausTE, a waiter at the Cafe
des Vari^tes. Nana.

AuGUSTE, a young swine-herd
at La Bordcrie. Ho assisted
Soulas, the old shepherd, to
look after tiie sheep. La
Terre.

AUG

BAD

f^ Augustine, a young girl who
assisted Gervaise Coupeau in
her laundry. She was squint-
eyed and mischievous, and
was always making trouble
with the other employees.
As she was the least qualified
and therefore the worst-paid
assistant in the laundry, she
was kept on after decreasing
business caused the others to
leave. UAssommoir.

f- Augustine, an artificial-flower
maker who was employed by
Madame Titreville. UAssom-
moir.

AuB^LiE (Mademoiselle), an
elderly friend of Madame De-
berle, at whose house she was
a frequent visitor. She was in
straitened circumstances. JJne
Page d' Amour.

AuR^LiE (Madame). /See Madame
Aurehe Lhomme. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

AuRiGNY (Lauee d'), a cele-
brated demi-mondaine of the
Second Empire. At a sale of
her effects, Aristide Saccard
bought a diamond necklace
and aigrette for his second
wife. La Curee.

Babet, one of the peasant girls
of Les Artaud, who came to
decorate the church for the

festival of the Virgin. She
was a hunchback. La Faute
de VAbhe Mouret.

Bachelard (Pere), brother of
Narcisse Bachelard and uncle
of Madame Josserand. He
conducted for forty years a
boarding-school known as the
Institution- Bachelard. Pot-
Bouille.

Bachelard (&eonore). See
Madame Josserand. Pot-
Bouille.

Bachelard (Narcisse), a com-
mission agent, whose keen
business instincts were not
blunted by his intemperate
habits. He was a brother of
Madame Josserand, and had
at one time promised to give
a dowry to her daughter
Berthe ; this promise he was
unwilling to implement, and
when spoken to on the subject
usually feigned intoxication ;
eventually he suggested the
somewhat dishonest plan by
which Berthe's intended hus-
band was hoodwinked into
the belief that the dowry
would be duly forthcoming.
His protegee, Fifi, having com-
promised herself with GueuUn,
his nephew, he insisted on
their marriage, and presented
the girl with a dowry. Pot-
Bouille.

Badeuil (Charles) married
Laure Fouan, and went to

BAD

live at Chartres. He tried
commerce without much suc-
cess, and, haunted by a desire
for rapid fortune, acquired a
maison publique which had
fallen into bad repute through
mismanagement. Thanks to
the firm ^control of Badeuil,
and the extraordinary activity
of his wife, the estabhshment
prospered, and in less than
twenty-five years the couple
had saved three hundred
thousand francs. They were
then able to realize the dream
of their life, and to retire to
the country, where they pur-
chased a property named
Roseblanche, near Madame
Badeuil's native place. M.
Badeuil was a handsome man,
sixty-five years of age, with
a solemn face, and the air of
a retired magistrate. He was
respected by his neighbours,
and held the strictest views
on morality. The old couple
lived in complete happiness,
their only worry being that
Vaucogne, who had married
their daughter iSstelle and
taken over the property in
Chartres, was not managing
it properly. La Terre.

Badeuil (Madame Laube), wife
of the preceding, was the
youngest daughter of Joseph
Casimir Fouan. She was the
sister of La Grande, of Pdre

Fouan, and of Michel Fouan,
known as Mouche. When her
father's estate was divided,
she got no land, but received
an indemnity in money in-
stead. After she and her
husband acquired the estab-
lishment in Chartres, she as-
sisted ably in its management.
At the time of their retire-
ment to the country, she was
a woman of sixty- two years of
age, of respectable appearance
and an air of religious seclu-
sion. She set a good example
by going regularly to Mass,
and paid great attention to
the education of her grand-
daughter, filodie, whom she
endeavoured to bring up in
entire ignorance of life. She
had, however, still a passion
for active life, and in busy
seasons frequently returned to
Chartres to assist her daughter,
who had taken over the es-
tablishment there. Madame
Badeuil received the greatest
surprise of her life when she
found that her granddaughter,
whom she had brought up in
the innocence of ignorance,
was quite aware of tlie source
of the family fortune, and was
ready to take up the work
begun by her grandparents.
La Terre.

Badeuil (ISstelle), daughter
of the preceding, was edu-

BAD

BAL

cated by the Sisters of the
Visitation at Chateaudun, and
at eighteen was married to
Hector Vaucogne, by whom
she had one daughter, filodie.
She was thirty years of age
before she had any suspicion
of the calUng of her parents,
and at that time she took over
the management of their es-
tabhshment. She proved a
capable manager, and in spite
of the laziness of her husband,
was able to keep up the repu-
tation of the house, though in
a few years she killed herself
with hard work. La Terre.

Badinguet, a popular nickname
for Napoleon III. It was the
name of the workman whose
clothes he wore when he
escaped from the fortress of
Ham. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Baillehache, a notary at
Cloyes, was born in 1805, and
succeeded to several genera-
tions of lawyers. He had a
large business amongst the
peasantry, in whose quarrels
he mediated with professional
calmness. He arranged the
division of Fouan's property
between the various members
of the old man's family. La
Terre.

Baillehache (Mademoiselle),
eldest sister of the preceding,
was born in 1799. She was

plain-looking, but good-
natured, and at thirty-two
married Alexandre Hourde-
quin, to whom she brought a
considerable dowry. She had
two children, a son and a
daughter, and died in 1855.
La Terre.

Balbi (Clorinde), daughter of
Comtesse Balbi, was a lady
of great beauty, but of eccen-
tric habits. Her position in
society being precarious, she
determined to establish it by
a good marriage, and used
every endeavour to induce
Eugene Rougon to make her
his wife. Having become
fascinated by her beauty and
charm, he made overtures
which she resisted in the belief
that he would be the more
certain to marry her. He
practically decided to do so,
but reflection convinced him
that marriage with Clorinde
Balbi could only injure his
prospects of political success.
He suggested to her that she
should marry his friend Deles-
tang, who was a man of
wealth and position, and had
expressed admiration for her.
Though naturally piqued at
such a suggestion coming
from Rougon, she consented,
and soon after was married.
She remained on outwardly
friendly terms with Rougon,

BAL

BAM

who was still infatuated by her,
but was determined to make
him regret the slight he had
put upon her. After Rougon's
return to office, Delestang,
her husband, was, at her re-
quest, appointed Minister of
Commerce and Agriculture.
She had not, however, for-
given Rougon, and privately
took a leading part in the
agitation against his adminis-
tration. Having become on
somewhat equivocal terms
with the Emperor, she was able
to secure the acceptance of
Rougon's second resignation,
and the office of Minister of
the Interior for her husband.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Balbi (Comtesse Lenora), an
ItaUan lady who lived in Paris
with her daughter Clorinde.
Little was known of her past,
and it was generally believed
that she was in the employ-
ment of the Sardinian Govern-
ment. After her daughter's
marriage to Delestang, she
left Paris for some time, the
eccentricity of her habits
having begun to excite re-
mark. M. de Plouguem, who
had originally met her in
Italy, remained her lover for
thirty years. Son Excellence
Etigine Rougon.

Balthazer, the old iioisc, driven
by Madame Frauyois between

Nanterre and Paris. Le Ventre
de Paris.

Bambousse, maj^or of the com-
mune of Les Artaud, was
more prosperous than the
others of his class, as he
owned several fields of corn,
olives, and vines. His daugh-
ter Rosalie having become
compromised with Fortune
Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly
urged him to consent to a
marriage between them, but
this he at first refused, as he
would lose the services of his
daughter, and Fortune was
too poor to make him any
return. He ultimately con-
sented, and the marriage was
solemnized by Abbe Mouret.
La Faute de VAhhe Mouret.

Bambousse (Catherine), youn-
ger daughter of the preceding,
was always in disgrace with
Brother Archangias on ac-
count of her idle habits and
her friendship for Vincent
Brichet. La Faute de VAbbe
Mouret.

Bambousse (Rosalie), elder
daughter of the preceding.
As she had become compro-
mised by Fortune Brichet,
Abb6 Mouret urged her father
to consent to their marriage,
but this ho refused to do,
though he ultimately con-
sented and the wedding took
place. Uor child died, and

BAP

was buried on the same day
as Albine. La Faute de VAbbe
Mouret.

Baptiste, Aristide Saccard's
footman. La Curee.

Baptistin, a clerk in the em-
ployment of Larsonneau, who
made him play the part of
principal in a scheme whereby
he intended to blackmail Aris-
tide Saccard. La Curee.

C\ Baquet (La Mere), a wine
dealer who sold the wines of
Orleans at a cheap rate.
V Assommoir .

Barillot, " call-boy " at the
Theatre des Varietes, where
he had been for thirty years.
He was a little, sallow man,
with a shrill voice. Nana.

Bastian, a drummer in the
106th regiment of the line,
commanded by Colonel de
Vineuil. During the retreat
on Sedan, after the battle
was over, he had the mis-
fortune to be struck by a stray
bullet. He was removed to
an ambulance at the house of
M. Delaherche, where he died
during the division of treasure
of the Seventh Army Corps.
The gold coins which the
sergeant put into his dying
hands rolled on to the ground,
and were picked up by a
wounded companion. La De-
hade.

BAlS

Bataille, an old white horse,
which had been for six years
in the coal-pit at Voreux. It
was killed by the flooding of
the mine. Germinal.

Baudequin, a draughtsman who
lived on the first floor of the
house in which lived the
Coupeaus and the Lorilleux.
He was a confirmed sponger
who was in debt all round, but
spent his time in smoking and
talking with his friends. VAs-
sommoir.

Baudequin, the proprietor of a
cafe in the Boulevard des
BatignoUes, which was the
resort on Sunday evenings
during many years of Claude
Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Du-
buche, Mahoudeau, and their
friends, a band of youths
devoted to art and determined
to conquer Paris. Gradually,
however, the little company
became submerged by a flood
of newcomers, and in time the
meetings ceased. The cafe
changed hands three times,
and when, after some years,
Claude and Sandoz chanced
to return, they found every-
thing completely altered.
UCEuvre.

Baudu (M.), proprietor of a
drapery shop opposite " The
Ladies' Paradise." The busi-
ness had been in existence
for many years and M. Baudu

BAU

conducted it on such old-
fashioned lines that in com-
petition with Mouret's great
establishment it was rapidly
disappearing. He had ac-
quired it from his father-in-
law, and in turn he proposed
to hand it to Colomban, his
shopman, who was engaged
to be married to Genevieve,
his only daughter. Baudu
postponed the marriage, how-
ever, from time to time, as he
did not wish to hand over the
business in a worse state than
that in which he himself got
it. Meanwhile Colomban had
become infatuated with Clara
Prunaire, who ultimately in-
duced him to run off. Gene-
vieve, who was in bad health,
died soon afterwards, and
before long her mother died
also. The business had gone
from bad to worse, and, in the
end, Baudu lost everything,
only avoiding bankruptcy by
a complete surrender. Like
many of his neighbours, he
was crushed out of existence
by Octave Mouret's trium-
phant success. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

Baudu (Madame Elizabeth),
wife of the preceding, was
the daughter of a draper
whose business she brought
to her husband. Her health
was broken down by worry,

and by anxiety regarding her
daughter Genevieve, whose
death she did not long sur-
vive. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Baudu (Captain), son of Baudu,
the draper. He went to
Mexico. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Baudu (Denise) was the daugh-
ter of a dyer at Valognes.
The death of her father left
her with two young brothers
dependent on her, and, the
elder having got a situation
in Paris, she determined to
accompany him. M. Baudu,
her uncle, had formerly pro-
mised assistance, but when
Denise arrived she found that
his business was rapidly being
ruined by the steady extension
of " The Ladies' Paradise,"
an enormous drapery estab-
lishment belonging to Octave
Mouret. In these circum-
stances she could not be de-
pendent on her uncle, and, to
his annoyance, she applied for
and got a situation in the
rival business. On account
of petty jealousies, her life
there was not happy, and,
having incurred the enmity of
Jouve, one of the inspectors,
she was dismissed on a false
accusation. A time of great
liardship followed, only light-
ened by the kindness of old
Bourras, in whoso house she

BAU

had rented a room for herself
and her young brother Pepe.
She next got a situation with
Robineau, who had bought a
silk merchant's business, and
she remained there for some
time. While Denise was at
*' The Ladies' Paradise " she
had attracted the attention of
Octave Mouret, and, chancing
to meet her one day, he asked
her to return. As she found
that Robineau 's business was
not prospering, she consented,
and from that time her posi-
tion in " The Ladies' Para-
dise " was assured. Mouret
had fallen in love with her,
and she with him, but she had
sufficient strength of mind to
refuse his proposals. Ulti-
mately he asked her to marry
him, and to this she agreed.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Madame Denise Mouret had
two children, the elder being
a girl and the younger a boy.
These resembled their mother,
and grew magnificently. Le
Docteur Pascal.

Baudu (Genevieve), daughter
of Baudu, the draper. She
was engaged for a number of
years to Colomban, her father's
shopman, but in consequence
of the state of trade the
marriage was put off from
time to time. Genevieve ulti-
mately learned that her fiance

12 BAU

had become infatuated with
Clara Prunaire, one of the
shop-girls in " The Ladies'
Paradise." Her health, never
good, suffered greatly, and
soon after Colomban's dis-
appearance she died. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Baudu (Jacqueline). See
Blanche de Sivry.

Baudu (Jean), the elder brother
of Denise. He worked for a
time with a cabinet-maker in
Valognes, but earned nothing,
though he learned to carve so
well that a gentleman pro-
mised to find a place for him
with an ivory- carver in Paris.
He accepted the offer, and
came to the city with his sister
and young brother. At first
he earned only his board and
lodging, and, as he was good-
looking and a favourite with
women, he made heavy in-
roads on his sister's small
purse. Ultimately, when he
did get a wage, he took the
earliest opportunity of getting
married, inducing his sister,
as usual, to give him what
little money she had been able
to save. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Baudu (Pi)p6), the youngest
brother of Denise. He was a
mere child when the family
came to Paris, and it was only
by the greatest self-sacrifice

BAU

BKA

that Denise was able to sup-
port him. When she went to
"The Ladies' Paradise" he
was boarded with Madame
Gras, and after his sister's
dismissal he went with her
to the room rented from old
Bourras, who showed great
kindness to both of them.
After Denise returned to " The
Ladies' Paradise," Pepe again
went to live with Madame
Gras for a time. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

Baudu (Therese), wife of Jean
Baudu. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Baug^:, who was the younger
son of a grocer at Dunkerque,
came to Paris and got a
situation in the linen depart-
ment of the " Bon Marche,"
where he was able to make a
fairly good income. He be-
came the lover of Pauline
Cugnot, whom he afterwards
married, and, in order to be
near her, left the " Bon
Marche " and took an appoint-
ment in " The Ladies' Para-
dise." Au Bonheur des Dames.

Baug^: (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See Pauline Cug-
not. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Bavoux, a salesman in Octave
Mouret's shop. Au Bonheur
des Dam^s.

Bazouge, an undertaker's assis-
tant who lived in an attic of

the same tenement- house as
the Coupeaus and the Loril-
leux. He was generally drunk
and made ribald jests about
his dismal calling. It was he
who buried Gervaise Coupeau
after she was found dead in
an attic adjoining his own.
UAssommoir.

Beauchamp (Flore), an artist's
model, who lived in Rue de
Laval. She was fresh in
colouring, but too thin.
VCEuvre.

Beaudoin, a friend of the
Hamelins whom they had
known at Beyrout, where he
lived. He promised to marry
Caroline Hamelin after the
death of her husband, but
instead of waiting for that
event he obtained the hand
of a young and rich girl, the
daughter of an English Consul.
UArgent.

Beaudoin, Captain in the 106th
regiment of the line, com-
manded by Colonel de Vineuil.
He was educated at Saint- Cyr,
and having a fine tenor voice
and good manners, along with
Bonapartist principles, he was
early marked for advance-
ment. With his men he was
unpopular, and, not caring
for his profession, he did not
readily adapt himself to the
necessities of war. In the
march to the Meuse he lost his

BEA

baggage, and arrived at Sedan
in a pitiable condition, his
uniform soiled, his face and
hands dirty. In former days
at Charleville he had been on
intimate terms with Gilberte
Maginot, whom he now found
at Sedan, married to Jules
Delaherche. Their former re-
lations were renewed for the
moment, and next day Beau-
doin rejoined his company,
astonishing every one by the
neatness of his attire. At the
attack on the Calvary d'lUy
he was severely wounded,
and having been removed to
the ambulance at Dela-
herche's house, his arm was
amputated ; but the haemor-
rhage had been too great,
and he did not survive. La
Debdcle.

BEAU-FnANgois (Le), chief of
a band of brigands, whose
terrible exploits were still
recounted in La Beauce. La
Terre.

f f Beaurivage (Due de), a charac-
ter in La Petite Duchesse, a
piece staged by Fauchery at
the Theatre des Varietes.
The part was taken by Bosc.
Nana.

Beauvilliers (Comte Charles
de), a man of dissipated
habits, who succeeded to the
immense fortune of the Beau-
villiers, which he completely

squandered in a few years.
He was killed in an accident
of the chase, some said by
the vengeance of a keeper.
They found later a document
signed by him in 1854 under-
taking to pay ten thousand
francs to a girl named Leonie
Cron. U Argent.
Beauvilliers (Comtesse de),
an old lady who lived with her
daughter Alice in a house in
the Rue Saint-Lazare, ad-
joining the Orviedo mansion.
The family had at one time
possessed large estates, but
these had all gone, and the
Comtesse and her daughter
had barely sufficient to live
upon, though they endeav-
oured to keep up before their
neighbours as much as possible
of their ancient state. Having
made the acquaintance of
Saccard, the Comtesse in-
vested a small sum in the
Universal Bank, increasing
it from time to time until her
whole means were involved.
By the failure of the bank she
was entirely ruined, and, to
complete the catastrophe,
Busch, who had become pos-
sessor of some papers com-
promising the honour of her
dead husband, took the
opportunity of blackmailing
her. When she had handed
over her jewels to him, she
was left penniless. L' Argent,

rs.V

BEA

BEC

Beauvilliers (Alice), daugh-
ter of Comtesse de Beau-
villiers. The extravagance of
her father had dissipated the
family estates, and she and
her mother were left with
barely sufficient to keep up
appearances. She was plain-
looking, and had reached the
age of twenty-five years with-
out any offers of marriage.
It was, however, in the hope
of providing a suitable dowry
for her, that the Comtesse
invested her money lq the
Universal Bank, with disas-
trous results. Alice, who had
few amusements, interested
herself in charities, and fre-
quently visited the institutions
founded by Princess d'Or-
viedo. On a visit to UCEuvre
du Travail she was attacked
and robbed of a small sum by
Victor Saccard, who was at
that time an inmate. Her
injuries were severe, and a
serious illness followed. The
failure of the Universal Bank
left her and her mother in
poverty. UArgent.

Beauvilliers (Ferdinande
de), son of Comte Beauvilliers.
Ho was for a time a cause of
anxiety to his mother on
account of some youthful
extravagances, but early
settled down, and liaving
received a commission in

the Papal troops, served with
distinction. He was delicate,
however, and died of fever in
Rome. UArgent,

/Becker, a jeweller in Paris. He
supplied a set of sapphires for
the mistress of Comte de
Muffat. Nana,

BiicOT, a grocer in Rue Montor-
gueil. Having become a
widower, he took to dissolute
courses, and his shop was
gradually swallowed up, with
its dried vegetables, jars, and
drawers of sweetstuff. Even-
tually the place was sold up,
and Becot died of apoplexy
soon afterwards. UCEuvre.

Becot (Irma), daughter of the
preceding. After her father's
death she went to live with an
aunt, but soon afterwards ran
off with a young fellow who
lived across the street. She
did not remain long with him,
but, having a passion for
artists, experienced in turn a
caprice for FageroUes, Gag-
niere, and many others. A
young and foolish Marquis
furnished a flat for her, and
later she occupied a house in
Rue do Moscou, the rent of
which was twenty thousand
francs. In the end she real-
ized her dream of a princely
house in the Avenue do Vil-
licrs ; the site was bought by
one lover, the house built by

BEC

BEJ

another, and the furniture
provided by a third. But
fortune did not alter her
tastes ; behind the backs of
her serious lovers she still
retained her fancy for Art, in
the person of Henri Fage-
roUes, one of her early ad-
mirers. L'CEuvre.

A Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-Soif,
a rivet -maker employed in
the same factory as Goujet.
He drank enormous quan-
tities of brandy, and was a
boon companion of Coupeau.
On the occasion of Gervaise
Coupeau 's first visit to the
factory to see her son Etienne,
Bec-Sale entered into a con-
test of strength with Goujet
in which he was beaten.
UAssommoir.

Becu, gamekeeper and bell-
ringer at Rognes, was a man
of fifty years of age who had
at one time been in the army.
He was an intense Bona-
partist, and pretended that
he had met the Emperor.
Himself a confirmed drunkard,
he was on friendly terms with
Hyacinthe Fouan, whose
poaching expeditions he over-
looked. La Terre.

Bi:cu (La), wife of the pre-
ceding, was on intimate terms
with Hyacinthe Fouan. Her
chief amusement was to throw
Celine Macqueron and Flore

Lengaigne against one another
under the pretext of recon-
ciling them. Though she
was not devout, she made
ardent intercessions to Heaven
to reserve for her son a lucky
number in the drawing for
the conscription, but, after
the event, turned her anger
against the Deity because
her prayers had not been
answered. La Terre.

Becu (Delphin), son of the pre-
ceding, was a strong lad who,
on leaving school, went to
work as a farm labourer. He
was much averse to leaving
home, and, having drawn an
unlucky number for the con-
scription, he chopped off with
a cleaver the first finger of his
right hand, in order that he
might be unfit for service. La
Terre.

Becu (Michel), uncle of Del-
phin. He died at Orleans. La
Terre.

B:&DORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon,
whose business was ruined by
the extension of " The Ladies'
Paradise." Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Bejuin (Leon), a Member of
the Corps Legislatif, and a
supporter of Eugene Rougon.
He was proprietor of the
Saint - Florent Cut - Glass
Works. " A very worthy
fellow, votes straight, never

BEJ

BER

speaks, is very patient and
waits contentedly till you
think of him, but he is always
on the spot to take care that
you don't forget him." He
received the Cross of the
Legion of Honour after
Rougon's return to office, and
an appointment as Inspector.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

B&ruiN (Madame), wife of the
preceding. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

Bellombre, a neighbour of
Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade.
He was a retired Professor,
sixty-six years of age, who
lived in his little house with
no other company than his
gardener, a man as old and
crabbed as himself. His in-
terests were solely centred in
himself, and his egotism was a
constant subject of irritation
with Doctor Pascal. Le Doc-
teur Pascal.

Belloque (Le P^ire), the first
art-master of Claude Lantier.
A retired infantry captain,
with one arm, he had for a
quarter of a century taught
drawing to the youths of
Plassans, in one of the gal-
leries of the Museum.
UCEuvre.

BfeNARD, one of the tenants of

the house in which Madame

Coupoau carried on her

laundry business. B6nard and

his wife were of intemperate
habits, and few days passed
without their fighting with
one another. UAssommoir.

Beraud du Chatel (M.) was
the last representative of an
old middle-class family. A
staunch Republican, he had
grown old in the Magistracy,
which he resigned at the time
of the Coup d'etat. Since then
he lived in retirement in his
house on the lie Saint-Louis
with his sister Madame Auber-
tot and his young daughter
Christine. His elder daughter
Renee, who was educated at
a convent, was married to
Aristide Saccard, and the
circumstances which led to
her marriage came as a severe
blow to the stern old man.
Though on nominally friendly
terms with his daughter after
her marriage, he never visited
her, but when she died he
paid her debts. La Curee.

BfiRAUD DU Chatel (Chris-
tine), the second daughter of
M. Beraud du Chatel, and
sister of Madame Ren6e Sac-
card. La Curee.

BfeRAUD DU Chatel (Ren^e).
See Madame Ren6e Rougon,
alias Saccard.

Bergasse, a second-hand dealer
in Plassans. He supplied the

old fill nil II I <• bought by

BER

BEU

Madame Faujas. La Con-
quete de Plassans.

Bergeret (Madame), concierge
of the house at Plassy occu-
pied by Helene Grandjean.
JJne Page d' Amour.

Berlingot, a horse which be-
longed to M. Mechain, and
gained the Prix d'Ispahan.
Nana.

Berloque, alias Chicot, a miner
who was killed by a landslip
in the pit at Voreux. Ger-

Bernheim (Les Fr^ires), pro-
prietors of the glass-works of
Saint -Joseph where Josserand
was employed as cashier. Pot-
Bouille.

Berthier (Madame) was a
friend of Madame Deberle,
and took part in the amateur
theatricals arranged by that
lady. Une Page d' Amour.

Berthier, authorized clerk to
Mazaud, the stockbroker.
U Argent.

Berthou, the celebrated painter
of Nero in the Arena.
Claude Lantier took lessons
from him for six months, but
their ideas were not in sym-
pathy, and repeatedly the
master told Claude that he
would never do anything good.
UCEuvre.

Bertrand, a large dog which
belonged to Sandoz. It

barked furiously at visitors,
until it recognized a friend of
its master, whom it would
greet with joyous welcome.
UCEuvre.

IBesnus (Clarisse), an actress
at the Theatre des Varietes,
where she played the parts of
Iris in the Blonde Venus ^ and
Geraldine in the Petite Du-
chesse. She was the mistress
of Hector de la Faloise for a
time. Nana.

Bessiere, station-master at
Barentin. He saw the Rou-
bauds in the Havre express on
the evening of the murder of
President Grandmorin, and
his evidence confirmed their
alibi. La Bete Humaine.

Beulin-d'Orchere (M.) was
a member of a legal family.
After being public prosecutor
at Orleans and advocate-
general at Rouen, he came
to Paris as counsellor at the
Appeal Court, of which he
afterwards became president.
His sister Veronique married
Eugene Rougon. He was
appointed first president of
the Court of Paris after Rou-
gon's return to office. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Beulin - d'Orchere (Vero-
nique), a quiet, subdued wo-
man about thirty-six years of
age, who lived with her brother
and seldom went out except

BIB

BIJ

to attend Low Mass at Saint- j
Sulpice. She married Eugene '
Rougon, to whom she brought
a considerable fortune. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Bibi-la-Grillade, the sobri-
quet of one of Coupeau's
fellow- workmen, with whom
he was on intimate terms.
He was one of the party at
Coupeau's wedding with Ger-
vaise Macquart. UAssom-
moir.

BiJARD, a drunken locksmith,
who killed his wife by system-
atic ill-usage. On the rare
occasions when he worked, he
always had a bottle of alcohol
beside him, from which he
took large draughts every half -
hour. After the death of his
wife, he transferred his cruelty
to his little daughter Lalie,
who did not long survive.
UAasommoir.

BuARD (Madame) lived with
her husband and their chil-
dren in the same tenement as
the Coupeaus and Lorilleux.
She was a hard-working
woman who did washing for
Gervaise Coupeau's laundry,
but her husband, a drunken
brute, abused her to such an
extent that she ultimately
died of injuries received at
his hands, or, more accu-
rately, feet. The poor wo-
man, in order to save her

husband from the scaffold,
said before she died that she
had hurt herself by falhng on
the edge of a tub. UAssom-
moir.

■BiJARD (Lalie), daughter of the
preceding, a child of eight
when her mother died, had
acted as the little mother of
the family. " Without a word
said, quite of her own accord,
she took the dead woman's
place, to such an extent that
her foolish brute of a father,
to make the likeness complete,
battered about the daugh-
ter now as he had battered
the mother before. When he
came in drunk, he felt the
need of a woman to attack.
He did not even notice what
a tiny little thing Lalie was ;
he hit her as he would have
hit a grown woman. He beat
her shamelessly, he kicked
her for a yes or no ; and she
took it all with a resigned
look in her beautiful eyes,
without a murmur. Then
when her father was tired
of kicking her from corner to
corner of the room, she waited
until she had the strength to
pick herself up, and then went
back to her work. It was part
of her daily task to be beaten."
As the result of this infamous
treatment the ohikl died, but
again the man unfortunately

BIJ

BOC

escaped punishment. UAs-

sommoir.

BiJARD (Henriette), sccond
daughter of Bijard. She was
five years old at the time of
her mother's death. UAssom-
moir.

Bijard (Jules), third child of
Bijard. When his mother
died he was three years old.
L'Assommoir.

Bijou, the pet dog of Nana.
He excited the jealousy of *
Comte de Muff at. Nana.

BiLLECOQ (Herminie), a pro-
tegee of Madame Correur, who
induced Eugene Rougon to
provide a dowry, in order that
she might marry an officer
who had compromised her.
The officer did not, however,
fulfil his promise, but went
off with the dowry, of which
he had obtained possession.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Blachet, a deputy. He de-
sired leave of absence. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Blaisot, a banker at Paris.
UArgent,

Blanchette, a cow which be-
longed to Lise and rran9oise
Fouan. La Terre.

Bli^riot (M. de), prefect of the
department in which Plassans
is situated. He accompanied
Colonel Masson and the troops

which crushed the Republican
rising in 1851. La Fortune des
Rougon.

Bleuze, a rope-walk at Mont-
sou which was ruined by the
miners' strike. Germinal.

Blond (Maria), a young girl
of fifteen who had grown up
on the pavements of Paris.
She frequented the restaurant
kept by Laure Piedefer.
Nana.

Boche (M.), the concierge of the
large tenement - house in
which resided the Coupeaus,
Lorilleux, and others. He
and his wife were friendly
with the various tenants in
turn, sometimes siding with
one and sometimes with
another in the quarrels which
so frequently arose. In the
presence of the landlord, of
whom they were afraid, they
assumed an air of great im-
portance, and affected not to
know the tenants. They were
present at Gervaise Coupeau's
birthday party. UAssom-
moir.

Boche (Madame), wife of the
preceding. VAssommoir.

Nana informed Satin that
Madame Boche is dead . Nana .

Boche (Pauline), daughter of
the preceding, was a girl of
about the same age as Nana
Coupeau, whose companion

BOC

BON

she was in all kinds of mis-
chief. U Assommoir .

BocQUET (Madame), mother of
Clarisse. Pot-Bouille.

BocQUET (Clarisse), a woman
on whom Duveyrier squan-
dered large sums of money.
She ultimately gained such
complete influence over him,
and made him so unhappy,
that he attempted to commit
suicide. Pot-Bouille.

BoDiN (Doctor) was the regular
medical attendant of Madame
Helene Grand jean and her
daughter Jeanne. A sudden
illness of Jeanne made it
necessary to call in Doctor
Deberle, who subsequently
met the older man in con-
sultation from time to time.
Une Page d' Amour.

BoHAiN (Marquis de), an el-
derly nobleman whose pre-
sence and manners were of a
kind to adorn a board of
directors, and whose illus-
trious name was of value on
a prospectus. He was in
consequence always in de-
mand by new companies.
Since he began living by
speculation, he and his wife
had been legally separated,
80 far as estate went, and he
lived with her only as a
lodger, with nothing of his
own except his clothes. " On
two occasions already he had

refused to pay up what he
owed ; he pocketed as long
as he won, but as soon as he
lost he did not pay." At the
request of Saccard, the Mar-
quis became a director of the
Universal Bank. When the
great gamble in the shares of
the bank began, the Marquis
followed his usual plan ;
having played through Ma-
zaud for a rise, he refused to
pay his losses, though he had
gained two million francs
through Jacoby, through
whom he had played for a
fall. U Argent.

BoNGRAND, a great artist,
painter of the Village Wed-
ding. He was a stout man,
forty-five years old, with an
expressive face and long grey
hair ; recently he had be-
come a member of the Insti-
tute and an officer of the
Legion of Honour. The grand-
son of a farmer in the Beauce
country, the son of a man
risen to the middle classes,
with peasant blood in his
veins, owing his culture to a
mother of very artistic tastes,
he was rich, had no need to
sell his pictures, and retained
many tastes and opinions of
Bohemian life. His master-
piece, the Village Wedding , had
brought about a revolution
in art only parallel with

BON

Courbet, and he was acknow-
ledged as Master by all the
artists of the young school.
The picture remained, how-
ever, his greatest work,
though he objected to have it
so designated, in the fear that
it might be thought his
powers were failing. A later
picture called the Village
Funeral was intended to sur-
pass it, but failed to arrest
attention, and was indeed
only an echo of the earlier
work. He was one of the few
mourners at the funeral of
Claude Lantier. UCEuvre.

BoNHOMME, the horse which for
a quarter of a century had
carried Doctor Pascal on his
visits to his patients. Lat-
terly the old Bonhomme be-
came blind, and was no longer
driven, but being much loved
by his master, was tenderly
cared for until his death. Le
Docteur Pascal.

BoNNAUD, formerly head of
the counting-house of a rail-
way company. Pot-Bouille.

BoNNEHON (Madame), sister of
President Grandmorin. She
was married to a wealthy
manufacturer, who left her a
widow at the age of thirty.
In the mansion-house of Doin-
ville, which belonged to her,
she led a pleasant life, not
without occasional affairs of

the heart, but so correct in
every way that she remained
a leader of society in Rouen.
She was a handsome woman,
and in spite of her fifty years
still retained much of her
former charm. Among her
friends she included Chau-
mette and Desbazeilles, both
officials of the court at Rouen.
Madame Bonnehon had a
good opinion of the Roubauds,
and did not approve of the
position taken up by her niece
Berthe regarding the legacy
left to them by President
Grandmorin. For the honour
of her family she desired
that the inquiry as to the
murder of the President
should not be continued. La
Bete Humaine.

Bonnemort, the sobriquet of
Vincent Maheu. His family
had been miners for genera-
tions, and he himself had
worked in the pit since he was
eight years old. After forty-
five years of work under-
ground he was given a post as
fireman, and for five years
worked each night at the
Voreux pit for a wage of
forty sous. He suffered
greatly from rheumatism,
which eventually turned into
a form of dropsy, while his
mind became affected to some
extent by the sufferings

BON

BOU

occasioned by the great strike
which took place at Voreux
and other neighbouring pits.
After the terrible scenes at
Montsou, he could only sit
in his chair before the fireless
grate, with fixed and unseeing
eyes, but in a sudden acces-
sion of madness he found
strength to strangle Cecile
Gregoire, who chanced to be
left alone with him for a few
moments. Germinal.

Bonnet. See De Mareuil.

J \BoRDENAVE, manager of the
Theatre des Varietes. He
was a coarse man, with cynical
views as to the stage, and
cared nothing as to the means
by which a popular success
might be secured. Though he
was well aware that Nana
could neither sing nor act,
he saw that her beauty was of
a type likely to attract the
Parisian public, and accord-
ingly gave her the chief
part in the Blonde Venus. It
was he who showed H.R.H.
The Prince of Scots the
honours of " behind the
scenes." Nana.

BOEGNE-DE-JOUY, One of the
band of brigands which was
led by Beau-Fran9oi8. He
betrayed his companions. La
Terre.

; Bosc, an old actor at the
Theatre des Vari6t6s, where

he played the part of Jupiter
in the Blonde Venus, and the
Due de Beaurivage in the
Petite Duchesse. He had a
good-natured but somewhat
drunken appearance. He
treated women with disdain,
and the idea that any man
should trouble himself about
them raised in him the only
indignation of which he was
capable. Nana.

Bouchard (M.), head-clerk in
the office of the Minister of
Interior. His house was the
first throwji open to Eugene
Rougon on his arrival in
Paris. Later on, Bouchard
inherited his father's pro-
perty, and at fifty-four years
of age married Adele Des-
vignes. He was appointed
head of a department after
Rougon's return to office.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Bouchard (Madame), wife of
the preceding, was the daugh-
ter of a respectable family at
Rambouillet. M. Bouchard
" had been anxious to marry
a young lady from the pro-
vinces, because he made a
point of having a steady wife.
However, the fair and ador-
able little Adele, with her
innocent blue eyes, had in
less than four years proved
to bo a great deal more than
a mere flirt." Son Excellence
Eugine Rougon.

BOU

BouLAND (Madame), the nurse
who attended Madame Lazare
Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.

BouM, a horse which belonged
to M. Gasc and ran in the
Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.

BouRDELAis, an upper clerk in
the office of the Minister of
Finance. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

BouRDELAis (Madame) was a
short, fair woman of thirty,
with a delicate nose and
sparkling eyes, who had mar-
ried a chief clerk in the
Treasury. She was an old
schoolfellow of Madame Des-
forges. Belonging to a good
middle - class family, she
managed her household and
three children with an excel-
lent knowledge of practical
life. Au Bonheur des Dames.

BouEDEU (M.), formerly Prefect
of the Drome, but turned out
of office by the Revolution of
1848. Politically he was a
Legitimist, and he was a
friend of M. Rastoil, at whose
house the party was in the
habit of meeting. At one
time he was suggested as a
likely candidate for the repre-
sentation of Plassans, but he
retired after Delangre had
been brought forward through
the machinations of Abbe
Faujas. Madame de Con-
damin promised him, how-

24 BOU

ever,that through her influence
he would be rewarded with a
prefecture. La Conquete de
Plassans.

BouRDONCLE, the son of a poor
farmer near Limoges, started
at " The Ladies' Paradise " at
the same time as Octave
Mouret. He was very active
and intelligent, but he lacked
that touch of genius possessed
by his companion, before
whom he had bowed from the
first. Acting on Mouret's
advice, he put all his savings
into the business, and, after
passing through the various
grades, he became in time one
of the six persons who assisted
Mouret to govern " The
Ladies' Paradise," exercising
a general control of the whole
staff. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Bourgain-Desfeuilles (Gen-
eral). During the war of
1870 he was at the head of
a brigade of infantry, of which
the 106th regiment of the
line, commanded by Colonel
de Vineuil, formed part. Like
so many other officers he
proved himself incompetent,
and after the capitulation he,
alone among the generals,
took advantage of the pretext
of illness to sign an under-
taking to the Germans not to
take any further part in the
war. La Debacle.

BOU

BoURGUiGNON, a master zinc-
worker from whom Coupeau
got employment. UAssom-
moir.

BouROCHE (Surgeon -Ma JOB), of
the 106th regiment of the
line, commanded by Colonel
Vineuil. During the battle of
Sedan he installed an ambu-
lance in a factory belonging
to Jules Delaherche, where he
was soon overwhelmed with
work. With untiring energy
he performed one operation
after another until the place
became like a slaughter-house.
Behind a clump of trees were
thrown the bodies of the dead,
and the limbs amputated from
the living. Depressed for a
moment by the vastness of his
task, Bouroche nearly lost
heart, exclaiming, " What is
the use ? " but his instincts
of discipline recalled him to
work, and he continued to
operate even after the supply
of chloroform was exhausted.
During the insurrection at
Paris he served with the
army of Versailles, but con-
sented to treat one of his old
soldiers, Maurice Levasseur,
who had been mortally
wounded in the ranks of the
Commune. La Debacle.

BouRRAS, an old man who sold
umbrellas and walking-sticks
in a tumble-down house which

adjoined " The Ladies' Para-
dise." His business was
ruined by the growth of that
concern, and he expressed
bitter hatred towards Octave
Mouret, its proprietor. Denise
Baudu rented a room from
him after her dismissal from
" The Ladies' Paradise," and
he showed much kindness to
her and Pepe, her young
brother. He refused several
offers by Mouret, who wished
to purchase his lease in order
to extend his own shop, and
ultimately, having become
bankrupt, was forced to leave
without a penny. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

BouRRETTE (Abbe), One of the
clergy of the church of Saint-
Satumin at Plassans. He
did duty as vicar during the
illness of Abbe Compan, and
had been led to expect the
reversion of the appointment.
Pressure brought to bear on
Bishop Rousselot led to the
selection of Abbe Faujas, and
Bourretto was put off with
vague promises for the future.
He was a simple-minded, ami-
able man, who accepted his
disappointment without mur-
muring, and continued on
friendly terms with Faujas.
La ConquHe de Plassans.

BouTAREL, a doctor who at-
tended Nana. He was a

Bou 26

BOt^i

handsome man, still young,
who had a large practice in
the demi-monde. Always gay
and laughing, he was popular
with his patients, but took
care not to compromise him-
self with any of them. Nana.

BouTAREL (Madame), a lady
who lived in the country and
economized for months at a
time, only coming to Paris
occasionally. When she came,
she made straight for " The
Ladies' Paradise " and spent
all her savings in an afternoon.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

BouTELOUP (Louis), a workman
at the Voreux pit. He lodged
with Madame Levaque, whose
lover he became. Germinal.

BouTEROUE (Hilarion), sccond
child of Vincent Bouteroue,
and grandson of Marianne
Fouan (La Grande). The
latter had never forgiven the
marriage of her daughter,
and would do nothing to
assist the two children after
the death of their parents.
Hilarion, who was of weak
intellect, was looked after
from childhood by his sister
Palmyre, who wore herself
out in his service. After
Palmyre's death his grand-
mother gave him shelter, but
took advantage of his great
strength by employing him
at work of the hardest kind.

Ultimately Hilarion com-
mitted a serious assault on
the old woman, and in de-
fending herself she struck him
on the head with a bill-hook,
inflicting a wound from which
he died. La Terre.

Bouteroue (Palmyre), sister
of the preceding, worked like
a slave to support her brother,
and died completely worn out
by toil and hardship at the
age of thirty-five. La Terre,

Bouteroue (Vincent), a poor
peasant, whom the daughter
of the Pechards insisted on
marrying despite the oppo-
sition of her mother. They
both died of want, leaving
two children, Palmyre and
Hilarion. La Terre.

Bouteroue (Madame Vin-
cent). 8ee Mademoiselle Pe-
chard.

Bouthement pere, a shop-
keeper at Montpellier, who
sent his son to Paris to learn
business. He was disgusted
to find that a simple salesman
in Paris could earn three
times as much as he himself
could make, and he was
stupefied on seeing the vast
emporium in which his son
served. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Bouthemont, manager of the
silk department at " The
Ladies' Paradise." Noisy and

BOU

BOV

too fond of company, he was
not much good for the sales,
but for buying he had not his
equal. Nearly every month
he went to Lyons, living at
the best hotels, with authority
to treat the manufacturers
with open purse. He had,
moreover, liberty to buy what
he Uked, provided he in-
creased the sales of his de-
partment in a certain pro-
portion settled beforehand ;
and it was on this proportion
that his commission was
based. Eventually, however,
his position was undermined,
and Madame Desforges,
having become jealous of
Mouret, and wishing to injure
him, introduced Bouthemont
to Baron Hartmann, who lent
him money to start an oppo-
sition establishment called
"The Four Seasons." This
was burned down three weeks
after its opening, but the
enormous loss was covered by
insurance. Au Bonheur dcs
Dames.
BouTiGNY, Lazare Chanteau's
partner in the chemical busi-
ness, into which ho put thirty
thousand francs. After the
failure of the venture, he took
over the whole concern, and
began to manufacture potash
from seaweed by the old
methods. He was very suc-
cessful in thitt, and by degrees

began to employ on a small
scale the scientific systems
which had before proved disas-
trous. In a few years he
amassed a considerable for-
tune. La Joie de Vivre.

Boutin, a retired artist's-model
who kept a studio in Rue de
la Huchette, which was fre-
quented by Claude Lantier,
who went there for purposes
of study. A subscription of
twenty francs enabled young
artists to h^ve the free use
of models. UCEuvre.

Boutin, an old epileptic at-
tended by Doctor Pascal at
Plassans. He died in one of
his fits. Le Docteur Pascal.

BovES (CoMTE de), Inspcctor-
General of the Imperial Stud,
a tall, handsome man who
had married his wife for
her great beauty. Notwith-
standing this, he carried on a
liaison with Madame Guibal,
whose demands upon his purse
were so heavy that he was
obliged to economize in his
own establishment. Au Bon-
heur dcs Dames.

BovES (CoMTESSE de), wife of
the preceding, was a beautiful
woman of about forty years
of age. She was a constant
customer at " The Ladies'
Paradise," but as her husband
kept her very short of money,
was seldom able to buy any-

BOV

BRI

thing. Eventually tempta-
tion proved too strong for
her, and she was caught
in the act of steaUng some
valuable lace. The matter
was, however, kept quiet, and
a scandal avoided. Au Bon-
heur des Da7nes.

BovES (Blanche de), daughter
of the preceding. She usually
accompanied her mother on
her shopping expeditions to
" The Ladies' Paradise," and,
it is to be feared, was not
unaware of the theft of lace
by her. She married Paul
de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

Bramah, an English horse which
won the Grand Prix de Paris.
It belonged to Lord Reading.
Na7ia.

Brambilla (Signor), a Venetian
political refugee, and a friend
of Comtesse Balbi. Son Excel-
lence Eugene Rougon.

Bretigny (Comtesse de). Au-
guste Lantier, reading the news
from a journal to his friends
Coupeau and Mes - Bottes,
announced that the eldest
daughter of the Comtesse de
Bretigny was to be married to
Baron de Valengay, aide-de-
camp to His Majesty the
Emperor. UAssommoir.

Breton - le - Cul - Sec, one of
the band of brigands led by
Beau-FranQois. La Terre.

Brichet, the father of Fortune,
Rosahe Bambousse's lover.
He was a little man, withered
by age, and with a cringing
manner. He tilled a small
piece of stony land near Les
Artaud, and was very poor.
La Faute de VAbbe Mouret.

Brichet (Madame), wife of the
preceding, a tall, lachrymose
woman, was the one solitary
devotee of the village of Les
Artaud. Whenever she had
been to communion, she hung
about the parsonage, knowing
that the priest's servant al-
ways kept a couple of loaves
for her from the last baking.
La Faute de VAbbe Mouret.

Brichet (Fortune), son of the
preceding, was a largely built,
bold-looking young fellow of
about twenty-five years of
age, who had been the lover
of Rosalie Bambousse for
some time before Abbe Mouret
was able to induce the girl's
parents to consent to her
marriage. La Faute de VAbbe
Mouret.

Brichet (Vincent), brother of
Fortune, was the boy who
assisted Abbe Mouret in serv-
ing Mass. He was an idle
young scamp, and constantly
incurred the chastisement of
Brother Archangias, who pre-
dicted a bad end for him on
account of his friendship for

BRT

BUS

Catherine Bambousse. La I
Faute de VAbhe Mouret.

Briquet, a peasant of Rognes.
His son drew the number 13
for the conscription. La
Terre.

Bron (Madame), concierge at
the Theatre des Varietes.
She sold Uquor to the em-
ployes at the theatre. Nana.

Bru, an old house-painter who
lived in a garret in the
same tenement-house as the
Coupeaus, where he starved
with cold and hunger. He
had lost three sons in the
Crimea, and he lived on
what he could pick up,
now that for two years past
he could hold a brush no
longer. Gervaise Coupeau
showed him some kindness
and asked him to her famous
birthday party. Things
having gone from bad to
worse with him, he was found
one morning lying dead in his
garret. UAssommoir.

Brul^ (La), mother of La
Pierronne. She was the widow
of a miner who had been killed
in the pit, and lived with her
daughter at the settlement
known as the Deux-Cent-
Quarante. A terrible old
woman, frantic to revenge on
the masters the death of her
husband, she was the leader
in the outrages perpetrated

by the strikers in the Montsou
district. It was she who gave
the signal for the attack on
the troops, but at the first
volley fired by the soldiers
she fell back stiff and crackling
like a bundle of dry faggots,
stammering one last oath in
the gurgling of blood. Ger-
minal.

Brunet (Les), a bourgeois
family in the new quarter
of Plassans, of whom Madame
Felicite Rougon was jealous.
La Fortune des Rougon.

BuDiN (Les), peasants of
Rognes, whose daughter was
said to have been cured of a
fever by Sourdeau, who cut
a live pigeon in two, and
applied the halves to her head.
La Terre.

Buquin-Lecomte, a deputy at
the Corps Legislatif. He de-
sired leave of absence. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Burg AT, a blacksmith, one of
the band of insurgents which
entered Plassans in December,
1 85 1 . La Fortune des Rougon .

Burne, an English jockey who
rode a horse called Spirit in
the Grand Prix de Paris.
Nana.

BuscH, a man of German origin
who came to Paris, and en-
gaged in business of a shady
character on the fringe of the
Bourae. '' In addition to

BUS

BUT

usury and a secret traffic in
jewels and precious stones, he
particularly occupied himself
with the purchase of ' bad
debts.* " In pursuit of credi-
tors he was unsparing, and
his methods were not infre-
quently of the nature of
blackmail. Jordon, Madame
de Beauvilliers, and Saccard
himself fell into his power,
though Saccard refused to
submit to extortion. Another
of Busch*s lines of business
was the purchase of depre-
ciated shares and debentures,
thousands of which he col-
lected together, selling them
to bankrupts who found diffi-
culty in accounting for real
or imaginary losses. His one
redeeming feature was his
extraordinary love for his
brother Sigismond, whom he
nursed with the greatest care
until his death. U Argent.

BuscH (Sigismond), brother of
Busch, the money-lender, was
an able man, educated at a
German University, and
speaking several languages.
He had met Carl Marx at
Cologne in 1849, and became
a contributor to the New
Rhenish Gazette. " From
that time he professed Soci-
alism with an ardent faith,
giving his entire being to the
idea of an approaching social

renovation, which would as-
sure the happiness of the
poor and humble." After his
master was banished from
Germany, Sigismond, en-
grossed in his dreams, was so
careless of his material affairs
that he would have perished
of hunger had his brother not
taken him to live with him.
From this time the elder
Busch, ferocious as a wolf
towards a debtor, looked after
his brother with almost mater-
nal care, and was heart-
broken when Sigismond died
of consumption a few years
later. U Argent.

BuTEAU, second son of Pere
Fouan ; brother of Hyacinthe
and of Fanny Delhomme ;
cousin and husband of Lise
Mouche ; father of Jules and
Laure. From early youth
he was of violent temper,
and having drawn a lucky
number in the conscription,
he went away from home, and
got work, first at the farm of
La Borderie and later at La
Chamade. He was a true
son of the soil, knowing
nothing of the world beyond
the narrow district in which
he was born, and possessing
that fierce passion for the
land which is the charac-
teristic of so many peasants.
When Pere Fouan made a

BUT

CAB

division of his property among
his family, Buteau was dis-
satisfied with the lot which he
drew, and refused to take
possession of it. In this
attitude he persisted for two
years, until the formation of
a new road gave a greatly
increased value to his share.
In the same way he refused
to marry his cousin Lise
Mouche, by whom he already
had a son, until, after her
father's death, she had in-
herited a share of his property.
Buteau's chief anxiety then
became to prevent a division
of this land between his wife
and her sister Fran9oise, and
when, after the girl's marriage
to Jean Macquart, this be-
came imminent, he and his
wife eventually murdered her.
His father had been a witness
of the crime, and as his
silence was essential, he too
was cruelly done to death.
After these terrible events
Buteau was able to sleep
calmly, for the land, his over-
whelming passion in life, was
his beyond possibility of dis-
pute. La Terre.

Buteau (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See Lise Mouche.
La Terre.

Buteau (Jules), the eldest
child of the preceding, who
were not married till three

years after his birth. At
nine years old he was the sole
friend of old Fouan, but he
soon came to neglect the old
man. La Terre,

Buteau (Laure), the second
child of the Buteaus. At four
years old she had already the
hard eyes of her family, and
was hostile to her grandfather,
old Fouan. By jealousy she
detached from him her brother
Jules. La Terre,

Cabasse, a franc -tireur of the
woods of Dieulet. He was
the favourite companion of
Ducat, and along with Guil-
laume Sambuc formed part
of the band which so greatly
embarrassed the Prussians in
the neighbourhood of Sedan.
He took part in the execution
of GoUath Steinberg, the Ger-
man spy. La Debdcle,

Cabin (Madame), the woman
who looked after the bedrooms
occupied by the saleswomen
in "The Ladies' Paradise."
In consideration of small
bribes, she allowed numerous
breaclies of the strict rules of
the establishment. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

Cabiroche (Simonnb), an
actress at the Theatre des
Vari^t^. She was the daugli-

CAB

CAD

ter of a furniture dealer in
the Faubourg Saint-Antoine,
and had been educated at a
boarding-school in order that
she might become a governess.
She played the part of Isabelle
in the Petite Duchesse. Nana.

Cabuche, a quarryman at B6-
court, who lived alone in a
hut in the middle of the forest.
He was condemned to five
years 'imprisonment for having
killed a man in a tavern
brawl, but on account of his
good conduct was liberated
at the end of four years.
From that time he was
avoided by every one, and
lived like a savage in the
woods. Louisette, the youn-
ger daughter of Madame
Misard, who was then fourteen
years old, met him one day
in the forest, and a strange
friendship was formed be-
tween them, the rough man
almost adoring this child, who
alone was not afraid to speak
to him. The girl afterwards
went as a servant to Madame
Bonnehon, but one evening
Cabuche found her at his
door, half mad with fright
and on the verge of brain
fever. He nursed her ten-
derly, but she died a few days
later. The conduct of Presi-
dent Grandmorin was believed
to be the cause of Louisette's

flight from Doinville, and
Cabuche was overheard to say
in ungovernable rage that he
would " bleed the pig." This
remark led Denizet, the ex-
amining magistrate, to attri-
bute to him the murder of the
President, which was com-
mitted soon afterwards by the
Roubauds, and still later he
had the misfortune to be
found beside the body of
Severine Roubaud, who had
been murdered by Jacques
Lantier. He was found guilty
of the two crimes, neither of
which he committed, and was
sentenced to imprisonment
for life. It was Cabuche's
wagon, loaded ^vith huge
blocks of stone, that Flore
stopped in front of an express
train in order to cause an
accident. La Bete Humaine.

Cadet-Cassis, the sobriquet of
Coupeau. UAssommoir.

Cadine, a young girl who when
only two years old was found
by Madame Chantemesse and
adopted by her. She was
brought up along with Mar-
jolin, and the two became
inseparable companions and
lovers. When she was eleven
years old she set up as a
dealer in birds' food, but in a
year or two became a flower-
seller. After the accident to
Marjolin by which his intellect

CAF

CAM

was affected, Cadine looked
after him, and the two were
seldom found apart. Le
Ventre de Paris.

Caffin (Abbe), the predecessor
of Abbe Mouret as cure at
Les Artaud. He was origin-
ally from Normandy, and had
a large face which always
seemed laughing. His history
was bad, and he had been sent
in disgrace to this hot and
dusty comer of Provenge.
La FatUe de VAhhe Mouret.

Campabdon (Achille), an archi-
tect, in whose house Octave
Mouret boarded when he first
came to Paris. His views
on religion were somewhat
free, but having been ap-
pointed diocesan architect he
gradually became orthodox,
though this did not prevent
him from carrying on an
intrigue with Gasparine, his
wife's cousin, who ultimately
came to Hve with the family.
Pot-Bouille.

Campabdon (Madame), wife of
the preceding, nee Rose
Domergue. Born at Plassans,
she was an old friend of
Madame Mouret, and when
Octave Mouret came to Paris
he boarded with the Cam-
pardons. After the birth of
her child, Madame Campardon
was an invalid, and was
obliged to spend much of her

time in bed, amusing herself
by reading the works of
Dickens. She tacitly accepted
the liaison between her hus-
band and Gasparine her
cousin, whom she ultimately
asked to live with the family
and manage the household
affairs. Pot-Bouille.

Campabdon (Angele), daugh-
ter of the preceding. She was
brought up at home by her
parents, in order that she
might remain ignorant of the
realities of life, but intercourse
with the servants in a large
tenement - house early de-
veloped her unnatural pre-
cocity. Pot Bouille.

Campenon, an incapable person
to whom M. de Marsy gave
a post as prefect, which
Eugene Rougon had promised
to Du Poizat. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

Camy-Lamotte, secretary to the
Minister of Justice, an office
of great influence. It was his
duty to prepare the list of
promotions, and he was in
constant communication with
the Tuileries. He was a
handsome man, who started
his career as a substitute ;
but through his connections
and his wife he had been
elected deputy and made
grand officer of the Legion of
Honour. In examining the

CAN

papers of President Grand-
morin, he discovered the
identity of the murderers, but
knowing the probability of
serious scandal arising in the
event of public inquiry, he
said nothing, and later, struck
by the courage and charm of
Severine Roubaud, who threw
herself on his protection, he
gave instructions that all pro-
ceedings were to be stopped.
He rewarded Denizet, the
examining magistrate, with a
decoration and the promise
of early promotion. La Bete
Humaine.

Canivet, an old peasant, of
whom Zephyrin Lacour an-
nounced the death to Rosalie
Pichon. Une Page d' Amour.

Cabnavant (Marquis de), a
nobleman of Plassans. Said
to have been intimate with
the mother of Felicite Puech
during the early period of her
married life. He visited
Pierre Rougon and his wife
occasionally, and after their
retirement from business he
interested them in politics.
La Fortune des Rougon.
A Caroline, an artificial-flower
maker employed by Madame
Titreville. She was very un-
happy at home. L'Assom-
moir.

Caroline (Madame). See Caro-
line Hamelin.

34 CAU

Caroublb, a baker at Montsou.
His business was threatened
by the competition of Maigrat.
Germinal.

Casimir, a liquor-dealer on the
road to Montsou. Germinal.

Cassoute, an inhabitant of
Plassans, who formed one of
the group of insurgents which
accompanied Antoine Mac-
quart to the Rougon's house.
He was left there to signal the
return of Pierre Rougon, but
not being very intelligent,
allowed himself to be sent by
Rougon to the Town Hall,
where he was arrested. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Catherine, servant to Granoux.
She talked for a long time
before letting in Pierre Rou-
gon and Roudier, who came
to seek her master to save
Plassans. La Fortune des
Rougon.

Cauche, the commissary of
police attached to the railway
station at Havre. He was a
former officer who considered
his present occupation as
practically a sinecure, spend-
ing much of his time at the
caf6. He was a confirmed
gambler, who could lose or
win without change of ex-
pression. A room on the first
floor of the Cafe du Commerce
was his usual haunt, and
there Roubaud frequently

CAZ

CHA

spent half the night playing
cards with him. Later, it
fell to him to arrest Roubaud
on the charge of murdering
President Grandmorin. La
Bete Humaine.

Cazenove (Doctor), a man of
fifty-four years of age, of a
vigorous and lean habit, who
after thirty years' service in
the navy settled down at
Arromanches, where an uncle
of his had left him a house.
He affected scepticism of the
power of medicine, but was
unremitting in the care of his
patients. Among the earliest
of these was Madame Chan-
teau, and he became on inti-
mate terms with the family,
for some time acting as trustee
to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de
Vivre.

C^ciLB (Mademoiselle), daugh-
ter of a butcher in the neigh-
bourhood of the Holies Cen-
trales. Le Ventre de Paris.

Celeste, lady's maid and confi-
dante of Madame Renoe Sac-
card. La Curee.

C^lestine, a friend of Clemonce.
She was neurotic, and had
a horror of the hair of cats,
seeing it everywhere, and even
turning her tongue in the
belief that some of it had got
into her mouth. UAssom-
moir.

Cesar, a bull at the farm of La
Borderie. La Terre.

Chadeuil (Madame), a milliner
in the Rue Sainte-Anne.
Octave Mouret's shop, Au
Bonheur des Dames, ruined
her within two years. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

CHAtNE, the companion of Ma-
houdeau, the sculptor. He
was born at Saint-Firmin, a
village about six miles from
Plassans, where he served as
a cowboy until he was drawn
in the conscription. Unfor-
tunately for him, a gentleman
of the district who admired
the walking-stick handles
which he carved out of roots
with his knife, persuaded
Chaine that he was a rustic
genius, and with extreme
foolishness persuaded him to
go in for painting. Having
got from his father a sum of
forty pounds, he went to Paris,
where his small fortune lasted
him for a year. Then, as he
had only twenty francs left,
he took up his quarters with
his friend Mahoudeau. He
had no talent, but had a cer-
tain skill in copying pictures
with extreme exactness. The
relations of Chaine and
Mahoudeau with Mathildo
Jabouillo led to a coldness
between the two friends, and
ultimately they ceased to be

CHA

on speaking terms, though
they continued to Hve to-
gether, and even to sleep in
the same bed. Some time
afterwards Chaine gave up art,
and started a booth at country
fairs, in which he ran a wheel-
of-fortune for trifling prizes.
The booth was decorated with
some of his alleged master-
pieces. UCEuvre.

Chambouvard, a celebrated
sculptor. He was said to be
the son of a veterinary sur-
geon of Amiens, and at forty-
five had already produced
twenty masterpieces. He had,
however, a complete lack of
critical acumen, and was un-
able to distinguish between
the most glorious offspring
of his hands and the detest-
ably grotesque figures which
he happened to put together
now and then. At one Salon
he exhibited a Sower, admir-
able in every way, while at
another he showed an exec-
rable Reaping Woman, so
bad that it seemed like a
hoax ; but he was no less
pleased with the later work,
feeling sure that he had turned
out yet another masterpiece.
UCEuvre.

Champion, a master hatter at
Montrouge. Auguste Lantier
pretended to have left his
employment because they had

not the same political views.
UAssommoir.

Champion, a retired sergeant,
who was afterwards delivery
manager at " The Ladies'
Paradise." Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Chanteau pere came origin-
nally from the south of
France, beginning his life as
a journeyman carpenter. He
created a considerable timber
business at Caen, but being
somewhat daring in his specu-
lation, he left it rather em-
barrassed at the time of his
death. La Joie de Vivre.

Chanteau (M.), a cousin of M.
Quenu, by whom he was
nominated guardian of his
daughter Pauline Quenu. On
the death of his father, he
succeeded to a timber business
at Caen. Being an inactive
man, unaspiring and careful,
he contented himself with
putting his affairs on a safe
basis, and living on a moderate
but sure profit. He married
Eugenie de la Vigniere, who
was an ambitious woman and
hoped to rouse his indolent
nature. Her schemes were,
however, frustrated by the ill-
health of her husband, who
suffered from gout to such a
degree that he ultimately
sold his business to Devoine,
and retired to Bonneville.

CHA

where he had a house. His
sufferings from gout gradually
became more and more severe
until he was a complete
invalid. His ward Pauline
Quenu showed him much
kindness, and the Abbe Hor-
teur played draughts with him
regularly. La Joie de Vivre.

Until the end of his life he
was taken care of by Pauline.
Le Docteur Pascal.

Chanteau (Madame), wife of
the preceding, nee Eugenie de
la Vigniere, was the orphan
daughter of one of the ruined
squireens of the Cotentin.
An ambitious woman, she
hoped to induce her husband
to overcome his indolent
nature, but her plans were
upset by the ill-health into
which he fell, and she trans-
ferred to her son her hopes
for the family's rise in life.
From this source she had
nothing but disappointment,
as one after another of
Lazare's schemes failed. To
enable him to get money to
start his chemical works, she
encouraged the idea of mar-
riage betwe(;n him and Paulino
Quenu, her husband's ward,
who thereupon lent him thirty
thousand francs. Little by
little, Madame Ohantcau got
poHHOHsion for the family use
of nearly all Pauline's fortune,

but with each fresh loan her
feelings towards the girl be-
came more embittered until
her affection for her had
turned to hate. From this
time, she discouraged her son's
marriage with Pauline, and
endeavoured to turn his
thoughts towards Louise Thi-
baudier, who had a con-
siderable fortune. She died
of dropsy after a short illness.
La Joie de Vivre.

Chanteau (Lazare), born 1844,
son of M. Chanteau, was
educated at the college of
Caen, where he took his
bachelor's degree. He was
undecided as to what pro-
fession he would adopt, and
for some time his inclination
turned towards music. Under
the influence of Pauline Quenu
he decided on medicine, and
went to Paris, where at first
he made good progress in his
studies. Unfortunately he
tired of this, and led a life
of extravagance and dissi-
pation, failing to pass his ex-
aminations. Having chanced
to make the acquaintance
of Herbelin, a celebrated
chemist, Lazare entered his
laboratory as an assistant.
From him he got the idea of
turning soawoed to profit-
able account by the extraction
of chemicals by a new

CHA

method. With a view to the
commercial employment of
this process he borrowed
thirty thousand francs from
Pauline Quenu, and entered
into partnership with an old
college friend named Boutigny
who invested a similar sum
in the business. Lazare was
quite carried away by his en-
thusiasm, and the works were
built on much too large a
scale, the cost greatly ex-
ceeding the original estimates.
More money was required,
and a marriage having al-
ready been arranged between
Lazare and Pauline Quenu,
she at once lent him another
ten thousand francs. Some
slight success was at first
attained, but this only led
to fresh extravagances in
the way of apparatus, and
before long a hundred thou-
sand francs of Pauline's
money had been expended.
By this time it was evident
that the process could not be
worked on a commercial scale, !
and Lazare, utterly discour-
aged, handed over his share
to Boutigny for a trifling sum.
A scheme for the protection
of Bonneville against the in- I
roads of the sea was the next
subject to attract him, and
he entered into it with his
usual enthusiasm. More
money was, of course, re-

quired, and, as before, this
was found by Pauline.
Failure again met his efforts ;
the barricade was washed
away by the first high sea.
All along Lazare had been
subject to fits of morbid de-
pression, accompanied by a
frenzied fear of death, and
after the death of his mother
this mental disturbance be-
came even more acute. The
marriage with Pauline had
been put off on one excuse or
another, and ultimately she
saw that his affections had
been transferred to Louise
Thibaudier. With noble self-
sacrifice, she released him
from his engagement, and his
marriage to Louise followed.
He went to Paris as manager
of an insurance company,
but soon tiring of business,
he returned to Bonneville,
where he lived so tormented
by the fear of death that life
itself had little charm for
him. La Joie de Vivre.

Having become a ^vidower,
he left his son with Pauline
Quenu, and went to America
to seek his fortune. Le Doc-
teur Pascal.

Chanteau (Madame Lazare),
wife of the preceding. See
Louise Thibaudier. La Joie
de Vivre,

Chanteau (Paul), the infant

CHA

son of Lazare Chant eau. La
Joie de Vivre.

Chantecaille (i.e. Singsmall),
an usher at the college of
Plassans. He was so good-
natured that he allowed the
pupils to smoke when out
walking. L'CEuvre.

Chanteqreil, a poacher, who
was sent to the galleys for
shooting a gendarme. He
was the father of Miette. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Chantegreil (Marie), known
as Miette, bom 1838, daugh-
ter of Chantegreil, the poacher,
who was sentenced to the
galleys for murder. She went
to live with her aunt, the wife
of Rebufat, farmer at Plas-
sans. Here she met Silvere
Mouret, and an idyllic love
affair followed. When Silvere
joined the Republican Insur-
rection in 1851, Miette, fired
by his enthusiasm, accom-
panied him, and carried the
banner of revolt. In the
attack by the regular troops,
which soon followed, she fell
mortally wounded. La For-
tune des Rougon.

Chantegreil (Eulalie). See
Madame Eulalie Rebufat.

Chantemesse (Madame), a cus-
tomer of Madame Frangois,
the market-gardener. It was
she who brought up the two

foundling children, Marjolin
and Cadine. Le Ventre de
Paris.

<)hantereau (Madame), wife of
an ironmaster. She was a
cousin of the Fougerays, and
a friend of the Muffats. With
Madame du Joncquoy and
Madame Hugon she gave an
air of severe respectability to
the drawing-room of Comtesse
Sabine de Muff at. Her hus-
band owned a foundry in
Alsace, where war with Ger-
many was feared, and she
caused much amusement to
her friends by expressing the
opinion that Bismarck would
make war with France and
would conquer. Nana.

Charbonnel (M.), a retired oil-
merchant of Plassans. His
cousin Chevassu, a lawyer,
died leaving his fortune of
five hundred thousand francs
to the Sisters of the Holy
Family. Charbonnel, being
next heir, contested the will
on the ground of undue in-
fluence ; and the Sisterhood
having petitioned the Council
of State to authorize the
payment of the bequest to
them, he went to Paris, accom-
panied by his wife, in order
to secure the influence of
Eugene Rougon. The matter
dragged on for some months,
and was tlien indefinitely

CHA

delayed by Rougon's resigna-
tion of the Presidency of the
Council of State. After
Rougon's appointment as
Minister of the Interior, he
induced the Council of State
to refuse the petition of the
Sisterhood, and M. Charbonnel
accordingly succeeded to the
estate. Subsequently the
Charbonnels accused the
Sisters of having removed
some of Chevassu's silver
plate, and Rougon ordered the
police to make a search in
the convent. This caused a
scandal in the town, and
brought the Charbonnels, as
well as Rougon, into popular
disfavour. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

Charbonnel (Madame), wife of
the preceding. She accom-
panied her husband to Paris
to assist him in looking after
their interests in the estate
of his cousin Chevassu. Son
Excellence Eugene Eougon.

Chardon (Abbe), the candidate
favoured by Abbe Fenil for
the vacancy in the church of
Saint -Saturnin at Plassans.
La Conquete de Plassans.

Chardon (Madame), a protegee
of Madame Melanie Correur.
The State having refused to
accept some furnishings sup-
plied by her, Eugene Rougon,
the Minister, arranged the

matter. Son Excellence Eugene
Eougon.

Charles, a waiter at the Cafe
Riche. It was he who served
supper to Maxime Saccard
and Renee in the White
Salon. La Curie.

Charles, the attendant at the
public washing-house where
Gervaise Macquart had her
great fight with Virginie.
L'Assommoir.

Charles, a butcher whose shop
was in Rue Polonceau. The
Coupeaus dealt with him.
L'Assommoir.

Charles, coachman in the ser-
vice of Nana. He left her
after a violent scene, in the
course of which he called her
a slut. Nana.

Charles, a cousin of the little
soldier Jules from Plogof.
Germinal.

Charles, coachman to Aristide
Saccard. He was discovered
stealing oats, and was dis-
missed. In revenge, he dis-
closed to Madame Caroline
the relations between his
master and the Baroness
Sandorff. UArgent.

Charles (Monsieur and
Madame). See Badeuil.

Charpier, a grain merchant at
Vendome. He became bank-
rupt, and his papers having

CHA

been purchased by Fayeux
on behalf of Busch, the latter
found among them a docu-
ment signed by Comte de
Beauvilliers, undertaking pay-
ment of a large sum to
Leonie Cron. L' Argent.

Charrier, a bricklayer who
amassed a fortune by specu-
lations in building-sites during
the early days of the Second
Empire. Along with Mignon,
his partner, he had many
business dealings with Aris-
tide Saccard. La Curee.

Charvet, one of the party
which met at Lebigre's wine-
shop to discuss revolutionary
subjects. He was the best
educated of the coterie, and
his flood of bitter words
generally crushed his adver-
saries. Le Ventre de Paris.

Chassagne (Docteur), director
of the asylum at Moulineaux,
where Satumin Josserand was
confined for a time. Pot-
Bouille.

Chaumette, counsellor at the
court of Rouen. At the
trial of Roubaud he acted as
assessor to the assizes. La
Bete Humaine.

Chaumette fils, son of the
preceding, was a substitute
at Rouen. Ho was the latest
fancy of Madame Jionnelion,
who did all she could to

secure his advancement.
Bete Humaine.

Chavaille (Rosalie), cousin
of La Mechain, and mother
of Victor Saccard. She fell
into a life of vice and poverty,
and died at the age of twenty -
six. L' Argent.

Chaval, a miner employed at
the Voreux pit. From the
first he had an instinctive
hatred towards Etienne Lan-
tier, caused partly by jealousy
regarding Catherine Maheu,
whose lover he became. He
treated the girl very badly,
and she ultimately left him.
During the strike he took up
a position antagonistic to
Lantier, who was one of the
leaders, and even undertook
the direction of a party of
Belgians brought in by the
mine-owners to work the pits.
By a strange chance, Chaval
met Lantier and Catherine
in a gallery of the pit after
a terrible accident, which re-
sulted in its being flooded ; a
struggle followed, and Chaval
was killed, his body being
thrown into the water. But
the rise of the flood brought
him back time after time to
the feet of the others, as if his
jealousy continued even after
death. Germinal.

Chave (Captain), brotiuT of
Madame Maugendre, and

CHA

CHO

uncle of Madame Jordan.
He was a petty gambler of
a class who frequent the
Bourse daily, in order to make
an almost certain profit of
fifteen or twenty francs, which
must be realized before the
day's operations are over.
He said he was forced to
speculate, as the pension
which he received from the
Government was not suffi-
cient to keep him from starva-
tion. U Argent.

Chavignat, an employ^ at the
Ministry of Public Education.
Pot-Bouille.

Ch^deville (De), deputy for
Eure-et-Loir under the Em-
pire. He was an old beau
who had flourished in the
reign of Louis Phihppe, and
was still supposed to have
Orleanist sympathies, though
his reputed friendship with
the Emperor was sufficient to
secure his success at the polls.
He had gone through all his
money, and had now only
the farm of La Chamade left.
His political career was cut
short by a scandal which gave
offence at the Tuileries, and
he was defeated by Rochefon-
taine, who was nominated by
Government as the official
candidate. La Terre.

Chermbtte (Madame de), a
friend of Madame Deberle.
Une Page d' Amour.

Chevassu, a lawyer at Fave-
rolles, who died leaving his
fortune to the Sisters of the
Holy Family. His cousin,
M. Charbonnel, got the will
reduced on the ground of
undue influence. Son Excel-
lence Eugene Rougon.

Chezelles (Madame L:6onide
de), a school friend of Com-
tesse Muffat, who was five
years her senior. She was the
wife of a magistrate. " It
was rumoured that she de-
ceived him quite openly, but
people pardoned her offence,
and received her just the
same, because, said they,
' She's not answerable for her
actions.' " Nana.

Chibray (Comte de), aide-de-
camp to the Emperor. He
was for a time the lover of
Renee Saccard. La Curee.

Chouard (Marquis de), father
of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de
Beuville. He was a Councillor
of State and Chamberlain to
the Empress, but, notwith-
standing this, had kept up
his relations with the Legiti-
mist party ; he was known
for his piety, and expressed
the belief that his class should
show an example in morals
to the lower orders. In
secret, however, his life was
vicious, and many damaging
stories were known of him.

CHO

He was one of Nana's ad-
mirers, and after a visit to
her he was struck by sudden
imbecility and semi -paralysis,
the result of sixty years of
debauchery. Nana.

VChouard (Sabine de), daughter
of the preceding and wife of
Comte Muff at de BeuviUe,
She was married at seventeen,
and ever since had led a
cloistered existence with a
pious husband and a dicta-
torial stepmother. The death
of her stepmother made little
difference, and the family
continued to live in an atmo-
sphere of frigid respectability.
At thirty-four Sabine looked
little older than her own
daughter, and would not have
been taken for more than
twenty-eight. About this
time Comte Muff at fell en-
tirely under the influence of
Nana, and a change came
over the household. Sabine
accepted the attentions of
Fauchery, whose mistress she
became, and soon after
launched into a course of
extravagance which in the
end went far to complete the
ruin to which her husband
was himself contributing.
Other lovers followed Fau-
chery, and in the end she
ran off with the manager of
a large drapery store. Ulti-

mately she returned, and was
pardoned by her husband,
who had lost his own self-
respect as a result of his
intrigue with Nana. Nana.

Chouteait, an old man of over
ninety years of age, who
with his wife lived in a little
hut in Beaumont, furnished
for them by Angelique with
articles taken from the attic
of her adopted parents. She,
as well as Felicien d'Haute-
cceur, showed them much
kindness. Le Eeve.

Chouteau, a soldier in the
106th regiment of the line,
commanded by Colonel de
Vineuil. He belonged to the
squad of Corporal Jean Mac-
quart. Originally a house-
painter of Montmartre, his
time was almost expired when
the outbreak of war pre-
vented his leaving the army.
A revolutionary in his ideas,
he was the leader in every
breach of discipline among his
companions, suggesting to
them that they should throw
away their knapsacks and
guns ; on the plateau of
Floing, in front of the enemy,
he declared that as he had not
eaten ho would not fight.
Sergeant Sapin having been
severely wounded, Chouteau
offered, along with Loubet, to
remove him to the ambulance,

CHR

COG

and the two men disappeared
from the battlefield. After
the defeat of the French
Army he was made prisoner
at Iges, where he continued
to advise his companions in
committing all kinds of ex-
cesses, going the length of
handing a knife to LapouUe
in order that he might kill
Pache, who had hidden some
provisions from him. Along
with Loubet he made an
attempt to escape from the
Germans, and in this he
attained success by treacher-
ously sacrificing his comrade.
During the Commune he took
an active part in the excesses
which were then committed ;
but during the sanguinary
repression which followed he
was seen in the blouse of an
honest workman applauding
the massacre which ensued.
La Debacle.

Christine. See Christine Halle-
grain.

Chuchu (Mademoiselle), an
actress at the Varietes. A
liaison between her and Florj^
led to the ruin of the latter
on the Stock Exchange. U Ar-
gent.

Clarisse, waiting-maid in the
service of Baroness Sandorff.
She betrayed to Delcambre
the confidences of her mistress.
U Argent.

Cl:&mence, a clerk at the fish
auction. She attended the
meetings in Lebigre's wine-
shop along with Charvet,
with whom she lived. Le
Ventre de Paris.
/pyCLfiMENCE (Mademoiselle) oc-
cupied a room in the same
tenement-house as the Cou-
peaus and Lorilleux, where
she took in ironing, as well
as added to her income by
less reputable means. When
Gervaise Coupeau's laundry
was at the height of its
success Clemence got regular
employment there, but when
business began to go she had
to leave. L'Assommoir.

Cl:6mence, lady's maid to Ma-
dame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille.

Clorinde. See Clorinde Balbi.

Clou, Municipal Councillor at
Rognes. He played the trom-
bone at choral services in
church. La Terre.

Cceur (Germaine), a demi-mon-
daine who was on intimate
terms with many members of
the Paris Bourse. L' Argent.

CoGNET, a roadman at Rognes.
He was an old drunkard,
who beat his daughter un-
mercifully. La Terre.

CoGNET (Jacqueline), alias La
CoGNETTE, daughter of the
preceding. She went to La
Borderie at the age of twelve
years, and before long had

COL

COM

several lovers. She made
her fortune, however, by re-
sisting her master, Alexandre
Hourdequin, for six months,
and when she ultimately be-
came his mistress she had
made her position so secure
that he was afterwards un-
able to part with her. Not-
withstanding her relations
with Hourdequin, she had
other lovers, and the old
shepherd Soulas, from motives
of revenge, informed Hourde-
quin of her intimacy with
one of them, a man named
Tron. The latter, having been
dismissed, killed Hourdequin
and burned down the farm,
so that Jacqueline was com-
pelled to leave La Borderie
no richer than she had come.
La Terre.

CoLiCHE (La), a fine cow which
belonged to the Mouche
family and was a great
favourite with them. La
Terre.

Colin, a notary at Havre. It
was in his presence that the
Roubauds made a mutual
will, leaving everything to the
last survivor. La Biie Hu-
maine.

CoLOMBAN p^RE, a Veterinary
surgeon known to all in the
district of Seine-et-Oise. He
was of dissolute habits. Au
Bonhcur dcs Dames,

CoLOMBAN, a shopman who
had been for many years in
the employment of M. Baudu.
He was engaged to his mas-
ter's daughter Genevieve, but
the marriage was put off from
time to time as Baudu 's
business was not prosperous.
Meantime, Columban had be-
come infatuated by Clara
Prunaire, a girl employed in
" The Ladies' Paradise," and
his affection for Genevieve
rapidly cooled. Ultimately
he went off with Clara, there-
by hastening the death of
Genevieve, who had been in
bad health for some time.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

CoLOMBE. See Pere Colombe.

CoMBELOT (M. de), an Imperial
Chamberlain whom the De-
partment of the Landes had
chosen as deputy upon the
formally expressed desire of
the Emperor. He was a tall,
handsome man, with a very
white skin, and an inky black
beard, which had been the
means of winning him great
favour among the ladies. He
was married to a sister of
Delestang. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

CoMBELOT (Madame de). See
Henriette Delestang.

CoMBETTB, a chemist at Chono-
Populeux. Ho was assessor
to the mayor, and the in-

COM

formation which he received
on the night of 27th August,
1870, satisfied him of the
unhappy state of the Army
of Chalons, which was then
on its way to the front. La
Debacle.
CoMBETTE (Madame), wife of
the preceding. It was she
who on the evening of 27th
August, 1870, offered hospi-
tahty to the soldier Maurice
Levasseur, who was worn out
with fatigue and with the
pain of his foot, which had
been injured by the long
march. La Debacle.

Combe viLLE (Duchesse de),
mother of Princess d'Orviedo.
UArgent.

CoMBOREL ET CiE, a firm of
ship-owners who entered into
the great transport syndicate
founded by Aristide Saccard.
UArgent.

CoMPAN (Abb6), vicar of the
church of Saint-Saturnin at
Plassans. He was on bad
terms with Abbe Fenil, and
consequently the other priests
were afraid to have any
intercourse with him. Abbe
Bourrette alone visiting him
during his last illness. La
Conquete de Plassans.

CoNDAMiN (M. de), commis-
sioner of woods and rivers
for the district of Plassans.
He was an elderly man, whose

46 CON

morality was looked upon
with some suspicion by the
respectable inhabitants of
Plassans. He married a young
wife, whom he brought from
no one knew where, but who
had evidently influential
friends at Paris, as it was
she who got her husband and
Dr. Porquier decorated. La
Conquete de Plassans.

CoNDAMiN (Madame de), wife
of the preceding. She was
at first received with some
suspicion at Plassans, nothing
being known of her past
history, but by the charm of
her manner she soon over-
came prejudice. Madame
Mouret having asked her as-
sistance in connection with
the Home for Girls proposed
by Abbe Faujas, she entered
heartily into the scheme and
used her influence on its be-
half. Acting on advice from
her influential friends at
Paris, she assisted Faujas in
the schemes which resulted
in the election of M. Delangre
as deputy for Plassans. La
Conquete de Plassans.

CoNiN, a stationer at the corner
of Rue Feydeau, who sup-
pUed note-books to most mem-
bers of the Bourse. He was
assisted in the business by his
wife, and seldom came out of
the back shop. L' Argent,

CON

CoNiN (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She was on too
friendly terms with many of
her customers, but was so
discreet that no scandal arose.
UArgent.

CoQUART (Les), proprietors of
the farm of Saint-Juste,
which, however, they were
forced by bad times to sell.
The family consisted of the
father, mother, three sons,
and two daughters. La Terre.

Coquets, neighbours of the
Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-
d'Or. They took a fancy to
hght their cooking- stove on
the stair-landing, and, as they
also owed their term's rent,
they were given notice to
quit. U Assommoir .

CoEBiERE (CoMTB db), proprie-
tor of the Paradou, an estate
near Artaud. When he died,
the care of the property
was confided to Jeanbernat,
a foster-brother of the Comte.
La Faute de VAbbe Mouret.

CoRBREUSB (Duo de), proprietor
of a racing-stable. Nana.

CoRNAiLLB, the principal draper
in Valognes. Denise Baudu
served her apprenticeship to
him. Au Bonheur des Davnen.

CoRNEMUSB, a racehorse which
won the prize of the City of
Paris. Nana.

CoRNiLLE, a member of the

47 COR

firm of Comille and Jenard,
who held in the eighteenth
century the mineral conces-
sion of Joiselle, which was
joined in 1760 to two neigh-
bouring concessions, those of
Comte de Cougny and of
Baron Desrumaux, in order
to form the Company of the
Mines of Montsou. .Germinal.

CoRNiLLE (Abb6), one of the
clergy of the cathedral of
Beaumont. He accompanied
Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur
when the latter came to
administer the last rites of
the Church to Angelique. Le
Reve.

CoRREUR (Madame M^lanie)
was the daughter of a notary
of Coulonges, a town in the
district of Niort. When she
was twenty-four years old she
eloped with a journeyman
butcher, and thereafter lived
in Paris, ignored by her
family. For some time she
kept a boarding-house at the
Hotel Vanneau in the Rue
Vanneau, where among her
lodgers were Eugene Rougon,
Du Poizet, and Theodore Gil-
quin. She established a claim
on Rougon's gratitude, and
he assisted a number of her
friends in obtaining pensions
and appointments. Having
ascertained that her brother,
M. Martineau, had made a

COS

cou

\vill by which she would
benefit, she, knowing him to
be in bad health, denounced
him to Rougon as a dangerous
Republican. His arrest and
sudden death followed. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

CosiNUS, a racehorse which
ran in the Grand Prix de
Paris. Nana.

CossARD (Le Pere), prompter
at the Theatre des Varietes.
He was a little hunchback.
Nana.

CouDELOUP (Madame), a baker
in Rue des Poissonniers. She
supplied the Coupeaus until
Lantier decided that they
must have finer bread from
a Viennese bakery. UAs-
sommoir.

CouGNY (Comte de), owner in
the eighteenth century of the
mining concession of Cougny,
which in 1760 was joined
to two neighbouring conces-
sions to form the Company of
the Mines of Montsou. Ger-
minal.

CouiLLOT (Les), peasants at
Rognes. Their son got the
number 206 in the drawing
for the conscription. La
Terre.
(^ Coupeau, a zinc-worker, who
married Gervaise Mac quart
after her desertion by Lantier.
He was the son of a drunken
father, but was himself steady

and industrious until a serious
accident caused by a fall from
a roof brought about a change.
After that he became un-
willing to work and began to
spend his time in public -
houses ; his days of work
became fewer and fewer, until,
a confirmed drunkard, he
lived entirely on his wife's
earnings. Attacks of delirium
tremens followed, and in the
end he died in the Asylum of
Sainte-Anne after an attack
of more than usual violence.
L'Assommoir.

Coupeau (Madame Gervaise),
wife of the preceding. See
Gervaise Macquart. L'As-
sommoir.

Coupeau (Anna, known as
Nana), born 1852, was the
only child of Coupeau and
Gervaise Macquart, his wife.
Almost from infancy she was
allowed to run wild in the
gutters of Paris, and even in
childhood her instincts were
vicious. At thirteen years of
age she was sent to learn
artificial-flower making in the
establishment of Madame
Titreville, whose forewoman
was Madame Lerat, Nana's
aunt. She had been there
some time when she began to
receive attentions from an
elderly gentleman who had
noticed her going to work.

cou

49 cou

Meantime her father and
mother had taken to drink
so seriously that home life
had become intolerable, and,
after one of innumerable
quarrels. Nana ran away to
her venerable admirer. After
a few months she tired of
him and left, to spend her
time amongst the low-class
dancing-halls, in one of which
she was found by her father,
who brought her home, where
she remained for a fortnight,
and then ran off again. From
time to time she returned,
but her visits gradually be-
came less frequent till they
ceased. U Assommoir .

At sixteen years of age she
had a child to an unknown
father, and two years later was
installed in a fiat in Boulevard
Haussmann by a rich mer-
chant of Moscow, who had
come to pass the winter in
Paris. Bordenave, the direc-
tor of the Theatre des Vari^-
tes, gave her a part in a
play called La Blonde Venus,
and though her voice was
poor and she was ignorant of
acting, she was by the sheer
force of her beauty an im-
mediate and overwhelming
success. All Paris was at her
feet ; Comte Muff at, Steiner,
the Prince of Scots himself,
came in tuni to olTcr homage.
It seemed as if this girl, bom

of four or five generations of
drunkards and brought up
on the pavements of Paris,
was to revenge her race upon
the idle rich by the wild
extravagances into which she
dragged them. Muff at and
Steiner were her lovers, and
ruined themselves by the vast
sums which she squandered ;
Georges Hugon killed himself
from jealousy of his brother
Philippe, who embezzled for
her sake, and brought him-
self to imprisonment and dis-
grace ; Vandeuvres too, after
courting dishonour, met death
at his own hand ; and Foucar-
mont, stripped bare and cast
off, went to perish in the China
seas. The procession was un-
ending ; more money was
always required. After a
successful appearance in a \
play called Melusine, Nana
suddenly left Paris and went
to the East. Strange stories
were told of her — the conquest
of a viceroy, a colossal for-
tune acquired in Russia — but
nothing definite was known.
When she returned to Paris
in 1870 she found that her
son Louiset had been at-
tacked by small-pox, and she
herself contracted the disease
from him. A few days later
she died in a room in tlio
Grand Hotel, nursed only by
lioso Mignon, who had oome

cou

CROl

to her in her trouble. The
war with Germany had just
broken out, and as she lay
dying the passing crowds
were shouting ceaselessly, " A
Berlin, A Berlin." Nana.

CouPEAU (Louis). See Louiset.

iVCouPEAu (Madame), mother of
Coupeau the zinc-worker.
She was an old woman, and,
her sight having given way,
was unable to support herself.
Her daughter, Madame Loril-
leux, refused anything but
the most trifling assistance,
and ultimately Gervaise Cou-
peau took the old woman into
her own house and supported
her tin her death, which
occurred some years later.
U Assommoir .

CouRAJOD, a great landscape
painter, whose masterpiece,
the Pool at Gagny, is in the
Luxembourg. Long before
his death he disappeared from
the world of art, and lived in
a little house at Montmartre
surrounded by his hens, ducks,
rabbits, and dogs. He refused
to speak of his former fame,
and when Claude Lantier
called on him the old man
seemed to be entering into
a second childhood, forgetful
of his past. L'CEuvre.

CouTARD, a soldier of infantry
who belonged to the Second
Division of the First Army

Corps, which was defeated
at Wissembourg on 4th Au-
gust, 1870. He and his com-
panion Picot were slightly
wounded, and were left be-
hind, not being able to rejoin
their regiments for three
weeks, most of which they
spent tramping the country
through wet and mud, en-
deavouring to overtake the
vanquished army of France.
La Debdcle.

Crasse (La), i.e. " The Dirty."
Sobriquet of a professor at
the college of Plassans, so
called by the pupils as he
marked by the constant
rubbing of his head the back
of every chair he occupied.
L'CEuvre.

Crevecceue, a lace merchant
in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche
left his employment, and en-
tered Octave Mouret's shop
on the same day as Denise
Baudu. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Cron, a carter at Vendome. He
was the father of Leonie
Cron. U Argent.

Cron (L6onie), the girl to whom
the Comte de Beauvilliers
gave the document which
afterwards came into the
hands of Busch, and was used
by him as a means of black-
mailing the widow of the
Comte. U Argent,

cue

DAG

Ctjche, a family of fisher people
who resided at Bonneville.
They were ruined by their
house being washed away by
the sea. The father and
mother lived extremely dis-
solute lives, and their son
grew up little better than a
savage. Pauline Quenu made
great efforts to reform him,
but he refused to work and
resisted all attempts to make
him settle down. La Joie de
Vivre.

CuDORGB (Madame), a seller of
umbrellas in the Rue Neuve
de la Goutte d'Or, where she
was a neighbour of Gervaise
Lantier. VAssommoir.

CuGNOT (Pauline), daughter of
a miller at Chartres who was
ruined by a lawsuit. She
came to Paris, and even-
tually got a situation at " The
Ladies' Paradise," where she
showed much kindness to
Denise Baudu, who was at
first badly treated by the
other employees there. Later
on she married Baug6, her
lover, but was allowed to
retain her situation. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

Dabadib, chief station-master
at Havre. He was a hand-
some man, with tho bearing
of a commercial magnate en-

grossed in business. Indeed,
he willingly left the passenger
department of the station to
his assistants, in order that
he might give particular at-
tention to the enormous tran-
sit of merchandise at the
docks. It was said that he
was on friendly terms with
Mademoiselle Guichon, the
office-keeper at the station.
La Bete Humaine.
/Daguenet (Paul), the favoured
lover of Nana. His father,
who was highly esteemed by
Louis Philippe, occupied a
prefecture up to the time of
his death. As for himself,
he had gone through three
hundred thousand francs in
eighteen months in the pur-
suit of pleasure, and was only
able to keep going by small
speculations on the Stock
Exchange. Attracted by the
fortune of filstelle Muffat, he
decided to marry her, and
with the assistance of Nana
obtained the consent of Count
Muffat. Become serious after
marriage, Daguenet came
under the influence of Th6o-
philo Venot, and was ruled
with a rod of iron by his wife,
who now exhibited a character
entirely unsuspected before.
He now went to Mass, and was
furious with his father-in-law,
who was ruining tho family
on account of Nana. Na7ia,

DAG

DAM

Daguenet (Madame). See &-
telle Muffat de Beuville.

Daigremont, a Paris financier
who was possessed of an
enormous fortune. It was
said that his fidelity was not
quite reliable, and that on
one occasion at least he played
his allies false and swept away
the profits. He was ap-
proached by Saccard before
the foundation of the Univer-
sal Bank, and being assured
that Eugene Rougon was to
back up his brother, he agreed
to become one of the directors.
He supported Saccard during
the great gamble in the shares
of the bank, and even on the
day of the collapse had
promised to come on the
market and buy so heavily
as to put up the price of
the shares. Having received
information through Jacoby
that Gundermann was deter-
mined at any cost to break
the market, Daigremont de-
serted Saccard, and instead
of buying, sold all the shares
he had, thereby bringing
about the final collapse. U Ar-
gent.

Daigremont (Madame), wife of
the preceding. She was cele-
brated for her beauty and
for her fine singing. U Argent.

Dalichamp, a doctor at Rau-
court, six kilometres from

Remilly. He was a man of
brusque manner, but of ex-
cellent heart, who showed
much kindness to his patients.
In the middle of August,
1870, he established an am-
bulance at Raucourt, and
after Jean Macquart, severely
wounded, had arrived at the
house of Pere Fouchard, Dali-
champ attended him secretly
till his recovery. It was
through him that Henriette
Weiss and Jean gained their
knowledge of the disasters
which were everywhere over-
taking the French army. La
Debacle.

Dambreville, a Government
ofiicial who married in order
to secure promotion through
the influence of his wife.
Pot-Bouille.

Dambreville (Madame), wife
of the preceding. An elderly
woman with a passion for
Leon Josserand, whose ap-
pointment as Maitre des Re-
quetes she procured by her
influence. She promised to
secure a wealthy wife for him,
but delayed to do so until
he insisted on a match being
arranged between him and
her niece Raymonde. Her
friendly relations with him
continued to subsist even
after his marriage. Pot-
Bouille,

DAM

DAV

Dambreville (Raymonde),
niece of Dambreville. See
Madame Leon Josserand.

Dansaert, a head captain in
the Voreux pit. He was
brutal and overbearing with
the workmen, but humble in
the presence of his superiors.
Though it was well known
that he was the lover of La
Pierronne, he was friendly
with her husband, and got
information from him re-
garding the progress of the
strike. On the day of the
accident in the pit he became
mad with fear, and leaped
into one of the cages, leaving
his men at the bottom. This
action, together with the scan-
dals regarding him, caused the
company to decide on his dis-
missal. Germinal.

Daste (Madame) , a friend of the
Saccards and of Madame de
Lauwerens. La Curee.

Dauvergne, deputy station-
master for the main lines at
the Gare Saint-Lazare. He
occupied with his family,
Claire, Henri, and Sopliie, a
house belonging to the rail-
way company in the Impasse
d' Amsterdam. La BHe Hu-
maine.

Dauvergne (Claire), daughter
of the preceding and sister
of Sophie. Th(i two sisters
were both charnung blondes,

one eighteen and the other
twenty, who, amidst a con-
stant stream of gaiety, looked
after the housekeeping with
the six thousand francs earned
by the two men. The elder
one would be heard laughing,
while the younger sang, and
a cage full of exotic birds
rivalled one another in rou-
lades. La Bete Humaine.

Dauvergne (Henri), a chief
guard in the service of the
Western Railway Company.
He was in love with Severine
Roubaud, but was aware of
her liaison with Jacques Lan-
tier. He was injured in the
railway accident at Croix-de-
Maufras, and having been
removed to a house which
belonged to Severine, he was
nursed by her there. In a
hallucination of illness, he
believed that he heard, out-
side his window, Roubaud
arranging with Cabuche for
the murder of Severine : his
mistaken evidence was greatly
instrumental in leading to tlio
conviction of the two men.
La Bete Humaine.

Dauvergne (Sophie), the elder
of the two sisters. La Bite
Humaine.

Davoinb, the purchaser of
Chanteau's timber business
at Caen. When Chanteau
became incapacitated by gout,

DEB

DEJ

he sold his business to Da-
voine for a hundred thousand
francs, of which one-half was
to be paid in cash and the
balance to remain in the
business. Davoine was, how-
ever, constantly launching
into speculations, and the
consequence was that the
profits were drained away,
and the balance sheet gener-
ally showed a loss. He ulti-
mately became bankrupt, and
Chanteau lost all the money
he had left in the business.
La Joie de Vivre.

Deberle (Doctor Henri), a
medical man of Passy who
inherited from his father a
large fortune and an excellent
practice. A chance call to
attend Jeanne Grand jean led
to an intimacy with her
mother, which resulted in the
fleeting love episode which
forms the subject of the novel.
Deberle, deceived by the cir-
cumstances under which He-
lene Grand jean prevented an
assignation between his wife
and M. Malignon, believed
that Helene had arranged an
assignation with himself, and
she found it impossible to
enlighten him without com-
promising his wife. The brief
liaison was terminated by the
illness and death of Jeanne.
Une Page d' Amour.

Deberle (Madame Juliette),
wife of the preceding, was the
elder daughter of M. Letellier,
a wealthy silk merchant of
Paris. Empty-headed and
fond of gaiety, she was carried
away by the attentions of
M. Malignon, an idle young
man who went everywhere
in Paris society, and to whom
she was foolish enough on one
occasion to grant an assigna-
tion. Madame Helene Grand-
jean, who was on intimate
terms with the family, warned
Madame Deberle that her
husband's suspicions had been
aroused, and that lady, seeing
in time the folly of her action,
broke off the intrigue. Une
Page d' Amour.

Deberle (Lucien), the young
son of Doctor Deberle. He
was a playmate of Jeanne
Grandjean. Une Paged' Amour.

Decker (Baronne), a friend
of the Marquis de Chouard,
who occasionally visited her
at Viroflay. Nana.

Dejoie, a man who was ap-
pointed by Saccard to be at-
tendant at the offices of the
newspaper purchased in the
interest of the Universal Bank.
He had a small sum of money,
intended for the dowry of his
daughter, and to increase this
he invested it in shares of the
bank. On the rise of the

DEJ

DEL

shares he gained a large sum,
but, refusing to sell, he lost
everything in the final catas-
trophe. U Argent.

Dejoie (Josephine), wife of
Dejoie, who first knew her
when she was cook with
Madame L^veque, sister-in-
law of Durieu, the brewer.
She was afterwards with Dr.
Renaudin, and then in a shop
in Rue Rambuteau. The
husband and wife were never
fortunate enough to get em-
ployment in one place. Jose-
phine died when her daugh-
ter was fourteen years old.
U Argent.

Dejoie (Nathalie), daughter
of the preceding. In order to
provide a dowry for her, her
father invested all his savings
in shares of the Universal
Bank, losing everything after
its failure. She was a pretty
girl, but absolutely heartless,
and after the downfall of the
bank she ran away from
home, leaving her old father in
his poverty. U Argent.

Delaherche (Madame), mother
of Jules Delaherche. Her
husband's gay life rendered
her unhappy, and after she
became a widow she trembled
lest her son should take to the
same courses as his father;
80, after marrying him to a
woman who was devout and

of simple tastes, she sought
to keep him in a dependent
state as though he were a
mere youth. At fifty years
of age, his wife having died,
Delaherche determined to
marry a young widow about
whom there had been much
gossip, and did so in spite
of all the remonstrances of
his mother. After that she
only lived on in silent remon-
strance, spending most of her
time shut up in her own room.
The miseries of war told
severely on the old woman, and
to these were added domes-
tic troubles, for she became
aware of her daughter-in-law's
relations with Captain Bau-
doin and Edmond Lagarde.
After the occupation of Sedan
by the Prussians she devoted
herself to nursing her old
friend Colonel Vineuil, who
had been brought to the
house severely wounded. She
remained with him till his
death, shut up from the
world, and refusing to hear
of the defeats daily accumu-
lating against their unhappy
country. La Debdcle.
Delaherche (Jules), one of
the principal cloth manufac-
turers of Sedan. He owned
a large factory in Rue Maqua,
whicli had been Uio property
of the family for a hundred
and sixty years ; in the rear

DEL

of the building was a palatial
courtyard shaded with old
trees, gigantic elms dating
from the foundation of the
establishment. Jules, married
to a woman dull and plain-
looking, had been kept by
his mother in the dependent
position of a mere boy, but
at fifty years of age, his
wife being dead, he became
enamoured of Gilberte Magi-
not, a pretty young widow
of Charleville, and married
her in spite of the determined
opposition of his mother. An
ardent Bonapartist, he was
much excited by a chance
meeting with Napoleon III,
but after the repeated defeats
of the army in the war with
Prussia his loyalty cooled,
and he ultimately charged
the Emperor with all the
miseries which ensued. After
the battle of Sedan an am-
bulance was established in
the courtyard of his factory,
and the wounded Colonel
Vineuil was removed to his
house. La Debacle.

Delaherche (Madame Jules).
See Gilberte Vineuil. La De-
bacle.

Delangre (M.), mayor of Plas-
sans. He was the son of a
bricklayer, and when he
passed as a lawyer had to be
content with petty suits that

56 DEL

no one else would take up.
It was said that he became
the lover of Madame Rastoil,
and it was certainly through
her influence that he won his
first cases. He was shrewd
enough to show no particular
political proclivities ; so after
the Gowp d'etat of 1851, when
they were looking out for
a mayor, his name was at
once thought of. He was
elected, and from that time
everything prospered with
him. As a result of much
scheming by Abbe Faujas,
Delangre was adopted as can-
didate for the representation
of Plassans, and was elected
by a triumphant majority
over Maurin, the Republican
candidate. After his election,
he voted steadily with the
Government, thus accom-
plishing the object for which
Faujas was sent to the town.
La Conquete de Plassans.

Delangre (Madame), wife of
the preceding. " She was a
tame little woman of a ser-
vant-like meekness, whose dis-
soluteness had remained a
matter of legend in Plassans."
She was consulted by Madame
Mouret regarding the Home
for Girls proposed by Abbe
Faujas, and agreed to act
on the Committee. La Con-
quete de Plassans.

DEL

Delangre (Lucien), son of
M. Delangre, mayor of Plas-
sans. He was a young barris-
ter of four-and-twenty, short
and sharp-eyed, with a crafty
brain, and pleaded with all
the coolness of an old prac-
titioner. On the suggestion
of Abbe Faujas he took a
leading part in starting the
Club for Young Men at Plas-
sans. La Conquete de Plas-
sans.

Delarocque, a stockbroker
who was married to the sister
of Jacoby. L' Argent.

Delcambre, Public Prosecutor,
afterwards Minister of Justice.
Having been for some time
the lover of Baroness San-
dorff, he was much annoyed
at her subsequent intimacy
with Saccard, and after the
failure of the Universal Bank
he instigated the proceedings
which led to the conviction
of its officials. L' Argent.

Delestang (M.), son of a wine
merchant at Bercy, was him-
self a retired attorney and
owner of a model farm. He
was a man of great wealth,
but of foolish and shallow
character. Having got into
political trouble at the time
of the Coup d'etat of 1851, he
was helped out of an awk-
ward position by Eugene
Rougon. Acting on the sug-

gestion of Rougon, he married
Clorinde Balbi, and soon after
was appointed Minister of
Commerce and Agriculture.
After Rougon's second retire-
ment from office Delestang
was appointed to succeed
him as Minister of the In-
terior. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Delestang (Madame), wife of
the preceding. See Clorinde
Balbi.

Delestang (Henriette), sister
of Delestang, the Minister,
and wife of M. de Combelot,
Chamberlain to Napoleon III.
She had a passion for the
Emperor, who, however,
would not look at her. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Delezue founded, along with
his brother, in 1822, the
drapers' shop in Paris known
as Au Bonheur des Dames.
When he died, his daughter
Caroline, who was married to
Hedouin, succeeded to his
share in the business. Pot-
Bouille.

The begiiming of the busi-
ness was exceedingly modest ;
there was only one window
in the shop, and the stock
was a small one. At that
time the principal shop in
the neighbourhood was the
Vieil Elbeufy of which Baudu

DEL

58 DEL

afterwards became proprietor.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Deleuze (Uncle), one of the
founders of the shop known
as Au Bonheur des Dames.
After the death of his elder
brother he continued the
business along with his niece
Madame Hedouin. He be-
came much affected by rheu-
matism, and left the manage-
ment in the hands of
Hedouin. Pot-Bouille.

Madame Hedouin,having be-
come a widow, married Octave
Mouret. Three months after-
wards her uncle died, leaving
her his share in the business.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Deleuze (Caroline).
Caroline Hedouin.

See

Delhomme was the son-in-law
of Pere Fouan, whose daugh-
ter Fanny he married. He
was the owner of a small
farm, which he managed so
well that he became one of
the richest of the peasant
proprietors at Rognes. He
was a man of calm, upright
nature, and was frequently
selected as arbiter in petty
disputes. In his own affairs,
however, he allowed himself
to be much influenced by
his wife. He was a municipal
councillor, and ultimately
became mayor. La Terre.

Delhomme (Madame), nee
Fanny Fouan, wife of the
preceding. At first a not
unamiable woman, she be-
came hardened, and eventu-
ally the cleanliness of her
house became a mania with
her. She was unkind to her
father, with whose little weak-
nesses she had no patience,
and her persecution of him
was carried to such an extent
that he ceased to live with her
and her husband. She was
so annoyed at this that she
refused to speak to him again,
and her ill-will was not even
terminated by his death.
When her husband became
mayor her conceit knew no
bounds. La Terre.

Delhomme (Ernest), known
as Nenesse, son of the pre-
ceding. From childhood he
had a fancy for dressing
himself up and aping the
city lads, and as he had
always a horror of the land
he went to Chartres to assist
in a restaurant, with which
was connected a public
dancing-hall. His parents
effected an insurance against
him being drawn in the con-
scription ; but he drew a
lucky number, and the loss
of the money caused his
mother considerable annoy-
ance. He proposed to take

DEL

DEN

over the maison de tolerance
at Chartres which belonged
to his grand-aunt Madame
Badeuil and her husband,
and he eventually did so
by marrying their grand-
daughter filodie Vaucogne.
La Terre.

Deloche, a bailiff in needy
circumstances who resided
at Briquebec. He treated his
son Henri very badly. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Deloche (Henri), a young
man who got employment
at " The Ladies' Paradise "
at the same time as Denise
Baudu. He fell in love with
Denise, but though she re-
fused to marry him, they
remained on friendly terms,
and on one occasion he threw
a glass of wine at Favier,
a fellow-shopman, who re-
peated a slander about her.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Delobme, a relation of the
Quenus. On the suggestion
of Madame Chanteau he was
nominated a member of the
family council of Pauline
Quenu. He consented to her
emancipation. La Joie de
Vivre.

Deneulin, a cousin of the
Gr^goires. Like his cousin,
he inherited a denier in the
Montsou mines, but being
an enterprising engineer, tor-

mented by the desire for a
royal fortune, he had hastened
to sell out when the value of
the denier reached a milUon
francs. His wife possessed
through an uncle the little
concession of Vandame, on
which were two abandoned
pits — Jean- Bart and Gaston-
Marie — and he invested all
his money in the reopening
of these pits. He was a bad
manager, however, and after
his wife's death he was pil-
laged by every one. The great
strike at Montsou completed
his ruin, and he was ulti-
mately compelled to sell his
pits to the great company
which had already acquired
all the neighbouring mines,
himself receiving a situation
as divisional engineer. Ger-
minal.

Deneulin (Jeanne), second
daughter of the preceding.
Having lost their mother when
very young, she and her
sister were brought up alone,
somewhat badly, being spoiled
by their father. Jeanne was
fond of painting, and had
already had three landscapes
refused by the Salon. Her
sister and she remained cheer-
ful in the midst of their
father's loss of fortune, and
proved themselves excellent
managers. Germinal,

DEN

DES

Deneulin (Lucie), elder daugh-
ter of Deneulin. She was fond
of music, and at one time
talked of going on the stage.
Like her sister, she showed
an admirable spirit at the
time of her father's downfall.
Oerminal.

Denizet, examining magistrate
(juge d' instruction) at Rouen.
The son of a Normandy
cattle-breeder, he studied law
at Caen, but had entered the
judicial department of the
Government late in life ; and
his peasant origin, aggravated
by his father's bankruptcy,
made his promotion slow.
After being substitute in
various places he was sent to
Rouen, where he acted as
examining magistrate. He
was fond of his profession,
and at the beginning of the
inquiry into the murder of
President Grandmorin al-
lowed himself to be carried
away by his desire to elicit
the facts of the case. He
received, however, a hint from
Camy-Lamotte, the secretary
to the Minister of Justice, that
caution must be exercised,
and his desire to be decorated
and removed to Paris was so
great that he sacrificed the
interests of justice, and caused
the case to be hushed up.
Later, the murder of Severine
Roubaud reopened the Grand-

morin inquiry, and Denizet
was allowed a free hand in
dealing with the affair. By a
masterpiece of logical deduc-
tion he set out to prove the
complicity of Cabuche and
Roubaud, a complicity, how-
ever, which had no existence
in fact, and the demonstration
of which by Denizet produced
a gross error of justice. La
Bete Humaine.

Dequebsonniere, an architect
with whom Louis Dubuche
served his apprenticeship. He
was a former wimier of the
Grand Prize, and was architect
of the Civil Branch of Public
Works, an officer of the Legion
of Honour, and a member of
the Institute. His principal
production was the church
of Saint-Mathieu, a building
which shared the character-
istics of a pastry-cook's
mould and a clock in the style
of the First Empire. UCEuvre.

Desbazeilles, President of the
Assize Court at Rouen on the
occasion of the trial of Rou-
baud. He was a bachelor,
and an old friend of Madame
Bonnehon ; a friendship
which still continued, not-
withstanding his sixty years.
He was the literary glory of
the Court, and his cleverly
turned sonnets were well
known. La Bete Humaine,

DES

Desforges, a stock-broker. The
friendship of his wife with
Hartmann, the great financier,
had been very useful to him.
He died leaving a fortune, the
amount of which was mini-
mized by some and exag-
gerated by others. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

Desforges (Madame Henri-
ette), daughter of a Councillor
of State and widow of a stock-
broker, who left her a small
fortune. " Even during her
husband's Hfetime, people said
she had shown herself grateful
towards Baron Hartmann,
whose financial tips had proved
very useful to them ; and
later on, after her husband's
death, the acquaintance had
probably continued, but al-
ways discreetly." Octave
Mouret, having met her at
the house of a mutual friend,
made love to her, chiefly with
a view to gaining Baron Hart-
mann's assistance through
her influence. Madame Des-
forges was extremely jealous
when she learned of Mouret 's
affection for Denise Baudu
and the probability of his
marrying lier. In order to
injure him, she introduced
Bouthemont to Baron Hart-
mann, who lent him money to
start an opposition establish-
ment called " The Four Sea-

sons.
Dairies.

Au Bonheur des

Desir (Veuve), an elderly
woman who kept a ball-room
known as Bon-Joyeux. She
called all the miners her
children, and grew tender at
the thought of the flood of
beer which she had poured out
for them during the last thirty
j^ears. She gave her ball-
room to the miners to hold a
meeting during the strike,
and when the police arrived
to break it up she held the
door long enough to allow
those present to escape.
Germinal.

Deslignieres, a toy-seller in
Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bon-
heur des Darner.

Desmarquay, a money-changer
in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot
was employed in his office.
Pot-Bouille,

Desroches, a notary at Giene-
Populeux. His house there
was requisitioned for the Em-
peror on 27th August, 1870,
during the march of the army
of MacMahon. La Debdcle.

Desroches (Madame), mother
of the preceding. Their house
adjoined the early home of
Maurice Lcvasseur, and she
had been good to him when
ho was a child. When the
house was requisitioned for
the Emperor, she had to give

DES

DUB

up her room to him and take
refuge in the garret. La
Debacle.
Desrumaux (Baron), one of
the founders of the coal in-
dustry in the north of France.
For forty years he struggled
without yielding, in the midst
of continual obstacles, and
when at last his pits began to
yield a small profit, two
neighbouring concessions, that
of Cougny, belonging to the
Comte de Cougny, and that of
Joiselle, belonging to the Cor-
nille and Jenard Company,
nearly overwhelmed him with
their competition. Happily,
on 25th August, 1760, a
treaty was made between the
three concessions, uniting
them into a single one known
as the Montsou Mining Com-
pany. Germinal.

Desvignes (Ad^le). See Ma-
dame Bouchard.

DiDE (Aunt). See Adelaide
Fouque.

DieudonnI: (Madame), wife of
a small farmer at Seguiranne.
She brought up her niece
Sophie, who was cured of
phthisis by Doctor Pascal.
Le Docteur Pascal.

Domergue was formerly Di-
rector of Roads and Bridges
at Plassans. He was the
father of Madame Campardon.
Pot-Bouille,

Domergue (Madame), wife of
the preceding, lived a retired
life at Plassans with her
husband. She introduced
Octave Mouret to her daugh-
ter, Madame Campardon,
when he came to Paris. Pot-
Bouille.

Domergue (Rose). *See Madame
Achille Campardon.

Drouard (Madame), an old
actress at the Theatre des
Varietes. She played the
part of Juno in the Blonde
Venus. Nana.

DuBREUiL, a cousin of the
Levasseurs. He was sub-
manager of the sugar refinery
at Chene-Populeux at the
time Weiss was employed
there ; then, in 1868, he retired
to a little property near Sedan
which had come to his wife as
a legacy. On the evening
before the battle, foreseeing
the disaster, he removed his
wife and children to Bouillon,
and next day the house was
completely destroyed during
the struggle. La Debdcle.

DuBRUEL, a pork - butcher at
Plassans who took part in
the attack on the Town Hall.
Three days later he was killed
in the ambush arranged by
Pierre Rougon against the
Republicans. La Fortune des
Rougon,

DUB

DuBFCHE (Alice), daughter of
Louis Dubuche and of Regine
Margaillan, his wife. She
was so deUcate that at six
years old she was still unable
to walk. Her father en-
deavoured to strengthen her
muscles by occasionally ma-
king her hold on to the bar
of a trapeze for a few moments,
but the exercise only seemed
to produce extreme terror
in the unfortunate child.
UCEuvre.

Dubuche (Gaston), the elder
child of Louis Dubuche and
of Regine Margaillan, his wife.
At the age of ten he had the
feeble limbs of a little child,
and though he regularly exer-
cised on a trapeze, he was
unable to raise himself on his
wrists, the least exertion pro-
ducing profuse perspiration.
UCEuvre.

Dubuche (Louis), eldest son
of a baker of Plassans, and
companion from childhood of
Claude Lantier and Pierre
Sandoz. His mother, who
was very ambitious, sent him
to Paris, where ho studied
architecture at the School of
Art. His reverence for estab-
lished formulas caused him
to be out of sympathy with the
advanced school of painting
advocated by Claude Lantier

and his friends, though he
expressed large ideals regard-
ing his own profession. In
time he became a first-class
pupil at the school, and with
infinite trouble gained the
regulation " honourable men-
tion." But his parents no
longer sent him any money ;
it became necessary for him
to gain his living, and he was
already tired of earning a few
francs by assisting an architect
incapable of drawing his own
plans. By the aid of his
master, Dequersonniere, he
gained a medal for a plan of a
villa, and this brought him
prominently under the notice
of Margaillan, a wealthy build-
ing contractor, whose daugh-
ter Regine he married soon
afterwards. The marriage was
not a success ; his wife was
always ailing, and the two
children which were born to
them were so delicate as to
cause constant anxiety. His
business relations with his
father-in-law were a failure,
some of his ventures resulting
in heavy loss, and Margail-
lan soon thrust him aside,
treating him with insolence
and neglect. His only satis-
faction was that he had been
able to repay to his parents
the money they advanced
for his education in Paris.
UCEuvre,

DUB

DUP

DuBucHE (Madame Louis), wife
of the preceding. See Regine
Margaillan. UCEuvre.

Ducat, a franc- tireur of the
woods at Dieulet. He was
formerly a bailiff at Blainville,
but had to leave on account
of a criminal charge against
him. He was a friend of
Cabasse and of Guillaume
Sambuc, and took part in
the murder of Goliath Stein-
berg. La Dehdcle.

Duchesne (Georges), a lover
of Madame Bouchard, for
whom she asked the patronage
of Eugene Rougon, which he
refused on the ground of his
respect for her husband. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

DucLOux (La), an old woman
who lived in the neighbour-
hood of Croix de Maufras,
having formerly been servant
in an inn. Misard was
authorized to employ her as
gatekeeper on the railway
after the death of Flore.
She was anxious to marry
Misard, and seeing him con-
stantly searching for the little
hoard of money which had
been hidden by his deceased
wife. La Ducloux cleverly
led him to believe that she
knew where the money was
hidden. After she became
the second Madame Misard
she became infected with the

feverish anxiety of her hus-
band, and joined with him
in his untiring search. La
Bete Humaine.

DuMONTEiL, a rich silk manu-
facturer at Lyons. He sup-
plied to Octave Mouret a
special make of silk with
which he achieved great suc-
cess. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Du PoiZAT PERE, an old bailiff
at Coulonges. He was an old
miser who refused any money
to his son Leopold, and even
threatened him with a pistol
when he tried to borrow from
him. He lived alone in an
old ruinous house with a
loaded gun behind the door.
His son, having become a
prefect, and wishing to dazzle
the old man with his fine
position, attempted to force
the door ; then followed a
drama mysterious and with-
out witness, at the end of
which the old man was found
lying at the foot of his stair-
case, with his head split
open. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Du PoizAT (Leopold), son of a
process-server at Coulonges, a
little town in the district of
Niort. His father, who had
amassed a considerable for-
tune by usury, sent him to
study law in Paris, giving him
an allowance of only a hun-

DCJR

DUV

dred francs a month. Some
months before the revolution
of February, 1848, he became
acquainted with Eugene Rou-
gon, who, like himself, was
boarding at that time with
Madame Correur at the Hotel
Vanneau. During the Bona-
partist intrigues he assisted
Rougon in some risky under-
takings, and later on worked
energetically to secure his
election to the Legislative
Assembly as member for
Deux-Sevres. After the Cowp
d':^tat Rougon used his in-
fluence on behalf of Du Poizat,
and got him appointed sub-
prefect at Bressuire. He re-
signed this appointment on
the advice of Rougon after
the resignation of the latter as
President of the State Council.
After Rougon's return to
office he was appointed prefect
at Niort. His extreme harsh-
ness and overbearing conduct
produced a public scandal,
and the sudden death of his
father, under peculiar circum-
stances, still further increased
his unpopularity. He was
at his own request transferred
to another prefecture by
Delestang, who succeeded
Rougon as Minister of the In-
terior. Son Excellence Eugine
licmgon.
DuRiEU, a wealthy brewer who,
carried away by the charm of

Caroline Hamelin, married
her. He became an alcoholic
maniac, and on one occasion
pursued his wife with a knife.
A separation was arranged,
and Durieu ultimately died in
an asylum. U Argent.

Durieu (Madame). See Caro-
line Hamelin.

Durieu (Le Pere), a messenger
at Plassans. He was a taci-
turn old Proven9al. Le
Docteur Pascal.

DuTiLLEUL. A flour-miller at
Montsou whose mills were
stopped by the strike. Ger^

DuvEYRiER (Alphonse), a
counsellor at the Court of
Appeal ; married Clotilde,
daughter of M. Vabre. He
was a man of dissolute habits,
to whom his wife's cold nature
and love of music were repug-
nant, and he spent much of
his time away from home.
He squandered large sums of
money on a woman named
Clarisse Bocquet, who after-
wards left him. Having found
her again, he fell under her
influence so completely as to
allow her to treat him abomin-
ably. So unhappy did he
become, that he attempted to
commit suicide by shooting
himself ; the wound was,
however, not a serious one,

DUV

ESC ^

and he recovered. Pot-
Bouille.

DuvEYRiER (Madame Clo-
tilde), wife of the preceding,
was the only daughter of M.
Vabre, a notary of Versailles.
She did not get on well with
her husband, who found her
cold nature irksome, and,
perhaps even more so, her
love of piano-playing. Her
musical evenings were at-
tended by Octave Mouret, the
Josserands, and others of the
same circle. Pot-Bouille.

DuvEYRiER (Gustave), son of
the preceding, a thin, preco-
cious boy of sixteen, who was
being educated at the Lycee
Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille.

DuviLLARD, the owner of a
large house bought by Octave
Mouret for the enlargement
of his shop. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

IV &OSSE (S.A.R. le Prince d'),
the son of a queen and heir
to a throne. He was tall and
strong, with a fair beard and a
fresh complexion. He was an
habitue of the Theatre des
Varietes, and an admirer
of Nana, whom he wished to
bring to London as a singer.
Later, Nana spoke of him
with little respect. Nana.

Ecrevisse (L'), a celebrated
demi-mondaine of the Second
Empire. La Curee.

Empereur, one of the dogs of
the shepherd Soulas. He was
a fierce animal, and, like
his master, hated Jacqueline
Cognet. La Terre.

Ernestine, a woman who once
occupied a room in Bourras's
house, and had written her
name in candle-smoke on the
ceiling. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

ESCORAILLES (MaRQUIS d'),

father of Jules d'Escorailles.
" The Escorailles family was
one of the oldest in Plassans,
where it was treated with the
utmost respect ; and Rougon,
who in former days had often
dragged his worn-down boots
past the old Marquis's house,
took a pride in protecting
and assisting the young man.
The family retained an en-
thusiastic devotion for Henri
V, though it allowed its heir
to serve the Empire." The
Marquis and his wife visited
Paris specially to ask the
assistance of Rougon in fur-
thering the interests of their
son. After Rougon's pro-
ceedings against the Sisters
of the Holy Family, in the in-
terest of the Charbonnels, they
again visited Paris to insist
on their son retiring from the

ESC

BUS

administration, as they said
they could not allow him to be
mixed up in any persecution
of the Church. Son Ex-
cellence Eiu/ene Rougon.

ESCOEAILLES (MaRQUISE d'),

wife of the preceding. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

ESCORAILLES (JULES d'), SOn

of the Marquis d'Escorailles,
a nobleman of Plassans, at
whose request Rougon got
Jules an appointment as
auditor at the Council of
State. After Rougon's return
to office he appointed M.
Escorailles his private secre-
tary. He carried on an
intrigue with Madame Bou-
chard. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

EsPANET (Marquis d'), husband
of the Marquise Adeline. He
was made aide-de-camp to the
Emperor, but by his riotous
conduct scandalized the older
nobihty. He never appeared
in society with his wife. La
Curee.

EsPANET (Marquise d'), one
of the most prominent leaders
of society of the Second
Empire, was the inseparable
companion of Madame Haff-
ner, whose name was always
associated with hers by the
public. T}iey were both
Bchoolfellowa and friends of

Madame Renee Saccard. La
Curee.

EuGfiNiB, cook for a short time
to Madame Theophile Vabre.
Pot-Bouille.

Eugenie, a child buried in the
cemetery of Cayenne at Saint -
Ouen, where Bongard and
Sandoz read the inscription
on a poor cross, without
railing, set up slantingly across
a path, " Eugenie, three days.'*
UCEuvre.

Eugenie (Empress), referred
to in Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon y and La Debdcle.

EuLALiE, a laundress who lived
in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin,
when visiting her, chanced
to overhear in an adjoining
room a conversation between
some Italians who had come
to Paris to assassinate the
Emperor. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

EuLALiB, a fish-seller, mistress
of Bec-Sal6, alias Boit-sans-
soif. UAssommoir.

EuLALiE (La MiiRE), a vegetable
seller at Montmartre. She
lodged with Madame M6chain.
U Argent.

EusiiBE, a choir -boy in the
church of Saint-Satumin at
Plassans. He accompanied
Abb6 Bourrette to the death-
bed of Abb6 Compan. La
ConquHe de Plassans.

FAG

Fagerolles pSre, a manu-
facturer of zinc objects of
art who lived in a gloomy old
house in Rue Vieille-du-
Temple. His workshop was
on the ground floor, above
it was a warehouse, and still
higher, facing a courtyard,
were the rooms in which he
lived with his son Henri.
He intended to bring up
Henri as a designer of orna-
ments for his own trade, and
when the boy showed higher
ambitions, taking to painting
proper and talking about
the School of Art, there were
quarrels, blows, a series of
falling - outs and reconcilia-
tions. Even when the young
man had achieved some suc-
cess, the manufacturer of
artistic zincwork, while re-
signed to letting him have his
will, treated him harshly, like
a lad who was spoiling his
career. Later, in the desire of
a decoration for himself, the
merchant forgot his former
opposition ; he held out his
son, who had now arrived at
notoriety, as an additional
claim for his own distinction.
UCEuvre.

Fagerolles (Henri), son of
the preceding. In the gloomy
house of his father he grew
up like a true child of the

Paris pavements. Though his
father desired him to become
a designer of ornaments for
use in his trade, the lad had
higher ambitions, and de-
siring to study painting, be-
came a student at the School
of Art. Notwithstanding this
orthodox training, he was a
disciple of Claude Lantier
and his somewhat revolution-
ary band, whom he delighted
by sly attacks upon his pro-
fessors and praise of them-
selves. He paid particular
court to Claude, under whose
artistic influence he had come,
and though he continued to
paint with tricky skill, he no
longer talked in anything but
the jargon of the new open-
air school. This did not
prevent him, however, from
elsewhere making fun of the
adepts of that school, whom
he accused of doing their work
with a kitchen ladle. He
made a success with a picture
of an actress before her glass,
which caught the popular
taste, and afterwards ap-
peared as an engraving. Taken
up by Naudet, the picture-
dealer, he began to receive
large prices for his work, and
by doing everything in his
power to make his way in
society his position soon be-
came secure. He was elected
a member of the Hanging

FAN

FAU

Committee of the Salon,a,jid se-
cured the admission of Claude
Lantier's picture UEnfant
Mort. He made large sums
of money, in the spending of
which he was assisted by Irma
B^cot. UCEuvre.

Fanny (Mademoiselle), a work-
girl in the neighbourhood of
Octave Mouret's shop, who
was sent there by her em-
ployer to match some merinos.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

f JFauchery (L^on), a Journalist
and dramatic author, who
wrote a piece for the Theatre
des Vari^tes called La Petite
Duchesse. After numerous
liaisons he became for a time
the lover of Comtesse Sabine
Muffat, and under the pressure
of Comte Mufifat was forced
to give to Nana a leading
part in La Petite Duchesse.
Fauchery's liaison with the
Comtesse Muffat merely in-
terrupted for a time one of
older standing with Rose
Mignon, whose husband ap-
peared to be content with the
position of major-domo in a
menage d trois. Nana.

Faucheub (Le PAbe) kept at
Bennecourt a small country
inn much frequented by
artists. In connection with
the tavern he carried on a
small business in groceries.
After the death of the Fau-

cheurs the inn was carried
on by their niece Mehe.
UCEume.

Faucheub (La MIjbe), wife of
the preceding. She was a
daughter of old Poirette.
UCEuvre.

I^Fauconnier (Madame) carried
on a laundry business in
Paris, and gave employment
to Gervaise Macquart after her
desertion by Lantier. She
continued on friendly terms
with C^rvaise after the latter's
marriage to Coupeau, at which
she was present. When drink
had brought about the Cou-
peaus' ruin, Madame Fau-
connier again took Gervaise
into her employment, giving
her work until her increasing
carelessness and intemperance
made her dismissal necessary.
UAssommoir.

Fauconnieb (Victob), the
young son of Madame Fau-
connier. He was an idle
scamp about four years older
than Nana Coupeau, and was
her constant playfellow and
companion in all kinds of
mischief. UAssomwx)ir.

Nana, in talking over with
Satin the events of her child-
hood, referred to Victor as a
youth who had always shown
vicious tendencies. Nana,

Faujas (ABBfi), a priest of
Bosan9on who, having got

FAU

into some trouble there, was
sent to Plassans by the
Government with the view of
undermining the political in-
fluence of the clergy, who
were strongly Legitimist in
their views. At Plassans he
took up his residence, along
with his mother, in the house
of FranQois Mouret. At first
he kept entirely in the back-
ground, but assisted by
Madame Mouret, who had
fallen in love with him, and
by Madame Felicite Rougon,
acting under instructions from
her son Eugene, the Minister
of State, Faujas soon began
to make himself felt in Plas-
sans. He appeared to take
no interest in politics, but
little by little he gained power,
until " the conquest of Plas-
sans " was accomplished and
a supporter of the Govern-
ment was elected as deputy.
Meantime his influence over
Madame Mouret had become
complete, and he had practi-
cally taken possession of the
Mourets* house, his sister and
her husband, as well as his
mother, living there with him.
Thrust aside and neglected,
Fran9ois Mouret was wrong-
fully removed to the asylum
at Les Tulettes, where con-
finement soon unhinged his
not over-strong intellect. The
Abb6 now became even more

arrogant, and Madame Mouret
was barely tolerated in her
own house. Ultimately Fran-
9ois Mouret escaped from the
asylum, and returning by
night to his home, set fire to
it ; along with him, the Abbe
Faujas and all his relations
perished in the flames. La
Conquete de Plassans.

Faujas (Madame), mother of
the preceding. She accom-
panied the Abb6 to Plassans
and took up house with him
there. Absolutely devoted to
her son, she made herself his
slave, and sacrificed every-
thing and every one to his
interests. It was largely
through her that the gradual
ousting of the Mourets from
their own home became pos-
sible ; and to accomplish her
ends she stopped short at
nothing ; seldom speaking,
but always watching, she
was ready to grasp each op-
portunity as it arose. Retri-
bution came with the escape
of Fran9ois Mouret from the
asylum, and Madame Faujas
perished along with the other
members of her family in the
conflagration raised by him.
La Conquete de Plassans,

Faujas (Olympe). See Madame
Olympe Trouche.

Fauquenoix, an associate of
Baron Desrumaux in the de-

FAU

FET

velopment of the mines of
Montsou. Germinal.

Fauvelle, a sugar-refinery at
Montsou, which suffered on
account of the strike of miners.
Germinal.

Favier, a salesman in the silk
department of "The Ladies'
Paradise." He had for some
reason an ill-will towards
Denise Baudu and spread
scandalous stories about her.
Henri Deloche, her friend,
hearing him do so on one
occasion, threw a glass of
wine in his face. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

Fayeux, a collector of rents at
Vendome. He did business
in connection with Busch,
and also with La Mechain,
whose cousin he was said to
be. He speculated on the
Bourse through Mazaud, and
after the downfall of the
Universal Bank it was found
that he had embezzled large
sums from persons employing
him. U Argent.

Fenil (Abb6), head of the
theological seminary at Plas-
sans. He was a keen ecclesi-
astic, with strong Legitimist
principles, and from the first
took up a position antagonistic
to Abb6 Faujas. Having
great influence with the
Bishop of Plassans, he was for
some time able to prevent

Faujas from receiving prefer-
ment ; a hint from Govern-
ment, however, caused the
Bishop to change his views,
and Abbe Fenil was for the
time routed. It was suspected
that he ultimately induced
Antoine Macquart to plan the
escape of Frangois Mouret
from the asylum at Les
Tulettes ; an escape which led
to the death of Abbe Faujas.
La Conquete de Plassans,

Feraud-Giraud Freres, a firm
of ship-owners who joined the
great transport syndicate
formed by Aristide Saccard.

U Argent.

Fern AND, a student of chem-
istry with Combette at Chene
Populeux. He was a cowardly
lad, whom fear of the Prus-
sians drove into a fever.
La Debdcle.

Fernande, a chorus-girl at the
Theatre des Varietes. Nana.

Fetu (MI:re), an old woman
whom Helene Grand] ean
visited at the request of Abb6
Jouve. At her house H61ene
frequently met Dr. Deberle,
who was attending her pro-
fessionally at the same time.
Below this house was the flat
taken by M. Malignon, who
had appointed Mdre F6tu
caretaker, and it was through
her that H61(^no came to know
of tlie assignation between

FIF 72

Malignon and Madame De-
berle. Une Page d' Amour.

FiFi, the sobriquet of Fanny
Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille.

Fine, the sobriquet of Josephine
Gavaudan. La Fortune des
Rougon.

FiNET (Aeistide), the founder
of the drapery business known
as the Vieil Elheuf, in Paris.
He was the father-in-law and
predecessor of Hauehecorne.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

FiNET (D:i:siREE), daughter of
the preceding. She married
Hauehecorne, her father's
principal salesman, who car-
ried on the business. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

FiNET, a doctor of medicine
who resided at Cloyes. He
was disgusted by the brutality
of his patients, whom he
accused of always sending for
him when it was too late.
His indifference became such
that he did not make any
inquiries about the death of
Rose Fouan, whose end was
hastened by her son Buteau,
or that of Pere Fouan, who
was burned alive. La Terre.

FiRMiN, chief huntsman to
Napoleon III at Compiegne.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Flaminio, the Comtesse Balbi's
man-servant, "with a face
like a brigand's, and a long

FLO

black beard." Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

Fleur d'&ine, a celebrated
chief of brigands who pre-
ceded Beau-Fran9ois. La
Terre.

Fleurance, a putter in the
Voreux pit who worked along
with the Maheus. She was
found dead in her bed, and
the vacancy created in the
pit was filled by fitienne

. Lantier. Germinal.

Flore, the elder daughter
of Madame Misard (Aunt
Phasic). After illness ren-
dered her mother unfit for
work, Flore replaced her as
gatekeeper at the railway
crossing at Croix-de-Maufras.
She was a tall and strong girl
of eighteen, with a magnificent
head of fair hair ; disdainful
of the male, she had thrashed
at least one would-be lover.
When she was quite little she
had loved Jacques Lantier,
and now it was to him alone
she would have given herself.
Jacques did not care for her,
however, and she came to
know that he had a mistress,
Severine Roubaud. Con-
vinced of her own right to be
loved, for she was stronger
and handsomer than the other,
the girl was tortured by
jealousy ; and each Friday,
as she saw the express rush

FLO

past, bearing the two lovers
to Paris, was seized with an
imperious desire to end every-
thing, and by causing their
death prevent them from
passing any more. She ac-
cordingly brought about a
terrible railway accident, in
which a large number of
persons were killed ; but the
crime was useless, for Severine
and Jacques escaped with
trifling injuries. The thought
that Jacques knew her guilt,
and must in future regard
her as a monster, rendered life
hateful to Flore, and to meet
death she set out on a walk of
heroic determination through
the tunnel of Malaunay,
allowing herself to be cut in
pieces by an express train.
La Bete Humaine.

Florence, an actress at the
variety theatres. Marsy
offered her a valuable house.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
Pauline Let ellier met her one
day on the boulevards accom-
panied by Mahgnon. Juliette
Deberle, who was a little
jealous, assured her that
Florence was at least forty
and very plain-looking, line
Page d' Amour.

Florent, elder son of a widow
who took as her second
husband M. Qucnu, who, how-
ever, died three years later,

leaving a son. Florent was
a gentle, studious youth, and
his mother lavished all her
affection on him, dying in the
end from hardships endured
in her struggle to keep him at
college in Paris. After her
death Florent took young
Quenu, his half-brother, to
live with him in Paris, giving
up all thought of continuing
to attend the Law School,
and taking pupils in order to
find means of sustenance.
Years of hardship followed,
and Florent became imbued
with RepubUcan ideas. Two
days after the Coup d'etat of
1851, while the military were
firing on the mob in the
Boulevard Montmartre, he
was knocked down and
stunned. When he recovered,
he found that he was lying
beside the body of a young
woman, whose blood had
oozed from her wounds on to
his hands. He was horrified
at the sight, and rushed away
to join a party of men who
were throwing up barricades
in an adjoining street. Worn
out with fatigue, he fell asleep,
and on awakening found him-
self in the hands of the police.
His hands were still stained
with the blood of the young
woman, and the authorities
assumed that he was a danger-
ous character. The semblance

FLO

74 FLO

of a trial followed ; he was
condemned and transported
to Cayenne. After incredible
hardships and sufferings, he
escaped and returned to
France. Famished and ex-
hausted, he tramped towards
Paris, and had fallen in a faint
on the road when he was
overtaken by Madame Fran-
9ois, who took him the rest
of the journey on her cart.
During his long absence his
brother Quenu had at first
been taken in by Gradelle, a
brother of his mother, to
whose business of pork-but-
cher he ultimately succeeded.
Florent on his return from
exile was warmly received by
his brother and Madame
Quenu, who told him that
Gradelle, his uncle, had died,
leaving a considerable sum,
and that as there was no will
he was entitled to a half-
share. He refused to accept
this, but agreed to live with
the Quenus. This arrange-
ment answered well at first,
but Madame Quenu got tired
of seeing him always about
the house, and let him see
that he must secure employ-
ment. After some time he
got an appointment as deputy
inspector at the Fish Market.
He was introduced by Gavard
to a small revolutionary circle
which met nightly in a cafe

kept by M. Lebigre, and of
which he soon became the
leader. Meantime Mile. Saget,
who from a chance word of
Pauline, the little daughter of
Quenu, had learned Florent 's
past history, spread the
story in the markets, and
a strong feeling was awakened
against him. His sister-in-
law, Lisa, alarmed lest her
husband should be compro-
mised by the revolutionary
conspiracy, thought it her
duty to inform the police.
She learned, however, that
Florent's history had all along
been known, Lebigre being a
police spy, and that only a
favourable opportunity was
being awaited to arrest the
whole gang of conspirators.
The blow fell soon afterwards,
and Florent was again sen-
tenced to transportation to
Cayenne. Le Ventre de Paris.

Flory was born at Saintes, his
father being employed in the
local registry ofiice. He came
to Paris and entered the
office of Mazaud, the stock-
broker. At first he did his
duties well, but was soon led
astray and got into debt.
Having started speculation
on his own account, he became
deeply involved in the
Universal Bank, and on the
failure of that concern was

FON

FOU

left with a liability of a
hundred thousand francs, to
meet which he had not a
single sou. Subsequently he
was arrested and imprisoned
for embezzling a large sum
from Mazaud, his employer.
UArgent.
y\^-FoNTAN (Achille), an actor
at the Theatre des Varietes
who played parts in La Blonde
Venus and La Petite Duchesse.
He became for a time the
lover of Nana, but treated
her so abominably that she
left him. Nana.

FONTENAILLES (MlLE. DE) WaS

descended from an aristocratic
family, but was in great
poverty when a situation was
found for her in " The Ladies'
Paradise " through the in-
fluence of Madame Desforges.
She proved incapable of any-
thing but the most menial
work, and ultimately married
Joseph, one of the porters
in the establishment. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

FouAN, alias Buteau. See

Buteau.
FouAN (Fanny). See Madame

Delhomme.

FouAN (Hyacinthe), the elder
8on of Pdre Fouan and Rose
Maliveme, his wife. He was
an idler and drunkard, who,
when he had left the army,
after having seen service in

Africa, had taken to tramp
the fields, refusing to do any
regular work, but living by
theft and poaching, as though
he were still looting a
trembling nation of Bedouins.
Withal there looked out of
his fine, sunken eyes a merri-
ment that was not altogether
evil, the open heart of good-
humoured drunkenness. He
lived with his daughter in a
ruined hut amongst some
rocks near Rognes. After
the division of land by his
father, Hyacinthe soon mort-
gaged his share and drank the
proceeds, never paying to his
parents any part of the rent
which had been agreed upon.
For a time he sheltered his
father, but frightened the old
man by searching for some
bonds which he had concealed.
He had, however, neither the
cold rapacity of his sister
Fanny nor the murderous
instincts of his brother Buteau.
La Terre.
Fouan (Joseph Casimir), the
father of Marianne, Louis,
Michel, and Laure. Bom
in 1766, he belonged to a
family of peasant proprietors
which for centuries had owned
land, in varying quantities,
in the neighbourhood of
Rognes. They were originally
serfs of the Roques-Bouqucval
family. Bit by bit they ac-

FOU

p^^^^

quired their land, until, when
the Revolution of 1789
arrived, the Fouan of that
day, Joseph Casimir, was the
owner of twenty- one acres —
the conquest of four centuries
from the seigneurial territory.
When, in 1793, the rest of the
estate was declared national
property and sold in lots
by auction, he was too timid
to purchase any, and had the
mortification to see La
Borderie sold to Isidore
Hourdequin, a citizen of
Chateaudun, for a fifth of its
value. When he became old
he divided his twenty -one
acres between three of his
family, Marianne, Louis, and
Michel, and gave a correspond-
ing sum of money to his
younger daughter Laure, who
had been brought up as a
sempstress and was in service
at Chateaudun. La Terre.

Fouan (Lauee), younger daugh-
ter of the preceding. See
Madame Charles Badeuil.

FoTJAN (Louis), known as Pere
Fouan. He was the son of
Joseph Casimir Fouan, and
married Rose Maliverne, by
whom he had three children,
Hyacinthe, Buteau, and
Fanny. He received seven
acres of land from his father,
and his wife brought him
twelve acres more. This land

he cultivated well, and with a
passion for the soil, as such,
which amounted to frenzy.
It alone had his love, and his
wife and children trembled
before him under a rude
despotism. At seventy years
of age he was still healthy,
but his limbs were failing,
and he reluctantly decided to
divide his land between his
children. He retained his
house and garden, which had
come to him with his wife,
and his family undertook to
pay him a rent for the land
handed over to them. Upon
this^ along with a nest-egg of
three hundred francs per
annum, known to no one, the
old people would be able to
live comfortably. The divi-
sion made, the family soon
became rapacious ; Hyacinthe
never paid anything, Buteau
only a part, and Delhomme,
Fanny's husband, alone ful-
filled his obligation. Mere
Fouan died, and the old man
lived alone for a year ; after
that he went to his daughter
Fanny Delhomme, but her
unkindness made his life
miserable, and he accepted in
turn the hospitality of his
two sons, Buteau and Hya-
cinthe, both of whom had
come to suspect the existence
of his nest - egg and were
anxious to secure it. In this

FOU

sordid aim Buteau was
eventually successful, and his
subsequent treatment of the
old man was even more
infamous than it had been
before. From this time Pere
Fouan lived in isolation ; he
spoke to none and looked at
none ; as far as appearances
went, he might have been
blind and dumb. But even
worse was to follow. He
had seen the assault on Fran-
9oise Mouche which resulted
in her death, and to ensure
his silence he was murdered
by Buteau and Lise, his son
and daughter-in-law, who at-
tempted to suffocate him,
and subsequently burned him
alive in his bed. La Terre.

Fouan (Madame Rose), wife
of the preceding, nee Mali-
veme. She worked on the
farm like a man, rising first
and going to bed last, her
only reward being that she had
lived. Stupid, and reduced
by labour to the level of an
animal, she had always trem-
bled before the despotic au-
thority of her husband. She
brought up her family with-
out love, and as if she
resented their requiring even
the simple necessaries of life.
She did not long survive the
division of land by her hus-
band. Her favouritism for

Hyacinthe, her elder son,
excited the jealousy of Bu-
teau, who in the course of a
quarrel threw her to the
ground, when she received
such injuries that she died a
few hours afterwards. La
Terre.

Fouan (Marianne). See La|
Grande.

Fouan (Michel). See Pere
Mouche.

Fouan (Olympe), daughter of
Hyacinthe. Her mother, who
was a tramp, ran off when the
child was three years old,
leaving her to groAv up as
best she could. She was
passionately fond of geese, of
which she had a large flock.
When little more than a child,
she had as her lovers Delphin
Becu and Nenesse Delhomme.
La Terre.

FouCARMONT, a naval officer
who in ten years saved some
money which he proposed to
invest in the United States.
He fell into the hands of
Nana, however, and was soon
completely ruined. When she
turned him out of doors
penniless, she merely advised
him to go back to his ship.
He was drowned later in the
China seas. Narva.

FoucABT, the owner of a cheap
restaurant frequented by

POU

FOU

Jory, Mahoudeau, and their
band. UCEuvre.

^accA&X-iM^DAME), the nurse
who attended Sidonie Rougon
at the birth of AngeHque
and left the child at the
foundling hospital. She as-
sisted Sidonie both by taking
her into her house and lending
her money, but when Madame
Foucart herself fell into diffi-
culties Sidonie did nothing
for her, not even paying
back what she owed. It was
from Madame Foucart that
Hubert subsequently got in-
formation regarding the
parentage of Angelique. Le
Reve.

FoucHABD, father of Honore
Fouchard, and uncle, on the
mother's side, of Henriette
and Maurice Levasseur. He
was a small farmer at Remilly,
who to make money more
quickly took up the trade
of butcher also. Avaricious
to the last degree, and with
a nature of unpitying hard-
ness, he opposed the marriage
of Honore with his servant
Silvine Morange. At the end
of two years of waiting Honore
went off, after a terrible scene
with his father, though the
old man still kept the girl,
with whom he was well
pleased. When the French
troops were marching to

Sedan, Fouchard concealed
all the animals on his farm,
burying even his supply of
bread and wine, in the hope
of being able to sell to better
advantage later on. The
death of his son, who was
killed in the battle, cost him
a few tears, but he was
quickly consoled by some
good purchases of horses
stolen from the battlefield.
He took Prosper Sambuc
as farm-worker, because the
soldier, being liable to im-
prisonment by the Prussians,
could not ask him for any
wages. He began to do a
considerable trade in butcher-
meat with the conquering
army, selling them all the
diseased animals that he could
secure. A suspicion of being
concerned in the death of
Goliath Steinberg led to his
arrest, but he was released
soon afterwards, thanks to
the intervention of Captain
von Gartlauben, a friend of
the Delaherches. La Debacle.

Fouchard (Honore), only son
of the preceding. At twenty
years of age, in 1867, he drew
a good number for the con-
scription, but on account of
the opposition of his father
to his marriage with Silvine
Morange, he enlisted, and
was sent to Africa, in the

FOU

artillery. When he heard
that Silvine had become the
mistress of Goliath Steinberg
he became so ill that he had
to remain in hospital for
three months. He afterwards
received a letter from Silvine
saying that she had never
loved any one but him, and
when passing through Remilly
on his way to the front, he
saw her and forgave every-
thing. His battery was among
those which on 1st September,
1870, defended the Calvary
d'llly, but was cut in pieces
by the terrible fire of the
Prussians. Honore was killed,
and fell across his gun, firmly
grasping the letter from Sil-
vine, which in his death-
struggle he had drawn from
his bosom. La Debacle.

FouGEBAY (Mademoiselle de),
eldest daughter of the Baronne
de Fougeray. She entered a
convent, because, it was said,
a young man with whom she
was in love had died. The
event created much talk in all
classes of society in Paris.
Nana.

FouQUB (Adelaide), generally
known as Aunt Dide, the
common ancestress of the
Rougon-Macquarts, bom at
Plassans in 1768, was the last
representative of a family who
had owned a market-garden

there for several generations.
" This girl, whose father died
insane, was a long, lank, pale
creature, with a scared look
and strange gait." In 1786,
six months after the death
of her father, she married
one of her own workmen,
named Rougon, " a rough-
hewn peasant from the Basses
Alpes." Rougon died fifteen
months after his marriage,
leaving a son named Pierre.
Scarcely a year had elapsed
before the widow took as her
lover a man named Macquart,
who lived in a hovel adjoining
her own property, and two
children were born. The
legitimate son, Pierre Rougon,
was brought up along with
his half brother and sister,
Antoine and Ursule, with
whom, however, he was not
on good terms. From her
eighteenth year Adelaide was
subject to nervous fits, which
brought on convulsions, and
though she was not yet insane,
these repeated shocks pro-
duced cerebral disorders.
** She lived from day to day
like a child ; like a fawning
animal yielding to its in-
stincts." These conditions
continued for about twenty
years, till the death of Mac-
quart, and the children grew
up as best they could. By
this time Pierre realized the

POU

80 FRA

situation, and playing upon
his mother's mental weakness,
he brought her completely
under his sway. On the
death of Macquart, Adelaide
went to live in the hovel
bequeathed to her by him,
and Pierre sold the family
property, appropriating the
price. Living at first entirely
alone, her intellect became
more and more affected by
the recurring convulsive fits.
Subsequently her grandson
Silvere Mouret lived with her,
but after his execution, of
which she was a witness, she
became quite insane. La
Fortune des Eougon.

She was always under re-
straint, and remained a living
sore to the family. The little
property which belonged to
her son Antoine Macquart
was close to the asylum where
she was confined, and Pierre
Rougon seemed to have placed
him there to look after her.
Adelaide seldom spoke, and
for twelve years had never
moved from her chair. La
Conquete de Plassans.

At 104 years old she was still
living in the asylum at Les
Tulettes. She was little better
than a skeleton, and in her
long, thin face it was only
in the eyes that there was
any sign of life. Immovable
in her chair, she remained

from year to year like a
spectre, calUng up the horrors
of her family history. A
sudden accident, the death of
little Charles Saccard from
nasal haemorrhage, wakened
in her sleeping brain recollec-
tions of years before ; she
saw again the murder of
Silvere, killed by a pistol-
shot, and she saw also her
lover Macquart, the smuggler,
killed like a dog by the gen-
darmes. The shock proved
too much for her feeble
strength, and she died the
following day (in 1873), aged
105 years, three months, and
seven days. Le Docteur
Pascal.

FoussET (Le P^re), tenant
of the farm of Millouard,
in the Canton of Orgeres.
He was a victim of the band
of brigands commanded by
Beau-Frangois. La Terre,

Franchomme (Louis), a cousin
of Frangoise Hamelin and her
brother, with whom he went
to reside for a time when
recovering from a fever. His
wife having become fond of
Angelique Marie, who lived
at that time with Frangoise
Hamelin, he obtained per-
mission to take her to Paris,
where she could be taught
the trade of making flowers.
Unfortunately, however, he

FRA

FIR

died three months later. Le
Eeve.

^BANCHOMME (ThERESE), wife

of the prece3ing7^ After the
death of her husband, she,
being in dehcate health, was
obUged to leave the city and
go to live with her brother
Rabier, a tanner, who was
settled at Beaumont. She
died a few months afterwards,
leaving to the care of the
Rabiers the child Angelique,
whom she had brought with
her from Paris. Le Reve.

Fbancis, the hairdresser of
Nana. He was in the habit of
lending money to his custo-
mers, and on one occasion he
found, with the assistance of
Labordette, a hundred thou-
sand francs for Comte MuJffat,
who required the money for
Nana. Nana,

Francis, coachman to the Gre-
goires. He also did the heavy
work of the household. Ger-
minal.

FRANgois, a wine-merchant
whose shop was situated at
the comer of Rue des Pois-
sonniers and of Rue de la
Goutte d'Or. Coupeau fre-
quently spent whole days
there. UAaaommoir.

^ ' Fbanqois, concierge and foot-
man in Nana's establishment.
Ho was the husband of Vic-

torine, the cook. He received
visitors in the hall, wearing a
gorgeous livery. Nana.

FRANgois (Madame), a market-
gardener of Nanterre. She
drove regularly to Paris in the
early morning with her vege-
tables, and on one occasion
found Florent lying on the
road, faint from want and
exhaustion. She took him to
town in her cart, and subse-
quently showed kindness to
him and Claude Lantier. Le
Ventre de Paris.

FRANgoiSE, housemaid to
Madame Theophile Vabre.
Pot-Bouille.

Franqoise, the servant of M.
and Madame Sandoz in their
little house in Rue Nollet.
UCEuvre.

Frangipane, a horse which
belonged to Baron Verdier
and ran in the Grand Prix de
Paris. Nana.

Frederic (Madame), a widow
who held the position of
" second hand '* in the dress
department of " The Ladies'
Paradise." Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Fibmat, an old peasant of
Rognes who was a neighbour
of Mouche. He became para-
lysed. La Terre.

Firm AT (La), wife of the pre-
ceding. She was well known

GAB

82 GAK

in the village for her know-
ledge of animals, and was
frequently consulted when it
would otherwise have been
necessary to call in a veteri-
nary surgeon. She worked
hard to support her invaUd
husband, to whom she was
devoted, and wept at the
thought that he was soon to
die. La Terre.

Gabet (Mere), an old woman
who assisted the Huberts
with their washing. She be-
came ill, and being in great
poverty, was assisted by An-
gelique, and later by FeHcien.
Le Reve.

A/ Gaga, an elderly demi-mondaine
who had flourished in the
reign of Louis Philippe, and
was still notorious in the
Second Empire. She had a
daughter named Lili, who
became the mistress of the
Marquis Chouard. Nana.

Gagebois, glass-works at Mont-
sou. The strike of miners
led to the fires being ex-
tinguished. Germinal.

Gagniere, an artist, one of the
band of Claude Lantier. He
belonged to Melun, where his
well-to-do parents, who were
both dead, had left him two
houses ; and he had learned

painting, unassisted, in the
forest of Fontainebleau. His
landscapes were conscientious
and excellent in intent, but
his real passion was music.
Becoming more and more en-
grossed in this, he took lessons
in playing the piano from a
middle-aged lady whom he
married soon afterwards. He
estabHshed himself at Melun
in one of his two houses,
going to Paris two or three
times a month to attend a
concert, and he continued to
exhibit each year at the Salon
one of his little studies of
the banks of the Seine.
UCEuvre.

Galissard, a haberdasher of
Plassans, whose daughter
married Professor Lalubie.
She was a pretty girl to whom
Claude Lantier and Sandoz
used to sing serenades.
UCEuvre.

GARgoNNET, a Legitimist who
was Mayor of Plassans at
the time of the Gowp d'Etat.
He was taken prisoner by the
insurgents. La Fortune des
Rougon.

Gartlauben (Von), captain in
the Prussian Army. During
the occupation of Sedan he
was billeted on Delaherche.
He was a person of some
importance, as his uncle had

GAS

GAU

been made Governor-General
at Rheims, and exercised
sovereign power over the dis-
trict. Fascinated by Gilberte
Delaherche, his chief wish
was to be taken for a man
of refinement, and not for a
barbarous soldier. He was
able to render some services
to the Delaherches, and to
make the Prussian occupation
easier for them. La Debdcle.

Gasc, proprietor of a racing-
stable. One of his horses,
named Boum, ran in the
Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.

Gasparine, a tall, handsome
girl of Plassans, with whom
Achille Campardon fell in
love. She had no money,
however, and he married her
cousin Rose Domergue, who
had a dowry of thirty thou-
sand francs. Tears and re-
criminations followed, and
Gasparine went to Paris,
where for some time she had
a situation in the shop of
Madame Hedouin. Madame
Campardon having fallen into
ill-health, her husband re-
turned to his first love, and a
liaison existed between him
and Gasparine for a con-
siderable time. Ultimately
she went to live with the
Campardons, and managed
their household affairs. Pot-
Bouille.

Gaston was the son of a
General, and was the same
age as the Prince Imperial,
though much stronger than
he. The Emperor frequently
made inquiries regarding the
child. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon,

Gaude, bugler in the 106th
regiment of the line. " He
was a big, skinny, sorrowful,
taciturn man, without a hair
on his chin, and blew his
instrument with the lungs of
a whirlwind." On the 1st
September, during the defence
of the Hermitage, he became
seized with the madness of
heroism, and continued to
blow after his comrades had
been slain and until he him-
self was shot down. La
Debdcle.

Gaudibert (Isidore), Mayor
of Barbeville since 1850, wrote
some poetry on political sub-
jects, and was decorated by
the Minister of State, Eugene
Rougon. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

Gaudron, husband of Madame
Gaudron. Ho was described
as having the sluggishness of a
beast. L'Aasommoir,

Gaudron (Madame), a wool-
carder who lived with her
husband and their large family
in the same tenement-house
as the Coupeaus and the

GAU

GER

Lorilleux. She was one of
the guests at the Coupeaus'
wedding. UAssommoir.

Gaudron fils, the eldest child of
the Gaudrons, was a journey-
man carpenter. UAssommoir.

Gaujean (M.), a silk manu-
facturer of Lyons who was
dissatisfied with the monopoly
created by the large estabUsh-
ments, such as that of Octave
Mouret, and thought it could
be broken by the creation of
special shops in the neigh-
bourhood, where the public
could find a large and varied
choice of articles. With this
object he assisted Robineau to
purchase Vingard's business
by giving him credit to a large
amount ; the scheme was
not successful, and he lost
heavily. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Gautier, a wine-grower at
Saint-Eutrope, with whom
Frangois Mouret had dealings
at one time. La Conquete de
Plassans.

Gavard, originally kept a
rotisserie or poultry-roasting
establishment in the Rue
Saint-Jacques, at which time
he became acquainted with
Florent and Quenu. In 1856
he retired from this business,
and to amuse himself took a
stall in the poultry- market.
*' Thenceforth he lived amidst

ceaseless tittle-tattle, ac-
quainted with every little
scandal in the neighbour-
hood." Gavard was a leading
spirit in the revolutionary
circle which met in Lebigre's
wine-shop, and was the means
of bringing Florent to attend
the meetings there. He was
arrested at the same time as
Florent and was transported.
Le Ventre de Paris.

Gavaudan (Josephine), a
market - woman of Plassans
who married Antoine Mac-
quart in 1826. She was much
addicted to drink, but worked
in order to keep her husband
in idleness. She died in 1850.
La Fortune des Rougon.

G:^Di:oN, an ass which belonged
to Mouche. It was very mis-
chievous, and on one occasion
got access to a vat of new
wine, with the result that it
became extremely drunk. La
Terre.

Georges, a young man whose
acquaintance Renee Saccard
made by chance while walking
one day on the Quai Saint-
Paul. Her fancy for him
passed without her ever
having asked his family name.
La Curee.

G^RALDINE, a character in La
Petite Duchesse, played by
Clarisse Besnus at the Theatre
des Varietes. It was origin-

GIL

GON

ally intended that the part
should be played by Nana.
Nana.

GiLQum (TniiODORE), a lodger
at Madame Correur's hotel
at the same time as Eugene
Rougon and Du Poizat. A
man of shady character, he
was frequently employed by
Rougon, and by a fortunate
accident was able to give him
warning of the Orsini plot
against the life of the Em-
peror. He was rewarded with
the appointment of Com-
missary of Police at Niort.
On the order of Rougon, he
arrested Martineau, Madame
Correur's brother. He was
removed from his position on
account of having compro-
mised himself by taking a
bribe to procure a conscript
exemption from service. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

GiRAUD (Tata) kept at Plassans
a boarding-school for children,
where the sculptor Mahoudeau
had known Pierre Sandoz
and other comrades who met
later in Paris. L'CEuvre.

GoDARD (ABBi:), cur6 of Bazo-
ches-le-Doyen. The authori-
ties of Rogues, which was
in his parish, refused to pro-
vide for a priest of their own,
and Abb6 Godard, in order
to perform Mass, had to
walk each Sunday the three

kilometres which separated
the two communes. He was
a short, stout man of hasty
temper, who was disgusted
with the indifference and
irrehgion of his parishioners,
and his services were the
shortest and baldest possible.
In spite of his temper, he had,
however, a passion for the
miserable, and to these he gave
everything — ^his money, his
linen, almost the clothes off
his back. La Terre.

GoDEBCEUF, a seller of herbs
who occupied the shop in Rue
Pirouette which formerly be-
longed to Gradelle, the pork-
butcher. Le Ventre de Paris.

GoDEMAED, a pupil of Dequer-
sonniere, the architect. See
Gorju. UCEuvre,

GoMABD, the keeper of a work-
ing-man's cafe in Rue de la
Femme-sans-Tete, under the
sign Au Chien de Moniargis.
Claude Lantier occasionally
took his meals there.
L'CEuvre.

GoNiN, a family of fisher-folks
who lived at Bonneville. It
consisted of Gronin, his wife,
and one little girl. A cousin
of the wife, named Cuche,
came to live witli them after
his house had been washed
away by the sea. Gonin
soon after fell into bad liealth,
and his wife and Cuche treat t^d

GOR

GOU

him so badly that the police
talked of an inquiry. Pauline
Quenu tried to reform the
little girl, who had been
allowed to grow up wild. La
Joie de Vivre.

GoRJu, a pupil of Dequer-
sonniere, and himself a future
architect. On one of the
walls of the studio one could
read this brief statement :
"The 7th June, Gorju has
said that he cared nothing
for Rome. Signed, Gode-
mard." UCEuvre.

/\Goujet, a blacksmith from the
Departement du Nord, who
came to Paris and got em-
ployment in a manufactory
of bolts. " Behind the silent
quietude of his life lay buried
a great sorrow : his father
in a moment of drunken
madness had killed a fellow-
workman with a crowbar,
and after arrest had hanged
himself in his cell with a
pocket-handkerchief." Goujet
and his mother, who lived
with him, always seemed to
feel this horror weighing upon
them, and did their best to
redeem it by strict upright-
ness. " He was a giant of
twenty-three, with rosy cheeks
and blue eyes, and the strength
of a Hercules. In the work-
shop he was known as Gueule
d'Or, on account of his yellow

beard. With his square head,
his heavy frame, torpid after
the hard work at the anvil,
he was like a great animal,
dull of intellect and good of
heart." For a time the
Coupeaus were his neighbours,
and he came to love Gervaise
with a perfectly innocent
affection, which survived all
disillusionments, and sub-
sisted up to the time of her
death. It was he who lent
her money to start a laundry,
and afterwards repeatedly as-
sisted her when in difficulties.
UAssommoir.

\GouJET (Madame), mother of
the preceding, was a lace-
mender, and lived with her
son in part of the house first
occupied by the Coupeaus.
She showed much kindness
to them, though she was dis-
tressed by her son's infatua-
tion for Gervaise, and did not
altogether approve of his lend-
ing her money to start a
laundry. Notwithstanding
this, she continued to assist
Grervaise until neglect of work
entrusted made it impossible
to do so longer. She died in
October, 1868, of acute rheu-
matism. UAssommoir.

GouRAUD (Baron) was made a
Baron by Napoleon I, and
was a Senator under Napoleon
III. '' With his vast bulk, his

GOU

GRA

bovine face, his elephantine
movements, he boasted a de-
Ughtful rascaUty ; he sold
himself majestically, and com-
mitted the greatest infamies
in the name of duty and
conscience." La Curie.

Gourd (M.), at one time valet
to the Due de Vaugelade, and
afterwards doorkeeper in the
tenement-house in Rue de
Choiseul which belonged to
M. Vabre, and was occupied
by the Campardons, the Jos-
serands, and others. He spent
much of his time spying on
the tenants, and posed as
guardian of the morals of the
estabHshment. Pot-Bouille.

Gourd (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She was the widow
of a bailiff at Mort-la-Ville,
and she and her present
husband owned a house there.
She was exceedingly stout,
and suffered from an affection
of the legs which prevented
her from walking. Pot-
Bouille.

Gradelle, brother of Madame
Quenu, senr., and uncle of
Florent and Quenu. He was a
prosperous pork-butcher in
Paris, and after Florent's
arrest he took young Quenu
into his business. He died
suddenly, without leaving a
will, and Quenu succeeded

to the business, and to a con-
siderable sum of money which
was found hidden at the
bottom of a salting -tub. Le
Ventre de Paris.

Grand-Dragon (Le), one of the
band of brigands led by Beau-
Frangois. La Terre.

Grande (La), elder daughter of
Joseph Casimir Fouan, and
sister of Pere Fouan, Michel
Mouche, and Laure Badeuil.
Married to a neighbour, An-
toine Pechard, she brought
to him seven acres of land
against eighteen which he had
of his own. Early left a
widow, she turned out her only
daughter, who, against her
mother's will, wished to marry
a poor lad named Vincent
Bouteroue. The girl and her
husband died of want, leaving
two children, Palmyre and
Hilarion, whom their grand-
mother refused to assist. At
eighty years of age, respected
and feared by the Fouan
family, not for her age but
for her fortune, she exacted
the obedience of all, and still
directed the management of
her land. She bitterly re-
proached her brother Louis for
dividing his property between
his children, and warned him
that he need not come to her
when they had turned liim
into the street, a threat which

GRA

she carried into effect. She
took dehght in the squabbles
of the Fouan family, exciting
their cupidity by promising
them a share of her property
at her death. Meantime she
made a will which was so com-
plicated that she hoped it
would lead to endless lawsuits
amongst her heirs. La Terre.

Grand GUILLOT, a notary at
Plassans. He embezzled large
sums belonging to his clients,
among whom was Dr. Pascal
Rougon, and thereafter fled
to Switzerland. Le Docteur
Pascal.

Grand JEAN (M.), son of a sugar-
refiner of Marseilles. He fell
in love with Helene Mouret, a
young girl of great beauty, but
without fortune ; his friends
bitterly opposed the match,
and a secret marriage followed,
the young couple finding it
difficult to make ends meet,
till the death of an uncle
brought them ten thousand
francs a year. By this time
Grand jean had taken an in-
tense dislike for Marseilles,
and decided to remove to
Paris. The day after his
arrival there he was seized
with illness, and eight days
later he died, leaving his wife
with one daughter, a young
girl of ten. Une Page
d'Amour.

Grand JEAN (Madame HIilIine),
wife of the preceding. See
Helene Mouret.

Grand jean (Jeanne), bom
1842, was the daughter of
M. Grand jean and H61ene
Mouret, his wife. She in-
herited much of the neurosis
of her mother's family along
with a consumptive tendency
derived from her father, and
from an early age had been
subject to fits and other
nervous attacks. One of these
illnesses, more sudden and
severe than usual, caused her
mother to summon Doctor
Deberle, and thus led to an
intimacy which had disastrous
results. Jeanne's jealous
affection for her mother
amounted almost to a mania,
and when she came to suspect
that Dr. Deberle had become
in a sense her rival, she worked
herself into such a nervous
state that she exposed herself
to a chill, and having become
seriously ill, died in a few days,
at the age of thirteen. Une
Page d' Amour.

Grandmorin (Le President),
one of the directors of the
Western Railway Company.
" Born in 1804, substitute at
Digne on the morrow of the
events in 1830, then at Fon-
tainebleau, then at Paris, he

GRA

had afterwards filled the posts
of procurator at Troyes, ad-
vocate-general at Rennes, and
finally first president at Rouen.
A multi-millionaire, he had
been member of the County
Council since 1855, and on the
day he retired he had been
made Commander of the
Legion of Honour." He owned
a mansion at Paris in Rue du
Rocher, and often resided
with his sister, Madame
Bonnehon, at Doinville. His
private life was not unat-
tended by scandal, and his
relations with Louisette, the
younger daughter of Madame
Misard, led to her death.
A somewhat similar connec-
tion with Severine Aubry, a
ward of his own, had less
immediately serious conse-
quences, as he arranged for her
marriage to Roubaud, an
employ^ of the railway com-
pany, whom he took under
his protection. Three years
later Roubaud learned the
truth by chance, and mur-
dered Grandmorin in the
Havre express between Ma-
launay and Barentin. The
President left a fortune of
over three and a half million
francs, among other legacies
being one to S6verine Rou-
baud of the mansion-house of
Croix -de-Maufras. La Bete
Humaine.

Gkandmorin (Berthe), daugh-
ter of the preceding, was the
wife of a magistrate, M. de
Lachesnaye. She was a
narrow-minded and avaricious
woman, who affected ignor-
ance of her father's real
character, and the influence
of her husband tended to in-
crease her meanness. After
the murder of President
Grandmorin, when vague sus-
picions fell on Roubaud,
Berthe took up a position
antagonistic to her old play-
fellow Severine Roubaud, in
the hope that a legacy left by
Grandmorin to her would be
cut down. La Bete Humaine.

Grandsire (M.). the Justice of
peace who assisted the Hu-
berts in making the necessary
arrangements for their adop-
tion of Angelique. Le Rive,

Granoux (Isidore), one of the
group of conservatives who
met in Pierre Rougon's yellow
room to declaim against the
Republic. La Fortune dea
Rougon.

Gras (Madame), an old lady
living in the Rue des Orties,
who boarded and lodged
young children for a small
sum. When Denise Baudu
got a situation in " The
Ladies' Paradise," she put her
young brother P6p6 under the

ORE

GRE

charge of Madame Gras for a
time. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Gr^goire (CficiLE), daughter of
L6on Gregoire. Her parents
were devoted to her, and
brought her up in happy-
ignorance, allowing her to do
much as she liked. They
taught her to be charitable,
and made her dispense their
little gifts to the poor ; these
were always in kind, as they
held that money was likely
to be misused. When the
great strike broke out at
Montsou, Cecile could com-
prehend nothing of the revolt
of the poor, or the fury with
which they regarded those
better off than themselves,
and when she fell into the
hands of a fierce crowd was
almost paralysed under the
attack of La Brule and of
Pere Bonnemort, from which
she escaped with difficulty.
A little later she chanced to
call on a charitable errand at
Maheu's house, and unfortu-
nately was left alone for a
few moments with Bonnemort,
who was now supposed to be
helpless. The sight of her
seemed, however, to waken
memories in the old man, for
in an accession of madness he
found strength to throw him-
self upon the poor girl and
strangle her. Germiiial.

Gr:6goire (Eug^ine), grand-
father of Leon Gregoire. He
inherited the share in the
Montsou mine bought by his
father, but the dividends at
that time were small, and as
he had foolishly invested the
remainder of the paternal
fortune in a company that
came to grief, he lived meanly
enough. The share passed to
his son Felicien. Germinal.

Gregoire (Felicien), son of
the preceding and father of
Leon Gregoire. The family
fortune began with him, for
the value of the share in the
Montsou mine had greatly
increased, and he was able
to buy the dismembered estate
of Piolaine, which he ac-
quired as national property
for a ludicrous sum. How-
ever, bad years followed ; it
was necessary to await the
conclusion of the revolu-
tionary catastrophes, and
afterwards Napoleon's bloody
fall. The little fortune of
Felicien Gregoire passed to
his son Leon. Germinal.

Gregoire (Honore), great-
grandfather of Leon Gregoire.
He was in 1760 steward on the
estate of Piolaine, a property
which belonged to Baron
Desrumaux. When the Mont-
sou treaty was made, Honor6,
who had laid up savings to the

GRE

amount of some fifty thousand
francs, yielded tremblingly to
his master's unshakable faith.
He gave up ten thousand
francs, and took a share in the
Montsou Company, though
with the fear of robbing his
children of that sum. When
he died his share passed to his
son Eugene. Germinal.

GRi)GOiRE (Leon), great-grand-
son of Honore Gregoire. It
was he who profited at a
stupefying rate of progress
by the timid investment of
his ancestor. Those poor ten
thousand francs grew and
multiplied with the company's
prosperity. Since 1820 they
had brought in cent for cent
ten thousand francs. In 1844
they had produced twenty
thousand ; in 1850, forty.
During two years the divi-
dend had reached the pro-
digious figure of fifty thou-
sand francs ; the value of the
share, quoted at the Lille
Bourse at a million, had
centrupled in a century. Six
months later an industrial
crisis broke out ; the share
fell to six hundred thousand
francs. But L6on refused
to be alarmed, for ho main-
tained an obstinate faith in
the mine. When the great
strike broke out he would
not be persuaded of its serious-

ness, and refused to admit
any danger, until he saw his
daughter struck by a stone
and savagely assaulted by
the crowd. Afterwards he
desired to show the largeness
of his views, and spoke of
forgetting and forgiving every-
thing. With his wife and
daughter Cecile he went to
carry assistance to the
Maheus, a family who had
suffered sadly in the strike.
Cecile was unfortunately left
alone with old Bonnemort,
Maheu's father, who in a
sudden frenzy attacked the
girl and strangled her. This
terrible blow entirely shadowed
the lives of Gregoire and his
wife. Germinal.

GrIigoire (Madame L^on), wife
of the preceding, was the
daughter of a druggist at
Marchiennes. She was a plain,
penniless girl, whom he adored,
and who repaid him with
happiness. She shut herself
up in her household, having no
other wiU but her husband's.
No difference of tastes sepa-
rated them, their desires were
mingled in one idea of com-
fort ; and they had thus
lived for forty years, in affec-
tion and little mutual services.
Germinal.

Gresham, a jockey who, it was
said , had always bad luck. He

GRO 92

GUI

rode Lusignan in the Grand
Prix de Paris. Nana.

Grognet, a perfumer in Rue
de Grammont, whose business
was ruined by the growth of
Octave Mouret's great estab-
lishment. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Grosbois, a Government sur-
veyor who had also a small
farm at MagnoUes, a little vil-
lage near Rognes. Liable to
be summoned from Orgeres to
Beaugency for purposes of
survey, he left the manage-
ment of his own land to his
wife, and in the course of
these constant excursions he
acquired such a habit of
drinking that he was never
seen sober. That mattered
little, however ; the more
drunk he was the better he
seemed to see ; he never made
a wrong measurement or an
error in calculation. People
listened to him with respect,
for he had the reputation of
being a sly, acute man. La
Terre.

GuENDE (Madame de), a friend
of the Saccards. She was a
woman well known in the
society of the Second Empire.
La Curee.

Gueule-d'Or, the sobriquet of
Goujet. UAssommoir.

GuEULiN, nephew of Narcisse
Bachelard, was a clerk in an

insurance office. Directly
after office hours he used to
meet his uncle, and never left
him, going the round of all
the cafes in his wake. *' Be-
hind the huge, ungainly figure
of the one you were sure to
see the pale, wizened features
of the other." He said that
he avoided all love affairs,
as they invariably led to
trouble and complications, but
he was ultimately caught
by his uncle in compromising
circumstances with Made-
moiselle Fifi, who was a
'protegee of the old man. Bache-
lard insisted on their marriage,
and gave the girl a handsome
dowry. Pot-Bouille.

GuiBAL (Madame), wife of a
barrister well known at the
Palais de Justice, who led,
it was said, a somewhat free
life. The husband and wife
were never seen together, and
Madame Guibal consoled her-
self with M. de Boves, from
whom she derived such large
sums of money that he found
difficulty in carrying on his
own establishment. She was
a tall, thin woman, with red
hair, and a somewhat cold,
selfish expression. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

GuiCHON (Mademoiselle), the
office-keeper at the railway
station of Havre. She was a

GUI

GUN

slim, fair woman about thirty-
years of age, who owed her
post to M. Dabadie, the chief
station-master, with whom it
was generally believed she
was on intimate terms. Never-
theless Madame Lebleu, who
lived on the same corridor
and kept perpetual watch,
had never been able to dis-
cover anything. La Bete Hu-
maine.
GuiGNAKD, a peasant who be-
longed to the same village as
Zephyrin Lacour. He desired
to sell his house, and Zephyrin
and Rosalie, his sweetheart,
looked forward to buying it.
Une Page d' Amour.

GuiLLAUME, a peasant of
Rognes. He owned a piece
of land beside the hovel of
Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.

GuiLLAUME, a young swineherd
at La Borderie. He after-
wards became a soldier. La
Terre,

GuiRAUD (M. de), a magistrate
of Paris, who was a friend of
Doctor Deberle and visited
at his house. Une Page
d' Amour.

GuiBAUD (Madame de), wife
of the preceding. She
was on intimate terms with
Madame Deberle, and took
part in the amateur theatricals
arranged by that lady. Une
Page d' Amour,

Guibaude (Madame), mother of
Sophie and Valentin, patients
of Dr. Pascal. Her husband
died of phthisis, and she
herself suffered from a slow
decomposition of the blood.
She died soon after her son
Valentin. Le Docteur Pascal.

Gundermann, the great Jew
banker, master of the Bourse
and of the financial world.
He was a man of over sixty
years of age, who had long
suffered from ill-health. Con-
stantly engaged in business
of the greatest magnitude,
he never went to the Bourse
himself ; indeed, he even
pretended that he sent no
official representative there.
He was not on friendly terms
with Saccard, and when the
Universal Bank was started
he placed himself in antagon-
ism towards it. The wild
speculation in the shares of
the bank gave him his chance ;
his principle was that when
a share rose above its true
value a reaction was bound
to follow. Accordingly, when
the bank shares rose to two
thousand francs he began to
sell, and though Saccard by
steady buying forced them to
over three thousand francs, he
continued to sell. His losses
meantime were, of course,
enormous, but having got
information througli Baronesa

GUN

Sandorff that Saccard's re-
sources were at an end, he
made a final effort, with the
result that a panic ensued, the
price of the shares broke, and
Saccard, along with the bank,
was ruined. U Argent.

GuNTHER (Otto), captain in
the Prussian Guard. He was
a cousin of Weiss on the
mother's side. His feelings
were strongly anti-French,
and he refused to give any
assistance to Henriette Weiss
after the death of her husband,
when she was searching for
his body. La Debacle.

GusTAVE, Maxime Saccard's
hairdresser. La Curie.

GuTMANN, a soldier in the
Prussian Army, who took
part in the attack on Bazeilles.
It was he who tore Henriette
Weiss from the arms of her
husband, who, being a civilian,
was about to be executed for
firing upon the Prussian troops.
Henriette found him later
in the ambulance at Remilly.
He was unable to speak, a
ball having carried away half
his tongue, and they could
only guess from the sounds he
made that his name was
Gutmann. Henriette, moved
by pity, remained with him
to the end, and she alone
followed him to the place of
burial. La Debacle,

94 HAL

GuYOT (Abbe), a priest of Saint-
Eutrope. He took duty
temporarily at Artaud while
Abb6 Mouret was ill. La
Faute de VAbbe Mouret.

Guyot-Laplanohe, a man of
considerable importance in
the Second Empire, whom
Clorinde Balbi gained to the
cause of Eugene Rougon.
8on Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Haffneb, a well-known manu-
facturer, at Colmar. He was
a multi-millionaire, and be-
came a politician during the
time of the Second Empire.
He was the husband of
Suzanne Haffner. La Curee.

Haffner (Madame Suzanne),
wife of a celebrated manu-
facturer of Colmar, a million-
aire twenty times over, whom
the Empire was transforming
into a politician. She was the
inseparable companion of the
Marquise d'Espanet, and had
been a schoolfellow of Madame
Renee Saccard. La Curee.

Hallegrain (Captain Jacques) ,
the father of Christine. He
was a Gascon from Montau-
ban. A stroke of paralysis
in the legs caused his retire-
ment from the army, and he
settled at Clermont with his
wife and daughter. One day,

HAL

when they were at church, he
died of a second attack of
paralysis. UCEuvre.

Hallegrain (Madame), wife of
the preceding. She survived
him for five years, remaining
at Clermont, managing as
well as she could on her
scanty pension, which she
eked out by painting fans, in
order to bring up her daughter
as a lady. During these five
years Madame Hallegrain be-
came each day paler and
thinner, until she was only a
shadow ; one morning she
could not rise, and she died,
looking sadly at Christine,
with her eyes full of great
tears. UCEuvre.

Hallegbain (Chbistinb),
daughter of the preceding,
was bom at Strasburg. Her
father died when she was
twelve years old, and her
mother, who had a severe
struggle to make a living for
herself and her child, only
survived him five years. Chris-
tine was left penniless and
unprotected, without a friend,
save La Mere des Saints-
Anges, the Superior of the
Sisters of the Visitation, who
kept her in the convent until
she got a situation as reader
and companion to Madame
Vanzade, an old lady who
lived in Paris. Chance led

to a meeting between Christine
and Claude Lantier on the
evening of her arrival in the
city, and the acquaintanceship
ripened into love. Ultimately
she ran off with him, and
they took up house at Benne-
court, where they lived
happily for several years, a son
being bom to them in 1860.
She was devoted to Claude,
who was engrossed in his art,
and when she saw that he
was becoming discontented
in the country she urged his
return to Paris. There he
became obsessed by the idea
of a masterpiece, by means of
which he was to revolutionize
the world of art, and Christine
allowed him to sacrifice their
child and herself to his hopes
of fame. They began to en-
croach on the principal of
their small fortune, and while
this lasted were not unhappy,
though Claude's increasing
mental disturbance already
gave cause for anxiety. Their
marriage had taken place some
time previously, and this had
tended to make her position
more comfortable. The ex-
haustion of their means was
followed by great hardships,
but Christine continued to
sacrifice everything to her
husband. The death of their
child drew him away from
his task for a time, but ho

HAM

again took it up, his mind
becoming more and more un-
hinged. Christine made a
last effort to detach him, but
the call of his masterpiece
was too strong, and one
morning she found him hang-
ing in front of the picture,
dead. She fell on the floor in
a faint, and lay there to all
appearance as dead as her
husband, both of them
crushed by the sovereignty of
art. VCEuvre.

Hamelin (Caroline), sister of
Georges Hamelin, accom-
panied him to Paris after the
death of their father. She
took a situation as governess,
and soon after married a
millionaire brewer in whose
house she was employed.
After a few years of married
life, she was obliged to apply
for a separation in order to
avoid being killed by her
husband, a drunkard who
pursued her with a knife in
fits of insane jealousy. Living
with her brother, in the flat
of the Orviedo mansion above
that occupied by Saccard,
she made the acquaintance
of the latter, becoming after a
time his housekeeper and
subsequently his mistress.
During the absence of her
brother in the East, after the
foundation of the Universal

Bank, she did everything she
could to protect his interests,
and tried to persuade Saccard
to discontinue the gambling
in the shares of the bank
which ultimately led to its
ruin. Like her brother, she
sold all her shares in the
bank, and after the final
crash divested herself of all
her means in the assistance
of ruined shareholders. She
followed her brother in his
flight to Rome. U Argent,

Hamelin (Georges), son of a
Montpellier physician, a re-
markable savant, an enthusi-
astic Catholic, who had died
poor. After his father's death
he came to Paris, along with
his sister Caroline, and entered
the Polytechnic school. He
became an engineer, and
having received an appoint-
ment in connection with the
Suez Canal, went to Egypt.
Subsequently he went to
Syria, where he remained
some years, laying out a
carriage road from Beyxout
to Damascus. He was an
enthusiast, and his portfoUo
was full of schemes of far-
reaching magnitude. Having
met Saccard in Paris, he
joined with him in the forma-
tion of the Universal Bank,
which was intended to furnish
the means of carrying out

HAM

HAU

some at least of his schemes.
Against his Avish, Hamelin
was made chairman of the
bank, and he thus became
hable for the actions of the
other directors, though he
was himself absent in the
East forming the companies
in which the bank was in-
terested. He was a man of
high honour, and when the
gamble in the shares of the
bank reached an excessive
point, he did all he could to
restrain it, even selling his
own shares. The money re-
ceived for these was subse-
quently used in reheving other
shareholders who lost their all.
When the crash came, Hame-
lin was arrested along with
Saccard, and, after trial, was
sentenced to five years' im-
prisonment and a fine of
three thousand fraijics. By
a technicality of law they
were allowed a month to
appeal, during which they
were at liberty. With the
connivance of Eugene Rougon
they fled the country, Hamelin
going to Rome, where he
secured a situation as an
engineer. UArgent.

Hamelin (FRANSfliafi)> sister of

~"TSr Hamelin, a farmer, who

lived at Soulanges. She

brought up Angelique Marie,

who was handed over to her

by the FoundUng Hospital
when only a few days old.
Angelique remained with her
until she went to Paris with
Madame Franchomme, some
years later. Le Reve.

Hardy, tax-collector at Cloyes.
La Terre.

Hartmann (Baron), Director
of the Credit Immobilier, a
concern which had large in-
terests in property immedi-
ately adjoining " The Ladies'
Paradise." The Baron had
been a lover of Madame
Desforges, and through her
influence he agreed to give
financial support to Octave
Mouret, thereby enabling him
to carry out the large schemes
of extension to which he had
long looked forward. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Hauchecorne, principal assis-
tant in the draper's shop
known as the Vieil Elbeuf,
He married D^siree, the
daughter of his employer, and
succeeded to the business,
which he ultimately handed
over to Baudu, his own son-
in-law. Au Bonheur des
Dames,

Hauchecorne (Madame), wife
of the preceding. See D^sir^e
Finet.

Hauchecorne (Elizabeth),
daughter of the preceding,
^ee Madame Baudu.

HAU

Hautecgeur (Monseigneur
Jean d') was a member of
one of the oldest and proudest
families in France. He was
for some time in the army,
and until he was forty years
of age he led an adventurous
life, travelling everywhere and
having many strange experi-
ences. At last he chanced to
meet Mademoiselle Pauline,
daughter of the Comte de
Valen9ay, very wealthy, mar-
vellously beautiful, and
scarcely nineteen years of age.
They were married, but at
the end of a year Pauline
had a son and died. A fort-
night later M. d'Hautecoeur
entered into Holy Orders,
and soon became a priest ;
twenty years afterwards he
was made a bishop. During
all that time he refused to
see Felicien, his son, who
had been brought up by an
old abbot, a relation of his
wife. He intended to have
his son brought up as a priest,
but the lad having no voca-
tion, he gave up the idea and
brought him to live at Beau-
mont. There Felicien met
and fell in love with Angelique,
but the Bishop sternly forbade
any thought of marriage be-
tween them, and even went
the length of arranging a
marriage between his son and
Claire de Voincourt. A touch-

ing personal appeal by An-
gelique had no effect in gain-
ing the Bishop's consent, but
he was secretly much moved,
and when she fell into ill-
health he himself came to
administer the last rites of
the Church. Her semi-
miraculous recovery led to
the Bishop consenting to his
son's marriage, which was
celebrated a few months later
in the cathedral of Beaumont.
Le Eeve.

Hautecceur (Marquise Jean
XII de). See Paule de
Valen9ay.

Hautecceur (Angelique db).
See Angelique Marie.

EUuTEC(ETO jFelicien i/) , only
child of Jean d'Hautecoeur,
who was afterwards Bishop of
Beaumont. Felicien's mother
having died at his birth, his
father took Holy Orders, and
refused to see him for over
twenty years. Having ulti-
mately come to live with his
father at Beaumont, Felicien
met and fell in love with
Angelique, the adopted daugh-
ter of Hubert, the chasuble-
maker. The Bishop having
absolutely refused to consent
to the marriage, the Huberts
endeavoured to separate the
lovers by persuading An-
gelique that Felicien no longer
cared for her. They were

HAZ

HEL

aided in this by a rumour
that FeHcien was to marry
Claire de Voincourt. A meet-
ing between Angelique and
Felicien cleared away the
mists, but by this time the
girl had fallen into ill-health
and appeared to be dying.
The Bishop, who had for-
merly been secretly moved
by an appeal made to him by
Angelique, came to administer
to her the last rites of the
Church. A semi-miraculous
recovery followed, and, the
Bishop having consented,
F61icien was married to
Angelique in the cathedral of
Beaumont. The recovery
had, however, been a mere
spark of an expiring fire,
for as Felicien led his new-
made wife to the cathedral
porch, she slipped from his
arm, and in a few moments
was dead. Le Reve.

Hazard, a horse in the Mechain
stable. It ran in the Grand
Prix de Paris. Nana.

HfeDOUiN (Charles), originally
a salesman in the draper's
shop known a,sAu Bonheur des
Dames, he became a partner
by marrying Caroline Deleuze,
a daughter of one of the
proprietors. He fell into ill-
health, but when he died the
business was left in a flourish-
ing condition. Pot-Bouille.

Hedouin (Madame Caroline),
wife of M. Hedouin, the
proprietor of a draper's shop
in Paris known as " The
Ladies' Paradise." She was a
handsome woman with strong
commercial capabilities, and
during the frequent absences
of her husband she undertook
the management of the busi-
ness. When Octave Mouret
came to Paris, he first got
employment at " The Ladies'
Paradise," and with a view to
establishing his position he
conceived the idea of becoming
Madame Hedouin's lover. She
discouraged his advances,
however, and he gave up his
situation. M. Hedouin died
soon afterwards, and his
widow, finding the responsi-
bilities of business too heavy,
invited Octave Mouret to
return ; a few months after-
wards they were married.
Pot-Bouille.

After her marriage with
Octave Mouret the business
extended rapidly, and an en-
largement of the shop soon
became necessary. While the
work was in progress she met
with an accident which re-
sulted in her death three days
later. Au Bonheur des Dames.

HfeL^NE (Duchesse), the prin-
cipal character in L/a Petite
Duchesse y a piece by Fauchery

HEL

100

HEN

played at the Theatre des
Vari^t^s. The part was
originally given to Rose
Mignon, but was played by
Nana, who was a complete
failure in it. Nana.

HfiLOiSE, an actress at the
Folies. She was plain-look-
ing, but very amusing. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Hennebeau, general manager
of the Montsou Mining Com-
pany, was born in the Ar-
dennes. In his early life
he had undergone the hard-
ships of a poor boy thrown as
an orphan on the Paris streets.
After having followed the
courses of the ficole des Mines,
at the age of twenty-four he
became engineer to the Sainte-
Barbe mine, and three years
later he became divisional
engineer in the Pas-de-Calais,
at the Maries mines. When
there he married the daughter
of the rich owner of a spinning
factory at Arras. For fifteen
years they lived in the same
small provincial town, and
no event broke the monotony
of existence, not even the
birth of a child. An increasing
irritation detached Madame
Hennebeau, who was disdain-
ful of this husband who gained
a small salary with such
difficulty. The misunder-
standings between them be-

came more pronounced, but
with the view of pleasing
his wife Hennebeau accepted
a situation in an office in
Paris. But Paris only com-
pleted their separation, for
she immediately threw herself
into all the luxurious follies
of the period. During the
ten years spent there she
carried on an open intrigue
with a man whose desertion
nearly killed her. It was
then that her husband ac-
cepted the management of
the Montsou mines, still
hoping that his wife might
be changed down there in
that desolate black country.
When the great strike of
miners broke out he at first
minimized its seriousness,
thinking that it would not
last a week. By his lack of
decided action he forfeited
to some extent the confidence
of his directors, but he re-
gained this by the subsequent
measures taken by him for
bringing the strike to an end,
and ultimately received the
decoration of an officer of
the Legion of Honour. His
domestic life was, however,
once more embittered by the
discovery of a liaison between
his wife and his nephew, Paul
Negrel. Germinal.
Hennebeau (Madame), wife of
the preceding, was the daugh-

HEQ

101

HOM

ter of a rich spinner at Arras.
She did not get on well with
her husband, whom she de-
spised for his small success,
and after she accompanied
him to Paris she entered into
a notorious liaison with a
man whose subsequent deser-
tion nearly killed her. For a
time after their removal to
Montsou she seemed more
contented, but this did not
last long, and she ultimately-
consoled herself with her hus-
band's nephew, Paul Negrel.
She was angry at the strikers,
as they interfered with the
arrival of provisions for a
dinner-party which she was
giving ; but she was in-
capable of understanding the
sufferings of the miners and
their families in the hardships
they were forced to undergo.
Germinal.

H6QUET (Caroline), a well-
known demi - mondaine in
Paris. Her father, who was a
clerk in Bordeaux, was long
since dead, and her mother,
accepting the situation, looked
after Caroline's financial affairs
with the strictest regularity.
She bought the estate known
as La Mignottc after Nana
tired of it. Nana,

H^QUET (Madame), mother of
the preceding. She was a
model of orderliness, who kept

her daughter's accounts with
severe precision. She man-
aged the whole household
from some small lodgings
two stories above her daugh-
ter's, where, moreover, she
had established a work-room
for dressmaking and plain
sewing. Nana.

Herbelin, a great chemist
whose discoveries revolution-
ized that science. Lazare
Chanteau, who was for some
time in his laboratory as an
assistant, got from him the
idea of extracting chemicals
from seaweed by a new
process. La Joie de Vivre.

Hermeline, a student of rhe-
toric at the college of Plassans.
He was in love with Sister
Angele, and once went the
length of cutting his hands
with his penknife to get an
opportunity of seeing and
speaking to her while she
dressed his self-inflicted hurts.
In the end the student and
the Sister ran off together.
L'(Euvre.

HiPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier.
Pot-Bouille.

HiPPOLYTE, valet to Henne-
beau, tlie manager of the
Montsou Mining Company.
(Jerminal.

Homme Noir (L'), an apparition
said to haunt the Voreux pit.
It was said to take the form

HON

102

of an old miner who twisted
the necks of bad girls. Ger-
minal.

HoNOBiNE, a maid-servant with
the Gregoires. She was a girl
of some twenty years, who
had been taken in as a child
and brought up in the house.
Germinal.

HoNORiNE, a servant in the
employment of the Badeuils.
When dismissed for miscon-
duct she became insolent.
La Terre.

N'Rgke {htK de), a Parisian
demi-mondaine whose draw-
ing-room was frequented by
some of the old ministers of
Louis Philippe. Nana.

HoRTEUR (Abb:6), parish priest
of Bonneville, was a thick-
set man of peasant-like build
whose red hair was still un-
silvered by his fifty years.
Much of his time was spent in
cultivating a small plot of
ground in the churchyard,
which he had enclosed as a
vegetable garden. With re-
gard to religion, he had come
to be contented with the
observance of outward cere-
monies, and his tolerance
had degenerated into a state
of indifference as to the
spiritual condition of his flock.
He was on good terms with
Chanteau, with whom it was

Hoxn

his custom to play draughts
every Saturday. La Joie de
Vivre.

HoTON, a sugar - refinery at
Montsou. Its prosperity was
greatly affected by the strike
of miners. Germinal.

HouRDEQuiN ( Alexandre ),
born 1804, was the only son
of Isidore Hourdequin. He
studied at the college of
Chateaudun, but made little
progress, as his only interest
was in farming, for which he
had an absolute passion. On
the death of his father he
became master of La Borderie,
which he cultivated on the
latest principles of agricul-
ture, spending large sums
upon it. He married a sister
of Bailliehache, the notary,
who brought him a consider-
able sum, which also went into
the land. His wife died in a
few years, leaving him with
two children, a son named
Leon, who to his great dis-
appointment became a soldier,
and a daughter who died
young. In spite of these
misfortunes he retained all his
passion for the land, and in it
he gradually sunk all his
fortune, getting Uttle from it
in return. A liaison with
Jacqueline Cognet, followed,
and she gradually acquired
complete influence over him.

(

HOU

103

HUB

He died as the result of an
accident brought about by
Tron, one of his own servants,
who was also a lover of
Jacqueline. La Terre.

HouRDEQum (Madame), wife
of the preceding. See Made-
moiselle Baillehache. La
Terre.

HouRDEQUiN (Isidore), born
1767, was the descendant of
an old peasant family of
Cloyes, which had educated
and elevated itself into a
middle-class position in the
sixteenth century. They had
all been employed in the ad-
ministration of the salt mono-
poly, and Isidore, who had
early been left an orphan, was
worth sixty thousand francs,
when, at twenty-six, the
Revolution cost him his post.
As a speculation he bought
the farm of La Borderie for a
fifth of its value, but the de-
preciation of real estate con-
tinued, and he was unable to
resell it at the profit of which
he had dreamed. He there-
fore determined to farm it
himself, and about this time
he married the daughter of a
neighbour, who brought him
an additional hundred and
twenty acres of land. He had
one son, Alexandre, and died
in 1831. La Terre.

HouBDEQuiN (Leon), son of
Alexandre Hourdequin. He
had an intense hatred of the
soil and became a soldier,
being promoted Captain after
Solferino. He did not visit
his home more than once a
year, and was much annoyed
to discover the liaison be-
tween his father and Jacque-
line Cognet. He endeavoured
to get the latter into disgrace,
but the only effect was to
make a complete breach be-
tween his father and himself.
La Terre.

Hourdequin (Mademoiselle),
the second child of Alexandre
Hourdequin. She was a deli-
cate and charming girl, ten-
derly loved by her father. She
died young, a short time after
her mother. La Terre.

HouTELARD, a fisherman of
Bonneville, whose house was
washed away after the de-
struction by the sea of the
barricade erected by Lazare
Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.

Hubert, a chasuble-maker who
lived in a liouse immediately
adjoining the cathedral of
Beaumont. *' For four hun-
dred years the line of Huberts,
embroiderers from father to
son, had lived in this house.'*
At twenty years of age ho fell
in love with a young girl of
sixteen, Hubortine, and as her

HUB

104

HUG

mother refused to give her
consent to their union they
ran away and were married.
On the morning after Christ-
mas, 1860, he found the
child AngeUque lying in a
fainting condition in the snow
outside the cathedral door.
Having taken her into his
house, he and his wife soon
became attached to her, and
as they had no children,
ultimately adopted her as
their daughter. Le Reve.
HuBERTiNE, wife of the pre-
ceding. At the age of sixteen
she fell in love with Hubert,
the chasuble-maker, and as
her mother, widow of a magis-
trate, would not give her
consent, they ran away and
were married. A year later
she went to the deathbed of
her mother, who, however,
disinherited her and gave her
her curse. " So aSected was
she by the terrible scene that
her infant, bom soon after,
died." The Huberts had no'
other children, and after
twenty-four years they still
mourned the little one they
had lost. She warmly ap-
proved of the adoption by
her husband and herself of
the foundling child Angelique,
whom she treated with the
greatest kindness. From the
bitterness of her own experi-
ence she had a horror of

disobedience to parents, and
when she found that the con-
sent of Monseigneur d'Haute-
coeur could not be obtained
to a marriage between his son
Felicien and Angelique, she
did all she could to sever the
lovers. In this she was success-
ful for a time, until the illness
of Angelique, and her miracu-
lous recovery, induced the
Bishop to give his consent.
Le Reve.

Hue (M.), a retired Government
official, who was a sincere
lover of art. He was unfortu-
nately not rich enough to be
always buying pictures, and
could only bewail the blind-
ness of the public which
allowed a genius to die of
starvation ; for he himself,
convinced, had selected
Claude Lantier's crudest
works, which he hung by the
side of his Delacroix, pre-
dicting an equal fortune for
them. UCEuvre.

HuGON (Madame), mother of
Philippe and Georges Hugon.
She was the widow of a
notary, and lived quietly at
Fondettes, an old family pro-
perty near Orleans, but had
retained a house in Paris in
Rue de Richelieu. She had
been an old friend of the
Marquise de Chouard, and
was on intimate terms with
her daughter, the Comtesse

HUG

105

HUG

Sabine. A woman of high
principles, she beUeved that
one should overlook much in
others in order that something
might be pardoned in oneself.
In this she contrasted strongly
with her old friend the Mar-
quis de Chouard, who pro-
fessed the most rigorous
virtue while he secretly lived
a shameful life. She was,
however, unable to bear with
equanimity the eccentricities
of Nana, her neighbour in
the country, who led Philippe
Hugon into dishonour, and
his brother Georges to suicide.
Nana.
Hugon (Georges), the younger
son of Madame Hugon. At
seventeen years of age he
became infatuated with Nana,
and a liaison with her fol-
lowed. His mother, having
discovered the state of affairs,
interfered, and kept him at
Fondettes for some months
after Nana had returned to
Paris, but he ultimately fol-
lowed her there. Though he
was not affected by the know-
ledge that Nana had other
lovers, he was driven to
frenzy when he learned that
his brother Philippe had be-
come one of the number. Ho
implored Nana to marry him,
and when Hhe refused to take
his offer seriously he plunged
a pair of her scissors into his

breast. The injury was not
immediately fatal, but he
died a few months afterwards ;
some said as the result of the
wound reopening, while others
spoke of a second and success-
ful attempt at suicide. Nana.

Hugon (Philippe), the elder
son of Madame Hugon. A
tall, handsome youth, he
quickly attained the rank of
lieutenant in the army, and
was stationed first in the
garrison at Bourges, and after-
wards at Vincennes. His
mother imprudently sent him
to endeavour to release
Georges from the toils of
Nana, with the result that he
was himself ensnared. Ho
had little money of his own,
and, as the demands of Nana
were unceasing, he began to
take small sums from the
regimental funds, of which he
was treasurer. The thefts
went on for a considerable
time, and when discovery was
made they amounted to
twelve thousand francs.
Philippe was arrested, and
when he was released from
prison some months after-
wards, dishonoured for ever,
he was only in time to join
his mother at the death -bed of
her other son, who was also a
victim to Nana's unhappy
influence. Nana.

HUG

106

ISA

HuGUENiN held a sinecure
worth six thousand francs at
the Ministry of the Interior.
When he died Eugene Rougon,
the Minister, gave the post to
Leon Bejuin. 8on Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

HuPEL DE LA NouE (M.), fvefet
of the district for which M.
Mareuil was member. He
arranged the tableaux vivants
at the great party given by
Aristide Saccard. La Curie.

HuBET, a member of the Cham-
ber of Deputies who obtained
his election through the in-
fluence of Eugene Rougon.
His very existence depended
on the favour of the Minister
of State, towards whom he
conducted himself as a sort
of general servant. " By
following this calling for a
couple of years he had, thanks
to bribes and pickings, pru-
dently realized, been able to
increase his estates." Having
ascertained that Rougon
would not oppose the founda-
tion of the Universal Bank,
Huret became a director ;
later on, when the shares had
risen to their highest point,
he sold out in the knowledge
that Rougon had decided to
abandon his brother and that
a catastrophe would be in-
evitable. U Argent.

HuTiN, a salesman in the silk
department of " The Ladies'
Paradise." " He had managed
after eighteen months' service
to become one of the principal
salesmen, thanks to a natural
flexibility of character, a con-
tinual flow of caressing flattery
under which was concealed a
furious rage for business."
Having conspired against
Robineau, the " second hand "
in his department, he suc-
ceeded him, only to be con-
spired against in turn by his
own subordinates. When
Denise Baudu first came to
" The Ladies' Paradise "
Hutin showed her some kind-
ness, for which she was grate-
ful, but ultimately he made
statements about her which
were entirely without founda-
tion. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Hutin (Madame), a woman who
lived in the vicinity of the
Halles Centrales, and was spied
on by Mademoiselle Saget,
whose penetrating eye allowed
none of her neighbours to
escape notice. Le Ventre de
Paris.

IsABELLE, a character in La
Petite Duchesse, a piece by
Fauchery, played at the
Theatre des Varietes. The
part was taken by Simonne
Cabiroche. Nana.

JAB

107

JAN

Jabouille, a herbalist, whose
shop was situated in Rue du
Cherche-Midi. He was a
widower, and married for the
second time a woman named
Mathilde. His shop was at
one time prosperous, but
business fell away until what
was left was only that of an
equivocal character. He died
of syncope induced by phthi-
sis. UCEuvre.

Jabouille (Madame Ma-
thilde), wife of the preceding.
She was a woman of about
thirty, plain-looking, and ex-
ceedingly thin. From the
time of her marriage to Ja-
bouille, his business began to
decrease, and this, it would
appear, was due to her reputa-
tion, which alarmed the more
respectable customers. Her
liaisons were numerous, and
included Mahoudeau, Chaine,
and Jory, but after the death
of her husband she married
the last named, settling down
into respectability and ruling
him with a rod of iron.
U(Euvre.

Jacoby, a Jew from Bordeaux,
between whom and Mazaud
there was keen rivalry.
'* Though of great experience
and slircwdness, he was sorely
handicapped by his passion
for speculation, and in spite

of considerable profits always
seemed on the eve of a catas-
trophe. His money melted
away on settling days." He
acted as broker for Daigre-
mont, and also for Gunder-
mann. The great gamble in
the shares of the Universal
Bank resolved itself into a
duel between Jacoby and
Mazaud, the one selling on
behalf of Gundermann, and
the other buying on behalf of
Saccard ; and the final catas-
trophe was hastened by
Jacoby warning Daigremont
of Gundermann's determina-
tion to crush out the bank.
UArgent.

Jalaguier (Madame), a pro-
tegee of Madame Correur,
who induced Eugene Rougon,
the Minister, to increase the
old lady's pension consider-
ably. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Jalaguiee fils, son of the pre-
ceding. Madame Correur
took an interest in him, and
asked Eugene Rougon to se-
cure a scholarship for him.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Jantrou, an ex -professor of the
University of Bordeaux, who
in consequence of some mis-
conduct was obliged to leave
for Paris, without caste or
position. At the age of
twenty -eight, ho lauded at

JEA

108

JOI

the Bourse, where for ten
years he dragged out existence
as a remisier or broker's tout.
At the time of the foundation
of the Universal Bank he
suggested to Saccard the pur-
chase of a newspaper to be
employed in the interest of
the company. The purchase
was carried out, and Jantrou
was appointed editor. Subse-
quently other papers were
acquired, which he manipu-
lated so as to keep the bank
continually before the public.
He gave information to
Baroness Sandorff which she
repeated to Gundermann, who
was induced thereby to con-
tinue his attack on the bank.
U Argent.
Jeanbernat, the caretaker of
the deserted estate of Paradou
in Provence. He lived by
himself with his niece Albine
in an old house on the border
of the demesne. In an attic he
had found a large number of
books which had been saved
from a fire in the old mansion,
and these he had studied for
twenty years, imbibing from
them the rationalistic theories
of the eighteenth century.
He had no respect for religion,
and particularly disliked
Brother Archangias, who in-
sulted both him and his
niece. After the death of
Albine he attacked Archan-

gias, and cut off his right ear
with a pocket-knife. La Faute
de VAhhe Mouret.

Jenard, a partner of the firm of
Cornille and Jenard, which
developed in the eighteenth
century the mineral conces-
sion of Joiselle. Germinal.

Jesus Christ, the sobriquet of
Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.

Jeumont (M. and Madame)
were well known in society
during the Second Empire.
The Emperor admired
Madame Jeumont, and her
husband was decorated by
him. U Argent.

JoBELiN (Auguste), son of
Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to
regulations, Eugene Rougon
took him into the office of the
Minister of the Interior with-
out the necessary bachelor's
degree. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Jobelin (Colonel), a friend of
Eugene Rougon, through
whose aid he hoped to secure
a nomination as commander
of the Legion of Honour, and
an appointment for his son.
He was a cousin of M. Bou-
chard. After Rougon's re-
turn to office he received the
appointment as commander.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

JoiRE (Abbe), Cure of Montsou.
He pretended not to interest

JON

109

JOR

himself in anything, so as not
to vex either the workers or
the masters. During the
strike he took his walks at
night, to prevent himself from
being compromised by the
miners. He obtained pro-
motion, and Avas replaced by
Abbe Ranvier. Germinal.

JoNCQUiER, a lover of Rose
Mignon, who deserted her for a
time in favour of Laure.
Nana.

JoNCQUOY (Madame du), an
old friend of the Muff at s.
Years ago she had met Bis-
marck, who struck her as
stupid ; she was unable to
understand his later success.
Nana.

Jordan (Paul), a joumaHst,
whose father, a Marseilles
banker, had committed sui-
cide in consequence of some
disastrous speculations. He
married a daughter of M.
Maugendre, to whom he had
been betrothed in more pros-
perous days. His wife brought
him no dowry, as her parents
were against the marriage on
the ground of Jordan's occu-
pation and want of means.
Having made the acquain-
tance of Saccard, ho received
an appointment on the staff
of the newspaper purchased
to support the policy of the
Universal Bank. He did not

speculate, however, and re-
mained in comparative
poverty, until the success of
a novel which he had written
put him in more comfortable
circumstances, and even en-
abled him to give assistance
to his wife's parents after
they were ruined by the failure
of the bank. L' Argent.

Jordan (Madame Marcelle),
wife of the preceding. She
was the only child of M.
Maugendre, who was ruined
by the failure of the Universal
Bank. UArgent.

JoRY (Edouard) was the son of
a magistrate of Plassans,
whom he drove crazy by his
profligate conduct. In the
end he ran off with a music-
hall singer under the pretext
of going to Paris to follow
the literary profession. Not-
withstanding the fact that his
profligacy went to even
greater lengths in the city,
he was successful in jour-
nalism, and soon earned be-
tween seven and eight thou-
sand francs a year as a leader-
writer and art critic. His
first success was gained in a
series of articles in a little
newspaper called Le Tambour y
in which he fell foul of the
accepted canons of art, and
hailed Claude Lantier and his
companions as the founders of

JOR

110

JOS

a new school. Later he
claimed to have made Fage-
roUes by his articles, in the
same manner as he formerly
took credit for making Lan-
tier. He gradually dropped
his old friends, however, find-
ing that the public only
laughed at their productions,
and in excuse pleaded that he
had not a journal in which he
could support their cause ;
but when, still later, he be-
came director of a great Art
review, he preserved the same
silence. After innumerable
love affairs, he ended by
marrying Mathilde Jabouille.
UCEuvre,

Joey (Madame), wife of the pre-
ceding. See Mathilde Ja-
bouille.

Joseph, a butler in the employ-
ment of Nana at La Mignotte.
Nana.

Joseph, an old soldier who se-
cured a situation in " The
Ladies' Paradise " through
the influence of Lhomme,
whose foster-brother he was.
He married Mile, de Fonte-
nailles, a shop-girl in the
establishment. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

Joseph (Madame), the concierge
of the house on Quay Bourbon
where Claude Lantier lived.
UCEuvre,

JossE (Mademoiselle) kept a
little school for young children
in Rue Polonceau. Anna
Coupeau was her pupil, and
made herself such a nuisance
that twice Mademoiselle Josse
sent her away, taking her
back each time in order
not to lose the small fees.
UAssommoir.

Nana in later years ex-
changed reminiscences with
Satin, who, like herself, had
been a pupil at Mademoiselle
Josse's school. Nana.

JossERAND pere, the father
of Josserand, the cashier
at the Saint -Joseph glass-
works. He was originally a
solicitor at Clermont. Pot-
Bouille.

Josserand, cashier at the St.
Joseph glass-works. His sal-
ary was not a large one, and
in consequence of the deter-
mination of his wife to keep
up a greater style than they
could afford, he was engaged
in a continual struggle to
make ends meet ; to gain a
few extra francs he frequently
spent much of the night
addressing circulars for a firm
of publishers. Worn out by
hard work and by the con-
tinual bickerings of his wife
and daughters, he was not in
a condition to stand the
disgrace of his daughter

JOS

111 JOS

Berthe's liaisoyi with Octave
Mouret, and he was struck
down by paralysis, which soon
after resulted in his death.
Pot-Bouille.

JossERAND (Madame £lea-
nore), wife of the preceding.
Her two objects in life were
to appear better off than she
really was, and to secure
husbands for her daughters.
In the latter quest she had
many disappointments, and
her temper, never good, cor-
respondingly suffered, her un-
fortunate husband bearing the
brunt. A marriage having
ultimately been arranged be-
tween Berthe Josserand and
Auguste Vabre, Madame
Josserand made a strong
effort to induce her brother,
Narcisse Bachelard, to pay
the dowry which he had long
ago promised to his niece.
As he refused to do so,
Madame Josserand overcame
the difficulty by a subterfuge
of doubtful honesty. Pot-
Bouille.

Josserand (Berthb), second
daughter of M. Josserand.
After several ineffectual ef-
forts to secure a husband she
became engaged to Auguste
Vabre, the elder son of her
father's landlord. Difficulties
as to a dowry followed, but
these were surmounted by

somewhat shady means, and
the marriage took place.
Vabre's health was not good,
and Berthe soon became dis-
contented, a state of mind
largely induced by the bad
advice of her mother. About
this time Octave Mouret came
to be assistant in Vabre's
shop, and Berthe, carried
away by his attentions, en-
tered upon an unfortunate
liaison with him. Discovery
by Vabre led to Berthe's
return to her parents' home,
and it was only after a con-
siderable time that a recon-
ciliation was brought about by
the efforts of Abbe Mauduit.
Pot-Bouille.

Josserand (Hortense), elder
daughter of M. Josserand.
Her mother endeavoured to
secure a husband for her, but
she made her own choice,
selecting one Verdier, a
lawyer. The marriage was
put off from time to time as
Verdier had got entangled
with a woman from whom
he found separation difficult.
Pot-Bouille.

Josserand (LfioN), elder son of
M. Josserand. He was a
young man of ambition, who
hoped to rise through the
influence of Madame Dambre-
ville, whose lover ho became.
Ultimately she arranged a

JOS

112

JUI

marriage between him and her
niece Raymonde, who brought
him a large dowry. Soon after-
wards by the same means he
was appointed Maitre des Re-
quetes. Pot-Bouille.

JossERAND (Madame LfioN),
wife of the preceding. See
Raymonde. Pot-Bouille.

JossERAND (Saturnin), younger
son of M. Josserand. He was
a powerful young man of
twenty-five, whose mind had
been seriously affected by an
attack of brain fever ; though
not actually insane, he was
subject to fits of blind fury
whenever anybody annoyed
him. When his sister Berthe
was a little girl, he nursed
her through a long illness, and
since he saved her life he
adored her with a deep,
passionate devotion. The
preparations for her marriage
to Auguste Vabre affected
him so seriously that his re-
moval to an asylum became
necessary, and he remained
there for some time. On his
release he went to live with
his sister and her husband,
but domestic trouble having
arisen, his mind again be-
came so unhinged that he
made an attempt on the life
of his brother-in-law and had
again to be taken to an asy-
lum. Pot-Bouille.

JouvE (Abb^), an officiating
priest at Notre Dame de
Grace, the parish church of
Passy. He had known M.
Grand]' can at Marseilles, and
showed much kindness to
Helene after the death of her
husband, assisting her in sett-
ling up her affairs. Along with
M. Rambaud, his half-brother,
he was a regular visitor at
Helene's house, and later en-
deavoured to arrange a
marriage between her and his
brother. He was devoted to
Jeanne Grandjean, and helped
to nurse her during her fatal
illness. An amiable, kind-
hearted man, he was greatly
beloved by his parishioners.
Une Page d' Amour,

JouvE, a retired captain in the
army, and afterwards one of
the four inspectors at " The
Ladies' Paradise." In ad-
dition to acting as a spy on the
staff he watched the custo-
mers, and it was he who
detected Madame de Boves
in the act of stealing some fine
lace. He made certain ad-
vances to Denise Baudu
which she resented, and in
consequence he afterwards
showed considerable ill-will
towards her. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

JuiLLERAT (Doctor), an old
physician who attended most

JUL

113

KAH

of the inhabitants of the Rue
de Choiseul. He was a man
of only average abilities Avho
had built up a large practice
by hard work. His views were
somewhat advanced, and he
had many arguments with
Abbe Mauduit, with whom he
frequently came in contact
at the bedsides of his patients.
Pot-Bouille.

Jules, the lover of La Sarriette.
He lived on her earnings as a
fruit-dealer. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Jules, one of the soldiers sent
to Montsou during the strike.
He was born at Plogof , where
his mother and sister still
resided. One night while he
was on guard at the Voreux
mine he was murdered by
Jeanhn Maheu, who with the
assistance of fitienne Lantier
carried the body to a gallery
of the mine, where they buried
it under a fall of rock. Oer-
minal.

Jules (Madame), Nana's
dresser at the Theatre des
Vari^t^s. Nana.

Julie, cook in the employment
of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille.

JuLiEN, butler in the employ-
ment of Nana in the Avenue
do Villiera. He left the house
with a large sum, ae Comte

Muffat, being jealous, wished
to be freed from his presence.
Nana.

JUSSELIN (PlERRE-FRANgOIS), a

protegee of M. de Marsy.
Eugene Rougon refused to
nominate him as an officer
of the Legion of Honour, and
gave the decoration which
had been intended for him
to Bejuin. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

JuzEUR (Madame), a neighbour
of the Josserands in the Rue
de Choiseul. Her husband had
left her after ten days of
married Ufe, and thenceforth
she lived alone in quiet lodg-
ings. Very little was known of
her circumstances or mode of
life. Pot-Bouille.

Kahn (M.), son of a Jewish
banker at Bordeaux ; a
deputy who was engaged in
a scheme for the construction
of a railway from Niort to
Angers. Ho was chiefly anxious
for this, £ks the proposed line
would pass through Bressure,
where he had some blast-
furnaces, the value of which
it would considerably in-
crease. Rougon supported
him energetically, and had
almost secured the grant when
his retirement from oflice de-

KAH

114

LAC

layed the scheme for some
years. Soon after Rougon's
appointment as Minister of
the Interior the grant was
obtained, and he accompanied
Kahn to Niort to attend the
inauguration of the scheme.
Son Excellence Eugene Bougon.

Kahn (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She lived a very
retired Hfe at Paris. Son Ex-
cellence Eugene Rougon.

Keller (Les), well - known
leaders of society in Paris.
It was at their house that
Baroness Sandorff first met
Gundermann. L' Argent.

KoLB (M.), a banker whose
business consisted to a large
extent in gold arbitrage, buy-
ing foreign coins, and melting
them into gold bars. He was
a man of Jewish origin, and
having heard that Daigre-
mont was to be connected
with the Universal Bank, he
readily agreed to become a
director. Being a cautious
man, however, he sold all his
shares before the final col-
lapse. L' Argent.

Labordette, a young man who
was well known in racing
circles, and was specially
popular with women, as he
was always ready to render

them little services. Through
his relations with the world
of trainers and jockeys he had
always the latest information
as to races. He made himself
very useful to Nana when she
was setting up a stable of her
own, and assisted her in the
selection of servants. Nana.

Lacaille, a customer of
Madame Fran9ois, the market
gardener. He attended the
Revolutionary meetings in
Lebigre's cafe. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Lacamp. See Puech and La-
camp.

Lacassagne, a dealer in feathers
and artificial flowers, whose
business was ruined by
the competition of Octave
Mouret's great estabhshment.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Lachesnaye (De), judge at the
Rouen Court of Appeal, was
the husband of Berthe Grand-
morin, whom he somewhat
resembled in character. He
was a little man, dry and
yeUow, who had been a judge
at the Court of Appeal from
the age of thirty-six ; he
had been decorated, thanks
to the influence of his father-
in-law, and to the services
which his father had rendered
on the High Commissions at
the time of the Coup d'etat.
He was disliked by Denizet,

LAC

115

LAF

the examining magistrate, in
whose eyes he represented
the class of judicial function-
ary who attained position by
wealth and influence. Laches-
naye was incensed at the
wiU of his father-in-law,
Grandmorin, who left fully
half of his fortune to women
of all classes, most of them
unknown to his family. La
Bete Humaine.

Lachesnaye (Madame de), wife
of the preceding. See Berthe
Grandmorin. La Bete Hu-
maine.

Lacour (Zeiphyrin), a young
lad from the same village as
Rosalie, whose sweetheart he
was. He was drawn in the
conscription and sent to Paris,
where, by permission of
Madame Grand) ean, he came
to see Rosalie, her maid,
every Sunday. He was a
simple, good - hearted lad,
whose ambition was to get
out of the army, marry
Rosalie, and return to his
native village. Une Page
d' Amour.

Ladicourt (Baronne de), a
lady who lived at Vouziers.
Captain Beaudoin lunched at
her house on 26th August,
1870, at the hour when the
Seventh Army Corps was
taking up its position for
battle. La Debdcle,

Ladricourt (Comte de), father
of the Baroness Sandorif.
He was a confirmed gambler,
and a man of brutal man-
ners. He died of apoplexy,
completely ruined, after a
series of disgraceful failures.
UArgent,

j(yLA Faloise (Hector de), a
youth who came from the
country to Paris in order
to complete his education.
Thanks to the death of an
uncle, he was very rich, and
his chief ambition was to be
in everything ultra Parisian.
He posed as a man who had
experienced everything, and
who no longer thought any-
thing worthy of being taken
seriously. Introduced behind
the scenes of the Theatre
des Varietes by his cousiij
FaoicljeiXi he met Nana, who
did him the honour of ruining
him without much loss of
time. When his money was
done, he returned to the
country in the hope of marry-
ing a distant relation who was
both ugly and pious. Nana,

Lafouasse, a tavern-keeper in
the neighbourhood of Plas-
sans, between the old demesne
of Paradou and the village
of Artaud. He was treated by
Dr. Pascal Rougon for ataxy,
but died after a hypodermic
injection of a serum with

LAO

116

LAM

which the doctor was experi-
menting. Le Docteur Pascal.

Lagarde (Edmond), a sergeant
in the 6th Regiment of the
line. At the most his age
was twenty-three, but he did
not appear more than
eighteen. He took part in
the battle of Sedan, and was
wounded in the left arm,
which was broken by a bullet.
His father, who was a shop-
keeper in Paris, was a
customer of Delaherche,
and he was removed to the
house of the manufacturer,
where he was treated as one
of the family. A handsome
lad, he aroused the pity of
Gilberte Delaherche, whose
lover he became. La Debacle.

Lagrifoul (Marquis de), the
Legitimist Deputy for Plas-
sans. His election came as a
severe blow to the Govern-
ment, and to M. Pequeur des
Saulaies, the sub -prefect of
Plassans, who was held re-
sponsible for it. In reality,
the election had been largely
influenced by the clergy, com-
bined with the old nobility.
It was to counteract this
influence that the Govern-
ment sent Abbe Faujas to
Plassans. The Marquis being
a man of poor abihties, whose
public appearances were dis-
appointing, his overthrow was

rendered easier and more
complete. La Conquete de
Plassans.

La Jolie Dame, a customer at
Octave Mouret's shop, Au
Bonheur des Dames. She
was a favourite with all the
salesmen, and as no one knew
her name she was always
referred to as " The Pretty
Lady." Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Lalubie, teacher of the sixth
form at the college of Plassans.
He found one day his room
transformed into a chapelle
ardente, thanks to his pupils
led by Pouillard. After he
recovered from his fright he
set a heavy punishment for
the whole class. He married
the daughter of Galissard,
the haberdasher at Plassans.
UCEuvre.

Lamberthier, an assistant at
the Halles Centrales. Jose-
phine Dejoie was at one time
cook in his house. U Argent.

Lamberthon (M. de), a Deputy
who discussed with M. La
Rouquette the wisdom of
the Emperor conceding the
privilege of presenting an
address to the Crown. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Lambourdieu, a shopkeeper at
Cloyes, who sold Parisian
novelties io all the villages

LAN

117

LAN

within a radius of five or six
miles. La Terre.

Landois (Auguste), assistant
in Quenu's business. He came
to Paris from Troyes to per-
fect himself in his trade, and
having little money, intended
to set up for himself as a pork-
butcher. He was engaged to
his cousin Augustine Landois,
who was also employed by
Quenu. He took a dislike to
Florent, and wrote an anony-
mous letter denouncing him
to the Prefect of Police. Le
Ventre de Paris.

Landois (Augustine) came to
Quenu's establishment to learn
shop management. She was
engaged to be married to her
cousin Auguste Landois. Le
Ventre de Paris.

Langlade (de), Prefect of Deux-
Sevres. He was accused of
dissolute conduct, and was
superseded in his ofiice by Du
Poizat. Son Excellence Eugene
Rowgon.

Lantier (Auguste), the lover
of Gervaise Macquart ; he
accompanied her to Paris, {'
when she left home with their
two children. La Fortune des
Rougon.

Soon after their arrival in
Paris, he deserted Gervaise
for a girl named Addle, with
whom he lived for several
yeara, during which he appears

to have done little work. After
Adele left him he renewed
friendship with Gervaise and
Coupeau, her husband, and
induced them to take him into
their house as a lodger. Once
established there, he paid
nothing for his support, and
soon Gervaise was supporting
him as well as her husband,
who by this time was doing
nothing. Gervaise, having be-
come disgusted with her hus-
band's intemperance, resumed
her old relations with Lantier,
and these continued till she
was financially ruined, and her
shop was taken over by Vir-
ginie Poisson. Lantier, having
transferred his affections to
Virginie, was allowed to retain
his old position as lodger,
and soon resumed his former
tactics of paying no rent and
living off his landlord. In
course of time he succeeded
in eating the Poissons' stock
of sweetmeats and bringing
them to ruin, and then began
to look out for some one else
to support him. UAssommoir.

Lantier (Claude), son of Ger-
vaise Macquart and Auguste
Lantier, was bom at Plassans
in 1842. He was brought
up by his paternal grand-
mother, but when she died, in
1850, he was taken to Paris

^by his parents. La Fortune

" dcs Rougon.

LAN

118

LAN

After Lantier's desertion of
Gervaise, and her subsequent
marriage to Coupeau, Claude
continued to reside with his
mother, but a few years later
an old gentleman of Plassans,
a lover of pictures, who had
been greatly struck by some
daubs done by the child,
offered to pay for his educa-
tion. The offer was accepted,
and Claude returned to Plas-
sans. VAssommoir.

Some years later his bene-
factor died, leaving him an
income of a thousand francs a
year, enough to prevent him
dying of hunger in the artistic
career which he had decided
to follow. Having come to
Paris with an intense hatred
of romanticism, he was struck
by the artistic possibilities
of the Halles Centrales, the
great provision markets of
Paris, which he haunted in
search of subjects for his
brush. He was induced by
Florent to attend one of the
republican meetings in Le-
bigre's cafe, but was not in
sympathy with the movement,
and declined to take part in
it. He occasionally visited
his aunt, Madame Lisa Quenu,
but revolted against her com-
plete indifference to art, and
her middle-class selfishness.
Le Ventre de Paris.

He was appointed a member

of the family council which
nominally had charge of
Pauline Quenu's fortune. La
Joie de Vivre.

He established himself in a
studio near the roof of an old
house close to the river, and
there lived the life of a
Bohemian, with an absolute
disdain for everything not rela-
ted to art. He revolted against
the canons of the schools,
and tried to achieve truth in
painting by adopting an ex-
aggerated realism. His hopes
became centred in a large
painting, which he called
Plein Air, intended for ex-
hibition in the Salon. The
picture was rejected, and
when shown at a minor ex-
hibition was greeted with
derision by the public. About
this period began his connec-
tion with Christine Halle-
grain, with whom he lived
for several years, and ulti-
mately married. They took
up house at Bennecourt in an
old cottage, and there some
years passed happily enough,
a son named Jacques Louis
being born in 1860. But
Claude gradually became dis-
contented, and the little
family returned to Paris,
where there began a long
struggle against poverty, a
struggle beginning in high
anticipation and ending in

LAN

119

LAN

despair. After a long search
for a subject for the picture
which was to be his master-
piece, Qaude selected a stretch
of the river near Notre Dame,
and into this he intended to
put all those new theories of
art with which he hoped
to revolutionize the world.
Everything was sacrificed to
this picture ; the small for-
tune left him by his early
benefactor was gradually real-
ized to provide food, and
when it was exhausted there
was little but starvation for
the artist and his dependants.
The work was begun in a
frenzy of genius, but was
constantly interrupted by
doubts and indecision ; it
became a monomania, and
under its influence Claude's
mind gradually became un-
hinged ; the family virus was
at last showing itself. Chris-
tine was wholly taken up with
her husband, and their child
died of an illness due greatly
to neglect. By this time
Claude was incapable of any
real feeling save for art, and
the death of his child only
served to give him a subject
for a picture. Having torn
himself away from his in-
tended masterpiece for a time,
he painted UEnfant Mort,
which was exhibited in the
SdUm, and met with an even

more contemptuous reception
from the public than his
Plein Air. Christine used all
her influence to prevent her
husband from returning to
his task, but his brain had
become obsessed by the great
idea, which his hand proved
powerless to execute as his
mind became increasingly de-
ranged. At length, in a
moment of delirium, he
hanged himself in front of the
picture which had proved the
means of his undoing. His
genius was incomplete, and he
was unable to carry out his
own theories, but they were
adopted by other and less
able successors with better
results. He was buried in the
cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-
Ouen. UCEuvre.

Lantier (Madame Christine),
wife of the preceding. See
Christine Hallegrain. UCEuvre.

Lantier (Stienne), the
youngest son of Auguste
Lantier and Gervaise Mac-
quart, was bom in 1846,
and accompanied his parents
to Paris in 1850. La Fortune
des Rougon.

After his mother had been
married to Coupeau for some
time, and had started her
laundry, fitienne was found
somewhat in the way, and
on the suggestion of Goujet

LAN

120

was sent to work in the rivet
making factory where he him-
self was employed. Later the
boy was sent to Lille, where
he was apprenticed to an old
master of Goujet, an engineer
in that town. When Gervaise
had fallen into poverty,
ifitienne, who was by that time
a stoker on an engine, was
able to send his mother a five-
franc piece occasionally.
VAssommoir.

Li a moment of passion
fitienne struck his chief, and
was at once dismissed from
his employment. An indus-
trial crisis existed at the time,
and, finding it impossible to
get work, he tramped from
place to place till eventually
he arrived at Montsou, worn
out with fatigue and want.
At the Voreux pit he chanced
to get work in a gang led by
Maheu, and went underground
for the first time. The work
was hard and distasteful to him,
but he was unwilling to give
it up, and was perhaps in-
fluenced by the bright eyes
of Catherine Maheu, who
toiled alongside him. He
became more and more im-
pressed with a sense of the
hardships of the miners* lives,
and his mind was also in-
fluenced by Souvarine, a con-
fessed anarchist, beside whom
he lodged. Gradually fitienne

LAN

began to indoctrinate his com-
panions with a spirit of revolt,
and when the great strike
broke out he became the
leader. He did not, however,
accept the extreme doctrines
of Souvarine, and endeavoured
to dissuade the strikers from
doing damage to property.
In this he was not altogether
successful, and his influence
became considerably lessened,
until he was blamed by his
comrades for the hardships
they had to endure during the
strike, and for its ultimate
collapse. He returned to
work, and in the terrible
catastrophe brought about by
Souvarine he was cut off at
the bottom of the pit with
Chaval and Catherine Maheu.
He had always loved Cathe-
rine, and notwithstanding
their peril, an old jealousy
revived, and in a struggle with
Chaval Etienne killed him.
Days elapsed before rescue
came, and by that time
Catherine was dead. After six
weeks in hospital, fitienne
left for Paris. Germinal.

At Paris, later on, he took
part in the Communist rising,
and was condemned to death.
He was respited, and trans-
ported to Noumea, where he
married, and became father
of a little girl. Le Docteur
Pascal.

LAN

121

LAN

Lantier (Jacques), the second
son of Gervaise Macquart
and Auguste Lantier, was
bom at Plassans in 1844.
He was six years old when his
parents went to Paris with
his brothers, Claude and
i^tienne, leaving him with his
godmother, Aunt Phasie, who
sent him to the School of
Arts and Crafts. After two
years passed on the Orleans
Railway, he became an en-
gineer of the first-class on the
Western Railway. At twenty-
six he was a tall, handsome
man, with dark hair and
a clear complexion. From
childhood he had suffered
from a complaint which the
doctors did not understand, a
pain in the head, behind the
ears, accompanied by fever
and an intense melancholy,
which tempted him to hide
like a suffering animal. When
about sixteen years of age he
became affected by a curious
form of insanity, the desire
to murder any woman of
whom he became fond. " On
each occasion it seemed like
a sudden outburst of blind
rage, an ever-recurring thirst
to avenge some very ancient
offence, the exact recollection
of which escaped him. Did
it date from ho far back, from
the harm women had done
to his race, from the rancour

laid up from male to male
since the first deceptions in
the depths of the caverns ? "
Even with his cousin Flore,
who loved him from child-
hood, the same terrible in-
stinct arose, and could only
be stilled by flight.

By chance, Jacques was a
momentary witness of the
murder of President Grand-
morin, and when suspicion fell
upon the Roubauds he came
to be of opinion that it was
well-founded, a belief which
was confirmed by a subsequent
confession to him by Severine.
This avowal by Severine
placed her in his mind in a
different category from all
other women ; she had killed,
and was a person sacred and
apart, a woman he could
love without his lust for blood
being evoked. At the request
of Severine, Jacques promised
to kill Roubaud, her husband,
whom she had come to hate ;
but, though all the prepara-
tions were made, it was
Severine herself whom he
killed, in an accession of that
homicidal rage which ho im-
agined he had conquered. He
escaped all suspicion, and
calmly allowed Roubaud and
Cabuche to be punished for
the crime. In order to see
whether the murder of
Severine had cured him of

LAN

122

LAR

his blood lust, he made love
to Philomene Sauvagnat,
thereby arousing the jealousy
of her lover, Pecqueux, who
was stoker on the engine
driven by Lantier. A quarrel
between the two men on the
footplate of the engine re-
sulted in both of them falling
off, and being cut in pieces
beneath the wheels. La Bete
Humaine.

Lantier (Jacques Louis), bom
1860, was the son of Claude
Lantier and Christine Halle -
grain. He was allowed to
grow up wild at Bennecourt
until he was two and a half
years old, when his parents
removed to Paris, taking him
with them. Life in the city
did not agree with the child,
who to make matters worse
was much neglected, his
mother being wholly taken up
with her lover, and his father
with art. He grew up puny,
serious like a little man ; at
five years his head had grown
quite out of proportion to
his height, but as his skull
increased in size his intelli-
gence diminished. His head
alone continued to grow,
verging on cretinism, until,
in 1869, the unfortunate child
died of some obscure form of
mal-nutrition. L'CEuvre.

Lapoulle, a soldier in the 106th
Regiment of the line, in the

squad of Corporal Jean Mac-
quart. He came from the
Marshes of Sologne, and was
so ignorant that when he
joined the regiment he asked
to be shown the King. He
had great strength, and con-
sequently all the heavy work
of his company was assigned
to him. After the battle of
Sedan, he was one of the
prisoners on the Isle d'Iges,
where driven frantic by
famine, and instigated by
Chouteau, he killed Pache,
who had hidden some bread
from his companions. The
following night he attempted
to escape by swimming the
Meuse, but was killed by a
bullet fired by a Prussian
sentinel. La Debacle.

Laquerriere (Flobent), an
unfortunate man who died
of yellow fever in Dutch
Guiana in the arms of Florent.
It was by the aid of his papers
that Florent, who had escaped
from Cayenne, was able to
return to France, and to
evade the notice of the police.
Le Ventre de Paris.

La Rouquette (M.), a member
of the Chamber of Deputies.
His sister, Madame de Llo-
rentz, was one of the ladies-
in-waiting of the Empress
Eugenie. Son Excellence
Eugene EoTigon.

LAR

123

LAU

La RoluQUETTE (Mademoi-
selle de). See Madame de
Llorentz.

Labsonneau, formerly a clerk
at the Hotel de Ville along
with Aristide Saccard ; he
was dismissed for prying into
the prefet's private drawers.
He acted for Saccard in many
of the shady transactions in
which he could not himself
appear, and being entirely
unscrupulous ultimately a-
massed such a sum of money
that he was able to start a
small banking establishment.
La Curee.

He became immensely rich.
It was through him that Busch
came to know the past life
of Aristide Saccard. U Argent.

Laure, an actress for whom
Joncquier had an infatuation.
Nana.

Laubb, a performer in a singing-
hall at Montmartre. Hutin,
one of Octave Mouret's sales-
men, and his friend Lienard
applauded her performance
so noisily that the police
threatened to intervene. Au
Bonheur des Dames,

Laurent, a peasant in easy cir-
cumstances who lived near
Artaud. P6re Bambousse was
anxious to have him as son-in-
law. La FatUe de VAbhe
Mourei.

Laurent, the Recorder at the
Court of Rouen who assisted
Denizet at the inquiry into
the murder of Grandmorin.
He was skilful in selecting
the essential parts of evidence,
so as not to put down any-
thing useless. La Bete Hu-
maine.

Laurent, a gardener at Ba-
zeilles. He was a man of
thirty years of age who had
recently lost his mother and
his wife, who had both died of
the same fever. During the
battle of 1st September, 1870,
he took part in the defence
of Weiss's house, and having
only his own body to care
for, he determined to sell it
dearly, and at each shot to
bring down one of the enemy.
He continued firing till his
ammunition was exhausted,
when he was taken prisoner
by the Prussians, who finding
that he was a civilian removed
him, along with Weiss, for
instant execution. In the
face of the firing party he
retained all his calmness,
standing with his hands in
his pockets till the fatal shots
were fired. La Debdde.

Lauwerens (De), a well-known
financier who was both
wealthy and avaricious. He
went the length of refusing
to pay his wife's milliner's
bill. La Curec.

LAU

124

Lauwerens (Madame de), wife
of the preceding. Notwith-
standing certain well -authen-
ticated scandals, she managed
to keep her high position in
society. She was a friend of
Renee Saccard. La Curie.

Lavigniere, was one of the
auditors at the Universal
Bank, Rousseau being the
other. Their duties were
delicate, and in the circum-
stances useless. Lavigniere
was disposed to approve of
everything, being consumed
with a desire to become a
member of the board later on.
UArgent.

La Vigniere (Chevalier de),
grandfather of Madame Chan-
teau. La Joie de Vivre.

La Vigniere (Eugenie de).
See Madame Chanteau.

La Villardiere (De), deputy
for the department of the
Cote d'Or. He was a friend
of La Rouquette. Son Excel-
lence Eugene Rougon.

Lea, a customer at the Cafe
Anglais. Nana.

Lebeau, a man of considerable
influence in the Second Em-
pire, whom Clorinde Balbi was
able to gain over to the cause
of Eugene Rougon. Son Ex-
cellence Eugene Rougon.

Lebleu, the cashier at Havre
railway station. La Bete
Humaine,

Lebleu (Madame), wife of the
preceding, was a woman of
forty-five, so stout that she
was in constant danger of
choking. Between her and
Severine Roubaud there was
ill-feeling of long standing,
arising from a question of
their houses in the Station,
the Lebleus occupying that
which should by rights have
belonged to the Roubauds,
who on account of the gener-
osity of their predecessor
were relegated to rooms little
more cheerful than a prison.
She had a mania for spying
upon her neighbours, and in
the end caused so much irrita-
tion, that she was ordered to
exchange houses with the
Roubauds, thus letting them
have the one to which they
were entitled. The annoyance,
and the change to a dismal
house, proved fatal to Madame
Lebleu, and she died four
months afterwards. La Bete
Humaine.

Lebigre, proprietor of the wine
shop where Florent and his
friends held their meetings.
He was a police spy. Ulti-
mately he married Louise
Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris.

LEB

Lebigre (Madame).
Louise Mehudin.

See

Leboucq, Counsellor at the
Court of Rouen. He was

LEB

125

LEM

assessor at the trial of Rou-
baud and Cabuche. La Bete
Humaine.

Leboucq (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She was a hand-
some woman, for whose re-
ceptions the barristers of
Rouen were beginning to de-
sert those of Madame Bonne-
hon, her rival. It was said
that to the influence of
Madame Leboucq was largely
due the result of the trial
of Roubaud, a result not
favourable to the family of
President Grandmorin. La
Bite Humaine.

Lecceur (Madame), a butter
and cheese merchant at the
Halles Centrales. She was
sister-in-law to Gavard, and
had an idea of marrying him
after the death of his wife.
He made no advances, how-
ever, and she subsequently
regarded him with bitter ill-
will. Along with Mile. Saget,
she took an active share in
the gossip which partly led
to the arrest of Florent and
Gavard, and wrote an anony-
mous letter denouncing them
to the police. Accompanied
by La Sarriette, her niece,
she went to Gavard 's house
after his arrest, and took
possession of his money,
which they divided between
them, Le Ventre de Paris,

Lecomte (Madame), an ac-
quaintance of the Deberles.
Une Page d' Amour.

Lefj&vre (Madame), wife of a
manufacturer at Raucourt,
whose house was pillaged by
the Prussians after the battle
of Beaumont. La Dehdcle.

Legougeux, a miner at Joiselle.
He was an associate of Plu-
chart. Germinal.

Legrain (General), a deputy
at the Corps Legislatif. He
was devoted to the Emperor,
and notwithstanding a severe
attack of gout, attended at
the Chamber in order to vote
the funds for the baptism of
the Prince Imperial. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Lehongre (Les), grocers in
Rue Neuve de la Goutte-
d'Or. UAssommoir.

LfiHUDiER, a child to whom
Charvet gave lessons. Le
Ventre de Paris.

Lelorrain, a notary in Rue
Sainte Anne. In his office
was executed the deed wliich
established the Joint - stock
company of the Universal
Bank. U Argent.

JjEMballeusb, a family who
lived m"a ruined mill near the
cathedral of Beaumont. It
consisted of a grandmother,
her daughter, and three grand-
daughters, all of whom lived
by bogging. Angelique did

LEN

126

all she could for them, giving
them food and even clothes.
Le Reve.

Lenfant, the keeper of a dram-
shop at Montsou. Oerminal.

Lengaigne, a dealer in tobacco
and tavern-keeper at Rognes.
He cultivated a small piece
of land, while his wife weighed
tobacco and looked after the
cellar. He also shaved and cut
the hair of the village, a
trade learned by him when he
was in the army. He pro-
fessed strong Republican
principles, though he was
afraid to express his opinions
too strongly, in case of losing
his licence. An old rivalry
subsisted between him and
Macqueron, a neighbouring
tavern-keeper, with whom he
was always on the point of
blows. La Terre.

Lengaigne (Madame Flore),
wife of the preceding. She
was always quarrelling with
Coelina Macqueron. La Terre.

Lengaigne (Suzanne), daugh-
ter of the two preceding.
She was apprenticed to a
dressmaker at Chateaudun,
but after six months ran off
to Paris, where she led a gay
life. Her return to her native
village clad in silks caused
quite a sensation, of which
her parents were very proud.
La Terre,

Lengaigne (Vicjtor), brother of
Suzanne. Before he was
drawn in the conscription he
was an awkward youth, but
he returned a swaggering
braggart, who could hardly
be recognized with his mous-
tache and beard. La Terre.

Lenore, a racehorse ; mother
of Frangipane. Nana.

Leon, a lad of about fifteen
years of age, apprentice to
Quenu. He was a gentle-
looking lad, given to steaUng
stray bits of ham and sausage,
which he concealed under his
pillow and ate during the
night. Le Ventre de Paris.

Leonce (Madame), the door-
keeper of the house where
Gavard lived in the Rue de
la Cossonnerie. She acted
also as Gavard's housekeeper.
Le Ventre de Paris.

Leonie, an artificial - flower
maker employed by Madame
Titreville. She left her trade in
order to be married. UAssom-
moir,

Leonie, aunt of Louise Thibau-
dier. Louise went to her
house after leaving Bonneville,
driven away by Pauline
Quenu. La Joie de Vivre.

Lepalmec, a peasant at Plogof,
in Brittany. Germinal.

Lequeu, the schoolmaster at
Rognes. His parents were

E^^

LER

127

LET

peasants, and he had an in-
tense hatred of the class from
which he had sprung, looking
upon them as little better
than barbarians. In politics
he had advanced views, but in
consequence of his position
he concealed them to a great
extent. Disappointed in the
hope which he had long
nourished of marrying Berthe
Macqueron, he ended by
preaching the doctrines of
anarchy. La Terre.

j Lerat (Madame), nee Coupeau,
was a sister of Coupeau and
Madame Lorilleux. She was
a widow of thirty-six years of
age, and was forewoman in
the manufactory of artificial
flowers carried on by Madame
Titreville. The eldest of the
Coupeau family, she was "a
tall, skinny, mannish-looking
woman, who talked through
her nose " ; she lived a hard-
working, cloisteral existence,
but she had a perfect mania
for making improper allusions,
80 very obscure that only she
herself could understand them.
UAssommoir.

For a long time she lost
sight of her niece Nana, but
later she found her in a position
of apparent wealth. Madame
Lerat had abandoned her
trade of artificial flower-maker
and lived upon her savings,

scraped together sou by sou.
Nana rented a small house
for her aunt, and gave her
an allowance of a hundred
francs per month to look
after her little son Louiset.
Nana.

Lerenabd, the keeper of a cafe
in the neighbourhood of Mont-
sou. Germinal.

Leroi, alias Canon, a journey-
man carpenter, who deserted
Paris on account of some
trouble, and preferred to live
in the country, tramping from
village to village, doing a
week here and a week there,
and offering his services from
one farm to another when his
employer did not want him.
When there was a scarcity of
work he begged on the high-
roads, living partly on the
vegetables he stole. He pro-
fessed strong revolutionary
principles, which he was fond
of airing in village ale-shops.
He was a friend of Hyacinthe
Fouan. La Terre.

Letellier, father of Madame
Deberle and her sister Pauline.
Ho owned an extensive silk
warehouse on the Boulevard
des Capucines. " Since his
wife's death he had been
taking his younger daughter
about everywhere, in search
of a rich husband for her."
Une Page d * Amour.

LET

128

See

Letellier (Juliette).
Madame Deberle.

Letellier (Pauline), the
younger daughter of M. Le-
tellier, a wealthy silk mer-
chant, and sister of Madame
Deberle. She was a giddy
young girl who went about
everywhere with her father in
the hope of securing a rich
husband, and was a constant
visitor at the house of her
sister. Une Page d' Amour.

Leturc (Madame), widow of a
captain, was a protegee of
Madame Correur, who ob-
tained a tobacco Ucence for
her. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Levaque, a neighbour of the
Maheus. He was of intem-
perate habits, and beat his
wife on little provocation.
During the strike he was
among the most reckless, and
at the assault on the Voreux
pit he was taken prisoner by
the troops. His arrest made
him a sort of hero, and by the
Paris newspapers he was
credited with a reply of
antique sublimity to the ex-
amining magistrate. Germinal.

Levaque (Achille), the eldest
child of Zacherie Maheu and
of Philomene Levaque. He
was three years old when his
parents were married. Qer-
minal.

Levaque (BIibert), son of the
Levaques, was a little boy of
twelve, who already worked
in the pit. Along with Lydie
Pierron, he was a companion
of Jeanlin Maheu in many
escapades. As Jeanlin became
more daring and unscrupu-
lous, Bebert and Lydie were
drawn together in an affection
born of their common fear of
him. The three children were
present at the attack on the
Voreux pit, and Bebert and
Lydie, killed by the volley
fired by the troops, fell dead
in one another's arms. Ger-
minal.

Levaque (D]&sir:6e), the
youngest child of Philomene,
aged nine months. Germinal.

Levaque (Philomene), daugh-
ter of the Levaques, had two
children to Zacharie Maheu
before her marriage to him.
She had a delicacy of the
chest and was unable to work
underground. After the death
of her husband she left Mont-
sou with her two children, in
the company of a miner from
the Pas-de-Calais. Germinal.

Levaque (La), wife of Levaque
the miner, and mother of
Philomene and Bebert. She
was a bad housekeeper, and
was roughly treated by her
husband, who, however, did

LEV

129

LEV

not take exception to her
relations with Bouteloup, their
lodger. Germinal.

Levasseur (Madame), an ac-
quaintance of Madame De-
berle. Une Page d' Amour.

Levasseur, chief clerk at " The
Ladies' Paradise." A%i Bon-
heur des Dames.

Levasseur, a tax-collector at
Chene Populeux. His father
was one of the heroes of the
army of the first Napoleon.
He married a peasant woman
named Fouchard, who died in
bringing Maurice and his twin
sister Henriette into the world.
He sacrificed everything to
make his son a gentleman,
and the bad conduct of the
lad hastened his end. La
Debacle.

Levasseur (Henriette),
daughter of the preceding,
and twin sister of Maurice.
After the death of her father
she gave up the whole of her
share of his property in order
to retrieve to some extent the
foolish conduct of her brother.
Fortunately she had the
chance soon after to marry
Weiss, with whom she lived
happily. On the morning
of the battle of Sedan, Henri-
ette, fearing that her husband
was in danger at Bazoilles,
where ho had gone to look
after a house ho had re-

cently bought, decided to
follow him there. By this
time fighting was going on
fiercely, and when, after the
greatest difficulties and dan-
gers, she arrived at Bazeilles,
she was only in time to see
her husband shot before her
eyes. She took refuge at
Remilly, at the house of her
uncle Fouchard, and devoted
herself to the care of the
wounded in the battle. Among
these was Jean Mac quart,
who along with Maurice had
escaped from captivity. After
the war with Prussia was
over, Maurice unfortunately
threw in his lot with the
Communists, and when Henri-
ette followed him to Paris it
was to find that he had been
fatally wounded in the fighting
there. By an extraordinary
chance, the wound was in-
flicted by his former comrade,
Jean Macquart, who had re-
mained in the regular army
when Maurice joined the
Communist ranks. The death
of Maurice in this way put
an end to the possibility of a
dawning love idyll between
Henriette and Jean Macquart.
La Debdcle.

Levasseur (Maurice), twin
brother of the preceding.
Everything was sacrificed by
his father and sister in order

LEV

130

LHO

that he might become an
advocate, but when he went
to Paris to complete his educa-
tion he took part in every
kind of foolishness and dissipa-
tion. In July, 1870, he had
just been admitted to the Bar,
when the outbreak of war
found him full of enthusiasm,
and he at once enlisted in the
106th Regiment of the line,
commanded by Colonel de
Vineuil. He was put into the
squad of Jean Mac quart,
against whom he had at first
an aversion. Later, the kind-
ness of Jean when he was worn
out with fatigue practically
saved his life, and they became
close comrades, Maurice in
turn saving Jean by carrying
him, severely wounded, from
the battlefield of Sedan.
Maurice was of a highly
strung, nervous temperament,
and the repeated disasters of
the campaign drove him to
madness. He threw himself
into the Communist struggle,
and sought for death when
defeat became certain. It
was Jean Mac quart, his old
comrade, who, by an extra-
ordinary chance, was fated to
deliver the fatal blow. La
Debdde.

LfivfiQUE (Madame), sister-in-
law of Durieu, the brewer.
U Argent,

LlivlJQUE, a solicitor at Plassans.
He interested himself in the
affairs of Dr. Pascal Rougon
after Grandguillot absconded,
and was able to recover a con-
siderable sum which Pascal
had believed to be entirely
lost. Le Docteur Pascal.

L6v£:qu'e (Mademoiselle),
daughter of the preceding,
was an old friend of Clotilde
Rougon, who was three years
older than her. She married
Dr. Ramond. Le Docteur
Pascal.

Lhomme (M.), chief cashier at
"The Ladies' Paradise." "Son
of a tax-collector at Chablis,
he came to Paris as a clerk
in the office of a merchant of
the Port-aux-Vins. Then,
while lodging in Rue Cuvier,
he married the daughter of his
concierge, and from that day
he bowed submissively before
his wife, whose commercial
ability filled him with respect.
She earned more than twenty
thousand francs a year in the
dress department of " The
Ladies' Paradise," whilst he
only drew a fixed salary of
five thousand francs." The
loss of his right arm in an
omnibus accident did not
interfere with his work, and
did not prevent him from
playing upon a specially con-
structed French horn, an in-

LHO

131

LIO

strument of which he was
passionately fond. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

Lhomme (Madame Aurelie),
wife of the preceding. The
daughter of a small tailor,
she had keen business in-
stincts, and, as head of the
dress department at " The
Ladies' Paradise," was able
to make a large income. She
was far from friendly to
Denise Baudu, but seeing
ultimately that Mouret was in
love with the girl, she changed
her methods in the hope of
rendering her own position
more secure. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Lhomme (Albert), son of the
preceding. He was an idle
and vicious youth, who could
keep no situation, and only
got a post in the pay-desk
of "The Ladies' Paradise"
through the influence of his
mother. He was careless in
his work, and was repeatedly
reprimanded, causing his
parents much anxiety ; ulti-
mately it was discovered that
he had conspired with some
of the salesmen in a long
series of frauds, and his dis-
missal followed. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

LiABDiN, a relation of the
Quenu's. He was a member
of Paulino's family council,

and consented to her emanci-
pation. La Joie de Vivre,

Li^NARD, son of a rich Angers
draper, came to Paris and got
a situation in "The Ladies'
Paradise." His spare time
was spent in idleness and
debauchery, and when his
father recalled him to Angers
he refused to leave Paris. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

LiEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan
architect at Plassans. He
was consulted by Madame
Mouret and Abbe Faujas re-
garding the Home for Girls
which they founded, and he
subsequently prepared the
plans for the building. La
Conquete de Plassans.

LiEViN, a townsman of Plassans,
who was amongst those en-
rolled and armed by Pierre
Rougon to rescue the Town
Hall, which had been occupied
by the Republicans. He was
so excited that he fired in the
air without intending to do so.
La Fortune des Rougons.

LiLi, pet name of Am61ie, the
daughter of Gaga. Nana.

LiNQUERLOT (Les), neighbours
of the Lorilleux in Rue de la
Goutte-d'Or. UAssommoir.

LiOTARD (Veuve Henri), a firm
of shipowners who joined the
transport syndicate formed by
Aristido Saccard. U Argent,

LIS

132

LOR

Lisa, a peasant girl of Les
Artaud. Like the others of
her class, she was void of any
religious feeling, and when she
came to decorate the church
for the festival of the Virgin,
she engaged in all sorts of
irreverent pranks. La Faute
de VAbhe Mouret.

Lisa, a workwoman employed
by Madame Titreville, the
artificial flower- maker. UAs-
sommoir.

Lisa, Madame Campardon's
housemaid. She was active
and intelHgent, and her con-
duct was regarded as irre-
proachable. This was, how-
ever, a somewhat too favour-
able estimate, and her com-
panionship was by no means
beneficial to the Campardons'
young daughter, Angele. Pot-
Bouille.

LisoN (La), the name of the
express engine driven by
Jacques Lantier up to the i
time of the terrible railway
accident caused by Flore. La
BHe Humaine.

Llorentz (Madame de), one
of the ladies-in-waiting of the
Empress Eugenie and sister
of M. La Rouquette, was the
widow of General de Llorentz.
She carried on an intrigue
with De Massy, and was said
to hold three compromising
letters from him regarding

certain august personages.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Logre, a fish auctioneer at the
Halles Centrales. He at-
tended the revolutionary
meetings in Lebigre's wine-
shop, and made violent
speeches there, but was in
reality an agent of the Police.
Le Ventre de Paris.

Loiseau, a municipal councillor
of Rognes. He was devoted
to the Mayor, Alexandre
Hourdequin, on whose farm
his son worked. He was an
uncle of Macqueron. La
Terre.

Lonjumeau, a member of the
band of brigands led by
Beau-Frangois. La Terre.

LoRET (Madame), a woman
who lived in the neighbour-
hood of the Halles Centrales.
Mademoiselle Saget made ill-
natured remarks regarding her.
Le Ventre de Paris.
.Lorilleux, a maker of gold
chains, who was married to
Coupeau's sister. He was a
little man who looked much
older than his age, and
suffered from a constant
cough. Miserly and spiteful,
he was jealous of the Coupeaus
in their success, and rejoiced
at their downfall. UAssom-
moir.

LoRiLLEux (Madame), wife of
the preceding, was a sister of

LOR

133

LOU

Coupeau, who married Ger-
vaise Macquart. Along with
her husband, she worked at
the trade of gold chain-
making ; like him, she was so
avaricious that her custom
was to examine the soles of
her visitors' boots lest they
should depart with any ad-
hering gold dust. From the
first she resented her brother's
marriage, and took every
opportunity of being disagree-
able to Gervaise. Though she
was "willing to accept the
Coupeaus' hospitality in their
prosperous days, she refused
to do anything to assist them
after their downfall. UAs-
sommoir.

LoRiLLON (Les), peasants at
Rognes, who were said to have
been cured of illness by the
bone-setter Sourdeau. La
Terre.

LouBET, a soldier in the 106th
Regiment of the line ; in the
squad of Corporal Jean Mac-
quart. He was unwiUing
to fight, and during the
battle of 1st September, 1870,
he assisted his comrade
Chouteau to carry Sapin to
the ambulance, spending the
rest of the day in a tavern.
After the capitulation of the
French army, Loubot was
made a prisoner. Along with
Chouteau he made a deter-

mined effort to escape, and
would have done so had not
hJs companion treacherously
tripped him up in order to
increase his own chance. La
Debacle,

LouHETTE, an elderly draper in
Rue Neuve Saint- Angus tin.
He was the father of Madame
Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.

LouHETTE (Madame), wife of
the preceding, and mother of
Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-
Bouille.

LouHETTE (Val^irie). See
Theophile Vabre.

Louis, Irma Becot's butler at
her house in the Avenue de
Villiers. UCEuvre.

Louis, cousin of Gabuche, and,
like him, a quarry man. He
drove Cabuche's wagon on
the evening of the murder of
President Grandmorin. La
Bete Humaine.

Louis, an artillery gunner, in
the same battery as Honore
Fouchard and Adolphe. He
was mated with Adolphe,
who was inclined to treat him
as an inferior. In the attack
by the Prussians on the
Calvary d'llly Louis fell, killed
by the same shot as his
comrade, and the two died
entwined in one another*H
arms. La Debdde.

LOU

134

MAC

Louis (La Mere), a wine-seller,
who was famous for her " hen
feet." UAssommoir.

Louise, an actress at the Palais-
Royal. Nana.

Louise, a young girl who was
brought up in an Orphanage.
At fifteen she went as maid-
servant to Madame Jazeur,
but not proving satisfactory,
was sent back to the Orphan-
age. Pot-Bouille.

K^i LouiSET, the pet name of Louis
Coupeau, son of Nana, born
1867. Left at first with a
nurse in the country, he was
afterwards taken charge of
by his aunt, Madame Lerat,
who removed him to Batig-
nolles. He was a delicate
child, pale and scrofulous,
bearing a legacy of ill-health
derived from an unknown
father. He died in July, 1870,
of small-pox, which he com-
municated to his mother, who
had just returned from Russia.
Nana.

LouiSETTE, the younger daugh-
ter of Madame Misard (Aunt
Phasie). She was a fair and
sweet child who had a strong
affection for Cabuche, a man
who was regarded by nearly
everyone as an outcast. As a
maid-servant in the house of
Madame Bonnehon, she at-
tracted the notice of President
Grandmorin, and fleeing from

him, half- mad with fear, she
came to the hut of Cabuche,
who tenderly nursed her till
she died of brain fever a few
days later. La Bete Humaine.

LouLOU, a dog which belonged
to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de

Vivre.

Lulu, a dog which belonged to
Nana. Nana,

LusiGNAN, a racehorse in the
stable of Vandeuvres.
Mounted by Gresham, it was
the favourite in the race for
the Grand Prix de Paris.
Nana.

Macquart, a poacher and
smuggler who lived at Plas-
sans in a hovel adjoining the
Fouque property. His reputa-
tion was of the worst, and
" although no crimes had
actually been brought home to
him, the first suspicions
always fell upon him when-
ever a theft or murder had
been perpetrated in the
country." He frequently dis-
appeared for long periods, but
during his short sojourns in
the town he drank to great
excess. He became the lover
of Adelaide Fouque in 1789,
less than a year after the
death of her husband, and had
two children bv her, Antoine

MAC

135

MAC

and Uryule Macquart. A
man of violent and unre-
strained passions, and of in-
corrigibly lazy habits, he re-
tained complete influence over
Adelaide, and they lived in
the same relationship for over
twenty years. About 1810,
Macquart was killed on the
frontier by a custom-house
officer while he was endea-
vouring to smuggle a cargo of
Geneva watches into France.
Adelaide was sole legatee,
the estate consisting of the
hovel at Plassans and the
carbine of the deceased, which
a smuggler loyally brought
back to her. La Fortune des
Rotigon.
Macquart (Antoine), bom
1789, son of Macquart
the smuggler and Adelaide
Fouque ; was drawn in the
conscription in 1809. On his
return to Plassans, he found
that his half-brother Pierre
had sold the family property
and had appropriated the
proceeds. Being a confirmed
drunkard, he was averse from
work of any kind, but in order
to support himself he learned
the trade of basket- making.
In 1826 he married Josephine
Gavaudan, a market-woman,
whom he afterwards allowed
to support him. They had
three children, Lisa, Gervaise,
and Jean. His wife died in

1850, and soon after his
daughter Gervaise and his son
Jean, who had assisted to keep
him in idleness, ran off. He
had a bitter ill-will towards
his brother Pierre Rougon,
and, chiefly with a view to his
annoyance, expressed strong
Republican principles. For
the same reason he took every
opportunity of teaching these
principles to his young nephew
Silvere Mouret. After the
Coup d'Etat he took an active
share in the agitation which
resulted in a Republican
rising. When the Insurgents
left Plassans, he remained
with a few men to overawe
the inhabitants. He and his
whole band were, however,
taken prisoners by the citi-
zens under the leadership of
Pierre Rougon. He was as-
sisted to escape by Madame
Felicite Rougon, who promised
him a sum of money on con-
dition that he would bring
about an attack on the Town
Hall by the Republicans. He
did so the same night, and
an ambush having been pro-
pared by the Rougons, a
number of lives were sacri-
ficed. He thereafter left the
country. La Fortune des Rou-
gon.

Some time afterwards he re-
turned to Franco, and bought
a small house at Los Tulottes,

MAC

136

MAC

about three leagues from Plas-
sans. He fitted up his es-
tabhshment by degrees, and
even became possessed of a
horse and trap. Where the
money came from no one
knew, but it was beheved
that his brother Pierre Rougon
was keeping him. Notwith-
standing this, he had great
ill-will towards the Rougons,
and lost no opportunity of
annoying them. Partly with
this object, and partly at the
instigation of Abbe Fenil,
who wished to be revenged
on Abbe Faujas, he contrived
the escape of Fran9ois Mouret
from the asylum at Les
Tulettes ; as result, Mouret
returned to Plassans, and
setting fire to his house,
caused the death of Abbe
Faujas, himself perishing in
the flames. La Conquete de
Plassans.

Macquart lived to an old
age at Les Tulettes, though
he increasingly gave way to
drunkenness. His relations
with the Rougons were
friendly, but he was hated by
Felicite on account of his
knowledge of the origin of the
family fortune. At eighty-
four years of age he was still
healthy, but his flesh was so
saturated with alcohol that
it seemed to be preserved by
it. One day, as he was sit-

ting helpless with drink and
smoking his pipe, he set fire
to his clothes, and his body,
soaked as it was with ardent
spirits, was burned to the
last bone. Felicite Rougon
chanced to enter the house
just as the conflagration be-
gan, but she did nothing to
stop it, and went silently
away. The combustion was
so complete that there was
nothing left to bury, and the
family had to content itself
with having masses said for
the repose of the dead. When
Macquart's will was opened, it
was found that he had left
all his money for the erection
of a magnificent tomb for
himself, with weeping angels
at the head and foot. Le
Docteur Pascal.

Macquart (Madame Antoine),
wife of the preceding. See
Josephine Gavaudan.

Macquart (Gervaise), bom
1828, was a daughter of
Antoine Macquart, and was
slightly lame from birth. She
was apprenticed to a laun-
dress, but at an early age
had two children to a journey-
man tanner named Lantier.*

* These two are the only cliildren of
Gervaise and Lantieriiientioned by M. Zola
in La Fortune des Rougon^ L'Aswmmoir,
L'GEitvrey and Germinal. In La BHc
Humainey however, the hero, Jacqnes
Lantier, is stated to have been a child of
tliese parents.

MAC

137

MAC

Soon after the death of her
mother, in 1850, she ran off to
Paris with Lantier and her
children, Claude, a boy of
eight, and Etienne, aged four.
La Fortune des Rougon.

The party had only been
in the city a few weeks when
Lantier ran off with a girl
named Adele, leaving Ger-
vaise and the children un-
provided for. She got work
in the laundry of Madame
Fauconnier, and not long
after received an offer of
marriage from Coupeau, a
respectable zinc-worker, which
after some hesitation she ac-
cepted. The marriage took
place, and for a considerable
time things prospered, one
child, a daughter named Nana
being born. An accident to
Coupeau, who fell from a roof
and was seriously injured, led
to a gradual change ; formerly
temperate and industrious, he
became unwilling to work,
and began to spend his time
in public-houses. Gervaise
had meantime taken a shop
with money borrowed from the
Goujets, and had started a
laundry in it. She was at
first successful, but in time
grew lazy and fond of good
living, while Cou{)eau con-
tinued idle and became in-
creasingly intemperate. Busi-
ness began to go, and Ger-

vaise became more careless,
even taking more drink occa-
sionally than she had been
wont to do. About this time
Lantier, her former lover,
appeared again, and made
friends with Coupeau, who
agreed to take him into the
house as a lodger. After
that, the descent of Grervaise
was rapid. Lantier never
paid anything for his support,
Coupeau drank more heavily
than ever, and Gervaise, who
was gradually drifting into
intemperance, resumed her old
connection with her lover.
All the time work was being
neglected, and debts were
accumulating with alarming
rapidity. Eventually Madame
Virginie Poisson took over
the shop, and with it Lantier,
who transferred his affections
along with the lease, and the
Coupeaus removed into a
small house high up in the
same building. Coupeau suf-
fered from repeated attacks
of delirium tremens, and even-
tually died in an asylum.
Gervaise continued to sink
still lower, until no work
was too menial or too re-
pulsive for her to undertake
for the price of drink, and
oni^ day in the winter of
1S(>!) sh(^ was found dead in a
garret of that great tenement
house where she had passed so

MAC

138

MAC

much of her life. UAssom-
moir.

Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the
pork-butcher, did not come
to her assistance. Lisa did
not Hke people who were
unfortunate, and she was
ashamed that Gervaise should
have married a workman.
Le Ventre de Paris.

Her son Etienne sent her
small sums of money from
time to time while he was in a
situation at Lille. Germinal.

Macquart (Jean), born 1811,
son of Antoine Macquart,
was apprenticed to a carpen-
ter. A quiet, industrious lad,
Jean's father took advantage
of his simple nature and made
him give up his whole earnings
to assist in keeping him in
idleness. Like his sister Ger-
vaise, he ran off soon after
the death of his mother. La
Fortune des Rougon.

He entered the army, and,
after seven years of soldiering
was discharged in 1859. When
he had left the ranks he turned
up at Bazoches-le-Doyen with
a comrade, a joiner like him-
self ; and he resumed his
occupation with the latter's
father, a master carpenter
in the village. But his heart
was no longer in his work,
and having been sent to La
Borderie to make some re-

pairs, he stayed on to assist
at the harvest, and eventually
became a regular farm ser-
vant. He was not popular,
however, with the peasants,
who resented his having had a
trade before he came back
to the soil. He became
acquainted at Rognes with
Mouche and his daughters,
Lise and Frangoise, and even-
tually married the latter, in
spite of the determined oppo-
sition of her brother-in-law,
Buteau. Notwithstanding his
marriage, he remained a
stranger, and, after the death
of his wife, went away, leaving
everything in the hands of her
relatives. The war with Ger-
many had just broken out, and
Jean, disgusted with his life,
again enlisted in the service of
his country. La Terre.

He was made corporal in
the 106th Regiment of the
line, commanded by Colonel
Vineuil. An excellent soldier,
and invaluable by reason of
his former experience, his
want of education prevented
him being promoted to higher
rank. Maurice Levasseur was
in his company, and between
the two men there was at
first deep antagonism, caused
by difference of class and
education, but little by little
Jean was able to gain over
the other, till the two men

MAC

139

MAC

became close friends. In the
fierce fighting at Sedan, each
in turn saved the other's
life. After the battle, they
were made prisoners, but
escaped, Jean receiving a
severe wound during their
flight. They took refuge at
Remilly in the house of
Fouchard, and Jean was
nursed by Henriette Weiss,
Levasseur's sister. Under her
care, the wounded man came
to dream of the possibility
of a life of happiness with
this woman, so tender, so
sweet, and so active, whose
fate had been so sad. But
the chances of war were too
hard ; Maxime returned to
Paris, and after the conclusion
of the war took part in the
Communist rising, which Jean
assisted to quell. By an
extraordinary chance, the two
men, loving one another as
brothers, came to be fighting
on opposite sides, and it was
the hand of Jean that was
fated to inflict the fatal wound
upon his friend. He had
killed the brother of the
woman he loved, and hence-
forth there could be nothing
between them, ho he passed
from hor life, returning to
asHist in that cultivation of
the soil which was needed -
to rejuvenate his country.
La Debdclc.

He settled at Valqueyras,
near Plassans, where he
married Melanie Vial, the
only daughter of a peasant
farmer in easy circumstances,
whose land he cultivated.
Calm and sensible, always
at his plough, his wife simple
and strong, he raised a large
and healthy family to assist
in replenishing the soil ex-
hausted by the horrors of
war. Le Docteur Pascal.

Macquart (Madame Jean), first
wife of the preceding. See
FranQoise Mouche. La Terre.

Macquart (Madame Jean),
second wife of Jean Macquart.
See Melanie Vial. Le Docteur
Pascal.

Macquart (Lisa), bom 1827,
daughter of Antoine Mac-
quart. When a child of
seven she was taken as maid-
servant by the wife of the
postmaster at Plassans, whom
she accompanied to Paris
on her removal there in 1839.
La Fortune des Rougon.

The old lady became very
much attached to the girl,
and when she died left her all
her savings, amounting to ten
thousand francs. Gradelle, a
pork- butcher, who had become
acquainted witli Lisa l)y seeing
her in his shop witli her
mistress, ofifered her a situa-
tion. She accepted, and soon

MAC

140

the whole place seemed to be-
long to her ; she enslaved
Gradelle, his nephew Quenu,
and even the smallest kitchen-
boy. She became a beautiful
woman, with a love of ease and
the determination to secure
it by steady application to
duty. After the sudden death
of Gradelle, she married
Quenu, who had succeeded
to the business, and they
had one daughter, Pauline.
Soon their affairs became so
prosperous that Lisa induced
her husband to remove to a
larger shop. On Florent's
return from exile, she re-
ceived him kindly, and at
once proposed to hand over
to him his share of the money
and property left by Gradelle,
his uncle, which, however, he
refused to accept. After a
time she became tired of
always seeing her brother-in-
law about the house doing
nothing, and was the means
of making him accept the
situation as Inspector at the
Fish Market. When she heard
of the Revolutionary meet-
ings in Lebigre's wine-shop
and of the leading part taken
by Florent, she became
greatly alarmed, more especi-
ally as Quenu had begun to
accompany his brother occa-
sionally. She succeeded in
frightening her husband into

MAC

giving up the meetings, and
made it clear to Florent that
he was no longer welcome in
her house. Alarmed by the
gossip of Mile. Saget and
others as to the progress of
the conspiracy, she deter-
mined, after consultation with
Abbe Roustan, to secure the
safety of her husband and
herself by informing the police
of the iDlot. On going to the
prefect, however, she learned
that he had all along known
of Florent's presence in Paris,
and of the meetings, and was
only waiting a favourable
opportunity of arresting the
plotters. She concealed the
impending arrest from her
husband and from Florent.
Notwithstanding her action
in this matter, Lisa was not
an ill-natured or callous
woman. She was only deter-
mined that nothing should
come between her and a life
of ease. In her there was
much of her father's nature,
though she did not know
it. She was merely a
steady, sensible Macquart
with a logical desire for
comfort, and to procuring
this she gave all her time
and thought. Le Ventre de
Paris.

She died in 1863 from
decomposition of the blood.
La Joie de Vivre,

MAC

141

MAD

Macquart (Ursule), bom 1791,
daughter of Macquart and
Adelaide Fouque ; married
in 1810 a hatter named Mouret
and went to Hve at Marseilles.
She died of consumption in
1840, leaving three children.
La Fortune des Rougon.

Macqueron, a grocer and
tavern-keeper at Rognes. He
was a municipal councillor,
and deputy Mayor. He made
some money by speculating in
wines, and had since become
incorrigibly lazy, spending his
time in fishing and shooting.
Had his wife listened to him,
they would have shut up the
shop, but she was so fiercely
set on money- making that
she would not do so. There
was a rivalry of long standing
between the Macquerons and
the Lengaignes, which fre-
quently broke out in open
quarrels. Having succeeded
in undermining Hourdequin's
position as Mayor, Macqueron
succeeded him, but his tri-
umph was of short duration,
for some official scandal
having arisen, he was obliged
to resign. La Terre.

Macqueron (Madame Coelina),
wife of the preceding, had a
true passion for money -
making. She was continually
quarrelling with her neigh-

bour, Madame Lengaigne. La
Terre,

Macqueron (Berthe), daughter
of the preceding, was educated
at a boarding-school at Cloyes,
and had learned to play the
piano. She tolerated the
attentions of Lequeu, the
schoolmaster, whom she
heartily disliked, as she felt
flattered by the notice of the
only man of education whom
she knew. She had a fancy
for the son of a neighbour-
ing wheelwright, whom her
parents would not allow her
to see, and she ultimately
compromised herself so seri-
ously with him that they
had to consent to her mar-
riage. La Terre.

Madeleine, a little girl of ten
years of age who was an
inmate of the institute
founded by Princess d'Or-
viedo. Her mother was un-
able to look after her properly,
and placed her there in the
hope that she would be well
cared for. U Argent,

Madeline (Abb!:), was sent to
Rognes, when that commune
decided to have a cure to
itself. Ho came from a
mountainous district, and dis-
heartened by the flatness of
the vast plain of La Beauce,
and especially by the religious
indifference of his parish-

MAD

142

loners, he soon fell into ill-
health, on one occasion faint-
ing while he was saying Mass.
At the end of two years and
a half he left Rognes in a
dying state, and returned to
his native mountains. La
Terre.

Madinier (M.) carried on busi-
ness as a cardboard manu-
facturer in part of the tene-
ment occupied by the Cou-
peaus and the Lorilleux.
The business was not pros-
perous, as he spent all his
earnings on drink. He was
one of Coupeau's witnesses
on the occasion of his marriage
to Gervaise Mac quart, and
was present at the wedding
dinner. UAssommoir,

Maffre (M.), a magistrate of
Plassans and honorary Canon
of Saint-Saturnin's church.
Politically he was a Legiti-
mist, and he was a friend of
M. Rastoil, at whose house the
party was in the habit of
meeting. La Conquete de
Plassans.

Maffre (Alphonse), second son
of the magistrate at Plassans,
aged eighteen years. Re-
strained too much by their
father, the two brothers
Maffr6 were especially inti-
mate with Guillaume Por-
quier, who frequently led

them into mischief.
quete de Plassans.

MAH

La Con-

Maffr^ (Ambroise), elder son of
the magistrate at Plassans,
aged twenty. La Conquete de
Plassans.

Maginot, inspector of woods at
Mezieres. He married Gil-
berte de Vineuil, but died a
few years afterwards. La
Debdcle.

Maginot (Madame). See Gil-
berte de Vineuil.

Maheu (Alzire), the fourth
child of Toussaint Maheu,
aged nine years. She was
deformed and delicate, but of
precocious intelligence, and
was able to assist her mother
in many ways, sacrificing
herself always for others. She
died of cold and hunger
during the strike at Montsou.
Germinal.

Maheu (Catherine), second
child of Toussaint Maheu,
worked as a putter in the
Voreux pit along with the
other members of her family.
She liked ifitienne Lantier,
but became the mistress of
Chaval, who treated her so
abominably that she eventu-
ally returned home. As a
result of the terrible catas-
trophe brought about by
Souvarine, she was imprisoned
at the bottom of the pit along

MAH

143

MAH

with Chaval and fitienne.
A struggle between the two
men ensued, and Chaval was
killed. Days elapsed before
rescue arrived, but before
then Catherine had died in
the arms of Etienne, whom she
had really loved all along.
Germinal.

Maheu (Estelle), seventh child
of Toussaint Maheu, aged
three months. Her constant
crying disturbed the house-
hold. Oerminal.

Maheu (Guillaume), great-
grandfather of Toussaint
Maheu. When a boy of fifteen,
he found rich coal at Requil-
lart, the Montsou Company's
first pit, and the seam he dis-
covered was named after him.
He died of old age at sixty.
Germinal.

Maheu (Henri), sixth child of
Toussaint Maheu, aged four
years. Germinal.

Maheu (Jeanlin), third child
of Toussaint Maheu, aged
eleven years. He was em-
ployed at the Voreux pit, and
earned twenty sous a day.
His nature was vicious, and
he forced his companions
B6bert Levaque and Lydie
Pierron to commit petty
thefts, with the proceeds of
which he concealed himself
in a disused mine. His
criminal tendencies increased,

until he was unable to resist
the inclination to kill one of
the soldiers who guarded the
Voreux pit during the strike.
He accordingly waited till
night, and leaping on the
shoulders of Jules, a little
soldier from Brittany, thrust
a knife into his throat and
killed him. Germinal.

Maheu (Lenore), fifth child of
Toussaint Maheu, aged six
years. She was always fighting
with her brother Henri, who
was very like her in ap-
pearance, both having large
heads with light yellow hair.
Germinal.

Maheu (Nicolas), grandfather
of Toussaint Maheu. He was
killed by a landslip in the pit,
when he was barely forty
years old. Germinal.

(Maheu (Toussaint)^ son of old
Bonnemort, and husband of
La Maheude. He was con-
sidered one of the best work-
men in the Voreux pit, did
not drink, and was liked and
respected by all his com-
panions. He had been for a
considerable time under the
influence of the doctrines
taught by fitienne Lantier
when he was selected by h
comrades to place their views
before the officials of the
comi)any. In the great strike
which followed he took part,

MAH

144

MAH

and in the attack on the
troops sent to guard the pit
he was driven on by his wife
to join the aggressors. He
fell, shot through the heart,
after the fatal volley fired by
the soldiers. Germinal.

Maheu (Vincent). See Bonne-
mort.

Maheu (Zacharie), eldest child
of Toussaint Maheu. He
worked in the Voreux pit
along with his father, but was
lazy and seized any oppor-
tunity of pleasure. He was
married to Philomene Le-
vaque, by whom he already
had two children. The strike
interested him very little,
and he spent most of his time
playing crosse with Mouquet.
But when his sister Catherine
was entombed in the pit he
was one of the first to come
forward to the rescue, and
he worked day and night with
frantic energy. The ninth
day, in his haste, he was
imprudent enough to open
his lamp, and a sudden ex-
plosion of gas reduced him
to a calcined, unrecognizable
mass. Germinal.

Maheude (La), wife of Tous-
saint Maheu. She was at
first against the miners' strike,
but moved by the hardship
of her lot and the poverty in
which she was forced to

bring up her family, she ulti-
mately urged her husband to
take an active part. Even
after she had seen him killed
by the bullets of the soldiers,
she was furious with those
who talked of submitting.
But further tragedies broke
her spirit ; her son Zacharie
was killed in an attempt to
rescue his sister, entombed
at the bottom of the Voreux
pit. Out of charity the com-
pany allowed the afflicted
woman to go underground
again, though she was past
the usual age, and found em-
ployment for her in the mani-
pulation of a small ventilator.
Germinal.
Mahoudeau, a sculptor. The
son of a stonemason at
Plassans, he attained great
success at the local art com-
petitions, and came to Paris
as the laureat of his town,
with an allowance of eight
hundred francs per annum
for four years. In the capital,
however, he found his level,
failing in his competitions at
the School of Arts, and merely
spending his allowance to no
purpose ; so that in order to
live he was obliged at the
end of his term to enter the
employment of a manu-
facturer of church statues.
Later, however, he met with
Claude Lantier and other

MAI

145

MAL

companions from Plassans,
and under their influence his
ambitions revived. He in-
stalled himself in a studio in
Rue du Cherche-Midi, and
there set about the production
of a colossal work entitled
La Vendangeuse (the Vintage
Girl), for which Madame Mat-
hilde Jabouille served as
model. For a time Chaine,
who also came from Plassans,
lived with Mahoudeau, but
they quarrelled over Mat-
hilde, and ultimately sepa-
rated. After this Mahoudeau
lived alone, in considerable
poverty, until he got employ-
ment from a manufacturer of
artistic bronzes. He then
began to produce work which
suited the popular taste, and
his productions began to be
seen on middle-class chimney-
pieces. UCEuvre.

Maiqrat, the principal shop-
keeper in Montsou. He was
originally an overseer at the
Voreux pit, but, assisted by
the company, started a busi-
ness which grew to such pro-
portions that he ultimately
crushed out most of the other
retail traders. He was a
greedy, rapacious man, and
during the strike made the
women furious by refusing
credit. For other reasons
also they hated him, and his

shop was one of the first
places attacked by the mad-
dened strikers. In terror
Maigrat took refuge on the
roof, but his foot slipped, and
he was dashed to the ground,
being killed on the spot.
Even this did not satisfy his
assailants, for the frenzied
women, led by La Brule,
rushed forward and mutilated
the still quivering body. Ger-
minal.

Maigrat (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She was a pitiful
creature who passed all her
days over a ledger without
even daring to lift her head.
On the day of the attack by
the strikers she was a witness
of the death of her husband
and of the terrible events
which followed. Up at the
window she stood motion-
less ; but beneath the last
gleams of the setting sun the
confused faults of the window-
panes deformed her white face,
which looked as though it
were laughing. Oerminal.

Malgbas (Le PI:re), a picture-
dealer with whom Claude
Lantier had frequent dealings.
He was a thick-set old man,
with close-cropped white hair,
and wore a dirty old coat that
made him look like an untidy
cabman. Beneatli this dis-
guise was concealed a keen

MAL

146

MAR

knowledge of art, combined
with a ferocious skill in bar-
gaining. As a superb liar,

equal. He was satisfied with
a small profit, but never pur-
chased in the morning without
knowing where to dispose of
his purchase at night. He
viewed with disdain the
modern methods of picture-
dealing introduced by Naudet,
and like a cautious man he
retired with a modest fortune
to a little house at Bois-
Colombes. UCEuvre.

Malignon (M.), a young stock-
broker who was supposed to
have a large fortune and
accordingly was received
everywhere in society. He
posed as a critic of art, litera-
ture, and the drama, and
pretended to be bored with
everything. Madame Deberle,
being carried away by his
attentions, was foolish enough
to promise to meet him at a
fiat which he had taken, but
Madame Helene Grand jean
having warned her that Dr.
Deberle had got wind of the
affair, the intended liaison
came to nothing, line Page
d'Amour.

Maliverne (Rose). /See Madame
Rose Fouan.

Malivoire, a coach-hirer at
Arromanches. He was the

owner of the omnibus which
ran between Arromanches and
Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre.
moreover, he was without an^jyMALOIR (Madame), a respect-
able-looking elderly woman,
was Nana's friend, chaperone,
and companion, writing for
her such letters as she re-
quired. She was always
ready to receive the secrets
of others, but never told any-
thing about herself. It was
said that she lived upon a
mysterious pension, but she
never appeared to carry any
money with her. She had a
mania for doing up all her
hats afresh. Nana.

Maman Nini, the pet name given
by Angelique to Fran9ois
Hamelin. Le Eeve.

Manguelin (Madame), a young,
retiring woman, who was to
some extent dependent on
the bounty of Madame
Deberle. Une Page d' Amour.

Manoury, a salesman at the
Central Markets in Paris. He
was the employer of Logre
and Clemence. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Marcel, a vegetable-dealer at
the Paris Halles Centrales.
Le Ventre de Paris.

Mardienne Freres, manu-
facturers of church ornaments
in Rue Saint-Sulpice. Made-
moiselle Menu worked in their
establishment. Pot-Bouille.

MAR

147

MAR

Marechal, a bookmaker who
had formerly been coachman
to Comte de Vandeuvres. As
the result of a racing swindle
by Vandeuvres, Marechal lost
a large sum over a filly named
Nana, and, his suspicions hav-
ing been aroused, he caused
such a scandal that the Comte
was disqualified by the racing
committee. Nana.

^ Marescot (M.), a cutler in the
Rue de la Paix, who had once
turned a grindstone in the
streets and was now said to
be worth several millions. He
was a man of fifty-five, large,
bony, with the huge hands of
an old workman ; one of his
delights was to carry off the
knives and scissors of his
tenants, which he sharpened
himself for his own amuse-
ment. He owned the large
tenement-house on the Rue
Goutte d'Or, in which resided
the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and
others, and though a fair
landlord, would brook no
delay in payment of rent,
turning out defaulters without
mercy. UAasommoir.

Mareuil (M. de), a retired
sugar-refiner of Havre whoso
real name was Bonnet. After
amassing a largo fortune, he
married a young girl of good
birth, wliose name he assumed.
He waB ambitious and hoped

to become a member of the
Corps Legislatif through the
influence of his friend Sac-
card, whose brother Eugene
Rougon was a Minister of
State. To secure this he agreed
to a marriage between his
daughter and Maxime Sac-
card. He was a man of solemn
and imposing appearance, but
was absolutely without brains.
La Curee.

Mareuil (Madame Hel:&ne de),
wife of the preceding. She
came of a noble and wealthy
family, but lived such a fast
life that she died young, worn
out by pleasure. La Curee.

Mareuil (Louise de), daughter
of a retired sugar-refiner of
Havre. Slightly deformed and
plain-looking, but with fasci-
nating manners, she married
Maxime Saccard, to whom she
brought a large dowry. Six
months afterwards she died
of consumption in Italy. La
Curee.

Mareuil (Comtesse de), em-
ployed Clara Prunaire in her
house to attend to the mend-
ing of linen. Au Bonheur dea
Dames.

Marqaillan, a great building
contractor, many times a
millionaire, who made his
fortune out of the great
public works of Paris, running
up whole boulevards on his

MAR

148

MAR

own account. He was a man
of remarkable activity, with
a great gift of administration,
and an instinctive knowledge
of the streets to construct and
the buildings to buy. Moved
by the success of Dubuche
at the School of Art, and by
the recommendations of his
masters there, Margaillan took
the young architect into part-
nership, and agreed to his
marriage with his daughter
Regine. Unfortunately, Du-
buche showed deplorable in-
capacity in carrying into prac-
tice the theories which he had
learned at the School of Art,
and Margaillan, after losing
considerable sums, returned
to his original methods of
construction, thrusting his
son-in-law to one side. He
possessed a magnificent estate
named La Richaudiere, near
Bennecourt. UCEuvre.

Margaillan (Madame), wife of
the preceding. She was a
girl of the middle -classes,
whose family history was a
bad one, and after suffering
for years from anaemia, she
ultimately died of phthisis.
UCEuvre.

Margaillan (RIigine), daugh-
ter of the preceding, and
wife of Louis Dubuche. She
was very delicate, and suffered
from a phthisical tendency

derived from her mother,
which in turn she handed
down to her two children,
Gaston and Alice. It was
frequently necessary for her
to leave home for the benefit
of her health, and during her
absences the children were left
at La Richaudiere in charge of
their father. UCEuvre.

Maria, an actress at the Theatre
des Varietes. Nana.

Marjolin, a boy who was found
in a heap of cabbages at the
Paris market. It was never
known who his parents were,
and he became the adopted
child of the place, always
finding a lodging with one or
other of the market-women.
Later on he lived with Ma-
dame Chantemesse, who had
adopted Cadine, another
foundling, and the two chil-
dren grew up together, be-
coming inseparable. Marjolin
was always of slow intellect,
and as the result of an injury
to his head he became practi-
cally an idiot. Gavard gave
him employment in the
poultry market. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Marsoullier, proprietor of the
Hotel Boncceur, where Ger-
vaise Macquart and Lantier
put up when they came to
Paris. UAssommoir.

MAR

149

MAR

Mabtin, coachman to Dr. Caze-
nove. He was an old man who
formerly served in the navy,
and had his leg amputated by
Cazenove. La Joie de Vivre.

Martine, the old servant of
Dr. Pascal, with whom she
had been for thirty years.
She brought up Clotilde
Rougon, whose affection for
the doctor excited her jealousy
later on. Martine, who was
devoted to her master, de-
sired to force him to be
reconciled with the Church,
but Clotilde, at first her
accomplice, escaped from re-
ligious influences and gave
herself entirely to Pascal,
leaving Martine with no
other resource but prayer.
She was extremely avaricious,
but when the doctor was
ruined, her devotion was such
that she used some of her
own money to purchase the
necessaries of life for him.
Distracted at the sudden
death of her master, and in
the hope of saving him from
damnation, she assisted
Madame Felicite Rougon to
destroy his great work on
heredity, which in her narrow-
minded bigotry she believed
was intended to subvert true
religion. The work of de-
struction completed, she wont
away to live by herself at

Sainte-Marthe, as she refused
to serve any other master
than the one she had been
with so many years. Le Doc-
teur Pascal.

Martineau (M.), a notary of
Coulonges, and brother of
Madame Correur. He ignored
his sister for many years, but
his principles would not allow
him to disinherit her, and he
made a will under which his
property would be divided
between her and his wife.
Soon thereafter, Madame Cor-
reur, knowing him to be in
bad health, denounced him
as a dangerous Republican to
Rougon, then Minister of the
Interior, and his arrest fol-
lowed. The shock, together
with the unnecessary harsh-
nesses displayed by Gilquin,
the commissary of police,
caused Martineau 's death, and
the subsequent popular outcry
had much to do with Rougon's
second resignation of office.
Son Excellence Ettgene Rougon.

Martineau (Madame), wife of
the preceding. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

Marsy (Comte de), Minister
of the Interior before Eugene
Rougon, who succeeded him
on his appointment as Presi-
dent of the Corps L^gislatif.
Marsy, who was said to bo the
son of a queen, was brilliant,

MAR

150

MAS

immoral, and unscrupulous.
He was the chief political
opponent of Eugene Rougon
and had great influence at
the Court of Napoleon III.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Marty (M.), a master at the
Lycee Bonaparte, who was
being ruined by the extrava-
gance of his wife, and was
obliged to double his salary
by giving private lessons, in
order to meet the constantly
growing household expenses.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Marty (Madame), wife of the
preceding, was a woman of

. about thirty-five years of
age, whose face, never beauti-
ful, was now much marked
by small-pox. She had a
perfect mania for spending
money on clothes, and never
visited " The Ladies' Para-
dise " without buying in-
numerable articles for which
she had no need. As a result
of her extravagance, her hus-
band was nearly ruined, and
was forced to increase his
earnings by giving private
lessons. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Marty (Valentine), daughter
of the preceding, a young girl
of fourteen years of age, who
was used by her mother as
an excuse for some of her
extravagance, as she dressed

her like herself, with all the
fashionable novelties of which
she submitted to the irre-
sistible seduction. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

Mascart (Pere), a blind para-
lytic to whom Angelique
showed much kindness. Le

Reve.

Massacre, one of the dogs of
old Soulas, the shepherd. It
shared the hatred of its master
of La Cognette. La Terre.

Massias, a frequenter of the
Paris Bourse, where he gained
a living by bringing business
to stockbrokers, from whom
he received a commission on
each transaction. He was
employed by Saccard after the
foundation of the Universal
Bank, and by speculating in
the shares he made a con-
siderable fortune. With the
downfall of the institution, he
lost everything, and found
himself in debt for a large
sum. By borrowing from
friends, and pledging his entire
life, he paid his debts and
started afresh. L' Argent.

Massicot, a tradesman of Plas-
sans who was enrolled and
armed by Pierre Rougon to
deliver the Town Hall from
the Republicans who had
occupied it. He was so
excited that when he got
into the building he fired in

MAS

151

MAU

the air without knowing he
had done so. La Fortune des
Rougon.

Masson (Colonel), commander
of the troops which crushed
the RepubUcan rising in 1851.
La Fortune des Rougon.

Mathias, an old hunchback
who worked on the farm of
La Borderie. La Terre,

Mathieu, a large dog which
belonged to the Chanteaus at
Bonneville and was a great
favourite of the family. The
death of this animal greatly
accelerated the unreasoning
fear of inevitable mortality
with which the mind of
Lazare Chanteau was be-
coming obsessed. La Joie de
Vivre.

Mathilde, an actress at the
Theatre des Varietes. Nana.

Matignon, a draper in Paris,
whose shop was near that of
Baudu. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Maudit (Abb6), Vicar of Saint-
Roch, Paris, he counted
among liis parishioners the
Josserands and the Duvey-
riers. Though well aware
of the immorality that went
on in his parish, he recognized
the impoHsibility of stopping
it, and did what he could to
hide it under the cloak of
rehgion. When the scandal

arose about Madame Auguste
Vabre, he was approached
by her relations, and at their
request acted as intermediary
between the husband and
wife. Pot-Bouille.

Maugendre (M.), father of
Madame Jordan ; was a re-
tired awning manufacturer
who had made a considerable
fortune from his business. He
disapproved of his daughter's
marriage, and refused to give
her any dowry, on the pretext
that she would have his for-
tune intact when he was dead
and gone. He was a careful
man, averse from speculation,
but having on one occasion
made a small venture, he
gradually became imbued with
the craze. The phenomenal
success of the Universal Bank
induced him to purchase its
shares more and more wildly,
until, when the crash came,
he was so deeply committed
as to be ruined. Jordan,
who by this time had met
with some success in litera-
ture, came to his assistance.
UArgent.

Maugendre (Madame), wife of
the preceding, was at first
bitterly opposed to tlio small
speculations entered into by
her husband. She soon got
infected with the craze, and
became even more reckless

MAU

152

MAZ

than he, urging him to
involve himself more and
more deeply in the fortunes
of the Universal Bank. U Ar-
gent.

Maugendre (Marcelle). See
Madame Marcelle Jordan.

Mauriac (Baron de), starter
at the racecourse of Long-
champ. Nana.

Maurin, a hatter of Plassans,
who was selected by the
Republicans of that town as
their candidate. At the elec-
tion he only received about
fifteen hundred votes against
the rival candidate, M. De-
langre. La Conquete de Plas-
sans.

Maurin, a notary at Tulettes,
who was also Mayor of the
Commune. It was he who
drew up the certificate of
death of Antoine Macquart
from spontaneous combustion.
Le Docteur Pascal.

Mazaud, a broker on the Paris
Bourse, who succeeded on
the death of his uncle to one
of the largest businesses in
the city. He was young and
pleasant -looking, with such
remarkable activity and in-
tuition that he soon came
into the first rank. He was
also assisted by the fact that
he did business with all the
great bankers, and was re-

puted to have a second cousin
employed at the Havas News
Agency. After the founda-
tion of the Universal Bank,
he became the official broker
of that institution, and the
great gamble in its shares
resolved itself into a duel
between him and Jacoby, the
one buying for Saccard and
the other selling for Gunder-
mann. Mazaud did not specu-
late on his own account, but
the failure of the bank led to
so many of his clients being
unable to meet their differ-
ences that he was ruined.
After putting his affairs in
order so far as possible, he
committed suicide. L' Argent.

Mazaud (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She married for
love, and brought to her
husband a considerable for-
tune. She had two children,
a girl and a boy. The suicide
of her husband completely
overwhelmed her with grief.
L'Argent.

Mazel, a famous master at the
School of Arts, and the last
rampart of elegant conven-
tionality. The first year that
the Hanging Committee of the
Salon was elected by the
artists themselves, Mazel was
chosen president. In the
selection of pictures he was
susceptible to influence, and

MEC

153

MEH

was guided more by the name
of the artist than by the
quality of the work. UCEuvre.

M^CHAiN, proprietor of a racing-
stable. Hazard, one of his
horses, ran in the Grand Prix
de Paris. Nana.

Mechain (Madame), a woman
in the employment of Busch,
the money-lender and debt
collector. She assisted him
in tracing debtors, and in the
purchase of securities of bank-
rupt companies. She was a
cousin of Rosalie Chavaille,
mother of Victor Saccard,
on whose death she was left
with the boy to bring up.
On discovering the paternity
of Victor some years later,
she and Busch attempted to
blackmail Saccard, but with-
out success, though they had
previously got a considerable
sum from Caroline Hamelin,
who wished to save Saccard
from annoyance. U Argent,

MfiGOT (Justine), a young maid-
servant of Renee Saccard.
She had a son to Maximo
Rougon in 1857, and was sent
to live in the country with
the child on a small annuity.
La Curee.

Three years later she
married Anselme Thomas, a
harness-maker at Plassans.
They had two cliildreu, and
would have lived happily but

for the husband's dislike to
her eldest child, Charles
Rougon. Her conduct after
marriage was exemplary in
every way. Le Docteur Pascal.

Mehudin (Madame), originally
came from Rouen to Paris,
where she ever afterwards re-
mained in the fish trade.
As her two daughters, Louise
and Claire, got on badly
together, she ultimately
divided her business between
them, Louise going to the
general fish - market, while
Claire installed herself among
the fresh- water fish. " From
that time the old mother,
although she pretended to
have retired from business
altogether, would flit from
one stall to the other, still
interfering in the selling of the
fish, and causing her daughters
continual annoyance by the
foul insolence with which she
at times spoke to customers."
Le Ventre de Paris.

MiiHUDiN (Claire), the second
daughter of Madame M6hudin,
was an idle, fair-complex ioned
girl, with a gentle manner.
She had, however, a strong
will, and was invariably at
loggerheads with others.
When Florent became In-
spector at the Fish Market,
Clairo took his part against
her mother and sister, but

MEH

154

MEN

afterwards went to the oppo-
site extreme when his rela-
tions with Louise had become
friendly. It appeared that
she had a real affection for
him, however, as after his
arrest she assaulted her sister
in the belief that she had
given information to the
police. Le Ventre de Paris.

Mehudin (Louise), commonly-
called La Normande. She
was a beautiful woman who
had at one time been engaged
to be married to a clerk in
the corn-market. He was,
however, accidentally killed,
leaving Louise with a son,
who was known in the market
by the nickname of Muche.
When Florent was first ap-
pointed Inspector in the Fish
Market, Louise, who had
quarrelled with his sister-in-
law, Lisa, did everything she
could to annoy him. After-
wards, partly gratified by his
kindness to her son, and partly
to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu,
she became reconciled to him.
Le Ventre de Paris.

Meinhold (Madame de), a lady
well-known in the Society of
the Second Empire. She was
a friend of Madame de Lau-
werens and of the Saccards.
La Curee.

Melanie, cook in the employ-
ment of the Gregoires, with

whom she had been for thirty
years. Germinal.

Melanie, the servant of Denizet,
the examining magistrate at
Rouen. The latter was anx-
ious for promotion, in order
that his old servant might be
better fed and consequently
better tempered. La Bete
Humaine.

Melie, niece of the Fancheurs.
She was a girl from the village
of Bennecourt, who waited on
Claude Lantier and Christine
in their cottage there, and
greatly amused them by her
stupidity. After the death
of the Fancheurs, the inn
came into the possession of
Melie, but soon lost favour on
account of its dirt and dis-
order. UCEuvre.

Menu (Mademoiselle), aunt
of Fanny Menu, who lived
with her. She had been an
embroideress for thirty years,
but her sight failed and she
was obliged to give up work.
Fortunately she received a
small legacy from a relative,
and on this, added to the
earnings of her niece, she was
able to live. Pot-Bouille,

Menu (Fanny), a young girl
who was protected by Narcisse
Bachelard. As he on one oc-
casion found her with Gueu-
lin, his nephew, under com-
promising circumstances, he

MER

155

MIG

insisted on their marriage,
and gave her a handsome
dowry. Pot-Bouille.

Merle, usher at the Council of
State. He was appointed by
Eugene Rougon, through the
influence of Madame Correur.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

P^Mes Bottes, the sobriquet of
one of Coupeau's companions.
He was a heavy drinker
and an enormous eater, and
on account of the latter gift he
was occasionally asked by his
friends to join such parties of
pleasure as paid by contract
for their entertainment, in
order that they might watch
the landlord's face lengthen
at the rapid disappearance of
food. Chiefly for this reason,
he was asked to the Coupeaus'
wedding party. U Assommoir .

Meyer, owner of a Viennese
bakery in faubourg Poisson-
niere. The Coupeaus bought
their bread from him in order
to please Lantier. U Assom-
moir.

Michelin (M.), a surveyor of
the Municipal Council. " His
wife, a pretty woman, occa-
sionally called to apologize
to her husband's chiefs for
his absence, when he stayed
away through ill-lioalth. He
was often ill, but he obtained
promotion at each illness."
In order to secure Saccard's

influence, Michelin assisted
him in getting exorbitant
prices for land sold to the
city. La Curee.

Michelin (Madame), wife of the
preceding. By means of her
good looks and a determina-
tion to get on at any cost, she
secured the influence of her
husband's superiors, and got
rapid promotion for him in
the oflice of the Municipal
Council. La Curee.

MiETTE, the pet name of Marie
Chantegreil {q.v.).

MiETTE, one of the peasant girls
of Les Artaud who assisted
to decorate the church for the
festival of the Virgin. La
Faute de VAbhe Mouret.

MiGNON, a man who, beginning
life as a bricklayer, had
amassed a fortune by specula-
tions in building land during
the early days of the Second
Empire. Along with Charrier,
his partner, he had many
business dealings with Aristide
Saccard. La Curee.

^^IGNON, husband of an actress
at the Theatre dcs Vari6t6s.
When Rose married him he
was leader of the orchestra
at a caf6 concert where she
sang. They were the best of
friends, and lived together
on the earnings of the wife,
who exploited her beauty not
loss than her talents. Mignon

MIG

156

MIS

was always on the best of
terms with his wife's lovers,
even assisting them occasion-
ally to deceive her, with the
view of bringing them back
in penitence later on. Nana.

MiGNON (Chables), younger son
of the preceding. Nana.

MiGNON (Henri), elder son of
Mignon. Along with his
brother Charles he was edu-
cated at a boarding-school.
Nana.

(\j Mignon (Rose), wife of Mignon,
was a star actress at the
Theatre des Varietes, being a
fine comedienne and an ad-
mirable singer. She was dark
and thin with that charming
ugliness which is peculiar
to the gamins of Paris. It
was she who, annoyed by
the rivalry of Nana, one day
made Comte de Muffat aware
of the liaison between his
wife and Fauchery. She was,
however, a good - hearted
woman, and when she learned
that Nana had contracted
small-pox she arranged for
her removal to the Grand
Hotel, and nursed her there
till she died. Nana.

MiGNOT, one of the salesmen
in the glove department at
" The Ladies' Paradise." He
entered into a conspiracy with
Albert Lhomme to defraud
his employer, and this was

successful to a considerable
extent before its discovery ;
his dismissal followed, but
there was no prosecution, as
the firm preferred not to
bring its internal affairs before
the public eye. He after-
wards got a situation as a
traveller, and had even the
boldness to call at " The
Ladies' Paradise." Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

MiMi-LA-MoRT, a pupil at the
College of Plassans, who was
also nicknamed Le Squelette-
Externe (the Skeleton Day-
Boarder) on account of his
extreme thinness. Against
the regulations of the College,
he used to bring in snuff to the
other scholars. UCEuvre.

Minouche, a white cat which
belonged to the Chanteaus.
La Joie de Vivre.

MiSARD, signalman on the rail-
way at Croix -de-Maufras, be-
tween Malaunay and Barentin.
He was a little puny man,
with thin, discoloured hair
and beard, and a lean, hollow-
cheeked face. His work was
mechanical, and he seemed
to carry it through without
thought or intelligence. His
wife, a cousin of Jacques
Lantier, looked after the level-
crossing which adjoined their
house until failing health pre-
vented her from leaving the

MIS

157

MOR

house. For this little man,
silently and without anger,
was slowly poisoning his wife
with a powder which he
placed in the salt which she
ate. This crime, patient and
cunning, had for its cause a
legacy of a thousand francs
left to Aunt Phasie by her
father, a legacy which she
had hidden, and refused to
hand over to Misard. But
the old woman triumphed in
the end, for though Misard
searched day and night for
the treasure, he was never
able to find it ; she died
taking her secret with her.
An old woman of the neigh-
bourhood. La Ducloux, whom
he had employed to attend
to the level -crossing after the
death of his wife, induced him
to marry her by pretending
that she had discovered the
secret hoard. La Bete Hu-
maine.

Misard (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See Phasie (Aunt).

MoRANGE (Charlot), son of
Silvine Morange and of Go-
liath Steinberg. Physically
he resembled his father's race,
whom, however, he was
brouglit up to hate. Hidden
behind his mother, he was at
three years old a witness of
the murder of his father by
the francs- tireurs. La Debdcle.

Morange (Silvine), servant
with Fouchard at Remilly.
Her mother, who was a worker
in a factory at Raucourt,
died when she was quite
young, and her godfather,
Dr. Dalichamp, got her a
situation with Fouchard.
Honore Fouchard fell in love
with her, and they became
engaged, but the opposition
of the old man was so great
that Honore went away from
home and enlisted in the army.
During his absence Silvine
fell a victim to the wiles of
Goliath Steinberg, and a child,
Chariot, was born, Steinberg
having previously disap-
peared. She had all along
loved Honore, and when he
passed through Remilly on
his way to fight the Prussians
he forgave her, and promised
to marry her on his return.
When she heard that he had
been killed in the battle of
Sedan, she became nearly
mad, and with Prosper Sam-
buc made a wild search of the
battlefield for her lover's body.
They found it eventually,
and brought it back in a cart
for burial. Goliath Steinberg,
who was a German spy, again
made advances to her, and,
to save herself and her friends,
she betrayed him to the
francs -tireurs, who killed him
in her presence. La Debdcle.

MOR

158

MOU

MoRizoT, a friend of Malignon,
who took him to the children's
party at Deberle's house. Une
Page d' Amour.

MosER, a speculator on the Paris
Bourse. He was a short,
yellow -skinned man, who
suffered from liver complaint
and was continually lament-
ing, in constant dread of some
imminent catastrophe. In
consequence of his views, he
was known on the Bourse as
" bear " Moser. Speculating
heavily against the rise in the
shares of the Universal Bank,
he was at one time on the
verge of ruin, but the collapse
of that institution left him
with an enormous fortune.
U Argent.

Mouche(Le PERE),the sobriquet
of Michel Fouan, the third
son of Joseph Casimir Fouan,
and brother of La Grande,
Pere Fouan, and Laure Ba-
deuil. When his father's
estate was divided, he re-
ceived the family dwelling-
house and some land, but was
dissatisfied with his share
and continued to accuse his
brother and sister, though
forty years had elapsed, of
having robbed him when the
lots were drawn. He had
been long a widower, and, a
soured unlucky man, he lived
alone with his two daughters.

Lise and Franyoise. At sixty
years of age he died of an
attack of apoplexy. La Terre.

MoucHE (FRANgoiSE), youngcF
daughter of Michel Fouan,
alias Mouche. Her mother
died early, and she was
brought up by her sister Lise,
to whom she was devotedly
attached. She had a passion
for justice, and when she
had said " that is mine and
that is yours," she would
have been prepared to go to
the stake in support of her
rights. This execration of
injustice gradually led to a
change of feeling between the
two sisters, for after the
marriage of Lise to Buteau
a division of the land should
have been made. Buteau and
his wife on various pretexts
put off this division, and it
was only on the marriage of
Fran9oise to Jean Macquart
that it was carried out. An
entire estrangement between
the two families followed,
and constant quarrels took
place. After a shameful as-
sault by Buteau upon Fran-
goise, his wife threw her
upon a scythe which lay
upon the ground near by,
and the unfortunate girl re-
ceived injuries from which she
died a few hours later. A
sense of loyalty to her family

MOU

159

MOU

induced her to conceal the
cause of these mjuries, which
were attributed to accident.
La Terre.

MoucHE (Lise), elder daughter
of Pere Mouche, and sister
of the preceding. She had a
son to her cousin Buteau, who,
however, did not marry her
for three years afterwards,
when the death of her father
made her heiress to some land.
She was at first an amiable
woman, but grew hardened
under the influence of her
husband, and ultimately her
whole desire was to avoid
the necessity of a division
of her father's estate between
her sister and herself. Moved
by these feelings, her love for
Fran9oise became transformed
into a hatred so intense that
she did not hesitate to assist
her husband in attempting
to bring about tlie girl's ruin.
In the end, having assisted
Buteau in a shameful assault
on Frangoise, she afterwards
threw her upon a scythe
which was lying on the ground
near by, inflicting injuries
which proved fatal. Pdre
Fouan, having been a witness
of the assault, was subse-
quently murdered by Lise
and her husband, to ensure
his silence and their own
safety. La Terre.

Moulin, an assistant station-
master at Havre along with
Roubaud. La Bete Humaine.

Moulin (Madame), wife of the
preceding. She was a little
woman, timid and weak, who
was seldom seen. She had a
large family of young children.
La Bete Humaine.

MouNiER, a tenor singer at the
Opera, who gave the cue to
Madame Daigremont at a
performance in her house.
L'Argent.

Mouque, father of Mouquet
and of Mouquette. He had
charge of the horses in the
Voreux pit, and also acted as
caretaker at a ruined mine
known as the Requillart,
where the company had given
him two rooms to live in.
Almost every evening he re-
ceived a visit from his old
comrade Bonnemort. Oer-
minal.

Mouquet, son of the preceding,
was an inseparable companion
of Zacharie Maheu, along with
whom he worked at the
Voreux pit. During the strike
he went out of curiosity to
see the attack by the strikers
on the soldiers who were
guarding the mines, and was
killed by a stray ball wliicli
struck him in the mouth.
Germinal.

MOU

160

MOU

MouQUETTE, daughter of
Mouque. She was a putter
in the Voreux pit, and lived
with her father at the ruined
mine of Requillart, where
he was caretaker. She was
present at the attack by the
strikers on the soldiers guard-
ing the Voreux, and when the
fatal volley was fired she was
killed, in an instinctive at-
tempt to save Catherine
Maheu, before whom she
placed herself. Germinal.

MouRET, a hatter of Plassans
who married Ursule Mac-
quart in 1810 and went to live
at Marseilles. He was devoted
to his wife, and a year after
her death in 1839, he hanged
himself in a cupboard where
her dresses were still sus-
pended. He left three chil-
dren, Helene, rran9ois, and
Silvere. La Fortune des Ron-
gon.

MouRET (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See Ursule Mac-
quart. La Fortune des Rou-
gon.

MouRET (D:i:siR:§)E), born 1844,
daughter of Frangois Mouret,
and sister of Octave and
Serge. La Fortune des Rougon.
She was of feeble intellect,
and when a girl of sixteen was
still mentally like a child of
eight. When her mother fell
under the influence of Abbe

Faujas, and began entirely to
neglect her family, Frangois
Mouret removed Desiree to
the home of her old nurse, in
whose custody she remained.
La Conquete de Plassans.

When her brother Serge
was appointed priest of Les
Artaud, she accompanied him
there. By that time she had
grown to be a tall, handsome
girl, but her mind had never
developed, and she was still
like a young child. Her love
of animals had become a
passion, and at her brother's
home she was able to indulge
it to the fullest extent, and to
her complete happiness. La
Faute de VAhhe Mouret.

She accompanied her
brother to Saint Eutrope,
where he became cure, and
she continued innocent and
healthy, like a happy young
animal. Le Docteur Pascal.
Mouret (FRANgois), born in
1817, son of Mouret and
Ursule Mac quart, his wife.
He got a situation in the
business of his uncle, Pierre
Rougon, whose daughter
Marthe he married in 1840.
They had three children,
Octave, Serge, and Desiree.
On the retirement of his
uncle, Mouret returned to
Marseilles and established
himself in business there. La
Fortune des Ron gon.

MOU

161

MOU

During fifteen years of close
application on the part of
Mouret and his wife, he made
a fortune out of wines, oil and
almonds, and then retired
to Plassans, where he lived
on his means, making an
occasional deal in wine or
oil when a chance occurred.
He was not on good terms
with his wife's relations, and
placed himself politically in
opposition to them by sup-
porting the Legitimist candi-
date, the Marquis de Lagri-
foul. In 1858, having two
vacant rooms in his house,
he was induced by the Abbe
Bourrette to let them to
Abbe Faujas, a priest who
had been sent to Plassans by
the Government to undermine
the existing clerical influence
there, which had been exer-
cised in support of the Marquis
de Lagrifoul. Mouret was a
man of narrow and restricted
intellect, and his peculiarities
became more and more
marked as the Abbe Faujas
gradually came to dominate
the household and induce
Madame Mouret to neglect
her husband and family for
the service of the Church.
By degrees Mouret came to
be regarded as insane, and
his wife having hjwi several
epileptic attacks, he was ac-
cused of having caused the

injuries she had really in-
flicted on herself. His wrong-
ful removal to the asylum
at Les Tulettes followed, and
confinement soon confirmed
the insanity which before
had only threatened. In 1 864,
his uncle, Antoine Mac quart,
in order to annoy the Rougons
contrived his escape from the
asylum, and he returned by
night to his home at Plassans.
Finding it in the occupancy
of Abbe Faujas and his rela-
tives, he was overcome by
the fury of madness, and set
fire to the house in several
places. So thoroughly did he
do his work that all the in-
mates, including himself,
perished in the flames. La
Conquete de Plassans.

Mouret (Madame Marthe),
wife of the preceding. See
Marthe Rougon.

Mouret (H6lene), bom 1824,
daughter of Mouret and Ur-
sule Macquart, his wife. La
Fortune des Rougon.

When seventeen years old
she married M. Grand jean,
the son of a sugar-refiner of
Marseilles, whose family were
bitterly opposed to the match
on account of her poverty.
The wedding was a secret one,
and the young couple had
difficulty in making ends
meet until an uncle died,
leaving them ten thousand

MOU

162

francs a year. " It was then
that Grand] can, within whom
an intense hatred of Marseilles
was growing, had decided
on coming to Paris, to live
there for good." The day
after their arrival Grand jean
was seized with illness, and
after eight days he died,
leaving his wife with one
daughter, a young girl of
ten. Helene, who was a
woman of singular beauty,
had no friends in Paris except
Abbe Jouve and his half-
brother M. Rambaud, but
from them she received much
kindness. Her daughter
Jeanne was far from strong,
having inherited much of the
hereditary neurosis of her
mother's family, along with a
consumptive tendency from
that of her father. A sudden
illness of the girl led to an
acquaintance with Doctor
Deberle, and this ripened into
love between him and Helene,
though considerations of duty
kept them apart. Meantime,
Helene had discovered the
beginnings of an intrigue be-
tween Madame Deberle and
M. Malignon, and in order
to break it off was herself
placed in such a compromising
position towards Doctor
Deberle that he became her
lover. The discovery of the
fact by Jeanne, whose jealous

love of her mother amounted
to a mania, led to the child's
illness and death, and to her
mother's bitter repentance.
Two years later H61ene
married M. Rambaud, and
went to live at Marseilles.
XJne Page d' Amour.

She lived for many years,
very happy, and idolized by
her husband, in a house
which he owned near Mar-
seilles,close to the seashore. She
had no children by her second
marriage. Le Docteur Pascal.
MouRET (Octave), born 1840,
son of Frangois Mouret. La
Fortune des Rougon.

A young man of high spirits
and somewhat idle habits, he
made little progress at college,
and failed to pass the ex-
aminations for a degree. His
father was much annoyed at
this, and sent him off to Mar-
seilles to enter a commercial
business. The reports re-
garding him were, however,
unsatisfactory, as it appeared
that he showed no inclination
to settle to hard work and
was living a dissolute life.*
La Conquete de Plassans.

* It is interesting to note that l>y a
curious oversight M. Zola in Fot-Bouille
refers to Octave Mouret as having passed
the examination for liis bachelor's degree
before leaving Plassans, and states tliat
at Marseilles the lad showed a passion
for business life, being able during his
three years' stay there to make a sum of
five thousand francs (£200), which he
tQo]c with him to Paris.

MOU

163

MOU

After the death of his
parents. Serge Mouret, who
was about to take Holy
Orders, renounced his share
of his father's fortune in
favour of his brother Octave.
La Faute de VAhbe Mouret.

He was appointed a member
of the family council which
nominally had charge of
Pauline Quenu's fortune. La
Joie de Vivre.

After three years at Mar-
seilles he came to Paris, where
he secured an appointment as
assistant at " The Ladies'
Paradise " through the in-
fluence of the Campardons,
who were old friends of his
mother. He formed the pro-
ject of advancing his prospects
by making love to Madame
Hedouin, wife of his employer,
but she gave him no encour-
agement. He resigned his
situation, and went as sales-
man to Auguste Vabre, a
neighbouring silk merchant.
Vabre's wife {nee Berthe
Josserand) was not on good
terms with her husband, and
a liaison was formed between
her and Octave Mouret, which
subsisted for some time before
it was discovered by Vabre,
who received information from
Rachael, his maid-servant.
Mouret returned to his former
employment at " The Ladies'
Paradise/' and M. U^douin

having died in the interval,
he married the widow a few
months afterwards. He had
developed keen business
ability, with large ideas, and
under his management the
shop became one of the most
important in the district.
Pot-Bouille.

In Mouret's hands the busi-
ness of " The Ladies' Para-
dise " continued to grow, and
repeated extensions of the
building • became necessary.
While one of these was in
progress, Madame Mouret,
who was inspecting the work,
fell into a hole, and as a
result of her injuries died three
days afterwards. Mouret re-
mained a widower, and de-
voted himself to the extension
of his business, though it
was believed that a liaison
with Madame Desforges was
not the only entanglement of
its kind. On the introduction
of Madame Desforges he came
to know Baron Hartmann,
director of the Credit Immo-
bilier, who became interested
in him, and eventually found
the money necessary to carry
out the vast schemes of ex-
tension which he had long had
in mind. By this time Denise
Baudu had come to *' The
Ladies' Paradise " as a sales-
woman, and from the first
Mouret bad taken an interest

MOU

164

MOU

in her. This was probably
increased by the fact that she
resisted all his advances, and
refused all his offers. Ulti-
mately he became so in-
fatuated by her that he asked
her to marry him, which she
agreed to do. By this time the
success of " The Ladies*
Paradise " had become trium-
phant, and the smaller traders
of the district were being
crushed out of existence, and
driven one by one into bank-
ruptcy. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

He assisted at the burial
of his cousin, Claude Lantier
the artist. By this time he
had become very rich, was
decorated with the Legion of
Honour, and was desirous
of giving the impression of
an enlightened taste for art.
UCEuvre.

Octave Mouret, whose im-
mense fortune continued to
increase, had towards the end
of 1872 a second child by his
wife Denise Baudu, whom he
adored, though he again began
to lead a somewhat irregular
life. Their little girl was puny,
but the younger child, a boy,
took after his mother, and
grew magnificently. Le
Docteur Pascal,

Mouret (Madame Caroline),
first wife of the preceding.

See Madame Caroline He-
douin.

Mouret (Madame Denise),
second wife of Octave Mouret.
See Denise Baudu.

Mouret (Serge), born 1841,
son of Fran9ois Mouret. La
Fortune des Rougon.

He was a young man of
nervous temperament and of
somewhat delicate health.
Educated at Plassans, he took
his degree at the college there,
and it was intended that he
should go to Paris to study
for the bar. The state of his
health caused his departure
to be delayed, and meantime
he, like his mother, fell under
the influence of Abbe Faujas.
Ultimately he decided to
abandon the study of the law
in order to become a priest,
and against the wishes of
his father he entered the
Seminary at Plassans. La
Conquete de Plassans.

After being ordained to the
priesthood he was appointed
cure of Les Artaud, a small
village in Provence, to whose
degenerate inhabitants he
ministered with small success.
From his parents he had in-
herited the family taint of
the Rougon-Macquarts, which
in him took the form of morbid
religious enthusiasm bordering
on hysteria. Brain fever

MOU

165

MOU

resulted, and bodily recovery
left the priest without a
mental past. Dr. Pascal
Rougon, his uncle, in the hope
of saving his reason, removed
him to Paradou, the neglected
demesne of a ruined mansion,
where he left him in the care
of Albine, the keeper's niece.
Here Serge slowly recovered
his health, though the memory
of his past was gone, and his
mental development was that
of a boy. In that enchanted
garden, lush with foliage and
with the scent of flowers,
the drama of life unfolded,
and Serge, loving Albine, and
oblivious of his vows, unwit-
tingly broke them. A chance
meeting with Brother Archan-
gais, and a glimpse of the
world outside the Paradou,
recalled to Serge the recol-
lection of his priesthood, and,
filled with horror, he tore
himself from Albine and re-
turned to his cure of souls.
A fierce struggle between love
and duty followed, but in
the end the Church conquered,
and Albine was left to die,
while Serge threw himself
even more feverishly than
before into the observances of
his faith. La Faute de VAbhe
Mouret.

Sent later to Saint-Eutropo,
at the bottom of a marshy
gorge, he was cloistered there

with his sister Desir^e. He
showed a fine humility, re-
fusing all preferment from
his bishop, waiting for death
Hke a holy man, averse to
remedies, although he was
already in the early stage of
phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal.

Mouret (Silvere), born 1834,
son of Mouret, the hatter, and
Ursule Macquart, his wife.
After the death of his father,
Silvere went to live with his
grandmother Adelaide Fouque.
Though poorly educated, he
was fond of reading, and his
lonely life with this old half-
imbecile woman increased his
own tendency to visionary
dreamings. " He was pre-
disposed to Utopian ideas by
certain hereditary influences ;
his grandmother's nervous
disorders became in him a
chronic enthusiasm, striving
after everything that was
grandiose and impossible.'*
His Uncle Antoine Macquart,
who hoped through him to
annoy the Rougons, encour-
aged him in his Republican
views, and after the Coup
d'j^tat he joined the insurrec-
tion which then arose. Miette
Chantegreil, a young girl to
whom he was tenderly de-
voted, accompanied him, but
was shot in an attack by
regular troops. He was taken

MOU

166

MUP

prisoner, and having been
brought back to Plassans,
was executed there. La For-
tune des Rougon.

MoussEAU (Abbe), a priest at
Plassans. La Gonquete de
Plassans.

MouRGUE, a peasant of Poujols,
who, armed with a fork, had
taken part in the insurrec-
tionary rising against the
Coup d'Etat. He was made
prisoner, and was led to
Plassans, tied by the arm to
Silvere Mouret, who had also
been arrested. He was shot
at the same time as Silvere
by Rengade, the gendarme.
La Fortune des Rougon.

MouTON, a cat which belonged
to the Quenus, and was a
favourite of little Pauline.
Le Ventre de Paris.

MucHE, the name by which
Louise Mehudin's son was
known in the market. He
was befriended by Florent,
who taught him to read and
write. Le Ventre de Paris.

MuFFAT (Maman), wife of
General Muffat de Beuville,
who was created Comte by
Napoleon I. She was an in-
sufferable old woman, who
was always hand-in-glove
with the priests, and had an
authoritative manner, which
bent every one to her will.
Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse

Sabine, was entirely under her
dominion, and was forced by
her to lead an almost clois-
tered existence. Nana.
Muffat de Beuville (Comte),
son of the preceding and of
General Muffat de Beuville.
Brought up in the strictest
manner by his mother, his
life was one of cold and severe
propriety, and being regarded
with favour at the Court, he
was appointed Chamberlain to
the Empress. He married
Sabine de Chouard, by whom
he had one daughter, Estelle.
For seventeen years of married
life his career was a pattern
of all the virtues, until a
chance meeting with Nana led
to an infatuation amounting
to mania. Everything was
sacrificed to her, and no
degradation to his self-respect
seemed too high a price to pay
for her favour. Disgusted
for a time by her liaison with
Fontan, he left her, and turned
for amusement to Rose
Mignon, but the infatuation
for Nana reasserted itself,
and he recovered her good
graces by inducing Bordenave
to give her a part which she
greatly desired in La Petite
Duchesse, a play by Fauchery.
He spent vast sums upon
Nana, giving her a magnifi-
cent house in the Avenue de
Villiers. Her influence over

MUF

167

NAT

him became complete, and
he even accepted Daguenet,
her former lover, as his son-
in-law. He overlooked too his
wife's numerous liaisons, as
he required her signature to
enable him to raise still more
money for Nana. Muffat's
means were coming to an end,
however, and the scandal
reached such a height that he
was forced to resign his
position at the Tuileries. It
was only when he learned that
Nana was carrying on a
liaison with his own father-
in-law, the aged Marquis de
Chouard, that he finally
broke with her, and coming
once more under the influence
of Venot, he sought forgetful-
ness of the past in an exag-
gerated devotion to the ser-
vices of the Church. Nana.

MUFFAT DE BeUVILLE (CoM-

tesse), wife of the preceding.
See Sabine de Chouard. Nana.

MuFFAT DE BeUVILLE (fis-

telle), daughter of the pre-
ceding. At sixteen she was
thin and insignificant, seldom
speaking, but after her
marriage to Daguenet, she
exhibited a will of iron, and
completely dominated her
husband. Nana.

MuLLER (Blanche), a favourite
actress at the Theatre des
Vari^t^s. La Curie.

MussY (M. de) was an admirer
of Renee Saccard, and aspired
to be her lover. He received
an appointment on the staff
of the London embassy. La
Curee.

N
Nana. See Anna Coupeau.

Nana, name of a filly in the
racing stable of Vandeuvres.
She had been beaten in several
races, and when run for the
Grand Prix de Paris was
looked on as an outsider. The
success of the filly by fraudu-
lent means led to the dis-
qualification of the owner.
Nana.

Napoleon III, Emperor of the
French. Referred to in Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon and
in La Debdcle.

Nathansohn, a stockbroker.
He came from BesanQon,
where his father was a watch-
maker. He was very fortunate
in his speculations, and soon
became a man of consequence.
His Jewish caution prevented
him from becoming involved
with Saccard in the affairs of
the Universal Bank, and when
that institution collapsed he
was in a position to snatch a
fortune from its ruin. L' Ar-
gent.

NAU

168

NEG

Naud, a shoemaker in Rue
d'Antin who felt severely
the competition of Octave
Mouret's great shop. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Naudet, a cousin of the
Quenus. He was a member of
Pauline's family council, and
consented to her emanci-
pation. La Joie de Vivre.

Naudet, a picture-dealer who
for some years had been
revolutionizing the trade. He
put aside the old cautious
methods, the watching for
pictures by beginners, bought
for ten francs and sold for
fifteen. To judge by his
appearance he might have
been a nobleman, and his
habits were in keeping ; he
was, in fact, a pure speculator
in pictures, caring nothing
for art. But he unfailingly
scented success ; he guessed
what artists ought to be taken
up, not the one likely to
develop the genius of a great
painter, but the one whose
deceptive talent, set off by a
pretended display of audacity,
would command a premium
in the market. He speculated,
in fact, on the ignorance and
vanity of amateurs. It was
he who invented Fagerolles
as a fashion, and made large
sums out of his works. His
success in forcing up the

prices of pictures turned his
head to some extent, and he
even talked of crushing out
all the other dealers. The
exaggerated rise in the price
of pictures came, as was in-
evitable, to an end, and in the
fall which followed Naudet was
practically ruined. UCEuvre.

Negrel (Madame), sister of
M. Hennebeau, the manager
of the Montsou mines. She
was married to a captain,
and after she became a widow
lived at Avignon on a small
income, contenting herself
with little in order that she
might properly educate her
son Paul. Germinal.

NiiGREL (Paul), son of the pre-
ceding. He was engineer at
the Voreux pit, an appoint-
ment which he received from
his uncle, M. Hennebeau,
with whom he lived, being
treated as one of the family.
Madame Hennebeau, not-
withstanding a liaison which
subsisted between her and
Negrel, planned for him a
marriage with Cecile Gr^goire,
an arrangement which was
only prevented by the murder
of the girl by old Bonnemort.
Negrel posed as taking no
interest in the affairs of prac-
tical life, but in the terrible
disaster at the Voreux pit he
threw himself into the work of

NOE

169

ORV

rescue with an ardour beyond
praise. Germinal.

NoEMi, an actress at the Vaude-
ville. Madame Deberle ad-
mired the realistic manner in
which she died in a piece she
played. JJne Page d' Amour.

NoRiNE, a vendor of salted
provisions, who went round
the neighbourhood of Cloyes.
La Terre.

NoRMANDE (La), the sobriquet
of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre
de Paris.

NouGAREDE, an old senator
who was on the point of asking
the hand of Clorinde Balbi
after having seen her at a ball
in the character of Diana the
huntress. Son Excellence Eu-
gene Rougon.

Octave, the favourite lover of
Blanche de Sivry. Nana.

Orviedo (Prince d') came to
Paris from Spain with an
immense fortune made on the
Stock Exchange. There were
strange stories told regarding
the sources of his wealth ;
stories not more creditable
than those told of the armed
bandits of former days, for his
robberies, tliough loss open,
were more dangerous. For

twenty years he took his share
of booty in all the great
financial SAvindles. He ulti-
mately died of apoplexy.
L'Argent.

Orviedo (Princess d') was
for a time one of the most
curious notabilities of the
Second Empire. At the com-
mand of her mother, the
Duchesse de Combeville, she
married the Prince in ignor-
ance of the source of his regal
fortune, estimated at three
hundred milhons of francs
(twelve millions sterling). It
was said that for twenty years
the Prince had appropriated
the lion's share of every great
piece of financial rascality
on the Bourses of France
and Spain. After his sudden
death from a stroke of
apoplexy, the Princess shut
up the great house in the Rue
Saint-Lazare and retired with
a maid to three rooms on the
second floor, where she lived
the life of a recluse. From
thenceforth she lived solely for
deeds of charity on a colos-
sal scale. During five years
she founded the St. Mary's
Infant Asylum, the St. Jo-
seph's Orphan Asylum, an
Asylum for the aged at Cha-
tillon, a hospital in tlie suburbs
of Paris, and an uistitution
known as UCEnvrc du Travail ^

OZI

170

PAL

in which were boarded three
hundred waifs and strays
from the streets of Paris. On
these foundations, and on
other charities, she spent in five
years over a hundred milhons
of francs. For some time
Saccard assisted her in a
disinterested way in carrying
out her schemes, and later he
rented from her the premises
in which he started the Uni-
versal Bank. As time went
on, the Princess seemed to be
swayed more and more by the
desire of restitution to the
poor of the uttermost rem-
nants of her husband's for-
tune. In the end, when she
had divided it all, she retired
to a convent of Carmelites,
walled off from the world.
L^Argent.
OziL, a pointsman at the junc-
tion for Dieppe, between the
tunnel and the station of
Malaunay. He was in love
with Flore, who for a time
seemed to encourage him.
He was dismissed from his
post on account of grave
negligence caused by Flore,
who distracted his attention
in order that he might allow
the Havre express to dash
into a train loaded with
ballast. The accident was
only averted by a new auto-
matic signalling apparatus.
La Bete Humaine,

Pache, a soldier in the 106th
regiment of the line, in the
squad of Corporal Jean
Macquart. He brought from
his native village strong re-
ligious principles, and was
in the regular habit of saying
his prayers outside his tent.
The example of his com-
panions, however, made him
a bad soldier, and during the
battle of 1st September, 1870,
he left the ranks, and took
refuge in a tavern. After the
capitulation of Sedan, he was
imprisoned along with his
regiment on the promontory
of Iges. Moved by famine,
he concealed some bread from
his companions ; but having
been denounced by Chouteau,
he refused to share the spoil,
and was murdered by La-
poulle, who stabbed him with
a knife. La Debacle.

Paillot, a farmer in the neigh-
bourhood of Montsou. Ger-
minal.

Palette (La Mere), a poultry-
seller at the Central Markets
in Paris. Le Ventre de Paris.

Paloque, a judge. He and his
wife were said to be the
ugliest couple in Plassans,
and in addition were far from
popular. Madame Mouret
having asked the assistance of

PAR

171

PEC

Madame Palo que in connec-
tion with the Home for Girls
proposed by Abbe Faujas,
she agreed to act on the
Committee, and became
Treasurer. At the opening
ceremony, however, the
Bishop omitted to make re-
ference to her services, and
she took great offence, be-
coming afterwards very ir-
regular in her work, and de-
clining to perform any duties
that she did not fancy. This
ultimately led to the appoint-
ment of a paid Secretary
for the institution, Honore
Trouche, the brother-in-law
of Abbe Faujas being
selected. The Paloques were
antagonistic to Faujas, but on
getting a hint from Madame
de Condamin that he had the
backing of the Government
and would see that they were
rewarded, they came over
to his side, and assisted him in
" the conquest of Plassans "
by the Bonapartist candi-
date. La Conquete de Plas-

Paraboulomenos, a name given
by the pupils of the college of
Plassans to a youth who
served in the kitchen.
L'CEuvre.

Paballeluca, the sobriquet
given by the pupils of the
College of Plassans to a

scullery-maid employed there.
It was alleged that there
was a love-idyll between her
and Paraboulomenos, both of
whom were extremely ugly.
L'GSuvre.

Pascal (Le Docteur). See
Pascal Rougon.

Patoir, a veterinary surgeon at
Cloyes. La Terre.

Pauvre Enfant, a young
trooper in the 5th regiment
of the line, who was fatally
wounded at the battle of
Sedan, and died in the ambu-
lance at Remilly. He re-
ceived the name because
he continually repeated the
words regarding himself, say-
ing that his mother had
always called him so. He
died in the arms of Henriette
Weiss, whom in his delirium
he named " Mother.'* La
Debdcle.

Payan, a stone-cutter from the
South, whose friends had
views of making him an
artist. He was a lover of
Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered
from her a large quantity of
furniture given her by Du-
veyrier. Pot-Bouille.

POCHARD (Antoinb), a neigh-
bour of the Fouans. He
owned eighteen acres of land
when ho married La Grande,

PEC

172

PEQ

who brought him seven acres
more. He died young, leaving
one daughter. La Terre.

PiiCHARD (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See La Grande.
La Terre.

POCHARD (Mademoiselle),
daughter of Antoine Pechard
and Marianne Fouan, his wife.
As she insisted on marrying a
poor youth named Vincent
Bouteroue, her mother cast
her out. Misfortunes pursued
the young couple, both of
whom died within a few years,
leaving two children in pro-
found misery. La Terre.

Pecqueux, a stoker in the
employment of the Western
Railway Company. He was
married to Mere Victoire, the
old nurse of Severine Aubry.
His original intention was to
qualify as an engine-driver,
but time passed without ad-
vancement, and later there
was an insuperable barrier
in his own conduct, for he
was given to drinking bouts
which converted him for the
time into a savage animal,
capable of any violence. His
wife lived at Paris, while
Philomene Sauvagnat helped
him to pass the hours he was
compelled to spend at Havre,
an arrangement which had
the concurrence of Victoire.
Pecqueux had the devotion

of a dog for his comrade
Jacques Lantier, who con-
cealed his vices and shared
with him a love for their
engine, " La Lison." Philo-
mene, however, excited his
jealousy by her attentions to
Lantier, and the former friend-
ship of the two comrades
became changed to fierce en-
mity. At length it happened
that one night, as their engine
was drawing eighteen trucks
of soldiers towards the seat
of war in Prussia, Pecqueux
in a sudden access of madness
attacked Lantier, and, after a
fierce struggle on the narrow
foot-plate, the two fell off, and
were cut in pieces beneath the
wheels. La Bete Humaine.

Peirotte, receiver of taxes at
Plassans. He was taken as a
hostage by the Republican
insurgents and was inadver-
tently shot by the troops
which crushed the rising. La
Fortune des Roicgon.

P EQUEUR DES S AULAIES (M. ) , SUb-

prefect of Plassans. He fell
into disfavour with the Govern-
ment on account of the elec-
tion of a Legitimist Deputy.
For some time he was afraid
to compromise himself with
Abbe Faujas, but having re-
ceived a hint from Madame
de Condamin, who had in-
fluential friends in Paris, he

PEQ

173

PHA

allied himself with the Abbe.
The result was the election of
Delangre, who though nomi-
nally independent, was actu-
ally the Government candi-
date. La Conquete de Plas-
sans. ^

P^QUiGNOT, a friend of the
Lorilleux. He was a furniture
dealer. UAssommoir.

Perdigijet, a singer known to
Malignon, who promised to
take him to the children's
party at Deberle's house.
Une Page d' Amour.

Fere Colombe, owner of the
Assommoir, a public -house
which was largely the scene
of the downfall of Coupeau
and Gervaise Mac quart, his
wife. U Assommoir .

Perou (La M^re), an old
woman employed by Gourd,
the concierge, to do cleaning
work. Terrorized by his
brutality she agreed to accept
less wages. Pot-Bouille.

Phasie (Aunt), was the wife of
Misard, and the mother of
Flore and Louisette. Slie was
a cousin of the Lantiers and
was godmother to Jacques,
who was left in her charge
when his parents went to
Paris. Her first husband died,
leaving her witli two daugh-
ters, and she married for a
second time Misard, a little

man, cunning and avaricious,
who was five years her senior.
Jacques found them later,
living in Normandy at Croix-
de-Maufras on the line to
Havre, where Misard was
signalman, and his wife had
charge of the level crossing.
It was a miserable existence,
without neighbours or any
one to speak to, without even
anything to look at, except
the trains constantly rushing
past. Aunt Phasie, as she
had always been called by
Jacques Lantier, was a tall,
handsome woman, but since
her second marriage she had
aged so rapidly that at forty-
five she looked over sixty.
The truth was that between
her and Misard there was
going on a duel to the death ;
Aunt Phasie had received a
legacy of a thousand francs
from her father, and this she
obstinately refused to allow
her husband to share, having
indeed hidden the money
to prevent him from taking
it. Misard, overcome by
avarice, slowly killed his wife
with poison placed in the
salt, but, though she had
the strongest suspicions, she
would neither take action
against him nor tell him the
hiding-place of her little
hoard. And so she died,
carrying the secret with her ;

PIC

174

but in the end she triumphed,
for search as he might, Misard
never discovered the hidden
treasure. La Bete Humaine.

PiCHiNETTE, a horse entered
for the Grand Prix de Paris.
It was withdrawn before the
race. Nana.

PiCHON (Jules), a clerk who
Hved in the house in Rue de
Choiseul occupied also by
Octave Mouret. His means
were small, and he was obliged
to work hard, frequently till
late at night, his wife being
necessarily left much alone.
Pot-Bouille.

PiCHON (Marie), wife of the
preceding. She was a daugh-
ter of M. and Madame Vuil-
laume, by whom she was
strictly brought up. A dreamy
unpractical woman, she fell
under the influence of Octave
Mouret, her next-door neigh-
bour, and a liaison existed
between them for a con-
siderable time, with results
which caused much annoyance
to her parents. Pot-Bouille.

PiCHON (Lilitte), infant daugh-
ter of the preceding. Pot-
Bouille.

PiCHON (Rosalie), Madame
Helene Grand jean's maid-
servant. She was an honest
country girl who had been
brought to Paris by Abbe

Jouve on the recommendation
of a village priest, in whose
house she had been brought
up. She served her mistress
faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin
Lacour, her sweetheart, with
a hand of iron. Une Page
d'Amour.

PicoT, a soldier of infantry
who belonged to the first
division of the seventh
Army Corps. After the de-
feats of Wissenbourg and
Froeschwiller, Picot, half
dead with fatigue and slightly
wounded, was left behind
in a ditch with his comrade
Coutard of the first corps.
They were only able to rejoin
the army at Rheims on 22nd
August, 1870, arriving with
their clothes worn out and
covered with mud, and having
more the appearance of
bandits than of soldiers. La
Debacle.

Picou (M.), a townsman of
Plassans who expressed dis-
belief in the success of the
Cowp d'Mat. La Fortune des
Eougon.

Pied-de-Celeri, a friend of
Coupeau. He had a wooden
leg, from which he received
his nickname. UAssommoir.

Piedefer (Laure), kept a cheap
restaurant in Rue des Martyrs,
which was much frequented
by a certain class of demi^

PIE

175

PIL

mondaines. Laure appeared
to be on intimate terms with
her customers, as they usually
kissed her when they entered.
Nana.
PiEDEFER (Zoe), an artist's
model who lived in Rue
Campagne-Premiere. She was
a tall brunette. UCEuvre.

Pierre, Dr. Deberle's butler.
Une Page d' Amour.

Pierre, an employe at A\i Bon-
heur des Dames. He was
waiter in the dining-room
of the shop assistants. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Pierron, a miner employed at
the Voreux pit. He was a
widower with a little girl aged
eight, Lydie, when he married
for the second time, the
daughter of La Brule. Though
he took part in the strike
he betrayed his companions,
giving information to the
company through Dansaert,
his wife's lover. After the
attack on the pit Pierron was
arrested by mistake, and was
taken off with handcuffs at
his wrists as far as Mar-
chiennes, to the groat amuse-
ment of his mates. He was
subsequently promoted to bo
captain of a gang, but his
excessive zeal made him dis-
liked by his men. Germinal.

Pierron (Lydie), daughter of
the preceding, was a fragile

child, who when ten years old
was already working in the
pit. Her constant com-
panions were Jeanlin Maheu
and Bebert Levaque, with
whom she made many raids
in search of food during the
strike. She was killed by the
volley fired by the troops
at the strikers attacking the
Voreux pit. Germinal.

Pierronne (La), the second
wife of Pierron, was a daugh-
ter of La Brule. She was
allowed by the Company to
sell sweetmeats and biscuits,
which were a considerable
source of revenue. Dansaert,
the head captain of the
Voreux pit, was her lover, and
through him she obtained
various favours, giving him
in exchange information as
to the intentions of the
strikers. After the strike she
was enabled to acquire the
little Estaminet du Progres.
Germinal.

PiFARD, an usher at the college
of Plassans, whose wonderful
nose kept betraying his
presence behind doors when
its owner went eavesdropping.
UGEuvre.

PiLLERAULT, a speculator on
the Bourse, whose guiding
principle was recklessness ;
he declared that lie plunged
into catastrophes whenever

PIO

176

POI

he paused to reflect. He was
ruined by the failure of the
Universal Bank. U Argent.

PiOT AND Ri VOIRE, a firm of
furniture-dealers, whose busi-
ness was seriously affected
when Octave Mouret added
a furniture department to
" The Ladies' Paradise." Au
Bonheur des Dames.

PiQUETTE kept an estaminet
at Montsou, where Chaval
lodged. Germinal.

Plouguern (M. de) was a
member of the Chamber of
Deputies during the reign of
Louis Philippe. After the
Revolution of February, 1848,
he manifested a sudden affec-
tion for the Republic, and
later, when the Emperor
granted him the refuge of
the Senate, he was a Bona-
partist. He was a man of
high birth and breeding, and
though a sceptic, defended
religion and family life.
During a journey in Italy
he met Comtesse Balbi, whose
lover he remained for thirty
years. According to some,
Clorinde Balbi was his daugh-
ter. Son Excellence Eugene
Rougon.

Pluchart, a former workman
who was now secretary of a
branch of the International
Association of workers. He

had been fitienne Lantier's
foreman at Lille, and at his
request came to Montsou to
address the miners there. As
a result of his visit ten thou-
sand miners joined the Inter-
national Association. Ger-
minal.

PoiRETTE (Le Pere), a Country-
man of Bennecourt, with small
eyes and the face of a wolf.
He was the owner of an old
cottage, which Claude Lantier
and Christine rented from him
for two hundred and fifty
francs a year. UCEuvre.

PoissoN (M.), who was originally
a cabinet-maker, served his
time as a soldier, and ulti-
mately got a place as a police-
man, which he considered
more certain and respectable.
He married Virginie, who
afterwards went into business
as a dealer in groceries and
sweetmeats in the shop pre-
viously occupied by Gervaise
Coupeau. Auguste Lantier,
who had for some time lodged
with the Coupeaus, remained
with the Poissons, and lived
at their expense. M. Poisson
affected not to observe the
resulting liaison between his
wife and Lantier. UAssom-
moir.

Poisson (Madame), wife of
the preceding. See Virginie.
UAssommoir.

POL

177

PRO

Poland, a pet rabbit which
belonged to Rasseneur, and
was a favourite of Souvarine.
Germinal.

PoMARE (La Reine), a rag-
picker, who had formerly
been one of the handsomest
women in Paris. Now, for
the sake of a laugh, the women
of the district made her drink
absinthe, after which the street
boys would chase her and
throw stones. Nana.

PoRQUiER (Dr.), the fashionable
medical man of Plassans. He
had considerable influence,
and this was secured by Abbe
Faujas on behalf of the
Government's candidate for
the representation of Plassans
by the promise of an appoint-
ment for his son Guillaume,
a young man who had hitherto
given him much trouble. La
Conquete de Plassans.

PoRQUiER (Guillaume), son of
Dr. Porquier, had been sent to
Paris to study, but did nothing
there but get into debt. He
caused his father much dis-
tress, and was supposed to
afford the worst possible ex-
ample to the youth of Plas-
sans, whom he was believed
to lead into all kinds of
mischief. Ultimately, as a
reward to his father, who
had supported Delangre as
representative of Plassans,
N

Porquier was appointed chief
clerk at the post office. La
Conquete de Plassans.

PouiLLAUD, a fellow-pupil of
Claude Lantier and Pierre
Sandoz at the college of
Plassans. While there he
was an inveterate practical
joker, one of his escapades
being the transformation of
Professor Lalubie's room into
a chapelle ardente. UCEuvre.

Powell (Miss), second assistant
in the corset department at
Au Bonheur des Dames. She
was able to play the piano, a
talent of which the other
assistants were jealous. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Pozzo (Luigi), Secretary to the
Sardinian Minister at Paris.
" Diplomatist, painter, mu-
sician, and lover." A friend
of Clorinde Balbi. Son Ex-
cellence Eugene Rougon.

Price, an English jockey who
mounted the filly Nana in the
Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.

Prince Imperial. Referred to
in Son Excellence Eugene Rou-
gon.

Prouane, a retired non-com-
missioned officer in the navy,
who acted as beadle to Abbe
Harteur, as well as fulfilling
the duties of Mayor's clerk.
He eked out a livelihood by
gathering shell -fish, bul uIkmi

PRXT

178

QUE

he had any money he was
usually in a state of intoxica-
tion. La Joie de Vivre.

Prulliere, an actor at the
Theatre des Varietes, where
he played in La Blonde Venus
and La Petite Duchesse. Nana.

Prunaire (Le P^re), a maker of
sabots, who lived at Vivet.
Furious at the conduct of his
daughter Clara, he threatened
to go to Paris and break her
bones with kicks of his sabots.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Prunaire (Clara), daughter of
a clog-maker in the forest of
Vilet, came to Paris and got a
situation in " The Ladies'
Paradise." She lived a fast
life, and, after alluring Colom-
ban away from Genevieve
Baudu, his intended wife, she
ultimately disappeared. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

PuECH, senior partner of the
firm of Puech and Lacamp,
oil-dealers in Plassans ; was
father of Felicite Puech. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Puech and Lacamp, a firm of
oil -dealers in Plassans, who
were in financial difficulties
when Pierre Rougon married
Fehcite, the daughter of the
senior partner. The money put
into the business by Rougon
retrieved the position of the
firm, and, the two partners

having retired soon after-
wards, he acquired the sole
interest in it. La Fortune
des Rougon.

Puech (Felicit^). /See Madame
Felicite Rougon.

PuTOis (Madame), one of the
workwomen employed by Grer-
vaise Coupeau in her laundry.
She was a little, lean woman
of forty -five, " who worked
at her ironing table without
even taking off her bonnet,
a black bonnet trimmed
with green ribbons turning
yellow." In character she
was severely respectable.
UAssommoir.

QuANDiEU, the oldest captain
of the Montsou mines. During
the strike, the energetic posi-
tion taken up by him saved
the Mirou pit from destruction
by the infuriated strikers.
Germinal.

QuENU (Madame) was a widow
with one son when she married
her second husband, M.
Quenu, a clerk in the sub-
prefecture at Le Vigan. Three
years after, M. Quenu died,
leaving a son. Madame Quenu
lavished all her affection on
Florent, her elder son, and
stinted herself to the verge of
starvation in order that he

QUE

179 QUE

might continue his legal
studies. Before these were
completed she succumbed to
the hardship of her life. Le
Ventre de Paris.

QuENU, the half-brother of
Florent. After the death of
his mother, he was taken to
Paris by Florent, who sup-
ported him by teaching. He
was at first idle and unsettled,
but after Florent 's arrest he
was taken in by his uncle
Gradelle, to whose business
of pork-butcher, as well as
to a considerable sum of
money, he ultimately suc-
ceeded. After his uncle's
death he married Lisa Mac-
quart, who had previously
assisted in the shop, and they
had a daughter, Pauline.
Business prospered, and the
Quenus were soon in a position
to remove to larger premises.
Florent on his return from
exile was kindly received by
Quenu, who later on took no
part in the efforts made by
his wife to induce his brother
to leave voluntarily. He was
ignorant of his wife's action
with reference to the subse-
quent arrest of Florent. Le
Ventre de Paris.

He died of apoplexy in
1863, six months after the
death of his wife, leaving a will
under which M. Chanteau, his

cousin, became the guardian
of his daughter Pauline. La
Joie de Vivre.

Quenu (Madame Lisa), wife of
the preceding. See Lisa
Mac quart.

Quenu (Pauline), bom 1852,
daughter of Quenu, the pork-
butcher, and Lisa Macquart,
his wife. A quiet, amiable
child, she unwittingly gave
Mile. Saget, who bullied her,
information regarding her
uncle Florent 's history, which
led to the clamour against
him in the Market, and ulti-
mately to his arrest. Le Ventre
de Paris.

After the death of her
father, who left her a fortune
of a hundred and fifty thou-
sand francs, Pauline went
in 1863 to live at Bonne-
ville with M. Chanteau, her
guardian. She soon endeared
herself to her relatives, and
became much attached to her
cousin Lazare. As she grew
up and her nature developed,
it became more and more her
pleasure to sacrifice herself
for her friends. She allowed
her fortune to be squandered
by the Chanteaus, and though
engaged to be married to
Lazare, she released him in
order that he might marry
another girl with whom he
had become infatuated. After

QUI

180

RAM

his mania became acute, it
was she who endeavoured to
comfort him, and to dispel his
unreasoning fear of death.
She never married. La Joie
de Vivre.

After the death of Chan-
teau, she remained at Bonne-
ville, resolved never to marry,
in order that she might devote
herself entirely to Lazare's
little son, Paul. Le Docteur
Pascal.

QuiNETTE, a glover in Rue
Neuve Saint - Augustine,
whose business was seriously
affected by the competition
of "The Ladies' Paradise."
Au Bonheur des Dames.

QUITTABD (AuGUSTE), SOU of

FranQoise Quittard. He was
a child of six years of age,
who was so ill of typhoid
fever that he could not be
removed from Bazeilles when
the place was attacked by
the Prussians. Early in the
day, his mother was killed
by a cannon ball, and the poor
child lay for hours tossing
with fever and calling for her.
He was burned to death in
his bed, as the Prussians, in-
furiated by the length of the
struggle, wantonly set fire
to the village. La Debacle.

Quittard (FBANgoiSE), widow
of a mason, and now care-

taker of the dye-works at
Bazeilles, which belonged to
Delaherche. Before the battle
all the workers made their
escape into Belgium, but
Fran9oise was unable to leave
on account of the illness of
her little son. Early in the
attack by the Prussians, the
unfortunate woman was killed
by a cannon ball. La Debacle.

Rabier, a tanner of Beaumont.
He was a brother of Madame
Franchomme, and after her
death she left the child An-
gelique in the care of him and
his wife. They treated the
gill with such cruelty that she
ultimately ran away, finding
shelter with the Huberts. Le
Reve.

Rachael, the maid-servant in
Auguste Vabre's household.
As Octave Mouret and
Madame Vabre did not bribe
her sufficiently, she revealed
their intrigue to Vabre. She
acted as his housekeeper for
some time, but had to leave
after the reconciUation be-
tween him and his wife. Pot-
Bouille.

Rambaud (M.), half-brother of
Abbe Jouve, had a large
business in the Rue de Ram-
but eau, where he sold oils

RAM

181

RAS

and other southern produce.
Along with Abbe Jouve he
showed much kindness to
Helene Grand jean after the
death of her husband, and
was a constant visitor at her
house. Later on, the Abbe
tried to arrange a marriage
between Rambaud and He-
lene, but at her request the
decision was delayed. Mean-
time the love episode with
Doctor Deberle intervened,
followed by the death of
Jeanne. Two years after-
wards the marriage took place,
Rambaud having previously
sold his Paris business and re-
moved to Marseilles. Une
Page d' Amour.

He retired from business
and went to live at Marseilles.
Having by his marriage be-
come a cousin of Madame Lisa
Quenu, he was appointed a
member of the family council
which nominally had charge
of her daughter's fortune. La
Joie de Vivre.

Rambaud led a happy life
with his wife, whom he adored.
Le Docteur Pascal.

Rambaud (Madame), wife of
the preceding. See H61^ne
Mouret.

Ramond (Dr.), a pupil and
fellow-practitionor of Dr. Pas-
cal. He wished to marry
Clotilde Rougon, but she re-

fused him, and he subse-
quently married Mademoiselle
Leveque. When Doctor Pas-
cal was seized with an affec-
tion of the heart, Ramond
diagnosed the nature of the
illness, and subsequently at-
tended him with unremitting
care until his death. Le
Docteur Pascal.

Ramond (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See Mademoiselle
Leveque. Le Docteur Pascal.

Ranvier (Abbe), succeeded
Abbe Jouve as cure at Mont-
sou. He was of socialistic
tendencies, and blamed the
middle classes, who he said
had formerly robbed the
Church, for all the horrors
produced by the strike at
Montsou. Upon the troops
who had been called on to fire
upon the strikers, he called
down the anger of God, pre-
dicting an hour of justice in
which fire would descend from
heaven to exterminate the
bourgeoisie. He was finally
removed by the bishop as too
compromising. Germinal.

Rasseneur kept a tavern with
the sign A VAvantage be-
tween the settlement of the
Deux- Cent- Quarante and the
Voreux pit. He was formerly
a good workman, but as he
was an excellent speaker,
and placed himself at the

RAS

182 RAS

head of every strike, he was
dismissed by the Mining
Company. His wife already
held a licence, and when he
was thrown out of work he
became an innkeeper himself.
It was in his house that
^fitienne Lantier found lodg-
ings when he first came to
Montsou, and Souvarine also
lodged there. Rasseneur's
readiness of speech gave him
great influence with the
miners, but a rivalry arose
between him and Lantier,
whose new theories caught
the popular ear. This jealousy
caused him to take a side
against the strike, solely be-
cause it had been proposed by
Lantier, and this attitude
made him very unpopular.
But after the failure of the
strike, which he had all along
predicted, the inconstancy of
the crowd turned in his favour
and he soon regained his old
popularity. Germinal.

Rasseneur (Madame), wife of
the preceding. At the time
her husband was dismissed
from the pit, she already held
a Hcence, and they subse-
quently worked together to
extend the business, in which
they had considerable success.
She was much more radical in
politics than her husband, but
during the strike trouble was

careful to show extreme
politeness to everyone. Ger-
minal.

Rastoil, a neighbour of Fran
9ois Mouret. He was a rich
man about sixty years of age,
who had been president of the
civil tribunal of Plassans for
over twenty years. He was a
Legitimist, and his house was
used as a convenient meeting-
place for the party. For some
time he refused to com-
promise his political position
with Abbe Faujas, who had
all along concealed his
opinions. Ultimately, how-
ever, he supported the candi-
date for the representation of
Plassans proposed by Faujas,
for which he was rewarded
by an appointment for his
son. La ConquHe de Plassans,

Rastoil (Madame), wife of the
preceding, was a listless and
somewhat prudish woman
whose old entanglement with
M. Delangre was still re-
membered with amusement
in the cafes. She was con-
sulted by Madame Mouret
regarding the Home for Girls
proposed by Abbe Faujas,
and ultimately agreed to act
on the committee. La Con-
quite de Plassans.

Rastoil (Angeline), elder
daughter of M. Rastoil, the
president of the civil tribunal

RAS

183

REB

of Plassans. Though twenty-
six years old, and now very
yellow and shrewish -looking,
she still adopted the role of a
young girl, and had hopes of
securing a husband. La Con-
quite de Plassans.

Rastoil (AuRiiLiE), second
daughter of M. Rastoil. Like
her sister Angeline, she was
plain-looking, and posed as a
girl fresh from school, in the
uncertain hope of gaining a
husband. La Conquete de
Plassans.

Rastoil (Severin), son of M.
Rastoil, the president of the
civil tribunal of Plassans.
" He was a tall young man of
five and twenty, with a badly
shaped skull and a dull brain,
who had been just called to
the Bar, thanks to the position
which his father held. The
latter was anxiously dreaming
of making him a substitute,
despairing of his ever succeed-
ing in winning any practice
for himself." On the sugges-
tion of Abbe Faujas ho took a
share in starting the Club for
Young Men at Plassans. After
the election of M. Delangre as
representative of Plassans,
Rastoil received the appoint-
ment of assistant public pro-
curator at Faverolles. La
Conquete de Plassans,

Ravaud, a captain in the 106th
Regiment of the line, com-
manded by Colonel de Vineuil.
A young soldier in his com-
pany was the first of the
wounded to be taken to the
ambulance in Delaherche's
house on 1st September, 1870.
In March, 1871, captain
Ravaud was at Paris, in a
regiment of recent formation,
the 124th of the line. Jean
Mac quart was corporal in his
company in this regiment. La
Debacle.

Reading (Lord), proprietor of a
racing stable. Bramah, one
of his horses, once gained the
Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.

Rebufat, a farmer whose land
adjoined that inherited by
Adelaide Fouque. He pur-
chased the Fouque property
when it was sold by Pierre
Rougon. After the death of
his wife Rebufat and his son
Justin treated her niece Mietto
Chantegreil very harshly. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Rebufat (Madame Eulalie),
wife of the preceding ; '* a
big, dark, stubborn shrew."
She was a sister of Chante-
greil, and was therefore the
aunt of Miette, who lived
with her after her father's con-
viction. La Fortune des RoU'
gon.

HEB

184

ROF

Rbbufat (Justin), son of Re-
bufat. " A youth about
twenty years old, a sickly,
squint-eyed creature, who

cherished an implacable
hatred against his cousin
Miette." La Fortune des Rou-
gon.
Reman jou (Mademoiselle), an
old lady who lived in the same
tenement house in Rue de la
Goutte d'Or as the Coupeaus
and the Lorilleux, where she
made a scanty livelihood by
dressing dolls. She was one
of the guests at the Coupeaus'
wedding party. UAssommoir.

Renaudin, a notary at Paris,
who adjusted the Contract of
Marriage between Auguste
Vabre and Berthe Josserand.
He acted in concert with
Duveyrier in selling some
heritable property to the loss
of other members of the
family. Pot-Bouille.

Renaudin, a medical man at
Crenelle. Josephine Dejoiey*
was at one time cook in his
house. U Argent.

Rengade, a gendarme whose eye
was accidentally destroyed by
Silvere Mouret during a
struggle for possession of a
carbine after the entry of the
insurgents into Plassans. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Reuthlinguer (Baron de), a
banker, and possessor of one

of the largest fortunes in
Europe. He was a friend of
Clorinde Balbi, and from her
received valuable information
on political subjects. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Rhadamante, the sobriquet of

a professor at the college of
Plassans. He was supposed
never to have laughed.
UCEuvre.

RiCHOMME, one of the captains
of the Voreux pit. He tried in
vain to prevent a collision
between the strikers and
the troops, and even when
bricks were being thrown he
went between the two parties,
imploring one and advising
the other, careless of danger.
He was one of the first to fall
when the troops ultimately
fired. Germinal.

RivoiRE, a member of the firm
of Plot and Ri voire. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

/Robert (Madame), a regular
customer at the restaurant
Laure Piedefer. She was
jealous of Nana's relations
with Satin, and revenged her-
self by writing anonymous
letters to Muffat and to other
lovers of her enemy. Nana.

Robin-Chagot (Viscount de),
vice-chairman of the board
of directors of the Universal
Bank. He was selected for

ROB

185

ROB

the position in the behef that
he would sign anything put
before him without making
too many inquiries. L' Argent.

RoBiNEAU, " second hand '* in
the silk department at " The
Ladies' Paradise." As the
result of a conspiracy among
his subordinates, he was dis-
missed, and soon afterwards
bought the business of M.
VinQard, a silk merchant, with
money belonging to his wife.
His capital was inadequate,
but M. Gaujean, a silk manu-
facturer who had quarrelled
with Octave Mouret, promised
to give him unhmited credit.
Robineau's intention was to
break up a monopoly of the
cheaper class of silks which
Mouret had secured, but he
soon found that each reduc-
tion in price which he made
was met by a still larger one.
As he had no other depart-
ments out of which to average
his profits, ruin inevitably
followed, and he attempted
to commit suicide by throw-
ing himself under an omnibus ;
his injuries were not serious,
however, and he ultimately
recovered. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

RoBiNEAU (Madame), wife of
the preceding. " Daughter
of an overseer in the Depart-
ment of Highways, entiieiy

ignorant of business matters,
she still retained the charming
awkwardness of a girl edu-
cated in a Blois convent."

Her small fortune enabled
her husband to buy the silk
business of M. VinQard, and
she assisted him in carrying
it on. Their subsequent ruin
affected her less than the
attempted suicide of her hus-
band, to whom she was de-
voted. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

RoBiNE, a regular attender at
the revolutionary meetings in
Lebigre's wine- shop. He sat
for hours listening to argu-
ments but never made any
remarks. He escaped arrest.
Le Ventre de Paris.

RoBiNE (Madame), wife of the
preceding, lived with her hus-
band in Rue Saint - Denis.
No one ever entered their
house, and even her personal
appearance was unknown to
her husband's friends. Le
Ventre de Paris.

RoBiNOT (Madame), an ac-
quaintance of the Deberles.
Une Page d' Amour.

RoBiQUET, farmer of La
Chamade. Being near the
end of his lease, he ceased to
manure the land, allowing it
to go to ruin. Ho was eventu-
ally turned out as he did not
I pay his rent. La l\irre.

ROC

186

ROCHART (MoNSEIGNEUR),

Bishop of FaveroUes. He
upheld the Sisters of the Holy
Family in the matter of the
succession to Chevassu's es-
tate, but was beaten by
Eugene Rougon, the Minister
of State, who supported the
claim of the Charbonnels.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

RocHAS, lieutenant in the lG6th
Regiment of the Une, com-
manded by Colonel de Vineuil.
The son of a journeyman
mason from Limousin, he
was born in Paris, and not
caring for his father's calling,
enlisted when he was only
eighteen. He gained a cor-
poral's stripes in Algeria, rose
to the rank of sergeant at
Sebastopol, and was promoted
to a lieutenancy after Solfer-
ino. Fifteen years of hardship
and heroic bravery was the
price he had paid to be an
officer, but his education was
so defective that he could
never be made a captain. He
held the old traditions that a
defeat of the French army
was impossible, and all
through the campaign against
Germany in 1870 he refused to
believe in the repeated catas-
trophes. In the fierce attack
by the Prussians on the
Hermitage, he fought desper-
ately against an overwhelming

force, and up to the end
encouraged his men by shout-
ing that the victory was theirs.
In the end he fell, mowed
down by a hail of bullets. La
Debdcle.

RocHEFONTAiNE, proprietor of a
large factory at Chateaudun.
He was desirous of serving as a
Deputy, but did not secure the
support of the Government,
and, standing as an indepen-
dent candidate, was defeated.
Later, in consequence of the
disgrace of M. de Chedeville,
he became the official candi-
date, and in spite of a
brusqueness of manner which
made him unpopular, he was
elected. La Terre.

Rodriguez, a distant relative
of the Empress, who made a
claim upon the State for a
large sum, which he said
had been due since 1808.
Eugene Rougon, the Minister
of State, gave great offence
to the Empress by opposing
the claim. Son Excellence
Eugene Rougon.

RoGNES-BouQUEVAL (Les), an
ancient and noble family
whose estate, already much
reduced by enforced sales,
was declared national pro-
perty in 1793, and was pur-
chased piece by piece by
Isidore Hourdequin. La Terre.

ROI

187

ROU

RoiviLLE (Les), members of
Parisian society at whose
house Baroness Sandorff occa-
sionally met Gundermann.
UArgent.

Rosalie, an old chair-mender at
Rognes. The poor woman
lived all alone, sick and with-
out a copper. Abbe Godard
came to her assistance. La
Terre.

Rose, a waitress in Lebigre's
wine -shop. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Rose, servant in the household
of Francois Mouret, was an
old woman of crabbed nature
and uncertain temper. She
fell under the influence of
Abbe Faujas, and encouraged
her mistress in the religious
observances which led to the
neglect of her family. Later,
when Madame Mouret 's health
became impaired, and she
became subject to fits, it was
chiefly Rose who threw sus-
picion on her master, en-
couraging the belief that he
was insane and had inflicted
injuries on his wife. La Con-
quete de Plassans.

Rose, a peasant girl at Artaud ;
sister of Lisa. La Faute de
VAbbe Mouret.

Rose, maid-servant to Madame
Hennebeau. She was not
alarmed by the violence of

the strikers, as, belonging to
that district, she knew the
miners, and believed them
not to be wicked. Germinal.

Rose, daughter of the concierge
at the sub-prefecture at Sedan.
She was a worker in Dela-
herche's factory, and he ap-
plied to her for information
regarding the course of the
battle, as she was in a position
to hear the gossip of the
officers and officials. When
Napoleon III decided to re-
quest an armistice from the
Prussians, it was Rose who
furnished a tablecloth to be
used as a white flag. La
Debdcle.

Rose, niece of Aristide Saccard's
hairdresser. She was a pretty
girl of about eighteen, whom
Saccard sent to his son
Maxime under the pretext of
nursing him, but in reality
with a view to hastening the
course of a nervous disease
from which the young man
suffered. Aristide agreed to
pay her a percentage on the
fortune which he hoped to
acquire at his son's death.
Le Docteur Pascal.

RouBAUD, assistant station-
master at Havre. Bom in the
south of France, at Plassans,
he had a carter for father.
He had quitted the army
with the stripes of a sergeant-

ROU

188

major, and for a long time
had been general porter at the
station at Nantes. He had
been promoted head porter
at Barentin, and it was there
that he first saw Severine
Aubry, the god-daughter of
President Grandmorin, whom
he married. This was the sole
romance of his existence, and
it was coupled with fortune,
for apart from Severine and
her marriage portion of ten
thousand francs, the Presi-
dent, now a director of the
Western Railway Company,
got him appointed assistant
station-master at Havre. He
proved an excellent official,
and the only thing against him
was a suspicion that he was
affected by republican princi-
ples. For three years Rou-
baud's married life was a
happy one, until a chance
lie of his wife's gave him a
clue to her former relations
with Grandmorin. Driven
frantic by jealousy, he forced
her to reveal the truth, after-
wards compelling her to be-
come his accomplice in the
murder of the President in
the Havre express. The Rou-
bauds established an alibi,
though slight suspicion at-
tached to them, and Denizet,
the examining magistrate, en-
deavoured to fasten the crime
on Cabuche. For political

ROU

reasons it was not considered
desirable that Grandmorin's
character should be publicly
discussed, and the inquiry
regarding the murder was
dropped. Roubaud was
aware, however, that Jacques
Lantier had strong suspicions,
and tried to secure his silence
by making him a friend ; a
friendship which soon de-
veloped into a liaison between
Lantier and Severine. With
the murder of Grandmorin,
the disintegration of Rou-
baud's character began ; he
gradually became a confirmed
gambler, and having lost all
his own money began to use
that which he had taken
from the body of his victim
in order to establish a false
motive for the crime. The
relations between him and his
wife became more and more
strained, until they reached
such a pitch that Lantier and
she planned his murder. The
homicidal frenzy of Lantier,
to which Severine fell a victim,
ended the plot, but Roubaud
and Cabuche, who arrived
on the scene immediately
after the murder, were ar-
rested under what appeared
to be suspicious circum-
stances, and, after trial, were
sentenced to penal servitude
for a crime which they did not
commit. La Bete Humaine.

ROU

189

ROU

RouBAUD (Madame), wife of
the preceding. See Severine
Aubry. La Bete Humaine.

RouDiER, a regular attender
at the poHtical meetings held
in the Rougons' yellow draw-
ing-room. La Fortune des
Rougon.

Rouge d*Auneau (Le), lieu-
tenant of Beau - Fran9ois,
leader of the band of brigands.
He wrote a complaint while
in prison. La Terre.

RouGETTE, a cow bought by the
sisters Mouche at the market
of Cloyes. La Terre.

Rougon, a young gardener who
worked for the Fouque family,
and afterwards married
Adelaide. Fifteen months
afterwards he died from sun-
stroke, leaving a son named
Pierre. La Fortune des Rou-
gon.

Rougon, alias Saccard (Aris-
tide), bom 1815, youngest
son of Pierre Rougon, was
educated, like his brothers, at
Plassans and Paris, but failed
to pass his examinations. His
character was a combination
of covetousness and slyness :
his greatest desire was the
acquisition of a rapid fortune,
gained without work. In 1836
he married Angdle Sicardot,
who brought him a dowry of
ten thousand francs. As

Aristide did no work, and
Uved extravagantly, the
money was soon consumed,
and he and his wife were in
such poverty that he was at
last compelled to seek a
situation. He procured a
place at the Sub -Prefecture,
where he remained nearly
ten years, and only reached
a salary of eighteen hundred
francs. During that time " he
longed, with ever-increasing
malevolence and rancour, for
those enjoyments of which
he was deprived " by his
lowly position. In 1848, when
his brother Eugene left for
Paris, he had a faint idea of
following him, but remained
in the hope of something
turning up. In opposition to
his father, he expressed Re-
publican principles, and
edited a newspaper called the
Independant. At the time of
the Coup d'J^tat, he became
alarmed at the course of
events, and pretended that
an accident to his hand pre-
vented him from writing. His
mother having given him
private information as to the
success of the Bonapartist
cause, he changed the politics
of his paper, and became
reconciled to his parents. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Early in 1852 ho went to
Paris, taking with him his

ROU

190

ROU

wife and daughter Clotilde,
then a child of four ; his son
Maxime he left at Plassans.
Through the influence of his
brother Eugene, he got an
appointment as assistant
surveying clerk at the Hotel
de Ville, with a salary of two
thousand four hundred francs.
Before entering on his duties,
however, he changed his name
to Saccard on the suggestion
of his brother, who feared that
he might be compromised by
him. In 1853, Aristide was
appointed a surveying com-
missioner of roads, with an
increased salary. At this
period great schemes of city
improvement were under dis-
cussion, and Aristide by spy-
ing and other shady means
got early information as to
the position of the proposed
new streets. Great chances
of fortune were arising, but
he had no capital. The death
of his wife enabled him to
enter into a plan proposed
by his sister Sidonie, who had
heard of a family willing to
make a considerable sacrifice
to find a not too inquisitive
husband for their daughter.
He accordingly married
Renee Beraud du Chat el, and
gained control of a consider-
able sum of ready money, in
addition to the fortune settled
on his wife. By means of a

cleverly contrived swindle, in
which he was assisted by his
friend Larsonneau, he got a
fabulous price for some pro-
perty acquired by him, and
the foundation of his fortune
was laid. From this time, he
lived a life of the wildest
extravagance, and, though his
gains were frequently enor-
mous, his expenses were so
great that it was only with
difficulty that he was able to
prevent a catastrophe. La
Giiree.

He was appointed by Pau-
line Quenu's family council to
be her " surrogate guardian."
La Joie de Vivre.

After a last and disastrous
land speculation, Saccard was
obliged to leave his great
house in the Pare Monceau,
which he abandoned to his
creditors. At first undecided
as to his movements, he took
a flat in the mansion in Rue
Saint-Lazare, which belonged
to Princess d'Orviedo. There
he met Hamelin, the en-
gineer, and his sister Caroline,
with whom he soon became
on intimate terms. Hamelin
having spent much time in
the East, had formed many
schemes for great financial
ventures, and Saccard was
so impressed with these that
he formed a syndicate for the
purpose of carrying some of

ROU

191

ROU

them out. With this view
the Universal Bank was
formed, and was at first very
successful. By persistent ad-
vertising, and other means,
the shares of the Bank were
forced to an undue price,
and then Saccard began to
speculate in them on behalf
of the Bank itself. The great
financier Gundermann, with
whom Saccard had quarrelled,
then began a persistent attack
on the Bank, selling its shares
steadily day after day. Sac-
card continued to buy as long
as he was able ; but the end
came, the price broke, and
he, as weU as the Bank, which
was now one of its own largest
shareholders, was ruined.
Since his previous failure,
Saccard had not been on
friendly terms with his brother
Eugene Rougon, and, some
time before the collapse of
the Bank, had made violent
attacks upon him in his news-
paper. Consequently Rougon
did nothing to assist him in
the criminal proceedings which
followed the final catastrophe ;
he did not, however, wish to
have a brother in jail, and
arranged matters so that an
appeal was allowed. Next
day Saccard escaped to Bel-
gium. UArgent.

After the fall of the Second
Empire, ho returned to Paris,

despite the sentence he had
incurred. Some complicated
intrigue must have been at
work, for not only did he
obtain a pardon, but once
more took part in promoting
large undertakings, with a
finger in every pie and a share
of every bribe. In 1872 he
was actively engaged in
journalism, having been ap-
pointed Director of the
Epoque, a Republican journal
which made a great success by
publishing the papers found
in the Tuileries. Covetous of
his son's fortune, he hastened
a disease from which Maxime
suffered, by encouraging him
in vicious courses, and in the
end got possession of the
whole estate. By a singular
irony, Aristide, now returned
to his original Republicanism,
was in a position to protect
his brother Eugene, whom in
earlier days he had so often
compromised. Lc Docteur
Pascal.
Rougon (Madame Ang^le),
first wife of the preceding,
was a daughter of Com-
mander Sicardot. She brought
her husband a dowry of
ten thousand francs. La
Fortune des Rougon.

Along with lier daughter
Clotilde, she accompanied her
husband to Paris in 1852, and
being an amiable woman with-

ROU

out ambition she was quite
satisfied with the modest posi-
tion he at first secured. She
died in 1854 of inflammation
of the lungs. La Curee.

RouGON, alias Saccard
(Madame Renee), the second
wife of Aristide Rougon, alias
Saccard, was the elder daugh-
ter of M. Beraud du Chatel,
the last representative of
an old middle -class family.
Having become seriously com-
promised, she was hurriedly
married to Saccard through
the agency of his sister Mad-
ame Sidonie, and a consider-
able sum of money as well
as land was settled upon her.
Wholly given over to pleasure
and extravagance, she soon
got deeply into debt, and her
husband took advantage of
this from time to time by in-
ducing her to make over to
him her property, in order
that he might speculate with
it. She engaged in a shame-
ful liaison with her husband's
son Maxime, which ultimately
brought her great unhappi-
ness, and she died of acute
meningitis at an early age.
La Curee.

Rougon (Charles), born 1857,
son of Maxime Rougon, alias
Saccard, and of Justine
Megot, a maid -servant of
Madame Renee Saccard. The

child and his mother were
sent to the country with a
little annuity of twelve hun-
dred francs. La Curee.

At fifteen years of age he
lived at Plassans with his
mother, who had married
a saddler named Anselme
Thomas. Charles was a de-
generate who reproduced at
a distance of three genera-
tions his great-great-grand-
mother, Adelaide Fouque. He
did not look more than twelve
years old, and his intelligence
was that of a child of five.
There was in him a relaxation
of tissues, due to degeneracy,
and the slightest exertion pro-
duced haemorrhage. Charles
was not kindly treated by his
stepfather, and generally lived
with his great-grandmother
Felicite Rougon. He was fre-
quently taken to visit the
aged Adelaide Fouque in the
asylum at Les Tulettes, and
on one occasion, in 1873,
when he chanced to be left
alone with her he was seized
with bleeding at the nose,
and, under the fixed eyes of
his ancestress, he slowly bled
to death. Le Docteur Pascal.

Rougon (Clotilde), born 1847,
daughter of Aristide Rougon,
accompanied her father and
mother to Paris in 1852.
After the death of her mother

ROU

193

ROU

in 1854, she was sent to live
with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her
uncle, who had frequently
offered to take her to enliven
his silent scientific home. La
Curee.

At Plassans Clotilde lived
a quiet healthy life, much of
it spent in the open air. She
was not highly educated, but
having considerable artistic
talent was able to assist Doctor
Pascal by making illustrations
for his great work on heredity.
At one period she developed
strong religious tendencies
under the influence of Mar-
tine, the doctor's old servant,
who took her to church, and
imbued the girl with her own
bigoted ideas regarding the
salvation of Pascal. Her
grandmother, FeUcite Rou-
gon, who wished, for family
reasons, to destroy Pascal's
manuscripts on the subject
of heredity, played on Clo-
tilde's feelings, and induced
her to assist in a search for the
hated work. Rougon sur-
prised them in the act, and
subsequently laid bare to
Clotilde the whole facts of
the terrible family history.
In time the mysticism of the
Church gave place to pas-
sionate love between Clotilde
and Pascal. The doctor felt,
however, that she was sacri-
^ ficingj^her youtli for him, and
O

sent her to Paris to live with
her brother Maxime. Soon
afterwards, Pascal became ill,
and died before she was able
to return. A child was born
some months later. Le Doc-
teur Pascal,

Rougon (Eugene), born 1811,
eldest son of Pierre Rougon,
was educated at Plassans and
Paris, and was called to the
Bar. He practised in the
local Court for a number of
years, but with little success.
Though of lethargic appear-
ance, he was a man of ability,
who " cherished lofty am-
bitions, possessed domineer-
ing instincts, and showed a
singular contempt for trifling
expedients and small for-
tunes." With the Revolution
of February, 1848, Eugene
felt that his opportunity had
come, and he left for Paris
with scarcely five hundred
francs in his pocket. He was
able to give his parents early
information of the designs of
the Bonapartes, and so pre-
pared the way for the events
of the Coup d'etat of 1851,
when the family fortunes were
made. La Fortune des Rou-
gon.

During his early days in
Paris Rougon resided at the
Hotel Vanneau, kept by
Madame Correur, and while

ROU

194

there he made the acquaint-
ance of Gilquin and Du Poizat,
both of whom assisted him in
spreading the Bonapartist
propaganda. By his exertions
in this cause he estabhshed a
claim for reward, and he was
appointed a member of the
State Council, ultimately be-
coming its President. He
fell into disfavour, however,
with the Court on account
of his opposition to a claim
for two million francs by a
distant relative of the Em-
press Eugenie. Finding that
his position was insecure, he
tendered his resignation to the
Emperor, who accepted it.
About this time he met
Clorinde Balbi, an Italian
adventuress, who endeavoured
to induce him to marry her.
Carried away for the time
being, Rougon made over-
tures to her which she re-
sented, and he was on the
point of offering her marriage.
Reflection on her somewhat
equivocal position in society
induced him to think better of
this, and he offered to arrange
a marriage between her and
his friend Delestang. The
offer was accepted, and the
marriage took place. Soon
after, Rougon married Vero-
nique Beulin-d'Orchere. Dur-
ing his retirement Rougon was
surrounded by a band of

followers, the Charbonnels,
Du Poizet, Kahn, and others,
who in the hope of profiting
by his return to office lost
no chance of establishing a
claim upon him. After the
Orsini plot against the life
of the Emperor, of which
Rougon had prior information
through Gilquin, the need for
a strong man arose, and he
was again called to office,
being appointed Minister of
the Interior. His harshness
in carrying out reprisals
against the Republican party,
and even more, his reckless-
ness in finding appointments
for his friends, led to a public
outcry, and his position again
became undermined. Clorinde,
who had never forgiven him
for not marrjdng her, did
much to foment the disaffec-
tion, and even his own band
of followers turned against
him. Always quick to act,
Rougon again placed his resig-
nation in the hands of the
Emperor, who to his surprise
accepted it. Three years
later he was once more a
member of the Corps Legis-
latif, and having brought
his principles into accordance
with the more liberal views
then professed by the Em-
peror, he gave his strong
support to the measures giving
effect to them. In conse-

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quence, he was appointed
by the Emperor as a Minister
without department, and com-
missioned to defend the new
PoHcy. Son Excellence Eu-
gene Rougon.

When his brother Aristide
came to Paris, Eugene found
a situation for him, but,
fearing to be compromised by
him, suggested that he should
change his name to Saccard,
which he did. There was
no intimacy between the
brothers, but Eugene occa-
sionally visited Aristide at
the great house built by him
in the Pare Monceau. La
Curee,

After Saccard's bankruptcy,
Eugene refused to have any
further connection with him,
though he tacitly approved
of the foundation of the
Universal Bank. The Bank
having failed, however, he
did nothing to stay legal pro-
ceedings against his brother ;
but, after a sentence of im-
prisonment had been passed,
he connived at his escape
from the country while the
sentence was under appeal.
L'Argent.

He continued to take a
lively interest in Plassans,
and it was by him that Abb6
Faujas was sent there to
counteract the clerical in-
fluence, which at tliat time

was strongly Legitimist. He
kept up a correspondence
with his mother, whom he
advised as to each step she
should take in political
matters. La Conquete de PlaS'
sans.

After the fall of the Empire,
Eugene became a simple
Deputy, and in the Assembly
remained to defend the old
order of things which the
downfall had swept away.
Le Docteur Pascal.

Rougon (Madame Eugene),
wife of the preceding. See
Veronique Beulin-d'Orchere.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Rougon (Marthe), born 1820,
daughter of Pierre Rougon ;
married in 1840 her cousin
Fran9ois Rougon ; had three
children. La Fortune dea
Rougon.

She accompanied her hus-
band to Marseilles, where by
close attention to business
they accumulated a fortune
in fifteen years, returning to
Plassans at the end of that
period and setthng down
there. Her life at Plassans
was a happy one until the
household fell under the in-
fluence of Abb6 Faujas. From
the first she was in love
with the priest, and as he
gave her no encouragement in
this, she devoted herself to

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church services to the entire
neglect of her household and
family. As time went on, her
passion for the Abbe grew
more extreme, and her health
became undermined to a
serious extent. She became
subject to fits of an epileptic
nature, and having injured
herself in some of these, she
allowed the injuries to be
attributed to her husband,
whom she had now grown to
regard as an encumbrance.
Though she was aware , that
he was not insane, she allowed
him to be removed to an
asylum, where confinement
soon completed the work be-
gun by her own conduct.
The Abbe Faujas having reso-
lutely resisted her advances,
her health became still worse,
and she died in her mother's
house on the same night that
her husband escaped from the
asylum and burned down
their old horrie. La Conquete
de Plassans.

RouGON (Maxime), born 1840,
son of Aristide Rougon. La
Fortune des Rougon.

When his father went to
Paris in 1852, Maxime re-
mained at school at Plassans,
not going to Paris till after
his father's second marriage.
From early youth he was of
vicious character, and the

idleness and extravagance of
the life in his father's house
only completed the training
begun at Plassans. After
carrying on a disgraceful liai-
son with his father's second
wife, he married Louise de
Mareuil, through whom he
got a considerable dowry.
La Curee.

After the death of his wife,
six months after their mar-
riage, he returned to Paris,
where he lived quietly upon
the dowry brought to him by
her. He refused to join in
any of his father's schemes, or
to assist him in any way,
and was consequently not
affected by the failure of the
Universal Bank. U Argent.

After the war he re-estab-
lished himself in his mansion
in Avenue du Bois -de -Bou-
logne, where he lived on the
fortune left by his wife. " He
had become prudent, how-
ever, with the enforced re-
straint of a man whose
marrow is diseased, and who
seeks by artifice to ward off
the paralysis which threatened
him." In the fear of this im-
pending illness, he induced
his sister Clotilde to leave
Doctor Pascal, and go to live
with him in Paris, but in
his constant fear of being
taken advantage of he soon
began to be suspicious of her,

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as he did of every one who
served him. His father, who
wished to hasten his own in-
heritance, encouraged him in a
renewal of his vicious courses,
and he died of locomotor
ataxy at the age of thirty-
three. Le Docteur Pascal.

RouGON (Madame Maxime).
See Louise de Mareuil.

RouGON (Pascal), bom 1813,
second son of Pierre Rougon,
" had an uprightness of spirit,
a love of study, a retiring
modesty which contrasted
strangely with the feverish
ambitions and unscrupulous
intrigues of his family."
Having acquitted himself ad-
mirably in his medical studies
at Paris, he returned to
Plassans, where he lived a life
of quiet study and work. He
had few patients, but devoted
himself to research, particu-
larly on the subject of here-
dity, with special reference
to its results on his own
family. In the hope of alle-
viating suffering, he followed
the RepubHcan insurgents in
their march from Plassans in
December, 1851. La Fortune
des Rougon.

In 1854 his niece Clotilde,
daughter of liis brother
Aristide, went to live with
him. He had frequently
offered to take her, but no-

thing was arranged till after
the death of her mother, at
which time she was about
seven years old. La Curee.

His practice as a medical
man extended to Les Artaud,
and he attended his nephew
Abbe Serge Mouret during
an attack of brain fever.
On the priest's partial re-
covery, he removed him to
the Paradou, and left him
in the care of Albine, niece
of old Jeanbemat, the care-
taker of that neglected
demesne. Dr. Pascal was
much attached to Albine, and
deeply regretted the sad love
affair which resulted from
Mouret 's forge tfulness of his
past. He had no religious
beliefs himself, and he urged
Mouret to return to Albine,
but the voice of the Church
proved too strong in the end.
La Faute de VAhhe Mouret.

At sixty years of age Pascal
was so fresh and vigorous
that, though his hair and
beard were white, he might
have been mistaken for a
young man with powdered
locks. He had lived for
seventeen years at La Sou-
leiade, near Plassans, with
his niece Clotilde and his
old servant Martine, having
amassed a little fortune,
which was suflficient for his
needs. He had devoted his

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life to the study of heredity,
finding typical examples in
his own family. He brought
up Clotilde without imposing
on her his own philosophic
creed, even allowing Martine
to take her to church regu-
larly. But this tolerance
brought about a serious mis-
understanding between them,
for the girl fell under the
influence of religious mysti-
cism, and came to look with
horror on the savant's scien-
tific pursuits. Discovered by
him in an attempt to destroy
his documents, he explained
to Clotilde fully and frankly
the bearing of their terrible
family history on his theory
of heredity, with the result
that her outlook on life was
entirely changed ; he had
opposed the force of human
truth against the shadows of
mysticism. The struggle be-
tween Pascal and Clotilde
brought them to a knowledge
of mutual love, and an illicit
relationship was established
between them. He would
have married her (this being
legal in France), but having
lost most of his money he was
unwilling to sacrifice what he
believed to be her interests,
and persuaded her to go to
Paris to live with her brother
Maxime. Soon after her de-
parture he was seized with

an afi^ection of the heart, and,
after some weeks of suffering,
died only an hour before her
return. Immediately after
his death his mother, Madame
Felicite Rougon, took posses-
sion of his papers, and in an
immense auto-da-fe destroyed
in an hour the records of a
lifetime of work. Le Docteur
Pascal.

Rougon (Pierre), born 1787,
legitimate son of Adelaide
Fouque, was a thrifty, selfish
lad who saw that his mother
by her improvident conduct
was squandering the estate
to which he considered himself
sole heir. His aim was to
induce his mother and her
two illegitimate children to
remove from the house and
land, and in this he was ulti-
mately successful. Having
sold the property for fifty
thousand francs, he induced
his mother, who by this time
was of weak intellect, to
sign a receipt for that sum,
and was so able to defraud
his half-brother and sister
of the shares to which they
would have been entitled.
Soon thereafter he married
Felicite Puech, the daughter
of an oil dealer in Plassans.
The firm of Puech and Lacamp
was not prosperous, but the
money brought by Pierre

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Rougon retrieved the situa-
tion, and after a few years the
two original partners retired.
Fortune, however, soon
changed, and for thirty years
there was a continual struggle
to make ends meet. Three
sons and two daughters were
born, and their education
was a heavy drain upon their
parents' means. In 1845
Pierre and his wife retired
from business with forty thou-
sand francs at the most.
Instigated by the Marquis de
Carnavant, they went in for
politics, and soon regular
meetings of the reactionary
party came to be held in
their " yellow drawing-room."
Advised, however, by their
son Eugene, they resolved to
support the cause of the
Bonapartes, and at the time
of the Coup d'Etat of 1851
Pierre was the leader of that
party in Plassans. Having
concealed himself when the
Republican insurgents entered
Plassans, he avoided capture,
and after they retired he led
the band of citizens which
recaptured the town hall.
This bloodless victory having
been somewhat minimized by
the townH])cople, Pierre and
his wife, with a view to
establishing a strong claim for
subsequent reward, bribed An-
toine Macquart to load the

Republicans left in Plassans to
an attack on the town hall.
To meet this he prepared a
strong ambuscade, and the Re-
publicans were repulsed with
considerable loss. As a result
of this treachery, Pierre was
regarded by his fellow-citizens
as the saviour of the town,
and the Government subse-
quently appointed him Re-
ceiver of Taxes, decorating
him with the Cross of the
Legion of Honour. La For-
tune des Rougon.

He settled down quietly
and took little part in public
affairs, though his wife con-
tinued to hold weekly recep-
tions at which members of
the different political parties
were represented. La Con-
quite de Plassans.

He became so corpulent
that he was unable to move,
and was carried off by an
attack of indigestion on the
night of 3rd September, 1870,
a few hours after hearing of the
catastrophe of Sedan. The
downfall of the regime which
he prided himself on having
helped to establish seemed
to have crushed him like a
thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pas-
cal.
Rougon (Madamb FiJuciTft),
wife of the preceding, and
daughter of Puoch, the oil-
dealer. She was married in

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200

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1810, and had three sons and
two daughters. A woman of
strong ambitions, she hoped
to better her social position
by the aid of her sons, on
whose education she spent
large sums. Disappointed in
this hope for many years,
she and her husband retired
from business with barely
sufficient means to keep them-
selves in comfort. She, insti-
gated by the Marquis de
Carnavant (her putative
father) urged her husband
to take part in politics, and
meetings of the reactionary
party were regularly held in
her " yellow drawing-room."
While the success of the
Cou^ d'etat was in some
doubt, she encouraged her
husband in maintaining the
position he had taken up ;
and, having ascertained that
the success of the Bona-
partists was assured, she ar-
ranged with Antoine Macquart
for the attack on the town
hall, the repulse of which led
to the rise of the family
fortunes. La Fortune des
Rougon.

After her husband's ap-
pointment as Receiver of
Taxes, she continued her
weekly receptions, but en-
deavoured to give them a
non-political character by in-
viting representatives of all

parties. Her son Eugene,
now a Minister of State, kept
her advised as to the course
she should pursue, and on
his instructions she gave some
assistance to Abbe Faujas
in his political " conquest of
Plassans." La Conquete de
Plassans.

In 1856 she interested her-
self in a lawsuit raised by
M. Charbonnel, a retired oil-
merchant of Plassans, and
requested her son Eugene,
the President of the Council
of State, to use his influence
on behalf of her friend. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

After the disasters of the
war, Plassans escaped from
her dominion, and she had
to content herself with the
role of dethroned queen of
the old regime. Her ruling
passion was the defence of the
glory of the Rougons, and
the obliteration of everything
tending to reflect on the
family name. In this con-
nection she welcomed the
death of Adelaide Fouque,
the common ancestress of the
Rougons and the Macquarts,
and she did nothing to save
her old accomplice Antoine
Macquart from the terrible
fate which overtook him.
After these events, her only
remaining trouble was the
work on family heredity

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201

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which had for years occupied
her son Pascal. Assisted by
his servant Martine, she even-
tually succeeded in burning
the whole manuscripts to
which Pascal had devoted his
life. Her triumph was then
secure, and in order to raise
a monument to the glory of
the family she devoted a
large part of her fortune to
the erection of an asylum for
the aged, to be known as the
Rougon Asylum. At eighty-
two years of age, she laid the
foundation stone of the build-
ing, and in doing so conquered
Plassans for the third time.
Le Docteur Pascal.

Rougon (Sidonie), born 1818,
daughter of Pierre Rougon.
La Fortune des Rougon.

She married at Plassans an
attorney's clerk, named
Touche, and together they
went to Paris, setting up
business in the Rue Saint-
Honor6, as dealers in fruit
from the south of France.
The venture was unsuccess-
ful, and the husband soon dis-
appeared. At the rise of the
Second Empire, Sidonie was
thirty-five ; but she dressed
herself with so little care and
had so little of the woman in
her manner that she looked
much older. She carried on
business in lace and pianos,

but did not confine herself
to these trades ; when she had
sold ten francs' worth of lace
she would insinuate herself in-
to her customer's good graces
and become her man of busi-
ness, attending attorneys, ad-
vocates, and judges on her
behalf. The confidences she
everywhere received put her
on the track of good strokes
of business, often of a nature
more than equivocal, and it
was she who arranged the
second marriage of her brother
Aristide. She was a true
Rougon, who had inherited
the hunger for money, the
longing for intrigue, which
was the characteristic of the
family. La Curee.

In 1851 she had a daughter
by an unknown father. The
child, who was named An-
gelique Marie, was at once
sent to the Foundling Hospital
by her mother, who never
made any inquiry about her
afterwards. Le Reve.

She attended the funeral
of her cousin, Claude Lantier,
the artist. Arrived at his
house, " she went upstairs,
turned round the studio,
sniffed at all its bare
wretchedness, and then
walked down again with a
hard mouth, irritated at
having taken the trouble to
come." UCSuvre.

ROU

202

" After a long disappear-
ance from the scene, Sidonie,
weary of the shady caUings
she had pHed, and now of
a nunlike austerity, retired
to the gloomy shelter of a
conventual kind of estab-
lishment, holding the purse-
strings of the (Euvre du
Sacrament, an institution
founded with the object of
assisting seduced girls, who
had become mothers, to se-
cure husbands." Le, Docteur
Pascal.

RouGON (Victor), son of Aris-
tide Saccard and Rosaline
Chavaille. Brought up in
the gutter, he was from the
first incorrigibly lazy and
vicious. La Mechain, his
mother's cousin, after dis-
covering his paternity, told
the facts to Caroline Hamelin,
who, to save Saccard annoy-
ance, paid over a considerable
sum and removed the boy to
UCEuvre du Travail, one of
the institutions founded by
Princess d'Orviedo. Here
every effort was made to re-
claim him, but without suc-
cess ; vice and cunning had
become his nature. In the
end he made a murderous
attack upon Alice de Beau-
villiers, who was visiting the
hospital, and having stolen
her purse, made his escape.

Subsequent search proved
fruitless ; he had disappeared
in the under-world of crime.
V Argent.

"In 1873, Victor had al-
together vanished, living, no
doubt, in the shady haunts
of crime — since he was in no
penitentiary — let loose upon
the world like some brute
foaming with the hereditary
virus, whose every bite would
enlarge that existing evil — free
to work out his own future,
his unknown destiny, which
was perchance the scaffold."
Le Docteur Pascal.

RouGON ( ), the child of

Doctor Pascal Rougon and
of Clotilde Rougon, born some
months after his father's
death. Pascal, a few minutes
before he died, drew towards
him the genealogical tree of
the Rougon-Macquart family,
over which he had spent so
many years, and in a vacant
space wrote the words : " The
unknown child, to be born in
1874. What will it be ? "
Le Docteur Pascal.

RoussE (La), a peasant girl of
Les Artaud, who assisted to
decorate the church for the
festival of the Virgin. La
Faute de VAhhe Mouret.

Rousseau, one of the auditors
of the Universal Bank, an

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203

RUS

office which he shared with
Lavigniere, under whose in-
fluence he was to a great
extent. U Argent.

RoussELOT (Monseigneur),
Bishop of Plassans, an ami-
able but weak man, who was
entirely under the influence
of Abbe Fenil. Having got
into disfavour with the
Government over the election
of a Legitimist as Deputy, he
was anxious to retrieve his
position, and with this object
agreed to appoint Abbe Fau-
jas vicar of Saint-Saturnin's
church. This led to a quarrel
with Abbe Fenil, who, of
course, resented the appoint-
ment. The Bishop being still
in some doubt as to the
standing of Abbe Faujas with
the Government, went to
Paris, where he interviewed
Eugene Rougon, the Minister
of State. Satisfied with the
information which he re-
ceived, he threw himself
heartily into the political
struggle then proceeding at
Plassans, giving Faujas every
assistance in carrying out his
schemes on behalf of the
Bonapartist candidate. La
Conquete de Plassans.

RoussiE (La), a woman who
had formerly worked as a
putter in the Voreux pit.
Ocrminal.

RousTAN (Abbe), one of the
clergy of Sainte-Eustache
church. Madame Lisa Quenu
consulted him as to her pro-
posed course of action regard-
ing Florent. Le Ventre de
Paris.

RouvET, an old peasant who
lived in the same village 2Ls
Zephyrin Lacour and Rosalie
Pichon. One of their plea-
sures consisted in calling to
mind the sayings of the old
man. Une Page d' Amour.

RozAN (Due de), was a young
man of dissolute life, who,
after getting the control of his
fortune, soon went through
the greater part of it. He
was the lover of Renee Sac-
card for a time. La Curee.

RozAN (DucHESSE de), mother
of the preceding. She kept
her son so short of money
that, till he was thirty-five,
he seldom had more than a
dozen louis at a time. Her
death was largely occasioned
by the knowledge of the
enormous amount of debts
lier son had incurred. La
Curee.

RuscoNi (Chevalier), the Sar-
dinian Minister at Paris, a
friend of Comtesse Balbi, and
her daughter. San Excellence
Engine Rougon.

SAB

204

Sabatani, a native of the Le-
vant, who appeared in Paris
after defaulting on some
foreign Stock Exchange. He
was a handsome man, and
Httle by little gained the
confidence of the Bourse " by
scrupulous correctness of be-
haviour and an unremitting
graciousness even towards the
most disreputable." He be-
gan doing business with
Mazaud by depositing a small
sum as " cover " in the belief
that the insignificance of the
amount would in time be
forgotten ; and " he evinced
great prudence, increasing his
orders in a stealthy gradual
fashion, pending the day
when, with a heavy settlement
to meet, it would be necessary
for him to disappear." When
Saccard founded the Universal
Bank, he selected Sabatani as
the " man of straw " in whose
name the shares held by the
Bank itself were to be taken
up. Sabatani soon increased
his speculations to an enor-
mous extent, gaining large
sums, but after the collapse
of the Universal Bank he
disappeared without paying
his " differences," thereby
contributing largely to the
ruin of Mazaud. U Argent.

Sabot, a vine-grower of Brin-
queville. He was a renowned
joker, who entered into a
competition with Hyacinthe
Fouan, but was beaten by
him. La Terre.

Saccabd, the name assumed
by Aristide Rougon, on the
suggestion of his brother Eu-
gene. See Rougon (Aristide).
La Curee.

Saccard (Victor).
Rougon.

See Victor

Saffre (De), secretary to Eu-
gene Rougon, the Minister of
State. La Curee.

Saget (Mademoiselle), an old
lady who had lived in the Rue
Pirouette for forty years. She
never spoke about herself,
but she spent her life in
getting information about her
neighbours, carrying her pry-
ing curiosity so far as to listen
behind their doors and open
their letters. She went about
all day pretending she was
marketing, but in reality
merely spreading scandal and
getting information. By
bullying little Pauline Quenu,
she got a hint of Florent's
past history, which she
promptly spread through the
markets, even going the length
of writing an anonymous letter
to the Prefect of Police. Le
Ventre de Paris.

SAI

205

SAM

Saint-Firmin (Oscar de), a
character in La Petite
Duchesse, a play by Fauchery.
The part was played by
PruUiere. Nana.

Saint-Germain (Mademoiselle
de) was the owner of a
princely house in Rue Saint-
Lazare, which after her death
became the property of Prin-
cess d'Orviedo. UArgent.

Saints- Anges (La Mere des),
superior of the Convent of
the Visitation at Clermont.
She saved from the cloister
Christine Hallegrain, who had
not a religious vocation, and
obtained for her a situation
in Paris as companion to
Madame de Vanzade.
UCEuvre.

Salmon, a speculator on the
Paris Bourse who passed for a
man of extraordinary acumen
by listening to everyone and
saying nothing. He answered
only by smiles, and one could
never tell in what he was
speculating or whether he was
speculating at all. UArgent.

Salneuve (De), a man of con-
siderable importance in the
Second Empire, whose in-
fluence was secured for Eugene
Rougon by Clorinde Balbi.
Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Sambuc (Guillaume), one of
the francs-tireurs wlio carried
on a guerilla warfare against

the Germans in 1870. He
was the worthy son of a family
of scoundrels, and lived by
theft and rapine. He fur-
nished most valuable informa-
tion to the French generals
regarding a movement of the
Prussians to surprise Beau-
mont, but his information
was disregarded till too late.
The francs-tireurs had a par-
ticular hatred against Goliath
Steinberg, the German spy,
and, instigated by Silvine
Morange, Sambuc arranged for
his capture, afterwards killing
him by cutting his throat. La
Debdcle.
Sambuc (Prosper), brother of
the preceding. Of a nature
docile and hard-working, he
hated the life of the woods,
and would have liked to be a
farm labourer. He entered the
army and became one of the
Chasseurs d'Afrique. Sent to
France to take part in the war
against Germany, he shared
in many weary marches, but
saw no fighting, till the battle
of Sedan, when his horse,
Zephir, which he loved like a
brother, was killed under him.
He made his escape after the
battle, and having been able
to change his uniform for the
clothes of a countryman, he
returned to Remilly and got
employment on the farm of
Fouchard. La Debdcle,

SAN

206

SAN

Sandorff, a member of the
Austrian Embassy at Paris,
He married Mile, de Ladri-
court, who was much younger
than he. He was very nig-
gardly. L'Argent.

Sandorff (Baroness), wife of
the Councillor to the Austrian
Embassy, who was thirty-
five years older than herself.
She was an inveterate specu-
lator, and, as her husband
refused to assist her, she
found it necessary to have
recourse to her lovers when
her losses were greater than
usual. She stopped at nothing
to gain information, and at
one time was on intimate
terms with Saccard. Having
quarrelled with him, she has-
tened the downfall of the
Universal Bank, by giving
information to Gundermann
which caused him to continue
his attack on the Bank.
UArgent.

Sandoz (Pere), a Spaniard
who took refuge in France in
consequence of a political dis-
turbance in which he was
involved. He started near
Plassans a paper mill with
new machinery of his own
invention. When he died,
almost heart-broken by the
petty local jealousy that had
sought to hamper him in
every way, his widow found

herself in a position so in-
volved, and burdened with so
many tangled lawsuits, that
the whole of her remaining
means were swallowed up.
UCEuvre.

Sandoz Mere (Madame), wife
of the preceding, was a native
of Burgundy. Yielding to her
hatred of the Provengals,
whom she blamed for the
death of her husband, and
even for the slow paralysis
from which she herself was
suffering, she migrated to
Paris with her son Pierre,
who then supported her out
of a clerk's small salary. In
Rue d'Enfer she occupied a
single room on the same flat
as her son, and there, disabled
by paralysis, lived in morose
and voluntary solitude, sur-
rounded by his tender care.
Later, Pierre, who was now
married, and was making a
considerable income, took a
house in Rue NoUet, and
there Madame Sandoz passed
her remaining years. UCEuvre.

Sandoz (Pierre), a famous
novelist whose youth was
spent at Plassans, where at
school he was the inseparable
companion of Claude Lantier
and Dubuche. The favourite
amusement of the boys was
walking, and together they
took long excursions, spending

SAN

207

SAN

whole days in the country.
After the death of his father
Sandoz went to Paris, where
he got employment at a small
salary at the Mairie of the
fifth arrondissement, in the
office for registration of births;
he was chained there by the
thought of his mother, whom
he had to support, and to
whom he was tenderly at-
tached. Presently he pub-
lished his first book : a series
of mild sketches, brought
with him from Plassans,
among which only a few
rougher notes indicated the
mutineer, the lover of truth
and power. He lived at this
time with his mother in a
little house in Rue d'Enfer,
and there he received
each Thursday evening his
old friends from Plassans,
Claude Lantier and Dubuche,
and with them FageroUes,
Mahoudeau, Jory, Gagniere,
now reunited at Paris, and all
animated by the same passion
for art. He was still obsessed
by a desire for literary glory,
and had thoughts of writing a
poem on some vast sub-
ject, but at last he hit on a
scheme which soon took form
in his mind. With reference
to it he said, " I am going
to take a family, and I shall
study its members, one by
one, whence they come,

whither they go, how they
react one upon another — in
short, humanity in a small
compass, the way in which
humanity grows and behaves.
On the other hand, I shall set
my men and women in a
determined period of history,
which will provide me with
the necessary surroundings
and circumstances, a slice
of history — you understand,
eh ? a series of fifteen or
twenty books, episodes that
will cling together although
having each a separate frame-
work, a suite of novels with
which I shall be able to build
myself a house for my old
age if they don't crush me."
The first of the novels met
with some success, and Sandoz
having resigned his appoint-
ment, and put his trust en-
tirely in literature, married a
young girl named Henriette,
the daughter of middle-class
parents, and removed his
house to Rue Nollet. In
course of time his circum-
stances became still more
comfortable, and he again
removed to a largo house in
Rue de Londres. When
Claude Lantier fell into misery
and despair, a gradual separa-
tion came about between
him and his friends, but
Sandoz remained true to tlio
old companionship. He was

SAN

208

SAR

one of the few mourners who
attended the funeral of the
unfortunate artist. UCEuvre.

Sandoz (Madame Henriette),
wife of the preceding. She
was an orphan, the daughter
of a small shop-keeper, with-
out a penny, but pretty and
intelligent. She occupied her-
self much with the affairs of
the kitchen, being specially
proud of some of her dishes.
Even later, when the family
was more prosperous and
had removed to a large flat in
Rue de Londres, Henriette
continued to take personal
charge, out of affection for
her husband, whose only fault
was a tendency to gluttony.
L'CEuvre.

Sanquirino (Duchesse), a lady
of the Italian aristocracy,
who resided at Paris. She
gave Eugene Rougon very
unsatisfactory information re-
garding Comtesse Balbi and
her daughter Clorinde. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Sans-Pouce, one of the brigands
of the band of Beau-Franyois.
La Terre.

Sapin, sergeant in Captain Beau-
doin's company of the 106th
Regiment of the line. " The
son of a Lyons grocer in a
small way of business, spoilt
by his mother, who was dead,

and unable to get on with his
father, he had remained in
the regiment disgusted with
everything, but unwilling to
be bought out." Later he
became engaged to one of
his cousins, who had a small
dowry, and began to take an
interest in life. During the
march to Sedan, however, he
became impressed with the
idea that he would be killed,
and this belief was realized
during the fighting on 1st
September, 1870. La Debacle.

Sapin (La), a disreputable old
woman at Magnolles who per-
formed illegal operations and
pretended to work magic.
La Terre.

Sarriet (Madame), sister of
Madame Lecoeur and of
Madame Gavard ; mother of
La Sarriette. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Sarriet, usually called La Sar-
riette, was the niece of
Madame Lecoeur. She grew
up in the markets and her
sympathies were with the
lower ranks of the people.
At twenty she set up in
business as a fruit-dealer, and
took as her lover a young
man named Jules, who was
employed by her aunt as a
porter. After the arrest of
Gavard, her uncle by mar-
riage, La Sarriette and her

SAR

209

aunt divided his money be-
tween them. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Sarteur, a journeyman hatter
at Plassans. He was afflicted
with homicidal mania, and
was confined for a time in the
asylum at Tulettes. While
there he was treated by
Doctor Pascal Rougon, who
effected a cure by hypodermic
injections of a substance with
which he had long experi-
mented. Sarteur was re-
leased from the asylum, but
the cure was not permanent,
for a few months afterwards
the unfortunate man became
conscious of a return of his
homicidal mania, and, to pre-
vent its operation, hanged
himself. Le Docteur Pascal,

Satin, a friend of Nana from
childhood, having, like her,
attended the school of Made-
moiselle Josse. She was a
regular customer at Laure
PiMefer's restaurant, where
she met Madame Robert.
She lived for a time with
Nana, of whom she was in-
tensely jealous, and in time
gained control of the whole
household. She died in the
hospital of Lariboisidre.
Nana.

Saucisse (Le PArb), an old
peasant of Rognes, who owned
an acre of land which ho Hold
P

to Pere Fouan for an annuity
of fifteen sous a day. In
order to dupe the old man,
he pretended to be in bad
health. Later, terrorized by
Buteau, he cancelled the
agreement, and repaid half
the sums he had received. La
Terre.

Sauvagnat, a friend of Plu-
chart. He lived at Marchi-
ennes. Germinal.

Sauvagnat, chief of the depot
at Havre, lived in a cottage
near the engine depot, which
his sister Philomene kept for
him, but greatly neglected.
He was an obstinate man
and a strict disciplinarian,
greatly esteemed by his su-
periors, but had met with
the utmost vexation on ac-
count of his sister, even
to the point of being threat-
ened with dismissal. If the
Company bore with her now
on his account, he only kept
her with him because of the
family tie ; but this did not
prevent him belabouring her
so severely with blows when-
ever he caught her at fault
that ho frequently left her
half dead on the floor. La
Bete Uumaine.

Sauvagnat (PniLOMiiNB), sister
of tho preceding, was a tall,
thin woman of thirty-two,
who after numerous love-

210

SIC

affairs had settled down with
Pecqueux, whose mistress she
became. She had the reputa-
tion of drinking. A subse-
quent intrigue between her
and Jacques Lantier excited
the jealousy of Pecqueux to
the point of murder. La Bete
Humaine.

Sauveur (Madame), a dress-
maker, who numbered
Madame Desforges among her
customers. She frequented
Mouret's shop, Au Bonheur
des Dames, on the occasions
of great sales, purchasing
large quantities of stuff which
she afterwards sold to her
own customers at higher
prices. Au Bonheur des Dames.

Sauvigny (De), judge of the
race for the Grand Prix de
Paris. Nana.

ScHLOSSER, a speculator on the
Paris Bourse. He was se-
cretly Tassociated with Saba-
tani, with whom he carried
out many schemes to their
mutual advantage. U Argent.

Scots (H.E-.H. The Prince of).
See ]&cosse.

Sedille, a native of Lyons,
who established himself in
Paris, and after thirty years'
toil succeeded in making his
silk business one of the best
known in the city. Un-
fortunately he acquired a

passion for gambling, and a
couple of successful ventures
made him altogether lose his
head. From that time he
neglected his business, and
ruin lay inevitably at the end.
On the invitation of Saccard
he became a Director of the
Universal Bank. Like the
other Directors, he speculated
largely in the shares of the
Bank ; but, unlike most of
them, he did nob sell in time,
with the result that he was
completely ruined, and his
bankruptcy followed. U Ar-
gent.

Sedille (Gustave), son of M.
Sedille, the silk merchant.
To the disappointment of his
father, he despised commer-
cial pursuits, and cared only
for pleasure. In the hope
that he might take an in-
terest in finance, he was
given a situation in the office
of Mazaud, the stockbroker,
where, however, he did little
work, and soon engaged in
speculations on his own ac-
count. The failure of the
Universal Bank left him penni-
less, and deep in debt. U Ar-
gent.

Sicardot (Commander), the
father-in-law of Aristide Rou-
gon. He had the strongest in-
tellect of the politicians who
met in Pierre Rougon's yel-

SIC

211

SOP

low drawing-room. He was
taken prisoner by the insur-
gents at the time of the
Coup d'J^tcU. La Fortune des
Rougon.

SiCARDOT, the name of Aristide
Rougon's wife's family. He
adopted this name when he
went to Paris in 1851, using
it for a considerable time
before he again changed it to
Saccard. UArgent.

SiCARDOT (Angele). See
Madame Aristide Rougon.

SiDONiE (Madame), the name
by which Sidonie Rougon
(q.v.) was generally known.
La Curee.

Simon (La M-^re), an old woman
who assisted Severine Rou-
baud in her housework. La
Bete Humaine.

SiMONNOT, a grocer at Rau-
court. His premises were
raided by the Bavarians after
the Battle of Beaumont. La
Debdcle.

Simpson, an American who was
attach^ at his country's Em-
bassy at Paris. He was a
frequent visitor at the house
of Ren^e Saccard. La Curie.

SivRY (Blanche de), the name
assumed by Jacqueline Bau-
du, a girl who came to Paris
from a village near Amiens.
Magnificent in person, stupid
and untruthful in character,

she gave herself out as the
granddaughter of a general,
and never owned to her
thirty -two summers. She was
much annoyed at the out-
break of war with Germany,
because her lover, a young
Prussian, was expelled from
the country. Nana.

Smelten, a baker at Montsou.
He gave credit for some time
during the strike, in the hope
of recovering some of his
business taken away by Mai-
grat. Germinal.

Smithson (Miss), Lucien De-
berle's English governess. Une
Page d' Amour.

Sonne viLLE, a manufacturer at
Marchiennes. His business
was seriously affected by the
strike of miners at Montsou.
Germinal.

Sophie, a workwoman employed
at Madame Titroville's arti-
ficial flower- making establish-
ment. UAsaommoir.

Sophie, an old waiting -maid in
the service of the Duchesse de
Comboville, whoso daugliter.
Princess d'Orviedo, she
brought up. When the Prin-
cess shut herself up from the
world, Sophie remained with
her. UArgent.

Sophie, daughter of Guiraude.
Predestined to phthisis by
heredity, she was saved,

sou

212

SPO

thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon,
who sent her to Hve with an
aunt in the country, where
she was brought up in the
open air. Wlien she was
seventeen years old she
married a young miller in the
neighbourhood. Le Docteur
Pascal.

SouLAS, an old shepherd at La
Borderie, where he had been
for half a century. At sixty-
five he had saved nothing,
having been eaten up by a
drunken wife, " whom at last
he had the pleasure of bury-
ing." He had few friends
except his two dogs, Emperor
and Massacre, and he es-
pecially hated Jacqueline Cog-
net with the jealous disgust
of an old servant at her rapid
advancement. He was aware
of her numerous liaisons, but
said nothing until she brought
about his dismissal, when he
told everything to his master,
Alexandre Hourdequin. La
Terre.

SouRDEAU, a bone-setter at
Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was
supposed to be equally good
for wounds. La Terre.

SouvARiNE, an engine-man at
the Voreux pit, who lodged
with the Rasteneurs. He was
a Russian^of noble family,
who had at first studied
medicine, until, carried away

by social enthusiasm, he
learned a trade in order that
he might mix with the people.
It was by this trade that he
now lived, after having fled
in consequence of an un-
successful attempt against the
Czar's life, an attempt which
resulted in his mistress, An-
nouchka, and many of his
friends, being hanged. His
principles were those of the
most violent anarchy, and he
would have nothing to do
with the strike at Montsou,
which he considered a merely
childish affair. Disgusted at
the return of the miners to
their work, he resolved to
bring about the destruction
of the Voreux pit, by weaken-
ing the timbers which kept
out a vast accumulation of
water. He accomplished that
work of madness in a fury of
destruction in which he
twenty times risked his life.
And when the torrent had
invaded the mine, imprison-
ing the unfortunate workers,
Souvarine went calmly away
into the unknown without
a glance behind. Germinal.

Spirit, an English horse which
ran in the Grand Prix de
Paris. Nana.

Spontini, a master at the
College of Plassans. He came
originally from Corsica, and

SQU

213

SYL

used to show his knife, rusty
with the blood of three
cousins. UCEuvre.

Squelette-Externe (Le). See
Mimi-la-Mort. UCEuvre.

Staderino (Signor), a Venetian
pohtical refugee, and a friend
of Comtesse Balbi. Son Ex-
cellence Eugene Rougon.

Steinberg (Goliath), a Prus-
sian spy who was engaged in
1867 as a farm servant by
Fouchard at Remilly. He
became the lover of Silvine
Morange, promising her
marriage, but disappearing
before the ceremony. It was
said that he served also on
other farms in the neighbour-
hood of Beaumont and Rau-
court. During the war he
was able to give important
information to the German
forces. In trying to regain
his former influence over
Silvine, he threatened to re-
move their child to Germany,
and, to prevent his doing so,
she betrayed him to Guillaume
Sambuc and the francs-
tireurs of his band, who
killed him in the house of
Fouchard, in the presence of
Silvine, by cutting his throat,
and bleeding him in the same
manner as a pig. La Debacle.

Steinbb, a banker in Paris.
He was a German Jew,
through whose hands had

passed millions. He spent
vast sums upon Rose Mignon
and Nana. Nana.

Sternich (Duchesse de), a
celebrated leader of society
in the Second Empire. She
dominated aU her friends on
the ground of a former inti-
macy with the Emperor. La
Curee.

Btewart (Lucy), was the
daughter of an engine-cleaner
of EngUsh origin who was
employed at the Gare du Nord,
She was not beautiful, but
had such a charm of manner
that she was considered the
smartest of the demi-mon-
daines in Paris. Among her
lovers had been a prince of the
royal blood. She had a son,
Ollivier, before whom she
posed as an actress. Nana.

Stewart (Ollivier), son of the
preceding. He was a pupil at
the naval college, and had no
suspicion of the calling of his
mother. Nana.

SuBiN (Abb^), secretary to the
Bishop of Plassans, of whom
he was a great favourite.
He was a constant visitor
at the house of M. Rastoril,
with whose daughters he
played battledore. La Con-
quHe dc Plassans.

Sylvl/i, an actress who was
admired by Maxime Saooard.
La Curee.

TAB

214

Taboureau (Madame), a baker
in the Rue Turbigo. She
was a recognized authority
on all subjects relating to her
neighbours. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Tatin (Mademoiselle), kept an
under-linen warehouse in the
Passage Choiseul, and was
so seriously affected by the
competition of Octave
Mouret's great store that she
became bankrupt. Au Bon-
Tieur des Dames.

Tardiveau (Baron de), a char-
acter in La Petite Duchesse,
a play by Fauchery. The
part was played by Fontan.
Nana.

WTatan Nene, a young girl of
great beauty who had herded
cows in Champagne before
coming to Paris. She was
one of Nana's friends. Nana.

Ta vernier, an old doctor of
Orleans, who had ceased to
practise. Georges Hugon
made a pretext of visiting
him, in order to be able to join
Nana at La Mignotte. Nana.

Teissiere (Madame), a mon-
daine of the Second Empire.
She was a friend of Madame de
Lauwerens and of the Sac-
cards. La Curee.

TestaniIire (Madame), a jyro
tegee of Madame Correur,
who recommended her to
Eugene Rougon, the Minister
of State. Son Excellence Eu-
gene Rougon.

Teuse (La), an elderly woman
who acted as servant to Abbe
Mouret. In addition, she
cleaned the church and kept
the vestments in order ; on
occasion, it was said, she had
even served the Mass for the
Abbe's predecessor. She was
garrulous and ill-tempered,
but was devoted to Mouret, of
whom she took the greatest
care, and she was also kind
to his weak-minded sister,
Desiree. La Faute de VAhhe
Mouret.

Theodore, a Belgian who gave
lessons on the piano to
Clarisse Bocquet, and after-
wards became her lover. Pot-
Bouille.

Theodore, son of a paste-
board maker. He was to have
married Nathalie Dejoie, but
wishing to establish himself in
business, demanded a con-
siderable dowry. He after-
wards married the daughter
of a workman, who brought
him nearly eight thousand
francs. U Argent.

Therese, a former neighbour
of the Lorilleux in Rue de la
Goutte d'Or. She died of

THE a

THI

215

TOIT

consumption, and the Loril-
leux thought they saw a
resemblance between Ger-
vaise and her. U Assommoir .

Thibaudier (M.), a banker at
Caen. He had a daughter,
Louise, but having married
again soon after the death of
his first wife, he troubled little
about her, and was quite
willing to consent to her
marriage with Lazare Chan-
teau. La Joie de Vivre.

Thibaudier (Louise), daughter
of M. Thibaudier, a banker
at Caen. She was a slight,
delicate girl, with an attrac-
tive manner, and Lazare
Chanteau fell in love with her,
though he was at the time
engaged to Pauline Quenu.
Pauline having magnanim-
ously released him, they were
married. Lazare 's morbid
mania having become more
acute, and Louise being herself
in poor health, their relations
became strained, and the mar-
riage was not a happy one.
They had a son who was
named Paul. La Joie de
Vivre.

Louise died young. Le
Docteur Pascal.

Thomas, keeper of an oating-
liouse at M(mtmartro. UAa-
sommoir.

Thomas (Anselme), a journey-
man saddler at Plassans. He

married Justine Megot,
tempted by the annuity of
twelve hundred francs which
she received from Saccard.
He disliked her child, the
little Charles Rougon, who
was degenerate and weak-
minded. Le Docteur Pascal.

Thomas (Madame Anselme),
wife of the preceding. See
Justine Megot. Le Docteur
Pascal.

TisoN, keeper of a dram-shop
at Montsou. Germinal.

TissoT (Madame), a friend of
Madame Deberle. Une Page
d' Amour.

Titreville (Madame) carried
on the business of an arti-
ficial-flower maker, of which
Madame Lerat was fore-
woman, and where Nana Cou-
peau was a pupil. She was
a tall woman who never un-
bent, and the girls were all
afraid of her, pretending to
be engrossed in work when-
ever she appeared. UAssom-
moir.

ToucHE (M.), a townsman of
Plassans who expressed dis-
belief in the success of the
Cowp d'etat. La Fortune dea
Rov^gon.

ToucHB, an Attorney's clerk at
Plassans. He married Sidonie
Rougon in 1838, and went
with her to Paris, where he

TOU

216

started business as a dealer
in the products of the South.
He was not very successful,
and died in 1850. La Curie.

TouRMAL (Les), a family who
resided at Bonneville and
lived chiefly by smuggUng and
stealing. The father and
grandfather were sent to
prison, and the daughter,
when shown kindness by Pau-
line Quenu, rewarded her by
attempting to steal such
small articles of value as she
could conceal. La Joie de
Vivre.

Toutin-Laroche (M.), a retired
candle-manufacturer ; now a
municipal councillor, and a
director of the Credit Viticole,
the Societe Generale of the
Ports of Morocco, and other
companies of doubtful stand-
ing. His ambition was to
enter the Senate, and he clung
to Baron Gauraud and Sac-
card in the belief that they
could assist him. La Curie.

a/Tricon (La), a well-known pro-
curess, who numbered Nana
among her clients. She had
a passion for racing, and at
the Grand Prix seemed to
dominate the crowd. Nana.

Trompette, one of the horses
in the Voreux pit. It only
lived a few months after
being taken underground.
Germinal.

Tron, a labourer in the farm
of La Borderie. He was one
of Jacqueline Cognet's lovers,
and exhibited jealousy
amounting to insanity re-
garding her. Having been
dismissed by his master, he
opened a trap-door through
which Hourdequin fell and
was killed. When he found
that Jacqueline would not
forgive him for this stupid
murder, which ruined her
prospects, he set fire to the
farm buildings. La Terre.

Trouche (Honore), brother-
in-law of Abbe Faujas. Hav-
ing been unsuccessful in busi-
ness at Besan9on, he
followed Faujas to Plassans,
where he went with his wife
to live in rooms rented by the
Abbe from Franyois Mouret.
He was of bad character and
quite unscrupulous, but by
the influence of Faujas he was
appointed Secretary to the
Girls' Home started by
Madame Mouret and other
ladies of Plassans. Having
got a footing in the Mourets'
house, he soon began to take
advantage of his position, and
little by little got possession
of the whole premises. He did
all he could to encourage the
idea of Francois Mouret's
madness, and after the un-
fortunate man's removal to

TRO

217

VAB

the asylum was able with
greater ease to carry out his
schemes. Mouret having ulti-
mately escaped from the asy-
lum, returned to his home
and set it on fire ; Trouche
perished in the flames. La
Conquete de Plassans.

Trouche (Madame Olympe),
wife of the preceding, and
sister of Abbe Faujas. She
accompanied her husband to
Plassans, and contributed
largely to the ruin of the
Mouret family. Utterly
heartless, she stopped at
nothing, robbing Madame
Mouret of money, clothing,
everything that came within
her power. Nemesis came
with the return of Fran9ois
Mouret, who set fire to his
house, causing the death of
Madame Trouche as well as
that of her husband. La
Conquete de Plassans.

Trouille (La), the nickname
of Olympe Fouan. La Terre.

Trublot (Hector), a young
man wliom Madame Josserand
hoped at one time to secure
as a husband for her daugh-
ter. He had, however, no
thoughts of marriage, and,
as he was averse to any risk
of complications, his habit
was to select his female friends
from among the maid-servants

of his acquaintances. He was
employed as correspondent in
the office of Monsieur Des-
marquay, a money-changer.
Pot-Bouille.

Vabre, a notary of Versailles
who retired to Paris with a
fortune, part of which he
invested in the house in Rue
de Choiseul occupied by the
Duveyriers, the Josserands,
and others. He had unfortu-
nately a hidden passion for
gambling in stocks and shares,
and when he died it was found
that his whole fortune had
been dissipated, even his
house being heavily mort-
gaged. Pot-Bouille.

Vabre (Auguste), eldest son of
M. Vabre, carried on a silk
merchant's business in part
of the premises which be-
longed to his father. He
married Berthe Josserand, but
as he suffered much from
neuralgia, and was, in addi-
tion, of a niggardly disposi-
tion, the marriage was not
a happy one. An intrigue
between Madame Vabre and
Octave Mouret followed, and
on its discovery she returned
to her parents. For a con-
siderable time Vabre refused
to forgive his wife, but a

218

reconciliation was ultimately
brought about through the
intervention of Abbe Mauduit.
Vabre's fortunes were ad-
versely affected by the ex-
tension of Madame Hedouin's
business, known as " The
Ladies' Paradise." Pot-
Bouille.

The rapid success of Octave
Mouret's business led to the
ruin of Vabre, a result to
which the extravagance of
his wife also contributed. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Vabre (Madame Auguste), wife
of the preceding. See Berthe
Josserand. Pot-Bouille.

Vabre (Camille), son of Theo-
phile Vabre and his wife
Valerie Louhette. Pot-

Bouille.

Vabre (Clotilde), daughter of
Vabre the notary, and wife of
Duveyrier. She did not get
on well with her husband,
whom she hated, and her only
passion was for music, which
she practised to an inordinate
extent. Pot-Bouille.

Vabre (Theophile), second son
of M. Vabre, "a little old
man of twenty-eight, a victim
to coughs and toothache, who
first tried all sorts of trades
and then married the daughter
of a neighbouring haber-
dasher." His life was

shadowed by suspicions of his
wife, with whom he constantly
quarrelled. He was with
difficulty prevented from
making a scene at the mar-
riage of his brother Auguste
to Berthe Josserand. Pot-
Bouille.

Vabre (Madame Valerie), wife
of the preceding, nee Lou-
hette, was the daughter of
a wealthy haberdasher. She
did not get on well with her
husband, who accused her,
not entirely without reason,
of carrying on a liaison with
some one whose name he was
unable to discover. Pot-
Bouille.

Vadon (Marguerite), daughter
of a linen-draper at Grenoble,
found it desirable to come to
Paris for a time, and got a
situation at " The Ladies'
Paradise." She was a well-
conducted girl, and ultimately
returned to Grenoble to take
charge of her parents' shop,
and marry a cousin who was
waiting for her. Au Bonheur
des Dames.

Valen^ay (Baron de), aide-de-
camp to the Emperor. He
married the eldest daughter
of the Comtesse de Bretigny.
UAssommoir.

Valen^ay (Mademoiselle

Paule de) was very rich

VAL

219

VAL

and extremely beautiful when
at nineteen years old she
married the Marquis Jean XII
de Hautecoeur. She died
within a year, leaving a son
named Felieien. Le Reve.

Valentin, son of Guiraude, and
brother of Sophie. His father,
a journeyman tanner, died
of phthisis, and Valentin,
who had been in daily contact
with him, developed the dis-
ease. Doctor Pascal Rougon
prolonged his life for some
time by hypodermic injec-
tions of a substance dis-
covered by himself, but the
respite was only temporary,
for at twenty -one years of age
Valentin died of hereditary
phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal.

Val^rio II, a horse which
belonged to M. Corbreuse
and ran in the Grand Prix do
Paris. Nana.

Vallagnosc (Madame de) be-
longed to an old family of
Plassans. Left a widow with
two daughters and one son,
she found life difficult on the
small remains of a former
fortune. In order to assist
his mother, the son, Paul,
secured an appointment at
Paris in a Government office.
Au Bonheur des Dames.

Vallagnosc (Paul de), an old
friend of Octave Mourct,
whom he had known at

Plassans. He belonged to an
old family, but, being a
younger son without money,
was obliged to select a pro-
fession. He studied law, but
meeting with no success, was
obliged to accept an appoint-
ment in the Ministry of the
Interior. He married Made-
moiselle de Boves. Au Bon-
heur des Dames.

Vallagnosc (Madame Paul
de), wife of the preceding.
See Blanche de Boves.

Valqueyras (Comte de), a re-
lation of Marquis de Cama-
vant, who lived in his house.
La Fortune des Rougon.

He was a supporter of the
Marquis de Lagrifoul, the
Legitimist Deputy for Plas-
sans, who visited him for a
fortnight before the election
which was dominated by Abbe
Faujas. La Conquete de Plas-
sans.

Valqueyras (Marquise de), in
1873, she was the only repre-
sentative of a very old family.
She was a widow with a little
daughter of six, very rich,
and equally parsimonious.
When Doctor Pascal Rougon
called on her to ask payment
of his fees, he allowed himself
to be put off, and even gave
advice regarding the health
of the child. Le Docteur
Pascal.

VAN

220

VAU

Vanderhagen, the medical man
employed by the Mining Com-
pany of Montsou. He was
so much overworked that it
was said he gave his consulta-
tions while he was running
from place to place. Germinal.
A' Vandeuvres (Comte Xavier
de), the last member of a
noble family, had gone
through a large fortune in
Paris. His racing -stable was
famous, as were his losses at
the Imperial Club, while his
ruin was completed by the
vast sums which he spent on
Nana. His final hope was
centred on the race for the
Grand Prix de Paris in which
he was running two horses,
Lusignan and a filly named
Nana. Lusignan was the
favourite, but Vandeuvres,
having arranged his betting,
caused the horse to be pulled,
so that the filly might win.
The ruse was successful, and
Vandeuvres gained a large
sum, but suspicions having
been aroused, he was warned
off the turf and expelled from
the Imperial Club. Driven to
madness, the Comte shut
himself up in his stable, and,
having set it on fire, perished
among his horses. Nana.
Vandorpe, the head station-
master of the Western Rail-
way Company at Paris. La
Bete Hmnaine.

Vanpouille Brothers, a firm
of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-
Petits Champs, who were
practically ruined when Oc-
tave Mouret added a fur de-
partment to " The Ladies'
Paradise." Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Vanska (Comtesse), a well-
known and rich mondaine of
the Second Empire. La Curee.

Vanzade (Madame), the widow
of a general. She was an old
lady, rich, nearly blind, and
practically helpless. At Passy
she lived, in a silent old house,
a life so retired and regular
that it might have been actu-
ated by clockwork. As she
required a companion, her old
friend. La Mere des Saints -
Anges, recommended Chris-
tine Hallegrain to her ; but
the girl, stifling in that dwell-
ing of rigid piety, ended by
running off with her lover,
Claude Lantier. Madame
Vanzade died four years later,
and the bulk of her fortune
went to charities. VCEuvre.

Vaquez (Judith), an artist's
model who lived in Rue du
Rocher. She was a Jewess,
fresh enough in colouring but
too thin. L'CEuvre.

Vaucogne (Hector), husband
of Estelle Badeuil. At the
time of his marriage, Vau-
cogne was a junior officer of

VAU

221

VER

customs, but when his wife's
parents retired he took over
their maison publique. He
left everything to the care
of his wife, and after her death
the estabhshment ceased to be
prosperous. In the end he
was turned out by his father-
in-law, and the business was^
given to his daughter Elodie,
who showed all the family
capacity for management. La
Terre.

Vaucogne (Madame Hector),
wife of the preceding. See
fistelle Badeuil. La Terre.

Vaucogne (Slodie), daughter
of the preceding, and grand-
daughter of M. and Madame
Charles Badeuil. She was
seven years old when her
parents took over the maison
publique of her grandfather,
and she was then sent to a
convent at Chateaudun to be
educated by the Sisters of the
Visitation. Her holidays were
spent with her grandparents,
and she was supposed to be
under the impression that
her parents were carrying on a
large confectionery business,
but Victorine, a servant who
had been dismissed for mis-
conduct, had made her aware
of the facts, and when, at
eighteen years of age, she
was asked in marriage by her
cousin Ernest Delhomme, she

astonished her grandparents
by joining with him in a desire
to succeed to the family estab-
lishment. La Terre.

Vaugelade (Due de), at one
time the master of Gourd, who
was his valet. Pot-Bouille.

Venot (Th^ophile), an old
lawyer who made a speciality
of ecclesiastical cases, and
had acquired a fortune by
serving the Jesuits. He had
retired with a comfortable
sum, and led an existence
slightly mysterious ; received
everywhere, saluted very low,
even a little feared, as he
represented a great and un-
known force which he had
behind him. An intimate
friend of the Muffats, he did
everything in his power to put
an end to the liaison between
the Comte and Nana, and,
though no success attended his
efforts for a considerable time,
he was able when ruin seemed
imminent to save Muff at from
scandal and to console him
by a return to the practice of
religion. Nana.

Verdier (Baron), proprietor of
a racing-stable. Frangipane,
one of his horses, ran in the
Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.

Vbrdikr, a lawyer who had been
for a long time engaged to
Hortense Josserand. The

VER

222

VIA

marriage was put off from
time to time, as he had got
entangled with a woman from
whom he found separation
difficult. Pot-Bouille.

Verdonck, a grocer at Montsou.
His business was much af-
fected by the competition of
Maigrat, and he gave credit
during the first week of the
strike in the hope of getting
back some of his old cus-
tomers. Germinal,

Verlaque, an inspector in the
fish - market at the Holies
Centrales. Having fallen into
bad health, he was allowed to
find a substitute to keep the
place open for him in case he
should recover. Florent was
appointed, and paid a con-
siderable portion of the salary
to Verlaque. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Verlaque (Madame), wife of
the preceding. Florent as-
sisted her after the death of
her husband. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Vernier, an art critic who
published an article on Fage-
roUes the artist. UCEuvre.

Veronique, maid-servant to the
Chanteau family, was a tall,
stout young woman of un-
attractive appearance and un-
certain temper. She had been
in the service of the Chanteaus
for twenty years, and having

become necessary to them,
took advantage of her posi-
tion. From the first, Ver-
onique resented Pauline
Quenu's presence in the
Chanteau household, and
treated her as an intruder. In
course of time, however, she
came to see that Pauline was
being despoiled of her means
by Madame Chanteau, and
her sense of justice made her
take the young girl's part.
The death of Madame Chan-
teau made a deep impression
on Veronique, whose ill-will
towards Pauline gradually re-
turned. Her mind, not strong
at best, became unhinged,
and in a fit of temper she
went into the orchard and
hanged herself. La Joie de
Vivre.

Vial (AbbIi), one of the clergy
of Plassans. When his ap-
pointment became vacant it
was promised to Abb6 Bour-
rette, but was eventually given
to Abbe Faujas. La Con-
quete de Plassans.

Vial (Melanib), second wife of
Jean Macquart, to whom she
was married in 1871. She
was the only daughter of a
peasant in easy circumstances,
and was of a fine robust
physique. She had three
healthy children in as many
years. Le Docteur Pascal.

VIA

223

VIN

ViAN, a wheelwright of Plas-
sans, to whom Silvere Mouret
was apprenticed. La Fortune
des Rougon.

ViCTomE, Madame Campardon's
cook. She had been in the
service of her master's father
when Campardon was a baby,
and though now old, and not
over clean, they were un-
willing to part with her. Pot-
Bouille.

ViCToniE (La Mere), wife of
Pecqueux, the railway stoker.
She had been the nurse of
Severine Aubry, and later, as
the wife of Pecqueux, who
spent all his earnings on drink,
she was leading a wretched
existence in Paris by the aid
of a little sewing, when, hap-
pening to meet her foster-
daughter, the former intimacy
had been renewed, and Presi-
dent Grandmorin took her
under his protection, obtain-
ing for her the post of attend-
ant at the ladies' cloakroom.
She occupied a room in the
Impasse d' Amsterdam, which
the Roubauds regarded as
their head -quarters when they
spent a day in Paris. Having
become helpless as the result
of a sprain, she was obliged to
resign her post and seek
admittance to a hospital. La
Bite Ilumaine,

ViCTORiNB, cook in the employ-
ment of Nana. She married
Fran9ois, the footman. Nana.

ViCTORiNE, a servant in the
employment of the Badeuils
after they retired to Rognes.
She was dismissed for mis-
conduct, and in revenge told
filodie Vaucogne the occupa-
tion of her parents. La Terre.

ViGOTJROUX, a coal merchant in
Rue de la Goutte d'Or. He
sold coke to Gervaise at the
same price as the Gas Com-
pany. UAssommoir.

ViQOUROUX (Madame), wife of
the preceding. She was a
little woman with bright eyes
who liked to laugh with, the
men. UAssommoir.

ViMEUX, a miserable little sheriff
officer, who was celebrated
in the Canton for the bad
usage he got from the peasants
when he was obliged to serve
summonses upon them. La
Terre.

ViNgARD, a silk merchant, who,
seeing that his business was
likely to bo seriously affected
by the competition of *' The
Ladies' Paradise," sold it to
Robineau, and took a restau-
rant at Vincennes. Au Bon-
heur des Dames,

Vincent, a tavern-keeper in the
neighbourliood of Montsou.
OermiTial,

VIN

224

VIN

ViNEUiL (Commandant de),
father of Gilberte. Retired
from active service on account
of his wounds, he was ap-
pointed Director of Customs
at Charleville. His wife died
of consumption, and he sent
his daughter, about whose
health he was alarmed, to
reside for a time at a farm
near Chene-Populeux. He
died soon after Gilberte's
marriage to Maginot, the In-
spector of State Forests. La
Debdcle.

ViNEUiL (Colonel de), brother
of the preceding. In 1870 he
commanded the 106th Regi-
ment of the line, which formed
part of the Seventh Army
Corps. He was a man of
fine appearance and character,
and bore his part bravely
through the disastrous cam-
paign, until he was severely
wounded on the battlefield of
Sedan. Notwithstanding his
wound, he remained on his
horse till the end, when he
was removed to the house of
Delaherche, the husband of
his niece Gilberte. By De-
cember his wound was cured,
but crushed by his country's
defeats, his mental depression
was so great that he remained
in a darkened room, refusing
to hear news from the outer
world, and associating only
with his old friend Madame

Delaherche, the mother of
his niece's husband. At the
end of December he died
suddenly, horror-struck by an
account of the surrender of
Metz, which he chanced to
read in an old newspaper.
La Debacle.
Vlneuil (Gilberte de), daugh-
ter of Commandant de
Vineuil. She was first mar-
ried to Maginot, and
afterwards to Jules Dela-
herche. When she was nine
years old, her father, alarmed
at a cough she had, sent her
to live at a farm, where she
came to know Henriette
Levasseur. Even at that age
she was a coquette, and when
at twenty she married Magi-
not, the Inspector of the
State Forests at Mezidres, her
character had not changed.
Mezieres she found dull, but
her husband allowed her full
liberty, and she found all the
gaiety she desired at Charle-
ville. There she lived solely
for pleasure, and Captain
Beaudoin became her lover.
In 1869 she became a widow,
and in spite of the stories told
about her she found a second
husband, Jules Delaherche.
On the eve of the battle of
Sedan she resumed for the
nonce her former relations
with Beaudoin. Gay and
irresponsible by nature, she

VIO

225

vol

flirted with Captain von Gart-
lauben, a Prussian officer,
who was quartered on her
husband after the capitulation
of Sedan, while at the same
time she carried on a liaison
with Edmond Lagarde, a
young soldier who had been
wounded, and whom she had
assisted to nurse. La Debacle.

\ ViOLAiNE (Louise), an actress
at the Theatre des Varietes.
She took the part in the
Blonde Venus originally
played by Nana, and secured
a great success. Nana.

V\VmGrNiE, sister of Adele, for
whose sake Auguste Lantier
deserted Gervaise Macquart.
Gervaise, meeting Virginie in
a public washing-house, was
taunted by her on the subject
of her lover, and a terrible
fight between the two women
followed, Virginie being se-
verely beaten. Gervaise did
not see her again for some
years, by which time she had
married M. Poisson, an ex-
soldier, who later became a
policeman. She professed to
have overlooked the fight
with Gervaise, but appears
to have been not without
hope that an opportunity of
repaying her injuries might
eventually arise. When the
CoupoauH gave way to drink,
Lantier, who had again ch-
O

tablished friendly relations,
suggested that Virginie should
take the Coupeaus' shop and
buy a stock of groceries and
sweetmeats with a legacy she
had received from an aunt.
Partly moved by a desire for
revenge on Gervaise, she did
so, and Lantier retained with
the Poissons the place as a
lodger he formerly occupied
with the Coupeaus. Soon
after, he became Virginie's
lover, and, by paying nothing
for his support, while he
gradually ate the contents of
the shop, he accomplished the
downfall of the Poissons in
much the same manner as he
had already ruined the Cou-
peaus. UAssommoir.

ViscARDi (Signor), a Venetian
poUtical refugee, and a friend
of Comtesse Balbi. Son Ex-
cellence Eugene Rougon.

VomcouBT (Comtesse db) ,
mother of Claire de Voin-
court. She occupied at Beau-
mont a house adjoining the
bishop's palace. Le Rive.

VoiNCOURT (Claibe de), the
"daughter oi ft!l IM fttniily
of great wealth who lived
at Beaumont. Monseigneur
d'Hautecceur wished to ar-
range a marriage between
her and Felicien, Iuh son ;
hJK planH wore assisted by the
belief of Felicien that. An-

VOR

226

WOR

gelique, with whom he had
fallen in love, no longer cared
for him. This belief having
proved false, the proposed
marriage between FeUcien and
Claire de Voincourt did not
take place. Le Beve.

VoRiAU, a large black dog which
belonged to Bambousse, the
Mayor of Artaud. La Faute
de VAbhe Mouret.

VuiLLAUME (M. and Madame),
the parents of Madame
Pichon, whom they visited
every Sunday afternoon. They
were, later, much annoyed
with the Pichons, whose
family became, they con-
sidered, too large for their
means. Pot-Bouille.

VuiLLAUME (Marie).
Madame Marie Pichon.

See

VuiLLET, a bookseller of Plas-
sans, who published a bi-
weekly journal, the Gazette de
Plassans, which was devoted
exclusively to the interests of
the clergy. La Fortune des
Roiigon.

Weiss, husband of Henriette
Levasseur, and cousin of Otto
Gunther. He got a situation
in the refinery at Chene-
Populeux, almost in a menial
position, but he gradually
educated himself, and by dint
of hard work raised himself

to the position of accountant.
A clear-headed man, he early
saw the causes that were to
lead to the downfall of his
country, and expressed him-
self strongly regarding the
unprepared state of the army.
Weiss lived at Sedan, but in
1870 he had just bought a
little house at Bazeilles, where
he slept the night before the
battle. He was frantic at
the idea that the Prussians
might pillage and perhaps
destroy this dwelling so long
desired and so hardly ac-
quired, and when the attack
was made he took an active
part in the fighting. Cap-
tured by the Prussians, and
being a civilian, he was at
once condemned to be shot,
and the sentence was carried
out before the eyes of his wife,
who had come from Sedan
to look for him. La Debacle.

Weiss (Madame), wife of the
preceding. See Henriette Le-
vasseur. La Debacle.

Worms, a famous costumier,
before whom the ladies of
the Second Empire bowed
the knee. Renee Saccard
was one of his customers, and
when she died owed him
an account of two hundred
and fifty-seven thousand
francs (£10,280 stg.). La
Curee.

ZEP

227

ZOE

Zephir, the horse ridden by
Prosper Sambuc, who loved
it hke a brother. The animal
received a mortal wound at
the battle of Sedan, and fell
on its rider, crushing under
it his right leg. It lay upon
him for some hours, but
eventually, on his speaking
to it, moved with a great
effort sufficiently to allow him
to escape. La Debacle.

Z^PHYRiN, a worker on the
farm of La Borderie. He
laughed at the agricultural
machinery introduced by
Alexandre Hourdequin. La
Terre,

ZiDORE, a youth of seventeen,
who was an apprentice zinc-

worker. He was Coupeau's
assistant at one time. UAs-
sommoir.

^izi, the pet name given by
Nana to Georges Hugon.
Nana.

2oE, waiting-maid in the em-
ployment of Nana. She was
entirely in Nana's confidence,
and was always ready with
shrewd advice, though there
is no doubt she arranged
matters so that a good deal
of money came into her own
hands. She ultimately took
over the establishment of La
Tricon, which she had long
coveted, and, having large
ideas, proposed to extend the
business by renting a larger
house. Nana.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL

SCENES.

Arromanches, a small town on
the Normandy coast, not far
from Caen. It is about six
miles from Bonneville, the
scene of La Joie de Vivre.

Artaud (Les), a small village a
few miles from Plassans {q.v.).
Abbe Mouret was its priest
during the events related in
La Faute de VAbhe Mouret.

AssoMMOiR (Pere Colombe's)
was situated at the corner of
Rue des Poissonniers and
Boulevard de Rochechouart,
which is a continuation of
Boulevard de Clichy, in the
northern district of Paris.
UAssommoir,

AuGusTiN (Rue Neuve Saint),
a street which joins the
Avenue de I'Opera a short
distance from the Opera
House. It is intersected by
Rue Michodiere, at the corner
of which was situated Octave
Mouret's great drapery estab-
lishment, known as " Au Bon-
heur des Dames." Au Bon-
Tieur des Dames.

Barentin, a small town on the
Western Railway of France,
about twelve miles from
Rouen. It was at a point
between Barentin and the
previous station, Malaunay,

that President Grandmorin
was murdered by Roubaud.
La Bete Humaine.

Bazeilles, a village about three
miles south-east of Sedan
iq.v.). It was the scene of
some of the most important
events in La Debacle.

Beauce (La), a fertile agricul-
tural plain stretching between
Chartres and Orleans, and
intersected by the road from
the latter town to Chateau-
dun. The district is the scene
of La Terre.

Beaumont^ a town of about
3000 inhabitants, pictur-
esquely situated on a height
on the left bank of the Oise
about twenty-five miles north
of Paris. Its church, the
scene of some of the principal
events in Le Reve, is an inter-
esting building, dating from
the thirteenth century. Le
Reve.

Boncceur (Hotel) was situated
in the Boulevard de la Cha-
peUe {q.v.). UAssommoir.

Bonneville, a village on the
Normandy coast, about six
miles from Arromanches. It
is in an extremely exposed
position, and many houses
have been destroyed by the

228

BOR

229

CLO

inroads of the sea. To prevent
further damage, Lazare Chan-
teau constructed a break-
water, which was, however,
w^ashed away by the first
storm. The inhabitants of the
village were mostly engaged
in fishing. La Joie de Vivre.

BoRDERiE (La), a farm on
the plain of La Beauce,
which belonged to Alexandre
Hourdequin, whose father
bought it after the Revolu-
tion. La Terre.

Caen, a town of about 40,000
inhabitants, situated on the
River Ome, about nine miles
from the Normandy coast.
Chanteau pere carried on busi-
ness there before he retired
and went to live at Bonneville,
and his son Lazare received
his education at its college.
La Joie de Vivre.

Chalons, a town of about
24,000 inhabitants, is situated
on the Mamc 107 miles east of
Paris. It is the head- quarters
of the Sixth Army Corps, and
was occupied by the Prussians
in August, 1870. La Debdcle.

Chapelle (Boulevard de la)
is a continuation of the
Boulevard de Clichy, in the
Montmartro district of Paris.
In it was situated the Hotel
BoncoDur, where Lantier and
Oervaise Macquart found
lodgings when they first came
to Paris. UAssommoir,

Charleville, a town of about
17,000 inhabitants, situated
about ten miles north-west
of Sedan. It is close to
Mezieres, of which it really
forms the commercial and
industrial portion. La Debdcle.

Chartres, an important and
interesting toAvn, situated on
the left bank of the Eure,
fifty-five miles south-west of
Paris. It is the principal town
in the grain -producing district
of La Beauce, and reference
is frequently made to it in La
Terre. In it M. and Madame
Charles Badeuil carried on
business for a number of years
with considerable success. La
Terre.

Chateaudun, a town of 7000
inhabitants, situated on the
left bank of the Loire, about
eighty-four miles south-west
of Paris. It is in the district
of La Beauce, and is fre-
quently referred to in La
Terre.

Choiseul (Rue de), a street
which connects the Boule-
vard des Italiens, and Rue
Neuve Saint- Augustin. It is
parallel to Avenue de I'Op^ra
and Rue Michodi6re, being
slightly to the east of the
latter. Pot-Bouille.

Cloyes, a market-town in tho
district of I^a Beauce, about
seven miles from Ch&teaudun
and ninety-one miles south-

CRO

230

MAL

west of Paris. It is fre-
quently referred to in La
Terre.

Croix de Maufras (Le), a level
crossing on the Western Rail-
way of France, between
Malaunay and Barentin, about
nine miles west of Rouen.
The crossing, which was
looked after by Misard and his
daughter Flore, was the scene
of a terrible railway accident,
and it was in the same vicinity
that President Grandmorin
was murdered by Roubaud.
La Bete Humaine.

Eaux (Passage des), a steep
lane which runs from Rue
Raynouard at Passy down to
the Seine. In an old house
which abutted on the passage
lived Mere Fetu, and in the
same building was the room
where Helene Grandjean went
to meet Doctor Deberle. Une
Page d' Amour.

GouTTE d'Or (Rue de la), a
street in the Montmartre dis-
trict of Paris. It enters from
Rue des Poissonniers and runs
parallel to and behind Boule-
vard de la Chapelle, which is
a continuation of Boulevard
de Clichy. The Coupeaus
and the Lorilleux lived in Rue
de la Goutte d'Or. L'Assom-
moir.

Halles Centrales (Les), the
great provision markets of
Paris, are situated on the right

bank of the river, and are
directly north of the Pont
Neuf , from which they are not
far distant. Le Ventre de
Paris.

Haussmann (Boulevard) runs
from east to west a short
distance behind the Opera
House. Its eastern end con-
nects with the Boulevard des
It aliens. Nana.

Havre (Le), an important sea-
port, which forms the ter-
minus of the Western Railway
of France, the line upon which
Jacques Lantier was employed
as an engine-driver. The
Roubauds lived at Le Havre,
and many of the principal
scenes in La Bete Huraaine
were enacted there. La Bete
Humaine.

Lazare (Rue Saint-) is in the
neighbourhood of the railway
station of the same name.
In it was situated the Orviedo
mansion, in which Aristide
Saccard started the Universal
Bank. U Argent.

Lille, an important manufac-
turing town in the north of
France, near the Belgian
frontier, fitienne Lantier was
at one time employed in the
railway workshop there. Ger-
minal.

Malaunay, a station on the
Western Railway of France,
six miles from Rouen, and
about midway between that

MAR

231

PAR

town and Barentin. It is re-
ferred to in La Bete Humaine.

Marbeuf (Rue), a street which
connects the Avenue des
Champs Elysees and the
Avenue de I'Alma. Eugene
Rougon Uved there. Son
Excellence Eugene Rougon.

Marchiennes, a town in the
mining district of the north
of France, about thirty miles
south -eaat of Lille. It is
fro. uently referred to in Qer-
min I

Met a town of 55,000 in-
habitants, is situated on the
Moselle, about 263 miles east
of Paris and about eighty
miles south-east of Sedan.
It was surrendered to the
Prussians on 27th October,

1870, and is now the capital of
German Lorraine. La Debdcle.

MIJZij&RES, a small town of 7000
inhabitants, situated on a
peninsula formed by the
Meuse about ten miles north-
west of Sedan. Its situation
has prevented its extension,
and the closely adjoining town
of Charleville has become its
commercial and industrial
quarter. M^zi^res was three
times invested during the
Franco -Prussian War, and sur-
rendered on 2nd January,

1871, after a bombardment of
three days. La Debdcle.

MiCHODii:RE (Rue), a street
whi^h connects the Boulevard

des Capucines and the Rue
Neuve Saint-Augustin. At
the comer where it joins the
latter street was situated
Octave Mouret's great drapery
establishment, known as " Au
Bonheur des Dames," and in it
also Baudu carried on business.
The street is almost parallel
to the Avenue de I'Opera. Au
Bonheur des Dames.

Moines (Rue des) was situated
at BatignoUes, in the extreme
north-west of Paris. Madame
Lerat lived there. UAssom-
moir.

MoNCEAU (Rue), a street which
runs northward from Rue du
Faubourg St. Honore. It is
a short distance to the north-
east of the Arc de Triomphe,
and in it was situated Aris-
tide Saccard's magnificent
mansion. La Curee.

MoNTSOu, a mining village in
the north of France, about
ten kilometres from Mar-
chiennes {q.v.). It is the
scene of many of the cliief
events in Germinal.

Orleans, an important town
situated on the Loire, seventy-
five miles south of Paris. It is
referred to in Z«a Terre and
Nana.

Paradou, the name of a neg-
lected demesne near Plassans
(q.v.). It was the scene of a
largo pait of La Faute de
VAbbi Mouret.

PLA

232

VOR

Plassans, the name under
which Zola disguised his na-
tive town of Aix. It is a place
of about 30,000 inhabitants,
and is situated eighteen miles
north of Marseilles. Aix was
at one time the capital of
Provence, is the seat of an
archbishop, and contains a
university and an ficole des
Art et Metiers.

In the Rougon-Macquart
novels Zola made Plassans
the cradle of an imaginary
family, and throughout the
whole series of books the
town is constantly referred
to. La Fortune des Bougonjetc .

Raucourt, a small town about
six miles south of Sedan. It
is frequently referred to in
La Debacle.

Reims, an important town of
98,000 inhabitants, situated
about 100 miles to the north-
east of Paris. In 1870-71 it
was occupied by the Prussians,
who laid heavy requisitions
upon it. The town is fre-
quently referred to in La
Debacle.

Remilly, a village about five
miles south of Sedan. Old
Fouchard's farm was situated
in its vicinity. La Debacle.

Rouen, an important town of
over 100,000 inhabitants, situ-
ated on the Seine, about eighty-

seven miles from Paris and
fifty -seven miles from Le
Havre. It was the scene of
the judicial inquiry regarding
the murder of President
Grandmorin. La Bete Hu-
maine.

Sedan, a town of 20,000 in-
habitants, situated on the
Meuse, about 170 miles north-
east of Paris. It was the scene
of one of the chief battles of
the Franco -Prussian War of
1870, and capitulated to the
Prussian forces on 2nd Sep-
tember of that year. The
town is frequently referred to
in La Debdcle.

Valognes, a small town in Nor-
mandy, not far from Cher-
bourg. It was the birthplace
of Denise Baudu and her
brothers. Au Bonheur des
Dames.

Vineuse (Rue de), a street in
the Passy district of Paris,
at the extreme west end of the
city. It is near the Trocadero
Palace. Madame Helene
Grand] can and Doctor De-
berle both lived in this street.
Une Page d' Amour.

VoREUX, the name of a large
coal-pit, situated about two
kilometres from Montsou, on
the road between that village
and Marchiennes (q.v.). Ger-
minal.

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2539 A Zola dictionary

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Full text of "A Zola dictionary; the characters of the Rougon-Macquart novels of Émile Zola; with a biographical and criticial introduction, synopses of the plots, bibliographical note, map, genealogy, etc"

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