Great movie. Too bad it seems to have backfired for many viewers. See Cooper and Dinerman.

Interesting to see what people relate this to in current times.
Many, in seeing this, miss the entire message and begin to discuss another group that they view as the enemy, and that they are the ones doing this. *cough* (political parties) This I find counterintuitive. Why do people pretend to know and understand the answer when it is clearly not?
I also saw the use of the term "positive propaganda." I understand what they meant, but the nature of propaganda makes that oxymoron.
Comment sections are always so thought provoking, I love it.

I'm going to just start with this: the other reviews are quite politically charged, and that's kind of the norm these days, unfortunately. You can decide for yourself what kind of people on the political spectrum you demonize, that's not my business. However, if you demonize anyone, you're kind of just falling into the trap of this video.

I'm relatively young, according to those around me, young enough that I'm considered an "impressionable youth," and I see stuff all around me meant to do a range of things, from to make fun of a group, all the way to suggest I should fight something. If you see something, research it. I don't mean do a web search, I mean search for scholarly articles and check with nonprofits, because they have your best in mind (relatively speaking). I am quite concerned how many of my peers fall for marketing or give in to something or someone. I think it's not always a good idea to follow the lead of those older than you. There are lots of people without your best in mind; rich people and poor people, Republicans and Democrats. However, people are still people. Treat others how you want to be treated.

-P

The liberals and progressives say that "White Privilege" must be stamped out. That people SHOULD be judged by the color of their skins rather than by the content of their characters. That "BIPOC" people all have something in common and that they should unite to throw off their oppressors whose skin is a different color. That everyone has the right to keep what they earn, except for the "1%" (a minority by definition) who is the enemy of the public and who should have their rights taken away. It's all about dividing a common people into a myriad of minorities, and then making up stories about those minorities that allow suckers to support taking away the rights and freedoms that belong to everybody.

This kind of talk is just as dangerous today as it was in 1947. As it was in 1964 when Martin Luther King radically preached the opposite. As it was when Malcolm X discovered that people of all races could join in harmony at Mecca, discarding his former racial-hate-based activities seeking to escape the "white devils" and separate people by race, skin color, and religion.

Human progress toward every individual's freedom has always required teaching people to reject xenophobia, fear of strangers, fear of migrants, and fear and loathing of those who are "different" than you. We have come a long way towards that freedom and we can continue to make more progress. Dividing people into minorities with different rights is regress, not progress.

thank you so much random hungarian man for what you have done for this country

⁣Under Two Flags by Heinz Weichardt.
I like to emphasize the military participation of the Jewish part of my family because thiswas by no ways an exception but the norm, especially among the more well-to-do Jewish families which strived to be Germans first .
Let's go back to Nazi terrorism. There were, as everybody knows, concentration camps. Who were theinmates? Mostly vagrants, bums and, yes, some obnoxious politicians of the leftist variety (come to think of it, not a bad idea at all) who had previously caused the ire of the new rulers. Strangelyenough--hardly any Jews,
Berlin with my father, as a journalist in constant touch with the authorities (he had,
e.g., to attend, together with other journalists, confidential monthly meetings with Propaganda Minister Goebbels to obtain political directives and listen to pep talks) and aware of all nasty anti-government rumors, I had neither a single personal contact with anybody who had suffered physical harm from the authorities of the Third Reich, nor did I hear from anybody among my rather extended acquaintances that they knew of somebody who had.
⁣https://ia802608.us.archive.org/12/items/UnderTwoFlagsByHeinzWeichardt/UnderTwoFlags-HeinzWeichardt.pdf

At first, I assumed this was going to be your typical WW2 propaganda film, made to keep reminding people why we ere fighting. Many of those types of films were pretty simplistic and cut-and-dried--they're bad, we're good, so let's get with it and win this one for the team.

However, it didn't take long before it became apparent that this was far more than your run-of-the-mill Yay us!" propaganda film. There's much more substance to this than there are to the majority of these types of films I've seen (although it does occasionally slip into that trap). What was even more amazing is how uncomfortably relevant this film is to what's going on in this country today. The scene with the rabble-rouser spewing his hatred to the crowd in the park was, sadly, almost a carbon copy of the "rally" just before the insurrection on Jan. 6--the same vomitous bile, the same whipping the mob into a frenzy of hatred and violence, and the results were as predictable there as they were in Nazi Germany then.

It's incredibly disturbing to see the things this film warned us about in 1943 happening again today.

Note: Every time I think a word has been skipped or the audio cuts out, I'll add a []. If I think I know what the word is, I'll write [word]. If I don't, I'll add [0].
I'll use ** for scene transitions, music, and action notes.
Disclaimer: This video has not the best audio (especially when I pause and unpause each sentence), I have not the best ears, and it's 17 minutes long. But I promise I'm not as bad as the auto captions.

*party music*
Narrator: Henry here got on the train with 200 dollars. He couldn't see any harm in a friendly game of cards. So what if the other men were strangers?
And take [Joe Collins]. He's got a nice wife at home. But he met this girl at the bar, and she looked [0] after the first couple of drinks.
*after the mugging scene ends*
*lively music (different than party IDK)*
Narrator: There's a good old fashioned word for people [like this]. We call them suckers. And there are other people, people who stay up nights figuring out how to take away what they've got.
*on the train*
There are all kinds of games- [0]
[Take] Mike here for instance. He's got everything [0]. He's young, he's healthy, he's got a job. And he's got a [0] plenty of food.
Big factories to make things a man can use. Big cities to do the business of a big com[pany]. And people. Lots of people. Enough to work the farm and build the factories, dig the mines, run the businesses [0]
All kinds of people. People from different countries with different religions. Different colored skins. Free people. They can live together and work together and build America together because they are free. Free to vote, to say what they please. Go to their own churches. To pick their own jobs.
Yeah, Mike's got something alright. He's got America.
*transition off the train, where the crowd is gathered*
Narrator: But there are guys who stay up nights, figuring out how to take that away from him.
Fascist: I happen to know the facts. Now friends, I'm just an average American. But I'm an American American. And some of the things I see in this country of ours make my blood boil. I see people with foreign [0]! I see negroes holding jobs that belong to me and you!
Now I ask you, if we allow this thing to go on, what's gonna become of us real Americans?
*his speech fades into the background*
Hungarian Immigrant: I've heard this kind of talk before but I never expected to hear it in America.
Freemason: [This fella] seems to know what he's talking about.
Fascist: What are we real Americans going to do about it? You'll find it right here in this little pamphlet. The truth about negroes and foreigners! The truth about the Catholic church!
*he fades out again*
Hungarian: [Are you believing] that kind of talk?
Freemason: I dunno...it makes pretty good sense to me.
Fascist: And I tell you, friends, we'll never be able to call this country our own!!! Until it's a country without. Without what?
Crowd Guy: Yeah, without what?
Fascist: Without Negroes. Without alien foreigners. Without Catholics. Without Freemasons! You know these people...
*fades out*
Freemason: Masons? What's wrong with the masons? I'm a mason! Hey, that fella's talking about me!
Hungarian: And that makes a difference, doesn't it?
Fascist: These are your enemies! These are the people who are trying to take over our country! Now you know them, you know what they stand for. And it's up to you and me to fight them! Fight them and destroy them before they destroy us! [Thank you.]
*scattered applause as he steps down*
*no more music*
Hungarian: Before he said masons, you were ready to agree with him.
Freemason: Well, yes, but he was talking about...what about those other people?
Hungarian: [0] In this country, we have no "other people." We are American people.
Freemason: What about you- you aren't American, are you?
Hungarian: I was born in Hungary but now, I am an American citizen. And I have seen what this kind of talk can do. I saw it in Berlin.
Freemason: *quickly, somewhat suspiciously* What were you doing there?
Hungarian: I was a professor at the university. I have heard the same words we have heard today. But I was a fool then. I thought Nazis were crazy people, stupid fanatics. But unfortunately, it was not so.
You see, they know that they were not strong enough to conquer a unified country. So they split Germany into small groups. They used prejudice as a practical weapon to [cripple] the nation.
Of course, that was not easy to do. They had to work hard to do it.
You see, we human beings are not born with prejudices. [Always] they are made for us. Made by someone who [wants] something. Remember that, when you hear this kind of talk. Somebody's going to get something out of it, and it isn't going to be you.
This is not classroom theory. I saw it happen.
*ww2 scene*
I saw it first in Berlin in 1942. 5 young men that I knew were standing in the crowd listening to the Nazis speak. Eric was a catholic. Anton, a student of mine, was a Jew. Heinrich owned a small hardware store. [Carl] was a farmer. And Hanz was an unemployed metal worker.
*war-like music*
Nazi: To [all] Aryan Germans, I say [it's time] you inherited the nation which rightfully belongs to you. To you alone belongs the glorious destiny of the Greater Germany. The Nazi party will provide land for the farmer, work for the worker, and profits for the small business man. Who is getting these things now? *nastily* The Jew. The Jew who has stolen our nation and our birthright!
*screams at some points* Who makes all the money and takes all our jobs? The JEW!!! He must be shunned! He must be ostracized! He must be eliminated!
*much calmer* And the Catholics. We don't want our Great Nation run by a fallen church! We Germans will know what to do with these people when the time comes! They and their [faith] must be destroyed!
*calm again* Then there are the Freemasons. In Germany, we have no place for secret societies. There will be only one society! And that is the Nazi party. There will be no secrecy about that. [In] the new, Greater Germany.
Hungarian: One by one, he attacked each minority and he split them off, one from the other. These men were all fellow Germans when they came here today. Now they were split into rival groups. Suspicious of each other. Hating each other. They were being swindled. All of them.
But the man who was really being fooled was Hanz. He was pure German, according to Nazi standards. To him they promised everything. And he fell for it.
That's how Hanz became a superman. They gave him a uniform and [they pumped up] his ego. He wasn't just a little fellow out of work anymore; he was a member of the master race.
Hundreds, and thousands of others like him, all playing a sucker's game. They gambled with other people's liberty, and [of course they lost their own.] A nation of suckers. Hitler needed these people. There was lots of work to be done. [There were] trade unions to be smashed. Because unions [were organized and might] offer resistance. There were many political parties in Germany. These, the Nazis destroyed. They were determined to smash any organization where people might band together and resist them.
There were Jews to be beaten and killed. The Jews were not powerful, but they were a convenient excuse for all the nation's ills. And besides, a Nazi party member could [now] take over this man's store. Hundreds of Catholics were put in jail. Because the Catholic church had strength and could resist the Nazi [drive] for power. They had [split] the nation into a hundred pieces. And then one by one, they had destroyed the pieces. Over these broken pieces, the Nazis [rode] into power. One [party], one nation, one village.
These men had won their struggle for power. They now ruled all of Germany. But still they had trouble with their oldest and most persistent enemy: the truth. The found that truth does not die easily. And so they decided to abolish truth.
One great source of truth is literature. So they burned books. [20 million] of them. Many great men in Germany who were spokesmen for truth were jailed, or driven from their country. Teachers, writers, scientists. Education was discouraged. In 5 years, college attendance dropped [53%]. It was forbidden to listen to a British radio program. Or read an American newspaper. In Nazi Germany, you had to get your information from Dr. Goebbels. He knew what was best for you.
The church was one force in Germany still strong enough to proclaim the truth in public. This Catholic priest was arrested the following day on charges of immorality. The protestant church also tried to continue and fight for truth. The Nazis put this man in a concentration camp.
There were others who spoke for truth, and I am proud to say that educators were among them.
Teacher: And what my I ask, is an Aryan? I don't know, myself. But let us see, what our [present], so-called authorities have to say about it.
*he points to pictures that disprove what he's saying- pointing to a brown hair when saying "blond," etc.*
Teacher: They say he is tall...slender...blue eyed...and blond. There is no Aryan race. And more important, there is no Master Race. There are people, who may find these ideas convenient. But science cannot support. There is no scientific proof that there is any correlation between a man's racial characteristic, and his native ability or character. In all racial groups, we find the same range of potentialities. We find idiots and geniuses, we find criminals and philanthropists. We must judge each man as individual, and not by the color of his skin or his eyes. Or by the length of his nose.
*Nazis come in to drag him away*
Teacher: Come in gentlemen, [0] comfortable. And remember that there is no master race! That is a scientific truth. Anyone who tells you otherwise is lying. *gets dragged away*
Hungarian: And so for all practical purposes, truth had been abolished in Germany. A lot of my German friends wondered what had hit them. How did it happen? Where did it start?
It started right here. And this is where it could have been stopped. If those people had stood together. If they had protected each other, they could have resisted the Nazi threat. Together they would have been strong, but once they allowed themselves to be split apart, they were helpless. When that first minority lost out, everybody lost out. They made the mistake of gambling with other people's freedom. Now let's see how those bets paid off.
Carl the farmer was gambling on a better life for himself. What he got was extra hours of back breaking work. As much as a 100 hour a week. He was forced to stay on his land and produce what he was told to produce. Because now Hitler was preparing for war.
For Heinrich, who owned the hardware store, the bet didn't pay off either. [104] thousand small businesses were closed in 2 years.
And for Hanz, conditions hadn't improved any. He had a job now, in the munitions factory. But he worked long hours for little pay. The working conditions grew increasingly bad. And even though he didn't like the job, he wasn't permitted to leave it! And when Hitler decided the time was right, Germany went to war. Not by declaring war, but by a carefully prepared sneak attack. Once again, Hitler needed Hanz to do his dirty work. Hanz was an expert at brutality [this time.] And Hitler had decided to use Hanz and his brutality against other peoples- the Czechs, the Poles, the French, the Russians.
But in the crucial test of war, Hitler's race theories didn't pay off. His pureblooded supermen were defeated by the mongrel armies he despised.
By the British of [El Alamein]. By the Russians at [Stalingrad]. [Then on D Day] by American soldiers of every color and religion, who [smashed] across the Normandy beaches and drove on through to the heart of Germany.
For the misguided Germans who had swallowed the Nazi bait, the Nazi game did not pay off. The continent of Europe was strewn with millions of German bodies. *somewhat mockingly* Pure, Aryan bodies. Carl the farmer was left in the snow outside of Moscow. Heinrich stayed in Italy at [Sorenlo]. And Hanz, who was going to rule the world, got only a little patch of Normandy that he could call his own. *grave*
[We] must never let that happen to us or our country! We must never let ourselves be divided by race or color or religion! Because in this country, [we all] belong to minority groups. I was born in Hungary, you are a mason. These are minorities. And then you belong to other minority groups, too! You are a farmer, you are [0]. You go to the Methodist church.
Your right to belong to these minorities is a precious thing. You have a right to be what you are, and say what you think, because here, we have personal freedom. We have liberty. And these are not just fancy words- this is a practical and priceless way of living. But we must work at it! We must guard everybody's liberty! Or we can lose our own. If we allow any minority to lose its freedom by persecution or by prejudice, we are threatening our own freedom. And this is not simply an idea. This is good, hard, common sense. You see, here in America it is not a question whether we tolerate minorities. America IS minorities. And that means you, and me.
Narrator: So let's not be suckers. We must not allow the freedom or dignity of any men to be threatened by any act or word. Let's be selfish about it! Let's forget about "we" and "they."
Let's think about us!
*uplifting outtro*

And whatever you do, please, PLEASE don't inject yourself with Lysol because a certain RATZI told you to.

"We human beings are not born with prejudice, always they are made for us. Made by someone who wants something. Remember that when you hear this kind of talk. Somebody's going to get something out of it, and it isn't going to be you." (4:56)

This is how we're manipulated. These days it seems to be about illegal immigrants, politics, sex, and the like. Although the film has the dramatic and corny feel of film from that era, it still speaks some powerful truths.

If you're having difficulty talking to someone about something you both care about, or you're having difficulty understanding the point that someone is trying to argue, set aside the sound bites. Set aside your frustrations, your emotions. Be calm. Listen. Think. Try to find common ground, then work from there. We all have at least one thing in common: We're all living, breathing human beings. I promise that we all have much more in common than just that, but it's a starting point.

You also need to know when to quit. Not everyone wants an honest discussion.

People who are telling you who your enemies are probably aren't your friend. Why listen to them?

"Somebody's going to get something out of it, and it isn't going to be you." Who is going to gain from you being angry and frustrated? Is being so mad helping you at all? Or is it helping the people telling you who the "bad guys" are?

Very relevant today in the age of New Democratic Socialism the likes of Schumer and Pelosi are playing you for.

All Americans should watch this. All those chumps that " listened " to Der Trump are suckers. How can they not see the truth ? Wake up America , don't continue being a sucker.

My title says it all!!

According to IMDB, this short was widely released in 1943, free to the theater exhibitors, and reissued in 1947 to support integration in the armed forces then just under way. Plain language is used to make powerful, timeless arguments for civil rights. Saw it long ago in high school, but not again until now. Over many years, this worthy short rang in my head whenever I saw a politician use prejudice to gain favor.

It is not propaganda. To the contrary, the movie teaches how to recognize and reject propaganda, as was used by the Nazis to promote to bigotry and intimidation. It shows how prejudice can be used to divide the population to gain power. Far more significantly, it then shows how such tactics are defanged by friendly persuasion; that protection of liberty is a unifying and practical way to live peacefully (thanks to the Hungarian Professor).

To counter errors in some of the previous reviews: The Nazis did indeed persecute Freemasons. They were one of Hitler's primary scapegoats in Mein Kampf. Within a few months of him becoming Chancellor, all German Masonic Lodges were disbanded, their property confiscated, and their members prohibited from public service. Hitler understood that "on the level" meetings held in secret was a way for Jews to overcome prejudice and counter their loss of civil rights. Thus, Lodges provided connections that enabled the disparate groups to unite, which as the movie points out, was a threat to Nazi domination. Masons were sent to concentration camps as political prisoners. It is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Masons were targeted and killed during the war.

More information at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe

Decent production for a short film. It plays on cheap stereotypes in the name of anti-discrimination in a way that verges on funny. (Like most war department films touching on Nazism, it points out the Goering was fat. This was apparently very, very significant at the time. The Catholic, of course, wears a conspicuous medallion, because, well, that's what those Catholics do, you know.)

The film's hypothesis, that Nazism gained power by breaking down much of society into little pieces, whithered on the spot and rendered inert by their criticism, assumes that every group attacked by the Nazis could not work with other outcast groups to form an opposition. There is nothing particularly true about the idea. It is basically ahistorical, a myth invented by the filmmakers to suit their incidental agenda.

In fact, claiming to be the alternative to both the socialists and the nationalists, the Nazis tried to put together a package of (sometimes inconsistent) promises to appeal to a large swath of German society and unite them behind a single upstart party in a most unlikely way. They vilified certain minorities and played to popular prejudices NOT because the minorities were capable of strong opposition (this was only true of the Catholic Church), but merely to exploit a preexisting list of a common enemies that would tend to unify the country by scapegoating the corrupting "others" lurking within Germany society. After the humiliation of Versailles and economic cataclysm, the German People needed scapegoats to recover their pride. Hitler saw this and used this.

This film, however, paints a different picture to serve its message that everyone is a minority and that America's strength is in diversity and further that (and this is the only powerful and mature notion in the film) tolerance is in everybody's self-interest.

What really bears remembering is that this film was produced by literally the same propagandists who spooled miles and miles of preposterously racist and dehumanizing anti-Japanese films. Same brainwashing, new ideological flavor of the moment. This film's main value today is in seeing how it was calculated to manipulate the viewer through cheap appeals to prejudice and fear.

Excellent film produced by the War Dept. presumably for viewing by the armed forces just after the end of WW II warning about bigotry
and using the history of Nazi Germany as the object lesson for what can happen if prejudice is left unchecked. I suspect this kind of film would have excited Joe McCarthy's suspicions---perhaps it did. What's sad is the realization that many of the Tea Partiers of today and other right-wing extremists would probably find this film to be dangerous and subversive--witness their common references to our "Kenyen" president...

The narrator sounds like Lloyd Nolan

Combine this video with the the 7/19/2007 interview by Thom Hartman of Paul Craig Roberts. We have to get involved and change the direction of our country!

Some other examples are:

Mr. Smith Goes To Washington

Enemy Of The State


What are your favorites?

The film is well done, and still holds true today.

This is a film made in 1947 to put a stop to racism in the military by simply revealing the connection between prejudice and fascism. Prejudice is a con game used to gain power by people who want to destroy freedom (in the name of freedom!).

In the end, we are told, "This film will not be shown to the general public without permission from the War Department," indicating that the U.S. government felt this information should only be given out on a need-to-know basis FOR SOME REASON.

An important film to see if you're interested in waking yourself up out of "the matrix," haha.

"A fairly standard 'watch out for the Nazis' film stopped cold in it's tracks with the warning that the right to be a Freemason would suffer. A man listens to a soapbox lecturer and agrees what the man has to say about negroes and foreigners, but draws the line at the hatred of Freemasons.. after all he's one himself! (I HOWLED at this). A older Hungarian sees this man and sees this as an excellent oppurtunity to ramble on (and on) about how Nazi Germany did the same thing, restricting everyone from Roamn Catholics and the jews (and the Freemasons!) movenments. Other then the brief bits of unintentional comedy, this is pretty standard."

As hard as it is to believe Freemasons were persecuted by Nazi's as were the Boy Scouts.

granted Hitler never had them killed in mass but Masons were seen as Jew Sympathizers and Nazi's hated the Scouts because they fought back in Poland.

I think masonicinfo.com is the source of my info.

Hate Arabs anyone ? Do you think their are "evildooers" out there ready to strike you down in mid step ? Anybody you know who goes around preaching hatred against queers or liberals perhaps ? Have you ever heard anyone in or near the goverment preach absoloute nonsence against this group or that when all the while making political hay on the issue ?

Do you know anyone who still supports an official lie long after it's totally discredited ?

Well....do you...?

Sigh....here's a nice little movie that time hasn't rendered a relic of the past...it's message is as timeless as todays headlines. Perhaps a few will find rationality after a viewing of it here....we can certainly pray that they do.

Recomended

I rare look at positive propoganda; all of it so very true! The scene with the professor was particularly moving.

I was expecting another Prelinger laff riot, but I became engrossed in this eloquent argument against discrimination, which stresses how the powers that be divide the population in order to conquer it. Sadly enough, it's even more relevant today.
Sure, you can quibble with some details, but the thesis is right on the nose, and the wise old Hungarian man gives a top-notch performance.
Beat Bush in '04!

The tone of this film puzzled me until the end. It preached tolerance, stressed that America was a nation of minorities, disavowed any differences in ability based on race, and in short would be considered liberal today and quite radical in 1947.

I was very suprised to see the final screen, where the movie said it was produced by the War Office and not to be shown to the general public. Based on this, I take this film not to be a relic of New Deal liberalism, but to be part of Harry Truman's efforts to desegregate the armed forces, which was as ahead of its time as this film. This makes sense, because a film like this would not have been tolerated in the segregated south, and would have been rejected by anti-semites (a very mainstream point of view even for the educated). The unusual perspective of this film makes it a fascinating attack on mid-century attitudes on the eve of civil rights and the cold war.

A fairly standard 'watch out for the Nazis' film stopped cold in it's tracks with the warning that the right to be a Freemason would suffer. A man listens to a soapbox lecturer and agrees what the man has to say about negroes and foreigners, but draws the line at the hatred of Freemasons.. after all he's one himself! (I HOWLED at this). A older Hungarian sees this man and sees this as an excellent oppurtunity to ramble on (and on) about how Nazi Germany did the same thing, restricting everyone from Roamn Catholics and the jews (and the Freemasons!) movenments. Other then the brief bits of unintentional comedy, this is pretty standard.

M, dude, you need to do more research on WWII Nazi Germany. I appreciate your comments. They're helpful. But there is more accuracy in the film than you suggest. Catholics, gypsies, homosexuals and others were persecuted as well as Jews. That Jews were the largest group and most noticably targetted and in greatest number does not change that. In fact, it's an unfortunate fact that we limit our "recollection" of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis to what they did to the Jews. We can lose valuable lessons by thinking that it was one particular group rather than a culture of elitism and disdain for diversity that contributed to the tragedies of the time.

Apeals to the Americans to feel as one in opposition to discriminate minorities which would lead to threaten everyone, because everyone is a minority.

So far so good, the movie describes Nazi Germany in a distorted view:
1. The Nazis were a minority, which took the power by dividing the rest (majority) of the people.
2. The Catholic Church is seen as prosecuted as well as the Jews (for example!).

First, one can say that the Nazis haven't been a minority seducing everybody (or dividing all people). The majority of the people went along with the nazis! They did nothing, they participated! They are fully blamable for also being Nazis.

The second is that the Catholic church was not that affected by the Government, they even sacrificed the weapons of the military (political power often goes along with considering religous elements).

Nice film to see how people are being manipulated with right arguments, as well as changed historical facts.