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ZOOLOGY
OF TlIK
VOYAGE OF H.M.S. EREBUS & TERROR,
UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.RS
D U U 1 X G T H E Y K A K S
1839 TO 1843.
BY jr-THORiry of the lords COMMISSIOXERS UF THE ADMIRALTY.
E 1) 1 1' K I) B Y
JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.H.S., &c.
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.
VOL. !.
MAMMALIA, BIRDS.
L O ^\ IJ () i\ :
v.. W. J AN SON, 2 8, MUSEUM STREET, W.C.
M.mcC.XUV.— M.DC'CC.l.XXV.
VOL.
CONTENTS
Cliart of the South Circumpolar Region. (Frontispiece).
Title Page.
Conten^s.
Summary of the Voyage, by Joseph Dalton Hookkk, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &e., (pp. iii — xil).
Mammalia, hy J. E. Gkav, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
T. The Seals of the Southern Hemispliere, (pp. 1—8), 1844, (pp. 9—12), 1875.
II. Miscellanea, (pp. 12a— 12d), 1875.
III. Oa the Cetaceous Animals, (|)]). 18 — 53), 1846.
BiRBs, hy Gkorge Robert Gray, F.R.S., &c., (])]). 1—20), 1844—1845.
Appendix, hy R. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., cVc, (pp. 21—39), ls75.
PLATES.
Seals. I— X, XIV— XVII.
Miscellanea. XVIII— XXII, XXV— XXIX.
Cetacca. BalaeiKi aiifipodm'/ni/, (referred to at p. IG as B. an tare flea), i~- XXXII his,
XXXIII XXXVII.
Birds. I, 1*, II— XI, XI*, XIII— XX, XX*, XXI*, XXI, XXIII XXXV.
58^86
SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE,
BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.
ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE "EREBUs" AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.
IN the beginning of the year 1839, the British Government having determined on fit-
ting out an Expedition, for the purpose of investigating the phsenomena of Terrestrial
Magnetism in various remote countries, and for prosecuting Maritime Geographical
Discovery in the high southern latitudes, H.M. Ships Erebus and Terror, commis-
sioned by Captain Sir James Clark Ross, sailed from Chatham on the 29th of Sep-
tember 1839. In addition to carrying out the above-mentioned leading views, it was
enjoined to the officers, that they should use every exertion to collect the various objects
of Natural History which the many heretofore unexplored countries about to be visited
would afford.
On the outward voyage we touched at most of the Atlantic Islands, making a
longer stay at some of them than is usual, on account of the nature of the observations
that were instituted. At Madeira, which was the first visited, we called in the middle
of October, and remained eleven days ; and then made Teneriffe and the Cape de Verds,
whence we sailed for and landed upon St. Paul's Rocks*, under the Line, in long.
29° W. St. Helena was the next destination, and the course which it was found ne-
cessary to follow took us to the Island of Trinidad off the Brazilian coast, lat. 20° S.
After spending a week at St. Helena, the vessels sailed for the Cape of Good Hope,
arriving there on the 4th of April 1840. The Cape may be regarded as the starting-
* For an admirable description of these remarkable rocks, distant 350 miles from the nearest land (the
Island of Fernando Noronha), see Mr. Darwin's Journal, p. 8.
6
vi SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.
point, whence the real object of the voyage, namely that which included South Polar
Discovery, would commence. On the 6th of April 1840 we quitted Simon's Bay,
and first entered a cold and inhospitable latitude (42° S.) on the 17th of the same
month ; then, only four days after, holding a westward course, we passed to the
south of Marion's Island, formed of flat terraces of black volcanic rock and cone-shaped
mountains, often of a reddish tinge, and towering to a considerable height. Here oc-
curred the first botanical phsenomenon, the Macrocystis pyrifera (a remarkable gigantic
seaweed), being exceedingly abundant. The ships were hove to between Marion's and
Prince Edward's Islands, with the view to going ashore the following day ; but during
the night a heavy gale arose which drove them far to the westward, thus disappointing
the hopes which had been formed of collecting objects of natural history on an island
never previously explored by any scientific individual.
On the 28th, after a succession of storms, the Crozet Islands were gained : this
group lies far to the westward of the position that had been assigned to it, namely in
lat. 47|° S. and long. 46-48° E. ; and here the same disappointment awaited us, for after
being blown ofi", and again on the 1st of May beating up to Possession, the most east-
ern of the cluster, the threatening appearance of the weather forbade any attempt to
land. The Crozet Islands are all volcanic, and of the wildest and most rocky aspect ;
the harbours are very few, and some of the islands are entirely inaccessible. The
mountains rise in peaks and cones to an elevation of 4000-5000 feet, exhibiting patches
of perpetual snow on the summits, while dense fogs frequently envelope their bases,
borne from the sea, to such an elevation, that the highest points alone are visible. To
all appearance the vegetation is equally scanty and stunted as that which Kerguelen's
Island afterwards afforded, and the questions which were put to a party of miserable
sealers who came off to the ship, elicited no satisfactory information as to whether the
valuable "Cabbage" of the latter island also inhabits the Crozet group. Scudding before
heavy westerly gales, on the 6th of May a remarkable conical rock, called Bligh's Cap,
was descried ; it Ues off the north-west extremity of Kerguelen's Island ; but thick
weather prevented Sir James Ross from making the land, from which the ships were
again driven to a distance of 150 miles and obliged to beat back, finally casting anchor
in Christmas Harbour, on the 12th of May 1840.
At Kerguelen's Island, all the plants that had been originally detected by the illus-
SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE, vii
trious Cook were gathered during the two and a half winter months that the " Erebus
and Terror" staid there, together with many other species, a remarkable proof of the
uniformity of the climate, and the comparative mildness of the winter season. The ships
left Kerguelen's Island on the 20th of July, and arrived in the river Derwent, Van
Diemen's Island, on the 16th of August 1840.
On the 12th of November 1840, we quitted Hobarton for our first voyage to the
South Pole, during which the only places visited which yielded many plants were
Lord Auckland's Islands, lat. 50|° S., long. 166° E., where we arrived after a week's
sail from the last-mentioned coast, and staid there during the spring months of that
latitude, and Campbell's Island, in lat. 52^° S., long. 169° E. Quitting that island
again on the 17th of December, the ships finally sailed for an entirely unexplored region
of discovery. The Macrocystis and D' UrvillcEa were found in large vegetating floating
patches, nearly as far south as any open water remained free of bergs, in lat. 6 1° S. The
vessels entered the pack-ice in lat. 68° S., long. 175°.
During this voyage the vast extent of continent, since called "Victoria Land,"
was discovered*, together with the active volcano " Mount Erebus," the extinct one
" Mount Terror," and that icy barrier, which, running east and west, in the parallel of
78° S., prevents all farther progress towards the polef. Two small islets were landed
upon: one in lat. 71° 49' S.,long. 170° 52' E. ; the other, Franklin Island, in lat. 76° S.
and long. 168° 59' E. ; but neither of these spots presented the slightest trace of vege-
tation. On the return voyage the Macrocystis again occurred, floating as usual in im-
mense masses, in lat. 51° 10' S., and long. 137° E.
The expedition returned to Hobarton, Van Diemen's Island, late in the autumn
(of that latitude), April 7th, 1841 ; on the 7th of July again started from Van Die-
men's Island, and after a short visit to Sydney, cast anchor in the Bay of Islands, New
Zealand, August 18th, 1841, where we remained three months. This time was spent
in collecting materials for a Flora of New Zealand, in which object we received great
assistance from Mr. Colenso and many other gentlemen, by means of whose zealous
cooperation our collections were rendered extremely valuable.
The second exploring voyage was commenced on the 15th of November 1841. It
had been Captain Ross's intention to land on Chatham Island, in lat. 44° S. and 176°
* Vide Chart. t Vide Vignette.
viii SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.
W , but the prevalence for several days of the densest fogs frustrated all attempts to
sight the land. This was much regretted, for few* of the plants of that interesting
si,roup are known to botanists. After tracing the Macrocystis into the 57th parallel, the
ships entered an ice-pack of immense magnitude on the 18th of December, in lat. 62° S.
Here we were entangled till Feb. 2nd, 1842 (the midsummer of those cheerless re-
gions), making no more progress during that time than from the latitude just mentioned
to 68°, where we emerged into comparatively open water to the southward of a large
body of the pack, which however trended to the westward. At this time the season
was far advanced, and as, in the preceding year, the retreat had been commenced, through
absolute necessity, on the 9th of February, so Captain Ross did not think proper now
to re-enter the pack-ice, but proceeded along its edge to the westward, advancing so far
as 187° W., and then to the southward and eastward. On the 20th of February a gale
came on, which, though in open water, was sufficiently trying ; the wind was very high,
and the spray which beat over the ships became frozen ere it reached the deck, forming
every object into a mass of ice ; the coils of rope were covered by an icy incrustation
several inches thick, and most of the running-gear about the bowsprits was carried
away by the weight of ice formed on it.
On the 23rd of February the expedition came in view of the grand Victoria Barrier :
the day being fine, the voyagers approached within a mile and a half of the Barrier, finally
reaching 78° 10' S. lat. in the long. 162° W., having made six miles farther than in the
preceding year, the highest latitude hitherto attained. Under all circumstances, this
was more than had been expected ; for after the long detention, the rapidly closing sea-
son rendered any progress very difficult ; but it was a great object to verify the magnetic
and other observations, and to ascertain still more positively the position of the pole.
Unable to proceed eastward, the retreat was commenced, tracing the pack edge. Sea-
weed was again met with on reaching the parallel of 64°, and occasionally seen when
running down the parallel of 60°, from 170° W. to 80° W., and thence in great abun-
dance to the Falkland Islands, where the ships anchored in Berkeley Sound on the 6th
of April 1842, not having seen land for 138 days, since leaving New Zealand.
A prolonged stay in the Falklands, though the season was winter (April to the
beginning of September), afforded ample opportunities for thoroughly investigating the
* These few were collected by Dr. DieflFenbacli, and are now deposited in the collection of Sir W. J. Hooker.
SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE. IX
Flora of that interesting and now highly important group, which, though it had been
partially examined by Admiral D'Urville, and previously by the officers of that unfor-
tunate ship, the " Uranie," under the command of Captain Freycinet, still afforded
considerable novelty.
On the 6th of September, the early spring of the southern latitudes, the " Erebus
and Terror," with a portion of the officers, sailed from Berkeley Sound for the neighbour-
hood of Cape Horn, and arrived there, after having been driven far out of their course by
the equinoctial gales, on the 21 st, casting anchor in St. Martin's Cove, Hermit Island, lat.
56°, within a few miles of the far-famed Cape Horn, which is immediately opposite the
mouth of the Cove. This is the most southerly spot on the globe which possesses any-
thing above a herbaceous vegetation. Here, in the sheltered bays, the two kinds of
Antarctic Beech, the Evergreen and Deciduous, form a dense, though small forest, and
ascend, in a stunted form, to an elevation of 1000 feet on the bills. Many of the plants
gathered during Cook's first voyage, by Sir Joseph Banks and Solander, and by Forster
during his second, as also those which Mr. Menzies had detected, when accompanying
Vancouver's expedition, and which have not been hitherto published, were found again ;
and when the ships returned to the Falklands in November, Captain Ross transported
many hundreds of young Beech-trees and caused them to be planted there, in hopes that
the productions of so near a country might be found to succeed on these treeless islands.
Some were also sent home and have since been distributed in England, from the Royal
Botanic Gardens of Kew.
The third cruise to the South Polar Regions was commenced on the morning of
the 17th of December 1842, when the expedition sailed from Berkeley Sound. An op-
portunity was afforded again of tracing the southern limit of Seaweeds. The Macro-
cystis was. lost in lat. 55° S.,long. 57° W. ; but on attaining lat. 63°, long. 54°, another
species appeared which had been originally discovered by Webster during the stay ot
Captain Forster's ship, the " Chanticleer," in Deception Island, one of the South Shetland
group, and again found by the expedition of Admiral D'Urville, and has since been pub-
lished under the name of Scytothalia Jacquinotii. On the 28th land was made, a por-
tion of Palmer's Land, to which the name of " Terre Louis Philippe" has since been
given by D'Urville. The ships were already in the pack-ice, through which we pene-
trated, tracing the hind to 64°, and seeing a small volcanic island, lying a few miles off
X SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.
the coast (Cockburn's Island), we landed upon it. The vegetable productions only
amounted to twenty Cryptogamic species, three of them Seaweeds. Unable, after a
series of fruitless efforts, to penetrate farther than 65°, and after having been more or
less entangled in the ice for thirty-seven days, Sir James Ross finally bore up, and when,
with great diflSculty, the ships had been extricated from the pack-ice, we commenced
tracing its edge to the eastward. A succession of easterly gales rendered the pro-
gress in the advancing season tedious, most uncomfortable, and hazardous. At last
however, on the 22nd of February 1843, the pack was lost sight of, trending to the south-
west. On the 28th the Antarctic Circle was recrossed, and in spite of the rapidly
shortening days, dark nights, and continual bad weather (for throughout the month
of February, corresponding to an English August, only one day elapsed without
snow), the Commander persevered in holding a southerly course. On Sunday the 5th
of March, the weather being very thick, with snow-squalls, white petrels were seen, a
bird whose appearance affords a sure indication of the proximity of pack-ice, and on
the afternoon of the same day a heavy pack was descried, only a few yards ahead, with
a terrific surf beating on it. The ice here was such as not to allow of being " taken"
(or entered), even under the most favourable circumstances, and the ships were accord-
ingly put about in lat. 71° 30' S., long. 15° W.
The thickness of the weather made it impossible to ascertain the course and posi-
tion of the pack, and the Northward Voyage was commenced under violent N.E. equi-
noctial gales. Beating to the northward, the ice occurred on both tacks, and the vessels
were found to be in a bight of the pack, with the ocean loaded with bergs, and while the
continued snow-squalls prevented the possibiUty of seeing any object ahead, the heavy
seas and snow-laden state of the rigging rendered all human exertions ineffectual. From
that date till the 11th of March, matters remained much the same, the ships beating to
the northward with as much press of sail as could be exposed, trusting to Providence
alone for guidance among the bergs. On the 19th the position assigned to Bouvet's
or Circumcision Island was gained, but the weather rendered all endeavours, for three
days, to discover land in this place of no avail. Both ships had a narrow escape of
running foul of an iceberg, over which the sea was breaking, eighty feet high. The
" Erebus," passing to windward, struck one of the floating masses from it ; and the
" Terror," to windward of her consort, did not discover the danger till almost too late,
SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE. xi
when bearing up, she ran along the edge of the berg in the wash of the surf. On
the 24th D'UrvillcBa and Macrocystis were seen in lat. 51° S., and the last berg on
March 25th, in lat. 47° S., the ships finally gaining the Cape of Good Hope on the
4th of April 1843, within two days of three years after they had first quitted that port
for the high southern latitudes.
Respecting the climate of the various regions visited by the expedition, and especially
that which prevails within the Antarctic Circle, little need here be said ; except that the
vast proportion which water bears to land, tends to render the temperature uniform
throughout the year, and the farther south is the position, the more equable does the
climate seem to be. No analogy can prove more incorrect than that which compares
the similar degrees of latitude in the north with those of the south. The most casual
inspection of the map suffices to show the immense proportion of sea to land in the
southern hemisphere, the mass of the continents terminating to the north of lat. 40° S.,
America alone dwindling away to the fifty-sixth degree. The scattered islands dis-
covered to the south of this are therefore removed from the influence of any tracts which
enjoy a better or continental climate. The power of the sun is seldom felt, and unless
in the immediate neighbourhood of land, and accompanied by a comparatively dry land-
wind, that luminary only draws up such mists and fogs as intercept its rays. After
entering the pack-ice between 55° and 65°, the thermometer seldom, during any part
of the summer day, rises above 32° or falls below 20° ; and while the southerly winds
bring snow, the northerly ones transport an atmosphere laden with moisture, which,
becoming at once condensed, covers the face of the ocean with white fogs of the densest
description.
All islands and lands to the southward of 45° partake more or less of this inhospi-
table climate, which, though eminently unfavourable to a varied growth of plants, still,
from its equable nature, causes a degree of luxuriance to pervade all the vegetable king-
dom, such as is never seen in climates where the vegetable functions are suspended for
a large portion of the year. The remoteness of these islands from any continent, to-
gether with their inaccessibility, preclude the idea of their being tenanted, even in a
single instance, by plants that have migrated from other countries, and still more
distinctly do they forbid the possibility of man having been an active agent in the dis-
semination of them. On the contrary, the remarkable fact that some of the most
xii SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.
peculiar productions are confined to the narrowest limits, is a strong argument in favour
of a general distribution of vegetable life over separate spots on the globe. Hence it
will appear, that islands so situated furnish the best materials for a rigid comparison of
the effects of geographical position and the various meteorological phfenomena on vege-
tation, and for acquiring a knowledge of the great laws according to which plants are
distributed over the face of the globe. These subjects are however foreign to the pre-
sent sketch, the author of which hopes, ere long, to have an opportunity of dwelling
upon them at large and in a different form.
Those persons who have spent a series of years on the ocean, in pursuit of a favourite
science, know how little can be effected by the unaided efforts of one individual, and
where much is accompUshed, how large is the debt of obligation incurred, not only to the
facilities afforded by shipmates, but to the accommodating disposition of those with
whom he comes in daily contact, and with whom he literally shares one cabin and one
table. The author may here be allowed to say, that no man can be more deeply sensible
than he is of the rare privilege he enjoyed, in having messmates who were ever ready
to sacrifice their own convenience for his accommodation. Most especially does he feel
it incumbent on him here to return his thanks to the commanding Officer of the expe-
dition (as is his first duty) for the opportunity afforded of accompanying him, for the
kindness always shown during this the most important and interesting scientific voyage
that has been accomplished since the days of Cook, and for the generous manner in
which that officer's private cabin and library were unreservedly placed at his disposal
during the whole time the expedition was afloat. Attached as Sir James Clark Ross has
ever been to the various branches of Natural History, he took a pleasure in promoting
the interests of the collections at all times, and himself gathered many of the plants
here described.
There were few of the officers of either ship who did not contribute something to
the collection of plants ; but the botanist feels it peculiarly imperative on him here to
enumerate and return his especial thanks to Mr. Lyall, Lieut. Smith, and Mr. Davis.
Mr. Lyall indeed, as appointed to take charge of the botanical collections on board the
" Terror," formed a most important herbarium, from which great assistance has been
derived, amounting to no less than 1500 species.
MAMMALIA.
I.— THE SEALS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
Thk Seals have been long considered as one of the most difficult families of Mammalia, partly on account of their
great resemblance to one another in external characters, and the changes which they undergo during their growth in
colour and form, but more especiallj' on account of the difficulty of observing them in their natural habitations.
The labours of M. de Blainville, the two brothers Cuvier, and especially of Professor Nilsson of Lund, have done
much to elucidate the characters of the European species and those frequenting the eastern coast of North America,
— the species found on the west coast of North America being still laiown by the descriptions of Stellar only ; indeed
many naturalists have been inclined to consider them as identical with those found in the southern part of the Pacific
Ocean, believing that the species migrate from one extremity of the world to the other ; though we have the testimony
of all voyagers that seals are never found between the equatorial line and 21° north latitude, a fact first stated by
Dampier (Voy. p. 90).
The Seals of the southern hemisphere have not been so well studied, from the want of sufficient materials. Cuvier,
when he wrote the 'Ossemens Fossiles,' possessed only eight skulls, belonging to four species, (viz.- — 1. Phoca lepto-
nyx ; 2. P. elephantina ; 3. P. pusilla ; 4. P. leonina ?), but as several of these had been brought home without the
skins, he could only refer them doubtfully to established species. Indeed, almost the only knowledge that we have
of these animals is derived from the obsei-vations of Cook, and the Forsters, who accompanied that intrepid navigator
as naturalists ; and the materials which they brought home were well collated together by Pennant, in his ' History of
Quadrupeds,' a work of very extraordinary merit considering the date of its publication. To be sure that was a time
when England might fairly be described as taking, as she should do, a lead in scientific Zoology ; and it is yet a
period which has not been fairly estimated by the modern school of Zoologists, who, at the opening of the continent
after the war, appear to have been so dazzled by the brilliant progress made by the Professors in France named by
Napoleon, that they appear to have overlooked the fact that these men were only following in the footsteps of Pennant,
Latham,* Solander, the Forsters, Fabricius, and others, who were either natives of or had been fostered by the sci-
entific men of this countrj', as Linneus followed in the footsteps of Ray.
Besides the particulars given by Cook and Forster in the account of their Voyages, Forster communicated to Bufibn
the figures of two of the species he had observed, accompanied by details of their organization and habits, which
* I may mention as a proof of the indefatigable energy and industry of Dr. Latham, that he commenced at the age of ninety a new edition
of his ' Synopsis,' in which he arranged all the more recently discovered species, with references to where they were described, and adopted some
of the modem genera. I have this work in my library, in three 4to volumes, all written in the dear old man's own hand. Such was his interest
in science, that, having expressed a desire to procure a copy of the drawing of his Butool Pheasant, to send to India, he, then in his ninety-se-
cond year, copied the drawing and etched it, that 1 might have the impressions I required. He continued as much attached to the study of
.Antiquities and Architecture as to Natural History, to the end of his long and arduous life.
B
were prinled in the supplementary volumes of Buffon's Natural History, and form the most complete and best account
we have yet had of the history of these species.
Peron and Lesueur, in their record of Baudin's voyage, indicated some Seals found in the South Sea, and give
fuller details of the Sea-Elephant, they having been so fortunate as to fall in with some males of that species, but the
Natural History of the voyage was never published, so that we are indebted to Cuvicr (Oss. Foss.) for the description
of the only Seal they brought home, which ajipears to have been the Fur Seal of commerce.
In the Zoology of Captain Duperrey's ' Voyage of the Coquille,' a Seal is figured, under the name of Phoca Mo-
lossina, but the skull and skin, now in the Paris Museum, as Nilsson has correctly observed, is only the young Sea-
Lion's. In the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe ' two other southern Seals are figured, one called Otaria cinerea, Peron, which
appears to be the Fur Seal of commerce, and the Otaria australis, which is very like my Arctocephalus lohatus,
described from a skull in Mr. Brookes' collection many years previously. It is to be regretted that the figures here
referred to, especially of the skull, are so bad as to be utterly useless for the determination of the species without com-
parison of the original specimens.
In the French ' Voyage to the South Pole,' now publishing, figures are given of the Sea-Leopard and the common
White Antarctic Seal, which they name Phoca carcinophaya, the two most common species found everywhere in these
regions on the packed ice.
Lastly, Mr. W. Hamilton has given an account of the Seals and other marine Mammalia, in Sir W. Jardine's
'Naturalists' Library,' which contains a carefully compiled account of these animals, and some original figures from the
specimens in the Edinburgh and Liverpool Museums : but unfortunately, Mr. Stewart, the draughtsman, has been more
intent on giving them an artistic effect than on attending to their zoological characters. Thus, some which should
have no claws on their hind feet, have large ones, and sometimes one too many for any beast ; and the toe-membranes
of all the Eared Seals or Otaries are represented as hairy instead of bald.
The same author has given an account of the Fur Seal in the ' Annals of Natural History,' which he considers as
different from the Sea Bear of Forster and other South-Sea navigators : according to Dr. Hooker, the Fur Seals rarely
exceed 3^ or 4 feet in length.
As it was necessary to study the species of the whole family the better to understand those of the southern hemi-
sphere, I shall proceed, before I enter into a more detailed description of the southern species brought home by this
expedition, to give the condensed results of my labour, in the form of a Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Seals,
which will at the same time be useful in showing the systematic distribution of the southern species.
I. — Synopsis of the Species of Seals.
Sect. I.— Grinders two-rooted ; ears none : toes simple, of ** Hie \st front grinder in each jaw single-rooted, the
the fore-feet short, of the hindfeet unequal, the outer rest 2-rooted.
on each side longest, the middle shortest, the palms o. Stenorhvnchus, F. Cuv.
and soles hairy. g^.^^^^ elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders compressed.
Sub-family 1. Stenorhynchina. — Cutting teeth | ; hind- with three cylindrical elongate lobes, the centre one longest
feet nearly clairless ; mujfle hairy to the edge and be- 3-Ji" largest.
tiveen the nostrils ; fore-feet triangular; wrist very I. Stenovhync\n\s\e\:>tonyyi, F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. x'l. 191,
short. t. 13,/ 1. Phoca leptonyx, Bl. Cuv. Ham. N. L. t. 11.
P. Homeii, Lesson. P. Weddcllii, Le.ison. P. Leopardina,
* The 1st, 2nd and Srd front upper, and the 1st front Jameson. Sea Leopard, Weddell. Hamilton, t. 12.
lower grinder single-rooted, the rest 2-rooted. Inhab. South Sea.
1. LoBODON. 3. h¥.FTONYX, Gray, not Swains.
Skull elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders rather com- Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ;
pressed, with a large lobe in front, and three lobes behind grinders subcompressed, with a small, subccntral, conical
the larger central one. tubercle, and a very small posterior one ; the lower jaw
1 . Lobodon carciuophaga. n=i""o^ behind, without any hinder angle ; fore-feet clawed.
Phoca carcinoi)haga, H. S( J. Voy. Pol. Sud. t. Ste- 1. Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist, (not the
norhvnchus serridens, Owen. synon.)
luhab. Southern Ocean. ' Inhab. Southern Ocean.
4. Pelagios, F. Cuv. Pelagius, Fischer. Monachus,
Nilssoii.
Skull broatl, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad,
orbits large ; grinders small, conical, " thick, with a small
anterior and posterior lobe ;" lower jaw broad, with a dis-
tinct ]5osterior angle ; " upper cutting teeth transversely
notched."
1. Pelagios monachus, F. Cuv. Ciiv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 17,
/. 1 — 8. Blainv. Ostcog. t. 5, 7, 8, !). P. a ventre blanc,
Buffon, Snpp. vi. t. 44. Phoca monachus, Herin. Berl.
Ahh. iv. t. 12, 13. P. Hermanni, Leswii. Monachus Me-
diterraneus, \ils.wri, Vet. Acad. Hand. 1837, 235.
Inhab. Mediterranean. Mus. Paris, bad state. Skele-
tons and skulls.
5. Ommatophoca.
Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle very short,
broad, orbits very large ; grinders small, compressed, with
a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of
it ; fore-feet very slightly clawed.
1. Ommatophoca Rossii.
Inhab. Southern Ocean.
Sub-family 2. Phocina. — Cuttiiiij teeth | ; the \st front
grinder in each jaw single-rooted, rest '2-rooted ; mitf-
Jle laid and callous between and above the nostrils,
and divided by a central groove ; wrist rather eccsert-
ed ; fingers subequal ; claws 5-5, large.
6. Callocephalus, F. Cur.
Muzzle rather narrow ; whiskers waved ; toes gradually
shorter.
* Palate angularhj notched behind; hair subcijlindrical,
under fur thin ; web between the hind toes hairy.
1. Callocephalus vitulinus.
Phoca vitulina, Linn.} Nilssnn. Blainv. Osteog. Phoca,
t. 2, t. 5, and t. 9. Bnffon, H. N. xiii. t. 43. Supp. vi.
t. 46. P. littorea, Thienem. t. (J, 7. P. canina, Pallas,
Z. R. A. 114. P. communis, Linn.
Inhab. Europe and North America.
2. Callocephalus annellalus.
Phoca annelata, A'//v. Scand. F. i. 3G2. t. 38. Tliienem.
t. 9, 10, 11. Phoque commun, F. Cuv. M. lithog. t. Ha-
milton, t. 4. Call, discolor, F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 186.
P. Frederici, Lesson. P. foetida, Mailer, Z. Dan. P. eques-
tiis, Pallas, Z. R. A. iii. 40. P. Schreberi, Lesson ?
Inhab. Europe.
3. Callocephalus Caspicus.
Phoca Caspica, Nilsson. P. canina, var. Casjjica, Pal-
las, Z. R. A.
Inhab. Caspian seas.
** Palate truncated behind ; muzzle rather produced ;
hair dry, fiat, close -pressed, tcithout any under fur ;
web between the hind toes baldish. Pagophilus.
4. Callocephalus Grocnlandicus.
Phoca gi-oenlandica, MM/Zer, Z'. /^. Thienem. t. 15 — 19.
P. oceanica, Le/jcf//, xJt<. Petrop. 177. Hamilton, t. 7. P.
semilunaris, Bodd. P. dorsata, Pallas. P. Mullcri, Les-
son. Harp Seal, Penn. Quad. Bell. Brit. Quad. Ham.
t. 7. Phoca laguvos, Cwy. Oss. i^os*. V. 206. Blainv. Osteog.
Phoca, t. 9? Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, /. 28. P. albicauda,
Desm. P. Desmarestii, Zes.so«. I*. Filayi, Lesson.
Inhab. Northern Ocean.
The teeth figured as Phoca Lagurus of De Blainville's
' Osteog. Phoca,' t. 9, appear to be some other, perhaps a
new species.
7. Phoca.
Muzzle broad, short; forehead convex; whiskers smooth,
sinqjle ; ear-hole large : fingers unequal, the 3rd longest,
2nd and 4th long, the 1st and 5th shorter, nearly equal :
palate rather angularly notched behind.
1. Phoca barbata, Fab. F. Green. 15. Tliienem. t. 1 — 4.
F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 184, /. 12. Blainv. Osteog. Phoca,
t. 9. P. leporina, Lepech. Act. Petrop. i. 264, t. 8, 9. Ham.
t. 9. P. naulica, Pallas, Z. R. A. 108. P. albigena, Pal-
las, Z. R. A. 109. Great Seal, Penn. Ham. N. L. t. 5.
Inhab. Europe.
Sect. II. — Grinders with single root fexcept the two
hinder grinders oj HalichoerusJ.
A. Ears, conch none. Toes simple, of fore feet cvserted,
of hind feel large ; the inner and outer ones large, long,
the three middle ones smaller: palm and .■soles hairy
f sometimes chaffy and callous with wear). Muffle
hairy to the edge and between the nostrils.
Sub-family 3. Trichechina. Muzzle large, truncated, sim-
ple; canines large; grinders lobed or truncated when
old.
8. Hauchcekus, Nilsson.
Muzzle broad, rounded ; cutting teeth |, grinders {I,
conical, the hinder two upper and one lower double-rooted,
rest simple, canines moderate ; whiskers crenulated ; muf-
fle ? palm and soles hairy ; claws 5-5, elongate.
1. Halichcerus grypus, Xilsson. Phoca grypus. Fab. Xat.
Selslc. Skri. i. 167, t. 13, /. 4. P. gryphus, Licht. Berl.
Acad. 1821, t. 1, f. 1, 2. Blainv. Osteog. Phoca, t. 9. P.
hispida, Schreb.'S. 312, t. 86. Hamilton, t. 8. P. Ha-
lichcerus, Thienem. P. ochotensis, Pallas. Hal. griseus.
Horns. Lsis, 1824, 810. Nils.^on, Scand. F. 377, t. 34, f. 1,2.
Ham i lion, t. 10. Grey Seal, Bell, Brit. Quad. 284, f.
" Long-bodied Seal, Parsons," Donovan. Home, Phil. Tr.
1822, t. 27.
Inhab. North coast of Europe, (Ireland and Scotland).
9. Tkichechus, Linn.
Muzzle very broad, truncate, swollen and convex above ;
muffle, palm and soles chaffy, callous, with thehair more
or less worn ofl' in the adult (hairy when young ?) : cutting
teeth 4 in young, ^ in adult ; grinders ||, truncated, all
single-rooted ; canines, upper very large, exserted.
1. Trichechus Rosmarus, Linn. S. N. Blainv. Osteog.
Phoca, t.lSi,t.4. Rosmarus arcticus, Pallas, Z. R. A. i. 269.
T. obesus and T. divergens, Illiger. Pale brown, when
young black, when old white.
Inhab. North Soa. Mus. Brit, adult.
Sub-family 4. Cystophorina. Muzzle of the males with
an infiat He' appendage : cutting teeth 4; grinders
with a large swollen root, and a small, compressed,
simple, plaited crown : muffle hairy.
p. pvo-
Hamil-
F. Cuv.
10. MoRUNGA, Grai/. Macrovliinus, F. Cuv. Cjstophora
pars, Nilssoi).
Nose of tlie male with an elongated tubular proboscis ;
muzzle of the skull broad, truncated in front ; forehead
convex ; hinder palatine bone short, transverse : hair flat,
truncated, adpressed; whiskers round, rather waved, thick :
claws, front obsolete, hinder distinct.
1. Morunga Ele]ihantina.
Plioca Elejjhantina, Molina, Sfiffg. 280, .341
boscidea, Peroii S; Le.siieiir, ii. 32, /. 32, males.
ion, t. 10, 17. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 18, ./. 1.
Mem. Mus. xi. /. 14,/. 1, skull. Phoca Leonina, Schreb.
297, /. 83, (cop. from Anson). Blainv. Osieofj. Ph. t. 5.
/. 9. Sea Lion, Dam2ner, Voy. 91. Ansou, Voy. 122,
/. 19. Bottle-nose Seal, Penn. Quad. ii. 531. Phoca du-
bia, Fif:cher, Syn. from Cuv. Oss. Fos. v. 213. Phoque de
Patagon, F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. /. 14, /". 2.
Inhab. Southern Ocean. Brit. Mus. Females and skulls.
11. Cm &TOPiiOT^ A, Nilsson. Stemmatophus, -F. Cuv.
Nose of the male with a large compressed hood, extend-
ing to the back of the head ; muzzle very broad, hairy ;
nostrils large ; muzzle of the skull broad, narrowed on each
side in front ; forehead flat ; palatine bone broad, square ;
hair elongate, cylindical ; whiskers flat, waved ; claws 5-5,
distinct.
I. Cystophora cristata, Nilssou. Phoca cristata, 7)eA-«y,
Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1, t. 7. Fab. Nat. Selsk. S/ai. i. 120. Ha-
milton, t. 14. P. mitrata, Milbert, MS. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v.
210. Hamilton, f. 13. P. leucopla, Thicnem. 102, t. 13,
(young). P. leonina, Linn. S. N. i. 55. — P. leonina, Mul-
icr. C. borealis, Nilsson, Scand. F. i. 383. P. cucullata,
Bodd. Elen. 107. Seal with a Caul, Ellis, Hudson's Bay,
134, /. C,/. 4.
Inhab. North Sea. Brit. Mus. two males, one female
and one young.
The young is like the young of Calhcephahis grcenlan-
dicus in external appearance, but it is easily known from
that s]:)ecies by the hairiness of the muffle between the nos-
trils, and by the teeth not being lobed, but only plaited on
the surface.
B. Ears tcilli a subcylindrical, distinct, e.vternal conch.
Toes of the hind feet subequal, short, with long mem-
brane's at the end: fore feet Jin-like : palm and soles
bald, longitudinally grooved. Nose simple, tvith a ra-
ther large callous muffle above and betireen the nostrils:
cutting teeth ^, upper often bifid ; grinders |4-
Sub-family 5. Arctocephalina.
12. Arctocephalds, F. Cuv.
Cutting teeth |, u]qier subequal ; muzzle rather tapering
in front ; whiskers cylindrical, thick, not waved ; palate
(of the skull) rather narrower behind than in front, short,
scarcely reaching to the middle of the zygomatic arch ;
lower jaw narrow, rounded below, without any angle behind.
* Fur long, under coat thick, soft, silky.
1. Arctocephalus ursinus.
Ursus marinus, Steller, Nov. Com. Petrop. ii. 331,
1. 15, (copied in). Phoca ursina,&/(rei. iii. 289,/. 82. Gmel.
S. N. i. (J2. Otaria ursina, Desrn. O. Stelleri, Lesson, O.
Krachenninikovii, Lesson, D. C. H. N. xiii. 420.
" Hair long, erect, thick, under fur brownish red. Males
black, older ones with the hairs white-tipped, the hair of
the neck longer and stifl": females ash-coloured : of the
\exy young black : flaps of hinder toes very long slender :
length 8 or 9 feet."
Inhab. Northern Pacific Ocean, Kamschatka.
2. Arctocephalus Falklandicus.
Sea Bear, Forster, Voy. i. 174. Ours marin, Buffon,
H. N. Supp. vi. 336, t. 47. Otaria Forsteri, Le.sson,
D. C. H. N. xiii. 42.
Falkland Isle Seal, Penn. Quad. i. 275. Phoca Falk-
landica, Shaw, Zool. i. 256. Otaria Falklandica, Desm.
Mam. 252. O. Shawii, Lesson, D. C. H. N. xiii. 424.
Otaria Falklandica, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 25. Ann. N. H.
ii. 81, t. 4.
Petit Phoque, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 341, t. 43, (young).
Little Seal, Penn. Quad. Phoca parva, Bodd. Elench.
78. P. pusilla, Schreb. 314, t. 85. Gmel. S. N. i. 68.
Otaria pusilla, De.wi. O. Delalandii, F. Cuv. D. S. N.
xxxis. 423. O. Peronii, Desm. Mam. 250.
Otaire de Peron, Blainv. Journ. Phys. xci. 295. Otaria
Hauvillii, Lesson, D. C. H. N. xiii. 425 : from Cuv.
Oss. Foss. V. 220.
Grey, under fur red, young blacki.sh. Length 4 feet.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, Falkland Islands. Cape of
Good Hope ?
There may be more than one species combined in these
synonyma.
3. Arctocephalus cinereus.
Otaria cinerea, Peron. ]'oy. T. Aust. ii. 54 ? Quoy et
Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Mam. 89, t. 12, 13 and 15. Phoca
cinerea, Fischer, Syn. 233 .'
Grey, hair of neck rough, elongate, yellowish, hairs yel-
lowish white and blackish, under fur red. Length 7 feet.
Inhab. South coast of Australia. Port Western, Quoy.
Kangaroo Island, Peron ?
Peron indicates a species from Eugene Island, Austra-
lia, under the name of Otaria nlhicollis ; and Molina one
from Chili, which he calls Phoca porcina, which he says
has a nose like a pig, but of which I can find no other in-
dications.
*^ Fur short, close-pressed, without any under fur.
4. Arctocephalus lobatus. Gray, Spic. Zool. i. t. Pho-
ca lobata, Fischer, Syn. ii. 574.
The flaps to the hind toes short, not so long as the toes:
grinders large, with a lobe on each side ; canines large.
Inhab. N. W. coast of Australia. Houtmau's Abrolhos,
Mr. Gilbert.
5. Arctocephalus australis.
Otaria australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Mam. 9, /.
14. — 10. Nilsson, Weigm. Arch. vii. 322.
The flaps to the hind toes moderate. Grey, with yellow
reflections, head, checks and side of muzzle whitish, be-
neath fulvous ; neck thick: limbs beneath blackish ; whis-
kers strong, flat, white.
Inhab. South coast of Australia, "King George's Sound,"
Quoy.
6. Arctocephalus Hookeri.
Hair Seal, Weddell, 141.'
Flaps of the hinder toes elongate, unequal, of the outer
toes on each side longest : canines moderate. Pale yel-
lowish.
Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn.
The Eared Seal, Pennant, Quad. 278: Phoca flavescens,
Sfiaw, Zool. i. 260, /. 73 : Otaria flavescens, Desm. Mam.
252 : 22 inches long, may be a young specimen of this spe-
cies, but it is not stated if this seal has under fur or not.
The young of O. Forsteri of the size mentioned is blackish.
1.3. Otahia, Peron. Platyrhynchus, F. Cuv.
Muzzle broad, high in front ; forehead rather convex, oc-
ciput high: cutting teeth 4, the upper outer ones very large,
like canines; grinders (of the adults) with very large roots
and small, compressed, lobed crowns: palate bone rather
wider behind than in front, long, extending nearly to the
articulation of the lower jaw behind; lower jaw broad, di-
lated below in front and behind at the angles.
Otaria Stelleri, Lesson, D. C. H. N. xiii. 420. J. Muller,
l'T^ei(/ni. Arch. vii. 330, 333. Leo marinus, Steller, Nov.
Comn. Petrop. ii. 360. Phoca jubata, Gmel. S. N. i. 63,
part. Otaria jubata, Peron et Lesiieiir, Voy. Phoca Stel-
leri, Fischer, Syn. 231. Otaria Califomiana, Lesson, D. C.
H. N. xiii. 420, from Chloris Voy. Pict. t. 11.
Inhab. Northern Pacific Ocean.
Otaria Leonina, Peron et Lesueur, Voy. ii. 65. Phoca
Leonina, Molini Say. 281, 341, not Schreb. nor Blainv.
P. jubata, Dlainr. Ostcoy. Phoca, t. 5 and t. 9. P. juba-
ta, part, G>nel. S. N. i. 63. Otaria jubata, part, Desm. O.
Pernettii, L^esson. O. Forsteri, lesson. Phoca Byronii,
Desm. P. Scout, Bodd. Leonine Seal, Shaw. Platy-
rhynchus (leoninus), F. Cuv. Mem. Mas. xi. 208, t. 15, f.
2, adult skull. Otaria Platyrhynchus, Muller, Weiymann,
Arch. vii. 333. O. Molossina, Lesson, Voy. 109, t. (young)
Phoca Molossina, Lesson, Bull. Sci. N. viii. 96. Lesson
Oltary, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 24, from Lesson. Platy-
rhynchus Molossina, Lesson, Man. 203. P. Uraniae, Les-
son, Man. 204 ? Otaria Guerin, Quoy et Gaim. Zool.
Uran. 71 ? Sea Lion of Forster, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t.
18. Sea Lion of Pernetty, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 19, from
Edinb. Mus. Sea Bear of the British Museum, Hamilton,
Nat. Lib. t. 23 ?
Inhab. Southern Pacific Ocean. Patagonia.
The upper jaw elongate and dilate with age.
II. — DESCRIPTION OF THE SEALS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
LOBODON.
Phoca, part, Homb. et J acq.
Leptorhynchus, part, Owen.
Head elongate ; ear-conch none exteraally ; muzzle
broad ; nostrils ovate, hairy to the edge ; whiskers rigid,
tapering, waved ; skull elongate, rather depressed ; muz-
zle broad, rather produced : orbits moderate : the petrose
portion of the temporal bone very convex, nearly hemi-
spherical.
Cutting teeth ^, the upper middle ones moderate, with a
smaller rather compressed crown, the two others large,
conical, like the canines ; the lower pair small, the two mid-
dle ones subcylindrical, rather internal, projecting forwards
and rounded at the end, the outer ones rather larger, blunt ;
canines 4-1-, conical, curved, small, the upper largest; grind-
ers 44) ^viih large swollen roots, the crown triangular, sub-
trigonal, lobed, lobes rather recurved at the tip, the larger
lobe with one, or sometimes a second, small lobe in front,
and with three lobes behind; the 1st upper one smaller, with
a single large root, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th nearly equal and
the 5th smaller and more compressed, the 2nd and 3rd
have the root only divided at the base, the 4th and 5th
have them divided nearly to the crown, and diverging ; the
first under is smallest and single-rooted, the rest are all
similar, 2-rooted, the 3rd being the largest and the 5th
most comjiressed in the crown; the symphysis of the low-
er jaw is very long.
The teeth of the younger animals have a rather broader
crown, with rather shorter tubercles, a rugose surface with
some smaller tubercles on the inner side, near the base of
the hinder lobes, but separated from them bj' a groove.
Body tapering behind. The fore limljs moderate, rather
elongate, triangular, hairy above and below: toes 5, taper-
ing, with a narrow, thick, hairy web between them; claws
5, elongate, acute, subequal : the hind limbs large, broad,
triangular, hairy above and below, the outer toes on each
side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end,
the three middle ones smaller, narrow, tapering, with a
thick haiiy web between them, the central one smaller
and shorter, all clawless : tail short, conical, depressed.
Fur close-set, rather rigid, directed backwards, soft at
the end ; the hairs flat at the base, tapering to a fine point,
without any under fur at the roots.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.
The Ckab-eater Seal. Lobodon carcinophaga.
Plate 1, animal ; plate 2, skull.
Phoca carcinophaga, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. a Pole Sud, t.
10 and t. 10 a, (not described).
Leptorhynchus serridens, Owen, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1843,
.331.
Head, back, hind feet and upper part of the tail pale olive;
fore feet, side of the face, body and tail beneath yellowish
white, the hinder part of sides of the body, the base of the
hind fins yellow-spotted, spots unequal, oilen confluent :
whiskers white, the upper one smaller, dusky.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, on the packed ice.
This species has been figured by MM. Hombron and
Jacquinot in the French Voyage to the South Pole, though 1
believe, not yet described, but the skull is so characteris-
tic that there can be no excuse lor not using their specific
name because the description has not appeared, Thej'
represent it of a nearly uniform olive colour.
Dr. M'Cormick, the surgeon of H. M. S. Ten-or, having
sent a skeleton of this Seal to the College of Surgeons,
Mr. Owen gave a description of it in the 'Annals of Na-
C
6
tural History' for November, 1843, not knowing that it
had before been figured by Messrs. Hombron and Jacqui-
not, and referred it to the genus Stenurlii/ii.c/ius, with anew
specific name, slightly modifying the character of the genus
to contain it. It is certainly more nearly allied to that
genus than to P/ioca, to which the French surgeons had
referred it, but still it differs so much from it in the con-
formation of the skull and the lobing and rooting of the
teeth, that it can scarcely be left in it : but the latter pe-
culiarity appears to have escaped Mr. Owen's research, for
in his generic character of Stenorhynchus he says, " Ante-
rior molars with one root, the rest with two roots," while
in this genus the three front upper molars are single-
rooted, a character by which this genus differs from all the
others in the family.
Stenorhynchus, F. Cuvier.
Phoca, Home, Blainville.
Head elongate: ear-conch none externally; muzzle
broad, elongate ; muffle hairy to the edge and between
the nostrils; nostrils acute; whiskers slightly waved ; face
elongate, rather compressed ; muzzle tapering, rather pro-
duced and compressed on each side ; orbits moderate ;
the petrose portion of the temporal bone rather convex.
Cutting teeth f, conical, acute, incurved, granular, and
with a cutting edge on each side in a regular row, the
two outer larger, the upper much larger than the lower,
and separated from the canines by a broad space; canines
conical, with sharp cutting edges within and on the sides,
the upper largest : grinders -14, with moderate roots, sepa-
rated fiom the crown by a narrow groove, the crown com-
pressed, divided into three elongate lobes, the centre lobe
much the largest, longest, and subcylindrical, the anterior
and posterior lobes conical, the bases of the lobes are sur-
rounded by a sharp-edged ridge, with two small, short, co-
nical tubercles on the inner side, the larger one being at
the base of the separation of the hinder from the middle
lobe : the front grinder in each jaw is rather the thickest,
with a single thick conical root, all the rest have two ra-
ther diverging roots, divided nearly to the crown ; the
hinder tooth in each jaw is rather the smallest. Symphy-
sis of the lower jaw short.
Body tapering behind. The fore limbs moderate, rather
elongate. The toes are rather larger than the wrist, and
each furnished with a small nearly terminal claw : the
hind limbs are rather large, of two nearly equal lobes, des-
titute of any claws. The three middle toes small, tapering.
The fur close-set, short, without any under fur ; hairs
flattened, tajiering at the tip to a point.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.
MacMurtrie, in his translations of Cuvier, erroneously
adds to the generic character in the text of the author,
" but with single roots ; " this is repeated in the reprint of
the American edition published by Orr, i. 98.
The Sea Leopard. Stenorhynchus leptonyx.
Plate 3, animal ; plate 4, skull.
Phoca Leptonyx, Blahiv. Jour. Phys. xci. 288. Desm.
Mam. 247, from Home's specimen. Cuv. Oss. Fos. v. 208,
/. 18,/ 2. F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 190, t. 13,/. 1. Blainv.
Osteoyr. Phoca, t. i. and t. 4,/. Skull, (Mus. Paris).
Stenorhynchus Leptonyx, F. Cuv. Diet. 8c. N. xxxix.
549, i. 44.
Seal from New Georgia, Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, 240,
t. 29, (skull).
Phoca Homei, Lesson, Did. Class. H. N. xiii. 417.
The Small-nailed Seal, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 180, ^ 11,
(nails too large).
Stenorhynchus aux Petits Ongles, Hombr. Sf Jacq. Voy.
a Pol Sucl. t. 9.
Phoca Leopardina, Jameson, IVeddell, Voy. South Pole,
22, 24, 134, t. not good.
Leopard Seal, IVeddell, I. c.
Otaria? Weddellii, Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. vii. 438, 343.
Stenorhynchus Weddellii, Lesson, Mam. 200.
Leopard Seal, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 183, /. 12, (from
Capt. Weddell's specimen).
Grey, paler beneath, with small black spots on the sides
of the neck and body, and with a few smaller while spots
on the sides ; upper part of the hinder limbs dark, pale-
marbled.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, on the packed ice.
A skull of this species, which was brought from New
Georgia by Mr. Kearn, was presented by Mr. Chevalier to
the Museum of the College of Surgeons, and was described
by M. de Blainville, on his visit to England in 1819, and
published under the name of Phoca leptonyx, in the
' Journal de Physique ' (of which he was then the editor), in
1820. This skull was also figured by Sir E. Home, in
the ' Philosophical Transactions' for 1822.
M. Blainville afterwards found a skin with its skull from
Falkland Islands, in the collection of M. Hautville of Ha-
vre, which was afterwards presented to the Paris Museum,
and has furnished all the material for the descriptions of
this species until the two late Antarctic Voyages. M. F.
Cuvier's figure, copied in Mr. Hamilton's work on Seals,
is said to be taken from this specimen ; but it is anything
but like the slender subcjdindrical animal preserved in the
Paris collection: and in the latter work it is represented
as having five large claws on each fool !
The " Sea Leopard " of Capt. Weddell, described by
Professor Jameson in that intrepid navigator's Voyage,
and since figured by Mr. Hamilton as a second species of
Stenorhynchus, does not appear to differ from the species
described by M. de Blainville, but unfortunately I have
not been able actually to compare the specimens, or to get
from Edinburgh any drawing of the teeth, to make myself
quite certain on this point. Lesson's names were only gi-
ven from the description in the Voyage above quoted.
The following notice of this species has been kindly
communicated to me by Dr. Frederick Knox, with a ske-
leton and part of the viscera, which was caught on the
coast of New Zealand. "It was of a dull yellow olive
color irregularly spotted. The nostrils opened much after
the manner of the Cetacea, in the form of the elongated
fissures, Ig- inch from the extremity of the snout, whilst the
position and vast size of the pelvic extremities, added to
the extreme shortness of the tail, so nearly approached in
form and appearance the lateral flanks of the tail in whales.
as to deceive any one but a comparative anatomist. The
specimen was shot and captured in Evans Bay, Port Ni-
cholson, in November, 1843. The skiu was hairy. The
stomach of the seal contained numerous fish-bones, a few
feathers (gulls'), and some considerable portions of a pale
green, broad-leaved, marine Fucus : thousands of a small,
hard, round, white worm (parasitical) pervaded all parts of
the intestines. The intestinal tube measured 71 feet, 10
inches : caput cajcum, 1 inch, 9 lines : diameter of small
intestines, 1 inch ; of large intestines, 1 inch, 6 lines. Li-
ver weighed 14 lbs.: kidneys, 2 lbs. each: spleen, 1 tb. :
heart, 6 tbs. The arch of the aorta gave off an extremely
short innominata, which divided it into a right carotid and
subclavian, and left carotid ; the left subclavian came off
separately; it resembles Tiedemann's third variety, PI. III.
(copy published in Edinburgh). Teeth, -f-f-J-g =32 : the
two lower middle incisors appear peculiar ; the arrange-
ment at least was new to me. Vertebrae : — cranial, 4 ;
cervical. 7 ; dorsal, 14; lumbar, 6 ; sacral, 3 ; coccygial,
13;= 47."
Dr. Frederick Knox called it the " Sea Bear," so that
this is probably the animal so named by Pollack and other
authors, which has caused Phoca ursina to be included in
the New Zealand Fauna.
Mr. Owen [Ann. N. H 1843, 831), appears to think that
this animal is one-coloured, for he says the Sea Leopard
is distinguished from it " by the spotted hide."
Leptonyx, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist, not Swainson.
Head flattened. Muzzle broad, rather short, rounded ;
muffle hairy between and to the edge of the nostrils ; nos-
trils ovate ; whiskers compressed, slightly waved. Ears,
no external conch.
Skull slightly depressed, expanded behind ; muzzle ra-
ther short, broad, high above ; orbits rather large : the pe-
trose portion of the temporal bone convex, hemispherical.
Cutting teeth ^, conical, rather recurved, those of the
upper jaw largest; the middle in each jaw smaller; the
outer upper much larger. Canines 4t) l^^i'ge) conical,
curved, rather compressed, upper largest. Grinders -|- 3-)
moderate, rather far apart, parallel to the edge of the jaw,
compressed, with subcentral, conical, prominent tubercle ;
the second, third and fourth, in the more perfect speci-
mens, with a small conical tubercle on the hinder edge,
and a sharp edged ridge round the inner side of the base.
The front grinder in each jaw smaller, and with a single
conical root, the rest all 2-rooted nearly to the crown.
Lower jaw slender, with a short symphysis in front, and
narrow, without any angle at the hinder part of the lower
edge.
Fore feet small, elongate, triangular, hairy above and
below, with five graduated, distant, marginal claws : hind
feet moderate ; the two marginal toes largest, rounded at
the end ; claws small, rudimentary, two middle largest.
Fur short, adpressed, without any under fur ; hair slen-
der, tapering, slightly flattened.
The skull of this genus resembles, in many respects,
Cuvier's fig\u'c of a skull of Phoca bicolor; but it diflfers
from it in all the grinders being ]jlaced more longitudi-
nally, and in the lower jaw being slender, and without any
angle on the hinder part of the lower edge. It is far more
nearlv allied to that genus than Ste)iorhyiichu!s, to which
Mr. Owen [Ann. N. H. 1843, 331, 332) has referred it;
observing that his Sten. serriden.'s (our Lobodon cancri-
■vora) shows modifications of the molar teeth which would
give it a better claim to subgeneric distinction than the
Sleii. WeddelUi (which he observed is the type of the
subgenus Leptony.v of Mr. Gray) has been supposed to
possess ; — an observation not borne out by the specimen.
But Mr. Owen made the remark, and drew up his specific
character, without having seen the teetli ; for the skull was
not then removed from the skin, and the specimens in the
British Museum — the only ones then known — were
stuffed with their mouth nearly closed.
Mr. Swainson, in 1832, applied the name oi Leptonyx to
a genus of birds; and in 1837, the same name to a second:
but the former had before been named Pteroptychos, and
the latter Coryphospiza, so that the name may still be used
for the Seal.
This animal is easily known from Stenorhynclius by the
shortness of the wrist, and the triangular form of the fore
feet, being intermediate in this respect between that genus
and Ommatophoca.
The False Sea Lkopard. Leptonyx Weddellii.
Plate 5, animal. Plate 6, skull.
Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836 (not
the synonymes).
Fulvous, with the firont of the back, and a line down the
back, blackish grey : whiskers brown, tapering.
Female and young blackish grey above ; sides with a
series of longitudinal yellowish spots.
Inhab. South Seas, — Santa Cruz. Capt. Fitzroy, R.N.
This Seal was first described by me from two specimens
sent to the British Museum, by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N., when
employed, with Capt. P. P. King, R.N. on the survey of
the South American continent. I was then led to believe
that it was the Sea Leopard of Weddell, which induced
me to name it after that intrepid navigator; but I now find
that the S/eiiorhynchus Leptonyx is the animal so called
by the whalers, and therefore the one intended by Capt.
Weddell, and consequently the references to his descrip-
tion nuist be erased, and referred to the Stenorhynclius.
We have a third specimen in the Museum, which was
brought home by the Antarctic Expedition. The skin is
not in a very good state, and is of a reddish colour, but
this is probably produced by the staining of the blood. In
proportions and skull it exactly agrees with the two before
described ; and it is the skull of this specimen, as being
most perfect, that is here figured.
Ommatophoca.
Head short, broad; ears small, with no external conch;
muzzle very short, rounded ; muffle hairy between and to
the edge of the nostrils ; nostrils ovate : whiskers taper-
ing, conical.
Skull depi'essed, expanded behind ; orbits very large ;
muzzle very short, broad, truncated in front, high behind ;
petrose portion of the temporal bone convex.
Cutting teeth |, small, conical, .sharply recurved at the
8
tip, ridged within, those of the upper jaw largest, tlie two
central in each jaw smaller; canines 4-r> rather small, co-
nical, curved, rather compressed, with a sharp internal
keel : grinders 4t) small, longitudinal, rather far apart,
compressed, with a subcentral, rather large, broad, slightly
incurved, lobe ; ha\ing a very small lobelet on the inner side
of its front, and a larger conical one in the middle of its
hinder edge ; the front grinder of each jaw is smaller and
thicker, with a single conical root, the rest all with two di-
verging roots to the crown : lower jaw rather slender, with
a short symphysis in front, and rather narrow, with a thick
rounded edge in the hinder part of the lower edge in the
place of the angle.
Fore feet moderate, elongate, triangular, hairy above and
below ; toes 5-5, tapering, subequal, separated by a thick,
narrow, hairy web ; claws 2 or 3, very small, rudimentary,
homy, acute: hind feet large, broad-triangular, hairy above
and below ; the outer toes on each side of the foot very
large, broad, rounded at the end, the middle ones small,
narrow, tapering, with a thick, hairy web between them ;
the central one smaller and shortest ; all clawless : tail
short, conical.
Fur very close set, rather rigid.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.
Ross's Large-eyed Seal. Oramatophoca Rossii.
Plate 7, animal ; plate 8, skull and teeth.
Greenish yellow, with close, oblique, yellow stiipes on
the side, pale beneath.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.
There is a skin with its skull, and a separate skull, which
appears to belong to this species, in tbe collection brought
home by the Antarctic Expedition.
The skulls differ considerably from one another in the
form of the palate and in the teeth; but it is probable that
the teeth of the skull belonging to the skin (plate 8, f. 1, 2
and 4), is a malformation.
In the separate skull (pi. 8, f. .3 and 6), the first upper
and lower grinder has a single large subcylindrical root,
tapering to a point beneath, iind each of the other grinders
has two conical separate roots diverging nearly from the col-
lar. The palate is broad and rather truncated behind,
and the transverse suture between the two bones in the
palate is rather more than two-thirds the distance from the
inner edge of the cutting teeth.
In the other skull (pi. 8, f. 1,2 and 4), the first and se-
cond grinder of the upper jaws are small, with a single co-
nical root ; and on the right side both these teeth are
united together in one cavity : and as there are four other
grinders in each side, it would appear as if there were front
grinders of two sets. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth of
the same jaw have a compressed, single, tapering root,
with a deep central groove nearly dividing it into two parts,
the groove being deepest and most distinguishable on their
outer side. In the lower jaws the front grinder has a dou-
ble crown, with a thick single root, tapering below, as if
formed of two teeth united together by their roots. The
second and third grinders ha\ e a broad, compressed, sin-
gle root, divided by a rather deep, central, longitudinal
groove on each side, and the fourth and fifth grinders each
have two tapering, nearly parallel roots, well separated at
the base fi-om each other. In this skull the palate is
rounded behind, and the suture between the two bones is
much more nearly in its centre. I do not recollect to have
observed such a malformation, or soldering together of the
roots of the teeth, in any other beast.
MoRUNGA, Gray.
Macrorhinus, F. Cuv.
Cystophora, part, Nihson.
The head broad, short, truncated in front, with a tuft of
bristles over each eye, and one on each side of the middle
of the muzzle ; the upper lip longer than the lower ; the
forehead convex ; the nostrils of the male " are wrinkled,
and can be blown up into a crest" (Fors/er), "with an
elongate tubular proboscis," {Peron) ; of the female simple,
rounded, with a hairy muffle between and around the edge
of the nostrils.
Cutting teeth |, far apart, conical, the two middle up-
per smaller, the rest nearly equal ; the grinders with large,
swollen, subcylindrical roots, and a small, compressed,
simple, plaited crown ; the hinder palatine bones short,
transverse.
The whiskers are very long and large, roundish, very
slightly compressed, rather waved.
The fore feet are rather small, oblong, obliquely trun-
cated, the wrist being nearly as long as the feet, with 5
elongated claws, the first the smallest ; the hinder feet
are moderate, the marginal toes upon each side large,
rounded, the three middle ones very small, tapering ; all
clawless. The tail conical.
Fur short, hair short, flat ; broad and rounded at the tip
in the adult; rather more tapering in the young; hair on the
lips rather longer, more slender and slightly curled.
Inhab. The Southern Ocean.
This genus has many characters in common with the
Crested Seal of the North American Continent, but differs
from it in the characters given in the Synopsis at the com-
mencement of this article (see p. 4), but especially in the
male being provided with a proboscis, while in that genus
it has a hood-like swelling proceeding up the nose to the
back of the head.
The Sea Elephant. Morunga Elephantina.
Plate 9, female ; plate 1 0, skull.
A Sea Lion and Lioness from Juan Fernandez, Anson,
Vol/. Round Ike World (1786), 122, t. 19, copied. Fernet-
tif, Voy. Isle Malorines, ii. 47, t. 9*, f. 1, and altered i. 8*,
j'.\. Hence Phoca Leonina, Linn. S. N. i. 55. Schre-
ber, Saugth. 297, t. 83, a. Bottle-nosed Seal, Shaw, Zool.
i. t. 73. — Penn. Quad. ii. 531, (with an original descrip-
tion of the female). Phoca Ansonii, Desni. Mam. 239,
369, (part only).
Grand Phoque a Museau ride, Bujfon, Snppl. vi. 316,
Anson's Sea Lion, Forster, Voy. Round lite JVorld,\i. 527.
Phoca major, &c. n. 5. " Manate from Nicuragua," Par-
sons, Phil. Trans. 1751, 121, (female).
Phoca Elei)hantina, Molini Saayi, 260, (1782).
L'Elephant marino, ou Phoque a trompe. Phoca pro-
boscidea, Peron !^ Lesueur, Voy. Terre Austr. ii. 34, ^ 32,
Hamilton, Jar dines' Nat. Lily.
Mirounga proboscidea, Gray, Griff. An. King, v., 180
(1827).
Morunga elephantina, Gray, Cat. OsteoL, Spec B. M. 33 ;
Cat. Seals B. M. 34 ; Cat. Seals & Wliales 38, Jig. 13 (skull).
Leo mariiius (Cap. B. S.) Pallas. Zool. Rosso-Asiat. i., lOG.
Sea Elephant, Weddell, Voy. 53, 84, 134.
Macrorhyiiclius proboscideus, Gray, in Brooke's Mus. Cat.
36 (1828).
riiO(iue gris argente a os nasaux tres courts, Mas. Paris
from M. Dubrodie ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss., v., 213 ; Nilsson,
Wicgm. Archiv. vii., 325 — hence
Phoca dubia, Fischer, Mamvi. i., 225.
Phoque des Patagons,i^. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. i., 203, tab. 14,/.
■Id.e.f.
Mirounga Patagonica, Gray, Griff. An. King, v., 180.
Stemmatopus Patachoniciis, Brooke's Mus. Cat.
Rhiuoplura proboscidea, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Ain^yh. 27.
The noses of the male and female differ in width as is
well seen in the collection of skulls in the Museum.
McGill describes a skull, said to come from California,
in the " Proceedings of the Essex Institute " 1866, v. 13,
under the name of Macrorhinus angu.stirostris, which may
be from a female specimen.
Inhab. Southern Ocean.
Plate 9 (adult female), plate 10 (its skull). Both in P.M.
Family Otariadae, Gray.
Suppl. Cat. Seals a)id Whales Brit. Mus. 6.
Nose simple ; muffle rather large, callous above and
between the nostrils. Ears with a cylindrical external
conch. Arms and legs rather elongate. The fore and
hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin with a scolloped naked
membrane. Palms and soles bald, longitudinally grooved,
more or less triangular. Fingers gradually diminishing in
size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow, all
clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on
each side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and
Whales 44, f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is
generally provided with a more or less thick under fur.
Skull with a post-orbital process. An alisphenoid canal.
Mastoid process strong and salient, extending aloof from
the auditory bulla. Cutting teeth f , 4 middle upper bitid ;
Literal upper cutting teeth and canines conical ; grinders
?- or f. The scapula is curved backwards to the upper
angle, but with its spine or crest near the posterior margin.
These animals are thus arranged —
1. The palate produced behind the opening of the
inner nostrils just before the condyles. Upper giinders
6-6. Under fur sparse. Sea Lions. Otariina.
1. Otaria.
IL The palate shorter, with the o])ening of the inner
nostril some distance before the line of the condyles.
Sea Bears.
i. Gypsophocina. The upper grinders 6-(), the fifth
and sixth quite behind the back edge of the front
of the zygomatic arch.
2. Gypsophoca.
ii. Arctocephaliua. The upper grinders 6-6, the
sixth behind the back edge of the front of tlie
zygomotic arch, the fifth is even with it, and is
sometimes rudimentary.
* Head elongate ; face produced in front.
3. Phocarctos.
** Head elongate ; face short, arched.
4. Callorhinus.
*** Head broad.
5. Arctocephalu.s. Crown of grinders broad, slightly
lobed.
6. Euotaria. Crown of gi-inders compressed, lobed.
7. Eumetopias. Fifth upper grinder soon deci-
duous.
III. Zalophina. Upper grinders 5-5, the fifth in a line
with or before the back edge of the front of rlje
zygomatic arch.
8. Zalophus. 9. Neophoca.
These animals have been divided into many species,
founded on the accounts of travellers and defective figures.
In the " Catalogue of Seals and Whales " I have attempteil
to unravel these nominal species, but here I have onlv
referred to the species established upon the examination <if
specimens.
Otaria, Gray.
Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales B.M. 12.
Sea Lions.
Skull with the palate elongate, produced behind, the
opening of the nostrds just before aline drawn between the
condyles, tapper grinders 6-6. Under fur sparse. The
palate concave, becoming deeper and contracted behind
with age, nose and palate dilated in front in the males.
The flap of the toes very long. The ears small.
Otaria jubata.
Otaria jubata, Graq, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales B.M.
13 ; Muric. P.Z.S., 1869, viii., 101.
Otaria leonina, Gray, Cat. Seals aiui Whales, 59.
Sea Lion, Cook's Voy. ii., 203 ; Forster's Voy. ii., 509.
Inhab. Coast of Patagonia and Chili.
PL 17, fs. 1 and 2. The skull of a young specimen with-
out a lower jaw, received from Chiloe, in the BritisJi
^luseum. Blainville described a skull in the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons as Phoca Byronii, liut I cannot see any
difference between his skull and those in the Briti-^h
Museum. Dr. Peters, from a difference in the position of
the teeth in the figure, was inclined to consider it di.stinct,
but, on examination of the skull itself, he decided that the
figure was inaccurate in this respect.
Otauia minor. The smaller Sea Lion.
Otaria minor. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hitt., 1874.
Skull elongate narrow; lower jaw elongate, sides fiat
D
10
(•(iinpiessed in front, wltli the lower edge from the angle to
the gonyx longer than the jaws are wide at the angle.
I'aiiite very deep and wide, broad in front, contracted
Ix'hinil, with the lateral processes rather contracted.
Inhab. Coast of South America.
( )nly known from two skulls.
1. Terfect skull of an adult male in the British
^luseum, which is Hi inches long, and 6i inches wide at
the c;ondyles. Sixth upper grinder behind the hinder edge
of the front of the zygomatic arch, the lower jaw Sh inches
long, wide and strong, contracted on the sides in front.
The scar of the masseter muscle in the lower jaw is elongate
and narrow in fi'ont.
2. An imperfect skull (335e) about 12 inches long, and
()'l inches wide, wanting the intermaxillary bones, and
having only the canine teeth ; with the palate deep,
.slightly contracted behind, lobes erect, the sixth upper
grinder separated from the fifth Ijy a space just before the
liack edge of the front of the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw
compressed in front.
Tliis species may be the same as Otaria Gudeffroyii,
described and figured by Dr. Peters from a specimen in
the Hamburg Museum, but the front of the lower jaw does
not appear to be the same as that of tiie skulls in the
British Museum ; it and the scar of the masseter muscle
are broad and rounded at the end as in the jaws of the
common Sea Lion, Otaria julata, and Otaria Godeffroyi,
may indicate another species.
Otakia Ullo.'E. The Pygmy Sea Lion.
Otaria Ulloje, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 130, /. vi. (ani-
mal) ; Peters, Monasth. 1866, 667, t. (skull).
Otaria (Phocarctos) UUoie, Peters, Monatsh., 1866, 270.
Otaria pygm^a, G-ray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874.
The skull elongate, narrow. Lower jaw elongate, sides
flat compressed in front, with the lower edge from the
angle to the gonyx longer than the jaws are wide at the
angle. Palate very narrow, deep, scarcely wider behind.
Sixth upper grinder behind the hinder edge of the front of
the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw comparatively slendei-,
C J inches long, compressed and flat in front.
Only known from an adult, most probably female skull,
in the collection of the British Museum, received from the
Zoological Society in 1858.
Inhab. South America. Coast of Peru {Tschudi).
Since I described the skull in the Museum under the
name of 0. jJygmaM I have again compared it with the
figure of Otaria Ullom given by Dr. Peters, from one of the
skulls of the original animals described by Tschudi, and
have very little doubt it is the same, though Dr. Peteis
does not mention tlie form of the lower jaw which is so
characteristic.
III.— THE SEA LIONS AND SEA BEAKS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
Since the Synopsis of the species of Seals was published
s]iecimens of the Sea Lion have been exhibited in England,
and the British Museum has received many specimens of
them and of their skulls, and a few skeletons, and the
examination of them has proved that instead of their form-
ing a tribe of the Seals, which ^\ii.s cnWeA Ardocqihaiina in
the Synopsis, they form a distinct family from the earless
Seals, Phocidw, with a distinct habit and stmcture ; they
have more power of using their limbs, like the more typical
Mammalia, walking on them, with the body raised from
the ground, they rest with their hind limbs bent forward.
These habits were well shown in Dr. Forster's figure
engraved l)y Buftbn, and they have been verified by the
study of the living animal in the Zoological Gardens.
Their scrotum and genital organs are exposed as in the dog.
The Sea Bears and Sea Lions inhabit the more temperate
and colder parts of the Southern Hemispiiere and more
northern regions of tiie Pacific Ocean.
They are said to make pieriodical migrations towards
the p(jles. They come to the surface during the process of
mastication and do not drink like the Seals. The pupils
nl' the eyes dilate and contract to a great extent. The
leniales lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the
male : they Ining forth their young far inland, and they
are gi'adually taught to swim.
They generally liave a very close soft under fur between
tlu' roots of the longer and more rigid hairs, hence they
arc called Fur Seals.
The quantity and fineness of the under fur differ accord-
ing to the seasons, and the age of the animal. Some have
so little under fur when they arrive at the adult age that
they are of no use for making Seal Skins. The under fur
is only attached to the surface of the skin, while the Ion;;
rigid liair is rooted to the inner layers of the skin, they
therefore come out when the inner surface of the skin is
siiaved off, leaving the under fur, which forms what is
called Seal Skin by tlie furriers, attached to the outer sur-
face of the skin.
So much improvement has taken place in our knowledge
since the " Synopsis " given at page 4 was written that 1
give an abstract of what is at present known of the Sea
Lions and Sea Bears of the Southern Seas.
If one had the opportunity of examining these animals
alive there is no doul)t that they would present very decided
characters in the form of the face and size and structure of
the ears and feet, and the length of the flaps of the toes,
but all these parts are liable to be altered in the preparing
of the specimens for Museums, therefore the chief characters
for the distinction of genera and species are those afforded
by the skulls, as these alone are accessible to the scientific
zoologist and afford the only means by which lie can com-
pare the Sea Bears from different localities, and the different
genera and species peculiar to each locality.
Steller described a Leo marinus and an Ursus marinus
from Kamschatka, and Temminck figured the animal and
skeleton of a Seal in the " Fauna Japonira " under the
name of Otaria Stelleri, confounding it with the Leo
marinus of Steller, which Lesson had called Otaria Stelleri.
Mr. McBain, who received the skull of this animal, named
11
it Otaria GiUiexpii. I have figured the skulls of these
three animals from the North Pacific, P.Z.S., 1859, under
the names of, 1. CaUorhinus ursinus, P.Z.S., 1859, t. 58.
■1. FArnutopias Stelle.ri, P.Z.S., 1859, t. 72. 3. Zalophus
CiUiespii, P.Z.S., 1 859, t. 70. Mr. Allen has given a further
iicc'ount of these animals, and I have figured and described
a fourth sjiecies under the name of E umetopias dongata,
P.Z.S., 1872, 738, fs. 2 and 3, but the examination of a
second specimen of a skull has shown ine that it is more
like a Phocarctus than a Eumetopias.
Gypsophoca, Gray.
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, ^j9. 659 and 743.
The palate short, contracted behind ; the opening of the
inner nostrils on a level with the middle of the zygomatic
arch. The grinders f;| the fifth and sixth upper quite
behind the front edge of the zygomatic arch.
Gypsophoca tropicalis. The Sub-tropical Fur Seal.
Gypsophoca tropicalis. Gray, P.Z.S., 1872, ;). 659, fs. 5
and 6 (.skull).
Arctocephalus cinereus, Gray, Cat. Scah & Whales, p. 56 ;
Siippl.,p. 24; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, xviii., j7. 236.
Black, grey lieneath, under fur abundant, reddish brown.
Inhab. N. Australia {MacGiUivray).
Dr. Peters describes a Fur Seal, in the British Museum,
sent from Juan Fernandez Island, under the name of
Ardophoca P/ii/.ippii, Peters, Monatsb. May, 1866, pp. 276
and 671, t. 2 (skull), and I have noticed it, in the Suppl.
Cat. Seals & Whales as the Chilian Fur Seal, but have
never seen the skull on which it is described, and have a
suspicion that it represents a species of Gypsophoca that has
lost its hinder grinders.
Dr. Philippi sent a description of a skull that he had
received from the Island of Massafuera, on the west coast
of S. America, which is published by Dr. Peters, Monatsb.,
1871, p. 588, 1. 1 and 2, which he calls Ardophoca argentata.
The skull wants the hinder part of the brain case, has six
grinders in its upper jaw, and is in every respect very like
the skull of Gypsoplwca tropicalis, and the Ardophoca
Philippii from Juan Fernandez. It chiefly differs from the
figure of the latter skull, as Dr. Philippi shows in his
])iate, in the hinder portion of it being narrower, and the
condyles much shorter or rather narrower.
These three skulls appear to me to belong to one group,
but whether they are three distinct species, two from the
west coast of South Ajnerica, and one from North Australia,
I will not attempt to determine, as I have seen only the
skins and skull of the one from the latter region, but they
:ue all Fur Seals, and may be distinct.
Phocarctos, Gray.
A..& M. N. H., 1866, xviii., 234 ; Suppl. Cat. Seals and
Whales, 13.
Skull elongate ; face rather produced in front ; palate
short, contracted behind, the inner nostrils in a line with
the middle of the zygomatic arch. Grinders ^:f, with
compressed lobed crown.s, the sixth upper behind the
back edge of the front of the zygomatic arch, and the fifth
even with it. Under fur none, or very sparse.
Phocarctos Hookeri. The Southern Hair Seal.
Arctocephalus Hookeri, Grcty, Cat. Seals, Brit. Mus., 45,
/, 15 (skull) ; Cat. Seals & Whales, 53,/. 17 (skuD).
Hair Seal, Wcddell, Voy., 141.
Pale yellowish, flaps of hinder toes elongate, unequal.
Inhab. Falkland Islands. Cape Horn.
Plate 14. Drawing of animal from a stuffed skin.
Plate 15, its skull.
Arctocephalus.
Skull rather broad, oblong. Palate contracted behind ;
the opening of the inner nostrils in a line with about the
middle of the zygomatic arch. Grinders |;f , the crown of
the upper compressed, slightly lobed, of the lower ones
broad, slightly lobed. The sixth upper behind and the
fifth level with the back edge of the front of the zygomatic
arch. Under fur moderately developed.
Grinders of the upper jaw compressed, with an elongate
triangular central crown, with a collaret on the inner side,
and a small lobe on the back and often on the front of the
collaret.
The form of the crowns of the lower gi-inders is very
peculiar and characteristic ; having only two skulls of
adult animals in the British Museum it had, until lately,
escaped my observation, as the crowns of these skulls were
mostly broken off or chipped, but on very minute examina-
tion I find the crowns of two or three teeth of one of the
specimens are perfect, and present a decided difference of
structure from that of all the other species of Sea Bears.
Arctocephalus antarcticus. The Cape Fur Seal.
Phoca antarctica, Thunh., Mem. Petrop. iii., 322.
Phoca ursina, Cuv., Oss. Foss.
Arctocephalus ursinus, F. Cuv., Mem. Mus. xi., 205, tab. 15,
no. 1 (skull).
Arctocephalus Delalandii, Gray, P.Z.S., 1859, tab. 60
(skuU).
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
EUOTARL^.
Arctocephalus ** Euotaria, Gray, Suppl. Cat. S. & W., 20.
Skull rather broad oblong. Palate contracted behind,
the opening of the inner nostrils in a line with about the
middle of the zygomatic arch. Grinders ^:f , tlie upper and
lower with a compressed elongated triangular central
crown with a small lobe on its back, and often on its front
edge. The sixth upper behind, and the fifth even with the
back edge of the front of the zygomatic arch.
Euotaria schisthypero>;s. Turner.
Arctocephalus schisthvperoiis. Turner, Journ.Anat., 1868,
113,/. (.skull).
12
Skull, palate narrow. The cutting teetli narrow, forming
a sliort series.
Inliab. Cape of Good Hope.
Only known from the skull of a young animal evidently
having an undeveloped palate, which is in the Museum of
Edinburgh, and of which Professor Turner has kindly sent
to the British Museum a beautiful cast.
1 formerly thought that this skull might be an un-
developed specimen of Arctorcpludits antardicus, never
liaviug seen a young skull of tliat species, but having since
had the opportunity of examining the skull of a young
animal of A. antarcticus with perfect crowns to the grinders,
it shows that this cannot be the young of it. It is said to
come from the Cape ; it differs from Euotaria cinerea in its
narrower palate, and smaller cutting teeth.
EuoTARiA CINEREA. The Australian Fur Seal.
Arctocephalus cinereus, Gh-ai/, P.Z.S., 1873, (556,/. 1 and
2 (skull, misnamed A. niyrexceiis).
Otaria cinerea, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Mamm.,
89, tab. 12, 13, 15.
Phoca ursina, J. R. Forster, Dcxcr. Aniiii., (14.
Sea Bear, Cook's second voyage.
Grinders .short, thick ; crowns short.
Inhab. Australia. Dusky Bay, New Zealand.
EuOTARiA NIGRESCENS. Tlie Southern Fur Seal.
Euotaria nigrescens, trrai/, A. & M. N. H., 1866, xviii.,
236, 1868, 192.
Arctocephalus nigrescens, Grmi, P.Z.S., 1850, 100, and
360, 1872, 658, /. 4 (skull, misnamed A. cinereus).
Otaria falklandica. Abbot, F.Z.S., 1868, 192.
(Jrinders compressed, crown elongate.
Inhab. Falkland Lslands, Volunteer Eock (Capt. Abbott).
Euotaria latirostris. The broad nosed Sea Bear.
Arctocephalus nigrescens, Grai/, P.Z.S., 1872, 656
(not fig.)
Upper cutting teeth fornung a broad line.
Inhab. Falkland Islands. Zool. Soc.
This species is only known from an adult skull without
lower jaw or teeth, which was received from the Zoological
Society as coming from the Falkland Islands, but it is most
distinct from any other species in the Museum.
Euotaria falklandica. The Falkland Island Fur Seal.
Arctocephalus falklandicus, Gray, A. & M. N. H., 1868.
i., 103 ; Suppl. Cat. Seals & Wliales, 25.
The Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklan diva), Hamilton,
A. & M. N. H., 1838, ii., 81, tab. 41 ; Jardines Naturalists
Library.
Falkland Seal, Pennant Quadrupeds.
Inhab. Falkland Islands (Abbott).
Only known from skins without skulls, which are very
peculiar for the closeness and softness of the fur, and the
abundance of the under fur. Dr. Hamilton gives a good
account of the fi.sJiery of these Seals, and sent two speci-
mens to the Museum of Edinburgh. Shaw gave the
name of Phoca falklandica, Peimant Otaria falklandicu,
and Lesson Otaria Houvillii, and Fischer Phoca Houvillii,
all from the same animal shortly noticed by Cuvier.
I have determined that the Seal described and figured
by Mr. Hamilton is the one here described by the compari-
son of his specimens, which are now in the Edinburgh
Museum, with the skins in the British Museum.
This is a most distinct species, and easily known from
all the other Fur Seals in the British Museum by the even-
ness, shortness, closeness, and elasticity of the fur. The
fur is soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal
of the longer hairs which are always removed in the other
Fur Seals.
Neophoca, Gray.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, xviii., 231.
Grinders |^:f, the fifth upper grinder in a line witii ur
Ijefore tlie front edge of the zygomatic arch.
Neophoca lobata. Australian Hair Seal.
Arctocephalus lobatus. Gray, Spied. Zool., 1828, tab. 4, _/'.
2 (teeth) ; Cat. Seals & Whales, 50.
Neophoca lobata. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866,
xviii., 231 ; Suppl. Cat. Seals cf- Tfliales, 28.
(Jtaria australis, Qaoi/ and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, tali.
10, 14.
Inhab. W. Australia, Houtman's Abrolhos l.sland
(Mr. Gilbert).
Plate 16. Adult and young animal from stuffed skins.
Plate 17, fig. 3-5. Different parts of the face of the skull of
the same animal ; both in tlie British Museum.
12a
II.— MISCELLANEA.
Jacchus rufiventer. The red-bellied Marmozet.
Plate 18.
Midas rufiventer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hint, xii., 398,
J'.Z.S., 1865 ; Cat. Monkeys, &i:, Brit. Mun., 66.
Midas elegantulus, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
1861, 463.
Iilack, hinder part of the back wa.shed with ashy grey.
Tlie chest, belly, inside of limbs and the under-side of the
base of the tail bright dark rufous. Tip of the nose and
edges of the upper and lower lip white. Crown of the head
with a rufous spot, and the nape grey.
Inhab. Mexico.
Waterh., from Amboyna, as a variety of the same specie.s.
It is said to be very much like Miniopteris Schre.ihersii, but
the face appears more elongated, and rather more pointed,
and the nostrils more prominent; the ears are somewhat
longer.
ScOTOPHlLUS Greyii. Captain Grey's Scotophilus.
Plate 20, fig. 2.
Scotophilus Greyii, Gray; Gould, Momm. Austr. m., pi.
45.
Inhab. Port Essington.
Scotophilus Gouldii. Gould's Scotophilus.
Plate 19, fig. 1.
Scotophilus Gouldii, Gray, App. Grey's Narrative, 406 ;
Gould, Mamvi. Austr. in., p)l. 40.
Blackish ; hinder half of the back brownish ; sides and
abdomen brownish ash. Ears rather large, broad. Tragus
half ovate. Under-side of the wings, and interfemoral mem-
brane with lines of hairs.
Inhab. Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria.
Miniopteris morio. The plain Miniopterus.
Plate 19, fig. 2 {Scotophilus morio).
Scotophilus morio. Gray, Aptp. Grey's Narrative, 405
(1841) ; Gmild, Mamm. Austr. iii., p/. 41.
Hack uniform brownish black, scarcely paler beneath.
Cheeks nearly black. Underside of wings, and interfemoral
membrane with lines of hairs. Heel-bone elongated, slender ;
Ears moderate, rounded. Tragus oblong, blunt.
Inhab. Australia.
Mr. Tomes, P.Z.S., 1858, 121, refers this species to the
genus Miniopteris, and considers it a variety of Miniopteri'i
hlepoiis of Java, and he considers Vespertilio Eschscholtzii,
Scotophilus pumilus. The Dwarf Scotophilus.
Plate 20, fig. 1.
Scotophilus pumilus. Gray, App. Grey's Narrative, 403 ;
Gould, Mamm. Av^tr. iii., pi. 46.
Grey-brown, base of the fur blackish, beneath paler.
Cheeks blackish. Ears small, rather thin, longer than the
fur. Tragus elongate, half as long as the ears, rounded at
the end. Wings nearly bald, except near the arm-pit. Inter-
femoral membrane hairy at the base. Heel-bone elongate,
t^^■o-thirds the length of the margin of the interfemoral
membrane.
Inhab. Australia, New South Wales.
Mr. Tomes describes an allied species of a rather larger
size from Australia under the name of Scofophibcs pumi-
loides, P.Z.S., 1857, 51.
Nyctophilus Geoffroyi. The Nyctophile.
Plate 21, fig. 1.
Nyctophilus Geoffroyi, Leach, Linn. Trans, xiii., 73 ;
Tcmminck, Monogr. ii., 47 ; Tovies, P.Z.S., 1858, 29 ; Gmdd,
Mamm. Austr. iii., pi. 36.
1-Ib
Fur of tli(> Ti])pei' part conspicuously liicoloureil, black for
nearly two-thirds of its length, the remainder being olive
bi'own, with the extreme tips darker. Fur of the throat
II nd flanks uniformly brownish white, of all the rest of the
under part lilack at base and brownish white at the end.
Inhab. Western Australia.
NvcToi'HiLUs MA.ioi;. The larger Nyctophile.
Plate 21, fig. 2.
Mr. Tomes, since these figures were made, has described
three species from Australia ; iV. Timorensis, from W. Aus-
tralia, iV. Gouldii, from Moreton Bay, N. unicolor, from
Van Dienien's Land, and I am not quite sure to ■\\hich of
tliese species the above figure refers.
Mystacixa tuberctlata. The Mystaciue.
Plate 22, fig. 1.
Mystacina tuberculata. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 34, 1843 ;
App. Diefnib. Trav. N. Z., 296, 1843 ; Zool. Vo;j. Sulphur
ii., 23; Tomes, P.Z.S., 1857, 138.
Inhab. Xew Zealand.
I at first thought this was the little Bat named and
figured as Ves2)crtilio tuhcrculata by Forster, collected
during Cook's voyages, the drawings of which are in the
lianksian Library, British Museum, and of which Lichten-
stein published Forster's MS. descriptions and notes in
1844, but Mr. Tomes, who has found in the British Museum
two kinds of Bats from New Zealand, believes that the one
which is a Seotopltilus is the one which Foi'ster described,
on account of the number of incisors lie indicates, and he
describes it as Scotophilustuhcrcu.ldtnH, P.Z.S., 1857, Ib^, pi.
43, and he also describes and figures the one that I have
described as Mystacina tuberculata, P.Z.S., 1857, 138, pi. 44.
MoLOSSUS NORFOLKENSis. The Xortblk Island Bull-dog
Bat.
Plate 22, fig. 2.
Molossus australis, Gran; GoulJ, Muhuh. Austr. \u.,pl. 31.
Antechinus fl.wipes.
Plate 26, fig. 2.
Phascogalc riavi|ics, JVcJerh., I'.ZX, 1837, 75.
Antechinus flavipes, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., pi. 40 :
Krcft, P.Z.S., 1866, 432.
Fur brownish yellow, intermi.xed with 1 ilack hair. Under-
side of body and limbs yellow. Throat whitish. Tail as
long as the body, blackish, beneath yellow, clothed with
short appressed hairs.
Inhab. New South Wales north of Hunter's lii\er.
Antechinus Stuartii, MacLeay, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
viii,, 242, has been thought to be identical with this species,
Waterh., N. H. Mamm. i., 419.
Antechinus akfinis.
Plate 25, fig. 3.
Phascogale affinis, Gray, App. Grey's Narrative, 406.
Above brown, grizzled, with yellowish brown tips to the
hairs ; beneath grey-brown ; under fur lead colour. Tail
short. Male darker; length of body and head 61, tail 4i
inches. Female, length of body and head 41, tail 2| inches.
Inhab. Tasman's Peninsular (Gould).
Mr. Waterhouse considers this species and Phascogale
iiiinima varieties of Antechinus Jlavipes.
Antechinus leucopus.
Plate 27, fig. 2.
Phascogale leucopus. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., x.,
1842, 261.
Podabrus leucopus, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., pi. 35.
Fur grey, washed with blackish, head rather redder. Lips,
chin, throat, chest, inside of limbs, and feet white. Tail
slender, lower half white, upper blackish brown. Ears large.
Inhab. Australia.
This species is distinguished from P. leucogaster, Gray.
by the feet being white.
Antechinus crassicauhatus.
Plate 26, fig. 1.
Phascogale crassicaudata, Gould, P.Z.S., 1844, 105.
Podabrus crassicaudatus, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., pi. 47.
Fur moderately long and soft, above ash coloured with a
yellow tint. Under-side of the body and feet pure white.
E;irs moderate, clothed with pale hairs, and with a large
blackish spot externally. Eyes encircled with blackisli
12c
liairs. Tail short, much swollen, especially in the middle,
and clothed throughout with minute pale hairs.
Inhab. Western Australia.
Size of the common mouse, and coloured like }fiiti
si/lvaticus.
Antechinus albipes.
Plate 27, fig. 1.
l^hascogale albipes, Waterh., P.Z.S., 1842, 48.
Podabrus albipes, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., j)l. 43.
Fur extremely soft, u])per part of body brownish, the
liairs deep slate colour at the base, annulated with yellow,
and with a black tip. Under-side of body greyish white,
liairs deep grey with white ti]is. Feet white. Tail long,
covered with many minute hairs, brownish above and paler
beneath.
Inhab. Western Australia.
Antechinus Swainsonii.
Plate 25, fig. 1.
Phascogale Swainsonii, Waterh., Mag. Nut. Hid. iv., 304'
Antechinus Swainsonii, Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., ^j/. 34.
Fur long, and moderately soft. Above brown, deeper on
the liinder part of the back. Hairs annulated, and tipped
with yellowish. Feet uniform dusty brown. Tail clothed
with small appressed dusty brown liairs.
Inhab. Van. Diemen's Land.
Antechinus leucogaster.
Plate 25, fig. 2.
Phascogale leucogaster, Gray, Apj). Grci/n Narrative ii.,
407.
Antechinus leucogaster, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mm.,
99 ; Gould, Mamm. Austr., i., pi. 38.
Fur rather soft, above dark brownish grey, tinted with
rusty brown behind, and beset with numerous fine black
liairs. Ears sparingly clothed with minute pale coloured
hairs. Chin and under-surface greyish white. Tail dusky,
darker at apex.
Inhab. W. Australia.
Antechinus apicalis. Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mva., 99;
Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., pi. 39.
Fur above reddish brown, interspersed with numerous
lilack hairs, witli white tips. Outside of fore and hind legs
rufous, Chin and beneath whitLsh. Tail like back, blacker
at tip, covered with rigid hairs.
Inhab. W. ami S. Australia.
Phascogale calurus.
Plate 26, fig. 3.
Phascogale calurus, Gould, P.Z.S., 1844, 105.
Phascogale calura, Gould, Mamm., Austr., pi. 32.
Cinereous, under-side and feet white, indistinctly yellow
tinted. Tail longer than the body, the basal half with short
rufous hairs, ai>ical part with long black liairs. F]ars large,
with yellow liairs at the base.
Inhab. Western Australia.
Allied to P. penicillata, but smaller.
Hapalotis -melanura.
Plate 29, fig. 2.
Hapalotis melanura, Gould, P.Z.S.; Gray, List. Mamm.
Brit. J/«s., 1843, 115.
Fur harsh. Upper surface and sides sandy brown, with
numerous long black hairs, the surface buffy white. Tail
black.
Mr. Gould has described a somewhat similar species,
which the British Museum has received, collected by Mr.
Fdsey in the interior of Australia, under the name (if
Hapalotis hemileucMra, P.Z.S., 1857, 243, it diflers from
H. melanura in the tip of the tail being white.
Hapalotis albipes.
Plate 28, fig. 1.
Hapalotis albipes, Ijichtenstein, Darstelluny, pi. 29 ; Gould,
Mamm. Austr. in., pi. 1.
Conilurus constructor, Ogilhy, Linn. Traiis. xiii., 125.
Inhab. New Holland.
Antechinus apicalis.
Plate 27, fig. 3.
Phascogale apicalis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix.
508.
Hapalotis longicaudata.
J'late 29, fig. 1.
Hapalotis longicaudata, Gould, P.Z.S., 1844, 104; Mamm.
Austr. iii., ^/. 8.
12d
Tlie upper surface and outside of limbs pale sandy, inter-
spersed on the head and over the back with numerous fine
Idack hairs, longer on the lower part of the back and rump-
Kurs naked, dark brown. Sides of muzzle, all tlie under-
surface, and the inner surface of the limbs white. Tail
clothed with short dark brown hairs at the base, with long
black hairs tipped with white on the apical ludf of its
length.
inhab. W. Australia. Called "Kortung" and "Goota-
was."
Smaller tlian Jl. alhipes, liut lias a much longer tail and
longer hind legs.
HaPALOTIS ElCHARDSONIl.
Plate 28, fig. 2.
Hajjalotis Kicliardsonii, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror,
Ma III III., pi. 28, fig. 2, ined.
H. Mitclielli, Gould, Mamm. Avsfr. iii., pi. 9.
H. Gouldii, Gould, P.Z.S., 1851, 127.
Inhal). W. and S. Australia.
Mr. Gould described an imperfect skin and skeleton, frcjm
Port Essington, under the name of Mus hirsutus.
In the Appendix to Grey's Travels in Australia, p. 403,
and in the List of Mammals in the British Museum, 1
named these specimens Hiqudotis Gmddii, since that time
more perfect specimens have been received from the N. ^^^
coast of Australia, and Mr. (Jould notes them under tht'
name of Hcqxdutis hirsutus, P.Z.S., 1851, 127, notices that
it is the largest species of the genus, and erroneously retains
the name of H. Gouldii for the one I named H. Rirhcrdsnnii.
13
ON THE CETACEOUS ANIMALS.
It has been observed by Cuvier that the largest animals are most imperfectly known, arising from the impossi-
bility of bringing the specimens side by side, and carefully comparing them with each other. If this is true of
the land animals, it is particularly the case with the Whales, Dolphins, Bottlenoses, and other marine Mammalia,
which can only be seen at distant periods, and often under most unpromising circumstances. For though we may have
Elephants, Giraffes, Elands, &c. in our Zoological Gardens and Parks, there has no plan yet been discovered whereby
we could preserve alive, even for a short time, any of the gigantic Whales or Cachalots, or even of the Dolphins.
Having been under the necessity of studying the subject for the purpose of putting into scientific order the mate-
rials brought home by this Expedition, and especially for the purpose of arranging and naming the extensive collection
of specimens of these animals, and their osseous remains, in the British Museum ; and thinking that I have been suc-
cessful in elucidating some few points which appear to have escaped the Cuviers, almost the only modern authors who
appear to have attempted an extensive and systematic examination of the subject, I have been induced to follow the plan
adopted in the Seals ; and throw the result of my labours into a synoptic revision of the species of the entire family.
In this examination I hope I have been able to arrange the .species on more secure bases, and placed them together
in more natural groups, with definite characters ; but I make no doubt I have overlooked many things which I ought
to have observed, and left much for my successors to accomplish.
I may add that our insular position, by enabling us more frequently to examine these animals, and the extensive
trade which we formerly carried on in them, have caused our writers to be better acquainted with them, and for us to
collect together a greater mass of their remains than our continental neighbours.
Belon and Rondelet appear to have known the Dolphin [Delphinus Delphis), the 'Ondre' (D. Tursio), and the
Phocaena (P. vulgaris) ; but their account of the Spermaceti Whale is very indistinct.
Clusius, in 1605, first described and figured the Sperm Whale in a recognizable manner, from two specimens thrown
on the coast of Holland in 1598 and 1601 ; and Johnston (t. 41 and 42) well figures one of these specimens.
In 1671, Martens, in his ' Voyage to Spitzbergen,' gave a description and figure of the Whalebone Whale, the " Fin
Fish" (Balmnoptera Physalus), the Weise Fish [Beluga Catodon), and of the Botzkopt [Orca Gladiator): and his
figures of the first and second have been the chief authorities for these animals until our time.
In 1692, Sibbald published a small quarto pamphlet, with three plates, describing the Whales which had come
under his observation. He divides them into three groups : — 1. The small Whales with teeth in both jaws, of which
he notices three :— the Orca (O. Gladiator), the Beluga, and one from hear-say, which, fi-om its size, was probably a
Porpesse [Phocana vulgaris). II. The larger Whales with teeth in both jaws : — 1, the Sperm Whale; and, 2, the
Black-fish. And III. The Whale-bone Whales, of which he describes three specimens. The anangement he pro-
posed is the one used in this paper; and his work forms the ground-work of all that was known on the larger
Cetacea up to the Linnaan time : but Artedi and Linnaeus committed the mistake of regarding individual peculi-
arities resulting from accidental circumstances as specific distinctions, so that three of their species have to be re-
duced to synonyraa.
In 1725, Dudley, in the 'Philosophical Transactions' (No. 387), describes all the Whales now recognized by the
whalers, except the Black-fish ; viz., 1. The Right or Whalebone Whale. 2. The Scrag Whale. 3. The Fin-back
Whale. 4. Bunch or Hump-back Whale. And 5. The Spermaceti Whale. Cuvier, in his historical account, does
not I think sufficiently estimate either Sibbald's or Dudley's contribution.
Bonnaterre, and after him Lacepede, in their Catalogues, collected together all the materials they could find, and
ransacked every work that came in their way ; and the latter especially formed a number of species on most insuf-
ficient authority : for example, making a genus on the otherwise good figure of the Sperm Whale figured by Anderson,
because the artist had placed the spout on the hinder part of the head ; and a division of a genus for the Fin-fish of
Martens, because he did not notice in his description or figure the fold on the belly. Yet the characters given by
E
14
Lacepede, and genera formed by him, have been used in our latest works, some even in Cuvier's last edition of the
' Animal Kingdom ;' and many of these species still encumber our Catalogues.
Cuvier, dissatisfied with this state of things, in his 'Ossemens Fossiles,' examined the various documents and con-
sulted the authorities which had been used by Lacepede ; but, unfortunately, instead of examining with diligence the
various descriptions, and comparing the various figures and their proportions, &c., he appears to have undertaken the
work with a predisposition to reduce the number of species which his predecessor had described, to the smallest
number. Thus, he concludes that there are only eleven species of Dolphins, one Narwhal, one Hyperoodon, one
Cachalot or Sperm Whale ; and he ajjpears to think there are only two Whalebone Whales, the Right Whale and
the Finner. To make this reduction, he believes that the Hump-backed Whale of Dudley is only a Whale that has
lost its fin, not recognizing that the Cape Rorqual, which he afterwards described from the fine skeleton now shown in
the inner court of the Paris Museum, is one of this kind, and that the Black-fish and the Sperm Whale are the same
species ; an error which must have arisen from his not having observed that Sibbald had figured the former, for he ac-
cuses Sibbald of twice describing the Sperm Whale, and when he came to Schreiber's copy of Sibbald's figure, he
thinks the figure represents a Dolphin which had lost its upper teeth, overlooking the peculiar form and posterior posi-
tion of the dorsal fin, and the shape of the head, which is unlike that of any known Dolphin. This mistake is impor-
tant, as it vitiates the greater part of Cuvier's criticism on the writings of Sibbald, Artedi, and others, on these animals.
And unfortunately his views have been very generally adopted without re-examination, especially in the ' Catalogue of
the Osteological Specimens in the Museum of the College of Surgeons,' p. 169. It is but right to observe that in
making these remarks I do not in the least desire to underrate the great obligation we owe to Cuvier for the papers
above refen'ed to. It is to him that we are indebted for having placed the examination of the Whales on its right
footing, and for directing our enquiries into the safe course on these animals, which only fall in our way at distant pe-
riods, and generally under very disadvantageous circumstances for accurate examination and study.
M. F. Cuvier's 'Cetacea' (Paris, 1836) is little more than an expansion of his brother's essays, with a compiled
account of the species ; but he has consulted with greater attention the works of Sibbald and Dudley, has some doubts
about the finned Cachalots being the same as the Sperm Whale (p. 475), but at length gives up the subject. He has
found out that the Hump-backed Whale is evidently a Rorqual (p. 305), but does not record it as a species, nor recog-
nize it as the Cape Rorqual nor as Dr. Johnston's Whale ; the latter he incorrectly considers the same as B. Physalus.
He combines together as one species Quoy's short-finned Rorqual of the Falkland Islands with Lalande's long-finned
Whale of the Cape, (p. 352). He is quite at sea about the hump of the Cachalots, (p. 279) ; his remarks on that sub-
ject, and on the Cachalots of Sibbald, show how dangerous it is for a naturalist to speculate beyond his knowledge.
Sir William Jardine's Whales in the' Naturalists' Library' is an abridgement of M. Lesson's miserable compilation,
with some extracts from English writers on the subject.
Nor are the British species better known ; for in Fleming's work they are left nearly in the same state they were in
when Linnffius published his twelfth edition of the ' Systema Naturte ; ' and Mr. Bell's account and figures are entirely
derived from preceding authors, without any addition being made to our knowledge : while this revision, though not
undertaken with any view to this subject has taken three or four species from our list, and determined the specific
identity of one hitherto neglected, and added two or three species for the first time to our Fauna.
I am by no means convinced that all the species in the following Synopsis are distinct. It is rather to be regarded
as a collection of the accounts of the Whales of different locahties, derived from the materials at present at our com-
mand; and I have endeavoured to select from these sources what appeared to afford the best characters for defining
them, so as to furnish to those naturalists who might enjoy the opportunity of observing the animals, a short abstract
of what has been said with regard to them, and of referring them to where they could find a more detailed account of
each kind. I have been induced to adopt this course, as wherever I have had the opportunity of examining and
comparing the proportions of the allied species of distant seas, and of comparing their bones, they have invariably
proved distinct, which leads me to believe that many of the other species of different countries, which have been re-
garded as the same, will be found to be distinct, though representatives of those found in other seas.
15
The Cetacea may be divided into the Whales (Cete),
which are carnivorous, and the Manates or Mermaids,
which are herbivorous.
I. Cete. Skin smooth, without hair. Limbs clawless,
fore fin-like, hinder caudal, horizontal, forked. Teats 2,
inguinal. Nostrils enlarged and close together, called
blowers. Carnivorous. The group contains three families,
the Balwnidcc, Physeteridw, and the Delphinidce.
Fam. 1. Balenid^. Whalebone Whales.
Head very large, one-third the size of the body. Jaws
toothless. Palate with crowded, transverse, triangular,
pendant, homy plates (whalebone or baleen), with a fibrous
inner edge, forming " a screening apparatus." Head shelv-
ing in front. Blowers far back, longitudinal, separate, each
covered with a valve. Spout double. Gullet small. Eyes
small, near angle of the mouth.
1. Bal^ena, Ray, Linn. Right Whales.
Head rather blunt, swollen. Throat and belly smooth,
not plaited. Dorsal fin none.
These Whales yield the train oil of commerce ; but
train appears to be applied by the whalers as we use
drain : they refer to the train of the blubber, when
speaking of the oil of dolphins, &c., and appear to
call all blubber-oil train, in contradiction to head-matter,
or spermaceti, which Sibbald says is called " tr/iale-shot"
by the English ; it is so called by the Dutch whalers.
* Bodi/ smooth above.
The Right Whale. Balaena mysticetus.
Balsena myslicetus, //«««. ^. iV. i. 105. O. Fab. Si. Cuv.
R. A. i. 296. Oss. Foss. v. 361, t. 25,/. 9, II, t. 26,/. 25.
The Right, or Whalebone Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans.
xx.xiii. 256. Scoresby, Arctic Regions, i. 448, /. 12,/ 1.
B. Groenlandica, Linn.
B. vulgaris, Brisson.
Head depressed, temporal bone narrow, oblique. There
are two series of tubercles on each side of the lower lip ;
and according to Scoresby's figure, the head is f , the fins
are -j, the vent \, and the sexual organs -f from the head.
Females larger than the males.
Inhab. North Sea.
The Nord Caper, Anderson, B. Islandica, Brisson, B.
glacialis, Klein, Noi-d Caper, Bonnat. Sjr Lacep. t. 2, 3, does
not appear to differ from the former. It is said to be thin-
ner, and infested with Barnacles ; this would lead one to
think that it was established on a specimen out of health.
Lacepede's figures above cited, from a drawing by Back-
strom, communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, are the best
figures of the Right Whale after Scoresby's.
Cuvier gives a figure of the skull of this species fi-om the
specimen in the British Museum. The nose of the skull
is regularly and gradually arched above, rather wide be-
hind, near the blow-hole, the nose and the intermaxillary
bones regularly taper in front. The hinder end of the jaw-
bones is obliquely produced behind, and the firontal bones
are narrow, nearly linear, and oblique. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v.
/. 25,/ 9— 11.
Mr. Pearsall informs me the foetus of the Whalebone
Whale in the Museum of the Hull Philosophical Society
has no rudiment of whalebone on the palate, and the lips
are very large, and longly depending over the sides of the
under jaw. Camper (t. 1, f 1, 2) figures the foetus of this
species, and the skull of a young specimen, t. 4 — 0.
A variety, or probably different species, is thus noticed
by M. Guerin, a surgeon of a whaler.
The RocK-NOSED Whale is said " never to leave the
coast, and even to make the circuit of the bays. The most
important point (of difi'erence) is the comparative size of
the head and body. The head is always considerably
more than ^, while in the true B. mysticetus it is, as stated
by Scoresby, less than ^, or as 16 to 51. The whalebone
is longer in comparison to the length of the animal, but
the lamina) are thinner for their length, the body is broader
and terminates more abruptly ; the skin is dark velvet-
brown, and has fewer spots and yields less oil. The whal-
ers in general seem to think that it is merely a difference
of age that causes this difference in their external charac-
ters, but cubs or sucklers are as often found amongst the
Rock-noses as amongst the Middle Ice Whales ; the for-
mer must have attained the age of maturity." — Guerin, in
Jameson's N. Edin. Phil. Jour. 1845, 267.
The Cape Whale. Balaena australis.
Balaena australis, Desmoulin, Diet. Class. H. N. t. 140,
/. 3, foetus.
B. du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 368, t. 24, t. 25, /'. 1—8,
t. 26, f. 7, 11, 13, 23, t. 27,/ 10, 15,24.
Skull convex, temporal bone broad, erect.
Inhab. South Sea, Delalande. Cape of Good Hojje.
Skeleton and foetus, Mus. Paris.
Cuvier gives the details of the skeleton of this species,
and figures them. The nose of the skull is high, straight,
and rather suddenly bent down in front ; the nose and the
intermaxillary bones contract in the middle, and then con-
tinue of the same width in front. The hinder part of the
jaw-bones is nearly perpendicular, and the temporal bones
are broad and erect. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25,/. 5 — 7.
Cuvier also figures the skull of a newly born specimen
of the same species, only two feet long, which only differs
in being shorter, lower, and in the hinder part of the jaw-
bone being more slanting. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. /. 25,/ 1 — 3.
In False Bay they carry on the fishery from the shore,
and during the time Mr. Warwick was there, only one bull
out of sixty specimens was killed, the females coming in-
to the bay to bring forth their young. He skinned one,
which was supposed to be not more than eight or ten
days old, and it was 20 feet long.
The Japan Whale. Balaena Japonica.
Balaena australis, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. 28, 29.
Temminck's figure is black ; the middle of the belly to
the vent, and a spot on the chin and over the eye, white ;
the nose has a rounded prominence in front; the head is 5.
the entire length ; the pectoral fin large, pointed.
Inhab. Japan.
16
They visit the coast periodically. The head is often co-
vered with barnacles.
This species is only described from a model, made in
porcelain clay by a Japanese, under the insjiection of a
,Ta]>anese whaler and M. Sicbold ; but no remains of the
animal were brought to Europe. The figures in the 'Fau-
na Japonica' are from this model.
This is probably B. Japonica, LacepMe, Mem. Mus. iv.
473, from a Japanese drawing, which is white below.
Lacepede also notices another Japanese drawing, in the
same place, under the name oi B. lunnlala.
Lesson (Tab. Reg. Anim. 202) gives the name of " B.
antarctica to the Right or Black Whale of the whalers of
the antarctic seas."
The New Zealand Whale. Balaena antarctica.
Plate 1.
Balsena antarctica, Gray, Dieff. New Zealand, t. 1.
I described this species from a very accurate drawing of
a specimen taken in Jackson Bay : it is very like Tem-
minck's figure of B. australis, but there is a roundish pro-
minence on the front of the under jaw similar to, as well
as the one on the nose, figured in that species; the pecto-
ral fin is, as in that species, about f from the chin.
Chamisso figures a species of these animals as Balaena
Kuliomoch, found in the Aleutian seas, from a wooden
model made by the Aleutians ; see N. Act. Nat. Cur. t. 17,
f. 1. It is noticed as B. Culammak by Pallas, Zool. Ross.
Asiat. i. 288.
** Back knobbed.
The Scrag Whale. Balaena gibbosa.
Balaena gibbosa, Brisson.
Besides these Dudley (Phil. Trans, xxxiii 259) described
"a Scrag Whale," which he says "is near akin to the Fin-
back, but instead of a fin upon its back, the ridge of the
after part of its back is scragged, with half-a-dozen knobs
or knuckles. He is nearest the Right IVliale in figure and
quantity of oil. His bone (whalebone) is white, but wont
split."
Cuvier thought the Scrag Whale [B. gibbosa) was only a
Rorqual (Oss. Foss. v. 267) which had been mutilated, but
1 susjject, from Dudley's account of the form, that it must
be a Bahena, probably well known formerly.
Bonnaterre, and all succeeding authors, have referred to
this genus, the Hump-backed Whale of Dudley, not under-
standing his description of the belly " being reeved," that
is, plaited ; they call it B. nodosa.
2. Megapteea. Hump-b.\cked Whales.
Balaenoptera, part, Lacep. B. nodosa, Bonat.
Head broad, moderate, flattened. Throat and chest with
deep longitudinal folds. Dorsal fins low or tuberous, ra-
ther behind the middle of the body. The pectoral very
large, -j to t the entire length of the animal, as long as the
head, consisting of only four fingers. The eyes rather
above the angle of the mouth. The navel is rather
before the front edge, the male organs under the back
edge of the dorsal, and the vent rather nearer the tail,
and the female organs are rather behind the back edge
of the dorsal, with the vent at its hinder end. Skull,
nose narrow, broad behind, and contracted in front.
Temporal bone broad. Inlerorbital space wide. Lower
jaw much arched. — Ckv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 26,/. 1, 3.
These Whales are easily known from the Finners {Ba-
Icenoplera), in being shorter and more robust, the skull
nearly -^ the entire length, the head wider between the
eyes, the mouth larger, the lip warty, and the nose large
and rounded ; the plaits of the belly and throat are broad ;
the dorsal is more forward, the pectoral larger and narrow,
from -J to T tlie length of the body, and the tail is wider,
and the lolaes generally more pointed.
The skull of this genus is intermediate in form between
that of Bal<ena and Bahenopfera.
This kind of Whale was noticed by Dudley (Phil. Trans,
xxxiii. 258). He says, "the Bunch or Hump-backed
Whale has a bunch standing in the place where the fin
does in the Fin-back; this bunch is as big as a man's head
and a foot high, shaped like a plug pointing backwards.
The bone (whalebone) is not worth much, tho' somewhat
better than the Fin-back. His fin (pectoral) is sometimes
18 feet long, and very white. Both Fin-backs and Hump-
backs are shaped in reeves (folds) longitudinally from head
to tail, on their belly and sides, as far as their fins, which
are about halfway up the sides."
This description is the origin of Bahena nodosa of Bon-
naterre and other authors. The French authors have evi-
dently not understood the word " reeves," and have there-
fore arranged these with the smooth-bellied finless whales,
and Bonnaterre translates the position of the fins on the
sides into " presque au milieu du corps." Dudley, when
speaking of the Spermaceti Whale, says " he has a bunch
on his back like a Hump-back," which explains what he
means by a bunch.
These Hump-backs are well known to the whalers, for
Beale says, " The Hump-back Whale possesses, like the
Greenland Whale, the baleen, and spouts from the top of
the head, yet has a hump not very dissimilar to that of the
Sperm Whale."
Schlegel considers Bahena lonyimana, the Rorqual du
Cap, and the drawing he received from Japan, as all be-
longing to a single species, though he owns there are dif-
ferences between them ; but then it is his custom to regard
all the species which they have not in the Leyden Museum
as the same as those they have, which has rendered his
works on the geogra))hical distribution of tortoises, snakes
and other animals, i'ar less valuable than they would be if
it was not for this theory.
Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 3C7) thinks that the Hump-back
Whale was probably only a Whale of another kind whose
fins had been injured, not recognizing in the Cape Ror-
qual the genus of Whale here noticed.
Olafsen speaks of a Whale under the name of Hnufu-
bakr (French translation, iii. 22), which is said to have a
smooth belly, and a horn instead of a fin on the back ; but
the account of the animals in this work is evidently only a
compilation, and this appears like an incorrect translation
of Dudley.
17
PoESKOP, or Cape Hump-back. Megaptera Poeskop.
Rorqual du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. /. 26, y. 1 — 4 and 19,
finm Lalande's specimen.
Bahcnoptera Poeskop, Desmoulin, Did. Class. H. N.
iv. 160, from Lalande's MSS.
B. Lalandii, Fisclter, Syn. 525, from Cuvier.
B. Capcnsis, A. Smith, from Cuvier.
Inliab. Cape of Good Hope, Lalande. Skeleton, Mns.
Paris.
Laland's account was published by Desmoulin, who
merely gives the following particulars, except what appears
to be common to the genus. He says " it has a bosse on
the occiput, and its dorsal is nearly over the pectoral," in
the European and Bermudean figures it is over the end of
these fins.
Cuvier's figures of the adult skull differ from Rudolphi's
figure of yi/. longimana, in the intermaxillaries being nar-
rower and contracted in front of the blowers, and then
rather widened again and linear, and the temporal bone is
broader and more triangtilar ; which makes me believe it is
a distinct species.
Johnston's Hump-backed Whale. Megaptera longimana.
Balasna longimana, Biidolphi, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1829,
133, t. 12, mas, cop. Brandt and Ratzehurg, t. 15, /". 2.
Whale, Johnston, Trans. Newcastle N. H. Sac. i. 6, f.
1, female on back.
Black, pectoral fin and beneath white, black varied ;
lower lip with 2 series of tubercles ; pectoral nearly 4- the
entire length ; dorsal elongate, the front edge over end of
pectoral ; throat and belly grooved.
Female, upper and lower lip with a series of tubercles ;
dorsal an obscure protuberance. — Johnston, I. c. t. I.
Inhab. North Sea, mouth of the Maese, Rudolphi. New-
castle, Johnston.
Dr. Johnston's description chiefly differs from Rudol-
phi's in both lips having a row of tubercles, and in the
dorsal being said to be a small obscure protuberance ; but
the animal laid on its back, sunk in the sand.
Rudolphi {Berl. Abhand. 1829, t. 1, 4) figures the bones
of this species, with enlarged details of the skull. They
nearly resemble the skull of the Cape Rorqual of Cuvier
in form, but the nasal bones are broad and nearly of the
same width from the front of the blow-holes to near the
tip, where they gradually taper : the temporal appear more
quadrangular.
Schlegel points out that Rudolphi, in his description of
B. longimana, has confounded the figure of Baleine du
Cap and Rorqual du Cap, of Cuvier's ' Ossemens Fos-
siles,' together ; and that M. F. Cuvier has done the same
thing, {Fann. Japan. 21, note).
Professor Eschrichi, according to M. Schlegel, has found
this species not uncommon on the shores of Greenland. —
Fauna Japonica, 24.
Rudolphi, and after him Schlegel, refers B. Boops, O.
Fabricius, to this genus, but the description does not bear
them out. They must have overlooked the character fur-
nished by the position of the sexual organs.
Schlegel refers the Rorqualus minor of Knox to this
species, probably misled by the inaccurate figures of this
species in Jardine's Nat. Lib. vi t. 6. See note on tliis
figure under Balienoptera Physalns.
Bermuda Hump-back. Megaptera Americana.
I have a tracing of a Bermuda Whale, but do not know
from whence it was derived, which is said to be common
in that island. It is very like the figure of Megaptera
longimana, but the dorsal fin is represented as lower, and
the tail wider. This is doubtless the Whale described in
Phil. Trans, i. 11, where an account is given of the method
of taking it. It is described thus : — " Length of adult 88
feet ; the pectoral 26 feet (rather less than \ the en-
tire length), and the tail 23 feet broad. There are great
bends (plaits) underneath from nose to the navel, sharp,
like the ridge of a house behind, head pretty bluff, full of
bumps on both sides, back black, belly white, and dorsal
fin behind."
The KuziRA. Megaptera antarctica.
Balajnoptera antarctica. Tern. Faun. Jap. t. 30.
Rorqual Noueux, Voy. Pol Sud, t. 24:, Jem. not descr.
Inhab. Japan and the Antarctic Seas.
Both these figures agree in having the dorsal smaller,
and behind the middle of the back, and in having the pec-
toral fin rather .shorter, in Temminck's less than i, and in
the other about ^ the entire length of the body. The Ja-
pan specimen has round warts on the nose and side of the
throat, and the belly is plaited. The Antarctic one, on
the contrary, has only warts on the upper part of the head,
and the throat smooth, but the latter may be occasioned
by its being rather more dilated. They grow to 60 feet
long.
The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing
brought home by M. Siebold, not accompanied by remains.
M. Siebold observes that the Japanese distinguish three
varieties : —
1. Sato Kuzira. Black, nose more elongate and rounded,
and the pectoral long, the belly and lower face of the pec-
toral are .gray, with white rays.
2. Nagasu Kuzira. Paler, nose more pointed, the belly
has 10 plaits. In both, the lower jaw is larger than the
upper.
3. Noso Kuzira. Distinguished from the first because
the back and fins are white-spotted. — Faun. Jap. 24.
Forster, in Cook's Voyage, appears to have met with a
species of this genus between Terra del Fuego and Stratten
Island. He says, " these huge animals lay on their backs,
and with their long pectoral fins beat the surface of the sea,
which caused a great noise, equal to the explosion of a
swivel."
Lesson (Tab. Reg. Anim .202) gives the name of B. leu-
copteron to " the Hump-back of the whalers in the high
southern latitudes."
Chamisso figures a species of this genus from the Aleu-
tian seas, under the isame of Aliomoch (N. Acta Nat. Cur.
xii. 258, t. 18, f. 5), from a wooden model made by the
Aleutians : and Pallas (Zool. Ross. Asiat.) calls it Baltsna
Allamack. The pectoral fins are long ; they, and the un-
derside of the tail are white.
This genus is also found in the seas of Java, for there is
an imperfect skull, brought from that country by Professor
Reinwardt, in the Leyden Museum. — F. Japan. 24.
18
Pallas, under the name of B. Boops ? (Zool. Ross. Asiat.
291), describes a Whale which appears to belong to this
genus, found at Behring's Straits by Steller, when he was
shipwrecked. The head was 5-, the pectoral fin 4-) the en-
tire length, and the vent -^ from the head, as by the fol-
lowing measurement: — length, 50 feet; head, 12 feet;
pectoral fin, 10 feet long and 5 feet wide; tail, 16 feet wide,
and the vent 35 feet from the head. If these measurements
are correct, the pectoral fin is shorter and much wider than
they generally are in this genus. The position of the dor-
sal fin is not noted.
Pallas, in the ' Zoologia Ross. Asiat.' 293, described a
Whale under the name of B. musculits, observed by Merle
at Kamtschatka. It was long and slender, ash-brown,
white-clouded above, snow-white beneath and spotted on
the sides. It was 22 feet 6 long ; the dorsal was 6 feet
from the tail, and 1 foot 1 1 inches high, behind the fin the
back was 2-keeled ; the pectoral fin was rounded at the
end, and 10 feet 7 inches distant from the tip of the beak,
4 feet 2 inches long and 1 foot 2 inches wide : behind the
vent, 7 feet before the tail, and 3 feet from tiie vent is a
white kind of fin, and the genital organs are 1 foot 3 inches
before the vent. If this description and these measure-
ments are correct, it must be a most distinct species, if not
a peculiar genus : the pectoral fins are nearly in the mid-
dle of the body, and I know of no whale with a fin behind
the vent beneath, and with the genital organs nearly under
the pectorals. The pectoral is nearly ^ the entire length.
Bal.enoptera, Lacep. Piked Whales.
Rorqualus, F. Cuv. Mysticetus, Wagler. Bal. tripen-
nis, Ray. Physalis, Flem.
The head elongate, flattened. The throat and chest
with deep longitudinal folds and very dilatile. The dorsal
fin compressed, falcate. The pectoral moderate, not more
than half the length of the head, of four fingers. The eye
is near the angle of the mouth, and the blowers Innate, co-
vered by a valve and separated by a longitudinal groove.
The vent under the front of the dorsal fin. Male organs \
from the chin, in front of line of dorsal ; female near vent.
Ray calls these Balisna tripeiinis, thus separating them
from those which have no dorsal fin ; but Polach misun-
derstood this, and says they have three fins on their back.
The skull is broad, depressed : nose broad, gradually
tapering, with straight sides, with a narrow interorbital
space. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 373, t. 26.
The PiKED Whale, or Finner. Balajnoptera Physalus.
Balajna Physalus, B. Boops, and B. musculus, Linn. S.
N. i. 106, from Martens and Sibbald.
B. gibbar, Bonnat, Lacep. f. I,/. 2, cop. Martens,
B. jubartes, Lacep. t. A,f. 1, from Sibbald, t. \,f. D.
B. Rorqual, Lacep. t. 5, /". \, t. 6.
B. Boops, or B. rostrata, Bliinih. Ahli . f. 74.
B. rostrata, Muller, Dan. ii. O. Fab. F. G. 40. Ravin,
Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. \. t. 11, mas, xv. t. 9. Hunter, Phil.
Trans. Ixxiii. t. 20, Jem. cop. E. M. t. 4. Brandt i^ Rat-
zeburgh, I. 15, /". 3, 4, mas el fem. Scoresh/, t. 13.
Fin-back Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxii. 258.
Baltena sulcata arctica, Schleyel, Abh. i. 39, /. 6.
Balsenoptera arctica, Schleyel, Abh. ii. 10, t. 9, male.
Balsenoptera acuto-roslrata, Lacep. Celac. t. 8.
Rorqual de la Mediterranee, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 372, t.
26,/. 5. Lacep. C'etac. t. 67.
Balaena antiquorum, Fischer, Syn. from Cuv. Oss. Foss.
B. Boops, F. Cuv. Cetac. 321, t. 20, cop. Lacep. t. 8.
Great Northern Rorqual, .Tardine, Nat. Lib. t. 5, cop.
Bell, Brit. Quad./. 190, from Ostend Whale.
Blackish lead-coloured, pectoral fin and lips blackish,
chin, under part of body below the pectoral fin, and large
spot on upper part of pectoral white.
Pectoral, 4- or -rV the entire length.
Inhab. North Seas. English and Scotch coast, not un-
common.
The anatomy of this animal, and especially a descrip-
tion of its bones, have been given in Albers. Anat. Comp.
t. 1. Camper, Cetacea, t.W and 12. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 564,
t. 26, /. 5. 31. Ravin, Ann. Sci. Nat. Van Breda, Van dcr
Linden, and J. Duhar, in separate pamphlets on the spe-
cimens a.shore at Ostend.
Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. t. 26) figured the head of this
Whale under the name of Rorqual de la Mediterranee.
The upper jaw is much narrower than the lower, which is
considerably arched. In his figure the upper jaws from the
back of the blowers are nearly three times as long as the
width at the part of the nose in the front of the orbit ; it is
gradually tapering in front, the sides being straight.
M. Ravin (Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. xv. t. 9) also figures the
skull ; but although it generally re.sembles Cuvier's figure
above quoted, it is shorter and broader in proportion, be-
ing only twice the length of the width of the jaws in front
of the orbit.
3
2
"3
be
CO
■a
m
>
0
CO
3
1
fX}
^
''o
0+
0+
0+
0*
Length
entile
78'0
42-0
400
25-0
4-8
17-6
170
3-3
140
2-8
to mouth
to pectoral
19-7
10? 120
&9
5-0
6
4-10
to navel
21
13-7
to ffeuitul organ
620
25-0
30-0 28-0
16-3
18-1
12-6
12-3
9-8
to vent or front of dorsal,
Breadtl
10
2.6
30
4.4
13
3-7
31
0-68
1-3
2-0
0-7
10
2-4
0-9
1-10
0-11
of pectoral fin
1 of pectoral
oftail
10
8-4
4 6
.l-O
The older specimens, viz., Sibbald's male, 78, Ravin's,
42, and Schlegel's, 40, and Van Breda of Ostend's female,
82 feet long, have the pectoral fin about i the length fi-om
the head, and I'rom ^ to Vw (probably as the inner or outer
edge is measured) of the entire lengtli of the body, in
lengths, and the dorsal about |- the entire length from the
nose. It would appear as if the middle of the body length-
ened more rapidly than the other parts as it grew, at least
the young females are shorter in proportion ; for Scoresb}''s
female, 17 feet 6 inches. Hunter's, 17 feet, and one I mea-
sured at Deptford, now in the British Museum, 14 feet
long, have the pectoral rather less than y the entire length.
19
and the dorsal and vent only about ^ of the entire length,
from the chin, so that the interspace between the pectoral
and dorsal must have doubled its length, while those fins
retained their original situations with regard to the head
and tail.
Sibbald (Phalainologia Nova, 1692) figures two speci-
mens of this genus caught on the coast of Scotland. Ray
(Hist. Pisciuni, 17) notices these specimens ; and Brisson
and Linnit'us have regarded them as separate species.
Linna;us designated the one with the skin under the throat
dilated Baheiia muscidus, and the other, with this part
contracted and flat, B. Boops. Now, as I proved by the
examination of the specimen we have in the British
Museum, when alive, and as M. Ravin observes (Ann. Sci.
Nat. V. 275) this skin is very dilatable, so that these charac-
ters ap)iear to depend on the manner in which the speci-
men might lay when drawn. Ray, and after him Brisson
and Linnajus, established a third species, B. Physalus (S.
N. i. 186) on the Fin-fish of Martens (Spitz. 125, t. Q, f. c)
copied E. M. t. 2, f. 2, which well represents our sjjecies ;
yet as there are no folds on the belly in the figure, it has
been regarded by most authors as distinct from the B.
rostrata of Mailer and Hunter ; but the name used by
Martens, which is the one now given by the Greenland
whalers, to the Whale under consideration, I think at once
shows that it properly belongs to that species : and Mar-
tens neither mentions the colour, nor says a word about
the belly ; and Scoresby, who calls it B. gibbar, after
Bonnaterre, saj's from report that the "skin is smooth, ex-
cept about the sides of the thorax, where longitudinal rugae
or sulci occur," which at least must be a BaUenoptera.
Lacepede formed the Fin-fish of Martens, the Hunch-
back and Scrag Whale of Dudley, into a section, which he
calls Rorqual a ventre lisse. The Hunch-back has a
"reeved" or plaited belly, and the Scrag Whale is shaped
like, and doubtless is, a true Balcena ; yet these species
are kept together in Fischer, and other modern systematic
works : and Dr. Fleming has made Lacepede's section
into a genus, under the name o( Phi/salis.
The skeleton of the young " Balieiia Boops" (No. 1194,
Mus. Col. Surg.) which formed part of the Hunterian col-
lection, and is probably the skeleton of the B. rnsiraia
described by him (as the head is about 4 feet long, which
agrees with the measurements of his figure of the animal)
belongs to this species, and has the lower jaws expanding
considerably beyond the nose of the skull. Albers (Icon.
Anat. 1822, t. i) figures, under the name of B. Boops, the
skeleton of a Whale cast ashore at Vegisack near Bremen,
in 1669. The length was 29 feet; length of pectoral fin 3,
width of tail 9. Camper (Cetac 74, t. 11, 12) figures the
skull of this specimen. Cuvier says he compared this
skull with the one from St. Marguerite's, figured by Lace-
pede, and could see no difference between them. Alber's
figures would lead to the idea that the lower jaw was scarce-
ly wider than the upper ; but this is corrected by Camper.
M. Cuvier's Rorqual de la Mediterranee is founded on the
skull of a whale described by Lacepede (Cetac. t. 5 — 7)
which was stranded near the Isle of Marguerite in 1797.
Lacepede gives the following measurement, viz., length, 60
feet; length to the pectoral, 14 feet 6 inches; from thence
to dorsal, 10 feet 9 inches ; and from dorsal to caudal, 8
feet 9 inches : but there must be some mistake, as this
makes only 34 feet. The pectoral was 5 feet long, and all
black. M. F. Ciivier regards this specimen as the type of
B. musciilus (Cetac. 334).
M. Van Bcneden found by examining the ear-bone
brought liom Island by M. Quoy, that it belonged to the
Rorqual de la Mediterranee of Cuvier (see Ann. Sci. Nat. n.
s. vi. 159), not knowing that this is the commonest species
of the North Sea.
M. F. Cuvier's Cetacea also refers to the Mediterranean
Rorqual [B. musculus), a male Whale described by M.
Companyo, whicli was cast ashore near St. Cyprien, which,
from the account of the large size of the lower jaw, must
belong to this species. It was 25,060 meters (82 feet) en-
tire length; the head 5,038 meters (16 feet); length of pec-
toral 2,010 (13 feet). It had 7 cervical, 14 dorsal, 15
lumbar, and about 25 caudal vertebrae, in all 61. It was
dark gray, with the throat and the sides of the pectoral
white, the belly blue and white banded, pectoral grayish.
Dr. Knox notices a specimen of a Whale found oft' N.
Berwick which was 80 i'eet long, the head 23 feet and the
tail 20 feet wide from tip to tip (Edin. N. Phil. Jour. 1833,
181). The skeleton of this whale is now in Dr. Knox's
Museum, and is figured in Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library,'
vi. t. 5. Dr. Knox describes it as having 13 dorsal and 43
lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae, (Edin. N. Phil. Journ.
1834, 198).
Dr. Knox examined a young Rorqual, 9 feet 11 inches
long, 3 feet from snout to ear, and 4 feet 8 inches in girth,
at the end of the folds, which was cast ashore near Queens-
ferry, Frith of Forth, in 1834. He considers it quite dis-
tinct from the Great Rorqual [B. Boops), because it has
only 11 dorsal, 36 lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebra3, but
he considers it the same as B. rostrata of O. Fabricius,
Hunter and Scoresby (Edin. N. Phil. Jour. 1834, 199). Dr.
Knox's specimen is figured by Jardine under the name of
the Lesser Rorqual (Nat. Lib. vi. t. 7). Schlegel (Fauna
Japon. 24, and Abhand. 44) refers to this figure as a repre-
sentation of Balceiiapfera antarclica, but I cannot think
correctl}', for though the pectoral in the figures is larger in
proportion than the}' should be for a Baleen op I era, they are
not of the shape of the fins of Megapterce, and the artist
of this work was more intent on making pretty pictures
than accurate figures of the animals, and has made the fins
of both the animal and skeleton of the larger Rorquals too
large in proportion for the other ]3arts of the body, and
perhaps the length of the body is fore-shortened. The
figure in other respects is a pretty accurate representation
of a young connuon Finner. It is to be remarked that Dr.
Knox does not mention the length of the pectoral fins,
which he would have done if it had been a Megaplera.
Dr. Knox found 8 distinct bristles arranged in perpen-
dicular rows on the extremity of the snout, in each jaw,
(Knox, Edin. N. Phil. Journ. 1834) ; and Van Breda says
there is a small tuft of 9 much-divided hairs, about a foot
long, and united by a membrane at the base, observed at
the end of the nose of the specimen he described.
Pallas, under the name oi B. Physalus, (Zool. Ross. As.
290), described a specimen of this genus found in the North
20
Sea in 1740. It was 84 feet long; the pectoral, 9, the head
22 feet long, and the tail 14 feet wide. He describes the
skin as brown.
The following description must be referred to this spe-
cies with doubt.
Ascanius (Icon. Her. Nat. iii. t. 26) gives a figure of
a female BalieHoptera, which he calls a Rorqual with a
plaited belly, 66 feet long, from the North Sea, which he
thought might be B. musculus of Linneeus, (it is not well
copied by Bonnaterre E. M. t. 3, f. 1 and Schreber, t.
), which has a larger pectoral fin, about f the length of
tlie body, but the drawing is not so good as the others in
the work, and the fin is so awkwardly applied to the body,
that perhaps its size may depend on the incompetence of
the artist. The dorsal fin, which is only indicated as if
doubtful in the original figure, is continued to the tail, but
in Bonnaterre's copy it is represented as of equal authority
with the other part. I may remark that the pectoral fin,
instead of having the white spot occupying the greater
part of its upper side, which is spoken of l\y Hunter, Ra-
vin, and F. Cuvier, and found in our specimen, is repre-
sented dark like the back, with a pale edge. It is also to be
observed that Schlegcl, in the three figures he gives of the
Rorqual Whale, represents the pectoral fin as all black, like
the back.
Fabricius (Faun. Groen. 37) five years after, described a
Balcenopfera under the name of B. Boops, Linn, which
appears to differ from B. P/iysalus, for he described the
" Pinna; pectorales magnae, obovato-oblongir, margine pos-
tica Integra, regione cubiti parum fractw, antica autem ro-
tundato-crenata3." And he continues, " Antes nares in
vertice capitis tres ordines convexitatum circularium, huic
lorsitan peculiare quid," "Pinna dorsalis compressa, basi
latior, apice acutiuscula, antice sursum repanda, postice
fere pei-pendicularis," and " Corpus pone pinnam dorsalem
incipit carina acuta in pinnam caudalem usque pergens."
This, from the size of the pectorals, may be the same as
tlie one figured by Ascanius. Both are true Balaiioptera,
from the position of the genital organs and vent compared
with the dorsal fin, and Fabricius especially says the pec-
toral fin is composed of five fingers.
Ri DOLPHi's FiNNER Whale. Balaenoptera laticeps.
Bakena rostrata, Rudolphi, Berl. Abhand. 1820, t. 1 — 4.
Rorqual du Nord, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 564, I. 26,/. 6.
copied from Rudolphi.
Black, beneath white ; upper jaws wide, in the skull
only twice as long as the width of their base in front of the
orbits, the lower ones slightly curved and scarcely wider
than the edge of the upper ones. Pectoral fin J the entire
length, and rather more than ^, and the dorsal nearly ^,
from the nose.
Inhab North Sea, coast of Holstein, 1819, Rudolphi.
The length was 31 feet 1 ; from nose to the eye, 2,9 ; to
blower, 3,11 ; to pectoral, 3,6i ; to the front of the dor-
sal, 19,2 ; to the vent, 21 feet. *
Cuvier copies the figure of the head of this Whale as
tliat of the Northern Rorqual, and points out its distinc-
tions from that which he had received from the Mediterra-
nean, which agrees with the head of the Balaiia rostrata
of Hunter, the one we have from Deptford, and with M.
Ravin's animal, and that found on the shores of Ostend.
It is very desirable that Rudolphi's skeleton should be more
particularly examined and compared with the other species:
in the figures, the nasal bones are much broader than in
the common Finner, Balcenoptera Physalus.
The Peruvian Finner. Balaenoptera fasciata.
Bal. n. s. Tschndi, Mammal. Coiisp. Peruana, 13.
" Lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper ; head and
back ash-brown ; belly whitish ; tips of fins and a streak
from the eye to the middle of the body white." Tschudi.
Inhab. Coast of Peru.
The Japan Finner. Balaenoptera Iwasi.
Balaenoptera arctica, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 26.
A species of this genus is known in Japan under the
name of Iwasi Kuzira. It is very rare. One was cast
ashore in 1760 at Kii, which was about 25 feet long: black,
belly whitish, .sides white-spotted. They distinguish it
from the other Whales by the head being smaller, narrower
and more pointed, and the pectoral shorter. It was driven
ashore by the Sakaiiata (grampus). No remains of this
species were brought home by AI. Siebold. Temminck's
' Fauna Japonica ' says that it is the same as the northern
species. It is very desirable that the bones of the Japan
and northern specimens should be accurately compared.
It may be observed that several animals, the Mole and the
Badger for example, were said to be equally like the Eu-
ropean species, but recent research has .shown they are
distinct, and are now so allowed in the ' Fauna Japonica.'
This genus also inhabits the Columbian shores. Lewis
and Clarke mention the skeleton of a Rorqual found near
the Columbia river, 105 feet long. — Travels, -iii.
Chamisso, in his accounts of the wooden models of
Whales which were made by the Aleutians, of the species
found in their seas, which he deposited in the Berlin Mu-
seum, and described and figured in the N. Acta Nat. Cur.
xii. 212, figures three kinds of this genus, viz., Ahucjulich,
t. 16, f. 2; Maiiffidac/t, t. 16, f. 3; and A(/amachtsc]iidi,
t. 18, f. 4, the B. Afjamaclischik, Pallas, Z. Ross. t. a.
If reliance is to be placed in the wooden models made
by the Aleutians, which have been described and figured
by Chamisso, and many of them are not bad representa-
tions of known genera. There is a genus found at Kams-
chatka which has not yet been described : it is called
Baleena Tschiekagluk by Pallas, Zonl. Ross. Asiat. i. 289.
— Nor. Act. Nat. Cur. 259, /. 19,/: 6. It has no dorsal
fin, and a smooth belly and chest ; the upper and lower
part of the under portion of llie body is slightly keeled,
the head rounded, like BalcBnoptera, with the blower on
the hinder part of the crown. The lower side of the tail
and the pectoral are white.
*** " Male Organs under the Dorsal."
Southern Finner. Balaenoptera australis.
B. Quoyii, Fischer, Sijii. 526.
B. rostrata australis, Desmoulin , Diet. CI. H. N. ii. 166.
Inhab. Falkland Islands.
Desmoulin (Diet. Class. H. Nat. i. 164), under the name
of Balaiiia rostrata australis, described a Whale seen by
21
M. Quoy on the shores of Falkland Islands, which he says
was exactly like B. Plnjsalus. It was 55 feet long, and
the pectoral fin (5 feet 3 inches, that is, abont \ the entire
length, the same as in Bahenoptera P/ii/fialus, but he says
the dorsal fin was over the male organ, a character which as
far as I know is peculiar to the Hump-backed Whale, thus
presenting a combination of characters which, if correct,
will not only prove it to be a distinct species, but one form-
ing a section by itself.
Fam. 2. Catodontid.e. Toothed Whales.
Head large. Upper jaw toothless; lower jaw with co-
nical teeth fitting into cavities in the edge of the upper
one. Blowers united together, with a lunate opening.
I. Catodon, part, Artedi. Spermaceti Whale.
Physeter, part, Linn. Physalus, Lacep.
Head truncated and rather compressed in front, with
the blowers close together on the front of the upper edge,
separated from the head by an indentation. Nose of
skull elongate, broad, depressed. Lower jaw shorter than
the upper one, very narrow, C3'lindrical in front, and
united by a symphysis for nearly half their length. Back
with a roundish tubercle in front, over the eyes, called the
" bunch," and a rounded ridge of fat behind, highest in
fi'ont over the genital organs, called the " hump," and con-
tinued in a ridge to the tail. No true dorsal fin. Pec-
toral broad, truncated. Teeth conical, often worn down.
Males larger than the females.
Clusius describes tlie blowers as placed on the head near
the back, and Artedi and Linnaeus adopt this error in their
character of Pliyseler macrocepltaliis. Anderson (Iceland,
ii. 186, t. 4) gives a figure of a Whale with a truncated
head, much resembling the old figures of the Sperm Whale,
with the blower on the hinder part of the head, like a Phy-
seter. Bonnaterre established on this figure his Physeter
cylindrus ; and Lacepede forms a genus for it, which he
calls Physnlii-t. The Dutch engraving of the animal de-
scribed by Clusius, shows this to have been a mistake.
The bunch and hump referred to by Beale and the other
whalers, appears first to have been described by T. Hasaeus
of Brerae, in 17-23, in a dissertation on the 'Leviathan of
Job and the Whale of Jonas;' on "a specimen 70 feet long,
with a very large head, the lower jaw 16 feet long, with 52
pointed teeth, with a boss on the back, and another near
the tail, which resembles a fin." Cuvier, after quoting this
very accurate description, observes, " Mais d'apres Tobser-
vation fait sur divers dauphins, cette disposition que per-
sonne n'a revue pourroit avoir ete accidentelle, et alors cet
animal n'auroit diflere en rien du Cachalot vulgaire." —
Oss. Foss. V. -331. Indeed Cuvier's mind a])])cars to have
been made up that the Sperm Whale had no hump in the
place of the dorsal fin, for he wrongly accuses Bonnaterre
of having added a tubercle in his copy of Anderson's figure,
which is not in the original. — Oss. Foss. 332. Anderson,
in the description of this animal, says that it has a pro-
minence four feet long and a foot and a half high near its
tail, as in his figure. But the fact was that Cuvier erro-
neously combined the Sperm Whale and the Black-fish
{Physeter) together ; and he could not otherwise reconcile
how some authors, as Haseus, Anderson and Pennant,
described the Sperm Whale with a hump ; while Sibbald
describes the Physeter, which he erroneously considered
the same animal, with a donsal fin, overlooking at the
same time the great difference in the form of the head,
and in the position of the blower of these two very dissi-
milar genera. — Oss. Foss. 338.
From the following extract it would appear that Mr.
Bell has most unaccountably fallen into the same mistake.
He says, — " After careful examination of the various ac-
counts which have from time to time been given of Whales
belonging to this family, called Spermaceti Whales, I have
found it necessary to adopt an opinion in some measure at
variance with those of most previous writers, with regard
to the genera and species to which all those accounts and
details are to be referred. The conclusion to which I have
been led is, first, that the Hiyh-finned Cachalot is specifi-
cally but not generically distinct from the common one,
and that therefore the genus Catodon is to be abolished,
and the name Physeter retained for both species, and se-
condly, that all the other species which have been distin-
guished by various naturalists, have been founded upon
trifling variations, or upon vague and insufficient data." —
Brit. Quad. 507. Thus, though he differs from Cuvier in
regarding them as distinct species, yet he overlooked Sib-
bald's figures, lor he says there is none of the High-finned
Cachalot in existence, and persists in keeping it in the
genus Physeter, which he characterizes as having the
"Head enormously large, truncated in front," which is
quite unlike the de])ressed rounded head of the high-finned
Cachalot, or Black-fish of the whalers; and he also adopts
the mistaken description of the dorsal fin.
The Northern Sperm Whale. Catodon macrocephalus.
Spermaceti Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxii. 258.
Blunt-head Cachalot, Robertson, Phil. Trans. Ix. t.
Balaena macrocephala bipinnis, Sibbald, Phal. 13. Rati,
Pisces, 15, 11.
Physeter Catodon, O. Fab. 44, and Robertson, not Linn.
Ph. Trumpo, Bonnat. Cetac. t. 8, /". 1, from Robertson.
Phj'seter macrocephalus, Linn. S. N., O. Fab. F. Groen.
41.
Physeter gibbus, Schreb.
Inhab. North Sea, Teignmonth, Gesner, 1532. Scot-
land, Sibbald, Robertson. Greenland, O. Fab. &c. New
England, Dudley.
It is to be remarked that all the older writers only de-
scribe this animal as occurring in the Northern Seas, and
Robertson and Fabricius described it as black when young,
becoming whitish below.
All the figures, except Anderson's, are, by the unani-
mous experience of the whalers, far too long for the thick-
ness, and Anderson's scarcely represents the " bunch "
sufficiently prominent ; besides having the blower on the
wrong part of the head.
Beale (Hist, of the Sperm Whale) says there is but one
species found in the North Sea, North America, New Gui-
nea, Japan or Peru ; but this is merely speaking the lan-
guage of whalers, and by species he means, as he does in
the other parts of his book, genus. I have no doubt, from
G
22
analogy of other Whales, that when we shall have had the
opportunity of accurately comparing the bones and the va-
rious proportions of the parts of the northern and southern
kinds, we shall find them distinct. Wishing to call atten-
tion to this subject for future examination, I may observe
that Beale (A^. H. Sperm Whale, 22,/. 1,14) describes the
Southern Sperra Whale as grey. Female one-fifth the size
and bulk of the males, more slender and large in propor-
tion. Young black, skin thicker. Varies sometimes black
and gray mottled.
Quoy gives an engraving of a drawing of a Sperm Whale,
which was given him by an English captain, which is pro-
bably the Southern Whale. He calls it Physeter polycy-
phus (and Desmoulin re-names it P. australis) because its
back appears to be broken into a series of humps by cross
ridges. In this particular it agrees with the Scrag Whale
of Dudley (on which Bonnaterre established his B. gibho-
■sa) ; but it cannot be that animal, as Dudley says it is a
Whalebone Whale. Quoy's figure differs from Beale's in
being much longer, but as Beale observes, when speaking
of the figures of the northern kind, this is the common
fault of all the drawings of the Sperm Whales.
Colnet, in his Voyage, p. 80, f. 9, (copied by Brandt and
Ratzeburg, t. 14, f. 3) gives a very good figure of a Sperm
Whale, 15 feet long, from measurements; with details of
the manner of flenching or peeling it. It agrees with
Beale's in proportions. It was caught in the North Pacific
near Point Angles, on the coast of Mexico. This figure
escaped Cuvier's researches.
Purchas says the Sperm Whale is found at Bermuda,
where it is called Trumpo, a name which Lacepede ap-
plied to the northern animal ; and Dudley describes those
found on the east coast of North America.
The Japanese distinguish three varieties of this animal,
according to their size. They live in herds on the Japan-
ese coast. — Faun. Japan.
Upper jaw in British Museum : —
Length, entire, 179 inches.
„ of beak, 127
Width at notch, 67
„ at middle of beak, .... 52
Lower jaws in British Museum : —
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
Entire length, 157 inches. 92 inches. 51 inches.
Length of teeth-groove, .... .... 29
„ symphysis, 85 44 21J
Teeth on each side, 23 21 19
Width at condyle, .... .... 31
In these, the beak is not quite twice the length of the
breadth at the notch, and more than -J the length of the
entire head. The lower jaw appears to increase in length
in front, for in the older specimens the symphy.sis is more,
and the younger ones less, than half the entire length of
the jaw.
There is the head of a very young specimen, probably a
foetus of this animal, in the Museum of the College of Sur-
geons : the bones are of a very soft structure. The follow-
ing are its measurements : —
Length, entire, 32 inches.
„ of nose, 20
„ of lower jaw, .... 28
„ of symphysis, .... 9"6
Width at notch of nose, .... 12'6
„ of condyles apart, 16 6
Camper (Cetac. t. 17, 20 — 22, from the church of Scher-
clinge, t. 18, 19, 27, Mus. Paris), figured the skull of this
Whale. He represents the nose of the skull as nearly
twice and a half as long as the width at the notch.
II. KoGiA. Short-headed Whales.
Head moderate, broad, triangular. Lower jaw wide be-
hind, slender, united by a short symphysis in front. Jaw
bone of skull broad, triangular, as broad as long.
This genus is intermediate between Catodon and Del-
ph inns.
The Short-headed Whale. Kogia breviceps.
Physeter breviceps, Blainv. Ann. Anat. P/tys. iii. t. 15.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope, Mus. Paris.
Of this species only a single skull is known, which M.
de Blainville thus described.
Skull very broad and high, the frontal crest very distinct,
and the nasal pit very deep, rather like that of the Cacha-
lot. Nose very short and pointed, very rapidly tapering,
only 1 inch longer than the breadth of the occipital bone.
The lower jaw is very wide apart at the condyles, bent
sharply inwards, and united in front by a moderate sym-
physis, and very narrow but rounded at the end. Teeth
14 or 15, narrow, slender, conical, acute and rather arched
inwardly. Length of the skull 14 inches 6 lines. Lower
jaw 13 inches, separation at the condyles 12 inches, sym-
physis about f of the length of the lower jaw. Beak the
length of the width at the notch.
This skull bears no resemblance to the skull of the
young Sperm Whale.
III. Physeter, Artedi. The Black-fish, or Cachalot.
Physeter, part, Linn. Sfc. Cetus, Brisson.
Head rounded, convex above; upper jaw longest ; the
blowers on the middle of the top the head, separate, " co-
vered with one flap," [Sihbald) ; pectoral fin moderate,
triangular ; dorsal fin high, falcate ; teeth conical, com-
pressed; the male organ is under the front edge of the dor-
sal, and the vent nearly under its hinder edge.
They produce spermaceti according to Sibbald, but this
is denied by Beale ; eat Porpesses and small Cetacea, and
even attack the larger Whales and Seals.
Cuvier, in his ' History and Examination of the Syno-
nyma of the Cachalots or Sperm Whales' (Oss. Foss. v.
328, 338), regards the description of this animal given by
Sibbald as merely a redescription of the Sperm Whale, and
finds great fault with Artedi, Bonnaterre, and others, for
having considered them as separate ; and he regards the
second blunt-toothed specimen as either a Delphintis glo-
biceps, or a D. Tursio, which had lost its upper teeth ;
this error is important, as it vitiates many of his remarks.
To have come to these conclu.sions he must have over-
looked Sibbald's figure, with ample details, of the first, and
of the teeth of the second, which must have at once shown
23
him his error. That he did so is certain ; for when he
comes to Schreber's reduced copy of Sibbald's figures of
the first (p. 337), he says Schreber does not indicate its
origin, but here he goes on to remark of what he has be-
fore regarded as a Sperm Whale, "fi-om the form of its
lower jaw it most resembles a large Dolphin which had
lost its upper teeth."
Thus, while he was reducing the numerous species of
Sperm Whales that had been made by Bonnaterre, Lace-
pede, and other compiling French authors, to a single
species, he has inadvertently confounded with it the very
distinct genus of Black-fish, or Physeter of Artedi, which
has a perfectly differently formed head, its top flatter, and
with the blow-hole on the hinder part of its crown, and
with a distinct dorsal fin, particulars, all well described by
Sibbald and O. Fabricius, two original and most accurate
observers, and conscientious recorders, and not badly re-
presented by Bayer.
Some parts of Sibbald's description, and his reference to
Jonston's figure, might lead to this error, but his figures,
which exactly agree in proportion with his description, at
once set this at rest, the drawing being -^ of the natural
size, that is to say, 6 feet to an inch; and he observes that
his animal is longer and more slender than Willoughby's
figure of the Sperm Whale.
J. Bayer (Act. Nat. Cur. 1733, 111, 1, t. 1) gives a rather
fanciful but very recognizable figure of a male specimen of
this genus, which was thrown ashore at Nice, on the 10th
of Nov., 1736, where it is called Mular. He compared it
with Clusius' description of the whale which was stranded
on the coast of Holland, and observes that it has a dorsal
fin, very small pectorals, and other characters not noticed
by Clusius ; and he says it agi'ees in all points with the
Whale noticed by Ray (Syn. Pise. 14), which is extracted
from Sibbald as above quoted : and F. Cuvier remarks on
this figure, " Elle est en efiect d'un Cachalot ; mais elle le
rend de la maniere la moins fidele." — Cetac. 267.
The Black-fish. Physeter Tursio.
Physeter Tursio, Linn. S. N. i. 107, from
Balajna macrocephala, Sibbald, Phal. t. \.f. 5, copied
P. microps, Schreber, t. 339, also Anderson, Ice. 248,/.
Black-fish, Beale, H. Sperm IVltale, 11.
Ph. microps, Litin. S. N. i. 107. O. Fab. Faun. Groenl.
44, from
13. macrocephala, n. 2. Sibbald, Phal. 13, t. 2,/. 1, 2, 4,
5, teeth.
Ph. Mular, Bonnat. Cei. 17.
Mular, Bayer, Act. Nat. Cur. \\\,t. 1, male.
Ph. orthodon, Lacep. C'et. 236, from Anderson, 246.
Delphinus Bayeri, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. F. Ctiv.
Cetac. 224.
Black. Teeth 11 to 22 on each side, conical, compress-
ed ; head nearly 5^, pectoral fin ^ the entire length ; the
length 50—60 feet.
Inhab. North Sea. Greenland, common, O. Fab. Scot-
land, Sibbald. Nice, Bayer.
The only zoologists who appear to have had the oppor-
tunity of seeing and describing this Whale are Sibbald
and O. Fabricius. Bayer appears only to have had the
drawing sent to him. This species has been divided
into two, according to the more or less truncated state
of its teeth. I shall quote their descriptions, somewhat
abridged.
Fabricius says it "has in the lower jaw 22 teeth, 11 on
each side, arched, falciform, hollow internally as far as the
point, projecting scarcely a third part (and this visible part
is enamelled, compressed-conical, with the point sharp,
curved inwardly and at the same time verging a little back-
wards ; but the concealed part broader and having two
parts, compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, and, espe-
cially on the side nearest the throat, channelled) ; of the
length of a finger, and li inch broad, the middle ones lar-
ger, the anterior and posterior smaller. Beak rather ob-
tuse. Beside the pectoral fins it has a long, erect, dorsal
fin. In size, it is to be considered as amongst the smaller
Whales. Skin glabrous, black; the fat thick, but little
oily; flesh red." — Fabricius, Faun. Groenl.
Sibbald observes that " the superior part of the body
was swelled to a prodigious size. In length it was 52 or
53 feet, its height 12 feet, its girth above 32 feet. Its
head was so large that it was (the tail being removed) half
the length of the whole body. In form it was oblong-
round, somewhat compressed in the upper part; inferior
part of rostrum beyond lower jaw 2j feet, the superior
part nearly 5. Lower jaw 10 feet long. The extreme
part of the rostrum was distant 12 feet from the eyes,
which were very small for the size of the head, about the
size of those of the haddock. A little above the middle
of the rostrum is a lobe, which is called "the lum," with
two entrances covered with one operculum, called the
" flap." The size of the cranium may be estimated by the
fact that four men were seen inside it at one time, extract-
ing the brain, which contained several cells or alveoli, like
those which bees keep their honey in, and in these were
round masses of a white substance, which, upon examina-
tion, were proved to be sperm. Some of this substance
was also found externally on the head, in some parts to the
thickness of 2 feet. In the superior jaw were 42 alveoli,
hollowed out for receiving the teeth of the lower jaw ; they
were of a cartilaginous nature. In the inferior mandible
there were 42 teeth, 21 on each side, all of the same form,
which was like that of a sickle, round and a little com-
pressed, thicker and more arched in the middle, and gra-
dually becoming thinner, terminating superiorly in an acute
cone turning inwards. Inferiorly it becomes thinner, and
terminates in a more slender root, which is narrower in the
middle. Of these teeth those in the middle of the jaw are
larger and heavier, those external are smaller. One of the
larger, 9 inches long, weighed 18|- oz., and at the thickest
end was of the same length as breadth. The smallest tooth
which I got was 7 inches long and 5 in girth. The osse-
ous part of these teeth projected 3 inches beyond the
gums, was like polished ivory, smooth and white, the fang
of each tooth was provided with a large cavity, which was
so constructed that in the larger teeth there was a cavity 3
inches deep. It had 2 lateral fins, each about 4 feet long,
and besides these a long fin on the back. Colour of skin
black. The throat was observed to be larger than usual in
whales. Only one stomach was found."
24
Of the AidhiU, which this species is said to be called in
Greenland, wonderful stories are told : the following is not
the most extraordinary. " Where these appear all the
seals disappear, else they make desperate slaughter among
them, for they have such sagacity and skill in catching
them with the mouth and fins, that they arc sometimes seen
loaded with five at a time, one in the mouth, a couple un-
der each fin and one under the back fin." — Craii/z, Green-
land, i. 116.
Sibbald describes the comparatively small triangular
dorsal to be erect, like a " Mizam mast," which Artedi
and Linnajus translate pinna allissima, and caused Shaw
to call it the High-finned Cachalot. Dr. Fleming by mis-
take calls this species the Spermaceti Whale (Brit. A. 38);
and he refers to /'. macrocephalus (Linn.), as the true
Sperm Whale figured by Robertson. Sibbald, in speak-
ing of another specimen, says, "spinam dorso longam,"
as correctly quoted by Artedi and Linnaeus, but used by
them in opposition to the altisaima of their other species.
Colnett (Voy. S. Pacific) speaks of innumerable shoals
of Black-fish on the shores of California.
Mr. Warwick informs me that there is a stuffed speci-
men of this Whale perambulating this country in three
caravans ; unfortunately I have never had the opportunity
of seeing it.
There is an etching of Van den Veld, of a " Pot Wal-
vvesk op Noortwijek op Zee, 28 Dec. 1614," which I think
represents this species.
In the Catalogue of the Museum of the College of Sur-
geons the truncated Whales' teeth are called "the teeth of
the High-finned Cachalot, P. Tursio?'' p. 171, n. 1189—
1194. And the small jaws of the Sperm Whale are called
"the Lesser Cachalot [Physeter Cafodon, Linn.)" Duha-
mel (Pech. iv. t. 9, f. 2) figured a whale from the " River
Gabon" in Guinea, with teeth in the lower jaw, a dorsal
on the hinder part of the back, and the blowers in the
crown, as in this genus ; but the jaws are equal, and the
mouth bent up at the angles to the eyes. He says it is
called Grampus by the Eugli.sh.
Fam. .3. Delphinid.^:. Dolphins.
Head moderate. Teeth in both jaws, rarely rudimen-
tary and early deciduous. Blowers united together, open-
ing in a single transverse or lunate opening on the crown
of the head.
This family is easily known from the Toothed Whales,
or Cafodon lida, by the smaller and more proportionate
head ; and in those species which have lost their upper
teeth at an early age, by there being no regular series of
pits in the gum of the upper jaw for the reception of the
teeth of the lower one : and also by the hinder part of the
skull not being deeply concave, and surrounded on the
sides and behind by a high ridge.
These animals when first born are large compared with
the size of the parents, (according to Dr. Knox, the foetus
of the porpesse is half the length, that is, one foin-th the
size of the parent before it is born, Trans. Hoy. Sac. Ed.
ii. 208) ; and they appear to attain their full size very ra-
pidly, which may account for the very slight difference to
be observed in the size of the skull, and the great unifor-
mity in the number, and in the space which the series of
teeth occupy u]3on the edge of the jaws in different speci-
mens of the same species. Hunter thought the exact num-
ber of teeth in any species was uncertain ; observing the
teeth in the middle of each series were the largest and
the most firmly fixed, he states his belief that " the jaws
increased posteriorly and decay at the symphysis, and
while the growth is going on, there is a constant succes-
sion of new teeth, by which means the new-formed teeth
are proportioned to the jaw." — Phil. Trans. 1788, 398.
Dr. Fleming, from the examination of the jaws of two
porpoises of different ages, thinks " the jaws lengthen at
the symphysis and at the base ; " and that the new teeth
formed at these places are the smallest, and that there is
no absorption." — Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 208. This may
be the case with the specimens before they arrive at their
full size ; but no skull of this kind has fallen under my
observation : and as far as my experience will carry me,
I have foimd the numbers, size, and disposition of the
teeth, one of the most important characters for the deter-
mination of the species and the definition of genera. M.
F. Cuvier's remarks [Cetac. 103, 104) on the teeth as the
characters of genera are not consistent with my observa-
tions, but I have found them quite as characteristic of the
different genera as those of other orders of Mammalia,
though they do not present so many different forms. At
the same time, it is true, that compilers like Lesson, who
have not taken the trouble to examine a single skull, have
made far too many genera. And I may also observe that
the genera Phocana and Delphinapterus, as formed and
adopted by the Cuviers are founded on very slight charac-
ters, and bring together species that have very little relation
to each other. I have found it necessary, for the pin-pose
of more distinctly defining the species, to divide them into
into several new groups, which has enabled me to arrange
them into what appears to be a more natural series, and to
more nearly circumscribe the genera.
My thanks are due to Dr. Richardson of Haslar, to Mr.
Brightwell and the Committee of the Norwich Philosophi-
cal Society, and to Mr. Bell, for allovving me to have at the
Museum for couqjarison the specimens of these animals in
the collections under their care; and to Mr. Owen and the
Council of the College of Surgeons, and to Mr. Fraser and
the Council of the Zoological Society, for permission to
examine the skulls in their Museums.
The family is divided into sections by the form of the
skull, and these into genera by the form and disposition of
the teeth, and by the absence and presence of the dorsal
fin.
A. Jaw-hones dilated on each side behind.
a. Pectoral fin tapering. Jaw-bones produced and
bent up before the orbits. Teeth few. Hyperoo-
dontina.
b. Pectoral fin truncated. Jaw-bone produced, bent
up over the orbits. Teeth many. Platanistina.
B. Jaw-bone not bent up behind.
a. Wing of jaw-bone horizontal. Head produced in-
into a beak. Teeth numerous. Delphinina.
b. Wing of the jaw-bone horizontal. Head rounded.
Teeth numerous. Orcadina.
25
c. Wing of the jaw-bone and beak shelved downwards.
Monocerina.
Having, since the above table was in type, had the op-
portunity of examining the skulls oi Ziphius Inia, &c., I
am induced to pi-oposo the following arrangement as more
consistent with their natural distribution : —
A. Jaws tapering, the syniphysis of the lower jaw short
(not half the length of the jawj. Dorsal fin generally
distinct. Marine.
a. Upper jaw toothless, lower jaw with only one or two
teeth on each side, often hidden in the gums. Beak
of skull keeled or winged on the side. Hyperoodon-
tina.
b. Upper and lower jaw with few or deciduous teeth.
Wings of jaw-bone shelving downwards. Monocera-
tina.
c. Upper and lower jaw with many teeth. Wings of
jaw-bone horizontal. Delphinina.
B. Jaws much compressed, the symphysis of the lower
very long, more than half the length ; dorsal none ; teeth
in both jaws. Fluviatile.
d. Wings of jaw-bone bent up in front. Platanistina.
e. Wing of jaw expanded. Iniina.
A. Jaws tapering, the symphysis of the lower jaw short,
not half the length of the jaw. Dorsal fin generally dis-
tinct. Pectoral fin orate acute. Marine.
a. Upper jaw toothless, lotcer jaw with only one or two
teeth (which arc often hidden in the gums) on each
side. Beak of the skull keeled on each side, the keel
being sometimes large, and, forming a large kind of
refiexed wing on each side. Hyperoodontina.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Hyperoodon. — The beak of the upper jaw with a
large erect wing-like expansion in front of the blowers,
lower jaw with two rudimentary teeth in front.
2. Ziphius. — Beak of upper jaw keeled on each side,
lower jaw broad, with large compressed teeth in the mid-
dle of each side.
3. Delphinorhynchus. — Beak of upper jaw keeled on
each side, lower jaw with two or three small, rudimentary,
conical teeih in the middle of each side.
Hyperoodon, Lacep.
Delphinus, part, Lacep. Uranodon, Illiger. Nodus,
Wagler. Aodon, Lesson. Cetodiodon, Jacob.
Upper jaw toothless ; lower jaw with a small, conical,
acute, rudimentary, moveable tooth, in a cavity under the
gums, on each side of the front part. Blowers linear,
transverse, sub-lunate.
According to Voight and Wesmael, the ends of the blow-
ers, as in other Dolphins, point forward. Dale, Baussard
and Doumet describe them as pointing backwards; Des-
marest and others assumed the latter as a generic charac-
ter. Illiger's genus, Uranodon, depends on the hard sharp
points said to be found in the palate by Baussard. Wes-
mael did not find them in his specimen.
This genus is at once known from Delphinorhynchus,
without examining the skull, by the head being more con-
vex and rounded in front, and the two teeth being situated
in the front end of the lower jaw, while in that genus they
are in the middle of each side.
The descriptions of the species of this genus are so dif-
ferent, that I am inclined to keep them distinct, for the
purpose of calling attention to them. Cuvier regarded
them all as one.
* Dorsal fin in the centre of the back. Hyperoodon, Lacep.
Uranodon, Illiger.
The Bottle-head. Hyperoodon Butskopf.
Tab.
1. Hyperoodon Butskopf, Lacep. Cetac. 319; from
Baussard, Jour. Phys. xxxiv. 201, t. copied F. Cuv.
Cetac. 2il, t. 17,/. 1, t. 11,/. 1, cop.
Delphinus ? edentatus, Schreb. Saugth. t, 347.
D. Hyperoodon, Desm. Main. 521.
D. Honfloriensis, Desm.
D. Butskopf, Bonnat. 25.
2. Bottle-head, or Flounder's Head, Dale, Hist. Har-
wich, 411, t. 149, cop.
Beaked Whale, Penn. Brit. Zool. t.
Black, beneath lead-coloured ; dorsal fin central ; lower
jaw with 2 pointed teeth in front, sunk in the gums; "pa-
late with acute hard points ;" blowers transverse, lunate,
with the convexity in front.
Inhab. North Sea. Harwich, Dale.
Baussard.
Adult. Young.
23-6 ft. 12-6 ft.
0-5
4-4 111
1-4
20 10
Dale.
Female. Male.
13 ft. 18 ft.
Length, entire,
„ of beak, ...
„ to blower ...
„ of head, ...
„ of pectoral,
„ to dorsal fin, 13"6 7'8
Length of dorsal fin, 2-0 I'O
„ to vent, 7' 10
Width of pectoral, 1-3 T
„ of caudal, .... 6-10 3-2
Circumference, .... 15'7 S'O
„ of head, 8*7
Height of dorsal, .... 13 7.
Lacepede called the genus Hyperoodon, and Illiger
Uranodon, because of the teeth on the palate described by
Baussard. They have not been observed on the other spe-
cimens ; and Illiger, in his generic character, by mistake
says the two teeth are in the upper jaw, {Gen. 143).
'Heterodon Dalei (Lesson), is not from Dale's, but from
Blainville's account oi Delphinorhynchus micropterus.
Lacepede placed this species as the type of his Hyper-
oodon, and refers Delphinus bidentatus to Delphinus?
F. Cuvier considers Hunter's and Baussard's as incontes-
tibly the same species, taking no notice of the position of
the dorsal [Cetac. 242). Dale does not mention the teeth,
but they are only to be seen when the flesh is removed.
H
26
** Dorsal Fin behind the middle of the hack, triangular.
The Beaked Hyperoodon. Hyperoodon rcstratuin.
Blackish ; pectoral nearly \, and dor.sal f the length
from the tip of the beak ; blowers lunate, concave in front.
Var. I. Black above and below; vcrtebrw 46, 11 lumbar
and 19 caudal. " Blowers concave towards the head, ra-
ther in front of the eye ; palate smooth ; " Wesmael.
Inhab. North Sea.
Hyperoodon rostratum, Wesmael, Acad. Brux. 1840,
xiii.^1,2.
Balwna rostrata, Chemnitz, Berlin Besch. iv. 183, hence
Deljahinus Chemnitzianus, Blainr.
Length, entire, 6'70 meters.
„ to blowers, 1"24
„ to eye, r06
to point of dorsal.
4-40
0-70
517
1-40
0-86
3-76
„ of pectoral, ..
„ to vent,
Breadth of pectoral,....
„ of face.
Circumference,
Var. 2. Blackish brown, beneath brownish white. Ver-
tebrsE 45 ; 12 lumbar and 17 caudal, F. Ciiv.
Bottle-nose Whale of Dale, Hunter, Phil. Trans, \kxyu.
t. 19, copied Bonnat. Cetac. t. 11,/. 3. Bell, Brit. Quad.
292,/.
Delphinus Hunteri, Desm.
D. diodon, Lacep.
D. bidentatus, Bonnat. from Hunter.
Hyperoodon, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 321, t. 24,/. 19, 21, co-
pied from
B. a museau pointu. Camper, Cetac. 78, t. 13 — 16.
Cetodiodon Hunteri, Jacob, Dublin Phil. Jour. 1825, t.
Hyperoodon, Thompson, Mag. N. Hist. 1838, 221.
Annals <^ Mag. N. H. 1846.
Inhab. North Sea. Thames, Hunter. Humber, Thomp-
son.
Length, entire, 21 feet. Skeleton, Mus. Col. Surg.
The skull of this specimen is about 45 inches long, and
the elevated plates of the maxillary bone are thin, leaving
a broad space between them, in front of the blowers,
and as high as the frontal crest.
By the kindness of my friends, Mr. Pearson, of the Hull
Philosophical Society, Mr. Ball, of Dublin, and Mr. W.
Thompson, of Belfast, who have sent me various detailed
drawings of the head of the Hyperoodons taken off the Bri-
tish and Irish coasts, in their possession ; they appear
all to belong to one species, the same as Hunter's spe-
cimens in the College of Surgeons, and the skull fi-
gured by Camper and Cuvier. These materials have
made me quite satisfied that the skull of H. latifrons
must be the remains of a perfectly distinct species : it not
only differs from this in the thickness and solidity of the
crest, but in the crest being much higher than the hinder
part of the skull, while in all the heads referred to, the
crest is of the same height with the frontal ridge. The
skeleton which has lately been added to the Anatomical
Museum of Paris agrees with the above-named specimens
in these particulars.
Var. 3. Blackish gray, paler on the belly and round the
eyes; upper part of lower jaw yellowish marbled; teeth
none ; the edge of the lower jaw shuts into a correspond-
ing groove in the upper jaw ; blowers lunate, with the
concavity in front, exactly over the eye, 6 in. by 3.
Hyperoodon, " Voighfs Mem. t. " F. Cuv. Cetac. 245.
Inhab. North Sea, Kiel. Skull, Kiel. Bot. Card.
feet.
Length, entire,
20-6 1
„ of beak,
1-9
» to eye,
„ fr. blower to dorsal
4-2
120
„ of dorsal,
1-8
„ of pectoral,
„ fr. dorsal to caudal
210
6-2
Breadth of beak,
10
„ of pectoral,
„ oftail,
0-8
6-2
Height of dorsal,
1-4
Circumference,
130
The dorsal fin is said to be 12 feet from the blower, but
that makes the body too long for the measurement.
Desmarest and Lesson have mistaken the upper for the
lower jaw, in Chemnitz' description, {Desm. Mam. 520.
Lesson, Mam. 427. Cetac. 120) ; and M. F. Cuvier has not
well understood it, as pointed out by M. We.smael, /. c,
and Illiger makes the same mistake with regard to his
species.
This species has been well described by M. Dumortier
and by Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, in the ' Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' 1846.
Physeter bidens (Sowerby) has been refeiTcd to this ge-
nus, but the form of the head and position of the fins, the
teeth, and the form of the skull, show it is a Ziphiiis.
The CoESiCAN Hyperoodon. Hyperoodon Doumetii.
Hyperoodon, Doumet, Bui. Soc. Cuvier. 1842, 207, t.
l,/2.
Jaws paved with acute tubercles ; dorsal % the length
from the tip of the jaws : blowers lunate, with the convex-
ity in front.
Inhab. Corsica.
" Jaws toothless, but paved with small, long and acute
tubercular granulations; lower jaw with 2 rather longisb,
acute, slightly arched and longitudinally grooved teeth in
front ; larynx with a kind of funnel at the base of the
tongue, like the beak of a duck, or rather of a spoonbill, 5f
inches long ; gape small ; beak conical ; eyes small, near
middle of head ; blowers lunate, with the points directed
backwards; pectoral fin 19 inches long, 6f wide; dorsal
nearly 8 inches high, 49^: inches from the tail ; the tail is
broad, lobes equal." Doumet.
According to this description the dorsal fin of this spe-
cies must be further back than in any other of the genus,
and the pavement of the jaws is quite peculiar. It agrees
with Dale and Baussard's descriptions in the fonn of the
blower, but differs from them in the position of the dorsal.
27
*** Dorsal Jin posterior, oblong, truncated at the end ?
Jaws curved up. Diodou, Lesson.
Desmarest's Hyperoodon. Hyperoodon Desmarestii.
Delphinus Desmarestii, Risso, Europ. Merid. iii. 24, /.
2,/ 3. F. Cuv. Cetac. 159.
Inhab. Nice, common, March and September.
" Steel-gray, with numerous, irregular, white streaks,
beneath while ; body thicker in the middle ; tail slender,
long, keeled, rounded on the belly; head not swollen, end-
ing in a long nose ; upper jaw shorter, toothless, lower
much longer, bent up, and with two large conical teeth at
the end ; teeth nicked near the tip ; the eyes small, oval ;
blowers large, semilunar ; pectoral fins short, dorsal rather
beyond the middle of the back, nearly above the vent; the
caudal fin broad, festooned. Length nearly lO feet. It
differs from D. Diodon of Hunter in the forehead not be-
ing swollen, and in the lower jaw being produced and bent
up, the pectoral being pointed, the dorsal more obtuse, and
the body being white-streaked."
This species is only known by the above account ex-
tracted from Risso. F. Cuvier placed it in the restricted
genus Delphinus. Risso appears more correctly to have
compared it with Hijperoodon, but it diff'ers from that ge-
nus in several particulars, especially in the form of the
forehead and of the dorsal fin.
Lesson (Tab. R. A. 200) forms of this species, with
Physeter hidens, Sowerby, the subgenus Diodon.
The Heavy-headed Hyperoodon. Hyperoodon latifrons.
Tab.
Skull large, heavy, solid, the reflexed part of the maxil-
lary bones very thick and thickened internally, so as nearly
to touch each other in front of the blower, much higher
than the hinder part of the skull.
Inhab. North Sea. Orkneys, Brit. Mus.
This head is so different from any of those figured by
Camper, Cuvier, Baussard &c., that I am inclined to con-
sider it as distinct. Its measurements are as follows : —
Length of skull (wanting the end) 62 inches.
Height of skull behind, .... 42 inches.
Delphinus densirostris, Desm. Nouv. Diet. N. ix. 178.
Mam. 522, note.
Only described from a fragment of a jaw, 9 inches long,
2-1- inches high, and 2 inches broad at the widest part,
straight, pyramidical, triangular at the end, and without
any teeth or cavity for any tooth in the lower jaw. It is
very heavj' and dense. Probably the end of a Hyperoodon.
One of these species may probably be the Goose-beaked
Whale of Pontoppidan, Hist. Nat. Norway, chap. v. 123,
124,/.
ZiPHius, Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
Diodon, Lesson, Bell. Anodon, Lesson.
Head contracted behind ; nose produced, not separated
from the forehead ; eyes moderate ; blowers on crown lu-
nate ; teeth two, large, compressed, in the middle of the
lower jaw ; throat with two diverging furrows ; body elon-
gate; pectoral fins small, low down, oval, tapering; dorsal
falcate, behind the middle of the body ; skull-nose elongat-
ed, produced, keeled on each side ; skull-cavity small ; fore-
head high ; hinder wing of the maxilla ex]3anded, hori-
zontal; palate smooth ; lower jaw broad behind, narrowed
and bent down in front of the large lateral teeth.
This genus is very like Delphi norhynchus, but is easily
known by the peculiar form and large size of the teeth in
the middle of each side of the lower jaw. Cuvier esta-
blished the genus on three fossil fragments of heads :
1. Z. curvirostris, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 350, t. 27,/. 3.
2. Z. latirostris, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 352, /. 27, /". 4—8.
3. Z. longirostris, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 356, t. 27,/. 9, 10.
Cuvier remarks, describing the first head, that " cette
tete a, comme on voit, de grands rapports avec le Cachalot,
et encore de plus grands avec I'Hyperoodon. Elle ne dif-
fere de ce dernier que parce que les maxillaires ne redres-
sent point sur les cotes du museau en cloisons verticales,
et que I'espece de mur de derriere les narines ne se borne pas
a s'elever verticalment, mais qu'il se recourbe pour former
un demi dome au dessus de les cavites." — Oss. Foss. v. 352.
Sowerby's Ziphius. Ziphius Sowerbiensis.
Tab.
Physeter bidens, Sowerby, Brit. Mis. t. Icon. ined.
Mus. Brit. t.
Diodon bidens, Bell, Brit. Quad. ^91, fig. cop. Sowerby.
Delphinus Sowerbii, Jardin, Nat. Lib. t. 12, cop. Sow-
erby.
D. Sowerbiensis, Blainv.
D. Sowerbeyi, Desm.
Delphinorhvnchus bidens, Gray, Ann. Hg Mag. N. H.
1846.
Black, gray beneath ; lower jaw moderately broad be-
hind, and gradually narrower and slightly bent down in
front of the teeth.
Inhab. North Sea. Elginshire, Brodie, 1800.
Length of entire animal 16 feet, circumference 11 feet.
Besides the beautiful figure engi-aved in Sowerby's
' British Miscellany,' there is a drawing of the head as sent
by Mr. Brodie, made by Mr. Sowerby, and exhibited by
him at one of Sir Joseph Banks's Sunday-evening parties,
now preserved in the Banksian collection in the British
Museum. The skull was preserved in Mr. Sowerby's
Museum, in Mead's Place, and when distributed at his
death, Mr. James Sowerby informs me it was jjurchased by
the Rev. Dr. Buckland, the Dean of Westminster, and
sent to one of the museums in Oxford. I have examined
these collections with Mr. Hugh Strickland, but have
not been able to discover it. Fortunately, while in Mr.
Sowerby's possession, M. De Blainville, when on a visit to
England, made a slight sketch of the skull, which I dis-
covered in his portfolio, and he has kindly sent me a
tracing of this sketch (which has been reduced in tab.
), which has enabled me to determine that it be-
longs to the genus Ziphius of Cuvier, before only
known in a fossil state. Before I was so fortunate
as to discover the drawing of the skull, I was induced
to regard this species, from the lateral position of the
teeth, to be the same as the Delphinorhynchus microp-
28
tents, of tlic coast of France and Belgium (see Ann. &
Mag. N. H. 1846), believing that the difference in the size
of the teeth, (which Mr. James Sowerby remarks appear to
indicate) to be only a peculiarity produced probably by the
age of the specimen, instead of being, as it has proved to
be, a distinctive character of the genus.
I have ventured, in reducing M. De Blainville's tracing,
to reverse the position of the skull, as the part now upper-
most, appears to me evidently to be the top of the head.
The Secuelle Ziphius. Ziphius Sechellensis.
Tab. Fig.
Ziphius de Sechelles {M. Le Due, 1839), Mus. Paris.
The skull is very like that of Delphinus micropterus,
but the nose-bones are thicker, heavier and higher. The
teeth in the middle of the lower jaw, as in micropterus,
but larger and compressed. The hinder part of the lower
jaw is very broad, the iront half much narrower and bent
down in an arched manner.
Inhab. Sechelles.
Exactly like the fossil form, D' An vers.
Delphinorhynchus, Blainv. part, F. Cur. Delphinus,
Desm. Aodon, Lesson. Heterodon, Lesson, Mam.
Head attenuated, contracted behind. Nose produced,
bald, not separated from the forehead. Eyes moderate.
Lower jaw fitting into a groove in the edge of the upper.
Teeth lew, small or rudimentary, in middle of lower jaw,
not developed till late. Throat with 4 parallel slits
beneath. Body elongate, rather swollen behind. Pectoral
tin low down the side, oval, narrow, small. Dorsal falcate,
behind the middle of the body, about f from the nose.
Blowers on the crown, curved, with the concavity in front.
Tail with 2 falcate lobes, flat, without any central promi-
nence. Sexual organs under middle of dorsal. Skull tri-
angular. Forehead very high in front and swollen behind.
Intermaxillaries curved in front. Nose very long, com-
pressed at the hinder end, very nanow, slightly keeled on
each side. Hinder wing of the maxilla expanded hori-
zontally over the orbits. Nasal boneencased in the frontal
and intermaxillaries. Temporal pit very small. Palate
smooth. Lower jaw-bones elongate, tapering, slender,
nearly straight.
This genus, which is in character intermediate between
Phdanisla and Delphinus, has been confounded with Hy-
peroodon by M. F. Cuvier, but it is easily known from that
genus, as was pointed out by his brother, by the structure
of the skull, which agrees with Delphinus. The ear-bone
is attached by an apophysis to the base of the skull. Ver-
tebra; 33; 6 cervical separate, 10 costal, 11 lumbar, 11 true
caudal. Metacarpal bones cartilaginous. — Dumortier,
Mem. Brux. xiii. /. 10.
This genus has been confounded with Hyperoodon by
many of the French authors, but it is easily known from
that genus by the head not being rounded in front, and by
the teeth being in the middle of the side of each jaw.
Mr. Bell, following Lesson, has considered this as a dis-
tinct genus from Hyperoodon ; but he observes, " whether
the generic distinction of the two be correct, appears very
doubtful." — Brit. Mam. 499. Blainville, when he first
saw the animal on the coast of France, considered it the
same as Dale's Hyperoodon, and F. Cuvier followed him :
but M. Cuvier pointed out, in the ' Regno Animal,' the
difference in the form of the skull of the French animal.
Blainville's Whale. Delphinorhynchus micropterus.
Delphinorhynchus micropterus, Dumortier, Mem. Acad.
Bru.t. xii. /. 1—3, good. F. Cuv. Cetac. 114, t. 9,/. 1, not
good, t. 7, skull.
Delphinus micropterus, Cuv. Reg. An. i. 288.
Heterodon Dalei, Lesson, Mam. Mem. 419, from Blain.
Dauphin de Dale, Blainv. N. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1185. 329,
F. Cm: Mam. Lith. t. bad.
Teeth none ; body deep ash, beneath white (\\'hen alive
brownish ash-colour, belly whitish ash) ; forehead taper-
ing; dorsal fin |, pectoral fin f, from end of nose; blowers
before the eyes.
Inhab. Coasts of Europe. Havre, 1825, Blainv. Os-
tend, 1835, Dum.
Blainv. 2
Dum. 2
Length
, entire,
.. 15-0 ft.
3-45 metr(
of head,
.. 2.7
(nose) 33
to blowers, .
.. 2-3
44
to pectoral, ..
.. 3-4
91
of pectoral, ..
.. 1-6
30
to dorsal.
.. 9-1
2-04
of dorsal,
10
27
to eye,
49
to the vulva,.
2.21
Circumference,
.. 7-6
20
Width
of pectoral, ..
6
12
?j
of caudal,
... 3-0
68
Height
of dorsal.
11
27
Breadth of blower, .
10
M. Dumortier found, near the middle of each side of
the lower jaw, a large alveolus, as if for a tooth. His fi-
gure represents the pectoral as ^, and the dorsal as 4- from
the end of the nose.
b. Upper and lower jaw with few or deciduous teeth.
Wings of the ma.villary hones expanded and shelving
downicards. The beak short, dejie.red. Forehead con-
re.v. Head rounded, without any beak. Monoceratina.
Synopsis of the Genera.
a. Lower jaw toothless.
1. MoNODON. Upper jaw of males with one or two very
long, projecting, spirally twisted tusks. Dorsal none.
" 2. Anaknachus. Upper jaw with two small, conical,
slightly curved, blunt teeth in front, dorsal none."
b. Upper and lower jaw with conical, early decidttous
teeth.
3. Beluga. Dorsal fin none.
c. Upper and lower jaw with compressed, permanent
teeth.
4. Neomeris. Dorsal none.
5. Phoc^na. Dorsal triangular, in the middle of the
back.
29
* Teeth none. Upper jatv with tusk.
MoNODON, Fah., Linn., not Swain. Ceratodon, Brisson,
Pallas. Diodoii, Storr., not Linn. Narwalus, Lacep.
Head round and convex in front; dorsal fin none; lower
jaw not so wide as the upper.
The Narwhal. Mouodon monoceros.
Monodon Monoceros and M. unicornu, Linn.
M. Narwhal, Dlumh.
Narwhaliis Andersonii and N. microcephalus, Lacep.
Scoreshij, Arct. Reg. i. 486 — ii. t. 12, f. 1, 2. Fleming,
Went. Trans, i. 131. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 22, /. 7.
Home, Anat. Camp. ii. t. 42. Albers, Icon. t. Alton,
Osteol. ix. t. 6.
Narwal, Camper, Cetac. t. 29, 30. Klien, Pise. t. 2,/.
c. from spec, at Dresden, taken in the Elbe, 173G, cop.
Lacep. t. 4,/. 3.
Black ; when old whitish marbled.
Inhab. North Ocean, Scotland.
Right tusk generally not developed. Female generally
without tusk, but sometimes has one; see Linn. Trans.
xiii. 620.
1. Narwalus microcepalus, Lacep. t. b, f. 2, from draw-
ing of Mr. W. Brand, is only a bad representation of this
species.
2. Narwalus Andersoniaiuis, Lacep. Cetac. 1C3, from
Anderson, described from same specimen, as figured by
Lacep. t. 4,/. 2.
Skull, length entire 216 .... 20-6
„ of nose 9 9 .... 9-3
Width of orbit 146 .... 14-0
„ of notch 8-0 .... 7-9
„ intermJxillaries 3'0 .... 3'6
In the Museum of the College of Surgeons there are se-
veral Hunterian preparations of the skull of this animal,
Nos. 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, showing the two rudi-
mentary teeth inclosed in the cavity, in the female, and
the single one in the male skulls. Narwal female skulls
have two rudimentary teeth in upper jaw, which are rarely
protruded, Kno.v. In the foetus, on each side the upper
jaw, in the usual place, are two hollow teeth, obviously
the extremities of the spiral permanent teeth of the male ;
they are completely imbedded in the jaw, and if the ani-
mal is a male the left tooth continues to grow, the right
after a time fills up, its central cavity for containing the
pulp disappears, and after attaining a growth of five or six
inches, the jaw elongates to correspond with the growth of
the animal and the other tooth, and the abortive tooth re-
mains imbedded in the jaw for life. — Kno.v, Trans, R. Soc.
Edin. ii. 413. Scoresby gives a very good account of this
animal, Arct. Reg. i. 131.
The best figures are those oi Score shy, t. 15, then Sow-
crhy, Brit. Misc. t. , but this has a second horn errone-
ously added. Bonnaterre's figure is far too ventricose. It
has been copied by Lacep. t. 4, f. 3, Bliimenbacli, t.
and others; on the other hand, DuhameVs Pecli. \\i.t.
26,/. 1, is too slender, and with too small a head.
Anarnacus, Lacep. Monodon, Fab. Ancylodon, lin-
ger. Heterodon, part, Desmarest, Cue.
Upjier jaw with only two small, conical, sliglitly curved,
blunt teeth, prominent in front ; lower jaw toothless ;
body elongate, roundish ; pectoral distinct ; dorsal minute.
The Anarnak. Anarnacus Grcenlandicus.
Anarnakus Grojnlandicus, Lacep. Cet. 164.
Monodon spurius (Anarnak), O. Fab. Fauna Groen. 31.
Bonnat. Cetol. 11.
Delphinus anarnacus, Desm. Mam. 520.
Black ; teeth scarcely an inch long.
Inhab. Greenland.
Tins species is only known from Fabricius' description ;
he is so accurate an observer that I am loath to doubt the
existence of anything he has described ; especially as he
appears to have seen it himself. I am inclined to believe
(hat Lacepede and Illiger were right in considering it as a
distinct genus.
M. Cuvier {Oss. Foss.) regards it as a Hyperoodon,
and he only believed in the existence of one species
of the genus. M. F. Cuvier, who misunderstood the
description of Chemnitz willi respect to the teeth of
Balaina rostrata, is inclined to unite it to that species, with
which it agrees in being all black, but observes they differ
greatly in size. — F. Cuv. Cetac. I'-iQ. It cannot be the
young Narwhal, for the back is finned.
** Teeth of tipper and lower j ate conical, deciduous.
Beluga, Gray [Spic. Zool.), Lesson, Bell, 1837. Ph}'-
seter, Linn. part. Catodon, Artedi, part. Cetus, Brisson,
part. Cachalot, Lacep. Delphinapterus, Lacep. Del-
phis, Wagler. Phocsena, part, F. Cuv.
Teeth conical only on the front half of the jaw, oblique,
often truncated, and the upper often deciduous ; head
rounded ; forehead convex ; dorsal fin none ; skull with
the nose and the hinder wing of the maxilla bent down on
the orbits, making the forehead very convex ; lower jaw
not so wide as the upper, with the condyle low down below
the middle of the hinder edge ; pectoral sub-oval.
The genus Delphinapterus was formed by Lacepede to
contain this animal, which he before described as a Cato-
don, and the D. Senedette, which is probably a Catodon.
There is a great similai-ity in general form between the
skull of the Phocmna, Beluga and Monoceros, but inde-
pendent of the size and teeth, they differ in the form of the
convexity in front of the blower ; in Beluga the front of
the blower is flattish, in Monoceros there is a broad, half-
oblong convexity, and in Phoccena a squarish tuberosity.
The Northern Beluga. Beluga Catodon.
Physeter Catodon, Linn, from Balaena minor, Sibbald.
Phal. ?.
Balajna albicans, Muller.
Delph. leucas, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. t. 32, 2 . Mem.
Wern. Soc. iii. 17, S. Cuv. Oss. Foss. x. t. 22, /. 5, 6.
Bell, Brit. Quad. 491, Jig.
Catodon Sibbaldii, Fleming, B. A. 29.
B. borealis, Lesson.
Physeter macrocephalus, S. Gmelin, S. N.
30
Delphinaptems Beluga, Lacep. Scoreshi/, Arct. Reg. i.
500, ii. t. 14.
Catodon albicans, Lacep.
White ; young black ; the nose of the skull nearly j the
entire length, U the length of its width at the anterior
notch ; teeth |-|.
Inhab. North Sea. Greenland. Scotland, Sibbald.
Skull in B. M. from Greenland, length entire 20-0, of
beak 9-6, width at notch 6," at orbit I'.S.
Mr. Barnston informs me the Beluga is called Keela
hiak by the Esquimaux. In the St. Lawrence they rarely
exceed 15 feet long. The male specimen he procured for
the British Museum was 12^ feet long, 6 feet 8 inches in
circumference at the thickest part.
The Australian Beluga, Beluga Kingii.
Tab. 7. Skull.
Delphinus Kingii, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1827, 325.
Nose of the skull short, not half the entire length,
scarcely longer than its width at the notch ; teeth '^°,
small, hooked.
Inhab. Coast of New Holland, Capt. P. P. King.
Skull in Brit. Mus., length entire, 13-6, of beak 5-9,
width at notch 4'6, at orbits 8'0.
This may be the Jacobite tursio corpore ngentis ex-
tremitatibus nigricantibus, Commerson MSS. D. Com-
mersonii, Lacep. 317, from Cape Horn, cited by Cuv. R.
A. i. 291, and Oss. Foss. v. 289.
According to Desmarest {Mam. 521), Raffinesque
notices a Dolphin without any dorsal, and with rounded
teeth in the lower jaw only, under the name of Epiodoti
Urganantus (Desmarest calls it Delph. Epiodon), from
Sicily.
*** Teetli in both jaws permanent, compressed.
Neomeris, Gray.
Teeth numerous, compressed, nicked, acute, extending
nearly the whole length of the jaw ; dorsal fin none ; nose
of skull short, rounded at the end, flat, shelving above.
The Neomeris. Neomeris Phocagnoides.
D. Phocasnoides, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 291.
Delphinus melas, Temm. Faun. Japan, t. 25, t. 26.
Delphinaptems melas, Temm. Faun. Jap. 7.
Black ; teeth 44- Length 4 feet.
Inhab. Indian Ocean, Japan.
The figure in the ' Fauna Japanensis ' is from a drawing
made by a Japanese artist luider Burger's insjjection.
The skull in the Leyden museum is more swollen and
broader than that of Phoccena ; the nose is shorter, broad-
er, more rounded at the end and nearly flat, not shelving
above ; teeth \^, larger and stronger ; skull ^ the entire
length, (in Phocaena \). Nameno-juo, Japan.
The short description of the D. PhocoBnoides of Cuvier,
which Dussumier discovered at the " Cape of Good
Hope," agrees with this species. There is in Mus. Paris,
a skull of " D. Phocwnoides " brought from Malabar by
Dussumier, in 1837. It is broader and shorter than Pho-
ccena communis; teeth spathulate, rounded, oblique, ff;
palatines, bones and intermaxillaries broad, as seen in the
roof of the beak.
Length of skull 7'0
„ nose 2'6
Width at notch 2-5
Phoc^na, Gray, Spic. Zool. Cuv. and F. Cuvier, part.
Delphinus, part. Linn. Lacep.
Teeth numerous, spathulate, compressed, extending
nearl}' the whole length of the jaw ; dorsal fin in the mid-
dle of the body ; skull-nose depressed, broad, the hinder
part of the maxilla slightly shelving downwards over the
orbits ; the intermaxillaries and vomer forming part of the
palate.
Common Porpoise. Phocaena communis.
Phocaena communis. Lesson, F. Cuv. Celac. 172.
Delphinus phoca;na, Linn. S. N. i. 108. Cuv. Oss.
Foss. V. t. 21, f. I, 2. Skull.
Inhab. North Sea. Mouth of Rivers — Thames and
Severn. Common.
c. Upper and lower jaw with many teeth, rarely deci-
duous with age. Wings of the jaw-bone horizontally pro-
duced over the orbits. Delphinina.
Synopsis of the Genera.
a. Head rounded in front, not beaked. Nose of skull
scarcely so long as the brain cavity. Dorsal distinct.
1. Grampus. Teeth conical, truncated, early decidu-
ous. Intermaxillaries broad. Pectoral ovate.
2. Globiocephalcs. Teeth conical, deciduous when
old. Intermaxillaries very broad. Pectorals narrow,
linear.
3. Orca. Teeth conical, acute, permanent. Intermax-
illaries moderate. Pectorals ovate.
b. Head beaked. Nose of skull as long as or longer
than the brain cavity.
4. Lagenorhynchus. Head shelving in front. Dorsal
rather posterior. Nose of skull depressed, expanded.
5. Delphinapterus. Plead rather convex in front.
Dorsal none. Nose rather depressed, convex above.
6. Delphinus. Head rather convex in front. Dorsal
medial. Nose of skull rather depressed, convex above.
7. Steno. Forehead rather convex. Dorsal medial.
Nose of skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis
of lower jaws rather elongate.
a. Head rounded in front, not beaked. Nose of skull
scarcely as long as the brain cavity.
Grampus, Gray.
Head rounded, forehead rather convex. Teeth conical,
often truncated only in the front half of the lower jaw.
Dorsal distinct, low, rather behind the middle of the back.
Pectorals ovate, rather elongate ; skull depressed ; inter-
maxillaries dilated, covering great part of the maxilla
above, rather swollen behind in front of the blowers, the
31
Length entire
to blowers
hinder wing of the maxilla horizontal and rather thicken-
ed and bent up over the orbit, and slightly dilated and re-
flexed just in front of the notch.
Cuvier's Grampus. Grampus Cuvieri.
Grampus Cuvieri, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1846. Cat. Ost.
B. M. 36.
Delphinus griseus, Cuv. R. A. i. 290. An7i. Mus. xix.
t. \,f. 1, not good, cop. Sclireb. t. 345,/. 1. Oss. Foss. v.
/. 2-i,/. 1, 2. F. Cucier, Ceiac. 182, t. 12,/. 2.
Marsouin, Duhamel, Peck. iv. t. d,f. 5.
Bluish black ; beneath dirty white, passing into the black
on the sides ; nose of the skull broad at the base, naiTow
in front and concave on the sides, not quite half the entire
length of the skull. " Teeth 9," Schlegel.
Inhab. North Sea. Coast of France, Rochelle, UOr-
hignij, 1822. Isle of Wight, Hampshire, Rev. C. Bury,
1845.
D'Orbigny. DOrbigny.
Adult. Young.
lO'O feet 7-0
„ to pectoral fin 3'6
„ of pectorals 30
„ of dorsal .... 5 ?
Width of tail
Height of dorsal .... 1'2
Skull.
Length entire .... 17.6
„ of nose .... 80
„ teeth, series 1. j. 2"3
„ of lower jaw 12'0
Width at notch .... 7 0
„ at orbit .... ITO
„ at middle of nose 3'10
„ of intermaxillary 3"3
Height at occiput .... 9'0
It loses its upper teeth at an early period and preserves
only a few of its lower ones. The dorsal fin is lower and
further back than in D. orca, Cuv. R, A.
M. F. Cuvier {Cetac. 193) has referred the Marsouin of
Duhamel [Peek. iv. t. 9, /. 5) to D. Globiceps, and M.
Duhamel particularly observes that the pectoral and dorsal
were nearly equidistant from the head, and that the under
side is paler than the back, golden green, not white,
which does not agree with Melas. It agrees in both these
points better with this species.
This species was first described from a skeleton and
drawing sent from Brest to Paris. The bad colouring of
the drawing induced M. Cuvier to call it D. griseus, but it
is black and not gray. M. F. Cuvier regards it as distinct
from D. aries of ilisso, which his brother thought was the
same. F. Cuv. Cetac. 184.
The young, 7 ft. long, had eight conical, acute teeth.
The older, two male and one female, 10 ft. long, had only
six or seven blunt, carious teeth. — D^Orbignij. The up-
per jaw longest (4 inches), without any indication of
teeth, even in the young one, but with a slight groove for
the reception of the edge of the lower jaw. M. D'Orbigny
says that this species has " most affinity in the external
form to the Grampus of Hunter, t. 17, which Lacepedc
called D. ventricosus, but differs essentially in the total ab-
sence of teeth in the upper, and by the number in the low-
er jaw." Hunter does uot figure any teeth in the upper
and only a few in the lower jaw. In D'Orbigny's speci-
mens the dorsal was injured, and in two of them nearly
destroyed.
Risso's Grampus. Grampus Rissoanus.
Delphinus Rissoanus, Laur. F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t.
Cetac. 196, t. 12,/. 1. Schlegel. Abh. 33.
D. de Risso, Cnv. Ann. Mus. xix. 12,/! 4, cop. Schreb.
t. 345, / 4. Risso, Ann. Mus. H. N. xix. /. 1, 2.
Europ. Merid. 23.
Delphinus aries, Risso.
G. Rissii, Jard. Nat. Lib. vi. 219, t. 18.
Bluish white, with irregular, brown-edged, scratch-like
lines in all directions. Females uniform brown, with simi-
lar scratches.
Var. Dorsal, pectoral and tail, and hinder part of the
body below, varied with black. F. Cuv. I. c. /. 13, /. 1,
Male.
Inhab. Nice. Risso, Laurillard.
Teeth conical, early deciduous, especially of the upper
jaw, Laur.
Length entire 9 0 according to Laurillard.
„ of head 1 Q^
Height of dorsal 0 9
Lesson refers this species to the genus Globiocephalus,
but the position of the dorsal and the form of the pectoral,
as well as the description of the teeth, make me believe it
rather belongs to this genus. M. Cuvier observes that his
D. griseus is only described from a bad drawing of this
species, but M. F. Cuvier, who had a new description, and
M. Laurillard, consider them as distinct. Reg. Anim. i.
290. F. Cuv. Cetac. 184.
Grampus ?
Lower jaw straight, regularly diverging, scarcely bulg-
ing on the side behind, united by a rather long, wide sym-
physis in front. Obliquely truncated in front, with a ra-
ther prominent, tuberous gonyx. Teeth 4-4, rather large,
far apart, conical, tapering at the tip, but subcylindrical
at the base.
Inhab. . British Museum, from Haslar Hospital.
This jaw appears to differ from the lower jaw of G. Cu-
vieri in being much thicker at the symphysis, very ob-
liquely truncated in front, and rather projecting below.
Teeth 4-4, large, conical, rather acute and recurved ; the
upper edge behind the teeth round, with many minute
holes on the edge.
Length entire .... .... 16 0 inches.
„ front truncation .... 2 0
„ of teeth series .... 2 0
Breast, near condyle .... 4 0
„ in front .... .... 1 0
Width at condyles .... 11 6
The Sakamata. Grampus sakamata.
D. Orca, Schlegel, Faun. Jap. 25.
Inhab. Japan.
32
M. Schlegel {Faun. Japan. 25), described a Dolphin
found on the coast of Japan, and called Saka mata kuzira.
It is said to have a high dorsal, and to be black with
white spots on the belly, back and sides, near the ))cctoral
fin. The eyelids and lips pale purple, the latter often
white spotted ; the head is rounded, the upper jaw point-
ed and toothless ; the lower short and narrow and toothed.
Schlegel, who refers this species to D. orca, says the
wanting teeth in the upper jaw is a mistake, but I should
say that it is probably a Grampus, which often wants them
in that jaw. I do not see why one part of the description
should be relied on and not the other.
Globiocephalus, Lesson. Physeter, Risso. Globioce-
phala. Lesson, 1842.
Head round, forehead very prominent. Teeth conical,
large only on the front half of the jaws ; deciduous in the
old one. Upper jaw largest ? Pectoral narrow, linear-ovate,
low down. Dorsal falcate, about the middle of the back.
Skull flattened and concave in front of the blower. Nose
broad, flattened, rugose above. Intermaxillary bones very
broad, covering the greater part of the upper surface of the
upper jaws; the hinder wing of the jaw-bone horizontal
and bent up on the edge over the orbits and slightly ex-
panded and reflexed just in front of the orbit notch.
The sucking young have no visible teeth ; the adults
have teeth in each jaw, but the aged individuals have ge-
nerally lost them in both. — Flem.
The Pilot Whale. Globiocephalus Svineval.
Petit Cachalot, Daub. Acad. Sci. 1782, i. 1, cop. Bonat.
Cetol. t.
Cachalot Svineval, Lacep.
Narwal edente, Camper, Cetac. t. 33, 34.
Ca'ing Whale, Neil, Orkney and Shetland, 1836, 221.
Delphinus Melas, Trail, AicJiol. Jour. xxii. 21.
D. deductor, "Trail," Scoreshy, Arct. Reg. i. 496, t. 13,
/ 1-
D. globiceps, Cuv. Ann. Mtis. xix. t. 1, /. 2, (cop.
Schreh. t. 345,/ 2, 3). Oss. Foss. v. t. 21,/. 11.
Delphinus grampus, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1137.
Black, streak from throat to vent (sometimes dilated in-
to a cross baud), white ; teeth ^\ to ^^, rarely f|, Fleming.
The upper surface of the maxillaries and intermaxillaries
rugose in front ; intermaxillaries form a triangular patch
in front of the palate.
B.
M.
M.C.S.
1137.
M. C. S.
1138.
Width at notch
11
6
11 0
9 0
„ at orbit ....
19
6
19 C
15 6
„ of intermaxillary
9
0
7 0
„ of middle of nose
9 6
6 6
Height at occiput
15
0
Length of animal entire
19
6 Fleming.
„ of pectoral
3
6
„ of dorsal
2
3
Width of pectoral
1
6
„ of tail
5
0
Height of dorsal
1
3
Circumference ....
10
0
B.
M.
M.C.S.
1137.
M. C. S,
1138.
Skull, length of, entire
28
0
29 0
24 0
„ of nose
15
0
15 0
12 0
„ of teeth, series 9
0
8 6
7 0
„ lower jaw
19 0
Female suckling, with the young, 4 ft. 6 in. long in De-
cember, TVa/son, and 7 ft. long in January.
The Delphinus globiceps, Risso, Europ. Merid. iii. /. 1,
/. 1. F. Cuv. 223. Black, with a gray band on each side
from the throat to the vent ; head large, round, swollen ;
jaws equal; teeth ^, round, conical, curved. Inhab.
Nice, Risso. Is probably the same as D. Svineval, but
M. F. Cuvier regards it as distinct.
The Delphinus intermedins, Harlan, Jour. Acad. Sci.
Phil ad. vi. 51, ^ 1.
D. Harlani, Schim.
Globiocephalus Melas, Dekay.
Phoca3na globiceps, Sampson, Silliman, Amer. Jour. Sci.
23-301, ».
Inhab. coast of North America.
May be distinct from the European species, but the spe-
cimens have not been examined with sufl!icieut care.
Smaller Pilot Whale. Globiocephalus affinis.
Delphinus Grampus, Cat. Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1138.
Hunterian Col. n. 686.
Delphinus Melas, Owen, British Fossil Matnmalia.
Teeth \^, small, conical, curved, very acute ; nose ex-
actly half as long as the head, rather tapering, and rather
concave on the sides ; intermaxillary nearly as wide as the
jaw ; lower jaw obliquely truncated in front.
Inhab. — ? Mus. Col. Surg.
Skull, length entire
„ ofnose
,, teeth line
„ lower jaw ....
Width ofnose at notch
„ of middle of nose ....
„ at orbits
This is probably a young specimen of Globiocephalus
Svineval. The skull differs in being rather slenderer in
front and in the intermaxillary not being rugose in front.
In the Catalogue of the Mus. Col. Surg., 165, it is called
"the skull of a small Grampus," Hunterian, and n. 1136
the skull of a large Grampus, Hunterian. This appears to
be the skull which Mr. Owen gives the measurement of,
under the name of D. Melas, in his account of Phocmna
crassidens, in the work on British Fossil Mammalia.
The Naiso-GOTA. Globiocephalus Sieboldii.
Didelphis globiceps, Temm. Fauna Japan, t. 27.
M. Siebold brought with him a figure of a very young
specimen, 5 ft. 6 inches long, of this species, made by M.
Villeneuve, which is copied in the ' Fauna Japonica,' and
a complete skeleton.
Mr. Temminck regards it as undoubtedly the same as
the European, but yet allows that there are some diffe-
rences between it and the adult specimen observed on the
24
0
12
3
7
0
19
0
9
0
6
6
15
6
33
European shores. The forehead is less swollen, and the
pectoral fins are rather larger than in CI. Siiiieml of Eu-
rope. This species is called Naiso goto.
The Japanese distinguish two other species r 1. Sibo
golo, which is purple, with a white spot behind the dorsal
fin, and the lower jaw furnished with many plaits. 2.
Ohanan golo, black, with a larger muzzle and more spa-
cious mouth ; the dorsal -]- from head, back edge before the
middle ; pectoral i from head ; pectoral \ length ; length
of skull 15-0 ; beak 69 ; widlh at notch 4-9.
The Del]5hinus globiccps {(7yrt«/, iVoc. Zool. Soc. 18.33,
65), brought by Capt. Delvitte from the North Pacific, which
Schlegel thought might be this species, is an Orca.
The Large-headed Pilot Whale. Globiocephalus
macrorhynchus.
Killer or Blackfish, J. Beiuiet, MSS. Mits. Col. Surg.
Nose of skull short and broad, rounded in front, nearly
as broad in the middle as at the preorbital notch. Teeth
subcylindrical, -|. Lower jaw rounded in front.
Inhab. South Seas. Mus. Col. Surg. Presented by J.
Bennett, Esq.
Skull, length entire 24 0
„ nose .... .... .... 11 6
„ from top of nose to back
of palate .... .... 14 6
„ teeth line .... .... 5 6
„ lower jaw .... .... 16 6
Breadth at preorbital notch .... 9 6
„ at middle of nose .... 9 0
„ at temple .... .... 17 0
„ of intermaxillary .... 6 0
Delphinus feres, Bonnat. Cetac. 27.
Blackish ; teeth \%, large and small, curved, compressed
before and behind ; crown oval, rounded and divided in
two lobes by a groove, which extends their whole length.
Inhab. Mediterranean, Malta.
Length, 14 feet. Skull, length 1 foot 10, breadth 1 ft.
•5 inches ; length of teeth, 1 in., breadth of line ^ inch.
Cuvier thinks this is probably 0)-ca gladiator.
Orca. Rondel.
Teeth conical, acute, large, occupying the whole edge
nearly to the notch, permanent ; forehead flattened. Dor-
sal fin high, falcate, in the middle of the back. Pectoral
broad, ovate. Skull rounded ; the hinder wing of the
maxilla horizontally spread over the orbits, the interraaxil-
laries only half the width of the jaw-bones. Palate convex.
The Killer. Orca gladiator.
Delphinus orca, Linn. S. N. 108.
Grampus, Hunter, Pliil. Trans. 1787, t. 16, cop.
Bell. Brit. Anim. Bonnat. Cetac. t. 12,/. 1.
Cachalot D'Anderson, Du/iamel.
D. Duhamelii, Lacep. Pise. t. 9, f. 1. good.
D. Orca, Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. -329, jig. 2. Schlegel.
Ahh. ii. t. 7, 8. from life. Cut. Oss. Foss. v. /. 22,/. 3, 4,
R. A. i. 289.
? Delphinus gladiator, Lacep. Cetac. .302, /. 5, /. 3.
D. Gram])us, JJesui.
Black ; circumscribed spot behind ej'e, spot on belly,
and under side of tail white. Nose of skull twice as long
as the width of the notch. Teeth 44j I'H'ge, conical, slight-
ly hooked.
B. M.
Skull, length entire .... 33'0
„ ofnose .... 16"6
„ of teeth line 14'6
„ of lower jaw 27'3
Breadth at notch .... 10-6
„ at orbit .... IS'O
„ at temple .... ISO
,, at middle of beak 96
„ of intermaxillary
„ in front .... 40
„ in middle .... 3"6
M.C. S. No. 11.3(5.
41-6
22-6
200
350
140
GO
.3-6
The skull, n. 1136, of the Museum of the College of
Surgeons, is of most colossal size. It formed part of the
Hunterian collection. It may probably be the skull of
the large specimen, 31 feet long, killed at Greenwich, in
1793. — Banks in Lacepede. It is called the Large
Grampus, D. Grampus in the catalogue, the Globiocepha-
lus affinis being called the " Smaller Grampus" (n. 1138),
and the Cape Killer, n. 1139; the Globe-headed Dolphin,
JJ. glohiceps, Cuvier.
There is a skull in Mr. Bell's museum, from a male 19 feet
long, taken in Lynn harbour, Nov. 1830. The animal
was described in Loudon s Mag. Nat. Hist. v. The fol-
lowing are the measurements of this specimen : —
Length along curve .... .... 2r3
„ straight .... .... .... 19'0
„ to dorsal fin .... .... 8'2
„ to pectoral fin .... .... 4'0
Height of dorsal .... .... 4"0
„ to dorsal .... .... 13'1
Length of dorsal .... .... 2'4
„ of pectoral .... .... 4"0
Breadth of pectoral .... .... 2'8
We have a beautiful skeleton of this species, 20 feet
long, taken on the Hampshire coast, presented by R.
Pearce, Esq., and a large skull from the coast of England.
Delphinus orca, Linn. S. Nat. 108, is evidently from
Orca, Belon, Pise. 18, Bond. Pise. 483, Jig. copied by
Gesner, Aqiiat. 748. In the Mantissa, i. 523, the refe-
rence to the Schwerdt Jisehe of Anderson and some other
whalers is added, and probably from them there is added
" Bellum gcrit cum Phocis, quas ope gladii dorsalis c lapi-
dibus detrudit ; Balasnarum Phocarumque tyrannus, qua
turmatim adgreditur. Pinna dorsalis est spina ensiformis,
sex pedalis, cute vestita, basi latior. — Mant. ii. 523. O.
Fabricius never saw this animal. Bonnaterre gave the name
oi Del ])hi mis gladiator to Anderson's figure, which repre-
sents the dorsal fin as near the nape.
Cuvier believed that the Orca of the ancients was pro-
bably a Cachalot, and that the Killer is the Aries
marinus of Pliny, Julian and the Latins, who compared
the white streak behind the eye to a horn. Desmarest,
K
34
Mam. 515, confines the name Delphiims Orca to the ani-
mal intended by the ancients, and cliaracteiizes it " Museau
coiiforme connne celui de Dauphin vulgaire ; dents larges
et crenulecs, sur lenvs bords," being a translation of Arte-
di (Gen. Piscium, 76, 3) " D. rostro sursum repando, den-
tibiis latis sevratis."
Professor Eschricht believes the Physeier microps of O.
Fdh. to be the Killer, Dan. Trans, xii.
The Lincolnshire Killer. Orca crassidens.
Phoca;na crassidens, Owen, Brit. Fossil Mam. 516, f.
■213, 216, 214.
Intcrniaxillaries rugose in front. Teeth \%, large, coni-
cal, rather acute (all but the front lower false), near to the
preorbital notch. Lower jaw verj depressed and broad
in front at the symphysis.
luhab. Fens of Lincolnshire, Fossil, Mus. Stamford
(now Mus. Col. Surg. ?)
Skull, length entire .... 23 or 24-0
„ nose 12'6
„ teeth line .... .... lO'O
„ lower jaw .... .... 21*0
Breadth at notch .... .... 86
„ at middle of beak .... 80
„ of intermaxillaries .... 5*6
In the figure the beak is, \j the length of the base at
the notch and exactly the length of the skull.
The Cape Killer.
Tab. 9.
Orca Capensis.
Skull.
Delphinus globiceps. Cat. I\Ius. Col. Surg. 165, /(.
1139. Grant, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1833, 65.
D. Orca, Owen, Brit. Fossil Mam. 516.
Skull flattish above, rather concave in the middle before
the blowhole. Nose rather convex on the side, rather ta-
pering in front. Teeth \\, very large, thick, nearly to the
preorbital notch, concave on each side, for the reception
of the opposite teeth, of the front upper small, acute, front
lower large, worn down, rounded. Intermaxillaries rather
dilated, and broader over the front of the nose, contracted
behind.
Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope, M. Vi-
toe (1818), Mus. Col. Surg. n. 1139. Northern Pacific
Ocean, Capt. Delvitte, R. N.
Skull, length entire .... 37'0 .... 36-6
„ of nose .... 18-0 .... 18-0
„ of teeth line 14-6 .... 14-6
„ of lower jaw 29'6
Breadth at notch .... 126 .... 12-0
„ at orbit .... 21.0 .... 21-0
„ at temple above 20'0
„ at middle of beak 100
,, of intermaxillaries 3'9
„ in front 4'6
„ in middle 3'3
The skull in the College of Surgeons appears to be
the one which Mr. Owen gives the measurement of as D.
orca, in his account of P/ioctcna crassidens.
SxMALL Killer. Orca intermedia.
Tab. 8. Skull.
Delphinus interraedius, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1827, 396, not
Harlan.
Nose of skull half the entire length. Teeth 4-r long)
conical.
Inhab.
Skull, British Museum.
This skull, which has all the appearcince of being that
of a full grown animal, is just one quarter the length and
breadth of the skull of the common Killer.
Skull, length entire 14"0 inches and lines.
„ of nose .... 7'0
„ of teeth line .... 5'6
„ of lower jaw 11 '0
Breadth at orbits .... 8'3
„ at notch .... 46
„ at middleof beak '9
B. Head beaked. Nose of skull longer than the brain-
cavity.
Lagenorhynchus, Gray.
Head rather convex, gradually sloj)ing into the beak in
front. Beak short, tapering in front. Lower jaw rather
longest. Body elongate, tapering behind, largest at the
pectoral fins. Pectoral fins rather far back, rather elon-
gate and slightl}' falcate. Dorsal fin high, falcate, rather
behind the middle of the back. The back with a low,
rounded, fin-like ridge near the tail. Tail-lobes rather nar-
row, elongate. Skull rather depressed, the hinder ends of
the maxillary bones expanded, horizontal, and rather
thickened on the edge. The nose is short, broad, flat above
and rather narrowed in front, and scarcely longer than the
length of the brain-cavity. The triangle in front of the
blowers is elongate, and reaches beyond the middle of the
nose of the skull, and the intermaxillaries arc separated by
a deep groove filled with cartilage.
This genus is easily known from Delphinus by the low-
ness of the forehead, the short and depressed form of the
beak, the posterior position of the dorsal fin, and the body
being attenuated behind. It is at once known by the
breadth, and flat, expanded form of the nose of the skull.
The OS hyoides of L. leucopleurus is large and
broad.
* Beak very short ; nose of skull only as long as head ;
teeth nearly to the notch.
White-sided Bottle-nose. Lagenorhynchus
leucopleurus.
Tab. 6. Foetus, 12. Skull, t. 26,/. 3, tongue.
Delphinus leucopleurus, Rasch, Mag. Jul. 1843, 869.
Above bluish black, beneath white, with a large, ob-
lique, gray or white longitudinal streak on hinder part
of each side. Teeth f 4' small, acute, curved.
Skull : brain-cavity large, high at the top behind the
blow-hole ; nose nearly as long as the brain-cavity, gradu-
ally and regularly tapering on each side ; triangle in front
35
of the blower flattened and concave beliind, with a slightly
raised, lozenge-sliaped space in the front half.
Inhab. North Sea, Gulph of Christiania.
FcEtal specimen and skeleton, Brit. Mus.
The skull of the skeleton in the British Museum is at
once known from the skull of the L. (ilbirostris, at Nor-
wich, by being smaller, and the nose rather narrower, and
espcciall}' by the hinder part of the intermaxillaries, which
form the triangle in front of the blower, being flattened
and concave instead of swollen and convex.
Skull, length entire ... Ifi'O inches & lines.
„ of nose .... 8'G
„ of lower jaw 13'0
Breadth at notch .... 8'3
,, notch .... .... 4'0
„ middle of beak 2"9
** Beak moderate ; nose of skull only as lovg as head ;
teeth not quite to the notch.
White-beaked Bottle-nose. Lagenorhynchus
albirostris.
Tab. 10. Animal, 11. Skull.
Delphinus Tursio, Brighlwell, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846,21,
/. 1, 2.
Delphinus albirostris. Gray, Ann. Si' Mag. N. H. IBiC.
Upper part and sides very rich, deep-velvet, black, ex-
ternal cuticle soft and silky, so thin and delicate as to be
easily rubbed off"; nose, a well defined line above upper
jaw, the whole under jaw and belly cream-colour, varied
with chalky white ; fins and tail black ; teeth -|| small,
curved ; jaws moderately elongate, lower rather the
longest ; blowhole horse-shoe-shaped and convex to-
wards the head ; nose of skull as long as the head cavity,
gradually and evenly tapering to a rather rounded point
in front, the edge rather reflexed on each side behind ;
the triangle in front of the blower convex and swollen on
each side behind, smooth in front.
Inhab. North Sea, coast of Norfolk.
Mus. Norwich. — Skeleton.
Through the kindness of Mr. Brightwell, I have been en-
abled to examine the skull of this species, and to copy the
beautiful drawing of the animal made by his daughter.
Animal, length entire
„ of mouth .... 9'6 inches & lines.
„ of nose to eye 13"0
„ to pectorals .... 20'0
„ of pectoral .... 15"0
„ lo dorsal .... 41 '0
„ of dorsal .... 11.6
Height of dorsal .... lO-Q
Width of tail .... 220
Skull, length entire .... 18"0
„ of nose .... 8.6
Width at orbit .... 9-5
„ at notches 5'6
„ of middle of beak3"6
„ of lower jaw at
condyles 8'0
The fcGtus of this species has six bristles on each of the
upper lips, the hinder one being rather farther from the
rest than the others are apart, which are equally placed,
and of the same size. The tongue (tab. 20, /'. 3 ), is flat on
the top and as wide as the space between the sides of the
jaws, with a regular sharp denticulated edge on each side,
and with a rather larger, conical, separate tubercle in front.
The teeth are not developed through the gums. The nose
is nearly \ the length of the distance between the end of
the nose and the eye. The hinder part of the back has a
rather thick convexity, like a long low rounded, second
dorsal fin just before the tail ; the same part of the fojtus of
Delphinus (/)e //;//«« ?), and Steno? fuscus has the part
very much compressed, and fined off to a very thin, knife-
like edge.
** Nose of skull longer than the length of the brain-
cavity ; teeth-line some distance from the notch.
The Electra. Lagenorhynchus Electra.
Tab. 13. Skull.
Skull rather depressed ; nose flattened above, expand-
ed and reflexed on the side behind, rather shelving in
front ; sides rather contracted in the middle, rather long-
er than the head and If the length of the width at the
notch ; intermaxillary broad, flattened, nearly § of the
width, with a large, wide groove for the greater part of its
length ; triangle flat, rather concave behind, with a lo-
zenge-shaped, rather raised, rugose space in the front half;
teeth -II-, rather small, cylindrical, conical, slightly curved,
acute, four in an inch ; the lower jaw regularly converg-
ing, straight on the sides in front, rather swollen behind,
and shortly obliquely truncated in front, the gonyx rather
produced.
Inhab. : Skull, British Museum.
This skull is very like the former, but it is considerably
larger, and the nose is longer in proportion, and the head
is much more depressed in the middle and spread out on
the sides.
Skull, length entire .... 17"6 inches & lines.
„ of head .... 8-3
,, of nose
9-9
7-0
14-6
10-3
5-7
at middle of beak 4'0
of intermaxillary 2"6
„ of teeth line ....
„ of lower jaw
Width of temple
„ at notch
The Asia. Lagenorhynchus Asia.
Tab. 14. Skull.
Skull nose rather depressed, broad, flattened, rather con-
tracted in the middle of each side ; triangle concave, with
a .slightly raised, flat, rugose space in the front half; teeth
4-|., small.
Inhab. : Skull, British Museum.
This species is only known from a skull without teeth.
It very much resembles in the depressed and expanded
36
form of tlic Ijrain-cavily and form of tlic beak, the skull of
L. Electrii, but it differs from it in tlie beak being rather
more acute in front and more contracted on tlie middle of
the sides, and in being rather smaller in size. It may only
be a variety of that species.
Skull, length entire .... 16'9 inches & lines.
„ of nose .... 9'0
„ of lower jaw 12"6
Width at orbit .... 8-9
„ at notch .... 4"9
„ middle of beak 3.4
The EscHRiCHTS. Lagenorhynchus acutus.
Delphinus acutus, Gray, Spec. Zool. 1, 2, from a skull.
D. Eschrichtii, Schleyel, Abh. 2.3, t. 1 k %f- 4, t. 4,/. 5.
Body ?
Teeth 44 i nose of skull half its length and nearly twice
as long as wide at the notch ; lower jaw obliquely truncat-
ed in front.
Inhab. North Sea, Faroe Islands, Eschricht.
Skidls and skeleton in the Leyden Museum —
Length entire 7 2 inches and lines.
„ of skull 0 16
This species was first described by me from a skull in
Brooks' museum, which is now at Lcydcn, and Mr. Schlegel
has described it from a skeleton sent from the Faroe Is-
lands. It differs from the other species of the genus in the
nose of the skull being more slender and the teeth more
numerous. The teeth series, as in L. Electra and L. Asia,
do not reach to the notch which separate, the beak of the
skull from the brain-cavity.
Professor Eschricht informs me this species is very like
1). leiicopleurus.
Delphinapterus, part. Blainv. not Lacep.
Delphinus, Lacep.
Head rather convex, shelving towards the nose. Nose
rather produced, obscurely divided from the forehead.
Dorsal fin none. Back rounded. Pectoral oblong, rather
slender. Skull moderate. Beak broad, depressed, tapering,
rounded above. The triangle before the blower, elongate,
extending nearly to the middle of the beak. Palate flat.
Teeth conical, tapering, acute, curved. Symphysis of the
lower jaw short.
The Peron. Delphinapterus Peronii.
Tab. 15.
Delphinus Peronii, Lacep.
Delphinapterus leucorhamphus,PeroH, Lesson,Voy. Coq.
i. 9, /'. 1, cop. F. Cuiier, Cetac. t. Jardine, N.
Lih.\. Cuv. Oss. Fosn. v. t. 21,/. 5, 6, skull.
D. bicolor, Stephenson, MSS. Icon. ined.
Teeth |4 -jS j black ; beak, pectoral fins, under part of
body white.
Skull in Mus. Paris. Length 18.3, of beak 10.0, of teeth
line B'G, of lower jaw 14'6. Width at orbit 90, at notch
4'7, at middle of beak 2'7 ; teeth i|, small, slender, six in
an inch ; beak broad, depressed, rather tapering in front,
the sides spongy, the centre hollow, filled with cartilage.
broader in front, flattened behind ; triangle extending
nearly to the middle of the length of the beak ; orbit rather
shelving above and slightly thickened on the edge; palate
flat in front, rather convex behind, without any groove on
the sides; lower jaw gradually tapering, angularly shelving
and flat on the sides in front ; symphysis short, not two
inches.
There is a second skull, brought by M. Eiousard, in
1822, which is rather more depressed in the middle in
front, and with the triangle reaching near to the middle of
the beak ; teeth ^4' lengtli entire, 17'6, of beak Q'G, of
lower jaw 14*6, width at notch 4'3, at middle of the beak
2'6. Orbits rather shelving above and slightly thickened
on the edge.
Cuvier justly observes the beak of Lesson's ( Voy. Coq. t.
9) figures is too pointed. Lesson also represents the
black as only occupying the upper part of the back, as re-
presented in figure 4, copied from his plate. 1 have
therefore given a new figure of the species, copied from a
drawing, -^ the natural length, kindly given to me by W.
AVilson Saunders, Esq., of Lloyd's, which was made by
Dr. Stevenson, during the voyage of the ship Glenarn,
Capt. Guy, inlat. 46° 48' S., long. 142° west, Jan. 12, 1844.
Delphinus, Linn. Delphinorhynchus, part. Lesson.
Cephalorhynchus, F. Cuv.
Forehead rounded. Nose produced, bald. Dorsal fin
falcate, in the middle of the back. Skull with the hinder
wings of maxilla horizontal, sometimes thickened on the
edge over the orbit. Nose elongate, tapering, depressed,
broader than high, convex, roundish above, and slightly
concave in front of the blowers, nearly parallel on the
sides and rounded in front. Teeth small, conical, extend-
ing the greater ]iart of the length of the jaw.
Most maritime persons call these animals Bottle-noses,
Bottle-heads, Flounder-heads, Grampuses, Porpoises or
Porpusses, sometimes adding Whale to the name. They
generally confine the name of Dolphin (most used by lands-
men) to the Scomberoid fish {CoryphcBna), which changes
colour in dying.
A. Head shortly leaked. Nose of skull moderate. Tri-
angle elongate, produced before the teeth line. Palate
flat.
* Beak scarcely produced. Nose of skull rather depress-
ed, scarcely longer than the brain-cavity. Cephalorhyn-
chus, F. Cuv.
The Hastated Dolphin. Delphinus Heavisidii.
Delphinus Heavisidii, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 2, /. 6.
Schlegel. Abh. t. 3,/. 1—4, t. 4,/. 6.
D. Capensis, Cuv. R. A. 289.
D. Dussumieri, Fischer.
D. Cephalorhynchus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 158.
Marsouin du Cap, F. Car. Mam. Leth. 3.
D. hastatus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 161. Bapp. Cet. t. 3.
Ph. Hora( i, and D. tridens, A. Smith.
Black, with a streak, and two diverging white lines be-
neath ; teeth ^\ ; nose of skull nearly- half the length of
head ; lower jaw truncated in front.
Inhab. S. Sea, Cape of Good Hope.
37
There is a skull, D. Cephalor/n/nchus, in the Paris Mu-
seum. Beak flat ; palate flat, rather concave behind ;
teeth rather blunt 4-| ; orbits rather shelving ; symphysis
of the lower jaw very short, rather keeled below.
Skull, length .... ITS inches and lines.
Beak 4J)
Width at notch .... 2-7
M. Quoy's description and figure, on which F. Cuvier
founded I), haslatus, was from the specimen originally
described by me, and now transferred from the College of
Surgeons to the British Museum.
This species has some character intermediate between
Phoc(vna and Delphinus.
DusKV Dolphin. Delphinus obscurus.
Tab. 16. Skull.
Delphinus obscurus. Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 2,/. 2, 3.
D. superciliosus, Garnot, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9,/. 2 ?
Sf F. Ctiv. Cetac. 149? Schlegel, Abh. 22, t. 1, 2,/. 3, /.
4,/. 4.
D. Fitzroyii, Waterhouse, Zool. Beagle, t. 10, Jun.
D. obscurus (var.). Quay, Voy. Aslrol. 151, /. 28.
Dauphin a museau courte, Joy. Pole Slid, t. 22, y. 1.
? D. superciliosus. Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9,/. 2 ? ?
Black, with oblique, diverging streaks on the side, and
beneath whitish ; teeth %^-l^ ; nose of skull about |. of its
length and nearly 2j the length of its width at the notch ;
lower jaw truncated in front.
Inhab. Southern Ocean, Cape Heaviside.
Skull, length entire
,, of nose
„ of lower jaw
Width at orbit
„ at notch
„ at middle of beak
Body, length entire .... 5' 1 feet & inches.
„ to dorsal fin 2'1
Width of tail .... 1-2
M. Garnot's description, as given by F. Cuvier, is veiy
short, but it appears to fit this species. The D. a museau
court of the Voy. a Pole Sud is said to have 4^ teeth. It
is evidently this species as determined by the examination
of the skull at Paris, and there is a skull named D. hivitta-
lus, D'Orbigny, 1830. Beak quite flat above; triangle
to near the middle of the beak ; which appears to be
only a variety of this species.
Length of skull .... 14'0 inches and lines.
,, beak .... 7-0
Width at notch .... 4.1
The skull, Dauphin d museau court, in the Paris Mu-
seum, has teeth -^ ; triangle extends much in front of the
tooth-line ; nasal gi-ooves wide in front.
Skull, length .... 14-6
Beak .... 80
Width at notch .... 3-6
The skull of this species is intermediate in form between
the Lagenorhynchus and Delphinus.
The CoMPRKSSED-TAiLED DoLPHiN. Delphinus
compressicauda.
Phoca^na compressicauda. Lesson, Cetac. 199. F. Cuv.
Cetac. 186 (from Garnot MSS.).
Teeth ^, small, conical, hooked ; head coloured ; belly
whitish ; pectoral short ; upper jaw longest ; nose short ;
base of the tail compressed on each side.
Inhab. 4° south lat., 26° east long, of Paris.
Animal, length to pectoral I'S feet & inches.
Expanse of tail \7
ft Beak short. Nose of skull thick, conical, convex above,
half as long as the head. Tursio.
X Beak of skull rather thick and rather swollen on the
sides.
Bottle-nose Dolphin. Delphinus Tursio.
Tab. 10. Animal.
Delphinus Tursio, O. Fab. Faun. Groen. 49. JVriqht,
Mag. N. H. ii. 1838, 609. Bonnat. Cetol. 2\.
D. Nesarnak, Lacep. (Desm. from O. Fab.).
Delphinus truncatus, Montague, IVern. Trans, iii. /. 5,
/. 3. Skull.
Bottle-nose, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxxvii. t. 18, cop.
Bonnat. Cetol. t. 11,/. 1.
L'Oudre, Bellon.
D. Vulgaire, Camper, Cetac. 35, 40.
Var. ? D. Tursio, Schlegel, Abh. t. b,f. 1, 2, /. 4,/. 9.
Black (whitish beneath ?) ; teeth |4) truncated when old;
skull-nose |- of entire length ; intermaxillaries very con-
vex, forming a strong rib on each side above ; intermax-
illa and vomer forming part of the palate.
Inhab. North Sea.
Mr. R. Templeton has sent me a most accurate drawing of
a specimen caught on the south of Ireland, in November,
1828: he named it Z>. -DeZ/j/iw. Copied tab. 10. The
following are its measurements : —
Length entire .... 7 6 0 feet, inches & lines.
„ eyes .... 10 0
„ ear 12 5
„ pectoral .... 16 9
„ end of the pectoral 2 6 7
„ front of the dorsal 3 2 5
„ end of dorsal 4 2 5
„ genital organ 5 3 0
„ to the vent .... 5 6 3
„ to base of tail 7 0 0
„ to end of middle
of tail .... 7 6 0
„ to end of tail fin 8 13
The following are the measurements of four skulls, the
first being Montague's specimen : —
Length entire 216 210 210 210
„ ofno.se 11-6 120 120 116
„ of teeth line 99 100 100
„ of lower jaw 18"6
Width at notch 5-9 50 5-6 59
„ at orbit 103 106 106
„ at middle of beak 3'6 4'6
L
38
In the skull of Montague's specimen, in the British Mu-
seum, the 4tli and 10th teeth from the front on each side
appear by the hole to have been larger than the rest. We
have a second imperfect skull of the same measurement.
M. F. Cuvier {Cetac. 2-23), as usual, complains of Monta-
gue's figure of the skull of this species : he does not recog-
nize in it the D. Tiirsio, and thinks it most resembles D.
Delphis !
The skull on the skeleton presented by Mr. Houship, in
Mus. Col. Surg. (n. 11-25), taken below the Nore, in June,
18-28, has the teeth 44, the two hinder upper without any
opposite, the 4, 5, 6 upper are largest, the middle lower
are truncated, the lower jaw obliquely truncated, with a
rather prominent gonyx. The elongated intermaxilla and
the vomer are visible in the palate. In the old skulls the
intermaxillaries are ^ width above, and the sides of the
maxillaries are shelving. In skull n. 11-26 (Mus. Col.
Surg.) the teeth are very oblique and truncated at the end.
In all the skulls I have seen of this species the teeth
are more or less worn down, but Mr. Bell says he has
two skulls in which they are acute. — Brit. Quad. 47-2.
There is some difficulty about the colour of this species,
which may arise from two being confounded under one
name. Bonnaterre, Montague and Wright describe it
as black above and whitish beneath ; O. Fabricius as all
blackish, the belly a little whiter and the young paler ;
Schlegel figures it as all of a uniform deep black colour.
The Abusalam. Delphinus Abusalam.
Delphinus abusalum, Rupp. Mus. Senk. 1842, t. 12, f.
1 " 3
1, ^, o.
Black, below white, with small dark spots ; teeth f^-ys-
Nose of skull about |- of length, 23- its width at the notch.
Intermaxillary bones very convex, forming a strong ridge
on each side. Lower jaw tapering in front.
Inhab. Red Sea.
Only known from Dr. Riippell's description and figure.
It has been said to be the same as D. Tursio, but it ap-
pears very different.
Delphinus aduncus. Hemp. <V Ehrenb. Si/n. Phys. ii.
Beak depressed, elongate ; teeth -l-l-, conical, strong ;
Expanse 6', head 7" ; width of jaws at the end of the
teeth 2"-6j" ; at the middle of the jaws I" 9.'"
Inhab. Island of Belhosse.
Is perhaps the same as the former.
The EuRYNOME. Delphinus Eurynome.
Tab. 17. Skull.
D. Eurynome, Gray, Cat. Ost. B. M. .3(5.
Skull roundish ; nose thick, broad, rounded above ; in-
termaxillaries rather convex, j as wide as maxillaries ;
nose J longer than the length of the head (or 4^- of entire
length), twice and ^ the length of the width at the notch ;
back of blower largely tubercular ; teeth i\, moderate, cy-
lindrical, rather curved, acute.
Inhab.
.? Skull, Mus. Brit.
Skull, Length entire .... 22'0
„ of head .... 9-1
„ of nose .... 123
„ of teeth line lO'O
„ of lower jaw .... 18'0
Width at temples .... ll'O
„ at notch .... 5-4
„ at middle of beak 3'6
The skull of this species is most like D. Tur.sio, but the
nose is ^th, slenderer and more rounded and the teeth
smaller.
XX Beak 0/ skull rather thick, conical, evenly tapering.
The Metis. Delphinus Metis.
Tab.
D. Metis, Gray, Cat. Ost. B. M. 36.
Skull globular ; back of blower tubercular ; nose
thick, rather conical, regularly tapering, upper part con-
vex, rather longer than the head and rather more than
twice as long as the width at the notch ; intermaxillaries
convex, rather more than half the width at the beak; teeth
41, rather conical, acute, curved.
Inhab. Brit. Mus.
Skull, Length entire .... 21-0
„ of nose .... irO
„ of lower jaw 17-0
Breadth of orbit .... 9-6
„ notch .... S'O
„ middle of beak 30
This skull is like the former, but differs in the nose
being shorter compared with the length of the head, more
tapering, and the teelh rather longer. It differs from D.
Tursio in the nose being much shorter and more conical
and acute.
The Cymodoce. Delphinus Cymodoce.
Tab.
D. Cymodoce, Gray, Cat. Ost. B. M. 35.
Skull roundish ; nose broad, rounded above, broad at
the base, gradually tapering in front and rather convex on
the sides, -rV longer than the head, or rather more than
half the entire length and rather more than twice as long
as the width at the notch ; the triangular impression in
front of the blower rather elongate, extended rather beyond
the line of the hinder teeth ; teeth W, moderate, conical,
slightly incurved, acute (rather more than 3 in one inch) ;
lower jaw regularly converging, straight on the sides, the
front obliquely truncated, and the gonyx slightly produced.
Inhab. ^ _ . - -
Skull, Length entire
18-6
„ of head
8-6
„ of nose
100
„ of teeth line ....
79
„ of lower jaw ....
15-0
Width of temple ....
8-6
„ of notch
4-9
„ at middle of nose
2-8
„ of intermaxillary
1-7
39
This skull is very like the fonuer, but much smaller,
and the beak more conical.
tt Beak of skull slender, subcylindrical.
The Doris. Delphinus Doris.
Tab. 20. Skull."
D. Doris, Gray, Cat. Ost. B. M. .36.
Skull roundish ; nose depi'essed, ^ of the entire length,
and 2 J times the length of the width at the notch, concave
behind, rounded on the sides, convex in the middle of the
central ridge, flattened in front ; intermaxillaries convex,
especially in the middle of their length, with a groove be-
tween them in front ; an irregular impression in front of
the blower, rather elongate, extending a little before the
line of the hinder teeth ; teeth |4> slender, conical, incurv-
ed, acute; lower jaw, slender, very obliquely truncated ;
palate rather convex in front, tapering, shortly grooved
behind.
Inhab.
? Skull, Brit. Mus.
Skull,
length entire,
17"4 inch.
„ of head,
7-3
„ of nose,
10-1
„ of teeth-line.
92
„ of lower jaw.
Width at temples,
7-9
„ at nostrils,
4.4
„ at middle of beak.
2-4
„ at intermaxillaries,
11
This species, in the slenderness and length of the beak
forms the passage between this and the next section.
The Bridled Dolphin. Delphinus frenatus.
Delphinus frenatus, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. Cetac. t.
1, 158.
Blackish, paler on the sides, the belly white, end of tail
black beneath ; head black ; sides ashy, with a dark band
from the angle of the mouth under the eye.
Inhab. Cape Verd, from Dussumier's description and
drawing.
Skull in the Paris Museum, from Cape de Verde, sent
by Dussumier. Length 18"0 inches, of beak 8"3, width at
notch 3'5, of middle of beak I'll ; teeth ^, rather larger
than D. diibius ; palate smooth ; intermaxillaries large,
expanded; nasal convex beneath; triangle rather extended
in front of the teeth-line, rugose, and rather more so than
D. dubius. There is a second skull marked D. fratnalus.
No. 2, width at notch 37 ; teeth W or |4 ; palate flat;
nasal very convex, especially behind ; triangle extending
rather in front of the teeth line, very rugose ; jaws rather
strongly reflexed in front of the notch.
B. Head longly beaked; nose of skull slender, light,
rather depressed, especially in front, much longer than
the head. Delphinus.
* Skull flattened behind; triangle to the teeth line;
palate flat, not grooved on the side.
The Metis. Delphinus Metis.
Tab. 18. Skull.
D. Metis, Chay, Cat. Ost. B. M. 36.
Skull rather depressed, the hinder part slightly convex ;
nose rather depressed, shelving on the sides ; intermaxil-
laries convex, with an elongated groove between them in
front, 4 tlie entire length, twice and a half the length of
the width at the notch ; the triangular impression in front
of the blower rather elongate, produced a little beyond the
line of the hinder tooth, rugose in front, oblique, grooved
on each side ; teeth ^, small, slightly incurved, acute, six
in an inch.
Inhab. ? Skull, Brit. Mus.
Skull, length entire, 15'7 inches & lines.
„ ofhead, 6'3
„ of nose, 9'4
„ of tooth-line, .... 7"4
Width of temple, 6'10
„ at nostril, 3"7
„ at middle of back, 2'2
„ of intermaxillaries, I'O
This species is like the D. Doris in size, but has more
teeth, and the skull behind the frontal ridge is much flat-
ter, and gradually shelving to the foramen magnum, and
the beak is more depressed.
D. Metis, var. In the museum of the Bristol Insti-
tution there is an imperfect skull, apparently of this spe-
cies, which differs in the nose being about f of an inch
shorter, and rather narrower. It has 36 teeth in the upper
jaw.
Skull, length of nose .... 8 7
Width at notch .... 3 8
„ middle of nose 2 0
(There is a lower jaw fitted to it, which has no teeth
and a short gonyx, but it is doubtful if it belong to the
same animal) ; lower jaw 12'3, symphysis \'b.
There is a second skull in the same collection, very .si-
milar, which has -|4 teeth.
Skull, length entire .... 15 0
„ of nose .... 9 0
Width at notch .... 3 4
„ at middle of nose 1 10
This skull only differs from the former in the lower jaw
being slenderer and united by a longer symphysis in front.
Lower jaw 12 6 long.
Symphysis 2 0 wide.
They are probably indications of two other species.
The hinder part of the skull of the latter is also rather
more convex than the same part in D. Metis.
The Styx. Delphinus Styx.
Tab. 21. Skull.
Skull roundish, rather flattened behind ; nose rather de-
pressed, rather convex in the middle, shelving on each
side, rather longer than the head, 4 the entire length,
40
twice and nearly a half as long as the width at the notch ;
the triangular impression just to the line of the hindermost
teeth; teeth ^^, slender, subcylindrical, acute, about five
in an inch ; palate nearly flat ; lower jaw rather produced
and rounded in front.
Tnhab. W. Africa, Capt. W. T. W. Owen, R. N. Mus.
I'll i led Service In.st.
Skull, length entire
18-0
17-6
„ of nose
10-3
10-3
„ of lower jaw
14-9
14-3
Width at the notch
4-6
4-3
„ at the orbit
8-6
7-6
Teeth
42
^1
^
This species is very like D. Euphrosyne, but is rather
smaller and the beak rather shorter : it may prove only a
variety.
The Euphrosyne. Delphinus Euphrosyne.
Tab. 22. Skull.
Skull round, rather flattened behind ; nose rather broad
and rather tapering in front, depressed, flat at the base,
shelving on the sides and rounded in the middle above,
about half as long again as the head, or \ the entire
length, and 24: times the length of the width at the notch ;
teeth ~J, slender, elongate, slightly curved, acute.
Inhab. ? Skull, Mus. Norwich.
Skull, length, entire,
„ of head,
„ of nose,
„ of lower jaw,
„ of temple,
Width of notch,
„ at middle of beak,
„ at temples,
intermaxillaries are convex and rounded above,
wide groove between them for half their length in
18-6
7-4
11-3
160
96
4-6
2-4
8-3
inches & lines.
The
with a
front.
Var. Rather smaller. Skull in British Museum only
differs from the one at Norwich in being rather smaller in
all its dimensions. This and the former species are very
like D. Metis, but are rather broader and rather more
depressed ; the intermaxillaries are rather more convex,
especially behind, and form a regular defined front edge to
the triangle, which is rough in front, and marked with ob-
lique, cross grooves, while in D. Metis, the triangle is
furnished with an acute, raised margin on each side in
front.
Skull in Mus. Col. Surgeons (Delphinus Delphis, Cat.
Mus. Col. Surg. 161, n. 1117), with the palate convex, not
grooved on the side ; intermaxillary and vomer forming
part of the palate ; teeth ^.
Skull, Length, entire, 160 inches.
„ of nose, 10
„ of lower jaw, .... 133
Width at notch, 3'6 : obtained from
the Leverian Museum in 1806. May be another variety.
Dau])hin a petit pectoral, Voy. Pole Snd, t.1\, f. 2, t.
23,y; 7, 8, not described.
Skull in Mus. Paris. Palate flat, rather convex behind ;
triangle extended rather in front of the teeth line.
Teeth J-| ; nose narrowed in front, \ the length and
2f times the length of the breadth at the notch ; lower jaw
slender in front ; nasal rather high and convex. Is this a
Steno \
D. dubius, Cuv. R. A. i. 288. F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.
Cetac. 154. Ann. Mus. xix. 14.
Nose depressed, like T>. Delphis, but rather shorter ; the
teeth small and .sharp, \y, thin, pointed.
Inhab. Coast of France.
I found three skulls under this name in the Paris Museum.
1. "D. dubius, Cuv. n. 10." Mus. Paris.
Skull, length IS'S, of beak 100, width at notch 2-9, at
middle of beak 17; teeth ^|^ or ^ ; palate flat, rather
convex ; lower jaw flat, obliquely in front and keeled in
front beneath.
2. " D. dubius, Cuv. n. 2." Mus. Paris.
Skull, length 16-6, of beak 100, of teeth line 8-6, width
at notch 3'8, at middle of beak \'7^ ; teeth ^-J or ^ %, small,
hooked ; palate flat, rather convex ; beak tapering in fi'ont,
reflexed before the notch, intermaxillaries rather convex ;
triangle extending rather in front of the teeth line, rugose
in front.
3. " D. dubius, Cuv. n. 7." Mits. Paris.
Skull, from the Cape de Verds, length 16"0, of beak 9*4,
of teeth line 7'6, width at notch 3'7|^, at middle of beak
r4; teeth ^T-li j triangle scarcely extended in front of
the teeth-line ; palate flat ; lower jaw oblique, compressed
and flat on the sides, rather turned up at the tip ; inter-
maxillaries convex behind, nose tapering in front.
This last is perhaps D. frontalis, Dussum. Cuv. R. A. i.
288.
" Black, belly white, with a lead-coloured band from
angle of mouth to pectoral.
Inhab. Cape Verd."
** Skull roundish ; triangle just to the tooth-line ; pa-
late icith a deep groove on each side, and a high, central
ridge behind.
t Beak moderate, Ig- the length of the brain-cavity.
The Dolphin. Delphinus Delphis.
Tab. 26. Foetus and tongue.
D. vulgaris, Lacep.
D. antiquorum, Kay, Will. Pise. 28, t. A \,f. 1.
Delphinus Delphis, Linn. F. Cuv. Cetac. 123.
Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Schlegel, Abh. i. 20, t. 4,
/. 2, teeth. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. /. 21,/. 9, 10.
Black, sides gray, beneath white ; the dorsal moderate ;
teeth 1^4, (4-f , Schlegel) ; nose of skull half as long again
as the length of the brain cavity.
Inhab. North Sea. Atlantic Ocean.
41
Measurement of different skulls in the British Museum.
The particular localities are unknown.
w
a-3
W ^
a.
'o
O <u
3?'s .
^
a>
p
^
S"^
o ^
?
Q
>-
B
O
a
■5 °
= 3§
s
—
<u
rt
"Sf
=3^§
o
C
.a
.a
.a
■3 a
-a s ==
<u
IB
^
'^
ra <L1
r' 5
^
%
to
tc
cd
^ «
be D^
§
B
V
s s
0) 5
u
u
O)
^
'^ V
Q
hJ
^
CQ
« s
^ §
z
a
19 0
12 0
3 10
2 9
3i
45
b
18 0
11 4
3 10
2 9
3 0
43
c
18 3
11 3
3 8
2 3
3i
45
d
17 0
10 0
3 4
2 2
3 0
46
e
17 0
10 6
3 6
•>*
...
46
/
...
...
...
...
...
ff
17 0
11 0
3 5
2 2
3 0
45
h
17 0
10 (5
3 9
2 9
2 J
46
i
18 0
11 6
3 8
2 2
3 0
50
k
17 6
10 6
3 6
2 2
3 0
48
/
16 6
10 3
3 6
2 2
2f
46
m ...
17 6
11 6
3 7
2 2
3 0
48
n
18 0
11 0
3 7i
2 9
3 0
43
The most prominent difference between the specimens
was in the width of the upper jaw in front of the notch,
just over the commencement of the teeth-series ; but I
could not find any other character in connexion with it.
There is also a slight difference in the form of the palate ;
in a, the central ridge is narrow and rounded above be-
hind ; in b, it is broad, flat, sharp-edged, and very deeply
concave on the sides, under the edges, but the different
specimens vary in this particular. In d and ff the hinder
part of the palate, near the entrance of the inner nostrils,
is sharply keeled ; and in a the two ridges are rounded.
I am by no means certain that with a larger series of
skulls in a perfect condition, and with the animals they be-
longed to, it might not prove that there are more than one
species amongst these skulls.
In all these skulls the intermaxillaries are seen below,
forming a slender, elongated, triangular space in the front
of the palate, and in some the vomer is also more or less
seen in the middle of the palate ; but the absence and pre-
sence of this bone in the palate, which Mr. Owen appears
to regard as important in the distinction of species (see
' British Fossils,' p. ), is of very little consequence, at
least in this species.
In the British Museum there is a foetus, figured with its
tongue in detail at (Tab. 26.), which probably belongs to
this species ; it formed part of the collection of Sir Hans
Sloane.
It differs from the foetus oi Lageuorhijnchus acxtiit in the
nose, being more i)roduced (nearly J the length of the dis-
tance from the end of the nose to the eye), it has seven
black rigid bristles on each side, the two front, rather
the largest, are on the side of the u]iper ))art of the nose,
and the five hinder forming a descending line nearly parallel
to the groove which separates the beak. The tongue is con-
vex on the sides, with a rather narrow flat space on the
hinder part separate from the under sides by a sharp en-
tire edge, the front is rather dilated, sharp-edged and ob-
scurely crenated.
The Janira. Delphinus Janira.
Tab. 23. Skull.
Del])hinapterus Peronii, Mus. Bristol Tnstitution.
Skull roundish ; nose depressed, half as long again as
the head ; triangle rather in front of the tooth-line ; inter-
maxillaries very convex behind, with a wide groove be-
tween, above in front ; palate with verj' wide, deep grooves
on each side, extending § of the length, centre ridge flat-
tened in the middle, the intermaxillaries forming a long
triangle in front ; teeth ^l-
Inhab. Newfoundland. Presented to the Bristol Institu-
tion by G. Thome, Esq.
Skull, length entire
Head
Nose
Lower jaw ....
Width at orbit ....
Notch
Middle of beak
17-10 inches & lines.
61
11-9
12-6
7-8
4-3
2-5
This skull differs from the D. Delphis of the /Vtlantic, in
the beak being much shorter and narrower.
The New Zealand Dolphin. Delphinus Novse Zelandias.
Delphinus Noveb Zelandite, Qnoy et Gaim. Voij. Astrol.
49, /. 28.
Teeth i| ; body elongated, rounded in front ; nose cy-
lindrical, rather flattened above ; black-brown, edge of the
upper jaw and beneath dull white, a yellow band from the
eye along the side to below the dorsal ; tail slate ; pecto-
ral and dorsal dull white, the latter dark-edged.
Inhab. New Zealand and Cape Gable.
Length, entire,
„ to blowers,
„ to eye, ....
„ to dorsal,....
„ to pectoral,
Width of caudal, ....
„ of pectoral.
Height of dorsal, ....
Circumference,
5' 10 inches.
11
10
2-8J
1-5
1-2J .
4-6
8i
211
The following is probably the same.
Dauphin a band fauve, Voij. Pole Sticl, t. 21,/. 1, t. 23,
/. 1, 2, not described.
Skull in figure rather suddenly contracted behind ; nose
T^ of the entire length of skull, and 2|- times the breadth
at the notch; intermaxillaries convex; teeth ^J-^^. Skull
in Mus. Paris. Palate with a deep groove on each side ;
triangle to the teeth line.
Inhab. Van Diemen's Land.
The Sao. Delphinus Sao.
Skull. Length 17-0, teeth-line 8-9, beak 10-6, width
at notch 3'7 ; beak elongate, shelving on the sides, with
central cartilage near half its length in front ; triangle to
M
42
the teeth line ; teeth 44 ttj small, cylindrical, hooked ;
palate flat in front, with a broad groove extending nearly
half its length beliind ; intermaxillaries and palatine dis-
tinct, former broad in front ; lower jaw slender, shelving,
and flat-sided in front.
Inhab. Madagascar, Dussumier, 1838. Mus. Paris.
Forster's Dolphin. Delphinus Forsteri.
Tab. 24, from Forster, Icon.
Delphinus Delphis, Forster, Descrip. Anim. 280. Icon,
ined. Brit. Mm. t. 31.
Greenish brown or rust-coloured, beneath white; a small
white spot on the disk of the dorsal and pectoral fin ; teeth
-ii= 176, acute, erect, conical, incurved. Skull, ?
Inhab. Pacific Ocean, between New Caledonia and Nor-
folk Island, Forster, 1774.
"Body straight, round, thickest behind; the pectoral fin
tapering at both ends ; head rounded, shelving in front,
beaked; beak straight, pointed, cylindrical, depressed, at-
tenuated and blunt at the tip; upper jaw shorter, both
blunt, toothed ; eyes small, lateral, oblong, nearly in the
middle of the side, near the gape of the mouth, a small
hole (the ears) above and behind the eyes; blower single,
between the eyes in crown, lunate ; a linear abdominal slit
a little behind and beneath the dorsal fin, the front part
the vulva, the hinder the vent ; teats 2, one on each side
the vulva, with a nipple the size of a pea; tail compressed
on the sides, keeled above and below, and attenuated to-
wards the tip ; pectoral fin lanceolate, scarcely so long as
the beak ; dorsal fin in the middle of the back, nearly 3-
sided, falcate behind, as long as the beak ; tail horizontal,
2-lobed, each lobe oblong, lateral, subfalcate.
" Gregarious, swimming very rapidly around the ships
and boats.
" Length 6 feet from nose to tail." — Forster.
This species resembles, in the distribution of its colour-
ing, X)««/j/(/« a band fail ve (Voy. Pole Sud), but the band
on the side is whitish, not fulvous.
The Blue-and- WHITE Dolphin. Delphinus casrnleo-albus.
Delphinus CEeruleo-albus, Met/en, Act. Nat. Cur. xvi.
609, /. 43,/. 2.
Teeth ^; white, back bluish, with oblique streaks on
the sides, belly white. Skull t
Inhab. East Coast of South America, Rio de la Plata.
Length 5 feet 6 in. Skeleton in Mus. Anat. Mus. Berlin.
tt Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-cavity.
The Cape Dolphin. Delphinus longirostris.
Delphinus longirostris, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. Cuv. R.
A. i. 288, from Dussumier, MSS. Schleyel, Ahh. t.1,2 &. 4,
./'. 1. Faun. Japon. t. 24.
D. Capensis, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 2,/. 1, not Cuv. nor
Rapp.
Black ; dorsal fin large, high ; teeth, ||-^§ ; nose ^ of
entire length ; skull nearly 3\ times the length of its
breadth at the notch.
Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope, Gray.
JajDan and Ceylon, Schleyel. Malabar, Dussumier.
Length, entire, 81 inches.
„ of beak, 7
„ to angle of mouth, 13
„ to blowers, 7\
„ to dorsal fin, .... 38
5, to pectoral fin, .... 21
„ of dorsal, 12
„ of pectoral, 13
Breadth of pectoral, 5
„ of tail, 26
Circumference, 42
The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing
by a Japanese artist, made under Mr. Burger's direction.
Skull in the Paris Museum (n. 4), from Malabar, brought
by M. Dussumier, 1827.
Skull, length .... 2-0
„ of beak .... 13-9
Width at notch .... 3-2
„ of middle of beak 1-7
Palate with a deep groove on each side of a central ridge
in the hinder half, slightly keeled behind near blower; beak
very long, very tapering ; nasal very convex, rounded ;
teeth \^, small, slightly curved ; triangle exactly to the
teeth line.
*** Skull rotmd ; triangle not reaching to the teeth-line ;
palate conve.v, with a very concave line on the hinder
part of each side ; beak twice as long as headi
The Small-headed Dolphin. Delphinus microps.
Tab. 25. Skull.
Skull small, subglobular ; palate convex ; nose very
long, slender, twice as long as the length of the brain-ca-
vity, nearly four times as long as broad at the notch ; in-
termaxillary convex above, with a broad cavity between
them in front, rather contracted in front of the blowers ;
teeth ^l ; maxillaries very spongy ; the triangle in front
of the blowers short, not nearly reaching to the line of the
hinder tooth.
Inhab. .'
Dimensions of skulls in inches and lines.
Mus. Norw. Mus. Brit. M.C.S.
Length, entire, 17'6 in. 156 in. 150 in.
„ of nose, .... 9'6
„ of teeth-line, .... 8
„ oflowerjaw, .... 14'9 13-0 12-6
Width at notch, 2-7 2-6
„ at orbits, ... 5'3
„ ofmiddleofbeak, .... 2-3 2'7 2-6
„ of intermaxillaries 8 9
Var. 1. Head smaller, and the nose rather shorter, only
If the length of the brain-cavity, but quite as long as
compared with the width of the notch.
This skull resembles Schlegel's figure of the skull of D.
43
lonr/iroslris in general form, but the beak is rather more
slender, and the orbits more obliquely truncated in front.
Steno. Gtai/.
Head convex. Forehead convex. Beak moderate, ta-
pering. Body elongate, fusiform. Pectoral fin moderate,
ovate, falcate. Dorsal falcate, in the middle of the back.
Skull round, subglobular. Forehead erect. Beak elongate,
compressed, higher than broad, tapering in front, convex
above. Triangle elongate, deep, produced rather beyond
the teeth-line. Palate convex, not grooved on the side.
Lower jaw elongate, compressed in front. Symphysis elon-
gate, about J the length.
Tliis is at once known from Lagenorhynchus and Del-
phinus by the length, compression, and tapering form of
the beak of the skull.
" * Beak scarcely separated from the forehead.''^
The Steno. Steno rostratus.
Delphinus rostratus, Cuv. Ann. Mas. xix. 9. /?. A. i.
•289. F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . Cetac. 156, 1. 10,/. 2,
not Shaiv.
Dauphin de Breda, Cuv. Oss. Foss. 278, 296, v. 400, t.
21,/. 7, 8.
Delphinus Bredanensis, "Cuv." Fischer, Syn. 505,
from Cuvier.
D. oxyrhynchus, Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 27, cop. F. Cuv.
Vert. Nederl. Hist. 1829, 236, t. 1, 2.
D. planiceps, Breda, Schlegel, Ahh. t. 4,/ 8.
" Forehead gradually shelving to the beak" [Cuv.) ; the
skull with the nose as long as the brain-cavity ; teeth 44-
|-|-, rather large. Black, lower lip and body beneath rosy
white, not separated by distinct lines, lower part of the
sides black-spotted.
luhab. North Sea. Holland, Breda. Brest, D'Orbigny.
" M. Blainville, who observed a skull of this species in
the museum of Mr. J. Sowerby, says it had 22 teeth in
each jaw, and the symphysis f the entire length," Desm.
Diet. H. N. ix. 160. Now, if this is not a mistake for \, it
will at once separate it from the other Stetios.
** Beak separated from the forehead by a cross groove.
The Malay Dolphin. Steno Malayanus.
Delphinus Malayanus, Lesson, Voi/. Coq. t. 9,/. 5. Hist.
Cetac. 152. Schlegel, Abh. i. t. 1, 2,/ 2, t. 4,/ 3.
D. Capensis, Rapp. Cetac. t. 1,f. 1, not Gray or Cur.
D. plumbeus, Cuv. iJ. J. i. 288. F. Cuv. Cetac. 151.
Mam. Lithog. t.
D. a ventre roux, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 22,/ 2, t. 23,/ 3, 4.
Grey ash above and below ; nose of skull about | of
the entire length ; teeth -fl-
Inhab. Indian Ocean.
Length, entire, 5'llin. 80 in.
„ of pectoral, .... 11
Width of tail, 11 1
The Skull of Dauphin a ventre roux, in the Paris Mu-
seum, belongs to this species. The nose is very slender,
attenuated. Palatal bone and intermaxillaries distinctly
seen below ; intermaxillaries very convex, dense ; lower
jaw very compressed in front; palate flat, rather convex
on each side behind, very spongy. It came from Molucca.
The skull in the Paris Museum marked D. plumbeus, Ma-
labar, Dussumier, also belongs to this species; itmeasures as
follows : — Length, 220, beak, 136, teeth-line, 12-0, width at
notch, 4'4|^, symphysis of thelower jaw, 5" 6'", teeth, IJ-jt-,
large ; beak, elongated, higher than wide, compressed in
front ; triangle extending rather before the teeth-lines. Tliere
is, in the Anatomical Museum of tlie Jardin des Plantes,
also a skull of a fcetal specimen of this species, from
Malabar, which is 12 inches long, with the beak 8 inches
4 lines long, and 2o wide at the notch. The bones are
not united, the u])])er teeth are 36, they are as large as
those of the adult skull, and all inclosed in a cartilage,
and very close together. From this skull it is evident that
these animals are born with the full number of teeth,
which only elongate as they gradually develope. The
symphysis of the lower jaw is 2" 6'" long.
The Fronted Dolphin. Steno frontatus.
Delphinus frontatus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 21, f. 7, 8, t.
'22, f 8. R. A. i. 288.
D. Reinwardtii, Schlegel, Abh. i. 21, t. 2,/. 3, 4, t. 4,/ 7.
Nose of skull about | of its entire length, three times as
long as its width at the notch, rather compressed, rounded
in front ; lower jaw subangular, and bent up at the end,
united about ^ of its length ; teeth ^-^, often rather ru-
gose.
Inhab. Indian Ocean.
Dimensions of skull in the British Museum.
Length, entire, 20'6 inches & lines.
„ of nose, 12"0
„ teeth-line, lO'O
Width at notch, 310
„ at orbit, 7'9
„ of middle of beak, .... 20
„ of lower jaw, 17'0
„ of symphysis, 5'6
Var. 1. Lower jaw rather straighter below, and rather
wider behind, teeth -If-
Var. 2. Nose much compressed on the side and depress-
ed above, rather larger, rather more than three times as
long as wide at the notch, teeth, 14-
Var. 3. Tooth-series rather longer, 10" 6"'; teeth i^,
lower jaw like var. 1.
D. Geoffroyi, Desm. An Inia has been confounded
with this species.
The Compressed-beaked Dolphin. Steno compressus.
Delphinus compressus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M.
Tab. 27. Skull.
Nose of skull much compressed, attenuated at the tip,
4 the entire length, 2\ times as long as its width at the
44
notch ; teeth conical, acute, ||- ; head narrow, and rather
compressed at the orbit.
rnhab. ?
We possess two skulls of this species, which is easily
known from the former by being much more slender and
more attenuated in front, and by the liead, though longer,
being 2^ inches narrower over the orbit ; lower jaw nearly
straight below, united for more than ^ its length.
Length, entire, 20'6 inches and lines.
„ ofnose 13
„ of lower jaw, .... 17
„ of symphysis, .... 64-
Width of notch, "^ 3-6
„ at orbit, 6'9
This may be the same as D. rostiafiis, but the teeth are
more numerous ; and Cuvier's figure, which he thought
might be Breda's species, certainly much better repre-
sents a common Indian species than this.
Var. 1. Nose rather shorter and more depressed.
The Attenuated-beaked Dolphin. Steno attenuatus.
Tab. 28. Skull.
Delphinus attenuatus, Gray, List Mam. B. M.
Nose of skull -| of entire length l-^ the length of the
skull, 2| the length of the width of the notch, slender, ta-
pering in front ; intermaxillaries forming a long triangular
part of the front of the palate ; vomer elongate, in middle
of palate ; teeth ^.
luhab. ? a. b. c.
Length, entire, 15"9 in. 16'6 in. 15'6 in.
„ ofnose, 8-9 100 9-3
„ of lower jaw, .... 13-3 .... 13-0
Breadth of temples, 6-0 6-5 6-1
„ of notch, 3-3 3-3 3'6
„ of middle of beak, \Q 1-7 I'S
„ of intermaxillaries, O'Ol "1 I'lO
The Cuban Steno. Steno fuscus.
Tab. 26. Fig. 1. Foetus and Tongue.
Black above and below, in spirits. Head conical ;
gradually tapering into a rather long nose, without any
separating groove, with five black whiskers on each side.
Teeth ?
Lihab. Cuba, W. S. MacLeay, Esq.
This species is only known by a festal specimen in spirit,
not in a very good state. Presented to the British Museum
by W. S. MacLeay, Esq.
Tt is very peculiar for the elongated tapering head, the
pectoral fins are rather large, strongly falcate ; the dorsal
rather beyond the middle of the back.
The tongue is flat on the top, and nearly as broad as the
space between the sides of the jaws ; it is entire on the
edges of the sides, and slightly dilated in front, crenulated
on the edge, and with a larger flat lobe in the middle of
the tip. See t. 26,/. 1, a,l),c.
Mr. Branston has sent me a specimen oi Beluga catodon,
with the tongue in the head, in salt. The tongue is oblong,
with a simple, slightly raised edge. It is figured in Plate
29, fig. 3. The tongue ap]3ears to have been drawn towards
the gullet when the head was separated. It thus appears,
that each of the different genera has a peculiar kind of
tongue ; this is worthy of further investigation.
The foetus of Phoca-na has two bristles on each side of
the nose; as the animal grows, these bristles fall out, and
each leaves a small pit on the side of the nose, which
Klein {Hist. Piscium, i. 24) mistook for the nostrils, as has
been well observed by Prof. Eschricht, 250.
The following species require further examination.
1. Delphinus pseudodelphis, Weigm. Schreh. t. 378,
skull.
Teeth 44 or i|.
Inhab. ? Mus. Leyden.
" Skull in the form of D. Malayanus, but beak shorter,
and teeth shorter and thinner, very like those of D. Del-
phis. Palate not grooved. Symphysis of lower jaw rather
long."
This may be the same as the Steno attenuatus, but our
copy of Schreber does not contain the plate referred to.
2. D. velox, Dussum. Cuv. R. A. i. 288. F. Cnv. Man.
Lith. t. Cetac. 154.
Teeth -|4 ; grey, lips and lower jaw whitish, F. Cuv.
Teeth, ^4 ; nose rather more elongated. Cuvier.
Inhab. Ceylon.
3. Delphinus Boryi, Desm. Mam. 515. Diet. Clas.
H. N. t. m,/. 2.
Inhab. Madagascar. (Coast of New Holland ?)
4. ? D. Bertini, Desm. from Duham. Pech. t. 3,/. 10.
Cachalot? Bhiinv.
No teeth in lower jaw, but has a beak.
Inhab. .?
5. D. Chinensis, Desm. from Osbeck, Voy.
Shining white.
Inhab. Chinese seas.
The following species have been named and figured by
the sight caught of them when swimming !
D. cruciger, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. Uran. t. 12, f. 3, 4.
D. albigenus, Quoy, I. c. t. \\,f. 2. D. rhinoceros, Quoy,
I. c. t. 11,/. 1, all from New Holland.
D. bivittatus. Lesson, perhaps the same as D. cruciger.
D. lunatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. \\,f. 4.
D. leucocephalus. D. minimus and D. maculatus, Lesson,
Voy. Coq. i. 183.
The following species have been named onlv from fi-
gui'es or very slight descriptions.
45
D. Senedetta, D. Commersouii, D. niger and D. Per-
nettii, Lacep.
D. Epiodon and D. uiongitori, Raffinesque.
B. compressed. Symphysix of the lower jaw very long.
Dorsal none. Teeth in both jaws. Fluviatile.
d. Skull with the maxillary bones bent up in front of
the blowers, and formiity a vault. The teeth compressed.
The paddles fan-shaped, truncated at the end. Platanis-
lina.
Platanistina, Gray.
Head convex, back compressed, curved up at the end.
Teeth compressed. Dorsal none ; back keeled in the
place of the fin, and obliquely truncate behind. Pectoral
fan-shaped, truncated.
The Son Sou. Platanista Gangetica.
Delphinus Gangeticus. Lebeck, N. Schrift. Berlin,
Aatur. iii. -280, t. 2. Home, Phil. Trans. 1818, 417, t. 20.
Roxbu ryh , Asiatic Researches, vii. 170, t. Cuvier, Oss.
Fos. V. t. 22, f. 8—10.
Delphinorhynchus gangeticus, Lesson. Platanista gan-
geticus. Gray, Illust. Indian Zool. t. F. Cue. Cetac.
252.
Delphinus Shavvensis, Blainv. Jour. Phys. Desm.
Diet. H. Nat. ix. 153, from spec, in Mus. Col. Sury.
D. rostratus, Shaw, 514, from same specimen.
Blackish lead-colour, rather paler beneath.
Inhab. India, Ganges. Skull and specimen, British
Museum.
As the animal increases in age, the ends of the jaws
become more turned up, and the teeth enlarge and become
thicker at the base.
e. Skull with the maxillary bones simple, expanded over
the orbit. Teeth conical. Paddles ovate or oblony.
Iniana.
Synopsis of the Genera.
1. Inia. — Teeth rugose, the hinder ones with a rounder
tubercle on the inner side.
2. PoNTOPORiA. — ■ Teeth cylindrical, conical, acute,
curved.
Inia, D'Orbigny. Delphinus, Desm. Delphinorhynchus,
F. Cuv.
Head rounded, convex. Nose produced, nearly
cylindrical, hairy. Blowers oblique, nearly above the
pectoral fins. Ear-hole distinct. Teeth numerous, ru-
gose, grooved, permanent ; the front, hooked ; the hinder,
close at the base, with a large rounded tubercle on the
inner side. Dorsal fin none. I3ack keeled, sub-triangular
behind. Body compressed behind. Pectoral fin large.
The skull depressed, with the nose twice as long as the
brain-cavity, compressed, with a groove along each side.
Temporal cavity very large, edged above by a strong
crest, and the orbital hole very short, roundish. Muzzle
of the young hairy.
The Inia. Inia GeofTroyii.
Delphinus Geoifroyii, Desm. Mam. 512.
D. Geoffroyensis, Blainv. Desm. N.Dict. H. A^. ix. 151.
" D. a bee mince," Cuvier, Desm.
Delphinorhynchus frontatiis, F. Cuv. Cetac. 121.
Inia Boliviensis, D'Orbiyny, N. Ann. Mus. vii. t. 22, f.
3; cop. /'. Cuv. Cetac. lO'O, t. 10*, t. 11.
Pale blue, reddish beneath ; fins and tail olive, some
reddish, others blacker ; teeth 4I"tt-
Inhab. Upper Peru or Bolino, River Moxos. Animal
and skull Mus. Paris.
Length, entire, 1 met. 4 centini.
„ of muzzle, 23
„ to eye, 34
„ to blower, 40
„ to ears, 43
„ to pectoral fin, 52
„ to dorsal fin, 1 met. 30
„ ofjjecloral, 42
Breadth of pectoral, 18
„ of caudal, 50
Height of dorsal, 9
Circumference of thickest part, 1 met. 4
The specimen in the Paris Museum, which Desraarest
described as Delphinus Geoffroyii, is evidently this spe-
cies. It was taken from the Lisbon Museum, and is co-
vered with paint. It has no dorsal, and it shows the teeth
sufficiently to exhibit their rugose state, and the large and
peculiar tubercle on the inner side of the hinder ones,
which is characteristic of this genus, and which appear to
have been overlooked by M. Desmarest, who describes
them as " couique, obtuse, avec une sort de collet inferieure-
ment et entre leur surface est rugueuse."
The skull in the Paris Museum from M. D'Orbigny, has a
prominent tubercle behind the blowholes ; eyebrows con-
vex and rugose on the top ; beak with a slight groove on
each side above ; lower jaw with scarcely any ridge on
the sides ; the sj'mphysis long, occupying more than 5- the
length of the lower jaw ; teeth large, regidar, hinder ones
with a rounded, regular tubercle on the inner side.
Length of skull .... 19-0
„ beak .... 120
„ symphysis .... 9'0
„ teeth line .... IPO
Canadian Dolphin. Inia Canadensis.
Tab. 5. Animal.
Delphinus Canadensis, Desm. Mam. 516.
Dauphin blanc du Canada, Duham. Pesch, ii. x. t. 10,
/. 4.
Inhab. Canada.
Dr. Richardson informs me he has seen many pure white
dolphins as high as Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, and he
has also seen a white doljihin, about 6 feet long, in Hud-
son's Bay ; the latter was probably a Beluga.
M. Dc Blainville accidentally purchased in Paris the
N
46
original drawing from which Duharael copied the front
luilf of tlii.s aniniah It shows the appearance of a keel in
the middle of the back, which replaces the dorsal fin. Tab.
5, is a copy of a tracing of this drawing, kindly sent me by
M. De Blainville. It can scarcely be a Beluga.
The external figure of this animal greatly resembles
the Hyperoodon, and it agrees in the hinder position of
the blower ; but the large size of the pectoral, and the
absence of the dorsal, prevent it being regarded as a spe-
cies of that genus.
PoNTOPORiA, Graij.
Skull roundish. Beak very long, compressed, with a
strong groove on each side above. Eyebrow with a long,
cylindrical crest. Lower jaw compressed, with a deep
groove on each side. Symphysis very long. Teeth small,
subcylindrical, smooth, rather hooked, acute.
The PoNTOPORiA. Pontoporia Blainvillii.
Tab. 29. Skull.
Delphinus Blainvillii, Fremenville, Mus. Paris.
White, with a black dorsal streak ; skull, with the
tubercles behind the blowholes, broad, slightly convex ;
eye-brows with a strong, longitudinal crest ; upper and
lower jaw with a deep, well-defined ridge on each side ;
teeth 44' small, conical, hooked, smooth ; symphysis more
than J the length of the lower jaw.
Inhab. Monte Video. Skull, Mus. Paris.
480 inches and lines.
V2-6
8-0
.5-9 ~
5-4
Length of animal
„ skull
„ beak
„ symphysis
„ teeth line
According to Desmarest, Fremenville saw a dolphin on
the coast of Brazil, which was 15 feet long, with a very
convex forehead ; ashy, with a white streak on each side
of the head, on the back, throat and belly.
The Delphinus macrogenius, Fischer, Cuvier, 0.s.i. Fos.s.
v. 312, t. 23, /. 4, 5, /. 9—11, appears to belong to this
tribe.
APPENDIX.
During the time the Plates have been engraving, and the
text printing, the following new materials have come into
my hands, which I think may be a useful addition to the
knowledge of these difBcult animals.
Bal^enid.e.
From the examination I have been able to make of
the baleen of BaUeiioptera ro.strata, and of different
masses of small blades of Bahcna australis, it would ap-
pear as if there was, at least, in those two species, two
series of Baleen on each side of the palate ; the external
series being formed of large triangular blades placed at a
certain distant apart, and the internal, in BaUcnoptern
rostrata, foi'med of smaller, much thinner, triangular pieces,
placed much closer together and forming a very dense
screening apparatus; and in Balmna (uisiralis, the inner
series is formed of numerous separate narrow strips of
Whalebone, each ending in a pencil of hairs, which vary
in size from that of small twine to that of tape, half an
inch wide ; these are placed behind the others, and gradu-
ally increase in size from the innermost, to the broad ex-
ternal series.
The Baleen or Whalebone, has generally been con-
sidered as the teeth of the whale ; but this must be a
mistake, for Professor Eschricht lias shown that the foetus
of Mef/aptera Boops [Danish Trans. 1845, xi. t. 4), has
numerous teeth on the edge of the jaw, though they are
never developed. I am inclined to regard the Baleen as a
peculiar development of hair in the palates of these ani-
mals, and somewhat analogous to the hair found in the
palates of the genus Lepus.
The Baleen or AVhalebone, affords good characters for the
separation of this family into sections.
The Whalebone of the smooth-bodied whales without
any back fins, is elongate, much longer than broad at the
base, and gradually attenuated, and edged with a iringe of
equal, lengthened, fine, soft bristles. The Baleen is inter-
nally formed of a thin layer of fibres covered on each side
with a thick coat of ' enamel,' when dr}- and out of tlie
whale they are flat. The Whalebone of the plaited bellied
whale with a hunch (Megaptera) or a dorsal fin (Bala^nop-
tera), is short, broad, triangular, not much longer than broad
at the base, and rapidly attenuated, and is edged with a
series (sometimes, rather crowded) of elongate rigid unequal
bristles like fibres, which become much thicker and more
rigid near and at the tip, the Baleen is internally formed of
one or two layers of thick fibres, covered on each side with
a thin layer of enamel, and when dry and out of the palate
they are curled up and somewhat spirally twisted.
The Baleen of the Bahenw is alone called Whalebone (or
rather If'halc-Jin, as it is usually called) in counncrce. The
Baleen of the other genera of this family is called Finner-Jin
47
or Hiniipbnck-fiii. Thn wholesale dealers in Baleen, in
the 'London Directory,' are called ]l'luite-Jin Mercltants,
and whalebone occurs under tl»c name of Whale-tin in the
Price-current. In the 'London New Price-current' for 1843,
the South Sea Whale-Jin varied during that year from
X'200 to £305 per ton, and there is no price named for
Greenland IVh ale-Jin.
Bal.ena. The Baleen or Whalebone, is narrow, elongate,
linear, or very gi-adually tapering, fringed on the inner
edge with numerous fine, soil, flexible fibres of a nearly
imiform length, consisting internally of a thin series of
several scries of fibres, covered on each side b_y a thick coat
of enamel.
Scoresby describes these animals as having a slight beard,
consisting of a few scattered white hairs, surmounting the
anterior extremity of both jaws. — Arct. Regions, i. 458.
The fins or bones of each series together, are called a
" side of bone," the largest are in the middle, from whence
they gradually diminish away to nothing at each extremity:
the largest fin on the side is called the " sample blade."
Through the kindness of Messrs. Smith and Simmonds,
and Mr. Smith of Messrs. W. Westall & Co., Whale-fin
Merchants, I have been enabled to examine and compare
ninnerous species of the Baleen received from the different
countries, and to compare their peculiarities as exhibited
during its preparation.
The)' know in the trade three distinct kinds. I. The
Greenland, from Greenland, Davies' Straits and various
parts of the North Sea, whicli is the best. 2. The South
Sea, or Black Jish whale-Jin brought by the South Sea
Whalers. And, 3. The North West Coast, or American
whale-Jin, which was first imported about five years ago,
and at first sold for a high price, but it has now fallen, and
is considered as only a large kind of South Sea ; but from
the examination I have been able to make, 1 should be-
lieve that these three kinds are each produced by very
different species of whales.
The Greenland has the hair on its edge generally strip-
ped off, and is clean and bright when it is brought here ;
but this may be from the care the North Sea whalers take
in collecting and cleaning it (as described by Scoresby,
Arctic Regions,!. 418), and the bones arebi'ought home
in bundles about 100 weight each. On the other hand,
the North West Coast and the South Sea, has the hair left
on the edges, appears to be brought home in bulk, and is
always covered with an ashy white soft laminar coat, looking
like the rotted external layers of the enamel. This coat
has to be scraped off with large knives before it is used or
prepared, — and the surface after the scraping is not so po-
lished and resplendent as that of the Greenland " fins."
The three kinds are very different in shape. The outer
edge of the Greenland is curved considerably; in that of
the North-uest coast, it is much more straight ; and in
that of the South Sea, almost quite straight. Figs. 3, 4
and 5, in Plate I, represent the three difl'ereut kinds in the
same position, and on the same scale, being one-four-
teenth of the natural length and breadth. The fil)res on
the edge in the Greenland and Margined Wliales are \ cry
fine, flexible and long, forming only a thin series; in the
South Sen, they arc rather coarser; but in the North-tcest
Coast, much tliiekcr and coarser ; quite bristly, and much
more so towards the apex ; and they are more erect, and
form a thicker series.
The Whalebone is boiled for about twelve hours, to ren-
der it soft before it is divided into strips — it then divides
very easily. The smaller pieces, when softened, are split
by a small machine into very narrow strips like bristles, and
used for bristles to make brooms, &c. &c.
For every purpose the Greenland " fins " are preferred,
and last much longer, this is even the case with tlie
false bristles ; and they will alone do for the finer work,
such as the strips for platting for bonnets, the platting to
make ladies riding-whips, or the covering of telesco])es and
other tubes; the white strips for these purposes being
taken Irom pale longitudinal lines on the enamel of the
Greenland fins.
The Right Whale. Balaena Mysticetus.
Tab. \,f. 4. Baleen.
The Baleen is very long, varying from 9 to 12 feet,
linear, tapers very gradually, and of nearly the same mode-
rate thickness iioui end to end, and covered with a po-
lished grey or greenish black enamel. The internal fibres
occupy a small part of the substance and are of a fine
uniform texture, and are black ; while the enamel which
forms by far the greater part of the substance is generally'
blackish ; but it is sometimes, especially on the inner side of
the " fin," paler in longitudinal stripes. The fibres on the
edge, like the internal fibres of which it is a continuation,
are very fine and black. The " fins" or pieces of Baleen,
are flat, or as the merchant calls them "kindly," so that they
produce straight pieces fit for the better kind of parasols
and umbrellas, &c., when cut into strips.
Some twenty-five years, a ship arrived with the " fins "
taken from one " fish," which was peculiar for all being of
a yellowish white colour, and for having the fibres as well
'as the enamel of this pale colour. There is a single " fin"
of this animal, nearly 9 feet long, now in possession of Mr.
Brunies, (6, Percy Circus, Spafields). It agrees in every
other respect with the common Greenland Baleen, so that
probably the fish was an albino.
A .specimen of the Greenland whale, 41 feet long, was
stranded in Caernarvon Bay, May 4, 1846, and towed
into Liverpool.
The North West Whale. (Balaena Japonica) .'
Tab. \,f. 2. Baleen.
The Baleen is nearly as long as the Greenland, varying
from 7 to 12 feet long, and is slender ; but for the same
length it is nearly twice as thick in the substance, and it
gradually diminishes in thickness towards the ends.
The enamel, when the outer coat is removed, is not so
polished as that of the Greenland, and when cut through,
the centre fibres are thicker, tubular, and occupy about
■J to ^ of the thickness, much more in proportion than
they do on the Greenland fins, and the enamel and fibre
are coarser in texture and much more brittle.
The fins or blades of this Whalebone are generally
48
llexiious, or " nol kindly," so that when cut into strips,
th{;y have the defect of being variously bent, and taj:)ering
towards tlie end, which, with their brittleness, greatly re-
duces their value.
The Cai'E Whale, Baliena australis.
Tab. 1,/. 3. Baleen.
The Baleen is about 6 feet long, elongate triangular, rather
ra]iidly tapering to a fine point. The internal fibres are
rather coarse, but much finer than the former.
1'here are sometimes imported with these Baleen, a few
yellowish white " fins," which seldom exceed 2 feet in
length ; in these, the fibres as well as the enamel is white,
they are not so transparent as the white Greenland fins
before referred to, but have the same coarse texture, and are
brittle like the black southern specimens, and as they do
not take so good a polish, they cannot be used for making
shavings for platting, &c.
There has lately been brought by the South Sea ships,
several hundred weight of a very small kind of Whalebone,
which is implanted in the remains of the palate, in three or
four series gradually diminishing in size towards the inner-
most series ; each piece is linear, compressed, almost t to g^
of an inch wide, rounded on the edge, varying from 5 to 8
inches in length, and ending in a tuft of black hair-like
fibres ; in texture, colour, and external appearance it ex-
actly agrees with the Baleen of the Southern Whales, and
1 suspect it must form the inner part of the " screening
apparatus " of that animal ; and if that is the case, the ex-
istence of these separate pieces near the middle of the
roof of the mouth will form a very peculiar character in
this kind of whale. I am further strengthened in this belief
b)' perceiving amongst some short pieces of " Southern
Whale-fin," probably forming the end part of a side, at the
inner or shorter or palatine edge of each blade, two or three
small separate linear processesof Whalebone eudingaparcel
of hairs similar to the pieces and form, above described, but
of a smaller size and rather more v\'avy. Scoreshy, who gave
a very detailed account of the position of the Baleen in
Greenland Whales, [Arcl. Reg. i. 457, and ii. 415), does not
mention anything of the kind in that animal.
The Baleen of this animal is sometimes called the Whale-
fin of the " Black Fish," the name that is sometimes ap-
plied to the PJiyseier Microps. It may be this species that
Beale and other South Sea whalers refer to under the name
of Black Fish.
M. Schlegel and F. Cuvier, are much distressed because
in describing the Delphimis Capensis, I wrote by mistake
shortness instead of length, [seeFtniii. Japan, 13; F. Cuvier,
Cetac. 147). Yet, M. Schlegel is liable to the same mis-
take. Thus in p. 23, he has evidently written B. Antarc-
liqiie for B. Arclique, and the Plates 26, Bahcnoplera Ant-
arctica, though it is the same animal as Balaiiia Antarc-
tica, in p. 27 ; but if such oversights are to be constantly
referred to, we should have little else to do, — and as to M.
F. Cuvier, Schlegel has pointed out many important mis-
takes in his description of the Cape Whale. — Faun. Jap. 2.
In the translation of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, published
by Henderson (which is a reprint of the American transla-
tion), the account of fishing for the Cape Whales at
Table Bay, is placed under the Manate or Sea-Cows, ap-
parently because " Cow or female whale are principally
taken!" p. 182.
In the Museum of the Bristol Institution, Mr. Stutchbury
informs me there are two lower jaws of the "Cape Whale,"
one 15 the other 16 feet long — and the ribs and scapula.
Mr. WaiTvick prepared the skeleton of the young one
mentioned in the text, and sold it to M. Boissenaux of Paris.
Mr. Warwick has kindly sent me a measurement of a
female whale of this species taken at False Bay Fishery,
said to be full-grown, and considered by the whalers as of
large size : —
Ft. In.
" Total length .... 68 0
Height of the body .... 14 0
Length of head .... 16 0
Width of tail .... 15 6
Length of ribs .... 10 6
Diameter of gullet .... 2
I could not pass my hand through it. Number of
vertebrae 52. From all the conversations I have had with
the whalers, I do not think the Cape Whale ever attains
the size of the Greenland species. These whales of the
Cape, I constantly found covered with TuhicineUa Balce-
iiarum and Coronula Bahenaris ; but the Spermaceti
Whale was seldom or never so covered : they occur prin-
cipally on the head, where they are crowded, and but rarely
on the body, and then only single scattered ones."
Western Australian Whale. Balasna marginala.
Tab. 1,/". 1. Baleen.
The Baleen very long, slender (nearly eight times as
long as wide at the base), pure white, thin, with a rather
broad black edge on the outer or straight side.
Inhab. W. Australia.
This species is only known from three laminae of Baleen
which have been kindly given to me by Mr. Warwick. It
is so much smaller and broader, compared with its width at
the base, and so differently coloured from the Baleen of
any of the other species, that I feel called on to consider
it as distinct.
Length, 20 inches, width at the base, 2 inches 6 lines.
The following are the measurements of the samples of
the different kinds of" Whale -Jin''' in the British Museum.
Greeuland. North Western. Southern.
In. L. In. L. In. L.
Length of blade, entire 144 0 .... 112 0.... 90 0
Widthatba.se .... 11 0.... 10 0.... 9 0
„ at middle .... 6 0 .... 4 0 .... 3 6
„ at f length 2 4 .... 2 0
„ of hair at end 10 0 .... 7 0 .... 7 0
Thickness at base .... 4 4 .... 4 5 .... 0 ^
,, at middle
„ I the length ....
Bal.enoptera.
The Baleen of this genus, and of the hump-back, is short.
4
4 ....
0
4i...
0
n
0
2^...
0
3^....
0
2
49
broad, triangular, rather longer than broad at the base, and
edged with a series of elongate, unequal, bristle-like fibres,
which become nnich thicker and more rigid near the upper
tip. It is internally formed of one or two crowded layers
of thick tubular fibres, covered on each side with a thin
coat of enamel, which becomes thinner and thinner near
the edge, where the fibres are free ; it is always twisted,
and is only used to split into false bristles, but in this
they are inferior to the Southern or lowest kind of Baleen
of the Balanuc.
These animals arc often called Razor-backs, by the
sailors.
Balaenoptera sulcata Jacob, {Dublin Journ, Science,
1825, 333.)
Dr. Jacob attempts to prove that Balmm Boops, B. ros-
trata, B. musculus, and B.jnbaries, are but one species;
and he has taken considerable trouble to bring together the
measurements and proportions of the different specimens
which have been described.
Hegives an outlineof his specimens, andcontrastsit" with
an outline of Hunter's Piked Whale, drawn according to
the measurements given by him;" and he observes, " that
the proportions of the body (of these two specimens) vary
in a remarkable manner, not only as to the situation of the
umbilicus and other parts, but in the breadth of the tail,
the length of the fin and arms. This, however, is what
should be expected, supposing Mr. Hunter's to have been
a j'oung animal, because such proportional superiority in
size of the extremities is characteristic of the earlier periods
of life."
In the following table (observes Dr. Jacob), the first
column contains the dimensions of each part in feet and
inches ; the second, the proportion which each measure-
ment bears to the entire length of the animal, which is sup
posed to be 1,000.
Breadth of tail
Hunter,
17 feet.
Scoresby,
17 ft. 6 in.
Neils,
43 feet.
Sibbald,
46 feet.
Dr. Jacob,
70 feet.
Sibbald,
78 feet.
5 0
1 2 4
8 0
4 4
49
3 3
0 5
; 1 0
2 6
1 0
294
137
470
254
279
194
24
58
147
58
4 6
2 0
4 6
3 6
0 6
1 3
3 0
0 9
257
114
257
200
28
71
171
42
10 6
5 0
12 0
14 0
1 6
2 6
2 6
232
116
279
34
58
58
9 6
5 0
14 0
8 6
10 0
6 8
206
108
304
184
217
144
14 0
7 0
30 0
20 0
20 0
15 0
3 0
2 6
3 6
1 6
200
100
428
285
285
214
42
35
50
21
18 6
10 0
13 0
3 0
' 2 0
3 0
237
128
166
38
25
38
Length of arm
Navel to tail
Anus to tail
Gape
Horny plates
Breadth of fin
Bladebone to snout
Eye to ear
Height of fin
Professor Eschricht of Copenhagen, who has devoted
much time to the study of the anatomy and development
of the Northern species of this genus, and has published
several papers in the Danish language on the subject, in
'Transactions of the Danish Academy' for 1845-1846, has
kindly translated for me the following passage in his last
published paper, as the then result of his examinations : —
" Of all that has been communicated in this chapter, it
appears to me to be proved, that amongst the Fin whales,
at least, three different species have their abode in the
Northern Seas : —
I. In the Group of tite Longimana.
1. The Greenland Keporkak. B. Boops, 0. Fab. B.
longimana, Rudolphi.
II. In that of the Short-handed.
2. The Norwegian Vaaga kval, B. minor ; and
3. The common great short-handed, B. Boops.
To be almost proved that besides there exists,
4thly. A peculiar large short-handed species. The Ba-
Icenopterus Musculus.
And, at least, it is highly probable, that —
Stilly. Tlie Greenlandian Kepokartrak is the represen-
tative of a particular form : and even that —
6lhly. The Greenlandian Tikagalik or Balcena rostrata,
O. Fab., may be a different species from the Norwegian
" Vaagekval'."— Eschricht, Ath Mem. p. 157."
M. Eschricht is now engaged in examining the speci-
mens of Balcenoptera, to be seen in the different Museums
of Northern Europe, to attempt to settle the synoniraa of
o
50
the species. He has found most distinct characters of the
species in the formation of the bones of the neck, the ribs,
the colour of tlie body, and the arms.
The account of this genus, in the former part of this
paper, was only derived from the examination of a single
specimen, and the comparison of the descriptions and
remarks of preceding authors. Since that time, by the ex-
amination of Professor Eschricht's paper, and from per-
sonal communication with him, and the examination of
the several skeletons of this genus, in diiferent collections,
I am satisfied that there are several distinct species which
may be thus distinguished.
* The pectoral, ^, the dorsal, f the length from the nose.
Vertebra, AG or 48, lateral process of second vertebra
ring-like. Bala;noptera.
Pike Whale. Balsenoptera rostrata.
Tab. 2. Skull, t. 1,/. 5. Baleen.
'QaXsana.rosiTdXdi, Midler, Prod. O. Fab. Faun. Groen. 40.
Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxvii. t. 20—23, cop. E. m. t.
Rorqualus rostratus, Dekay, Zool. New York Mus. 7-30,
t. 30,/. 1.
B. musculus, part. Flem. B. A. 30.
B. Boops, part, Flem. B. A. 31.
Balffinoptera acuto-rostrata, Lacep. Scoresiy, Arct. Reg.
i. 485, t. 1.3,/. 2.
Balaenoptera microcephala, Brandt.
Rorqualus minor, Knox, Jardine, Nat. Lib. 142, t. 7.
B. borealis rostrata, Fischer, Sijn. s. 25.
B. Boops, Cat. Col. Surg. 171, n. 1,199, skeleton.
Rorqualus Boops, F. Cur. Cetac, 321, t. 20.
Balaenoptera Physalus, Gray, I. c. 18.
Vaagekral, Eschricht's Danish Acad. xi. t. 1, 2, and
p. 286 — 299. Foetus and anat.
Black, beneath reddish white. Pectoral fin, white near
the base above. Baleen, broadly triangular, " white," Fab.
" White and short," ^ho.i-.— Length, 20—30 feet.
Inhab. North Sea. New York Bay, De Kay. Valognes,
France, Geoffroy. Greenland, called Tikagulik. Norway,
called Vaagekval.
Scoresby says, " the Baleen of the Spitzbergen specimen
is thin, fibrous, of a yellowish white colour, and semitrans-
parent, almost like lantern-horn," Arct. Reg. i. 486.
The Greenland skull here figured, is 46"6 inches long,
2B'0 at the beak, 23'0 inches wide at the orbit, 15'6 at the
notch, and 10'6 in the middle of the nose. The nose is
rather wider in proportion than in the skull of the whale
figured by Ctivier, Oss. Fos. v. t. 26,/ 1, 2, 3. The nose of
the skull is elongate triangular, with straight regularly con-
verging sides, not quite twice as long as the width at the
notch.
** Pectoral Jin \, dorsal Jin f, the length from the nose;
back gray. Vertebra;, 54, lateral process of nuchal ver-
tebra ring-like [pierced). Physalus.
The Razor Back. Balaenoptera antiquorura.
Razor-back of the Whalers. " B. Physalus, Linn. B.
Gibbar, Lacep.'" — Scoresby, Arct. Reg. t. 479.
? Great Northern Rorqual, Kno.v. Jardine, Nat. Lib.
t. 6, skeleton.
Rorqual de la Mediterranea, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 370, t.
26,/ 5, skull.
Balaena antiquorum, Fisher, Syn. 525.
Balcenoptcra musculus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 335. Eschricht's
MSS. (not Linn).
Balein de Sainte Cyprien, Companyo Mem. 4to, 1830.
Carcassonne and Farines Mem. F. Cuv. I. c. 337.
? Balaena rostrata. Rudolphi, Abhand, K. Akad. Berlin,
1822, 27, t. 1—5. Skeleton, &c., (31 feet).
? B. Boops, Albers, Iron, Anat. t. 1, (skeleton, 29 feet).
Camper ate, 74, t. 11, 13. Skull.
Slate-gray, beneath whitish. Baleen slate-coloured, under
edge blackish, inner edge pale streaked.
Inhab. North Sea. Berwick, 1831, Dr. King. Ham-
burg, Rudolphi. Coast of Hampshire, 1842. Skeleton
at Black-gang Chine.
Its colour is a pale bluish black or dark bluish gray, in
which it resembles the suckling of B. myslicetus, [Act.
Reg. 479). Bluish black on the back, bluish gray on
the belly. Baleen, 4 feet long, thick, bristly and narrow.
Length 105 feet, fins, long and narrow. Act. Reg. 481.
There is a nearly perfect skeleton of this species (which
I have lately visited in company with Professor Eschricht)
exhibited at Black-gang Chine, the Isle of Wight, which
was caught in April, 1842, near the Needles. It was, when
first found, dark gray above, and whitish beneath.
The Baleen is slate-coloured with white streaks, on the
near or inner side ; nearly black and with a few darker
sti'eaks near the outer or straight side. It was 75 feet long.
The skull is 16 feet 7 inches long, 5 feet wide at the notch,
and the edge of the beak from the notch is 12 feet long.
The lower jaw, 16 feet 9 inches ; the upper arm-bone, 2
feet, and the larger fore-arm bone is 33 inches long. In
this skeleton, the scapula and the chest-bones are wrongly
placed, and the bones of the carpus and finger; and the lower
processes of the vertebrae as well as some of the smaller parts
of the head are deficient. There are seven cervical vertebrae;
the first, very broad, with a very large lateral process, on
each side pierced with a hole near the body ; the second
is higher than it ; and the three following have a ring-like
or pierced lateral process, which Professor Eschricht re-
gards as one of the best characters of the species. There
are 14 thoracic vertebrae. The ribs are long; the first,
simple, shortish and broadish, the rest almost of equal size
and length, the last being very nearly as long as the others.
The lumbar vertebra? are fifteen, with considerably thicker
bodies than the others. Caudal vertebrae eighteen, ex-
clusive of those contained in the fin of the tail, which is
preserved entire.
Professor Eschricht has two heads of this species at
Copenhagen from Greenland. There is a head and some
vertebrae at Paris, and some vertebrae at Berlin, and the St.
Cyprian specimen, which was at Lyons in 1835.
M. Cuvier refers the drawing made from a specimen
caught at Isle St. Marguerite, near Cannes, in March, 1797,
which is engraved by Lacepede, [Cetac. t. '5), to this spe-
51
cies ; it was CO feet long. The upper part, and pectoral fin,
are represented as black with gray reflections, and beneath
white, Lacepi'de, /. C & 7 ; and Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 2G,
/". 5, represents the head of this specimen.
M. Companyo described the animal as deep siatc-gray,
the throat and lateral part of the pectoral fin glistening
white. Vertebroe 60, the 15 lumbar are very large. The
skeleton was at Lyons in 1835.
From the form of the first vertebra; in the figure, I am
inclined to believe that Knox's Great Rorqual belongs to
this species.
The colour of Albert and Rudolphis specimen is not
stated, but they differ from Hunter's and Knox's account
of the B. rostrata, in having 34 & 35 lumbar and caudal
vertebra;. Professor Eschricht considers Albert's specimen
the same as Hunter's. I have in the text (p. 20), re-
garded Rudolphi's specimen as the type of a species
which I have called B. laticeps. It may be only a syuo-
nyma of B. rostrata, but the skeleton requires to be com-
pared.
*** Pectoral Jin \, dorsal fin f , t]ie length from nose.
Back black, lateral process of two nuchal vertebrce entire.
Vertebrw, 62, 64. Rorqualus.
The Boops. Balajnoptera Boops.
1. Balaena tripenni quae rostrum acutum habet, Sib-
bald, Paheog. 29, t. \,f D.
Pike-headed Whale,' Penn. B. Zool. iii. 40.
B. Boops, Linn. S. N.'i.lQG. B. borealis Far. Boops,
Fisher, Syn. 524.
Balasnoptera jubartes, Lacep.
2. Balaena tripenni que maxillum inferiorem rotundum,
&c. Sibbald, Palaog. 33, t. 3. [Edit. 1792), 78, t. 3,
Round-lipped Whale, Pennant, Quad. iii. 42.
B. musculus, Linn. S. N. i. 106. B. borealis musculus,
Fisher, Syn. 524.
B. rorqual, Lacep.
3. Fin-whale, Neil, IVern. Trans, i. (1811), 201.
Bala;na sulcata. Walker. MSS. ? Neil, Wern. Trans.
i. 212.
Balcena sulcata arctica, Schlegel, Veshand Nederl.
Ins. i. 1828, t. 1,2. Abhand, t. 6.
4. Baleinoptere d' Ostende, Van der Linden. Bahenop-
tere Bru.vell, 1828. Duhar. Osteographia, ^c. Brii.v.
1828, t. Van Breda en letter bode, 1827, 341, Scharjfs
drawing of Ostend JVfiale, t. copied.
Great Northern Rorqual, R. borealis, " luesson," Jardine,
N^at. Lib. 125, t. 5, firom Scharff.
B. borealis, Fisher Syn. 524.
Above, black ; beneath, whitish ; pectoral, ^ the length;
black, above. " Baleen, black," Sibbald.
Length .... 78 feet.
Pectoral .... 10
" Back, deep black, where the epidermis had separated;
belly and round the se.xual parts white. End of the nose
with a small tuft of 9 much-divided hairs, connected by
a membrane at the base."
Inhab. North Sea. Scotland, Sibbald, Neil. Ostend,
Van Breda.
The description in Jardine, is compiled from the ac-
counts of Knox, Scoresby andLacepede; and hence in-
cludes several species.
Var. ? " Black above, beneath white. Pectoral black.
Dorsal and caudal with white scar on the edge. Baleen
of the first part of the series, white ; of the rest, blackish
blue, the colour changing suddenly from one to the other.
Balenoptera a bee. Ravin. Ami. Set. Nat. x. 266, ^ 11,
XV. 337, t. 9, young male.
Inhab. coast of France, Somme," Ravin.
The Southern Finner. Baloenoptera australis.
Lesson, {Tab. Reg. Anim. i. 202), gives the name of
Balcenoptera australis, to the " Fin-back of the Whalers
of the South Sea." It is not possible to know if he intends
this species or the Megapleron Poeskop.
There has lately been imported from New Zealand a
quantity of finner-fins which are all yellowish white ; this
doubtless indicates a different species, which may be called
Balmnoptera antarctica. I have also received from Mr.
Smith, specimens of what is called in trade Bahai Finner.
This Baleen is black, the fibres on the edge of the larger
fins are purplish brown, and of the smaller or terminal
ones paler brown. They are 35 inches long by ll^- inches
wide ; and the smaller, 10 inches long, and 4 inches wide
at the base. This is so different in appearance fi-om the
other Baleen of this genus, that I propose to call it Bal<B-
noptera Brasiliensis.
Megapteron.
Professor Eschricht, in the Danish Transactions, has
given another figure of this species, and a very detailed
account of its anatomy and development, greatly founded
on the examination of the foetus.
He considers it as the B. Boops of O. Fabricius. It is
the most common Greenland Whale, and, he believes, the
Bermuda Whale is the same species, and that it migrates
from Greenland to Bermuda, according to the season ; and
he cannot find any sufficient distinction in the skeleton of
the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum, to separate it as
a species from the Greenland examples.
In the Paper that Professor Eschricht has in the press,
he has figured the dorsal fin of this genus, and shows that
it is more properly a bunch, as Dudley calls it, than a fin.
The first rib is forked at the end near the vertebra.
Brandt, in the list of Altaian animals [Voy. Alt. Orient.
1845, 4to), has adopted this opinion, and formed a sec-
tion for BaUciioptera longimana, which he calls Boops,
merely characterized as " Pectoral elongate."
The foetal specimens exhibit numerous rudimentary
teeth in both jaws. These are figured by Eschricht,
Danish Trans, iv. t. 4,/. a, b, from specimens, 35 and 45
inches long.
Johnston's Hump-b.\ck. Megapteron longimana.
Professor Eschricht has no doubt that Balcena Boops
52
of O. Fabiicius is intended for this species, as it is called
kepakak by the Gieeulanders. If this is the case, the de-
scription of the form and position of the dorsal fin is not
correct.
Professor Eschricht observes, " this animal is always in-
fested with Dindema BalcBiiarum, and with a species of
Otion, which lie regards as new, while the Girripedes are
never Ibund on any species of Balccnoplera. On the other
hand, the TubicineUa, Coronula Baleacaris and Otions
are often found on the Balana Mysticetus or Right whale
of the Southern Seas. See Eschricht, 144.
The Bermuda Hump-back. Megapteron Americana.
The Baleen of this species is extensively imported ; it
is similar to the Baleen of the Gray Finner.
Hyperoodon.
Eschricht gives some figures illustrative of the jaw and
throat of this species. Danish Acad. Trans, xi. 327, 331,
.33-2, 334, 335.
Professor Eschricht, in the Danish Transactions, has
given an account of the history of this species, and many
details of its anatomy, including some admirable details of
its brain. He also shows that there are numerous small
teeth in the jaws. (See fig. at pp. 331-335), besides the two
large teeth in front. He regarded the Anarnac or Monodon
spurius, O. Fab. as the common Hyperoodon, in which
Fabricius mistook the lower for the upper-jaw. The fat of
Hyperoodon is purgative, as Fabricius describes to be the
peculiarity of the Anarnac ; and Professor Eschricht, in
ins unpublished paper, has proposed the name of Cheno-
cetus, instead of Hyperoodon, which is founded on an er-
roneous description. The name Goose-tvltale, or its trans-
lation, is applied to this animal, in most part of the seas
where it inhabits.
This genus must be common in the Arctic seas. Franklin,
in his second voyage, p. 206, observed many skulls round
one of the winter houses of the Esquimaux, and Sir John
Richardson informs me, they resemble a saddle, and that
the blowers, of the animals were far back an admirable
description of the peculiarities of this genus.
Hyperoodon rostratum.
By the kindness of Mr. S. Stutchbury, I have been en-
abled to give a new figure of this species, from a drawing
made by Mr. W. H. Baily, from a specimen in the Museum
of the Bristol Institution taken at Aust Pas.sage, Oct. 1840.
The measurements on the drawing are as follows : —
Ft. In.
Length, entire, along the back .... 22 2
„ straight line .... 21 0
Girth on widest part .... .... 12 6
,, of posterior part of fins .... 11 2
„ over the eyes to centre of blowhole 8 9
„ at highest part of head .... 6 6
„ at close of tail .... .... 2 11
Length of upper part of upper jaw .... 1 1
„ lower jaw .... .... .... l 8
., upper part of lower jaw .... 1 9
„ lower jaw to eye .... .... 3 3
Ft. In.
3
3
8
0
9 8
7
0
1
(>
1
2
6
4
1
8
1
8
Length from tip of lower jaw to anterior
part of flipper .... .... 5
„ of flipper .... .... 2
Width of flipper .... .... .... 0
Length from anterior part of flipper to vent 8
„ from end of tail to posterior part
of dorsal fin
„ from end of tail to posterior part
of dorsal fin
Breadth of dorsal fin
Length of dorsal fin
Breadth of tail
Depth of tail
Length of orifice of vent
Fig. 2. is the detail of the tail. Fig. 3. the blowers.
The skeleton of this specimen is preserved in the Bristol
Institution.
Mr. W. Thompson has given in the Ann. Sj May. Nat.
Hist. 1846, 150, t. 4, iv. 375, the following description and
measurement of a recently caught specimen; he calls it
H. Bulzkopf.
" Blackish lead hue, merely a lighter shade beneath, and
not white. Teeth, two on each side, in front loosely covered
by the gums ; the front pair smaller ; blower, slightly cres-
centic, pointed directly towards the head, and the eyes on
the same vertical plane ; eyes round ; " a male."
no. 1. 3-
Length, entire, straight .... 20*4
„ over curve .... 23"4
„ of nose .... "11
„ of gape .... 1-7
„ to eye .... 31
„ to pectoral fin .... 5' 11
„ of pectoral fin .... 2'2
„ to dorsal fin .... 10"9
„ of dorsal at base .... \7
Girth, greatest .... .... ir6
Width of pectoral .... .... 7
„ of caudal .... .... 5"6
Length of dorsal .... .... I'O
Dr. Jacob, in his description of Cetodiodon Hunteri,
Dublin Phil. Jour. 1825, observes, there are no teeth in the
palate. There is a skeleton in Mus. Col. Surg. Dublin ; a
skull. Royal Dublin Society ; and a skull in the Museum of
the School of Anatomy, Peter's Street, Dublin. He further
remarks — The four skulls in Dublin belong to one spe-
cies, and have two teeth in lower jaw, hid in the gums.
Fig. 4 and 5 of the same plate, represent one of the
skulls of this species in the Dublin Museum, from a drawing
kindly communicated by R. Ball, Esq.
There is a skeleton in the Museum of the Edinburgh
University.
Mr. Thompson (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1838, 221), considers
Hunter's and Boussard's cetacean as identical, and Dai's
the male of the same species. He describes a specimen
stranded near Hull, in 1837; it has two strong, robust
teeth at the extremity of the lower jaw, covered and
53
entirely concealed by the gums. The skull coiTcsponded in
its general form with the figures in Bell's work ; but the
rise of the back part of the head is larger in proportion to
the anterior rise than in that figure. The skull measures
from the snout to the base of the front rise 9 inches ; from
thence across the rise to the base of the second rise 1 foot ;
from thence across the hinder rise to the neck, 1 ft. 11
inches. The length of the skeleton was 17 ft. 6 in.; ver-
tebra', 39 ; viz., 2 cervical, 9 dorsal, with ribs ; 20 lumbar
and 8 caudal. The skeleton of this specimen is in the
Museum of the Hull Philosophical Society.
The Sowerby's Ziphius. Ziphius Sowerbiensis.
1 find the following description of the skull of this spe-
cies, under the name of D. So/rerfiieiisis, Blainv. "Tele
osscus la machoire superieure est plus courte et in-
fininient plus etroite que Finferieure quilarecoit; en outre
cette machoire inferieure est arrae a chaque cote et au mi-
lieu de son bord d' un seul dent tres fort confirme et di-
rige obliquement en arriere. L'orifice de le vent est en
croissant dont les cornes sont tournee en avant." — Blaiii.
Desw. Diet. H. N. xx. 177.
Catodon.
The figure of the Sperm Whale in Duhamel, Pes. iv. /.
15,/. 3, is good for the form and blower, and has the
" taqiiet " marked ; but a fin has been added below, be-
tween th(^ vent and tail, in the jjosition of the anal fins of
fishes ! in /. Tiiis author lias figured and describe<l
Orca ijladialor for the s]K'rm whale !
Bonnalhre figures E. M. t. 7,/. 2, of the ffmnd cachalol
taken at Andiene, 1784, and copied by Lacepede, /. 10,
./: 1, is not so bad for form, but has a fin instead of a humi)
on the back.
Physeter.
Professor Eschricht observes that it is most important in
determining of M. Fabricius Synonyma, to attend to the
Greenlanders' names, as they are most accurate cctolof/is/s;
he observes (on the authority of Capt. Holbroll), " tliat
two of the animals which Fabricius referred to Physeter,
viz., the 'Pernak,' which he called P. Catodon, is probably,'
and the 'Ardluck,' P. microps, (which Cuvier has thought
might be D. gloUceps) is certainly, the Northern sword-
fish, Delphitius Orca." Kong. Danshe. Afhandl. xi. 136.
I may remark, that as far as I can make out the Danish,
it appears that the black fish or Balaina microcephata of
Sibbald, which I thought might be Ardliik, has entirely
esca]ied the notice of Professor Eschricht. I must own,
that Fabricius's description will do for Orca gladiator]
except that he calls it black, and does not mention the
very remarkable white marks of that species, and he only
described the lower jaw as toothed. Now the teeth of
Orca are not deciduous.
THE
ZOOLOGY
OF THE
VOYAGE OF H.M.S. EREBUS & TERROR,
UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., P.R.S.,
DURING THEYEARS
1839 TO 1843.
BY AUTHORITY OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTY.
EDITED BY
JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D, F.R.S., &c.
AND
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.
BIRDS.
GEORGE ROBERT GRAY, F.R.S., &c.,
AND
R. BOWDLER SHARPB, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.,
Or THE Zoological Department, British Museum.
LONDON:
E. W. JANSON, 28, MUSEUM STREET, W.C.
M. DCCC. XLVI .— M. DCCC. LXX V.
BIRDS.
BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND.
As the species of Birds of New Zealand and the neighboimng Islands are scattered among numerous works, and
remain little known, it has been thought advisable to give a list of them, including those brought by the Antarctic
Expedition, and those obtained from other sources.
The second Expedition under the command of Capt. Cook, was accompanied by John Reinhold Forster, and his
son, George Forster, as naturalists. The species discovered by them amounted to thirty-six. Their drawings having
remained in the possession of the late Sir Joseph Banks, were thus accessible to all scientific persons, and were exa-
mined and described by the late Dr. Latham, and by him inserted in his ' Synopsis of Birds,' with engravings of some
of the species, taken from Forster's Icones. The species characterized by Latham, were by Gmelin inserted in his
edition of the 'Systema Naturae,' with Latin specific names; and from this compiler they obtained places in the works
of subsequent authors. Latham also referred to six species as new, or described by older authors from other quarters,
as also found in New Zealand. Sparrman, Shaw and Kuhl, have each added one or more species to the Fauna of these
Islands. MM. Quoy and Gaimard, in the ' Zoology of the Voyage of the Astrolabe,' gave descriptions and figures of
eight new species ; and MM. Lesson and Garnot, in that of the Coquille, added four species : while the Chev. Dubus
has augmented the number of species by three; and MM. Hombron and Jacquemont by two. Four additional species
have been described by Mr. Gould ; and in the Appendix to Dieffenbach's ' Travels in New Zealand,' I gave descrip-
tions of eight species. These notices, together with those which I shall add for the first time in the present work, give
about a hundred and one species to the Ornithological portion of the Fauna of New Zealand, Chatham and Auckland
Islands.
Family, Falconid.e, sides of the neck varied with rufous ; throat while ; wing-
c- ur -1 1 r- I • coverts blackish brown, sometimes punctated on the ffreater
Subfamily I. Falconin<B. ^^^,^^^^ ^^1^ g,.^^. ^^^ ^,^„^^^^j interiorly with white ; quills
Falco Nov.e Zealandi^. nearly black, with white bands on the inner webs and
„ , , ^ ^ . . ^„ T ■ , outer webs spotted with giey ; tail blackish brown, with
Falco harpe, For>it. Deser. Amm. p. 68, et Icon. ined. interrupted white bauds; breast and upper part of abdo-
36, 37 a/?rf 38. , , ^ r. • ., , , > ™6" rufous brown, spotted with rufous white ; abdomen
New Zealand Falcon, Lath. Geii. Syn. i. 57 [not pi. 4). ^nd under tail coverts rufous white.
F. Novae Zealandia?, Gmel. Sy.st. Nat. 268: Lath. hid. Yuiuuj. Upper surface blackish brown, with the back
Inn. 1. 28. ^f neck, back, wings and tail banded with greyish or ru-
F. brunnea, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 139. foyg ^.jjite . ti^.o^j „.i,jie ; breast rufous white with oblon.'
F. austrahs, Homb. et Jacq. Ann. des Set. 1841, p. 312: gp^js ^f brown ; sides brown spotted with white ; abdo"
Voy. de la Pole Slid. Ots. f. 1. uien while with oblong brown marks ; thighs pale rufous
Blackish brown ; eyebrows, line on each cheek and with dashes of brown.
B
Length, 1 foot 5| inches; hill from gape, 11 lines;
wings 10| inches ; tarsi 2\ inches.
Length of female, 1 foot 7^ inches ; bill from gape,
15 lines; wings llf inches ; tarsi 2| inches.
Forster's specimens were taken in Queen Charlotte's
Sound and Dusky Bay : according to him, the young is
called Kari-area. The native names of Kahu and Kauaua
are also referred to this bird.
Great confusion has hitherto existed in regard to this
species, owing to Latham having given a figure (with
doubt) of the Milvago leucurus, or Falco australis of Gme-
lin, which has caused that bird to be considered the Falco
Novaj Zealandia;, but this is not the case. Latham took
his description from the three figures of Forster referred to
above. The sexes vary much in size, and the adult spe-
cimens of each sex lose the transverse interrupted bands
on the back and wings ; and become of an uniform dark
chocolate black. The Expedition brought several speci-
mens of this bird, both from New Zealand and Auckland
Island, which enable me to identify the description and
drawings. Mr. Percy Earl obtained specimens at Otago,
South Island.
Subfamily 2. CircincB.
Circus assimilis.
Circus assimilis, Jard. and Selbifs III. Orn. pi. 51.
GohUVs B. of Aitstr. pi.
Black brown, feathers of the head and back of neck
broadly mai-gined on the sides, and the tips of those of the
back, rufous white ; greater wing-coverts silvery grey bar-
red with black ; quills black, with the outer webs silvery
grey barred with black ; tail-coverts white, marked on each
feather near the tip with a bar of rufous ; tail silvery grey
with six bars of brown black ; under surface rufous white,
marked down the middle of each feather with brown, es-
pecially on the breast.
Female. Brown, with pale edges ; feathers of the head
and back of neck margined with rufous ; quills and ter-
tials blackish brown, with the outer webs silvery brown ;
tail-coverts white with an irregular mark of rufous on each
feather ; tail silvery grey tinged with rufous, with six iiTe-
gular bands of dark brown, margined above and below with
rufous white, the silvery gvey becoming rufous on the out-
er feathers; under surface rufous brown, margined on the
sides of each feather with rufous white ; under side of tail
buflf.
Young. Dark auburn brown, with pale edges ; back of
neck varied with white, slightly tinged with rufous ; upper
tail-coverts rufous : under surface paler than the upper ;
quills black.
Length, 1 foot 9 inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 2 lines ;
wings, 1 foot 4 inches ; tarsi, 3 inches 5 hnes.
Length of female, 1 foot 11 inches; bill from gape, 1
inch 7 lines; wings, 1 foot 4f inches; tarsi, 3 inches 9 lines.
The Expedition's collection contains three specimens of
this bird, all marked as obtained in New Zealand.
The descriptions of the male and of the young were ta-
ken from specimens brought by Mr. Percy Earl. They
were shot at Waikouaiti and Otago, and were considered
rare birds; they are now deposited in the British Museum.
Family, Steigid.e.
Subfamily 1. Surninm.
Athene Nov^ Seelandi^e.
Strix fulva, Forst. Descr. Anini. p. 71, ef Icon. ined. 39.
New Zealand Owl, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Siippl. 48.
S. nova; Seelandise, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 296 : Latli. Ind.
Orn. i. 65.
Noctua Zealandica, Quay et Gaim. Voy. de VAstrol.
Zool. i. 168. Ois. t. 2,/. 1.
Brown, feathers of nape spotted with fulvous ; wing-
coverts, interscapulars spotted with white or pale fulvous ;
quills brown, spotted on the outer webs with white and
banded on the inner with greyish brown ; tail brown,
banded and tipped with the greyish brown; under tail-co-
verts pale fulvous ; forehead and eyebrows streaked with
fulvous ; round the bill white ; throat and breast dark
brown streaked with fulvous ; side feathers banded with
white.
Length, 11 inches; bill from gape, 10 lines; wings, 8
inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 5 lines.
Forster gives Queen Charlotte's Sound as the habitat of
this species, and the name of Herooroo. Quoy and Gai-
mard's specimen was taken in Tasman's Bay, and they re-
cord the native name as Eou Hon. Kou Kou, Kao Kao,
and Ruru Ruru have been published as the names of these
birds by other authors.
Specimens of this bird were procured by the Expedition
during their stay at New Zealand.
Athene albifacies.
Plate 1.
Dark brown, each feather margined on the sides at the
tip with fulvous ; quills and tertials brown, spotted on the
outer webs with white and marked on the inner with obso-
lete bands ; tail dark brown, with five bands and the tip
of each leather rufous white ; forehead and cheeks white,
with the shaft of each feather black ; tarsi covered with
white feathers slightly tinged with rufous ; toes covered
with scattered white hairs.
Length, 1 foot 3|- inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 4 lines;
wings, 11 inches ; tarsi, 2 inches 5 lines.
The specimen formed part of Mr. Peixy Earl's collec-
tion; and is now deposited in the British Museum. It
was obtained at Waikouaiti, South Island ; where it was
known to the natives by the name of Wekau. It is sup-
posed, by Mr. P. Earl, not to exist in the North Lsland.
Family, Alcedinid^.
Subfamily 1. Halcyonlncc.
Halcyon vagans.
Plate 1*.
Alcedo cyanea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 76, et Icon,
ined. 59.
Sacred Kingfisher, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. 612.
A. sacra, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 453 : Lath. Ind. Orn. 251.
Halcyon sanctus? Vigors et Hor.sf. Linn. Trans, xv. 206.
A. vagans. Less. Voy. de la Coq. Zool. i. 694 : Id. Man.
d'Orn. ii. 89.
Crown of the head, back and wing-coverts deep sea-
green ; ]ower part of back, tail-coverts, and a broad line
from the eye to the hind head, vcrditer-grcen ; quills and
tail black, more or less margined with bright blue ; broad
collar round the neck white, slightly tinged with buff, and
some of the leathers narrowly mai'gined with black, which
colour also forms a half collar both above and below the
white one ; breast and all the under surface rufous white,
the feathers of the breast slightly margined with black.
Bill black, lower part of the under mandible white.
Total length, J)f inches ; bill, 25- inches ; wings 4 inch-
es ; tarsi, C lines.
" Habitat in insula Australi Novae Zeelandia3, victitat
pisciculis, hclicibus, chamis et cancris littore ab a3stu ma-
ris relictis ; Forsler.
The native name of this bird has been variously given
by different authors, viz., Ghotarre, Kotoretare, Kotaritari,
Kotare-popo.
The Expedition's specimen was marked as from the Bay
of Islands.
Halcyon cinnamominus.
Halcyon cinnamominus, Swains. Zool. Illustr. ii. pi.
67. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. /). 696.
Delicate fawn colour; back, wings and tail changeable
blue green; ears sea green and dusky, united to a narrow
black nuchal collar.
Length, 10 inches; bill from ga])e, 2^ inches; wings, 4
inches.
This species was originally recorded by Mr. Swainson
as from New Zealand ; Mr. Gould considers it as an Aus-
tralian species ; while M. Lesson remarks that " Get oi-
seau parait habiter toutes les parties boreales et orientales
de la Nouvello Hollande, les iles de la Nouvelle Zelande,
de la Caledonie, des Hebrides, de Salomon, la Nouvelle
Guiuee et les Moluques."
Family, Upcpid^.
Subfamily 1. UpupiiKe.
Neomorpha Godldu.
Neomoqjha acutirostris, et N. crassirostris, Gould, Syn.
Austr. Birds : Birds of Australia, pt. \ii. pi.
N. Gouldii, G. R. Gray, List of Genera of Birds, 2nd
edit. p. 15.
Uniform black, glossed with green, with a broad band
of white at the end of the tail. Each gape furnished with
a rounded orange wattle.
Length, 1 foot 9^^ inches ; bill from gape, 4 inches 3
lines ; wings, 8 inches 3 lines ; tarsi, 3 inches 2 lines.
Length, 1 foot 7j inches ; bill from gape, 2 inches 3
lines ; wings, 8 inches ; tarsi, 3 inches 2 lines.
Through information furnished by a friend of Mr. Gould,
we learn that " these birds, which the natives call Elba
(or Huia), are confined to the hills in the neighbourhood
of Port Nicholson [i. e. the Torirua range of mountains],
whence the feathers of the tail, which are in great request
among the natives [being highly prized as ornaments for
the ear], are sent as presents to all parts of the island.
The natives regard the bird with the straight and stout
beak as the male, and the other as the female. In three
specimens shot this was the case, and both birds are al-
ways together. These fine birds can only be obtained
with the help of a native, wlio calls them with a shrill and
long-continued whistle, resembling the sound of the native
name of the species. After an extensive journey in the
hilly forest in search of them, I had at last the pleasure of
seeing four alight on the lower branches of the trees near
which the native accompanying me stood. They came
quick as lightning, descending from branch to branch,
spreading out the tail, and throwing up the wings. Their
food consists of seeds and insects. Of their mode of
nidification the natives could give no information. Tlie
species is apparently becoming scarce, and will probably
soon be exterminated." Gould's Birds of Australia.
Family, MeliphagidjE.
Subfamily, Meliphngince.
Peostiiemadera nov.e Seelandle.
Certhia cincinnata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 78, et Icon,
ined. 61.
Poe Bee-eater, Lath. Gen. Syu. ii. 682.
Merops novaj Seelandia;, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 464.
M. cincinnata, Lat/i. lud. Orn. i. 275.
Sturnus crispicollis. Baud. Elem. d'Orn.
Meliphaga cincinnata, Temm.
Philemon cincinnatus, Vieill. Ency. Metli. 613. Leiaill
Ois. d'Afr. pi. 92.
Bluish black, with shining green reflections, especially
on the lower part of back and under tail coverts ; back of
neck shining green, each feather curled and with a white
line down the shaft ; back bronze ; wings with a band of
white between the lesser and greater coverts ; throat orna-
mented in front with two tufts of curly white feathers.
Length, 12i- inches; bill from gape, 1 inch 3 lines;
wings 6 inches 4 lines ; tarsi, 1 inch 5 lines.
" Habitat ubique in Novai Zealandise insulis, et ab in-
colis appellatur Roghee Etooee, et quod incolae insularum
maris pacifici vitreos globulos, pro collaribus usitatos Pohe
appellare soleant, nautse Angli banc avem 'the Pohe Bird'
uominarunt, quod pluma; juguli cincinnata), quandam in-
aurium vel globulorum vitreorum candidorum similitudi-
nem habeant. Avis haec plerumque gregaria est, victitat
insectis et florum nectare ; capta pane et saccharo. Imi-
tatrix, irrequieta, in arena pulveratus, in aqua se lavat,
pugnax, ganula, dulce canit voce fistulari. Volatu gravi
et strepero, ex avbore in arborem se proripit, ajstus impa-
tiens. Nidificat in fruticetis. Nidus ex virgultis minimis
et muscis ; ova ponit plerumque quatuor." Forster.
It is the Toui and Tui of the natives of North Island.
" In January," says Mr. P. Earl, " the Phormium tenax is
in full flower. The Koko, the name given to the bird by
the natives of the South Island, now has his feast ; the
bird inserts his long hairy tongue into the flower to extract
the korari or honey, of which it is very fond : at this time
it is ensnared with great facility by the Maori boys." Mr.
Earl kept one alive for two months on nothing but su"-ar
and water ; he brought one to England, but having had
him from the nest, he would readily eat potatoes or rice.
B 2
Their food usually consists of insects and various small
berries, such as those of the lUpogoiium parrijloriim.
Several specimens of this bird were brought by the Ex-
pedition from New Zealand and Auckland Island. They
vary much in size.
Ptilotis cincta.
Meliphaga cincta, Dubus, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux. 1839,
pt. l,p.2 95, pi.
Ptilotis auritus, LaJ): Rev, Zool. 1839, 257. Mag. de
Zool. 1840, Ois. t.W.
Shining black ; back varied with yellow ; lower part of
back greyish yellow ; lesser wing-coverts bright yellow ;
greater coverts black, narrowly margined with yellow, a
large spot of pure white near the middle of wing and back;
quills and tail black, margined with yellow ; lower part of
breast bright yellow ; abdomen brownish white, marked
with darker in the middle of each feather ; a tuft of pure
white feathers behind each eye.
Length, 7 inches 9 lines ; bill from gape, 9 lines ; wings
4 inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 2 lines.
Young. Olivaceous black ; wing-coverts black margined
with dull yellow ; some of the medial coverts white ; quills
and tail brownish black, margined with dull yellow ; under
surface pale brown, washed with dull yellow.
This remarkable bird is the Kotihe or Ihi of the natives.
Specimens were obtained in North Island by Mr. P.
Earl, who remarks that wlien surprised these birds spread
their ear-tufts, and elevate their tails, which gives them a
strikingly beautiful appearance. Their flight is_,rapid, and
they feed on benies and larva; of insects.
AiNTHOKNIS MELANUKA.
Certhia olivacea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 79 ; et Icon,
ined. 62.
Mocking Creeper, Lath. Syst. ii. 73.5.
Certhia melanura, Sparr. Mus. Carl. t. 5.
C. sannio, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 471 : Lath. Ind. Orii. 735.
Philedon Dumerilii, Less. Voy. de la Coq. Zool. 644,
/. 21,/. 2, (young).
Anthomyza caeruleocephala, Swains. Classlf. of Birds,
ii. 327.
Philedon sannio. Less. Compl. Buff. xi. 165.
Olivaceous, with violet reflections on the head ; lower
part of back and abdomen yellow ; quills and tail glossy
black, slightly margined with yellow.
Young. Olivaceous, beneath greenish yellow ; cheeks
with a line of white from the gape ; quills and tail slightly
margined with yellow.
Length, 7 inches 3 lines • bill from gape, 10 lines ; wings
3 inches 4 lines ; tarsi, 1 inch 1 line.
" Habitat in utraque insula Novas Zeelandia;, iisdem lo-
cis cum Certhia ciucinnata. Suaviter cantillat instar Cur-
rucae, at ita variata et modulata voce, ut omnes silvarum
aves imitetur; unde ipsi nomen apud Anglos ha?sit ab
imitatione, (the Mocking Bird). Iisdem pene moribus et
victu ac Certhia ciucinnata." Forster.
Found in Queen Charlotte's Sound, according to Fors-
ter's drawings, and is there called He-ghobarra. It is the
Koho-i-mako, Kohorimako and Korimako of the natives.
Two specimens of this bird were brought from the Bay
of Islands. Two others were also in the collection, mark-
ed from Auckland Island : these diflfer in being somewhat
larger in all their proportions.
Anthoenis melanocephala.
Plate 2.
Anthomis melanocephala, G. R. Gray, App. to Dieff.
Voy. to New Zeal. ii. p. 188.
Yellowish olive, with the base of the feathers plumbeous;
head steel black, tinged with the same colour on the neck,
breast, and on the upper coverts of the tail ; wing-coverts
steel-black, deeply margined with yellowish olive ; larger
coverts, quills and tail blackish brown, margined with
paler or yellowish olive, the latter probably deep black,
margined with steel-black, in the adult
Total length, 11^ inches; bill, 13 lines ; wings 4j inch-
es ; tarsi, Ij inch.
The specimen was brought by Dr. Dieffenbach from
Chatham Island ; where it was called Mako mako.
Family, Certhiad.e.
Subfamily 1. Sittinee.
ACANTHISITTA LONGIPES
Plate 3, f 1.
Motacilla longipes, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 88, et Icon,
ined. 165.
Long-legged Warbler, Lath. Syn. iv. 465.
M. longipes. Gmel. Sy.st. Nat. 979.
Sylvia longipes. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 529.
Green ; forehead brown ; eyebrows, and a spot beneath
each eye white ; throat white ; abdomen cinereous ; vent
greenish cinereous ; tail and thighs green.
Total length, 3i- inches ; bill, 5- of an inch ; legs 1 inch.
This is the E tectee tee pomou of the natives, according
to Forster's drawing ; from which the figure is taken.
ACANTHISITTA CHLORIS.
Sitta chloris, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, pi. 33.
Acanthlza teuuirostris, De Lafr. Rev. Zuol. 1841, 242.
Acanthisitta tenuirostris, De Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1842:
Ois. t. 27.
Green ; forehead and top of head tinged with brown ;
wing-coverts and quills black, margined with green ; be-
tween the coverts and quills a band of yellow ; greater co-
verts and tertials black, with large broad marks of greenish
white ; throat, sides of neck, breast and eyebrows white,
tinged with brown ; abdomen white, tinged with yellow ;
tail black, tip of each feather yellowish white.
Length, 3 inches ; bill from gape, 7 lines ; wing, 1 inch
9 lines ; tarsi, 9 lines.
Female, (Plate 3, f 2).
Motacilla citrinella, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 89, et Icones
ined. 164.
Citrine Warbler, Lath. Syn. iv. 464.
M. citrina, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 979.
Sylvia citrina, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 529.
Brownish white, marked with black streaks ; the throat.
breast and eyebrows white ; quills brown-black, margined
exteriorly, their base traversed by a band, and the tips of
the two last tertials, yellow ; inopygimn, abdomen and tips
of tail-feathers brownish white.
Length, 3 inches 1 line ; bill from gape, 7 lines ; wings
1 inch 9 lines ; tarsi, 9 lines.
Young male.
Sitta punctata, Quoi/ et Gaim. Voij. de I'AstroL i. 221,
t. 18,/. 1.
Head varied with black and fulvous ; throat and breast
white, spotted with brown ; the abdomen brownish white,
tinged with yellow ; back olive ; uropygium yellow tinged
with green ; quills black, slightly bordered outwardly with
greenish olive ; some of the tertials with broad lines of
white ; tail black, tinged with gi-een, tij) of each feather
brownish white.
Length, 2 inches 10 lines; bill from gape, 5 lines;
wings, 1 inch 9 lines ; tarsi, 9 lines.
The Museum collection contains four specimens of this
curious little bird ; two of which are the young. In this
state the bill is shorter and thicker than that of the adult.
Dr. Dieffenbach states this species to be the Piwauwaw of
the natives ; while Mr. P. Earl says, it is called Miru rairu
at Port Nicholson, and that it feeds on larvas of insects.
Dr. Sparrman gives the Cape of Good Hope as the habitat
of his bird, which must be considered a mistake.
Subfamily 2. Ottho)iycin<B.
MOHOUA OCHROCEPHALA.
Muscicapa chloris, Forst. Descr. Anini. p. 87, el Ico)i.
ined. 157.
Muse, ochrocephala, Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 944: Lath. Ind.
Orii. ii. 479.
Ccrthia heteroclites, Quo>/ et Gaim. Voy de l\4-^fro/.
Zool.l-2-2S,pl.\7.
Orthonyx icterocephalus, De Lafr. Rer. Zoo/. 1839.
Orth. heteroclitus, De Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1840, Ois. t. 8.
Mohoua — , Less. Compl. Buff. ix. 139.
Head bright yellow ; back, wing-coverts and tail yellow-
ish brown ; breast and abdomen yellow ; sides and under
tail-coverts yellowish-white, with dashes of rufous ; quills
blackish brown, margined with brownish yellow.
Length, (5 inches ; bill from gape, 7 lines ; wings, 4
inches 1 line ; tarsi, 1 inch 1 line.
MM. Qnoy and Gaimard tell us that " Get oiseau doit
grimper le long des arbres pour y prendre des insectes ;
cependant nous n'avons trouve dan son estomac que de
petites graines." They also inform us that the natives of
Tasman's Bay called this bird the Mohoua houa ; while
Dr. Dieffenbach says it is the Popokatea of the natives of
Cook's Straits.
Family, Luscinid.e.
Subfamily 1. MaluritKP,.
Sphenojacus punctatos.
Synallaxis punctata, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de lAsirol. i.
225^ /. 18, / 3. .
Blackish brown, broadly margined on each feather with
fulvous ; forehead rufous, with a black streak in the mid-
dle of each feather ; wing-coverts, quills and tertials black,
slightly bordered with fulvous ; throat and breast white,
each feather with a black spot near the tip ; abdomen ful-
vous, marked down the shaft of each feather with brown
black ; tail brown, margined on the sides with fulvous.
Length, 7 inches ; bill from gape, 9 lines ; wings 2^
inches ; tail, 4 inches ; tarsi, 10 lines.
Dr. Dieffenbach says this bird " lives in the Typha-
swamps and amongst ferns. Its flight is very short and
heavy ;" and that it is the Mata or Matata of the natives.
According to Mr. Percy Earl, it is the Toetoe of the na-
tives, and " low bushes in marshy grounds or flax-swamps
are its usual haunts ; flight very weak, and never seen
above three feet from the ground. Builds its nest on the
ground, formed of moss and grass, and lays four or five
eggs of a greenish white, with spots of a dark colour."
The collection of the Expedition contains specimens.
Subfamily 2. Accentorince.
Gerygone igata.
CuiTuca igata, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de r Astral, i. 201,
t. 1, 2,/. 2.
Olivaceous ; eyes surrounded with white ; uropygium
rufous ; under surface white, tinged with yellow, and with
green on the sides of breast ; quills brown, slightly mar-
gined with yellowish white ; tail black, with a white lunule
bordered with black on the side.
Length, 3j inches.
Inhabits Tasman's Bay, Cook's Straits ; where it is call-
ed by the natives Igata.
Gerygone flaviventrts.
Plate 4, f 1.
Olivaceous above, with the base of the feathers plum-
beous ; wings brownish black, slightly margined outwardly
with yellow ; tail with basal portion brownish olive and
the apical part black, with an apical white spot on the in-
ner web of each feather, and the outer one banded across
near the tip white ; front, throat and breast greyish white,
abdomen white tinged with yellow.
Total length, 4 inches 3 lines; bill, 6 lines; wings, 2
inches 3 lines ; tarsi, 9 lines.
The specimen was brought by the Expedition from the
Bay of Islands. The Museum possesses a specimen from
Mr. Percy Earl's collection, with which he informed us,
that it is named " Titiripienamu" by the natives of Wai-
kouaiti, South Island. It is always found on low bushes,
feeding on small insects.
Gerygone? albofrontata.
Plate 4, f. 2.
Yellowish brown, with the base of the feathers dark
plumbeous ; forehead, streak over eyes, throat and breast,
white ; abdomen and sides white, tinged with yellow ;
wing-coverts and quills deep brown, margined with yellow-
ish brown ; tail with the lateral feathers black, with an
oblique band of rufous white, the tips brown ; two middle
feathers nearly of an uniform brown, except a blackish
6
brown band near the lips ; upper tail-coverts pale rufous
brown, under coverts buff.
Length, (> inches 3 lines ; bill from gape, 6 lines; wings,
•2 inches 8 lines ; tarsi, 10 lines.
This fine species was brought by Dr. Dieffenbach from
New Zealand.
Subfamily 3. Parina;.
Certhipaeus nov.e Seelandi^.
Plate 5, f. 1.
Parus urostigma, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 90, et Icon. ined.
166.
New Zealand Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Si/fi. iv. 5.58.
P. novcE Seclandiic, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1013.
Certhiparus novte Seelandiae, De Lafr. Rev. Zool.
Pale cinereous red, mixed with brown ; forehead and
top of head rufous ; eyebrows white ; sides of head and
nape dark cinereous ; under surface pale rufous grey ;
quills pale brown ; tail like the back, but brighter, middle
feathers rufous, the lateral ones marked on the inner webs
with a square black spot near the middle of each feather.
Length, 5 inches ; bill from gape, 7 lines ; wings, 2^
inches; tarsi, 11 lines.
Toe toe of the natives of Dusky Bay, according to the
drawing of Forster ; while Dr. Dieffenbach looks upon it
as the lliro riro of the natives of the Northern Lsland.
As we become better acquainted with the birds, I have
no doubt that MM. Quoy and Gaiinard's P. Zelandicus
may eventually prove the same as the present species.
Certhiparus maculicaddus.
Parus Zelandicus, Quoy et Gaitti. Voy. de F Astral, i.
210, /. ii,y: 3.
Reddish brown, mixed with ashy ; front, throat and ab-
domen fawn ; tail rufous, marked in the middle of each
with a broad brown spot.
Length, 4 inches.
MM. Quoy and Gaimard give the native name of Mo-
mohoua to this species.
Certhiparus albicillos.
Plate 5, f. 2.
Fringilla albicilla. Less. Voy. de In Coqu. Zool. i. p. 662.
Parus senilis, Dubus, Bull. Acad. Sc. Bru.v. 1839, pt.
1, 297.
Certhiparus senilis, De Lafr. Rev. Zool.
Head, neck, breast, and middle of abdomen white,
slightly tinged with rufous ; back and wing-coverts ru-
fous brown, paler on the tail-coverts ; quills blackish
brown, slightly margined outwardly v^'ith grey, and interi-
orly with yellowish white ; tail pale brown, tinged with
yellow.
Length, 6 inches 4 lines ; bill from gape, 6| lines ;
wings, 2 inches 10 lines; tarsi, 1 inch 1 line.
A specimen of this species was brought by the Expedi-
tion from the Bay of Islands.
According to Mr. P. Earl, this bird is the Popokotea of
the natives of Port Nicholson, North Lsland. Its food
consists of seeds and larvae of insects.
Subfamily 4. SaxicoUiue.
Petroica macrocephala.
Turdus minutus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 83, et Icon, in-
ed. 149.
Great-headed Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. iv. 557, pi. 55.
Parus macrocephalus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1013: Lath.
Lid. Orn. 571 : Lath. Hist. vii. pi. 110.
Rhipidura macrocephala. Swains. Nat. Libr. Flyc. p.
122.
Miro Forsterorum, G. R. Gray, App. to Dieff. Trav. in
N. Zeal. ii. p. 191.
Pachycephala? australis, Steph.
Upper surface and fore part of neck deep black ; spot
on forehead, base of tertials and of some of the quills, and
an oblique broad band on the three outer tail feathers, pure
white ; under surface pale yellow, brightest on the breast.
Female. Upper surface cinereous black ; tail and quills
black, base of tertials and of some of the quills, and an ob-
lique band on the three outer tail feathers, white ; throat
white, spotted with black ; breast and abdomen yellowish
white.
Length, 5g- inches; bill from gape, 7 lines ; wings, 35-
inches; tarsi, 13 lines.
Forster has placed the name of MiiTO mirro upon his
drawing, while I)r. Dieffenbach states it to be the Pirangi-
rangi of the natives.
The specimen brought by the Expedition, was marked
as from Auckland Island.
Petroica Dieffenbachii.
Plate 6, f. 1.
Miro Dieffenbachii, G. R. Gray, App. to Dieff. Trav. in
N. Zeal. p. 191.
Shining black ; the wings tinged with brown, the base
of the secondaries, spots of the primaries near the base,
and the greater part of the three outer tail-feathers, white;
the lower part of the breast and abdomen yellowish white,
rather darker on the breast.
Total length, 4f inches ; bill, 6 lines ; wings, 3 inches ;
tarsi, 11 lines.
The present species is very like the preceding, but it is
altogether smaller in size, and with the small and narrow
bill of the P. toitoi.
Petroica toitoi.
Muscipeta toitoi. Gam. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. p. 590.
Ois. t. 15, f. 3.
Black ; spot on forehead, base of tertials and of some of
the quills, breast, abdomen, and an oblique broad band
on the three outer tail-feathers, pure white.
Length, 5 inches ; bill from gape, 6 lines ; wings, 2
inches 10 lines; tarsi, 11 lines.
This species is considered the Nirungiru, Ngirungiru,
Miro-miro and To-i-toe of the natives. It is very common,
says Mr. P. Earl, at Port Nicholson, flying about the gar-
dens near the houses.
Petroica albifrons.
Plate 6, f. 2.
Tardus oclirotaisus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 82, et Icon,
ined. 148.
Wliitc-fronted Thrush, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. 71.
Turdus albifrons, Gmel. Sijst. Nat. 822 : Lath. Ind.
Orn. 354.
Upper surface and fore part of neck sooty black ; under
surface pale rufescent ; front with a small spot of white.
Length, 7 inches.
" Habitat in australi insula Novae Zeelandia3, victitat
insectis et minutis cancellis ad littora maris, suaviter can-
tillat; homines non formidat, scd ubique ob insccta inam-
bulando inter frutices excussa el circumvolitantia sequitur,
ssepius manu captus vel pileo." Forster.
The original of this description is contained auiong the
drawings of Forster, and it is very like Petroica longipes,
[Gam.) The figure of Forster differs, however, from the
bird refen'ed to, by the white extending from the fore part
of the breast to the base of tail, leaving the throat of the
same colour as the back. I have subjoined a figure, for
the purpose of making known the original drawing from
which Latham took his description, that it may assist in
elucidating the species, should it hereafter be discovered.
It may eventually prove to be the same species of bird as
the following.
Petroica australis.
Turdus australis, Sparrm. Mu.s. Carh. t. 69.
Muscicapa longipes, Garnot, I oij. de la Coq. Zool. 594 :
Ols. t. 19,/. 1.
Myiothera novae Zelandiae, Less.
Miro longipes, Le.^s. Tr. d'Orn. 389.
Slaty black, shafts of the feathers white, throat and breast
greyish white, margined broadly with slaty black ; abdo-
men white, mixed with slaty black ; greater wing-coverts,
quills, secondaries and tertials, brownish black, the base
of inner webs of secondaries with a spot of white on each;
tail black ; a small spot above the bill pure white.
Length, 8 inches ; bill from gape, 10 lines; wings, 5
inches ; tarsi, 1 inch, b\ lines.
The female and young are tinged with brown on the up-
per surface, throat and breast lighter coloured and without
the prominent white spot over the bill.
Garnot informs us that this bird is the Miro miro of the
natives, and that it " vit dans les broussailles qui entourent
I'immense baie des iles a I'extremite nord de la Nouvelle
Zelande." The settlers call this bird the Robin, which
Mr. P. Earl supposes is from its tameness; if you sit down
but for a minute in the bush in any part of New Zealand,
one or more of these birds will make their appearance,
hopping round you without showing the slightest symp-
tom of fear. It is mostly seen on or near the ground. He
further remarks that the native name is Totoara.
Two specimens of this species were brought by the
Expedition.
Subfamily 5. Motacillinw.
Anthus nov/E Zealand!^.
Alauda littorea, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 90, et Leon. ined.
14.3.
New Zealand Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. iv. 384, 51.
Alauda nova Zealandiae, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 799 : Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. 497.
Head and back brownish grey ; from the nostrils and
above the eyes a line of white ; from the car through the
eyes a black line ; cheeks white, spotted with brown ; the
throat white, breast pale ferruginous, spotted with brown ;
abdomen white, with brown streaks on the sides ; quills
brown, margined with grey ; tail blackisli brown margined
with grey, especially on the two middle feathers, the outer
feathers white, the last but one white, with a line down the
shaft and the inner web margined with blackish brown.
Length, 7 inches; bill from gape, 8 lines ; wings, 3|
inches; tarsi. Hi- lines; middle toe, 10^ lines.
" Habitat ad littora maris in insula australi Novae Zee-
landiae, victitans cancris pulicibus inter Fucos in littore
ejectos viventibus." Forster.
According to Forster, this is the Kogoo-aroure of the na-
tives ; while Dr. Dieffenbach gives it the name of Kataitai.
The specimen brought by the Expedition, was from the
Bay of Islands. In the same collection were also three
other specimens, from Auckland Island, which may even-
tually prove a distinct species, with a triflingly larger foot.
It agrees in this respect, as well as general appearance,
with Anthus australis of Vigors and Dr. Horsfield.
Anthds
Alauda
■ .' Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 91.
Upper surface and tail-feathers ferruginous, with longi-
tudinal streaks of brown ; fore part of neck and breast
whitish brown ; al)domen nearly white ; sides, thighs and
vent ochraceous white ; a line from each nostril over each
eye to the nape white; quills deep brown, with testaceous
grey margins.
Length, 7 inches.
" Haecce Alaudae species est affine Motacillis, sed ob
rostrum magis cylindricum ad Alaudas spectare videtur :
at digitus posticus erat rectiusculus et vix digito.longior :
semper inter fruticeta latebat et celenime cursitabat in in-
sula vulgo Longa appellata in ^Estuario Reginae Charlottae."
Forster.
Family, Turdid^e.
Subfamily I. Timalina.
Turnagra crassirostris.
Loxia turdus, Forst. De.^cr. Anim. p. 85, et Leon. ined.
145.
Thick-billed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. '34, pi. 37.
Tanagra capensis, Sparrm. Mas. Carls, t. 45.
Turdus crassirostris, Gmel. Sy.st. Nat. 815 : Lath. Ind
Orn. i. 335.
Tanagra macularia, Qiioy et Gaim. Voy. de I'Astrol
Zool. i. 186, t. 7,/. 1.
Keropia crassirostris, G. R. Gray, List of Genera, Isf ed.
Olivaceous brown ; front, cheeks and sides of neck with
8
a few spots of rufous ; quills black, margined with oliva-
ceous brown ; wing-coverts with two transverse bands of
rufous ; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts brown,
with longitudinal broad rufescent white spots ; tail rufous,
with the two middle feathers and margins of others oliva-
ceous brown.
Length, 10^ inches; bill from gape, 11 lines; wings, 4|
inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 2 lines.
Forster placed the name of Golobieo on his drawing. It
is also said to be the Pio pio, Keropia and Koho Eou of
the natives. According to Mr. P. Earl, it is the Kakaroeo
of the natives of South Island. It haunts low bushes, or
is seen on the ground, searching for seeds, which consti-
tute its chief food. Their flight is only extended for a
short distance at a time.
Family, Muscicapid^.
Subfamily 1. Muscicapin<B.
Rhipiduua flabellifera.
Plate 6, f. 2.
Muscicapa ventilabrum, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 86, et
Icon. ined. 15-5.
Fan-tailed Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 340, pi. 49.
M. flabellifera, Gmel. Si/sf. Nat. 943.
Muscipeta flabellifera, Tevim. Man. iVOrn.
Brownish olivaceous ; head black, eyebrows and throat
white ; breast and abdomen yellowish rufescent ; middle
tail-feathers black tipped with white, outer feather on each
side entirely white, intermediate ones white, with the outer
margin of each bordered with black.
Ijcnglh, (J inches ; bill from gape, 5 lines ; wings, 2
inches 10 lines; tarsi, 10 lines.
" Habitat in insula australi Novae Zealandiaj. Continuo
insecta venatur, volitans, cauda in ventilabri formara ex-
pansa ; mansueta homines ob insecta in ambulando extur-
hata sequitnr, ac saepe capiti vel humeris insidet ; sono
pipiente canit." Forster.
According to Forster, this is the Diggowagbwagh of the
natives of Dusky Bay ; and other authors have called it
the Piwaka-waka and Pi-oua-ka-oua-ka.
The Expedition's specimens were from the Bay of
Islands.
Rhipidura melanura.
Rhipidura melanura, G. R. Gray, App. to Dieff. Trav.
in N. Zeal. ii. p. 190.
Dark olivaceous brown ; beneath rufous brown ; head
and neck greyish black, with a superciliary spot on each
side white ; the tail is entirely black.
Tot;il length, 6j inches ; bill from gape, ^ an inch ; tail,
4 inches; tarsi, 10 lines.
This species is from Chatham Island and New Zealand.
Family, Corvid^.
Subfamily, CaUcBatinte.
Call^as cinerea.
Callaeas cinerea, Forst. Desc. An. p. 74, et Icon. ined. 52.
Cinereous Wattled Bird, Lath. Syn. i. 364, pi. 14.
Glaucopis cinerea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 363 : Quay el
Gaini. Voy. de VAstrol. Ois. t. 15.
Blackish cinereous ; lower part of back and abdomen
tinged with rufous brown ; above each nostril a patch of vel-
vety black ; with a round caruncle at the gape on each side.
Length, 1 foot 3 inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch ; wings,
6| inches; tarsi, 2j inches.
" Habitat in utraque Novae Zeelandia; insula, ambulat
humi et per arbores et fruticeta quoque vagatur. Cantillat
voce fistulari, exaestuat quoque in arboribus simul obmur-
murans. Vescitur baccis, insectis, et uti mihi relatum par-
vis quoque aviculis. Caro ejus satis sapida." Forster.
It is the Kokako of the natives, and the " New Zealand
Crow " of the English settlers.
Family, Sturnid^.
Subfamily 1. PtilonorhynchintB.
Aplonis Zelandicus.
Lamprotornis zelandicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de FAs-
trol. Ois. t. 9,/. 1.
Olivaceous brown ; under surface ashy, tinged with yel-
low ; quills, secondaries, tertials, uropygium and tail, ru-
fous, paler on the uropygium.
Length, 6 inches.
Tasman's Bay is given as the locality of this species by
MM. Quoy and Gaimard.
Aplonis obscurus.
Lamprotornis obscurus, Ditbiis, Bull. Acad. Set. Bru.v.
1839, pt. 1, p. 297.
Brownish grey ; head, fore part of neck, and breast ra-
ther black, tinged with deep green ; wings and tail blackish
brown ; abdomen brownish ash.
Length 6^^ inches.
Subfamily, Sturnin<B.
Creadion carunculatus.
Sturnus carunculatus, Forst. Descr. An'un. p. 81, et Icon,
ined. 144.
Wattled Stare, Lath. Syn. iii. 9, pi. 36 (adult and young).
Sturnus carunculatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 805.
Creadion pharoides, Viell. Encyc. Meth. p.
Icterus rufusater, et I. novae Zelandiae, Less, et Gam.
Voy. de la Coq. Ois. I. 23,/. 1, (adult).
Xanthomus carunculatus, Quoyet Gaim. Voy. de F Astral.
Ois. t. 12,/. 4, (yonng).
Oxystomus carunculatus, Strains. Class, of Birds, ii. 270.
Black; back, wing-coverts and uropj'gium ferruginous;
a small blood-red caruncle hangs from the gape on each
side of the lower mandible.
Adult male. Black, back only ferruginous.
Female or young. Blackish brown ; lower part of back
tinged with rufous.
Length, 91^ inches; bill from gape, 1 inch 4 lines; wings
Sj inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 7 lines.
" Habitat in insula australi Novae Zeelandiae ; voce fis-
tulari canit." Forster.
MM. Quoy and Gaimaid inform us, that " Cet oiseau
habile les grands bois de la bale Tasman, oii il parait vi-
vre solitaire." It feeds on seeds, and inhabits both the
North and South Islands.
The natives call this bird Tiaka, Purourou or Tierawaki.
Family, Psittacid.e.
Subfamily 1. Pezoporince.
Platycercus nov^ Zeelandi*.
Psittacus pacificus, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 73. Icon,
iited. 44 — 46.
Pacific Parrot, Lath. St/i>. i. 252.
Psittacus pacificus, var. &. Gniel. Syst. Nat. i. 329.
Psittacus novas Seelanrlia), Sparrni. Mas. Carls, t. 28.
Platycercus novae Seelandise, IVagl. Monogr. Psitt. p.
Platycercus pacificus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. 529, pi.
suppl. 1.
Green ; forehead, region of the cars, and some of the
side feathers margined with crimson ; beneath yellowish
green ; quills black, with the outer webs blue and margined
with yellow.
Length, 9 inches ; bill from gape, 6 lines ; wings, b\
inches ; tarsi, 8 lines.
Length, 12 inches; bill from gape, 9 lines ; wings. Sc-
inches ; tarsi, 9 lines.
" Habitat in tota insula australi Nova; Zselandiae, vic-
titat baccis, nam in arboribus et fructicibus bacciferis
plerumque obvius: praecipue in Coccoloba australi et Phy-
tolacca completa." Forster.
Kakiriki, Powaitere, or Po-e-tere are the names by which
this species is known to the natives. Tt is found in New
Zealand, Auckland and Chatham Islands.
Platycercus adriceps.
Psittacus auriceps, ifwA^, Nov. Act. Acad. C(bs. Cur. x.
p. 46.
Platycercus auriceps. Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1825, 531,
pi. suppl. 2.
Psittacus pacificus, var 5'. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 104.
Green ; beneath yellowish green ; frontal band and some
of the side feathers margined with scarlet ; vertex of the
head golden yellow ; quills black, the outer webs blue,
margined with yellow ; tail green, margined with yellow.
Length, 9 inches ; bill from gape, ^ an inch ; wings, 4
inches ; tarsi, 7 lines.
Length, 1 1 inches ; bill from gape, 7 lines ; wings, 4
inches, 5 lines ; tarsi, 8J lines.
This species inhabits various parts of New Zealand.
Trichoglossus aurifrons.
Psittacus (Lathamus) aurifrons. Less. Cent. Zool. t. 18.
Trichoglossus aurifrons, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p.
Upper surface lively green ; urojjygium, forehead, and
all the under surface golden yellow, tinged on the abdo-
men with gi-een ; quills azure blue, with the extremities
black.
Length, 7 inches 4 lines, (French).
This species is given, as found in New Zealand, on the
authority of M. Lesson.
Subfamily 2, Cacatuince.
Nestor meridionalis.
Psittacus hypopolius, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 72. Icon,
ined. 50.
Southern Brown Parrot, Lath. Sgn. i. 264.
Psittacus meridionalis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 333.
Psittacus nestor, iMth. Ind. Orn. i. 110.
Psittacus australis, Shaw, Mus. Lev. pi. p. 87.
Nestor hypopolius, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p.
Olivaceous, each feather margined with brown ; fore
part of the neck and breast greyish brown, margined with
dark brown ; nape rufous brown, margined with yellow
and black ; uropygium and abdomen purplish blood red,
banded with black ; crown of head and lores gi"ey, mar-
gined with dark brown ; region of the ears golden yellow,
margined with brown ; feathers projecting over the lower
mandible obscure red, streaked with grey in the middle ;
tail greenish brown, ban-ed on the inner margins of the
inner webs with pale red.
Length, 1 foot 1^ inches; bill fi-om gape, 1 inch 7 lines;
wings, 11 inches; tarsi, 1 inch 2 lines.
" Habitat in insula utraque Novae Zeelandia;, victitat
baccis et nucibus, garrulus, fistilat voce alta et clamosa,
praesertim mane et vesperi. Maxime australis congenerum
quippe vivens in 46° Lat. Austr." Forster.
This bird is the Kaka of the natives.
Family, Cuculid^.
To this family, says Dr. Dieffeubach, probably belongs
the bird known to the natives by the name of Kakapo, and
judging from some tail-feathers of a green metallic lustre,
which were obtained in the interior, the bird may belong
to the genus Centropus[}). Dr. D. further remarks that the
living birds, nor even an entire specimen, have not been
seen by any of the missionaries, nor by the natives, for
manj' years past. Its destruction he considers to be ow-
ing to the introduction of cats and dogs, as the bird used
to perch only on the lower branches of trees, and therefore
was easily obtained by those animals. The natives caught
it by means of the glare of a torch during the night.
Mr. P. Earl is induced, from iuformation which he ob-
tained during his recent travels, to suppose that this rare
bird still exists in the southern parts of the South Island,
and that it seldom visits the northern portions. He was
informed by Mr. Gerard, many years resident in New Zea-
land, that he had seen the bird in the bay in which he lived,
and described it as a climbing bird ; and by Mr. Hughes,
a whaling master at Moiraki, that he had had a living spe-
cimen in his possession some years ago. Mr. H. said that
it had a long tail ; the bill was hooked like a hawk or a
parrot's ; and that it was very strong on the wing, and
would attack other birds, even the Nestor meridionalis, to
which it was little inferior in size.
Subfamily, Cuculinw.
EUDYNAMIS TAITEXSIS.
Cuculus fasciatus, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 160. Icon,
ined. 56.
C
10
Society Cuckow, Lath. Si/ii. ii. 514.
Cuculiis taitensis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, t. 32. Voy. de
la Coq. Zool. i. ;). 623.
Cuculiis taitius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 412.
Brown, liansvcisely banded and longitudinally streaked
on the head and neck, with rufous ; under surface white
with longitudinal streaks down the middle of each feather
of brownish black ; wing-coverts brown, banded with ru-
fous and tipped with white ; quills brown, banded with
rutbus ; tail brown, numerously banded with rufous and
tipped with white.
Length, 1 foot 4Hnches; bill from gape, 1 inch 10 lines;
wings, 7j inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 3 lines.
When young, the feathers of the back, quills and se-
condaries are tipped with white, and the under surface is
tinged with rufous.
This bird is the Kohepuroa or Koekoea of the natives.
It is migratory, says Dr. Dieffenbach, and appears on the
coast in the month of December. Forster has neither in his
MSS. or drawings recorded it as a native of New Zealand.
From Mr. P. Earl's note we learn that it comes from the
north to the neighbourhood of Port Nicholson in the month
of October, and returns in April. They are also found as
far south as Otago in the South Island, but they are scarce
and very shy.
Chrysococcyx lucidus.
Cuculus nitens, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 151. Icon. ined.
57.
Shining Cuckow, Lath. Syn. ii. 528, pi. 23.
Cuculus lucidus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. \. 421. Temm. PI.
Col. 102,/. 1.
Shining bronzy green ; forehead, cheeks and beneath the
body white, transversely banded with shining bronzy green ;
tail shining bronzy green, with some of the lateral feathers
spotted on the sides and tipped with white.
Length, 7 inches ; bill from gape, 8 lines ; wings 4j
inches ; tarsi, 9 lines.
" Habitat ad ^Estuarium Eeginae Charlotlag in sylvis (et
ad Caput Bonaj Spei (.?)." Forster.
This bird is closely allied to the Australian species, but
appears larger in all its proportions ; the transverse bands
of the under surface are wider ; the outer tail-feathers have
four large spots and one small spot at the base ; while the
Australian species has five spots, which are all large, and
equal in size : the feathers of the back are more of a gold-
en green than in the Australian bird ; and other differen-
ces are also distinguishable by comparison.
It is the Poopoo arouro or Pipiwawarou of the natives.
Dr. Dieffenbach remarks, that like the former bird, it is
migratory, and apjiears near the coast in the same month.
He also observed that it lays its eggs in the nests of smaller
birds, especially in that of the Fan-tailed Flycatcher {Rhi-
pklura JIabeUifera). It arrives, says Mr. P. Earl, at Port
Nicholson, in the beginning of October, returning north in
March : it possesses a very strong flight and is exceedingly
shy ; its notes are like the sound of Kui kui tioro. He ex-
amined the stomach of one, and found several caterpillars
in it.
Family, Colcmbid.e.
Subfamily, ColumbiiKB.
Carpophaga nov^ Zealandi^.
Columba argetrsea, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 9iQ. Icon, hi-
ed. 137.
New Zealand Pigeon, Lath. Syn.
Columba nova; Zealandia;, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 773.
Columba zealandica, Lath. hid. Orn.
Columba leucogaster, Wayl.
Top of the head, back and sides of the neck, upper part
of the back and wing-coverts, coppery purple ; head, fore
part of the neck, breast and outer portion of the wings, se-
condaries and lower part of the back, rich coppery green ;
abdomen and lower part of the breast pure white ; quills
bluish green, with lengthened spots of grey on the outer
webs near the base, the tips of the inner ones black ; tail
black, tinged with blue green, tipped with pale brown.
Length, 1 foot 7 J inches; bill from gape, 1 inch 3 lines;
wings, lOj inches ; tarsi, l^- inch.
" Habitat in insula Australi Novte Zealandiae. Victitat
baccis Coriariae sarmentosa; et Coccolobse australis." —
Forster.
According to Forster's drawings it is the Hagarreroo,
but by other writers it is said to be the Kuku or Kukupa
of the natives.
This fine bird is closely allied to the Australian Carpo-
phaga spadicea, but which differs by the wings and lower
parts of the back being silvery grey, more or less tinged
with green. In the young birds the purplish ferruginous
is more or less wanting.
MM. Hombron et Jacquinot have described a species
with the name of Columba spadicea leucophaa (Ann. des
Sci. Nat. 1841, 319), in the following terms. " Back and
wing-coverts undulated with rufous ; head, occiput, cheeks
and back of neck, grey, marked with paler; quills and tail
sooty grey, the latter tipped with white ; under part of the
throat and breast brownish grey, traversed with grey more
or less pure ; belly and luider tail-coverts white." This
description most likely refers to the very young bird of
this species.
Latham has recorded two other species of pigeons, as
found in New Zealand, namely, Columba cenea, var. 0. and
Columba brunnea ; it is extremely doubtful whether these
birds are inhabitants of that f)art of the world.
Among the notes of Mr. P. Earl I find the following de-
scription of a species of pigeon. " Head and neck white,
the former crested ; scapulars very light brown ; the belly
and breast white." Several specimens of this were seen at
Tautuku, and near the Molyneux River.
Family, Teteaonid^.
Subfamily, Perdicinw.
COTUENIX NOV.E ZeALANDI^.
Plate 8.
Coturnix novae Zealandiae, Qtioi/ et Gaim. Voy. de PAs-
trol. Zool. i. 242. Ois. t. 24,/. 1, (femelle).
Male. Upper surface brownish ferniginous varied with
black, with a narrow white streak down the shaft of each
11
feather ; a line over each eye, cheeks and throat rufous ;
with two short hues on the cheeks and margin beneath,
black ; breast ferruginous wliite, each feather with a broad
irregular band of black, and tipped with white ; feathers
of the sides pale ferruginous marked with black, and a
white streak down the shaft ; abdomen wliite, with black
marks.
Length, 85- inches ; bill from gape, 8 lines ; wings, 4f
inches.
The female is similar to the male, but wants the rufous
throat. It is closely allied to the Cotnrni.v pecforalis of
Mr. Gould. MM. Quoy and Gaimard tell us that " II ha-
bite la bale Chouraki (riviere Tamisc de Cook), a la Nou-
velle-Zelande. Nous n' avons pas pu nous procurer un
seal male." Mr. Percy Earl informs me, that this bird is
termed by the natives Koreke, and that it is found, but not
in abundance, in the open fera lands on the South Island.
He never saw one on the North Island, although he does
not state positively that they do not exist there. The flesh
of this quail is of a delicate flavour. The egg is of a yel-
lowish white, irregularly spotted with umber brown. This
species was observed by Dr. Dieffenbach on the Northern
Island.
Family, Strdthionid.e.
Subfamily, Apferi/c/iiKe.
Afteryx australis.
Apteryx australis, Shmv, Nat. Misc. pi. 1057, 1058.
Gould's B. of Austr. pt. 11. pi.
Dromiceius nova; Zealandia3, Less. Man. cT Orn. ii. 210.
Chesnut brown, margined on the sides of each feather
with blackish brown ; head', fore part of neck and under
surface lighter, tinged with grey.
Length of male, 2 feet 6 inches ; bill from gape, 6f
inches ; tarsi 3 inches.
Length of female 2 feet; bill from gape, 5^ inches; tarsi
2 inches 8 lines.
This singular bird (which is the Kivi or Kiwikiwi of the
natives) is scattered over various parts of New Zealand, es-
pecially those covered with extensive and dense beds of
ferns, which aflbrd it a place of concealment, when hunted
by the natives, who highly prize the feathers as an article
to decorate their persons. It runs with swiftness, and
sometimes hides itself in holes of rocks or hollow trees. Its
food is supposed to consist of snails, insects and worms,
which it mostly seeks for during the night ; the latter are
obtained by beating the earth with its foot, it seizes them
with its bill the instant they appear above the ground. The
nest is usually placed at the base of a hollow tree, or in
deep holes excavated in the ground. It is composed of
fern and grasses, but the number of eggs is unknown.
Family, Charadrid.e.
Subfamily, Charadriiiw.
Charadrius virginianus.
Charadrius virginianus, Pr. Bonap.
Charadrius maruioratus, Wagl.
Charadrius xanthocheilus (Wagl.), Jard. 1^ Selbi/s III.
of Orn. pi. 85.
Blackish brown, spotted with yellowish white or deep
yellow ; feathers of the head and nape margined with yel-
low ; greater wing-coverts and quills blackish brown, the
former margined, and the basal part of the .shafts of the lat-
ter, white ; under surface yellowish white, with the abdomen
varied with blackish brown bands ; fore part of the neck
and breast yellowish grey, with triangular spots and bands
of pale blackish brown; under tail-coverts yellowish white,
tinged with yellow; tail blackish brown, spotted with yel-
lowish white.
Length, 10 inches.
The native names of this bird are Tuturiwhata, Takihi-
kaki or Tuturuata.
Charadrius obscurus.
Plate 9.
Charadrius glareola, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 109. Icon,
ined. 122.
Dusky Plover, Lath. Syn. v. 211.
Charadrius obscurus, Gmel. Si/st. Nat. i. 686.
Blackish brown, with the feathers margined with rufous
grey, especially on the nape ; front, streak over each eye,
throat and abdomen rufous white ; breast and upper part of
abdomen rufous ; under tail-coverts white, slightly tinged
with rufous ; quills black, base of the inner ones and the
shafts of the others white ; tail blackish brown, with the
lateral feathers white.
Length, 10 inches; bill fi-om gape, 1 inch 5 lines; wings
6w inches ; tarsi, 1 inch, 8 lines.
"Habitat ad littora glareosainsulae australis Novas Zee-
landiai." Forsier.
The young bird is of a lighter colour, especially on the
under surface, where it is white, slightly tinged with ru-
fous ; and the throat and sides of the breast spotted with
blackish brown.
This is called, according to the drawing of Forster, Ha-
poho-era, by the natives of Dusky Bay.
These birds, says Mr. Percy Earl, I never observed but
at Waikonati, and then only during the month of Septem-
ber. They are usually six or eight together, but are very
shy, and are very fat at that time, and of exquisite flavour.
He further marked, that this species is the Moakura of the
natives.
Thinornis.
Bill long, slender, scarcely swollen at the apex, which
is acute; the nostrils lateral, basal, placed in a nasal groove
that extends for two-thirds of the bill. Wings long, point-
ed, and with the first and second quills nearly equal and
longest. Tail long and rounded. Tarsi as long as, or
shorter than, the middle toe, and strong. Toes long, strong,
united at the base and margined on the sides, the hind toe
wanting.
These birds difler from Hiaiictilii, in the length and
slenderncss of their bills, and in the strength and shortness
of their tarsi, and also in the strength of their toes.
c 2
12
Thinornis Rossii.
Plate 11.
Blackish brown, lighter on the wings ; forehead, cheeks,
sides, fore part of neck, and a narrow collar round the neck
brownish black ; band across the head, over the eyes and
extending down to the nape, breast and abdomen, margins
of secondaries, some of the tertials margined or entirely,
and the outer tail-feathers, pure white ; sides of the breast
and abdomen varied with blackish-brown feathers.
Length, 8 inches; bill from gape, 11 lines; wings, 5
inches ; tarsi, 9J lines.
A single specimen of this bird was brought by the Expe-
dition from Auckland Island.
Thinornis nov.e Seelandi^.
Plate 11.*
Charadrius torquatula, Forst. Desc. Aiiim. p. 108. Icon,
ined. 121.
New Zealand Plover, Lath. Syn. v. 206, pi. 83.
Charadrius nova; Seelandise, Gmel. Sysl. Nat. i. 684.
Charadrius dudoroa, Wagl. Syst. Av.
Greyish brown ; forehead, cheeks and fore part of neck,
and a ring round the nape, black; throat varied with
white ; band across the head, extending over the eyes to
the nape, breast and abdomen, pure white; quills blackish
brown, with a white mark down the shaft of each ; margins
of the secondaries and some of the tertials margined or en-
tirely white ; middle feathers of the tail blackish brown,
lateral feathers white, with the second and third with a
black spot near the end.
Length, 7| inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch ; wings, 4|
inches ; tarsi, 1 1 lines.
" Habitat ad ostia rivulorum et littora maris glareosa in
insula australi Nova; Zeelandiae in Portu Obscuro." Forst.
According to Forster's drawing it is called by the natives
Doodooroo attoo, and was found at Queen Charlotte's Bay.
Mr. Percy Earl found a pair of this, what he terms very
rare, species, on the coast between Tairi and Otago, South
Island. It was called by the natives Kukuruatu.
This species differs from the other by the lightness of
its general colour, and by the toes being rather shorter.
HiATICOLA BICINCTA.
Charadrius bicinctus, Jard. 8f Selby^s III. Orn. pi. 28.
iEgialites bicincta, Gould, Syn. Austr. Birds, p. pl.f.
Chesnut-breast Plover, Lath. Hist, of Birds, ix.324.
Upper surface greyish brown, greater wing-coverts and
some feathers of the back, margined with ]3ale yellowish
brown; quills black brown, with the shaft of the first quill
white ; forehead and beneath the body white, with a broad
black band on breast, and a broad ferruginous band on the
fore part of abdomen ; tail with the middle feathers black-
ish brown, the lateral ones paler and the outer one entirely
white.
Length, 7 inches ; bill from gape, 9 lines ; wings, 5|
inches ; tarsi , 1 inch 2 lines.
Anarhynchus frontalis.
Anarhynchus frontalis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de r Astral.
Zonl. i. 252. Ois. t. 31,/. 2.
Pale cinereous ; forehead and the under surface of the
body pure white ; quills brown.
Length, 6 inches 2 lines; bill, 13 lines ; tarsi, 13 lines,
(French).
" Get oiseau a les mcEurs de tons ceux de sa famille.
11 habite les bords vaseux de la mer, et vit en troupes
dans les canaux d' eau salee qui entourent la bale Chou-
raki, a la Nouvelle Zelande."
Subfamily, HfBtnatopodinw.
H^MATOPUS LONGIROSTRIS.
Haematopus longirostris, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat.
XV. 410.
Hsematopus picatus, Vigors, King's Voy. Austr. Append.
Haematopus australiasianus, Gould, Proc. Z. S.
Back of neck, back, wings and tail black, glossed with
green; the latter with the base white; fore part of neck,
breast and thighs cinereous black ; beneath the body, uro-
pygium, and the outer portions of the secondaries, white.
Length, 1 foot 7j inches; bill from gape 2 inches 10
lines ; wings, 11 inches ; tarsi, 2 inches 1 line.
The native name of this bird is Toria.
H^MATOPUS UNICOLOR.
Plate 10.
Hsematopus unicolor, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 112. Wagl.
Isis, 1832,/;. 1230.
General colour black, with a tinge of green ; bill and
legs crimson.
Length, 1 foot Gg- inches ; bill from gape, 4^ inches ;
wings, 10 J inches ; tarsi, 3 inches.
" Habitat in scopulis, ad quos fluctus algas fucosque
ejiciunt. Insectis marinis, cancris, testaceis victitat. Gre-
garia semper a me visa. Vox fistulans fere Scolopacis
arquatae. Natat et urinatur." Forster.
Differs from the Australian species, H. fuliginosus of
Mr. Gould, by wanting the red ring round the eyes.
Family, Ardeid^.
Subfamily, Ardeinw.
HeRODIAS FLAVIROSTRIS.
Ardea flavirostris, Wagler, Syst. Av.
Entirely white ; bill yellow and the legs black.
Length, (female ?) 2 feet 8^- inches ; the bill from gape,
6 inches; wings, 1 foot 4f inches; tarsi, o| inches.
This bird, says Mr. P. Earl, is unknown in the North
Island. It is called in the South Island (Tairi river) Ka-
tuka by the natives, who consider it very rare and extreme-
ly shy. They hold this bird in gi-eat estimation for its
feathers to decorate their persons. An old chief offered
Mr. Earl a large pig for the skin. Specimens of this bird
were first observed by Capt. Cook, as inhabiting New
Zealand.
13
Herodias matook.
Ardea jugulavis, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 172. Icon. ined.
114. Wagl. Syst.Av.
Blue Heron, Lath. Syn. v. 79.
Ardea carulea, var. y. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. i. 631.
Ardea Matook, Vieill. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xiv. 416.
New Zealand Heron, Lath. Hist, of Birds, ix. 128.
Ashy blue ; throat and a line down the middle of the
fore part of neck, white.
Length, 1 foot llj inches; bill from gape, 4 inches;
wings lOl^ inches ; tarsi, 3| inches.
" In nova Zeelandia ad ^Estuarium Reginse Charlottae."
It is known to the natives of Queen Charlotte's Sound
by the name of Matook.
BOTAUBUS MELANOTOS.
Botaurus melanotus, G. R. Gray, App. in Bieff. New
Zealand, ii. p 196.
Ardea (Botaurus) australis, Cuv.? Less. Tr. d" Orn. 572.
Blackish brown on the back, with some of the feathers
and wings reticulated with yellowish white ; head, neck,
quills, secondaries and tail dirty brown ; sides of the head,
throat and streaks down some of the feathers and beneath
the body yellowish white, the two latter with blackish
brown streaks, more or less perfect, down several of the
feathers.
Length, 2 feet 2 inches ; bill from the gape, 3j inches ;
wings, 12j inches ; tarsi, 3f inches.
Young. Blackish brown, reticulated all over with yel-
lowish white.
This species is the Matuku or Matuku urepo of the na-
tives, and the Crane of the Missionaries. It is also found
in Australia.
Family, Scolopacid.e.
Subfamily, Limosin<e.
LiMOSA LAPPONICA, VAR. NoVjE ZeALANDI^.
Greyish brown, with the middle of each feather fuscous,
and some of the feathers more or less marked with white
on the edges ; quills brownish black, with white shafts ;
throat and fore part of neck brownish white, streaked with
darker and tinged with rufous ; breast and abdomen pink-
ish white ; sides and sometimes the under tail-coverts irre-
gularly banded or streaked with brownish black ; uropy-
gium white, inegularly marked with brownish black.
Length, 1 foot 3 inches ; bill from gape, 3f inches ;
wings, 9 inches ; tarsi, 2 inches.
According to Mr. P. Earl's notes, this species is called
Ririwaka by the natives at Waikouaiti, and was found in
abundance on the sea-shore in summer, but almost unap-
proachable on account of its shyness.
Subfamily, Recurvirostrinw.
H1.MANT0PUS Nov^ Zealandi^.
Himantopus novse Zealandiae, Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1841,
p. : BirdsofAustr.pl.
Himantopus melas, Homb. et Jacq. Ann. des Sci. Nat.
1841, 320. Voy. a Pol Sud, Ois. t. iQ,f. 2.
Male. Back and wings shining greenish black ; head
and beneath the body sooty black ; throat cinereous.
Length, 13:|- inches ; bill from gape, 2f inches; wings,
9} inches ; tarsi, 3 inches.
Female. Top and sides of head, back of neck, and ab-
domen sooty black ; back, wings and tail shining greenish
black; forehead, cheeks, fore part and sides of neck, breast
and fore part of abdomen, white.
Length, 1 foot 32- inches ; bill from gape, 2j inches ;
wings, 9| inches ; tarsi, 3^ inches.
The natives, according to Dr. Dieffenbach, have named
this bird Tutumata. " At Mataineka in South Island,"
says Mr. P. Earl, " it is called Poako. They are generally
found feeding among ducks ; and at the approach of dan-
ger, utter a peculiar cry, at hearing which the ducks in-
stantly take flight. The young are mottled, even after
they fly."
Subfamil}', Scolopacina.
Gallinago Accklandica.
Plate 13.
Top of the head rufous, mixed with dark brown, with a
narrow fulvous line down the middle ; front and cheeks
fiilvous white, the fonner with a short brown line from the
culmen, another broader from the nostrils passing under the
eyes to the occiput, a third on each cheek running in an
oblique direction ; neck and breast fulvous white, with a
brown mark in the middle of each margin ; back, scapu-
lars and wings fulvous, marked with blotches and narrow
interrupted bands of black ; abdomen fulvous white ; bill
and feet pale horn-colour.
Length, 9 inches ; bill from gape, 2 inches 4 lines ;
wings, 4j inches ; tarsi, 1 inch.
Three specimens of this new species were procured by
the Expedition on Auckland Island.
Family, Rallid.e.
Subfamily, Rallinee.
OCYDROMUS australis.
Plate 14.
Rallus troglodytes, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 110. Icon, in-
ed. 126.
Troglodyte Rail, Lath. Syn. v. 229.
Rallus australis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, t. 14.
Ocydromus australis, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Adult. Yellowish olivaceous, with the middle of each
feather brownish black ; eyebrows, cheeks and throat pale
cinereous ; wing-coverts brownish black, irregularly band-
ed with yellowish white or rufous white ; quills black, irre-
gularly banded with pale ferruginous ; abdomen and sides
greyish olivaceous, narrowly banded with yellowish white ;
under tail-coverts pale ferruginous, banded with black ;
tsdl brownish black, margined with olivaceous and spotted
on the sides near the base with rufous.
Length, 1 foot 9 inches; bill from gape, 2 inches 4 lines;
wings 7f inches ; larsi, 2 inches 2 lines.
Young. Rufous, with the centre of each feather brown-
ish black ; eyebrows, cheeks, throat, breast and abdomen
cinereous, with a part of the neck and breast tinged with
14
niibus ; under tail-coverts pale rufous, banded transversely
witli black.
Length, 1 foot 5j inches ; bill from gape, 2 inches ;
wings, 9 inches ; tarsi, 2 inches.
" Habitat in Novaj Zeelandiaj insula auslrali, imprimis
in Portu Obscuro numerosissimse, per omnia littora maris
disperse, imo in minimis insulis a nobis sunt inventae, et
quod mirura alas habent brevissimas nee uuquam volare
tentant, neque ob pedes fissos natare queunt, adeo ut diffi-
cile sit dictu qua ratione in omnes pervenerint insulas. In
cavitatibus sub arborum radicibus degunt, et aestu rece-
donte ad littora maris excurrunt, cancellos et varios vermes
lectura;, celemme cursitant, gallinarum more ruspantur
humum et in quisquiliis victura qucrunt, noctu et tempore
pluvio uiisere clamant. Caro earum sapidissima, praeser-
tim cute detracta." Forster.
These birds, which bear the name of Weka, observes Mr.
P. Earl, are found in both islands; they are usually seen in
what is called open country, i. e. in long grass or thickets
of low bushes, where they can easily spring on small birds
perched near the ground. Mr. Earl brought one of the
South Island birds home alive ; a small living bird was the
greatest treat he could give him : they also feed upon ber-
ries. In the twilight or moonlight is the best time to find
them. The brood generally consists of three to five young
ones, which follow the parent initil nearly full grown : at
half growth they are of a light sandy colour. It is known
to the settlers by the name of Wood Hen.
OCYDROMUS DiEFFENBACHII.
Plate 15.
Rallus Dieffenbachii, G. R. Gray, Diejf. Trav. N. Z.
App. p. 197.
Back olive brown, in-egularly banded with bufi" and
black ; the breast and lower posterior part of the neck and
breast rufous yellow banded transversely with black; quills,
secondaries and under tail-coverts deep rufous, banded
with black ; lower part of the breast, abdomen, sides and
juguluui black, banded with white; top and hind part of
head, cheeks and a streak below the eye, olive-brown, the
two last tinged with rufous ; a band from the nostrils to
the middle above the eye, white ; the continuation of this
band behind the eye and throat grey, but white beneath
the bill ; tail dark brown, with longitudinal streaks of deep
rufous near the base.
Length, 121- inches ; bill from gape, l^- inch ; wings 5
inches ; tarsi, I j inch.
The specimen was obtained by Dr. Diefienbach at Chat-
ham Island, where it is known by the name of Moeriki.
Rallus assimilis.
Rallus assimilis, G. R. Gray, Dleff. Trav. N. Z. App.
p. 197.
Blackish brown, each feather broadly margined with
brownish olive ; feathers of the nape and wings spotted
with white surrounded with black ; quills brownish black,
banded with rufous ; eyebrows, cheeks and neck before,
grey ; throat white ; breast and sides of body black and
white banded ; abdomen and under tail-coverts buffy
white; breast with a transverse irregular band of buff; a
band from the base of upper mandible passing through the
eyes, down the neck, and extending round the nape, brown
varied with rufous.
Length, 12^ inches; bill from gape, If inches ; wings,
5 inches 4 lines ; tarsi, Ig^ inch.
The pectoral buff band on the breast, and the rufous co-
lour of the cheeks and on the sides of the neck, are much
less prominent than on the Australian specimens, other-
wise these birds are very similar.
Dr. Dieffenbach says, this is the Konini of the natives
of Cook's Straits ; but in some parts of New Zealand it is
called Katatai.
Ortygometka affinis.
Back and tail black, varied with spots of white ; top of
head, sides and back of neck, wing-coverts and tertials
black, greatly margined with rufous brown ; quills and se-
condaries brownish black ; .sides of head, throat and breast
grej', feathers of the two latter margined with pale rufous
brown ; abdomen and under tail-coverts black, narrowly
fasciated with white.
Length, 7j inches; bill from gape, 9 lines ; wings, Sj
inches ; tarsi, 13 lines.
This species is most like R. paliistris of Mr. Gould, but
it has not any white spots on the primaries, and the bill
appears to be rather longer.
The specimen was brought by Mr. P. Earl, who states
that it was shot on the banks of Nanganui Rivei", in the
North Island.
Oetygometra tabuensis.
Rallus minutus, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 178. Icon. hied.
1.30.
Tabuan Rail, Lnlh. Si/». v. 23.5.
Rallus tabuensis, Gmel. Si/st. i. 717.
Crex plumbea. Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. iii. 400.
Plumbeous ; the back and wings purplish black ; under
tail-coverts plumbeous, banded with white.
Length, 6^ inches ; bill from gape, 9 lines ; wings, 3
inches 2 lines; tarsi, 13 lines.
The natives of Otago, South Island, informed Mr. P.
Earl, that this was very rare, and that but a few of them
knew the name, which is Mehotatai. It frequents the
swamps or the sides of small water-runs.
Subfamily, GalUnulhxB.
PORPHYRIO MELANOTUS.
Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Man. d'' Orn. ii. 701.
Fulica alba, Lath. White's Journ. t. 138 (albino variety).
Head, back and wings deep shining black ; neck, breast
and outer margins of wings indigo blue ; abdomen sooty
black ; under tail-coverts pure white.
Length, 1 foot 5 inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 7 lines ;
wings, 10 inches ; tarsi, 3 inches 8 lines.
The head of the female or young is blackish grey.
This bird is the Pukeko of the natives, according to Mr.
Yate, while at Mataineka, South Island, says Mr. P. Earl,
it is named Pakura. In the summer months these birds
15
are found in the fresh-water lagoons near the sea ; and
they are seldom seen in winter.
Family, Anatid^.
Subfamily, Anatina;.
Casarca variegata.
Plate 16.
Anas cheneros, Forst. Desc. Anini. p. 92. Icon. ined. 67.
Variegated Goose, Lafh. Si/ii. vi. 441.
Anas variegata, Gmel. Sij.^t. Nat. i. 505.
Casarca castanea, Eytoit, Monogr. Anatidm, pi. p. 108,
(young).
Male. Head and neck shining green-black ; breast and
nape black, vermiculated with rufous ; back, posterior part
of breast and sides black, vermiculated with white ; abdo-
men ferruginous, with bands and vermiculations of black ;
under tail-coverts feiTuginous, varied with paler ; uropy-
giura and tail shining black ; wing-covcrts pure white ; se-
condaries shining green ; tertials with the outer webs fer-
ruginous and the inner ones cinereous.
Length, 2 feet; bill from gape, 2 inches; wings, 1 foot
2j inches ; tarsi, 21- inches.
The female is similar to the male, except that the head
and part of the neck are pure white ; the breast and nape
are ferruginous, varied on the margins with black. The
young birds differ by being entirely castaneous beneath,
undulated on the abdomen with black.
" Habitat in australis insulae Novaj Zeelandiae Portu
Obscure. Semper per paria a me observata, inde suspicor
eandam esse monogamam. Mas sonum streperum instar
crotali edit. Difficiles accessu. Ad ostia rivulorum et
aquarum dulcium semper re])erta." Forsler.
Forster placed on the drawing of this bird the name of
Pooa dugghie dugghie, but Dr. Dieffenbach says it is the
Putangi tangi of the natives (North Island, Mr. P. Earl),
and the Paradise Duck of the settlers. " At Mataineka,
South Island," says Mr. P. Earl, " it is termed Putakitaki,
and is an exceedingly wild bird. Thej' breed near the sea
shore, so that at the ajjproach of danger they run into the
surf with their young, which vary from six to twelve in
number, and are black and white. Flesh coarse and un-
palatable."
Anas supeeciliosa.
Anas superciliosa, Gmel. Sijst. Nat. i. 537.
Anas leucophrys, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 93. Icon. ined.
t. 77.
Supercilious Duck, Lath. Si/n. vi. 497.
Brown, each feather margined with ochre white ; eye-
brows, cheeks and upper part of neck white or yellowish
white ; cheeks with two small bands of blackish brown,
one of which passes through the eye ; the quills obscure
brown, with the speculum bright green, margined above
and below with black ; tail brown, margined with white.
Length, 1 foot 10 inches; bill from gape, Ij-inch; wings
10 inches 4 lines ; tarsi, 1 inch 3 lines.
" Habitat in insula australi Nova; Zeelandiae, in Portu
Obscure et in ^stuario Regina; Charlotta;." Forster.
This duck is the He Parrera or Parera of the natives.
and is scattered throughout New Zealand, Chatham and
Campbell Islands.
Anas chlorotis.
Plate 20.
Top of head black, margined with rufous ; back of neck
and nape greyish brown ; back and wing-coverts greyish
brown, more or less margined with pale rufous white ; se-
condaries the same, but with blotches of black ; cheeks
and beneath pale rufous white, darkest on the fore part and
sides of breast, from whence to the vent spotted with black;
under tail-coverts black, varied with dark ferruginous ; the
region of the ears tinged with green ; quills blackish brown ;
the speculum black tinged with green, and bordered above
and below with rufous white.
The female differs by the under side being entirely black-
ish brown margined with pale rufous white.
Length, 1 foot (S inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 11 lines;
wings, 8 inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 6 lines.
Found on the banks of the fresh-water streams of both
islands. It is known, says Mr. P. Earl, by the name of
Pateka.
Spatula khynchotis.
Anas rhynchotis, Lat/i. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 70. Lnnib.
Icon. ined.
Male. Blackish brown, margined with white or ochre-
white ; nape greyish brown ; the cheeks and throat ochre-
white, dotted with brown ; back with blotches of greenish
black ; breast pale fen-uginous, margined with black ; ab-
domen dark ferruginous marked with black ; wing-coverts
bluish lilac, greater coverts margined with white, speculum
bright gi-een ; quills, tertials and tail brownish black; un-
der tail-coverts black ; a white lunate mark before each eve.
Length, 1 foot 5j inches ; bill from gape, 2 inches 10
lines; wings, 10 inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 4 lines.
This Shoveller is known at Mataineka, South Island, by
the name of Kukupaku. It is found in pairs, says Mr. P.
Earl, in small creeks inland.
Subfamily, Fuligulince.
HYMENOLAIMtlS MALACORHYNCHUS.
Anas malacorhyncha, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 94. Icon,
ined. 74.
Soft-billed Duck, Lath. Syn. vi. 522.
Malacorhynchus Forsterorum, Wagl. Isis, 1832,/?. 1235.
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus, G. R. Gray, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1843, p. 370.
Head and neck greyish brown, tinged with green ; other
parts grey, tinged with green reflections ; breast and ab-
domen paler, each feather margined with white, the former
varied with chesnut and some blackish spots ; tertials mar-
gined exteriorly with velvety black ; middle of the abdo-
men and under tail-coverts tinged with rufous.
Length, 1 foot 5j inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 1 1
lines ; wings, 8y inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 9 lines.
" Habitat in aquis dulcibus et rivulis silvestribus insula;
australis Nova; Zealandia; in Portu jjraesertim Obscure.
16
Constanter per paria repeita, unde earn monogamam sus-
l^icor. Sono acuto fistulat." Forster.
According to Forster's drawing, this bird is the He-wee-
go of the natives of Dusky Bay. Mr. P. Earl procured his
specimen at Waikowaiti, as it was swimming about with
his tame ducks. It is seldom seen on the east coast of
the South Island ; it is, however, more abundant inland
and on the east side : and he states that it is known by the
name of Whiho. The bill of the living bird is a clear
ivory white, margined with black.
FULIGULA NOVyE ZeALANDI^.
Plate 18.
Anas atricilla, Forsf. Desc. Anim. p. 95. Icon, itied. 79.
New Zealand Duck, Lath. Si/ii. vi. 543.
Anas novse Zealandiae, Gmel. Si/.st. Nat. i. 541.
Fuligula novse Zealandise, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. 123.
Male. Black, tinged with green, and the head and back
of neck with pui'ple ; abdomen white, varied with black ;
sides deep rufous, speckled with white ; the back minutely
spotted with white ; speculum white.
Female. Dull black, feathers of the head, neck iind
isides margined with castaneous ; beneath the body white,
mottled with ashy brown.
Length, 1 foot 3j inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 9 lines ;
wings, 7i inches ; tarsi, 15 Hues.
" Habitat in insula australi Nova; Zealaudiae, praesertim
in Portu Obscuro; ad ostia rivulorum in sinubus maris
vento parum expositis, locisque aestu inundatis. Gregaria
a me reperta." Forster.
This bird is named by the natives He patek, according
to Forster's drawings, but Mr. P. Earl says it is Repo.
Subfamily, ErismaturiiKB.
Nesonetta Adcklandica.
Plate 17.
Nesonetta aucklandica, G. R. Gray.
Upper surface blackish brown, with some of the feathers
with green reflections, and margined with rufous, others
varied with vermiculations of the same colour, especially
on the upper part of the back and sides ; cheeks and sides
of neck brown, speckled with dusky white ; breast ferru-
ginous, varied with obscure spots ; abdomen brown, band-
ed with dusky white.
Length, 1 foot 41- inches ; bill from gape, If inches ;
wings, 5f inches ; tarsi, I3- inch.
Two specimens of this bird were obtained by the Expe-
dition when at Auckland Island.
Subfamily, MergincB.
Mergds australis.
Mergus australis, Hombr. et Jacq. Ann. des Sci. Nat.
1841,;?. 320.
Blackish brown, feathers bordered with a tinge of grey ;
head brown, spotted with black; neck reddish brown ; the
wings with a white spot in the middle, which is traversed
by a zigzag black band ; throat and anterior part of neck
red ; breast slaty grey, undulated with white ; belly and
uropygium white, imdulated with slaty grey ; sides and
beneath the wings deep slate colour ; some of the second-
aries and scapulars white, the former mottled with a tinge
of slaty ; the lower tail-coverts slaty black, margined with
white ; tail-feathers greyish black.
Length, 20 inches.
This bird was found by the officers of the French Ant-
arctic Expedition at Auckland Island.
Family, Colymbid^.
Subfamily, ColymbmcB.
PODICEPS RUFIPECTUS.
Plate 19.
Podiceps (Poliocephalus) rufopectus, G. R. Gray, Dieff.
Trav. N. Z. App. p. 198.
Adult. Top of head black ; sides of head, throat, nape
and thighs dusky, the two former ornamented with white
linear feathers ; breast dark rufous ; back black, some of
the feathers margined with grey and tinged with green ;
wing-coverts and quills brownish black, with the base of
the latter white ; secondaries white, tipped with brownish
black ; beneath silvery white mottled with rufous.
Length, lOj inches; bill from gape, 1 inch 1 line; wings
4f inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 5 lines.
Young. Back ochreous black, with the feathers slightly
margined with white ; top of head and back of neck black,
shafts of the former somewhat prolonged and light fulvous;
cheeks and throat ash ; lower part of the neck before and
breast deep rufous ; beneath the body white, tinged with
rufous ; under tail-coverts plumbeous ; the quills brownish
black ; secondaries white-margined, tips brownish black ;
bill black and legs lead-coloured.
Total length, 12j inches; bill, Ij- inch; wings, 4f inch-
es ; tarsi, 1 j inch.
This species is very similar to P. poliocephalus of Aus-
tralia ; but the colours are more prominent, especially on
the back, where it is also tinged with green ; the buff of
the breast becomes in this species dark rufous.
The adult specimen was procured by Mr. P. Earl at
Tairi, South Island, where it was called Totokipio. The
young of this species, when a few days old, are light grey
striped with black.
Family Alcid.e.
Subfamily, Spheniscinw.
Spheniscus minor.
Aptenodytes minor, G. Forst. Comm. Gotting.ui. p. 147.
Desc. Anim. p. 101. Icon. ined. 84, 85.
Little Pinguiu, Lath. Syn. vi. 572, pi. 103.
Upper surface pale blue, with olive down the centre of
each feather ; beneath the body silvery white ; the wings
black blue, margined inwardly with ochre-white.
Length, 15 inches; bill from gape. If inch ; wings, 4^
inches ; tarsi, 9 lines.
" Habitat in insula australi Novae Zeelandiae in Portu
Obscuro, inter scopulos." Forster.
17
Dr. Dieffenbach says that the female lays two white eggs
in the crevices of rocks and holes near the sea-shore. The
natives call this bird Korora.
EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS.
Glossy dark blue in the middle of each feather, bordered
on the sides with black, and the base white; sides of head
and throat dusky black ; front of the neck and beneath the
body yellowish white ; a broad line of pale j'ellow from
each nostril passing over each eye and extending a little
beyond it ; upper side of wings pale blue, the under side
mostly white ; bill and feet red, the web black.
Length, 1 foot 8 inches ; bill from gape, 2^ inches ;
wings, 7i inches ; tarsi, Ij inch.
This specimen diifers from others by the bill being
shorter, more elevated, and the supercilious crest commen-
cing at the nostrils and not prolonged much behind each
eye posteriorly, as in E. chrysocome.
It is a rare bird at Waikowaiti, and was known there by
the name of Tauake.
EUDYPTES ANTIPODES.
Plate 27.
Catarractes antipodes, Homb. et Jacq. Ann. des Sci.
Nat. 1841.
Eudyptes antipodes, G. R. Gray, Dieff. Trav. N. Z.
App. p. 199.
Upper surface pale blue, with a narrow black mark down
the middle of each feather ; sides of the neck pale brown ;
top of head and cheeks pale yellow with black streaks ;
a band of pale yellow from the gape extending through
the eyes and round the occiput ; under surface and un-
der the wings pure white ; throat brownish white.
Length, 2 feet 7i^ inches ; bill from gape, 3j inches ;
wings, 8| inches; tarsi, 1 inch 8 lines.
This species is found on Auckland and Campbell's
Islands, and on the coast of New Zealand. It is known
to some of the natives by the name of Korora.
Family, Procellarid^.
Subfamily, ProceUarinm.
Pelecanoides urinatrix.
Procellaria tridactyla, Forsl. Desc. Anim. p. 149. Icon,
ined. 88.
Diving Petrel, Lath. Syn. vi. 413.
Procellaria urinatrix, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 560.
Top of head, hind part of neck, back, wings and tail,
black ; sides of neck and sides blue ; throat, breast and
abdomen pure white.
Length, 9 inches ; bill from gape, 10| lines, beneath, 5
lines ; wings, 5 inches ; tarsi, llg- lines.
" Habitat ad .^stuarium Reginae Charlottae ; gregaria,
uiinatur, in cuniculis in raontibus sylvosis nidificat, noctu
quoque volitat et clamat." Forsler.
On Forsler's drawing is written the name of Teetee, as
if given to this bird by the natives. Specimens have been
brought from the coast of Auckland Island.
PUFFINUS ^QUINOCTIALIS.
Procellaria a;quinoctialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 213.
Brownish black, more or less white on the chin and
head ; bill white, with the sutures black.
Length, 1 foot 9 inches ; bill from gape, 2^- inches ;
wings, 1 foot 3 inches ; tarsi, 25- inches.
Often seen on the coast of New Zealand, and the natives
call it Taiko.
PUFFINUS MAJOR.
Procellaria puffinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 213.
PufJinus major, Faber.
Procellaria tristis, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 205. Icon,
ined. 94.
Procellaria grisea, Gmel. Syst. Nat.
Puffinus fuliginosus, Strickl.
Puffinus cinereus, A. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. t. 56.
Young ? Entirely sooty black, with the under surface
paler ; lower wing-coverts white, with the shafts and mar-
gins sooty black.
Length, 1 foot Q\ inches ; bill from the gape, 2 inches ;
wings, 12 inches ; tarsi, 3 inches.
The only specimen brought home by the Expedition
was shot off Auckland Island.
Thalassidroma marina.
Procellaria marina. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 826. Gal. des
Ois. t. 292.
Procellaria scquorea, Sol. MSS. Banks, Icon. ined. 13.
Procellaria hypoleuca, Webb, et Berth. ?
Top of head, hind part of neck and a spot on each side of
breast, bluish ash colour; back and wing-coverts brown ;
upper and lower tail-coverts hoary blue ; quills and tail
black ; forehead, streak over each eye, and the under sur-
face, pure white.
Length, 8;^ inches ; bill from gape, 10 lines ; wings, 6j
inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 8 lines.
Specimens were obtained off Auckland Island by the
Expedition.
Procellaria gigantea.
Procellaria ossifi-aga, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 343. Icon,
ined. 93 a.
Procellaria gigantea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 563.
Top of the head dusky ; sides and fore part of the neck,
breast and belly, white ; neck behind and upper parts of
body pale brown, mottled with dusky white ; scapulars,
wing-coverts, quills and tail dusky brown ; sometimes en-
tirely sooty black.
Length, 2 feet 10 inches ; bill from gape, 4^ inches ;
wings, 1 foot 9| inches ; tarsi, 3 inches.
Procellaria Cookii.
Plate 35.
Procellaria Cookii, G. R. Gray, Dieff. Trav. N. Z. App.
99.
Procellaria velox, Batiks, Icon. ined. 16 1
18
Upper surface grey, with the apex of each feather nar-
rowly luargincd, as well as the bases, white ; oblong spot
through each eye ; wing-coverts, secondaries and quills
brownish black, with the basal portion of the inner webs
of the two last white ; front, cheeks, under wing-coverts
and the whole of the under part white ; bill black ; tarsi
and knees brownish yellow ; toes black, with the interme-
diate webs yellow.
Length, 12i inches; bill from gape, 1 inch 7 lines, depth
in middle, -SMines; wings, 9| inches; tarsi, 1 inch 2 lines.
The bill is longer and more slender than that of Procel-
laria relax. The natives are acquainted with this bird by
the name of E-titi.
Procellaria gavia.
Procellaria gavia, Forst. Desc. Anitn. p. 148.
Bluish black ; fore part of neck, breast, abdomen, under
tail-coverts and under wing-coverts pure white; bill bluish
black.
Length ? bill from gape, 2 inches.
" Habitat ad iEstuarium Reginae Charlottae, gregaria,
urinatur, in scopulis nidificat." Forsfer.
Prion vittatus.
Procellaria vittata, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 21. Icon, in-
ed. 87.
Broad-billed Petrel, Lath. Syn. vi. 411.
Procellaria Forsteri, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 827.
Procellaria latirostris, Bonn. Ency. Meth.
Prion Forsteri, Steph. Jard. S^ Selby's III. Orn. pi. 47.
Gould, B. of A list r. pi.
Blue grey ; smaller wing-coverts, a band on the middle
of the wing, and scapulars, blackish blue ; quills, tips of
the middle tail-feathers and streak through the eyes, black ;
before and a streak over the eyes, cheeks and beneath the
body entirely white.
Length, 12 inches ; bill from gape, 1 inch 7 lines; wings
7 inches ; tarsi, I5- inch.
" Habitat Tropico Capricorni in Circulum Autarcticum
usque, volant celerrime. Nidos habent in cuniculis sub
saxis et radicibus arborum in rupibus Noveb Zeelandite.
Parentes mane relinquunt pullos et tota die cibum sibi et
pullis in mari ex piscibus et vennibus coUigunt, noctu vel
vesjjeri redeunt gregatim ad pullos (nam multa earum mil-
lia simul redeuntia vidi) et turn cibum evomunt in ora pul-
lorum ; ante diluculum tantum clamorem faciunt, ubi in
cuniculis degunt, ut nescias unde is oriatur, et ut vix pro-
pe te loquentem exaudire possis ; ipso diluculo mare repe-
tunt gregatim, et turn toto mari .sparsaj indesinenter horsum
vorsum volitando videntur." Forster.
Subfamily, Diomedeince.
DiOMEDEA EXULANS.
Diomedea exulans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 214. For.'it. Desc.
Anim. p. 27, et Icon. ined. 99.
Diomedea spadicea, Gniel.
White, more or less waved with black ; wings black, oc-
casionally mottled with white.
Young. Dark chocolate brown ; face and throat white.
Length, 4 feet ; bill from ga])e, Q^ inches ; wings, 2 feet
3 inches ; tarsi, 4^ inches.
Family, Larid.e.
Subfamily, Larincc.
I/ESTRIS ANTARCTICUS.
Lestris antarcticus, Less. Tr. d' Orn. 616.
Lestris catarractes, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de V Uranie,
Ois. t. 38.
Brownish black ; the head, neck and beneath the body
brownish grey, with some of the margins brownish white ;
feathers of the sides and hind part of the neck with yel-
lowish white streaks ; base of the quills white ; bill and
feet black.
Length, 2 feet 2 inches; bill from gape 2f inches; wings
1 foot 3j inches ; tarsi, 2|^ inches.
The Expedition procured specimens of this bird off
Campbell Island.
Lards dominicanus.
Lams fuscus, Linn. Dieff. Trav. N. Z. App. p. 200.
Larus littoreus, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 46.
Larus dominicanus, Licht. Cat. Diipl. Berl. Mus.
White ; back bluish black ; quills black, with the lips
white, and the first quill with a white spot near the tip ;
the scapulars, tertials and secondaries broadly tipped with
white ; bill yellow, with the gonys red.
Length, 25 inches ; bill from gape, 2j inches ; wings, 1
foot 4g- inches ; tarsi, 2 inches.
These birds, says Mr. P. Earl, are very numerous at the
whaling stations ; in such numbers were they seen on the
carcase of a whale, after the blubber was taken off, that not
a spot remained visible of the animal. They are known to
the natives by the name of Karoro. They have also been
obtained at Mount Egmont and Auckland Island.
Larus nov^ Hollandi.e.
Larus scopulinus, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 106. Icon,
ined. 109.
Crimson-billed Gull, Lath. Hist. Birds.
Larus nova; Hollandia;, Steph. Gen. Zool.
Larus Jamesoni, JVils. III. 0/ Zool. pi. 23.
Head, neck, uropygium, tail and under surface, white ;
back and wings pale silvery grey, the latter exteriorly mar-
gined with white ; quills black, the first and second with a
large spot of white near the tip of each, most of the basal
parts and tips of the others white or grey, the former mar-
gined interiorly with black ; bill and legs crimson.
Length, 1 foot 5 inches; bill from gape, 2 inches; wings,
12j inches; tarsi, 1 inch 11 lines.
Young. Front, nape, uropygium, tail and beneath the
body white ; the tail with an irregular band near the tip ;
back, scapulars, and some of the wing-coverts varied with
irregular brown marks; back and wings more or less grey;
quills the same as those of the adult, but the white spots
of the fii'st and second quills are smaller ; bill and legs pale
brown, and the tip of former black.
19
Length, 1 foot 4 inches; bill from gape, 2 inches; wings,
ll^^ inches.
" Habitat ad scopulos quos niave alluit, in insula austra-
li NovtE Zeelandiiu, et imprimis in Porta Obscuro ; natat,
piscatur pisccs gregatini sestnaria intrantes pro generandis
et pariendis ovis." Foister.
The native name of this bird is Piapuka. They are nu-
merous at the whaling stations, especially during the sea-
son for taking the whales ; also at Mount Egmont, and off
Auckland Island.
Subfamily, Sternince.
Sterna frontalis.
Plate 20.*
Front, below the eyes, nape, throat, breast, abdomen,
tail and inner margin of the webs of quills, white ; back
and wings pale silvery grey ; top of the head above the
eyes and hind head deep black.
Length, 1 foot 4 inches ; bill, 2 inches 4 lines ; wings,
10 inches 7 lines ; tarsi, 9 lines.
Young ? Striated Tern, Lath. Syn. vi. 358, pi. 98.
Sterna striata, Gmel. Sijst. Nat. i. 609.
Crown and sides of head below the eyes white, mottled
with black ; back part of head and nape black ; neck be-
hind, back and scapulars white, transversely waved with
black, many of the feathers being tipped with that colour ;
wing-coverts bluish white, some of the lesser mottled with
black ; quills bluish white, with the outer margins black ;
tail white, some of the feathers edged and others tipped
with black.
Length, 12 inches .?
Sterna ? Antarctica.
Sterna antarctica, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 107. Wagl.
Isis, 1832, 1223.
Head grey, with a spot before and behind each eye,
black ; cheeks, throat and abdomen snow white ; breast,
back and tail cinereous ; uropygium white ; quills black,
w ith white shafts ; bill with the base red and tip black ;
legs red.
Length, lOj inches; bill from gape. If inch ; wings,
tarsi,
" Habitat in insula australi Novse Zeelandiae in ^Estua-
rio Reginae Charlottae." Forster.
Hydrochelidon albostriata.
Plate 21.
Top of head, back of neck to the nape, deep black ; a
line of pure white extending along the margin of the black
from the gape to the nape ; back, wings, tail and beneath
the body, grey ; tail-coverts both above and below, and
the outer tail-feathers, mostly white ; bill and legs red.
Length, Hi inches; bill from gape, 1 inch 4 lines;
wings, 10} inches ; tarsi, 7 lines.
Mr. P. Earl informs me, that this species comes to the
vicinity of Waikouaite to breed in the month of December,
at other times it is rarely seen. It is known by the name
of Tarapiroe by ihc natives.
Family, Pelecanid.e.
Subfamily, PelecaiiiiicB.
SuLA serrator.
Sula australis, Gould {iioii Stepli.) Proc. Z. S. 1840, 177.
Pelecanus serrator, Banks, Icon. ined. 30.
Sula cyanops, Sundev. }
Snow-white ; top and sides of head reddish buff; quills,
some of the secondaries and the four middle tail-feathers
bronzy black ; basal part of the shafts of quills and those
of the middle tail-feathers white.
Length, 2 feet 114^ inches; bill from gape, 5 inches;
wings, 1 foot 7 inches ; tarsi, 2 inches.
Dr. Dieffenbach informs us that this bird is the Tara of
the natives of Queen Charlotte's Sound.
Gracalus cirrhatus.
Pelecanus cirrhatus, Gmel. S. N. i. 576.
Phalacrocorax imperialis. King.
Top and sides of head, back of neck, nape and uropygi-
um shining blue-black; wings and scapulars shining green-
black ; quills and tail brownish black ; beneath the Viody,
an oblong spot on each wing, and some long linear feathers
over each eye, white ; space round the eyes, throat, and
round the base of bill naked, the latter carunculated ; the
feathers on the top of the head much lengthened, slender,
and most of them are curved forwards.
Length, 2 feet 5j inches ; bill from gape, 3j inches ;
wings, 12 inches ; tarsi, 2|- inches.
Young. Pelecanus caruncuhitus, Forst. Desc. Anim. p.
102. Icon. ined. 104. Gmel. Sijst. Nat. i.
This state differs by wanting the crest on the head, the
long linear white feathers over each eye, and the oblong
spot on each wing.
Gracalus varius.
Pelecanus pica, Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 104. Icon, in-
ed. 106.
Pied Shag, Lath. Syn. vi. 605.
Pelecanus varius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 575.
Carbo albiventer, Less.
Phalacrocorax hypoleucos, Gould, Proc. Z. S. Birds of
Austr. 2^1.
Top of head, back of neck, thighs and lower part of the
back, shining greenish black ; upper part of the back and
wings greyish green, margined with shining greenisli black;
sides of the head and beneath the body jjure white ; tail
dull black; orbits yellow, and the eyes encircled with blue.
Length, 2 feet 4 inches ; bill from gaj)e, 3j inches ;
wings, llj inches; tarsi, 2j inches.
Young. Head, neck, back and wings brown ; the two
last margined with deep brown ; uropygium and thighs
greenish black ; the tail dull black ; breast and abdomen
white, mottled with pale brown.
Length, 2 feet 9 inches ; bill from gape, 3j inches :
wings, llj^ inches ; tar.si, 2} inches.
" Habitat in tota insula australi Novas Zeclandije, victi-
tat piscibus, supra marc secundum liltora volitat, inhians
prscdffi : scopulis arboribusque erectus iusidet, uriualur.
20
nidos in arboribus stniit, ova reperimus in nidis mense
Apiili ; mense Maio pullos circiter 4 vel 5 ; ova quoque
Jiinio et Octobri ac Novembri ct viiidi caenilescentia, niag-
iiiludine circiter ovorum anatinorum : nidi e virgultis et
raamlis arborum." Forster.
The Expedition's specimens were shot at the Bay of
Islands.
Gracalus chalconotus.
Plate 21 *
Carbo auritus, Lens. Tr. cV Orn. p. 665 ?
Sliining greenish blue ; head shining green ; upper part
of the back and wings bronzy green, with the edges of the
feathers of the former shining green, and those of the wing-
coverts dark green ; breast and beneath the body shining
green ; quills and tail black, the base of the shafts of the
latter white ; head crested with a few linear feathers be-
tween the eyes ; eyelids blue, lower margins deep blue and
brilliant ; feet white.
Length, 2 feet 4 inches; bill from gape, 3 inches 6 lines;
wings, llf inches; tarsi, 2 inches.
Mr. P. Earl obtained his specimen at Otago, South
Island; where it was called Mapua.
Gracalus pdnctatus.
Pelecanus punctatus. Foist. Desc. Anim. p. 104. Icon,
ined. 103.
Spotted Shag, Lath. Sipt. vi. 602.
Pelecanus punctatus, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, t. 10.
Pelecanus naevius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 575.
Top of head and the throat sooty black ; back of neck,
lower part of back green ; a streak extending from over
the eye along the sides of neck to the breast, white ; the
upper part of back and wings brownish cinereous, most of
the feathers with a spot of black at the tip of each ; tail
and thighs black, the latter ornamented with a few white
lanceolate plumes; breast and abdomen leaden grey; the
head and neck crested.
Length, 30 inches; bill from gape, 2j inches ; wings, 10
inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 1 1 lines.
" Habitat in insula australi Novae Zeelandise, in .Estua-
rio Regina; Charlotta;, urinatur, erectus stat in rupibus
mari impcndentibus, neque unquam quod sciam arbores
frequentat." Forster.
" Common in Cook's Strait. They are social birds, and
build their nests, many together, on high trees overhang-
ing the rivers and coasts. They lay two white, as large as
hen, eggs, and feed especially u])on the eels and smaller
fishes of the rivers." Dieffenbach.
Forster gave, with the figure of this bird, the name of
Pa-degga-degga.
Gracalus carboides.
Phalacrocorax carboides, Gould, Desc. of New Sp. of
Austr. Birds, p. 7. Proc. Z. S. 1837, 156.
Top of head, neck, uropygium, tail and beneath the bo-
dy shining greenish black ; back and wings bronzy brown
margined with shining greenish black ; cheeks, throat and
a large spot on the sides, white ; head and neck ornament-
ed with small lanceolate white feathers.
Length, 3 feet 5 inches; bill from gape, 4 inches 2 lines;
wings, 1 foot 2| inches ; tarsi, 2:^ inches.
Gracalus melanoleucus.
Phalacrocorax melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist.
Nat. viii. 88. Gould, B. of Austr.
Pelecanus dimidiatus, Ctiv.
Phalacrocorax flavirhynchus, Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837,
157.
Top of head, back of neck, upper part of back, bend of
wings and tail, shining black ; wings (except some of the
coverts) and lower part of back deep grej', margined with
pure black, the other parts entirely white.
Length, 1 foot 10 inches; bill from gape, 2 inches 2
lines ; wings, 9^^ inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 7 lines.
The specimen which was obtained by the Expedition,
diff"ers from the Australian specimens by the white spot of
the wing-coverts.
Gracalus brevirostris.
Phalacrocorax brevirostris, Gould, Desc. N. Sp. of Aust.
Birds, p 8. Proc. Z. S. 1837, p. 26.
Shining black, slightly tinged with green ; wings and
scapulars greyish black, margined with pure black ; quills
brownish black, with pale tips ; tail black, a line from the
nostrils extending over each eye, cheeks, throat and fore
part of neck, white.
Length, 2 feet ; bill from gape, 2^ inches ; wings, 9j
inches ; tarsi, 1 inch 4 lines.
Two specimens contained in the Museum collection,
were obtained by the Expedition whilst in the Bay of
Islands.
21
APPENDIX.
By R. BOWDLEE SHAEPE, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., of the Zoological Depahtment, British Museum.
The preceding portion of the " Zoology " of the Voyage of the " Erebus and Terror " was written many years ago by
my himented predecessor Mr. George Robert Gray, with whom the Ornithology of New Zealand seems always to
have been a favourite study. The foregoing catalogue of New Zealand birds was for many years the standard wurk
of reference, and in 18G2 the same author applied himself anew to the subject and produced a revised list of tiie lairds
of Ni;w Zealand, containing many additions and improvements. AVith the notable exception of Dr. Otto Fiusch, nu
European zoologist has written much on the Avifauna of the Antipodes since that date, for the colony has produceil
a set of working naturalists inferior to their European brethren in no degree, and to this day the " Transactions "
of the New Zealand Institute bear full tokens of the energy which is being shewn in the elucidation of tlie
economy of the fast-e.xpiring feathered inhabitants of that distant region. Dr. Buller has particularly distinguished
himself as a critical ornithologist, and, being a native of the colony, he has brought to his aid a vast amount of practical
experience of tlie habits of the birds he describes, while his great work on the Ornithology of New Zealand will always
remain a monument of his industry and perseverance. Besides the above-mentioned naturalist, there are Dr.
Hector, Dr. Haast, Captain Hutton and Mr. Potts, all of whom have contributed greatly to the advance of orni-
thological science in New Zealand, — the last-named writer being particularly distinguished for his excellent field
observations. lu Europe Dr. Finsch has from time to time published valuable articles on New Zealand bivil.s,
and has by his " Revision der Yogel Neuseelands " and other papers in the "Journal fiir Ornithologie" materially
contributed to the satisfactory position in which we now find the Ornithology of that country.
In the appendix with which I now supplement Mr. Gray's previous labours I propose to give a complete list of
the birds of New Zealand, as far as they are at present determined, with a few critical notes on some of the species, and
secondly I shall have to add descriptions of some hitherto unpublished plates which were intended to have accoiii_
panied the original issue of the work.
I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Finsch's paper "Zusiitze und Berichtigungen zm- Revision der
Vogel Neuseelauds" {J. f. 0. 1874, p. 107) in compiling a list of the birds of that country as at present kno%ra.
Order, ACCIPITRES. for, before two species of Harpa can be distinguished.
Sub-order Falcokes When recently engaged in studying the "Birds of Prey" I
' ' ' was surprised to hnd that tlie New Zealand Falcons are by
1. Hakpa NOV.E ZEALANDI^. jjq means congeneric with the Austrahan Hicracidew,
Falco novae zealandire, Gm., Gray, antrA, p. 1. these latter being short-toed Hawks, allied to the Kestrels,
Hieracidea novre zealandite, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 87, whereas the subject of the present notice is a long-toed
et 1874, p. 175 ; Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 1, pi. 1. bird, a true Falcon, allied to the Peregrines but yet gene-
This species has been M'ell described and figured by Dr. rically distinct. The two Falcons must therefore be known
Buller (/. c), who separates the small form as Hieracidea as Harpa novm zealandim (Gm.) and Harpa av.'itralis, if
hrunnen, and gives distinctive measurements of each, the latter shoidd prove distinguishable, Mr. Gould's name
I have, however, shewn in the "Ibis" for 1873, p. 328, of i^a/co ir««?it'« for the latter having been pre-occupied.
that a gradual gradation in the size of wing can be At the same time that I cannot admit the ab.solute di.s-
found, and at present further characters must be sought tinctness of Harpa novcc zcalandim and H. australis, I am
E
22
free to confess that the great difference in size between the
two extremes of the series examined by me renders it
])ussible that two races or sub-species exist in New
Zealand. This subject, however, must be left to the field
naturalists in New Zealand to determine. Dr. Buller {Tr.
N. Z. Inst, vi., p. 113) and Mr. Totts {I. c. f. 142) are mis-
taken in supposing that Falco australis, H. and J., is the
large forni, the "Quail Hawk." It is undoubtedly the small
ibi'm, their " Sjiarrow Hawk," and as such the latter will
stand as Hmya australis. [Cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds I., p.
.> — o n
2. Falco subxiger.
Falco subniger, Gray; Buller, B. N. Zeal., p. 16.
The evidence of this rare Falcon's capture in New
Zealand is by no means satisfactory, and I regard the
occurrence of this species as far more improbable than that
of the Sea Eagle. All that is known about it is that M.
Jules Verreaux assured J.Ir. Gurney that a New Zealand
s])ecimen had passed through his hands. At the same time
F. suhiifjer is a sufficiently striking Ijird, and jM. Verreaux'
knowledge was so excellent that there ought to be no
nnstaking the species, but I am at present aware of no
actual specimen of F. suhniger from New Zealand in any
European collection. The following sentence in Dr.
Buller's work, however, deserves consideration : " I may
state that the account sent to me by Dr. Haast, of a Hawk
ol)served by him in the Southern Alps, although unfortu-
nately not secured, seems to accord with that given by
Captain Sturt of the Australian Fidco sulnijcr."
3. Circus gouldi.
Circus assimilis. Gray, anted, f. 2.
Circus gouldi, Bp.; Finscli, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 93; Buller,
B. N. Zeal, p. 11, pi. 2.
Circus approximans, Fcale; Finseli, J. f. 0. 187-4. p. 176.
The name of C. assimilis proposed by Jardine and Selby
is really applicable to the large spotted Harrier of Austra-
lia, G. jardinii of Gould; and the New Zealand bird must
therefore be called C. rjouldi. In his introduction to his
great work Dr. Buller is inclined to sej)arate C. wolfi of
New Caledonia, as a good species and distinct from the
jR-esent bird. Without having seen the birds themselves,
there is nothing in the remarks of ]\Ir. Gurney or Dr. Buller
which would convince me that these two Harriers are
specifically distinct, and I incline to the view taken by
Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub {Farii. Centralpohjn. p. 7) that C.
yoiddi is the ]\Iarsh Harrier of Australia and Oceania,
where it represents the ordinary Marsh Harrier {C. ceru-
yinosus) of the Pahcarctic and Indian regions.
Although Dr. Finsch is most proljably correct in styling
this species by Peale's name of appro.cimans, I wish to
examine specimens from the Fiji Islands, as it is not even yet
certain that the new Caledonian bird, C. wolji, is absolutely
the same.
4, Haliaetus leucogaster.
Icthyaetus leucogaster, Buller, B. N. Zeal, p). 16.
Dr. Buller writes as follows concerning this bird {I. c.) : —
" Mr. Gould has presented me with a beautiful specimen of
the wliite-bellied Sea Eagle, which was said to have been
procured in New Zealand. This species has been observed
along the whole southern coast of Australia, from Moreton
Bay on the east to Swan Eiver on the ^\■est, including
Tasmania and all the small islands in Bass's Straits ; and
as it is a powerful Hier, there is no physical reason why it
should not occur sometimes as a straggler on the New
Zealand coast. Mr. Goidd has satisfied himself that this
specimen was obtained there, although unable to ascertain
tlie precise locality. In corroboration of its presumed
occurrence, I may mention that an oflicer of the 14th
Regiment, who was a good sportsman and a tolerable
naturalist, assiu-ed me that lie had actually seen and fired
upon a "Sea Eagle" on the rocks near the entrance to
Wellington Harbour."
I may add that there would be nothing improbable in
the occurrence of this Eagle on the shores of New Zealand,
and it is a bird to be looked for. Besides the localities
mentioned by Dr. Buller, it is found aU over the Malayan
Archipelago to the Philippines, and occurs in suitable
localities throughout the ]\Iala3'an Peninsula, Burmali, and
India. It has even been said to inhabit South Africa,
though at present on dealers' authority, which must be
received with a certain amount of suspicion, as the speci-
mens I have seen from tlie Cape were marked H. hlayrus,
the latter title being founded on the Blayre of Levaillant,
who said he had found it in the above-named locality. The
account of the latter has, however, always been discredited,
apparently with reason, though at the same time it must be
remembered that tlie late ilr. Cassin did not hesitate to
refer one of l)u Chaillu's Gaboon specimens to the present
bird.
5. LOPHOICTINIA ISURA.
Milvus isurus, Buller, B. N. Zeal., p. 16.
The history of this species in New Zealand, as at jH'esent
l:nown, is comprised in'the following remarks of ]\Ir. Gurney
[Ibis, 1870,7?. 536): — "The Norwich Museum possesses a
specimen which I obtained from Mr. A. D. Bartlett, who
as.5ured me, at the time, that he bad received it from New
Zealand, and had satisfied himself that it had been killed
in that country."
Sub-order, Striges.
6. Spiloglaux nov.e zeal.vxdi.e.
Athene novre zealandite, Gm.; Gray, anted, 2>- 2 ; Finseh,
J. f. 0. 1872, i^ 94, et 1874, p. 177.
Spiloglaux nov;e zealandia?, Buller, D. N. Zeal., p. 17,
pi. 3.
Figured by Dr. BuUer (/. c).
23
7. SCELOGLAUX ALBIFACIES.
Plate 1.
Athene albifacies, Gray, anted, ]j. 2; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,
p. 95, d 1814, p. 177.
Sceloglaux albifacies, ^kZ/c?-, I. c, j). 21, _^jZ. 3.,/. 2.
The original edition of the present work contains the
first description of this remarkable Owl, tliough the accom-
])anying pLite by llr. Wolf is now for the first time
issued. In the meanwhile Dr. Buller has published a
good figure of the s]iecies. The name albifacies is not
very appropriate for this species ; only one of the three in
the British Museum has a light-coloured aspect, and I
suspect that the young birds are darl^er visaged tlian the
adults to judge from the living examples in the possession
of Mr. Ct. Dawson Eowley, both of which were quite young
and had dusky faces when I saw them.
8. Scops nov^ zealandle.
Scops novK zealaudite, Bj). Consp. i, p. 47.
I feel constrained to include the present bird, although
on somewhat negative evidence. Dr. Buller will not admit
it into his work, and this unfortunate little Owl has at
present no abode in the New Zealand list, notwithstanding
its orthodox title. The type is at present in Leiden, and
although no one has proved the presence of a Sco'ps in New
Zealand, the species, as Professor Schlegel remarked to me,
seems to agree with no other member of the genus, and
may, after all, really come from the country whose name it
bears. At the close of his article on the two larger Owls
Dr. Buller writes: — "The natives are acquainted with
another species, which they describe as being very diminu-
tive in size and strictly arboreal in its habits. This is no
doubt the bird indicated by EUman as Strix 2}arvissima
{Zoolorjid, 1861). Mr. J. D. Emys informed me that he
once captured an Owl ' standing only live inches high,'
and that it was perfectly tame and gentle. Mr. Potts
records, on hearsay evidence, several instances of the
occurrenfe, in Canterbury, of an Owl ' about the size of a
Kingfisher.' This bird may prove to be the same as
Bonaparte's Scops novce zcalandice, as suggested by Dr.
Finsch ; but, till it has been luore accurately determined, it
is impossible to give it a place in our list of species."
The follriwiug is a description of the type which I made
in the Leiden Museum : —
Adult (Type of species). — Upper sm-face brown, very
minutely vermiculated with darker brown, sometimes
forming an in-egular spot, and varied with a few wa^y
lines of dull fuh'ous, rather brighter and more ochrnceous
on the outer margin of the scapulars, wliere the alternate
bars of dark brown and fulvous are a little more regular ;
greater wing-coverts mottled with ashy-grey, especially
towards the tips ; primaries darker brown, externally
notched with fulvous, these marks tolerably distinct,
except towards tiie tips, where tliey are obscured by
gi'eyish mottling, the secondaries more ashy-brown mottled
profusely with darker brown and with indications of five
lighter and more fulvous bars across them ; under surface
of wing uniform brown with slight ashy mottlings towards
the tip, the under wing-coverts almost entirely ochraceous,
this shade extending some way along the inner web of the
quills, whicli are also barred with greyish-brown ; tail
brown, mottled with darker brown, witli indications of
seven fulvescent bands ; crown and hind neck as well as
sides of face and ear-tufts darker brown than the back ;
lores and ear-coverts rufescent ; an indistinct superciliary
line indicated by fulvous mottling, which also appears on
the inner webs of the ear-tufts ; round the hind neck a
narrow collar produced by fulvous mottling; under surface
of body rufous ochre, becoming paler and more fulvous on
the abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts ; feathers of
lower breast mesially streaked -witli blackish-brown, a little
varied with whitish and mottled with darker brown ; the
throat and chest blacker, much mottled with irregular wavy
lines of this colour, especially on the sides of the Ijreast.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-8.5, wing 7'0, tail 3'8,
tarsus 1"2, middle toe G'8, ear-tufts 11.
9. Aluco delicatula.
Dr. Finsch is inclined to include this species on the
authority of the late Mr. G. E. Gray, but I fancy some
mistake has occurred, as I cannot find any mention in
print of the latter stating that this Owl is an iidiabitant of
New Zealand, and the British ]\Iuseum contains no speci-
men from that country. Dr. Buller is tlierefore right, in
my opinion, in refusing it a place in his work.
Order, PSITTACI.
Family, Steisgopid.^5.
10. Stkixgops habroptilus.
Plate 7.
Stringops habroptilus. Gray ; Buller, B. A^. Zeal., 'p. 27,
pi. 4; hmch, J. /. 0. 1872, p. 9(3, ct 1874, p. 178.
In the foregoing list of Mr. Gray's this species does riot
appear, and the description was not published till 1847.
Tlie accompanying plate, which is now issued for the first
time, was prepared to accompany the original work, but as
Dr. Buller has given an excellent illustration of the typical
bird (/. c.) I have here had Mr. Wolf's original figure
modified by Mr. Willis, tiie artist, to represent the
Stringops 'jreyi of Mr. G. E. Gray, which has never liefore
been figured. The bird in the back-ground represents the
normal coloration, and I am not quite convinced that S.
ijrcyi is not specifically distinct from S. hohroptilns.
However, Dr. Buller regai-ds it as a variety only, and he
will have proved his point if no fiuther specimens tui'u up.
Family, Psittacid.e.
11. Nestor meridioxalis.
Nestor meridionalis, Gray, anted, p. 9 ; Buller, 1. c, p. 40,
pi. 5, /. 1 : Fimch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 98, et 1874, p. 179.
24
A full account of the various varieties prevalent in this
species is given by Buller. H. montamis, Haast, N. s^qmr-
hus, Buller, and N. essliiujii, Souanc^, are all considered to
belong to this category. A very fine figure of the variety
called by Buller N. supcrhus is given in Mr. Dawson
Rowley's " Ornithological Miscellany " (pi. 8).
12. Nestor occidentalis.
Described, but not figured, in Dr. Buller's work {p. 50.)
Dr. Finsch is not yet persuaded that it is a good species.
13. Nestor notabilis.
Nestor notabilis (Gould) ; Buller, I. c, f. 52, fl. 5, /. 2 ;
Fbiscli, J.f. 0. UT2,p. 101, et 1874, p. 180.
A good figure is given in the above-mentioned work.
14. Platycercus nov^ zealandle.
riatycercus novre zealandiae (Sparrm.); Gray, anted, p. 9 ;
Fiiisch, J. /. 0. 1872, p. 97 ; Buller, I. c, p. 5S^pl. 6, /. 1.
15. Platycercus auriceps.
Platycercus auriceps {Kuhl*) ; Gray, anted,, p. 9 ; Finscli,
J. f. 0. 1872, p. 97; Bailer, I. c, p. 61, ijI. 6, /. 2.
16. Platycercus alpinus.
Although not admitted by Buller in the body of his
work, a notice of this species, which appears to be a per-
fectly good one, will be found in the Introduction {p. xvi).
Cf. also Finsch, J.f. 0. l^1i,p. 178.
Order, PICARII^.
Family, Cuculid^.
17. EUDYNAMIS TAITENSIS.
Eudynamis taitensis (Sparrm.) ; Gray, anted,, ^j. 91 ; Finsch,
J.f. 0. 1872, 2J. 102 ; Buller, l. c, p. 14,, pi. 8.
18. Chrysococcyx lucidus.
Chrysococcyx lucidus (Gm.) ; Gi-ay, anted, p. 10 ; Finsch,
J. f 0. 1872, ^J. 104; Buller, I. c, p. 11.
Family, Alcedinid^.
19. Halcyon vagans.
Plate 1.*
Halcyon vagans (Less) ; Gray, anted, p. 2 ; Finsch, J. f
0. 1872,^;. 104; Buller, I. c, p. 69.
20.
Order, PASSERES.
Family, Meliphagid^.
PrOSTHEMADERA NOV^E ZEALiVXDIiE.
Prosthemadera novre zealandice (Gm.) ; Gray, anted, p. 3 ;
Finsch, J. f 0., 1872, ^j. lOG ; Buller, I. c„ p. 87, pi. 9.
21. POGONOENIS CINCTA.
Ptilotis cincta, (Du Bus.) ; Gray, anted, p. 4.
Pogonornis cincta, Buller, I. c, pi. 10 ; Finsch, J. f. (>.
1872, p. 107.
22. Anthornis melanura.
Anthornis melanura (Spam-m.) ; Gray, anted, p. 4; Buller,
I. c, p. 91 ; Fi7isch, J. f 0. 1872, ^j. 107.
23. Anthornis melanocephala.
Plate 2.
Anthornis melanocephala. Gray, anted, p. 4 ; Buller, I. e.,
p. 96; Finsch, J. f 0. 1^12, p. 107.
24. ZosTEROPs lateralis.
Zbsterops lateralis (Lath.) ; Buller, I. c, p. 80 ; Finsch,
J. f 0. 1872, p. 108.
Family, Troglodytid^e.
25. Acanthisitta chloris.
Plate 3, f. 2.
Acanthisitta chloris (Sparrm) ; Gray, anted, ij. 4 ; Finsch,
J. f 0. 1872, p. 109 ; BuWir, I. c, p. 112.
Dr. Finsch (./. /. 0. 1874, p. 183) points out the possi-
bility of there being a second species of Acanthisitta,
which will be the Motaeilla citrina of Graelin. In case
this turns out correct, Acanthisitta citrina will have to be
added to the New Zealand list.
26. Xenicus longipes.
Plate 3, f. r.
Acanthisitta longipes. Gray, anted, p. 4.
Xenicus longipes, Buller, I. c, p. 115, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2 ;
Finsch, J. f 0. 1872, ^a 189.
27. Xenicus gilviventris.
Xenicus gilviventris, (Pelz) ; Buller, I. c.,p. 117, pi. 12,
This species is now universally recognised as distinct figs. 3, 4 ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 109.
from the Australian H. sancta. This new species was discovered by Dr. Haast " in the
* Trichoglossus aurifrons. Gray, antea, p. 9, is an American bird, and stands as Bolhorhynchus aurifrons. (Cf. Finsch, Papag. ii, p. 127.)
25
Southern Alps, during a topographical survey of the Can-
terbury Province," according to Dr. BuUer, who also
described the species as JLenicus haasti.
31.
Familj^ Sylviid^.
SpHENjEACUS punctatus.
28.
Family, MENUEiDiE.
MOHOUA OCHROCEPHALA.
10,
Mohoua ochrocephala, (Chyi.) ; Gray, anted, p. 5.
Orthonyx ochrocephala, Buller, I. c, p. 103, fl.
jig. 2.
Clitonvx ochrocephala, Finscli, J. f. 0. 1873, ja 39G, ct
1874, 7;."l8-i.
Not only Dr. Finsch in Europe, but that good observer
Mr. Potts, in New Zealand, have given their opinion that
this bird is not congeneric with Certhiparus albicillus, and
the former separates it entirely from typical Orthonyx of
Australia, and proposes to revive Reic'ienbach's genus
Clitonyx in jilace of the less classical MoJiova of Lesson.
For the present, until the common consent of ornithologists
drives ungrammatical names from the natural system. Dr.
Finsch will forgive me for resuscitating the latter title.
The German naturalists who set the example of suppressing
unclassical names still hold their own on the Continent,
and the way in which thej' are Ijeiug followed liy Italian
and other ornithologists renders it by no means improbable
that ere long a modification of the British Association rules
will require to he made in this direction.
Family, Paeid^.
29. Certhiparus albicillus.
Plate 5, f. 2.
Certhiparus albicillus (Less.) ; Gray, anted, p. 6.
Orthonyx albicilla, Bullcr, I. c, p. 100, pi. 11, /. 1 ;
Finscli, J. / 0. 1872, p. 110.
Phyllodytes albicQla, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1873, p. 398, ct
1874 p. 171.
Dr. Finsch has written an interesting account of the
structure of tliis bird to shew that it is not an Orthonyx,
but is really congeneric with Certhiparus nmct zealandice,
and he proposes to change the barbarous generic name of
the latter into the more classical one of Phyllodytes. I am
not purist enough to suppress the old-fashioned name of
Certhiparus, and Dr. Finsch will have once more to change
the genus himself, as Phyllodytes was bestowed by Wagler
on a genus of Rcptilia in 1830.
30. Certhiparus nov^ zealandle.
Plate 5, f 1.
Certhiparus novte zealandise {Gm). ; Gray, anted, p. G ;
Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, 'p. 110 ; Buller, I. c, p. 105.
Phyllodytes nova zealandice, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1873, ». 397,
et 1874, ». 171.
Sphenreacus punctatus {Q. & G.), Gray, anted, p). 5; Finsch,
J. f. 0 1872, p. Ill ; BiUler, I. c, p. 128, pl. 13, /. 1.
32. Sphenreacus fulvus.
Sphenseacus fulvus. Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 221 ; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, p. Ill ; Buller, I. c, p. 130.
33. SPHEN.ffiACUS rufescens.
Sphenreacus rufescens, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 38 ; id. B. N.
Zeal. p. 131, pl. 13, /. 2; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, ^x 112, et
1874, p. 185.
I am glad to see that Dr. Finsch admits this species.
The Museum contains a pair collected in the Chatham
Islands by Mr. Travers, and there is no cpiestion as to its
distinctness.
34. MiRO loxgipes.
Petroica longipes (Gam) ; Gray, anted, p. 7.
Myioscopus longipes, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p>- 112, ei
1874, p. 186.
Miro longipes, Bidlcr, B. K Z., p. 118.
35. MiRO albifeons.
Plate 6, f 1.
Petroica albifrons [Gm?) ; Gray, anted, p. 7.
Myioscopus albifrons, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 160, et
1874, 2^- 187.
Miro albifrons, Bullcr, B. N. Z., p. 122.
36. GERYGONE FLAVn^NTEIS.
Plate 4, f 1.
Gerygone flaviventris, Gray, anted, p. 5 ; Bvllcr, I. c., p.
107; Fijisch, J. /. 0. 1872, p. 160, ct 1874, ^j. 186.
37. Gerygoxe igata.
Gerygone igata (Q. & G.) ; Gray, anted, p. 5 ; Finsch, J.
f. 0. 1862, p. 162, et 1874, p. 187; Buller, B. K Z. Int.
p). XV.
Dr. Buller considers that this species, wliicli was said to
have been obtained by llie "Astrolabe " in Tasman's Bay,
Cooks' Straits, should be struck out of the New Zealand
list ; l)ut Dr. Finsch thinks tliat it may yet very possibly
be identified, as he says he has seen a specimen of
Gerygone which agrees better with G. igata than with G.
flavivcntris, but, as he justly remarks, a comparison of
types will best settle the matter.
During a recent \'isit to Paris I examined, in company
with Dr. Oustalet, the type of this species which still
exists in the Jardin des Plantes. The little bird bears tlie
26
following label in the handwriting of the original dis-
coverer : — " Nile Zelande. Baie Tasman. CEil noir, avec
un i^etit cercle blanc, igata." The figure in the atlas to
the voyage of the " Astrolabe " is certainly very bad indeed.
We compared the type with Dr. Buller's figure and with
specimens of G. fiaviveyitris, and we could not believe that
the two species were identical. I take the following ob-
servations from my note-book : — " It is very close to G.
fiavivcntris, but instead of being grey on the throat, the
latter is whitish, washed with yellow, a shade of which is
also apparent on the cheeks ; sides of the breast washed
with brown ; abdomen white, the flanks washed with
yellow ; wing, 1'95 ; tarsus, 0-75." The tail is imperfect,
but on the feathers which remain the white spot is de-
cidedly more correctly described as terminal instead of
subterminal. I mention this latter character a propos of
the following remarks made by Di\ Buller in his great
work : — " In some examples the measurements are slightly
larger; there is an absence of the yellow tinge on the
abdomen, and the white spot on the lateral tail-feathers is
terminal." The last-named author does not seem to allow
this difference to be specific, but I think that further
investigation by the field-observers in New Zealand may
prove Gertjgone igata to be a good species, and I leave the
matter in their hands.
38. Gekygone albifeontata.
Plate 4, f. 2.
Gerygone albofrontata, Gray, anted, ^j. 5 ; Bidlcr, I. c, p.
Ill ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 188.
Gerygone frontata, Potts, Tr. Z. S. vi., ^j. 144 (lapsu).
39. Gerygone sylvestris.
Gerygone sp.. Potts, Ibis, 1872, p. 326.
Gerygone sylvestris, Potts, Tr. Z. S. vi., p. 144 ; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1874, p. 188.
This species was fully described by Mr. Potts (/. c), but
Dr. Buller was inclined to refer it to G. alhifrontata. Mr.
Potts, however, dissenting from this view, has named it G.
sylvestris.
Family, Motacellid^.
40. Anthus nov^ zealandle.
Anthus novas zealaudiaj, Gm. ; Gray, anted,, p. 7 ; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, x>- 162, ct 1874, p. 189 ; Buller, B. K Z., p.
132.
Family TURDID.'E.
41. TUENAGRA HECTOKI.
Otagon tanagra, Schl. K T. D. iii,, p. 190 (1865).
Turnagra hectori, Buller, Ibis, 1869, ». 39, et B. N. Z p
135, pi. 14, /. 1.
Turnagra tanagra, Gray, Eandl. B. i., p. 284.
Keropia tanagra, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1870, p. 320, ct 1872,
p. 166, ct 1874, p. 191.
Tlie cori-ect position of these curious birds in the natural
system is stUl a doubtful point. Gray {anted, p. 7) puts
Turnagra in the Timalincc, Buller in the Turdidoc, and
Finsch first in the Glaiocopince, and lastly (following
SuudevaU) in the Ptilonorhijnchidcc. He proposes in his
last excellent essay to strike out the family Corvidce
from the New Zealand Avifauna, and to place Glaueopis in
a separate family, Glaueopidce. At present I think with
Dr. Buller that Turnagra is a thick-billed form of Thrush,
but should it be proved ultimately to belong to the Bower-
birds it will form a very interesting link between the
Avifauna of New Zealand and Australia, by admitting into
the former country one of the most typical representative
families of the Australian sub-region;
42. Turnagra crassirosteis.
Turnagra crassirostris, {Gm) ; Gray, anted, p. 7 ; Buller,
B. N. Z., p. 138, pi. 14, /. 2 ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 166,
et 1874, p. 19.
Dr. Buller remarks that tlris species, which is confined
to the South Island, and is the representative of T. hectori
of the North Island, is becoming very rare, owing to its
destruction by dogs and wild cats, being now 'almost
unknown in places where it was formerly abundant.
Family HiEUNDiNiDiE.
43. Hylochelidon nigricans.
Hylochelidon nigricans ( V.) ; Buller, B. A^. Zeal., p. 140.
Hirundo nigiicans, Finsch, J. /. 0. 1872, p. 162, ct 1874,
p. 171.
This species has been twice obtained in New Zealand
according to Dr. Buller, but from the quantity seen on one
occasion it doubtless occurs in some numbers, though
probably it is not a regular emigrant ; it comes from the
Australian continent.
Family, MusciCAPiD^.
44. Myiomoira toitoi.
Petroica toitoi, {less) ; Gray, anted, p. 6.
Myiomoira ioitoi', Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872. p. 163, et 1874,
p. 189 ; Buller, B. N. Zeal. p. 124.
45. Myiomoira macrocephala.
Petroica macrocephala {Gm); Gray, anted, p. 6.
Myiomoira macrocephala, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 163, et
1874, p. 188 ; Buller, B. K Zeal, p. 126.
Petroica dieffenbachii, Gray, anted, p. 6, pi. 6, /. 2.
Dr. Buller has already pointed out that P. dieffenbachii
of Gray is not distinct from P. macrocephala, and in this
determination, which seems to me perfectly correct. Dr.
Finsch coincides.
27
46. Myiomoira tkaveesi.
Miro traversi, Buller, B. K Z., p. 123 {-Time, 1872), et
Ibis, 1874, p. 116.
Petroica traversi, Hutton, Ibis, 1872, ;;. 245 {Jnly).
Myiomoira traversi, Finsch. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 189.
This new species was discovered by Mr. Travers in the
Chatliam Islands. A specimen is now in the national
collection.
47. PiHIPIDURA FLABELLIFERA.
Ehipidura flabellifera (Gm.) ; Gray, anted,, p. 8, pi. 6, /.
2; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 164, et 1874, p. 190; Buller,
B. N. Z. p. 143.
48. Ehipidura fuliginosa.
Ehipidura fuliginosa [Sparrm) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p.
165, ct 1874, p. 190 ; Buller, B. N. Z. p. 146.
Ehipidura melanura, Gray, cmtea, p. 8.
49.
Family, Laniid^.
Geaucalus paevieostris.
Graucalus parvirostris,G-'oi6M; Finsch,!. f. 0. 1874, p. 190.
Colluriocincla concinna, Hutton, Cat. B.. N. Z. p)- 15.
Graucalus melanops, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 148.
This bird has twice occurred in New Zealand, and Captain
Hutton named it C. concinna when it was first observed.
Dr. Buller, however, identified it as a Graucalus, and re-
ferred it to G. melanops of Gould. More recently, however,
Dr. Finsch has examined one of Capt. Hutton's types, and
says that it is G. parvirostris. It is probably only an
occasional visitant from Australia.
Family, Sturnid^.
50. Heteralocha acutirostris.
Neomorpha gouldii. Gray, antea, p. 3.
Heteralocha acutirostris, Gould ; Buller. I. c., p. 64, pi. 7 ;
Fiiiseh, J. /. 0. 1872, _2J. 105, et 1874, p. 192.
In the " Introduction " to his book Dr. Buller gives Mr.
Garrod's notice on the structure of this bird, and correctly
refers it to the Sturnidm instead of to the Upupiclm, as he
had done in the body of the work. I believe that the
nearest ally of this singular form is Falculia of Madagascar.
51. Creadion caeunculatus.
Creadion carunculatus (Gm.); Gray, cmtecl, p. 8; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, p. 167, et 1874, p. 192 ; Buller, B. K Z. p.
149, pi. 15.
This is one of the peculiar New Zealand forms, and
although it has been known to science ever since the time
of Forster its proper position remains imsettled. Dr.
Buller, like most of his predecessors, considers it to be a
Starling, but Dr. Finsch, whose views on classification are
generally most acute, puts it along with Glaucopis in the
Glaucopidcc. At present, however, I think it is a Sturnine
form.
Family, CoRVlDiE.
52. Glaucopis wilsoni.
Glaucopis wilsoni, Bp. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 167, et
1874, p). 172 ; Buller, B. N. Z. p. 152, pi. 16, /. 1.
This species was not known to science when Mr. Gray
wrote the foregoing Memoir on the " Birds of New Zealand."
It replaces the well-known G. cinerea in the North Island,
being distinguished from that species by its blue wattles
and white superciliary line.
53. Glaucopis cinerea.
Calkeas cinerea, Gm. ; Gray, anted,, p. 8.
Glaucopis cinerea, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, pi. 167, ct 1874,
p. 191 ; Buller, B. N. Z. p. 155, pi. 15, /. 2.
This species, to wluch Dr. Buller has given the excellent
distinguishing name of " Orange- wattled Crow," is found
only in the South Island.
Order, COLUMByE.
Family, CoLUMBiDiE.
54. Carpophaga ^oym zealandle.
Carpophaga novte zealandia; {Gm.) ; Gray, cmtea, p. 10
Finsch, J f^O. 1872, p. 168, et 1874, p. 192 ; Buller, B. K
Z. p. 157, pi. 17.
Order, GALLINJE.
Family, Peedicid^.
55. COTUEXIX NOV^ ZEALANDIiE.
Plate 8.
Coturnix novte zealandite, Q. & G. ; Gray, anted, p. 10.
pi. 8 ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 168, et 1874, p. 193 ; Buller.
B. N. Z., p. 161, pi. 18.
This species is now nearly extinguished m. New Zealand,
although very common in the memory of the present gene-
ration of colonists. Mr. Dawson Eowley exhibited at a late
meeting of the Zoological Society a male specimen,
obtained in Blue Skin Island, and he is one of the fortu-
nate possessors of this rare bird.
Order, GEALL^.
FamUy, E.\xlid^.
The members of the genus Ocydromus are in a very con-
fused state, and at present the series in the Museum is too
small to allow me to investigate the matter. There would
be few birds of which 1 should more like to see a complete
set, but without a critical examination of this it will be
28
impossible for me to do more than notice the genus cur-
sorily. Dr. Buller, in his " Birds of New Zealand," admits
three species, viz., — 1, 0. australis ; 2, 0. carli ; and 3, 0.
fuscus; but more recently Captain Hutton has written a
paper on Oci/dromus and admits six species, as follows : —
1, 0. troglodytes (Gm.) ; 2, 0. hectovi, Hutt ; 3, 0. australis,
Sparrm ; 4, 0. fuscus, Du Bus ; 5, 0. finschi, Hutt. ; 6, 0.
earli, Gray. Of all these he gives characters.
Dr. Finsch in his late essay {J. f. 0. 1874, p- 197)
admits the six species, which he discusses in his own
masterly manner, but he refers the bird figured by Dr. Buller
as 0. earli to the true 0. australis (Sparrm) : he gives
synonymy of each.
56. OCYDROMUS TROGLODYTES.
Ocydromus troglodytes (Gm.) ; ITutton, Tr. N. Z. Inst, v.,
p. 110 ; Fiiisch, J. f. 0. 1874, ^j. 197.
Ocydromus australis, Bidkr, B. N. Zeal. j). 170, pi. 19, /. 1.
" The distinguishing marks of this species are its large
size, the general olivaceous tint of its plumage, the middle
tail-feathers having generally a black streak down the shaft,
and the primary feathers of the wing tapering towards
the point.
Height of Middle toe,
wing. Tail. Culmen. bill Tarsus. without
at base. claw.
"Male ... 7-8 4-8 2-0 -83 2-5 2-4
Female.. 67 44 17 7 2-1 2-15"
(Hutton, I. c.)
.57. Ocydromus hectori.
Ocydromus hectori, Hutton, Tr. K Z. Inst, v., j). 110 ;
Finsch. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 198.
" In size and style of colouring this bird resembles 0.
troglodytes, but its bill is more rolmst, its general hue is
Isabella brown, or fawn-coloured ; the primary feathers of
the wing are rounded at the tip, and the brown bauds on
the webs are very narrow, sometimes becoming obsolete.
The tail is coloured as in 0. troglodytes.
Height of Middle toe.
Wing. Tail. Culmen. bill Tarsus. without
at base. claw.
"Male ... 7-8 4-8 2-3 -93 2-3 2-2
" This species is described from a single specimen only,
and more must be obtained before we can feel sure whether
it should stand as a separate species, or only as a sub-
species of 0. troglodytes. This specimen was obtained by
Mr. Morton, near the Te Anau Lake, in Otago." (Hutton,
I. c).
Dr. Finsch (I. c.), who has examined the type specimen,
believes this to be a well-marked species.
58. Ocydromus australis.
Plate 14.
Ocydromus australis (.^9fM-?-wi.); Gray, anied,p. 31; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, jj. 178, ct 1874, |). 198 ; IIutto7i, Tr. K Z. List.
v., p. 111.
" Distinguished from the two former by its smaller size,
the rust-red tint of its plumage, the grey colour of the
throat and lower part of the breast (especially in the male
bird), the more strongly marked pectoral band, and in the
primary feathers of the wing tapering towards the point.
Height of Middle toe,
wing. Tail. Culmen. bill Tarsus. without
at base. claw.
"Male ... 6-5 44 17 -69 2-0 2-0
Female.. 67 44 1-8 -68 2-0 2-0
" The middle tail-feathers are generally barred, but this
is very variable. Except by the size, this species is not
always easy to recognise from 0. troglodytes, and it is pos-
sible that it may prove to be a variety of it." (Hutton,
I.e.)
Dr. Finsch unites with 0. australis Dr. Buller's figure of
0. earli. I have compared the type of the latter species
with Sparrman's figure, and it does not agree at all, whereas
it is like the bird figured by Dr. Buller, but has not such a
distinct breast-band as is represented by him.
59. Ocydromus earli.
Ocydromus earli. Gray ; Hutton, Tr. N. Z. Inst, v., p.
Ill ; Flnseh, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 199.
As before mentioned. Dr. Buller's identification of this
species has been doubted by Dr. Finsch, but I must wait
for a larger series before being able to settle this question.
60. Ocydromus fuscus.
Ocydromus fuscus, Dv, Bus; Buller, B. N. Zeal. p. 174;
Finseh, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 199; Hutton, Tr. K Z. Inst., v., p.
111.
Captain Hutton says : — " This species appears to be
confined to the south-east of Otago, on the western side of
the Alps." It is a well characterized bird and there is no
doubt connected with its specific identification at present.
61. Ocydromus fixschl
Ocydromus finschi, Hutton, Tr. iV. Z. Inst, v., p. Ill ;
Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, jJ. 199.
" Throat, abdomen, and thighs dark brownish-grey ;
feathers of the rest of the body brownish-black, with spots
of yellowish ferruginous on the outer margins of each web.
Under tail-coverts, and feathers of the fiauks banded with
yellowish ferruginous. Primary feathers of the wing
acutely pointed, brownish-black, banded on each web with
dull ferruginous ; secondaries with yellow ferruginous spots
on the margins of each web. Middle tail-feathers brownish-
black, the outer ones with spots of yellow ferruginous on
the margins of the web. Bill dark Ijrown, getting reddish
towards the base of the lower mandible. Legs brownish-
red.
Height of Middle toe.
Wing. Tail. Culmen. bill Tarsus. without
at base. claw.
"Male ... 77 5-0 1-9 -8 2-35 2.25
Female.. 6-35 46 17 -64 21 2-0"
(Hutton, /. c.)
29
Dr. Finsch has examined the type of this bird, but
considers that a larger series will require to be examined,
before it can be admitted as a species.
62. Eallus philippensis.
Rallus assimilis, Gray, anted,, p. 14.
Eallus pectoralis, Less. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 181, et
1874, p. 200.
Rallus philippensis, L. ; Buller, B. N. Z. p. 176, pi. 20,
/.I.
I believe Dr. Buller to be quite right in assigning the
name philippensis to this wide-spread species. (Cf. also
Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii., p. 95).
63. Cabalus dieffenbachii.
Plate 15.
Ocydromus dieffenbachii, Gray, anted, p. 14, pi. 15.
Rallus dieffenbachii {Gray) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p.
182, et 1874, p. 200 ; Buller, B. N. Zeal. p. 179, pi. 20, /. 2.
Eallus modestus, Mutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 247; Finsch, J. /.
0. 1874, p. 200.
Cabalus modestus, Hutton, Tr. N. Z. Inst, v., p. 108.
In his latest article on the " Birds of New Zealand " Dr.
Finsch believes in Eallus modestus of Hutton being a dis-
tinct species from R. dieffenbachii. I examined the type of
Capt. Hutton's species and thoroughly believe it to be the
young of the latter Rail. Perhaps Capt. Hutton is right
in referring this Rail to a genus or sub-genus intermediate
between Eallus and Ocydromus, and I have therefore for
the present adopted his genus Cabalus.
64. Ortygometra affinis.
Ortygometra affinis. Gray, anted, p. 14 ; Finsch, J. f. 0.
1871, p. 182, ct 1874, p. 201 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. im,pl.
21, /. 1.
65. Ortygometra tabuensis.
Ortygometra tabuensis (Gm). ; Gray, anted, p. 14 ; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, p. 183, et 1874, p. 201 ; Buller, B. K Z. p.
182, pi. 21, /. 2.
in the British Museum, and no others are yet known to
science. Like many New Zealand forms, it is the gigantic
representative of a well-known genus of Swamp Hens, and
the interest attaching to this bird has been recently en-
hanced by the discovery that the White Swamp Hen of
Norfolk Island has been found to be a true Notornis, thus
increasing the range of this nearly, if not quite, extinct
genus. (Of. Pelz, Ibis, 1874, p. 44 ; Salvin, I. c, p. 296,
pi. 10.)
Family, Charadriid.e.
68. Charadrius fultus.
Charadrius virginianus. Gray, anted, p. 11.
Charadrius fulvus, Gni. ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 168, et
1874, p. 193 ; Buller, I. c, p. 212.
Only found in New Zealand as a straggler and always
in winter plumage.
69. Charadrius obscurus.
Plate 9.
Charadrius obscurus, Gm.; G)-ay, anted, p. 11; Finsch,
J.f. 0. 1872, i?. 168, et 1874, i?. 193; Buller, I. c.,p. 208.
70. Charadrius bicinctus.
Hiaticula bicincta, (J. & S.) ; G)-ay, anted,]}. 12.
Charadrius bicinctus, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 169, et
1874:, p. 193 ; Buller, I. c.,p. 210.
71. ThINORNIS NOViB ZEALANDIiE.
Plates 11, 11.*
Thinornis rossii, Gray, anted,, p. 12; Finsch, J.f. 0.
1872, jj. 169.
Thinornis novae zealandise, {Gm^ ; G)-ay, anted, p. VI:
Finsch, J.f 0. 1812, p. 169, et 1874, p. 194; Buller, I. c, p.
21Z, pi. 23.
This Plover is rare in collections. Dr. Buller after
examining the type of Mr. Gray's Tliinornis rossi, considers
it, with good reason, to be tlie young of T. novce zealandice.
More recently it has been found on the Chatham Islands.
66. PORPHYRIO MELANONOTUS.
72. Anarhynchus frontalis.
Porphyrio melanonotus, Temm. ; Gi-ay, anted, p. 14 ; Anarhynchus frontalis, Q & G.; Gray, anted, p. 12 ;
Finsch, J. f 0. 1872, p. 183. et 1874, p. 201 ; Buller, B. Finsch, J. f 0. 1872, p. 169, ct 1874, p. 194; Bvller, I. c.
N. Z. p. 185.
67. Notornis mantelli.
Notornis mantelli, Owen; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 184, et
1874, p. 201 ; Buller, B. K Z. p. 189, pi. 22.
This species is represented by the two typical examples
p. 216.
A capital illustration of this " Wry-billed Plover " is
given by Mr. Harting (Ibis, 1869, pi. viii.)
73. Strepsilas interpres.
Strepsilas interpres, {£.); Finsch, J.f. 0. 1870, ;;. 349,
30
d lS12,p. 170, d 1874, p. 194 ; Buller, I. c, p. 221.
74. HjEmatopus longirostris.
Hcematopus longirostris, V.; Gray, anted,, p. 12; Finsch,
J.f. 0. 1872, j9. 170, d 1874:, p. 194; Buller, I. c.,p. TIZ.
75. HffiMATOPUS UNICOLOR.
Plate 10.
Hsematopus unicolor, Wagl.; Gray, anted, p. 12 ; Finsch,
J.f. 0. 1872, i?. 170 ; Buller, I. c.,p'. 22o.
Family, ScolopaciDvE.
76. LiMOSA NOViE ZEALANDIiE.
Limosa lapponica, var. novae zealandiae, Gray, anted, p.
13.
Limosa uropygialis, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 173.
Limosa baueri, Buller, B. N. Z.,p. 198.
Limosa nova3 zealandite, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 196.
On reconsidering the question of priority of title for this
species, I think it is perhaps better to follow Dr. Finsch in
adopting that of Limosa novce zealandice, in preference to
L. baueri, Natt., which was never described.
77. Eecurvirostra nov^ hollandi^.
Eecurvirostra rubricoUis, Temm; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872,^.
173 c!: 1874,^5. 196.
Eecurvirostra novae hollandiae, V. ; Buller, B. N. Z., p.
201 ; Hariing, Ibis, 1874, p. 258.
Dr. Buller has restored Vieillot's title for this species,
and in this identification be is followed by Mr. Harting,
who has studied the Limicolce more closely than any one
living.
78. HiMANTOPUS NOV^ ZEALANDI^.
Himantopus novaj zealandise, Gould; Gray, anted, p. 13;
Finsch, J. f. 0. 1812, p. 173, d 1874, p. 196 ; Buller, B. N.
Z.,p.204:.
79. Himantopus leucocephalus.
Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,
p. 174, d 1874, 2}. 196 ; Buller, B. K Z., p. 203.
This species was not known to Mr. Gray when he wrote
his foregoing list of New Zealand birds, nor liis subse-
quent one {Ibis, 1862, p. 237). Dr. Finsch refers to this
species, apparently with excellent reason, the lately
described H. spicatus of Potts.
80. Teinga ganutus.
Tringa canutus, {L.) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 174, d
1874, p. 197 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 194.
Dr. Buller writes : — " This cosmopolitan species is
occasionally obtained in New Zealand, but only in its win-
ter plumage. There are several specimens in the Canter-
bury and Otago Museums, all of them obtained on the east
coast. It has not yet been recorded in the North Island,
but there is no reason why it should not occur there
also."
81. Tringa acuminata.
Tringa acuminata, Horsf. ; Finsch, J. f 0. 1874, p. 197.
The occurrence of this species has been recorded since
the completion of Dr. Buller 's work. It is a well-known
Australian bird.
82. Gallinago augklandica.
Plate 13.
Gallinago aucklandica. Gray, anted, p.li; Finsch, J. f.
0. 1872, p. 174, d 1874, p. 197 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 196.
83. Gallinago pusilla.
GaUinago pusilla, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 41 ; Finsch, J.f.
0. 1872, p. 174:.
Dr. Buller, who first described this species, brought a
specimen over to England, which he compared with the
typical examples of G. aucklandica in the British Museum.
His results are fully stated in his work (p. 197,) and he
says : — " I have come to the conclusion that, notwithstand-
ing the great difference in the length of the bill, they are
referable to one and the same species, — or at any rate that
till further specimens have been obtained, it would be
unwise to separate them." Judging however, from the
measurements of specimens recently obtained in the
Chatham Islands, (Cf. Finsch, J. f 0. 1874, p. 197), I am
inclined to regard G. pusilla as a smaller species than G.
aucklandica, which, from its constantly lesser dimensions,
may be well kept distinct.
Family Ardeid^.
84. Ardea egretta.
Herodias fla\'irostris, {Wagl) ; Gray, anted, p. 12.
Ardea egretta, Gm.; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, jj. 172, et 1874,
p. 194.
Ardea s^Tmatophora, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 226.
Dr. Buller refers the Great White Heron of New
Zealand to the Australian species which Mr. Gould
separated from the European bird. Dr. Finsch believes
that it is A. egretta, and speaks so positively on the
subject, that I have no option but to follow his identifica-
tion.
31
85. Ardea sacra.
92. Anas superciliosa.
Herodias matook, (F.) ; Gray, anted, -p. 13. ^^^^ supercUiosa, Qm. ; Gray, anted,, p. 15 ; Finsch, J. f.
Ardea sacra, Gm. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 172, et 1874, 0. 1872, p. 185, ci! 1874, p. 202 ; ^itiJer, B. N. Z.,p. 244.
jj. 195; Bullcr, B. N. Z.,p. 22?,, pi. 24,/. 1.
Tliis widely distributed bird is found aU. over New 93
Zealand, and breeds there apparently, as Ur. Buller men-
tions an egg of the species.
Anas chlorotis.
Plate 20.
Anas chlorotis, Gray, anted,, p. 15; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,
p. 186, et 1874, p. 202 ; Bullcr, B. N. Z., p. 248.
94. Spatula rhynchotis.
Spatula rhynchotis, {Lath.); Gray, anted, jp. 15.
Rhynchaspis variegata, Gould; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,
p. 187.
Spatula variegata, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 252, pi. 2G.
Rhynchaspis rhynchotis, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874,^. 202.
Dr. Buller only separates this bird from the Australian
species under the assurance of Mr. Gould, and he evidently
A very good account of this species has recently been suspects their identity. I agree with Dr. Finsch in con-
published by Dr. Buller {Tr. N. Z. Inst., vol. vi.), with a sidering the two species inseparable,
plate.
95. Hymenol^mus malacorhynchus.
88. BOTAURUS PCECILOPTILUS. Hymenolccmus malacorhynchus, {Gm); Gi-ay, anted,' p.
Botaurus melanotus. Gray, anted, p. 13. ^^ 'J'^'^'"oa/- ?' }^^h ^^ ^^^' '' ^^^'^' ^^ ^^^ ' ^''^^"''
Ardea poiciloptila, Wagl. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 172, et ^- ^- ^■' P- ^^^' ■?''• ^ ' ' /• ^•
1874, _p. 195.
86. Ardea novje hollandivE.
Ardea novce hoUandiae, Lath. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p.
172, et 1874, p. 195 ; Bidlcr, B. N. Z., p. 231, pi. 24, / 2.
"Sparingly distributed over New Zealand." Buller,
{l. c.)
87. Ardetta maculata.
Ardea pusilla, V. ; Finsch, J. /. 0. 1872, p. 172, et 1874,
p. 195 ; Buller, B. iV. Z, p. 235.
Botaurus poeciloptilus, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 238.
Found in suitable places all over New Zealand, occurring
also in the Chatham Islands.
89. Nycticobax caledonicus.
Nycticorax caledonicus, {Lath.) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872,^.
172, et 1874, p. 195 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 233.
A straggler from Australia, it has been found once in
the North Island, but several times in the South Island.
{Of. Buller, I.e.)
Family, ANATiD.iE.
Sub-Family, ANATIN.E.
90. Dendrocygna eytoni.
Dendrocygna eytoni, Gould; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p.
184, et 1874:, p. 201 ; Buller, B. K Z.,p. 265.
91. Casarca variegata.
Plate 16.
96. Querquedula gibberifrons.
Anas gracilis, Buller, Ibis, 1869, p. 41.
Querquedula gibberifrons, {Mull.) ; Finsch, J. f 0. 1872,
p. 188, et 1874,27. 173; Buller, B. N. Z.,p. 250.
Sub-Family Fuligtjlin^.
97. Nyroca australis.
Nyroca australis, Gould; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1812, p. 188, et
1874, p. 202 ; Buller, B. N. Z.,p. 257.
98. FuLIGULA NOVjE ZEALANDIiG.
Plate 18.
Fuligula novae zealandite, {Gm.); Gray, anted, p. Iti ;
Fi7isch, J. f 0. 1872, p. 188, et 1874, p. 203 ; Buller, B. iV.
^.,^.259,27/. 27,/. 2.
99. Nesonetta aucklandica.
Plate 17.
Nesonetta aucklandica. Gray, anted, p. 17 ; Finsch, J. f.
Casarca variegata, {Gm.); Gray, anted, p. 15; Finsch, J. 0. 1872, p. 188, et 1874,^. 203.
/ 0. 1812, p. 184, et 1874,^. 202; Buller, B. N. Z.,p. 241, Only known from the Auckland Islands and not yet
pi. 25.
procured in New Zealand.
32
Family, MeegiDjE.
100. Meegus austealis.
Mergus australis, H. & J.; Gray, anted, p. 16 ; Finsch,
J.f. 0. 19,12, p. 188, d 1814:, pp. 173, 203.
(Inly known from the Auckland Islands.
Family, Laeid^e.
101. Steecoeaeius catarractes.
Lestris antarcticus (Less.) ; Gray, anted, p. 18.
Lestris catarractes, III. ; Finseli, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 240,
et 1814:, p. 203.
Stercorarius antarcticus, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 266.
The question of the identity of the northern and southern
Great Skuas is one which wants settling by means of a
good series.
102. Stercoraeius parasiticus.
Lestris longicaudus, (Briss.) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 241,
et 1874, p. 203.
Stercorarius parasiticus, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 268.
Only a single specimen has been obtained in New
Zealand, having been shot by Dr. Buller himself on the
sea-coast at Horouhemea in the Province of Wellington.
Mr. Howard Saunders thinks it may belong to an unde-
scribed species.
103. Larus dominicanus.
Larus dominicanus, Liclit. ; Gray, anted, p. 18 ; Finsch, J.
f. 0. 1872, p. 241, et 1874, p. 203; Buller, B. N. Z., p.
269, pi. 28,/. 2.
104. Larus NOViE hollandle.
Larus nov£e hollandife, Sfeph. ; Gray, anted, p. 18 ;
Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 241, et 1874, p. 203.
Larus scopulinus, Forst. ; Buller, B. ]Sf. Z., p. 273.
An excellent account of this species has been published
by Dr. Finsch in the "Journal fiir Ornothologie," 1872, p.
241.
105. Larus pomaee.
Icarus pomare, (Bruch); Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872,^. 248, et
1 874, p. 204.
Larus biiUeri, Ilutt.; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 216, pi. 28, f. 1.
Dr. Buller, in passing through Mayence, examined the
types of Bruch's Larus jwmarc, and considered they were
not the same as the New Zealand bird. Dr. Finsch, how-
I'ver, having received a series of L. hulleri from New
Zealand, sent for the types of L. pomare, and declares the
identity of the two species. The young of L. pomare is,
according to the same author, the immature Larus nova:
hoUandicc.
106. Sterna caspia.
Sterna caspia, Pall ; Finsch, J. f 0. 1872, p. 253, H
1874, p. 173 ; Buller, B. K Z., p. 279.
107. Sterna frontalis.
Plate 20.*
Sterna frontalis, Gi-ay, anted, p. 19; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,
p. 253, et 1874, p. 205 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 281.
108. Sterna Antarctica.
Plate 21.
Sterna antarctica, Forst. ; Gi'ay, anted, ^. 19 ; Finsch, J.
f. 0. 1812, p. 254, et 1814:, p. 205; Buller, B. N. Z.,ip 283.
Hydrochelidon albostriata, Gi-ay, anted, p. 19, pi. 21.
The species figured as ff. albostriata in the plate accom-
panying this book, is the true Sterna antarctica of Forster.
109. Sterna nereis.
Sterna nereis, Gould ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 252, et
1874, p. 205 ; Buller. B. N. Z., p. 284.
110. Hydrochelidon leucopteea.
Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 254,
et 1874, p. 206 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 287. •
Family, PROCELLARIIDiE.
111. DiOMEDEA EXULANS.
Diomedea exulans. Gray, anted, p. 18 ; Finsch, J. f. 0.
1812, p. 254, et 1874, p. 206 ; Btdler, B. K Z, p. 289.
112. DiOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS.
Diomedea melanophrys, Boie; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p.
254, et 1874, p. 206 ; Buller, B. K Z.,p. 292.
Although not mentioned by Mr. Gray in the foregoing
list of New Zealand birds nor yet in his second catalogue
in the "Ibis" for 1862, this species is the commonest
Albatros of New Zealand, five species altogether being now
known to occur there.
113. DiOMEDEA CHLOROEHYNCHA.
Diomedea cMororhyncha, Gm. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p.
254, et 1874, p. 173 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 294.
114. Diomedea culmin.wa.
Diomeda culminata, Gould; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p, 254,
et 1874, p 206 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 295.
33
115. DiOMEDEA FULIGINOSA. Included by Dr. BuUer as a doubtful New Zealand
species, but, as Dr. Finsch points out, specimens were
r>iomedea fuliginosa, Gvi. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 254, obtained in the Novara Voyage in the New Zealand
etlS'i4:,p.2Qia; Bullcr,B. N. Z.,p.2^&. seas.
IIG. OSSIFRAGA GIGANTEA. 125. PrOCELLARIA COOKII.
Procellaria gic^antea, Gm. ; Gray, anted,, p. VJ ; Finsch, Plate 35
J. f. 0. 1872, ^;.^255, et 1874, p 206.
Ossifra^a gisantea, BuUer, B. N. Z., v. 297. Procellaria cookii. Gray, anted., p. 17 ; Finsch, J. f. 0.
1872, p. 255, et 1874, ^^ 207 ; Bullcr, B. K Z.,p. 207.
117. Daptiox capensis.
12G. Procellaria c^rulea.
Daption capensis, (Z.) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p 256, ct proppihm PT^rulp-i Gm ■ Fin.rh T f 0 187'' » 255
1874, p. 208 ; Bullcr, B. K Z, p. 299. , Tq° , oaq ^ 7^' p \t v ' oi</' ^'
»-'.■, ,• i i- ii T 1 -J. -p tv • et 1874, p. 208 ; BuUer, B. J\. Z., p. 206.
A most interesting account ot the habits of this species "'>/'■ > > • > i
will be found in Captain Hutton's paper entitled " Notes
on some of the Birds inhabiting the Southern Ocean," 127. PUFFINUS GAVius.
(7^,1865,^.276.) -d n • ■ t, , n , a io
Procellaria gavia, Forst. ; Gray, anted, p. 18.
Puffinus gavius, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 256 ct 1874, ;a
118. Procellaria paekinsoni. 208; BuUer, B. N. Z.,p. 316.
Dr. Finsch has given a full account of the synonjTuy in
Procellaria parkinsoni. Gray ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. j^ig latest article, (I. c.)
255, et 1874, p. 207 ; Bullcr, B. N. Z., p. 302.
119. Procellaria gouldl
128. Puffinus griseus.
Puffinus major, Gixty, anted,, p. 17.
Procellaria gouldi. Butt. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 255, Puffinus tristis, (Forst.) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 256 ;
et 1874, p. 207 : Fuller, B. N. Z., p. 308. Bullcr, B N. Z., p. 317.
PufBnus gi-iseus {Gm) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 209.
120. Procellaria fuliginosa.
On this bird also see Dr. Finsch's remarks, {I. c.)
Procellaria fuliginosa, Kuhl ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. ]^2') Puffinus tenuirostris
207 ; BuUer, B. N. Z., p. 304, pi. 29./. 2.
121. Procellaria cinerea.
Puffinus brevicaudus, Bullcr, B. N. Z.,p. 315.
Puffinus tenuirostris, Teinm. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p.
210.
Procellaria cinerea, Gm. ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 254, et
1874,^. 174; BuUcr, B. K Z.,p. 305. 130. Pelecanoides urinatrix
Pelecanoides urinatrix, {Gm); Gray, anted, p. 17; Bullcr,
122. Procellarla lessonl B. N. Z., p. 313.
T, 11-1 • /7 TT- 7 7- ^ ^ iof,r. ^rr Halodroiua urinatrix, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872,^. 256, ct
Procellaria lessonl, Gar7i.; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 255, lo--, „ oin
et 1874, p. 207 ; BuUer, B. N. Z., p. 303, pi. 29, /. 14. ' > F- - ■
131. Pelecanoides berardl
123. Procellaria glacialoides.
Pelecanoides berardi, BuUer, B. N. Z., p. 314.
Procellaria glacialoides. Smith; BuUer, B. N. Z., p. 301. Halodroma berardi, Finsch, J.f 0. 1874, ». 210.
Procellaria smithii, Schl. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 255,
et 1874, p. 174.
132. Prion vittatus.
124 Procellaria mollis. Trion vittatus, {Forst); Gray, anted, p. 18; Finsch, J. f
0. 1872, p. 256, ct 1874, p. 211 ; Bullcr, B. iV. Z., p. 312.
Procellaria mollis, Gould ; Fin,sch, J. f 0. 1872, p. 255, The lately described Prion australis of Mr. Potts {Ibis,
et 1874, p. 207. 1873, p. 85,) is referred to this species by Dr. Finsch.
34
133. Prion banksi.
Prion banksi, (Smith), Finscli, J. f. 0. 1872, ^j. 256, et
1874, p. 211 ; Bidlcr, B. N. Z., p. Sli.
134. Prion turtue.
Plate 29.
Prion tiirtur, (Kuhl) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, j;. 257, d
1874, _?). 212 ; Bailer, B. N. Z.,2>. 309.
135. Thalassidroma feegata.
Thalassidroma marina. Lath. ; Ch-ay, antm, j). 17.
Thalassidroma fre^ata, L.; Fiiisch,\j. f. 0. 1872, p. 257,
d 1874, |>. 212; i?wifer, i?. N. Z.,p. 321.'
136. Thalassidroma melanogastra.
Thalassidroma melanogastra, Gould. ; Finsch, J. f. 0.
1872, j>. 257, d 1874, p. 212; Bulkr, B. N. Z.,ix 319.
141. Piialacrocorax chalconotus.
Plate 21.*
Gracalus chalconotus. Gray, anted, p. 20.
Phalacrocorax clialconotus, Bid/r/r, B. A". Z., p. 334.
Graculus chalconotus, Fhisch, J. f. 0. 1872, jj. 258, d
1874, J). 214.
Only one specimen has at present been discovered, viz.,
the type in the British Museum.
142. Phalacrocorax purpuragula.
Graculus sulcirostris, Brandt. ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p.
258, cn874,^. 214.
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, Bidler, B. N. Z. Intr., p. xv.
Dr. Buller considers this a doubtful New Zealand species,
but, as Dr. Finsch points out, Peale collected his Cormo-
rant to wliich he gave the name of purpuragula in Manua
Bay and the Bay of Islands. It is not yet quite certain
whetlier this bird of Peale's is synonymous with the true
P. sidcirostris {Brandt), and I therefore restore for the
present Peale's title. {Gf. Finsch, I.e.)
137. Thalassidroma nereis.
Thalassidroma nereis, Gould; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, j).
257, d 1874, p. 213 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 322.
Family, Pelecanid^.
138. SULA SERRATOR.
Sula serrator. Gray, anted,, p. 19; Bidlcr, B. N'. Z., p.
323.
Dysporus serrator, Finsch, J./. 0. 1872, p. 257, d 1S74,
p 213. .
143. Phalacrocorax varius.
Gracalus varius. Gray, anted, p. 19.
Phalacrocorax varius, Buller, B. i\^. Z.,p. 328.
Graculus varius, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, j^. 258, et 1874,/;.
215.
144. Phalacrocorax punctatus.
Gracalus punctatus, {Sparrm) ; Gray, anted, pi- 20.
Graculus punctatus, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,^. 259, d 1874,
p. 214.
Phalacrocorax punctatus, Buller, B. N. Z., 2'>- 335,^/. 31.
139. Phalacrocorax carlo.
Gracalus carboides, Gould ; Gray, anted, p. 20.
Phalacrocorax novte liollaudite, Stcph. ; Buller, B. N. Z.,
1-). 325.
Graculus carbo, (Z.) ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 257, d
1874,7). 21.3.
I follow Dr. Finsch in believing that the Cormorant of
South Africa and Australia is the same as the ordinary
species of Europe. I have compared adult English speci-
mens with others from the southern seas, and could iind no
difference.
140. Phalacrocorax caetjnculatus.
Gracalus cirrhatus. Gray, anted, p. 19, {nee. Gm.).
Phalacrocorax caruncidatus, {Gm.) ; Buller, B. JV. Z., p.
332, pi. ?,0,f.l.
Graculus carunculatus, Gm.; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872,?;. 274,
d 1874, p. 213.
145. PHAL.iCROCORAX FEATHERSTOXI.
Graculus, sp. n. Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872,^. 274.
Phalacrocorax featherstoni, Bidlcr, Ibis, 1873, |j. 90, d B.
N. Z., p. 338, 1)1. 32.
Graculus featherstoni, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, jj. 216.
146. Phalacrocorax brevirostris.
Gracalus brevirostris, {GoiUd) ; Gray, anted, p. 20.
Graculus brevirostris, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 259, et
1874, p. 216.
Phalacrocorax brevirostris, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 330, pi.
30,/. 2.
147. Phalacrocorax finschii, sp. n.
Gracalus melanoleucus, {V.); Gray, anted, p. 20.
Piialacrocorax melanoleucus, Buller, B. N. Z., p. 333.
Graculus melanoleucus, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 223.
35
Mr. G. R. Gray (I.e.) notices that the specimen of P.
melanolcacus jivocurcil in New Zeahmd by the Antartic
Expedition, "differs from the Australian specimens liy tlie
white sjjot of tlie wing-coverts," and Dr. Finsch has gone
into the intricate synonymy of the species. Dr. Ihiller
does not seem to have examined the specimen in tlie
Musenm, and I therefore hunted it up from the hirge col-
lection wliich we possess of Cormorants in skin, and I
tind that it constitutes a new species, which I name P.
fiiiscMi in honour of Dr. Finsch, whose wonderfid.
acquaintance ^\•ith New Zealand Ornitliology is displayed
in aU lie ^\^•ites on the subject. It may be described as
i'ollows : —
P. similis P. melanokuco sed tectricibus alarum medianis
exteriorilms albis, speculum vel fasciam alarem forniantil)Us;
axillaribus tantum nigris, uec corporis lateribus ut in P.
melanoleucvs nigris, distinguendus.
14R. Fhegata aqi'ila.
Fregata aquila, (Z.) ; Bulhr, B. N. Z., p. 340.
Tachvpetes aipiilus, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 260, et
1874, p. 216.
149. Fregata mi\ok.
Fregata minor, {Gm) ; Bulkr, B. N. Z., p. 342.
Tachypetes minor, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874,^). 216.
153. EUDYPTES AXTIPODU.M.
Plate 27.
Eudyptes antipodes, (//. c| J.); G-ray, anted, p. 17;
Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, pi. 262, et 1874, p. 218 ; Coucs, Pr.
Phil. Acml, 1872,27. 199; BuHer, B. A". Z, p. 346.
154. Eudyptes vittata.
Eudyptes vittata, Finsch, Ibis, 1875, p. 112.
This new species lias onlj^ lately been described hy Dr.
Finsch, who remarks "F. vittata, if indeed a true Eudyptes,
is easily distinguislied from all other members of the
Penguin gi-oup by its broad wliite superciliary streak, which
runs from the liase of the bill to the back of the head, but
wliich does not consist of elongated featliers." The single
specimen at present known was j)rouured at Dunedin, and
tiie description was communicated by Captain F. W.
Hutton, one of tlie most enthusiastic of New Zealand
naturalists, and particularly well-known as an authority on
the sea-birds of the southern hemisphere.
155. Eudyptes atkata.
Eudyptes atrata, Hutton, Ibis, 1875, p. 114.
The same paper in which Dr. Finsch describes the fore-
going bird, contains a description of tliis new species by
Captain Hutton. Dr. Finsch says : — " This species canncjt
be confounded with any other, regard being jjaid to the jet-
black coloration of its under surface."
Family, Colymbid.^;.
150. PODICEPS RUFIPECTUS.
Plate 19.
Podiceps rufipectus, Grat/, anted, p. 16, ^tl. 19 ; Finsch,
J. f. 0. 1872, 2). 261, et 1874, ^j. 217 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p.
350.
151. Podiceps cristatus.
Podiceps cristatus, X. ; Fitisch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 260, et
1874, p. 217 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 353.
Family, Spheniscid^e.
152. Eudyptes chrysocoma.
Eudyjites pach>-rhynchus, G^w?/, anted, p. 17; Finsch, J.
f. 0. 1872, p. 26]', ci 1874, p. 217.
Eudyptes chrysocome, (Forst.) ; Cuues, Pr. PJiHad. Acad.,
1872, p. 202.
Eudj-jjtes chrysocomus, Buller, B. N. Z., pi. 345, id. 33,
/.I.
Dr. Finsch thinks that this bird is not tlie true
Aptcnodiftcs chri/socoiHC of Forster and he retains CJray's
later pulilished title. Dr. Coues, however, unites the two
species in his Mouogi-aph, (/. c).
156. EUDYPTILA MIXOR.
Spheniscus minor, Grai/, anted, p. 16 ; Coues, Pr. Philad.
Acad., 1872, p. 207.
Eudyi^tila minor, (Gm.) ; Finsch, J. /. 0. 1872, p. 262,
et 1874, iJ. 218; Buller, B. N. Z, p. Ml, pi. 33,/. 2.
157. EUDYPTILA UXDINA.
Eudyptila uudina, {Gould) ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 332.
158. Eudyptila ai.bo.sigxata.
Eudyptila albosignata, Finsch, P. Z. S., 1874, ]}■ 207, et
J.f. 0. 1874:, p. 219.
Dr. Finsch writes of this new species, that it is " easily
distinguishaljle from F. minor, Gm. {^=E. undina, Gould),
by the liroad white edge which borders the wing anteriorly
and posteriori}', and by the white patch on the upper tail-
coverts. The bill is stouter and has a much more strongly
marked and deeper sulcus."
Family, Apterygid.e.
159. Apteeyx austiulis.
Apten'x australis, Shavj; Gray, anted, p. 11 ; Finsch, J.
f. 0. 187-2, p. 263, et 187-i,p. 220; Buller, B. A". Z, p. 364;
Eowlei/, Orn. Mise.,jtl. iv.
A young binl is figured Ijy Mr. Kowley, (/. c).
3G
IGO. Apteryx maxtelli.
Apteryx mantelli, Bartl. ; Fimch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 263 ;
Bullcr, B. N. Z., p. 258, pi. 34 ; Roivlcy, Orn. Misc., p. 25.
Dr. Buller separates this species from A. anstmlis, and
I must say that, when I examined his series, I thought that
he had made out his case. Dr. Finsch, Dr. Sclater, and
lastly Mr. Dawson Eowley, unite them, so that it is a
moot point as to wliether it is anything more than a race
of the other bird.
161. Apteryx oweni.
Apteryx oweni, Gould; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 268, et
1874, p. 220 ; Buller, B. N. Z., p. 368, pi. 35 ; Rowley,
Orn. Misc., pis. ii, v.
A good plate of this species is given by Dr. Buller, and
Mr. Dawson Eowley figures both adults and young.
162. Apteryx haasti.
Apteryx haasti. Potts; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1872, ;;. 271, et
1874, p. 220 ; Bidkr, B. N. Z., p. 370 ; Rowley, Orn. Misc.,
pis. i, ui.
I have examined the specimens of this splendid Aptenjx,
which were exhibited by Mr. George Dawson Eowley at
the Zoological Society, and have since been beautifully
figured by him in his " Ornithological Miscellany." It
speaks volumes for the enterprise of this gentleman that he,
at his own expense, has kept a collector in New Zealand,
and has not relaxed his energy until he has become the
sole possessor in Europe of this little known bird.
In compiling the foregoing review of New Zealand Ornithology, I must disclaim any idea of overlooking such works
as Captain Button's " Catalogue " of New Zealand Bu'ds, or of Mr. Pott's numerous papers published in the various
scientific journals. My first intention was to carry on the synonymy of the various species from the year 1844, when
the foregoing portion of the " Voyage " was published, down to the present time. I soon found, however, tliat this had
been most completely done by Dr. Finsch and that to do it effectually I should be obliged to copy direct from
him. I have, therefore, only given references to Dr. Biiller's large work, as containing the best account of the life-
histoiy of these bh-ds, and to Dr. Finsch's best-known papers in the " Journal fiir Ornithologie " where will be found a
complete set of references to all the .species down to the commencement of the year 1874. In the most recent of his
papers he also gives a list of the doubtful New Zealand birds with remarks on their history.
Before finishing this portion of my subject I think it advisable to give a key to all the species mentioned by
Mr. Gray in the original work, the nomenclature of which has been in any way altered since that date, with an indication
of their exact titles in the appendix I have now wiitten.
1. Falco novffi zealandi?3.=Harpa novaj zealandiaj, p. 11.
(Gm.). _ _ „ 12.
2. Circus assimilis. = C. Gouldi, (Bp.).
2. Athene novte zealandiie. = Spiloglaux novae zea- „ 12.
Iandia3, (Gm.). „ 12.
2. Athene albifacies. = Sceloglaux albifacies, {Gray). „ 13.
3. Halcyon cinnamominus is not a New Zealand bird. „ 14.
3. Neomorpha gouldi. = Heteralochaacutirostris,(6-7rf.). „ 14.
4. Acanthisitta longipes.=Xenicus longipes, {Gm.). „ 16.
6. Certhiparus maculicaudus. = C. novte zealandiaj, „ 17.
{Gm.).
6. Petroica dieffenbachii.=Myiomoira macrocephala, „ 17.
{Gm).
6. „ toitoi.=^Myiomoira toitoi, {Less.). „ 17.
7. „ albifrons. = ]Miro albifrons, {Gm).
7. „ australis.=]\Iiro longipes, ((?ar?i.). „ 17.
8. Ehipidura melanura. = Ehipidura fuliginosa, „ 17.
{kijMrrm).
8. CallaBas cinerea.=Glaucopis cinerea, {Gm). „ 17.
8. Aplonis zelandicus is not a New Zealand bird. „ 18.
8. Ajjlonis obscurus is not a New Zealand bird. „ 18.
9. Trichoglossus aurifrons is not a New Zealand bird. „ 19.
Charadrius virginianus. = Charadrius fidvus, {Gm).
Thinornis rossii. = Thinornis novte zealandite,
{Gm).
Hiaticula bicincta. = Charadrius bicinctus, {J. & S).
Herodias flavirostris.=Ardea egretta, {Gm.).
Herodias matook.=Ardea sacra, {Gm).
Ocydromus dieffenbachii. = Cabalus dieffenbachii
Eallus assuniLis.=Eallus philij^pinen.sis, (Z.).
Spheniscus minor. =Eudyptula minor, {Gm.).
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus.=Eudyptes chrysocoma,
{For St).
Eudyptes antipodes. = Eudyptes antipodum,
{H. & J.).
Puffinus ffiquinoctialis. Not known for certain as
a New Zealand bird.
Puffinus major. =Puffinus griseus, {Gm).
Thalassidroma marina. = Thalassidroma fregata,
Procellaria gigantea.=Ossifraga gigantea, {Gm,).
ProceUaria gavia. = Puffinus gavius, {Forst).
Lestvis antarcticus. = Stercorarius catarrhactes, {III).
Hydrochelidon albostriata.= Sterna antarctica.
37
p. 19. Gracalus cirrliatus. = Phalacrocorax carunculatus.
„ 19. Gracalus varius. = riialacrocorax varius, {Gray).
„ 20. Gracalus chalconotus. = Plialacrocorax clialconotus,
{Crrai/).
„ 20. Ciracalus punctatus. = Plialacrocorax punctatus,
(Sparrm.).
p. 20. Gracalus carboides.=r Plialacrocorax carbo, (Z.).
„ 20. Gracalus melanoleucus. = Plialacrocorax finschi,
Shar2yc.
„ 20. Gracalus brevirostris. = Plialacrocorax brevirostris,
(Gould).
The following is a List of the birds, not from New Zealand, but obtained in other parts of the southern ocean by the
Antartic Expedition and figured in the present work.
Family, ScoLOPACiDiE.
Gallinago stricklandii.
Plate 23.
Gallinago stricklandii, Gray, Voij. Ereb. & Terror, Birds,
p/. 23; id., List Grallce, B. M., p. 112; Scl. & Salvin, Ex.
Orn., p. 19G ; Graij, Handl. B. iii, p. 55 ; ^Sb^. ^ Salv.
Nomcnd., p)- 145.
Scolopax meridionalis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 229 ;
Cass. op. cit. ed. 2, jj. 310. pi. 35,/. 1.
Scolopax spectabilis, Hartl. Naum. 1853,^. 216.
A pair of this fine Snipe was obtained by the Antarctic
Expedition at Hermit Island.
Family, Anatid^.
Cloephaga inornata.
Plate 30.
Anser inornatus, mas.. King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15.
Branta inornata, Gray, Handl. B. iii, p. 77.
Cloephaga inornata, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. av. neotr., p.
128.
The bird figured in the plate is the t}'j)e of King's Anser
inornatus, and was received by the Museum from the
Zoological Society. It is not referable, as far as I can see,
to any of the allied species. Dr. Sclater, (P. Z. S., 1860, p.
388,) also writes : — " The bird described as A7ias inornatus,
mas, by Capt. King, which is now in the British Museum,
is decidedly different, in my opinion, from both Chloephar/a
poliocephala and C. rahidiceps, most nearly resembling the
male of C. magellanica, but bemg much smaller."
Cloephaga rubidiceps.
Plate 24.
Bernicla inornata, Gi-ay, Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Birds, p/. 24.
Cloepliaga rubidiceps, Scl. 'P. Z. S., 1860, j^- 387, pi.
xxxiii; Gray, Handl. B. iii, j}. 77; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. av.
neotr, p. 128.
Tliis sjiecies was first discriminated from G. poliocephala
V>y Dr. Sclater (/. c), and the differences are duly set forth
by him. He ajipears, however, to have overlooked the
plate published (without text) in the present work, and has
refigiired the species in the "Proceedings." The plate here
given is not altogether exact, as the barred flank-feathers
extend farther along the sides of the body to tlie vent. Mr.
Wolf's excellent plate, accompanying 1 )r. Sclater's paper, is
more accurate, and on comparing it witli the iUustration.s of
C. poliocephala, (Zool. Sk. 1st series, pi. xlix) a very good idea
of the differences between these two species can be
formed.
Two specimens from the Falkland Islands, male and
female, were obtained by the Expedition.
Family, Procellariid^.
Pagodroma nivea.
(Plate 34.)
Procellaria nivea, (Gm.); Gray, Voy. Ereb. & Terr, Birds,
pi. 34; id. List Grallm &c., B. jil, p. 104; Coues, Pr Phil'
Acad., 1866, p. 160.
Fulmarus niveus. Gray, Handl. B. iii, p. 107.
Several specimens were procured by the expedition, and
are duly enumerated in Mr. Gray's list, (l. c).
PKIOCELLA ANTARCTICA.
(Plate 33.)
Procellaria antarctica, G7n. ; Gi-ay, Voy. Ereb. & Terr, jA
33 ; id. List Grcdlm dr., B. M„ p. 163.
Thalassoica antarctica, Reich. ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad
1866, ;j. 31.
Fulmarus antarcticus. Gray, Handl. B. iii, p. 105.
Dr. Coues has separated this species as a Thala.ssoica
apart from the Fulmarus, and I follow him as the best
authority on this group of birds. But Eeichenbach's
generic name must give way to Priocclla of Jacquinoi
(Voy. Pole Sud, iii, p. 148),"and this species should be
known as Priocclla antarctica.
Family, SpheniscidjE.
Aptenodytes longirostris.
(Plate 32.)
Aptenodytes pennantii. Gray, Ann. N. H, 1844, j:?. 31.".;
id. List Grallce &c., B. M., p. 156 ; id. Handl. B. iii, p. 99 ;'
Scl. & Salv. Nomencl, p. 151; Hyatt, Pr. Post. Soc, 1871,
p. 11.
Aptenodytes longirostris, Coues, Pr. Phil. Acad., 1872,
p. 193.
38
Dr. Coues in his " Monograph " of the Spheiiiscidce revives
Scopoli's name for this species, and in this I think he is
justified, for, laying aside Gmelin's title of imtavlionica
which confuses two species, the Apterodyta longirodris of
Scopoli (Del Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 91), seems to be
the next in order of priority. It is founded on "Le
Manchot de la Nouvelle Guinee " of Sonnerat, (Voy. K G.
]). 180, pi. 113), and although the figure in this plate is
very bad, representing tlie black on the throat as extending
far down to the centre of the breast, the description quite
agrees.
A single specimen was brought by the Expedition, sup-
posed to be from Kerguelen Island,
Aptenodytes patachonica.
Plate 31.
Aptenodytes patachonica, Forst. Comm. Soc. Reg. Gotting.
iii, 1). 137, pi. -1, (1781) ; Coues, Fr. Fhil. Acad. 1872, ».
192.
Aptenodytes forsteri, ffra?/, Ann. N.H., 1844, _p. 315; id.
List arallm &c., B. M., p. 156 ; id. Handl. B. ui, p. 99.
Several specimens were obtained by the Expedition, as
mentioned in Mr. G. E. Gray's List of G-ndloc and Anseres,
(I. c).
Pygoscelis t^niata.
(Plate 25.)
Pygoscelis papua, IVagl. ; Grai/, Voy. Ereh. & Terr., Birds,
pi. 25; id. List Gi'oMce, Sac, p. 153.
Aptenodytes tasniata. Fcale, U. S. Expl. Exp. Dm., p.
264, (1848).
Pygoscelis wagleri, Sclater, F. Z. S., 1860, ;;. 392.
Eudyptes papua, Gray, Handl. iii, p. 98.
Pygoscelis toiniata, Cowes, Fr. Fhil. Acad., 1872, p. 195.
Two specimens procured at Kerguelen Island.
Pygoscelis adelI/E.
Plate 28.
Eudyptes adelire, {H. & J.) ; Gray, Voy. Ereh. & Terr.,
pi. 28; id. Handl. B. ni, p. 99.
Pygoscelis brevirostris. Gray, List Grallce, &c., p. 154.
Pygoscelis adelias, Hyatt, Fr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1871,
p. 14; Coues, Fr. Fhil. Acad., 1872, j>. 196.
Several specimens procured by the Expedition and
enumerated in Mr. G. E. Gray's List of Grallce and
Anseres.
Pygoscelis Antarctica.
(Plate 26.)
Eudyptes antarctica, (Forst.) ; Gray, Voy. Ereh. & Terr.,
Birds, 2^1- 26 ; id. Handl. B. iii, pi. 98.
Pygoscelis antarctica, Gray, List. Grallce dec., B. M., p.
154; Hyatt, Fr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1871, p. 14; Coues,
Fr. Fhil. Acad., 1872,^. 199.
Two specimens procured by the Expedition.
Finally it may not be out of place to give a list of the plates which accompany the now completed edition of the
Ornithological portion of the Voyage of the " Erebus and Terror."
A. Plates originally issued.
Nesonetta aucklandica.
Fuligula nova3 zealandiee.
Podiceps rufipectus.
Anas chlorotis.
* Graculus chalconotus. = Phalacrocorax chalconotus.
Hydi'ochelidon albostriata. = Sterna antarctica.
Scolopax stricklandi (not mentioned in text).
Bernicla inornata. = Chloephaga rubidiceps, {Scl).
(not mentioned in text).
Pygoscelis papua. = Pygoscelis tfeniata, (Fcale).
(not mentioned iii text).
Eudyptes antarctica. = Pygoscelis antarctica, (Forst.).
„ adeli£e. = Pygoscelis adeliae, (H. & J.).
(not mentioned in text).
ProceUaria antarctica. = Priocella antarctica, (Gm).
(not mentioned in text).
„ nivea. = Pagodroma nivea, (Gm.).
(not mentioned in text).
cookii.
L*
Halcyon vagans.
17.
2.
Anthornis melanocephala.
18.
3.
Fig. 1.
Acanthisitta longipes.=Xenicus longipes.
19.
2
„ chloris. ?
20.
4.
Fig. 1.
Gerygone flaviventris.
XXL
„ 2.
„ albifrontata.
21.
5.
Fig. 1.
Certhiparus novte zealaudioe.
23.
„ 2.
„ albicillus.
24.
6.
Fig. 1.
Petroica dieffenbachii.
„ 2.
albifrous.
25.
8.
Coturnix nova3 zealandise.
9.
Charad
rius obscurus.
26.
10.
Hffimatopus nnicolor.
28.
11.
Thinorj
lis rossii.=Th. novae zealandise.
junr.
11*
»
nova3 zealandiae.
33.
13.
Gallinago aucklandica.
14.
Ocydromus australis.
34.
15.
Eallus
dieffenbachii. = Cabalus dieffenbachii.
16.
Casarca variegata.
35.
39
B. Plates now issued.
1. Athene albifacies. =: Sceloglaux albLfacies.
7. Strigops habroptilu!5. = Stringops liabroptilus.
20.* Sterna frontalis.
27. Eudyptes antipodes. = Eudyptes antipodiun.
2y. Prion turtur,
;]0. Beniicla iiioniata. = ChIoepIiaga inurnata,
ol. Aptenodyte.s ibrsteri.=:Apteno(lytes patachoiiiea.
32. „ pounautii.=Apteuodytes loiigiru-itis:.
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HALCYON VA - A -NTB
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2 CHLORIS ?
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