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CANADIAN FARM
YEAR BOOK

1916

A Complete Reference Library and Handy Book
tor the Farmer and Stoeknaan

Compiicd Uadei Directiaa oi
Eaitoiial Stafi ai

CANADIAN FARM

THE FARM PRESS, LIMITED

181 Simcoe St. Toronto. Ont.. Canada

< (iityriKbt, CanMla., lulb. Ui

Tlie t'arui Press. Liiuiifd

T<irunlo. Ont.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Chapter I — Dominion of Canada 3-16

Chapter II — Soils and Crops 16-44

Chapter III — (a) Orchard and Garden 45-73

( b ) Weeds and Insects 74-82

Chapter IV— Livestock , 83-170

Chapter V— Dairying 171-184

Chapter VI— Poultry , .... 185-198

Chapter VII— Household 199-218

Chapter VIII — Farm Buildings and Equipment .... 219-240

Chapter IX — Farm Power and Machinery .... 240-256

Chapter X — Statistics and Miscellaneous 257-276

Chapter XI— (a) Who's Who in Agriculture ..... 277-284
(b) Livestock Directory 285-320

Complete Double Index of Advertisers, Complete Double Index
of Contents will be found at back of book.

, " ^, - Printed by

^TH^ ONTARIO PKESS, LIMIIKI)
.■«7 McCaul St.. Toronto

INTRODUCTORY

THIS is the third edition of Canadian Farm Year Book. The first
one was issued in 1913, and the second in 1914. Conditions
arising out of the war in its earlier stages made it imprac-
ticable to publish an edition in 1915. This is the 1916 edition,
id is presented with the hope that it will fill as important a place in
.e agricultural field as have the previous editions. The demand for a
ork of this kind grows, and our endeavor has been to make it meet
the real ne*^ of the farmer.

While reta,ining many of the old features of former editions, the

1916 Year Book contains sufficient new matter to make it a distinctly

new book. Many changes have taken place in agriculture since the

1914 edition was published. These have all been tabulated and noted.

One of the new features is '/Who's Who in Agriculture," a chapter

:at cannot but be of very great value to the countrj'. The list of

Who's Who" is not as large as we hope to make it in future editions.

It is, however, a good beginning, and its appearance will be of great

f^lp in securing information about other prominent agriculturists

ho should occupy a place in * ' Who 's Who, ' ' but who were backward

about sending in the information necessary to compile sueh a list.

This third edition will, we believe, fill a place in the agricultural
field not filled by the other editions, valuable as they were. It retains
all the good features of the old, -svith much added information of
great value to agriculture. Much of the old is recast in more up-to-
date form, and the new, gathered from many sources, is in keeping
with the needs of the times. It is not practicable to give in detail
the sources of information. SuflSce it to say that the information is
authoritative and has only found a place in the 1916 edition because it
was felt to be of value.

The new edition is presented herewith, and we trust it will serve
e purpose intended of providing a handy reference book and
cyclopaedia of information specially useful to farmers.

THE EDITORS.

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

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DOMINION OF CANADA.

Canadian Farm Year Book

1916

THE DOMEVION.

The Parliament of the Dominion of Canada consists of the Senate, with
87 members, and of the House of Commons, with 221 members, senators
being appointed for life by the Governor-General, and members of the House
of Commons being elected by the people. The limit of duration for each
Parliament is five years. A Redistribution Act passed after each census
readjusts the number of representatives in the House of Commons in accord-
ance with rules laid down in Section 51 of the British North America Act,
1867, of the Imperial Parliament (30-31 Vict., c. 3). These rules provide
that the Province of Quebec shall always have the fixed number of 65 mem-
bers and that there shall be assigned to each of the other provinces such a
number of members as will bear the same proportion to the number of its
population (ascertained by the census) as the number 65 bears to the popu-
lation of Quebec. ,

The four original provinces of the Dominion were Ontario, Quebec,
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which were given parliamentary represen-
tation according to Section 37 of the British North America Act, 1867. By
Imperial Orders in Council the provinces of British Columbia and Prince
Edward Island were admitted into the Dominion — the former on July 1,
1873, by Order dated May 16, 1871, and the latter on July 1, 1873, by Order
dated June 26, 1873. An Act of the Dominion Parliament of May 12, 1870
(33 Vict., c. 3), provided for the formation of the province of Manitoba out
of Rupert's Land and the Northwest Territory, so soon as these should be
admitted into the Dominion of Canada, which admission was effected by
Imperial Order in Council, dated June 23, 1870, and taking effect on July
15, 1870. In consequence of doubts as to the legal validity of the Dominion
Act of 1870 (33 Vict., c. 3) the Imperial Parliament passed an Act in 1871
(34-35 Vict., c. 28) making the Canadian Act valid and effectual.

Area and Population.

The Dominion of Canada, extending westward from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Pacific Ocean, and northward from the United States boundary into
the Arctic Circle, embraces a total area computed at 3,729,665 square miles.
This area is divided into nine provinces and the Yukon and Northwest Terri-
tories. By the Boundary Extension Acts, passed by the Dominion Parliament
in 1912 (2 Geo. V. cc. 32, 40 and 45) the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and
Quebec were enlarged by the addition of areas that were previously part of
the Northwest Territories. The boundaries of Manitoba were thus extended
northwards to the 60th parallel of ^orth latitude between the eastern boun-
dary of Saskatchewan and the western shore of Hudson Bay; and from the
point where the northern boundaries of Manitoba and Ontario formerly coin-
cided the boundary of Manitoba was extende'd due north to a point defined
and thence north-easterly to the point where the 89th meridian of west
longitude intersects the southern shore of Hudson Bay. The northern boun-
daries of Ontario were extended to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, the
new western boundary of Ontario coinciding with the new eastern boundary
of Manitoba. To the province of Quebec were added the whole of the terri-
tory of Ungava and that part of Labrador which is within the Dominion of
Canada.

Additional Territory.

By the re"^ision of the boundaries Manitoba received about 178,100,
Ontario 146,400 and Quebec 354,961 square miles of additional territory.

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Quebec, instead of British Columbia, is now the largest province of the
Dominion, Ontario being second, and British Columbia third in point of
size. The map of Canada which forms part of this volume shows clearly the
present boundaries of the provinces.

New District.

The new district of Ontario has been named Patricia. It Is bounded on
the west and northwest by Manitoba, on the south and southeast by the Eng-
lish and Albany rivers and on the east and north by James and Hudson Bays.
Pursuant to an Order-in-Council, dated February 20, 1912, and subject to
the future enactment by the Dominion Parliament of the necessary legis-
lation, Ontario will also possess a strip of territory five miles wide lying
between the district of Patricia and the Nelson River and to be located
within 50 miles of the Hudson Bay Coast, as well as an area half a mile
wide and five miles in length to be located along the south shore of the
Nelson River. The latter area is to be contiguous to the five mile strip, and
together these areas will afford ten miles of water front for harbour
facilities and railway terminals. The land is to be selected and designated
by the Ontario Government within five years from the date of the Order-in-
Council.

Population of Canada.

According to the corrected returns of the fifth census, the total popula-
tion on June 1, 1911, was 7,206,643, representing an increase of 1,835,328
since the previous census of April 1, 1901. For the period covered, the rate
of increase, viz., 34.17 p*er cent., is the largest in the world, and is due to the
heavy tide of immigration which set in with the beginning of the present
century. The countries next in order, in respect to the percentage rates of
increase during the same decade are: New Zealand, 30.5; the United States,
21; Germany, 15.2; Holland, 14.8; Switzerland, 13.2; Denmark, 12.6; Bel-
gium, 10.9; Austria, 9.3; United Kingdom, 9.1; Hungary, 8.5; Sweden, 7.5;
Italy and Norway, 6.8; and France, 1.6. Ontario and Quebec continue to be
the most largely populated of ithe nine provinces, the former having 2,523,274
and the latter 2,003,232 inhabitants. None of the other provinces has yet
reached half a million; but Saskatchewan has the third largest population
with 492,432. All the provinces show an increase since 1901, excepting
Prince Edward Island, where the population has decreased by 9,531, or 9.23
per cent. The Yukon and Northwest Territories, with relatively sparse popu-
lations, show decreases as compared with 1901. The greatest relative in-
crease is in the western provinces, especially in Saskatchewan and Alberta.
The population of Saskatchewan, 492,432, as compared with 91,279 in 1901,
shows an increase of 401,153, or over 439 per cent. Alberta has grown from
73,022 in 1901 to 374,663 in 1911, an increase of 301,641, or 413 per cent.
Manitoba, 455,614, shows an increase of 200,403 from 255,211, or 78.5 per
cent., and British Columbia, one of 213,823, or over 119 per cent, the popu-
lation having grown from 178,657 in 1901 to 392,480 in 1911.

The average density of the population works out to 1.93 per square mile,
calculated upon the total of 3,729,665 square miles, the area of Canada.
This figure may be compared with the density per square mile of other new
countries, as, for instance, the United States, 30.69; the Argentine Republic,
5.99; the Commonwealth of Australia, 1.53; the Dominion of New Zealand,
9.63; and Newfoundland, 1.47. Prince Edward Island has a density of 42.91,
Nova Scotia of 22.98, New Brunswick of 2.61, Ontario of 9.67, Manitoba of
6.18, and Quebec of 5.69. The other three provinces, Saskatchewan, Alberta
and British Columbia are each below 2 per square mile.

Extension of Boundaries.

The boundaries of the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec were
extended by chapters 32 (Manitoba), 40 (Ontario), and 45 (Quebec). Par-
ticulars of the extensions thus effected are given in the Canadian Year Book
of 1913. The Manitoba Act (chapter 32) contains new financial provisions
(sections 4 and 5), governing the annual payments to be made by the Gov-
ernment of Canada to the Government of Manitoba in respect of interest.

DOMINION OF CANADA.

public lands, swamp lands, public buildings, etc. The Quebec Act (chapter
45) provides by section 2 (a) and (b) that the population of the territory
added by the Act shall be excluded in ascertaining the population of the
province for the purposes of any readjustment of representation of the other
provinces consequent upon any census, that in any future census the popu-
lation of the new territory shall be distinguished from the province as hereto-
fore "constituted and that the representation of the new territory in the
House of Commons shall be determined according to the rules enacted by
section 51 of the British North America Act, 1867, regulating the represen-
tation of provinces other than Quebec. All three Acts came into force on
May 15, 1912,' by proclamations of the Governor-in-Council, dated May 10,
1912.

Aid to Agriculture.

Chapter 3 provides for the granting of subsidies to the provincial gov-
ernments for the encouragement of agriculture, and empowers the Minister
of Agriculture, with the authority of the Govemor-in-Council, to enter into
agreements with the provincial governments setting forth the terms upon
which the subsidies are granted and prescribing the conditions under which
and the purposes for which they shall be expended. For the financial year
ended March 31, 1913, a total sum of $500,000 was appropriated for the
purposes of this Act (see also page 453).

The Agricultural Instruction Act, assented to on June 6, 1913, repeals
chapter 3 of the Statutes of 1912 and provides for the appropriation of a
simi of $10,000,000 during the next ten years for the purpose of aiding and
advancing the farming industry by instruction in agriculture, including the
work carried on by the Veterinary Colleges. The sum available under this
Act for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1914, is $700,000; for 1915, $800,-
000; for 1916, $900,000; for 1917,' $1,000,000, and for 1918 to 1923, $1,100,-
000 annually.

DOnXIOX CABINET.

Seat of Government — Ottawa.

Governor-General — Field Marshal His Royal Highness The Duke of
Connaught and Strathearn, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.M.B., G.C.S.I., G.G.M.G.,
G.C.V.O., P.C.

The Cabinet.

Ministry formed 10th October, 1911.

Prime Minister and President of Privy Council — Rt. Hon. Robert Laird
Borden, LL.D., K.C.

Minister of Trade and Commerce — Sir Geo. E. Foster, B.A., D.C.L.,
LL.D.

Minister of the Interior — Hon. Dr. Wm. Jas. Roche, M.D.

Minister of Public Works — Hon. Robert Rogers.

Minister of Railways and Canals — Hon. Frank Cochrane.

Minister of Finance — Sir Wm. Thomas "V^Tiite.

Postmaster-General — Hon. T. C. Casgrain.

Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of the Naval Service —
Hon. John D. Hazen, B.A., B.C.L.

Minister of Justice — Hon. Chas. J. Doherty, K.C, D.C.L., LL.D.

Minister of Militia and Defense — Sir Sam Hughes.

Secretary of State — Hon. P. E. Blondin.

Minister of Labor — Hon. Thomas W. Crothers, B.A., K.C.

Minister of Inland Revenue — Hon. G. L. Patenaud.

Minister of Customs — Hon. Dr. John D. Reed, M.D.

Minister of Agriculture — Hon. Martin Burrell.

Solicitor General — Hon. A. Meighen.

AGRICTLTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Doniinion.

Unless otherwise stated, the post-office address of the officials mentioned
is Ottawa, Ontario.

Minister of Agriculture — ^Hon. Martin Burrell.

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture — Geo. F. O'Halloran, B.A., B.C.L.

Assistant Deputy Minister of Agriculture — Lt.-Col. A. L. Jarvis, I.S.O.

Chief Officer Census and Statistics Branch— R. H. Goats.

Director-General Public Health — F. Montizambert, I.S.O., M.D., F.R.S.C.

Veterinary Director-General — Dr. Fred. Torrance.

Agricultural Commissioner — C. C. James, C. M. G.

Live Stock Commissioner — John Bright.

Dairy Commissioner — J. A. Ruddick.

Seed Commissioner — George H. Clark.

Chief Veterinary Inspector — G. Hilton, V.S.

Pathologist — C. H. Higgins, D.V.S., B.Sc.

Hon'y. Veterinary Adviser — Prof. D. McEachran, F.R.C.V.S., Montreal. .

Veterinary Inspector-in-charge Manitoba — D. C. McGilvray, M.D.C.,
Winnipeg.

Veterinary Inspector-in-charge Saskatchewan — D. Tamblyn, V.S.
^Veterinary Inspector-in-charge Alberta — J. C. Hargrave, V.S., Medicine
Hat.

Veterinary Inspector-in-charge and 'Representative Live Stock Branch
British Columbia — S. F. Tolmie, V.S., Victoria.

Chief Meat Inspector — R. Barnes, V.S.

The Canadian area of the five Great Lakes of 100,000 miles, forms only
one-fifth of the total area of the larger fresh water lakes of Canada.

Distance from Halifax to Vancouver is greater than from London to
Halifax.

Provincial Governments.

Each province has a Lieutenant-Governor appointed for five years by the
Governor-General of Canada, and is aided by an executive council whose
members have seats in the legislature and are responsible to the popular
house for their actions in council. The provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia
have a legislative council composed of 21 and 24 members respectively,
-appointed by the lieutenant-governor in council of each province. In the
other provinces there is only one house, an elected assembly. The duration
of parliament is four years in all provinces excepting Nova Scotia and Quebec,
where it is five years, although it may be dissolved at any time within that
period. Sessions are held annually, the speaker is elected by the House,
members are paid for their services and require no property qualifications.
The powers of the legislatures are so defined in the British North America
Act of 1867.

Province of Ontario.

Population, 2,523,297.

Entered Confederation 1st July, 1867. ,

Seat of Government, Toronto.

Lieutenant-Governor, His Honor Sir John Hendrie.

Executive Council.

President of Council and Premier — Hon. W, H. Hearst.
Attorney-General — Hon. I. B. Lucas.
N Treasurer of the Province — Hon. T. W. McGarry.

Secretary and Registrar of Province — Hon. W. J. Hanna.
Minister of Education — Hon. R. A. Pyne.
Minister of Agriculture — Hon. J. S. Duff.
Minister of Public Works — Hon. F. G. McDiarmid.
Minister of Lands and Mines — Hon. G. H. Ferguson.
Without Portfolio — Hon. J. J. Foy, Dr. Preston.
Department of Agriculture.
Minister — Hon. J. S. Duff.
Deputy Minister — W. B. Roadhouse.
Assistant Deputy — C. F. Bailey.
Chief Clerk and Statistician — W. O. Galloway.
Supt. of Farmers' Institutes and Dairying- — G. A. Putnam.
Supt. of Agricultural Societies — J. Lockie Wilson.
, Director of Live Stock Branch — R. Wade.^.S.A.

DOMINION OF CANADA.

Director of Fruit Branch and Secretary Fruit Growers' Association —
P. W. Hodgetts.

Ontario Veterinary College — Principal E. A. Grange, V.S., M.S.
Eastern Dairymen's Association — G. G. Publow, Kingston, Instr.
Western Dairymen's Association — F. Hems, London, Instr.

Province of Quebec.

Population, 2,002,726.

Entered Confederation 1st July, 1867.

Seat of Government, Quebec.

Lieutenant-Governor — His Hon. Sir Francis LangeliQr, Knt.

Executive Council.
Hon. Sir Lomer Gouin — Premier and Attorney-General.
Hon. Jules AUard — Minister of Lands and Forests.
Hon. John C. Kaine — Minister without Portfolio.
Hon. Charles Devlin — Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries.
Hon. L. A. Taschereau — Minister of Public Works and Labor.
Hon. J. L. Decarie — Provincial Secretary.
Hon. J. E. Caron — Minister of Agriculture.
Hon. P. S. G. MacKenzie — Provincial Treasurer.
Hon. J. E. Tessier — Minister of Roads.
Hon. N. Perodeau — Minister without Portfolio.

Department of Agriculture.
Minister — Hon. Jos. Ed. Caron.
Deputy Minister — J. A. GrenJer.

Secretary of Council of Agriculture — Oscar Lessard.
Provincial Secretary of Rural Roads — J. A. Camirand.

Province of New Brunswick
Population, 351,899.
Entered Confederation July 1st, 1867.
Seat of Government, Fredericton.
Lieutenant-Governor — J. Wood, D. C. L., LL.I>.

Executive Council.
Premier and Surveyor-General — Hon. J. K. Flemming.
Provincial Secretary and Receiver-General — Hon. D. V. Landry.
Chief Commissioner of Public Works — Hon. John Morrissy.
Attorney-General — Hon. W. C. Hazen Grimmer, K.C.
Commissioner of Agriculture — Hon. J. A. Murray.
Solicitor-General — Hon. Harry F. McLeod.
President of the Council, without Portfolio — Hon, Robert Maxwell.

Department of Agriculture.
Commissioner — Hon. J. A. Landry.
Deputy Commissioner — J. E. Daggett.
Provincial Horticulturist — A. G. Turney.
Dairy Superintendent — C. W. McDougall.
Dairy Superintendent — L. C. Daigle.
Clerk and Supt. of Women's Institutes — Mrs. A. E. Dunbrack.

Province of Manitoba.

Population, 455,869.

Entered Confederation July 15th, 1870.

Seat of Government — Winnipeg.

Lieutenant-Governor — Sir Douglas Colin Cameron.

Provincial Executive.
Premier and Prov. Secretary — Hon. T. C. Norris.

Minister of Agriculture, Immigration Comm., and Comm. of Public
Land — Hon. Valentine Winkler.

Provincial Treasurer — Hon. E. Brown.

Minister of Public Works — Hon. T. H. Johnson.

Chief Game Guardian — C. Barber.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture— Archibald J. McMillan.

Livestock Commissioner — F. W, Jacobs.

Editor of Publications— George Batho.

canXjdian farm year book.

Province of British Columbia.

Population, 390,229.

Entered Confederation July 20th, 1871. •

Seat of Government, Victoria, V.I.

Lieutenat-Govemor, His Hon. Frank Barnard, Esq.

Executive Council.
Premier and Minister of Mines — Hon. W. J. Bowser.
Provincial Secretary and Minister of Education — Hon. H. E. Young,
M.D., LL.D.

Minister of Finance and Agriculture — Hon. W. J. Bowser (acting).

Chief Comm. of Lands — Hon. W. R. Ross.

Minister of Works — Hon. Thomas Taylor.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture — W. E. Scott.

Live Stock Comm. — W. T. McDonald.

Provincial Horticulturist — R. W. Winslow.

Province of Nova Scotia.

Population, 492,338.

Entered Confederation July 1st, 1867.

Seat of Government, Halifax.

Lieutenant-Governor, His Hon. David MacKeen.
Executive Council.

Premier and Provincial Secretary — Hon. G. H. Murray.

Commissioner of Works and Mines— E. H. Armstrong.

Secretary for Agriculture — M. Gumming, Truro.

Supt. of Agriculture Societies — F. L. Fuller.

Province of Prince Edward Island.

Population, 93,722.

Entered Confederation July 1st, 1873.

Seat of Government, Charlottetown.

Lieutenant-Governor, His Hon. Augustine Colin Macdonald.
Executive Council.

President, Premier and Attorney-General — Hon. J. A. Matheson.

Prov. Secretary-Treasurer and Comm. of Agriculture — M. McKinnon.

Comm. of Public Works — Jas. A. McNeill.

Secretary for Agriculture — Theo. Ross.

Director of Agricultural Instruction — W. R. Reek, B.S.A.
Province of Saskatchewan.

Population, 492,344.

Was established on Sept. 1st, 1905.

Seat of Government, Regina.

Lieutenant-Governor — His Hon. Geo. Wm. Brown.
Executive Council.

Premier, Pres. of Council and Minister of Public Works — Hon. Walter
Scott.

Provincial Secretary and Minister of Agriculture — Hon. W. R. Mother-
well.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture — A. F. Mantle.

Live Stock Comm. — L. C. Smith. P. Bredt, Jr. (acting).

Dairy Supt. — W. C. Wilson.

Province of Alberta.

Population, 375,434.

Was established on Sept. 1st, 1905.

Seat of Government, Edmonton.

Lieutenant-Governor, His Hon. Robt. Geo; Brett, M.D.
Executive Council.

Premier, Minister of Public Works and Prov. Treasurer — Hon. A. L.
Sifton.

Attorney-General and Minister of Education — Hon. C. W. Ross.

Minister of Agriculture — Hon. Duncan Marshall.

Provincial Secretary — Hon. A. J. MacLean.

Director of Demonstration Farms — Sidney Carlyle.

DOMINION OF CANADA.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture — H. A. Craig.
Live Stock Comm. — W. F. Stevens.
Dairy Comm. — C. Marker.

Yukon Territory.

Population, 8,512.
Organized June 13th, 1898.
Seat of Government, Dawson City.
Commissioner — George Black.

Territorial Officials.
Treasurer — A. F. Englehart.
Assayer Mines Department — W. Sime.
Supt. Education Department — T. G. Bragg.
Superintendent Public Works — Isaac Lusk.

Northwest Territories.

Population, 15,762.

Organized Sept. 1st, 1905.

Seat of Government, Ottawa.

Comprising all British territories and possessions in North America and
all islands adjacent thereto, not included within any Province, or the Yukon
Territory and the colony of Newfoundland and its dependencies.

Commissioner — Lt.-Col. F. White, C.M.G.. Ottawa.

PUBLIC STATUTORY HOLIDAYS OF CANADA.

Dominioii of Canada.

Sundays, New Year's Day, The Epiphany, Good Friday, The Ascension,
All Saints' Day, Conception Day, Easter Monday, Ash Wednesday, Christmas
Day, the birthday (June 3rd, or day fixed by proclamation for celebration of
birthday) of reigning Sovereign, Victoria Day, Dominion Day, the first Mon-
day of September (to be designated "Labor Day"), and any day appointed by
proclamation for a general fast, or Thanksgiving Day.

Ontario.

Sundays, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Christmas Day,
Dominion Day, birthday of her late Majesty and her Royal successors. Labor
Day, and any day appointed by proclamation of Governor-General or
Lieutenant-Governor as a public holiday or for a general fast or thanksgiving,
and any Dominion holiday not included in this list.

Quebec.

Sundays, New Year's Day, the festival of the Epiphany, Ash Wednesday,
Good Friday, Easter Monday, The Ascension, All Saints' Day, Conception,
Christmas Day, the anniversary of the birthday of the Sovereign (or the day
fixed by proclamation for its celebration), 1st July (the anniversary of the
day on which the Union Act came into force) or 2nd July (if 1st is a Sun-
day), any other day fixed by Royal proclamation or by proclamation of
Governor-General or of the Lieutenant-Governor as a public holiday, or as
a day of general fast or thanksgiving, or as Labor Day.

Nova Scotia.

Sundays, Good Friday, Dominion Day, Christmas Day, day appointed
for celebration of the birthday of her late Majesty or any of her Royal suc-
cessors. Labor Day, and any day appointed by proclamation of the Governor-
General or Lieutenant-Governor as a general holiday, or for general fast or
thanksgiving, and any Dominion holiday not included in this list.

New Brunswick.

Sundays, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Christmas Day, Dominion Day,
Victoria Day, the day appointed fgr the celebration of the birthday of His
Majesty, Labor Day, and any day appointed by proclamation of the Governor-
General or Lieutenant-Governor as a public holiday, or for a general fast or
thanksgiving within the Province, or which by any Act of the New Bruns-

10

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

wick Legislature, or of the Parliament of Canada is, or shall be, declared to
be a public holiday within the Province.

Manitoba.

-Sundays, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Christmas Day, Dominion Day,
Labor Day, Victoria Day, the birthday of the reigning Sovereign, or the day
set apart by proclamation of the Governor-General for the celebration thereof,
and the day following such birthday, or following New Year's Day or Christ-
mas Day when such day is Sunday, and any day appointed by proclamation
for a general thanksgiving or general holiday, or as Arbor ©ay, and any
Dominion holiday not included in this list.

British Columbia.

Sundays, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Dominion Day,
Christmas Day, the day appointed for the celebration of the birthday of her
late Majesty and of her Royal successors, and any day appointed by pro-
clamation for a general fast or thanksgiving, and any day appointed by
proclamation or order of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council as a holiday,
and any Dominion holiday not included in this list.

Prince Edward Island.

Sundays, Christmas Day, Good Friday, and any day appointed by pro-
clamation for a general thanksgiving or fast, and any Dominion holiday not
included in this list.

Alberta.

Sundays, New Year's Day, Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Easter Monday,
2nd Friday in May (known as Arbor Day), Christmas Day, birthday of the
reigning Sovereign, Dominion Day, Labor Day, and such day as may in each
year be proclaimed a public holiday for the planting of forest and other
trees, and any other day appointed by proclamation for a general fast or
thanksgiving, and any Dominion holiday not included in this list.

Saskatchewan.

Same as Alberta.

Yukon Territory.

Same as Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories.

Provinces

P. E. Island

Nova Scotia . . . ,
New Brunswick .

Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan . . .

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon

N. W. Territories

Total Land

Land

Water

and Water

Sq. Miles

Sdw Miles

Sq. Miles

2,184

2.184

21,068

360

21,428

27,911

74

27,985

690,865

15,969

706,834

365,880

41,382

407,262

231,926

19,906

251,832

243,382

8,318

251,700

252,925

2,360

255,285

353,416

2,439

355,855

206,427

649

207,076

1,207,926

34,298

1,242,224

3.603,910

125,755

3,729,665

DOMINION OF CANADA.

11

ONTARIO GAME LAWS

LICENSES
^ 46. Regulations. — The Lieutenant-Governor in
Council may make regulations, —

(a) Terms of license.— Governing the issue of
licenses and permits, prescribing the terms and
conditions thereof, the pieriod for which the same
shall be in force, and the fees payable in resf>ect
thereof.

(b) Special license to guest of resident. —
For granting without fee a special license to enable
a guest of a resident of Ontario to hunt and shoot
therein for a term not exceeding one week.

(c) Reduced fee to residents of other prov-
inces.— For reducing the fee for non-resident
hunting license to a resident of any other Province
of Canada by providing that . such license may
be issued upon the same terms and conditions
upon which a similar license is issued under the
law of such other Province to a resident of On-
tario. 3-4 Geo. V. c 69, s. 46.

47. — (i) Not to be issued to convicted
persons or their employers. — No license shall
be issued or permit granted to. any person con-
victed of any offence against this Act within two
years next preceding the date of application for
such license or to any person employing a person
so convicted.

(2) Illegal transfer. — A license shall not be
transferable, and every person who buys, sells,
exchanges or in any way becomes a party to the
transfer of any license or shipping coupon, or in
any way uses or attempts to use a license or cou-
pon issued to any other person shall be guilty of
an offence against this Act.

(3) Cancellation. — A licea^e may be cancelled
by the Superintendent, subject to appeal to the
Minister, tor a contravention by the license, or
by any person with his connivance, of this Act
or of the Regulations, or of any of the terms and
conditions of the license, notwithstanding that no
prosecution has been instituted or conviction had
in respect of such contravention.

(4) EBect of conviction as cancellation. —
A conviction for an offence against this .Act shall
operate as a cancellation of every license held by
the person convicted.

(5) License discretionary. — The issue of a
license shall be in the discretion of the Superin-
tendent subject to appeal to the Minister. 3-4
Geo. V. c. 69, s. 47.

48. — (1) Hunting Licenses. — A license may
be issued to —

(a) To non-residents. — ^A person not resident
in Ontario to carry guns, rifles and firearms and
to hunt and shoot, and the fee for such license
shall not exceed $50;

(b) To residents, deer. — A resident of Ontario
to hunt deer, and the fee for such license shall
be $2:

(c) To residents [for moose, reindeer or
caribou. — A resident of Ontario to hunt moose,
reindeer or caribou, and the fee for such license
shall be $5;

(d) To non-residents, for fur-bearing ani-
mals.— A person not resident in Ontario to hunt
and trap fur-bearing animals, and the fee for each
license shall be $50.

(2) Production of licenses on demand. —
Every person who has obtained a license under
this section shall at all times when hunting carry
such license on his person, and shall at all reason-
able times and as often as reasonably requested
produce and show the same to the Superintendent
or any inspector, warden or overseer or person
acting under the authority of any of them who
requests him so to do, and on failure or refusal
shall forfeit such license, and if found hunting or
taking any deer or other animals for hunting
which a license is required shall, on proof of failure
or refusal to comply with such request, be deemed
to have been guilty of an offence against this Act.

(3) Ccufcns. to te attached to license. —

There shall be attached to every license or one
more shipping coupons plainly marked with the
description of the game for hunting which the
license is issued, and there shall be printed or
stamped upon the coupon the date when it will
expire which shall not be later than ten days
after the last day of the open season for which the
license is issued.

(4) Detachment and cancellation of. —
Where any deer, moose, reindeer or caribou, or
any part thereof, or any game for export under
section 45 is presented for shipment at a railway
station, steamboat landing or other point of ship-
ment a coupon shall be detached from the license
and signed by the person to whom the license is
issued, in the presence of the shipping agent or
clerk in charge of the office at such point of ship>-
ment, and attached to each deer or other animal,
or part thereof, or to the receptacle in which it or
any ducks are contained, and thereupon such
shipping agent or clerk shall write across the face
of the coupon the word "cancelled."

(5) Contravention. — Any person, shipping
agent or clerk who contravenes any provision 3
this section, or uses a coupon after the expiry
thereof, or ships or assists in the shipment of any-
thing to which a coupon is required to be attached
without complying with the provisions of this
section shall be guilty of an offence against this
Act. 3-4 Geo. V. c. 69, s. 48.

49. What licenses may be issued. — ^A license
may be issued upon such terms and conditions as
may be imposed by the Regulations authorizing.

(a) Cold storage. — Any person engaged in the
business of cold storage of perishable articles to
keep any game during the open season, and during
the period in the close season from the end of the
open season in any year to the 16th day of Janu-
ary of the following year, and the fee for such
license shall be $25;

(b) Game dealers. Sale in open season. —
Any person during the open season and during the
period in the close season from the end of the open
season in any year to the 1st day of January of
the following year to buy and sell, and, within
the limits of the municipality for which such license
is issued, to expose for sale game, other than fur-
bearing animals or the skins or fjelts of protected
animals lawfully killed and procured, and during
such period and up)on the conditions prescribed by
the Regulations game other than fur-bearing
animals or the skins or pelts of protected animals
imported into Ontario, specified and described in
the Regulations, and lawfully hunted, killed or
procured according to the law of the province,
state or country in which the same were killed or
procured, and the fee for such license shall be in
cities having a population of not less than 100.000.
$25; in other cities having a. population of not less
than 50.000, $10; in cities having a population
of less thao 50.000 and not less than 25,000, $5;
in cities having a population under 25,000 and in
towns, $2; and in villages and townships, $1:

(c) Supply of game by hotels, etc. — A htoel.
restaurant or club to ?upply for or as part of a
Real served upon its premises any game lawfully
obtained during the period in which the same
may be lawfully kept in cold storage; and the
fee for such license shall be in cities having a
population of not less than 100,000. $10: in other
cities having a population of not less than 50,000,
$5; and in all other municipalities, $1. 2-4 Geo.
V. c. 69, s. 49.

(d) Fur-dealer's license. — Any person to buy
and sell protected fur-bearing animals or the
skins or pelts of protected animals, and the fee for
such license shall be $2. 4. Geo. V. c. 46.

30. Conditions of licenses for the Nepigon
waters. — Licenses may be issued authorising
fishing in the Nepigon River, Nepigon Lake and
adjacent waters subject to the following in addition

12

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

of all sports^

Trap-shooting I The ** sport
alluring** ! The one great out
door game that " appeals to
everyone — men and women —
young and old.

It's full of interest and excitement and with a
little practice transforms the **couidn*t-hit-a-
balloon" amateur into a "crack shot."

For the farmer, trapshootirug is the ideal form of amuse-
ment And the old-time drawback of a stationary trap
is done away with, for you can now do your trap shoot-
ing anywhere, and at any time if you have

A DOMINION HAND TRAP

It is light, portable and thoroughly reliable. It can be
carried and used as easily as a gun. We will supply
you direct if you send us the name of your dealer and
.50, which is the delivered price. As for targets, you
can procure them cheaply and conveniently. When
we receive your name and address, we'll tell you
where to get them. Write for full particulars.

Dominion Cartridge Co., Limited

DOMINION OP CANADA.

13

to any other conditions imposed by the Regula-
tions.— »

(a; Not transferable and to be produced
upon request. — The license shaii not be trans-
f^able and the holder shall produce and exhibit
it whenever called upon so to do by the Sufjcr-
intendent or an inspector, warden or overseer;

(b) Subject to supervision. — All fishing camps
and fishing parties \'isiting such waters shall be
subject to the sufjervision oi the Superintendent
or an inspector, warden or overseer who may
direct uhat arrangement shall be made with regard
to sanitary matters the disposal of refuse and the
extinction of fires.

(c; Cutting ot live timber prohibited. —
A licensee, his servant or agent shall not cut live
limber except where necessary for the purpose of
camping and shelter, such as for tent poles, tent
pins, and the like. 3-4 Geo. V. c. 69. s. 50.

51. Fishing Ucenses.^-Licenses may be issued
authorizing fishing in any waters subject to any
terms, conditions or limitations, and for any
district or fishery, and within any boundaries
therein or ti the Regulations set forth. 3-4 Geo.
V. c. 69. s. 51.

52. Guides. — Liceitses or permits may be issued
on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed
by the Regulations giving authority to act as
guides for hunting, shooting or fishing in any part
of Ontario -specified in any license or permit to
such persons applying therefor as are certified
by any inspector or warden to be fit and proper
persons and qualified so to act; and the fee for
any such license or permit shall not exceed $2.
3-4 Geo V. c. 69. s. 52.

53. Refunding fee. — The Minister may direct
the refund of the fee p>aid for any commercial
fishing license, or any part of such fee. where,
owing to the license not having been used, or
having been used for port only of the period for
which it was issued he deems it just so to do.
and the Treasurer of Ontario, upon the written
request of the Miruster. shall cause a cheqtie
to be issued for the amount of such refund. 3-4
Geo. V. e. 69. s. 53. 4 Geo. V. c. 46.

OPEN SEASONS

10. — I) Open Season. — No person shall hunt.
take, kill or destroy.

(.a) Deer. — ^.Any deer, except frtxn the 1st
day of November to the 15th day of November.
both days inclusive.

(b) Moose, reindeer, and caribou south of
C.P.R. — .Any moose, remdeer. or caribou in that
part of Ontario lying south of the main line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway in the Town of Mattawa
in the Qty of Port Arthur, except from the 1st
day of November to the 15th day of November,
both days iiKlusive.'

(c) Moose, reindeer, and caribou north of
C.P.R. — Any moose, reindeer, or caribou through-
out that part of Ontario lying north of the main
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Mattawa
to the N/lanltoba boundary and that i>art of On-
tario lying south of the Canadian Pacific Railway
from the Citj- of Port Arthur to the Manitoba
boundary except from the 16th day of October
to the 15th day of November both days iiKlusive.

(d) Grouse, etc — ^Any grouse pheasants
prairie fowl or partridge except from the 15th
day of October to the 15th day of November
bcih days inclusive; but no persons shall take or
kill more than ten piartridges in any one day.

(e) Woodcock. — Any woodcock. exce[>t from
the 1st day of October to the ISth day of November,
both days inclusive.

(.f) Quail and Wild Turkeys, black and
grey squirrels. — Any quail or wild turkey, black
or grey squirrel, except from the 15th day of
November to the 1st day of December in any year,
both days inclusive.

(g) Swans and geese. — Any swan or goose,
except from the 15th day of Septamixr to the 15th
day of April in the following year, both days
inchaive.

(h; Ducks and other water-fowl. Northern
District. — Duck of any kind or any other water-
fowl. snip>e. rail, plover cw any otho- bird known
as a shore bird or wader in the Northern District,
except from the 1st day of September to the 15th
day of December in any. year, both days inclusive.

(i) Ducks and other waterfowL Southern
District. — CXick of any kind or any other water-
fowl, snipe, rati, plover or any other bird kno^Tj
as a. shore bird or wader in the Southern District,
excefjt from the 15th day of Septemijcr to the 15th
day of December in aiw year, both days inclusive.

U) Csmwxailzie. — Capercailzie before the ISth
day of September, 1915, nor thereafter except
from the 15th day of September to the i5th day
of December, both days inclusive.

(k) Hares. — Hares, except from the 1st day of
October to the 15th day of JDecember, both days
inclusive, and except that between the 15th day
of December and the 31st day of December in
any year, both days inclusive, the wood-hare or
cotton-tail rabbit may be taken, killed or destroyed
by means of snares, ferrets or any other means than
shooting.

(2) Cotton-tail rabints. — Notwithstanding
anything in this .Act a wood-hafe or cotton tail
rabbit may be taken. kiQed or destroyed in any
manner by the owner, occupant or lessee of any
land upon which it causes actual damage to trees
or shrubs, or by any member of the family of siu^
owner, occupant or lessee, or by any person holding
a written license or permit from such owner,
occupant or lessee; and any of these animals
killed under this subsection shall be handed over to
the nearest officer of the Game artd Fisheries
Branch for distribution to charitable institutions.

(3) Special provision as to shooting deer
put or bred by any person on his lands. —
Notwithstartding anything in this Act a person
who puts or breeds or imports deer upon his own
land for the purpose of breeding and preserving
the same and his licensee, may hunt, take or kill
any such deer from the 1st day of October to the
15th day of November, both days inclusive; ^xjt
the onus of proof that the deer were so put or bced
shall rest on the person hunting or killing the
same. 3-4 Geo. V. c. 69, s. 10.

BEAVER, OTTER, MUSKRATS, ETC.

11. — (1) Beaver and otter. — No beaver or
otter shall be hunted, taken or killed or had in
possession by any person before the 1st day of
November. 1916, arid after such date the hunting
taking or killing of beaver and otter shall only be
permitted during such periods arkd on such terms
and conditions as may be prescribed by the Lieu-
tenant-Governor in CoufKil. 5 Geo. V. chap. 20.

(2) Muskrat. — ^SFo Muskrat shall be hunted,
taken or killed or had in possession of any person
between the 1st day of .May aixl the 1st day of
December, except as provided by the next stKxeed-
ing subsection, nor shall any trap, snare, gin or
other contrivarKe be set for it dunng such period;
and any such trap, snare, gin or other contrivance
so set may be destroyed by any person without
his thereby irKxirring any liability therefor; and
this subsection shall apply to Indians in respect of
private or leased land.

(3) Close season for muskrat in certain
districts. — The close season with respect to musk-
rat in the electoral districts of Port Arthur. Fort
William, Rainy River and Kenora shall be from
the 1st day of May to the 1st day of March in the
year following.

(4) Muskrat bouses, etc — No Muskrat shall
be shot during the month of April, or Cleared at
any time; rx>r shall any muskrat house be cut,
^^earexl, broken or destroyed at any time.

(5) When destruction of muskrats lawful.
— Nothing in this section shall apply to any person
destroying any of the animals in defence or F>rescr-
vation of his property, or prevent the destruction
of muskrats by any means; at any time, in the
vicinit'. of dams or drainage embankments where

14

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

there is a probability of injury being caused by
them to such dams or drainage embankments.

(6) Onus of proof. — ^The onus of proving the
justification under the next preceding subsection
shall be on the person destroying any such animals.

(7) Mink. — No mink shall be hunted, taken
or killed or had in possession of any person between
the 1st day of May and the 1st day of November
following.

(8) Beaver doing damage. — The Superintend-
ent may at any time by order in writing direct the
taking or killing of beaver by an overseer or other
officer named in the order in any designated
locality in Ontario in which, in the opinion of the
Superintendent, beaver are causing damage to a
highway or to private property, but all beaver so
taken or killed shall be duly accounted for and
handed over to the Superintendent. 3-4 Geo. V.
c. 69. s. 11.

SUNDAY

• 12. Hunting on Lord's Day. — No person shall
on the Lord's Day hunt, take, kill or destroy
any game, or use any gun or other engine for that
purpose. 3-4 Geo. V. c. 69, s. 12.

DEER

13. — (1) License necessary for hunting deer.

— No p>erson shall hunt, take, kill, wound or des-
troy any deer, moose, reindeer or caribou except
under the authority of a license.

(2) Cow moose, fawns, etc., not to be killed.
No person shall at any time hunt, kill or take
any cow moose, or any other moose, reindeer or
caribou under the age of one year.

(3) Number of deer, etc., which may be
killed. — No person shall during any one year or
season kill or take more than one deer, one bull
moose, or one ±)ull reindeer or caibou; but this
shall not apply to deer which are the private prop>-
erty of any person and which have been killed or
taken by him or by his direction or with his consent
in or upon his own land.

(4) Aggregate kill. — Two or more persons
hunting together and holding licenses may kill an
aggregate of not more than one deer for each
member of the party.

(5) Restraint of dogs. — ^No owner of any dog.
known by the owner to be accustomed to pursue
deer, shall permit such dog to run at large during
the close season for deer in any locality where
deer are usually found.

(6) Idem. — Any person harbouring or claiming
to be the owner of such hound or dog shall be
deemed to be the owner thereof; and any dog
found running deer during the close season shall
be deemed to be at large with the permission of
the owner and may be killed on sight by any
person, and he shall not be liable to any penalty
or damage therefor. 3-4 Geo. V. c. 69, s. 13.

WATER FOWL

14. — (1) Hunting ducks, etc., from sail-
boats.— ISJo wild duck, goose or other waterfowl
shall be hunted, taken or killed from a sail boat,
yacht or launch propelled by steam or other power.

(2) Illegal contrivances. — No swivel gun, or
gun of any kind of a larger bore or gauge than 8,
and no contrivance for taking or killing wild
swans, geese or ducks, known as sunken punts or
batteries, shall be used at any time.

(3) Blinds or decoys. — ^No blinds or decoys
for use in hunting duck or other water (bvI shall be
placed at a greater distance than two hundred
yards from the shore or a natural rush bed thick
enough to conceal a boat, or from a water line
bounding private property, and all decoys shall
be removed from the water during the hours in
which shooting is prohibited. 3-4 Geo. V. c.
69. s. 14.

(4) Limit of number of duck. — No person
shall take or kill more than two hundred wild
ducks in any one year. 4 Geo. V. c. 46.

POISONS, TRAPS AND CONTRIVANCES

15. — (1) Poisons, use of prohibited. — No

person shall kill or take anyc game by the use of
poison, or a poisonous substance, or expose poison,
poisoned bait or other poisoned substance in any
place or locality to which any game or any dog
or cattle usually has access,

(2) Trapping, snaring; etc. — ^None of the
game animals and game birds, except those men-
tioned in section 11, shall be trapped or taken by
means of traps, nets, snares, gins, baited lines or
other similar contrivaijces, nor shall such traps,
nets, snares, gins, baited lines or contrivances be
set for them or any of them at any time; and if
so set they may be destroyed by any person
without incurring any liability for so doing. 3-4
Geo. V. c. 69, s. 15.

16. Shooting at night. — No person shall
discharge any gun or other fire-arm at any game
between sunset and sunrise. 3-4 Geo. V. c. 69,
s. 16.

17. Hired hunters. — ^No person shall for hire,
gain or reward or hope thereof hunt, kill or shoot
any game, or employ, hire or for valuable consider-
ation induce any other person so to do; but
this shall not apply to the bona fide employment
of any person as guide to accompany a person
lawfully hunting or shooting. 3-4 Geo. V. c.
69, s. 17.

EGGS

18. Eggs not to be taken. — No eggs of any
game bird shall be taken, destroyed or had in
possession by any person at any time. 3-4 Geo. V.
c. 69, s. 18.

MASKS AND DISGUISES

19. Masked or armed persons in neighbor-
hood of preserves. — Any person being masked
or disguised arid carrying or having in his possession
any gun or other fire-arm near any preserve or
shooting ground or. in close season, near any
place where game is usually found shall be guilty
of an offence against this Act. 3-4 Geo. V. c.
69, s. 19.

20. Automatic Guns prohibited. — Subject to
the Regulations, no gun of the description known
as ■■ automatic" in which the recoil is utilized to
reload the gun shall be used in the killing of game.
3-4 Geo. V. c. 69, s. 20.

21. — (1) Certain employees not to carry
fire arms. — No person employed in connection
with the construction of any railway or public
work shall carry or have in possession in the
vicinity of such railway or public work, any gun
or other fire-arm except as may be authorized by
special license.

MUNICIPAL BONDS FOR FARMERS

Frequently farmers who have money to invest are at a loss to know how best to
invest it. A common plan is to invest it in mortgages on farm property. But the large
majority allow their surplus cash to remain in the savings bank at three per cent,
interest, which is a poor investment.

One of the best investments for the farmer is municipal bonds. They are as safe

as the bank and when bought at satisfactory prices bring in nearly double bank interest.

here is no safer investment than Ontario municipal bonds. Municipal bonds in the

DOMINION OF CANADA.

15

West pay higher rates. They are considered perfectly safe too when vouched for by
the officers of the provincial governments. In the Maritime Provinces, more particu-
larly _ in Saskatchewan, there is a special department of government that supervises
municipal bond issue. While no government guarantee goes with this, the government
undertakes to protect the investor to the extent of preventing municipahties from issu-
ing bonds for a greater amount than they are able to take care of. For this reason
western mimicipal bonds are considered safe investments when they have government
endorsation as to the abiUty of the mvmidpality to pay. In Alberta somewhat similar
control of municipal bond issue is in force.

Established that a municipal bond is a safe investment, what are their advantages
to the investor? They provide a safe and profitable investment; extending over long
terms there is no bother about renewal as in the case of mortgages; municipal bonds
are accepted by banks as security for temporary loans; they are always saleable and if
need be can be realized on at any time; interest is usually payable twice a year and
can be easily collected through any bank for a normal charge. A bank may break, a
manufacturing concern may become insolvent, but there has rarely been a case in
Canada where a municipahty has failed to pay bonds when due. A municipality is
always good for its bond issue.

INVESTMENTS FOR FARMERS.

Many merchants whose skill in. buy-
ing and selling has enabled them to
make large profits, lose their surplus
profits, steadily and consistently, ^by
rash ventures in real estate. iMany
skilled farmers, careful husbandmen,
shrewd judges of the immediate
things affecting the production of
crops, lose their savings by buying
stock in Ill-founded enterprises, ikler-
chant, housewife, farmer, — practically
every class in the community, may
master the ordinary problems of their
particular business; but of money, the
most obedient and the most powerful
of servants, many are but poor mas-
ters. The hundred dollars, or ten
thousand dollars which might well be
"hired out," that is to say invested at
a good "wage," or rate of interest, is
either risked foolishly, or because Its
owner has had losses or has seen
other men's fortimes wiped out, is
buried "in an old iron kettle in a hole
in the ground, underneath the wood-
pile." iStorekeeping, housekeeping,
farming or any other thing of skill, Is
considered easier than investing.

The great centres of investment are
the cities, and because the farmer is in-
convenient to the city, or not well
acquainted with its methods, he is at
"a disadvantage which only thought,
study, and general quickness of ob-
servation can overcome. Very often,
because of this the farmer-investor
makes his investments locally. He
lends money to his neighbors on their
notes. He takes a mortgage on a
farm. He goes to the nearby county
town and there entrusts his funds to
a private banker, to be let out in such
InTestments as the banker thinks are

sound. It may be that all his savings
are placed in the savings bank. Such
are the chief local places of "Invest-
ment." The farmer may, it is true, be
able to estimate the honesTty and
earning capacity of the neighbor h©
lends to; or sufficiently skilled in
judging the worth of farm land to know
just how much is wise to invest ia
any one mortgage. He may hav€>
means of assuring himself that the
banker's methods of operating are
safe. He may be content, for the sake
of safety, to leave his funds earning
three per cent, in the local branch
savings bank — at about three-fifths of
the fair rate of interest on a soun<i
investment.

But It is the great outer world ot
investment that must ultimately be
faced and understood by the great ma-
jority of men with savings for which
to find employment, and to this realm
of 'business, men continue to turn for
opportunities to invest their funds. It
is essential then, that the farmer se-
cures an absolutely safe investment,
yielding a fair rate of interest — 5 i>er
cent. — without trouble and inconveni-
ence. Tbe mortgage corporations of
Ontario provide such an investment in
the form of Mortgage Corporation De-
bentures, which are secured by mort-
gages on improved properties, and al-
so, the total assets of the Corporation.
According to Government statistics,
not a dollar has ever been lost in
Canadian Mortgage Corporation De-
bentures. The interest is paid every
six months through your own bank, so
there cannot possibly be any trouble
in collecting. Thousands of farmers
have thousands of dollars invested In
debentures.

16

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

For BIG Crops

Sow with a

COCKSHUTT DRILL

The COCKSHUTT DRILL makes
every seed count in the harvest.
It sows 7 rows with the same seed
others need for 6,
It yields 2 to 5 more bushels per
acre.

It seeds acre after acre with ab-
solute uniformity.
It encourages early, vigorous
crop-growth that means good
grain.
Trash won't clog it.

Rough ground won't alter depth
nor feed.

Frame will never sag.
It is light in draft.
It is low — for easy filling.
It is economical of grain. (The
feed is shut off at turns.)
It is staunchly built for SERVICE.
Finely adjusted for BEST RE-
SULTS.

In every detail you will find it just
the DRILL to insure YOU bumper
crops.

See it at our nearest Agency. Or write for interesting pamph-
let— "More Bushels Per Acre." It may throw new light on
your particular planting problem.

COCKSHUTT PLOW COIVIPANY, Limited

BRANTFORD, ONTARIO
Sold in Eastern Ontario, Quebec and Maritime Provinces by

THE FROST & WOOD COMPANY. Limited

SMITHS FALLS

MONTREAL

ST. JOHN

SOILS AND CROPS.

17

SOILS, CROPS AND FERTILIZERS

Importance of Soil Condition or Fitness

Thef most importaat soil fact — ^first,
last and always — is oondition, or fit-
ness.

The best wheat soil in the world
seeded with the finest wheat obtain-
able, will grow but an .indifferent crop
if the soil is not "fit"

The wise farmer recognizes this
"condition" or "fitness" when, the soil
has an elastic feel to the foot, is swo^
len Like well raised dough, and is of a
darker color than the natural soil.

These outward and easily recognized
signs mean that the soil is mellow,
penetrated to its innermost recesses
with air; that the natural manures
have been intimately mixed with the
earthy particles and the weeds des-
troyed.

To secure "fit" in soil, deep working
with harrow and roller, etc., at the
time when the soil is neither dry nor
wet is essential; rotating crops to se-
cure a change, and to get intensive
workiag of the soil; dressings of long
fresh straw manure on heavy soils and
of well rotted manure on light soils;
dressings of lime to correct both heavy
and light soils.

Objects of Tillage.

To destroy and prevent growth of
weeds.

To place under surface, manure
stubble and other organic matter to be
converted into food for plants.

To develop various degrees of
openness of texture and uniformity of
soil conditions suitable to planting.

To modify movement of soil mois-
ture and soil air.

To regulate the temperature of the
soil.

Tips on Tillage.

If you will open a book, place the
fingers upon the fly leaf in front and
the thumbs under the fly leaf in the
back, and abruptly bend up the cor-
ner, it will be seen that every leaf is
slipped over its neighbor. What takes
place is represented in the accompany-
ing illustration. Had pins been put
through the book before attempting to
bend the leaves, the bending would
have tended to cut the pins into as
many pieces as there were leav^ as
in figure.

The plow has exactly this effect

upon the furrow slice; it tends to
divide it into thin layers which slide
over one another just as the leaves

Showing the principle of pulverizing
action of plow.

of the book did, and it is because of
this kind of action that a plow pul-
verizes a soil as no other tool can.

How Plows Correct Tilth.
If a soil is out of tilth, has become
cloddy, or partly puddled, there is a
shape of mould-board, a stage of soil
moisture and a depth of furrow slice
which will help to restore tilth the
best and quickest.

Work of Plow.

The deep furrow pulverizes better
and puddles worse than the thin slice
or shallow furrow. A low mould-
board plow disturbs tilth the least and
leaves the texture the coarsest. The
steep mould-board gives the greatest
danger of puddling if the soil is too
wet, and the greatest opportunity to
pulverize the soil and improve the
tilth if the moisture is right.

Forms of Plows, Etc
To cut a clean farrow, slice and
turn it over so as to completely cover
whatever is on the surface, a long,
low mould-board plow is used. (See
fig. A.)

Type of Sod Plow Which Pulverizes
Little.

If the primary objects are to thor-
oughly pulverize the soil, making it
deep and mellow, a plow like Fig. B
must be used. Shapes of plow inter-
mediate between these two can be
used according to the need.

Type of Plow With Steep Mould-board.
A heavy and soggy soil calls for a

18

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

good slope of mould-board. A soil
which is rather dry needs a fairly steep
mould-board. A soil too open and por-
ous like the sandy soils, should be
plowed with a steep mould-board. If
plowing must be done when soil is a
little too wet, use the less steep mould-
board and plow as shallow as other
conditions will allow.

If soil has become too dry, use the
steeper mould-board and plow deep, as
this will split it into thinner layers,
make the soil finer and the tilth better.

The Line of Draft.

It is important that the line of draft
be right and that such a line connect-
ing the centre of draft A (see illustra-
tion, page 28) in the mouldboard
with the place of attachment to the
plow bridle shall also be in the plane
of the traces as shown by A, B, D. If
the line of draft becomes broken, as
A, C, D, or 1, 3, 5, instead of 1, 2, 5.
the draft of the plow is made heavier.
Time of Plowing.

Early fall plowing in a dry season
where the soil is light and the amount
of levelling small is advisable. Plow
as soon as crop is removed from
ground, to save soil moisture and to

enable the nitrates and other soluble
salts to develop for next season.
Plowing Sod.
Skim plow in fall and cross plow in
spring, or plow and dis<; to give de-

Fig. A. Low Mouldboard Plow

sired seed bed in spring. In this case

roll with heavy roller before discing.

Plowing Under Manure.

Coarse manure on light soil, plow
deep furrow, as it needs more mois-
ture to rot it, and in heavy soils will
let air penetrate to greater depth.
Plow in fall or very early spriiig.

If ground be dry and seeding time
is at hand, thoroughly harrow and
firm, using heavy roller to establish
capillary action with deeper soil. When
manure is well rotted it may be left
nearer the surface except in sandy
soils.

FAMOUS FLEURY PLOWS

of various patterns for all soils

No other Plow
RUNS SO

s M o OTH lt;,

has such BASE
for HORSES
and COMFORT
for the PLOW-
MAN, as Fa-
mous Flesry Plows. Nearly 100,000 of these Plows — from first to last — ^have
turned the BEST FURROWS Ontario has known.

We are the makers of the "Origrinal No. 21," the LIGHT DRAUGHT NO. 13
and the best One-horse Plow in Canada — No. 15A. These Plows are IMI-
TATED— and often given the same number — ^by nearly all larger Canadian
Plow Manufacturers! For one rea-son only — because these Famous Fleury
Plows surpass all others in QUALITY of work In the field— dn COMFORT
for MAN and ease for horses! Buy only the ORIGINAL and BEST.

J. FLEURY'S SONS, Aurora, Ont., '^-''•'^ "gJS^LTn" pS'""' ^''"•

FLEURY
PLOWS

SOILS AND CROPS.

19

Farm Climate.

The first practical item of the home
ing of the seasons. On the days avail-
able for work in spring and fall de-
pend the crops and their yields.

The following useful suggestions in
table form show the days available for
farm work in the mild climate and the
raw climate:

Mild Climate.

Spring 53-65 working days.

Summer 73-85

Fall 76-88

Raw Climate.

Spring 19-21 working days.

Summer 99-114

Fall 32-42

A delay of 7 days in seeding wheat
reduces the yield 30%; 14 days reduces
40%; 21 days reduces 50%. A week
late in seeding cuts the oat yield 15%,
the barley yield 23%, the pea yield 4%.

Growing crops require rainfall, heat
and sunlight in definite quantities.

Balanced Supply.

A plant must have each and every
one of the different plant foods. Each
is essential to aid in some particular
function, and no one can be substi-
tuted for another. Nature has sup-
plied an abundance oi most of the
essential foods, but sometimes some
of them are lacking or are in an un-
available condition. Of all the ele-
ments of plant foods which are essen-
tial, only a few are often in this
condition. These are nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, potash and lime. The
term, plant food, as ordinarily used
by farmers, includes nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash only, not that
these are any more essential to plant
growth than are the other substances,
but because of the deficiency of them
in many soils, and their correspond-
ing commercial importance.

" BEST BY TEST "

FERTILIZERS
SEED CORN

The Standard of Perfection

Goods up to the Highest Standard NOT Down to the Lowest Prices.
• Get Our Quotations.

Patronize Canadian and Home Industrv. We make Special Mixed Fertili-
zers for CORN, SUGAK, BEETS, TOBACCO, BEANS and other crops. We
specialize in Raw Fertilizer Chemicals, as ACID PHOSPH.\TE, NITRITE
OP SODA, AGRICUiyrURAL LEME, BASIC SL.AG, HIIMUS. TANKAGE,
etc. We are direct importers of SPRAT MATBRIAL.S, as Sulphur, Arsenate
of Lead, etc., also Best By Test Seed Corn.

You will eventually use BEST BY TEST Brands. Why not NOW?
Agents Wanted.

Canadian Fertilizers Co., Limited

S. J. SMITH, Manager.

Offices: Market Chambers, CHATHAM, ONT.

Write for Descriptive Booklet "FACTS ABOUT FERTILIZERS.

20

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Tons of Plant Food in Soils.

Phosphoric Sulphuric

Potash. Lime. Acid. Acid.

Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

Sandy Soil 2.42 1.70 1.74 1.10

Clay Soil 6.38 12.3 2.82 1.50

Loam 8.70 16.0 4.0 1.8

Humus 6.39 37.8 1.5 1.4

Moisture Requirement of Common Crops.

Water used Depth of Dry matter Acre inches

per ton'dry water used, per acre. ot water in

matter. ton of dry

Tons. Inches. Tons. matter.

Barley 464.1 20.69 5.05 4.096

Oats 503.9 39.53 8.89 4.447

Com . ^ 270.9 15.76 6.59 2.391

Clover" 576.6 22.34 4.39 5.089

Peas " ' 477.2 16.89 4.009 4.212

Potatoes ! 385.1 23.78 6.995 3.399

Average 446.3 23.165 5,987 3.939

Approximate Amounts of Water Retained in Plowed and Unplowed Lands.

1st foot 2nd foot 3rd foot 4th foot

lbs. water. lbs. water, lbs. water, lbs. water.

Land plowed 13.87 20.66 18.32 16.05

Land not plowed 10^ 17-98 17^ 13^

■ T-oss on unplowed .... 3.29 2.f.S 10^ 2.11

Mulches of Soil.

The following table shows the relative effectiveness of soil mulches at

different depths and different numbers of cultivation: —

Not cul- Once in 2 Once per Twice per

tivated weeks week " week

per acre. per acre. per acre, per acre.
Cultivated 1 inch deep.

Loss in tons per 100 days .. , 724.1 551.2 545.0 627.8

Loss in inches per 100 days . . 6.394 4.867 4.812 4.662

The % water saved ■ 23.88 24.73 27J.0

Cultivated 2 inches deep.

Loss in tons per 100 days . . 724.1 609.2 552.1 515.4

Loss in inches per 100 days.. 6.394 5.380 4.875 4.662

% wajter saved 15.88 23.76 28^1

Cultivated 3 inches deep.

Loss in tons per 100 days . . 724.1 612.0 531.5 495.0

Loss in inches per 100 days.. 6.394 5.402 4.694 4.371

% water saved 15.49 26.60 31.64

SOILS AND CROPS.

21

Tixe twelve primary constituents
found in plants and thus needed in
the soil are: —

Nitrogen,
Potash,

Phosphoric Acid,
Lime, _..,

Water (Hydrogen ^", '
and Oxygen),

Iron Oxides,
Magnesia,
Sulphuric Acid,

Carbon,

Soda,
Chlorine.

Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash
and lime are the constituents gener-
ally lacking in soils when they fail to
respond to the needs of crops. Either
one of these four Is likely to be de-
ficient.

Classification of Soils.

Sandy, under 10% of clay.

Sandy Loam, 10% to 20% of clay.

Loam, 20% to 30% of clay.

Clay Loam, 30% to 50% of clay.

Strong clay, over 50%.

Marly, 5% to 50% calic carbonate.

Humus, over 5% vegetable matter.

The permanent fertility of a soil is
closely connected with its power of
retaining plant food. In 'clay soils
only traces of phosphoric acid are
found in the drainage water.

Sandy soils being more open and
thus freer drained are of less natural
fertility and more dependent on imme-
diate supplies of manure.

Humus or decayed vegetable mat-
ter, i.e., ploughed in clover, etc.,
greatly increases a soil's capacity for
holding water.

Water Capacity.

Crops will not grow in soils perman-
ently saturated with water and from
which air is excluded. Best growth
obtained in soils one-half to two-thirds
saturated. The quantity of water a
'*il will ^old when fully drained de-

termines its capacity for supplying a
crop with water.

The finer the particles of the soil,
or the more porous, the greater the
amount of water held. When drained,
coarse sand and coarse gravel soils
hold the least water.

Loss of nitrogen is far less when a
soil is under crop than in the case dt
a bare fallow.

Depth of Plowing.

Deep plowing of heavy land allows
rain to penetrate it, establishes drain-
agejn the surface soil and increases
its temperature. Shallow surface cul-
tivation preserves the soil water in
time of drought. Rolling increases the
moisture at the surface and the depth
to which the soil is warmed by the
sun.

A crop can only use up a certain
amoimt of ready available plant food.
Therefore, the yaste as the soils be-
come richer is greater, and this point
should be borne in -mind. To farm
highly with profits demands more sci-
entific knowledge and more practical
skill than when a lower standard is
aimed at. The last ton of roots in a
big crop and the last few pounds of
weight on a very fat animal cost the
most to produce.

Nature of Soils.

Soils are made up of either very
fine or very coarse particles and are
classified accordingly.

Soils may differ in degree of firm-
ness with which particles are held to-
gether.

Sand is composed of simple separate
grains of large size.

Clay is composed of extremely fine
granules.

A soil is in good tilth when its gran-
ules are neither too fine nor too coarse
and when not too firmly cemented to-
gether.

The Gasoline Engine on the Farm— Its Operation, Repair and Uses

By XENO W. PUTNAN

Learn to utilize power by reading the

All money-making farms use Power,
pages of this book.

^^^.^■^Jl'^^i^o^^l treatise on the Gasoline and Kerosene Engine, intended for the
[^ all k^nH^ «f^f.l^^°'^u^l'^^^*'T ^1 manage his engine and how to apply it
to aU kinds of farm work to the best advantage.

Price, $2.00, post paid.
FARM PRESS, LIMITED, 181 Simcoe St., - - TORONTO,

22

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

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SOILS AND CROPS.

23

CROPS RECOMMENDED FOR ONTARIO.

Experiments.

Varieties.

Oats (87 tests).

f O.A. C. No. 72..
i Siberian. ........

Yield per Acre

Straw Grain Grain
(tons) (bus.) (lbs,)

Regenerated Abundance....
Lincoln ' 74

Six-rowed Barley {33 tests)..

HuUess Barley (9 tests)

Spring Wheat (14 tests)

Emmer and Spelt (3 tests)..

Buckwheat (2 tests) i ^.^^

Emmer

O.A. C. No. 21.

luu

Guy Mayle lOO

Black Hulless 8 "^

Wild Goose.
Hungarian. .

100
79

Common Emmer ico

Alstroum Spelt 53

Winter Wheat (24 tests).

Winter Rye (2 tests)

100

Silver Hull 95

American Banner 96

Imperial Amber 100

Tasmania Red 91

No. 5 Red ' 65

. Crimean Red ; 57

Mammoth White 100

Common White 67

Spring Rye (7 tests) J O. A. C. No. 61 lOO

Common 67

Field Peas (27 tests) i ^^ew Canadian Beauty. ... 100

Early Britain 82

T- ij T, /. ^ X f Marrowfat OS

I- leld Beans (19 tests) i New Prize Winner I 92

I White Wonder loo

f- t n ■ M^. .s [ Early California Flint ' loO

Corn for Gram (16 tests) . . . j Genesee Valley ' 53

I Wisconsin Little Dent ; 82

„ , r /- . „ . f Early Miimesota Sugar

Sorghum for Gram (3 tests) ^ Cane .. 100

[ Early Amber Sugar Cane 90

1.25
1.33
1.13

1.13

1.08
1,06

1.88
1.53

1.19
1.07

.62
.48

1.36
\J\

1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
.96

2.91
3.00

1.04
1.06

1.35
1.05

1.22
1.07
1.10
Whole
Crop
5.98
6.18
4.91

39.81
38.73

38.20 ' 1,299
34.82 1,134

1,354
1,317

27.67

23.37
21.21

19.60
16.73

34.34
21.00

15.30
10.98

23.80
23.34
23.00
20.73
,19.18

24.83
21.43

17.91
16.33

17.89
17.84

18.59
18.25
17.91

47.63
42 90
41.94

10.04 36.12
5.93 : 34.45

1,331
1,329

1,402
1,273

1,176
1,004

1,374
840

734
527

1,428
1,400
1,380
1,244
1,151

1,390
1,200

1,003
914

1,074
1.076

1,115
1,095
1,074

2,667
2,402
2,349

1,734
1.654

BOOKS FOR THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN

Productive Orcharding. By F. C
Sears; 157 illustrations, 316 pages.
You cannot afford^ to make the ex-
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knowledge.

Order at once. Price, $1.50.

FARM PRESS, LIMITED, 181 Si

Productive Vegetable Growing. By
John W. Lloyd; 192 illustrations, 326
pages. Easy money if you apply the
scientific methods. If you cannot go
to an agricultural college, you CAN
spend $1.50 and purchase the book
that is used in the colleges and gives
you the substance of the scientific
and modern vegetable methods,
mcoe St., - - TORONTO.

24

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

iixperiments

Root Crops, Etc., for General Conditions.

Varieties

Comp.
value

Mangels (6 tests).

Sugar Beets (4 tests)

Swede Turnips (2 tests).

f Ideal (Ontario Seed Co.) 83

\ Yellow Leviathan 100

[ Sutton's Mammoth Long Red 75

Rennie's Tankard Cream 100

Bruce's Giant White Feeding 91

Carter's Invicta 100

Bruce's New Century 92

Rennie's Empress 88

Carrots {9 tests).

Steele-Briggs Improved Short White . .
Simmer's Giant Short White

Fodder Corn (4 tests).

Grass, Peas and Vetches.
(4 tests)

100

j .■MTTiTner s \jTii±iii, oiiui t vv iiitc 90

f Sterling White Dent 100

I Hoopengardner's Very Early Yellow Dent 94

[ White Cap Yellow Dent 91

f Hairy Vetches 100

' I Common Vetches 79

[ Grass Peas 100

Millet (4 tests).

f Japanese Barnyard

{ "Hungarian Grass

1 Golden Wonder 100

7S
100

Tons
per acre

25.34
24.24
23.83

24.38
23.01

17.26
16.50
15.96

13.79
13.50

11.09
10.90
10.28

7.18
5.80
5.56

6.00
5.47
5.00

ll!!"'!lll!ll!

I <

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iliiiiiiir I
Mir ii||liir >

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i!i;;itiiiii,.uiiiiii;;ii;iii!lllll!!yi!!i!l!!iil!l!^^^^

f!r.%i'll''ii||||IF-' .. ,iM;- ,•!

'3^-'i'''^'iili,fiiJi||'lf|i'^l^^
ii,iin ;iiii!i;;i;:iiiliillJiill!iilliiiiinlli

Massey-Harris Tillage Implements

Plows — Cultivators -Disc Harrows — Drag Harrows

A FULL line of Implements for preparing the seed bed —
all of which have stood the test of time, and have come
to be recognized as the standard of excellence — the
most reliable and efficient Implements on the market to-3.ay.

Massey-Harris Co., Limited

Head Offices— TORONTO, CANADA.

Branches at— Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Reglna, Saskatoon, Swift Cur-
rent, Yorkton, Calgary, Edmonton. Agencies Everywhere.

SOILS AND CROPS.

25

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26

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Facts on Crop Peculiarities.

Alfalfa: Alfalfa grows after all
crops so long as the soil is stirred
deeply, is well manured and is free
from weeds. The best fore-crop is
a manured hoed crop.

Alfalfa continues on a field usually
four to ten years, but sometimes
fifteen to twenty-five years.

It is a great error to say that al-
falfa must be off a field as long as
it has been on the field. The longer
a good stand of alfalfa has been
down, the shorter the time before it
can be put down again in alfalfa.

A good stand of alfalfa leaves the
soil in splendid shape for following
crops, while a poor stand with its
spots of crusted soil and weeds
makes a very poor fore-crop.

A soil in which the water level is
near the surface is not in good con-
dition for alfalfa growing.

Barley: Barley is the child of the
best agriculture. It delights in soil
prepared to the point of a flower-
garden. Barley is grown on all soils,
from sand to clay — to be injured by
drought on sand and by lodging on
the clay. Brewing barley must have
a deep sandy loam, carrying lime, or
the fairly dense marl, and both sup-
plied with humus.

Through some perversion of
thought, barley now is chosen to be
put in only when everything else has
had attention, and usually on fields
overrun with weeds.

Barley must not come on new "
breaking. Barley does not do well
following itself. It does best after
manured hoed crops — sugar beets,
corn (maize), potatoes — especially
sugar beets. After potatoes the qual-
ity is good but the yield is not high.
Barley does not do well after turnips.
As sugar beet soil is the "barley
soil," these crops alone furnish a
very profitable rotation.

Clover: The real clover soil is the
deep, medium moist loam and clay
containing humus and lime and un-
derlaid with a porous loamy subsoil.
Heavy sticky clay soil is made to
carry clover by heavy liming. Loamy
sand, poor dry lime or marl soils and
soils in which the water level comes
close to the surface are not good
clover soils.

Clover grows after all crops so

long as the soil is stirred deeply, is
well manured and is free from weeds.
The poor growth of clover when
grown with grasses and afterwards
pastured, is due to shallow cultiva-
tion and to the weeds co.aing from
the years of cereal growing.

The best fore-crop is a manured
hoed crop. Always clover should
have a good place in the rotation, for
its failure seriously affects the live
stock.

In Europe it is a well known fact
that clover should not follow clover.
On good clover soil clover may fol-
low once in six years, and on poorer
soils not oftener than from nine to
twelve years. Clover grass mixtures
may come on the same piece of
ground oftener without danger.
While clover sickness is not common
in Canada, it does exist and poor suc-
cess in growing the crop is possibly
due to this sickness.

Like alfalfa, a good stand of clover
leaves the soil in splendid shape for
following crops, while a poor stand,
with its spots of cruste^ soil and
weeds, makes a very poor fore-crop.

Com: Corn cannot stand wet land.
Excepting loose dry sand and sticky
wet clay, corn grows on all soils.
Corn does best on loam richly sup-
plied with humus.

Corn and oats are the lusty bro-
thers among farm crops, due to the
vigorous root systems they possess.
The deep-going, wide-spreading roots
of corn, coupled with a disregard for
physical soil conditions, are the rea-
sons why corn will grow anywhere
in a rotation.

Corn is not averse to following it-
self and does well when coming on
heavily manured grass and clover
sod. It can be used for the first two
or three crops on cleared woodland.
It follows the winter grains (wheat
or rye) to be followed in turn by
summer grains. Where the crop-
changing system is practised, com is
to be treated as a manured hoed crop.
Corn is like a baby, it must be nursed
while young.

Oats: The oat turns up its nose at
no soil, if we except dry sand and
soil rich in lime. The oat particular-
ly likes a loam rich in humus, and is
well adapted for reclaimed swamp
lands.

The oat is given the place In the

SOILS AND CROPS.

27

rotation farthest removed from the
manures. When a meadow is brok-
en up, a wood lot cleared off, a low
lying field brought into cultivation,
the oat stands ready to come on the
land. Yet, in spite of it being given
the poor place, no crop responds to
genial soil conditions better than
oats, no crop rewards with greater
yields.

The best place for oats is following
manured hoed crops. Oats do splen-
didly after clorer, though on rich
land there is danger of lodging. Flax
may be shoved in between the clover
and oats.

When the price of oats Is not re-
duced proportionately with the price
of wheat, they should be given a bet-
ter place in the rotation.

Potatoes: The best soils for pota-
toes are mild loam and sandy loam
and loamy sand soils. Potatoes do
well on sandy soils when the soil is
well supplied with moisture, but they
are not a sure crop on the very light
sand soils. They love well aired soil,
which means that all moist, fine tex-
tured and poorly ventilated soils are
vinsuitable.

While the potato can be grown for
cattle feed on sandy soil, this does
not mean that potatoes can be grown
often on these soils.

'^'ae potato stands in the rotation
bet-«^een two cereal crops. The po-
tato, like corn, can follow itself,
hence can be grown repeatedly on
♦^he same soil, though this is only
possible by handling the field like a
garden. The potato also does well
on new breaking.

Rye: The rye soil is the dry, sandy
loam and the loamy sand. Rye can
be grown to advantage on pure sand.
Reclaimed swamp lands and sanded
alluvial soil lands grow fine crops of
rye.

Rye cannot stand backwater.
Heavy sticky clay soil heavily ma-
nured with stable manure and lime
and well worked, can be made suit-
able for rye.

Rye, on light land dressed well
with manure, can follow itself year in
and year out. It does well after
black fallow. Next to fallow the best
fore-crop is a good stand of legumes,
cut early to give the necessary time
to prepare the soil. Rye and wheat

THE COMPLETE LINE

FERTILIZERS

Grow Bigger Crops

Made in Canada by

The Ontario Fertilizers, Limited

WEST TORONTO, CANADA

28

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

like the firm seedbed and the hoed
crops leave the soil too late for its
preparation and settling.

An all-clover stand is a good fore-
crop; a clover-grass stand is not as
good on account of weeds. Flax is a
poor fore-crop. Manured peas and
beans are good fore-crops.

Wheat (Winter) : The heavy loam
and clay soils, rich in humus, are
wheat soils. In cold and wet locali-
ties the dense soil, well supplied with
lime; in warm localities, the deep
soil well supplied with water. Tery
dry or very wet soils are not adapted
to wheat.

Wheat should not follow wheat.
Wheat should not come on new land
until the second or third year.
- The legumes, by mellowing the soil
and keeping the weeds down, are
good fore-crops. Winter-swede —
like rape, heavily manured, shades
and mellows the soil, keeps down the
weeds, and by being harvested early,
permits of a partial black fallow.

On heavy clay soils the horse bean
(Faba vulgaris) has proved a splen-
did fore-crop. Red clover and al-
falfa are highly prized fore-crops.

Winter wheat can follow manured
hoed crops (potatoes, beets) to ad-
vantage, provided these crops are off
the field in sufficient time for its pre-
fore-crop.

Wheat loves the settled soil, hence
after hoed crops is not the ideal place
paration and settling. Wheat, sugar
beets, to be followed with alfalfa la
a profitable succession under certain
conditions. On strong land, heavily
manured, flax may be used as a good
for wheat unless the soil is prepared
for it in time to settle closely.

Selection of Seed Potatoes.

Of all the factors in potato growing
se'leotion of seed is by far the most
important. Had we bred our Short-
horn cattle as many of us have 'been
in ithe hahit of selecting and breeding
our seed potatoes, we would now have
no breed of Shorthorns. If we used
only the culls and scrubs to Ibreed
from, our 'breeds of stock would soon
run out. It has been careful selection
and the application of scientiflc prin-
ciples of breeding that has 'brought
our pure-bred live stock up to the
present high standard. One reason
why potatoes on many farms in this
country have degenerated is that culls,
screenings and small ipotatoes have
been .pilanted.

If no method of selection has hither-
to heen followed, the seed for this
year's crop will have to be taken from
the bin. (Potatoes which are of med-
ium siize, smooth, free from disease and
true to the type of the variety being
shown, should be selected. During the
late summer or early autumn, when
the vines are beginning to die down,
the 'best and most vigorous hills should
be marked iby putting down a small
stake or twigg. When the crop is har-
vested, any poor hills among those
marked should be discarded and the
rest saved for next year's planting.
One farmer doing illustration work for
the iCommission of Conservation plant-
ed potatoes thus selected and ordin-
ary potatoes side iby side. When har-
vested, four rows from the selected
seed yielded ten ibushels per row,
while the four rows on either side of
the ordinary seed yielded seven and
one-ihalf ^bushels per row.

Direction of the line of draft for plows.

SOILS AND CROPS. 29

CROPS

Quantity of Seed to Sow Per Acre.

Alfalfa (broadcast) 20 to 25 IbF.

Alfalfa (drilled) 15 to 20 lbs.

Bariey : 8-10 pecks.

Beans, field (small) 2-3 pecks.

Beans, field (large) 5-6 pecks.

Beets 4-6 lbs.

Blue grass 25 lbs.

Brome grass 15-20 lbs.

Brome grass (in mixture) 2-5 lbs.

Buckwheat 3-5 pecks.

Carrots (field) 4-6 lbs.

Clover, alsike 8-15 lbs.

Alsike (on wheat) 4-6 lbs.

Clover, mammoth 12-15 lbs.

Clover, red 8-14 lbs.

Clover, sweet 2 pecks.

Com 6 quarts to 1 bushel.

Corn (silage) 9-11 quarts.

Cow pea 1-1% bushels.

Crimson clover 12-15 lbs.

Field peas '^Vz-'iVz bushels.

Flax (for seed) 2-3 pecks.

Flax (for fibre) l%-2 bushels.

Hungarian grass 2 pecks.

Kaffir com (fodder) 10-12 lbs.

Mangolds 5-8 lbs.

Millet, barnyard (drills) 1-2 pecks.

Millet, foxtails (drills) 2-3 pecks.

Millet, German (seed) 1 peck.

Oat Grass, tall 30 lbs.

Oats 2-3 bushels.

Oats and peas Oats 2 bushels.

Peas 11^ bushels.

Orchard grass 12-15 lbs.

Parsnips 4-8 lbs.

Popcorn 3 lbs.

Potatoes 10-14 bushels.

Potatoes (cut to 1 or 2 eyes) 6-9 bushels.

Potatoes, for best yield 14-20 bushels.

Rape (in drills) 2-4 lbs.

Rape (broadcast) 4-8 lbs.

Red Top 12-15 lbs.

Rye 3-4 pecks.

Rye (forage) 3-4 bushels.

Sorghum (for syrup) ." 2-5 lbs.

Sorghum (for silage) 6 lbs — % bushel.

Sorghum and peas 3-4 pecks each.

Soy beans (drills) 2-3 pecks.

Soy beans (broadcast) 1-1% bushels.

Sugar beets 15-20 lbs.

Sunflower 10-15 lbs.

Sweet clover 2-4 pecks.

Timothy 15-25 lbs.

Timothy and clover Timothy 10 lbs.

Clover 4 lbs.

Turnip (broadcast) 2-4 lbs.

Turnip (drills) 1 lb.

Vetch (drilled) 1 bushel.

Vetch (broadcast) < 1% bushels.

Wheat 6 to 9 pecks.

30 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

DYNAMITE AND WASTE LAND

Dynamite is a solution, in part, of the problem of getting our unworkable lands
into crop-producing condition. Dynamite is a dangerous thing, but handled with
care, it is no worse than a cross bull or a kicking horse. All things, whether gentle or
•otherwise, are apt to become dangerous if abused, but intelligently handled are a
power for good.

Science is solving problems for the farmer every day. Twenty years ago, theories
that are now in practical use upon the majority of the farms, would have been con-
sidered the wildest fancy of the impractical dreamer. Men are constantly learning
facts of which they little dreamed in earlier days. They are constantly finding the neces-
sity of modifying their systems of farming and reaching out for those things that will
make the soil more prolific and make their efforts yield a larger profit. Dynamite, as a
factor in farming, is one of these things that were undreamed of years ago. Those
who were considered the more fool-hardy at that time, used gun powder for blasting
rock or for blowing stumps, but in the latter case they were decidedly the exception.
To-day dynamite has proven its wonderful influence in putting before the farmer land
that was then considered hopelessly unsuitable for any kind of farm work. Brush land,
land covered with stumps and undergrowth that seemed almost impassable, is now
made to blossom like the rose and to yield its quota of food for man and beast. And it
does all this in an increditably short time. At least, it seems that way when one com-
pares the figld before and after the application of the explosive. Dynamite has also
proved a blessing to the farmer who finds his field littered with stones, especially in the
hard head and boulder that is so common in many sections of the country. With its
use these are thrown from the earth and broken so that they can easily be handled,
either for building purposes or simply to remove them from the land. Both of these
services, which are rendered by the explosive, are more or less apparent and easily
understood. But there remains another way in which dynamite is of great service to
the farmer. It is a way that is not so perfectly apparent nor yet so easily understood.
In certain sections of the country, where fruit is grown extensively, it has been found
that the tree planted in soil that has been broken by a blast of dynamite will be much
more hearty and much more sure to make a profitable growth and a much safer invest-
ment. The tree whose roots spread out more extensively because the sub-soil has been
broken by the explosive, is able to reach out for a greater supply of plant food, its little
rootlets are able to permeate the soil at a greater distance in every direction so that
the tree gets a stronger foothold and is less liable to be blown over and is more substan-
tially nourished. The other tree whose roots are limited to the hole that is dug with
the spade, is naturally more circumscribed in its growth, and while the rootlets will
ultimately spread out and pierce the hard soil that encases them, this will be done only
at a greater sacrifice to plant life and after much time has been wasted that might
have been used for growth. The same thing is true of smaller crops. Repeated plowing
at approximately the same depth, forms a sort of crust at the bottom of a furrow through
which it is difficult for the plant root to get down to the lower surface. This crust
leaves practically the same amount of soil to feed succeeding crops. The vast store house
that is down two or three feet lower is not drawn upon. In practical terms this crust
is a sort of hard pan. It forms a sort of division between the sub-soil and the upper
surface. It makes the upper surface more susceptible to the influences of_ nature;
that is blowing of the soil and evaporation. The plant life is left to be nourished on
that proportion of the soil that is most invaded by succeeding cropping. Now the
dynamite comes in as the solution. In some sections farmers have gone through their
fields and broken up this hard pan by blasting the soil. In Kansas the holes are made
about 15 feet apart each way, and from 50 to 60 pounds of dynamite are used to the
acre. Charges are fired simultaneously by means of electricity. In some places the
charges are put into the ground about four feet apart each way. The details are not of
so much importance, the th^ry is what actually counts. Dynamite as a means of
breaking up the hard pan is going to help develop a soil that is more thoroughly drought
resistant, it is going to make it possible to feed the crops on plant life that has long
been buried and inaccessible. Finally, it must be borne in mind that dynamite is not
necessarily so awe inspiring as many people think. It is a dangerous instrument, but
so are many of the tilings that are in every day use. If abused it is sure to produce
wreckage; but why abuse it? The explosive that is made for uses of this kind can be
easily and safely handled.

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

31

You save time, labor and money
when you dig with CXL Stumping

tb^:^:

What trn njen do in ten One mm can do in one And a perfect ditch is the
dari iriih sjadf* — day with CXL Stumpinc — retolL

Whatever brings quick results with little labor puts
money in the farmer's pocket and keeps it there.

On every farm there are hundreds of odd jobs that can
be done quickly and with little effort by using CXL ex-
plosives.

Let us show you how to save time in digging post holes,
ditches and cellars; sinking wells; planting trees; grading; drain-
ing; breaking up hard pan; blasting stumps and boulders; etc., etc.

"Farming with
Dynamite''
should be read by
every progressive
farmer for the
helpful informa-
tion it contains.
Sent Free

There's & CXL explosive for every blast-
ing purpose. The higrh quality of each
has been proven by thorough testing
under every possible condition. The re-
sult is that each CXL explosive is re-
liable, efficient, and stable. All are
comparatively safe to handle, will pro-
duce maximum results in blasting, and
can be kept for long periods of time
■without deteriorating.

Big Money m Agricultural Blasting

VOU can add considerably to your earnings by acting
as our agent and blasting for your neighbors.
Look about you at the many uncultivated fields that
can be improved by the removal of rocks and stumps.
You can do this quickly and with little labor by blast-
ing. Write at once for full particulars.

Canadian Explosives, Limited

MONTREAL. P.Q.

VICTORIA. B.C.

32

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Fertilizers — Need and Application

Most soils when analyzed show
enough potential or latent fertility-
enough potash, enough phosphorus,
and oftentimes enough nitrogen, for
long years of cropping and yet many
of them are practically barren. Why?
All crops require that their food shall
be available, that is, soluble in water,
liquid, and if not liquid or capable of
soon becoming so, crops fail and the
soil is said to be barren.

The liquid assets of business are
those forms of property which are
available — which can be turned into
cash at once. The liquid assets of the
soil are those elements of fertility
which can be taken up and absorbed
as fast as needed by growing crops,

What Fertilizers can be Mixed

SUPSfiPHOSPMATE

UHE
HARL

THOMAS f.iAL

'CHILI SALTPETER

MATERIALS MUST NEVER BE MIXED
MIXED JUST BEFORE USING
MIXEO ANYTIME

which do their principal feeding in
sixty days in northern latitudes.
Therefore it would seem wise for the
farmer to keep a good balance of avail-
able fertility to his credit in the soil;
not alone to feed the crop in order to
increase yield but to improve quality
and to hasten maturity.

That is just what Europeans do, and
is one of the reasons why they are so
successful as farmers. They are the
best farmers in the world because they
never reach the limit of available fer-
tility— the limit of their liquid assets
as it were. They believe in making a
fertile soil still more fertile. That is
why some are able to produce 88% of
their food requirements in the shape
of staple crops, such as potatoes, rye.
barley, oats, wheat, etc.

A reserve of ready money in the
bank is the very best form of "liquid
assets" in business. A reserve of solu-
ble plant food in the soil is the best
form of crop insurance. Usually they
are present in some degree and the
farmer has to supply only a snaall bal-
ance to produce maximum crops.

Those who have applied from season
to season this little balance of liquid
or available plant food which the crop
must have during its growing season
of sixty to one hundred and twenty
days have insured the crop as far as
fertility will insure it. The crop says :
"Feed me when I need food and I will
feed you when you need food." Com-
mercial fertilizers supplement the lat-
ent fertility in the soil, in stable man-
ure and in ploughed in green crops,
with some quickly available plant food
when the crop needs it.

Fertilizers — What They Are — How to
Apply Them.

Fertilizers are carriers of plant food
In an available and concentrated form.
They contain the three elements of
plant food most needed in crop pro-
duction— nitrogen, usually referred to
as ammonia, phosphorus, known to the
buyer as available phosphoric acid,
and potassium, known as potash. Each
of these elements performs definite
functions in plant growth.

There is no mystery about the action
of fertilizers in plant growth. Nitro-
gen, or ammonia, causes quick and
vigorous growth of stalk or stem.

Available phosphoric acid helps fill
the grain or fruit and hastens ripen-
ing. Potash strengthens the straw or
stalk and helps to plump and fill the
grain and fruit.

Hay is grown for the stalk or stem,
hence needs a larger proportion of
ammonia than grain crops. Wheat is
grown for the grain, therefore needs
larger amounts of available phosphoric
acid and potash than does hay. On
the other hand, potatoes and other
root crops require a larger proportion
of potash.

Speaking generally, it has been
proven that the use of a fertilizer con-
( Continued on page 35.)

SOILS AND CROPS.

33

Swiff s Red Steer Brand Fertilizers

MADE IN CANADA

"It Pays To Use Them

'■'N •■'.

Red Steer Brand

BONE AND BLOOD

Pare ADimal Matter Ammoniates
Crop Producers Soil Builders

Always Reliable. Adapted to all Soils and ail Crops

Crop rotation should be practiced, but that alone will not main-
tain fertility of the soil.

You cannot maintain the fertility of your soil without fertilizers.

You cannot obtain largest yields and best quality crops without
fertilizers.

You can greatly increase your profits without increasing the num-
ber of acres planted by using Swift's Fertilizers.

A good catch of clover is almost assured when Swift's Fertilizers
are used.

Profit by experience of others. Use Swift's Fertilizers on every
acre you plant.

Do not lose the extra profit from this year's crop by waiting to ex-
periment on only a few acres.

Place your order for Swift's Fertilizers now.

Insist upon getting fertilizers with the Red Steer on Bag. for it is
your guarantee of best quality.

If you do not know the agent for Swift's Fertilizers, write us and
we will see that your requirements are supplied.

ADDRESS

SWIFT CANADIAN CO., Limited

UNION STOCK YARDS, TORONTO, ONTARIO.

34

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

The Easiest, Quickest and Cheapest way to
clear your land of Stumps and Boulders is with

DOMINITE

DOMINITE can be used by anyone, safely and successfully with-
out iprevious experience as a blaster, and •without special training.
While having tbe same power as ordinary dynamite, Dominite is far
safer to handle and use, being practically insensible to shocks, and
will not explode if set afire by sparks or flames. To explode it, it is
necessary to use a blasting cap or electric exploder of not le«s than
No. 7 strength, while No. 8 insures even better results.

-=-^

Right way to insert Caps and Exploders,
to avoid miss-fires.

By usiin^ Dominite, stumps and boulders that render the best of
land useless can ibe (blown out and broken up for convenient handling,
very quickly and at triflin<g cost.

Dominite does not freeze in the coldest weather, hemce can be
used at any time without the danger and inconvenience met with in
using ordinary dynamite.

Caps, Fuse, etc., of best brands, at riglit prices.

Wrtitte uis for full information, references to users, (prices, etc.

DOMINION EXPLOSIVES,

LIMITED

General Offices, OTTAWA, ONT.

Farmers: Write for our local agencies proposition.

SOILS AND CROPS.

35

taining all three of the essential ele-
ments of plant food gives best all-
around results under average condi-
tions. The proportions of the plant
food ingredients should be varied to
suit soils, previous treatment of the
soil and what the previous crop indi-
cated— whether straw was weak or
strong, whether the crop matured fast
or slow.

How and When to Apply Lime.

Lime should usually be applied be-
fore those crops in rotation which are
most likely to be benefited by it. In
rotations where the land is seeded to
winter wheat, clover, and timothy, it
is a good plan to apply the lime just
before sowing the wheat. In rotations
where alfalfa is grown it is desirable
to lime prior to sowing the alfalfa
seed. The crops which are less in
need of lime, which follow in the ro-
tation, will then secure all that they
require, and the soil will remain
sufficiently sweet to be well adapted
to them.

Lime should be applied with a broad-
cast lime spreader or with a fertil-
izer distributor which is so construct-
ed as to insure an even distribution of
the material. It should be applied
after the land has been plowed, and
preferably, after it has been harrowed
once. It is highly important, particu-
larly if hydrated or burnt lime is used,
that it be harrowed into the soil as
soon as possible. It should never be
left on the surface over night or dur-
ing a storm.

Lime and fertilizer should not be
mixed together before their applica-
tion. Each should be applied separ-
ately and be thoroughly harrowed into
the soil, except in cases where the
fertilizer is applied with the fertilizer
attachment of a grain drill, a com or
potato planter. If large amounts of
lime are mixed with a fertilizer con-
taining soluble phosphoric acid, it
causes considerable of the phosphoric
acid to change back to an insoluble
state. It is always well to apply the
lime, if possible, at least a week or
two previous to the application of the
fertilizer and to the time of planting.

How to Apply Fertilizer for Various
Crops.
When fertilizer is applied with any
broadcaster, do not fail to make appli-
cation just previous to the last har-
rowing.

When fertilizer attachment of grain
drill is recommended (except where
small grains are drilled in rows) al-
ways remove the conductor tube or
hose pipe from the foot of the furrow
opener. Hang a board below the
open tubes or hose pipes allowing the
fertilizer to drop on this board. The
constant shiaking of the drill dis-
tributes the fertilizer evenly. The
hoes or disks on the grain drill will
help fit the seed bed and work the
fertilizer into the soil.

Corn — 200 to 400 Pounds Per Acre.

1. Apply two-thirds through the fer-
tilizer attachment of the grain drill
er through the fertilizer attachment of
the com planter, distributing it in a
continuous stream along the row since
the continuous stream along the row
is preferable to checking.

2. Two-thirds through a broadcast
lime and fertilizer distributor or sower
and the remainder through the com
planter fertilizer attachment.

3. All through the fertilizer attach-
ment on the grain drill or all through
a broadcast lime and fertilizer dis-
tributor.

4. If 125 pounds or less per acre are
used, apply all through the fertilizer
attachment on the com planter.

Silage Corn — 300 to 500 pounds per
acre. (Apply the same as for field
com.)

Sweet Corn — 600 to 1,000 pounds per
acre. (Applications same as for field
corn.)

Pop Corn — (Amounts and applica-
tions same as for field com.)
Potatoes — 600 to 1,000 pounds per acre.

1. Apply all but 300 pounds through
the fertilizer attachment of the grain
drill and the remainder through the
fertilizer attachment on the potato
planter.

2. Apply 300 to 700 pounds through a
broadcast fertilizer distributor and 300
pounds through the fertilizer attach-
ment on the potato planter.

3. All through the grain drill fertil-
izer attachment.

4. All through the broadcast lime
and fertilizer distributor.

5. If under 300 pounds per acre, ap-
ply all through the fertilizer attach-
ment of the potato planter.
Wheat, Oats, Barley and Rye— 200 to

400 pounds per acre.
1. Apply all through the fertilizer
attachment of the grain drill at time
of seeding.

36

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

2. Apply all through broadcast lime
and fertilizer distributor previous to
drilling.

Flax — 150 to 200 pounds per acre —
(Applications same as for wheat.)

Spring Top-dressing of Winter
Wheat and Rye — 200 to 300 pounds per
acre. (This should be done as early
in spring as possible.)

1. Apply all through a broadcast
lime and fertilizer distributor.

2. Apply all through the fertilizer
attachment of the wheat drill, running
disks about one inch deep which will
cultivate the crop and work the fer-
tilizer into the soil.

Tomatoes, Cabbage and Similar Trans-
planted Truck Crops — 500 to 700

Pounds Per Acre.
If setting by hand there is no too)
so useful as the potato planter with
a fertilizer attachment. It will open
the furrow, mark the rows and scatter
the fertilizer evenly.

1. Apply all but 200 pounds per acre
through the grain drill fertilizer at-
tachment and scatter a handful (total-
ing 200 pounds per acre) around each
plant after it is set, thoroughly mixing
fertilizer with the soil.

2. Apply all but 200 pounds with the
broadcast distributor applying re-

Puttlng on a Nice Crown.

N.B. — Do not fail to harrow with a
disk grass seeder (with which clover
or grass seed can be sown at same
operation) weeder or adjustable har-
row, throwing teeth back at an angle
of 45 degrees. The harrowing mixes
the fertilizer with the soil and breaks
the crust, thereby conserving soil
moisture. On light soils, follow the
application with a roller.

Soy Beans, Cow Peas and Other For-
age Crops — 300 to 500 Pounds
Per Acre.

1. Apply through fertilizer attach-
ment of the grain drill or whatever
other seeding machine or planter you
use.

2. If your seeding machine or planter
has no fertilizer attachment, drill in
the fertilizer through the fertilizer at-
tachment of the grain drill.

3. Apply with a lime and fertilizer

(iistrihiitor.

mainder by hand as above.

3. Apply all with grain drill.

4. Apply all with lime and fertilizer
distributor.

5. If applying less than 600 pounds
per acre, partition off the hopper of
the grain drill fertilizer attachment 80
that three feeds can be used which
will scatter fertilizer evenly on sides
and bottom of trench or row.

6. "VMien very light applications are
to be made and rows are of standard
width, the fertilizer attachment on the
com and similar planters can be util-
ized in marking out the field and In
distributing the fertilizer in the rows
at the same time.

7. On gardens and small areas or
where especially early maturity or ex
cellent quality are desired, hand ap-
plications in rows or about hills may
be made.

8. When grown in the field and no
other distributor is available, the fer-

SOILS AND CROPS.

87

tilizer may be scattered by hand and
worked very thoroughly into the soiL

Onions (seeded) — 800 to 1,000 Pounds
Per Acre.

1. Apply two-thirds through the fer-
tilizer attachment of the grain drill
and the remainder through the fertil-
izer attachment on the onion seeder
at the time of drilling.

2. Apply twQ-thirds through broad-
cast fertilizer distributor and the re-
mainder through the onion seeder at-
tachment.

3. Apply all through the fertilizer
attachment of the grain drill,

4. Apply all through lime and fertil-
izer distributor.

5. If not more than 600 pounds per

Top-Dressing Clover, Timothy, Alfalfa,

Millet and Grass Stands — 200 to

500 Pounds Per Acre.

1. Apply through a broadcast lime
and fertilizer distributor.

2. Apply through the fertilizer at-
tachment of the disk grain drill. Set
disks shallow.

N.B. — RoU and harrow lightly or
harrow alone with disk grass seeder,
spike tooth harrow or weeder. On
alfalfa, you may use a spring tooth
or special alfalfa harrow.

Seeding Clover, Timothy, Alfalfa and
Other Grasses — 200 to 300 Pounds

Per Acre.
1. Apply with broadcast distributor

followed by a disk grass seeder.

Cleaning up the Furrow.

acre, apply all through onion seeder
attachment.

6. If but a small area and you have
none of the above machinery, you may
scatter by hand, working weU in the
soil before planting.

7. Scatter between rows- when onions
are up, working in well by cultiva-
tion.

Orchards — 800 to 1,000 Pounds Per
Acre.

1. Apply through fertilizer attach-
ment of one-horse five-hoe or five-disk
grain drill or drill made for orchard
work.

2. Apply all through a broadcast dis-
tributor.

Special fertilizer orchard drills are
made in various sizes for this pur-
pose.

2. Apply through fertilizer attach-
ment of grain drill at time of seeding

Rape — 200 to 400 Pounds Per Acre.
— Application had best be made same
as for wheat.

If the rape is drilled in rows and
cultivated, part of the fertilizer may
be applied to the rows by using fer-
tilizer attachment on com or any
small seed planter or by stopping up
part of the holes in fertilizer attach-
ment on the grain drill.

Beans and Peas — 300 to 500 Pounds
Per Acre.

1. Drill beans and apply the fertilizer
at the same time using an 11-hoe grain
drill, drilling the beans through the
2nd, 6th and 10th hoes only, but stop-
ping up the fertilizer tubes correspond-

38

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

ing to these hoes. Allow the fertilizer
to be distributed through the 1st, 3rd,
5th, 7th, 9th and 11th hoes only, stop-
ping up both grain and fertilizer feeds
on the 4th and 8th hoes. This dis-
tributes the fertilizer only through the
hoes on either side of the ones carry-
ing the beans and not directly with the
beans.

2. If you do not have a grain drill
with a fertilizer attachment or if you
plant with a corn or other planter,
apply the fertilizer broadcast at least
a week before planting beans.

Sugar Beets — 300 to 600 Pounds Per
Acre. (Same analysis as potatoes.)

1. Apply all the fertilizer through
the fertilizer attachment of the beet
drill at time of planting.

2. Apply all the fertilizer with the
fertilizer attachment of the grain drill
or a broadcast lime and fertilizer dis-
tributor.

Tobacco — 400 to 1,000 Pounds Per
Acre.

1. Best put 200 pounds under plant
in row or hill with the fertilizer at-
tachment of the potato planter and
apply the remainder with the fertilizer
attachment on the grain drill previous
to planting.

2. Put 200 pounds in rows or hills
and apply the remainder with a broad-
cast fertilizer distributcfr.

3. Apply all through fertilizer at-
tachment of the grain drill.

4. Apply all with broadcast lime and
fertilizer sower.

5. Apply by hand.

A very light application scattered
within a one foot radius of each plant
will result in a quicker start.

Fertilizing Tobacco Beds. — Beds
should be fertilized at the rate of 1,000
pounds per acre or 6 pounds per
square rod. Apply by hand scatter-
ing as evenly as possible and make
certain to work it thoroughly into the
soil.

Lettuce, Table Beets, Parsnips, etc. —
1,000 to 2,000 Pounds Per Acre.

1. Apply all but 250 pounds per acre
through the fertilizer attachment of
the grain drill, a broadcast distributor
or by any other method, applying the
rest through the fertilizer attachment
of the hand planter at time of seed-
ing.

2. Apply all through the fertilizer
attachment of the grain drill, the
broadcast distributor or by any other
method.

3. If applying under 300 pounds per
acre, apply all through the fertilizer
attachment of the planter.

4. If a small garden area, you may
scatter by hand.

Strawberries. — 600 to 1,500 Pounds
Per Acre. — Before setting plants, if a
fair-sized area.

1. Apply 300 pounds with fertilizer
attachment of grain drill, and balance
in frequent hand applications.

2. Apply 300 pounds through lime
and fertilizer distributor and balance
in frequent hand applications.

N.B. — Never top-dress strawberries
in spring.

Cucumbers, Melons, Etc. — 500 to 700
Pounds Per Acre.

1. Apply all but 300 pounds through
the fertilizer attachment of the grain
drill or through broadcast distributor,
then work 150 pounds thoroughly into
the hill before planting and apply re-
mainder in one or two applications
within one month after planting.

Grapes — 600 to 1,200 Pounds Per
Acre. Blackberries, Raspberries, Cur-
rants, Gooseberries — 300 to 600 Pounds
Per Acre. — Before setting —

1. Apply with fertilizer attachment
of grain drill.

2. Apply with broadcast lime and
fertilizer distributor.

3. Apply scattering by hand.

Calculating Manure Production.

Question: How much mantrre can
I produce on my farm? I want to
know, because I want to supplement
what I lack, either by producing more
or else by using commercial fertiliz-
ers.

Answer: About half of the fodder
eaten by cattle is digested, and the
other half is excreted in the form of
manure. Fresh dung is made up of
one-quarter dry matter and three-
quarters water, and this means that to
calculate the manure a cattle will
make one-half the dry substance in the
fodder fed must be multiplied by four.
Therefore, divide the dry substance in
the fodder by 2, add to this the weight
of the litter and multiply this by 4.

Example: How much fresh manure
is produced by feeding 10 tons of
meadow hay and 4 tons of oat straw,
while using 4 tons extra straw for
litter.

10 tons meadow hay

=4X85% =81/^ tons dry substance

SOILS AND CROPS.

39

4 tons straw
=4X85%= 3.4 tons dry substance

11.9

4 tons litter
=4X85% =3.40 tons dr>' substance
11.9 divided by 2, then mxiltiply rp-

sult by 4. This equals 37.4 tons of

fresh manure.

To Apply Solubles

Soluble manures, such as nitrate,
guano, etc., should be applied to the
land in spring; undissolved manures,
such as phosphates, slag, etc., in
autumn. Soluble manures, again,
suit heavy land; while undissolved
varieties, whole bone, and the like,
give best results on light soils. Dung
may be plowed in in autumn on
heavy land, but kept over till Spring
on the lighter lands; on grass should
be applied as a top-dressing in
autumn on all varieties of land. The
soil has great retentive power for
phosphates and potash, but nitro-
genous material easily decomposes,
and the resultant nitrates wash out.
Little at a time and more frequent
dressings is therefore a good rule to
follow in all manures, but especially
with the nitrogenous — nitrate of
soda, for instance, giving better re-
sults if put twice on a crop.

Fertilizer Act.

The law of the Fertilizer Act is
stated as follows: All material ex-
cepting farmyard manure must be
sold according to guarantee. The
form of guarantee is as follows:

1. Name of brand.

2. Registration number.

3. Name and address of manufac-
turer.

4. Analysis as guaranteed by the
manufacturer which shall show the
percentage protein, fat and fibre,
persentage nitrogen, phosp. and
potash.

Any purchaser may have an analy-
sis made by the Department of In-
land Revenue at a fee of |1.00.
Samples must be taken in conformity
with the regulations. For informa-
tion write the Deputy Minister of In-
land Revenue, Ottawa.

Determination of Fertilizer Needs.

A chemical analysis is of little
value in determining just what ele-
ment of growth your soil may be lack-

ing in. A practical experiment is a
sure method to find the need of a
particular crop or a particular soil.

Mark out five % acre plots and pro-
ceed as follows:

Plot 1. No fertilizer.

Plot 2. Complete fertilizer (phos-
phoric acid, potash, nitrogen).

Plot 3. Phosphoric acid and nitro-
gen.

Plot 4. Phosphoric acid and potash.

Plot 5. 5«'itrogen and potash.

Then plant your crop under same
conditions in each of these plots and
watch results.

Rules to be Observed in Purchasing
Artificial Fertilizers

The purchaser ought always to de-
mand a guarantee of the percentage
contents of the various fertilizing
Ingredients in the fertilizer, as well
as of the materials used as a source
of the same. In nitrate of soda and
sulphate of ammonia, the nitrogen
content will have to be guaranteed.
In basic slag, of the total phosphoric
acid, 80 per cent, ought to be soluble
in citrate solution. The potash salts,
both muriate and sulphate, contain
50 per cent, actual potash, and when
purchased in the original sacks (225
lbs.), with lead seal attached, the
purchaser may be confident that the
goods are genuine.

Type of Subsoil Plow.

Never Mix

Farmyard manure and lime.
Guano and lime.
Guano and basic slag.
Nitrate and superphosphate.
Sulphates and slag.
Superphosphate and slag.
Lime with sulphate of ammonia.

40

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Artificial Fertilizer Losses.

Where a farmer's system of man-
agement does not provide suflBcient
stable manure to meet the require-
ments of the soil, or there are fields
where barnyard manure cannot be ap-
plied, the use of animal and chemical
fertilizers is to be recommended.
Such materials as dried blood, tank-
age and finely ground bone meal and
potassium fertilizers will benefit a
variety of soils and make valuable
fields that would be otherwise useless.
When bone meal is of a reliable char-
acter there is no cheaper source of
nitrogen and phosphoric acid.
Indirect Fertilizers.

Indirect fertilizers are those which
do not in themselves supply plant
food, but whose chief value depends
upon the ability they possess of
changing the insoluble and unavail-
able potash and phosphoric acid into
available forms.

Gypsum lime, common salt, are of
this nature- These should be used in
moderatioL. One to one-half tons per
acre at intervals of five to six years
would be a safe application of lime.
Direct Fertilizers.

There are those which contribute
directly to the growth of plants. They
may contain either nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid or potash, or all or any
two of these.

Nitrogen fertilizers, nitrate of
soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried

■:»■-

blood and calcium cyanamlde, are the
most important and pure.

Potash, muriate of potash and sul-
phate of "potash. Former contains
50% and latter Z5"/o potash. Both
are soluble and immediately avail-
able.

Phosphatic, ground rock and super-
phosphate are those most readily
available.

Thomas phosphate, bone meal,
bone ash, bone black, meat scrap,
tankage, are materials containing
more than one nutrient and their
value, whilst not Immediate, will
spread over a fairly large period of
time when" made available by the ac-
tion of the soil acids. Therefore it
is reasonable to believe that an appli-
cation of fertilizers, giving different
sources of the same needed element,
and thus becoming available at a dif-
ferent period of growth, will have a
good and valuable effect on the grow-
ing crop.

To obtain this result, the fertilizers
made up of the by-products of
slaughter houses, etc., in Canada will
produce favorable results. Purchased
from reliable firms, animal fertilizers
living up to the professed analysis
have good value for the purchaser,
and where their presence is needed
are to be lecommended.

Mineral fertilizers such as potash,
nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, etc.,
are all beneficial and reliable.

::y ;\::-} ■■[:■■■■:]■■ •.■'■i^r^^^^;^^^

This Illustrates the value of using diff erent sources of same element needed
In fertility, thus giving plant food throu ghout growing season.

SOILS AND CROPS.

41

Practice of Farm Drainage.

Many of the farm lands in Canada
are well drained naturally, but others
are low lying and must be partly or
entirely artific^ly underdrained, or
else remain w^ and otherwise incap-
able of full production. The practice
of underdraining is now receiving bet-
ter attention than heretofore, but
many farmers are not availing them-
selves of its benefits for two chief
reasons: (1) Lack of sufficient know-
ledge of drainage operations; (2) in-
sufficient knowledge of the cost.

Again, there are lands that are so
constituted physically as not to need
artificial draining. The following are
the chief costs for vnderdrainage:
Cost of Drainage (Ontario.)

The cost of drainage varies with the
conditions. With convenient outlet,
clean soil, in the early summer while
the earth is still soft, drains can be
put in at from 30 to 40 cents a rod,
tile included, but later in the summer
or in digging that is difficult from the
nature of the soil, they may cost any-
where from 50 to 75 cents. PracticfU
ditchers sometimes charge even mor<'
than this, but these estimates are
based on operations of which we have
actual knowledge. We know of one
ten-acre field being drained four rods
apart at a total cost of $14.50 an acre.
Previous to this it was the wettest
field on the farm, was never sown
earlier than June, never gave more
than a half crop, and often not that,
and would grow only timothy and oats.
Since being drained it is the second
driest field on the farm, has never
but once been sowed later than April,
always gives a full crop, and wili
grow successfully anything that can
be grown on the high land of the farm.
It is a pleasure to work the field now.
If the reader will just figure out the
difference in value between a half
cfop of oats or timothy and a full
crop of wheat or other grain, he will
find that those drains were not long m
paying for themselves. This drainage
was done twelve or fifteen years ago
when labor was cheaper than now, but
on the other hand the drains were put
closer together than most soils de-
mand. Perhaps $17 to $20 per acre
would fairly represent the cost per
acre, in average conditions at the
present time. — Drainage Department.
Guelph, Ont.

Depth and Distance Apart,

A mistake that some often make Is
that of putting their drains too shal-
low. This arises from not understand-
ing fully the action and function of
the drain. To begin with, why is it
necessary to drain? Because the roots
of plants cannot live and thrive in soil
containing excessive water. This
being so, we must next ask how deep
do the roots naturally go in the soil
where the conditions as to drainage
are perfect? If they go six inches
only, then it is sufficient to drain our
soil on the surface alone. If they go
three feet deep, then for best results
we must drain three feet deep. But,
again, how deep do they go? This
varies somewhat with the crop, but
the roots of com, winter wheat, oats,
barley and clover, some of our staple
crops, penetrate at least from three
to four feet in average field conditions.
Then how deep should we drain? PYom
three to four feet in order that the
roots of these crops may have full op-
portunity to penetrate the soil. It
may be suggested that two feet would
be sufficient for the early needs of the
crop, and that as the season advanced
the water would naturally recede far-
ther below, thus giving the roots
plenty of space. This argument would
have sdbie weight but for one fact:
the "water-table" in drained land is
not level, but curved. If, in a field
that is underdrained, one were to dig
a series of holes four feet deep every
ten feet between two drains, and if
after a heavy rain he were to ob-
serve the water in the holes for a
day or two, he woiJd find that In a
very short time no water remained in
the hole at either drain, but the one
situated midway between the drains
would stand full for a long time, and
the others would have less and less
in them as he approached the drains,
thus showing that the water-table is a
curved surface, beginning at either
di-ain and rising between. How fast
does it rise? That varies with the soil
and with the time since rain. In a
clay in fairly good condition, when
flow in drains begins to lessen, it will
be found that the water rises 1 foot In
about 25: in loam, 1 foot in 33; lA
lighter soils the rise will be slower
still. The closer the drains are to-
gether the less the height of the crest

42

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

of the water-fable above the drains;
the farther apart, the higher the crest ;
hence the closer the drains are to-
gether the shallower they may be; the
farther they are apart, the deeper they
must be. The depth and distance
apart must be so chosen that midway
between the drains the soil will be
drained a foot and a half or two feet
within forty-eight hours after rain, for
if the roots are submerged longer than
this, they begin to suffer. zVpnlying
the gradients of 1 foot in 25 for clay
and 1 foot in 33 for loam, we arrive at
the general conclusion that if drains
are from 3 to 3^^ feet deep, they
should be placed from 50 to tJ6 feet
apart in clay ox clay loam, and from
75 to 100 feet apart in lighter soils.
But this is only a genertil conclusion,
and judgment must be used in each
Individual case.

Course of Proceaure Under the Ditches
and Watercourses Act.

Before any recourse is haa to legal
procedure, the parties concerned in a
drain affecting two or more owners
should get together informally and en-
deavor to agree on some apportion
ment of the labor and expense of con-
struction and maintenance. ^Yhen
such meeting and agreement are not
possible, then legal proceedings be-
come necessary. The first legal step
in the adjustment of a dispute about
drainage matters is the formal callin*?
of a meeting of all parties interested.
This meeting is to be called by him
who requires the construction of the
drain. He must serve notices in writ-
ing upon all concerned, appointing a
day, hour and place convenient to the
site of the ditch, at which all the
owners are to meet and estimate the
cost of the ditch, and agree if possible
upon the apportionment of the work,
and supply of material for construc-
tion among the several owners accord-
ing to their respective interests
therein, and settle the proportions
in which the ditch shall be main-
tained; the notices shall be served
not less than twelve clear days before
the time named therein for meeting
(R.S.O., 1897, c 285, s. 8.)

Blank forms for the notices are
given in the Act, a copy of which maj
be had from the clerk of the munici-
pality. Notices may be served person-
ally or by leaving them at the place
of the owner or occupant, with a
i?rown-up person residing thereat, and

in case of non-residents then upon the
agent of the owner, or by registered
letter to the- owner at the post office
nearest to his last known place of
residence. (R.S.O. 1897, c. 285, s. 15.)
In case an agreement is arrived at,
it shall be reduced tc^ writing, signed
by all the owners, and within six days
be filed with the clerk of the munici-
pality, when it becomes as binding as
the award of an engineer, and may
be enforced in like manner (R.S.O. .
c. 285, s. 13 (1). But such amicable
settlement at this stage will seldom
need enforcement, as the parties
thereto will, of their own accord, ful-
fil their parts, and no further proceed-
ings will be necessary.

In case an agreement is not arrived
at, either at the meeting or within five
days thereafter, then the owner re-
quiring the ditdh may file with the
clerk of the municipality a declara-
tion of ownership of his land and also
a requisition naming all the parcels
of land to be affected by the ditch and
the respective owners thereof, and re-
questing that the engineer appointed
by the municipality be asked to ap-
point a time and place in the locality
of the proposed ditch at which he will
attend (R.S.O. 1897, c. 285, s. 14), and
examine the locality; and if he deems
it proper, or if requested by any of the
owners, he may examine the owners
and their witnesses present, and may
administer an oath or affirmation to
any witness examined by him (R.S.O
1897, c 285, s. 16 (1). Within thirty
days after his attendance the engineer
will make his award in writing, appor-
tioning the work and the furnishing of
the material among the lands affected
and the owners thereof, according to
his estimate of their respective inter-
ests in the ditch, fixing the time for
the performance by the respective
owners, and apportioning the main-
taining of the ditch, so that as far as
practicable each owner shall maintain
the portion on his own land. (R.S.O.
1897, c. 285, s. 16 (1). In case the
work apportioned to any owner- is not
completed in the allotted time, the en-
gineer may let the contract for its
performance to the lowest bidder, the
expense chargeable to the land of the
defaulting owner. (R.S.O. 1897, c. 285,
s. 28.)

Thus we see that a man is bound

to give outlet for the natural' drainage

^ water from his neighbor's farm, and,

-*^not only so, he is liable for cost of

SOILS AND CROPS.

43

construction and maintenance in pro-
portion to the benefit he may be ad-
judged by the engineer to derive from
the drain. The man who requires the

outlet must not forget, however, that
he, too, is liable for outlet expense in
proportion to his interest in said out-
let.

Table of Size of Tile Pipe of Main Drain (McConnell).

Fall.

Acres Drained.

3-inch

4-inch

6-inch

8-inch

10-inch

12-inch

tile.

tile.

tile.

tile.

Ule.

tile.

1 foot in

20 ...

18.6

26.8

74.4

150.0

270.0

426.0

30 ...

15.1

21.8

60.4

128.0

220.8

346.0

1

40 ...

12.9

18.6

51.6

108.8

189.6

298.4

1

50 ...

11.9

17.0

47.7

98.0

170.4

269.0

1

60 ...

10.9

15.6

43.4

90.0

156.0

246.0

1

70 ...

10.0

14.5

39.9

83.0

144.4

228.1

1

80 ...

9.3

13.4

37.2

77.0

135.0

213.0

1 "

90 ...

8.1

12.6

35.0

72.5

127.0

200.5

1

100 ...

7.3

11.9

33.1

69.2

120.6

190.5

150 . . .

6.7

9.5

26.6

56.0

97.3

154.4

200 ...

5.7

8.2

22.8

48.0

83.9

132.5

250 . . .

5.1

7.5

20.4

42.4

74.4

117.0

300 . . .

4.6

6.9

18.4

38.2

65.5

107.0

1

400 ...

4.1

5.9

16.5

32.6

60.3

90.7

1

500 ...

3.7 *

5.2

14.8

30.1

54.0

81.6

600 . . .

3.3

4.7

13.3

28.0

48.6

74.0

soo . . .

2.9

4.1

11.4

24.0

41.9

65.0

1000 . . .

2.6

3.7

10.2

21.2

37.2

56.0

1 "

1500 ...

2.1

3.0

8.5

16.8

30.8

47.0

1 "

2000 ...

1.9

2.8

7.4

15.0

25.0

40.8

Suppose a man has 12 acres to drain and the slope of his main is 1 foot in
600, then we look down the list of falls till we find 1 foot in 600 and follow
this line to the right. A 3-inch tile would not do; it drains only 3.3 acres. A
4-inch tile drains only 4.7 acres. A 5-inch tile, not given, but probably drains
about 7 to 9 acres. A 6-inch tile fills the bill, as it is capable of draining 13.3
acres. The size to use for any other slope is determined in the same way.
This rule applies to the submains and laterals as well as to mains. Owing to
the great amount of friction in small tile compared with the volume of water
they can carrj^ they are much more likely to clog with sediment than are the
larger ones, so much so indeed that a 2-inch tile should never be used except
on a steep grade. They are almost sure to clog in time on a slow grade.

Machine Ditching.

Machine ditching in farm under-
drainage work has come to stay, but
unfortunately not enough attention has
been paid to the possibilities of in-
creased agricultural profits in these
valuable assistants and labor-savers in
reclaiming and improving farm prop-
erty. There are several good reason.^
why more machines are not in opera-
tion, and to mention a few of these
will not be out of place. First, a trac-
tion ditcher is a very expensive ma-
chine; second, it is a very complicated
piece of machinery; and third, to op-
erate one successfully a good mechanic
is required; one who is gifted with a

saving sense of humor, much patience,
and who is constantly on the alert to
avoid trouble. Experience is practi-
cally the only teacher in this business.
The modern gasoline traction
ditcher of reliable make is a wonder
of efficiency, power and mechanism,
built to stand almost anything, yet re-
quiring delicate handling to avoid
trouble. Owing to the number of op-
erations performed at one time a large
number of bearings, pulleys and
sprocket wheels are necessary, and
these require constant attention to
keep bolts tight and bearings and
chains well oiled. A book would be

44

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

required to enumerate the various
snags a beginner will encounter, so it
is not possible to go into details here.
The machine, though weighing several
tons, will travel over the softest
ground, and the writer has ditched and
made a good job in absolutely new
land, between stumps and over hills
and hummocks of varying size. Tree
roots cause no trouble, neither do old
logs, no matter how large or tough,
and even buried pine stumps, the
toughest of all, can be torn out with-
out the least trouble. However, lest
readers might imagine that nothing
causes a stop, it is well to mention a
very bad enemy to these machines —
boulders and large stones. Through-
out Wellington, Bruce and Grey coun-
ties there are few places where stones
are not encountered, and even if they
cannot be seen quite often a big fel-
low is unearthed three feet be-
low the surface. Stones increase the
cost of ditching by fully 25 per cent.,
and for this reason prices in stony dis-
tricts are often rather high. However,
stones do not prevent work, and good
work being done at that, but very ma-
terially increase the difficulties of the
operator. Wherever stones are likely
to be encountered only the heaviest
type 6f machine can be used with suc-
cess; others will prove a heart-break.
The writer has operated a 20 horse-
power 5V2' X 8' machine for several
seasons in stones quite successfully.

The gross cost of operating one of
these machines is very hard to give
accurat#ly to suit all conditions. How-
ever, the writer will give his experi-
ence in hard, dry, and sometimes
stoney ground for the season of 1914.
The total, per rod, allowing for gaso-
liner repairs, oil, wages, depreciation
of machine, and interest on money,
etc., was 25c for an average depth of
three feet. This, of course, allows for
no profit for the owner. Experience,
larger jobs and better digging, reduce
this cost very considerably, but the
owner must not calculate too closely
on his estimates, for if there is not one
thing there is another. Mother Earth
is full of surprises a few feet below
the ground surface. Machines equipped
with caterpillar traction wheels are
very slow movers, and consequently
small jobs far apart are not profitable,
owing to the cost of moving. Until
farmers realize that the cost of ma-
chine work is very largely increased
by much moving, there will not be

much reduction in prices, which are
now 35c. per rod for a 3-foot ditch.
With government aid at their hand
there is no excuse for farmers not
making their jobs a good size, when
they have it to do, and thereby saving
money for themselves and increasing
the profit to the machine ditcher.
Hand labor does not figure much in
underdrainage work, except in some lo-
calities. When the excellence of ma-
chine work becomes thoroughly recog-
nized the professional ditcher will lose
his job. Particularly at this crisis in
national affairs is machine work so
necessary. Every available man from
the country districts has been called
to the colors, and if it wasn't for the
machines very little underdraining
would be done until the war is over.
Laying aside the labor consideration
the great value of the traction ditcher
lies in the fact that with it a large
tract can be underdrained in a very
short time which otherwise would
take months or even years of hard
labor. The farmer is thus enabled to
reap the benefit of this reclaimed land
the next season and thereafter, where-
as if he depended on hand labor it
might never be done or would take
years to realize the same profit if
waiting to have it done by hand. In
the writer's experience work done by
hand is often poorly graded and much
too shallow to be really efficient.

In the future practically all ditching
operations in Ontario will be done by
machinery, and as farmers become
more educated to the value of under-
draining these machines will fill a
very large place in agricultural work.
Therefore, it behooves those who have
a large amount of such work to do to
investigate for themselves, and if they
have the necessary capital and can
handle the machine to invest in one,
feeling confident that it will do the
work and do it right.— A. Hutchinson.

Steep Mouldboard Plow.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

45

ORCHARD AND GARDEN

THAT REMINDS ME!
January.

Get the idea of a better garden this
year. Don't plant more than you can
care for.

Make a careful study of fertilizers,
sprays and varieties.

Seeds to sow in the greenhouse or
house are: Lobelia, pansy, verbena,
marguerite, carnation, snap dragon,
petunia, forget-me-nots, daisy, salvia,
canna.

Harvest the ice crop this month.

Top dress the bare lawn with short
manure.

Don't let the indoor work be neg-
lected.

Cut your scions for spring grafting,
and cut always from bearing wood.
Pack in moist sand in the cellar.

Plan your garden on paper and draw
to a scale.

February.

Sow now in flat boxes in the win-
dow. For the autumn, scarlet sage or
salvia. To fill gaps in the perennial
border, single dahlias. For hanging
baskets, the cigar plant. For May
bloom indoors. Ten weeks stock. To
cover the permanent bulb beds after
the spring flowers have gone, ver-
benas. For edging the walks, tufted
pansies.

For a trailing vine for window
boxes, variegated periwinkle.

For an annual porch vine to fill in
early, coboea seanders.

For big color mass in September,
plant now cosmos.

For summer bed on north side, tub-
erous begonias. For fresh vegetables
in May, sow in hot-bed: Cauliflower,

RENNIE'S

GARDEN
SEED

BOOK

Ready

Toniio«*v7 1 of ^'•^^^s ^^^ Bulbs. You need it,
January ISl for free copy — to-day.

For 47 years the leading authority on
Vegetable, Flower and Farm Seeds,

Send

For
1916

It describes more than 1,500 of the best variety of Vegetables, Flowers,
Shrubs, Vines, Fruits, and hardy plants suitable for all parts of Canada —
scores of varieties of Asters, Pansies, Petunias, Phlox, Sweet Peas,
climbing and dwarf Roses, Dahlias, Gladiolus, Paeonies, and Phlox Plants,
etc., for beautifying the home grounds.

WM. RENNIE CO., Limited

Adelaide and Jarvis St.,

TORONTO

ALSO AT

190 McGIII St., Montreal

394 Portage Ave., Winnipeg

1138 Homer St., Vancouver

46

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

khol rabi, lettuce, radish, leeks and
onions.

Start early celery about the 15th in
hot-beds.

March.

Haul out and spread manure in the
garden whilst the ground is still
frozen.

Order your seeds, trees, tools, etc.,
now and avoid the late rush.

Dig out perennial weeds in the lawn
and sow fresh seed in the bare spots.

Graft apple and pear trees, cut off
strawberry runners, and for the win-
ter mulch of manure.

Manure rhubarb and asparagus.

Trim out old berry canes, cut out all
wood except last year's new growth.

Overhaul your implements.

Consult spray calendar.

Plant late celery in hot-beds not
later than the 15th.

April.

Plant deciduous trees and shrubs.

Plant hardy roses about the 25th,
pruning rather severely.

As soon as ground can be worked
plant sweet and garden peas. Use
sifted ashes to make the garden work-
able.

Uncover and rake the bulb beds.

Sow seeds of hardy vegetables, all
except beans, corns, vines and the to-
mato family.

Plant onion sets and early potatoes.

Transplant hardy vegetables from
cold frame to garden, especially cab-
bage and cauliflower.

Divide and rearrange perennials and
share with your neighbor.

Take particular care of the hot beds
and cold frames, on account of sud-
den showers, hail, frost, heat and cold.
It takes careful watching to prevent
spindly plants, drying and burning.

Start cannas out of doors by April
1st, and the early crop of gladiolas
and dahlias.

Spray roses with whale oil soap the
last of April.

May.

Look out for frost! Don't plant ten-
der vegetables or bedding plants until
after the latest frost date. The tender
vegetables are: com, beans, eggplant,
cucumbers, melons, peppers, okra,
pumpkin, squash, sweet potato and to-
matoes.

PerhapB try a few hills of corn the

beginning of the month for the extra
early crop, and if frost threatens cover
up with newspapers.

Trust to the cold frame for early
vegetables.

Take a look to the spray calendar in
this chapter. The apples and pears
need attention.

June.

Make an outdoor seed bed and sow.
vegetables and flowers for fall use.
Put brush on the beds, to keep off
the chickens, etc. Lay newspapers
over the top and sprinkle every day
until the plants are up.

Pot strawberry runners before July
1st, to get plants for fall sets.

Keep the hoes and cultivators busy.

Thin, weed and cultivate vegetables
and flowers.

Get after the cut worms with pois-
oned bran mash. Keep out the chick-
ens. Make a second sowing of annu-
als, marigolds, phlox, calliopsis, Cali-
fornia poppy, zinneas, pansies, nas-
turtiums, candytuft, mignonette. Trim
the hedges. Plant dahlias and gladi-
oli. Prune all shrubs that are done
flowering by thinning out old wood.
Look to the bad spots and weeds in
the lawn.

July.

Get after the weeds in the heat of
the day.

Pinch the ends of the squash and
melon vines, and dig in some un-
leached wood ashes. Potash is the
most needy fruit making element.

Destroy strawberry plants after
they have borne two crops. Pot run-
ners before July 1st.

Don't pick the cherries when they
are dewy or rainy.

Remove the suckers from the fruit
trees as fast as they form.

To obtain a record crop of roses cut
back the hybrid perpetuals after the
June bloom is over. Cultivate and
manure, cut back about six inches.

Pinch chrysanthemums, cosmos
and dahlias, make them compact, and
full of flowers.

Get busy looking up your bulbs.

August.

Buy your potted strawberry -plants.
Your seedsman should be able to sup-
ply a midsummer sales list.

Start perennials from seed. Sow in
cold frame.

Plant evergreens to avoid the spring
rush. See that they have a perfect

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

47

PEDLARS' Famous " George "
ShiBgles, size 24x24 inches

Pedlar's "PERFECT" Products for Permanent Farm Construction

Farm Building materials can be no better than the brains with which
they are built. In each one of

PEDLAR'S "PERFECT" PRODUCTS f

you use on your farm buildings or home, you have the benefit of fifty-
five years in making sheet metal building materials for the farm.

Pedlar's "George" or "Oshawa" lock on all four sides make a Water
Proof, Lightning Proof, Storm Proof, and Fire Proof Roof for your barns
or outbuildings.

"Perfect" Corrugated Iron Siding makes a permanent covering for the
sides of your buildings.

Pedlar's "Superior" Ventilators provide for ample ventilation in your
barns at a moderate price.

Pedlar's "Perfect" Granaries provide safe storage for your grains,
besides being in portable fireproof sections easily erected at any part
of your farm.

Pedlar's "Perfect" Silo Roof, made in two styles — Single Pitch and
Hip Roof — are supplied complete with wood rafters and metal covering,
Gothic Window and Blower Hole, supplied with each silo as part of
equipment.

Ask us to send the C. F. Pamphlets on each of these lines, which bring
you much valuable information for farm building improvement.

Turn to the inside back cover for the announcement of Pedlar's Steel
Brace "Wardle Patent" Barn.

MADE IN CANADA.

The Pedlar People, Limited

■Established 1861.

Executive Offices and Factories. OSHAWA, ONT.

Branches: Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto. London, Winnipeg.

48

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

ball of roots. Plant bulbs out of doors
for next spring and in pots for Christ-
mas biooms.

'Sow early variety of beans twice
this month.

Salsify now sown and left untouched
until next spring will be large and
delicious.

Apple Bud Ready for Main Spraying.
September.

Clean up, bum all litter infested
with disease or insects. Get straw,
etc., ready to cover half tender plants
on approacn of frost. Clean out the
store rooms and cellars.

Take cuttings of tender bedding
plants that will give stock for propa-
gating in early spring.

Wateh for early frosts.

Glean up vines from melon beds as
soon as they are frosted.

Watch the field corn for harvesting;
also root crops, except parsnips and
salsify.

Save 20 days on next season's
onions by sowing the seed now.

Put cut your peonies and plant your
daffodils.

Sow in cover crop on all vacant
land as soon as possible. Plow heavy
soil and rich up. Manure all level
land.

October.

Good time to plant deciduous plants
and shrubs, except those with thin
barks and fleshy roots, such as the
birch, magnolia.

Cleau up and bum all diseased
plants. Keep on plowing and manur-
ing.

Plant every kind of bulb root and
tuber now.

Bum the asparagus tops and man-
ure the bed. Set out new asparagus
bed and plant sets of extra onions
for use in the spring.

Put some frozen rhubarb roots In a
tub of earth in your cellar, and pro-

duce rhubarb for pies In the winter
months.

Blanch endive by tying lightly at
the tips.

Pull up cabbage; leave roots on and
stand upside down on cellar shelf.

Rake up leaves and use as mulch
for flowers and shrubs.

November.

Clean up all diseased and insect in-
fested rubbish; put away your tools;
get everything covered up for winter.

Start the mushroom bed. Make
your compost heap. Procure sods
about three inches thick, pile in layers
of grass side down. Between layers
of sod put a layer of cow manure, one
part manure to three of sod. Turn
over twice during winter. Best soil
for potting plants. Get the leaves
ready to cover over the bulb beds, but
don't cover until there are about two
inches of frost in the ground. Cover
strawberries two to three inches deep
with hay or straw. .

December.

Protect your new fruit trees from
mice and rabbits by the use of tar
paper around the butts.

Store onions in dry place — ^not In
the cellar. Spread on bam floor, let
freeze solid and then cover.

Winter pruning and cleaning may be
done now.

Paint gypsy moth nests with creo-
sote. Cut and burn the nest of brown
tail moths and the black knot on
cherry.

Bordeaux Injury on Apple.

Cover cold frames for flowers with
straw mats and shutters at night time.

Hydrangeas in the green-house for
Easter flowering should have a night
temperature gradually increased from
45 to 65 degrees.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

49

Farmer's Best Vegetables.

Class of Veget-
able.

Aspaxagut
Bean

Beet

Brussels Sprouts.
Cabbage

Carrot

Cauliflower
Celery . • • •

Corn, sweet

Cucumber

Eggplant
Koblrabi

Leek

Lettuce

For Commercial Purposes.

Muskmelon

Melon, water
Onion

Parsley
Parsnip

Peas

Palmetto, Colossal.

Dwarf Brittle Wax, Ward
well's Kidney Wax, String
less Green Pod, Valentine,
Refugee, Large White Mar-
rowfat.

Egyptian, Crosby, Eclipse,

Long Blood.
Dalkeith.
Early Jersey Wakefield, Early

Summer, Winnlngstadt,

Late Flat Dutch, Danish

Ball Head, Red Rock, Ver-

tus Savoy.
Chanlenay, Danvers, Nantes

Scarlet Intermediate.
Snowball, Erfurt.
White Plume, Paris Golden

Yellow, Pascal.
Early White Cory. Early

Giant, Perry's Hybrid,

Countryman Gentleman.

Stoweli's Evergreen.
Early White Spine, Arlington,

Evergreen White Spine.

Early long Purple, New York
Improved.

Early White Vienna. Early
Purple Vienna.

Broad-leaved Flag, Mussel-
burgh.

Grand Rapids. Nonpareil. Big
Boston, Trianon Cos.

Extra Early Citron, Emerald
Gem, Osage, Palil Rose,
Rocky Ford.

Cuban Queen, Phinney's
Early.

Southport Globe, Yellow
Globe Danvers, Ailsa Craig,
Prizetaker, Red Wethers-
field, and for pickling, Sil-
verskln.

Triple Moss Curled.

Hollow Crown, Guernsey, El-
combe's Giant.

Extra Early, Gradus, Ameri-
can Wonder, Telephone,
Heroine. Stratas(?m, various

Marrowfats.

For Home Gardens.

Palmetto, Argenteuil, Colum-
bian.

Early Golden Wax, Ward-
well's Kidney Wax, Valen-
tine, bush kinds; Caseknife,
Kentucky Wonder, pole
beans; Henderson's Bush
Lima.

Egyptian, Crimson Globe, De-
troit Dark Red.

Dalkeith. Hoi bom.

Jersey Wakefield. Glory of
Enkhuizen, Winnlngstadt,
Succession, Late Flat
Dutch, Chester Savoy.

Oxiheart, Danvers, Chantenay.

Snowball, Dry Weather.

Same, For a pink, Rose

Ribbed Paris.

Black Mexican. Golden Ban-
tam, Peep-0-Day, Stoweli's
Evergreen.

Early White Spine, Cool and
Crisp, Improved Long
Green, Paris Pickling.

New York Improved, Black
Beauty.

Same.

Same.

Black-seeded curled Simpson,
Iceburg. Big Boston, Tria-
non Cos.

Emerald Gem, Rocky Ford.

Cole's Early, Peerless. For
citron use Colorado.

Danvers, Southport, White
Globe, Prizetaker, Whit*»
Queen. Use Dutch sets for
green onions.

Same.

Early Round, Hollow Crown.

Extra EJarly, Excelsior, Stra-
tagem, Gradus, Heroine.

50

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK. ,

Class of Veget-
able.

Pepper

Potato

Pumpkm . .
Radish

Rubaga

Rhubarb . . .

Salsify

Spinach . . .

Squash

Swiss Chard
Tomato

Turnip

iFor Commercial Purposes,

Neapolitaa, Ruby King, Chin-
ese Giant.

Early Ohio, Irish Cobbler,
Carmen, Deleware, Rural
New Yorker.

Sugar, Winter Luxury, Con-
necticut Field.

Rosy Grem, Scarlet Turnip,
rooted lor forcing, French
Breakfast, Chartier.

Hazard's Swede, Canadian
Gem,

St. Martin, Linneaus.

'Sanidwlch Islands.

Victoria Bloomsdale, Flan-
ders.

Bos'ton Marrow, various Hub-
bards, Vegetable Marrow.

Lucullus.

Earliana, Chalk's Jewel, Igno-
tum. Stone, Matchless, Tro-
phy, Plentiful.

Snowball, Early Milan.

For Home Gardens.

Neapolitan, Ruiby King.

Eureka, Early Ohio, Dela-
ware.

Sugar, Large Cheese.
Same and also Icicle.

Same. These are Swede tur-
nips for table use.

Same.

Same.

Victoria, for Spring iSowing;
New Zealand, for midsum-
mer.

Bush Scallop, Essex Hybrid,
Warted Hubbard.

Same.

Earliana, Dwarf Stone, Sun-
rise, Ponderosa, Plentiful;
also fancy kinds, like Yel-
low Pear, etc.

Snowball, Orange Jelly,

BRUCE'S DOMINANT SEEDS

Just as the British Fleet dominates the World's waters, so "BUUCE'S
SEEDS" are the dominant ones with the planter whose living depends upon
"Beal Seeds."

It will be even more apparent at this time, when many seeds are in short
supply, that there will be more . stocks offered by unreliable and inex-
perienced growers than in the past, and that houses with long establis.hed
reliable connections such as we possess will have an incalculable advantage.

Wliy take a chance, when you can buy "The Best Seeds that Grow" —
BRUCE'S — for very little more than so-called "cheap" seeds?

It costs as much to plant and care for poor seeds as good ones, and you
have very meagre, unsatisfactory results to show in return for your labor.

CHEAP SEEDS AEE DEAB IF YOU GET THEM TOB NOTHING.

Send for our 128 page Catalogue of Seeds. Plants, Bulbs, Poultry
Supplies and Garden Implements, full of valuable information, which is now
ready and will be mailed FREE to all applicants.

JOHN A. BRUCE & COMPANY, LIMITED

HAMILTON Established 1850 ONTARIO

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

51

Planting Table for Flowers

In planning the garden it is very essential to have some guide as to the
proper time to sow the seeds, and it is equally important to know the color and
the height to which the plant will grow under average conditions so that a
proper color scheme and arrangement may be worked out. The following con-
densed table is intended to serve this purpose. The selection of varieties in-
cludes the most common as well as* the most satisfactory flowers to grow. The
annuals are all hardy except one or two half hardy kinds. The perennials have
been carefully selected, and the few that are biennials in Canada are indicated
by a (x). In with the perennial list are a few summer flowering bulbs marked
"b".

ANNUALS.

Variety

WTien to Sow
Seed

Indoors

Outdoors:

Thin or
Trans-
plant to
(inches)

Height
(feet)

Season of
Bloom

Color of
Flowers

Abronia

Adonis

Ageratum (Floss

Flower)

Alyssum (Sweet) . . .

Alonsoa

Argemone

(Mexican Poppy)

Aster

Balsam.

Bartonia

Brachycome (Swan
River Daisy)

Cacalia (Tassel
FloweJ)

Calandrina

Calendula (Pot
Marigold

Calllopsis (Core-
opsis)

Callirhoe (Poppy
Mallow)

Candytuft

Celosia (Cocks-
comb)

March
March

March
March
April

April
in pots
March,
April
April

April

April

March

March

April

April

March

Centaurea (Blue

Bottle) April

Chrysanthemum...! March

I April
Clarkla April

Collinsla

Convolvulus . . .

Cosmos, Early.
Cosmos, Late. .

Eachscholtzla (Cali-
fornia Poppy)

Gaillardia

Cilia

Globe Amaranthus
Godetia

Gypsophila

HeUanthus (Sun-
flower)

Hibiscus

Ipomoea (Morning

Glory)

Larkspur

LaTatera (Tree
Mallow) . ■ ■ ..

April
April,
May

April
April
April
April

April

May

March

April

April

May
Late Apl.

May
May
May

May

May

May

May

May

May
May

Late Apl

Late Apl

May

May

May

May

May

May

May

Late Apl

May
May

May

May
May
May
May

May

May
July-
Sept. 1

Late Apl
May 5

May

12
6

6
6

6 to 12

12
9

24

3

6

6
6

6

10

9

4 to 12

6

12
24

6
3 to 12
6
4

8 to 12

12-36
15-24

1

H

1 to 3

IH to 2

1 to 3

2 to 2)^
1 to 3

H to 1

1 to 2

Jito 1

1

IH
1 to 3

Mto IH

1 to 2

2 to 3

1 to IH

IM to2

1 to IH

Htol

4
6 to 8

H

Mtol
M to2}^

1

1

1 to 2

3 to 6
5 to 7

10 to 15
1 to IJi

July to frost
June-August

June to frost
June-Oct.
July to frost

July, August

Aug.-Oct.

July to frost

July-Sept.

End of June

to frost
July to frost
July to Sept.

June-Oct.

July to frost

July to frost

I June-Oct.

June to frost

June to frost
June to Oct.

July-August

July. Aug.

July to frost

August
Sept. to frost

July-Sept.

July to frost
July-Sept.
July to frost
July to frost

July-Sept.

July to frost
August

June to frost
June-Sept.

Yellow, pink, rose
' Crimson

Blue, white
White
Scarlet, White

Yellow, white

Yellow, white, red,

blue
Yellow, white,

pink, red.
Yellow

Blue, white

I Scarlet, yellow
Rose, purple

\ Orange, yellow

I Yellow

I Purple, lilac, red,
1 cherry
I White

Yellow, orange,
red, pink

; Blue, white, pink
I White, red,

yellow
I White, rose,

violet, crimson
j White, lilac,

violet
; White, blue,

violet, rose
White, pink
White, pink, red

Orange, yellow,

white
Yellow, red
Blue, red, white
Red, blue, white
Pink, white,

crimson
Rosy

Yellow
White to red

Blue, red, white
j Blue, white, red,
I pink

July to frost i White, rose

52

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

PLANTING TABLE FOR FLOWERS— (Continued.)

Variety

Llnarla .

Llnum

Lupinus

Malope (Mallow).

Marigold

Mignonette

Mlrabilis (Four
O'clock)

Nasturtium ....

Nemesla

Nicotlana (Tobacco)

Nigella (Love-ln-a-

Mist)

Pansy

Petunia.
Phlox. . .
Poppy..,

Portulaca

Salpiglossls (Point-
ed Tongue) . . .

Salvia (Flowering
Sage)

Scabious.

Silene (Catchfiy) . .
Stocks (Ten Weeks)

Sweet Pea

Sweet Sultan .
Zinnia

When to Sow
Seed

Indoors

Apnl
April
March,
April

April

April

April

April

March

Feb.
March
March
April

April

Feb..

March

April

March
March
April
March

April

March
April

Outdoors

Thin or
Trans-
plant to
(inches)

May

May
May
May
May
May 10

May

May 1
May
May 10

May
April,
July
August

May
April
May
May

May

April
May

April-
May
May

Height
(feet)

6
9
6-9
6
6

18

9

4-6
9

3

9

6

2 to 2H

2

2
H to3

1

IH to2
1 to 10
1
3 to 4

IH

1

1

1 to 12

1

2 to 2J^

2 to 3

IH to 2H

J^tol
1 to IH

6

IK

1 to3

Season of
Bloom

July-Sept.

July-Sept.
July. Aug.
July-Sept.
July to frost
July to frost

July to frost
June to frost
July-Aug.
July to frost

July to frost
April to frost

June to frost
July to frost
June-August
Aug-. -Sept.
Aug, to frost

Aug. to frost

Aug. to frost

July-Sept.
July-Sept.

July-Sept.

July-Sept.

July-Oct.

Color of

Flowers

White, purple,

crimson
Red, blue
White, Pink,blue
White, rose, red
Yellow
Greenish yellow

White, red, yel-
low

Yellow, red,
orange

Blue, white,
orange

White, pink,
yellow, red

White, blue
Various

Red, white, pink

Red. white.

yellow, pink
Pink, red, wiiite

and striped
Red, white

Yellow, white,
red. brown

Scarlet

White, purple,

yellow
Red, white, pink
Pink, white.

scarlet, yellow
All colors

Purple, yellow,

white
Red, yellow,

white, pink

PERENNIALS.

Aconitum (Monk's
Hood)

Adonis Vemalls.
Alyssum (Gold
Tuft)

Agrostemtna (Rose
of Heaven)

Antirrhinum

(Snap Dragon) . .

Aquilegia

(Columbine)

Arabia

Asperula .

Aster (Michaelmas
Daisy)

b Begonia

b Bleeding.Heart.

Coreopsis

xCampanula

April
March

April
in pots

Aug.-
Sept.
June

July-
Aug.

May

May

July.
Sept.

jily-
Aug.

July.
Sept.
June

May
Nov.
July
Aug.
July.
Sept. :

6

H

6

1 to iH

8 to 12

IK to 2H

2H

3 to 5
H
IK
lKto2K
lto4

Aug.-Oct.

April

May to July

July to frost
July to frost

June-Sept.

April
Aug.-Sept.

Sept.-Oct.

July-Aug.

June

July-Aug.

June-Aug.

Blue and white

YeUow

Yellow

Rose, white ■

Yellow, white,
pink, red

Yellow, red. blue

white
White
Blue

White, pink, blue

Various

White, pink

Yellow

Blue, white, pink

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

63

PLANTING TABLE FOR FLOWERS — (Continued.)

VAwrtT

When to Sow^
Seed

Indoors Outdoors

Thin or
Trans-
plant to
(inches)

Height
(feet)

Season of
Bloom

Color of
Flowers

Catananchtt

Chryaantbetnum
(Shasta Daisy)
(Marguerite) . . .

h Cann»

Cowslip .
Daisy...

April
in pots

b Dahlia

Delphinium

(Larkspur) .,

Dlanthiia (Pink) . .

zDi^talla (Fox-
&IoTe)

Gaillardia .

July-
Aug.

July
Aug.
June

July.
Aug.
July
Aug.
June

July
Aug.
March I July
April Aug.

March
April

h Gladiolus
Gypsopliiia .

Helenium

Heuchera

Hollyhock

Ibetis (Candy tuft)
b Iris

March
April

Latbyrus (Erer-

lastinti Pea) . .

b LUlum

h Lily-of-tbe-VaUey

xLunarla (Honesty)

Myosotis (Forget-
ine*not)

March
April

April

i Poeonia.

Phlox

Platycodon

Poppy (Oriental) . . ,

Poppy (Iceland)

Polyanthus ,

Primrose ,

Pyretbrum

Rudbeckia

Scabiosa (Mourning
Bride) ,

Stokeala

Sweet Rocket

xSweet WUllam....

Verbena

Violet (English)...

March

July

Sept. 1

July

Aug.

May

July

Aug.

July

Aug.

July

Aug.

July

Sept. 1

July

Aug.

May

Nov.

July

Aug.

May

Nov.

May

Nov,

May

May

June

May

Nov.

July

Aug

July

Aug.

July

Aug.

June

Aug.

June

Aug. '

June

Aug.

July-

Aug.

July

July
Aug.

July

Aug.

July-

Aug.

July

Aug. 1

July

Aug.

June

Aug.

12
18

6
12

6

12

9
9

12
6
5
5
9

18

9-15
12
9
6
6
5

2

yi

3

1 to6

%

3 to 4

2
2H

lyi

4to6

IH

5 to 7

yi

lHto4

8 to 10
lHto3

H
IM

2

2 to 3

H
2
1

2

4 to 6

2 to 5
2

1

H

June-Aug.

July-Sept.
Aug.-Sept.

July-Aug. .

June-Oct.

Sept.

July to Sept.

July to frost

July-Aug.

July-Sept.

Aug.
July-Sept.

Sept.-Nov.

July-Sept.

Aug.-Sept.

June to frost

June-July

July-Sept.
July-Aug.

June

June, July

June-Aug.

June

July-Aug.

July-Aug.

June-Aug. '
June-August
June-Aug.
June-Aug.
June, July
Sept. to frost

July to frost
July-Sept.
July-Sept.
June, July
July to frost
June-Sept.

Blue, white

White
Yell rltt

Yellow

White, pink

Various

Blue and white

White, pink

Pink, white and

spotted
Yellow and red

Various
White

i Yellow and red

White to red

White to crim-
son and yellow
White

WhJte,bIue.yell'w

White to red
White, yellow

orange, spotted
White

White and pur-
ple.

Blue, pink,

white
White to crimson

White, blue,

pink
Blue, white

Scarlet, orange,
and maliogany
Orange, white

yellow
White, red.

yellow
All colors

White, red. pink

Yellow and pur-
ple

White, lavender
purple, yellow
Lavender

Purple

Red, white,

piuk, crimson
Rosy purple

Dark blue, white

54

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

What the Crop Tells.

The ratio of stxaw to grain tells its
story to the critical eye.

If for several years the straw pro-
duction is abnormally high and the
grain production is low, these facts
point to phosphorus being needea.

If the leaves of the grain are long,
loose, hanging and fluttering and the
stems too long for their thickness, the
soil probably requires calcium.

A bright green to yellowish colored
foLiage with the tips of the leaves
brown or reddish in color, indicates
want of nitrogen.

What Weeds Tell.

■Broad-leaf plants, like burdock and
nettles, indicate moisture, while nar-
row-leaf plants indicate dryness.

Nitrogen is abundant where chick-
weed and red pimpernel grow, while
lack of nitrogen is indicated by jagged
chickweed, field chickweed and vernal
whitlow-grass.

iSoil that is rich .in nitrate of soda
(chilisaltpetre) is indicated iby the
presence of goose foot, oraches anS
burning nettle.

Foxgloves, spurry and corn mari-
golds indicate the presence of calcium.

Elm trees point to fertile soil; oaks
are found on clay soils; conifers on
sand, and alders on wet land.

What Soil Moisture Indicates.

Soils which hold moisture do not
lack nitrogen. The drier the soil may
be, as a rule, the greater is the lack of
nitrogen.

Moist summers produce an excess
of straw, while dry summers reduce
the quantity of straw.

The dry soil remains poor ,in humus.
In moist spots the soil is darker and
humus content increased.

The heavy clay soils require a heav-
ier dressing of phosphorus and a
lighter dressing of nitrogen; while, on
the other hand, on the dry soil the re-
verse is true.

Wet, cold soils are, for the most
part, poor in potassium.

There are other and trustworthy
ways for discovering the manurial re-
quirements of farm crops on a given
soil. While these methods are not
difficult to apply, there is not space
here to describe them.

No farm should be without its ex-
periment plot, for it has been by ex-
perimental work only that anything in
agriculture has become known.

GOOD SEEDS for GOOD CROPS

(lib' Steei^^^^co^'

St

iBP^A

Br/CCS '

To make sure of good crops you
must sow good seeds — this is
the first essential.
STEELE, BRIGGS SEEDS are the
best grown. No matter what you
need in seeds, ask for STEELE,
BRIGGS SEEDS— For Sale Every-
where.

Our Illustrated 1916 Catalogue
lists all Farm, Garden and Flower
Seeds. A Post Card will bring
3"our. copy.

Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Limited

" Canada's Greatest Seed Hoose"

Wianipeg TORONTO Hamilton

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

55

General Garden Hints.

Mulching. — This signifies a dressing
of some kind usually manurial, which
is placed over the surface of the soil
surrounding tree, shrub, or plant of
some kind. Its object is to keep mois-
ture within the soil, to prevent the
direct action of the sun on the roots,
and when waterings are given, par-
ticularly in summer, to wash dow^n
the good qualities of the manurial
covering for the fibres to assimilate.
Mulchings should be given more fre-
quently, especially in the case of
plants transferred from one place to
another.

Restoring Old and Sickly Trees. —
Branches or snags that have to be
removed should be sawn off quite
close to the trunk or limb from which
they spring. An application of liquid
tar to the wound and renewed once
or twice protects against moisture
and fungoid diseases. When the new
bark has grown over the wound, the
tree may be considered safe. The life
of a tree decayed in the centre may
be prolonged by filling up the holes
with cement, and thus keeping out
moisture, which is the point tb note
Itt the preservation of old or decay-
ing trees.

Boom Plants. — Parlor palm (Aspi-
distra), true palms, india-rubber
plant, (ticus elastica), Arabia Sie-
boldi and Ptebis Tremula, Pteris Ar-
gyrea and Hepprolepsis ferns, with-
stand draughts better than most
plants. Always water room plants
with tepid water, that of the same
temperature as the room itself being
advisable. Bulbs, such as daffodils,
hyacinths and tulips should be grown
more often in bowls and pots. With
the special fibre now available, there
is little difficulty in doing so. Sponge
the leaves occasionally of smooth and
thick foliaged plants with tepid water
to remove dust which stops up the
pores — hence decay.

Pots for Flowers. — These are ob-
tainable from the nurseryman in var-
ious sizes, the most frequently used
being the 48, as it is called, or "five-
Inch" in width, the next being the
"six-inch," and there are also the
small ones, called "thumbs," which

are generally used for the small ferns
so much used for decorations. Never
use new pots until they have been
soaked in water for quite 4 8 hours,
as unless they are treated in this way
they absorb moisture from the soil.
Dirty pots must be well washed and
dried before plants are put in them,
and if covered with green substance,
scrubbed in strong soda water made
hot. Dry well. Crocks or drainage
to give free egress for water from the
soil should consist of broken pieces
of pot and over the hole in the bot-
tom of each pot place a large rather
concave bit, then smaller chips or
rubble, not overdoing it, to allow free
egress of the water. Unless this pre-
caution is taken the soil soon gets
waterlogged and sour.

Transplanting Trees and Shrubs. —
in dealing with trees and shrubs
transplanting is an important detail.
There are two leading points, the
most suitable time and the method.
The best season to transplant ever-
greens is in late spring, failing this,
the fall. Transplant deciduous treos
and shrubs in the spring when frost is
out of the ground. In transplanting
keep the fibrous roots as far as pos-
sible intact, and remove with them a
large ball of soil, the larger the bet-
ter. When moving a large deciduous
tree or shrub first dig a trench all
round it with a tork far enough away
to preserve the roots. Lay a damp
mat over them while they are expos-
ed. Prepare the site for the tree by
digging out a hole large enough to al-
low the roots being spread out evenly
all round and to their full extent.
J^reak up the soil finely, especially
that which actually touches the fibres.
In planting follow the general rule of
not burying that part of the stem
from whence the uppermost roots
spring more than 2 inches or 3 inches.

Syringing and Spraying. — These
are two distinct operations. The ob-
ject of syringing is to cleanse and re-
fresh the foliage, especially in the
evening of a hot day, a large squirt
being used which sends out the water
either in a i>tream or from a "rose,"
the popular name for the nozzle, the

BUSBBk'Jnnua

56

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

water from the latter being in the
form of a spray which may be com-
pared to dew or fine rain. This is
most efficacious in the case of mildew
and insect attacks, and when mixed
with chemical preparations. Water
should not be directed with strong
force to plants, otherwise bruises will
result.

Tying Up. — This is a common prac-
tice in gardens. It means tying up
plants with string, raffia or bast or
other material, with the help of neat
sticks and stakes. The lettuce called
"CJos" is thus treated to solidify the
heart or centre, celery, dahlias, chry-
santhemums and roses, the last three
familiar instances among plants.
Never make the tie so tight that the
plant's development is impeded. It
should be made secure, but no more.

Watering. — Though an apparently
simple operation this needs judgment.
Never give water unless the soil is in
real need of it. An old gardener's ad-
vice is: "Plants in pots are best when
occasionally allowed to become root
dry, but only for a moment, as the
drying of the soil sweetens it, then
the soil should be well saturated." If
the soil seems moderately damp do
not give more moisture. Never water
in driblets, but always give a good
soaking so that every fibre receives
benefit.

Scarlet Harmonies. — Here are gen-
eral rules: Scarlet and rose colors,
the tints respectively of the Oriental
poppy and many of the herbaceous
poenies should never be allowed in
close proximity, but scarlet and crim-
son merge agreeably with orange and
yellow, and the latter with straw col-
or, ivory white and white. The dif-
ferent shades of purple and blue form
in themselves quite a color gradua-
tion, tlie lighter blues associating
through pale yellow with white, while
blue and mauve also harmonize with
soft yellow. The latter color may
also be used in juxtaposition to pink
and rose tints. In this manner,
though discordant colors may be re-
presented in the same flower border,
they may be disposed in such a way
by surrounding them with allied col-
or tones, melting by infinite degrees
into others that by gentle graduations
eventually harmonize with the oppos-
ing hue, as to produce a delightful ef-
fect.

Budding. — An operation which ap-
plies to on« form of tree and shrub
propagation. It consists in removing
with a proper knife known as a
"budding knife," a dormanfleaf with
a small piece of the bark attached
and transferring it to the shoot or
stem of the plant to which it is to be
attached. The rose is frequently the
subject of budding, and fruit trees
may be treated in the same way. The
stock, that is, the shoot or stem on
which the bud is to be inserted,
should be opened, and the latter plac-
ed just underneath, with only the
bud germ exposed, then tied firmly
in position.

Orchid. — A genus or family of
plants, sometimes terrestrial or living
in the soil in the way of most plants,
and epiphytal, or living on trees,
nourishment being derived from mois-
ture in the air; these are tropical.
Orchids are found in almost all quar-
ters of the globe, and are not, as is
often surmised, simply wild flowers of
tropical jungles. A vast majority are
easily grown.

Clirysanth6mums. — The name giv-
en to a significant class of flowers,
some perennial, others annual. They
add greatly to the beauty of the
greenhouse and conservatory in the
fall "months, when the more modern
varieties are in full beauty. The par-
ent of this modern race first flowered
in the British Isles in 1790, plant%
having been sent from China, the
home of the chrysanthemum, and also
Japan, to a French nurseryman at
Marseilles, named Blanchard.

Shrubbery. — A place in which flow-
ering and other shrubs are grown for
decorative effect.

Deciduous. — Signifying a tree or
shrub that loses its foliage in the fall
and remains bare until spring.

Evergreen. — A tree or shrub that
keeps its leaves throughout the year.
Compost. — A name given to a mix;
ture of soils and manure. The soil
usually used for plants to be grown
in pots consists of fibrous loam, well-
decayed leaf-mould, old hotbed man-
ure, such as is obtained from a mush-
room bed, and sharp silver sand, the
major portion consisting of the first
named.

Frames. — A small, usually wooden,
contrivance for the sheltering and
propagation of plants. It is of the

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

ereateet use In gardeni, wh*th«r l&rs*
or Email, and i» T«ry ln«xp«n8lv« to
construct.

Annaal Flowers. — Those that bloom
the same year as the seed is sown and
then die, and they embrace two
classes, hardy and half-hardy, a good
example of the former being the sweet
pea, and of the last mentioned the
china aster.

Biennial Flowers. — These some-
times through early sowing will pro-
duce plants that flower the same year,
but this Is simply a matter of culti-
vation. A biennial means a plant
that flowers the year after the seed
has been sown, and the hollyhock may
be cited as an example. The sowing
takes place in early summer.

Everlasting Flowers. — These are
real flowers, although their appear-
ance when dried suggests that they
are composed of some paper-like ma-
terial. The Immortelles, so called from
the years they will remain In much
the same c-^ndition, are among the
best known of the everlastings. Rho-
danthe and Helichrysum are types.

Levelling a Lawn. — Levelling or
grading are regarded as difficult op-
erations, but this is not so. An abso-
lutely flat surface is not always either
necessary or desirable. Advice may
be summed up as follows: — Having
worked the main body of soil as near-
ly level as the eye will guide, after a
glance from more than one direction,
decide what shall be the height. Set
a shallow brick here and at somo
point several feet distant place an-
other. Upon these a piece of stiff
quartering or a narrow board that
will not sag should be set. and a com-
mon spirit level used to get this per-
fectly horizontal, raising or lowering
the bricks until this Is obtained. Put
a little soil to this, or remove, as ne-
cessary. Repeat this operation from
various positions, always taking care
that the first guide brick set is al-
ways on the level. Of course each
other brick, after it Is adjusted, will
be of the same height, and can be
taken as a guide accordingly. A
strong piece of string tightly stretch-
ed from point to point. Is a good guide
In the earlier stage, and by driving a
few pegs at various parts of the
ground, the tops of which are at the
desired level, all risk of movement
will be avoided..

Turf for Lawns. — This should b«
obtained from fields fed over frater-
nally by sheep, but as a rule excellent
lawns are obtainable from the best
seed mixtures, each nurseryman usu-
ally having his own preparation.
When turf, however, is used, it is ab-
solutely necessary that it should le
free from weeds, particularly twitch,
dandelions, plantain and thistles. Cut
each turf about 3 inches deep and
roll them grass side downwards until
they are used, which should be as
soon as possible. When the turf Is
set spread over It some loamy soil,
which work in well with a broom Into
the crevices. Roll and sweep well
and give plenty of water during the
first summer especially.

Lawn Grass. — This should never be
cut until it has grown quite two
inches after growth has begun in the
spring, and then only at first clipped
off, In the case of freshly made lawns
in particular. A close watch should
be kept for weeks. Roll the lawn oc-
casionally.

Dimensions of Tennis Lawn. — A
full court should be as follows: —
Length, 78 feet; width, 36 feet; and
for single court, a width of 27 feet:
the net to be in the centre and extend
3 feet over each side of the court.
Height at the ends SV2 feet, centre 3
feet, and service lines 21 feet from
the net on each side. Total area of
lawn to give ample space on outside
of court should be 120 feet by 66
feet.

Hardy Flowers. — A class of plants
not affected by frost, that Is, will live
the year through.

Garden Tools. — These are of sev-
eral kinds, each adapted to a certain
purpose, the principal implements be-
ing the spade, fork, hoe, rake, saw,
and small cultivator, which accom-
plishes good work and Is very useful
in saving time. Always take care of
tools, alloting them a place apart,
and cleanse well after use.

Labels. — The use of labels may be
overdone, but trees, shrubs, flowers
and vegetables that are not familiar
should be clearly named. These may
be made of zinc, and obtained from
the nurseryman, or, in the case of
fleeting things, such as annuals and
vegetables, strips of wood, the sur-
face made smooth and painted over

58

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

with white paint, will serve admir-
ably.

Wasps' Nests. — To destroy these
many ways are adopted, but a very
simple one is to get a strong stick
and wrap a wad of rag at the top of
it. Soak the rag in tar and thrust it
quickly into the hole of the nest at
night, after having lighted it. Then
stop up the entrance with a thick
piece of turf.

Mowing Lawns. — This Is gardening
work that requires care. It is cer-
tainly not everyone that can use tha
lawn mower aright. Before any mow-
ing is done, roll the lawn well, if the
grass is poor, lightly, if not, with
more vigor; in the former case once
in ten days, in the latter, every two
weeks.

Turfy Loam. — This term Is used to
denote a soil made up of loam of
grassy matter, such as from a pasture
and roots, their fibry character ren-
dering the material friable, that is,
neither too loose nor too hard and
sticky. When this pasture "turfy
loam" has decayed well it forms the
purest plant soil that it is possible to
obtain. A proportion of two-thirds
clay to one-third sand is perfect.
Stones, of course, should be elimin-
ated.

Bulb. — ^This is frequently used in-
correctly. A tuber is often called a
bulb, and vice versa, but the true bulb
is made up of layers or scales which
enclose the germ. The hyacinth is
an excellent example of a true bulb.

Scion. — The name of a graft or
piece of stem to be inserted in the
stem of a tree of which it is to be-
come part.

Grafting. — This operation must
take place when the sap is on the
move, that is, in spring, and both
small and large stems may be select-
ed for the purpose. Many frylt trees
are grafted, and this is needful to ob-
tain abundant crops quickly, pears
and apples being particularly respon-
sive to this process. The writer ha;:
described this gardening practice be-
fore In the following words. It co^
sists in placing a piece of stem of one
variety of fruit, that may be 6 inches
long and the size of a man's finger or
less, on to the crown of a small stem,
singly, or putting several on the sev-
eral stems of a large bunch. Grafts
are called scions. The graft should
be cut into a length of a few inches.

On one side of the lower or base end
a slice of bark 3 Inches long is cut
off, leaving the base end with a point,
or wedge-shaped. Then the graft is
ready for insertion on the stock. The
head should be cut clean off, and cne
stem be quite free from any side-
shoots below. With a sharp knife a
slit has to be made down the back of
a large stem, and that being lifted at
the edges, the slit point of the graft
is forced firmly into the slit in the
stock, then tied round tightly, and
coated with either wax or clay to ex-
clude air. If a small stock, then a
slice is taken off the bark of that 3
inches long, and by an upward cut, so
when the sliced end of the graft *s
placed on it, an even fit results. The
edges of the bark on both stock and
scion must meet to effect a proper un-
ion. Tie round the two with bast or
raffia and coat the edges with graft-
ing wax, or the whole stem with clay,
the object of this being to exclude the
air from the portions united together.
This describes the general process.

Blanching. — A term used frequen*^-
ly when describing some form of veg-
etable culture. It is necessary with
not a few vegetables to what is called
blanch them, that is, exclude the light
to render them edible. Asparagus,
celery and rhubarb will at once occur
to mind as kinds usually subjected to
this treatment. In these instances,
when the stems are given full expos-
ure to the air and light they are ren-
dered bitter and hard. Blanching is
effected by "placing the vegetables in
a dark place, such as under a green-
house stage or in specially prepared
pits, or when in the open ground cov-
ering up closely; the object is to ex-
clude the light.

Division. — In reading text books
upon gardening the term "division"
occurs frequently, and all it means is
simply the operation of dividing the
roots of certain plants, of which the
perennial larkspur or Delphinium
may be given a& an example. The
original roots in due course become
too large and must then be divided
into portions when growth is begin-
ning in spring. Use a sharp knife or
spade for the purpose.

Drainage. — Of course the general
use of this word is well known, but
in gardening it applies not only to the
soil, such as in the preparation o
paths, lawns, and so forth, but to

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

59

flower pots. Thus we frequently read
in books "the pots should be well
drained," which means that in the
bottom place pieces of pot, or, as they
are called, "crocks," to enable super-
fluous moisture to pass away easily.

Drilling. — This word applies to one
item in the sowing of the seed, of
which there are two general ways,
broad-casting and drilling. In the
former the seed is thrown widely but
evenly over the piece of ground upon
which a crop is desired. Drilling
means that shallow furrows or drills
are made with a hoe or sharp pointed
stick, or with a hand drill, which is
very inexpensive, this not only mak-
ing the drill, but sows the seeds also.
Careful drilling means that the seels
are sown at equal depths, and there
is no waste of material.

Feeding. — This term is often use-'
in books. It means giving food in
either liquid or concentrated form to
plants for the promotion of a more
abundant crop, whatever that crop
may be.

Forcing. — Many fruits, vegetables
and plants are brought to maturity by
artificial warmth, and that is called
forcing. It is a term much used in
connection with horticulture.

Layers. — A method of propagation
much practised in the increasing of
certain trees and plants. A very fa-
miliar instance is the carnation, which
is usually propagated in this way.

Leaf Mould. — A very valuable ma-
terial, used chiefly in soil prepared
for pot plants. It may be summed up
in the following description: "The
product of tree leaves." The way to
get a good supply is to collect the tree
leaves and stack them whilst damp
in a heap to decay. If they are dry
when collected, soak them in water.

Moulding Up. — At first this strange
term may seem difficult to explain,
but this and blanching have about
the same significance. It means
drawing earth to the stem. One ex-
cellent illustration is in the case of
the potato, the forming tubers being
kept from light and air by moulding
up the soil to the young shoots. Bus'-
or dwarf roses are also moulded up
to protect the bark — the most valu-
able part — from injury.

Peat. — Every garden should pos-
sess its bin of peat, that is, where
plants are grown under glass. It is
made chiefly of vegetable fibre and

some portion of sand, some orchids
and ferns in particular requiring
some portion, larger In some cases
than in others, in the soil in which
they are planted. '

Cuttings. — These are slips or pieces
of young growth of the plant, and
when properly made In preparation
for going into the soil, they are called.
"cuttings." About 1-3 of their
length is inserted, and the soil that
promotes tlie formation of strong
roots most quickly is that in which
sand forms a large part. In due
course basal roots are emitted, and
the life of the young plant has be-
gun. The base of the cutting should
always be just beneath a leaf joint,
and two, sometimes three, of the low-
er leaves removed to give a clear
space for inaertion in the soil.

Runners. — A few plants are in-
creased or propagated by what is
known as the "runner," and the
strawberry is chiefly multiplied in this
way. The strawberry sends out trail-
ing shoots, and at the end of each of
these a little plant is formed which
is to give the fruit of the future. Take
these off in August or spring and
plant in the places In which they are
to fruit.

Pruning. — Unless certain classes of
fruits are pruned more or less there
Is no crop, or very little, and that
little poor. Thousands of orchards
are in sorry plight through neglect of
this practice. There are two forms,
stem and also root pruning. It is
often essential to prune the roots
when a tree is making too much leaf
and branch growth, which is at the
expense of the fruit. There is an
absence of fruit spore. This opera-
tion requires much care and judg-
ment, and is done by opening a
trench at a fair distance from the
stem of the tree of sufliciant width
and depth to get hold of the roots
and sever them. In very neglected
orchards it is wise to do one-half this
year and the other the next to pre-
vent too great a strain on the tree.
To get hold of the downward roots
dig underneath the ball of soil. When
the root pruning has been carefully
carried out the beneficial effect is
soon seen on the growth and fruit
bearing of the trees.

Trencliing. — This term is used to
denote double digging or deep tilling
of the soil, and thus treated the crops

60

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

are more abundant than by any or-
dinary method of cultivation. The
way to proceed is as follows: — A
trench two feet wide and one foot
deep should be thrown out half way
across the piece of ground to be work-
ed. Take up the bottom soil a furth-
er 12 inches deep, and the 12 inches
of the next 2 feet trenching must ' e
thrown on that, breaking up the bot-
tom soil also. Treat the entire piece
In this way and when it has been thus
manipulated the bottom may be
brought to the top. The whole plot is
then fertile.

Thinning. — ^This term is applied to
an act the purport of which is to re-
duce the number of flo^wers or fruits
on a plant or tree to throw greater
size into those remaining. The huge
chrysanthemums, for instance, that
are seen in our gardens, are obtained
by reducing the buds to. one on each
stem or stalk With regard to fruit
trees it signifies the removal of both
large and small branches with a saw
to reduce crowded growths or those
which cross each other. Always cut
close to the main stem, make the sur-
face of the wound smooth, thea
smear over with tar. Thinning out of
vegetables invariably takes place to
give each seedling proper space for
Its full development.

Stocks. — ^The name of a flower and
also of a hard stem and root which Is
the mea_s of Increasing roses, fruit
trees, and such like. The stock has
an Influence on the flower Itself, or on
the fruit of the tree. It Is simply a
means whereby the various kinds can
be rapidly Increased.

Spawning. — This word Is generally
used in connection with the cultiva-
tion of mushrooms. The spawn is
obtainable In the form of a dry cak*"
of soil and manure which contains
the mycelium or thread-like roots,
which give rise to the delicious pro-
duct that Is so well known.

A Rock Garden. — This is a portion
of garden set apart for the flowers
that delight In the surrounding of
stone and rock, such as those from
the mountains of the world. Gen-
tians, edelweiss, and a host of other
plants, may be grown In this section
of the home surroundings. At least
18 Inches of soli should be taken out
80 as to provide ample drainage, any-
thing approaching stagnation being

fatal to success. Plants, such as our
lady slipper or orchid (Cypripedlum
spectabile), require a soil that may
be described as "boggy," a word
which needs no explanation. A rock
garden should not be made on the
level, but where all inequalities have
to be formed imitate Nature as far as
possible.
Growing Early Vegetable Plants.

Success in market gardening de-
pends largely upon reaching the mar-
ket early when prices are good and
produce finds ready sale. To accom-
plish this It Is necessary to gro- -
strong, thrifty plants which have been
hardened and ready for the field the
first day weather and soil conditions
are favorable for transplanting.

Work usually begins in the fall.
Some growers, however, prepare the
soil during the spring and summer by
first making au application of manure
in the spring and then plowing the
plot several times during the course
of the season. Additional manure
may be added at the second plowing if
vegetable matter is wanting. Other
growers go to the trouble of stacking
manure and thick sods in alternate
layers of eight or ten inches a year in
advance of the time when the soil
will be needed. When quite well de-
cayed the pile may be turned several
times at intervals of ten days or two
weeks. The first plan is more eco-
nomical and just as satisfactory.
Other growers prefer to select any
good garden soil and add rotten man-
ure as may be required.
Preparation of Soil.

In the selection of soil, it is im-
portant to consider several factors:
(1) It should be free from fungus
diseases, as club root and other mala-
dies that might cause trouble. Fields
which have been producing any of
the crops to be started under glass
should be avoided in the selection of
soil. (2) Stones, sticks, and other
rubbish should be screened out. (3)
Soils containing a great many weed
seeds should not be used. (4) A con-
siderable quantity of sand is always
desirable. If the soil does not co .-
tain this naturally, it can often be
procured at small cost and added as
may seem desirable. Sand Is espe-
cially valuable in starting tender
seedlings. The addition of plenty tf
rotten maniure to any good farm soil

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

«

will usually put it in good condition
for growing vegetable plants.

Both the soil and manure should
be procured in the fall before the
hard freezing weather and stored in
the dry where they will not be frozen
hard when wanted for use, probably
in mid-winter. The neglect of this
matter is certain to cause annoyance.
It is best to store the soil during Sep-
tember when it is quite dry and may
be screened if necessary. A conveni-
ent way to do this is to place a screen
with a half-inch mesh over a low wag-
on, slanting it so the stones and coars-
er parts will run onto the ground.

Sterilization is being practised
more and more by plant growers. It
destroys troublesome weed seeds and
greatly reduces losses from fungus
diseases. There are two common me-
thods, by steam and formaldehyde.
There are various ways of applying
the steam. One of the most thorough
is to place the soil in tight tanks, ad-
mitting steam at high pressure. The
soil should be subjected to very high
temperature for not less than an hour,
and a longer period is an advantage.

When formaldehyde is used the soil
is soaked with a solution made ty
adding one and one-half quarts of this
solution to fifty gallons of water. One
gallon of the diluted solution should
be applied to each square foot of the
soil.
Sowing the Seeds.

The grower should know the vital-
ity of his seeds before sowing. This
may readily be determined by making
a simple test several weeks before it
is time to make the main sowings.
CJount one hundred seeds of each var-
iety to be tested and plant in separate
rows. The number of plants which
come up may then be counted and the
germinating power accurately deter-
mined, and the thickness of sowing
regulated accordingly.

Seeds may be sown in rows or
broadcast. The row method takes
more time, but it is preferable. The
plants then come up with greater reg-
ularity. They are likely , to be
straighter and can be handled more
rapidly. When the seed is sown in
rows the plants help each other in
reaching daylight, and this is an im-
portant point if there is much clay In
the soil. The plants from rows may
be lifted more rapidly and are kept
In better order when transplanting

and these advantages more than offset
the extra time required in sowing.
Length of Life of Various Seeds

Vegetables. Years.

Cucumber 8 — 10

Pumpkin 8 — 10

Melon 8 — 10

Squash 8 — 10

Cauliflower 5 — 6

Artichoke 5 — 6

Endive 5 — 6

Pea 5 — 6

Radish 4 — 5

Beets 3 — 4

Cress 3 — 4

Lettuce 3 — 4

Mustard 3 — 4

Akra 3 — 4

Rhubarb. 3 — 4

Spinach 3 — 4

Turnip 3 — 6

Tulip 2 — 3

Asparagus 2 — 3

Bean 2 — 3

Carrot 2 — 3

Celery 2 — 3

Corn 2 — 3

Leek 2 — 3

Onion 2 — 3

Parsley 2 — 3

Parsnip 2 — 3

Pepper 2 — 3

Tomato 2 — 3

Eggplant 1 — 2

Herbs 3 — 4

Anise 1 — 2

Caraway i — 2

Savory 1 — 2

Sage 2 — 3

Time Required to Germinate

Vegetables. Best temp. Days.

Bean 7 5° 5 — 10

Beet 60" 7-^10

Cabbage 70° 5 — 10

Carrot 60° 12 — 18.

Cauliflower 70° 5 — 10

Celery 60° 10 — 20

Corn 75° 5 — 8

Cucumber 80° 6 — 10

Endive 60° 5 — 10

Lettuce 60° 6 — 8

Onion 60° 7 — 10

Parsnip 60° 10 — 20

Pea 65° 6 — 10

Pepper 80° 9 — 14

Radish . .^ 60° 3 — 6

Tomato . * 80° 6 — 12

Turnip 70° 4 — 8

Bearing Years of Fruits

Years.

Apple 25 — 40

62

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Blackberry ^ 6 — 14

Currant 20

Gooseberry 20

Peach 8—12

Pear 50—76

Plum 20—25

Raspberry 6 — 12

Strawberry 1 — 3

Distance in Planting

Feet.

Apple 30 X 40

Apple (dwarf) 10 x 15

Pears 20x30

Pears (dwarf) 10 x 15 -

Plums 16 X 2.0

Peaches 16 x 20

Cherries 16 x 25

Apricots 16x20

Nectarines 16 x 20

Quinces 8 x 14

Number of Plants per Acre at Various

Distances.

Distance. Plants.

1 in. X 10 ia 627,279

1 in. X 12 in -. 522,720

2 in. X 10 in 313,632

2 in. X 12 in 261,360

Arrangement of Orcha

rd.

1L ^ i

^

'S.

'^- '^,

t

^

-2. ■?.

t

'i

^ 'SL 1

2.

t

^ ^ 1.

^

<

..J^ ^ 1

%

■k

^' -i- ;

%^«-o'

^

1 ^'^ 'SL i

i ,.^

-i

^^^"^ ^ :

,«iL'

*<.

HEXAfciONl/\L

ALTEPMATE.

Qul^JCu^slX. ' SOUAPE-

3 in. X 12 .in i.... 174,240

4 in. X 12 in 130,680

6 in. X 12 in 87,120

12 in. X 12 in. 43,560

12 in. X 15 in 34,848

12 in. X 18 in 29.040

12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
112 in.
15 in.
15 in.
IS in.

3 ft.

4 ft.

4 ft.

5 ft.

5 ft.

6 ft.
6 ft.

6 ft.

7 ft.

8 ft.

24 in 21,780

30 dn 17,424

36 in 14,520

4 ft 10,890

6 ft 8,712

18 in 23,232

ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
8 ft.

7 ft.

8 ft.

ft 17,4)24

in 17,4124

2,904

2,722

2,178

1,742

1,452

1,210

1,037

907

684

Useful Orchard Insects.

Bees— iPollenizes and indispensable
to a continuance of reproduction of a
large percentage of plant life.

Dragon Flies — Feed on a great va-
riety of injurious insects.

Tree Crickets — Feed on plant lice.

Ground Beetles — In larvae and adult
stages feed on such insects as go
underground to pupate.

ILady Bug Beetles — Feed on plant
life and scale insects lioth in larvae
and adult stages.

Wasps — ^Beneficial because predat-
ory upon other insects, some of an in-
jurious, destructive nature.

Frogs and Toads — -Feed almost en-
tirely on insects and slugs.

Cost of Cover Crops for Orchard.

The following figures are compara-
tive. The prices may vary consiaer-
aibly. Lower prices may (be secured
by ibuying througli associations or in
large bulk:
Cow peas, 1% Ijus. per acre at

^3.00 per bus $4 50

■Mammoth Red iClover, 20 lbs.

per acre at 18c . : 3 60

Common Red Clover, 20 lbs. per

acre at 17c 3 40

Crimson Clover, 25 lbs. per

acre at 14c 3 SO

Winter Vetch, V2 bus. per acre. 4 25
Spring Vetch, 1 bus. iper acre . . 1 80
Barley, 2 bus. per acre at 75c.

per bus ^ °"

Peas, 11^ bus. per acre at $1.10

per bus. ^ "^

Alsike, 20 lbs. per acre at 15c. . 3 00
Top Grafting.

Top grafting promotes hardihood in
apples. Varieties as McMahon. Tol-

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

63

man and Baxter are hardy stock to
graft onto Kings and Canada Red and
such like varieties from weak crotches
which canker badly; scions of these
are therefore grafted onto hardier va-
rieties. Illustrations show methods
of top grafting.

Formulas for Grafting Wax.

Resin, 4 parts by weight; beeswax,
2 parts; tallow, 1 part. Melt together
and pour into a pail of cold water.
Grease the hands and pull the wax
until nearly white.

For cold weather: 6 lbs. resin, 1 lb.
beeswax, and 1 pint linseed oil. Ap-
ply hot all over joints with a brush.
Put on about 1/8 inch thick.

For warm weather: 4 lbs. resin, 1
lb. beeswax, ^4 Pint to one pint lin-
seed oil. Melt together gradually,
turn Into cold water, and pull. The
linseed oil should be entirely free
from cottonseed oil.

Markings on Leaves by Apple Scab

Hints to Packers.

Use only clean, neat boxes.
Use only one size — 20 x 11 x 10.
Use diagonal pack when conven-
ient.

Keep the pack, if anything, above
the "Fruit Marks Act."

Use the proper size paper for wrap-
ping.

Showing Apple Scab.

Avoid turniing stem of one apple to
cheek of another.

Pack firmly and of correct align-
ment.

Make the pack attractive.

Mark the number of apples on the
box.

All fancy priced apples should te
shipped in boxes.

Only the best grades are preferred.
The box is the only practical pack
for transportation.

Packing Apples in Boxes

The Straight Pack: Rows run
straight across box and parallel to
sides, in boxes of three, four, and five
tiers. Apples must fit snugly. Some-
times necessary to turn end row flat.
Stem end up.

Diagonal Pack, mosit important
style: Rows go at an angle. It includes
the two-two pack (see illustrations).
First place an apple in the left-hand
lower corner of box and another mid-
way between the cheek of the first
aple and the right-hand side of box.
Two spaces of equal size will be left.
In these spaces two apples are placed.
The spaces left by last two apples are
then filled, and so on until layer is
finished. Second layer is started in
right-hand corner for the half tier
packs. This throws the apples of sec-
ond layer into the pocket left by first
layer. The three-two pack is the
same, except that it Is started with
three apples instead of two. For these
packs it Is necessary to have the
apples too large to fit four across the
box.

64

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Plants and Pest

Spray Calendar

1st Application

2nd Application

APPLE

Scab or black spot, can-
ker, leaf spot, codling
moth and other biting
insects, scale insects,
blister mite and aphids.

Shortly before the buds Just before the blossoms

burst. Use Al or B.

For Saa Jose Scale

prune severely, spray
thoroughly.

open. Use A2 or D,
with 2 or 3 lbs. arse-
nate of lead to each 40
gallons of liquid.

PEAR

Scab or cracking, bligat, Shortly before the buds Just before the blossoms
codling moth, other burst. Use Al or B. open. Use A2 or D,
biting insects, scale with 2 or 3 lbs. arse-
insects, blister mite, nate of lead,
psylla and slug.

PLUM AND CHERRY

Black-knot, brown rot. Just before the buds
leaf blight or shot-hole burst. Use Al or B.
fungus, curculio, slug
and aphids.

Just after fruit Is set.
Use A2 or D, with 3
lbs. arsenate of lead.

PEACH

Leaf-curl, scab or black Before the buds begin Just after fmlt is set.

spot, yellows,, little to swell. (All must be Use 2 lbs. arsenate of

peach, curculio,' borer, done before any sign lead alone with water

San Jose scale,, shot- of bursting of buds.) for curculio.

hole borer. Use Al or B.

GRAPES

Black rot, powdery mil-
dew, downy mildew,
anthracnose, flea-beetle
thrip, or leaf hopper.

When 8rd leaf is ap- Just before the blossoms
pearing. Use D. open. Use D.

This spray calendar and article following compiled by L. Caesar, O.A.C.,
Guelph, Ont

ORCMAflD A^JI> v^AAiJikN. «i

Spray Calendar

trd Applieatlen REMARKS.

Immediately after blos-Scab, if first half June wet and foggy, give 4th appU-
loms have all, or near- cation, same as 3rd, 10 days liiter; If latter half of
ly all, fallen, and be- August is wet, spray at once with A3 or D. Aphlda
fore tho calyces close, troublesome, delay 1st aplication till buds begin to
Use A3 or D, with 2 burst, add Black Leaf 40 to Al or B, cover every
lbs. arsenate of lead. bud. For Cankers cut out diseased bark, disinfect
This is the aplieation with white lead paint. Blight on young trees, keep
for codling moth. suckers rubbed off; cut out diseased branches or

twigs well Jaelow diseased bark. Disinfect cuts aod
tools with corrosive sublimate.

Pears subject to Scab should receive 4th application
Just after blossoms 10 days later than 3rd, same mixture. For Blight
have fallen. Use A3 cut out in winter blighted branches and twigs, cut-
or D, with 2 lbs. arsen- ting foot or more below diseased part. Remove and
ate of lead. bum trees too bad to save. Throughout growing

season remove promptly blighted twigs or branches.
Disinfect at once tools and cuts with corrosive sub-
limate (1 to 1,000). For Psylla delay 1st spraying
with Al or B until leaf buds burst and add Black
Leaf 40 to Codling Moth spray if necessary.

Cherry Fruit-flies, 3 lbs. arsenate of lead, 1 gal. mo-
About two weeks later, lasses and 39 gals, water. Apply just as Early Rich-
Use A3 or D, with 3 monds getting reddish blush, again to only Monmor-
Ibs. arsenate of lead. ency and late varieties 10 or 12 days later. For leaf-
spot, 4th application same mixture as 3rd jus't after
cherries picked. Cut out, bum. Black Knots in win-
ter and whenever seen in summer. For Slugs see
Pear. Examine sweet cherries for Aphids after
blossoms fall, if present, add Black Leaf 40 to 2ad
application.

If brown rot is likely to be troublesome use C again
About one month after about one month before fruit ripens. Destroy mum-
fruit is set. Use C. mied fruit in autumn. Remove at once and bxirn
any three attacked by yellows or little peach and
also all suspected trees. Dig out borers at base of
tree with knife in May and again in October. For
shot-hole borer cut down and burn before April aU
dead or dying trees or branches, and leave no brush
heaps near orchard.

Spray again whenever wet weather threatens. It
Just after fruit set*, should always be done before not after rain. At
Use D. first sign of powdery mildew dust with sulphur or

spray with C. For flea-beetles use poison when-
even they appear. For leaf-hoppers or "thrips"
use Black Leaf 40 or kerosene emulsion or whale-
oil soap in July to destroy nymphs. Clean cul-
tivation is very important, and destruction of all
old mummied grapes and prunings^

at

CANADIAN iJ^AItM YEAR BOOK.

SPRAY CALENDAR.— Continued.
Plants and Pest. 1st Application. 2nd Application.

CURRANT AND

GOOSEBERRY

Mildew, leaf-spot, currant

worm and aphids. Red

spider and San Jose

Scale.

Shortly before buds
burst. Use Al or B.
Prune and spray heav-
ily for scale.

Just before blossorhs
appear. Use A2, with
2 lbs. arsenate of lead.

RASPBERRY AND

BLACKBERRY
Anthracnose, red rust,
crown gall.

Before growth begins. When shoots are 6 or 8
Use D. Omit if riot inches high. Use D.
[troubled by anthrac- Omit is no anthrac-
nose. nose.

Plants and Pest.
STRAWBERRY

Leaf-spot and white
grub.

CABBAGE AND TUR-
NIP
Flea-beetles, caterpillars,
root maggots, aphids."

REMARKS.

For leaf-spot set out only healthy plants with no
sign of disease. First season spray with D before
blossoms open and keep plants covered with mix-
ture throughout the season. Second year spray
before blossoming with D and again soon after
picking; or mow and burn over after picking.
Don't take more than twa crops off. Plow down
at once after second crop. For white grubs dig
out as soon as injury is noticed. Do not plant
on land broken up from old meadow or pasture
for at least three years after breaking.

For flea-beetle or turnip sow after June 21st, or
dust plants as soon as they appear above ground
with Paris green, or spray with Bordeaux and a
poison and a sticker. Repeat in two or three
days. For caterpillars dust with Paris green until
heads begin to form on cabbage and cauliflower,
then spray with pyrethrum, 1 ounce to 2 gallons
water. For root maggots use medium thick
tarred felt-paper discs, putting on as soon as
plants are set out, or set out plants after July 1st.
For aphids use kerosene emulsion as soon as they
appear.

POTATO

Tip burn, early blight,
late blight, scab, Col-
orado beetle, flea-
beetle.

Keep foliage covered with D from time plants ar*
about 5 inches high. Take special precautions to
see this is well done if weather is at all damp after
about 15th July, as late blight begins about this
time. Add a poison to each application when
necessary. For scab, soak tubers before cutting
2 hours in formalin solution, 1 pint of formalin to
30 gallons of water. Spread out on grass to dry.
Wash all boxes, bags or other vessels to be used in
same liquid. Plant none but perfectly healthy
tubers.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

67

3rd Application.

SPRAY CALENDAR.— Continued.

REMARKS.

Just after fruit is form-
ed. Use A2, with 2
lbs arsenate of lead.

For worms when fruit is ripening, use hellebore.
Look for aphids just before buds burst; if present
spray with Black Leaf 40 or kerosene emulsion or
whale-oil soap. Of little use to spray for these
after leaves curl.

If anthracnose is very severe, set out new planta-
tion of healthy shoots. If disease begins, cut out
old canes and as soon as fruit is picked, also badly-
attacked new ones, and burn. For red rust re-
move and burn plants at once. No other remedy.
For crown gall set out plants in fresh soil, rejecting
any plant with a gall on root or crown.

Plants and Pest.

BEAN
Anthracnose and bac-
teriosis.

REMARKS.

Get seeds from pods showing no signs of disease.
Do not work among the plants if they are wet with
rain or dew. Spraying scarcely pays, as a rvde.

TOMATO
Leaf blight, black rot,
flea-beetle.

Spray plants in seed-bed with D. Keep foliage in
field covered with D until danger of staining fruit.
Add poison if necessary for flea beetles.

ASPARAGUS
Rust, beetles.

For rust, let no plants, not even wild ones, mature
during cutting s ason. Late in fall when growth
is about over, cut and burn old plants. For
b;etle , let poultry run in the plantation. After
cutting eason is over spray with arsenate of lead;
repeat in two weeks. May add sticker and a little
lime.

NOTE — Al — Concentrated lime-sulphur, strength 1030 specific gravity (1035
for San Jose scale) — 1030— commercial lime-sulphur diluted 1 to
8 or 9; 1035=1 gallon commercial to 7 gallons water.

A2 — Concentrated lime-sulphur, strength 1009 specific gravity=com-
mercial lime sulphur diluted 1 to 30-35.

A3 — Concentrated lime-sulphur, strength 1008 specific gravity=com-
mercial lime-sulphur diluted 1 to 33 or 40.

B — The old home-boiled lime-sulphur. 20.15.40 formula.

C — Self-boiled lime-sulphur.

D — Bordeaux mixture, 4.4.40 formula.

PRACTICAL FARM BOOKS

Productive Swine Husbandry. By
Geo. E. Day: 75 illustrations, 330
pages. Descriptive of all breeds, of
every phase, and shows the findings
of the best experiment stations to
date. Feeding, management, market-
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FARM PRESS, LIMITED, 181 SImcoe St., - . TORONTO.

Horses — Productive Horse Husban-
dry. By Carl W. Gay; 173 illustra-
tions, 331 pages; covers structure and
function, types and breeds, the princi-
ples of breeding, and the horse in
service $1.50

68 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Formulae for Insecticides.

I.— POISONS (for biting insects only).

1.— ARSENATE OF LEAD— 2 or 3 lbs. to 40 gallons liquid spray; Z^^ lbs.

for potato bettles. Dry arsenate lead only half these strength.

2.— PARIS GREEN— (a) ^ to ^ lb. to 40 gals.; 1 lb. for potato beetles.
If used with water alone add 1 to 2 lbs. fresh lime, (b) 1 lb. mixed with
50 lbs. land plaster, air-slaked lime or some similar substance, for dust-
ing'on plants, (c) Poisoned bran: mix 1 lb. Paris green with 20 lbs. bran,
with Yz gallon molasses, 2 gallons water and 2 or 8 lemons; run latter
through meal pupler, add with molasses to the water and stir well, then
pour on poisoned bran and mix thoroughly. Apply in evening for cut
and army worms.

3. — ARSENATE OF LIME. — Boil 1 lb. white arsenate and 1 lb. sal. soda
(crystals) with stirring for about 15 minutes in 1 gal. water till the
arsenic is dissolved, then add 2 lbs. stone lime and let slake in boiling
liquid. Add water to make up for what has evaporated. One quart of
this when well stirred is sufficient for 40 gals, spray liquid. Arsenate
of lime can be made in large quantities and stored. Label barrel
"poison," and be careful to keep white arsenate itself labelled "poison."
Keep barrel covered to prevent evaporation. Stir wll before using.

N.B. — With Bordeaux 1, 2 or 3 may be used; with lime-sulphur 1; the
others cause burning.

4. — ^WHITE HELLEBORE. — 1 oz. to 1 gal. water, or dust undiluted over
the plants. For root maggot dust close to plants, or pour around roots.

II.— CONTACT POISONS (chiefly for sucking insects).

1.— KEROSENE EMULSION—

Kerosene (coal oil) ' 2 gals.

Rain water 1 gal-
Soap % lb.

Dissolve the soap in water by slicing and boiling; take from fire, and
while hot pour in kerosene and chum vigorously for five minutes. For
use dilute with 9 parts water, so that the above 3 gals, of stock emul-
sion will make 30 gals, of spray mixture.

2.— WHALE-OIL SOAP.— For brown or black aphids, 1 lb. In 4 gals. For
green aphids, thrip and leaf-hopper, 1 lb. in 6 gals.

3.— TOBACCO WATER.— Steep 1 lb. refuse tobacco In 1 gal of water for
1 hour, make up for water that evaporates.

4.— Black leaf 40, sold by Tobacco Product Co., Louisville, Kentucky.

5. — PYRETHRUM (or insect powder).

Pyrethrum Powder 1 oz.

Water 1 to 3 gals.

Dry mixture. Mix thoroughly 1 part by weight of pyrethrum with 4 of
cheap flour, and keep in air-tight vessel for 24 hours before dusting over
places.

Note. — Pyrethrum Is useless If left exposed to the air.

•.—LIME-SULPHUR WASH—

(See under fungicide*.)

ORCHARD AND GARDEN. 61

Formulae for Insecticides.

L— BORDEAUX MIXTURE—

Copper Sulphate (Bluestone) 4 lbs.

Unslaked Lime 4 lbs.

Water 40 gals.

Dissolve the copper sulphate in a wooden or brass vessel with hot water,
pour into a barrel and add cold water to make 20 gals.; slake the lime
preferably with hot water; add cold water to make 20 gals.; stir both
barrels well, and pour lime into the copper sulohate barrel. (Never
mix concentrated milk of lime and copper sulphate solutions.)

A stock solution of each may be made and kept indefinitely if not mixed.
Dissolve 40 lbs. copper sulphate in 40 gals, of water by suspending
just below the surface of the water in a coarse sack. Each gallon of
the liquid will now contain 1 lb. copper sulphate. Slake any desired
quantity of lime and put into a box or barrel in shaded place, or sunk
in the ground. Keep covered with small amount of water to exclude
the air. Calculate how much is required for 4 lbs. lime if well stirred.

To test Bordeaux mixture, let a drop of ferro-cyanide of potassium
solution fall into a little of the mixture in a saucer, when ready. If this
causes it to turn reddish brown, add more lime until no change takes
place.

II.— LIME-SULPHUR WASH.

1. — HOME-BOILED (for use on dormant wood only.)

Fresh stone lime 20 lbs.

Sulphur (flour or flowers) 15 lbs.

Water 40 gals.

Slake 20 lbs. of lime in about 15 gals, boiling water in a kettle or other
boiling outfit. While slaking add the 15 lbs. sulphur made into paste
by the addition of a little water. Boil vigorously, with stirring, for 1
hour. Dilute to 40 gals, with cold or hot water. Strain and apply
at once.

HOMEMADE CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR.— This may be
used as a substitute for commercial lime-sulphur, but is only about
two-thirds as strong as a rule.

Sulphur (a fine grade) 100 lbs.

Fresh stone lime, high in percentage of calcium. . 50 lbs.

Water 40 or 50 gals.

Put about 10 gals, of water in the boiling outfit, start fire, add sulphur,
stir to make paste and break lumps, then add remaining water, and
when near boiling put in lime. Stir frequently while slaking and till
all the sulphur and lime are dissolved. Add water from time to time
to keep up to 40 or 50 gal. mark. Boil 1 hour, then strain through
a screen of 30 meshes to inch to storage barrels. Make enough at once
for season's work. Cover well to keep out air, or pour oil of any kind
over surface to depth of one-eighth inch for same purpose.
3. — SELF-BOILED (chiefly for use on peach foliage).

Freshstone lime 8 lbs.

Sulphur (flour or flowers) 8 lbs.

Water 40 gals.

70 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Best prepared in quantities of 24 lbs. at a time to get sufficient heat'
Place 24 lbs. lime in a half barrel, add enough cold water to start it
slaking well and to keep the sulphur off the bottom. Dust the 24 lbs.
sulphur over the lime, having first worked the sulphur through a screen
to break lumps, then add whatever further amount of water is necessary
to complete the slaking. Stir well with a hoe to prevent the lime
caking on the bottom. As soon as the slaking is over, add enough
cold water to cool the whole mass and previsnt further combination.
Strain into spray tank. Keep well agitated while spraying.
III.— DISINFECTANTS (for pruning tools and for wounds on trees).—

1. — One pint formalin diluted to 2 gals, with water.

2. — Corrosive sublimate, 1 part to 1000 by weight = 1 tablet to 1 pint
of water. Apply with a swab on end of a stick.

Caution. — Corrosive sublimate is a deadly poison to man or beast
if taken internally. It will also corrode iron or metal, so use in a glass
or wooden vessel and be sure to wash these out very thoroughly when
through using them.

3. — Lime-sulphur about twice spring strength, or bluestone, 1 lb. dissolved
in about 14 gals, water may be used to disinfect wounds or cankers,
but is not satisfactory in case of pear blight.

STICKER

Resin 2 lbs.

Sal Soda (crystals) 1 lb.

Water 1 gal.

Boil together till a clear brown color, which takes from 1 to 1^ hours.

Cook in an iron kettle in an open place. Add the above to 40 gallons

Bordeaux for use on smooth foliage like onions, cabbage or asparagus.

If used with arsenate of lead, Paris green, or arsenate of lime, add 1

to 2 lbs. of fresh lime to every 40 gallons of spray.

Information on Dilution.

To determine how much to dilute for different applications use an hydro-
meter with specific gravity readings, and apply the following rule:

Put the hydrometer in the clear liquid when it is cold, and the sediment has
all bee settled for a doy or two. Note the number to which it sinks. Suppose
this is 1:240. The strength for use before the buds burst should be 1:030 or
stronger. To determine how much to dilute a strength of 1:240 to get 1:030,
divide the three figures to the right in 1:240 by 30, that is 240 divided by 30=8.
This means that each gallon of such a wash must be diluted to 8 gals, with
water to give us a strength of 1:030, the proper spring strength. For the sec-
ond application 1:000 is about the right strength. To get it divide the 240 by 9,
which gives 2 2-3, or roughly speaking 27. This means that each gallon of a
wash of the strength of 1:240 must be diluted to 26 2-3, or 27 gals, to make
the right strength for the second application. For the third application and any
later ones 1:008 is about the right strength, and to get this we proceed in the
same way and divide 240 by 8=30, so that each gallon must be diluted to 30
with water for this application. If the strength of the concentrated were 1:212
or any other number, you would in the same way divide the three figures to
the right by 30, 9 and 8 respectively to get the proper dilutions for each spray-
ins.

Note. — Commercial lime-sulphur should be tested with the hydrometer and
diluted according to the same rules as the home-made concentrated form.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

71

How to Make Insecticides

Soap Washes

Dissolve one pound of whale il soap
in four gallons of warm water f > black
or brown Aphis, and one pound i.i six
gallons for green Aphis.

Another remedy for Aphis is the f I low-
ing. Boil 8 pounds of quassia chips in
■s ^aliens ci v\ater lor an hour, dissolve
7 pounds of whale-oil soap in hot water,
strain the qua-sia decoction and mix with
tne scap solution then dilute to make
100 gallons. Spray forcibly while hot,
this will kill the plant-lice and not injure
the plants.

Formalin

40% solution of formaldehyde in water*
1 pint of commercial to 45 gals, of water.
Forfungus diseases.
Cook's Carbolic Soap Wash

Hard soap 1 pound, or soft soap 1 quart;
crude carbolic add 1 pint; water (boiling)

1 gallon.

Dissolve the soap in the boiling water,
while still hot add the carbolic acid,
emulsify thoroughly. This is the stock
solution. For use, dilute with 30 to 50
times its bulk of water. Very effective
against root-maggots of cabbage, radish
and onion.

Hellebore

White hellebore (fresh) 1 ounce r water

2 gallons.

Pyrethrum, or Insect Powder

Pyrethriun powder (fresh) 1 ounce;
water 3 gallons; of pyrethrum 1
ounce; flour (cheap) 5 ounces.

Mix thoroughly, allow to stand over
night in a closed tin box, then dust on
plants through cheese cloth-
Kerosene Emulsion

The following is the formula recommen-
ded by Dr. Fletcher, Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa (Bulletin No. 52).

Kerosene (coal oil) 2 gallons; rain
water 1 gallon; soap J4 pound.

Boil the soap in water till all is dissolved,
then, while boiling hot, turn it into the
kerosene and turn the mixture constantly
and forcibly with a syringe or force pump
for five minutes, when it will be of a
smooth, creamy nature. If the emulsion
. is perfect, it will adhere to the surface of
glass without oihness. As it cools it
thickens into a jelly mass. This gives
the stock emulsion which must be diluted
with nine times its measure of warm
water before using on vegetation. The
above quantity of three gallons of emulsion
will make 30 gallons of wash. Kerosene
emulsion may also be made conveniently
by using an equal amount of sour milk
instead of soap and water in the above
formula, and churning for the same time
to get the stock emulsion.

Another method is to use lime, which
will hold the kerosene in suspension, or
the foUo-vving, where lime cannot be ob-
tained. (From Bulletin 171, O.A.C.)

The requisite amount of kerosene is
placed in a dry vessel and flour added in
the proportion of 8 ounces to one quart
of kerosene. It is then thoroughly
stirred and two gallons of water added for
every quart of kerosene; the whole is
then vigorously churned for frofn two to
four minutes, and the emulsion is ready
for use. It has been found that by scald-
ing the flour before adding the kerosene,
an excellent emulsion which does not
separate in the least after standing for a
week, can be prepared with 2 ounces of
flour, by mixing the resulting paste with
one quart of kerosene and emulsifying
with two gallons of water.

Tobacco Wash (for destroying Aphis) —

Soak 4 pounds of tobacco waste in 9
gallons of hot water for four or five hours
(in cold water for four or five days)
dissolve one pound of whale-oil soap in
one gallon of hot water; strain the decoc-
tion into the dissolved soap and apply
with a spray pump as' forcibly as possibly.

71

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Calendar for Use of Soluble Sprays.

Solu'ble »pra7a as put up by commercial epray ooonpanles are becoming
more popular every year. There Is a good deal to be said in their favor, on the
score of labor saving, facilities of hand ling, aad for the inexperienced sprayer,
the safeguarding against improper mixing and other mistakes of a like uature.

WHAT TO SPRAY FOR

WHEN TO SPRAY

WHAT TO SPRAY WITH

Apple

1 — Just before buds l>urst

1 — Use Lime Sulphur, 1

iin Spring.

to 9 or Soluble Sul-

Scales, Cancer, BllBter

phur at the rate of

Mite, Aphis, Scab

, Dud-

12^ lbs. to 40 gals.

moth. Codling

Moth,

2— Just before blossoms

2 — Use Lime Sulphur at

Chowinig insects.

open.

the rate of 1 lb. to 40
gals, of water, adding
2 lbs. of Arsenate of
Lead to 40 gals.

3 — Immediately after blos-

3— iSame material at No. 2

soms fall. Don't wait

until they are all off.

4 — ^Two weeks later.

4 — Same material as No.

2.

5— These are only

15 — Nine weeiks later.

necessary in some

seasons. For these

later sprayings use
slightly less Sol-

uble.

Pear

1 — Just before buds 'burst

1 — Use Lime Sulphur, 1 to

in Spring.

9 or Soluble Sulphur

Scales, Blister

Mite.

at tihe rate of 12^

Aphis, Slug, Scab

Cod-

lbs. to 40 gals.

ling Moth, Chewing lii-|

2 — Just before blossoms

2 — Use Lime Sulphur, 1 to

s^cta.

open.

40, or Soluble Sulphur
at the rate of 1 lb. to
40 gals, of water, add-
ing 2 lbs. of Arsenate
of Lead to 40 gals.

3 — Just after blossoms fall.

3— 'Same at No. 2.

4 — ^Two weeks later.

4— Same as No. 2. For

Always cut out Blight well

later sprayings use % lb.

'below diseased area.

Soluble.

DOES SPRAYING PAY

Ask the Farmer who sprayed this
year and got three to four dollars for
his fruit. He knows better than the
Farmer who did not spray and sold his
fruit to the evaporator. Let us solve
your spraying problem. We are the
oldest manufacturers of sprays in
Canada. Lime-Sulphur. Soluble Sul-
phur, Arsenate of Lead, Hand Pumps,
Power Pumps and all accessories.
Quality that gives results and profits.
Write to-day.

Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited. • Burlington, Ont.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

78

CALENDAR FOR USE OF SOLUBLE SPRAYER.— Continued.

WHAT TO SPRAY FOR

WHEN TO SPRAY

Plum and Cherry

Scales, Aphis, Browu
Rot, Slug, Curculio,
Leaf Blight, Shot Hole
Fungus.

Peach

Scales, Aphis, Scab or
Black Spot, Curculio,
Shot Hole Borer, Curl,
Yellows or Little Peach.

Grapes

Black Rot, Mildew, Bit-
ing insects.

-Just before buds 'burst
in Spring.

2 — Just after fruit is set.

3 — Two weeks later.
AlTvays cut out Black Knot

well below diseased

area.

1 — Before buds begin to
swell .in Spring.

2 — After fruit is set.

3 — 'One month later.

Always remove and burn
all trees affected with
Yellows, Little Peach
or Shot Hole Borer.

1 — ^When 3rd leaf is ap-
pearing.

2 — Just before the blos-
soms open.

3 — Just after fruit sets.

Spray whenever wet
weather threatens, al-
ways before rain.

WHAT TO SPRAY WITH

1 — Use Lime Sulphur, 1 to
9 or Soluble Sulphur
at the rate of li2 1-2
libs, to 40 gals.

2 — Use Lime Sulphur, 1 to
40, or Soluble Sulphur
at the rate of 1 lb. to
40 gals, of water, add-
ing 2 lbs. of Arsenate
of Lead to 40 gals.

3 — Same as No. 2.

1 — Use Lime Sulphur, 1 to
9 or Soluble Sulphur
at the rate of 12% lbs.
to 40 gals.

2 — For Curculio use Ar-
senate of Lead, 2 lbs.
to 40 gals.

3 — Use self-'boiled Lime
Sulphur. 8, 8, 40.

1 — 'Use Lime Sulphur, 1 to
35, or Soluble Sulphur
at the rate of 1 lb. to
40 gals, of water.

2 — Same as No. 1.

3 — ^Same as No. 1.

"^Tienever biting insects
appear, add Arsenate
of Lead, 2 I'bs. to 40
gals.

PONT BE MISLED ON SPRAY PUMPS

Buy one that will give capacity with high pressure. One that Is durable and
efficient. One that will last for years and give you service at all times and no trouble.
Don't try to buy the cheapest that Is offered. That kind is the most expensive In the
end.

The Bean Spray Pump Co. were awarded three gold medals on Barrel Pumpa,
Hand Pumps and Power Sprayers and the onlyGrand Prize on Power Sprayers by
the International Jury of Awards at the Panama Exposition at San Francisco In 1915.
Remember these prizes were won in competition with the whole world in 1915, not
twentv vears aeo when spray pumps were in the experimental stage.

Write for catalogues and testimonials of hundreds of Ontario's best fruit growers.

NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LIMITED

BURLINGTON - - - ONTARIO.

74

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Injurious Insects.

Name. Affected.. Affected. Recommended.

Plant Part Treatment

Common Clover Wee- Clover Unripe seed Cut early, rotate frequently*
vi: high fermentation in stack-
Bean-Seed Weevil Bean and pea Seed in gran- Clean seed, pickling seed

ary with blue vitriol and dilute

carbolic acid.

Granary Weevil Corn in gran- Inside the Frequent turning of grain,

ary grains winnow out and destroy the

light, affected grains.

Turnip Weevil Turnip, swede Galls on the Clean cultivation, liming, gas

cabbage roots liming.

Wireworms, Click-Bee- Corn and all Roots just be- Short rotation of crops-
ties of various kinds. .. . crops low the sur- plowing in August and cross,

face plowing in September.

Tooth-legged Flea- Turnip, swede Leaves Thick sowing, keep down

Beetle, Hop Flea cruciferous weeds.

Bean Weevil Bean, Leaves Fumigate after harvested,

clover 1 oz. carbon bisulphide for

evft'y 100 lbs.

Corn Root Aphis Cori' . Roots Thorough plowing, short

rotation of crops, deep and
clean cultivating.

Turnip Flea Beetle. Young Sow late, dust with Paris

Leaves green and land plaster 1 to

20, goodtilth.

Com Saw- Fly Corn Stalks at Destroy stubble by burning

ground and also deep plowing.

Turnip Plant Louse Turnip, roots. Roots and Kerosere emulsion and

etc. Crowns strong soap suds. Cut out

affected plants immediately

Carrot-Blossom Moth, Carrot Young seeds Dusting hellebore on damp

and others leaves, intersperse a portion

of parsnips, which they pre-
fer.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN. 75

INJURIOUS INSECTS— (Contirnued.)

Plant Part Treatment

Nam*. Affected.. Affected, Recommended.

Pea Weevil Pea Peas in pod Harvest early; put in bar-

rels and fumigate with
carbon bisulphide. Rake
up field and bum.

Otter Moth Hop Root Examine roots and hand

pick, keep down rubbish at
sides of field.

Cabbage Butterfly Cabbage . Leaves One lb. pyrethrum powder

with four lbs., cheap flour.
Dust with mixture about
twenty four hours after
mixing.

Cabbage Fly Cabba6e Leaf One lb. Paris green with 20

lbs. lime. Applp underside
cf leaves.

Mangold Fly Mangold Leaf Good cultivation, liberal

manuring, including salt
. - and kainit, spray well.

Hessian Fly Wheat, Barley Inside leaf Late sowing in autumn,

sheath burning stubble, destroying

screenings from threshing
machine, deep plowing.

Wheat Midge, Red Wheat Ears Burn stubble, deep plowing,

Maggot destroy chaff and screen-

ings.

Carrot Fly, "Rust" Carrot Root Single as soon as plants can

be handled, spray immedi-
ately after thinning out, fine
soil.

Crane Fly, "Daddy Com and Root and un- Drainage, autumn cultiya-

Long Legs" grass derground tion, stimulating manures

stem

Black Slug All crops Leaves Good cultivation and man-

uring, successive dressings
of lime, salt, etc.

Red Spider Fruit Leaves Spray leaves with strong

wash, dress leaves with
lime and soot in winter.

76

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Potato Flea Be«tle Potato

Tomato Worm Tomato

Colorado Potato Bug. . . Potato

Leaves

Leaves

Leaves

Onion Maggot Onion Leaves

Squash Bug Melon and Leaves

Cucumber

White Grubs Fruit Leaves

Grasshoppers : . . . . Vegetables of Leaves

all kinds

Spray with Bordeaux mix-
ture with or without Pari'
green.

Dust with Paris Green and
land plaster, one pound
poison to twenty of plaster

Paris green or Arseaate o^
lead with Bordeaux mix-
ture. Spray early June.
Treat rows with whitewash,
made of lime and water, to
form a crust over surface.

Treatment chiefly prevent-
ive; spray with Bor-
deaux mixture.

Spray trees with Paris
Green. Appear every three
years.

"Criddle mixture" sprayed
on parts affected

Fertilizers and Vegetables.

Commercial forms of nitrogen, even though expensive, can often be used
with profit by the vegetable grower. Nitrate of soda appears to be the most
satisfactory form when used in the right way. On account of its soluble con-
dition and the fact that plants can use it directly, it is particularly helpful in
forcing the growth of early spring crops. However, it must be applied in
proper amounts, at proper times ,and by proper methods, or serious harm to
the plants will almost certainly result.

Since the amount of phosphorus contained in most soils is small, and since
manure is low in that element, applications of some commercial form usually
prove profitable. For immediate results, acid phosphate and steamed bone
meal are the best forms to use, but if the gardener will provide for his needs
two or three years in advance, he can employ the very much cheaper raw rock
phosphate. The phosphorus in this form is insoluble, but the large amounts
of manure, crop refuse, and cover crops ordinarily plowed under in vegetable
growing will be instrumental in changing it to soluble forms. There are even
some experiments on record which indicate that certain vegetable crops give
marked increases in yields the season immediately following its application.

Potassium is abundant in most Canadian soils, but applications of it some-
times prove profitable. Sulphate of potash appears to be the most satisfactory
form for general use, though muriate of potash seems to give equally good re-
sults with some crops. Unleached wood ashes are a most satisfactory form of
potassium, but unfortunately the supply is limited.

Lime benefits practically all vegetable crops and should be used in liberal
amounts by gardeners. Ground limestone is the cheapest form and one of the
most satisfactory as well.

Finally, the land should be well drained, either naturally or artificially, and
an adequate system of crop rotation should be practiced.

The factors mentioned each bear an important relation to the welfare of
the plant. It is only after all of them have received proper attention that
maximum crops of high-quality vegetables can be produced.

ORCHARD AND GARDHN.

77

78 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Weeds

Time of Time of

Name. Origin. Flowering. Seeding.

Burdock Europe July to September August to October

B&idweed Europe June to September August to October

Blue Weed Europe July to October August to October

Canada Thistle Europe June to August Ju y to September

Couch-grass Twitch,

Qf ack Europe June to July July to August

Ch6ss Europe June July

Com Cockle Europe June and July August

Campion, white Europe June to August July and August

Campion, bladde r Europe June to August July to September

Dock Europe July to August July and August

Dodder Europe June and July August and September

Falseflax Europe June to August July and August

Foxtail Europe July to September August to October

Hawkweed Native July and August August and September

Paint-brush

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

79

Identification.

WEEDS— (Continued.)

Duration. Place of Growth.

Method of Control
or Destruction.

Erect branching, with Biennial

large roots

Running or climbing Perennial

vine

Erect, hairy Biennial

Everywhere

Grain field and
gardens

Fields and waste
place, sand and
gravelly soil

Erect, branching

Perennial Everywhere

Creeping, from a joint- Pereimial

ed root stock

A coarse grass Annual

Erect, branching, flow- Annual .
ers purple

Erect, branching,hairy, Bieimial
flowers white or pink

Erect, branching, flow- Perennial
ers white

Fields and gard-
ens

Fields and waste
places

Grain fields

Grain fields and
waste places

Everywhere

Leaves, with strongly Perennial Everywhere
curled margins; flower,
stem erect from a spind-
led shaped yellow root

Parasitic, climbing over Aimual Mostly in fields

other plants, and feed- and gardens

ing on their sap

Erect, branching, flow- Annual

ers small yellow

An erect grass Annual

Erect, coarse herb Perennial

Cultivated fields
Everywhere

Fields and mea-
dows

Cut off below the crown, and
if in seed, bum the tops.
Difficiilt to eradicate, con-
stant cutting below the sur-
face.

Thorough cultivation is al-
ways sufficient. In fence-
comers, etc., cut below the
crown.

Frequent cultivation, cutting
just when the blossom buds
are on. Pasture sheep on
them.

Constant cultivation is about
the only effective remedy.
Hand pulling in grain, and
avoid fall sown crops. Some-
times taken for degenerated
wheat.

Sow. clean seed. Hand pull-
ing in grain.

Sow clean seed. Hand pul-
ling in grain. Cultivate
stubble lands two or three
times in the fall.
Likely to become trouble-
some. Frequent cultivation
of infested fields and hand-
pulling.

Cut off below the crown
with hoe or cultivator.

Sow clean grains and seed.

Hand-pull it before it ripens

seed. Likely to become very

injurious.

Fall cultivation of stubble

fields. Hand-pulling in grain.

Frequent fall ciUtivation.

Plant hoe crops on infested

land.

Frequent fall cultivation in

tillable lands. On meadows,

broadcast one ton and a

quarter of salt to the acre,

A bad weed in Quebec.

80 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

WEEDS— (Continued.)

Time of Time of

Name. Origin. Flowering. Seeding.

Hound's Tongue Europe July and August August and September

Mustard Charlock Europe June to September June to September

Oxeye Daisy Europe June to August June to September

Purselane ^. .. Europe May to October June to October

Pennycress Europe Junf, to September June to September

Pigweed Red-root Tropical July to September August to October

America

Plantain (Several spe- Europe June to September June to September
des

Ragweed Native July to September August to November

Wild Oat Native July July and August

Sow Thistle Europe June to August July to September

Sorrel Europe June to October June to Octobe

Wormseed Mustard Native June and July June to September

Cow Cockle Europe July and August July to September

Wild Le tuce Europe June to September July to October

Russian Thistle Russia July to September August to November

Shepherd's Purse Europe May to November June to November

Lamb's Quarters Europe June to October July to November

and America

Tumbling Mustard Europe June to September July to September

Ball Mustard Europe June to August July to September

Hare's Ear Mustard. . . Europe June to Augurt July to Septembac.

ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

81

Identification.

WEEDS— (Continued.)
Duration. Plac* of Growth.

Method of Control
or Destruction.

Erect, hairy, coarse Biennial
herbs; flowers reddish-
purple; seed, a round
burr, flat on one ^de.
Erect, branching flow- Annual
ers, showy, yellow

Erect, branched; flow- Perennial
er white with yellow
eye, large and showy.

Prostrate, creeping Annual
leaves and stem fleshy

Erect, branched, to- Annual
wards the top

Erected, branched

Annual

Leaves prostrate; flow- Perennial
er stem erect

Erect, branching

Annual

Erect aerial; the lawn Annual

is covered with brown

hairs

Erect, stem leafy Annual

Stem erect from run- Perennial
ning root stocks

Erect, branching, flow- Annual
ers yellow

Erect, bushy, flowers Annual
pale pink

Waste ground A bad pest where sheep are
and pastures kept. Cut below the crown.

Everywhere

Pastures, hay
fields and waste
places

Gardens
mostly

Grain fields

Rich fields
and gardens

Everjrwhere

Everywhere
Everywhere

Fields and
waste places

Everywhere,
but chiefly in
sour, poor soil

Everywhere

Grain fields,
ttc.

Hand-pulling and burning.
Frequent cultivation of
stubble fields after harvest.
Never let a plant go to seed.
Mowing infested fields early
in June is recommended.
Ordinary cultivation will
destroy it in tilled land.
Frequent cultivation in
fields and eternal hoeing in
gardens.

A bad weed in Manitoba
and spreading in Ontario.
Mowing the patches and
burning the plants are the
most effective remedies.
Frequent fall cultivation,
ploughing infested fields
after harvest, before seed
ripens.

Bum or mow stubbles im-
mediately after harvest.
Keep hoe crops cultivated
as late as possible.
Keep cultivated as late as
possible.
On infested fields grow hoed

crops or fallow.

Cultivate immediately after
harvest, and follow with
hoed crop.

Application of lime to in-
fested land and frequent
cultivation will eradicate
the weed.

Cultivation after harvest
and follow with hoed crop.
Hand-pull before seeds form
in fence comers, etc.
Very bad in Manitoba and
Northwest. Hoed crops,
tummer fallowing where
very bad.

82

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Ontario's Clay Belt

The New North — A Fertile Land

ONLY SMADL CAPITAL is required to make a start like this in a
country where every product that the settler can produce finds
a ready market. Hay and grain are required for the teams In
the mines and lumber camps. Butter, vegetables, etc., are needed in
the growing towns. They are commandiing a hig<h price with cash
returns. After the first year, practically every progressive settler
can produce a living for himself and his family off the few acres that
he has cleared.

HOMES IN THE NORTHLAND OF ONTARIO

are only 300 or 400 miles north of the city of Toronto. If you are
ambitious for a home of your own, one of them can be yours for the
asking at 50 cts. an acre and the work of doing a settler's duty.

For Settlers' Rates and Further Information write to

H. A. MACDONELL, Director of ColonizatioD,

Parliament Bldgs., TORONTO, ONT.

HON. J. HOWARD FERGUSON, Minister of Lands, Forest and Mines

LIVE STOCK.

S-i

LIVESTOCK

Feeds and Feeding.

A digest of the principles of breed-
ing, feeding and caring for horses,
cattle, sheep and swine, from the
foremost authorities in Canada and
elsewhere. Technical and scientific
terms have been avoided where pos-
sible and explained when it has been
necessary to make use of them.

Digestibility.

The ability of any animal to make
proper use of the food supply is nf
great importance. Of two animals
fed the same food, one will consist-
sntly digest more than the other. In
?oung animals digestive power is as
'.uU as in the aged animal. Differ-
ences in the quantity of the daily
ration of hay do not affect the pro-
portion digested; an animal will not
digest more after being starvea.
Labor does not increase materially
the quantity of food digested. Differ-
ence in quality exercises 9. great in-
fluence, as also the addition of some
other food.

The study of foods and feeding
stuffs has shown that although they
differ so much in texture and appear-
ance they are in reality made up of
a small number of chemical constitu-
ents, namely, protein, fat, carbohy-
drates, and ash, together with a
larger or smaller amount of water.
The latter can otften be seen, as in the
juice of fresh plants. In dry foods,
such as hay, no water is visible. A
small amount is, however, always
present In minute particles in all
plant tissues.

Protein is a name given to the total
group of nitrogenous materials pres-
ent. The group is made up mainly
of the true protelds and albumens.
The best-known examples of these
substances are such materials as the
gluten of wheat, lean meat, the white
of an egg, etc. This group also in-
cludes other nitrogenous substances
called amides, which are believed to

have a lower feeding value thaa liave
true proteids.

The group "fat" includes the true
vegetable fats and oil, like the oil in
flaxseed and corn, as well as vege-
table wax and a few other materials
which are extracted by ether or gaso^
line in the usual laboratory method
of estimating fat. The name "ether
extract" is often, and quite properly,
applied to t Us group.

The group, "carbohydrates" In-
cludes starches, sugars, cellulose, and
other bodies of a similar chemical
structure.

The group, "mineral matter" In-
cludes salts present in the juices and
tissues oif feeding stuffs. These sub-
stances are principally sodium, potas-
sium, lime, phosphorus and sulphur.
The term "ash" is often, and very
appropriately, used in speaking of
this group, as the mineral matter
represents the incombustible portion
which remains when the feeding stuff
is burned.

The functions of food are: (1) to
supply material to build and repair
the body, and (2) to yield energy.
The chemical composition of a feed-
ing stuff serves as a basis for judg-
ing of its value for building and re-
pairing body tissue. Its value as a
source of energy must, however, be
learned in another way. The most
in terms of heat, the caloric being
used method of measuring method ia
taken as the unit. A caloric repre-
sents the amount of heat sufficient to
•aise the temperature of one kilogram
of water one degree on the centi-
grade scale, or the temperature of one
pound of water four degrees Fahren-
heit.

The fuel value of a ration fed to
any animal may be calculated from
the composition of the food material
supplied, on the assumption that 1

14

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

pound of protein equals 1,860 cal-
ories, 1 pound of fat 4,220 calories,
and 1 pound of carbohydrates 1,860
calories.

Nutritive Ratio.

The relation existing between the
nitrogenous and nitrogen-free nutri-
ents in the ration is termed the nutri-
tive, or nutrient ratio. In calculat-
ing this ratio it is necessary to arrive
at a factor which will represent the
total value of the fat and the carbo-
hydrates. As will be seen by refer-
ence to the preceding values for the
production of energy, fat has a value
which is 2.25 times as great as an
equal weight of carbohydrates. So
that the nutritive ratio is actually
the relationship existing between the
protein in the ration and a factor
obtained by multiplying the fat by
2.25 and adding to the carbohydrates.
The nutritive ratio may be concisely
stated as follows: Protein (fat x 2.25
plus carbohydrates.)

As has been seated, one of the
chief functions of food was to supply
material to build and repair the
body. The different constituents of
which feeding stuffs are composed
differ in their ability to serve this
purpose. All the organs and tissues
jf the body contain nitrogen. Pro-
tein is the only nutrient which sup-
plies this element, and is therefore
essential in building up and restoring
body tissues. It Is plain, therefore,
that the demands of the animal for
material with which to renew the
tissues of the body and to provide for
growth of the different parts, must be
satisfied by the protein contained In
the ration.

Heat and Energy.

The heat and energy which is re-
quired in the animal body may be
supplied by any one of the three con-
stituents— protein, fat or carbo-
hydrates. If the cost of raising or
procuring protein was about the same
as It is for carbohydrates, it would
be of little Importance to do more
then assure a sufficient supply of this

ingredient. If the ration contained
decidedly more protein than was ne-
cessary, the feeder would not be In-
curring any loss, for this substance
is able to supply all of the require-
ments of the body which may be sup-
plied by carbohydrates or fats. But
at the present time protein is very
considerably dearer than carbohy-
drates. Foods rich In protein always
command the highest prices. It is
essential, therefore, to be as economi-
cal as possible in the use of this nu-
trient, and to limit the quantity as
far as practicable. It thus becomes
necessary to find what this limit is
for the different species of animals,
and for the different conditions under
which they may be keptf Large num-
bers of feeding experiments have been
made under varying conditions with
this end in view. From the results,
feeding standards have been worked
out, which show the amount of di-
gestible protein, fat, and carbohy-
drates supposed to be best adapted
to different animals when kept for
different purposes.

Since certain of the nutrients can
replace one another, it often trans-
pires that the physiological standard
does not correspond with the stand-
ard for most economical production
in a given locality. This applies more
especially to the protein, which is the
most expensive nutrient; but, as a
matter of fact, it has often been
found in practical experience, that
production has been increased and
cheapened by making the rations con-
form more nearly to those suggested
by the physiological standard.

To Balance a Ration.

After reading the paragraph on
"Nutritive Ratio," and with a definite
understanding of the value of sucn
take an inventory of the feeds at your
disposal and then read the paragraph
in this chapter on "Selection of Feed-
ing Stuffs." Now say that you wish
to balance a ration for a steer. In
the table on feeding standards we
find the total dry matter to be about
30 lbs., protein 2.5 lbs., carbohydrates
16.0 lbs., fat .5 lbs. Now turn to your
feeding and computation table and

LIVE STOCK.

ti

proceed down the first column and,
finding the feeds there similar to
those possessed by you, figure out
your balanced ration, not forgetting
that variety is one of the greatest ap-
petizers and aids to digestion in the
business.

Wolff's Standards.
The feeding standards prepared by
Wolff, a German investigator in ani-
mal nutrition, have been the most
widely used of any. These were
based largely on the weight of the
animal, although an attempt was
made to make allowance for the age
of tne animal and for the kind of
work performed. Of late, however,
there has been quite a general belief
that the standards snould take more
account of the amount or character
of production. In the case of milch
cows, for example, it Is thought that
the standard should be adapted to the
amount of milk produced, making the

live weight a matter of secondary
consideration. The most important
use of protein In feeding cows is In
the formation of milk. Hence a cow
producing 20 quarts of milk per day
will require considerably more pro-
tein to elaborate this milk than one
giving only eight quarts; and as the
milk production of cows bears no
particular relation to the live weight,
a hundred pounds in weight more or
less need make very little difference
in the ration. The use of rations
varying in accordance with the milk
production is comparatively simple,
as it only requires that the weight of
milk given by the different cows be
known. Wolff's standards have re^
cently been modified by Prof. F. Leh-
mann, as the result of additional ex-
periments and practical experience,
and also in the attempt to adapt
them more closely to the practical
needs of the animal.

Wolfe-Lehman Feeding Standards

Showing amounts of nutrients per 1,000 lbs. Kve weight for one day's feeding

Digestible Nutrients

Total Fuel

Animal Dry Protein Carbo Fat Value

Matter Hydrates

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Poimds
Fattening Cattle —

First period 30 2.5 15.0 0.5 34,650

Second period • 30 3. 14.5 0.7 35,500

Third period 26 2.6 15.0 0.7 35,900

Milch Cows —

Giving 11 pounds milk a day 25 1.6 10.0 0.3 22,850

Giving 16K pounds milk a day 27 2.0 11.0 0.4 25,850

Giving 22 pounds milk a day 29 2.5 13.0 0.8 33,700

Giving 27 K pounds milk a day 32 3.3 13.0 0.8 33.700

Sheep —

Coarse wool 20 1.2 10.5 0.2 22,600

Fine wool 23 1.5 12.0 0.3 26,400

Breeding Ewes with Lambs 25 2.9 15.0 0.5 35,400

Fattening Sheep —

First period 30 3.0 15.0 0.5 35,600

Second Period 28 3,5 14.5 0.6 36,000

Horses —

Light work.. 20 1.5 9.5 0.4 22,150

Medium work 24 2.0 11.0 0.6 26,700

Heavy work 26 2.5 13.3 0.8 32,750

86

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

WOLFE-LEHMAN FEEDING STANDARDS.— (Continued.)

Digestible Nutriments

Total

Animal Dry Protein Carbo Fat

Matter- Hydrate*

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
Brood sows 22 2.5 15 5 0.4

Fattening swine —

Firstperiod 36 4.5 25.0 0.7

Second period 32 4.0 24.0 0.5

Third period 25 2.7 18.0 0.4

Growing Cattle —
Dairy Breeds —

2 to 3 months old, weighing about

150 pounds 23 4.0 13.0 2.0

3 to 6 months' old, weighing about

300 pounds 24 3.0 12.8 1.0

6 to 12 months* old, weighing

about 500 pounds 27 2.0 12.5 0.5

12 to 18 months' old, " weighing

about 700 pounds 26 1.8 12.5 0.4

18 to 24 months' old, weighing

about 900 pounds 26 1.5 12.0 0.3

Beef Breeds —

2 to 3 months' old, weighing about

160 pounds 23 4.2 13.0 2.0

3 to 6 months* old, weighing about

330 pounds 24 3.5 12.8 1.5

6 to 12 months' old, weighing

about 550 pounds 25 2.5 13,2 0.7

12 to 18 months* old, weighing

about 750 pounds 24 2.0 12.5 0.5

18 to 24 months* old, weighing

about 950 pounds 24 1.8 12.0 0.4

Growing Sheep:
Wool Breeds —

4 to 6 months' old, weighing about

60 pounds 25 3.4 15.4 0.7

6 to 8 months' old, weighing about

75 pounds 25 2.8 13.8 0.6

8 to 11 months' old, weighing

about 80 pounds 23 2.1 11.5 0.5

11 to 15 months' old, weighing

about 90 pounds 22 1.8 11.2 0.4

15 to 20 months' old, weighing

about 100 pounds 22 1.5 10.8 0.3

Mutton Breeds — ^ —

4 to 6 months' old, weighing about

60 pounds 26 4.4 15.5 0.9

6 to 8 months' old, weighing about

80 pounds 26 3.5 15.0 0.7

8 to 1 1 months' old, weighing about

100 pounds 24 3.0 14.3 0.5

11 to 15 months' old, weighing about

120 pounds 23 2.2 12.6 0.5

15 to 20 months* old, weighing about

150 pounds 22 2.0 12.0 0.4

Growing swine:
Breeding stock —
2 to 3 months' old, weishing about

Fuel
Value

Pounds
35,170

57,800
54.200
40,200

40,050
33,600
29,100
28,300
26,350

40,450
36.650
32,150
29,100
27.350

37,900
33,400
27,400
25,850
24.150

40.800
37,350
34.300
29,650
27,750

LIVE STOCK.

87

50 pounds 44 7.6 28.0

3 to 5 months' old, weighing about

i'-iO pounds 35 5.0 23 . 1

5 to 6 months' old, weighing about

120 pounds 32 3.7 21.3

6 to 8 months' old, weighing about

200 pounds 28 2.8 18.7

"8 to 12 months' old, weighing

about 250 pounds 25 2.1 15.3

Growing Fattening Swine—

2 to 3 months' old, weighing about

50 lbs 44 7.6 28.0

3 to 5 months' old, weighing about

100 lbs 35 5.0 23.1

5 to 6 months* old, weighing about

150 lbs 33 4.3 22.3

6 to 8 months' old, weighing about

200 lbs 30 3.6 20.5

9 to 12 months' old, weighing

about 275 lbs 26 3.0 18.3

1.0
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3

70,450
55,650
48,190
41,250
33,200

70.450
55,650
52,000
46,500
40*900

QUANTITY AND QUALITY.

In addition to furnishing the re-
quisite amount of nutrients, the
food must have a certain bulk. The
required bulk is secured by feeding
a certain amouat of coarse fodder,
which aids digestion and helps to
keep the animal satisfied and healthy.

The measure of the bulk or total
solid matter is the weight of dry mat-
ter in the ration. The dry matter is
the solid or water-free portion of the
food. More latitude is allowable in
this than in the case of any single
nutrient.

FEEDING STANDARD VALUE.

It should be borne in mind that
feeding standards are simply a con-
cise and approximate statement of
the amounts of the different nutrients
required by animals, as indicated by
the results of experiments and obser-
vation. They are not to be regarded
as infallible or as absolute formulas
which can be followed blindly without
regard to the conditions. They are
intended to apply to the average con-
ditions. No single standard can be
laid down for all conditions. Good
judgment and intelligent observation
on the part of the feeder are neces-
sary in the application of feeding
standards as the calculation of eco-
nomical rations is not merely a mat-
ter of applied mathematics. The local
conditions, as regards the feeding
stuffs which can be grown and pur-
chased economically, and the value
of the products, will have much to
do In determining how closely the

feeder can afford to adhere to the
standard. But such standards or for-
mulas, used In connection with the
feeder's observation of his animals
and the markets, are very useful, and
have served a good purpose In Im-
proving the practica of feeding. It
is In their abuse that the chief dan-
ger lies.

Ration and Yield.
In making allowance for the dif-
ference In milk yield In different
cows, a uniform basal ration may be
fed to all the cows, and the amount
of the richer grain food varied to
suit the demands. Such feeds as
roughage and the less concentrated
grain foods may be fed uniformly to
all the animals. To the allowance
of these feeds could be added a
quantity of some such feed as gluten
meal, linseed oilcake meal or cotton-
seed meal, the amount being varied
to suit the milk yield of the cow.

8S

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

FEEDING AND COMPUTATION TABLES

Average digestible nutrients in common American Feeding StuSt

Digestible nutrients in 100 lbs.

Dry ;

Name of Feed Matter in Protein Carbo Ether

\ 100 lbs. Hydrates Extract

Roughage
Hay— 1

Timothy 86.8

Orchard Grass 90. 1

Red Top 91.1

Kentucky Blue Grass 78.8

Hungarian Grass 92.3

Mixed Grasses and Clover 87.1

Oat Hay 91.1

Barley 89.4

Red Clover, medium 84. 7

Red Clover, mammoth 78.8

Alsike Clover 90.3

White Clover 90.8

Alfalfa 91.6

Straw —

Wheat 90.4

Rye 92.9

Oat 90.8

Barley 85.8

Wheat Chaff 85.7

Oat Chaff 85.7

Green Fodders —

Pasture Grasses (mixed) .... -20.0

Kentucky Blue Grass 34.9

Timothy 38.4

Orchard Grass 27.0

Red Clover 29.2

Alsike 25.2

Alfalfa 28.2

Fodder Com —

Fodder corn, green 20 .7

Fodder corn, field cured .... 57.S

Com stover, field cured 59.5

Corn silage 20.9

Roots and Tubers —

Potato 21.1

Beet, common 13.0

Beet, sugar 13.5

Beet, mangel 9.1

Flat turnip 9.5

Rutabaga 11.4

Carrot 11.4

Parsnip 11.7

Artichoke 20.0

Concentrates

Com 89.1

Gluten Meal 91.8

Hominy Chops 88.9

Wheat 89.5

Wheat Bran 88.1

Wheat Shorts 88.2

Whoat Middlings . . 87.9

2.8

43.4

1.4

4.9

42.3

1.4

4.8

46.9

1.0

4.8

37.3

2.0

4.5

51.7

1.3

6.16

42.71

1.46

4.3

46.4

1.5

5.11

35.94

1.55

6.8

35.8

1.7

5.7

32.0

1.9

8.4

42.6

1.5

11.5

42.2

1.6

11.0

39.6

1.2

0.4

36.3

0.4

0.6

40.6

0.4

1.2

38.6

0.8

0.7

41.2

0.6

0.3

23.3

0.5

1.5

33.0

0.7

2.5

10.2

0.5

3.0

19.8

0.8

1.2

19.1

0.6

1.5

11.4

0.6

2.9

14.8

0.7

2.7

13.1

0.6

8.9

12.7

0.5

1.0

11.6

0.4

2.6

34.6

1.2

1.7

32.4

0.7

0.9

11.3

0.7

0.9

16.3

0.1

1.2

8.8

0.1

1.1

10.2

0.1

1.1

6.4

0.1

1.0

7.2

0.2

1.0

8.1

0.2

0.8

7.8

0.2

1.6

11.2

0.2

2.0

16.8

0.2

7.9

66.7

4.3

25.8

-43.3

11.0

7.5

55.2

6.8

10.2

69.2

1.7

12.3

39.2

2.7

12.2

60.0

3.8

12.8

63.0

S.4

LIVE STOCK

Sd

Beef Feeding Rations.

Mix a few houf% before feeding:
Ensilage, 40 lbs.; cut straw, 4-5 lb».;
roots, 15 lbs.; long clover, 4 lbs.

The grains are fed^as follows.:

First and second weeks, none.

Third week, 1 lb. of bran.

4th week, 2 lbs. chiefly bran.

Fifth and sixth weeks, 3 lbs. con-
sisting of bran 2 parts; oil cake and
gluten meal, 1 part by weight.

Seventh, eighth and ninth weeks,

4 lbs. of mixture in equal parts.
Tenth, eleventh and twelfth weeks,

5 lbs. above mixture; bran, 1 part;
oil cake or gluten meal, 2 parts.

Another method which is very suc-
cessful: House cattle about middle
of November; begin feeding Imme-
diately a mixture of 2 5 lbs. silage, 6
to 7 lbs. cut straw, 1^,4 lbs. chop.
Mix in morning and add a little salt.
Increase the meal ration gradually
up to 8 or 9 lbs.

The preceding systems are for cat-
tle finished for the winter and spring
trade. Cattle to be finished on grass
are fed in practically the same man
ner in so far as the rough food is
concerned. The grain ration, how-
ever, seldom goes above 3 lbs. per
day.

Buying Feeds.

As a rule never pay more than
$6.00 per ton for hay for feeding.
Grains are a good buy at $1.00.
Gluten meal and oil cake are profit-
able.

Roots Versus Ensilage.

Com Is a surer crop and gives
more feed per acre than any other
crop grown. It requires little la-
bor. Some feeders, however, prefer

feeding both, as cattle do not go
wrong 80 easily. Roots have a
peculiar cleansing effect upon the
digestive system.

Roots tend to correct any slight
derangement that has been caused by
other foods. Roots are especially
valuable for young stock, whereas
ensilage should only be fed in very
limited quantities to animals under
one year of age.

Water.
Where an abundance of roots Is
fed very little water is needed. Six
pecks of turnips contain about 80
lbs. of fluid. Water should be avail-
able at all times.

Sheep Breeding.
Select ewes with good, firm bone
and short, strong pasterns, *f air size
of feet, legs straight and squarely
set under. Heavy shearers most
profitable; density of fibre and length
of staple must be considered. Have
flock uniform. Select ram of me-
dium size; must possess good quali-
ties of conformation and wool with
strong masculinity, bold carriage and
strong bone. He must be pure bred.
Fifteen ewes is the minimum on
one hundred acres, and not beyond
twenty-five. An increase through
Iambs can be expected of from 150%
to 1757c.

Buy ewes in Autumn just after
lambs have been weaned. Two shear
ewes are to be preferred, as you will
know whether they are breeders or
not.

Strongest lambs are sired by rams
one year and over. Fifteen ewes are
enough for one ram. If more are
in the fiock, the ram should not be
allowed to run with them.

Feeds.

Ewes should have a run on stubble fields — not sown to clover, or old
pastures under middle of September, and then given access to rape or clover
field. If this is not available feed a small quantity of grain to make sure
ewes are thriving well when breeding. This is the secret of large percentage
of twin lambs.

Wintering Sheep.

Have fiock In good flesh when winter sets in. Can be kept doing well
on clover hay, a few roots — about 3 lbs. per head per day, and a liberal feed
of pea straw. Feed one pound per head each day of mixed oats and bran,
about four weeks before lambing. Double grain feed after lambing, and also
the mangels and turnips to all that can eat. Roots are too bulky and cold to
feed heavily before lambing and affect the unborn lamb. Turnips before
lambing and inangels after. Never feed mangels to rams.

90

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Increase in Feed.

Prof. G. E. Day, O. A. C, Guelph,
showed in experiments that the
quantity of feed consumed per 100
lbs. increase in hogs increases rapid-
ly with the weight.

Increasing from 54 lbs. to 82 lbs.

pigs required 3.10 lbs. of meal per
lb. gain. Increasing from 82 to 115
lbs. Bhotes reqffired 3.7 5 lbs. of
meal per lb. gain. Increasing from
115 to 148 lbs. hogs required 4.38
lbs. meal per lb. gain. Increasing
from 148 lbs. to 170 lbs. hogs re-
quired 4.55 lbs. of meal per lb. gain.

DAILY GAIN AND KILLING PER CENT OF STEERS

Age

CLASS in
Days

Short-horn, I year old 642

2 year old 963

3 year old 1321

Hereford, 1 year old 663

2 year old 1020

3 year old. 1349

Devon, 1 year old 634

2 year old 1045

3 year old 1311

Aberdeen- Angus, 1 year old 668

2 year old 1008

3 year old. 1346

Sussex, 1 year old 677

2 year old 989

3 year old 1285

Red Polled, 2 year old 1002

3 year old 1362

Galloway, 2 year old 1027

3 year old 1344

Average Live
Daily Weight at Dressing
Gain Slaughter Per Cent.

2.11
1.92
1.7

1355
1842
2251

66.13
67.48
69.38

1.97
1.78
1.64

13.8
1817
2218

65.08
67.15
69.18

1.75
1.51
1.37

1112
1583
1796

66.01
67.73
67.32

2.04
1.74
1.50

1366
1765
2138

65.37
66.67
67.39

2.15
1.86
1.61

1452
1837
2064

65.42
68.18
67.98

1.64
1.49

1631
2022

65.73
65.77

1.64
1.47

1688
1969

64.45
64.84

TABLE I. GRADING-UP A SCRUB HERD

Disappearance of unimproved blood by the continuous use of pure bred sires on succed*

ing generations.

Sires

Dams

Offspring

Generations

Per cent,
purity

Per cent,
purity

Per cent,
purity

Per cent.

unimproved

blood

1 100 0 50 (>^) 50(1-3)

2 100 50 75 (^) 25 (X)

3 100 75 87.5 (7-8) 12.5 (1-8)

4 100 87.5 93.75(15-16)6.25(1-16)

5 100 93.75 96.87(31-32)3.12-41-32)

6 .• 100 96.87 98.44(60-64) 1.5 (1-64)

a Principles ©f Breeding by Davenport, p. 602.

LIVE STOCK.

91

A true Cattalo bull, "Quinto-Porto." Two top crosses of Hereford and two of

bison.

A hybrid. Sir*, Buffalo bull; dam, Galloway cow.

98

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

HERD REGISTER

Name of Animal

Date of Birth

Sire

Dam

•

i

LIVE STOCK.

IS

HERD REGISTER

Name of Animal ! Date of Birth

Sire

Dam

94

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Lakeview Stock Farm

Dutchland Colantha Sir Mona, No. 10074.

^ Above Is an illustration of the senior herd sire at Lakeview Farm.
His sire's dam's yearly records for both milk and butter have only
been equalled by three cows in the world. And she is the only- cow in
the world that has ever held all world records in every division from
one day to one year. Sir Mona is a brother to the World's Cham-
pion junior 2-year-old, 22,750 lbs. milk, 858.5 lbs. butter; and the
World's Champion junior 3-year-old, 21,239 lbs. milk, and 946.71 lbs.
butter; and the holder of the World's Champion 3-year-old milk record
for one year, 22,645 lbs. His first daughters to freshen have just com-
pleted the following records at 2 years old:

Lakeview D.D. 2nd, 21.55; Lakeview Mona R., 18.16; Lakeview
Dutchland Queen, 17.32; Lakeview DutcFiland Almeda, 13.83; Lakeview
Dutchland Artis, 13.00.

Colantha Johanna Lad

Over 80 A.R.O. daughters, 8 with
first calf average 19.11 lbs. of but-
ter in 7 days.

Mona Pauline DeKol, butter 27.18
lbs. Dam of Mona Veeman, but-
ter 30.73 lbs. Baroness Mona
Pauline, butter 27.25 lbs.

King Canary Segis, No. 16847, is our junior sire, his sire King Segis
Pontiac Howell, is a grand-son of King of the Pontiacs, and his dam.
Pet Canary Countess 2nd, Canadian Champion 3-year-old 30-day butter
cow, 110.23 lbs. King is being used on the daughters of Dutchland
Colantha Sir Mona. The combined blood of these two wonderful sires
is bound to be heard from in the near future. Choice stock of both
sexes from the above sires for sale. Visitors always welcome.

E. F. OSLER, Prop., Bronte, Ont. T. A. DAWSON, Mgr.

Dutchland Colantha Sir Mona

(10074—67776.)

LIVE STOCK.

a

Crossing for
size and
quality

Crossing for size

and fattening,

and grazing

quality

Smoci.nness,

compactness,

and tliick

fleshing

For hardiness

and v;ilue of

skins

0 0

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96

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Selection of

In selecting feeding stuffs for his
Btock, the farmer will naturally be
governed by the condition of the
market. The cost oi ueedlng stuff*
ia controlled by other factors than
the actual amounts of food materiars
which they comtain; indeed, there
often appears to be very little con-
nection between the two. Bearing in
mind that the protein is the most
expensive ingredient, and the one
especially sought in concentrated
feeds, the farmer can make his selec-
tion with the aid of the tables show-
ing the digestive materials in 100
pounds. This will show him whether
feed wheat at 70 cents a bushel is as
cheap as corn at 60 cents, and how
gluten feed at $25 per ton will com-
pare with linseed meal at $30.

Stock Foods.

A considerable number of proprie-
tary articles, sold under trade names,
are found on the markets of this
country. Judging from the extent
to which they are advertised and sta-

Feed Stuffs

tistics which hay* been collected
from feedars, the employment of pre-
pared or condimental feeds must be
quite extensive. Extravagant claimi
are made for them as to their effect
upon the general health of animals,
and their feeding value, or their
ability to increase the feeding value
of other foods fed in conjunction with
them. They frequently contain a con-
siderable quantity of salt, some ifenu-
greek, aromatic seeds, charcoal, Ep-
som salts, sulphur, cayenne pepper,
gentian, ginger, etc.

Analysis of samples of these feed-
ing stuffs collected from time to time
show that none of them can be re-
garded as concentrated feeds in the
common acceptance of the term. The
basis of the best of them is linseed
or flaxseed meal, or some cereal by-
product. They are usually sold at
exorbitant prices, ranging from 10 to
20 cents a pound. Neither the claims
made for their valuable properties,
nor the need of supplying tonics or
medicines with the food, will justify
the feeder in buying such materials.

Wheat Concentrates

The wheat berry has three distinct
coats, composed of tough, thiok-wall-
ed cells, which contain a large propor-
tion of fibre (much of which is indi-
gestible) and but little starch. Direct-
ly beneath the innermost seed coat is
a layer of cells, very rich in meat-
forming materials, called the aleurone
layer; ins.ide this is a soft, white part
of the berry, largely filled with starch
grains. These also contain meat-
forming substances, known as gluten.
Inside the inner starchy part of the
berry is contained the germ which
holds the embryo, or the seed-life of
the wheat plant.

Now, as flour is being manufactured
the wheat is run through a series of
rollers, set at decreasinig ddstances
apart, so that the kernels are gradual-
ly broken into smaller and smaller
pieces. The fine, floury part is separ-
ated after each breaking, and the
tough outer oats are thus gradually
freed from the adhering flour, and
majke up the bran.

Now, the millers' Idea is to oibtain
all the starch cells and gluten possible
from the berry and to clean out the
germ and the bran, including the first
layer, which would give an undesir-
able color to the flour, besides lower-
ing its keeping qualities.

Bran Is rich in mineral matter, con-
taining 80 per cent, of the phosphates
of the wheat berry, hence ilt Is very
valualble to feed to young, growing
animals for the production of flesh and
ibone; being somewhat deficient in
lime it should be siupplemented with
hay or legumes, such as clover, alfalfa
and peas. It also has certain desirable
laxative properties.

The wheat bran on our markets Is of
two kinds. The country mill kind,
made under conditions where machin-
ery is not perfect for the close separa-
tion of the starch cells from the seed
coats. The other Is the "fiaky bran,"
produced in large city mills, where the
machinery is up-tcndate and close
working. The country prodiiot le,

LIVE STOCK.

97

Champion fat steer, at Canadian National, 1915.

Cnampion graae aairy cow at Ottawa, 1914 and 1915. Sire, Lessnessock

Oyama's Guarantee.

98

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

therefore, higiher in starcli and lower
in protein and fibre than the flaky or
roller bran. The value of each de-
pends on the animals to be fed and the
combination of feeds to be used in
conjunction. Whilst the roller- bran
supplies more protein than does coun,-

,try mill bran, its digestibility is likely
to be somewhat lower on account of

' its larger fibre content. The difference"
is slight, so let the price ibe the deter-
mining factor. Wheat bran is often
high priced in comparison with other
desirable concentrates, and the fact
that it is a common and valuable dairy
feed does not make its use indispens-
aJble. Sometimes equally valuable con-
centrates can be purchased at lower
cost. It is especially valuable to
stock requiring much protein and
mineral matter and are able to digest
bulky rations. It is well fed with corn
meal, buckwheat, middlings, etc.

Wheat Middlings.

Middlings vary in quality from
standard middlings to "shorts," which
may contain little flour. To a certain
extent "middlings" and "shiorts" are
interchangeable terms, sometimes re-
cognized as one and the same thing.
Wheat naiddlings proper comprise the
finer bran particles with considerable
flour adhering to them. Shorts often
(not rightly) consist of ground-over
bran and the sweepings and dirt of
the mills, sometimes with ground or
unground weed seeds which had been
previously separated from the wheat
Then there is the higher grade of
middlings, sometimes termed white
middlings, containing considerable
low-grade flour and a little more crude
protein and flour. Middlings have,
then, greatest value for pigs of all
ages, ibut should always be mixed with
such feeds as com or barley. They
are also helpful to dairy cows. They
(middlings and shorts) are both low
in lime and should, therefore, be fed
in conjunction with alfalfa or clover
hay.

Returning again to bran it may be
stated that great care must be exer-
cised in feeding it to horses, as it
sometimes seriously affects their
bones, especially in the younger
animals. This is partially due to the
lack of lime in bran. Wood ashes,
burned lime, rock phosphate ground,
or legumes must always be fed in con-

junction. Best grades of bran are of
light weight, with large, clean flakes
and no foreign matter. Supplied to
horses, twice weekly, in the form of a
mash made with scalding water, it
proves an excellent slight and bene-
ficial laxative. As bran is very bulky,
hard-working horses should be fed
very limited quantities, as they have
no time to digest bulky foods.
Take caution in purchasing, especially
shorts, to see '^Ijat there is no foreign
matter in the products. Weeds are ex-
pensive buying, and the dirt of the
mill floors is unhealthy. Besides,
there is a great deal of seeding down
to weeds, brought about by the pur-
chase of unclean millfeeds. Owing to
the looser method of grinding, the
country mill is sometimes the chief of-
fender.

FEEDING EWES IN WINTER.

In the winter feeding of pregnant
ewes, an excellent ration is composed
of clover hay, two to three pounds, and
roots, two to three pounds per day.
This is sufficient except when ewes
are thin, in which case a meal mixture
also should be fed at the rate of about
a half "pound per day. A good meal
mixture consists of oats, two parts;
bran, one part, and linseed oil cake
or peas, one part. Ewes lambing in
February, March or April should be
well prepared with the use of the above
ration.

The most economical use of rough-
ages is the secret of successful sheep
feeding. If good clover hay is absent,
tbe cheaper roughages must be sup-
plemented with grain. Pea straw, un-
threshed, is an excellent substitute
for clover hay; pea straw, threshed,
must be supplemented with grain. Fine
grass hay may require an addition of
some grain in order to take the place
of clover hay. It would be better to
feed coarse grass -hays to some other
class of stock.

Ensilage may take the place of roots
to within a month of lambing, at which
time ensilage should be stopped and
roots gradually decreased until after
lambing.

For feeding sheep the roots may 'be
either mangels, turnips, or sugar beets,
except in the cas« of rams, where tur-
nips only should compose the root ra-
tion.

LIVE STOCK.

99

PROVINCE
OF

Free Fertile Lands

ALBERTA

Healthfnl Climate

Abandant Crops

Sheep in Alberta.

Thousands of acres of
magnificent land are yet
available as free homesteads,
with easy access to railway
transportation.

Alberta's Mixed Farming
and Dairying industry is
rapidly developing, and ulti-
mately this province ■wrill be
the Denmark of Canada,

Alberta's remarkable Rail-
way Development has opened
up tremendous new areas of
arable solL

Alberta's Grain Crops Second to None in Quality and Yield

Alberta has
demonstration
every district.

provincial
farms in
providing

unique opportunities

farmers.

for

Alberta has set the ex-
ample in free Agricultural
Sciiools, which are oper-
ated in conjunction with
the demonstration farms.

Demonstration Farm and School of Agriculture.

Alberta Possesses Untold Mineral Wealth, Which is Practically Untapped

Alberta Pigs.

Hitherto unoccupied dis-
tricts of startling possibili-
ties are now being de-
veloped by new railway
lines, and extraordinary op-
portunities are thus offered
to settlers.

Alberta was the first pro-
\Tnce to owTi and operate its
telephone system, which now
serves upwards of 28,000
subscribers.

For full information write to
ChaHes S. Hotchkciss, De-
partment of Agriculture,
Edmonton, Alberta.

Hon. Duncan Marshall, Min-
ister of Agriculture.

100

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Commercial Concentrates : What They Are

Supplementary concentrates for the
feeding of farm stock are becoming of
more common usage every winter
time. It is a question as to tiie aver-
age value of th§ factory bye-products.
Are they economical to feed, and what
are their diistinctive values? Judi-
ciously used, there is no doubt about
their value for fattening and milk pro-
duction, conditioning and finishing.
We deal fairly broadly with the as-
pects of the different known mill pro-
ducts.

Molasses as a Feed.

Molasses is the non-crystallized re-
sidue obtained in the evaporation of
the sweet juice of sugar cane and
sugar beet. The sugar beet molasses
contain 20 per cent, moisture, 9 per
cent, protein, and 60 per cent, almost
wholly sugar; 10 per cent, ash, con-
sisting of potash and soda. It forms
a thick, salty-sweetish liiquid, very
laxative, and thus it must be care-
fully used and is usually fed with
three or four times its proportion of
warm water and sprinkled on hay, cut

straw, and other roughage. In some
cases it is also used in the manufac-
ture of molasses feeds with absorb-
ents, such as dried brewers' grains,
malt sprouts, alfalfa meal, ground
grain screenings, pea meal, wheat
bran. Value of these feeds varies ac-
cording to absorbent used. It may be
fed to all classes of farm animals with
the exception of pigs.

Cane Molasses.
Our black-strap molasses differs
from the best variety mainly in its
flesh-forming elements. It lis sweeter
of taste and is greatly relished. In
the Southern States, horses are flesh-
ed for market on it, and in Canada it
is to a small extent used for the same
purpose. One gallon makes a good
carbohydrate feed for a horse, and a
similar amount may be fed to steers
as a maximum allowance. Cane mo-
lasses is especially valuable on ac-
count of lits high sugar content and
its palatability; it serves a useful pur-
pose as an appetizer and for prepar-
ing animals for show or sale, as it

Hobsland's Masterpiece, champion Ayrshire bull at Canadian National and

Ottawa, 1915.

LIVE STOCK.

101

gives them a thrifty appearance and
a sleek, shiny coat.

Beet Pulp.

This stuff Is obtained dn large quan-
tities as a bye-pro(fact at beet sugar
factories. The carefully-cleaned beets
are cut into V-shaped pieces and the
sugar extracted. This is purified with
lime* and sulphur dioxide and erapor-
ated. Molasses is obtained as the re-
sidue when the sugar crystals have
been removed. The extracted beet
pulp contains SO per cent, to 90 per
cent, of water, and about 1 per cent,
to 2 per cent, sugar. It is, however,
fairly high in carbohydrates and has
about the same feeding value as beets
and one-half that of com silage. It
cannot be shipped great distances on
account of its high water content. It
is an excellent feed for dairy cows,
sheep and steers. One hundred pounds
per 1.000 lbs. body weight is sufficient

Old and New Process Linseed.

Linseed or oil meal is a most val
uable feed, properly used. It is of im
portance to remember that there are
two kinds — "Old Process" and "New
Process." By the former method of
making, the cleaned and ground seeds
are placed in large linen bags and
subjected to heavy pressure until the
residue forms cakes about 1 Inch
thick and about 13 by 32 inches. The
cakes are broken into small pieces or
ground into meal and sold as "old pro-
cess" linseed oil or as oil meal.

In the new process, the flaxseed is
ground and heated to about 160 de-
grees Fahrenheit and then placed In
large percolaters holding about 1.000
bushels or more. The seed is treated
repeatedly with naptha till nearly all
the oil is dissolved. Live steam is
then introduced into the percolators
and the naptha gradually driven out
of the mass. The meal is transferred
to steamheated driers, and when
dried ds elevated to the meal bins and
sacked. The naphtha Is evaporated
from the oil solution and commercial
linseed oil remains.

It stands to reason that the old pro-
cess stuff has the greater value. It is
preferred by stockmen because it
forms a jelly when mixed with warm
water, and because of its beneficial in-
fluence on the health and appearance
of farm animals. Owing to" its rela-
tively high oil content, it Is more laxa-

tive than new process meal, which
contains only about 3 per cent. fat.
"Old process" also produces a sleek
coat and a thrifty appearance, en-
lances the appetite and makes a steer
of excellent handling qualities. The
nutritive effect of the two meals in
nearly similar. The old meal has
better value as a feed for show stock,
and in combination with dry feeds.
But with feeds of a laxative nature,
such as green feeds, roots, and silage,
or where large supplies of protein Is
important, as in the feeding of milch
cows, the new process meal may be
preferable.

To test whether meal is old or new
process, pulverize a small quantity of
the meal and place a level teaspoon-
ful in a tumbler. Add ten teaspoon-
fuls of boiling water, stir and leave
to settle. If the meal is new process,
it will settle in about one hour and
leave about one-half the water clear
on top. If it Is old process, the whole
contents In the glass wiU remain
jelly-like. Linseed meal can be fed
safely to all classes of farm animals,
and is one of the most desirable stock
feeds available. It may be a little
more expensive than certain bye-pro-
ducts, but It can be fed to greater ad-
vantage in small quantities on account
of its medicinal qualities and its gen-
eral beneflcial elfect on the appetite
of the farm animal.

The qualities fed depend on the pro-
portional cost of oil meal in compari-
son with other concentrates. If the
market price of other concentrates is
high and so permits of the feeding of
large quantities of oil meal economi-
cally, the following amounts can be
daily fed with safety: Fattening steers,
3 lbs.: horses, 1 l-b.; sheep and hogs,
fattening, 1 lb., increased toward fin-
ish; calves and lambs, up to one-half
pound. For the production of high
grade butter, not more than one pound
should be fed, as the keeping and
table qualities cf the butter may be
injured, especially if fed in conjunc-
tion with feeds ivith a softening ten-
dency. Calves are better fed bolleo
flaxseed, especially until they are two
to three months old, unless the seed
is too dear. Oil me<il has been fed
advantageously to swine as a slop, a
pailful being stirred into a barrel of
skim milk and left over the night.
This will form a thick, solid mass

102

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

which will ibe greatly relisihed by the
swine. Fed to poultry in small quan-
tities, a tablespoonfui to each hen
twice weekly, it will brighten the plum-
age and ipromcte laying.

Cottonseed Meal.
This is (the ground residoie obtained
in -the manufacture Oif cotton seed oil,
made as an old process linseed meal.
It is readily oaten by cattle and sheep
coarsely broken. There are here -again
two kinds — decorticated, made from
seeds with the hulls removed ibefore
the oilis extracted; and the unde-
oorticated, so called cold pressed cot-
tonseed meal. This is obtained when
the whole uncrushed seed is subjected
to the cold pressure process for the
extraction of the oil. The difference
in composition is as follows: The de-
corticated is richer in ash, twice as
valuable in protein, ooatains only one-
quarter undigestible constituents,
nearly as much nitrogen free extract,
and 1 per cent, more fat than the un-
decorticated or ooldHpressedl ootttonj-
seed meal. The former Is therefore
much more valuable despite the fact
that the latter sells for only a few
dollars per ton less. Buy only the
best varifeties.

This meal is valuable when, properly
fed. In some sections of the States it
is their cheapest source of protein.' lit
is an excellent feed for milch cows and
can be fed as high as 6 lbs. daily, al-
though one to two pounds per head
with other concentrates is aJbout the
right quantity. Too heavy feeding
makes hard buitter.

Fattening steers may receive simil-
arly heavy feeds as milch cows, but
only for a period not exceeding M
days. Fed longer, it may cause fatal
siickness. It cannot 'be safely fed to
calves or pigs, on account of certain
poisoning temdencles. In iCanada, too
.heavy usage of this meal is not to be
recommended.

Brewers' Grains.
'These are the bye-products, in the
manufacture of beer. The barley is
steeped in warai water until it sprouts.
iStarch is thusHjhanged to sugar. When
the mailted barley contains a maxi-
mum amount of sugar, it is quickly
dried. The tiny sprouts are separated
and form the feed known as malt
sprouts, whilst the remaining dried
grains make the malt. This is treated
with large • quantities of water to ex-
tract sugar, ash, etc. The residue is

Sir Belle Fayne, senior and grand champio

1915,

n Hoistein bull, Canadian National,

LIVE STOCK.

m

the wet brewers' grains, and on drying
becomes dried brewers' grains.

The wet brewers' grains cannot be
shipped long distances on account of
the large water content, and are gen-
erally fed in the immediate vicinity of
the brewery. They are rich in protein
and are as valuable for feeding as the
original grain. Their digestibility is,
however, slightly lower; but fed, wet
or dry, they are a valuable feed for
farm animals, wet grains being especi-
ally good for milch oows, brood sows,
and fattening swine; and dried grains
for cattle and horses. If fed twenty
to thirty pounds i>er day with rough-

age, wet brewers' grains make an ex-
cellent feed for dairy cows. They are
worth one-fourth as much as dried
grains. The latter wiU keep indefin-
itely, are high in protein and carbohy-
drates, and are as digestible as wheat
bran. They are cheaper than'oats and
equally as valuable, especially for
hard-worked horses. Malt sprouts are
good, are generally dusty, and should
be fed wiht silage and moistened
thoroughly. Valuable as a dairy feed,
3 lbs. daily per cow; some cows do not
like the bitter taste. It is a cheap
source of protein.

Feeding the Horse

In Canada, horses are fed chiefly
upon hay, grass and oats, with vary-
ing quantities of corn, fodder, roots,
by's book on feeding animals, or
corn, wheat, wheat bran, rye and
barley. It is usual to find in any
locality that the foods which are
thought suitable for feeding to horses
are limited in number, although
these foods would exhibit a good deal
of variety when the list for all locali-
ties was taken, ^

The customary diet of hay and
oats, with the addition of greater or
less quantities of such feeds as wheat
bran or a small quantity of linseed
oil cake meal and a few roots, may
always be counted upon to give good
results if fsd with ordinary care and
judgment. Frequently, on account
of the nature of the feeds on hand
00- of the economy in purchasing,
other feeds may be used advantage-
ously and safely, if discretion be ex-
ercised in their selection. In choos-
ing these foods we should remember
the needs of the animal and the de-
mands made upon its energies, hence
nutritious foods should be fed dur-
ing a period of hard work, and foods
of a too bulky nature must be avoided
if the horse is called upon to endure
considerable strain within a short
period of time, whether it be in draw-
ing heavy loads or drawing a light
load at a rapid pace.

A table giving the nutritive values
of several of the commonest feeding

stuffs is included In this chapter; for
a more complete treatise, the reader
would do well to consult some such
standard work of reference as Arms-
Henry's "Feeds and Feeding."

Sudden changes of diet are always
dangerous. When desirous of chang-
ing the food, do so very gradually.
If a horse is accustomed to oats, a
sudden change to a full meal of
corn is apt to cause digestive
derangement. If we merely intend
to increase the quantity of the usual
feed, this also must be done gradu-
ally. The quantity of food given
must always be in proportion to the
amount of labor to be performed. If
a horse is t'l do a small amount of
\ ork, or rest entirely from work for
a few days, see that he receives a
proportionately smaller amount of
feed. If this should be observed on
Saturday night and Sunday, there
would be fewer cases of "Monday
morning sickness," such as colics and
lymphangitis.

Musty or Moldy Foods. — Above all
things, avoid feeding musty or moldy
foods. These are frequent causes of
disease of different kinds. Lung
trouble, such as bronchitis and
"heaves," often follows the use of
such food. The digestive organs al-
ways suffer from musty or moldy
foods. Musty hay is generally con-
sidered to produ<re disorder of the
kidneys; and all know of the danger
to pregnant animals from feeding
upon ergotlzed grasses or grains.

Leaving these somewliat general

104

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Pin Your Faith to the Clydesdale

It is the Draft Horse of Canada

Baron's Seal (17097), one of Scotland's greatest Clydesdales.

The best draft teams sold In Canada to-day, and the best draft
teams seen at exhibitions are Clydesdales. Why? Because the Clydes-
dale is the only breed in Canada that has proved its quality in pro-
ducing draft horses.

If you have a Clydesdale unrecorded that is eligible, have it re-
corded at once. It will add dollars to its value.

Application forms, giving full particulars, will be forwarded by the
National Record Office, Ottawa, on application.

The Clydesdale Horse Association of Canada

President, J. A. BOAG, VIce-Pres., WM. GRAHAM,

Queensvllle, Ontario. • Claremont, Ontario.

Secretary, J. W. Wheaton, 181 Simcoe Street, Toronto.

LIVE STOCK.

105

considerations, brief reference may be
made to the different kinds of foods:

Hay. — The best hay for horses is
timothy. It should be well cured,
crisp, clean, fresh, and possessing a
sweet, pleasant aroma. Even this
good hay. If kept for too great a
length of time, loses part of its nour-
ishment, and it becomes hard, dry and
more or less indigestible. New hay
Is difficult to digest, and tends to pro-
duce much t>allvation (clobbering),
and occasional purging and irritation
of the skin. If obliged to feed at all,
it should be given sparingly.

The average horse on grain should
be allowed from 10 to 12 pounds of
good hay a day It Is a mistake of
many to think that horses at light
work can be kept entirely on hay.
Such horses soon become pot-bellied,
fall off in flesh, and do not thrive.
The same Is true of colts; unless the
latter are fed with some grain they
grow up to be long, lean, gawky crea-
tures, and never make as good horses
as those accustomed to grain with,
or in addition to. their hay.

Straw. — The stra-ws are not exten-
sively fed In this country, and when
used at all, it s-hould be in conjunc-
tion with a certain amount of hay,
and the deficiency made up by a more
generons ration of grain. Wheat, rye
and oat straw are the ones most used,
and of these oat S'traw Is most easily
digested and contains the most nour-
ishment. Pea and bean straw are
occasionally fed to horses, the pea
being preferable, according .o most
writers.

Chaff.— Wheat and rye chaff should
never be used as a food for horses.
The beards frequently become lodged
in the mouth or throat, and are pro-
ductive of more or less serious
trouble. In the stomach and intes-
tines they often serve as the nucleus
of soft concretions, which serve as
obstructions in the digestive tract.

Oat chaff, if fed In small quanti-
ties and mixed with cut hay or com
fodder, is '^ry much relished by
horses.

Grains. — Oats take precedence of
all grains as a food for horses, as the
Ingredients necessary for the com-
plete nutrition of the body exist in
them in the best proportions. Oats
are, besides, more easily digested and
a larger proportion absorbed and

converted into the various tissues of
the body. Care must be taken in
selecting oats. According to Stewart,
the best oats are one year old, plump,
short, hard, clean, bright and sweet.
New oats are thought to be Indigest-
ible. Kiln-dried oats are to be avoided
as a rule, for even though originally
good, the drying process injures them
by rendering them less digestible.
Oats that have sprouted or fermented
are Injurious, and should not be fed.
Oats are to be given either whole or
crushed — whole In the majority of in-
stances; crushed to ol3 horses and
those having defective teeth. Horses
that bolt their feed are also best to
be fed upon crushed oats and out of
a manger large enough to permit of
spreading the grain in a thin layer.

The average horse requires. In ad-
dition to the allowance of hay above
mentioned, about 12 quarts of good
oats daily. Moldy oats, like hay and
straw, are likely to produce serious
digestive disorders.

Wheat and Rye. — ^Theie rralne
may be usad as food for horses In
small quantities, bruised or crushed,
and fed mixed with other grains and
hay. If fed alone, in any consider-
able quantities, they are Tery likely
to produce digestive disorders — 1am-
Inltls (founder) and similar troubles.
They should never constitute more
than one-fourth of the grain allow-
ance, and should always be ground
or crushed.

Bran. — The bran of wheat is the

one most used, and Its value as a
feeding stuff Is variously estimated.
It Is not to be depended upon if
given alone, but may be fed with
other grains. It serves to keep the
bowels open. Sour bran should not
be given. It disorders the stomach
and Intestines, and may even produce
serious results.

Maize (com). — ^This grain is not
suitable as an exclusive food for
young horses, as it Is deficient in
salts. It Is fed whole or ground.
Corn on the cob Is commonly used
as the food for horses affected with
"lampas." If the corn is old, and Is
to be fed In this manner, It should be
soaked In pur^. clean water for tea

106

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Bosa Bon.eur, senior and grand champion Hols.ain female, Canadian

National, 191o.

campion B.oo. o, P-™ance .e.s. .Canada, S..am 0, ed,.,e. 1S,..

LIVE STOCK.

107

or twelve hours. Corn. Is better
given ground and fed in quantities ol
from one to two quarts at a meal,-
mixed with, crushed oats or wheat
bran. Be veiy particular in giving
corn to a horse that is not accustomed
to its use". It must be commenced in
small quantities and very gradually
increased. I know of no grain more
likely to produce what is called acute
indigestion than corn, if these direc-
tions are not observed.

Linseed. — Ground linseed is occa-
sionally fed with other foods to keep
the bowels open and to improve the
condition of the skin. It is of par-
ticular service during convalescence,
when the bo-wels are sluggish in their
action- Linseed tea is very often
given in irritable or inflamed condi-
tions of the digestive organs.

Potatoes. — These are fed as an ar-
ticle of food for the hurse in many
sections. They possess, in common
with other roots, slight laxative pro-
perties.

Carrots. — These make a most ex-
cellent food, particularly during sick-
ness. They Improve the appetite and
slightly increase the action of the
bowels and kidneys. They possess
also certain alterative properties. The
coat becomes smooth and glossy when
carrots are fed. Some veterinary
writers claim that chronic cough is
cured by giving carrots for some
time. The roots may be considered,
then, as an adjunct to the regular
regimen, and if fed in small quanti-
ties, are highly beneficial.

Grasses. — Grass Is the natural food

for horses. It is composed of a great
variety of plants, differing widely as
to the amount of nourishment con-
tained, some being almost entirely
without value as foods and only eaten
when there Is nothing else obtainable,
while others are positively injurious
or even poisonous. None of the
grasses are sufficient to keep the
horse in condition for work. Horses
thus fed are "soft," sweat easily,
purge, and soon tire on the road or
when at hard work. To growing
stock, grass is indispensable, and
there is little or no doubt but that it
acts as an alterative when given to
horses accustomed to hay and grain.
It must be given to such horses in
small quantities at first. The stom-
ach and intestines undergo rest; and
recuperate if the horse is turned to
grass for a time each year. It is also
certain that during febrile diseases
grass acts almost as a medicine, less-
ening fever and favoring recovery.
Wounds heal more rapidly than when
the horse is on grain, and some
chronic disorders (chronic cough,
for instance) disappear entirely when
at grass. In my experience, grass
does more good when the horse crops
it himself. This may be due to the
sense of freedom he enjoys at pas-
ture, to the rest to'his feet and limbs,
and for many other similar reasons.
When cut for him it should be fed
fresh, or when but slightly wilted.

PRACTICAL FARM BOOKS

Are you getting satisfactory returns from your land. We have books cov-
ering every branch of your business. You will find in them ideas and sugges-
tions of great value on how to make and save mT>ney. Below are a few:

Farm Animals. By Hunt & Bur-
kett. It covers the whole field of ani-
mal industry $1.50

Management and Feeding of Sheep.
By Thos. Shaw. The most complete
work on sheep $2.00

Breeding of Farm Animals. By H.
W. Harper. Well adapted to the needs
of the farmer or student $1.50

Making Poultry Pay. By E. C.
Powell. The practical side of ikjuI-
try keeping, hatching, rearing, mar-
keting, breeds, etc $1 .00

FARM PRESS, LIMITED, 181 Simcoe St.,

TORONTO.

108 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Hog Feeding.

The following rations for hogs are not given as absolute, but will give
an Idea of a fairly well balanced ration of common feeds giving good prac-
tical results:

Growing Ration. Brood Sow Ration.

Skim Milk. Mixture.

Corn Meal. Ground Com.

Ground Oats. Oats and Barley.

Wheat Middlings. 5 lbs. Skim Milk.
Oil Meal.
Salt.

Regular Alilking Hours.

Result of Dominion Department of Agriculture ezperimentg resulted as
follows:

Average Average
per cent, weight of
Average per cow fat per cow,
daily yield, per day. daily.

Irregular 26.7 8.96 0.9987

Feed Ratios.
Stating relation which should exist between carbohydrate and proteins.
Dry Matter. Protein. Carbohydrates. Ratio.

Ox 17.5 .7 8.15 1 to 12

Horse 22.5 1.8 11.8 1 to 7

Milch Cow ... 24 2.5 12,9 1 to 54

Pigs 42 7.5 30 1 to 4

Feeds For Pigs.
Sow on milk, skim milk and wheat, middlings, barley, oats or com.
Proteins feeds for pigs: Gluten meal, buckwheat, middlings, brewer's
grains and peas.

Carbohydrate feeds: Oats, barley, wheat and corn.
Forage crops: Clover, alfalfa, rape, sorghum and rye.

Ck>ntagious Abortion. Ck>st.

The Vermont Experiment Station The approximate cost is '$15.00 per

has tested the use of Methylene Blue pound. (Each gram costs about three

as a cure or preventive of .contagious cents, making the daily dosage cost

abortion. about 60c, and each week's treat-

"On June 13, 1913, about 8% ment $4.20 per cow. Material can

months from the beginning qt the easily be purchased of wholesale

experiment 92 cows in all stages of druggists.

pregnancy had been treated. Only Note. — Can either be fed in cap-
one of these animals up to the month sules or on the feed. It is a power-
of June last has aborted, whilst 56 ful antiseptic.

have calved at full time and 35 are Thoroughly disinfect the stables

yet to calve. '^ with mercuric chloride or some other

Methylene Blue can be bought at reliable germicide. Use mercuric

all drug stores. chloride in proportions of 1 to 1,000

of water.

Method. * A 1 to 1,000 lysol solution kills

Administer % to % oz. (10-15 the germ in from 3 to 5 minutes. A

grams) night and morning for seven distinct blue will be noted in the

days, beginning early in pregnancy urine from two to six hours after

and after a four weeks interval con- che dose. Small amounts color urine

tinue the treatment for another green. Best way to administer is by

seven days and continue at four week the use of capsule in balling gum.

Intervals during the period of gesta- Better treat the whole herd or that

tion. part of the herd which is pregnant.

UVE STOCK.

109

The Feeding Margin of Stockers

The Feeding Margin.

In feeding cattle, the difference be-
tween cost price per 100 lbs. and the
selling price per 100 lbs. is known as
the margin. A margin is therefore
necessary to break even, or to make
a profit because av current prices of
feed, the cost" to produce a pound of
meat on a feeder exceeds the price of
the meat on the markets in generaL
So, as a rule, one should feed only
when the price of the combined finish-
ed product of the animal is sufficient-
ly greater than the initial price, to
pay the marke; price for food consmn-
ed, cost of feeding, and Interest on
capital iuvestea.

An Example.

Speaking of the necessity of a mar-
gin: a sieer may sell for 6 l-2c per lb.
To produce one himdred pounds of
meat would require about 700 lbs. of
com, forty poimds cottonseed or lin-
seed meal, and four hundred pounds
of alfalfa hay. With com at 50c. per
bushel, cotton seed meal at $28, and
alfalfa hay at $16 per ton, this would
cost about 10c. per lb. In order to
break even on the proposition the
operator will not feed imless he can
get the feeders at enough less than
6 l-2c. per pound to put through the
cost of fattening either upon the man
who sells the feeder or back upon the
producer.

Suppose this steer when finished
weighs 1,360 lbs., and at the beginning
of the feeding period 1,110 lbs. He
therefore gained 250 lbs. at a cost of
?25. The steer sells for 1,350 times
6 1-2 cents, or $S7.75. To break even
on the animal it must be bought
for $87.75, minus $25 the cost
of fattening, or for $62.76. As
the animal weighs 1,110 lbs. the
the cost price $5.70 or 80c above buying
price, is what is known as the margin.
To make a profit a larger margia is
necessary.

The Influence on Margin.

The marginal rate depends upon the
cost of the feeds and their effective-
ness in producing gains. If feeds are
equally productive, the higher the
cost, the greater the margin neces-
sary; if equally costly the more ef-
fective the feed the narrower the mar-
gin.

The primary cost znaBt also aSect

the margin. The cost of gains remain-
ing the same, the higher the Initial
cost of the feeder, the narrower the
margin. For instance, a feeder weigh-
ing 1,000 lbs. at the beginning, and at
the end of the fattening period 1,260
lbs. At 10c. per lb. the gain costs %^.
If the feeder cost $4.50 per cwt. he
should bring $70 at a weight of 1,260
to break even, or $6 per cwt. The
margin necessary would be $1.10 per
cwt., or the difference between the
buying and seUing price, meaning that
the value of every pound of your 4 l-2c
beef must be increased to 5.6c. in or-
der to break even. Were the steer
bought at $5 per cwt., the operator
would break even at a selling figure
of $6, or on a margin of $1. If $6 were
paid, the operator would break even
at $6.30 or on a margin of 80c This
wUl explain why buyers more than
break even by paying high prices for
feeders, provided there is a good mar-
ket for finished beeves.

Buying Weights and the Effects.

The buying weight also affects the
margin. If t!he buying cost, the
amount gained, and the cost of gain
remain the same, the heavier the feed-
er, the narrower the necessary mar-
gin. This argues well in favor of the
heavier feeder, but is counterbalanced,
because the older and heavier an
animal becomes, the more feed it takes
to produce one i»oimd of gain. A wide;-
margin is necessary in winter than in
summer, because the cost of produc-
ing gains Is the greater in winter.
Young cattle make more economical
use of their ration than mature cattle.
Hence ihey can feed on a narrower
margin-
Good and Poor Feeders.

If th^ buying price of good and poor
feeders .were the same, the better qual-
ity of cattle would offer the wider mar-
gin. In recent years, however, good
feeders have advanced more rapidly
in price than choice steers; at times
a better margin is offered for feeding
steers of less quality, because the
price of poor feeders may be compara-
tively lower than the difference in
quality would warrant. Again, the
necessary margin increases pro^r-
tionately, as the length of the feeding
period increases. As cattle increase
in fatness, the cost of gain increas«a.

lit)

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Men wlio feed cattle for a long period
i^hould he rewarded toy a correspond-
iuig increase in tlie price received per
100 libs.

The Feeding Period.

The period between the time the
steer is put into the feed quarters and
the time he is ready for market con-
stitutes the feeding period. The short
feed period lasts from sixty to ninety
days. The long feed period averages
one hundred and eight days or six
months, sometimes more and some-
times less. Cattle are on full feed
when they are taking grain and rough-
age to their full capacity. The per-
iod of feeding previous to the full ra-
tion is called ihe "warming up" period,
and lasts from two to six weeks de-
pending on whether the cattle have
been accustomed to grairt Since this
is a filling up process, cattle get on
full feed somewhat more rapidly when
fed on a ration made up largely of
roughage and not much grain. Too
onuch grain is injurious at the begin-
ning.

A larger proportion of animals are
short fed ibeoause the working margin
is narrower and the markets do not
show enough difference in pnice for
the degree of finish put upon the cat-
tle to warrant a longer period. Cheap-
er and larger daily gains can be made
during the short period than during
the long period, because, since the ra-
tion can be made heavier and the
steer forced more rapidly he will not
waste so much of the ration.

In Favor of Good Feeders.

The good feeder is the only one that
should be permitted in the feed stall
or lot, and if the making of prime beef
is the end desired there is no exception
to this rule. However, always work
for profit and not for looks. In other
words it is sometimes better and
more profitable to fatten thin stockers
up to the butcher's class than it is to
endeavor to run select feeders up to
the prime beef class.

In conclusion let me say, that every
farmer who feeds cattle for the mar-
ket should take some reliable paper,
either daily or weekly, with a reliable
market report and keep himself posted
on the market. He should know what
type of cattle he has, and in what class
they ibelong, and also at what time of
the year they are in greatest demand.

ALFALFA HAY FOR HOGS.

A trial in feeding hogs on alfalfa
hay was carried on at the North Dakota
Experimental Station by W. H. Peters,
Animal Husibandman. The alfalfa hay
was cut into half-inch lengths and was
fed both dry and steamed. The hogs
were also fed a grain ration of barley
aborts and tankage. One lot was fed
only the grain feed, while with other
lots the grain ration was reduced and
alfalfa supplied in its place, the aim
being to make the alfalfa-fed hogs to
the alfalfa was 50c per 100 pounds
young pigs the saving in cost due to
the alfalfa was 50c per 100 pounds
gain on the dry alfalfa, and 40c wnen
the alfalfa was steamed. With the
fattening hogs, the saving was |1.70
per 100 pounds gain for lot fed the
dry alfalfa, and $2.70 When steamed.

(Brood sows were also fed alfalfa
hay. When the alfalfa was fed the
grain ration (barley and oats) could
be reduced one-third to one-fourth,
and the sows did well on it. No dif-
ference was noticeable between their
litters and those from the sows fed all
grain.

The growing pigs were fed one-fifth
to one^sixth as much alfalfa as^ grain,
this being the amount that they would
readily eat and keep making as good
gains as the all-grain lot.

Of the dry alfalfa the fattening hogs
eat one-seventh as much as of grain
ration, and of the steamed alfalfa one-
sixth as much. The hogs did not eat
as large a proportion of the alfalfa as
was expected. It, however, reduced
the cost of making the gains so that
it was well worth while. The price
put on the feeds was one cent, per
pound for the grains, two cents for
tankage, and the alfalfa $10 per ton.

The observauions of the trial indi-
cate: First, that in order to get hogs
started to eating alfalfa hay in win-
ter it is necessary to limit the grain
to such an extent that the hogs must
eat hay or go hungry. Second, that,
when handled in this way, they will
very readily take to the hay and a limit-
ed amount of hay can be fed very satis-
factorily, securing just as good results,
just as good gains, and at less cost
than where grain alone is fed. Third,
that the greatest advantage to he gain-
ed in feeding hay in the winter is the
saving of grain and lowering of the
cost of feeding;

LIVE STOCK.

Ill

Score Card as Recommnded
for Swine an

Possible
Scale of Points. Score.

A. General Appearance: 3 5

points.

Size, well developed Tor age. . 5

Form, long, smooth, all parts
proportionately developed
Bo as to give the impression
of a well-balanced, strong-
ly-built animal. Top line,
strong; under line, straight;
belly trim and neat 10

Quality, hair, fine; skin,
smooth, showing on ten-
dency to wrinkle^ bone,
clean and strong bu t not
coarse; flesh, firm and
smooth, with no flabbiness
at jowl, fore-flank, belly or
ham 10

Condition, well covered with
firm flesh, especially along

Style, active and sprightly,
back and loin, but not heav-
ily loaded with fat 6

walking without a swaying
movement, and standing
well up on toes. Breeding
animals should show strong
character 4

B. Head and Neck: 8 points.
Snout, medium length and

moderately fine 1

Face, broad between eyes; poll
broad and full 1

Eyes, good size, full and
bright 1

Jowl, fair width and muscu-
lar, but very neat, showing
no flabbiness 2

Ears, moderately thin, and
fringed with fine hair 1

Neck, medium length and
muscular, but possessing no
tendency to arch on top. . 2

C. Forequarters: 13 points.
Shoulders, smooth, somewhat

rounded from side to side
over top, and very compact;
no wider than back, and not
running back on side so as
to shorten distance between

by Prof. G. E. Day, of O.A.C.,
d Bacon Type.

shoulder and ham 6

Breast, good width and full . . 8
Fore Legs, set well apart, me-
dium length and straight;
pasterns, upright; bone,
clean and strong; feet, me-
dium size and strongly
formed 4

D. Body: 30 points.

Back, medium width, rising
slightly above the straight
line, and forming a very
slight arch from neck to
root of tail •

Loin, wide as rest of back,
strong and full, but not
unduly arched 5

Ribs, good length and moder-
ately arched 4

Side, fairly deep; long, smooth
and straight between shoul-
der and ham; a straight-
edge laid over shoulder
point and ham should touch
the side throughout I

Heart Girth, full, but not
flabby at fore-flanks, flH*d
out even with side of shoul-
der; there should be no
tucked-up appearance back
of fore-legs, nor droop back

of shoulder top 5

. Flank, full and low S

E. Hindquarters: 14 points.
Rump, same width as back;

long and slightly rounded
from a point above hips to
tail, and somewhat rounded
from side to side over top.. 4

Ham, full without flabbiness;
thigh, tapering towards
hock without wrinkles or
folds, and carrying flesh
well down towards hock ... S

Hind Legs, medium length;
hocks, set well apart, but
not bowed outward; bone,
clean and strong; pasterns,
upright; feet, medium size
and strongly formed 4

Total lot

112

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Score Card as Recommended by Prof. G. E. Day, of O.A.C.,

for Beef Cattle.

PoiBlble
Scale of Points. Score

A. General Appearance: 28

points.

BBtlmated weight lb«.

Weight, according to age. ... 4

Form, deep, broad, low set,
smooth; top line and under-
line straight -8

Flesh, naturally thick fleshed.
See further under quality.. 4

Quality, bone strong, but of
fine texture and clean; skin
pliablo and elastic; hair,
soft and thick. All parts

. evenly covered with firm
flesh, which should be mel-
low to the touch, but not
soft and flabby nor yet in
hard rolls or ridges 8

Style, active, and vigorous, but
not restless; should show
strong character 4

B. Head and Neck: 12 points.
Muzzle, broad and clearly de-
fined; mouth large; no«-
trila large i

Eyes, large, promiment. clear
and placid 2

Face, short, with clean cut ap-
pearance 1

Forehead, broad 1

Ears, medium size and flne
texture i

Neck, thick and short, with
full neck vein; junction of
neck with head clearly de-
fined. In bull, crest well
developed '. 5

Horns (when present) flne in
texture, flattened at base,
not more than medium

sice

~C. Forequarters: 11 points.

Shoulders, smooth, covered
with flesh, well laid back
into ribs, compact and mod-
erately brdad on top 5

Brisket, prominent and blunt;
breast full and wide 3

Dewlap, light 1

Legs, straight and short; arm
broad and well muscled;
bone flat, clean and strong.. 2

VARIATION IN TUBERCUI
Q'Of} /Amy-m. -i./tfi ^•ir ♦./M

-IN TEMPERATURES.
4A4.

/Off

•

,/

5

'^

/

\,

/

\

J

\' ■■'■

/

"^^

/

\

/

\,

f

y

h'

r\

•

\^J*^

?d/i

'j4.

/ y

■~~*-

''^""^

•

\

r

K^

-A'.

r''''

\

/

t;**

^

5

\

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.

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7

.9^

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r.

LIVE STOCK.

118

D. Body: 29 points.

Chest, deep and wide; fore
Flank, full and even with
shoulders well filled, leav-
ing no depression; heart
girth large 9

Ribs, long, well arched;
thickly fleshed 7

Back, broad, straight, well
fleshed and smooth 7

Loin, deeply fleshed, coming
out full to hocks and carry-
ing width evenly from
Hocks, wide, but smooth and
flanks, full; space back of
underline 3

E. Hindquarters: 20 points.

Hocks forward 5

well covered, not promin-
ent 4

Sirloin and Rump, straight on
top, long, wide, well filled
between hook ana pin-bones,
smooth 5

Pin-bones, wide apart, smooth,
not patchy 2

Tail Head, smooth; in line
with back; tail fine, falling
at right angles to top line. 1

Thighs, full, deep and wide.. 3

Twist, full and deep, nearly as
low as flank 3

Legs, straight and short; bone
flat, clean and strong .... 2

Total 100

Score Card as Recommended by Prof. G. E. Day, of O.A.C.

for Mutton Sheep.

Possible

Score.

24

Scale of Points.
General Appearance:
points.

Estimated weight lbs.;

score according to age ....

Form, deep, broad, low set, of

proportionate length, and

smooth; top line and under

line straight 8

Quality, bone strong, but of
fine texture and clean; hair
soft and thick; skin fine;
all parts evenly covered
with firm flesh which should
be mellow to the touch, but
not soft and flabby, nor yet
in hard rolls or ridges;

Parts of Sheep. 1, Head; 2, Neck,
ket; 6, Foreleg; 7, Chest; 8, Ribs;
Loin; 12, Hip; 13, Rump; 14, Tail
Hind Leg; 17, Flank; 18, Belly;

3, Shoulder Vein; 4, Shoulder; 5, Bris-
9, Top of Shoulders; 10, Back; 11,

; 15, G-iggot or Leg of Mutton; 16,
19, Fore Flank; 20. Twist

114

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

light in offal t

Style, spirited and attractiye,
indicating vigor and breed-
ing 4

B. Head and Neck: 11 points.
Muzzle, fine, lips thin, but

large mouth and nostrils. . 1
Eyes, prominent and bright. . 1
Face, short, clean-cut appear-
ance 2

Forehead and Poll, wide be-
tween the eyes and also be-
tween the ears 2

Ears, medium size, fine tex-
ture, erect 1

Neclc, thick and short, taper-
ing nicely from shofulders
to head, with full neck
vein, and broad and full on
top in front of shoulders,
carrying head erect; throat
free from folds; in ram,
crest well developed

C. Forequarters: 6 points.
Shoulders, fitting smoothly

into ribs, evenly covered
with flesh, moderately
broad, but compact on

top 4

Legs, straight and short; set
well apart; strong but with
clean smooth shank; pas-

terns strong and upright;
arm broad and well mus-
cled 2

D. Middle: 26 points.

Chest, deep and wide; breast
full; brisket prominent and
blunt; space back of shoul-
ders well filled, leaving no
depression; heart girth
large $

Back and Ribs, back broad
and straight, well fleshed
and smooth; ribs deep, well
arched, thickly fleshed 9

Loin, deeply fleshed, coming
out full to hips and carry-
ing width evenly from hips
forward 6

Flank, full and even with the
underline 2

E. Hindquarters: 17 points.

Hips, wide, level, smooth. ... 3

Rump, long, wide, level, well
filled from hips to tail
head, smooth 4

Thighs, full, deep and wide,
both on inside and outside. 4

Twist, full and deep, nearly
as low as flank 4

Legs, straight and short, set
well apart, strong, but "with
clean, smooth shank; pas-
terns strong and upright. . f

"Illustration of Beef Animal, indicati ng tiie various cuts of beef as they
are known to the trade."

LIVE STOCK.

115

P. Fleece and Skin: 16 points.

(1) Wool:

Quantity, long, dense,

even

Quality, fine, pure, crimp,

close, regular, even . .
Condition, bright, sound.

An acute angle left fore hoof shod with

a bar toe. Note width and position of

bar and nails placed well forward.

English Milking Shorthorn.

The following table will convey a
good idea of the excellent milk yield
of the English Shorthorn cow or the
dual purpose cow. All of these cows
are of the Bates type and worth a
good deal of money both from a beef
and a producing point of view. As
explained in the footnote, these rec-
ords do not include the milk given
the first two months after freshen-
ing. These records are certificated
and were made in Great Britain.

Wild Cranford 4th 1902 12,126

Oxford Alma 1902 10,976

Sweetbriar 1903 10,873

Flora Foggathorpe ...1903 11,643

Cranford Beauty 1903 12,113

Waterloo Cranford

18th 1904 8,783

Wild Queen 13th 1904 12,006

Red Rose A 1904 11,968

Furbelow Princess 3rd. 1904 11,794
Wild Eyebright 9th. . .1904 11,693
Barrington Anna ....1904 8,765

clean, lustrous, good

secretion of yolk 4

(2) Skin:

A healthy, light cherry
color and free from

dark spots 2

Total Too

Toe weight to increase length of stride.

The weight is properly placed, but the

nails should go further forward.

Barrington Darling 2ndl905 8,346

Darlington Cran 8th.. 1905 11,905

Red Rose 11th 1905 8,832

Wild Queen 16th ....1906 8,260

Waterloo Lily 1905 11,875

Darlington Cranford

22nd 1905 12,905

Wild Belle 1905 9,926

Red Rose C 1905 8,976

Barrington Duchess

40th 1905 10,485

Waterloo Cranford

14th 1905 7,975

Barrington Cranford

12th 1905 10,567

Oxford Annette 1905 9,327

Red Rose 13th 1905 10,642

Oxford Cranford 7th.. 1905 *5,216

Red Rose 14th 1906 8,576

Darlington Cranford

23rd 1906 10,476

Fair Foggathrope 3rd. 1906 8,866

Lady Carlisle 9th A. . .1906 9,768

Lady Carlisle 10th 1906 10,136

Barrington Rosebud . .1907 7,794

Cran Foggathorpe 8th. 1907 7,434

116

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Registration of Pure-Bred Live Stock

All pure-bred animals, in order that
they may be recognizect as such, must
be recorded in some recognized Stud,
Herd or Flock Book. In Canada, the
records are kept imder the supervis-
ion of the society or club formed for
the advancing of the interests of each'
particular breed.

For purposes of economy and other
reasons, all these Breed Associations
— with the exception of the Holstein-

Friesian Association of Canada-
united to form the Canadian National
Liive Stock Records, whose head-
quarters are at Ottawa. All applica-
tions for registration or transfer of
pure-bred live stock should be ad-
dressed to The Accountant, Canadian
National Records, Ottawa, Ont., or,
in the case of Holstem-Friesian cat-
tle, to the Secretary, W. A. Clemons,
St. George, Ont.

Canadian Books of Record.

HORSES

Name of Breed

Book of Record

Clydesdale Clydesdale Stud Book of

Canada
Hackney Canadian Hackney Stud

Book
Shire Canadian Shire Horse

Stud Book
PeralMroa Canadian Percheron Stud

Book
ThoroTUhbred Canadian Thoroughbred

Stud Book
Belgian Draft Canadian Belgian Draft

Stud Book

Prencii Canadian French Canadian Horse

Breeders' Stud Book

.- i

Zetland, Welsh, New
iForost, Polo and Rid-

ing, Exmoor and Hack- Canadian Pony Stud Book
ney Ponies Canadian French Coach

French Coach Stud Book

Suffolk Horse Canadian Suffolk Horse

Stud Book

Standard Bred Canadian Standard Bred

Stud Book

Name of Association.

Clydesdale Horse Associ-

tion of Canada.
Canadian Hackney Horse

Society.
Canadian Shire Horse

Association.
Canad. Percheron Horse

Breeders' Association.
Canadian Thoroughbred

Horse Society.
Canadian Belgian Draft

Horse Breeders' Asso-
ciation.
French Canadian Horse

Breeders' Association

of Canada.

Canadian Pony Society.

Canadian French Coach
Horse Breeders' Asso-
ciation.

Canadian Suffolk Horse
Society.

Canadian Standard Bred
Horse Society.

CATTLE

Name of Breed

Book of Record

Name of Association.

Shorthorn Dominion Shorthorn Dominion Shorthorn

Herd Book Breeders* Association.

Ayrshire Canadian Ayrshire Herd Canadian Ayrshire Breed-
Book ers' Association.

Hereford Canadian Hereford Herd Canadian Hereford

Book. Breeders' Association.

Jersey Canadian Jersey Cattle Canadian Jersey Cattle

Club Record Cl»b.

LIVE STOCK.

117

CANADIAN BOOKS OF RECORD

CATTLE — Continued.

Nsune of Breed Book of Record Name of Association

Galloway North American Galloway North American Galloway

Herd Book Association.

Aberdeen Angus Canadian Aberdeen Angus Canadian Aberdeen Angus

Association's Record Association.

Guernsey Canadian Guernsey Herd Canadian Guernsey Breed-
Book ers' Association.

French Canadian French Canadian Cattle French Canadian CattU

Breeders' Herd Book Breeders' Association of

Canada.

Red Polled Canadian Red Poled Herd Canadian Red Polled Asso-

Book dation.

Holstein-Friesian Holstein-Friesian Herd Book Holstein-Friesian Assoda-

of Canada tion of Canada.

SWINE

Name of Breed Book of Record Name of Association

Yorkshire, Berkshire,
Tamworth, Chester

White, Poland China, Dominion Swine Breeders' Dominion Swine Breeders'

Duroc Jersey, HamfK Record Association,

shire, Essex

Name of Breed

SHEEP
Book of Record

Name of Association

Shropshire, Leicester, Ox-
ford Down, Cotswold,
Lincoln, Dorset, Hamp-
shire, Southdown, Suf- Canadian National Records Dominion Sheep Breeders'
folk Cheviot, Blackface Association.

Membership Fee*

The annual membership fee to each
Association is $2.00, with the follow-
ing exceptions: Canadian Hackney
Horse Society, ?3.00; Dominion
Sheep Breeders' Assiciation, Cana-
dian Jersey Cattle Club, North Ameri-

can Galloway Association, Canadian
Guernsey Breeders' Association,
French-Canadian Cattle Breeders' As-
sociation and the French-Canadian
Horse Breeders' Association, $1.00.

Transportation of

All animals recorded in the Cana-
dian National Records are entitled to
reduced freight rates over the Grand
Trunk, Grand Trunk Pacific, Inter-
colonial, Canadian Pacific and Cana-
dian Northern Railways -when ship-
ped for breeding purposes. These

PurebBred Animals

rates do not apply when animals are
shipped to Exhibitions, or for the pur-
pose of contesting in races. Cana-
dian freight classifications as to
weights govern.

There is no reduction when animals
are shipped by express.

118

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Rules and Regulations Governing Elegibility of Animals for

Registration

Horses

Clydesdale

Imported Animals. — Stallions and
mares, recorded and bearing registra-
tion numbers in the Clydesdale Stud
Book of Great Britain and Ireland,
whose sires and dams, together with
their sires and dams, are also re-
corded and bear registration numbers
in said Stud Book, provided tha^ the
breeding of such sires and dams, if
already recorded in the Clydesdale
Stud Book of Canada as ancestors,
comply with this ruic* (See Note.)

When recording animals imported
in dam, certificate of service must be
furnished from the breeder, signed
by the owner of the sire at the time
of service.

An imported animal is one which
has been imported from Great Brit-
ain and Ireland. Applications for

registration of animals imported
from Great Britain after April 1st,
1909, must be accompanied by a
tabulated certificate in addition to the
regular export certificate issued by
the Clydesdale Society of Great
Britain and Ireland, showing ances-
tors, numbered as stated above.

Canadian-Bred Animals. — (a)
Stallions and mares by sires and out
of dams recorded in the Clydesdale
Stud Book of Canada.

(b) Clydesdale mares having four
top crosses by sires recorded in 'the
Clydesdale Stud Book of Canada. Ap-
plication for registration of four-
cross pedigrees shall be certified and
sworn. to, or affirmed by the breeder
before an officer authorized to admin-
ister oaths.

Fees for
For Imported Animals

To To Non-
Members Members

Males, if recorded within
30 days after importations 3.00 $ 4.00

Females, if recorded within
30 days after importa-
tion 2.00 3.00

Males, if not recorded with-
in 30 days after importa-
tion 25.00 50.00

Females, if not recorded
within 30 days after im-
portation 25.00 50.00

Registration

For Canadian Bred Animals

Animals under 12 months
of age $1.00 $2.00

Animals over 12 months

of age 2.00 4.00

Registration of transfers. . .50

Duplicate certificates 50

New certificates, replacing
old ones from which
shipping vouchers have
been used 50

Extended Tabulated Pedi-
grees 50 2.00

♦Note. — The breeding of many

horses recorded in the Scottish Book

does not come up to this standard.

The members of the Hackney
Horse Society held a general meeting
on the 2jid of August last at the Carls>-
Rite Hotel and decided that the rule
of entry be amended to read as fol-
lows:

The pedigrees of the followinig ani-
mals may be admitted to registry —

Hackney

(1)

(2)

Bred in Great Britain or Ireland,
(a) A stallion or mare recorded

in the English Hackney iStud

Book.
Bred in Canada,
(a) A stallion or mare by a sire

and) out of a dam recorded in the

'Canadian Hackney Stud Book,

LIVE STOCK.

119

with the exception of the produce
of mares recorded in. the Cana-
dian Hackney Stud Book, as
foundation stock, or the stallion
produce of mares recorded in the
Canadian Hackney Stud Book, as
half registered.

(b) A mare by a sire recorded in
the Canadian Hackney Stud
Book, provided her dam is by a
sire recorded in the Canadian
Hackney Stud Book.

(c) A mare by a sire recorded in
the Canadian Hackney Stud
Book, provided her dam is a
Thoroughbred mare recorded in
the Canadian Thoroughbred Stud
Book.

(d) The stallion produce of
mares recorded under " clause C

are not eligible to registration.
Owners of animals that can co(mply
with the above conditions will be well
advised if they send their application
for re^stration to be published in
volume three of the C.HJI.S.B. to
either the secretary, H. M. Robinson,
Toronto, or the National Live Stock
Records Office, Ottawa.

Fees for Registration.

To To Non-
Members. Members.
12.00 $4.00
1.00 2.00
1.00 2.00
l.Oe 1.00
1.00 1.00

Each animal

Transfer of Ownership
Duplicate certificates

New certificate

Recording ancestors .

Shire.

Animals recorded in the English
Shire Horse Stud Book, or in the
American Shire Horse Stud Book, in
which case all ancestors back to and
including those imported from Great
Britain, must be recorded. All ani-
mals, the sires and dams of which are
recorded in the Canadian Shire Horse
Stud Book.

Fees for Registration.

To To Non-
Members. Members.
Animals under three

years $1.00 $2.00

Animals over three

years 2.00 4.00

T" ansfer of ownei^hlp. .50 .50

Duplicate certificate . . .50 .50

Nftw certificate 50 .50

Tabulated Pedigree ... 2.00 2.00

Percheron.

Animals recorded in the Stud Book year following year of

Percheron de France, or in the Am- foaling $3.00 $5.00

erican Percheron Stud Book, if, on pemales when recorded

investigation their pedigrees are found ^'^^^l' g'lpr I'sto J the

to be correct and proper, and the followin? vear of

progeny bom in Canada of animals f ® L.? ^ ^ iaa <> nn

already registered in the Canadian - lO^iing i.w z.uu

Percheron Stud Book. Males, if recorded after

Fees for imported animals the Sept. 1st of year fol-

same, but the rates are calculated on lowing year of foal-

whether they are recorded before or ln& *'®0 *-00

after one year of date of importation. Females, if recorded

Fees for Registration of Canadian or tollo^SK^l It foaf-

AmeHcan Bred Animals. ronowing year or loai

Ing 2.00 4.00

Membe?s.Membe°r;. transfers 50 .50

Males, when recorded Duplicate certificates . . .60 .60

before Sept. 1st of the New Certificates .60 .60

Thoroughbred.

Animals recorded in the General Stud Books, and the progeny bom in

ot„A -o^^v /r<,/^«+ ■^^•f«^„^ a™«.^4 Canada from sires and dams regis-
Stud Book (Great Britain). Ameri- ^^^^^ j^ ^^^ Canadian Thoroughbred

can, French, Belgian or Australian Stud Book.

120

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

The two year old mare "Nancy Ryecroft." Sire, Ryecroft Model— grand cham-
pion Clydesdale female, Canadian National, 1915.

The Drummond Cup Winners, Guelph Winter Fair, 1915

UVB STOCK-

121

F««s for Registration

To To Non-
Members Members

Each registration, if animal
is Canadian bred and record-
ed in America 1.50 2.00

Trotting, register prior to

May 1st, 1910 1.00 2.00

Transfers 50 1.00

Duplicate or New Certifi-
cate 50 1.00

Pees forjRegistration of Canadian Bred
Animals

To To Non-
Members Members

Each registration if animal
is recorded in the year
in which it is foaled $ 1.00 $ 2.00

Each registration if animal
is recorded after the 31st
of December of the year
of foaling 5.00 10.00

Transfer or Duplicate Cer-
tificate 1.00 2.00

Animals foaled out of
Canada — each registra-
tion 2.00 4.00

Belgian

Animals recorded in the Stud Book Fees for Registratiofi.
des Cheveaux de Traits Beiges, or in

the American Register of Belgian To To Non-
Draft Horses. Progeny born in Can- '^*'^^^^^T^f!n

ada of sires and dams registered In ^^es"^ 1 00 2 00

the Canadian Belgian Draft Stud TrSSer orDupli(iate"Cer-

Book. tificate 50 .50

French-Canadian

Animals, the sires and dams of To members Si

which are recorded in the Canadian -, „„ ^«^k«- ca

., is , -r. J M -r-, 1- « To non-members 69

National Records for French-Cana-
dian Horses. Copy of Certificate of Registration:

Fees for Registration: To members 25

To members |1.00 mi. r*

To non-members 3.00 ^^ non-members 5«

Transfers: Annual Membership Fee. . . . 1.00

Standard-Bred

Animals recorded as Standard Bred Duplicate Certificates.

in the American Trotting Register Members 60

(Chicago), or the produce of sires and Non-members $100

i3arrB°;rstua''BoSf: ''°"'"" ^ RULES OP ENTRY.- ' ' '

The following animals may be ad-
Fees for Membership. mitted to Registry: —

Life membership $25.00 Trotting Standard.

Annual membership 2.00 ^- (1) ^^ animal recorded as Stand-

Tj _i * T^ *^^ ^^ ^^^ American Trotting Regis-
Registration Fees. ter under the rules governing the
Members, Including certificate. . $1.50 Trotting Division.
Non-members, Including certifi- (2) An animal whose sire and dam

cate 3.00 are recorded as Standard in the Am-

Transfers erican Trotting Register under the

rules governing the Trotting Division.

To members 60 (3) An animal whose sire and dam

To non-members $1.00 are recorded in the Trotting Diviaion

122*

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

of the Canadian Standard Bred Stud
Book.

(4) A mare sired by a registered
Standard Trotting Horse providing
her first, second and third dams are
each sired by a registered Standard
Trotting Horse.

Pacing Standard.

(1) An animal recorded as Standard
in the American Trotting Register
under the rules governing Pacing
Division.

(2) An animal whose sire and dam
are recorded as Standard in the Am-
erican Trotting Register under the
rules governing the Pacing Division.

(3) An animal whose sire and dam
are recorded in the Pacing Division of
the Canadian Standard Bred Stud
Book.

(4) A mare sired by a registered
Standard Pacing Horse providing her
first, second and third dams are each
sired by a registered Standard Pacing
Horse.

(5) The progeny of a registered
Standard Trotting Horse out of a
registered Standard Pacing mare or
the progeny of a registered Standard
Pacing Horse out of a registered
Standard Trotting mare.

3. Every application for registration
must be made on a blank which will
be furnished free for the purpose, and
must state sex, color and markings,
name, date of birth, name and regis-
tration number of the sire and of the
dam. Applications must be signed by
the breeder if the animal was foaled
his property. If the dam was sold
after heing bred, the person owning
her when the foal was born must
sign the application, but transfer of
the dam is necessary before owner's
signature will be accepted, and in ad-
dition, the owner of the sire must
certify to service on the transfer ap-
plication.

Application for registration under
rule 4 of either the Trotting or Pac-
ing Division, must state (a) name and
registration number of the sire; (b)
names and registration numbers of
the sires of the first, second and third
dams; (c) the breeders of the first,
second and third dams, and must be
sworn to or affirmed before an officer
authorized to administer oaths.

The owner of the sire of an animal
offered for entry, must certify to ser-
vice. Signature will not be accepted
unless such ownership appears on the

books of the Canadian Standard Bred
Horse Society. This signature is not
required where the animal is already
on record in another book.

When applying for registration of
imported animals the foreign certifi-
cate of registration must be forwarded
in addition to the usual applications.
For registration of animals imported
in dam certificates of service must
be supplied certified by the owner of
the service stallion.

When an animal is a twin it shall
be so stated when applying for regis-
tration, and the sex given of the ani-
mal with which it is a twin. Should
a twin be entered upon the record
without such statement, no subse-
quent application for entry of animal
twin with the same will be acceptv>d.

4. The breeder of an animal is the
owner of the dam at the time she was
bred. The first owner is the owner of
the dam at the time the colt was
foaled.

6. In case of change of ownership of
an animal the seller must make the
transfer of ownership on the books
of the Canadian Standard Bred Horse
Society. The certificate of registra-
tion must be forwarded to the Record
Office with an application for trans-
fer made on the form supplied.
Transfer will be endorsed on the back
of the certificate. If the application
is for a female, and she is in foal,
the owner of the service stallion or
his authorized agent must certify to
service.

When the pedigree of an animal
may have been admitted or owner-
ship transferred through misrepresen-
tation or fraud, the Board of Direc-
tors shall, on the discovery of the
same, declare the entry or transfer
void, together with any entries or
transfers of descendants of such ani-
mal, and subsequent application " for
entry or transfer dependent on the
signature of any person implicated in
such fraud shall be refused.

In making application for registra-
tion of animals, it is understood that
the pedigree is to be accepted only on
condition that the given particulars
are correct, and that if it should be
ascertained previous to the publica-
tion of the succeeding volume, that
these particulars are in any way in-
correct, the Canadian Standard Bred
Horse Society may, at its discretion,
omit the pedigree or publish it in an

LIVE STOCK.

123

altered form. It is further under-
stood that should the pedigree be pub-
lished in the Canadian Standard Bred
Stud Book prior to the discovery of
an error, the Society may cancel the
entry and publish the correction in
such form as the Executive Commit-
tee may determine. It is further un-
derstood that the Canadian Standard
Bred Horse Society -will not be held
responsible for any loss or damage
that may be sustained through inac-
curacy, omission, alteration or can-
cellation of an entry.

9. Duplicate names must be avoided.
To this end the right is reserved to
change any name when necessary,
preserving, however, as far as prac-
ticable some characteristic of the
name given in the application. The
word "Young" shall not be used in
connection with a name unless the
pedigree has been previously so re-
corded in another book.

10. No duplicate certificate will be
issued unless a Statutory Declaration
is furnished setting forth reason why_
such certificate is required.

French

1. (.a) Animals imported from
France and recorded In the Stud Book
Francals Reglstre des Chevaux de
Demi-Sang.

(b) Animala recorded" In the
French Coach Horse Stud Book of
America or In the French Coach
Horse Register, if upon Investigation
the pedigree Is found to be correct
and proper.

(c) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded In the Canadian
French Coach Horse Stud Book.

(d) The ancestry of all animals
previously recorded in the French
Coach Horse Stud Box)k of America
or In the French Coach Horse Reg-
ister must be recorded back to and
including ancestors Imported from
France.

(e) Applications for recording
pedigrees of imported animals must
state date of Importation, name of
vessel and port of entry.

Fees for Registration
For animals recorded before

Coach

September 1st of the year
following the yeai of
foaling:

Stallions $ 3.00

Mares 1.00

If recorded after Septem-
ber of the year following
year of foaling:

Stallions 4.00

Mares 2.00

For animals imported from
France, if recorded with-
in a year of the date of
importation:

Stallions 3.00

Mares 1.00

If recorded more than a
year after date of im-
portation :

Stallions 4.00

Mares 7 2.00

Transfers 50

Duplicate Certificates 50

New Certificates replacing
Certificates of which
shipping vouchers have

been used 50

Life Membership 20.00

Annual Membership 2.00

5.00
2.00

6.00
4.00

5.00
2.00

6.00

4.00

.50

.50

.50

20.00

2.00

Fistulous With-
ers.

Shoe Boil.

Capped hock on Calf knee at left

right, bone spavin and a "buck" at

on left. right.

124

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Suffolk

(a) StalliODi or marts recorded in
the English Suffolk Stud Book.

(b) Stallionfl or mare« recorded In
the American Suffolk Horse Stud
Book, in which case all ancestors
back to and including ancestors im-
ported (rom Great Britain, must also
be recorded.

(c) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded In the Canadian
Suffolk Horse Stud Book,

Fees for Registration for Canadian Bred
Horses

Animals if recorded before

December 31st of the

jrear of foaling $ 1.00 $ 2.00

Animals If recorded after

December 31st of the

year of foaling 2.00 4.00

Transfers 50 .50

Duplicate Certificates 50 .50

New certificates replacing

old ones of which ship-
ping vouchers have been

used 50 .50

Tabulated Pedigrees 2.00 2.00

^ees for Registration for Imported
Horses

To ToNon-
MembersfMembers

Males I 3.00 4.00

Females 2 00 3.00

Ponies

Shetland Ponies

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain and recorded In the Shetland
Stud Book of Scotland, or in the
Shetland Islands Pony Stud Book.

(b) Animals, whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Shetland Section
of the Canadian Pony Stud Book.

(c) Animals recorded in the Am-
erican Shetland Pony Club Stud
Book.

(d) Animals Imported from Great
Britain prior to January 1st, 1909,
not recorded in the Shetland Stud
Book of Scotland, or in the Shetland
Islands Pony Stud Book, will, on
passing Inspection, be recorded as
foundation stock.

(e) Animals descended from
known ancestors, not recorded In the
Shetland Stud Book of Scotland or
in the Shetland Islands Pony Stud
Book, imported prior to January 1st,
1909, will, on passing Inspection, be
recorded as foundation stock.

Welsh Ponies

(a) Animals Imported from Great
Britain and recorded in the Welsh
Pony and Cob Society Stud Book.

(b) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the Welsh Sec-
tion of the Canadian Pony Stud Book.

(e) Animals recorded In the Am-

erican Welsh Pony and Cob Stud
Book.

(d) Animals imported from Great
Britain prior to January Ist, 1909,
not recorded In the Welsh Pony and
Cob Stud Book, will on passing In-
spection, be recorded as foundation
stock.

(e) Animals descended from
known ancestors not recorded In the
Welsh Pony and Cob Stud Book, im-
ported from Great Britain prior to
January 1st, 1909, will, on passing
Inspection, be recorded as foundation
stock.

New Forest Ponies.

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain, bred by reputable breeders —
a certificate to this effect must be pro-
vided by the Secretary of the Eng-
lish "Society for the Improvement of
the Breed of New Forest Ponies."

(b) Animals the sires and dams
of which are record3d In the New
Forest Section of the Canadian Pony
Stud Book.

Polo and Riding Ponies

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain and recorded In the Polo
and Riding Pony Society's Stud Book.

(b) Animals, the sires and dams
of which are recorded In the Polo and
Riding Section of the Canadian Pony
Stud Book.

LIVE STOCK.

115

Exmoor Ponies

(a) Animals Imported from Great
Britain, bred by reputable breed rs.

A c»rtlflcat© of breeding signed by
the breeder must accompany the ap-
plication for entry. Name of vessel
on which Imported, and port of entry,
must be giyen.

(b) Animals, the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the Exmoor
Section of the Canadian Pony Stud
Book,

Hackney Ponies (Standard 14.1)
Bred In Canada.

(a) Stallions with three top
crosses of sires recorded In either the
Canadian Pony Stud Book or the
Canadian Hackney Stud Book.

(b) Mares with two top crosses of
sires recorded In either the Canadian
Pony Stud Book or the Canadian
Hackney Stud Book.

(c) Pony stallions or mares re-
corded In the Canadian or American
Hackney Stud Book.

(d) Stallions or mares by sires and
out of dams recorded In the Cana-
dian Pony Stud Book.

Bred In Great Britain.

2. Br«»d In Great Britain or Ireland
and recorded In the English Hackney
Stud Book.

(a) Stallions with three top
crosses of 'full registered slrei .ind
with two registered dams.

(b) Mares with two top crosses of
•full registered sires and with one
registered dam.

(c) Mares with one top cross of
•full registered sires with a regis-
tered Inspected dam.

•Full registered sires are those (a)
that are recorded as such In any of
the first sixteen volumes of the Eng-
iTsh Hackney Stud Bcok, or (b) those
recorded since volume 16, providing
they were eligible to full registra-
tion under the rules In force for en-
tries in volume 16 of the English
Hackney Stud Book.

Fees for Registration

To To Non-
Members Members
Pedigrees of animals, under

two years of age $ 1.00 $ 2.00

Pedigrees of ammals over

two years of age 2.00 4.00

Transfers and Duplicate
Certificates 50 .50

Cattle

Shortliorn animals must be recorded.

Animals that trace In all their pees for Registration

crosses to Imported animals regis- - t t kt

tered In the Ayrshire Cattle Herd T^^J^,.!?.!;?^

Book Society of Great Britain and Animals under 24 mon'fhT'^" ^'"^

Ireland. Registrations In the Ayr- old $1.00 $1.50

shire Cattle Herd Book Society of Animals over 24 months

Great Britain and Ireland of stock old 2.00 3.00

Imported previous to 1899 will not be X'^^?^^"-^,- • • -.a 25 .25

required; those Imported in, or after Duphcate Certificates .. . .25 .25
1899 must trace to ancestry distinct- I'^L^^t'^':^^. .50 .50
ly designated; but. owing to the dlffi- New certificates replacing
culty in keeping proper records prior Certificate of which ship-
to that date. It will be sufficient to PJ^g vouchers have been

know that the ancestrv has been Im- "^®*^ 25 .25

ported. Before tht pedigrees of the Ayrshire

Canadlan-bred animals are eligible 1. (a) Animals that trace In all

for registration In the Canadian Ayr- their crosses to ancestors registered

shire Herd Book, their sires and dams or eligible for registration In the

back to and including the Imported 40th or preceding volume* of the

126

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

English Shorthorn Herd Book. Pro-
vided that in the case of animals im-
ported since 1865, registration in the
English Herd Book will be required.
Those Imported prior to 1865 must
trace to ancestry distinctly desig-
nated, (b) Animals the sires and
dams of which are recorded in the
Dominion Shorthorn Herd Book,
(c) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the American
Shorthorn Herd Book, providing such
sires and dams trace in all their
crosses as indicated in clause (a) of
this section. All ancestors back to
and Including the imported ones must
be recorded in the Dominion Short-
horn Herd Book, for which a fee of
50 cents each is charged.

Fees for Registration

To To Non-
Members Members

Females under two years
of age $ 1.00 % 2.00

Females over two years of
age 2.00 4.00

Males under two years of
age 2.00 4.00

Males over two years of .
age 4.00 8.00

Transfers, if made within

90 days of date of sale. . .50 1.00

Transfers, if made after 90

days of date of sale 1.00 2.00

Duplicate Certificates 25 .50

Old form Certificates ex-
changed for National
Certificates 25 .25

Special extended Certifi-
cates 75 1.00

For recording pedigrees of
imported cattle. 1.00 2.00

For recording pedigrees of
cattle entered in Ameri-
can Ayrshire Herd Book 1,00 2.00

For recording pedigrees of
ancestors to complete
pedigrees of animals own-
ed by applicant 1.00 l.OO

For recording pedigrees of
ancestors to complete
pedigrees of animals not
owned by applicant 25 .25

Registration of Farm

Names 1.00 1.00

This registration gives exclusive use of
name registered.

Hereford

No pedigree l8 ellgrlble for regis-

tration In the Canadian Hereford
Breeders' Association Herd Book un-
les it traces on side of both sire and
dam to stock recorded In the Ameri-
can Hereford Herd Bock or imiwrted
stock from Great Britain, and If im-
ported since 1889, must be recorded
in the English Herd Book.

Fees for Registration

Membership, $2.00 for the Calendar year.
To To Non-
Members Members

Animals under two years
of age $ .75 $ 2.00

Animals over two years of
age 2.00 4.00

Transfers 25 .50

Duplicate Certificates 25 .50

Old form Certificates ex-
changed for National
Certificates 25 .25

Special Extended Certifi-
cates 1.00 2.00

For recording pedigrees of
imported cattle 75 2.00

For recording pedigrees of
cattle entered in Ameri-
can Hereford Record. . . .75 2.00

For recording pedigrees of
ancestors to complete
Canadian Registrations
to residents of the United
States, back to and in-
cluding the imported
animal 75 2.00

For recording pedigrees of
ancestors to residents of
Canada, back to and in-
cluding the imported
animal 50 .50

Jersey

Animals imported from the Island
of Jersey.

Animals - imported from Great
Britain or Ireland recorded in the
English Jersey Herd Book, in which
case they must trace in all their
crosses to ancestors recorded In the
Island of Jersey Herd Book.

3. Animals recorded in the Ameri-
can Jersey Cattle Club Herd Resrister.

4. Animals, the sires and dams of
which are recorded In the Canadian
Jersey Cattle Club Herd Book.

5. Animals recorded in the New
Brunswick or Nova Scotia Herd
Books, providing such animals trace
in all their crosses to animals re-

LIVE STOCK.

127

corded In the Island of Jersey Herd
Book or the American Jersey Cattle
Club Herd Register,

6. Applications for registration of
animals recorded in the American
Jersey Cattle Club Herd Register
must be accompanied by American
Certificates showing applicant's own-
ership.

7. Application for registration of
animals imported from the Island of
Jersey or from Great Britain and
Ireland must be made on application
forms for imported animals.

Fees for Registration for Canadian-Bred
Animals

To To Non-
Mem bars Member
Animals under 2 years of

age $ 1.00 I 1.50

Animals over 2 years of

age 1.50 2.00

Transfers, if made within

90 days of date of sale. . free
Transfers if made after 90

days of date of sale 25 .50

Duplicate Certificates 25 .25

Animals Imported from the Island of
Jersey or Great Britain.

To To Non-
Members Members
$ 1.00 $ 2.00

Animals Entered in the American Jer-
sey Cattle Club Register

To To Non-
Members Members

.-. % 1.00 $ 2.00

Animals Recorded in the Nova Scotia
or New Brunswick Herd Books
No charge.

Galloway

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain and recorded in the Galloway
Herd Book of Great Britain.

(b) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the American
Galloway Herd Book, in which case
all ancestors back to and including
the imported cross must be recorded.

(c) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the North
American Galloway Herd Book.

Fees for Registration.

To To Non-
Members Members
Animals under six
months of age $ .50 $ 1.00

1.00

1.50

.25

.23

.25

.25

Animals over six

months of age

Transfers

Duplicate Certificates

Aberdeen Angus

Animals recorded in the Aberdeen
Angus Herd Book (Scotland) or in
the American Aberdeen Angus Breed-
ers' Association Herd Book, Canadian
bred animals whose sire and dam are
registered in the Canadian Aberdeen
Angus Herd Book. Males, red in
color, or with a noticeable amount of
pure white above the underline or on
the leg or legs or with scurs shall
not be recorded.

No animal over two years of age
will be accepted for registration in
the Canadian Aberdeen Angus Herd
Book, unless previously recorded in
the Aberdeen Angus Herd Book
(Scotland), or in the American Aber-
deen Angus Association Herd Book.

Fees for Registration.

To To Non-
Members Members
Animals under one

year $ 1.00 % 2.00

Animals over one year

and under two 3.00 5.00

Tran s f e r presented

for record within

90 days of date of

sale 25 .25

Transfer presented for

record after 90 days

from date of sale . . 1.00 1.00

Duplicate Certificates 1.00 1.00

Guernsey

All animals must be imported or
must be traceable through both sire
and dam to animals imported from
the Island of Guernsey. All imported
animals before being eligible for en-
try must be registered in the Herd
Book of the Royal Guernsey Agricul-
tural Society, the General Herd Book
of Guernsey, or the Herd Book of
the English Guernsey Cattle Society
In order to secure the entry of im-
ported animals one of our regular
application blanks must be filled out
and certified to by the Secretary of
the Island or English Herd Book in
which the animal is registered, and
sent by him under seal to the Regis-
trar of the Canadian Guernsey Breed-
ers' Association. In the case of C«uia-

128

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

dlan bred animals the sire and dam
of each must be registered before the
animal can be. Animals recorded in
the American Guernsey Cattle Club
Herd Register may be re-registered
at a nominal fee of fifty cents per
head.

FeM for Registration

To To Non
Members Members
For animals owned

and entered $ 1.00 $ 2.00

For re-registration of

animals recorded in

the American

Guernsey Cattle

Register 1.00 1.00

Transfer Certificates

In all cases 25 .26

French-Canadian ^

An animal, the dam and alVe of
«rhlch are recorded.

Colour for Cowg, — The colour for
cows may be black or brown, or dark
brown, with or without a yellow
stripe along the back and around the
muzzle, or a gray stripe around the
muzzle. The colour may also be
fawn or brindle.

Colour for Bulls. — ^The colour for
bulls may be black or brown, or dark
brown, with or without a yellow
stripe along the back and around the
muzzle, or a gray stripe around the
muzzle.

Registration should not be refused
if females have a little white under
the belly, on the forehead or in the
switch, nor to bulls iiaving a little
white under the belly, or In the
switch.

The horns must be all white or all
black, white with black tips, or black
with white tips.

FEES FOR REGISTRATION

To To non-
members members

1. If an animal is accepted before the 31st December of the year of

birth $0.50 $1.00

2. If an animal is accepted before the 31st December of the year follow-

ing the year of birth 1.00 2.00

3. If an animal is accepted before the 31st December of the second year

follo^ng the year of birth: 2.00 4.00

4. If an animal is accepted before the 31st December of the third year

following the year of birth: 3.00 6,00

5. If an animal is accepted after the 31st December of the third year

following the year of birth 4.00 8.00

TRANSFERS

0.25 0.50

DUPLICATE CERTIFICATES
0.25 0-50

Red Polled

Animals Imported from Great Brit-
ain recorded In the Red Polled Herd
Book.

Animals recorded in the American
Red Polled Herd Book, in which case
all ancestors back to and including
those Imported from Great Britain
must also be recorded In the Cana-
dian Book.

Animals whose sires and dams are
recorded In the Canadian Red Polled
H«rd Book.

The color shall be red, the switch
of the tail should be mixed with
white, a portion of the udder may be
white, and also a little white on the
belly along the milk veins. Any ani-
mal with any additional white, or
with horns, scurs, or abortive horns
shall not be recorded for breeding
purposes.

Fees for Registration

To To Non-
Members Members
Each registration $ 1.00 $ 2.0

LIVE STOCK.

129

Transfers of ownership .... .25 .25

Duplicate Certificates 25 .25

Registration of ancestors to

complete pedigrees 25 .25

Holstein-Friesian.

Sec. 4. — Pure bred Holstein-Fries-
ian may be held to mean and refer
only to those large improved black
and white cattle already registered
in the Holstein, Dutch-Friesian and
Holstein-Friesian Herd Books, such as
are descended from them in direct
line, both as to sire and dam, and
such imported animals, or their de-
scendants as are registered in the
Netherlands, Friesian, or North Hol-
land Herd Books, proved by the affir-
mation of breeder of the animal sat-
isfafetory to the Inspector. The color
markings shall be black and white in
any proportion, with the exception of
switch, part of belly, and lower part
of two legs or feet white. All im-
ported animals shall be registered in
the name of the importer. The ap-
plications for registry of animals
imported in dam must be signed by
the importer. No imported animal
shipped from Europe after February
6th, 1894, shall be eligible for regis-
try in the Herd Book unless the ani-
mal or its dam and sire are registered
in the Netherlands, Friesian, or North
Holland Herd Books. All applications
for registry of animals imported from
the United States must be accompan-
ied by a form of application with

markings sketched and described,
signed by the breeder or owner, also
by the certificates of registry and
transfer in the Holstein-Friesian Herd
Book, or the Wetsern Holstein-Frie-
sian Herd Book. All animals must be
registered in the Canadian Herd
Book before their offspring can be
registered.

Article Vlll.— Fees.

Membership fee $5.00

Annual due, to be paid 1st of

February 1.00

Registration for members 1.00

Registration for non-members.. 2.00
Registration for members (ani-
mals over one year of age) . . 2.00
Registration for non-members
(animals over one year of

age) 4.00

Transfers (members) 25

Transfers (non-members) 50

Transfers after ninety days af-
ter sale 75

Transferring Canadian-bred ani-
mals from American to Cana-
dian Herd Book 25

Registration of animals import-
ed since Feb. 1, 1902, and pre-
vious to March 1, 1909, bulls. 10.00
Registration of animals import-
ed since Feb. 1, 1902, and j)re-
vious to March 1, 1909, cows. 5.^0

Import Certificate, bulls 25.00

Import Certificate, cows 10.00

Registration Certificate of new

form 10

Duplicate Certificate 50

Registration of Farm Name . . 1.00

Swine

The Dominion Swine Breeders' As-
sociation have established records for
the following breeds: Yorkshire,
Berkshire, Tamworth, Essex, Poland
China, Chester White, Duroc Jersey,
and Hamshlre. Animals recorded as
below and their progeny, tracing
through both sire and dam, are eli-
gible for registration:

Berkshire

(a) Animals the sires and dams
of which are recorded in the Do-
minion Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals recorded in the Brit-
ish Berkshire Herd Book.

(c) Animals recorded in the Am-
erican Berkshire Record, in which
case all ancestors back to and includ-
ing ancestors imported from Great
Britain must be recorded.

Ycrkshiro

(a) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the Dominion
Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals recorded In the Large
White Section of the English National
Pig Breeders' Association Herd Book.

(c) Animals recorded in the Am-
erican Yorkshire Record, in which
case all ancestors back to and In-

130

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

- MANOR FARM HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN

" CATTLE —

><

When

Quality

Type ami

Productien

are Equal

ConsideratJBDS

X

><

Our Motto

Buy

The

Best

and Breed

Them

Better

X

HEAD OF KING SEGIS PONTIAC POSCH
1st Prize Two Year Old Bull, London. 1915, 2nd at Toronto, I9I5

Above is a photograph of the head of our herd sire. King Segis
Pontiac Posch, who is a son of King Segis Pontiac Alcartra, the fam-
ous $50,000 bull, and F^rmont Netherland Posch, a 32.40 lb. four year
old. As a two year old she made 29.60 lbs. of butter in 7 days. She was
the youngest cow in the world to make 29 lbs., being only seven hours
late in calving for the junior two year old class.

Breeding such as this is seldom equalled in any country, and, above
all, "King" is a show individual. Your next herd sire should be a son
of this world-famous sire, and out of our young daughters of Prince
Hengerveld of the Pontiac's. Write for further particulars. Visitors
always welcome. Address all correspondence to

GORDON S. GOODERHAM, Manor Farm, CLARKSON, ONT.

LIVE STOCK.

131

eluding ancestors imported from
Great Britain, must be recorded.

Tamworth

(a) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the Dominion
Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals recorded in the Tam-
worth Section of the English National
Pig Breeders' Association' Herd Book.

(c) Animals recorded in the Am-
erican Tamworth Swine Record, in
which case all ancestors back to and
Including ancestors Imported from
Great Britain must be recorded.

Essex

(a) Animals the sires and danis of
which are recorded in the Dominion
Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals imported from Great
Britain bred by reputable breeders.

(c) Animals recorded In the Am-
erican Essex Swine Record.

Poland-China

(a) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded In the Dominion
Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals recorded In the fol-
lowing United States Poland China
Records: America, National, South-
western or Standard.

Chester White

(a) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded in the Dominion
Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals recorded in the O.I.C.
Record (United States).

Durox Jersey

(a) Animals the sires and dams of
which are recorded In the Do-
minion Swine Breeders' R;€Cord.

(b) Animals recorded in the Am-
erican Duroc Jersey Record or in the
National Duroc Jersey Record.

Hampshire

(a) Animals the siies and dams
of which are recorded in the Do-
minion Swine Breeders' Record.

(b) Animals recorded in the Am-
erican Hampshire Record.

Fees for Registration.

To To Non-
Members. Members.

Each registration $1.00 |1.00

TraHSfer of ownership . . .25 .25

Duplicate Certificates... .25 .25

Utilizing Pork. Head: Head-cheese,
sausage, bean pork; Shoulder Butt:
Roast, steak, butt-fat; Shoulder:
Steak, picnic ham, roast; Loin: Fat
back, tenderloin, roast, chops; Bacon
Strip: Bacon, salt pork; Belly: Salt
pork; Ham: Cured ham, steak; Feet:
Pickled pig's feet.

Cuts of Pork.

132

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Sheep

Records have been established by
the Dominion Sheep Breeders' Asso-
ciation for the following breeds:
Lincoln, Shropshire, Oxford Down,
CJotswold, Dorset, Southdown, Hamp-
shire, Leicester, Highland Blackface,
Cheviot and Suffolk.

Shropshire

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain, recorded in the English
Flock Book of Shropshire Sheep.

(b) Animals whose sires and dam
are recorded in the Shropshire Di-
vision of the Canadian National Re-
cords or in the American Shropshire
Sheep Record.

Leicester

(a) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Flock Book of
Great Britain.

(b) AnimalB whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Leicester Di-
vision of the Canadian National Re-
cords, or in the American Leicester
Breeders' Association Record, or in
any Record taken over by the Cana-
dian National Records.

Cotswold

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain, recorded In the English Cots-
wold Flock Book.

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded In the Cotswold Division
of the Canadian National Records, or
in the American Cotswold Registry.

Oxford Down

(a) Animals Imported from Great
Britain, recorded in the English Ox-
ford Down Flock jBook.

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Oxford Down Di-
vision of the Canadian National Re-
cords or in the American Oxford
Down Record.

Lincoln

(a) Sheep Imported from Great

Britain, recorded In the English Lin-
coln Flock Book.

(b) Animale whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Lincoln Division
of the Canadian National Records, or
in the National Lincoln Sheep Breed-
ers' Record.

Dorset Horn

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain, recorded in the English Dor-
set Horn Sheep Breeders' Association
Flock Book.

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Dorset Division
of the Canadian National Records, or
in the Continental Dorset Club Re-
cord.

Suffoil<

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain, recorded in the English Suf-
folk Flock Book.

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Suffolk Division
of the Canadian National Records, or
in the American Suffolk Sheep Re-
cord.

Hampshire Down

(a) Animals imported from Great
Britain, recorded In the English
Hampshire Down Flock Book.

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Hampshire Di-
vision of the Canadian National Re-
cords, or in the American Flock Re-
cord of Hampshire Down Sheep.

Southdown

(a) Animals bred in Great Britain
and Ireland, and recorded and num-
bered in the Southdown Flock Book
of England, provided their sires and
dams are also numbered and recorded
in said Flock Book.

(b) Animals owned in, or Imported
from Great Britain and Ireland, not
entered in the Southdown Flock Book
of England, may be recorded as pro-
vided in clause (c).

(c) Animals bred In America and

LIVE STOCK.

133

tracing in all their crosses to flocks
of reputable breeders in Great Brit-
ain and Ireland, or to those already
recorded, provided their sires and
dams and grand sires and grand dams
are eligible, and are also recorded in
the Southdown Division of the Cana-
dian National Records.

(d) Animals that are immediate
descendants of those recorded in the
Southdown Division of the Canadian
National Records, or in the American
Southdown Record.

Cheviot

(a) Animals imported from Oreat
Britain and recorded in the Cheviot
Sheep Flock Book.

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Cheviot Division
of the Canadian National Records, or
in the American Cheviot Flock Book.

Blackface
(a) Animals imported from Great

Britain from flocks recognized as b«-
ing pure bred. A certificate to this
eftect must be furnished signed by the
Secretary of the Blackface Sheep
Breeders' Association (Scotland).

(b) Animals whose sires and dams
are recorded in the Blackface Di-
vision of the Canadian National Re-
cords.

2. Application for reglBtratlon
must be made upon blanks which
will be furnished free.

Fees for RegistratioQ

To To Non-
Members Members
If animals are recorded
before the first of Decem-
ber of the next year fol-
lowing the year of birth . | .50 I 1.00
If oiiimals are recorded
after the time limit fixed 1.00 1.00

Transfers 25 .25

Transfers which may be
necessitated by a change
in a firm name where no]

consideration passes Free

Duplicate Certificates 10 1.0

"Gainford Marquis," senior and grand champion, Canadian National, 1916.

Jan.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space foi

Animals served on given dates of

present month, due to give birth

as follows :

Name of Animal served, &c.

Mare
48 wks.

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe
21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sal

s

M
Tu
W
Th

Fri
Sat

s

M
•Tu
W
Th
Fri
Sat

s

|3

1 8

|28

523

2

4

9

29

24

3

5

10

30

25

4

6

11

31

26

5

7

12

s 1

27

6

8

13

2

28

7

9

14

3

29

8

10

15

4

30

9

11

16

5

1 1

10

12

17

6

2

11

13

18

7

3

12

14

19

8

4

13

15

20

9

5

14

16

21

10

6

15

17

22

11

7

16

18

23

12

8

17

19

24

13

9

18

20

25

14

10

19

21

26

15

11

20

22

27

16

12

21

23

28

17

13

22

24

29

18

14

23

,

25

30

19

15

24

26

31

20

16

25

27

1 1

21

17

26

28

2

22

18

27

29

3

23

19

28

30

4

24

20

29

?

31

5

25

21

30

i 1

6

26

22

31

M

2

7

27

23

LIVE-STOCK-ADVERTISING-

- 1 N

CA N A Dl A N

FA R M

brings best results.

FARM

PRESS, LTD., 181 SImcoe St.,

Toronto, Ontario.

Feb.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for
Name of Animal served, &c.

Anima]
present

E served on given dates of
n»onth. due to give birth
as fellows : f

Mare
*8wks.

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe

21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

W

Th
Fri
Sat

s

M
Tu

i 3

i 8

128

■-I

i24

2

4

9

! 29

25

3

X

5

10

! 30

26

4

6

11

11 1

27

5

7

12

i 2

28

6

j

8

13

1 3

21

7

1

9

14

! 4

30

8

i

10

15

i 3

31

9

W

ill i 16

i 6

!i 1

10

Th

: 12 i 17

7 i 2

11

Fri

Sat

13 i 18

8 ! 3

12

14 i 19

9 1 4

13 S-

15 ! 20

10 1 5

14 M

16

21

11 ! 6

15 Tu

17

22

12 t 7

16

W

Th

Fri

Sat

8

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M
Tu

18

23 i 13 1 8

17

19 1 24 i 14

9

18

20 i 25 i 15

10

19 :

21

26

16

11

20 I

: 22

27

17

12

21

i 23

28

18

13

22

1 24

29

19

14

23 !

i 25

30

20

15

24 i

26

i 1

21

16

25 !

27

2

22

17

26 1

28

3

23

18

27 :

; 29

4

24

19

28

i 30

5

25

20

29

'

-

i

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS

Each week will be found matters of vital importance to you In

CA N A Dl A N

FA RM

FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 Simcoe St.,

Toronto, Ontario.

Mar.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on given dates of

present month, due to give birth

as follows :

Name of Animal served, &c.

Mare

48 wks.

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe
21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

w

Th
Fri
Sat

i31

i 6

i26

121

2

i 1

7

27

22

3

2

8

28

23

4

3

9

29

24

5

s

4

10

30

25

6

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M
Tu
W
Th

* 5 '

11

31

26

7

6

12

4 1

27

8

7

13

2

28

9

8

14

3

29

10

9

15

4

30

11

10

16

5

1 1

12

-

11

17

6

2

13

12

18

-7

3

14

13

19

8

4

15

14

20

9

5

16

>

15

21

10

6

17

Fri
Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

16

22

11

7

18

17

23

12

8

19

18

24

13

9

20

19

25

14

10

21

•

20

26

15

11

22

21

27

16

12

23

22

28

17

13

24

23

29

18

14

25

24

30

19

15

26

25

31

20

16

27

26

9 1

21

17

28

27

2

22

18

29

28

3

23

19

30

1 1

4

24

20

31

Fri

2

5

25

21

Timely
Subjects

FARM PRESS, LTD.,

Of Interest to Live Stock Breeders
and Farmers each week In

181 Simcoe St.,

Canadian
Farm

Toronto, Ontario.

Apr.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on given dates of

present month, due to pvc birth

as follows :

Name of Animal sened, &c

Mare
48wks.

Cow Ewe
40 wks. ! 2 1 wks.

1— ;

Sow
16 wks.

1

Sat

s

M
Tu
W i
Th

i 3 [

4|

a 6 »26

|22

2

7 27

23

3

5

8

28

24

4

6

9

29

25

5

7

10

30

26

6

8

11

31

27

7

Fri

9

12

1 1

28

8

Sat

s

M
Tu

w ;

Th
Fri
Sat

s

M
Tu
W
Th

Fri
Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

10

13

2

21

9

11

14

3

30

10

! 12

15

4

31

11

i 13

16

5

ii

12

i 14

17

6

2

13

; 15

18

7

3

14

i 16

19

8

4

15

1 17

20

9

5

16

1 18

21

10

6

17

! 19

22

11

7

18

! 20

23

12

8

19

i 21

24

13

9

20

1 22

25

14

10

21

i 23

26

15

11

22

24

27

16

12

23

1 25

28

17

13

24

1 26

29

18

14

25

i 27

30

19

15

26

! 28

31

20

16

27

29

i 1

21

17

28

30

2

22

18

29

31

3

23 1 19

30

15 1

4

24 i 20

;

HELPFUL BOOKS ON VEGETABLE GARDENING.
For purposes of ready reference and timely Information.

Peas and Pea Culture, by Glenn C. Sevey 60c.

The Potato, by S. Fraser ' 75c

New Onion Culture, by T. Greiner ...■......^.... ....^.^ ; 60c

Tomato Culture, "W. "W. Tracey -....T.'. BOc

FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 SImcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

May

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on given dates of

present month, due to give birth

as follows :

Name of Animal served, &c.

Mare
48 wks.,

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe
21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M
Tu

|2

i 5

i25

421

2

3

6

26

22

3

'

4

7

27

23

4

5 '

8

28

24

5

6'

9

29

25

6

7

10

3U

26

7

8 '

11

1 1

27

8

9

12

2

28

9

10

13

3

29

10

11

14

4

30

11

12'

15

5

31

12

13

16

6

i 1

13

14'

17

7

2

14

15 '

18

8

3

15

16 '

19

9

4

16

17,

20

10

5

17

18

21

11

6

18

19

22

12

7

19

•

20

23

13

8

20

21

24

14

9

21

i 22

25

15

10

22

23

26

16

11

23

24

27

17

12

24

25

28

18

13

25

26

i 1

19

14

26

27

2

20

15

27

28

3

21

16

28

1 29

4

22

17

29

30

5

23

18

30

1 1

6

24

19

31

W

2

7

25

20

INCREASE YOUR CROP YIELDS.

The following books are a boon to the practical man who wishes to do better
f flirnfiiTiisr * ■

Fertilizers and Crops, by Dr. Lucius L. Van Slyke, Illustrated $2.50

Farm Manures, by Charles E. Thorne, Illustrated 1»0

Soils, by Charles Wra. Burkett, Illustrated 1-25

First Principles of Soil Fertility, Illustrated i-OO

FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 Slmcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

JuTie

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for
Name of Animal served, &c.

Animals served on g:iven dates of
present month, due to give birth
as follows : ~

Mare

48 wks.

Cow

40 wks.

Ewe
21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

Th

1 3

1 «

|26

i^i

2

Fri

4 j 9

27

22

3

Sat

5 10 1 28

23

4

S

6

11 1 29

24

5

M

7 1 12

30

25

6

Tu

8 i 13

31

26

7

W

9 1 14

i 1

27

8

Th 1

10 1 15

2

28

9

Fri

11 16

3

21

10

Sat

12

17

4

30

11

R

13 18

5

1 1

12

M

14

19

6

2

13

T„

15

20

7

3

14

W

' 16 21

8

4

15

Th

17

22

9

- 5

16.

Fri

18

23

10

6

17

Sat

19

24

11

7

18

a

20

25

12

8

19

M 1

21

26

13

9

20

Tu

22 i 27 i 14

10

21

W

23. 1 28 j 15

11

22

Th !

24 1 29 1 16

12

23

Fri

25

30 1 17

13

24

Sat

26

31 ! 18

14

25

s

27

5 1 1 19

15

26

M !

28

2 i 20

16

27

Tu

29

3 i 21

17

28

W

30

4 1 22

18

29

Th

31

5 1 23

19

30

Fri

Jl

6

24

20

1

1

1
1

THE BEGINNER'S GARDEN BOOK. By AJIen French.

For its practical completeness in gardening, this book claims the attention
of children and parents, pupils and teachers.

Anyone who spends a garden year with this book will have a sound knowl-
edge of garden processes and a lasting pleasure In gardening work.
Illustrated. - - Price, $1,10.

FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 SImcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

July

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on given dates oi

present month, due to give birth

as follows :

Name of Animal served, &c.

Mare
48 wks.

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe

2 1 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

i 2

5 7

J25

|21

2

3

8

26

22

3

4

9

27

23

4

5

10

28

24

5

6

11

29

25

6

7

12

30

26

7

8

13

J 1

27

8

9

14

2

28

9

10

15

3

29

10

^

11

16

4

30

11

12

17

5

31

12

13

18

6

1 1

13

14

19

7

2

14

15

20

8

3

15

16

21

9

4

16

17

22

10

5

17

18

23

11

6

18

19

24

12

7

19

20

25

13

8

20

21

26

14

9

21

22

27

15

10

22

.23-

28

16

11

23

24

29

17

12

24

25

30

18

13

25

26

1 1

19

14

26

27

2

20

15

27

28

3

21

16.

28

29

4

22

17

29

30

5

23

18

30

- ■

i 1

6

24

19

31

1 2-.

7

25

20

COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS. By R. A. Craig, D.V.M.

Professor of Veterinary Science, Purdue University. Chief Veterinarian, Purdue

University Experimental Station.

The author lays special emphasis upon the causes, prevention and early

recognition of common diseases. Animal loss through disease will be brought

to a minimum If every farmer uses this great boolc as his guide.

317 pages. Illustrated. - - - Price, $1.50.

FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 Simcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

Aug.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on given dates of

present month, due to give birth

as follows :

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

lu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Name of Animal serv-ed, &c.

1 Mare 1 Cow Ewe
1 iS wks. 1 40 wks. 21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

il 3 1 8

|26

|21,

i 4 1 9 12/

22

1 5 1 10

28

23

*

1 6

11 1 29

24

/

12

30

25

8

13

31

26

; 9

14

i 1

27

1 10

15

2

28

! 11

16

3

29

' 12

17

4

30

i 13

18

5 J 1

1 14 1 19

6

2

' 15

20

7

3

i 16

21

8

4

' 17

22

9

5

18

23

10

6

19

24

11

7

i 20

25

12

8

1 21

26

13

9

1 22

27'

14

10

1 23

28

15

11

i 24

29

16

12

, 25 j 30

17

13

1 26

31

18

14

27 1 1

19

15

28 2

20

16

!

1 29

3 ! 21

17

30

4 1 22

18

31

5 1 23

19

1 1 6 1 24

20

I

2

7

i 25

21

HOW FARMERS CO-OPERATE AND DOUBLE PROFITS. By Clarence Poe.

"A book which shows how farmers may co-operate by showing how they
have done and are doing it."

It is essentially a book of stories — true stories of actual experiences of
farmers' co-operative societies in the United States and Europe, notably Ire-
land and Denmark. Mistakes and failures are recorded as well as successes,
and farmers will find throughout the book danger signs showing paths to avoid
as well as friendly guidance into roads that are safe.
256 pages. • Price, $1.50.
FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 SImcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

Sept.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on given dates of

present month, due to g-ive birth

as follows :

Mare
48 wks.

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe
21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

Fri
Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

■

13

J 8

i26

J22

2

4

9

27

23

3

5

10

28

24

4

c

6

11

29

25

5

7

12

30

26

6

8

13

31

27

7

9

14

i 1

28

8

10

15

2

29

9

11

16

3

30

10

12

17

4

31

11

13

18

5

i 1

12

14

19

6

2

13

15

20

7

3

14

16

21

8

4

15

17

22

9

5

16

18

23

10

6

17

19

24

11

7

18

20

25

12

8

19

21

26

13

9

20

22

27

14

10

21

23

28

15

11

22

24

29

16

12

23

25

30

17

13

24

26

1 1

18

14

25

27

2

19

15

26

28

3

20

16

27

29

4

21

17

28

30

5

22

18

29

31

6

23

19

30

i 1

7

24

20

POULTRY DISEASES. - - By E. J. Wortley.

An entirely new work on the subject. The subject of health and disease,
common causes of disease, hygienic requirements, objects of medicinal treat-
ment, are fully and clearly treated, and all specific diseases to which poultry
are heir are fully described and explained.

ILLUSTRATED. PRICE, 75c.
FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 SImcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

Oct.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

/

-

Day of Month and Week, with space for

Animals served on g^iven dates of

present month, due to give birth

as follows :

Name of Animal served, &c j

1

Mare |
48 wks. 1

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe
21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

s

M
Tu
W i

t
1

12 !|8

225

:21

2

1 3

9 1

26

22

3

\ 4

10 ! 27

23

4-

i 5

11 1 28

24

5

Th

6

12 !| 1

25

6

Fri
Sat i

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

7

13 2

26

7

8

14 3

27

8

9

15

4

28

9

10

16

5

29

10

11

17

6

30

11

12

18

7

31

12

13

19

8

i 1

13

14

20

9

2

14

Sat
S

15

21

10

3

15

16

22

11

4

16 i M

17 ' Tu

18 W

17

23

12

5

18

24 1 13

6

19

25

14

7

19 Th

20

26 1 15

8

20 • Fri

21

27^

16

9

21

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th
Fri
Sat

s

M

22

28

17

10

22

23

29

18

11

23

24

30

19

12

.24

1 25

31

20

13

25

; 26

|1

21

14

26

! 27

2

22

15

27

28

3

23

16

28

29

4

24

17

29

30

5

25

18

30

1 1

6

26

19

31

Tu

2

7

27

20

THE BREEDING OF FARM ANIMALS. - By M. W. Harper.

This book represents the useful information concerningr the breeding of
farm animals, well adapted to the needs of the farmer, breeder and student.
It includes a brief discussion of the fundamental principles underlying animal
breeding. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of proper care and
management of the parents, together with the development of the young stock.
336 Pages. • Illustrated. - Price, $1.50.

FARM PRESS, LTD., 181 Simcoe St., Toronto, Ontario.

Nov.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

Day of Month and Week, with space for
Name of Animal served, &c.

Animal
present

> served on givert

month, due-to g

as follows :

dates of
ve Wrth

Mare
a wks.

Cow
40 wks.

Ewe

21 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

w

Th
Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

S

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M

Tu

W

Th

Fri

Sat

s

M
Tu
W
Th

1 3

18

J28

221

2

■

4

9

29

22

3

5

10

30

23

4

6

11

31

24

5

7

12

i 1

25

6

8

13

2

26

7

.9

14

3

27

8

10

15

4

28

9

11

16

5

i 1

10

12

17

6

2

11

13

18

7

3

12

14

19

8

4

13

15

20

9

5

14

16

21

10

6

15

■*

17

22

11

7

16

18

23

12

8

17

19

24

13

9

18

20

25

14

10

19

21

26

1.5

11

20

■

22

27

16

12

21

23

28

17

13

22

■

24

29

18

14

23

25

30

19

15

24

26

31

20

16

25

27

i 1

21

17

26

! 28

2

22

18

27

j 29

3

23

19

28

30

4

24

20

29

1 31

5

25

21

30

ij 1

6

26

22

' 1

! 1
1 1

BOOKS ON LIVE STOCK

Manual of Farm Animals. By H. W. Harper. Illustrated $2.00

Dairy Cattle and Milk Production. By C. H. Eckles. Illustrated 1-60

The Diseases of Animals. By N. S. Mayo. Illustrated 1.60

A Manual of Practical Farming. By John McLennan. Cheaper Edition.. 50

Farm Management. By G. F. Warren. Illustrated 1-75

Sent post-paid for the above prices.
FARM PRESS, LIMITED, 181 SImcoe St., - - TORONTO.

Dec.

STOCKBREEDERS' TABLES.

1916.

\ Animals served on given dates of
1 present month, due to give Krth
Dav of Month and Week, with space for | as follows :

Name of Animal served, &c.

Mare Cow
48 wks. 40 wks.

Ewe
2 1 wks.

Sow
16 wks.

1

Fri ^

1 2 i?

527

|23

2

Sat

3 8

28

24

3

SI

4191

29

25

4

M

5 10 j 30

26

5 1

Tu

6

11 il 1

27

6'

W

7

12 1

2

28

7

Th

8

13

3

29

S

Fri

9

14

4

30

9

Sat

10

15.

5

31

10

s

11

16

6-

t 1

11

M

12

17

/

2

12

Tu

13

18

8 3

13

W

14

19

9 i 4

14

Th

15

20

10 i 5

15

Fri

16

21

11 ; 6

16

Sat

17

22

12

>7

17-

s

18 23

13

8

18

M

19

24

14

9

19

Tu

20

25

15

10

20

W

21

26

16

11

21

Th

22

27

17

12

22

Fri

23 28

18

13

23

Sat

24 i 29

19

14

24

s

25 30

20

15

25

M

26 i 1

21

16

26

Tu

27

2

22

17

27

W

28

3

23

18

28

Th '

29 4

24

19

29

Fri

, 30 5

25

20

30

Sat

!i 1 6

26

21

31

S

! 2 7

27

22

WAR BOOKS

We have secured through the English firm of J. M. Dent & Sons, a most
complete list of books relating to and bearing on the Great War. Among them
are the following: —

War Lords — A. G. Gardiner. 30c. post paid; 14,000 copies already sold in
Canada.

War Thoughts of An Optimist — Benjamin A. Gould. 75c. post paid. An
American citizen, now a resident of Canada.

The Nations at War — L. Cecil Lane. 85c post paid. A forecast of the politi-
cal and moral results of the war.

146

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Common Unsoundness in the Horse

Bone spavin is one of the mo&t ser-
ious forms of unsoundness from wliioh
the horse is liable to suffer. As a rule
it is easily detected (by comparing the
size of the hocks for any variation to
saze or shape. The ibest view can be
obtained by str-oping m front of tne
horse and looking between the front

blind spavin In. which no enlargement
is present, due to the fact that the in-
flammation is confined to the centre
or softer tissues of the ibone. Such
oases are difficult to diagnose and even
experts are at a loss at times to 'be
sure whether this condition is present
or not.

FRONT VIEW OF FORE LEGS.

A vertical line down from point of shoulder shall fall upon centre of knee, can-

non, pastern and foot. A only shows the correct formation.

legs under the body when any enlarge-
ment can easily be noticed. In sus-
pected cases ithe diagnosis can be con-
firmed by lifting the foot from the
ground and bending it forward and up-
ward bringing the hoof as near the
stifle joint as possible and retaining
it in that position, for a minute or two,
then letting it down and causing the
animal to walk off at once. When if
a spavin is present the lameness is
likely to be very noticeable for the
flrst few steps. There is a somewhat
rare form of spavin called occult or

Ringbone

Is another disease of ibone some-
what similar to spavin, but situateo
on the pastern between the hoof and
the fetlock. The enlargement usually
grows completely around the limb and
is easily detected. If the growth is
close down to the hoof the lameness
will usually yield to treatment and -the
animal be made to go sound, but the
enlargement will always remain. If,
however, the growth is an inch or so
higher up on the pastern, more or less
permanent lameness is likely to re-

REAR VIEW OF HIND LEGS.

Vertical line drawn downward from point of buttock should fall upon centre of

hock, cannon, pastern and foot. A only indicates correct formation.

LIVE STOCK.

147

suk because of a joint becoming in-
volved.

Sidebones

Are found just above the hoof at the
side near the heel and almost invar-
iably on the front feet, they are not
so serious as spavin or ring-bone. Often
no pronounced lameness is noticed,
but only a stiffness of gait. A horse
may have those blemishes, and if it
be a useful animal at any ordinary
work. They are serious in a horse that

troublesome lameness will result. A
horse with a splint is unsound, even
though not going lame.

Bog Spavin.
Is a soft, pufty, enlargement on the
inside of the hock. It is not so ser-
ious as bone spavin, and as a rule does
not interfere with the usefulness of an
animal.

\

A-

w.

SIDE VIEW OF FRONT LEGS.
Vertical line from point of shoulder.

has to go on hard roads or paveinents,
but for the ordinary work of a farm
cause little or no trouble. Horses that
have naturally good, strong feet are
not very liable to suffer from side
bones, while the weak footed horse is
very much predisposed to the trouble.

Splints

Are boney enlargements on the can-
non bone of the front legs. They are
considered by many as a minor form
of unsoundness. ITsually they cause
little or no trouble, the animal per-
forming his work without showing any
lameness. At times, however, es-
pecially when the enlargement is close
up to the knee joint, more or less

Thorough-pin
Is practically an aggravated form of
bog spavin, the enlargement passing
right through the hock joint and form-
ing a puffy* enlargement on the outside
of the hock opposite the spavin.

Curb.

A curb consists of a sprain of a liga-
ment on the back border of the hock
forming an enlargement which can be
readily detected by looking at the limb
from the side which will present a
rounded or bowed formation on the
iwsterior border of the joint. WhOe
the lameness caused by a curb yields
readily to treatment the enlargement
can seldom be removed.

SIDE VIEW OF HIND LEGS.

Vertical line down from hip joint should fall upon centre of foot and divide the

gaskin in the middle. Vertical line from point, of foot should coincide with angle

of hock and pastern Joints. A only shows correct formation.

148

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Navicular Disease

Is a very senous form of lameness,
it con&iats of a diseased coudition of
tlie joint which is situated inside the
hoof. The symptoms consist of a stiff-
ness or stiltiness of gait, a tendency
to trail the front feet when moving
backwards. Horses suffeiing from this
form of lameness will usually, when
backed out of the stall trail the (bed-
ding back with the front feet. As the
disease progresses the affected foot or
feet will become somewhat narrow.
When standing the horse will ease first
one foot and then the other. The
lameness is always more noticeable
when ithe animal is taken out for exer-
cise after standing in the stall over
night. Exercise has a tendency to
limiber the patient up to a certain ex-
tent.

Chronic Lamanitis.

Is another serious disease of the
feet manifesting much the same symp-
toms as navicular disease. It con-
sists of a chronic Inflammation of the
soft tissue of the foot. Once thorough-
ly established it is practically incur-
able and reduces the value of a horse
very muh, rendering him almost use-
less for hard or fast work on hard
roads or pavements. •

Corns.

A corn is simply a bruise of the sole
resulting In an inflammatioii of the

deeper seated tissues, and usually
found on the inside quarter of the
sole. This is a somewnat serious form
of unsoxmdness, for although it can be
successfully treated, it Is quite likely
to recur unless the foot is very care-
fully looked after.

Quarter Cracks.

A quarter crack is a crack or split
in the wall of the hoof, extending from
the shoe up to the soft tissue at the
top of the foot. It is always an indi-
cation of a weak foot, and although it
can usually be treated .successfully it
is very likely to occur again if the
animal is put to work on hard roads.

String Halt.

Is a nervous disease causing th«
horse to lift one or both hind feet very
high at each step. It is very easily
detected when in an advanced stage,
but sometimes in the early stages the
symptoms are very obscure. In 8us«
ipected cases it is well to excite the
animal, then make him move 1[>ack-
wards or move him sharply first to one
side and then quickly to the other,
when if this trouble is present it will
likely he detects. This disease does
not interfere with the usefulness of an
animal except in ver/ advanced cases,
'birt (because of the fact that it is a
progressive disease and likely to get
worse as the animal grows older, it is
considered a serious form of unsound-
ness.

To extreme left is indicated a Quarter Crack. In centre the fissure In foot indi-
cates Sand Crack. To the right a bad ^ase of Acute Founder.

Animal

Horse

Ox

Sheep

Swine

Dog

ANIMALS WHEN AT REST

Pulse, per minute Respiration per Temperature Frah-
minute

36 to 40 8 to 10 100»

40 to 45 12 to 15 101" to 102.5*'

70 to 80 12 to 20 103"

70 to 80 10 to IS 103"

90 to 100 15 to 20 102.5" (very

changeable)

LIVE STOCK

148

The Age of

The age of the horse is an import-
ant factor in determining his present
and prospective value. Familiarity
with the characters which most cer-
tainly indicate age are, therefore,
often extremely useful. A know-
ledge of these characters is not diffi-
cult to secure, but skill in their ap-
plication depends much on familiarity
and continued practice.

General Considerations
In estimating the age of the horse,
the teeth furnish the best index. Yet
there are other general conslderationB
that play an important part, especi-
ally in the case of young and very
old animals. In very old horses,
white hairs make their appearance
around the temple, the eyes, the nos-
trils and elsewhere; the poll, or top
of the head, becomes more pointed,
the sides of the face more depressed,
and the hollows above the eyes more
marked. Bear in mind these consid-
erations are general, and must be
considered as a whole; each, alone, is
of very little or no use.

While differences in the appear-
ance of the teeth are considered the
most important and the nuMt aoca-
rate means of estimating the age of
domestic animals, and are the means
employed by all horsemen, yet these
are not absolutely accurate, and much
depends on conditions as well as on
the individuality of the animal. The
teeth of horses that have bones of
somewhat open structure are likely
to indicate that the animals are some-
what older than they are; while the
teeth of horses whose bones are of
fine, close texture, may Indicate them
to be younger than they are. Again,
a horse which has always been fed
on soft, succulent food is likely to
sfliow a young mouth; whereas, one
fed on hard, dry food is likely to
show an older mouth. Thus it Is
apparent that the texture of the
bones, the breeding, the kind of food
the horse has eaten, and other condi-
tions, have more or less influence on
the teeth.

The horse, when full-grown, haa

the Horse

forty teeth, twenty on either Jaw, di-
vided as follows: Six incisors, two
canines (one on either side), and
twelve molars (six on either side).
Since only the incisor, or nipp«r,
teeth are inspected in estimating the
age, they alone will be considered. It
is the order in which they make
their appearance that enables us to
estimate the age up to five years, and
the manner in which their surface is
worn that aids us in the estimation
up to eight years of age. After the
horse has passed the eighth year. It
is sometimes difficult to determine
his true age by the teeth.

It is not often that one is obliged
to inspect the teeth of a horse under
three years of age in order to make
an estimate of its age. Therefore,
the period of colthood will be passed
over and we will consider the condi-
tion of the incisors when the horse
has reached the age of two and one-
half to three years.'

Two and One-half to Three Years Old.

At about two years and nine
months to two years and eleven
months the central permanent inci-
sors will appear, and at three years
of age the outer part of the teeth,
and sometimes the inner also, will be
up and In wear. The permanent in-
cisors are larger in every way than
the temporary or milk teeth; they are
alfio less smooth and regular, and are
usually darker colored, so that no
difficulty is experienced In distin-
guishing the permanent from the
temporary incisors.

Pour Years Old.

At about three years and nine
months, the intermediate incisors ap-
pear. At four years of age, they are
fully up and In wear on the outside,
and sometimes on the inside. The
central incisors show one year's
wear, and the cups are not so deep as
they were when the colt was three
years old. If the colt be a male the
tusks should be evident. They would
still be sharp and flattish on the In-
sides.

150

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Five Years Oid.

At the age of about four years and
nine months, the permanent corner
incisors make their appearance. When
the horse is full five years of age,
the outer exterior parts meet, al-
though almost one year of wear must
take place before the lateral or cor-
ner teeth are worn level over their
entire surface. The horse has now a
full mouth, and the central incisors
show two years' wear. The cups
show o© all, but are deepest and
freshest in the corner teeth.
Six Years Old.

At six years the cups in the central
incisors of the lower jaw have disap-
peared, or nearly so; have become
smaller in the intermediates, and the
corner teeth are worn level over their
entire surface.
Seven Years Old.

At seven years of age the cups in
the intermediate incisors of the lower
jaw have disappeared, although
small dark spots may often be seen.
The corner teeth still retain their
cups, although they are rather shal-

low. It is well to bear in mind that
from the time when the teeth of the
lower jaw are well up and in wear to
the time that the cups have disap-
peared from the lower Jaw tB three
years. The teeth in the upper jaw
retain their cups for a much longer
time; in fact, just twice as long, dis-
appearing in six years after they have
made their appearance.

Eight Years Old.

At eight years of age, the eups
have disappeared from the teeth of
the lower jaw. One must not be mis-
led by the slight, dark-colored in-
ientations that are still present, for
they are not deep enough to be
called cups. By the time the horse
has reached this age, the shape of the
teeth' have undergone marked
changes. (Compare Pig. 9 with Fig.
10.) In the first place, the teeth
were thin from outside to Inside, and
comparatively broad from right to
left; while, in the latter case, they
are much thicker from inside to out-
siide, and have become more triangu-
lar in shape. If viewed from the side,
they will appear somewhat longer.

The Massey-Harris Trade Mark on a Farm
Implement is a Guarantee of Quality

GRAIN BINDERS,
REAPERS, CORN
HARVESTERS,
MOWERS, RAKES,
SIDE DELIVERY
RAKES, TED-
DERS, HAY
LOADERS, CUL-
TIVATORS,
SEEDERS, HOE
DRILLS, SHOE
DRILLS, DISC
DRILLS, FERTI-
LIZER DRILLS,
FERTILIZER
SOWERS.

DISC HARROWS,
DRAG HARROWS,
HARROW CARTS,
FEED CUTTERS,
PULPERS, EN-
SILAGE CUT-
TERS, MANURE

SPREADERS,
CREAM SEPARA-
TORS, PLOWS,
SCUFFLERS,
LAND ROLLERS,
PACKERS, WAG-
ONS, SLEIGHS,
GASOLINE EN-
GINES, SPRAY
OUTFITS, ETC.

MASSEY-HARRIS CO., LIMITED

Head Offices— TORONTO, CANADA.

Branches at— Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Yorkton,

Calgary, Edmonton, Swift Current. Agencies Everywhere.

LIVE STOCK.

151

and will meet at a sharper angle
than they did when the horse was
younger. As the age advances, the
angle formed by the teeth of the
upper and lower jaw becomes more
acute.

At Nine Years of Age, the cupe will
have disappeared from the upper cen-
tral incisors; from the upper inter-
mediates at ten years, and at eleven
years the cups will have all disap-
peared from the upper Jaw. The
cups are not likely to disappear at
as regular Intervals in the upper
jaw as they did In the lower jaw.
Therefore it is not always possible to
tell the age of a horse within a year
or two after he has passed his eighth
year.

After the horse has passed the
twelfth year the matter of two or
three years amounts to little. Much
depends on the individuality of the
animal, as some animals are worth
more at eighteen than others at four-
teen. One o judgment of the value
ot a horse at these ages should be
formed on general appearances and
activities rather than on age.

The Age of Cattle and Sheep.

The only reliable method of Judg-
ing the age of cattle is by means of
the incisor or nipping teeth. Cattle
have eight temporary incisors, or
sucking teeth, in the lower jaw, but
none in the upper. A pad of tissue
replaces the latter. The molar teeth
consist of six teeth in each jaw —
upper and lower — three of which
(twelve In all) are temporary, or re-
placeable, and for convenience are
spoken of as the first, second and
third temporary molars. In contra-
distinction to those which follow, and
termed the fourth, fifth and sixth
permanent molars.

At a month old, most, or all, of
the temporary sucking teeth are In
the mouth. At six months the fourth
permanent molar will be seen. At
twelve months the fifth permanent
molar will appear. At two years the
sixth permanent molar will be well
up, but shows itself in one year and

nine months. At or about two years
and six months, the first and second
temporary molars are shed, and re-
placed by permanents; so that by the
time an ox is three years of age, the
third molar has been replaced and a
complete set of permanent molars
are now in the jaws.

Most attention must be paid to the
changes In the Incisors, because these
are so easy to note.

It is quite an easy matter to tell
the difference between temporary and
permanent incisor teeth. The perma-
nents are much broader and larger
and when seen side by side with the
temporary ones, it is impossible to
mistake one for the other. The same
remarks are equally applicable to the
sheep.

If a mouth Is examined at one year
and nine months, a pair — the central
pair — of permanent incisors will be
seen. These are cut at about one
/ear and six months, so that at one
year and three-quarters they are well
developed. At two years and three
months to two years and nine months
the permanent middle incisors are
well up. Cattle vary in dentition, but
as a rule it is two years and nine
months to three years before the
lateral permanent incisors are well
up. At three to three and one-half
years, the corner permanent incisors
usually appear, and this completes
the dentition. To judge the age after
this period is speculative, and only
approximate at best. The incisors
gradually wear away, the corner teeth
showing the least signs of wear. In
horned cattle the rings formed upon
the horns are used as a rough means
of determining the animal's age. Add
two years to the total number of
rings, as the first ring is not formed
until after the second year.

Sheep have twenty temporary
teeth, eight being incisors, or nip-
ping, teeth, precisely the same as In
the ox, and the reader must refer to
these for the several designations re-
lating thereto. The central pair of
permanent Incisors are cut when the
animal is about one year of age, and

152

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

the perfect development of thes«
teeth must be taken as evidence that
the yearling stage has been passed by
a month or two. The middle perma-
nent incisors will usually appear
when the animal is from one year
and nine months to two years of age.
Some latitude must be allowed, say a
couple of months either way, as the
rate of development, as affected by
feeding and care, will affect the time
at which the permanent teeth will
appear. The lateral pair will usually

appear when the animal is two years
of age. The average is two yeare and
three months, with an extreme of two
years and one-half. The corner in-
cisors are usually replaced by perma-
nent8_ by the time the animal has
reached the age of three years. When
the sheep is four years of age aU the
incisors are up and in wear. The
animal has by this time a "full
mouth," and estimations as to its age
after this period is reached are, of
necessity, speculative.

Right hand shoe built to prevent inter-
fering. Inner branch has no nails, and
is fitted and beveled under the hoof.

Common form of punched heel weight
shoe to induce high action in front
feet. The profile here shows a roll at
toe and raised heels. As this lowers
action the shoe would be better if of
uniform thickness and no roll.

Ground surface of shoe to left. Inner
nailer's branch is same in depth as
the outer and caulked branch to bal-
ance foot squarely on the'ground.

Right fore ice shoe for roadster. Toe
and outer heel caulks cut at right an-
gles, and the inner caulk is slender
and blunt. Back surface of toe shoe
should be perpendicular.

LIVE STOCK.

153

Veterinary

Some Uiefnl

In localities where there are prac-
tically no facilities for obtaining pro-
fessional aid for the stock-breeder,
the following prescriptions will prove
useful. These are contained in F. T.
Barton's book on "Cattle, Sheep and
Pigs," page 189.

Prescriptloiui.

Prepared Lard 6 ounces

Melt together in a jar, surrounded
by hot water, for three hours, and
stir occasionally; while hot, filter
through paper, and allow the clear
liquid to cool. Uses: For blistering.

Ringworm.

Wash parts thoroughly with hot
water and soft soap. Apply mercurial
or iodide ointment. See that the rings
are thoroughly covered. Apply every
other day until the disease disappears.
Ringworm is a parasitic disease and
should be dealt with immediately it is
noticed.

Ointment for Sores, Ulcers, EJtc.
Boracic Acid Ointment. . % ounce
Oxide of Zinc Ointment. . ^ ounce
Red Oxide of Mercury Oint-
ment 3 drachms

Mix thoroughly. Directions: Apply

a little to the sore place twice daily.

Before applying wash thoroughly

with a weak solution, of some reliable

coal tar disinfectant.

Ointment for Mange.

Oil of Tar 2 drachms

Red Oxide of Mercury Oint-
ment ^ ounce

Green Iodide of Mercury

Ointment 2 drachms

Vaseline 1 ounce

Mix. Directions: Rub In well once

daily.

Ointment for Inflamed Udder.
Extract of Belladonna. 1 ounce

Benzoated Lard 4% ounces

Lanoline 4% ounces

Mix thoroughly In that heat. Di-
rections: Smear over the inflamed
udder twice or three times daily.

Turpentine Ointment for Setons.

Common Turpentine 1 ounce

Lard 3 ounces

Melt together over warm water,
and stir cold. Dress seton.

Oxide of Zinc Ointment.
Powdered Oxide of Zinc. 3 ounces

Glycerine 2 ounces

Benzoated Lard 13 ounces

.VI IX in fi stone mortar. Uses: For
slight abrasions and ulcers.

Sulphur Ointment.
Flowers of Sulphur .... 2 ounces

Lard 16 oun(ifes

Mix. Uses: For mange and
EJczema.

Liniment of Turpentine.

Soft Soap 2 ounces

Camphor 1 ounce

Spirits of Hartshorn ... 2 drachms

Oil of Thyme % drachm

Oil of Turpentine .... 16 ounces

Dissolve the camphor in the tur-
pentine; then add the soap until this
is all dissolved; this latter can be
done by rubbing in a mortar, or shak-
ing In a bottle. Now add the other
ingredients. Uses: For slight at-
tacks of sore throat, sprains, bruises,
rheumatism (join felon) and colds
about the chest, etc.

Directions: If used for sprains or
rheumatism, let the liniment be rub-
bed in well, and then apply a hot
flannel bandage.

Blistering Ointment
Powdered Cantharldes . . 1 ounce

Linlmen^ for Rheumatism and Stiff

Joint.
Tincture of Opium .... 2 ouncee
Tincture of Belladonna. 1 ounce
Spirits of Ammonia. ... 1 ounce
Liniment of Capsicums.. 1^ ounces

Chloroform % ouace

Oil of Turpentine 2 ounce*

Opodeldoc 1 ounce

Mix, and shake before rubbing in.
Directions: Aply night and morning
to the joints or stiff muscles.

154

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Blistering Liniment.

Croton Oil 1 ounce

Oil of Turpentine 6 ounces

Olive Oil 1 ounce

Mix, by shaking the bottle. Di-
rections: Rub the part to be blis-
tered for ten or twenty minutes.

Strangles.

Cold, sore throat, yellow discharge
from nostrils, swelling or tumor xmder
throat. Put poulticfe to tumor; give in
grued 4 drams chlorate of potassium.
Feed gruel and bran mashes.

Green Liniment.

Verdigris ; i% ounces

Powdered Alum 3 ounces

Treacle % pound

Boil, and mix together until the
mixture has a brown tinge. Uses:
For foul affecting the feet, and foot-
rot of sheep.

Cooling Lotion for Sprains, etc.

Nitrate of Potash .... 2^4 ounces

Sal Ammoniac 2% ounces

Cold water 1 pint

Directions: Dip cloths Into the
liquid and apply to the inflamed part.

Camphor Liniment.

Camphor 1 ounce

Olive Oil 2 ounces

Dissolve the camphor on the oil
with the aid of heat. Uses: A stimu-
lating liniment; very useful for ap-
plying to the throat, chest or belly
after fomenting.

Lotion for Mange.

Slaked Lime 8 ounces

Flower of Sulhpur 8 ounces

Water 3% pints

Mix, and boil together until the
liquid measures one quart. Now
filter it, and dress all the diseased
parts; or what is better, dress the
animal from head to foot. Six times
this quantity may be made at once
for a trifling sum.

/r

- — .•>

Lit y/wsn V ..*

' -31

Fig. 40. Parts of the horse. 1. Muzzle: 2. nostrils: 3. face: 4. eye: 5. forehead: «■«"•'•
neck: 8. crest: 9. withers: 10. back; 11. loin: 12, hip; 13. croup: 14. tail; 15. thigh: 1«.
Quarter: 17. gaskin or lower thigh; 18. hock; 19. stiae; 20. fl»nk: 21. ribs; 22, tendons;
23. fetlocks: 24. pastern; 25. foot: 26. heel of foot; 27, canon: 28. knee: 29. forearm: 30.
chest: 81. arm: 32, shoulder: 33. throatlateh: A. thoroughpin: B. curb: C. bog ana
Wood spavin; D. bone spavin: E. splint; F. windgall; G, cappel elbow; H, poUevU.

LIVE STOCK.

155

White Lotion.
White Vitriol (Zinc Sul-
phate) % ounce

Sugar of Lead % ounce

Water 1 pint

Mix, and filter through blotting
paper; use the clear liquid, after add-
ing another pint of water.

Directions and Uses: Is a first-class
lotion for al Ikinds of sores, bruises,
stings, etc.

Eye Lotion.

Sulphate of Zinc 40 grains

Solution of Sulphate of At-
ropine 2 drachms

Water 8 ounces

Mix. Directions: Apply to eye

twice daily with a soft piece of cloth.

Uses: For inflammation of the eye

and cloudiness of vision.

Saline Purgative (for Adult Cattle
Only)

Epsom Salts ^ pound

Glauber's Salts % pound

Common Salt % pound

Ginger 1 ounce

Powdered Pimento 1 ounce

Mix. Directions: Give in a quart
of warm water. Treacle can be added
if thought desirable.

Anodyne Draught (Anti-Pain or
Colic Draught. For Cattle Only).

Tincture of Belladonna. . 3 drachms
Tincture of Hyoscymus. . 4 drachms

Chloral Hydrate 2 drachms

Laudanum 3 drachms

Chloric Ether 1 ounce

Water 1 pint

Mix. Repeat in fou hours' time, if
necessary. Uses: For internal in-
flammation, and straining after calv-
ing.

Extra Strong Purgative (For Cattle
Only).

Epsom Salts 1 pound

Gamboge % ounce

Powdered Carbonate of

Ammonia % ounce

Powdered Ginger and All-
spice, of each 1 ounce

Mix the ingredients together, and
give the whole in a quart of warm
water, to which a quarter of a pound
of treacle has been added. Uses: For
fardel-bound, or any form of consti-
pation in cattle.

Strong, Oily Purgative (for Cattle
Only).

Croton Oil 20 drops

Oil of Juniper 30 drops

Oil of Peppermint 20 drops

Linseed Oil 1 pint

Mix together whenever a powerful
purgative is indicated.

Aperient Draught (Laxative Medi-
cine) (For Cattle Only).

Sodium Sulphate % ounce

Liquid Extract of Sacred

Bark 5 drachms

Tincture of Rhubarb . . 3 drachms
Tincture of Belladonna. 3 drachms

Sal Volatile 3 drachms

Chloric Ether 3 drachms

Water aded 1 pint

Mix, and give just as it is. Uses:
In fevers of various kinds. It may be
repeated if needful.

Laxative or Aperient Powders (For
Cattle Ouly).

Epsom Salts 2 pounds

Glauber's Salts 2 pounds

Powdered Nux Vomica... 1 ounce

Powdered Ginger 2 ounces

Aniseed 2 ounces

Mix thoroughly and divide Into
twenty-four powders.

Directions: Give one every even-
ing in a pint of cold gruel. Treacle
can be added to increase the activity
of these powders. Uses: Whenever
it is believed that the animal requires
its bowels gently and grradually acted
upon.

Tonic Powders (for Cattle Only).

P o V d e r e d Cinchona

Bark 6 ounces

Powdered Gentian 6 ounces

Powdered Nux Vomica.. 1% ounces
Powdered Bicarbonate

of Potash 1% ounces

156

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Linseed Meal 6 ounces

Mix thoroughly In a mortar, and
divide Into one dozen powders. Di-
rections: Give one powder night and
morning in a pint of warm ale, gruel,
or water.

Tonic Draught (for Cattle Only).

Quinine 1 drachm

Dilute Sulphuric Acid.. 2 drachms

Tincture of Steel % ounce

Tincture of Calumba

Root 1 ounce

Water added to make one pint.

Mix and give thrice daily, just as
it is. This will be found a most ex-
cellent draught for assisting In re-
storing the health of the animal.

Gentian, Ginger, and Iron Powders

(for Cattle Only).
Powdered Gentian Root. . . 4 ounces
Powdered Ginger Root. . . 4 ounces
Powdered Sulphate of Iron 2 ounces
Mix, and divide into twelve pow-
ders. Directions: Give one night
and morning in a pint of ale, gruel,
or water.

Draught for Tape-Worm (for Cattle

Only).
Liquid Ext. of Male Fern. % ounce

Linseed Oil 1% pints

Oil of Juniper 30 drops

Mix. Directions: Before giving,
withhold food for twenty-four hours.
Repeat In a week's time.

Some Popular Remedies for Sheep and Lambs

There are some diseases in sheep
and lambs that are beyond the reach
of medicinal agents, whereas, on the
other hand, there are others which
are benefited by the simplest of reme-
dies. The recuperative powera of tea
for sheep and lambs are well known
among fiockmasters, from half to a
pint of strong tea being given two or
three times a day. The following
will be found a safe and efficacious
saline purge, and can be repeated If
necessary:

Saline Purgative Drench.

Epsom Salts 4 ounces

Powdered Ginger 2 drachms

Aniseed 2 drachms

Bicarbonate of Soda .... 2 drachms
Mix, and dissolve in a half-pint of
tepid water. The whole to be given
to a sheep, or half the quantity to a
lamb, at about 6 months.

Saline Diuretic Draught.

Epsom Salts 4 ounces

Powdered Nitre 1 drachm

Powdered Ginger 2 drachms

Mix, and give as above.

Laxative and Stimulant Draught.

Epsom Salts 1 ounce

Powdered Carraway Seeds 2 drachms
Powdered Carbonate of

Ammonia 1 drachm

Powdered Gentian 2 drachms

Mix, and give in half a pint of
warm tea.

Tonic Draught.
Powdered Cinchona

Bark 1 drachm

Powdered Sulphate of

Iron 1 drachm

Powdered Gentian 2 drachms

Aniseed 1 drachm

Mix, and give as above.

Draught for Scour.

Chlorodyne 1 drachm

Prepared Chalk 2 drachms

Sal Volatile 1 drachm

Starch Gr aei 4 ounces

Mix, and give the whole, and re-
peat night and morning.

Draught for Hisk or Hoose.

Oil of Eucalyptus % drachm

Terebene 1 drachm

Linseed Oil 4 ounces

Mix, and give the whole. Repeat
twice or thrice weekly.

Dressing for Wounds.

Use some reliable ooaljtar disinfec-
tant and same lecipe as for sores and
ulcers as prescribed elsewhere in this
section.

LIVE STOCK.

157

Cuts of a mutton.

Apply to wounds two or three times
a day.

Remedy for Scab.

SmaJl infected areas of the skin may
be treated by applyinjg sulphur iodide
ointment. Lime and sulphur dips are
recommended by the U.S. Bureau of
Animal Industry. Following ointment
recommended, potassium sulphide 10
parts, potassium carbonate two parts,
and lard three hundred parts.

Draught — Anti-Pain for E^we8.

Laudanum 2 drachms

Sulphuric Ether % ounce

Sweet Spirits of Nitre . . 2 drachms

Cold Water 4 ounc^

This draught can be repeated every
four or six hours if necessary.

Quittor on left. Ringoone on right.

* Oisirrfectants.
BV)r disinfectant use any reliable
coal tar disinfectant, such as advertis-
ed.

CROPS OF TWO TYPES.
Crop on the left is too short and steep. A straight ano a too sloping type of
On the right a good draft type. pasterns.

158

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Made in Canada

One Thousand Per Cent. Profit -For You

An investment that pays 1,000% is some invest-
ment! This one is sound, true and tried, and has
been a profit builder for hundreds of the biggest
money makers in the stock raising, sheep and hog
raising and poultry raising business in Canada and
the United States. Zenoleum pays every man who
uses it 1,000% profit. Ten dollar's worth
of Zenoleum will make 100 dollars more
profit for any one who uses it wisely
and well. It keeps stock healthy,
and prevents losses which often
run into hundreds of
dollars.

Zenoleum Kills Lice,
Mites, Fleas, Ticks and all
Pestering Parasites, and Cures and Prevents Disease

Zenoleum is harmless. It does not Injure the skin, is not
inflammable, explosive or greasy. It is clean to use and has
a pleasant odor. Zenoleum has three times the germicidal
power of carbolic acid. Zenoleum is used in large quanti-
ties by 50 Agricultural Colleges, and all testify to its won-
derful power to kill germs, lice and parasites, to purify and
disinfect stables, pens and poultry houses. Can be used
anywhere fearlessly, indoor or outdoor, wherever there is
disease infection or parasite pest. Zenoleum is cheap, but
wonderfully effective. A $1.50 tin of Zenoleum goes as far
as $40.00 worth of carbolic acid. It means money to every
farmer, who saves expense from disease and death of live
stock, and keeps his barn, stables and
outhouses sweet, clean and sanitary.

fOR POULTRY

Zenoleum

The greatest Germicide and Dis-

Infectatnt yet discovered — A

genuine Coal Tar Product

Ask your dealer for a trial tin. 25c.
50c, 90c and $1.50. For most purposes
use one part Zenoleum to 100 parts water.
If your dealer has no Zenoleum,- don't
take a substitute, but send direct to us.
We will send it to you by return mail,
carriage prepaid, on recedpt of price.

Write for FREE Folder on Animal Dis-
eases and Cures.

ZENNER DISINFECTANT CO,

308 Sandwich St. East

Windsor, Ont.

LIVE STOCK.

159

Animal Diseases and Remedies

Abscess. — Indicated by swelling,
heat, redness and pain. Poultice until
ready to break. Then make incision,
and apply antiseptic washes. Do not
allow wound to close too soon.

Actinomycosis or Big Jaw. — Exter-
nal swellings on jaw, or internally in
mouth. Swelling may break and fun-
gous growth appear. Disease is inleo-
tious.

Give potassium iodide, 1 to 2 1-2
drams in water, daily for a week; omit
one week; then resume for a week.

Acid Stomach. — Soda, chalk, or char-
coal

Afterbirth Retention. — Wind the free
part on a stick or wisp of straw and pull
gradually while gently loosening "but-
tons" from wall of uterus with other
hand.

Anemia. — .Better diet; iron; gentian,
or cod liver oil.

Anthrax. — High fever. Rapid pulse.
Great weakness. Ears cold. Later,
uneasiness, kicking, labored breathing.
Finally bloody discharges from mouth
and nose, and biood in urine.

No cure. Destroy animal. Disinfect.
Vaccinate healthy animals.

Appetite, loss of. — Change of diet,
gentian and other tonics.

Azoturia. — Sudden oppression, weak-
ness, perspiration, and inability to
stabd soon after leaving stall. Occurs
in horses fed too highly and exercised
too little.

Ijight feeds when not at work; Ep-
som salts; soda, aloes.
Bites of Insects. — ^Ammonia.
Bots in Horses. — Cramps. Rubbing
of rump against stall. Appetite de-
praved. Craving for salt. Itching of
upper lip. Presence of parasites in
manure.

Cathartics; carbon bisulphide .in
gelatine capsules.

Bog Spavin. — ^Round, smooth tumoo:
in front of hoof and somewhat Inward.
Prominent vein on surface.

Rest; high-heeled shoe; blister; coild
water.

Bone Spavin. — A bony growth on
hock joint May be on front of joint,
or may be at other points in region of
hock joint. Also may be no visible
growth at all; the most serious of all.
Same treatment as bog spavin; act-
ual cautery if necessary.
Broken Wind. — See Heaves.

Bronchitis. — Head hangs. Rattling
cough. Mouth hot Frothy discharge
from nostrils. Later the ribs rise and
fall greatly in breathing. Horse
stands constantly.

Warm blankets; mustard poultice;
nitre; aconite; belladonna.

Capped Hock. — ^Disturbance resem-
bling an abscess on point of hock.
caused by kicking stall, etc.

Hot and cold applications; blister.

Choking. — 'Manipulate the foreign
body with hand, or use probang.

Cholera. — See Hog Cholera.

Cdlic. — Animal lies down. Kicks to-
ward body with hind feet Looks
around toward flank. Jerks taiL
Groans. Where severe, anlmaLplunges
about and groans loudly.

iLaudanum, chloral hydrate, cannabis
indica, or soda; change diet

Conjimctivitis. — Swollen and water-
ing eyes. Inflammation.

Boric acid \va'='h.

Censtipation.— 'Linseed oU, aloes, or
castor oil.

Corns. — Open swelling; rest horse;
use rubber bar pad in shoe.

Convulsions. — Chloral hydrate or
bromide of potash.

Curb. — ^The rear line of the hocfc
bulging backward. Soreness and
lameness.

Hot applications; blister; high-heel-
ed shoe.

Diarrhoea. — 'Linseed oil and laud-
anum; boiled linseed jeUy. ,

Distemper. — Good diet; quinine;
strychnine; belladonna; dry quarters.

Dysentery. — Intestinal disease at-
tended by fluid, bloody passages.
Fever. Animal lies down. Much
thirst.

Calomel; opium.

Eczema. — Inflammation of skin ac-
companied by small blisters filled with
straw-colored liquid.

Tar, ichthyol, iodine, or boric acid.

Enteritis. — An inflammation of the
intestines. Animal flinches under
pressure on the abdomen.

Linseed oil; laudanum; chloral hy-
drate.

Farcy. — See Glanders.
Fever. — ^Aconite, acetanHid, quinine,
or nitre.

'Fistula. — Ulcers, usually on withers
or poll.

Open affected part; wash wRh iodine

160

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

or solution of corrosive sublimate, or
reliable coal tar disinfectaat

Flatulence, — ^Also known as wind
colic. iSymptoms the same as wit!
colic.

Stomach tube; charcoal, soda, o
chloroform.

Foot iRot — 'Swelling albove hoof an.^
between claws. (May be followed 'by
deep abscess.

Remove loose tissue; apply tar, blue
vitriol, or other antiseptic.

Foimder. — ^Bodily disturbance ao-
companled by lameness in one or more
feet. Animal avoids use of affected
feet, or places them carefully. Avoids
weight on affected feet. Respiration
active. Urine high colored.

Cold applications; poxiltices, aconite.

Frost ibite. — lohthyol; oil of turj;>e(n-
tine.

Gapes. — Do not give young chicks ac-
cess to garden soil; touch inside at
throat with feather dipped in turpen-
tine.

Oarget. — Conges.tion of the udder
following calving. iShrface of the ud-
der pits on pressure.

Hot applications; 'belladonna or
gum camphor ointment.

Crastritis. — Inflammation of the
stomach. Usually recognized only by
similar condition extending into the in-
testincis.

Opium; lime water; subnitrate of
bismuth.

Glanders. — Safely diagnosed only by
veterinarian. Nodules on mucous
membranes, Jiard bimohy emdarge-
ments inside of jaws at base of tongue.

No cure; destroy all affected hors^
and disinfect premises.

Heaves. — Air expelled with difficulty
in breMhing, especially under exertion.

Moisten the food; give Fowler's so-
lution of arsenic.

Hemorrhage. — Ice, opium; ergot or
iron salts.

Herpes. — A skin eruption; small
white blisters in clusters.

Apply lead acetate, iodine, silver
nitrate.

Hog Cholera. — ^Highly contagious,
usually fatal. Shivering, loss of ap-
petite, dulness and rough, poor ap-
pearance. Later difficult breathing,
offensive discharges and red patches
between hind legs and ears, on ibelly,
etc. Emaciation and convulsions.

Incurable. Destroy infected ani-
mals. Disinfect premises; vaccinate

healthy animals and establish quaran-
tine.

Hoven. — ^Caused "by formation of gas
in rumen or paunch, and characterized
by swelling of left flank.

ISodia; turpentine; tap fourtJi stom-
ach.

Hydrophobia. — iSee Rabies.

Indigestion. — Dieting; linsoed oil,
gentian, or ginger.

Inflammation. — Ice; laxatives; aoon-
ite.

Influenza. — Rapid fever. Animal
stands with head down. Chills. Grind-
ing of teeth. Eyes swollen and fuU of
tears. White of eye pink in color.
Belladonna; quinine; dry, warm quar-
ters.

Jaundice. — Eyes, nose aiod moath
yellow.

Dieting; E}psom salts; aloes; calo-
mel; hydrastis.

Knuckling. — Deformity of fetlock
joint.

Attention to shoeing.

Lameness. — ^Call expert veteriaar-
ian.

Lockjaw. — iSee Tetanus.

Maladie du Colt. — Discharges of
viscous liquid. Weakness. Paralysis
of hind limbs. Stupidity. (Emaciar
tion.

Destroy affected horses.

iMammitis.— (See Garget.

Mange. — ^Excessive itthing. Hair
may be thin at affected part. Caused
by minute parasite.

Dip sQieep and cattle In a lime-sul-
phur wash or spray them with a cmfle
oil emulsion.

Malaria. — Quinine; aloes.

Megrims. — Congestion of the brain.
Eyes staring. Animal falls suddenly.
Breathing labored. Nostrils dilated.

Rest; laxatives.

IMilk Fever. — ^Occurs usually In cows
that have been feeding heavily. Fol-
lows calving. Eyes red. Animal csai-
not stand. Senses dulled. Animal be-
comes unconscious.

Pump udder full of sterilized air; or
inject the udder ■with a solution of
iodide of potassium.

Osteomalacia. — ^Softening of ibone.
Depraved appetite. Stiff gait. Swol-
len joints. Joints "crackle." Skin
dry.

Change diet; give phosphate of lime.

Poisoning. — For plant poisoning,
give potassium permanganate and ac-
onite or atropine, according to symip-

LIVE STOCK.

161

toms. For mineral poisoning, give lin-
seed oil, lard, or milk, followed by
laud>anum or a stimulant, according
to symptoms.

Pneumonia. — Chill, followed by
fever. Pulse full. Nose bot and dry.
Bowels constipated. Followed by dif-
ficult breathing, frequent cough, rat-
tling in breathing. Warm, dry quar-
ters; hot applications; aconite; al-
teratives.

Poll Evil.— See Fistula.

Quarter Crack. — ^Draw crack to-
gether; fasten with nails; apply tar.

Quitter. — See Fistula.

Rabies. — Nervousness. Disposition
to bite or kick on slight provocation.
Eyes bloodshot. Paiuful swallowing.
Convulsions. Hind limbs paralyzed.

Destroy animals; cauterize bite
wounds; apply Pasteur treatment. A
very rare disease.

Rheumatism. — Stiffness. Pain in
certain muscles. Increased thirst.
Animal stands with back arched.
Joints may swell.

Apply stimulating lotions; give sali-
cylic acid and bicarbonate of potash.

Rickets. — Affe-cts bones of growing
animals. LiCgs become crooked. Joints
large. Bones too thick.

Better diet; cod-liver oil; lime
water.

Ringbone. — A bony growth on the
foot, often aroimd the upper border of
the hoof.

Rest; blister; cautery; neurotomy.

Roaring. — Chronic loud breathing as
air is drawn in.

Surgical operation, removing the
arytenoid cartilage.

Saddle Galls. — Cleanse; apply an-
tiseptic washes.

Sand Crack. — ^Narrow cracks in
homy covering of hoof.

Bind hoof; apply tar ointment

Scab. — See Mange.

Sores. — Cleanse, open; apply aa-
tiseptics.

Spavin.^See Bog and Bone Spavin.

Splint. — Bony enlargements on in-
side of leg below knee. Usually cm.
foreleg. Causes lameness when ani-
mal is hot.

Rest; cold applications; blister.

Stomach Staggers. — See Indigestion.

Scours. — Intestinal catarrh in calves,
accompanied by great weakness. An-
imal stands with back arched. Dung
thin and offensive.

Add formalin to the calves' milk at

the rate of one part to 4,000, or dilute
milk with one fourth lime water.

Sore Mouth. — Wash with solution of
permanganate of potash, boric acid or
chlorate of potash.

Sunstroke. — Exhaution. Tongue

hanging out. Animal staggers and
falls.

Ice Of cold water on the head; gyre
whiskey or other stimulants.

Swollen Legs. — Laxatives; saltpeter;
maderate exercise.

Strangles. — Membranes of eyes and
mouth bright red. Yellowish discharge
from nostrils. Soft swelling under
jaw.

Inhalations of steam; open abscees
under throat.

Tapeworms. — Treat dogs frequently
with vermifuges and prevent them.
from eating infested parts of oth^-
animals.

Tetanus. — Characteristic spasms of
muscles of face, neck, limbs and body.
Early symptoms are difficulty in swal-
lowing, and inability to open jaws
widely. Tail elevated. Finally all
muscles rigid.

No cure with drugs; apply antitoxin
method.

Throughpin. — See Bog Spavin.

Thumps. — ^Aggravated hiccoughs.
Usually the result of worms or over-
feeding.

Physic and reduce food. Give exer-
cise in pasture if possible, and char-
coal; for worms give dried sulphate of
iron in food.

Ticks. — Dip or spray cattle with
crude oil; starve ticks by rotation, of
pastures.

Allow no rats about hog pens; eat
no uncooked or underdone pork.

Tuberculosis. — Tuberculin test the
only sure means of detecting this dis^
ease. Should be applied to all cows.

Test cows with tuberculin; separ-
ate reactors from healthy animals;
dispose of or destroy all infected
animals; disinfect premises and vacci-
nate all calves.

Tympanitis. — See Hovea and Colic

Vomiting. — Hot water; lime water;
morphine.

Worms. — For round-worms in horses
areca nut, aloes, or creolin; for lung-
worms in calves and lambs, sulphur-
ous inhalations, turpentine; for
stomach worms in calves and lambs,
benzine, gasoline or turpentine in milk.
— G. & F. ALMANAC.

162

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Principles and Practices in Breeding.

Determination of Sex.

More than five ihundred Itlieories
exist on this subject. Under the
theory of evolution any theory may
prolbably oome true haJsf the time.
Theory of male and female testicles
dis.proved by the fact ithat .stallioms
with ibut one testicle sire, both male
and female. Same tlheory applied to
females disproved on similar grounds.
Theory of strong personality disprov-
ed by the fact that sires are generally
better ibred than dams, yet do not give
a preponderance of male foals. That
service early in heat produces male
(some say female) disproved because
in nature females are served early in
their season.

It is noticeable that nearly every
theory on the aetermination of sex con-
tains some trace of male superiority.

It would sef-m, then, that there are
various circumstances that appear to

influence the sex of offspring. These
seem in some cases to be connected
with nulution and in others with the
inherent nature of the germ. The
present knowledge is insufficient to
solve the problem of sex differentia-
tion, but it is safe to say that none of
the traditional facts are warranted iby
the known facts.— "Davenport."

Grading.

By "grading" is meant the mating
of a common or relatively unimproved
parent with one that is more highly
improved, that is, a "pure ibred." The
mating might be made either way, 'but
in practice th^? male is taken for the
pure-bred parent for economic rea-
sons. One pure-bred bull with a Iherd
of twenty cows can give all the calves
in the herd a pure^bred sire (that is.
make them half bloods), whereas il
the making of half ibloods were at-

Daisy Dean by Dunure Baron, Champion Heavy Draft Canadian National, 1915.

LIVE STOCK.

163

tempted in the other way it would re-
quire twenty pure-bred individuals,
and the crop of calves would have no
more improvement; besides which,
the improvement made would be not
in one but in twenty lines, each with
its shade of difference.

Expressed in terms of money, it is
possible to give all the calves in a
herd a pure-bred sire — that is, make
them all half bloods — at a total cost
of approximately two dollars per calf,
assuming, of course, a reasonable
number of cows in the herd and a bull
at a moderate price, buf good enoug'h
for grading. If the making of half-
blood calves were accomplished in the
other way, however, — that is, by pro-
viding the pure-bred parent on the
dam's side, — it would cost, at the
same relative rate, close to forty dol-
lars as a minimum. This s:hows the
necessarily extreme cost of pure breds
as compared with gravies.

Improvement by grading is of course
limited to herd improvement. It adds
nothing to the breed, but it distributes
breed excellence rapidly and with ex-
treme certainty. Such a sire is al-
most surely prepotent over the dams,
whatever they may be, an^ the mathe-
matics of mating shows that if the
practice is continued for sdx genera-
tions, but one and a half per cent, of
the original xmimproved blood will re-
main, as is shown in the table accom-
panying.

By this we see that the unimproved
blood soon becomes insignificant and
rapidly disappears. This is wby it Is
that in the early days of a breed the
sixth or seventh cross is declared
eligible to record.

It should be noted +iat if any one
of these generations be bred with itself
(grades with grades) no progress is
made. Thus individuals of the second
gemeration are one fourth unimproved,
and, bred to a generation of their own
kind, they will still remain one fourth
unimproved. By the same principle,
half bloods bred to half bloods will
produce half bloods indefinitely. The
effects of erading cease the moment
we discontinue the pure-bred sire.

Abuse of Grading,

The chief drawback in grading is
that it is likely not to be followed up.
The breeder is almost certain to
choose some promising half or three-

quarter blood for a sire because he
"looks as good" as a pure bred, and
then by the law of ancestral heredity
all improvement stops except the little
that can be accomplished by the slow
process of selection.

Advantages of Grading.

For economic purposes grades may
be equal to pure breds, but they are
worthless for breeding purposes; this
is the plain conclusion of what is well-
known of the principles of breeding.
Grading is cheap. By the use of a sin-
gle individual it secures at once some-
thing more than half of the total ex-
cellence of the breed, and if followed
up it will secure in time, through sires
alone, practically all of it.

This is the system of breeding to be
recommended to the great mass of
stockmen, and if it could be generally
adopted and followed up it would add
millions to agriculture. Every stock-
man knows that the great bulk of the
best cattle in the markets are high-
grade Sborthoms and Herefords. Fig-
ures surely show that the less-known
Angus and its close relative the Gallo-
way, are equally successful for grad-
ing purposes. The failure to make the
most of grading is the largest single
mistake of our farmers and the most
conclusive evidence of shortsighted
business policy on the part both of the
general farmer and of the breeder of
pure-hred stock.

The Breeder's Business is the Produc-
tion of Sires.
The professional breeder is a pro-
ducer of sires, and he should sell
males, not females. He should take
the amateur kindly into his confidence
and explain that while he himself is
in the business for profit, and his ani-
mals are for sale, yet he fully realizes
that grading is the breeding for begin-
ners. He can easily show the novice
that If he will keep his old females, or,
if not, get plenty of such as are easily
available, he can have as many grades
within a year as he can provide
females now, and tl»at speedily he will
own a herd that for all practical pur-
poses except breeding will be as good
as anybody's, all at a cost of only two
or three dollars per oalf, and corre-
spondingly less or more for other ani-
mals. Such a course will demonstreite
at once the excellence of the breed

164

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

and make frieiids, not enemies, of the
man and his neighbors.

The burden is upon the breeders
and owners of pure-bred flocks and
herds to lead in a crusade for grading.
They need the market for their excess
of males, and if this market were fully
developed, and the mass of stockmen
fully alive to the advantages of grad-
ing, this market alone would aT>sorb
at good prices all the male output
from our breeding herds, — a consum-
mation they stand sorely in need of
attaining.

The female output of our breeding
herds should be used, first, to reen-
force the home herds, and after that
to supply deficiencies in other reputa-
ble herds. Any further surplus ani-
mals should go to the open market,
except iu some rare cases in which
they are needed for the real founding
of new herds.
Begin Animal BreedTng by Grading.
Grading is the safest beginning,
even for the prospective breeder of
pure-bred stock. Not only is it cheap
and safe, but it will 'bring out clear
and strong in the grades the main
breed points, and a few generations of
grades from low to high will spread
out before the eyes of the breeder such
a panorama of breed oharacters as he
would not see in years of pure breed-
ing on a small scale; indeed, there is
no quicker, cheaper, or more thorough
way of becoming acquainted with a
breed than through its grades.
Disadvantage of Grading.
The only disadvantage that can be
mentioned is this, — that the first re-
sults are so eminently satisfactory
that some promising grade is likely to
be selected as a sire, regardless of the
law of ancestral iheredity, whereupon
all further improvememt stops. This
is so likely to be the case that it may
be said in general that the very success
of grading is the greatest guaranty of
its failure.

Advantages of C-osslng.
Notwithstanding the operation of
Mendel's law as a general principle,
crossing is a fruitful source of new
strains. Hybridization is better adapt-
ed to plants than to animals 'because
of the need of vigorous selection after-
ward and, therefore, of relatively large
numlbers. It was a favorite method of
plant improvement twenty years ago,

but it ihas fallen largely into disuse be-
cause of the inconstancy of Mendel's
middle term (the 50 per cent, apparent
hybrids) and because as good or better
results can often be secured by selec-
tion alone, without destruction of the
pedigree and the influence of the an-
cestry.

Disadvantages of Crossing (Hybridiz-
ing).
The difficfulty of securing a iblend
out of a violent cross, or Indeed any-
thing that will breed pure, aJid the
great mass of long-continued and dis-
appointing reversions experienced,
have turned attention largely away
from this system of breeding, to <me
which, if less spectacular, is eminent-
ly safer, and, so far as we now know,
fully as fruitful of results.

It is the opinion of the writer, how-
ever, that as we learn by experience
it will be found that certain races of
plants will lend themselves well to
this means of producing new varieties,
and that the old-time enthusiasm for
hybridization wHl return in these ex-
ceptional cases.

Crossing is a powerful means of in-
ducing variability, — indeed, it is the
most powerful method known to
breeders. It is altogether too fruitful
of variants to be manageable In ani-
mal breeding, and only sheer neces-
sity, after all other methods have fail-
ed, would warrant its trial among
these slow-ibreeding races.

If animals are to be hybridized It
can probably best be aocomplished
by combining, not two races simply,
but three or more, leaving the one
nearest that which is wanted untouch-
ed until a fairly favorable cross be-
tween two others has been secured.
Then the pure form, if bred with the
cross, might l>e influenced thereby, but
would of course remain prepotent.
Suoh a plan of action aims rather at
the modification of a breed than at
the creation of a new one.

Hybrids Often Sterile.

All degrees of productivity are
found in hybrids, from extreme fertil-
ity to absolute sterility. Some crosses
are more fertile than either parent.
Such a cross would be made readily
in nature. Others are absolutely or
nearly sterile. It is safe to assume
that about all the possible fertile hy-
brids were long ago produiced in na-

LrV^ STOCK.

165

ture, and either went down und«r nar
tui^ selection, or became good species
before they came into our hands.
However, modified strains may yet be
hybridized, and sterile hybrids may
often be propagated asexually.

The classic hybrid is the mule or
hinny, the cross between the horse
and the ass, aud is nearly always ster-
ile. The lion and the tiger mate free-
ly, in captivity at least, but the mat-
ing is in most cases fruitless. Even
here, however, hybrids have been
bom.

The Reciprocal Cross.
Strange as it may at first appear,
the two possible crosses by inter-
change of the sexes often, though not
always, differ substantially. It is said
that the common mule more nearly
resembles the ass, and the hinny the
horse. Other instances have been
noted, and the point has been urged
that reciprocal crosses are in general
dissimilar. It is the writer's opinion
that the rule applies only to those par-
ticular characters in which the one
parent (either male or female) is pre-
potent over the other because of sex.
However, statistical evidence on re-
ciprocal crosses is almost totally lack-
in;?.

The whole subject of hyT)ridization
seems at present to promise little of
interest to animal breeders beyond
the production of the common mule,
but if we may place a shrewd guess,
it will yet be found a fruitful source of
new varieties in certain races of
plants,-, in which propagation is so
easily effected by budding, grafting,
or other form of a sexual multiplica-
tion, thus avoiding the effects of Men-
del's law in a way quite impossible
with animals.

Line Breeding
By 'line breeding" is meant the re-
striction of selection and mating to
the individuals of a single line of de-
scent. The purpose of this system of
breeding is real breed improvement, —
to get the best that can be gotten oust
of the race and better than ever be-
fore if iMJSsrble.

"Line breeding excludes everything
outside the approved and chosen line of
breeding. It n6t only combines ani
mals very similar in their characters,
but it narrows the pedigree to few
and closely related Idnes of descent.
This "purifies" the pedigree rapidly

and gives the ancestry the largest pos-
sible opportunity. T5ie system is emin-
ently conservative. It discourages
variability, and rapidly reduces it to
a minimum. Moreover, whatever
variations do occur will be in line
with the prominent characters of the
chosen branch of the breed.

Advantages of Line Breeding.
The nature of results secured by this
system can almost certainly be pre-
dicted; and when they do appear, and
improvement is at hand, it is backed
up by the most powerfiil hereditary
influence obtainable, because of the
simplicity and strength of the ances-
try, which, if the selection has been
good, all "pulls" In the same direction.
The records of all breeds will show
the pronounced results that have fol-
lowed judicious line breeding. A
volume could be filled with pictures
of famous animals so producer
Those shown are the swine, for the
reason that the pig Is popularly suxh
posed to be the most sensitive to closs
breeding.

Disadvantages of Line Breeding.

The chief danger in line breeding
is that the breeder will select by
pedigree, abandoning real individual
selection. A line-bred pedigree Is
valuable or dangerous In exact pro-
portion as the individuals have been
kept up to grade. It will not replace
selection, but, on the contrary, calls
for the most discriminating care wltn-
In the line.

If the oreeder selects by paper, and
not In the yards, and a few genera-
tions of inferior animals creep In, then
line breeding will consign the whole
bunch to the limbos quicker and more
certainly than will any other known
system of breeding, — a fate that has
overtaken more than one line that un-
fortunately became prematurely fa^i-
ionable.

L'ne Breeding the Best System for
Improvement.

No other system of breeding has
ever secured the results that line
breeding has secured, and if the pre-
sent state ot knowledge is reasonably
sound, no other system will ever be so
powerful in getting the most possible
out of a given breed or variety, es-
pecially of animals, and this with the
greatest certainty as we go along.
The only requirement Is, not to aban-

166

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

don individual seledtibn A pedigree
is not a crutch on w<hich incompetence
can lean; It is a guaranty of Wood
lines,-^ field Inside of whioh (breeding
operations and selection may with
confidence be confined.

The word "confined" is used zCdvls-
edly, for, after line breeding iias been
practiced for a few generations, the
ancestry becomes a kind of pure ibreed
of its own,— a breed within a Ibreed,
so to speak,— and any attempt to in-
troduce blood from other lines is like-
ly to be followed by the pains and
penalties of hybridization; for a de-
parture from line breeding is a kmd
of crossing in a small degree, and so
rapidly do blood lines become inten-
sified that line■^^^ed animals assume
all the attributes of distinct strains,
as they in truth are, and they will be
likely to behave as such ever after.

In saying that line-bred animals
tend to behave like pure strains, and
that their progeny from union with
other strains behave like hyfbnds, it

is not meant that such unions should
never be made, or that such behavior
is as persistent as writih real crosses.
In truth, many lines are so stubborn
as never to 'biend with others after-
ward (behaving like the most strong-
ly established races), but, on the
other hand, mosit of them will yield
to well-directed and persistent effort;
that is to say, a lineJbred herd can be
modified, and in time made to assTime
the characters of another family, but
the process is attended with a struggle
and not a few failures. It has been
fashionable at times to decry line
breeding, but the fadt remains that a
few generations of good breeding soon
bring the herd and its career to a
point where line 'breeding must be
practiced or a worse alternative must
be accepted, for with well-selected
straiiiiS all outbreeding is mixed breea-

Ing.

Inbreeding.

iLine breeding carried to its limits

involves the breeding together of in-

Labenoiniere. Champion P eroheron Female Canadia n National, 1915.

LIVE STOCK.

167

dlviduals closely related. When It in-
volves the breeding together of sire
and offspring or o£ dam and offspring
or of brother and sister, it becomes
inbreeding, or "breeding ia and in."
It is line breeding carried to its limits,
and of course possesses all the ad-
vantages and disadvantages of that
form of breeding carried to their ut-
most attainable degree.

Forms of Inbreeding.
Three forms of inbreeding are pos-
sible among animals namely:

1. Breeding the sire upon his
daughter, giving rise to offspring three
fourths of whose blood lines are those
of the sire. — a practice whioh, if fol-
lowed up, soon results in offspring
with but one line of ancestry, thus
practically eliminating the blood of
the dam. This form of breeding is
practiced when it is desired to secure
all that is possible of the blood of the
sire.

2. Breeding the dam to her own son
or sons successively, thus increasing
the blood lines of the female side.
This form is practiced when it is the
dam's blood lines that are to be pre-
served and condensed. Both systems
are necessarily limited to the lifetime
of the individuals involved. Either
system can of course be approximated
by the use of granddaughter or grand-
son, which would by common consent
be called inbreeding, but relationship
more remote would generally be re-
garded merely as line breeding.

3. Breeding together of brother
and sister, — a, form of inbreeding
which preserves the blood lines from
both sire and dam in equal propor-
tions. It is inferior to either of the
others as a means of strengthening
previously existing blood lines, but it
is freely employed when the combina-
tion has proved exceptionally success-
ful, virtually establishing a new type.
It has all the dangers of the other
two, and in a larger degree, because
we have practically no acquaintance
with the new combination, whereas in
strengthening the proportion of one
line of ancestry over another, whether
it be that of the sire or that of the
dam, we are dealing with previously
existing blood lines known to be har-
monious.

Among plants there are two forms
of inbreeding, namely:
1. That in which the fertilization

is -with pollen from another flower on
the same plant.

2. That In which fertilization is \>j
pollen of the same flower. This, be-
ing hermaphroditic, is the clo««6t
imaginable inbreeding, and exceeda
anything that is possible with ani-
mals.

Advantages of inbreeding.

Nobody claims advantages in In-
breeding per se, but it is the acme of
line breeding, and when superior in-
dividuals are at hand it is the most
powerful method known of making the
most of their excellence. It is the
method by which the highest poseible
percentage of the blood of an excep-
tional individual or of a particularly
fortunate "nick" can be preserved,
fused into and ultimately made to
characterize an entire line of descent
on both sides

If persisted in, the outside blood dis-
appears by the same law that governs
grading, and the pedigree is speedily
enriched to here an almost unlimit-
ed extent by the blood of a single ani-
mal,— ^in practice, generally that of the
sire. It is a method not so much of
originating excellence as of making
the most of it when it does appear, and
it is not too much to say that a large
proportion of the really great sires
have been strongly inbred.

An inbred animal is of course enor-
mousfly prepotent over everything else.
Its half of the ancestry, being largely
of identical blood, is almost certain to
dominate the offspring. Inbreeding Is,
therefore, recognized as the strongest
of all breeding, giving rise to the
simplest of pedigrees, — ^an advantage
quickly recognized when we recall ttoe
law of ancestral heredity. In this re-
spect it is all that line breeding is and
more.

A second advantage Is that soccess-
ful associations of characters are pre-
served intact and not shattered by
the infusion of new strains. If the
breeder were deaUng with but a sin-
gle character he could readily find its
equal, and there "would be little need
for inbreeding; but even if breeding
for but a single utilitarian character,
he always has at least two other*,
vigor and fertility, which must be in-
cluded in selection. In practice he
has many more, and a single indirid-
ual that contains all or most of :them

168

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

in a high degree ds a verltalble bon-
anza; naturally the temptation Is to
nmke the most of an opportunity
which is none too frequent ia the
breeding business.

All things considered, no otiher
known method of breeding equals this
for intensifying blood lines, doubling
uip existing combinations, and making
the most of exceptional individuals or
of xmusually valuable strains.

Disadvantages of Inbreeding.

Clearly, however, this is not a gun
to "hit the bear and miss the calf."
This "doubliug up" process, this inten-
BifyitLg of characters, increasing their
prospects from possibility to proba-
bility and afterward to certainty,
works exactly the same for one char-
acter as for another; it affects all
characters of the individuals invodved,
bad as well as good; and so it is that
this method, which is applicaible to
both plant and animal 'breeding, and
which aims at making tihe greatest use
possible of our most valuable imsses-
sions, has been followed alike by tlhe
most strikingly successful results 'and
by the most stupendous disasters that
ever overtook the (breeding business.
Plenty of examples of successes can
be instanced, and every breeder Is
familiar with them. The failures have
been many, but they are not to be
counted here, for the blood lines in-
volved are long since extinct.

Special Dangers From Inbreeding.

Tradition eveiywhere has it that in-
Tbreeding, if long continued, is practi-
cally certain to end in loss of vigor
and of fertility, and plenty of in-
stances are given to "prove" it.

Now a rational consideration of the
principles of transmission has already
led us to expect that bad characters
OS well as good will be intensified. We
could not axpeot so powerful a method
to work only to our advantage and to
grant Immunity from disadvantage in
all cases.

What we want to know Is whether.
In resipect to trouble, we are to look
out for likelihood or for certainty;
whether disaster is inevitable, or only
extremely probable. This question
has been much befogged by certain
catdhy statements such as, "Nature
abhors Incestuous breeding," all oi
Which confuse an ethical and social
question with the biological one in
which only we are inter©s.tetf.

Inbreeding Nbt Necessarily Disastrous.

Our attention is constantly callod to
"nature's provisions for preventing in-
breediing," and to "ingenious devlcee
for inducing cross pollination by in-
sect aid"; but we are not reminded
that many species of plants are self-
pollinated, nor is our attention called
to the many famous sires that were
strongly inibred, nor to the fact that
in nature among gregarious animals
the head of the herd is sire of practi-
cally all the young (so long as he re-
mains master), m^any of whom are
thus doubly his. Nor do we have it
called to our attention that, while
corn seems peculiarly sensitive to in-
breeding, wheat is self-fertilizing to
the closest possible degree, and that
it is perhaps the most vigorous, proli-
fic, and all-round cosmopolitan success
among our domestic plants.

Lack of Vigor and Low Fertility the
Two Most Common Defects.

If what has been said and shown
has any meaning, it is that any char-
acter can be bred up or down, streng-
thened or weakened by this method of
Ibreeding. Why then its evil reputa-
tion with respect to vigor and fertil-
ity? Is there some Inherent injury
from close breeding, or is it merely
that vigor and fertility are commonly
defective characters and frequently
find themselves on the losing side?
Undoubtedly it is the latter. There
are cases enough of the greatest vigor
and fertility of inbred individuals, and
of family lines and even of whole
s.peoies to set aside all fear of inevit-
able injury from close breeding, but a
little study will convince us that there
is lurking weakness and infertility
everywhere. It is said that one-third
of our children die in infancy. A large
proportion of animals and an apparent-
ly larger proportion of plants are rela-
tively weak and easily succumb to
disease or to the encroachments of
their neighbors.

Few individuals are fully fertile,—
that is, free and regular breeders, —
and fewer yet are both fertile and
vigorous. Shortcomings in these two
respects may be called the distinguish-
ing defects of both plants and animals
under domestication. In nature they
constitute the chief points of attack
of natural selection, but In domesti-
cated animals and plants we common-

LIVE STOCK. 169

Union Stock Yards

of Toronto, Limited

The Principal Canadian
Market for

Beef, Feeder and Dairy
Cattle

Hogs, Sheep, Lambs
and Horses

Stocker and Feeder Cattle
Dehorned Free of Charge.

170

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

ly select for other ipolnts, even color,
trusting to luck for vigor and fertility.
Is it any wonder that these lurking
evils have crept upon us until they
often constitute an iasurmountabtle
bar to injbreeding, and have invaded
even our most carefully outbred
herds?

As inibreeding is the supreme test of
a race, so it is of a character; if a
character suffers by inibreeding it Is
a sign of natural defectiveness and
should 1)6 accepted as such, and not
laid up as an additional instance and
a weapon with which to abuse a system
With a history of laudaJble achieve-
ment in the past and rich with ipossd-
bllities for the future.

fWlhen we select for vigor and fer-
tility we shall hear less of the evils

of inbreeding. In the meantime we
shall hear most about It where vitality
and fertility are naturally lowest Both
are cardinal requisites, — one for
life, the other for reproduction, — ^and
both must be possessed in a hlgih de-
gee by any individual or family line
that is to figure mucih in descent.

Noting, then, the remarkaWe in-
stances of successful inibreeding, as
well as its unexamipled capacity for
trouible, we arrive at the conclusion
that the disaster from inbreeding is
prObaWe, but not inevitable. With
that much gained, it is worth
wihlle to examine further into this dis-
puted territory.

Note: — We are indeibted to Daven-
port's Breeds a^d Breeding for this
valuable data. — Ed.

Butter and Milk Tests at London Dairy Show.

Below is given the yields of the
first prize cows or heifers of the var-
ious breeds competing In their re-
spective breed classes at the I/ondon
Dairy iShow, England. In the milking
trial the Shorthorns made the most
points, with the Holsteins second. The
Holsteln had the edge in milk and fat,
but the- Shorthorn was higher in

solids not fat. Guernseys topped the
list in solids not fat.

In the Ibutter tests tlie Jersey scor-
ed highest, hav'ng a handicap over
the Shorthorn of 137 more days in
milk and was allowed 12 points for
this. Following is the tabulated list
giving 1st prize cows only.

iShorthom

Shorthorn heifer

Liinooln cow

Lincoln heifer . ,

Jersey cow

Guernsey cow . .
Red Poll cow . . .
Holstein cow . .

Shorthorn . .
Jerseys ....
pther breads

Milking

Trials.

Days

In
Milk.
16

as

43

34
177
149

31

17

Test.

Date

Birth.

1910

1904

1907

Average Per Cent.
Daily Butter

Yield, lb. Fat.
60.3 3.5^
35.9 3.62

54.2 3.46
64.6 3.26
38.9 6.02
35.9 4.97
'52.6 2.89

61.3 3.55

Days in Milk

Milk. Lbs.

40 48.31

177 40.13

94 30.81

Total
Daily
Fat.
2.11

1.29

1.87

2.10

1.95

1.78

1.62

2.17

Butter

Dbs.

Butter.

2.96

2.31

1.82

DAIRY.

171

THE FARM DAIRY

1. The milk scale nas two indica-
tors. One rests at zero when there
is nothing on the scale. The other
is to be set at zero when the empty
pail is on the scale. This one re-
cords the weight of the milk directly.

2. Let the pail hang on the scale
while recording the weight of the
milk.

3. If there is not time to weigh the
milk every day, weigh it for three
successive days in the month or at
intervals as the 5th, 15th and 25th,
then to find the average production of
each cow, divide the total amount of
milk recorded from each cow by the
number of days the milk is weighed.
Multiply the result by the number of
days in the month which will give
approximately the total production
for the month.

Taking the Sample.

i. The best time to take the sam-
ple to test is immediately after weigh-
ing the milk.

2. Always mix the milk well be-
fore taking the sample to thorough-
ly distribute the cream.

3. The best sample bottles are
closed air tight to prevent evapora-
tion which increases the test. Label
each bottle with the name or number
of the cows so the samples will not
get mixed.

4. If a sample from a single milk-
ing is to be tested take half a pint.
Where a composite sample is made
from several milkings retain about
two tablespoonfuls each time.

5. A composite sample is made up
by taking two tablespoonfuls from
several milkings and keeping until
ready to test.

6. If the sample Is held for a
time, in warm weather, use a pre-
servative tablet to keep the milk from
souring. These tablets are poisonous
and need to be handled with care.

Making the Babcock Test.

Any one can readily learn to make
the Babcock test. A complete testing
outfit, including tester, glassware.

and acid, with instructions, can b«
secured from the hardware store or
any of the creamery supply houMS
for about $5.0.0.

CHATILLON'S

IMP/iOVED ClRCt/LAR
SPP/NG BALANCE

These scales will weigh 30-60 lbs.
and have a loose pointer which by
means of a thumb screw on the cen-
tre may be set anywhere on the dial,
thus taking the tare of the milk paJl.
The price of these is given in test <A
dairy equipment.

172

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

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DAIRY.

173

To Make the Babcock Test

1. Mix the sample of milk well by
pouring from one beaker or bottle
to another; then measure Into a test
bottle with a pipette 17.5 c.c. of the
milk as marked on it.

2. Add to each bottle 17.5 c.c. of
sulphuric acid (as marked on the
measure) and mix well by rotary
motion until all of the curd is thor-
oughly digested and a "coffee brown"
color appears.

3. Put the bottles into the tester
and whirl at full speed two to four
minutes.

4. Add hot water to each bottle
until the butter-fat rises up to the
neck.

5. Whirl again at full speed two to
four minutes.

6. Add hot water until the butter-
fat rises half way up the neck of
the bottle; then whirl one minute and
read the test.

Reading the Test: Read from the
extreme point of the top curve to the
bottom of the fat column.

The test of the milk is marked In
per cents on the neck of the test bot-

tle. If the milk test 33 per cent., it
means that there are three pounds of
butter-fat in each one hundred
pounds of milk.

How to Keep Daily Records.

The Milk Sheet.

1. The milk sheet is made by rul-
ing off space for each cow. Place
the name or number of the cow at
the top and record the weight of
the milk for morning and evening in
the space below. The same sheet
may be used to cover a period of three
days, a week or a month.

2. Place the record sheet in a con-
venient rack close to the milk scale
and protect with a movable cover to
keep it clean.

3. The best plan Is to weigh the
milk from each cow at every milking
and record the weight on the sheet.

4. The daily milk record is the
best as it serves both as a guide to
the feeder and a check on the milk-
ers.

5. A complete record serves as a
basis of economy in the feeding of

Save Labor and Increase Your Profits

Get all that's coming to vou from your cows, and at the
same time make the work easier for the women folks.

The Massey-Harris Cream Separator skims close at all tem-
peratures, is easy to fill, easy to turn and easy to clean, simple,
safe and durable.

A new catalogue tells why. See later page regarding engines

Massey-Harris Co., Limited

Head Offices— TORONTO, CANADA.

Branches at — Montreal, Moncton,
Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Swift
Current, Yorkton, Calgary, Edmon-
ton. Agencies Everywhere.

174

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK,

individual cows. It requires com-
paratively little time, and is a com-
plete index to the herd, to the feeder
and to the milker.

Figuring Returns.

The net profits from the dairy herd
is the difference between the income
and the cost of maintenance.

The income includes the value of
the butter-fat, the skim-milk, the calf
and the manure.

"The annual cost of maintaining
a cow comprises the following items:
Cash sundries, cash feeds, farm
feeds, labor (man and horse), gener-
al expenses, shelter, depreciation,
machinery and equipment, herd bulls
and interest on investment; the clas-
sification is somewhat arbitrary, as in
some instances an item of cost might
be charged to one class or another
with equal correctness. Cash sun-
dries comprise those items for which
cash was paid — ropes, halters, veter-
inary services and medicine. Cash
feeds are those purchased for cash.

farm feeds those produced on th«
farm. Labor includes both man and
horse labor at the current rate of
wages for the month and year, com-
prising all items of labor performed
for and affecting the dairy. General
expense comprises those items which
are a charge to the entire farm, and
is made up of cash and labor expen-
ditures. The total for the farm is
then apportioned to the productive
enterprises of which the dairy is one.

Shelter is a fixed charge for the
use of the building based on its cost,
depreciation, repairs and the number
of animals sheltered. Depreciation is'
based upon the productive life, death
rate, original value of the cow for
consumption.

Machinery and equipment charges
are due to the use, depreciation, re-
pairs and interest on the cost of the
machinery and equipment of the
dairy.

The charge for herd bulls is the
cost of maintenance.

Interest on investment is Interest
at the rate of 5 or 6 per cent, on the

The Premier Cream Separator

Entirely
British-
made

Every
Machine

fully
Guaranteed

Esisily
Understood

Easily

Operated

Easily

Cleaned

Tens of thousands In daily use throughout the British Empire.
Catalogiie containing valuable Information on request.

THE PREMIER CREAM SEPARATOR CO.

659-661 King St. West.

Toronto, Ont.

DAIRY.

175

value of the .cow at the beginning of
the year. All items represent actual
expenditures on the farms, excepting
the charges of shelter and deprecia-
tion which are based on averages of
all the farms for the entire period."
From Bui. No. 124 Minnesota Ex-
periment Station.

The hand power cream separator is
the most reliable and best method of
skimming milk at the farm.

Some of the advantages over the
othler methods are: (1) less loss of
fat in the skim milk, (2) a better
and more uniform quality of cream,
and (3) the skim milk is in the best
possible condition for feeding young
stock. All the separators on the
market will do efficient skimming if
properly handled.

Handling and care of the Separa-
tor.— It Is Important that the separa-
tor run smoothly. Any trembling or
shaking of the separator while skim-
ming, will cause a loss of butter fat
In the skim milk. Only special sep-
arator oil should be used, and It Is
well to make a run about once In
three weeks, using kerosene oil on
all the bearings.

In skimming, three things must be
observed: (1) The speed of the separ-
ator must be maintained according
to the directions sent with It. The
only reliable way to do this. Is to
count the number of revolutions of
the crank by the watch. A low
speed means loss of fat In the skim
milk. (2) The flow of the milk Into
the separator should be uniform. (3)
The temperature of the milk should
not be under 90 degrees and for that
reason the best time to separate the .
milk Is Immediately after milking.
A low temperature Is also liable to
cause loss of fat In the skim milk.
The faster the milk passes through
the separator, the less complete is the
separation, and a thinner cream Is
given. Every separator has some de-
vice for changing the test of the
cream. In most cases the adjust-
ment Is at the cream outlet. If so,
by turning: the cream screw In, the
cream will be richer, and by turning
it out, the cream will be thinner.

All the parts of the separator
which come in contact with the milk
or cream should be washed In luke-
warm water, to which has been added
a small quantity of sal soda or other

cleansing powder, and then thorough-
ly scalded with boiling water, each
time the separator is used.

Location of Separator. — In some
cases the separators are placed In the
cow stables. This may be a conveni-
ent arrangement, but it is not by any
means a proper place for separating
milk, unless a special room, well ven-
tilated and lighted. Is partitioned off,
to exclude the stable odours and dust.

j

f=?

CjC

\/

From left to right: Graduated Bottle,

Acid Measure and Pipette, used

in Babcock Test.

This room should have a smooth ce-
ment floor, which can be easily
cleaned.

Proper Temperature for Churning

Depends on —

Richness of the cream.
Length of time cows have b«en
milking.

176

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

The breed of the cows.
The feed of the cows.

Ck>nditions for Low Ghoming Tem-
peratures (54° to 62").

Very rich cream.

Cream from fresh cows.

Cream from cows on succulent
food.

Cream from Jerseys and Guern-
seys.

Conditions for High Churning Tem-
peratures (64 to 73 ).

Very thin cream.

Cream from cows a long time in
milk.

Cream from cows on dry feed.

For Best Results In Farm Dairy
Work.

Keep good cows.

Feed liberally.

Keep comfortable and clean.

Skim a rich cream.

Use clean pure water for washing
butter, not more than three degrees
warmer or cooler than the butter
milk.

Keep cream cool.

Churn at a temperature that pro-
duces flaky granules.

Put butter up in neat attractive
packages.

Keep everything in and about the
dairy clean and attractive.

Composition of Milk Fat.

Fatty Acids. ' Per cent.

Butyrin 3.85

Caproin 3.60

Caprylin 55

Caprin 1.90

Laurin 7.40

Myristin 20.40

Palmitin 25.70

Stearin 1.80

Oleia 35.00

Plants That Affect Cows and Their

Product, if in the Pasture

Common Monk's Hood.
Pasque Flower.
Stinking Hellebore.
Garlic Mustard.
WilJ Radish: Runch.
Fool's Parsley.
Hemlock.

Marsh Pennywort.

Pepper Saxifrage.

Wormwood.

Hawkweed.

Tansy.

Common Forget-Me-Not.

Lousewort.

Butterwort.

Corn Mint.

Spurge.

Crow Garlic.

Testing Cream.

Cream test-bottles are graduated to
read as high as 30, 40 or 50 per cent,
fat, and are made with a large neck.
Use an 18 c.c. pipette for measuring
cream. Rinse the pipette. After mix-
ing the cream and acid, add the hot
water before whirling, and whirl for
five minutes. Place the bottles in hot
water before reading. Each division
of the scale reads one-half, or one per
cent., according to the marking. The
■>roper amount of cream, or milk, etc.,
for a test is 18 grams. The pipette
is fairly accurate in delivering this
weight, but in the case of very rich
or greasy cream it is impossible to be
sure that the volume measured will
weigh 18 grams. For this reason, in
nany creameries, the test samples are
weighed on scales manufactured for
this purpose.

Testing Skim-Milk, Buttermilk, Whey.

Owing to the small percentage ot
fat in these products, to get accurate
tests, double-nicked test-bottles
should be used. The amount is taken
in a 17.6 c.c. pipette and tested in
the usual way. The milk has to be
delivered slowly into the larger neck,
or it bubbles out. The scale on the
neck reads to one-hundredth of one
per cent. On large division reads
five-hundredths, or .05 per cent. fat.

Babcock Test for Butter.

1. Secure a representative sample
of butter and place the vessel con-
taining the butter in a tub of water
at 100° F., and stir until the butter
becomes a thin paste.

2. Weigh 4.5 grams or 9 grams
into a cream bottle.

3. Add enough water at 70" F. to
make 18 grams.

DAIRY.

177

4. Add 17.5 Sulphuric Acid and
mix thoroughly.

5. Continue the test the same as a
test for cream.

6. Per cent, of fat = Reading x 18.

No. of grams used.

Example. 4.5 grams butter taken.

Reading =22.

Per cent. fat=22xi8-^

4.5 = 88 per cent. fat.

Poor Fat Tests.

Burnt or cloudy readings may be
;aused by:

(a) Having the temperature of the
milk 0/ acid too high.

(b) Using acid which is too strong,
or using too much acid.

(c) Allowing acid to drop directly
on and through the milk.

(d) Allowing the tailk and acid to
stand too long before mixing.

Light or cloudy readings or floating
particles of curd are usually caused
by:

(a) Temperature of milk or acid
too low.

(b) Using too weak an acid or not
enough acid.

(c) Careless mixing, or insufficient
shaking to unite the milk and acid
thoroughly.

Qualities of Good Butter: How it is
Judged.

It is well to know what a judge
looks for in a No. 1 butter, and work
up to his requirements. Judges now
almost universally use a score card,
and the marks are approximately as
follows:

Flavor 50

Texture or Grain .... 20

Color 15

Salt 10

Package 5

Total 100

Theory of the Babcock Test.

A 17.6 c.c. pipette will deliver,
practically, 17.5 c.c. of milk.

17.5 c.c. at an average specific
gravity of 1.032 = (17.5 x 1.032)
= 18.06 grams.

18 grams is the weight of the milk
required for a test.

The volume of the neck of the milk
test bottle between zero and 10 is
2 c.c.

2 c.c. of melted fat, at a speclfii*
gravity of .9 = (2X.9) =1.8 grams.

The relation of 1.8 Is to 18, as 1 Is
to 10, or 10 per cent, of the original
volume of the milk. This is why that
weight or volume of milk is taitan
and why the neck of the bottle is
divided into 10 equal parts.

Feeds That Injure Flavor of Milk.

Turnips,

Rape.

Rye,

Turnip Tops.

Decayed Ensilage.

Leaks.

Onions.

Apples in large quantities.

Causes of Tainted Cream.

Cows' udders and teats unclean at
milking time.

Milking In unclean, ill-lighted
stables.

Using unclean wooden, galvanized
and rusty pails.

Separating the milk in the stables.

Improperly cleaned separators.

Keeping the cream in cellars or
other places where there are roots or
vegetables.

Keeping the cream for several days
at a temperature over 55 degrees.

Cows drinking water from stag-
nant ponds, or the leakage from
barnyards.

Xecessary Sanitary Conditions, Etc.

Abundance ot pure water.
Free access to salt at all times.
Cleanliness in stables at all times.
Good ventilation and fresh air.
Kindly treatment.
Clean and pure food.
Moderate temperature In stable.
An abundance of tempered light.

Pasteurization.

Immediately after the cream Is re-
ceived it should be pasteurized. By
pasteurlnzing we mean the heating of
the cream to a temperature of 180°
to 185° F., and then quickly cooling
to ripening or churning temperature.
No phase of our creamery work is so
beneficial as pasteurization, and no
phase of the work is so generally
neglected. Why? Many creamery
men say "it Is too expensive," others
say, "It is too much labor." Neither
answer Is correct. Our creameries
are not pasteurizing for the same
reason that our creamery patrons are
not storing Ice to cool their cream.

178

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

They do not know, or realize, th*
great benefit to be derived from it.
The patron who neglects a supply of
ice or other facilities for cooling his
cream and the creamery man who
neglects to pasteurize are both in the
same canoe. Both are floating down
instead of paddling up, the stream of
progress, as they should, and as they
would, did they once realize the bene-
fits that would accrue from cooling
and pasteurizing.

What Does Pasteurizing Do?

1st. It kills the greater number of
bacteria in the cream. Some of these
bacteria are disease producers; others
injure the flavor of the butter.

2nd. It assists in making a more
uniform product of butter.

3rd. It creates a clean seed-bed for
the sowing of a pure lactic acid cul-
ture.

4 th. It enhances the keeping qual-
ity of the butter.

Ripening.

By the term ripening, we mean the
souring of cream. This is done by
the addition of a pure, lactic acid
culture to the cream immediately
after pasteurizing and cooling. In
most of our creameries the cream is

ripe enough before it reaches tho
creamery. The benefit of the culture
in this kind of cream is the produc-
tion of a desirable and uniform flavor
in the butter.

Cool the cream to a temperature
between 60° to 70° F. Use about
10 per cent, of good culture (more
if the cream is very bad), and allo"»
the cream to develop .4 to .5 per cent,
acidity. When the proper percentage
of acidity has developed, cool the
cream to churning temperature, and
churn as soon as possible. Pasteuri-
zation and a good culture will do
more to improve the quality of On-
tario butter than any other treatment
which the cream can receive.

Churning and Working.

By churning we mean the gather-
ing of the fat globules together into
butter, by means of concussion. The
question is often asked, "What is
the proper churning temperature of
cream?" No definite temperature
can be given. The churning tempera-
ture is infiuenced by:

1. The character of the butter-fat.

2. Acidity of the cream.

3. Percentage of fat in the cream.

4. The amount of cream in the
churn.

1. The fat is influenced by the pro-

tac

'■lee Ooot.

L-

-ir-o-

ICC (OlOfis

AAWOV3T

in detail the construction of small ice house on the
farm. Note the capacity.

/

DAIRY.

179

portion of soft and hard fats. Also
by the period of lactation, and feed
of the cows.

2. A ripened cream is more easily
churned than an unripened cream.

3. The richer the cream (up to 35
per cent.) the more quickly it will
churn, because, other conditions be-
ing equal, the fat globules are more
numerous and come in contact more
easily.

The churning temperature may
range from 50° to 60° F., and even
wider. Aim to have the cream churn
in not less than 30 minutes and not
more than 45. If cream is churned
too quickly there will be a heavy
loss of fat in the buttermilk; the
butter will be soft and mushy; it
will be hard to wash free of butter-
milk; and will have poor keeping
qualities. If the cream is churned
too cold it will take much longer to
churn, wasting time and power and
the butter will tend to gather in hard,
small granules, which will be difficult
to work and salt. Avoid either ex-
tremes; try to have the cream chum
in proper time. The butter should

be of a waxy texture, which will
"knead" easily, when working in the
«alt.

Stop the churn when the granules
of the butter are about the size of
large grains of wheat. Draw off the
buttermilk and wash well with water
somewhere near the churning tem-
erature of the cream. Use about the
same amount of wash water as there
was cream to start with. Nothing
but pure water should be used. If
the butter has been churned at the
proper temperature, and the churn-
ing "stopped" at the right time, one
washing should be sufficient. Where
the butter is soft and mushy two
washings are advisable. About 10 to
12 revolutions of the chum are suf-
ficient for washing.

Milk Definitions.

Standard Milk is milk which con-
forms to certain requirements which
usually specify the minimum per
cent, of fat, and solids-not-fat, and
sometimes the maximum number of
bacteria per cubic centimetre allow-

Ormsby Jane Segis Aaggie, World's ^J nampion r^^.'^ ids. miik and '^.426 lbs.

Butter in 7 Days.

180

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

able in milk offered for sale. The
amounts required or permitted differ
in different countries.

Sanitary Milk, Guaranteed Milk,
are terms applied to milk produced
under conditions necessary to secure
a pure, wholesome product.

Certified Milk is milk produced un-
der ideal conditions, — healthy cows,
especially adapted sanitary stables,
healthy clean milkers. The milk is
bottled, sealed, and shipped in re-
frigerator cars, and certified to by a
commission.

Modified Milk, or Humanized Milk,
is milk containing definite propor-
tions of fat, sugar, casein, etc., put
up usually according to the prescrip-
tion of a physician, who indicates
how much of these different constit-
uents is required.

Clarified Milk is milk which has
been run through a separator to re-
move some of the impurities. The
skim-milk and cream are afterwards
mixed.

Pasteurized Milk or Cream Is milk
or cream which has been heated be-
low the boiling point, but sufficiently
to kill most of the active organisms
present, and immediately cooled to
50° or below. Pasteurizing tempera-
tures range from 140" to 185°.

Sterilized Milk is milk that has
been heated to the temperature of
boiling water (212°) or higher for a

length of time sufficient to kill all
organisms present.

Condensed or Evaporated Milk is
milk from which a considerable por-
tion of water has been evaporated.

Peptonized MUk is milk to which
some pepsin has been added in order
to make the milk more easily di-
gested.

Malted Milk is milk that has been
pasteurized to destroy the bacteria,
then partly condensed, and a small
quantity of malt added.

MUk Powder is obtained by evapor-
ating the moisture from whole milk,
partly skimmed milk, or skim-milk.
The powder is used by confectioners,
certain manufacturers, surveying par-
ties, and in such countries as the
basin of the Yukon.

Koiuniss is the product made by
the alcoholic fermentation of milk
caused by adding yeast and sugar to
it.

Food Value of Milk.

A man of average weight (147
pounds), when kept inactive, as when
kept in bed, can Uve and sometlmea
put on flesh on three quarts of milk
per day, this quantity containing 15
ounces of dry solids — fat, sugar and
casein; but if the quantity is in-
creased to four quarts a day the food
consumed is sufficient to enable him
to do a good day's work, according

An Up-to-date Barn in Province of Ontario.

DAIRY.

181

to Professor Long of England. We
at once admit that so large a quan-
tity of fluid would not be suitable
as diet for a healthy man. We simp-
ly show that the feeding matter con-
sumed by an average man should be
3,500 calories, and such we find in
1 1-2 pounds of bread, one-half
pound potatoes and 3-4 of a pound of
boneless beef and 3 ounces of butter;
but, excepting butter, there is in the
other foods not only waste material
which cannot be digested, but a
large quantity of moisture. As four
quarts of milk are equal in caloric
value to this ration, for there is no
waste, it follows that a man may at-
tain as much nutrition from four
quarts of milk as from the more sub-
stantial ration. Again, it has been
shown that in a pint of milk with
bread (10 ounces) there was more
nutrition than in a restaurant meal
consisting of soup, beef, some cab-
bage, bread and butter, with a cup
of coffee containing milk and sugar,
which costs just twice as much.

Doable-Cream Cheese.

This cheese is exceptionally rich
In fat; is of a very smooth texture;
and is delicious, spread on crackers
or eaten with bread.

The cream may be sweet or very
slightly sour. Heat to a tempera-
ture of 60" to 65°. To 20 pounds
(2 gallons) of cream add one dram
of rennet (a teaspoonful) diluted in
a little water. Stir well. In about
four hours the cream will have coa-
gulated. Pour it into dry cloths
drain in a cool, draughty place. The
cloths should be of close duck and
placed over bowls. Then hang up to
should be dry. It is advisable not
to put very much curd in one cloth,
as it is liable to develop too much
acid before draining is complete.

In two or three hours open the
cloth and scrape down the sides.
Hang up again. Repeat the scraping
at intervals of about three hours, till
the cheese is firm enough to mould.
The draining may be hastened by
scraping down more frequently.

When the cheese is ready to mould
it should be of a stiff, putty consist-
ency, but not sticky. Salt is now
added at the rate of one ounce of salt
to four pounds of cheese. Work the

salt in with a knife or spatula, and

the cheese is ready to mould. The
tin or mould for cream cheese is
usually oblong in shape — 3% x 1^ x
2 inches. Line the mould with waxed
butter-paper and press the cheese in
with a knife or spatula. When full,
fold over the ends of the paper and
shake out the mould of cheese.

The cheeses when moulded are
ready for immediate use. If kept
in a cool place they remain good for
a week or two. Cream cheese con-
tains about 31 per cent, water, 63
per cent, fat, 5 per cent, proteids,
1 per cent. ash.

Gervais Cheese.

This cheese resembles soft double-
cream cheese but not so rich — similar
to rich, smooth cottage cheese.

Take 3 pints of fresh morning's
milk and 1^4 pints of cream of about
20 per cent. fat. Heat it to 65°.
Take eight drops of rennet, and if
you have it, two drops of cheese
color. Dilute these in a little cold
water and stir very thoroughly into
the milk. Cover over the dish and
keep at as near 65° as poasUiie.

In about four hours, or when a
nice, firm coagulation has taken
place, wet a heavy linen huckaback
towel, place it over a dish, and care-
fully ladle out the curd. Gather up
the four corners of the towel and tie
rather loosely. Hang to drain. Two
or three times during the day untie
the towel and scrape down the curd
to hasten the drainage. Next morn-
ing scrape down again and mix tn
a little salt. After a little while fill
into a small mould, which has been
lined with white blotting paper or
writing paper. Use a thin-bladed
knife to press the cheese in the
mould. After it Is filled, slip out the
cheese and use the mould again un-
til all the curd Is moulded. The
usual-sized mould is 2 inches in dia-
meter by 2% Inches high. A round
spice or baking-powder tin answers.

The cheeses are fit for eating as
soon as finished. They will keep for
a week or more in a cool place.

Cambridge Cheese.

Heat 1 gallon of new milk in an
enamelled pail or dish to 95°. Add

182

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

t6 it 3 drops of cheese color and 15
drops of rennet mixed in a little cold
water. Stir for five minutes. Let
stand for five minutes. Then stir
the surface a little to prevent the
cream from rising; cover the pail
with a cloth and leave it undisturbed.
At the end of an hour or an hour
and a quarter.fi coagulation should
and a quarter, coagulation should
be about as firm as a baked custard.
Try it by inserting the finger and
notice how the curd breaks off it.

"Wooden moulds are usually used
for these cheeses, but tin biscuit

boxes, with the bottoms removed, and
with nail holes punched from the
inside out, on the sides, to act as
drains, might be used. The wooden
moulds are 7x6x4 inches, with
no bottom in them. Small holes,
an inch apart, are bored in the sides.
These moulds are scalded, placed on
a mat made of straws sewed together,
and put on a small board. The mat
acts as a .drain.

When the curd is sufficiently firm,
carefully ladle out enough to cover
the bottom, then add a little more
at intervals of fifteen minutes, till all

/A/SOLA r/o/v
/8 INCHC:3

cur STRAl//. \ 1 COAL SPARHS.

j/\/5ULAr/0N^A nrc chaff \\ coders.

/■rr. TWCH \ ^AtV DU5T. ! OR

\ PLANER SHAVING. KShND.
Ice House With Proper Insulation at Base.

DAIRY.

183

is ladled Into the moulds. A gallon
makes two cheeses. When they
shrink from the sides and are com-
paratively firm and dry remove the
moulds. They are now ready for
use. It usually takes two days for
them to drain in the moulds.

No salt is put on these cheeses, al-
though some people prefer to
sprinkle a little over them.

The manufacture of these cheeses
is well adapted to farm dairying, and
they should find ready sale on the
market.

Bondon Cheese.

cash from the factory.

Cow testing helps to discover the
great difference in persistency of
flow.

Cow testing brings to notice the
slightest variation in flow and urges
one to seek for the cause of the
shrinkage.

Cow testing helps to increase the
total of milk and fat from the same
number of cows.

Cow testing brings in larger re-
turns from fewer cows.

Cow testing helps to build up a
profitable herd quickly because
heifers can be selected from the best

This cheese Is made from a mix-
ture of two-thirds sweet skim-milk
and one-third good buttermilk. Mix
together and keep at a temperature
of about 80° until it thickens, then
ladle into a huckaback towel. When
well drained, open out and scrape
down the curd. Tie up again and re-
peat the scraping occasionally until
the curd is firm, then slightly salt
and press Into a bowl, or mould Into
small balls. A very cheap, highly
nutritious food.

Reasons for Testing.

Cow testing enables one to find out
the poorest cows, those not paying
for their feed, so that they may be
got rid of.

In many cases one-quarter of the
cows In the herd have been discover-
ed to be not worth keeping, in some
cases half the herd and even as high
as three-quarters have been turned
out.

This means certainty In dairying,
no more guess work as to individual
performance.

Cow testing shows that many cows
considered only average are really
the best In the herd.

Cow testing points out definitely
which cows are the best producers,
both in milk and butter fat.

Cow testing proves that many cows
considered the highest In test are
really the lowest.

Cow testing saves good cows from
being beefed, they are found to be
profitable when actual yield and cost
of feed are considered.

Cow testing shows that many fine
looking cows do not bring In much

Feed Influence.

Cow testing allows more discrimin-
ation In feeding, apportioning the
grain according to the yield of fat.

Cow testing emphasizes the bene-
fit of liberality in feeding succulent,
r'igestible foodstuffs.

Cow testing abundantly proves
that it pays handsomely to give
dairy cows the best of care and kind
treatment; this includes regularity
as to milking, early stabling In the
fall,- protection from cold rains,
spraying to protect from flies; and
above all, particular attention to
cleanliness, light and ventilation in
the stable.

Cow testing demonstrates that
many good cows can be kept at a
smaller cost of feed. This is not
stinginess, but economy.

The Dairyman Himself.

Keeping records makes one more
observant of all those little details
that go to make up success.

Because cow testing develops this
faculty of observation and Induces
sociations are becoming far better
dairymen.

, There is a great stimulus received
from comparing notes and results
with other members.

The hired men take more Interest
in the cows, consequently they give
them better attention and get more
milk.

Neighboring farmers who original-
ly scoffed at the Idea of cow testing
have become Impressed with the re-
sults obtained by membeni.

184 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

A READY METHOD OF BALANCING A RATION FOR DAIRY COWS.

Low Protein Group Medium Protein Group High Protein Group

Less than 12 % total 12 to 25 % total protein More than 25 % total
protein. ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ protein

Corn 10.3 Mixed wheat feed ..16.3 Malt sprouts 26.3

Oats 11.4 Standard wheat mids.16. 9 Linseed oilmeal 33.9

Wheat 11.9 Flour Wheat Mids ..19.2 Cottonseed meal 45.3

Rye 11-3 Cottonseed feed ... 20 0 G'uten feed 25.0

Barley 12.0 Buckwheat feed Brewers' dried grains.25.0

Buckwheat 10.8 .l^^^v^^f is^ Distillers' dried grains

Hominy chop 10.5 CsnucK m) I8.d ^^^^^^ ^^ 2

Dried beet pulp 8.1 Pea f"eal 20.2 Buckwheat mids. (free

Corn and cob meal.. 8.5 Cull beans 21.6 from shuck) 26.7

The ordinary coarse foods in use are mixed hay, corn silage and corn-
stalks or fodder. These are all very similar in composition as far as the bal-
ance between protein and carbohydrates is concerned.

The ration then is usually balanced on the grain food.

Ordinary grain foods may be conveniently~divided into three groups: Low
protein (less than 12%), medium protein (12 to 25%), and high protein (over
25%).

For the sake of variety it is desirable to use at least three grain foods.

If one low protein food, one medium protein food and one high protein
food are mixed together, equal parts by weight, the mixture will make a well
balanced ration to be used with ordinary mixed hay, silage or corn fodder.

If clover or alfalfa hay is largely used less high protein food is necessary.

In amount, in addition to what hay and silage she will readily eat, a cow
in full milk, giving 4 % milk or better, should have one pound of grain to 3 or
ZVz pounds of milk daily; a cow giving milk with less than 4% of fat should
have one pound of grain to 3 1?^ or 4 pounds of milk. An ideal grain ration
should weigh about one pound to the quart. To secure this, the mixture should
contain at least one "light" food.

"Heavy" foods are in dark faced type; "light" foods In ordinary type.

FARM DAIRY EQUIPMENT FOR FROM FOUR TO EIGHT C50WS.

1 No. 3 barrel churn $7.00

1 Floating thermometer 26

1 Lever butter worker 4.50

2 Butter ladles 30

1 Butter printer for lb. print 2.50

1 Large strainer dipper 40

1 Large plain dipper 25

1 Long handled dairy brush 15

1 Small fibre brush 20

1 5 gallon covered cream can 75

1 Shotgun can 60

1 Cream stirrer or ladle 20

2 Large pails (14 qts. each) 60

2 Shallow tin pans 20

1 Bottle butter color 25

5 Yards cheese cloth 26

100 lbs. dairy salt 50

1000 Printed parchment wrappers 2 . 50

240 lb. Union Scales 6 . 00

500 lb. Cream Separator $55.00 to 75.00

Four bottle tester complete 5.00

Tester for milk and cream 3.50

Prices will vary according to localities and differences in quality.

POULTRY.

185

FARM POULTRY

Selection of a Breed.

Be sure that the male at the head
of the flock is purebred.

The Mediterranean or egg breeds
are: Leghorns, Minorcas, Spanish,
Blue Andalusians, and Anconas.

The American or general-purpose
breeds are: Plymouth Rocks, Wyan-
dottes, Javas, Dominiques, Rhode
Island Reds, and Buckeyes.

The Asiatic or meat breeds are:
Brahmas, Cochins, and Langshans.

The English breeds are: Dorkings,
Orpingtons, and Redcaps.

For farm use the American breeds
are probably the best.

Purebred poultry means uniform-
ity of products.

Uniformity of products means in-
creased profits, if products are pro-
perly marketed.

Given the same care and feed,
purebred fowls will make a greater
profit than mongrels.

Artificial and Natural Incubation and
Brooding.

Have everything ready beforehand

and start your hatching eperations
early in the year.

A well-ventilated cellar is the best
place to operate the incubator.

The machine should be operated
according to the manufacturer's di-
rections.

See that the incubator is running
steadily at the desired temperature
before filling it with eggs. Do not
add eggs to a machine during incu-
bation.

Turn the eggs twice daily after the
second and through the eighteenth
day. Cool the eggs once daily, ac-
cording to the weather, from the
seventh through the eighteenth day.

Turn the eggs before caring for
the lamp.

Attend to the machine carefully at
regular hours.

Keep the lamp and wick clean.

Test the eggs on the seventh and
fourteenth days.

Do not open the machine after the
eighteenth day until the chickens
are hatched.

Eggs saved for hatching purposes

Fowl with well
developed breast.

Fowl with very

poor breast

development.

Fowl flat in front and
cut up behind.

186

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

If several hens are set in. one
room, it- is desirable to confine them
in. good nests.

Straw and hay make good nesting
material.

'Broody hens should be moved to the
permanent sitting nest at night.

Whole corn is a good feed for sit-
ting hens. Water,, grit, and dust
baths should also be provided.

All eggs siiould he tested by the
seventh day, which often makes it
possible to reset some of the hens.

Toe-mark the chicks as soon as
they are hatched. This enables one
to tell their ages later.

Powder the chicks occasionally
during the first eight weeks.

■Start the brooder a day or two be-
fore putting in the chicks to see that
the heating apparatus is working pro-
perly.

A \/ery Good Feeder.
Note the Short, Thick Neck.

Brooder lamps should be cleaned
every day.

A record should be kept of each
hatch, showing the date set, number
and kind of eggs, number tested out,
and the chickens hatched.

Ohicks should not receive feed un-
til they are 36 hours old.

In cool weather 10 to 13 chicks are
sufficient for one hen, while in warm-
er weather 15 to 20 can be cared for
successfully.

Never mix chicks of different ages.

Confine the hen until the chicks are
weaned.

The coop for hen and chicks should
be well ventilated, easy to clean, and
of sufficient proportions to insure
comfort.

The early hatched pullet is the one
that begins to lay early in the fall,
when eggs are high in price.

A Poorer Type of Feeder.
Note Crow-like Shape.

The cockerel that can ibe marketed
as a broiler in March or April (brings
more money than the one marketed
in June.

A Prize Winning Columbian Wyan-
dotte.

POULTRY.

187

Allow at least 2 square feet of
floor space per bird.

Proper ventilation and sunlight
mean a dry house and healthy birds.

The partial open-front house is
conceded to be the best type for most
sections.

The colony plan of housing poul-
try may be adopted to good advan-
tage on many farms. This system
does away with the danger of tainted
soil.

The roosts should be built on the
same level, 2 feet 6 inches from the
floor, with a dropping board about
8 inches below them.

Good roosts may be made of 2 by
2 inch material with upper edges
rounded.

The nests may be placed on the
side walls or under the dropping
boards. It is best to have them
darkened, as the hens prefer a se-
cluded place in which to lay.

Feeding.

In order to obtain eggs it is neces-
sary to have healthy, vigorous stock,
properly fed.

'Cripple,

or Bird "off feed.
Eye.

Note

A splendid mixture for laying hens
is equal parts of cracked com, wheat,
and oats, which should be scattered
in the litter.

Bran or middlings and beef scraps
should be kept in receptacles to
which the fowls have access at all
times.

Plenty or exercise increases the
egg yield.

Provide 4 or 5 inches of good,
clean litter in which to scatter the
grain.

Cabbages, mangels, potatoes,
sprouted oats, etc., make excellent
green feed.

When wet mashes are fed, be sure
they are crumbly and not sticky.

For the first three days chicks may
be fed a mixture of equal parts hard-
boiled eggs and stale bread, or stale
bread soaked in milk. When bread
and milk are used, care should be
exercised to squeeze all milk out
of the bread. From the third or
fourth day until the chicks can eat
wheat and cracked corn, commercial
chick feed is a good ration.

Plenty of pure, fresh water, grit,
shellj and green feed should be avail-
able from the first day.

There is very little danger of over-
feeding young stock.

Feed the chickens about five times
daily and only what they will eat up
clean in a few minutes, except at

Buff Plymouth Rock, English Type.

night, when they should receive all
they want.

Egg Production.

Produce the infertile egg.
Infertile eggs are produced by hens
having no male birds with them.
Removing the male bird has no

188

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

influence on the number of eggs laid of at the end of her second laying

by the hens. season and before starting to molt.

The hen's greatest profit-producing Few eggs can be expected until the

period is the first and second years, pullets are matured,
and unless a hen is an exceptionally If possible, mark the pullets that

good breeder she should be disposed lay iu the fall, and use them in the

— 'FROIi-T'ELEVPiTIOff' —
Combination Hatching and i^rooding Coop.

'SIDE-ELE \rj\TIorf' Rajrs-RTT/\CH£D

Combination Hatching and Brooding Coop.

POULTRY.

189

"breeding pen for the following spring.
Soft-shelled eggs are often caused
by fowls being confined, becoming
overfat, and from lack of mineral mat-
ter. "
Marketing.

Uniform products command the best
prices. Purebred fowls produce uni-
form products.

B^n marketing the cockerels as
soon as they weigh 1 1-2 pounds or at-
tain a marketable weight.

Market white-shelled and brown-
shelled eggs in separate packages.

When selling eggs to the country
merchant or cash buyer, insist that
the traasaction be on a quality basis.

Ship or deliver eggs twice or three
times weekly.

Small or dirty eggs should be used
at home.

T\Tien taking eggs to market they
should be protected from the sun's
rays.

Infertile eggs will withstand mar-
keting conditions much better than
fertile ^gs.

Lice and Mites.

The free use of an effective lice
powder is always in order.

A dust bath Is very essential in
ridding the fowls of lice.

In applying powder hold the fowl
by the feet, head down, and work the
powder well down into the feathers.

Whitewash is very effective against
vermin.

Common Diseases and Treatments.

All diseased birds should be isolat-
ed.

Colds and roup. — ^Disinfect the drink-
ing water as follows: To each gallon
of water add the amount of postas-
sium permaaganate that will remain
on the surface of a dime.

Canker. — Sprinkle a little flowers ofi
sulphur in the mouth and throat of
the bird and put some chlorate of
potash in the water. Also carefully
remove the exudate with the aid of
warm water.

Chicken pox. — ^Apply a touch of
iodine and carbolated vaseline to each
sore.

Gapes. — New ground and vigorous
cultivation will often remedy this
rouble.

Diarrhea in hens. — ^Low-grade wheat

flour or middlings Is good for this trou-
ble. Also give teaspoonful of oastor
oil containing flve drops of oU of tur-
pentine to each fowl.

Bowel trouble in chicks. — Well-boil-
ed rice mixed with a little charcoal
will often check this complaint. Dis-
solve 15 grains of crude catechu in
each gallon of drinking water.

Rules.

All farmers and poultrymen should
adhere strictly to the following rules
in handling their poultry and eggs:

1. Keep the nests clean; provide
one nest for every four hens.

2. Gather the e^gs twice daily.
3.Keep the eggs in a cool, dry room

or cellar.

4. Market the eggs at least twice a
week.

5. Sell, kill, or confine, all male
birds as soon as the hatching season
is over.

As far as possible have your eggs
of a uniform size and color. There is
a premium due for uniformity and
good size in eggs.

Candling Eggs.

Eggs are candled very easily. A
new-laid egg when held between the
eye and the light has a clear appear-
ance, the yolk is practically invisible,
and the air cell is about the size of
a five-ceut piece.

Unless the eggs are put in pickle
or held in cold storage, the air cell
gradually increases in size, and the
yolk becomes visible.

Cold storage and pickled eggs may
have small air cells, but the yolks are
conspicious.

The Egg Tester.

1. Egg-testing box.

2. Hole through which the light
shines and before which egg is held
to be tested.

3. Chimney.

4. Bottle of water placed between
light and No. 2.

5. Reflector to be placed behind
light.

An ordinary lamp or electric light
is placed in the box so that the light
shines through No. 2,

190

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Eggs

Feed

sited

Poultry
SOkles

Home
Use

m?

Chicks
Hatched

/7 »

^1^

tyr

ll'J 4

^■■' i^ 5

ii^6

*H? 7

' 8

L 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

. 19

*

20

21

22

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23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

3i

'

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sss

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POULTRY.

191

Eggs

Feed

Sales

Poultry
Srnles

Home !
Use 1

Set

Chicks
Hatched

1

2

3

4

1

5

6

7

8

9

1

1

!0

ii

12

13

i

141

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15

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IS

19

20

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22

23

24

25 ij

26 1

27 J!

28 !

29 1

30

3i

Ton

192

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Poultry Houses and Fixtures.

iSelect a location that lias natural
drainage away from the buildiag.

A dry, porous soil such as sand or
gravelly loam, is preferable to a clay
soil.

In most localities the building siiould
face the south, as this insures the
greates.t amount of sunlight during
the winter.

RULES FOR POULTRY BUILDINGS.

Four to six sqiiare feet for every
hen. Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes,
nine inches perch room; Iveghorns and
other light birds, about eigM inches;
roosts low and near ground.

Dropping boards low down of match-
ed lumber, 20 inches wide for one
roost and three feet for two perches.
Roosts 2 inches by 2 inches rounded.
iNests 12 to 15 inches square.
'Cement floors are the cleanest and'
best.

Ground floors are better than (boards.
Keep only 25 to 30 birds in each
flock.
Use matched 'boards dressed on one
side, sheet back on inside, using build-
ing paper under the boards.
Specific Suggestions ir> Regard to the

Proper Care of Market Eggs.

To the Farmer.

Remove the male ibirds from the
flock immediately after the breeding
season and market no fertile eggs.

Provide roomy nests and iplenty of
clean nesting material, preferably dry
shavings or cut hay.

Keep the nests clean and sanitary.

Collect the eggs regularly at least
once, better twice, a day in moderate
•weather, and more frequently in very
warm and very cold weatiher.

Remove at once in clean utensils to
a cool, dry cellar.

Cover with clean cloth to prevent
dust from settling upon them and also
to prevent evaporation and fading.

Do not pack loose in a box when
taking them to market, but rather
secure a suitable egg case and Ums
avoid breakage.

Market as frequently and as direct-
ly as possible.
To the Merchant

Buy on a loss-off basis, if possible,
and encouragp other merchants to do
the same.

Insist that the farmers furnish first
quality eggs only.

Keep in mind the perishable na-

•ErfD'EJLEV^ATfQlf-

'S- —

Showing construction of colony house. It is not advisable to use this as a

brooder house.

POULTRY.

193

lure of the product and do not hold
eggs oa a rising market without pro-
per facilities for storing them.

Realize that fresh eggs at any sea-
son of the year are much more valu-
able than stale eggs, when prices are
higher.

Wihen shipping, pack carefully in
strong, clean cases and fillers.
To the Egg-Buyer.

If buying direct from the farmer,
make regular and frequent collections.

Pay a premium for quality and do
not hesitate to condemn bad, dirty,
small and broken eggs.

E5ncourage the farmer to keep bet-
ter poultry and more of it.

Be willing to i)ay a premium for
good eggs.

iHaving purchased eggs do not over-
look their perishable nature, and give
them proper care.

Crate- Fattening.

Practical experience has shown
that crate feeding is not only a very
satisfactory, but also an economical
method of fattening poultry. The sav-
ing in the amount of feed required to
produce one pound of gain is quite
marked, and the feeder is enabled to
observe to greater advantage the pro-
gress being made by individual birds.
He can also, if necessary, curtail the

their maximum weight and are ready
to ibe placed in the finishing crate.

A long, narrw type poor feeder.

duration of the feeding period in the
case of birds which have attained

A very good fattening type.

Crate fattening cannot with success
be carried on in a haphazard way.
The feeder requires to understand
the principles of what he is at, and to
give the necessary attention to the de-
tails of his work. In order to teach
the proper method of feeding poultry
in crates the Live Stock Commissioner
at Ottawa has had prepared a season-
able illustrated pamphlet on the sub-
ject, which explains clearly the con-
struction of a fattening crate, the con-
stituents and preparation of proper
rations, the methods of feeding, kill-
ing and dressing birds, and informa-
tion regarding packing 'for market.
Breed and Sitters.

Egg breeds of fowl are as a rule
good sitters; meat breed as a rule,
non-sitters, and general purpose make
good mothers.

Hen Houses.

In this section will be found the
plans of suitable Ihenrihouses. Thje
one house is twenty-four feet long
and twelve feet wide, an-d is divided
in the centre by a wire and board par-
tition, making two pens, each twelve
feet square. The two pens together
■will accommodate the maximum num-
ber of chickens (50) that should be
under one roof. The dropping board
is constructed of matched lumber, and

194

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

is placed at the back of tlie ibuildiiig,
about three feet above the floor. The
roosts are made of dresesd scantling,
3x3 inch, a.bout six inches above
dropping board. A curtain is arrang
ed to ibe let down on cold nights in
'front of the roosts. This house is
practically open to the weather at
the front, which faces the south. The
end's of the house are simply matched
lumber. This house may appear to
be cold, but it has been found that too
warm quarters for chickens are un-
healthy and conducive to disease.
There aire canvas curtains that cgin
be dropped as a protection during the
cold nights.

This house is cheap of construction,
and has given excellent results during
the laying Sicason. Do not heep hogs
too near the hen-house. A cement
foundation and a cement floor for the
hen-house may seem like an unneces-
sary expenditure, but it is found to be
worth it. The above plans are from
Bulletin 189, Ontario Agricultural
College.

Turkeys, except when very young,
should not Ibe cooped u por hous^Bd^
but allowed iwide range to forage.

we must, first of all, have our hens
bred itio lay. Nothing can make a non-
layer produce eggs if she is not bred ,
for production. The keynote of effi-
ciency on the poultry farm lies in cull-
ing out the poor layers. Layers going
in in iSepterh'ber lay in November — ^De-
cember. Cull out at that time. Again
in midsummer after the heavy spring
egg production is over. Then again in
July. Then select for breeders, for
next season. Dispose of the poor lay-
ers all this time — they are no good for
breeders.

full breasted
ss bred chick.

They will seek and find a great por-
tion of their food. Roosting houses
are considered unnecessary by many
successful turkey raisers. If used,
they must be well ventilated. Turkeys
do not reach their full maturity until
the third season. Birds should not be
used for breeding purposes before
their second year.

EFFICIENCY IN PRODUCTION.

For efficiency to poultry manage-
ment, i.e., the production of eggs, etc.,

Identifying the Poor Layers.

How to tell good from poor layers.
Really the trap nests are the only ab-
solutely sure w^ay, yet there are other
methods that are very certain indica-
tions. 1. Time of moulting. Color ot
ear lobes, and color of shank. The
first applies to all kinds of hens. If
raised and hatched under equal con-
ditions, the hen moulting last is the
best producer. 2. Applies to Ibreed
with white ear lolbes and yellow
shanks. "The Leghorns,- single comb-
ed, are an example and are, I 'believe,
the greatest egg machine in exist-
ence." We want eggs when they are
high priced. PuHets laying in October
lay well throughout fall, ibut may fall
off during earlj^ -winter. 'Layers can
'be picked out in the white ear lobed
yellow shanked 'breed. The layers
are the birds v^hose ear lobes have
turned snow white to light yeUow in
color. Those hens whose ear lobes
are bright yellow at that time are the
poor 'layers. It is well known that
hens lay the pigment into their eggs.
3. Color of sihanks. This does not
change so rapidly. 'Early August is
what may 'be termed the second color
period. The yellow shanked hens
Note resemblance show some with bright yellOw shanks,
and others with light yellow shanks.
The latter are the hens that Jtiave (been
laying.

Production in Season.
The problem is one of production;
to sell the produce, especially eggs, is
a comparatively simple matter.^ After
■the production idea comes the import-
ant 'business of time of hatching. Get
eggs in October-Novem'ber-December-
January, when eggs are the highest
priced. For a high average, pulleits
are largely used. "We have made a
net profit of 90c in December per head

Son of fowl No.

POULTRY.

195

on pullets against 4c on a yearling
hen. Hatch the Rocks between 1st of
April and 10th May; Leghorns, 20th
April to 24th May — not earlier and not
later than these dates. Early matur-
ity gives good records from the trap
nests, but if too early the birds ma-
ture too rapidly and lay heavy in
August, moulting in October-Novem-
ber, and egg production ceases. If too
late, pullets do not thrive well and the
cold weather catches them and they
will not start laying until late Janu-
ary. (December eggs pay best.)
Mating the Birds.

Better results are obtaiued by mat-
ing yearling hens to cockerels, than
by mating pullets to cocks. The first
is irreparably weakened through the
pullet year and will never give maxi-
mum results. Don't 'breed too young.
This applies equally well'in poultry as
in other branches of live stock. For
setting purposes yearling hens are the
producers.

Rations Recommended.

Dry mash, 200 lbs. bran, 100 lbs. feed
or low grade flour, 100 lbs. commeal,
100 lbs. beef scrap, 100 lbs. St. Law-
rence brand gluten meal, and 33 lbs.
bone meal. For wet mash use the
same ration. Grain is fed in litter at
3 o'clock in the afternoon and one-half
in litter when, birds are on th'» roost.
Moist mash at noon. Grain food at
11 o'clock. The most suiitable house
in Mr. Clark's experience for laying
hens is a shanty roof affair, 7 feet In
front, 5 feet at back, and 16 feet by
17% feet in area. This accommodates
about 75 Rocks. The front is glass
and canvas. Twenty-seven square feet
of canvas or opening to 100 hens. The
sides and ends are tar papered, bat-
tened, and boarded, leaving an air
space between the studding. — L. N.
CLARK.

Standard Varieties of Turkeys.

There are six varieties of turkeys
raised in Canada. They are as fol-
lows: Bronze Narragansett. Buff,
Slate, White and Black. A non-
standard variety is the Bourbon Reds.
Turkeys originated in America, and
were imported into Europe by the
Mexicans. Are hard to raise, a pecu-
liarity being that one copulation at
beginning of season renders fertile all
the eggs In the ovarium. Hens weigh
10 to 12 pounds; cocks, 15 to 25
pounds. This Is average; many times

they are grown many pounds over
these weights.

Standard Varieties of Ducks.

There are twelve standard varieties
of ducks raised in Canada, some of
them on a small scale, as follows:
The White Pekin, White Aylesbury,
Colored Rouen, Black Cayuga, Col-
ored Muscovy, White Muscovy, In-
dian Runner, Gray Call, White Call,
Black East India, Crested White, and
Blue Swedish. Of these varieties, the
first seven are considered profitable
to raise; the two varieties of Calls
and the Black East India are Ban-
tams, and are bred more for the
showroom; the Crested White may be
considered as almost purely orna-
mental while at present but little is
known of the Blue Swedish In this
country and the United States.

White Pekin Ducks. — Very large,
and excellent layers, averaging from
100 to 150 eggs in a season. Non-
sitters, easily raised, and mature
early. The standard weight of the
adult drake is 9 pounds; adult duck,
8 pounds; young drake, 8 pounds, and
young duck, 7 pounds.

Colored Rouen Ducks. — Profitable
on the farm, hardy, prolific. Eggs not
BO large as the Pekin, diverse in color.

rn i r-i

Wit)(/ow » Wire

6'

■ 6'- .

QR(X/7/I> PzPJY'

W//k/ow 9 Wire /n

plan of Colony House for
growing stock.

196

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

The standard weight of the adult
duck is 8 pounds; adult drake, 9
pounds; young drake, 8 pounds; and
young duck, 7 pounds.

Black Cayuga Ducks. — Originated
in America; produce from 80 to 90
eggs in the spring, and sometimes
lay again in the autumn. Standard
weight of adult drake, is 8 pounds;
adult duck, 7 pounds; young drake, 7
pounds, and young duck, 6 pounds.

Colored and White Muscovy Ducks.
— The standard weight of this variety
of the adult drake is 10 pounds; adult
duck, 7 pounds; young drake, 8
pounds, and young duck, 6 pounds.

Indian Runner Ducks. — Have been
credited with records of more than
200 eggs each in flocks of ten, and of
192 eggs each in flocks of 100. The
standard weight of the drake is 4^^
pounds, and of the duck 4 pounds.

Menu for the Chickens

Day

Morning

Noon

Night

Sunday . . •

2 gal. wheat scat-
tered in litter

2 gal. water to
drink

8 lbs. mangels
2 gaL milk or
water

2 gal. barley scat-
tered in the Lit-
ter

Moaday ...

2 gal. wheat aaid
barley, half and
■ half
2 gal. milk

'6 lbs. wet mash,
fork full of al-
falfa or clover
hay

2 gal. milk, meat
if available or
cut green 'bone

2 gal. wheat

Tuesday . .

2 gal. ibarley in

litter
2 gal. water
8 lbs. cabbage

2 gal. water
Any meat food
available

2 gal. wheat and
barley, hall and
half, in litter

Wednesday

2 gal. wheat in

litter
2 gal. milk

6 lbs. wet mash
Alfalfa or clover

hay
2 gal. milk

2 gal. 'barley in
litter

Thursday .

2 gal. wheat and
barley, half and
half in litter

2 gal. water; 8
lb. mangels

2 gal. wateo"
Any meat food
available

2 gal. wheat In
litter

IFViday

2 gal. (barley in

litter
2 gal. milk

6 lbs. wet mash
2 gal. milk
Alfalfa or clover
hay

!2 gal. wheat and
barley, half and
half, in litter

Saturday ..

2 gal. wheat .In

litter
2 gal. water
8 lbs. caJbbage

2 gal water

Meat food if avail-
able, b^utchering
offal

2 gal. Ibarley in
litter

Note. — iCrushed oats to be in self feeding hopper all week, available at
any time for the hens. Or if preferred, they can be fed in a trough at noon
at the rate of about 8 pounds a day.

POULTRY.

197

Black East India. — ^Very shy in
habit, given to long flights, hard to
confine. Good sitters. There is no
standard size, but the smaller the size
the higher they rank for exhibition
purposes.

Crested White Ducks. — Medium-
sized bird, merely ornamental, the
adult drake weighing 7 pounds, and
the adult duck weighing 6 pounds.

Blue Swedish Ducks. — Very scarce
in Canada. Standard weight of adult
drake is 8 pounds, and adult duck is
7 pounds.

Standard Varieties of Geese.

Gray Toulouse Geese. — Termed a
Christmas goose; a good layer, aver-
aging about 400 eggs in a season. The
standard weight of adult gander is 20
pounds; adult goose, 18 pounds;
young gander, 18 pounds, and young
goose, 15 pounds.

"U'hite Embden Geese. — Lay about

200 eggs in a season ; very large eyes.
Standard weight of adult gander is
20 pounds, and adult goose is 18
pounds.

Gray African Geese. — Considered
one of the most profitable to raise.
Are ready for market in ten weeks,
weighing at that age between 8 and
10 pounds. Very suitable for market
and table; weight of adult gander, 20
pounds, and adult goose, about 18
pounds.

Brown and White Chinese Geese. —
Very light; are the most prolific of
geese, averaging from 50 to 60 eggs
a year. Standard weight of adult
gander is 12 pounds, and adult goose,
10 pounds.

Gray Wild Geese. — Good layers;
highly prized for table use; are hardy
and easy to rear. The standard
weight of adult gander is 12 potinds,
and aault goose, 10 pounds.

A Handy Home-made Egg Tester.

1. Egg testing box; 2. Hole through which light shines, and before which
egg is held; 3. Chimney; 4. Bottle of water placed between light and egg hole;
5. piece of glass placed behind lamp or reflector.

198

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

This house is inexpensive and has
given excellent results as a pen for
the average farm. The hens lay well,
thrive well and make good weight.

Avoidance of draughts, high site for
building, cleanliness, good natural
drainage and lots of light are of
course necessary accompanying fac-
tors.

I > I

ri5

2if/^r-

EL

JJL.'J^

H

3

■ g-^"-

'-r\-'" VH —

To OLCto-moo/oie fOo'^ens.

DETAILS OF PLAN.

The acconnpanying plan is adapt-
able on the average farm for the
housing of albout KM) hens. It al-
lows about six square feet of floor
space for every bird. As will be no-
ticed the front is open and wired and
is three feet in depth from sill to
plate. The back is four feet six in
depth from sill to plate; height from
peak to plate is seven feet. The house
is twenty-five feet square, and has
two sets of roosts, albout two feet six

from floor. A window is fixed in the
west end and the door in the east end.
The house faces south and is very
comfortable all the year round. The
back should be two thicknesses of
boards with tar paper between. Cur-
tains of cheese cloth can be attached
to be used when the weather is ex-
ceptionally cold; these can be stretch-
ed on laths and hinged to the plate in
front and fastened securely with a
thumfb screw.

HOUSEHOLD.

199

HOUSEHOLD

The Kitchen.

While the kitchen is the center and
workshop of the home, its work also
extends more or less to other parts of
the house. In planning or building
a home, it is of greatest importance
that the relation of the kitchen to the
other rooms be considered. The kit-
chen work is most closely associated
with the pantry, dining room, and
the store room, cellar, or woodshed.
These should be located as near and
conveniently as posihle to the kitchen
so that the journeys which must be
made so often between these rooms
will be as short as possible, thus say-
ing many steps and a great amount of
energy.

Other parts of the house which are
closely related to the kitchen, al-
though to a less extent, are the entry,
or other place where wraps are left;

1. — The arrangement of the kitchen
and equipment here is inconvenient,
and means many unnecessary steps.

the toilet, where hands are washed;
the laundiy; the living room; and the
bed rooms, where children must fre-
quently be cared for. Wherever pos-
sible these rooms should be located
within easy access of the kitchen.

The pantry should be so located that
it is convenient to both kitchen and
dining room, which means that It must
be near or adjacent to both. To meet
the latter condition, it Is often located
between the dining room and the kit-
chen, and is then designed to be used
both for preparation of food and for

the storage of food, food suppUea,
china, table linen, etc. If it Is narrow
in proportion to its length and located
lengthwise between the two rooms, it
does not very appreciably Increase the
distance which must be traveled from
the kitchen to the dining room. Two
pantries are sometimes desirable, es-
pecially when there is an abundance
of help in the kitchen. One of these
is generally used for the preparation
of food and storage of food and sup-
plies, while the other is used as a
serving pantry and contains counter
space, shelves, and drawers for the
storage of dishes and table linen, and
a sink for washing the dishes. In
this case, the sink in the kitchen
would be used for washing and clean-
ing meat, vegetables, and cooking
utensils.

Floors, Walls, and Ceilings.

All surfaces in the kitchen, whether
on floors, walls, or ceilings, should as
far as possible be plain and free from
cracks, ridges, moldings, and raised
forms of ornamentation, for such
places not only collect dust and dirt
and thus increase the difficulty of
keeping a room clean, but also may
harbor ants, roaches, and other pests.
The materials used in the kitchen, on
either waUs or floor, should be non-
absorbent and easy to keep clean.
Floors.

Unfinished wooden floors can be

^

-i-C-'A 1 — -r.-^ PANTUt

2. — Kitchen shown in illustration No. 1
re-arranged. Convenience and step-
saving are its obvious advantages.

200

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

kept clean only by frequent ©crub-
bmgs. Even iiard wood floors are like-
ly to s^ow spots and stains in apite
of suck scrubbings, and tbe softer
woods Decome rough and splintered.
The rougliening of soft woods can be
prevented to a certain extent by the
application of paint, and hard woods
can be made less absorbent by tiie ap-
plication of oil and special commercial
preparations. Hard woods, for in-
stance Georgia pine, are, therefore, to
be considered among the more desir-
able floor coverings. Unless well sea-
soned 'before being put down, any
kind of board will shrink, leaving large
cracks. These may fbe filled with
putty or with one of the commercial
preparations for this ipurpose.

Floor coverings, such as carpets
and mattings, which hold dust and
dirt, are unsuited to the kitchen. Oil-
cloth is cheap and easily cleaned, but
wears out quickly. [Linoleum, a ma-
terial made of cork or -wood ipulp
pressed in linseed oil, although the
first cost is large, as compared with
oilcloth or paint, is relatively durable,
comfortable for the feet, and easily
kept clean. Another advantage is
that a single piece may be cut to flt
the floor, thus avoiding crevices. It
may ibe protected iby placing small
mats where! the most wear comes.

Walls and Ceilings.

The commonest and most generally
satisfactory material for walls and
ceiling of the farm kitchen is plaster.
The dime used should be properly
slaked to prevent the development of
cracks and blisters and injury to the
surface finish. For the same reason,
freshly plastered walls should be al-
lowed to dry thoroughly before the
finishing surface is applied. Instead
of plaster, some of the various compo-
sition boards may be used. They may
be left unfinished or they may 'be
painted or papered and varnished.
The joints between the iboards should
be covered by narrow battens, mak-
ing tight joints. iSteel wall and ceil-
ing coverings, although durable,
should be kept well painted to pre-
vent rusting by steam. The wood-
work should be shellacked or painted.
A Ibetter surface results when a coat
is applied every year or two than
when several coats are applied at
once. A final coat of enamel paint or
outside varnish is desirable for such
portions of the woodwork as need
cleaning most frequently.
The most desirable finisli for walls

A fireplace i« the iiouse adds brightness and finish besides reducing the fuel bill.

HOUSEHOLD.

201

and ceiling is one that will not peed
off or crack and that can be easily
•washed or very cheaply and readily
renewed. For walls a good paint
gives general satisfaction. For the
ceiling the most satisfactory finish is
a coat of whitewash or one of the
good commercial substitutes for It,
which should bo renewed annually or
biennially. Such finish used on walls
can ibe easily renewed.

Wall paper, unless varnished, is
very easily loosened by the steam
from kettles. A wall covering resem«
bling oilcloth is somewhat more ex-
pensive, but it is more durable, and
has a smooth washable surface. A
damp cloth on a broom or a large
sponge in a mop holder will serve,
with an occasional washing, to keep
this or a painted surface clean. Tiles
and vitrified brick, well glazed and
matched, afford an excellent wall
surface, but they are costly. Metal
tiles are cheaper and nearly as satis-
factory.

HOW TO MIX PAINT FOR' TINTS.

Red and black makes brown; lake
and white makes rose; white and
brown makes chestnut; white, blue
and lake makes purple; blue and lead
color makes pearl; white and carmine
makes pink; indigo and laminblack
makes silver gray; white and lamp-
black makes lead color; black and
Vnetian red makes chocolate; white
and green makes bright green; purine
and white makes French white; light
green and black makes dark green;
white and green makes pea green;
white and emerald green makes bril-
liant green; red and yellow make*
orange; white and yellow makes straw
color; white, blue and black makes
pearl grey; white, lake and vermillion
makes flesh color; umber, white and
Venetian red makes drab; white, yel-
low and Venetian red makes cream;
yellow, white and a little Venetion
red makes buff; red, blue and black
makes olive.

LAUNDRY.

1 qt. warm water.

1 can of G-illett's lye (10c. size).
1-2 cup household ammonia.

4 teaspoonfuls borax.

2 tomato tins of grease

Mix water, lye, ammonia and borax
together. When dissolved, stir In the

grease (melted and warm — not too
hot), and keep stirring until the
thickness of thick cream. Pour into
a large baking tin and make into
squares before too hard to cut.

A Good Washing Fluid.

1 lb. of sal soda.

1-2 lb. unslaked lime.

1 gallon of water.

Boil twenty minutes; let stand till
cool; then drain off and put In a
small jug or jar. To one boilerful of
clothes, which have been soaked and
soaped, add a teacup of washing
fluid. The clothes must be well cov-
ered with water before adding the
fluid, and must boil about half an
hour. Wash in suds and rinse. This
receipt is an invaluable saver of
time.

Soap Jelly for Washing Flannels.

Save the small pieces of laundry,
toilet and bath soap until you have a
teacup full. Put them Into a quart
of hot water with a tablespoonful of
kerosene. Let simmer until dis-
solved. Make warm suds with this
soap jelly. Set your flannels In the
usual way. They will come out clean
and soft.

White Clothes That Have Turned
Ytllow.

Can be beautifully bleached by
soaking in buttermilk. If necessary,
you can leave them In buttermilk
twenty-four hours.

Your Iron vrill not stick If you do
one of two things:—

(1) Add 1 tablespoonful of salt to
1-2 gallon of starch; or

(2) 1 tablespoonful of keroeene
oil put into the cold starch.

These give a pretty gloss.

Colored Cottons.
Put a small quantity of Maypole
Soap Into the rinsing water, and your
cotton gowns will always look fresh
and new.

Black and Navy Blue Linens.

Wash and peel two potatoes. Grate

them Into soft tepid water. Add 1

teaspoonful of ammonia. Wash

goods in this and rinse In cold bine-

202

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK,

wat«r. Dry, and Iron on the wrong
side.

An Infusion of hay will preserve
buff linens.

An infusion of bran will preserve
brown linfoas.

Tussore and Raw Silks. — Should
not be ironed until quite dry.

Blankets.

Use a little soap in the last rins-
ing water. After they have been hung
on the line and are thoroughly diry,
beat with a carpet-beater. They will
become soft and light, and the wool
like new.

To Wash Muslins and Ginghams.

Dissolve a piece of alum the size of
a nut to every pt. <ft starch. The
color will keep bright a long time.
This hint is useful when dresses must
be often washed.

Types of Washers.

No housework is harder than that of
keeping the family supplied with fresh,
clean clothes. But ibecause the health
as well as the <;omfort of the hody de-
mands clean clothes, there must be

some way of supplying this demand.
On the average farm this task must
be performed by the housewife, and
for the same reason that her huhsand
buys the sulky instead of the walking
plow, she should insist on the pur-
chase of a power washer instead of a
hand machine.

There are many types of ipower
washers on the market and the house-
wife should make a careful investiga-
tion of their relative merits "before
purchasing. The platform upon which
the washer stands should he taken
into consideration, also. Such investi-
gation can he made by examining the
makes carried in stock hy the local
dealer and 'by writing for printed mat-
ter and iparticulars covering other
types.

Where electricity is availalble, elec-
tric washers are the cheapest, and be-
cause of their simplicity of operation
are the most satisfactory. A good
electric machine can be o(btained for
fifty^flve dollars. But on the farm the
gasoline engine must he substituted
for the electric motor ,and the price
of engine and washer with wringer at-
tached, will not be less than sixty^ve

"CROWN BRAND" CORN SYRUP

IN "PERFECT SEAL" JARS

These glass jars — the finest Preserving
Jars made — make "Crown Brand" Com
Syrup more attractive than ever.
Every good housewife should save the
jars for preserving — they hold a full
quart of fruit or pickles.

"Crown Brand" Com Symp is not only
a delicious table syrup, to be enjoyed on
griddle cakes, hot biscuits and bread: it
is also the best sweetener for cakes, pies,
gingerbread and cookies, and makes
deliciou home-made candies.

AT ALL DEALERS

In 3 lbs. glass jars, and in 2, 5, 10 and 20
pound tins.

HOUSEHOLD.

203

dollars. These prices may seeon a
little high to the conservative woman,
but she should consider the saving of
her time, labor, and strength, as wor-
thy of the price.

With /the power washer soft water
will give the best results, and because
soft water is just as desirable for
cleansing the body as for cleansing
the clothes, every house should have
a cistern with the pump in the kitchen.
With soft water, plenty of good soap,
and a good machine, the week's wash-
ing can be done with as little effort as
can many of the other household du-
ties.

To insure safety in drying the clothes
the line shouM be more substan-
tial than the one fastened to the cor-
ner of the house and a nearby tele-
phone pole. A desirable clothes line ar-
rangement is three posts set in line a
reasonalDle distance apart, with cross-
pieces at the top of the posts to which
two wires may be attached, instead of
one. Then, to lessen the number of
steps to be taken in hanging up the

clothes, the basket should be placed
upon a little express wagon or a plat-
form on wheels. In this way the
clothes may bo taken along down the
line, obviating the necessity for the
one hanging the clothes going back
and forth to the basket

For ironing, a good solid table and
an electric, gasoline or alcohol iron
are indispensable. The home-made
ironing board is a good su'bstitute for
the ta'ble when ironing skirts and one-
piece dresses. This can ibe made of
red cedar and should be five feet long
and sixteen inches wide. One end
should be tapered so as to be narrow
enough to slip the garment over it
without stretching. A hole can be
bored through the other end for the
purpose of hanging up the board when
not in use. Table matting makes an
excellent padding for the hoard, but
old blankets or sheets can be used in-
stead. Two covers should be made for
it and these should be so made that
they can be easily removed lor laxui-
dering whes they become soiled. A

THE PERFECTION POWER
WASHING MACHINE.

The most up-to-date way and
the most popular way to do the
washing is by "The Perfection"
Blectric or Gasoline Power
Washer.

One lever sets the Washing Ma-
chine in operation; another lever
starts, stops or reverses the
Wringer. These two levers are
all the machinery you have to
look after, and they are very sim-
ply and conveniently arranged.

With the Perfection Electric
or Power Washer, the washing
which usually took all day K>
now a matter only of a few
hours. Contrast the old-fashion-
ed way of washing with all the
hard work, to washing with &
Perfection Power Washer, where
the Gasoline engine does the
washing and wringing — quickly
and thoroughly. It Just means
that when the clothes are in the
Washer, you throw in the lever
to start the machine, and you are
free to do anj'thing else (clear up
the breakfast dishes, for instance)
until the batch of clothes in the
machine is ready to be put
through the wringer — ^when all
you have to do then, is to feed
the clothes into the rollers.

This means wash-day comfort,
that will delight and satisfy you.

Write to-day for Illustrated cir-
cular.

J. H. CONNOR & SON, Limited
OTTAWA. ONT.

Established in 1881.

204

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

convenient method is to fasten tape
on both sides of the cover for tying
it on the board. A sleeve board can
be secured for a reasonable price and
it is a great help in ironing infants'
clothes and sleeves.

THE RURAL TELEPHONE.

Rural Canada needs to be nearer to
its market, its neighbor, its church,
its newspaper, and it cannot move its
homes and farms to attain this. Rail-
roads are being built, rural mail de-
liveries extended, and good roads con-
structed, but these do not meet the
requirements of the whole of any com-
munity, let alone of the whole coun-
try. And all of these things involve
the investment of many thousands of
dollars and many months of work.

Rural Canada needs adequate com-
munication now, however, when dis-
tances are greater than they will seem
fifty years hence, when farms and
villages are more isolated than they
will ibe even five years hence.

The one thing that puts every farm
in close touch with every other farm,
every farmer's family near every
other farmer's family, and near the
doctor and the minister and the vete-

rinary, the grain dealer, the implement
house, the railway station and the
telegraph office, is the rural telephone,
that efficient hired hand that is never
too tired, never too sleepy, never over-
worked, never too busy, but always
ready day or night. It is easily in-
stalled. Any farmer who can build a
fence can build a telephone line and
install the instruments. That solves
the item of principal cost because he
and his neighbors can get together,
and do the work when the farm work
is not pressing.

The best telephone on the market,
together with a good lightning arres-
ter, two hatteries, and the necessary
inside wire and ground rod, can be
bought for about $16j50. And the
wire, brackets, insulators, etc., for a
ten mile line can be bought for about
$235.00. That means that in the parts
of the country where native poles can
be cut and supplied by the farmers,
and they do the work themselves, ten
of them living one mile apart, can
build a line and install their tele-
phones at a cash outlay of about
$40.00 each.

One word of caution ahout rural

SEAFOAM POWER DRIVEN
WASHER AND WRINGER

A boon to every farm house.
Will thoroughly wash and wring
clothes with no other labor than put-
ting in and taking out.

Will wash or wring at the same time
or separately.

Runs from a gas, gasoline, steam en-
gine or windmill.

Cover lifts without removing belt.
We can furnish a small powerful
electric motor, which converts the
machine shown into an "electric" that
will run from an ordinary light
socket.

— MADE BY —

CU M M ER-DO WS WELU "'^''^^^

HAMILTON, ONTARIO

HOUSEHOLD.

205

telephone lines, and that is, dotft buy
where you can buy cheapest. Buy
quality! It is cheaper in the long run.
You all know it — you buy pedigreed
proven herd-bulls or stallions, seed-
wheat or corn, apple trees or potatoes.
So don't buy fence wire from a local
dealer because it is a few cents cheap-
er, than the regular double galvanized
telephone wire specially made for that
purpose. Insist upon proper lightning
arresters mounted on non-combustible
bases, and the 'best telephone instru-
ment you can buy. And remember
that there are made in Canada just as
good telephones as there are made
anywhere else in the world.

HOW TO TAKS care OF AN
ORGAN.

A reed organ is susceptible to heat,
cold, and especially dampness. A little
common sense will suggest that the in-
strument is made principally of -wood;
extreme heat causes wood to contract
or shrink while exposure to dampness
will cause it to swell, in which case
the working parts or the action will
be liable to stick. -An organ should
not be made a receptacle for odds and
ends, something likely to fall into it
and make trouble. It should be kept
clean, and dust may be kept out of the
interior by covering with a cloth dur-
ing the process of sweeping. An or-
gan, unlike a piano, does not require
tuning, but possibly the reeds may re-
quire cleaning. Do not attempt this
yourself, unless you know how;
neither is it well to trust it to the first
man who comes along saying he is a
"repair man." The better plan Is to
describe your trouble in a letter to
the maker, and ask his advice ; o lot of
trouble is avoided in this way.

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF A PIANO.

A piano must be kept under proper
conditions, otherwise it will get out
of order. Many times lack of know-
ledge or care causes trouble for which
the maker is often unjustly blamed.
Dampness and excessive dryness are
two great enemies, yet both can be
avoided, if a little care be exercised.
The careful house-keeper would not
think of allowing a cold draft to blow
through an open window on tender
houseplants, yet some never think, of
its harming the piano; on a damp day
too, the breeze laden with moisture

NEWCOMBE
PIANOS

For the Farm Home
where music is loved.
The leading Canadian
Piano. The onfy Piano
with Howard's Patent
Straining Rods.
Nearly half a century's
experience in building
Pianos.

Has received more
medals and awards
than any other Cana-
dian Piano.

Newcombe Piano Play-
ers have a human ex-
pression of touch.
Every detail is found
perfect. Permanent
tone and life-long ser-
vice guaranteed.
Call at our nearest
showroom or write us.
Special prices and at-
tention given mail or-
ders.

Newcombe Piano
Co. Limited

Head Office and Warerooms

359 YONGE STREET
TORONTO, ONT.

206

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

AWilliams
Piano

was ordered for
and used in
Windsor Castle
by Her Majesty
Queen Victoria.

CANADA'S MOST HONORED PIANO

No purchase, no investment is so closely entwined with human sen-
timent, pride and affection as is the selection and possession of a
good piano.

A good piano in the household means new joy and life in the home. The
children become happier and the older folks brig-hter. Nothing adds to the
refinement and culture of a child as does music from a good piajio.
Could you select a better piajio than the

Endorsed bv Great Musicians

A Williams piano mellows with age. It is constructed to last a lifetime.
It possesses a clear, sweet singing tone — is beautiful in finish and artistic
in design. It is the perfect piano for the farm home and you have the

supreme satisfaction of knowing
that YOUR piajio is

Canada's Most Important
Instrument

Write To Day!

Don't wait until another time.
Send for our beautiful album, "Art
and the Critic." It will tell you
how a piano is made and also the
autobiography of the world's great
musicians. It is absolutely free.
Send for it to-day.

The Williaixis Piano Company, Ltd*

OSHAWA. - ONTARIO

HOUSEHOLD.

207

bloTving into the room -nrill injuriously
affect the instrument — it will cause the
highly seasoned wood of ftib casing
and interior to swell, and the metal
parts to rust. The ivory on the keys
will keep whiter if the lid is kept open
permitting exposure to the light; but
in sweeping or dusting the lid should
'be closed and the piano covered with
a cloth, to exclude dust. TZ>on't load
the top of a piano with bric-a-fbrac,
some of which may rattle and give
the impression something Is loose in-

side. Pins, coins and other articles
are sometimes unconsciously allowed
to drop into it; these eoo are sources
of trouble. A piano is kept in best
condition if a tuner is employed to
go over it in the fall after the furnace
fire is lighted, and again in the spring
when it is time to let the fires out and
open up the house. Entrust such
work only to a man you know to be
competent, but if you cannot find such,
it would be better to write the maker
of the instrument.

Hot-air Heating

Some of the best engineering skill
of modern days has been applied to
the problem of the application of the
second great principle of heating —
that of supplying heat to a number of
rooms from a centralized plant. The
first application of this principle was
probably the hot-air furnace. This
consists essentially of the furnace it-
self, which is inclosed almost entirely
in a sheet-iron case, with sheet-iron
ducts leading therefrom to the various
rooms to be heated; to fill the place
of the air that is forced through these
pipes !by convection currents, cold air
is brought into the case through a
large sheet-iron duct, called the cold-
air duct.

Hot-air furnaces are all quite
similar. diiTering only in the design
and arrangement of the parts; they
are all the same in consiting of a steel
or cast-iron case, with firebox, grate,
and ashpit. Some are fed through a
door in the side, the fuel being thrown
directly Into the firebox; others have
special arrangements so that the fuel,
which is comparatively small in size,
is sunplied from below; those possess-
ing this feature are known as under-
feed furnaces. The fuel used in hot-
air furnaces is almost always coal,
either bituminous or anthracite.

Two distinct types of pipes are used
for conducting the heated air to the
rooms: first, those which are nearly
horizontal and lead fr(ftn the top of
the furnace casing — these are usually
round and made of a sinsrle thickness
of bright tin wrapped with two or
more thicknesses of asbestos to pre-
vent loss of heat, and are called lead-
ers; they should, if possible, be erect-
ed with an ascending pitch of one
incfh to one foot; second, rectangular

vertical pipes or raisers, termed
stacks, made in such sizes as will fit
in the partitions of buildings and to
which the leaders connect. At the
bottom of the stack is an enlarged
section called the boot, which is pro-
vided with a collar for connection to
the leader. At the top of the stack is
a rectangular chamber into which the
register box fitted. To lessen fire
risk, these boxes should be made with
double walls. Each leader should have
a damper near the furnace, so that
when necessary or desirable it may
be closed; the nearer the damper is
to the furnace end of the leader, the
less will be the danger of superheat-
ing.

Provision should be made for eva-
porating water in the air chamber, to
moisten the air forced through the
house; most furnaces are equipped
with a pan for this very purpose,
which is an important one, since
warm air requires more moisture
Ihan cold to maintain a comfortable
degree of saturation. It is a generally
accepted but mistaken belief that heat
supplied by a hot-air furnace is neces<
sarily a dry heat; all that is neces-
sary is to pass the heated air over
water.

The hot-air furnace system of heat-
ing possesses certain advantages,
principal among which is the readi-
ness with which the temperature can
be raised. In cost it is much below
that of steam or hot-water heating,
two systems with which it is compar-
able, and it requires no care to pre-
vent bursting of pipes or boiler from
freezing. Unless the construction is
is good, and the erection has been
carefully made, combustion gases are
likely to be delivered to the rooms,

208

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

HOUSEHOLD.

209

which is, to say the least, annoying;
but this objection can be overcome,
and cannot be justly considered a dis-
advantage. The disadvantages of the
hot-air system lie in the comparative
high cost of operation, in the rapidity
with which it loses heat when the fire
becomes low, and in the difficulty of
even heating on windy days. ,

The question of the ventilation pro-
vided by a hot-air furnace is an im-
portant one. The system presupposes
a very generous supply of air, which,
in properly erected systems, is fresh
when brought to the furnaces, is then
heated and distributed to the rooms.
When so constructed that the air
brought to the furnace is taken
from the interior of the house
itself, the furnace is a source of
danger, for the air will become so de-
vitalized that it will be absolutely un-
fit to 'breathe. The air that is brought
in to the furnace from out of doors is
likely to lose a great deal of its supply
of oxygen, unless care is taken to pre-
vent the furnace from becoming too
hot.

Steam Heating.

Heating by means of steam came
perhaps first as a development of a
method of heating to overcome the
disadvantages of hot- air heating. The
essentials of the system consist of the
boiler with the furnace beneath, a
system of disfributing pipes for the
steam, and radiators through "which
the heat of the steam is liberated into
the rooms. The theory concerned in
the operation is quite simple: the
water in the boiler is heated, and
steam is generated which rises
through the pipes to the radiators,
some condensation will result, and
this is either brought back to the
boiler or dispo.sed of in some other
way.

There are two general systems of
heating, in the first of which, known
as the Gravity Circulation System, the
water of condensation from the radia-
tors flows by its own weight into the
boiler at a point below the water line;
in the second, ihe water of condensa-
tion does aot flow directly back to the
boiler, but is returned by special
machinery or in some cases wasted.
The latter system is sometimes called
the High Pres?ure System, because
steam of any pressure can be generat-
ed in the boiler, part of which can be
used for power purposes. High-pres-

sure steam, however, is seldom used
for heating, but is reduced to not
more than 10 pounds by throttling
from the boiler or by passing through
reducing valves; sometimes the ex-
haust steam from engines and pumps
is used.

The iboiler for house heating with
either steam or hot water should be
chosen very carefully. It should be
large enough to contain a suflScient
amount of water; the firebox should
■be deep and spacious; it should be
easily accessible for cleaning; it
should have no joints exposed to the
direct action of the fire; a sectional
boiler is the better, since no general
explosion can occur, should one sec-
tion give out; the construction should
be durable and good, the very best
gauges, safety valves, and other fix-
tures should be used, and it should be
capable of working to its full capa-
city with the highest economy.

The systems of piping ordinarily em-
ployed provide for either a partial or
a complete circulatiag system, each
consisting of main and distributing
pipes and returns. Three systems of
piping are in common use.

In this system the main pipe is led
to the highest part of the building,
usually the attic, from whence dis-
tributing pipes are run to the various re-
turn risers, which extend to the base-
ment and discharge into the main re-
turn. The supply for the radiators is
all taken from the return risers, and
in some cases the entire return circu-
lation passes through the radiators.

In this system a large steam main,
elevated close to the ceiling of the
basement, runs around to a point
-where the last radiator is taken off,
and is then connected into a return
main to the boiler. All the water of
condensation returns through the
same pipe. This system requires
only one connection to each radiator.

Hot-water Heating.

Heating 'by means of hot water is
accomplished by means of circulating
hot water in the radiators instead of
steam. The entire system, radiators,
circulating pipes, and boilers, are filled
with water; this water is heated in
the boiler. The hot water in the boil-
er is light, and has a constant ten-
dency to rise, while the water which
has lost its heat through the radiators
is heavy, and has a corresponding ten-

210

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

dency to fall; consequently, a circula-
tion occurs and is maintained as loag
as the temperature within the boiler
is a few degrees higher than that of
the house.

Almost any boiler that can be used
for steam heating is suitable for hot-
water heating, there Taeing but a
slight difference in the interior design
to improve the circulation. In an
efficient heater the water is separated
into small portions so that it may heat
quickly, and as little resistance as
possible is offered to free circulation.
Efficiency in point of fuel consumption
is an importanL feature, as is facility
and convenience in cleaning fire sur-
faces; for a thin coating of soot will
materially decrease the efficiency.

Piping systems for hot water are
quite similar tc those for steam heat-
ing, and, as in steam heating, there
are three systems in vogue.:

(1) The overheaa system, exactly
similar to the Mills system with the
exception that two connections are al-
'ways made to the radiator, one for the
inlet and the other for the outlet ol
the water.

(2) The two-pipe system, the one
most commonly used, has separate
mains and returns.

(3) The one-pipe system has a
single pipe running around the base-
ment as in the corresponding steam
system, except that the main hot-
water pipe rises from the boiler; the
flow pipes are taken from the top of
the main, and ^he water after passing
through the radiators is returned by
a separate pipe which is connected
with the bottom of the main.

Hot-water apparatus should be kept
full of water during the summer
months, and only enough supplied
during winter jto keep it at a safe
level. This excludes the air and pre-
vents oxidation, or corrosion of the
pipes, besides reducing to a minimum
the incrustation, which might become
serious if allowed to accumulate from
several fillings.

OHot-water heating plants are highly
satisfactory when properly designed
and installed. Hot-water radiators do
not reduce the humidity to so great an
extent. The heat can be kept quite
uniform, the system being easily con-
trolled, and any radiators can be sihut
off without resulting in the snapping
or gurgling noises common with

steam. The first cost is somewhat
higher than of a steam Installation,
because of the greater radiating sur-
face, larger piping, and more expen-
sive fittings. Unless care is taken
when the house is vacant, the water
in the system is likely to freeze and
seriously damage the plant. On the
i^Jiole, however, it would appear that
for average residences hot-water heat-
ing is the most satisfactory.

MODERN BEDDING FOR THEFARM

The steel bed is to ibe preferred
to the wood bed, particularly from the
sanitary standpoint. The hard,
bright enamel surface is cleaner and
can be kept cleaner than wood. It,
also, possesses, greater convenience,
being easier for the housewife to
move about, or take apart and set up
during times of house-cleaning.

There are two kinds of steel Ibeds
according to construction:

(1) "Cast" beds — ^These are beds
which have in their construction cast
iron "chills." The "chills" are the
rosettes or fancy floral parts of the
design of the bed. Cast beds fre-
quently contain in the make up scrolls
and bends of various kinds, and us-
ually have brass trimmings of some
kind, such as caps, knobs or spindles.

(2) "^Chill-less" beds. These are
ibeds which in their design have no
cast iron chills. Usually such Ibeds
are plain and straight in style, hav-
ing no scrolls or fancy bends. In
chilHess beds the rods and tubing are
inserted and fastened into one' another
and much of the work on them is done
by hand.

'Chill-lesis steel beds can now be pur-
chased at very reasonable prices and
seem to be particularly suited for the
farm home. Steel beds do not need
much care, but sometimes they are
marked, and the enamel chipped, by
what is merely carelessness. While
they will stand hard knocks, probably
(better than any other kind of beds,
still to keep them looking in good con-
dition care should 'he taken not to
knock chairs, the sweeper, or other
things against them. For the guest
room, or the better room a brass bed
may be bought, and here a few words
may be said about the care of ibrass
beds. (1) Never use brass polish,
soap and water, or anything of that
kind on a brass bed. That spoils your

HOUSEHOLD.

211

bed at once, and it cannot be repaired
except by the factory, and at mucb ex-
pense. All brass beds of to-day are
lacquered, and it is this lacquering
process wbich gives them the finish,
which is to be seen in the filmy sheen
on the surface. The use of polish or
soap and water cuts through this sur-
face or finish and exposes the raw
brass surface which as everyone
knows tarnishes very rapidly in the
atmosphere. (2) Never rub a brass
Ibed "With any rough surface. It is not
wise to lean against the foot of a brass
bed. Friction of this kind if persisted
in will gradually wear through the
finish, giving the surface a scratched
appearance. It is unwise to throw the
bedclothes over the foot of a brass
bed. Better to lift them right off the
bed and throw over a chair. (3) In
the care of brass beds it is best to rub
them as little as possible. Dusting off
lightly with a piece of sott chamois
cloth is recomnfended.
Springs.

For the same reasons that the steel
bed is to be preferred so the steel
frame spring is to be recommended.
The Tvood frame spring, because of its
unsanitary characteristics should be
taboo in every farm home. This is all
the more the case in view of the fact
that steel frame springs can be bought
at prices very slightly in advance of
the ordinary cheap wood frame spring.

In addition to being "Steel frame,"
or "Wood frame," springs are of sev-
eral different kinds. While certain
kinds have certain advantages, it is
largely a matter of choice what kind
of spring you use. (1) Woven wire
fabric. These springs consist of a
fabric woven of very fine wire, the
fabric then stretched very taut and
fastened to the frame. This style of
spring is pro'ba'bly most widely known
at the present time, but is gradually
giving place to other styles because
of certain defects.

The woven wire spring cannot (ex-
cept, perhaps, the very most expen-
sive) be guaranteed not to sag. Be-
cause the fabric is stretched so taut
if it does sag it lacks any elastic
powers to pull itself back to the orig-
inal state. Again, if the fabric gives
way. has a hole punched in it, or is in
any way damaged, the spring "becomes
practically useless, because repairs
can l>e made only on the machines of

the factory. (2) Link fabrics. These
springs have a fabric made of heavier
-wire usually about 13 gauge, which
as the name implies, is formed into
links so that the whole fabric pre-
sents a chain work appearance. At-
tachment to the frame is made by
means of helical springs. Helical
springs can be described as like the
spring of window blind, but in the
case of bed springs they are much
shorter and made of heavier wire. The
wire of the fabric usually is tinned or
coppered, while the helicals are us-
ually black japanned.

The advantages claimed for link
fabric springs are: (1) They can 'be
guaranteed not to sag. The helical
springs have great elastic powers and
after a strain on the fabric, draw it
back to the original level position.
(2) The link fabric is more resilient
and shapes itself more completely to
the contour of the body. (3) They are
less liable to Injury because of the
flexibility of the fabric and, if dam-
aged in moving about can usually be
repaired by m?&.ns of a few new links
■which can be attached very simply
and by almost anyone. (4) Because of
the open nature of the fabric, such
springs are considered more sanitary.
For that reason the link fal)ric is be-
ing widely used in hospitals, and in-
stitutions of various kinds. (5) Coil
springs (or spiral springs). These
springs consist of rows of coil springs
(such as those used in sofas and
chairs) set on and fastened to a steel
framework. Generally speaking, such
springs are very flexible and frequent-
ly are preferred by persons who like
a soft bed. In past years some people
have had unpleasant experiences with
coil springs due to the separate
springs moving out of place, but In
present day springs of that type, such
trouble has been overcome. The
separate springs are so securely fas-
tened into position that they cannot
move out of place. (6) Upholstered
box springs. These are a modifica-
tion of the coil spring type. The rows
of coil springs are attached to a wood
framework, and securely interfastened.
A covering of felt is put on and a case
of ticking is put over the whole spring,
tacked down to the wood frame-work
at the sides and upholstered much after
the same manner as a couch or sofa.
One point should be borne in mind in

212

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

connection with upholstered box
springs. They make the bed high, In
fact, sometimes objection is taken to
them because they make the bed too
high. You should bear this in mind
when purchasing ibecause the furni-
ture dealer cannot be expected to ex-
change a spring like this for you.
Some people object to them also be-
cause of their bulk and weight. Though
a box spring may be used without a
mattress, it is always adyisaJble to
use one. It may, however, ibe a thin
(three inches say) "overlay" pad. As
to the care of springs little need be
said except that dampness should !be
avoided. If they are not in use do
not store them in the cellar. Better in
a dry attic, or upstairs room.
Mattress.
Felt mattresses. The best known
and most satisfactory mattresses of
to-day (belong to this class. They are
filled entirely with cotton felt In lay-
ers, tufted and stitched down to give
firmness, along with a springiness.
Felt mattresses vary consideraJbly ac-
cording to the various grades of felt
used. Felt is made from cotton and

the longer the thread or "staple" of
the cotton the better the felt resulting
and the greater the life of the mat-
tress.

DISH-MOP DUSTER.

When dusting or cleaning floors
there are always some places where
even the finest mop will not clean, es-
pecially in corners and under some
pieces of furniture and under and
around radiators, where much dust
collects. To clean these places one
of the dish mops, to be found at any
ten-cent store, works liks a charm.

BEFORE VARNISHING.

Before varnishing furniture rub the
wood with fine sand-paper to give it a
smooth surface. See that brushes used
are soft and of good quality, or var-
nish will dry streaky.

THINGS WORTH KNOWING.

As much depends on baking as on
making. Biscuit and gingerbread re-
quire a quick oven. Flour bread a
slower one.

Fruit cake requires more cooking

"The All-Purpose Sugar"

A product that has obtained the confidence of thousands of house-
wives in the short period of a year, certainly must have something to
commend it.

Read what some housewives have to say about

LANTIC SUGAR

"Your sugar is the cleanest and purest I have ever used."
"My preserves, with the use of Lantic Sugar, are the best yet."
"Wouldn't be without it."

"I keep one sugar for every household use and it's Lantic."
"Its fine granulation is delightful to look at and economical to use."
"I use less Lantic because it seems sweeter than other sugars
I've tried."

ATLANTIC SUGAR REFINERIES, Limited

MONTREAL

HOUSEHOLD.

213

than a plain sugar cake, and should

be baked slowly.

Cookies want a quick oven and
close attention or they will bum.

Brown bread a hot oven at first,
and a slow, steady fire after the
bread is heated all through.

Apple pies should be baked slowly,
so that the apples may be cooked
through.

In frying doughnuts the lard
should be hot enough to cook them
quickly or they will soak fat.

To beat the whites of eggs quickly,
put in a pinch of salt. The cooler
the eggs, the quicker they will froth.

In boiling eggs hard, put them in
boiling water ten minutes and then
put them in cold water. This will
prevent the yolks turning black.

Old potatoes may be freshened by
plunging into cold water before
cooking.

Rub your griddle with fine salt
before you grease it, and your cakes
will not stick.

Take out the little balls in the
head of cloves before using, as that
is what discolors your fruit.

To cut hard butter into squares,
fold a piece of waxed paper in which
the butter was wrapped around the
knife. You can than make a perfect-
ly smooth cut.

In preparing chicken or turkey for
roasting, try rubbing the inside with
a piece of lemon. It will whiten the
flesh and make it more tender.

TIME FOR BAKING.

Loaf Bread 40 to 60 minutes

Rolls and Biscuit .. .10 to 20 "

Graham Gems 30 "

Gingerbread 20 to 30

Sponge Cake 46 to 60

Plain Cake 30 to 40

Fruit Cake 2 to 3 hours.

Cookies 10 to 15 minutes

Bread Pudding .... 1 hour.
Rice and Tapioca . . 1 hour.
Indian Pudding .... 2 to 3 hours.
Steamed Pudding . . 1 to 3 hours.
Steamed Brown

Bread 3 hours.

Custards 15 to 20 minutes

Pie Crust about 30 "

Plum Pudding 2 to 3 hours.

This applies to young and fresh
vegetables.

TIME FOR MEATS.

Beef, underdone, per

pound 9 to 10 min.

Beef, fillet of 20 to 40 min.

Mutton, leg, per pound. 10 to 12 min.
Mutton, stuffed shoulder

per pound 18 min.

Veal, loin of, plain,

per pound 15 to 18 min.

Veal, stuffed 20 min.

Pork, spare rib, per

pound 15 to 20 min.

Pork, loin or shoulder,

per pound 20 to 30 min.

Liver, baked or braised. 1 to 1^^ hrs.
Corned beef, per pound. 25 to 30 min.
Boiled (simmered) Beef,

per pound 20 to 30 min.

Ham, after water or

cider begins to boil . .15 to 20 min.

Bacon, per pound 15 min.

Chickens, baked, three

to four pounds 1 to 2 hrs.

Turkey, ten pounds ... 3 hrs.

Goose, eight pounds ... 3 hrs.

Duck, tame 40 to 60 min.

Duck, wild 30 to 40 min.

Grouse, Pigeons and

other large birds ... 30 min.

Small birds 10 to 15 min.

Venison, per pound ... 15 min.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

Four even teaspoonfuls liquid, equal
one even tablespoonful.

Three even teaspoonfuls, dry ma-
terial, equal one even tablespoonful.

Sixteen even tablespoonfuls, liquid,
equal one cupful.

Twelve tablespoonfute, dry materi-
al, equal one cupful.

Two cupfuls, equal one pint.

Four liquid cupfuls, equal one
quart.

Four cupfuls flour equal one quart
or one pound.

Two cupfuls solid butter, equal on©
pound.

Two cupfuls granulated sugar,
equal one pound.

Two and a half cupfuls powdered
sugar, equal one pound.

One pint of milk or water, equals
one pound.

One pint chopped meat, packed,
makes a pound.

One cup rice equals, one-half
pound.

One cup stemmed raisins, makes 6
ounces.

214

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

TABLE OF PROPORTION.

One quart of flour requires one
pint of butter, or butter and lard
mixed for pastry.

One quart of flour requires one
heaping tablespoon of butter for bis-
cuit.

One quart of flour requires one cup
of butter for cup cakes.

One quart of flour requires one-
half level teaspoon of salt.

One quart of flour requires four
teaspoons of baking powder.

One quart of flour requires one
pint of milk for muffins, gems, etc.

One quart of flour requires one
scant quart of milk for batters of all
kinds.

FOR OLD PAINT STAINS.

Paint stains that are dry and oid
may be "removed from cotton or
woollen goods with chloroform. It is
a good plan to first cover the spots
with olive oil or butter.

TO PREVENT APPENDICITIS.

Olive oil is excellent for the health.
A tableapoonful of it three times a
day is recommended by many physi-
cians as a means of warding off ap-
pendicitis.

TO "SET" THE COLOR.

To "set" the color in light shades of
pink and iblue, soak the goods in salt
water with a small lump of alum add-
ed. Use the alum alone for the dif-
ferent shades of lilac and violet. Af-
ter the color has been "set," wash the
garments in warm borax suds, which
will help to keep the color in the
goods.

A GOOD SOUP STOCK.

Save the water in which fresh green
peas have been boiled. It makes an
excellent foundation for soup stock or
gravies. iSo delicate is its flavor that
some people like it served in ibouillon
cups with salt, pepper and a ibit of
butter.

TO CLEAN LEATHER FURNITURE.

Add a little vinegar to some warm
water and wash the leather, -using a
clean cloth or sponge. Wipe with a
dry cloth. Then, to restore the polish,
put two teaspoonfuls of turjmntine
with the whites of two eggs; beat a
little and apply with a .clean flannel

cloth. Dry with another cloth. All
the cloths used should 'be soft and aJb-
solutely clean.

TO STOP BLEEDING.

A heaping teaspoonful of powdered
alum in a cup of water will stop the
flow of blood in any ordinary wound
where no large artery has been sever-
ed. Snuffing a similar solution will
stop bleeding of the nose.

GRINDING BREAD CRUMBS.

If a quart fruit-jar is slipped over
the outlet of the grinder as far as
'possible and held there while grinding
with the other hand, all crumbs will
ibe caught, instead of a lot of them
flying around the room, causing un-
necessary disorder.

FOR EARACHE.

An onion poultice will often relieve
the worst earache.

CAMPHOR FOR SILVER.

A lump of camphor kept near silver
when not in use will prevent it tar-
nishing.

WHEN MEAT IS TOUGH.

Add a tablespoonful of vinegar to the
water or gravy in which the meat is
cooking and let simmer slowly.

TO PREVENT FLIES.

Two ounces of borax sprinkled over
a gar'bage can or refuse pile will effect-
ually prevent flies from breeding.

POTATO MUD REMOVER.

All traces of mud can be removed
from skirts and gentlemen's black
garments by rubbing the stains with
a raw cut potato.

TO. FRESHEN CAKE.

To freshen stale cake, dip it for a
second or two in cold milk and then
reibake it in a rather cool oven. It will
taste almost like new again.

FOR TAR STAINS.

Tar stains may be removed from
cotton fabrics by covering the spots
with butter and allowing it to remain
for a few hours before washing.

FOR BURNS AND SCALDS.

Apply gylceriue and flour, the latter
heaped on the affected part to keep off

HOUSEHOLD.

215

PURITY— the guaranteed Flour

PURITy
FLOUR

SO confident are we of the ability of Purity Flour to
please you better than any other flour you have ever
used, that we have authorized your grocer to sell it with
a straight money-back guarantee.

Go to your grocer and buy a sack — a small sapk if you like —
of Purity Flour. Test it by actual baking results. When
you find, as we say, that it makes "more bread and better
bread" than any other flour; that it makes lighter, tastier
biscuits and cakes; that the pastry is more digestible than
can be made with any other flour — you will know the reason
for the guarantee given. If Purity was riot such a clean,
pure flour, with everything combining to make it as nearly a
perfect flour as possible, you may be sure we could not afford
to give it such an absolute guaremtee.

WESTERN CANADA FLOUR MILLS CO., LIMITED

TORONTO, MONTREAL. CALGARY. WINNIPEG
GODERICH. BRANDON. ST. JOHN. N.B.

216

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

the air. Orv tliis put a good pad of
cotton wool and bandage.

FOR A CINDER IN THE EYE.

To remove a cinder or other foreign
suibstance, lay over the eye a cloth on
which has been spread the beaten
white of an egg, with a little sugar
and pulverized alum added.

FOR MACHINE GREASE STAINS.

Cold rain water and good soap will
usually remove these troublesome
stains.

TO CLEAN JEWELRY.

SUver or gold jewelry may Ibe satis-
factorily cleaned by adding a tea-
spoonful of ammonia to a cup of water
and applying with a rag. ^

USEFUL HINTS.

A soft rag, moistened with lemon
juice and then dipped in silver whit-
ing will be found excellent for clean-
ing piano keys.

A mixture of olive oil and ink in
equal parts is excellent for removing
the rusty appearance from swede
shoes or slippers.

Keep small squares of coarse sand
paper near the kitchen sink. There
is nothing better for removing scorch
or food stuffs from po'ts or pans.

A plain cloth dipped in hot water
and then in a saucer of bran, will
clean white paint and not injure it.
The bran acts like a soap on the
paint.

Often a machine needle, which has
a turned or blunted point may be
made as good as ever by rubbing it
back and forth a few times on a
whetstone.

In cleaning woollen clothes in win-
ter time, take them out of doors,
throw dry snow over them and then
brush it off. This not only removes
dust but lint.

If a strong brine of salt and water
is thrown over the coals, less soot
will collect in the flues and chimneys.
The fire, too, will bum clear and
bright.

To remove hot water marks from
japanned trays use sweet oil. Rub
it in well till all marks disappear.

Good Butter Go^

HandinHandwifli

Good Salt

The Farmer's
Year

IQIfi pi^omises to go
jdown in his-
tory as one of the
record years for Can-
adian farmers and
dairymen — not only for
the excellent prices ob-
tainable— but also for
the high quality of farm
and dairy products.

WINDSOR

DAIRY
SALT

CHEESE
SALT

have done their full
share in making this
possible. Of course
YOU use Windsor Salt.

HOUSEHOLD.

217

then polish the tray with dry flour
and a soft cloth.

Leather can be cleaned very well
with milk. Dust the leather thor-
oughly with a soft cloth, then use
another cloth dipped in , sweet milk
and the spots will be easily removed.

Kerosene rubbed on with a soft
cloth will clean zinc perfectly. Kero-
sene or gasoline applied with a cloth
will also remove all grease spots
from porcelain basins and bath tubs.
Rinse well with very hot water.

If a pan in which milk is cooked is
rinsed out in cold water, the milk
will not be so apt to stick.

If one burns the food in a new
white enamel dish, put 'nto the dish a
tablespoonful of sal soda, fill with
water and boil.

If one has not access to a hot water
bag when it is needed, a good sub-
stitute is a flannel bag filled with hot
sand or salt. A good idea is to keep
a half dozen little ones filled and
ready.

Get a nickel's worth of stick glue
at your druggist's and put three or
four pieces at intervals in the soil
around your fern. Do this three or
four times a year and you will notice
a marked improvement in the plant.

If new enameled saucepans are
placed in a pan of warm water, al-
lowed to come to a boil and then
cooled, they will be found to last
much longer before either cracking
or burning.

White spots on furniture will dis-
appear if a hot plate from the stove
be held over them.

SUSTENANCE FOR THE SICK.

Beef Tea. — Mince one pound of
good lean beef and put into a jar
with one teacupful cold water; cork
closely and set iif a boiler or steamer
to cook. It will require three or four
hours. Strain and season.

Beef Essence. — Put one pound of
lean beef, minced fine, into a jar,
without any water whatever, cover
the jar tightly and set it in a pot or
kettle of cold water, bringing the
water slowly to a boil and allowing
the jar containing the meat to so re-
main simmering until the juice of the
meat is all extracted and the fibre
becomes colorless. Season to taste
and skim when cold.

Barley Water. — Put two ounces of
pearl barley into half a pint boiling
water and let it simmer a few min-
utes. Drain off and add two quarts
of boiling water with a few figs and
stoned raisins cut fine. Boil slowly
until reduced about one-half and
strain. Sweeten to taste, adding the
juice of a lemon and nutmeg if de-
sired.

Toast Water. — Brown nicely, but
do not burn, the slices of bread, and
pour upon them sufficient boiling
water to cover. Let them steep until
cold, keeping the bowl or dish con-
taining the toast closely covered.
Strain off the water and sweeten to
taste, putting a piece of ice into it
as drank.

Flaxseed Lemonade. — Pour on
four tablespoonfuls of whole flaxseed
one quart of boiling water and add
the juice of two lemons. Let it steep
for three hours, keeping it closely
covered. Sweeten to taste. Excel-
lent for colds.

Slippery-Elm Bark Tea. — Pour

boiling water over the bark, first
breaking it into bits; cover the pitch-
er containing it and let it stand until
cold; add lemon juice if desired and
sweeten to taste.

Mulled Buttermilk. — The well-
beaten yolk of an egg added to boil-
ing butter-milk and allowed to boil
up; or add to the boiling butter-milk
a little thickening of flour and cold
buttermilk.

Baked Milk. — Put the milk in a
jar, covering the opening with white
paper, and bake in a moderate oven
until thick as cream. May be taken
by the most delicate stomach.

Onion Gruel. — Boll a few sliced
onions in a pint of fresh milk, stir-
ring in a very little oatmeal and a
pinch of salt; boil iintil the onions
become tender and take at once just
before going to bed. Excellent for a
cold.

Arrowroot. — Use milk or water as
preferred. Put a heaping teaspoon-
ful of ground arrowroot into a cup
and mix with a little cold milk. Stir
into a pan containing a pint of either
cream or water that has been brought
to a boil, adding a little salt. Let it
simmer for a few minutes and then
pour out. May be sweetened or
flavored with nutmeg if desired.

218

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Shrewd Buyers.

These have you at their
Mercy

Sickness, fire or tramps have no pity on thie unpro-
tected farm home. Isolation is their great ally —
for always and everywhere they work against time.
And unless the farmer's home can get help quickly
its fight is a losing one. Shrewd buyers can out-
wit you, dissatisfied help leave you In the lurch.

Unless you have a Telephone

a sudden emergency may find you helpless. With
the telephone every neighbor is "next door" — the
doctor, the mill, the employment agency — every
member of your community is practically at your
elbow.

Write to-day for the most interesting booklet ever
issued on the subject of farm protection — 125,000
Canadian farmers helped to write it.
It costs you nothing — it may mean a revelation of
opportunities that you have never seen before.
Send the coupon to-day. Address the nearest of-
fice of the

Norffier/f Ehctric Com party

Wife's Loneliness.

■ PROTECT

yourself against
these troubles.

Toronto
Halifax
Montreal

Edmonton
Vancouver
Victoria

Winnipeg

Regina

Calgary

513 C.F.Y.B.

THIS

AViii give you ^^r pii°;;i'it'"" f-^^xJ^A

protection. ^^^ , a ^^ ^"'"P^"^' *4'"'**'^'

-^^ (Address nearest house).

Send me, without cost or

obligation, your booklet, "How

the Telephone Helps the Farmer," and

other data regarding Rural Telephones.

iJame

' Post Office

Province

FARM BUILDIN-GS AND EQUIPMENT.

219

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT

General Principles of Farm Building Location

To begin with, the home site should
■be selected so that any part of the
farm can be reached without any diffi-
culty or great inconvenience. Many
times, in order to avoid small incon-
veniences, the ibuildings are located
so that part of the -fields are more or
less inaccessible, or so far away that
much time is wasted in going to and
from the fields at busy times of the
year.

When an approximate location has
been decided upon, place the house in
the best place available. Try to obtain
the most attractive view possible, and
(build the house so that the view may
be advantageously used. The house
is by far the most important of farm
buildings, though to observe many
farms, one would think the exact op-
posite to l>e true. At least half of his
life the farmer spends in his house,
and his wife spends much the greater
part of her time there. The farmer's
wife is entitled to have a well-'built
and well-located workshop, in which
she manages and contrives to make
and keep a happy home, so essential to
true success.

If the drainage of the home site is
not perfect, this must be attended to,
so that good sanitation may be ob-
tained. Plenty of good air and quick
drainage of soil are essential. This
can be secured by a location on a fair-
ly dry soil, slightly elevated. Of
course, any protection against cold
north winds should be taken advant-
age of, but it is a question whether a
windbreak on the west is desirable;
cool and refreshing winds should not
be deflected during the heated season.

The house should not be located too
near the highway, nor is it necessary
to have the front of the house toward
the highway. Unless because of some
special condition the distance between
highway and house should not be less
than 200 feet, and if the most desir-
able location for the house be twice
or thrice that distance, perhaps so
much the better. A park-like entrance
drive, the road end of which should
be in plain view from the house, should
be laid out up to the house-yard gate
in a graceful curve; it should be bor-
dered by trees, vrhich should be so

arranged as net to interfere with the
view. The barn should be located so
the prevailing winds will not carry
the stable odors toward the house, and
the general slope of the land should be
from the house toward the barn,
rather than the opposite. The bam
and any adjacent pens should not be
placed in near proximity to the drive,
but should preferably be reached by a
branch of the main drive. If it is
necessary and can be so arranged,
another drive should be provided
which will not pass near the house, to
be used for hauling, etc. The exact
position and arrangement of other
buildings will be governed by their
use; for economy and convenience
they should be few and rather com-
pact, though not so close as to in-
crease fire risk. Pens, sheds, and
stacks should occupy inconspicuous
positions.

Machine Shed.

The width of the building governs
to a large extent the method of roof
framing. Machine sheds adapt them-
selves readily to certain widths, 18
feet and 26 feet being perhaps the
widths that can be most economically
utilized. The floor plans following il-
lustrate possible arrangements of ma-
chines within the buildings. If only an
18-foot width iz used for the structure,
the rafters themselves, with perhaps
a collar beam or cross tie, are suffi-
cient to support the roof. If a great-
er width is employed, a simple truss,
like the one in figure 56, must be
built up, and placed at intervals of
9 or 10 feet. Ofttimes the collar
beams and cross ties are .used to sup-
port poles, lumber, and odds and ends
that accumulate, and the weight of
these things will give the roof a ten-
dency to rack or sag. If the intention
is to use the collar beams and ties for
this purpose, the framing should be
made extra strong to resist the addi-
tional strain.

The floor of the shed should not be
very high, and the approaches to the
door should be quite gradual, for other-
wise it will be very difficult to run
some of the heavier machines into the
shed. Some builders advocate the use

220

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

of bwo-story structures, but this is im-
practicable for the ordinary farm, and
the added expense for the necessary
hoist and the trouble of operating it
would make it undesirable. However,
this idea may be well worked out if
the shed is built on the slope of a
steep hill, so that natural approaches
may be had on two sides, and a hoist
will be unnecessary.

In preparing the design of a machine
shed, the iirsit consideration is the
number of machines to be housed, au'd
whether or not a farm shop is to be
included in the building. Then comes
the arranging of the machines with
the view of getting them into such lo-
cations as to enable the user to get
them out and dn with the least amount
of trouble. For instance, a binder, be-
ing used just once a year, may well oc-
cupy a farther comer, leaving the
space near the door for the mower and
the plow, implements which are used
oftener and for longer periods than
the binder. The wagons, buggies, and
imanure spreaders are used so much
throughout the year that they should
be especially accessible.

Modern Stable Equipment

Few jobs on the farm require as
much constant attentiion as stable
cleaning. It is a job -which cannot be
neglected. The barn must ibe cleaned
not only thoroughly, but regularly, and
this must be done not six day® of the
week only, but seven. Lifting wheel-
barrow loads of cow manure and
wheeling them through the yard to the
pile is heavy work, for the yard is
usually very muddy or loovered with
sluslh or snow. It is very necessary
to get the manure a good distance
from the bam, so that the ifumes will
not rot the wood work, injure the har-
ness and implements, affect the health
of the cows or taint the milk. These
many needs made the introduction of
a labor saving device for stalble clean-
ing very welcome to Canadian far-
mers. The manure carrier has within
the past eight years become almost as
popular as the binder. In many sec-
tions you will not find a farmer wlho has
not his manure carrier outfit. As it
runs on a level overhead track, there
is no heavy weight to be lifted. It

IMPLEMENT JHED

2XI(;RIDGE PIECE

SHINGLES
HEETING

5CALE

'""""" I I I 1 1 I I I I

'Bour

r FACIA ^FREIie.
•BOARblNH

■ coAfCAsre piek.

CR05S SECTION

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT.

221

can. be run into any part of the stable
and by means of a swing pole can be
pushed out to be dumped in the yard.
It takes more than four times the
load a wheelbarrow will carry, and,
if desired can be dumped directly into
the wagon or spreader. The water
tight bucket preserves all tihe liquid
manure and 'prevents slopping over or
dripping on the way to the pile.

Many farmers extend the manure
carrier track to run up the feed pas-
sage and use a feed carrier for feed-
ing. This will handle ensilage, grain,
roots, and in fact any kind of feed.
One load can be made to do for the
whole herd, so steps backrward and
forward are saved, and, as well, can
be made to save almost as much work
as the manure carrier, because, for
every pound of manure, from five to
ten pounds of feed have to ihe handled.

If tihere is a good cement floor in
the barn, a floor feed truck is another
excellent device for feeding with.
Sanitary Steel Stalls.

Galvanized Steel Stalls are great
labour savers, too, for they are very
easy to keep clean. The small round
surface scarcely collects any dust or

dirt, and there is no place for vermin
to lodge.

The stalls are very sanitary. They
do not soak up manure. Sunlight can
floor through the open construction of
the steel, and as it is the 'best disin-
fectant in the world, it destroys germs
of disease in the stable. These two
points make the stalls a valuable ally
in fighting tuberculosis. They are
very durable, as they will not rot. A
sta'ble jo^b in which steel stalls and the
cement floors are used is practically
everlasting. Not even force can de-
stroy it.

In building this modem steel equii>-
ment the comfort of the cow has been
one of the most important considera-
tions kept in view. As the dairy in-
dustry has developed in recent years,
it has beea found that proper treat-
ment has about as much to do with
the welfare of the dairy cow and with
the quantity of milk sihe gives, as the
method of feeding her.

Swinging steel stanchions ^ve her
as much freedom within the limits of
her stall as she would have out in the
field, except in one very important
way. The best stanchions keep the

FR.ONT Ei-EVATIOM

222

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

cow lined up over tlie gutter so she
can't dung on her stand. IBUT tlie
great point is that she is free to turn
lier head as she pleases, card her
flanks, lie down on either side, and
there is no Chafing, no weight on her
neck, no tug or pull on her head.

The Steel Stalls are a great con-
venience for the owner in other ways.
For instance the steel partitions pre-
vent the animals crowding when heing
miliked, and they .protect the milker
from the next cow. The .Steel Stan-
chions are very simple to close and
can "be opened even when the animal
is lunging or pulling back with all its
might. This has in more than one
instance been found an invaluable
feature in releasing cows from alburn^
ing stable. Had chain ties ibeen in
use, it would have (been almost im-
possible to save the animals.

Certainly they soon ipay iback cost,
many times. The most mjodem styles
are 'being galvanized to prevent rust-
ing through contact with moist bed-
ding and no extra charge is made for
this splendid finish. The stable al-
ways looks very fine and the owner
will always be extremely proud of it.

•Steel pens for the calves, and for
the 'bull, and maternity .pens for the

cows have the advantage outlined.

The fronts of calf pens oansist of
a whole row of stanchions which can
be opened and closed altogether with
a lever or at one time. Individual
stanchions which can be opened and
closed altogether with a levet,
or one at a time. Individual
stanchions permit one to feed each
calf separately so that no ibully can
get the big share at the exipense of
the others. The latfest type of calf
pen equipment is illustrated ihy the
small photo on this page. There is
an individual ipen for each calf, but
when desired, the panels ibetween any
number of pens can be removed com-
hining the pens to form larger ones.

METAL SHINGLES.

The important ipoint to get at is the
quality of the metal, the galvanizing
and the lock used on the shingle to
fasten it to those on every side of it.
It should ibe secure against all water,
snow and wind, and if proof against
the above, it will also be lightning
proof if the roof is connected to the
ground by wires. The lightning bolt
striking a metal roof becomes scatter-
ed on the iron and instead of concen-
trating its force at any particular

0 1 2. 3 A\S 6 T a 9 10

Implement ^hed ^cau m ■ i Tt i i ith

1

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FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. 223

M

Barn of E. L. Roddy, P.: _, .

THIS BARN HAS

"EASTLAKE" SHINGLE ROOF

Fire-proof — Storm-proof — Wear-proof,

"EMPIRE" CORRUGATED IRON SIDES

Strong — Neat — Weather-tight — Durable.

"HALITUS" VENTILATORS

Efficient — Economical — Easily Attached.

"EMPIRE" SILO ROOF

Strong — Serviceable — Big Opening for Filling.

We make a complete line of "Quality First" Metallic Roofing
and Siding, also beautiful patterns of Metallic Ceiling and
Wall Coverings for inside use. *

LIMITED

The Metallic Roofing Co.

"Quality First" Manufacturers. "Quality First'

WINNIPEG and TORONTO.

224

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

point sufficient to penetrate the roof
it loses force and readies the earth
^ without damage by means of cables
attached to the corners of the metal
roof and extending into the ground.

Pay strict attention to where the
locks on the shingles are folded as
here if anywhere the defects in the
metal will shov/ up.

If the material seems to thave bent
without cracking the iron or the gal-
vanizing, then it is pretty safe to buy
this shingle for this is a greater test
than the roof will ever likely be called
upon to stand.

It is wise to note the appearance of
the shingle as it oosts no more to have
a neat looking roof than it does for a
humped loose lock and unsightly pat-
tern and parti-cular attention should
(be given to the provision for nailing
to the roof.

SHEET METAL FOR BUILDINGS.

Sheet metal is fireproof. Here lies
perhaps its greatest virtue, and one
that can hardly "be over-valued. It is
also lightning-proof. When a metal
roof is properly "grounded," lightning
may strike it with no more effect than
if it struck out in a lake.

Sheet metal is comparatively light in
weight, imposing no strain on the
structure, and permitting the safe em-
ployment of light and inexpensive sup-
ports.

It is practically immune from affec-
tion by extremes of heat and cold. It
will not snap with frost and ice, nor
will it curl up, warp and twist under
the summer sun. It does not retain, on
into the night, the heat infused into it
by day, but will cool off quickly, mak-
ing sleeping quarters much more com-
fortable. This latter feature applies
more particularly, iperhaps, to teme
plates than to any of the other metals.

Sheet anetal roofing presents a
smooth surface, free from cracks and
crevices. It thus affords no grip for
snow, hut permits same to slide off
freely without freezing, and the con-
sequent "back-watering" and leaking.
Its smooth hard surface also permits
of its l>eing walked on without dam-
age. It also admits of a secure and
watertight junction at valleys and
hips. The joints of a sheet metal roof
are invariably dose and snug fitting.
For this reason, it is rarely disturbed
(by violent winds and cyclones — the

wind can get no purchase under it.

The ibig item of cost in a sheet metal
roof is material. The small item is
laJbor. The purchaser thus has the
satisfaction of knowing that the 'bulk
of his money is actually entering into
the life and service of his roof — it is
not being paid merely for laying it.
This rapidity and ease of laying is
also of advantage in another way, tn
that it admits of the buyer laying the
roof himself, or with unskilled help
only, if it is not convenient to hire it
done. This last clause applies in par-
ticular to the more simple, ibut none
the less excellent, forms of galvanized
shingles, tiles, etc.

Sheet metal roofing is durable. ('Bear
in mind that we are speaking of relia-
ble materials only.) Plenty at metal
roofs are in evidence to-day which
were laid 30, 50 and 60 years ago, and
which, by all appearances, are still
good for many years' service. iHow
many times they have saved their re-
spective buildings from destruction by
fire or lightning can only be a matter
of conjecture.

iMuch harm has undou1>tedly been
done to the good name of metal roofing
by the use in some localities o f cheap
material, which has proven short-lived.
This should in nowise ibe held against
the iproducts of which this article
treats, as if good material is used,
there is ample evidence to prove that
it will give generations of satisfactory
service.

For rural districts, sheet metal has
an added advantage, in that it sheds
dean rain water — ^and more of it.
None can soak in, so it all flows off.
It further has the property of con-
densing and shedding the dew, a fair
area of roof often shedding a quarter
or ihalf-lbarrel in. a single night in an
otherwise dry season.

In ipoint of appearance sheet metal
roofing can satisfy the most exacting
tastes. It is made in a range of styles
and patterns suitable for every con-
ceiTa'ble sort of building. The plain
severe lines of the standing seam and
similar styles look neat and service-
able for industrial buildings, while the
numerous patterns of embossed shin-
gles and tiles afford the home-owner
a "Chance to select something to ac-
cord with any style of architecture.

Sheet metal can be painted very
quickly and very cheaply. The paint

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT^|

225

does not need to be brushed in, and,
as there is no absorption, a little goes
a long way.

From the standpoint of economy,
sheet metal roofing should appeal
strongly to the thoughtful buyer. Its
first cost is very moderate, and figur-
ed by "year-cost," it is decidedly
economical. True economy consists
not in buying the cheapest product,
but in buying that which is best value
in the end.

THE SLED CORN HARVESTER.

The platform is made by nailing to-
gether three 10-tach boards 6 feet
long. Two 2 by 2 runners 2 feet long
are nailed to the front of the plat-
form on each side of it. The rear end
of the platform can rest on the
ground; this gives the harvester an
upward slope.

- A 4 by 4 two feet and ten inches
long is bolted oa the rear end of the
platform with two six-inch bolts.
Next, a second piece of 4 by 4, three
feet and four inches long, is bolted
on the platform two feet from the
rear end of the platform, with two
six-inch bolts. This piece should ex-
tend ten inches over the right side of
sled to which the guard is fastened.
The under side of it should be sloped
to almost a point so that it will pass
over the stubble. A 2 by 4 guard five
feet long is then fastened to the right
hand corner of the 4 by 4 on rear end
of sled with a seven-inch bolt. This

guard is then bolted to the end of the

second 4 by 4 with a five-inch bolt

A heavy blade from a conunon
brush or brier scythe can be used for
the blade. The blade is fastened to
the second 4 by 4 and to the guard.
The back of the blade is fastened to
the 4 by 4 with a hook bolt. This bolt
can be made by taking a half -inch
rod seven inches long and make a
hook to fit the back of the blade, and
cutting threads on the other end. The
point of the blade is made fast to the
under side of the guard by bolting it
between the guard and a short piece
of 2 by 4 with two foiir-inch bolts.
The blade should have a slight ui>-
ward slope.

The com is cut by drawing the sled
between rows of corn. A man should
stand on the sled and catch the com
in his right arm as it is cut; when he
gets his arm full of com he can put it
in a shock or lay it ia piles on the
groimd.

The following material will be nec-
essary to make a sled harvester:

3 10-inch boards, 6 feet long for the
platform.

1 piece 2x2 inches by 4 feet long for
the runners.

1 piece 2x4 inches by 5 feet long for
the guard.

1 brier scythe blade.

4 4-inch bolts.
1 o-inch bolt.

4 6-inch bolts.

1 7-lnch hook bolt.

Sled corn harvesters. (See information ab^ve.)

226

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

A GOOD BARN PLAN.

Sheep Bams and Their Arrangement, than the hardy American Merino.

It is well known that sheep wiH
not bear close and constant confine-
ment like cattle. They must have
not only exercise, but plenty of air.
Their natural habitat is> in mountain
regions, where the air is bracing. In
the care of sheep this must always be
kept in mind. Hence, sheep-barns
must have an abundance of ventila-
tion, with large yards attached for
exercise when the weather is favor-
able. In fact, their fleeces amply
protect them from extreme cold when
not exposed to storms. In all mild
climates they thrive better under
open, protected sheds. The mutton
breeds, and especially the long-wool-
ed breeds, and more especially the
Leicester, require better protection

The plan accompanying was design-
ed iby the architect of the Experiment-
al [Farm, Ottawa, to meet the require-
ments of a small farm where four or
five horses and fifteen to twenty cattle
are kept. No part is ibelow groimd as
light and freedom from dampness are
considered essential to the health of
animals. The dimensions given and
the arrangement of timbers as shown
in cross section will enable a builder
to carry out the design. In the cattle
stable the hay chutes are indicated hy
the letter A; meal chutes B; fresh air
inlet C; foul air outlet D; manger E;
grain bins G; meal bins H.

RAFTERS

gloc»»VP6ir -

6PUMJU^-Zx^)

i

»«• CONCRETE pmRS
UN06ft.llV)N POST

A barn plan for small farm.

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT.

227

Round and Rectangular Bams €k>in-
pared.

In comparing the 60 foot round
bam wit-h a rectangular bam of tbe
same area, the two bams should af-
ford the cows the same amount of
space on the platform. Allowing
each cow in the 60 foot round bam
3 feet 6 inches in width at the rear
of the platforaa, it will accommodate
40 cows and leave space for two pas-
sage ways. But in a rectangular
barn, only 3 feet 4 inches of platform
space need be allowed for each cow,
and the 78^ foot bam, with two 3-
foot passage ways across it for con-
venience in feeding, will accommo-
date 42 cows. While the rectangular
barn has stall room for two more
cows, the round bam contains space
in the center for a silo 18 feet in
diameter.

The floor space and cubical content
of the round bam 60 feet in diameter,
and the rectangular bam compared
with it in these tables, are practi-
cally the same, and the barns are
therefore directly comparable. This
being true, the percentages which

were figured from the complete bills
of material for these bams show the
exact saving in lumber on the 60 foot
round barn over the plank and mor-
this frame, rectangular bams 36 x
781^ feet. The lumber bills of the
rectangular bams show an increase
in cost of 28 per cent, for the plank
frame and 54 per cent, for the mor-
tise frame, rectangular barns 36 x
in diameter, contains 188%, and the
rectangular bam 22 5 lineal feet of
wall. The rectangular barn has,
therefore, 22 per cent, more lineal
feet of outside barn wall, requiring
a proportional inci:ease in both paint
and foundation.

The 176% foot rectangular bam
would hold 10 0 cows, allowing each
cow 3 feet 4 inches in width and pro-
viding for 3 passage ways of 3 feet
each across the bam.

The 90 foot round bam would hold
100 cows in two rows headed to-
gether, 6 5 of which would be in the
outer circle, and have 3 feet 6 inches
each in width at the gutter. This
leaves suflBcient room for feed alleys
and walks, and two passage ways, one
3 feet and the other 7 feet wide for

ftOOR UME-* .

End elevation of barn. (See page 226.)

228

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

the manure and feed carriers. All
of this is outside of a central space
for a silo 20 feet in diameter and 71
feet high, with a capacity for 620
tons of silage, and in the mow there
would still be an excess, above the
capacity of the rectangular barn, of
33,000 cubic feet, which would hold
66 tons of hay, or as much as the en-
tire mow of a barn 32 x 36 feet with
20 foot posts.

The square feet of floor space in
the round bam 90 feet in diameter
and rectangular barn 36 x 176% feet
are the same, but the cubical content
of the former is more than that of the
latter. The increase In the lumber
bill is 23 per cent, in the plank frame
and 53 per cent, in the mortise
frame barn. The round bam 90 feet
in diameter contains 283 and the
rectangular barn 426 lineal feet of
wall. The rectangular barn has,
therefore, 50 per cent, more lineal
feet of outside barn wall, requiring
a proportional increase in both paint
and foundation.

The smaller surface on the outside
wall of the round barn requires less
paint and makes a proportional sav-
ing in keeping the round barn painted
in after years.

Conclusions.

The advantages of the round barn
are convenience, strength and cheap-
ness.

The round barn is more convenient,
because of the unobstructed mow,
which reduces the labor required in

mowing hay, and because of the
greater care and fewer steps with
which the feed can be gotten to the
cows, owing to the central location
of the supply.

The circular construction is the
strongest because advantage is taken
of the lineal strength of the lumber.
All. exposed surfaces are circular, and
withstand greater wind pressure, as
the wind can get no direct hold, as on
the sides or gable ends of a rect-
angular barn.

In round numbers, rectangular
barns require, according to their con-
struction, from 34 to 58 per cent,
more in cost of material than round
barns with the same floor area and
built of the same grade of material.

Roofing.

Shingles as roof covering are used
far more than any other type for
residences, farm buildings, sheds, etc.
The best shingles are made from cy-
press, redwood, or cedar, in the order
given. Cypress shingles are usually
18 inches long and are supi>osed to be
7-16 of an inch thick at the butt, while
other kinds are but 16 Inches long
and about 5-16 of an inch thick at the
hutt. The width of shingles varies
fram 2 1-.2 to 14 and even 16 inches.
They are sold in bundles, usually four
to a thousand, a "thousand" meaning
the equivalent of 1,000 shingles 4
inches wide. When shingles are to
be used for special designs, they are
sawed to a uniform width, either 4,

SIDE EUEYATION

Side elevation of barn described on page 226.

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT.

229

6, or 6 inches, and are known as di-
mension shingles.

Slate shingles are used where fire-
proofing and permanency are of im-
portance. A good slate should be
hard, tou^h, and uniform In quality
and color. The color of slates varies
from blue-;black, dark-blue, and purple
to gray and green, and In some quar-
ries, red. The size of slates is also
subject to variation, from 6x12 inches
to 14x24 inches. They are sold by the
"square," which means a sufficient
number of slates to cover 100 square
feet of roof with a 3-inch lap over the
course below.

Roofing tile is a term applied to ex-
terior roof covering, made from clay,
with overlapping edges. Their com-
paratively high cost has prevented
the wide iise of tile in America, though
in better classes of residences their
use is common because of their adapt-
ability in lending themselves to fancy
treatment in architectural details. '
They compare favorably with slates
in cost. Tile manufactured from sheet
metal heavily tinned or galvanized, or
painted, are coming into quite com-
mon use.

Tin roofing is made with the use of
sheets of steel coated with tin or a
mixture of lead and tin, called teme.
Where the roof pitch is less than one
third, the plates are united with flat
seams, and are fastened by means of

one-inch tinned and barbed roofing
nails over which the seams are well
hammered down, and then soldered.
For steep roofs, standing seams should
be used composed of two "upstands"
with a cleat holding them in place,
as shown in Figure 14. Nails
should be driven into the cleats
only. A tin roof properly mad© and
kept well painted should last thirty
or forty years.

Gravel roofing is used on very low-
pitched roofs. It is formed ordinarily
by covering the surface of the roof
with dry felt paper, and over this lay-
ing three, four, or five layers of tarrea
or asQihalted felt, the layers overlapn
ping each other, so that only from 6
to 10 inches of the 30-inch width of
paper is exposed. This is then cover-
ed with a uniform coat of pitch into
which, while hot, gravel or slag is im-
bedded. A responsible roofer wiU usu-
ally guarantee his work for five years,
although a good roof of this kind
should last from fifteen to twenty
years.

"Ready roofing," made by cementing
together two or more layers of satur-
ated felt or felt and "burlap, and then
coated with either a hard solution ot
the same cementing material, or with
hot pitch or asphalt in which is Im-
bedded sand or fine gravel, is quite
widely used. It is usually sold in rolls
36 inches wide. When mad© by a r©-

■n-o'

siA

Ground plan of barn . See page 226.

230

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

liable manufacturer, it provides an
economical and durable roof, and for
some buildings it is to be preferred to
any other form of roofing.

Paints and Painting.

For new exterior work, at least
three coats are necessary for a satis-
factory paint surface. The first, or
priming, coat is largely absora)ed by
the wood. Residences are usually
painted with a white lead base, which
Is sold as a paste containing 10 per
cent, of oil. White zinc is also an im-
portant base. Each has Its defects,
the white lead having a tendency to
powder, and the white zinc becoming
hard and scaly; lyy mixing the two to-
gether in the proportions of 1-3 white
zinc to 2-3 white lead, a product is
formed superior to each of its compon-
ents.

QPainting may be facilitated if the
trim is painted first, leaving the body
color to be laid on neatly against It..
The paint should he brushed on with
the grain, and each coat should be al-
lowed a week In which to harden be-
fore the succeeding coats are applied.
The priming coat will require about a
gallon of paint for each 300 square
feet of surface, the second and third
coats being much thinner, a gallon of
paint covering ahout SOO or 600 square
feet. The paint for roofs should con-
tain a large proportion of oil and little
OT no drier.

The treatment of shingles may re-
sult in especially heautiful effects if
properly done. Special shingle stains
of almost every conceivable color and
tints an.d shades of color are made,
which consist of a pigment suspended
in creosote or some similar liquid, the
creosote having a definite preserving
effect. Objection is sometimes made
to the odor of the creosote, but this
soon passes away; should the rain
water collected from the roofs he used
for household purposes, it is better
that it be diverted from the cistern
for a time, until two or three good
rains have washed the roof. Creosote
is not poisonous, but it is more or less
disagreeable in odor.

Interior Painting.
Doors and window frames are given
a priming coat before they leave the
mill, the priming being omitted on
those surfaces which will later be var-
nished or stained. As mentioned be-
fore, all resinous knots should be shel-

lacked before any paint is applied. Fol-
lowing the priming coat should come
the puttying, which is done more sat-
isfactorily vsnth a wooden spatula than
with a steel putty knife, which cannot
be used without marring the surface.
The paint for the second coat should
have a vehicle which is half turpentine
so that it will dry with a dull, or "flat"
surface, to which the next coat will
adhere readily. The third coat is usu-
ally the final one, and may be an or-
dinary paint, drying with a gloss that
may he removed by a light nibbing
with pumice stone and water.

Enamel paint, a harder and more ex-
pensive paint than oil paint, is made
with varnish as a vehicle. It is com-
monly applied over oil paint which
has been slightly roughened with sand-
paper when quite dry. When the first
enamel coat has hardened, it should
be sandpapered or cut with curled hair,
and then covered with the final coat,
which may 'be left iglossy or rubbed
flat as desired.

Varnish.

Varnishes are of two kinds, spirit
varnishes, made by dissolving a resin
in a volatile oil, of which type shellac
is a familiar example, and dl var-
nishes. In which the resin is mixed
with linseed oil and this compound
dissolved in turpentine or benzine.

The gums principally used in mak-
ing oil varnishes are amber, anime
and copal, the last of -which Is used
the most extensively. It is not as
duraible as amber, and not so expen-
sive. Coach varnish is made from the
paler kinds of this gum. Of the softer
gums, mastic, gammar, and resin are
dissolved in the best grade of turpen-
tine, and make a light, quick-drying
varnish, which, however, is not very
tough nor durable. The softest gums,
lac, sandarac, etc., are dissolved in
alcohol to make a quick-drying varnish
harder and more glossy than the tur-
pentine varnishes, (but not nearly so
durable nor so resistant to exposure.
. Applying Varnish.

The wood to he varnished first re-
ceives a coat of paste filler, which is
strongly nibbed in along the grain
with a stiff brush, and which, after a
half hour's drying, is rubbed off with
burlap or excelsior across the grain.
Following this, any necessary putty-
ing is done, and in two days the first
coat of varnish is applied; after five

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT.

281

days it is cut with curled hair or sand-
paper to remove tlie gloss, so the next
coat ■win adhere well; then two or
three coats of varnish five days apart,
each coat well rubbed except the last,
which may be left glossy, or given a
flat tone by rubbing with pumice stone
and water.

Shingling a Roof.

More persons fail in shingling a
roof than in other rough building
work, yet it is really very simple,
ir you begin at the top of the roof
to shingle, you will not be the first
man who has done so. BUT DON'T!
Always begin at the bottom. Break
the joints by laying the center of
a shingle over the cracks of two
others, or a wide shingle to cover the
cracks of narrow shingles. The raft-
ers should be laid level; the shingles
laid with not more than one-quarter
of their length exposed to the wea-
ther, and nailed above the lap. Very
wide shingles have three nails, the
average two, and very narrow shin-
gles one nail each.

Each line of shingles must be laid
true to the line, one with the others,
the lower course being laid about two
inches over the edge of the lower-
sheathing board. The details of
shingling are as follows: Stretch a
line at the proper distance beyond
the lower roof-board, lay the butts
of the first course of shingles to this
line, narrow and wide, just as they
com«3, discarding such as are shaky,
wormy or rotten. This course laid,
stretch the rechalked line along the
row of shingles the proper number
of inches above the lower edge, draw
It tight, snap it, and you have the
mark for the next course. Nail on
this course, always having a shingle
cover a crack by at least one inch.
So proceed course by course, moving
your foot-rest up the roof when you
can no longer nail from the scaffold
on the side. When you have reached
the peak, saw the last shingles square
with the slope of the other roof.
Shingle the other side, saw these off
fair, cover the peak with two strips,
nicely jointed together, and the roof
will be as good as the best.

Care of Implements.

All farm implements should be

kept under cover and cared for when

not in use. The mowing machine,

reaper, plows and all other imple-

ments having bright surfaces, should
have these covered with a mixture
of kerosene and lampblack, when put
away. It is easily rubbed off when
they are wanted again, and the sur-
faces thus retain their polish. When
left in the field over night they should
be rubbed with an oiled cloth. Only
pure oil, unsalted, should be used.
A pint will last long and save many
dollars.

You will be surprised, on trial, how
small a space is really required to
store all tools, and small farm imple-
ments from the weather. An open
shed will do for wagons, sleds, har-
rows, and that class of machinery;
but a closed room is necessary for
plows and other implements having
bright surfaces. If they are exposed
under an unenclosed roof the moii^
ture of the atmosphere is apt to ru«t
them in damp weather, to say noth-
ing of injury from dust and the dan-
ger that they will be stolen by night
prowlers while the farmer is asleep.

Ventilation.

For many years, the ventilation of
stock barns was under careful experi-
ment. Many recommended and sug-
gested systems were put into opera-
tion in horse stables, cattle stables
and hog pens, and the results were
carefully compared. The object was
to determine what system would pro-
duce the most uniform results in se-
curing purity and dryness of atmos-
phere without draughts and with the
least amount of attention. The re-
sults of these investigations have
been very profitable, inasmuch as a
highly satisfactory system has been
arrived at, and one that is not pro-
tected by patent rights. It Is simple
in irrinciple and inexpensive to install.
It is automatic in action and only
slightly infiuenced by the rate or di-
rection of the wind.

The system was Invented and put
into operation by Dr. J. G. Ruther-
ford, for a number of years Dominion
Veterinary Director General and Live
Stock Commissioner, and is known as
the "Rutherford" system. The prin-
ciple upon which it works is that of
an ordinary stove — the stable corres-
ponding to the stove, the animals to
the fire, the inlets to the front damp-
er and the outlets for the foul air to
the stove pipe or chimney. So long
as the walls, windows and doors are
fairly close, the animals raise the

282

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

temperature and cause the ventilators
to work, and this in proportion to the
requirements. The greater the num-
ber of animals and the closer the
stable, the more rapidly will the sys-
tem operate. And this is what is
needed, not only for puritx of air,
but for uniformity of temperature as
well. In a close stable, the degree of
foulness of atmosphere corresponds
with the temperature, as both are
directly influenced by the radiation
and breath from the stock. The air
warmed by the stock naturally rises
and seeks an outlet. The outlet is
necessarily at the ceiling and consists
of a flue which passes through the
roof. At the Experimental Farm, the
flues pass through an upper story.
These should extend well above the
building for the same reason that a
chimney must do so in order to draw
well.

The inlets enter the stable at the
floor level. The inlet pipe is U-
shaped and passes beneath the foun-
dation wall. If the fresh air is taken
from a covered shed, the mouth out-
side may be near the ground level,
and be protected by a grating. If

Dehorning Stall For Cattle.

however, the air has to be drawn
from outside, more especially in dis-
tricts subject to snow fall, the pipe
should extend 4 or 5 feet above
ground and the opening should be
roofed so as to avoid the entrance of
snow or rain, or undue influence from
the wind. The roofed pipe is built
against the wall, and the air enters
through slots in the sides close
against the building. The size ot
these openings corresponds with the
capacity of the pipe inside.

The ventilator works by virtue of
the natural tendency of warm air to
rise. As the air warms, it becomes
foul, rises and escapes by the otuiets.
As nature abhors a vacuum, the es-
cape of the warm air creates a suc-
tion of fresh air by way of the inlet
pipes. Since the animals are con-
stantly giving off warmth and expell-
ing carbonic acid gas, the warm, foul
air is constantly escaping and cold,
fresh air is at the same time entering
the stable, thus keeping \xv a gentle,
almost imperceptible, system of ven-
tilation. To regulate the ventilation,
a damper is provided in the outlet
flue. The closing of this also stops a
large extent the inflow of fresh air, as
the draught ceases, stopping the suc-
tion. By the original system, the in-
let pipe enters at the floor level. This
is to facilitate a steady, unobstructed,
almost imperceptible flow of ait
through the stable towards the out-
lets. To guard against chaff, and
dust falling into the opening, Mr.
"Grisdale, in the main cattle barn at
the Farm raised the openings about
four inches above the floor level.

The amount of ventilation neces-
sary for a barn depends upon thd
number of animals to be housed. Suf-
ficient is needed to maintain in cold
weather a temperature of from 40 to
45 degrees Fahrenheit. A well-built
stable, stocked to a reasonable capa-
city, should have the air changed
every 30 to 45 minutes. Air removed
at this rate will carry off the foul
air as it is expelled from the stock;
it will also remove the vapour which,
if allowed to remain, would condense
on the walls and ceilings.

The intake and outlet flues should
be about the some In capacity that is,
provided the stable is tightly con-
structed. Because more or less air
is sure to enter around windows and
doors, the intakes may be slightly

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT.

283

Post anchor for
hollow places.

Leaving end to wrap and staple.

Wrapping wire around own member.

Wood end post
ntted with an-
chors.

Stretcher in action.

The completed fence.

Modern Fence Building Illustrated.

234

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

smaller than the outlets. At the Ex-
perimental Farm, this system Is in
operation in the main cattle bam in
which the milking herds are housed,
a bull barn, a barn for fattening cat-
tle, a horse stable and the piggery.
The main cattle barn 120 feet by 50
feet accommodates one hundred head.
It has three outlets for foul air each
2 feet by 4 feet, and nine inlets for
fresh air, each 3 feet by 10 inches.
The fattening barn, 100 feet by 30
feet, which accommodates 50 head of
steers, has two outlets, each 2 feet
square, and three outlets each 3 feet

by 20 inches. The bull bam, 100
feet by 30 feet, has three outlets
about 3 feet square and three Inlets
about 3 feet by 20 inches. The bull
barn outlets, although considered too
large, are stated to work satisfactor-
ily under average conditions. The
horse bam which accommodates 25
horses, has two outlets, each about
2 feet square and three inlets each
about 3 feet by 18 inches. In all
these stables the ventilation is good
under all conditions of weather.

Dimensions of 1, 2, 3 and 4-AcTe Lots
and fence required to enclose them.

The Fence on the Farm.

lAcre

Requires
MRods

of
Fence

1 Acre

Kequlres
52
e| Rods of
Fence

1 Acre

Requires

50 Rods

10 ft. of

fence

lO rods

8 rods

16 rods

12 rods 10 ft. 9 in.

22 rods

2 Acres

Requires

72 rods of

Fence

3 Acres

Requires S8 Rods

of Fence

No matter how up to date the
buildings and how well bred the cat-
tle on the farm acres, there can be no
satisfactory execution of the work
unless the farm has good fences.
The old snake fence, the old stake
and rider fence, and the picturesque
stone fence have no place in modern
farming. The wire fence is the fence
of the modem age and its classifica-
tion should come under the head of
Farm Buildings.

First class posts and the proper
stretching of the wire fence are two
prime factors in the building of such.
The best fence that can be made will
give poor service If not adequately
stretched upon sound, rigid posts.
It is a good thing to stretch fence un-
til it appears to be tight and then
stretch it again.

The illustrations accompanying
this information will explain more
than words can do the method of
fence l>uilding. (Page 233.)

Figure 1. Shows an end wood post
properly anchored, and Figure 2, the
correct method of anchoring. Figure
3 shows wood and wire braces, and
the other illustrations explain them-
selves.

As the anchoring of the end posts
Is very Important the following In-
formation is in order: The anchors
may be made of any solid pieces of
wood, with a bearing equivalent of
two inches by six Inches by twenty-
four inches long. The posts should
be placed so that the top anchor will
bear against the ground in the direc-
tion the fence is to be pulled, as
shown in Figure 2. Tamp every par-
Dimensions Siven are exact, so that in buying ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^*^ *^ filling the holeS, SO
fence, safficient allowance should be made to that the pOStS Wlll be aS SOlid aS a
cover fence taken up in wrapping around end and tree. The SeCOnd Or braCe pOSt, alsO

corner posts. anchored, should be set about eleven

20 rods

4 Acres

Requires 104
Rods of
Fence

25 rods 5 U.

0 m

4 Acres

Requires lOl Rods

3^ feet of

Fence

FARM BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT.

2S5

feet from the end post to permit the
use of a wooden brace, four by four
by twelve, or its equivalent, twelve
feet long, placed diagonally to make
sure the brace is stiff enough to stand
the pressure without buckling. This
brace should be set flat against the
post, about ten inches from the
ground at the second post; and the
same distance from the top of the
end post. On the second post flatten
the post just enough to allow the
brace to have a solid bearing surface.
Do not mortise so as to weaken the
post, spike both ends of brace se-
curely. The brace now having been
set diagonally between the two posts,
use No. 8 (or larger) soft galvanized
wire for a counter brace, winding
and stapling it around the bottom
of the end post, close to the ground,
and round the end of second post,
about six inches from the top, 'ising
a wire stretcher to draw the wire s
tight as possible. The rest of the
work of building a fence is familiar
to most farmers, except perhaps the
method of posting in hollows. Posts
in hollows should be anchored as
shown in Figure 6, so that the fence
shall not pull the posts out of the
ground.

LIGHTNING RODS.

From the days of Franklin to th%
present time the value of lightning
rods has been an undetermined quan-
tity, physicists of course holding that
they must 'be highly beneficial, the
greater mass of the people, however,
retaining an open mind, while some ac-
cepting the teachings of science rodded
their buildings; and still others count-
ed absurd the idea that rods and
points could have any worth in pre-
venting damage to buildings by light-
ning. From time to time practical
data have appeared giving one side of
a comparison, but lacking the other
— e.g., "A certain insurance company
over a period of years has never paid
a dollar of insurance oa a rodded
building damaged by lightning," but
they were unable to tell what per-
centage of their risks were rodded,
so no definite comparison could be
made.

Now, however, the Ontario Depart-
ment of Agriculture is pleased to pre-
sent the data herein contained, giving
complete comparisons, which prove
unmistakably that lightning rods pro-

STANDARD Steel Tube Fence Posts

COST less than wooden posts.

LAST longer than wooden posts.

SAVE time and labor in erecting.

STRONGER than wooden posts.

APPEARANCE is far better than any other post you

could use.
Get prices on Standard Fence, Gates and Steel Tube

Posts before you place your order.

— Addreas: —

STANDARD TUBE & FENCE CO., Limited

Woodstock, Ontario

236

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

iperly Installed are almost a'bsolute
protection against lightning.

Tihese practical results the farmers
of Canada can appreciate better than
scientific statements, and with these
at hand the Department can safely
recommend the rodding of farm build-
ings in accordance with directions
above given.

The writer has omitted drawings
purporting to show how to rod ibuild-
ings. The proper method can only be
decided after a close examination of
eacih building in question, for then
alone can one intelligently apply the
principles already dealt with.

For convenient reference the direc-
tions for proper rodding are repeated
without any of the explanations.

1. Kind of rods. Material — Copper,
aluminum or galvanized iron, prefer-
ably the first because of durability.
Aluminum may prove equally durable.
Combinations are not advised, because
not as durable as single-metal rods.
Weight — Copper — ^At least 3 ounces
per foot. Aluminum — ^At least 2 1-4
ounces per foot. Steel (iron) — ^At
least 4 1-2 ounces per foot. Form —
Any form that will give durability and
convenience of installation.

2. Ground connections. Depth —
Down to perpetual moisture. At least
8 feet deep. Number — On an oblong
ibuilding, at least two; on an Ir or T-
shaped building, at least three; on a
U-shaped building, at least four. LiO-
cation — Preferably at opposite comers,
though this may 'be modified to avoid
manure* or to go down near conductor-
pipe or other metallic portion of the
structure. If conductor-tpipe is on the
side of the building the ground rods
should be at the comers as above stat-
ed, the eave-troughs connected to it,
and then the conductor pipe also
grounded. Ground-rods sihould not be
(bimched, but should be distributed as
well as possible. Method — In deep soil
drill a hole at least eight feet deep and
run cable down. In shallow soil, at-
tach cable to metallic ground-plate,
which is put down as deep in soil as
possible; or run it into a well or a
stream or a crevice in the rock. If
none of these are feasible, put cable
as deep as possible and lay large, flat
stone over it. Caution — Be present.

and see that ground-connectioag axe
properly made. The rest of the sys-
tem may be inspected at any time, but
the groimdings only when they are be-
ing put down,

3. Systems. Hun cable from
ground up comer to eave, thence to
ridge, along ridge to other end, thence
down to eave, thence to other ground,
making a complete circuit. Ail cables
should be connected in one system.
No stuhs or dead ends sihould be left
ungrounded. Caution — ^Cables should
be protected from ground six or eight
feet up by nailing (boards around
them.

4. Attachment. Fasten caJble to
'bam with nails, staples, clips or
metal "dispersers." Caution — ^Do not
use insulators.

5. Points. Number— 20 to 30 feet
apart Location — On ridge, first onea
not over five feet from end; on or fb&-
side chimneys or cupolas; on dor-
mers; also on silos. Height — Four to
five feet, except those on or beside
chimneys, cupolas or similar promin-
ences; these must extend at l-east
eighteen inches above the highest
part. Form — Strong tubes, of same
weight and material as rods.

6. Metallic Portions of (Structure.
RoofTgutters — Top connected to rod,
and bottom grounded. Eave-troughs
and conducto^^pipes — Free end of eave-
troughs connected to rod, and con-
ductor pipe grounded. Hay-fork
track — (Both ends connected to rod.
Tanks — Connected to rod above,
grounded below. Windmill — Connect-
ed to rod above, shaft grounded ibelow.
Metallic roof — Groxmded at two or foixr
corners, not from peak under any con-
sideration. Points should be used on

the ridge and other prominences.

7. Wire fences. In field — ^A ground-
ing at least every twenty rods. In
yards — At the four comers. At iboHd-
ing — Groimd at first post from build-
ing. Weight of groimdings^Equal to
three No. 12 or one No. 9 wire. How-
made — (Stapled on posts in contact
with all wires of fence, and extending
at least three feet in the ground, and
projecting above fence.

8. Shade trees — Protect where
feasible.

— OBuIL 220, Ont Dopt. Agrl.

FARM BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT.

23*

HOW TO MAKE AN OIL WATER-
PROOF CONCRETE.

In making watering trougiis, cis-
terns, silos, basement walls and floors,
a waterproof cement is desiraWe.
This has been solved by mixing a little
mineral oil in the concrete. The
United States Department of Agricul-
ture has found that one-tenth as much
oil as cement can be used without les-
sening the strength of the cement and,
at the same time, make the concrete
-waterproof at a small water pressure
such as in a watering trough or in
a basement wall or floor. Five per
cent, oil is usually foimd to be enough,
or abooit 2 1-2 quarts to each sack of
cement. To make oil concrete, says a
bulletin issued by the North Dakota
Experimental station, first lay down a
layer of sand and on it the cement.
Mix thoroughly, dry, and then add
water and mix to a mushy mess. Add
the oil and mix till the oil disappears.
Then add the gravel which should be
wet, and mix thoroughly.

CONCRETE SEPTIC TANK.

The principle upon which the con-
crete septic tank operates is extreme-
ly interesting. It consists of a long,
water-tight cistern, through which
sewage passes very slowly and even-
ly. Located underground, it is warm
and dark, thus affording perfect con-
ditions for the development of the bac-
teria or germs which clarify and ren-
der harmless the sewage. After pass-
ing thro\igh the septic tank, the sew-
age is practically free from all sus-
pended matter and has the appearance
of water. From the septic tank this
clear efQuent is discharged into three
lines of ordinary farm drain tile.
Size and Location of Tank.

While the odor from a septic tank is
scarcely noticeable, it is nevertheless
best to locate it at some distance from
the house. Choose a spot easy to ex-
cavate so that the top of the tank can
be sunk 6 inches below ground level
and where the lines of drain tile will
have sufiicient fall to carry off the
discharged fluid. The tank should be
large enough to hold the entire sewage
for one day. For a family of eight to
ten people occupying a house having
two bathrooms fitted with the cus-
tomary appliances in the way of tabs

and stationary washstands and down-
stairs the kitchen sink, d concrete
tank having two compartments, each 4
feet long by 4 feet wide by 4 feet high,
will be required. Since the top and
bottom are each 4 inches thick and
the top of the tank is 6 inches below
ground level, dig the pit 5 feet 2 inches
in depth. The walls of the tank are 8
inches thick ana the partition between
the two compartments 6 inches. There-
fore, the length of the pit should be 3
feet 10 inches and the width 6 feet 4
inches.

Making and Placing Concrete.

If the earthen walls of the pit stand
firm only inside forms will be needed.
These inside forms are merely boxea
made of 1-inch boards. Two boxes will
be required to make two compart-
ments. The outside dimensions of th«
boxes should be 4 feet square by 4
feet high. The boar's or forms will ibe
placed on the freshly-laid concrete
floor. Holes for taking 6-inch pipe
should be made in the boxes. The
holes should be 4 inches from the top
of the box form, measuring from the
top of the hole. The concrete should
be mixed in the proportion of 1 part
Portland cement, 2 parts sand and 4
parts crushed rock or gravel. Place
a 4-inch thickness of concrete in the
bottom of the pit to form the floor of
the tank. On top of this concrete set
the box forms, which should be ready
for immediate use. Place the forms
so that there is a space of 6 inches
between them and an 8-inch space be-
tween them and the earthen walls of
the pit. Then commence dei>ositing
the concrete for the walls and parti-
tions. As soon as the level of the con-
crete reaches the holes in the forms
place in the holes 6-inch pipes as il-
lustrated. Then continue the con-
creting unt'l even with the top of the
forms.

Reinforced "top and Manholes.

Two ordinary iron manhole frames
and covers may be obtained from a
local dealer in building supplies. The
manhole covers should fit tightly and
should not be perforated. The man-
hole frames shotild be 10 inches high
so that when placed on top of the
forms the upper edge will be even with
ground level. If the manhole frame
is of less height than this, it should
rest on a circular piece of 1-inch board,
which is nailed to the top of the form.

238

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

n ^vuAT THE n

CAN DO WITH

(jONCRETE

B 0 a

III'

It contains

information that has

saved them time and money

in making farm improvements.

It has taught them the economy of

building everything of everlasting concrete.

There's no other building material as durable, as
adaptable, as easyto use or as low in final cost as concrete.

Practically everything that can be built of wood, stone or
steel can be made better with concrete and this book tells
you how to do it. It is fully illustrated with photos and
diagrams and contains 52 practical farm plans.

If you haven 't a copy, send for one today. Keep U
handy. Refer to it often.

It is free and will be mailed to yon immediately apoa
receipt of coupon below.

CANADA CEMENT COMPANY LIMITED,

Herald Building, - MONTREAL.

CUT OUT AND MAIL

CANADA CEMENT COMPANY LIMITED, Herald Bmlduw. MONTREAL.
Gentlemen :— Please send me a free copy of c

78*^

Name ._____..
Street and Na.
City

"What the Farmer can do with Concrete."

Province-

I
I

FAUM BUILDING AM) EQUIPMENT.

239

Since the concrete roof is to Tie self-
supporting, it will be necessary to re-
inforce it witli a few lengths of 3-8-inch
round steel rod. There will be needed
4 pieces of 3-8-inch rods, 9 feet 6 inches
long, and 8 pieces 5 feet long. The
roof is now ready to be placed. Place
the manhole frames in proper position
on top of the form, and dejMjsit the_
concrete to a depth of 1 inch and on
the concrete lay the long and short
'bars. When the bars are placed, de-
posit the balance of the concrete so
as to bring the roof to a total thick-
ness of 4 inches. As it will be cover-
ed with earth it is not necessary to
give this top surface a smooth finish,
merely level the surface by striking off
with a straight piece of board. The
tank should now be allowed to rest
undisturbed for at least 2 weeks. At
the expiration of this time, saw away
wooden top of the forms inside of the
manhole frames. Then enter the tank
and remove the wooden forms, passing
the lumber out of the manhole opening.
While in the tank make certain that
the pipes are all unobstructed and not
even partially clogged with dirt or
lumber. The inlet pipe is then con-
nected to the pipe from the house
and the outlet pipe joined to three
lines of 8-inch concrete drain tile. The
drain tile will be laid about 12 inches
below the surface of the ground and
the joints left open, that Is to say, no
mortar must be used in the joints.
This permits the discharged fluids to
be absorbed by the surrounding soil.
The drain tile lines should be laid in
the form of the letter "Y" and sufl!i-
ciently extended to cover a large area
of ground. Average conditions require
that each arm be about 100 feet long.
After this is done, cover the tank with
earth to the level of the manhole cov-
ers. It is now ready for use.

It is sometimes the custom to plant
a few shrubs around the manhole open-
ings, thus effectually hiding all evid-
ence of the tank.

Materials Necessary.

A tank of the size specified will re-
quire aiboTit 4 cubic yards of crushed
rock, 2 cubic yards of sand and 7 bar-
rels of Portland cement. There will
also be needed 78 feet of 3-8-inch round
steel rods, which can be obtained from
the local blacksmith or hardware dear-
er. The tank can be 11)ullt without
skilled labor. It requires but few tools

and construction methods are so eim-
ple that one man can easily build it.

Capacity of Silos.

The accompanying table gives the
capacities of silos required to supply
silage to herds of different sizes, fed
either for 180 or 240 days; the corre«
sponding correct diameter is also la-
eluded. Though diameters of 22 feet
are given, 20 feet should be the maxi-
mum, since ad^ greater diameter
means an excess of labor in removing
the silage.
No. of

Dairy Feed for Feed for Diam.
Cows 180 day 240 days of Silo
8 29 tons 40 tons 8 ft.

10 36 ton? 48 tons 10 ft.

15 54 tons 72 tons 10 ft

20 72 tons 96 tons 12 ft

25 90 tons 120 tons 14 It.

30 108 tons 144 tons 16 ft
35 126 ton^ 168 tons 16 ft
40 144 tons 192 tons 18 ft
45 162 tons 516 tons ■ 18 It
50 180 tons 240 tons 20 ft
60 216 tons 288 tons 22 ft
70 252 tons 336 tons 22 ft
SO 288 tons 384 tons 22 ft.
90 324 tons 432 tons 22 ft
100 360 tons 480 tons 22 ft

COST DATA FOR FARM BUILD-
INGS AND OPERATIONS.

What will It cost to equip and run
my farm?

Perhaps no other question depends
for its answei more upon local and
temporary condition than this, yet
average figures upon which to base es-
timates may bo if reliable, prove in-
valuable. As such the following re-
sults of careful, extended investiga-

lO 15 20

years from now the Bis-
• sell Silo will be griving
good service. It Is built
of selected timber, treated
with wood preservatives
that prevent decay. It
has strong, rigid walls,
air-tight doors, and hoops
of heavy steel. Therefore
it lasts simply because it
can't very well do any-
thing else. Our Folder ex-
plains more fully. Write
Dept. K.

T. E. BIssell Company,
Ltd., Elora, Ont.

240

CANADIAN frARM YEAR BOOK.

tion, mostly compiled by Roger CJox,
are presented as the question touches
tlie average farm in the Middle West
of the United States. The figures are
based on investigation In the United
States, but there will be found many
useful hints to the Canadian Farmer.
We are indebted to Garden and Farm
Almanac for this information.

Painting. To estimate the amount
of paint needt^d for a building (exte-
rior )and the length of the front, back
and two sides, multiply by the height
(average) and divide by 2^0. The re-
sult will be the number of gallons
needed for two coats.

Farm Building Costs.

Allow floor space per head as fol-
lows:

Horses — S8 sq. ft.

Cattle— «4 sq. ft

Sheep— 12 s<i, ft.

iSwine — '20 sq. ft.

Poultry— 4-^5 sq. ft. *

The average barn, 32 ft. high will
cost 2 1-2 cents per cu. ft.

Wagon sheds will cost 1-2 cent per
ou. ft.

'Silos cost $1.50 to $2 per ton capa-
city (approximately 50 cu. ft.)

Poultry house (earth floor) 15 to 20
cents per sq. ft.

Poultry house (cement floor) 20 to
215 cents per sq. ft.

Poultry house roofing 2 1.2 to 3 cents
per sq. ft. laid complete.

Incubator house (3 room, ceiled) fiO
cents per &q. ft.

Ice house with fruit storage space
(type shown in Farmer's Bulletin 475)
$10 per ton capacity (13 to 16 per cu.
ft.) Without fruit storage space, $7
per ton capacity.

Greenhouses (2 "bench, 9 ft. 4 In.
wide or one bench, 6 ft. 8 in. wide) in-
cluding heating outfit will cost $2.70
to $3 per sq. ft.

Hotbed sash, glas.s (3x6 ft.), cost
10 cents a sq. ft.; clotfi covered (to
make) 3 cents a sq. ft.

Water Supply Costs.

"Dug well, 3 to 4 ft. Biameter, 25 to
40 ft. deep will cost $1 to $1.25 per tt.

Hand lift pump for same $5 to $10
more.

Drilled well, with casing (up to 150
ft.) $1 per ft.

Pump, piping, etc., for same $16 to
$26 additional.

Cistern, 30 'bbls. or less, 50 cents per
bbl. Capacity 150 'bbls. or more, 26
cents per bbl.

Allow for daily use per adult 26
gals., per horse, 11 gails., per cow 6
gals, as a minimum.

Tanks for feed lots; wood (10 to 60
bbls. capacity) $10 upward; concrete
(20 to 80 bbls.) $16 to $40.

Windmills, 25 to 30 ft. high, $60 to
$70.

Gasoline Engine, 2 to 3 horsepower,
$75 to $150.

Farm Operation Costs.

Irrigation. One acre covered with
4 inches of water in a 10-hour day i^
quires a flow of 180 gallons per minute
during that time. This flow can be
lifted 20 feet by a gasoline engine of
1 1-3 horsepower, at a fuel cost of 14
cents per irrigation, or, for six appli-
cations per season, 84 cents per acre.
If coal costs less per ton than 24 times
the price of gasoline, a steam engine
will involve lower fuel cost, ibut prob-
ably a higher labor expense.

Drainage. Tile costs per rod (16
pieces) from 14 cents for the 2 1-2-
inch to $1 for the 10-inch size. To
lay a rod foot of tile up to 6 inches in
diameter will cost 6 to 10 cents. For
larger tile the cost will be from 12 to
15 cents. A "rod foot" is a rod of
trench, one foot deep, wide enough to
take the tile. The total cost of tile
drainage will vary from $15 to $30 or
more per acre depending upon condi-
tions as regards hills, stones, etc.
Fencing..
For the average wire fence posts
should stand one rod apart. The
wired pickets type will require a poS't
every 12 feet.

Allow 10 to 20 per cent, annual de-
preciation.

Spraying.

Spraying. Apply per tree 8 to 26
gallons according to size and foliage.
Supply apparatus capable of covering
the entire orchard within two weeks.

Small power outfits will cover 90
trees per day at 8 cents each.

Large power outfits will cover 160
trees per day at 5 cents each.

Hand pumps will cover 25 to 50
trees per day at 12 to 17 cents each.

Farm machinery. The cost of using
machinery is too of ten lost sight ot In
the following average data the annual
cost includes depreciation, repair, and

FARM BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT.

241

interest on the average value of the
machine :

First Annual

Machine Cost Cost

Plow, walking $ 14 $1,93

Plow, riding 47 5.51

Harrow, spike 13 1.47

Harrow, springtooth ... 17 1.88

Harrow, disc 27 2.97

'Roller 23 1.71

Manure spreader 112 16.99

Cultivator, 1 horse 5 .52

Cultivator, 2 or 3 horse. 25 2.86

Com planter 3« 4.07

Com binder 105 14.22

Corn shocker 121 18.78

Com shredder 474 65.71

Com sheller 10 .81

C-rain binder 117 13.54

Grain drill 60 5.58

Mowing machine 42 5.14

Hay rake 19 2.12

Hay tedder 32 3.33

Ensilage cutter Ill 11.87

Wagon , 63 6.55

Cost of Labor.

Note: — Canadian prices will vary
from the preceding, but the same re-
lation will exist between first and an-
nual cost. If you are paying your help
$25 per month, the cost will be 25-35ths
of the following:

Farm operaticns. Cost per acre
based upon wages of $35 a month
(board included) :

Plowing $1.14

Dragging 35

Discing 30

Planting .26

Cultivating 1.34

Cutting grain 37

Cutting corn 58

Mowing, raking hay 50

Cocking, spreading 25

Wheel hoeing 1.42

Hand hoeing 7.20

Manuring (labor) 1.49

Horse labor averages 7 cents per
hour per head.

Average cost of crops — ^including
labor, machinery cost, and land rental,
per acre:

Barley (spring plowing $ 7.62

Com (cut, shocked, hauled In) . . 11.02

Com (also siloed) 18.21

Mangels 34.08

Oats 7.71

Rye 8.09

Wheat 6.66

Potatoes (garden cultivation) .. 26.95

VENTILATION TABLES.

In order to ventilate a bam proper-
ly there must be a certain amount of
air space for each head of stock ac-
commodated, for no system of ventila-
tion could be devised which - would
work successfully in a bam where
there was only 200 or 300 cubic foot
of air space for a cow. It has "been
found in actual practice that every
cow should have at least 600 cubic
feet. Horses require more and smaller
stock less.

Air space for stock in a stable:
Horses, 8O0 to 1000 cubic feet each;
cows, 600 to 800 cubic feet each; hogs,
300 cubic feet each; shee<p, 200 cttblc
feet each.

Now this 800 cu^bic feet of air space
for each cow has to be changed con-
stantly; that is you will understand
every hour this 800 cubic feet has to
be changed four or five times.

Cows must have 4,000 cuhlc feet per
cow per day; horses, 5,000; pigs, 1,S00;
sheep, 1,000.

With these requirements in mind It
has been found that for every cow In
the stahle there must be at least 8
square inches of inlet area. Of course,
instead of making an aperture in the
wall for each cow, it is customary to
put in one big ventilator which will
admit sufficient air for half a dozen.
The total inlet of the galvanized ven-
tilator mentioned is 48 square inches,
and it is intended for 6 cows.
1 galvanized ventUator for 6 horses;
1 galvanized ventilator for 6 cows;
1 galvanized ventilator for 12 hogs;
1 galvanized ventilator for 16 sheep.

The same ideas govern the size of
the outlets. Tlieoretically the total
area of the outlets should be equal to
that of the inlets. In practice it is
customary to provide almost twice as
much outlet area as inlet, for air comes
through windows and doors, and
cracks sometimes, during part of the
day. A safe figure to go by is 15
square inches of outlet area for every
cow. It is not thoueht advisable to
have an outlet less than 18 inches in
diameter. 16x16 is the minimum.
Make them 18x18 if you can. and if
this is too large control vnth a dam-
per. You can figure on having one
outlet 18x18 for every 20 cows in the
staWe.

242

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Weigh Scales Tips.

iScales are of many types and
makes, and, as we miffht expect,
some offer a greater opportunity of
•being falsified by xmscruipulous deal-
ers than others. iSince the Weights
and Measures Act was adopted the
use of many of these scales has been
made unlawful. The Rofberval Bal-
ance is an Instance of a good scale
which has ibeen eliminated because
of the ease with which the dishonest
dealer could make it serve his own
ends. This scale could, in one minute,
with a common screwdriver, be so
altered that it would weigh heavy or
light to the extent of one ounce in the
ipound according as the weights were
placed on one side or the other of the
pan, or if the weights were placed in
the centre of the pan it would weigh
accurately.

Platform Scales.

At the present time there is per-
haps no type of scale that offers great-
er opportunity to the dishonest dealer
than the platform scale. Such scales
as a general rule, are installed by rail-
roads, produce dealers, and municipal-
ities, and are used by stock buyers
and others. The fact that the scale
is used by several individuals makes
it extremely difficult to discover the
party who has "doctored" the- scale.
This being the case, it Is all important
that the scales be constructed in such
a manner as to make it extremely dif-
ficult for unscrupulous buyers to
manipulate the same so as to give a
false weight. Aside from inaccura-
cies in such scales resulting through
failure on the part of the railroads or
those responsible to keep the scales
in iproper repair there are many ways
in which stock buyers can juggle the
scale to their own advantage.

One of the simplest methods is by
"loading" the sliding poise. A poise
may be loaded by dropping a lead slug
into the opening beneath the beam or
by inserting the same into "holes drill-
ed In the bottom of the poise.

Scales with a beam that tapers to-
ward the trig loop are very readily
susceptible to this treatment. As the
poise Is moved toward the end of the
'beam the opening gradually increases
so tlhat a lead slug can readily be In-
serted, thus making the scale easily

weigh from 25 to '50 pounds heavy
when loaded to 1000 pounds. The slid-
ing poise on many stock scales has
one or more holes in the bottom of
the poise- into which an unscrupulous
buyer can readily insert a lead .plug.
The type of 'beams and poises men-
tioned above should not .be permitted
on stock scales where there has been
any evidence of dishonest work. Such
scales should be provided with beams
of uniform thickness and with sliding
poises that contain no opening be-
neath the beam or holes in the bottom
of the poise. Only beams and poises
of modem design should ibe used on
such scales.

Farmers selling stock or produce In
localities where buyers have been sus-
pected of taking excessive weight
should closely examine the scales and
be present when the stock is weighed.
A dishonest buyer can readily read
a scale that weighs correctly to his
own advantage. Suoh ibuyers have
been known to slip a small coin be-
tween two of the counterpoise
weights. In such a case they would
*be defrauding the seller. Again dis-
honest dealers have been known to '
stick a piece of chewing gum on the
bottom of the poise to their own gain.

At Maximum Capacity.

These scales should be sensitive,
that is, a small load should produce
an appreciable movement of the beam.
When a scale is acting properly the
beam should 'Tbreak" with a load of
2 pounds. The sluggish action of a
scale usually increases with the load.
Scales should therefore be tested for
sensibility at somewhere near the
maximum, capacity. It is not neces-
sary to carry a sealer's equipment in
order to determine the sensitiveness
of a scale. This test, as given Ijy F.
P. Downing, of Wisconsin, can be de-
termined by any one simply by plac-
ing a heavy load on the scale and slid-
ing the poise forward on the beam un-
til the scale balances near the top of
the trig loop. The reading on the
'beam should then 'be taken and the
poise moved forward until the scale
comes to a balance near the bottom
of the trig loop. If the difference in
the two readings is in excess of 10
pounds the scale is unfit for the
weighing of stock. In buying stock a
dealer can balance a scale 'low,"

FARM BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT.

243

drive on the stock and then balance
the scale "high." 11 the scale is slug-
gish he can easily defraud the seller
out of from 10 to 15 pounds on weigh-
ing, -which is a very appreciable
amount when a single calf or hog is
weighed.

The beam of these scales should be
provided with a shoulder stop to pre-
vent the sliding poise from moving
back of the zero graduation. Instances
are on record where this shoulder stop
has been filed so that when the scale
is .brought to a balance with the poise
back of the zero graduation and later
used in weighing the buyer will be
paying for less than the actual weight.

Various devices have been used
that will produce an upward push on
the platform, working directly against

CONTENTS OF SQUARE TANKS

5 feet diameter, capacity per foot, in depth 4. 66 barrels

6 feet diameter, capacity per foot, in depth 6.71 barrels

7 feet diameter, capacity per foot, in depth 9.13 barrels

8 feet diameter, capacity per foot, in depth 1 1 .93 barrels

9 feet diameter, capacity per foot, in depth 15 . 10 barrels

10 feet diameter, capacity per foot, in depth 18.65 barrels

To find contents of square cistern, multiply length by breadth and multiply
result by 1.728 and divide by 231. Result will be the number of gallons for
each foot deep.

5 feet by 5 feet has capacity per foot depth of 5.92

6 feet by 6 feet has capacity per foot depth of ^8.54

7 feet by 7 feet has capacity per foot depth of 1 1 . 63

8 feet by 8 feet has capacity per foot depth of 15 . 19

9 feet by 9 feet has capacity per foot depth of 19.39

the downward pressure of the load.
According to railroad employees, a de-
vice of this kind was aattached to a
stock scale in a city inr the western
part of Wisconsin. Two vertical
boards were nailed to the ends of a
2 by 4 scantling that rested in a hori-
zontal position on the foundation of the
scale, thus forming a lever. One end
of this device projected upward be-
neath the platform of the scale to
within a fraction of an inch of the
platform. The other end projected up-
ward through the floor in front of the
beam box so .that the stock man in
weighing could press down on the
same with his foot, thus decreasing
the weight of the load to the extent
desired. Similar devices are said to
have (been, used by some wfheat buyers
in our own western provinces.

10 feet by 10 feet has capacity per foot depth of 23 . 74

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF ROUND TANKS

Diam. in
feet *Depth in Feet and Contents in Gallons.

barrels
barrels
barrels
barrels
barrels
barrels

*1

5

7

4.

93

99

470

658

5.

146

87

734

1028

6.

211

50

1058

1481

7.

287

86

1439

2015

8

375
475

98

85

1880
2379

^2632

9.

3331

10.

587

47

2938

4113

11.

710

84

3554

4976

12.

• ••■•«

845

97

4230

5922

ro

ascertain

contents of

a round tank

of dept

10

1

940

112

1469

176

2115

253

2879

345

3760

451

4759

571

5875

7052

7109

8531

8460

10150

ven, multiply the

not
contents of tank one foot deep (as in table) by the required depth in feet.

244

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

The New FaJrbanks-Morse Type "Z"

I5 H. p. $SO.OO (f.o.b. Toronto)

It's the Logical Farm Engine

This is an engine tliat will give you all the power you
need and more, if necessary — one that successfully uses
the fuel best adapted for economy — requires the least at-
tention— starts quickly and easily at any time, even in
cold weather — and will do all this for many years.

The Fairbanks-Morse Type "Z" Engine is the logical
engine for you to use because it contains every practical
advantage for doing your work continuously — conveni-
ently— economically — clearly — quietly.

Among the distinctive features of the new type "Z"
are: built in magneto; speed regulator; removable bush-
ings in bearings; close speed regulation; pressed steel
skids; protected fuel tank.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue, showing our full
line 1%, 3 and 6 h.p. Address

Fairbanks-Morse Building — Any Branch

The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse
uompany Limited

MONTREAL OTTAWA TORONTO

ST. JOHN QUEBEC WINNIPEG

HAMILTON CALGARY SASKATOON VANCOUVER

CANADA'S

, DEPARTMENTAL //

HOUSE FOR

. MECHANICAL
GOOOS

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY.

245

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Steam Engine.

When steam engines were in-
vented, the rate at which they could
work was compared to that at which
a horse could work. A "foot-
pound" of work is defined as the
work done when "a force of 1 lb. is
exerted through a distance of 1 foot."
An engine or horse is said to be
working at the rate of 1 horse power
when it does 33,000 foot-pounds of
work in one minute.

To calculate the rate at which a
1,600-lb. horse works when it exerts
a pull of 150 lbs. at the rate of 2 1-2
miles an hour:

There are 5,280 feet in a mile, and
60 minutes in an hour. Therefore,
2 1-2 miles an hour is 2 1-2 times
5,280, divided by 60, which equals
220 feet a minute. The horse exerts

a force of 150 lbs. over a distance of
220 feet in one minute. Therefore,
it does 150 times 220, or 33,000 foot-
pounds of work in one minute, which
equals 1 h.p.

If the horse were exerting a force
equal to half its weight, 750 lbs., in
going up hill, it would exert a force
of 750 lbs. through 220 feet pej
minute. It would therefore do 750
times 220, or 165,000 foot-pounds, of
work in one minute, which equals
5 h.p. This is one advantage a horse
has over mechanical engines: A
horse can work at five to ten times
its ordinary rate for a short time,
but the engine gains because it can
keep it up an unlimited length of
time at the same speed and force
of exertion.

Mean Effective Pressure.

The mean effective pressure of a
steam engine is easily measured from
indicator ca^d, but an exact calcula-
tion otherwise is more complicated.
It is the result of subtracting the
mean or average back pressure on
piston from mean forward pressure.
The greater distance the piston tra-
vels before the steam is cut off, the
greater will be the mean effective

pressure. For instance, with an ini-
tial steam pressure of 80 lbs. per
square inch and a cut off of 1-5, the
mean effective pressure is about 31
lbs. With 1-3 cut off, it is about 47
lbs., and with 1-2 cut off, about 60
lbs., and with 3-4 cut off about 71
lbs. The average standard simple
steam engine has a fixed cut off at a
little over 1-2 the stroke.

Rated Horse Power.

This can be calculated by the rule:
Horse-Power equals P x L x A x N,
divided by 33,000.

Where P equals the mean effective
pressure in lbs. per square inch: L
equals length in feet of piston stroke:
A equals the area of piston in square
inches: N equals the number of
strokes per minute.

Example: An engine has a mean
effective pressure of 30 lbs. per
square inch; the length of the stroke
is 1 foot; the area of the piston is
55 square inches, and the piston
makes 240 power strokes per minute.
The Horse-Power is:

30 X 1 X 55 X 240 =12 H.P.

33.000

Indicated Horse Power.

Indicated horse power is measurea
by what is known as an indicator
card. It is an actual test under work-
ing conditions. By the use of the In-
dicator the steam pressure on the pis-
ton is measured through the entire
length of the stroke. If there is any
fault in the engine due to poor con-
struction or wear such as a leak past
the piston rings or in the valves it will
be shown by this method. In this

case the horse power actually deliver-
ed by the engine will necessarily be
less than the rated horse power. Re-
member also that the rated horse
power depends on the number of re-
volutions or speed of the engine.
Manufacturers sometimes use a rated
speed higher than is advisable in
actual use, thus the actual or indicat-
ed horse power is lower than the rated
horse power.

246

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Gasoline Engines.

The modern gasoline engine owing
to its simplicity and ease of operation
is the most suitable form of power for
use on the farm. The actual cost of
operation on a fuel consumption basis
is greater than in a steam engine, but
this is more than overbalanced by the
fact that it requires a less experienced
operator and that when not in actual
operation it does not require a boiler
constantly attended, keeping a steam
pressure of 100 lbs. ready for use.

Ignition.

The igniting of the explosive mix-
ture in the cylinder is accomplished
in the modern engine by electrical
means. The current may 'be supplied
by batteries, dynamos or magnetos.
There are two kinds of electrical sys-
tems: low tension or make and break
and high tension or jump spark. Poor
ignition will cause irregular running
of the engine. . This may be caused by
broken or loose wire or connections.
In the make and break system care
should be taken to see that the points
of contact are clean and even, the
points must snap apart sharply, the
points must open the proper distance
to get the right spark, the insulation
or the terminals must be good, the
spark must ibe timed to occur at the
proper moment. In the jump spark
ignition, good wiring and conaection
are also important, the points on the
spark plug must be set at the proper
distance, and kept clean. K batteries
are used they should ibe tested occa-
sionally to see that they are not be-
coming exhausted. The magneto is
used to supply current when the en-
gine is running, producing electricity
in proportion to the speed of the en-
gine. A poor contact between friction
pulley and fly wheel, or a slipping ibelt
may mean n,ot enough electricity for
Ignition. Improper ignition will also
be caused by worn ibrushes, weak
brush springs, gummy oil or dirt on.
commutator, broken insulation around
screws that hold brush holders in
place and the too liberal use of oil or
the collection of grease and dirt.

Compression.

To get power an engine's cylinder
must be light. Poor compression
makes it hard to start an engine be-
cause the fuel charge must toe com-

pressed to give a good explosfon
and the force of the explosion
should be expended on the top of the
piston, and not be lost or weakened
by getting out through leaky valves,
or past the piston rings. If a poor
grade of oil is used it will form a car-
bon deposit on the valve and valve
seats, and unless cleaned off with
kerosene will in time cause leaky
valves.

Carburation.

A proper mixture of fuel and air is
necessary for proper operation. Not
.enough "gas" will cause back fire and
too much "gas" will 'be evident iby a
black smoke coming from exhaust.
Dirt or water in the fuel will cause
trouble, and it is therefore advisable
to drain and clean the carburator fre-
quently.

General Directions for Care and
Operation.

The gasoline engine like all other
pieces of machinery will give the best
service if properly looked after, and
tended as carefully as you would tend
your live stock. The running of the
engine is controlled by the ignition,
compression and carburetioo. M
trouble occurs it is ^probably due to
the fault at one of these three points.

In some cases the engine may run
with a pounding or knock. This will
be caused by loose connecting rod
bearings, -worn or brokea piston
rings, a loose" wrist pin in piston or
a loose fly wheel. A deep, heavy
pound may be caused 'by pre-ignition.
This should be immediately corrected
or breakages may occur. Pre-ignition
is caused by an overheated cylinder,
a cylinder foul with carbon deposits
from the oil, a short circuit due to
broken insulation on your wire, not
enough air in mixture, or too advanced
or "early" a spark. If after turning
your engine over it refuses to start
don't go after your engine with a
monkey wrench. More than likely
the trouble is so simple that it is not
even one listed in your directions. Is
your switch open? How about your
fuel? Your engine may be cold and
a little priming will enable a ^w ex-
plosions to warm up the cylinder.
Test your ignition, then your com-
pression, and by a process of elimina-
tion the difficulty will soou 1>e located.

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY.

247

DEPRECIATION IN VALUE AND COST OF REPAIRS OF

FARM IMPLEMENTS

Dominion Department of Agriculture

Additional
Average Acreage Depreciation cost for repairs
Implement life in years covered per year per acre

Ploughs.

Double Cultivators

Single Cultivators.

Seeders.

Mowers.

Rakes -.

Tedders

Hay Loaders.

Binders

Com Harvesters.

Disc Harrows..- „

Cutaway Harrow

Manure Spreaders. '..

Blizzard Blowers

This table will be found usetful in all
estimates and calculations of farm
costs. It must be remembered, how-
ever, that the average life of farm
machinery will vary greatly accord-
ing to the care given it, causing a
variation in the figures given. The
depreciation figure generally used for
all housed machinery is 10 per cent.,
and this would be a reasonahle figure
to use for gasoline engines. In mak-

15

1,500

6 to 7%

4 c.

20

4,000

5%

iXc.

20

3,000

5%

l>^c.

20

3,300

5%

IKc.

15

900

6 to 7%

4Kc.

20

2,500

5%

2 c.

15

900

6 to 7% .

iKc.

12

1,200

8 %

IKc.

12

1,800

8 %

iKc

7

700

14%

4 c.

10

1,000

10 %

He.

8

1,800

12^%

Ic.

8

800

123^%

3c.

5

8,000 tons

20%

l-3c. per ton

ing cost estimates there is generally
one item called interest and deprecia-
tion. If, therefore, a gasoline engine
cost $200.00, money being worth 6
per cent., the interest and deprecia-
tion would be 16 per cent, or $32.00.
If the engine actually worked 200
days this would make a charge per
day of $6.35 in addition to fuel and
l?bor charges.

Economical and Reliable Farm Power

Power from a Massey-Harris Engine is cheaper than man
power — costs nothing in wages or keep when not working — and
is "always on the job."

Get one of these Engines, pump the water, saw the wood,
run the cream separator, churn, washing machine, feed grinder,
grindstone, ensilage cutter, pulper, etc.

Sizes, li^to 20 h.p. — all described in our free catalogue.

Massey-Harris Co.^ Limited

Head Offices— TORONTO, CANADA.

Branches at — Montreal, Moncton,
Winnipeg, Reglna, Saskatoon, York-
ton, Calgary, Edmonton, Swift Cur-
rent.

Agencies Everywhere.

248

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK

SECTIONAL VIEWS OF GASOLINE ENGINES
IN COMMON USE ON THE FARM

Five of these engines are of the
horizontal and the sixth vertical. One
thing in common that will be noticed
is that all the cylinders are single
acting. I-n one engine the rim of the
fly wheel is simply indicated by a
line. No attempt will (be made to
make comparisons, nor will space al-
low a lengthy discussion. Elsewliere

in this chapter will be found informa-
tion as to the care and operation of
gasoMue engines. OMany manufactur-
ers have also issued catalogues or
booklets in which will be found a
great deal of useful information to the
prospective purchaser or owner of a
gasoline engine.

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY.

249

Motive Power

Gas Engine on
Producer Gas

Table of Horse-Power Costs

Rate of Fuel
Consumption

In pounds per
H. P. Hour

.8
1.00
1.25
1.50

Cost

o£

Fuel per

Brake Test

Horse-Power

1 Hour

Cost of Coal per 2,000

Pounds

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7

00

.0012
.0015
.0019
.0023

.0016
.0020
.0025
.0030

.0020
.0025
.0031
.0037

.0024 1 .0028

.0030 1 .0035

.0037 ! .0044

.0044 .0053

Gas Engine on
Natural Gas

In Cubic Feet
per H. P. Hour

9
10
11

12

Cost of Natural Gas 1,000 Cubic Feet
$0.15 i $0.20 $0.25 I $0.30

.0014 .0018

.0015 .0020

.0017 .0022

.0018 I .0024

.0023
.0025
.0028
.0030

.0027
.0030
.0033
.0036

Gas Engine on i In Cubic Feet

Illiuninating ' per H. P. Hour

Gas

15
17
20

Cost of Gas per 1,000 Cubic Feet
$0.60 , $0.70 $0.80 $0.90 I $1.00

.0090 .0105

.0102 ! .0119
.0120 I .0140

.0120
.0136
.0160

.0135
.0153
.0180..

.0150
.0170
.0200

Gasoline

In Pints per

Engine

Brake

Cost of Gasoline per Gallon

H. P. Hour

$0.20

$0.24 1 $0.28 $0.32

$0.36

.80

.0200

.0240 1 .0280 .0320

.0360

1.00

.0250

.0300 , .0350 ' .0400

.0450

1.10

.0274

.0330 ! .0384 ! .0440

.0494

Kerosene

In Pints per

Engine

Brake
H. P. Hour

Cost of Kerosene per Gallon

$0.10

$0.12 i $0.14

$0.16

$0.18

1.00

.0125

.0150 • .0175

.0200

.0225

1.10

.0137

.0165 , .0192

.0220

.0247

1.20

.0150

.0180 1 .0210

.0240

.0270

Electric Motor
85% Efficiency
of Wiring

In Kilowatts
per H. P. Hour

0.878

Cost of Electricity per Kilowatt Hour

$0.02 I $0.03
.0175 i .0263

$0.04
.0351

$0.05
.0439

$0.07
.4106

250

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Steam Engine
on Coal

In Pound"
H. P. HO

per

ur

Cost of Coal per 2,000 Pounds

4

6

8

10

$3.00
.0060
.0090
.0120
.0150

$4.00 $5.00
.0080 1 .0100
.0120 .0150
.0160 .0200
.0200 .0250

S6.00
.0120
.0180
.0240
.0300

$7.00
.0140
.0210
.0280
.0350

Power Required to Rim Various Farm Machinery.

Machinery Power Required

Emery Wheels From 2 to 5 h.p.

Feed and Ensilage Cutters From 3 to 35 h.p.

Corn Shellers From 3 to 6 h.p.

Feed Mills, not exceeding 12" From i^ to 12 h.p.

Small Portable Wood Sawing Outfits From 3 to 10 h.p.

Pneumatic Water System . From 1 % to 3 h.p.

Cream Separators Not over 1 % h.p.

Threshing Machinery From 3 to 35 h.p.

Bean Threshers From 4 1^ to 8 h.p.

Well Drilling From 8 to 12 h.p.

Small Washing Machines From 3 to 10 h.p.

Milking Machines- From 1 to 3 h.p.

Haypresses —

14 X 18 in. and 16 x 18 in 8 h.p. •

17 X 22 in. and 18 x 22 in. . . i 12 h.p.

Pole Saws and Cord Wood Saws —

20 X 24 in. saw (20 to 40 cords in 10 hrs.) 3 h.p. speed 1600 rev. per min.

24 X 28 in. saw (30 to 50 cords in 10 hrs.) 4% h.p. speed 1500 rev. per min.
26 to 30 in. saw (40 to 80 cords in 10 hrs.) 6 h.p. speed 1400 rev. per min.
28 to 32 in. sak (60 to 100 cords in 10 hrs.) 8 h.p. speed 1300 rev. per min.

Chums —

200- 300 lbs. churn 3 h.p.

300- 600 lbs. churn 4% h.p.

600-1000 lbs. churn 6 h.p.

Corn Huskers —

2* roll with carrier and cutter head 4 % h.p.

2 roll with shredder or cutter head & blower 6 h.p.

10 roll with carrier 25 h.p.

12 roll with blower 45-50 h.p.

Note. — Number of roll huskers decides power required.
Concrete Mixers —

Batch mixers (Mixer capacities are given in cubic yards per hour).

7 yd. mixer , 3 to 6 h.p.

10 yd. mixer 4 to 10 h.p.

20 yd. mixer 6 to 12 h.p.

30 yd. mixer 8 to 15 h.p.

40 yd. mixer 10 to 20 h.p.

Continuous Mixers —

4-5 yd. mixer 3 h.p.

7 yd. mixer .' 5 h.p.

10 yd, mixer 6 h.p.

15 yd. mixer 9 h.p.

25 yd. mixer 12 h.p.

Note. — The power required for all machines varies greatly with the
make: the manufacturers' catalogues usually give the power they recommend
ani one should be largely guided by these, remembering that the manufac-
turers place the power requirements as low as possible and that it is better to
have a little too much than not enough power.

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY.

251

HORSE POWER REQUIRED TO PCMP 200 GALLONS OF WATER PER
IVnNUTE TO VARIOUS HEIGHTS.

Gallons Height water

per minute is pumped

200 gallons 20 feet

200 gallons 40 feet

200 gallons . ." 60 feet

200 gallons 80 feet

200 gallons 100 feet

200 gallons 150 feet

200 gallons 200 feet

H.P.

Required

1

H.P.

2

H.P.

3

H.P.

4

H.P.

5

H.P.

7%

H.P.

10

H.P.

HORSE POWER REQUIRED AND SIZE PUMP REQUIRED, TO PUMP

VARIOUS NUMBERS OF GALLONS OF WATER PER HOUR TO

HEIGHT OF 30 FEET.

Gallons per Hour Height water H.P. Size Pump

is pumped Required Required

240 gallons 50 feet 1-20 2%" x 6"

480 gallons 50 feet 1-10 3%" x 6"

600 gallons 50 feet 1-8 4" x 6"

900 gallons 50 feet ■ 1-5 4^" x 7"

1200 gallons 50 feet 1-4 5" x .7%"

1500 gallons 50 feet 1-3 6" x6%"

1800 gallons 50 feet 2-5 6" x 8"

H.P. given is theoretical. Multiply by 2 to get safe margin.

LEADERS!

The Toronto Windmill and the Chapman Gas-
oline Engine lead in their respective lines. They
are built right and they work right. Ask any
man who owns one.

LOOK FOR OUR AGENT IN YOUR TOWN.

He will teU you that the TORONTO lines are good— that
they live up to their reputations, which are excellent.
Ask him about our

Barn

Equipment
Grinders
Saw Frames
Tanks
Pumps
Silos
Well Drills

Ask
for
Catalogue

ONTATIO WIND ENGINE & PUMP CO,. LIMITED

Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Calgary.

252

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Electrical Power.

Electricity as a source of power la
being considered by many fanners. It
would seem even simpler to operate
than the gasoline engine. Before re-
commending electricity we should
first make a comparison of operating
costs. A table is given elsewhere In
this chapter, which may be used to ad-
vantage. A comparison will show
that electricity at 5c a kilowatt hour

Water

The perfecting of individual water
systems has enabled the farmer to
draw water from the tap as readily
as the city dweller. There are two
systems, the overhead tank, and the
pressure tank system. Here again the
gasoline engine is very useful. The
power required to drive a pump Is
very small as will be noted in table
elsewhere in this chapter. As the de-
mand for water may be excessive for
short periods, a storage tank is neces-
sary in order that the work of the en-
gine may be divided over a longer
period. In the overhead system the
tank is placed at a high point In the
house or barn, and the water runs to
the outlets by gravity, or in other
words the pressure "at the top is re-
presented by the weight of a column

is equal to gasoline at about S5c per
gallon. The price of hydro power in
Ontario must therefore be reduced, or
gasoline must increase considerably
in price before electricity 'becomes an
economical source of power to the
Ontario farmer. Another thing to be
considered, of course, is first cost.
This can be reduced to an annual
charge based on a percentage for In-
terest and depreciation.

Systems.

of water as high as surface of the
water in (the tank is ahove tihe tap.
The pressure system is generally con-
sidered more satisfactory doing away
with the necessity of supporting by
proper construction the weight of
water in the overhead tank. The
pressure tank delivers the water at
the outlet, no matter where located
at from 60 to 80 lbs per sq. inch. Many
manufacturers have a patented device
whereby this system is self regulating.
The engine or motor will stop pump-
ing when the air pressure in the tank
reaches a certain high point. As
water is drawn off the pressure will
fall until it reaches a certain low
point, when the engine will automati-
cally start pumping again.

Individual Threshers.

In recent years manufacturers have
developed a small threshing outfit
that may be owned and used with
economy by the individual farmer. A
few hours threshing after the grain is
harvested is sufficient for feed until

the plowing season is over, and a
man and one helper can thresh
through the winter months his entire
crop, having both engine and thresher
in the barn. The noxious weeds car-
ried from a poorly run farm are also
avoided.

FAEM POWER AND MACHINERY.
Water for Irrigating.

253

Units.

The "Acre-Foot" is the unit for
measuring water used for irrigating
land and is the amount of water
which will cover one acre to a depth
of one foot.

On this basis the unit is equivalent
to covering two acres with six inches
of water, or three acres with four
Inches, or twelve acres with one inch.

An "Acre-Inch" is one-twelfth of

an "Acre-Foot" or the quantity of
water that will cover one acre to a
depth of one inch. An "Acre-Foot"
is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet and
an "Acre-Inch" to 3,630 cubic feet.
The flow of water is usually rated
in cubic feet per second, so that one
cubic foot per second will deliver two
acre feet in twenty-four hours, which
is equal to 450 gallons per minute.

Irrigating Data from Government Tests

Acres irrigated by different quantities of water, with allowance f , r evaporation
basis 28,320 gallons of water to irrigate one acre one inch deep.

Acres Irrigated in Ten Hours

G iions Pumped
Per Minute

600

824

944

988
1000-
1200
1500
2000

1 Inch

2 Inches

3 Inches

4 Inches

5 Inches

6 Inches

Deep

Deep

Deep

Deep

Deep

Deep

13.2

6.6

4.4

3.3

2.6

2.2

18.2

9.1

6.0

4.5

3.6

3.0

20.8

10.4

6.9

5.2

4.1

3.4

21.8

10.9

7.2

5.4

4.3

3 6

22.1

11.0

7.3

5.5

4.4

3.7

26.5

13.2

8.8

6.6

5.3

4.4

33.1

16.5

11.0

8.2

6.6

5.5

44 ^

22.1

14.7

11.0

8.8

7.3

Goold, Shapley and Muir Co.,

Limited

BRANTFORD WINNIPEG REGINA CALGARY

We Manufacture Complete Lines

GAS, GASOLINE and
OIL ENGINES

Stationary, Mounted and Traction

WINDMILLS

GRAIN GRINDERS

TANKS, WATER BOXES

POLE and WOOD SAWS

PUMPS
CONCRETE MIXERS, Etc.

Write for Catalogues if Interested

254

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Flow in Ditches and Flumes

Velocity in feet per second, and quantity in gallons per minute. For various sizes
and slopes.

Slope in
Inches per
100 Feet

t 0)

M _

o g

u O

1-H

X

X

X

X

X X

To \b

X

X
00

X

K

Velocity

0.46

0.64

0.82

1:1

1.4

1.6 1.9

2 1

2.3

2.5

Inch

G. P. M.

97

322

735

■2250

5100

9000 15375

23000

33000

45370

IK

Velocity

0.65

0.91

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.3 2.7

3 0

S.Z

3.6

Inches

G. P. M.

142

457

105

03225

7200

12900 21700

33000

47250

65250

Ofe

3

Velocity

0.93

1.3

1.6

2.2

2.8

3.3 3.8

4.2

4 7

(0 a

Inches

G. P. M.

210

650

1425

4400

10000

18600 30750

46125

69000

o VJ3

4>^

Velocity

1.1

1.6

2.0

2.7

3.4

4.0 4.6

Qc^ Inches

G. P. M.

247

810

1800

5475.

12225

22500 37125

Va

Inch

O ,

r^

1^

^n

Inches

3

^Jjq

Inches

4^

3 S

Inches

Pi

6

Inches

Velocity
G. P. M,

Velocity
G. P. I^,

Velocity
G. P. M.

Velocity
G. P. M.

Velocity
G. P. M.

1.2
270

1.7
382

2.4
540

2.3
650

1.6

825

2.2
1130

3.1
1560

3.8
1920

i.i 4.4
742 2220

1.9

1725

2.7
2430

3.9
3510

4.8
4312

5.5 7.3
4950 14775

2.6
S200

3.7
7500

5.2
10500

6.4
12900

3.2
1 147'

4.5
,16200

6.4
22950

7.8
28050

3.7
52085

5.2
29260

7.4
41625

4.2 4.61 5.01 5.4
03375 05025 07200 0975001

5.9
47625

6.5 7.11 7.7
71520 10200 0140250

C Vh

o .

SO

o

is

Va
Inch

1>^

Inches

3

Inches

4^
Inches

6

Inches

Velocity
G. P. M.

Velocity
G. P. M.

Velocity
G. P. M.

Velocity
G. P. M.

Velocity
G. P. M.

1.7
382

2.4
540

3.4
765

4.1
915

'4.8 6.4
1072 3225

2.3 2.7
1162 2430

3.2 3.9
1620 3510

4.5
2250

5.5
2775

5.5
4950

6.7
6037

7.7
6937

3.6

7275

5.1
10275

7.2
14550

4.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.3
15750 28125 45000 68250 97500 13750

6.2
22350

7.1
39750

8.0
64500

Usefiil Information — ^Water

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. Friction o
liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity.

The mean pressure of tiie atmosphere is usually estimated at 14.7 pounds per square
inch, so that with a perfect vacuum it will sustain a column of mercury 29.9 inches or a
column of water 33.9 feet high at sea level.

To find the pressure in poimds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the
height of the column in "feet by .434, Approximately, we say that every foot elevation
is equal to one-half pound pressure per square inch; this allows for ordinary friction.

To find the velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of
water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the
product by the area of the pipe in inches.

To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given,
multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity
in feet per minute. The area being found, it is easy to get the diameter of pipe necessary.

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY.

255

The Gasoline Tractor Saves Time.

The automobile has its practical
uses on the farm as well as In the
city. The specially designed small
farm tractor is one of the latest de-
velopments of the automobile indus-
try. It enables the arerage farm in
Ontario to obtain the advantages of
tractor power hitherto confined to the
large farms in the western proviaces.
Several well known manufacturers are
now turning out a small tractor for
this purpose which may revolutionize
the methods of farming the average
sized Canadian farm.

The ordinary pleasure car has also
been adapted to many uses on the
farm. The number of instances cited
below are all taken from practical ex-
perience :

1. To haul produce to market

2. As motive power on the road for
a truck or trailer.

3. As motive power in the fields for
various implements.

4. To operate a thresher by means
of a belt and pulley attached to the
back wheel.

5. To operate In winter, feed cutters,
cream separators and other apparatus
by means of a pulley attached to the
main shaft of the engine, and connect-
ed to the apparatus by means of belts,
pulleys and counter shaft

r

Get a Brantford Trailer

And save your automobile from
roug-h usage.

Also hitch it to your wagon for
a double load.

This simple, inexpensive, smooth
running vehicle will bring your pro-
duce, fruit, milk, butter, to town
as well as carrying the return load
to the farm, and leave lots of room
for your wife and daughter.

Auto wheels, rubber tires, ball
bearings and strong, springy frame
makes it draw a big load with little
effort. E^asy to attach and unhitch.

I manufacture MOTOR TRUCKS
and TRAILERS at Brantford.

. Write me to-day for price, stat-
ing capacity wanted.

R. 0. CUMBACK, Brantford,Ont.

256 . CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Strength of Materials.

The tensile strength of materials is measured by the least weight In
pounds which will break a vertical rod one inch square, firmly and squarely
fixed at its upper end, the load hanging from the lower end.

Tensile Strength of Materials in lbs. per square inch.

Elm 6,000 Cast Iron 20,000

Hickory 11,000 Wrought Iron 57,000

Maple 10,000 Wrought Iron Wire rope. . 38,000

Oak 10,000 Leather belts, good 3,000

Poplar 7,000 Manilla rope, best . 12,000

White Pine 10,000 Hemp rope, best IS'pOOO

Ordinary Steel 85,000 Cast Steel 114,000

If under compression instead of tension cast iron will crush under a
weight of 105 lbs. to the square inch, cast steel 142, and the various woods
at about 3-4 of the tensile strength given. The crushing strength of stone is
about 4,300 lbs. per square inch.

Factor of Safety.

In actual practice we have to deal with the load that may be safely
borne, and for this purpose the breaking load is divided by a factor of safety
to secure the desired safe load. The following table gives the usual factors
of safety.

Steady Stress. Varying Stress. Shocks.

Material. (Buildings) (Bridges) (Machines)

Timber 8 10 15

Stone 15 25 30

Cast Iron 6 15 20

Wrought Iron 4 6 10

Steel 5 7 16

Strength of Common Ropes.

The following table shows breaking weight and also safe weights which
may be borne by ordinary ropes:

Rope Breaking Weight Borne with safety

One-eighth inch diameter 78 lbs. 31 Its.

One-fourth inch diameter 314 lbs. 12 5 lbs.

One-half inch diameter 1,250 lbs. 500 lbs.

One inch diameter 5,000 lbs. 2,000 lbs.

One and one-fourth inch diameter 7,500 lbs. 3,000 lbs.

One and one-half inch diameter 12,500 lbs. 4,500 lbs.

Hnman Force.

The proportionate force between the hand of man on the tool used and
the force exerted by the tool is given respectively In the first and second
columns following:

Hand Tool

Draw knife 100. lbs. 100 lbs.

Large auger 100 lbs. 800 bs.

Screw driver 84 lbs. 250 bs.

Wrench, vise handle * 72 lbs. 1.000 bs.

Windlass, one hand 60 lbs. 180 to 700 lbs.

Handsaw 36 lbs. JS J"'

Brace and bit 16 lbs. 150 to 700 lbs.

Button screw, thumb and finger 14 lbs. 14 to 70 lbs.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

257

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

Compiled specially for the Canadian Farm
Year Book by Ernest H. Godfrey, F.S.S.
Field Crops of Canada 1914 and 1915.—

The agricultural seasons of 1914 and 1915
were in strongest contrast to each other.
That of 1914 was particularly unfavour-
able to the growth of grain. According to
the reports of the Dominion Government
the persistent drought throughout the
greater part of the Northwest proN-inces
in 1914 resulted in yields per acre of the
chief cereals lower than in any season
since 1910 and lower by between four and
five bushels than the averages of the six
years ended 1913. In Ontario and Quebec
though the grain crops suffered from a dry
season, the conditions were not so un-
favourable, whilst in the Maritime Pro-
vinces a favourable season resulted in
good returns.

Field Crops of 1915. — With reference to
the field crops of 1915, the Census and
Statistics Office of the Dominion Depart-
ment of Trade and Commerce reported
that the year will be a memorable one for
the most abundant grain harvest ever
reaped in Canada up to that time. This
result was due to a remarkable combina-
tion of circumstances. The small grain
harvest of 1914, ripened early and ex-
peditiously threshed and marketed under
favourable weather conditions, enabled
the Western farmers to complete an im-
usually large proportior* of fall ploughing
in readiness for the next year's crop. In
Ontario the acreage sown to fall wheat
was increased by over 16 per cent as
compared with the previous year, and the
increase of fall wheat for all Canada was
over 9 per cent. A mild winter and
spring brought the fall wheat crop
through with considerably less loss from
killing than usual. The spring opened
early, and as a general rule the conditions
for seeding were favourable. With the
prospect of high prices for wheat and
other cereals, and responding to appeals
for increased production on patriotic
grounds, the farmers of Canada took the
fullest advantage of their opportunities,
with the result that the area sown to
wheat for the harvest of 1915 was not only
the largest on record in Canada, but ex'-
ceeded the area sown in the previous year
by 1,964,400 acres, or nearly 18 per cent.
Finally, the growing season was uniformly
favourable, and the average yields per
acre of all the principal cereal crops in
Canada were higher than in any previous
year on record. For wheqt, the average
yield per acre was close upon 29 bushels,

or eight bushels more than the previous
record of 21 bushels in 1913.

For the whole of Canada the principal
field crops occupied in 1915 an estimated
total area of 37,063,455 acres, as compared
with 35,102,175 acres the area sown, and
with 33,436,675 acres, the are harvested
in 1914.

Total Grain Yields of 1915.— For the
season of 1915, as compared with 1914,
the total estimated yields of the grain
crops were as follows: wheat 376,303,600
bushels as against 161,280,000 bushels in
1914; oats 520,103,000 bushels as against
313,078,000 bushels; barley 53,331,300
bushels as against 36,201,000 bushels;
rye 2,394,100 bushels as against 2,016,800
bushels; peas 3,478,850 bushels as against
3,362,500 bushels; beans 723,400 bushels
as against 797,500 bushels; buckwheat
7,865,900 bushels as againft 8,626,000
bushels; flaxseed 10,628,000 bushels as
against 7, 175,200 bushels; mixed grains
17,523,100 bushels as against 16,382,500
bushels, and com for husking 14,368,000
bushels as against 13,924,000 bushels.
The total yield of wheat in 1915 was 85 .
per cent above that of 1914 and over 50
per cent above that of the annual average
for the five years 1910 to 1914. The total
peld of oats also was 47 per cent above
that of 1914 and 29 per cent above the
average.

Average Grain Yields per Acre, 191 5. —

From the preceding paragraphs it is clear
that the splendid total yields of wheat
have been very largely due to the success-
ful efforts of Canadian farmers in sowing
a larger acreage; but, for the grain crops,
magnificent average yields per acre were
after all the principal factor in sweUing
out the totals. The following are the
average yields in bushels per acre of the
principal grain crops as compared with
those of 1914, which are placed within
parentheses: Fall wheat, 29.41 (21.41);
spring wheat 28.93 (15.07); all wheat,
28.98 (15.67); oats, 45.76 (31.12); barley,
35.33 (24.21); rye, 21.32 (18.12); peas,
17.73 (17.64); beans, 16.70 (18.20);
buckwheat, 22.88 (24.34); flaxseed. 13.18
(6.62); mixed grains, 37.54 (35.36); and
com for husking, 56.72 (54.39).

Quality of the Grain Crops. — The qual-
ity of the grain crops in 1915, as deter-
mined by the weight per measured bushel
in lb., is, with the exception of one or two
crops, superior to that of last year, and is
also superior to the average of the last five
years. The weights per bushel for 1915
are as follows: Fall wheat, 59.71 lb.,

25S

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

spring wheat 60.31 lb., all wheat 60.19 lb.,
oats, 36.61 lb., barley, 48.26 lb., rye,
56.32 lb., peas 60.74 lb., beans 59.61 lb.,
buckwheat 48.02 lb., flax 55.28 lb., mixed
grains 44.98 lb. and com for husking,
56.32 lb.

Root and Fodder Crops 1914 and 1915.

— In 1914 the potato crop was a remark-
ably good one, and the average yield per
acre for the whole of Canada, viz., 180
bushels, was higher than in any year
since 1908, excepting only in 1909, when
the average was 193' bushels. In Ontario,
where the acreage under potatoes is larger
than in any of the other provinces, the
yield per acre in 1914, viz., 167 bushels,
was the highest ever recorded for the
province, whether by the Dominion or
Provincial Department. The total yield
of potatoes for Canada in 1914 was
85,672,000 _bushels from 475,900 acres.
But in 1915 the conditions were reversed.
Although the area sown, viz., 478,600
acres, was larger, the total yield did not
exceed 62,604,000 bushels, an average of
not more than 130.81 bushels, which was
lower than in any previous year except
1910 when it was 119.36 bushels. In
Ontario the average yield per acre was
•not more than 92.66 bushels, almost the
lowest yield of potatoes on record for the
province. In the other provinces the
potato yield was also poor, excepting in
Alberta and in British Columbia. In
Alberta the total yield was 5,155,000
bushels from 27,300 acres, an average of
188.84 bushels per acre, and in British
Columbia the yield was 3,956,000 bushels
from 16,000 acres, an average of 247.28
bushels. In both provinces the yield per
acre was higher than in any recent year.
In Alberta the yield was 211.64 bushels
in 1912, and in British Columbia it was
252.31 bushels in 1911. Turnips and
other roots for the whole of Canada
yielded 64,281,000 bushels from 172,700
acres, as compared with 69,003,000
bushels from 175,000 acres in 1914, the
yields per acre being 372.21 bushels in
1 9 1 5 , and 394. 30 bushels in 1 9 1 4. Of hay
and clover the yield in 1915 was 10,953,000
tons from 7,875,000 acres, or 1.39 ton per
acre; in 1914 the corresponding figures
were 10,259,000 tons from 7,997,000
acres, a yield per acre of 1.28 ton. Alfalfa
yielded 261,955 tons from 92,685 acres,
as compared with 218,360 tons from
90,315 acres in 1914, the average yield per
acre being 2.83 tons, compared with 2.42
tons. Fodder corn yielded 3,429,870
tons from 343,400 acres, as compared with
3,251,480 tons from 317,000 acres in 1910,
the average yield being 10 tons in 1915,
and 10>< tons in 1914. The yield of

sugar beets was 141,000 tons from 18,000
acres, compared with 108,600 tons from
12,100 acres, the yields per acre being
7.83 tons in 1915 and 8.98 tons in 1914.

Values of Field Crops 1914 and 1915.—
For all wheat in 1915, the average price
per bushel for the whole of Canada is
39 cents less than that of last year and 8
cents more than that of the annual average
for the five years ended 1914. The total
values of the principal grain crops of 1915,
compared with those of 1914 placed within
parentheses were as follows: Wheat,
$312,569,400 ($196,418,000); oats $176,-
894,700 ($151,811,000); barley, $26,704,-
700 ($21,557,000); rye, $1,899,900 ($1,-
679,300); peas $5,730,700 ($4,895,000);
beans, $2,206,800 ($1,844,300); buck-
wheat, $5,913,000 ($6,213,000); flaxseed,
$15,965,000 ($7,368,000); mixed grains,
$10,034,700 ($10,759,400); and com for
husking $10,243,000 ($9,808,000). In-
cluding root and fodder crops, the total
value of the field crops of Canada in 1915
amounted to $797,669,500, comprising
grain crops $568,161,900, potatoes and
sugar beets $36,739,500; and fodder
crops $192,768,100. The corresponding
values in 1914 were: Grain crops $412,-
353,000; potatoes and sugar beets $42,-
249,000 and fodder crops $183,978,300,
making a total of $638,580,300.
Grain Production of the NorthWest
Provinces, 1914 and 1915. — In the three
Northwest provinces of Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan and Alberta, the production of
wheat in 1915 wa^ estimated at 342,948,-
000 bushels, as compared with 140,958,000
bushels in 1914; of oats at 334,840,600
bushels as compared with 150,843,000
bushels; of barley at 35,317,200 bushels,
as compared with 19,535,000 bushels,
and flax at 10,559,000 bushels, as com-
pared with 7,083,000 bushels. The wheat
• production of 1915 in Manitoba was
96,425,000 bushels from 3,342,900 acres,
in Saskatchewan 195,168,000 bushels from
6,838,100 acres, and in Alberta 51,355,000
bushels from 1,563,700 acres.

Tabtilar Presentation by Provinces. —
In the accompanying tables are given by
provinces the whole of the data available
for the field crops of 1914 and 1915.
Table I shows the area, yield, quahty
and value for these two years, as compared
with the annual average for the five years
ended 1914. Table III gives the total
areas and yields of wheat, oats, barley
and flaxseed in the Northwest provinces
for the years 1910 to 1915 and the annual
average for the five years 1910 to 1914;
and Table II shows the total areas and
values of the field crops of Canada for
the years 191Cf to 1915. These tables are

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

259

taken from the "Census and Statistics
Monthly" of Januarj', 1916.

Wheat Surplus for Export. — Official
calculations place the surplus of wheat
available for export from the crop of 1915
at about 264 million bushels after allowing
a deduction from the total estimated crop
of 10 per cent for loss in cleaning and for
non-merchantable grain and for the
retention of 74 >^ million bushels for food
and for seeding in 1916. The largest
quantity of wheat and wheat flour
previously exported from Canada in any
one fiscal year was 142,574,000 bushels in
1913-14. The quantity estimated as
available for export out of the crop of
19^15 is about 121.6 million bushels in
excess of this amount, and represents
about 70 per cent of the total estimated
wheat production of Canada in 1915.
For the first time the Canadian wheat
siuplus proves more than sufficient to
supply the annual average wheat deficit
of the United Kingdom, which, according
to British official calculations, amounts to
over 215 million bushels.

Flax Fibre. — According to information
published by the Census and Statistics
Office, the area under flax grown for fibre
in southern Ontario during 1915 was
about 4,000 acres. From this area the
production of flax fibre was about 800
tons, which at the average price of
approximately 20 cents per lb., or $400
per ton, was of the total value of $320,000.
In addition, 80 tons of tow, at $35 per
ton, realised $2,800. About 30 per cent
of the total production of fibre is shipped
to Ireland, the rest being exported to
New England States.

Tobacco. — The season for tobacco in
1915 was rather cool and very wet, par-
ticularly in Ontario, where the White
Burley crops stiffered greatly from To-
bacco Root Rot, Thielavia basicola.
However, the Virginia types, which as a
rule, are grown on lighter soils and on
ridges well drained, gave better crops than
in 1914, The acreage in bright tobacco
was also largely increased in 1915. In
Quebec the summer of 1915 was a little
cooler than usual, and in some districts
the weather was rather wet. The crop
was about normal in the northern dis-
tricts. In the southern districts there
was a little Root Rot, which materially
reduced the yield. Both in Quebec and
Ontario the autumn of 1915 was excep-
tionally favourable to the curing of the
tobacco crop in the bams. All the to-
baccos which were harvested in good time
were practically cured by the end of
October. Table IV gives the official
estimates of the acreage and yield of

tobacco in Quebec and Ontario for each
of the years 1913, 1914 and 1915.

Beetroot Sugar. — The total produc-
tion of refined sugar manufactured from
Canadian-grown beetroot was 36,838,267
lb. for. the sugar campaign of 1915. as
compared with 27,545,248 lb. in 1914.
The acreage and yield of the roots are
shown in Table I.

Niunbers and Values of Farm Live
Stock, 1914 aiid 1915.— Table V shows
the latest estimates of the numbers of
farm live stock in Canada for the five
years 1911 to 1915. In 1914 the esti-
mated total values of each description
were as fo.llows: Horses, $371,430,000;
cattle $297,131,000; sheep, $14,551,000;
and swine, $42,418,000, or for all descrip-
tions an aggregate of $725,530,000. In
1915 the corresponding values were as
follows: Horses $370,378,000; cattle,
$315,701,000; sheep, $16,225,000; and
sv^-ine, $48,363,000, making- a total of
$750,667,000.

Numbers of Pure Bred Live Stock in
Canada, 1911. — Table VI shows the num-
bers of pure-bred live stock in Canada,
according to the census of 1911. Horses
comprised 22 different breeds, the princi-
pal in point of numbers being the Clydes-
dale, Shire, French-Canadian, Percheron
and Suffolk Punch among the heavy
draught breeds and Thoroughbreds, Hack-
neys and Standard-Bred amongst the ilght
horses. Amongst the cattle, shorthorns
very largely predominated with 56,614, or
45 per cent of the total. Holsteins were
next with 23,292, then Ayrshires 17,257,
Jerseys 8,124, and Herefords 7,611.
Sheep, numbering 53,616 consisted of 14
named breeds. The largest numbers
were Shropshires 17,678, next came
Oxford Downs 9,127, Leicesters 8,919,
and Cotswolds 8,539. Swine numbering
56,457, consisted most largelv of York-
shires 27,730, Berkshires 13^89, Tam-
worths 4,301 and Chester Whites 4,198.

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181 Simcoe St., Toronto.

DO IT NOW!

260

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915.

Weight Aver-

Yield

Total

per age

Total

Crops

Area

per

Yield

meas- pnce

Value

acre

ured per
bush. bush.

Canada —

Fall wheat._„ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Spring wheat 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

All wheat 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Oats 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Barley..._ 1914

1915
Average 1910-14

Rye 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Peas 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Beans 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Buckwheat.__ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Mixed grains 1914

1915

- Average 1910-14

Flax. 1914

acres bush.

bush.

lb. $

$ .

973,300 21.41
1,208,700 29.41

20,837,000
35,551,600

59.61 1.05
59.71 0.90

21,818,000
32,001,500

1,010,000 21.78

22,003,000

60.26 0.81

19,236,000

9,320,600 15.07 140,443,000
11,777,700 28.93 340,752,000

59.16 1.24 174,600,000
60.31 0.83 280,567,900

9,444,000 18..42

174,023,000

59..47 0..74 128,688,000

10,293,900 15.67 161,280,000
12,986,400 28.98 376,303,600

59.49 1.22 196,418,000
60.19 0.83 312,569,400

10,454,000 18.75 196,026,000

59.61 0.75

147,924,000

10,061,500 31.12 313,078,000
11,365,000 45.76 520,103,000

35.31 0.48 151,811,000
36.61 0.34 176,894,700

9,749,000 35.25 343,612,000

35.58 0.36 125,072,000

1,495,600 24.21
1,509,350 35.33
1,500,000 27.62

36,201,000
53,331,300
41,436,000

47.22 0.60
48.26 0.50
47.58 0.50

21,557,000
26,704,700
20,547,000

111,280 18.12
112,300 21.32

2,016,800
2,394,100

55.47 0.83
56.32 0.79

1,679,300
1,899,900

121,000 17.90
205,550 17.64
196,210 17.73

2,155,000
3,362,500
3,478,850

55.36 0.73
60.53 1.46
60.74 1.66

1,581,000
4,895,000
5,730,700

267,000 15.51

4,140,000

59.14 1.11

4,633,000

43,830 18.20
43,310 16.70

797,500
723,400

60.21 2.31
59.61 3.05

1,844,300
2,206,800

48,000 18.20

874,000

59.41 2.00

1,751,000

354,400 24.34
343,800 22.88

8,626,000
7,865,900

48.20 0.72
48.02 0.75

6,213,000
5,913,000

375,000 23.02

8,631,000

48.26 0.64

5,519,000

463,300 35.36
466,800 37.54

16,382,500
17,523,100

45.51 0.66
44.98 0.57

10,759,400
10,034,700

478,000 32.74

15,652,000

45.06 0.58

9,177,000

1,084,000 6.62

7,175,200

52.49 1.03

7,368,000

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

261

1915

Average 1910-14

Com for husking 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Potatoes. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Hay and clover 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Fodder com. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Sugar beets 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Alfalfa. „...1914

1915

Average 1910-14

P. E. Island-
Spring wheat 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Oats. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Barley 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Peas. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Buckwheat. _1914

1915

Average 1910-14

806,600 13.18

1,224,000 10.65

256.000 54.39
253,300 56.72

290,000 55.97
475,900180.02
478,600130.81

476,000157.96

175,000394.30
172,700372.21

189,000366.04
tons

7,997,000 1.28
7,875,000 1.39

8,268.000 1.42

317,000 10.25
343,400 10.00

302,000 9.46

12,100 8.98
18,000 7.83

17,000 9.65

90,315 2.42
92,685 2.83

88,000 2.46

bush.
32,000 25.28
34,400 19.00

31,000 20.97

183,000 41.51
196,000 34.86

181,000 34.96

3,800 31.25
3,700 28.88

4,500 26.89

80 40 .tK)
70 15.75

75 25.33

2,600 32.91
2,600 29.00

2,640 28.03

10,628,000 55.28 1.50 15,965,000

13,033,000 55.28 1.10 14,394,000

13,924,000 56.62 0.71 9,808,000

14,368,000 56.32 0.71 10,243,000

16,231,090 55.20 0.63 10,232,000

85,672,000 0.49 41,598,000

62,604,000 0.57 35,964,000

75,190,000 0.49 37,107,000

69,003,000 0.27 18,934,000

64,281,000 0.26 16,560,000

69,181,000 0.25 17,453,000

tons per

ton

10,259,000 14.3 145,999,000

10,953,000 14.2 155,807,000

11,706,000 11.61 135,867,000

3,251,480 4.91 15,949,700

3,429,870 4.96 16,999,100

2,856,000 4.84 13,831,000

108,600 5.99 651,000

141,000 5.50 775.500

164,000 5.86 962,000

218,360 14.17 3,095,600

261,955 12.98 3,402,000

217,000 12.13 2,632,000

per
bush. bush.

809,000 57.51 1.04 841,000

653,600 59.05 1.08 705.800

623,000 59.06 1.00 620,000

7,596,000 37.46 0.48 3,646,000

6,832,500 36.70 0.45 3,074,600

6,329.000 36.58 0.42 2,661,000

119.000 47.33 0.64 76,000

106,800 48.83 0.71 75,800

121,000 47.86 0.62 75,000

3,200 60.00 2.00 6,400

1,100 61.67 2.33 2,500

1,900 58.60 1.53 2.900

86,000 47.33 0.70 60,000

75,400 48.15 0.75 56,500

74,000 47.33 0.64 47,000

262

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915.

continued.

Crops

Area

Weight Aver-

Yield

Total

per age

Total

per

Yield

meas- pnce

Value

acre

ured per
bush. bush.

Mixed grains 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Potatoes 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Hay and clover 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Fodder corn._ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Alfalfa 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Nova Scotia —

Spring wheat 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Oats '. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Barley.__ .....1914

1915
Average 1910-14

Rye 1914

acres bush. bush. bush. $ $

7,860 45.75 360,000 46.04 0.56 202.000

8,000 38.65 309,200 43.00 0.55 170,000

7,500 40.40 303,000 44.35 0.50 150.000

32,000212.70 6,806,000 0.23 1,565,000

31,000114.78 3,558,000 0.46 1,637,000

32,000184.69 5,910,000 0.29 1,691,000

7,900450.58 3,560,000 0.22 783,000

7,600449.46 3,551,000 0.26 923,000

7,600470.53 3,576,000 0.21 764,000

tons tons per
ton

192,000 1.74 334,000 13.4 4,355,000

198,000 1.77 351,000 12.18 4,275,000

201,000 1.47 296,000 10.96 3,244,000

270 9.00 2,400 4.00 9,600

260 13.00 3,400 3.00 10,200

270 8.88 2,400 3.04 7.300

55 3V0O 165 ZZ. U'.'OO '"2,300

67 2.61 175 10.06 1,760

per

bush. bush. bush.

12,000 21.87 262,000 59.81 1.25 328,000

13,300 18.57 247,000 59.26 1.21 298,700

12,700 20.47 260,000 59.08 1.13 295,000

101,800 34.00 3,461,000 35.07 0.61 2,111,000

112,000 31.14 3,487,700 34.18 0.59 2,057,700

100,000 30.89 3,089,000 34.28 0.54 1,670,000

4,800 28.72 138,000 '47.90 0.84 116,000

4,900 26.20 128,400 48.39 0.80 102,700

5,140 27.25 140,100 48.49 0.78 109,000

280 17. 6t 5,000 56.00 1.05 5,300

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

1915 300 15.00 4,500

Average 1910-14 310 18.30 5.675

Peas 1914 190 22.23 4,200

1915 190 18.66 3,550

Average 1910-14 180 25.30 4,555

Beans 1914 840 22.00 18,500

1915 . 840 17.50 14,700

Average. 1910-14 865 22.66 19,600

Buckwheat .1914 10,000 25.94 259,000

1915 10,200 21.72 221,500

Average 1910-14 11,000 23.54 259,000

Mixed grains 1914 3,900 37.18 145,000

1915 4,100 34.16 140,000

Average 1910-14 4,000 32.25 129,000

Com for husking 1914

1915

Average 1910-13 85 47.06 4,000

Potatoes 1914 32,500220.45 7,165,000

1915 33,700141.23 4,759,000

Average 1910-14 32,000195.03 6,241,000

Turnips, mangolds,

etc .^. 1914 9,000387.42 3,487,000

1915 9,200390.02 3,589,000

Average 1910-14 11,000404.82 4,453,000

tons tons

Hav and clover 1914 518,000 1.89 979,000

1915 538,000 1.78 958,000

Average 1910-14 528,000 1.63 861,000

Fodder corn 1914 520 7.67 4,000

1915 500 4.64 2,300

Average 1910-14 585 8.55 5,000

Alfalfa. 1914 30 2.00 60

1915 30 2.30 70

Average 1910-14 ' 25 3.00 75

New Brunswick — bush. bush.

Spring wheat 1914 12,600 18.57 234,000

1915 14,000 19.09 267,000

Average 1910-14 13,200 18. 57^ 245,100

Oats. — _ 1914 200,000 32.44 6,488,000

263

56.00 1.08

4,900

56.00 0.95

5,400

60.20 2.04
59.00 2.01

8,600
7,100

59.74 1.75

7,980

59.77 2.99
59.83 3.87

55,000
56,800

59.33 2.45

48,000

48.05 0.72
47.45 0.72

186,000
159,500

47.21 0.66

172,000

43.45 o:71
43.05 0.71

103,000
99,400

43.83 0.66

86,000

43.66 0.75

3,000

0.49

0.58

3,511,000
2,760,000

0.48

2,999,000

0.38

0.34

1,325,000
1,223,000

0.34

1,495,000

per
ton
..-.14.50
13.33

14,196,000
12,770,000

......12.21

10,509,000

6.00

7.00

24,000
16,000

5.20

26.000

14.00

13.00

800
900

12.00

900

per
bush.

59.70 1.30
59.69 1.26

304,000
335.000

58.98 1.07

263,000

35.48 0.59

3,828,000

264

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915.

continued.

Crops

Area

Yield
per
acre

Total
Yield

Weight Aver-

per age

meas- price

ured per

bush. bush.

Total
Value

acres

bush.

bush.

bush.

$

$

201,000

27.66

5,559,600

36.33

0.55

3,058,000

199,700

29.61

5,913,000

35.20

0.52

3,062,000

2,400
2,100

26.81
22.96

64,000
48,000

47.95
48.85

1.14
0.85

73,000
40,800

2,600

26.77

69,600

47.62

0.70

49,000

460
420

20.70
17.08

10,000
6,700

59.85
60.27

1.36
2.52

14,000
16,900

540

20.37

11,000

5^.04

1.40

15,400

290
270
300

20.82
21.37
19.67

6,000
5,700
5,900

59.55
60.71
58.97

2.89
4.03
2.59

17,300
23,000
15,300

63,800
58,000

26.43
22.68

1,686,000
1,315,000

47.76
47.51

0.61
0.73

1,028,000
960,000

63,000

25.13

1,583,000

47.72

0.58

911,000

950
900

30.33
31.50

29,000
28,400

40.92
45.80

0.65
0.71

19,000
20,000

1915

Average. 1910-14

Barley.- 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Peas 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Beans. 1914

1915
Average. 1910-14

Buckwheat 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Mixed grains 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Com for husking

Average. 1910-13

Potatoes. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Hay and clover._ 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Fodder com._ 1914

1915

960 29.17 28,000 43.64 0.64

18,000

50 19.40 970 0.87 840

43,900 239.96 10,534,000 0.40 4,214,000

40,000 144.31 5,772,000 0.64 3,694,000

42,000 203.69 8,555,000 0.44 3,791,000

8,400 289.96 2,436,000 0.35 853,000

8,000 329.10 2,633,000 0.33 869,000

9,000 338.67 3,048,000 0.33 1,014,000

per

tons tons ton

571,000 1.36 777,000 ...... 12.47 9,689,000

569,000 1.39 791,000 14.00 11,074,000

602,000 1.31 788,000 10.00 7,878,000

120 4.00 480 6.00 3,000

110 7.00 770 2.50 1,900

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

265

Average. 1910-14

Alfalfa 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Quebec —

Spring wheat 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Oats 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Barley. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Rye 1914

1915

Average 191&-14

Peas 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Beans 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Buckwheat 1914

1915

Average .1910-14

Mixed grains 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Flax. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Com for husking 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Potatoes 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

180 8.89

1,600

_....

4.38

7.000

135 '2.25
140 2.25

300
320

=:

9.25
12.00

2,800
3,800

120 2.54

305

9.84

3,000

bush.

bush.

per
bush.

55,000 18.00
71,000 19.88

990,000
1,411,000

59.65
59.62

1.35
1.34

1,337,000
1,891,000

61,000 16.89

1,030,000

59.28

1.22

1,259,000

1,327,000 31.74
1,400,000 30.13

42,119,000
42,182,000

37.06
36.92

0.58
0.55

24,429,000
23,200,000

1,349,000 27.56

37,179,000

36.09

0.52

19,196,000

85,000 26.60
85,000 26.53

2,261,000
2,255,000

48.98
48.79

0.86
0.86

1,944,000
1,939,000

94.000 24.25

2,280,000

48.05

0.78

1.781,000

9,000 17.30
8,700 16.71

156,000
145,000

55.11
55.90

1.09
1.12

170,000
162,000

10,800 15.46

167,000

54.94

1.01

168,000

24,000 18.00
24.400 16.56

432,000
404,000

61.63
61.14

2.35
2.46

1,015,000
998,000

29,000 15.72

456,000

58.91

1.78

811,000

4,700 18.87
4,700 21.89

89,000
103,000

60.87
59.38

2.70
3.17

240,000
327,000

5,000 18.40

92,000

59.75

2.29

211,000

102,000 24.28
104,000 24.69

2,477,000
2,568,000

48.60
48.17

0.83
0.84

2,056,000
2.157,000

113,000 23.27

2,629,000

47.76

0.74

1,950,000

99,000 30.00
101,000 29.67

2,970,000
2,877,000

49.95

45.44

0.77
0.73

2,287,000
2,188,000

102,500 26.83

2,750,000

45.92

0.68

1,880,000

700 11.70
600 11.89

8,200
7,000

54.48
54.16

1.93
2.18

16,000
15,000

980 10.71

10,500

54.12

1.90

20,000

17,000 30.24
16,300 31.17

514,000
508,000

56.65
56.85

1.08
1.12

555,000
569,000

19,300 29.69

573.000

55.94

1.00

574,000

115,000189.66
117,000149.66

21,811,000
17,510,000

0.43
0.55

9,161,000
9.631,000

119,000150.46

17,914.000

0.46

8,315.000

266

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915.

continued.

Crops

Area

Weight Aver-

Yield

Total

per age

Tqtal

per

Yield

meas- price

Value

acre

ured per
bush. bush.

Canada —

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Hay and clover. 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Fodder corn._ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Alfalfa. 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Ontario —

FaU wheat. 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Spring wheat.„ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

AU wheat 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Oats. 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Barley. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Rye- 1914

1915

bush.

bush.

bush.

10,500328.20
10,200308.25

3,446,100
3,144,000

0.37
0.36

1,275,000
1,132,000

12,000313.08

3,757,000

0.35

1,308,000

tons
2,979,000 1.20
2,922,000 1.26

tons
3,575,000
3,682,000

per

ton

14.88

15.89

53,196,000
58,507,000

3,124,000 1.44

4,485,000

10.95

49,083,000

33,000 7 . 18
34,000 8.61

237,000
293,000

6.40
6.39

1,517,000
1,872,000

36,000 8.05.

290,000

4.94

1,433,000

2,950 2.06
2,860 2.84

6,000
8,100

13.43
11.78

81,000
95,000

3,400 2.50

8,500

9.53

81,030

bush.

bush.

per
bush.

727,400 21.51
972,000 28.34

15,646,000
27,546,000

59.77
59.41

1.08
0.93

16,898,000
25,618,000

759,000 22.07

16,758,000

60.40

0.90

15,353,000

107,000 18.80
121,000 22.36

2,012,000
2,706,000

59.05
59.41

1.07
0.96

2,153,000
2,598,000

117,000 18.41

2,154,000

58.90

0.92

1,977,000

834,000 21.16
1,093,000 27.67

17,658,000
30,252,000

59.50
59.41

1.07
0.93

19,051,000
28,216,000

876,000 21.59

18,912,000

60.18

0.92

17,330,000

2,840,000 35.00
3,095,000 39.68

99,400,000
122,810,000

34.07
34.67

0.49
0.39

48,706,000
47,896,000

2,823,000 33.68

95,084,000

33.80

0,42

39,732,000

461,000 30.34
449,000 34.23

13,987,000
15,369,000

47.83
47.83

0.64
0.56

8,952,000
8,607,000

496,000 28.81

14,289,000

47.49

0.61

8,677,000

78,000 17.19
78,000 19.88

1,341,000
1,551,000

55.47
56.89

0.85
0.79

1,140,000
1,225,000

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 267

Average

...1910-14

89,000

17.04

1,516,000

55.57

0.75

1,133,000

Peas

1914

179,000
169,000

16.00
17.79

2,864,000
3,007,000

59.88
59.86

1.32
1.54

3,780,000

1915

4,631,000

Average

..1910-14

235,000

15.22

3,607,000

58.68

1.03

3,720,'0{)0

Beans. _

1914

38,000
37,500
42,000

18.00
16.00
17.90

684,000
600,000
752,000

59.88
59.76
59.92

2.24
3.05
1.95

1,532,000

Average

1915
..1910-14

1,800,000
1,465,000

Buckwheat.__

1914

1915

176,000
169,000

23.40
21.81

4,118,000
3,686,000

47.83
48.21

0.70
0.70

2,883,000
2.580,000

Average __.

..1910-14

184,000

22.21

4,086,000

47.76

0.60

2,438,000

Mixed grains

1914

1915

344,000
345,000

36.66
39.91

12,611,000
13,769,000

44.58
44.76

0.63
0.54

7,945,000
7,435,000

Flax.

1914

1915

5,300
5,000

15.76
12.38

84,000
62,000

55.78
50.78

1.70
1.72

143,000
107,000

Average 1910-14 8,000 15.00 120,000 53.60 1:62 194,000

Com for husking 1914 239,000 56.11 13,410,000 56.22 0.69 9,253,000

1915 237,000 58.48 13,860,000 55.75 0.69 9,674,000

Average 1910-14 270,000 57.90 15,653,000 56.48 0.62 9,654,000

Potatoes

1914

1915

154,000 167.35
155,000 92.66

25,772,000
14,362,000

0.47

0.76

12,113,000
10,915,000

Average

..1910-14

156,000 128.09

19,982,000

0.58

11,612,000

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914

1915

114,000 430.31
112,000 394.42

49,055,000
44175,000

0.21

0.21

10,302,000
9,277,000

Average

..1910-14

127,000 375.66

47,709,000

0.20

9,596,000

Hay and clover..

1914

1915

tons
3,171,000 1.14
3,082,000 1.32

tons
3,615,000
4,068,000

per
ton

14.91

14.06

53,900,000
57,196,000

Average

..1910-14

3,296,000 1.34

4,420,000

12.38

54,755,000

Fodder com._

1914

1915

267,000 10.95
287,000 10.63

2,924,000
3,051,000

...... 4.72

4.76

13,801,000
14,523,000

Average

..1910-14

252,000 9.84

2,480,000

4.71

11,680,000

Su gar beets

_ 1914

1915

12,000 9.00
18,000 7.83

108,000
141,000

6.00

5.50

648,000
775,500

Average

..1910-14

16,000 9.68

155,000

5.92

919,000

Alfalfa

1914

1915

61,000 2.26
60,000 2 . 72

138,000
163,000

...... 15.01

13.41

2,071,000
2,186,000

Average

..1910-14

65,000 2.32

151,000

12.02

1,815,000

Manitoba —
Fall wheat

1914

1915

bush.
15,000 16.00
10,900 33.30

bush.

240,000

363,000

per
bush.
59.50 0.89
61.33 0.88

214,000
X 319,000

268 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915'

continued.

Weight Aver-
Yield Total per age Total

Crops Area per Yield meas- price Value

acre ured per

bush. bush.

Canada — acres bush. bush. bush. $ $

Average 1910-14 13,000 21.92 285,000 59.94 0.73 206,000

Spring wheat 1914 2,601,000 14.75 38,365,000 59.39 1.01 38,749,000

1915 3,332,000 28.83 96,062,000 61.18 0.85 81,653,000

Average 1910-14 2,809,000 17.82 50,068,000 59.97 0.74 37,463,000

All wheat 1914 2,616,000 14.84 38,605,000 59.39 1.01 38,963,000

1915 3,342,900 28.84 96,425,000 61.18 0.85 81,972,000

Average 1910-14 2 823,000 17.84 50,354,000 60.03 0.74 37,670,000

Oats 1914 1,331,000 28.25 31,951,000 34.21 0.48 15,336,000

1915 1,441,000 48.21 69,471,000 36.36 0.32 22,231,000

Average 1910-14 1,319,000 35.83 47,256,000 35.32 0.30 15,172,000

Barley 1914 468,000 21..00 9,828,000 46.00 0.55 5,405,000

1915 490,000 36.25 17,763,000 47.70 0.50 8,882,000

Average 1910-14 "462,000 26.59 12,283,000 47.08 0.42 5,168,000

Rye> 1914 5,000 20.00 100,000 57.00 0.90 90,000

1915 5,800 26.74 155,000 57.50 0.73 113,000

Average 1910-14 4,500 19.55 88,000 56.33 0.69 61,000

Mixed grains 1914 1,490 20.25 30,000 0.48 14,400

1915 1,550 32.50 50,000 43.00 0.41 21,000

Average 1910-14 1,300 31.07 40,400 .. ._ 0.42 17,100

Flax. 1914 40,000 8.44 338,000 55.41 1.10 372,000

1915 34,000 11.00 374,000 55.00 1..54 576,000

Average 1910-14 62,000 11.45 710,000 55.52 1.33 947,000

Potatoes. 26,900 117.91 3,172,000 0.72 2,284,000

1915 28,300 109.67 3,104,000 0.54 1,676,000

Average 1910-14 26,500 172.30 4,566,000 0.44 2,029,000

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914 3,900 268.50 1,047,000 0.54 565,000

1915 4,300 269.01 1,157,000 ...... 0.35 405,000

Average. 1910-14 3,600 297.78 1,072,000 0.42 453,000

per

tons tons ton

Hay and clover. 1914 162,000 1..24 201,000 ...... 9.12 1,833,000

1915 159,000 1.93 30? ,000 9.63 2,956,000

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 269

Average. 1910-14 153,000 1.40 214,000 9.39 2,010,000

Fodder corn._ 1914

1915

13,000
18,000

5.55
3.36

72,000
60,000

7.60

8.33

547,000
500,000

9,900

6.77

67,000

8.82

601,000

4,500
4,700

2.04
2.19

9,000
10,300

13.21

11.17

119,000
115,000

3,200

2.31

7,400

11.22

83,000

4,300
4,100

bush.
15.50
30.76

bush.

67,000

126,000

per
bush.
60.33 0.99
0.81

66,000
102,000

Average 1910-14

Alfalfa. 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Saskatchewan —

Fall wheat 1914

1915

Average 1910.14 3,000 20.00 60,000 59.65 0.75 45,000

Spring wheat 5,344,000 13.74 73,427,000 59.04 1.48 108,672,000

1915 6,834,000 28.54 195,042,000 60.75 0.81 157,984,000

Average. 1910-14 5,224,000 18.30 95,554,000 59.89 0.74 71,141,000

All wheat 1914 5,348,300 13.74 73,494,000 59.07 1.48 108,738,000

1915 6,838,100 28.54 195,168,000 0.81 158,086,000

Average 1910-14 5,227,000 18.30 95,613,000 59.97 0.74 71,187,000

Oats 1914 2,520,000 24.53 61,816,000 33.71 0.45 27,817,000

1915 2,937,000 53.67 157,628,600 37.48 0.28 44,136,000

Average 1910-14 2,410,000 38.17 91,996,000 36.01 0.29 26,334,000

Barley. 1914 290,000 16.90 4,901,000 43.87 0.50 2,451,000

1915 287,000 36.83 10,570,200 47.54 0.43 4,545,000

Average 1910-14 264,000 27.76 7,328,000 46.79 0.38 2,783,000

1914 2,600 20.90 54,000 58.50 0.67 36,000
Rye.„ 1915 2,700,28.00 75,600 55.17 0.75 57,000

Average. 1910-14 2,200 22.73 50,000 56.58 0.54 27,000

Peas 1915 400 23.00 9,200 61.00 1.40 13,000

Average 1910-13 355 20.00 7,100 1.03 7,300

Mixed grains 1914 1,900 15.50 29,500 0.51 15,000

1915 1,950 30.00 58,500 48.33 0.45 26,300

Average 1910-14 1,600 31.25 51,000 0.51 26,000

Flax. 1914 958,000 6.40 6,131,000 51.02 1.01 6,192,000

1915 697,000 13.00 9,061,000 55.89 1.50 13,592,000

Average 1910-14 1,062,000 10.60 11,262,000 54.30 1.09 12,220,000

Potatoes 1914 30,600 133.51 4,085,000 1.05 4,289,000

1915 30,300 146.15 4,428,000 0.49 2,170,000

Average 1910-14 29,000 166.90 4,840,000 0.57 2,771,000

Turnips, mangolds,

etc™ „1914 12,900 248.91 3,211,000 . 0.71 2,280,000

270

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915.

continued.

Weight Aver-

Yield

Total

per age

Total

Crops

Area

per
acre

Yield

meas- pnce
ured per
bush. bush.

Value

Canada —

1915
Average 1910-14

H^y and clover 1914

1915

Average „ 1910-14

Fodder corn 1914

1915

Average.^ 1910-14

Alfalfa _ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Alberta —

Fall wheats _ 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Spring wheat 1914

1915
Average 1910-14

All wheat 1914

1915

Average.- 1910-14

Oats 1914

1915

Average 1910-14

Barley— 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Rye 1914

1915

Average. 1910-14

Peas. 1914

acres bush. bush. bush. $ $

12,400236.75 2,936,000 ...... 0.52 1,527,000

11,000 269.45 2,964,000 . 0.50 1,492,000

per

tons tons ton

70,000 1.74 122,000 6.84 834,000

67.000 1.41 94.000 6.96 654,000

54,000 1.65 89,000 ...... 7.87 700,000

1,900 3.66 7,000 3.50 24,500

2,000 4.16 8,300 3.00 25,000

1,400 .4.29 6,000 6.50 39,000

1,800 2.59 5,000 15.00 75,000

1,800 1.71 3,000 14.50 44,000

1,200 2.25 2,700 14.44 39,000

per

bush. bush. bush .

221,100 21.30 4,709,000 58.26 0.94 4,426,000

215,700 33.92 7,316,000 61.32 0.79 5,780,000

229,000 20.64 4,727,000 59.75 0.73 3,452,000

1,150,000 21.00 24,150,000 60.75 0.91 21,977,000

1,348,000 32.67 44,039,000 61.57 0.79 34,791,000

1,169,000 20.46 23,913,000 59.68 0.65 15,482,000

1,371,100 21.05 28,859,000 60.17 0.91 26,403,000

1,563,700 32.84 51,355,00a 61.52 0.79 40,571,000

1,398,000 20.49 28,639,000 59.67 0.66 18,934,000

1,502,000 38.00 57,076,000 38.01 0.42 23,972,000

1,912,000 56.35 107,741,000 39.76 0.27 29,090,000

1,321,000 41.09 54,276,000 38.20 0.29 15,811,000

178,000 27.00 4,806,000 48.47 0.51 2,451,000

185,000 37.75 6,984,000 49.57 0.35 2,444,000

170,000 28.30 4,811,000 48.07 0.38 1,836,000

16,400 22.00 360,800 55.83 0.66 238,000

16,800 28.61 463,000 56.63 0.73 338,000

14,000 23.43 328,000 55.67 0.57 187,000

470 17.25 8,100 58.66 1.47 12,000

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 271

1915 430 20.00 8,600 62.00 1.65 14,200

Average 1910-14 440 17.26 7,595 58.66 1.14 8,680

Mixed grains 1914 1,800 40.00 72,000 0.47 34,000

1915 1,700 39.17 67,000 47.20 0.34 23,000

Average 1910-14 2,260 32.30 73,000 0.41 30,000

Flax.__ 1914 80,000 7.67 614,000 55.781 .05 645,000

1915 70,000 16.05 1,124,000 56.37 1.49 1,675,000

Average 1910-14 91,000 10.23 931,000 55.03 1.09 1,012,000

Potatoes 1914 26,300 138.86 3,652,000 0.65 2,374,000

1915 27,300 188.84 5,155,000 0.33 1,701,000

Average 1910-14 25,000 165.80 4,145.000 0.47 1,951,000

Turnips, mangolds,

etc.. 1914 4,900 255.53 1,252,000 0.60 751,000

1915 4,900 276.73 1,356,000 0.39 529,000

Average 1910-14 4,200 259.76 1,091,000 0.48 526,000

per

tons tons ton

Hay and clover 1914 176,000 1.73 304,000 8.31 2,526,000

1915 173,000 1.80 311,000 8.61 2,678,000

Average 1910-14 167,000 1.52 253,000 10.04 2,539,000

Fodder com._ 1914 800 2.00 1,600 3.50 5,600

1915 1,100 5.14 5,700 5.00 29,000

Average 1910-14 800 2.25 1,800 7.22 13,000

Sugar beets _ 1914 100 6.00 600 5.00 3,000

Average 1910-14 1,400 6.21 8,700 5.00 44,000

Alfalfa 1914 11,409 2.77 32,000 11.41 365,000

1915 11,000 3.06 34,000 9.31 317,000

Average.-, 1910-14 8,000 22.6 21,000 11.05 232,000

per

British Columbia — bush. bush. bush.

Fall wheat 1914 5,500 31.82 175,000 60.00 1.22 214,000

1915 6,000 33.44 200,600 60.46 0.91 182,500

Average. 1910-14 5,700 30.35 173,000 59.68 1.04 180,000

Spring wheat 1914 7,000-27.77 194,000 59.50 1.23 239,000

1915 10,000 32.43 324,400 58.40 0.96 311,400

erage._ _ 1910-14 6,600 26.82 177,000 59.23 1.06 188,000

All wheat .1914 12,500 29.-52 369,000 59.74 1.23 453,000

1915 16,000 32.80 525,000 59.32 0.94 493,900

Average 1910-14 12,300 28.46 350,000 59.46 1.05 367,000

Oat? 1914 56,700 55.93 3,171,000 35.63 0.62 1,966,000

1915 71,000 61.84 4,390,600 36.28 0.49 2,151,400

Average 1910-14 46,000 54.13 2,490,000 36,73 0.58 1,433,000

272

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1914 and 1915.

continued.

. Crops

Yield
Area per
acre

Weight Aver-
Total per age
Yield meas- price
ured per
bush. bush.

Total
Value

Canada —

acres bush.

bush.

3ush.

$

$

Barley..._

1914

1915

2,600 37.29
2,650 40.36

97,000
106,900

48.83
49.89

0.92
0.64

89,000
68,400

Average

.1910-14

2,500 37.60

94,000

48.83

0.74

70,000

Peas „

1914

1915

1,350 30.00
1,300 29.75

41,000
38,700

60.00
60.00

1.45
1.24

59,000
48,000

Average.- _.

.1910-14

1,500 27.73

41,600

62.00

1.35

56,000

Mixed grains

1914

1915

2,400 56.67
2,600 40.00

136,000
104,000

48.00

1.03
0.50

140,000
52,000

Average

Potatoes

..1910-14

1914

1915

2,050 44.88
14,700182.00
16,000247.28

92,000
2,675,000
3.956,000

48.00 0.67

0.78

0.45

61,800
2,087,000
1,780,000

Average

..1910-14

14,500209.52

3,038,000

0.64

1,948,000

Turnips, mangolds,

etc 1914

1915

3,500431.00
3,800455.61

1,509,000
1,731,000

0.53
0.39

800,000
675,000

Average.-

..1910-14

3,150479.68

1,511,000

0.53

805,000

Hay and clover.

1914

1915

tons
158,000 2.23
167,000 2.34

tons
352,000
391,000

per

ton

15.54

.14.57

5,470,000
5,697,000

Average

..1910-14

142,300 2.10

298,500

.17.15

5,120,000

Fodder corn.

1914

1915

390 8.00
430 12.62

3,000
5,400

. 6.00
. 4.00

18,000
22,000

Average

..1910-14

400 7.50

3,000

. 8.33

25,000

Alfalfa.„__

1914

1915

8,500 3.33
12,100 3.52

28,000
43,000

.13.60
.14.84

381,000
638,000

Average.. _..

...1910-14

6,300 4.13

26,000

.15.39

400,000

Timely
Subjects

FARM PRESS, LTD.,

Of interest to Live Stock Breeders
and Farmers each week In

181 SImcoe St.,

Canadian
Farm

Toronto, Ontario.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

273

II. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1910-1915

AREAS.
Provinces 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914

Average for
1915 the 5 years
1910-1914

801.000 1.215,000

2.839,000

2,804,000

2,616,000

3,342.900

2,823,000

1,348.000

1,398,000

1,331,000

1.441,000

1,319,000

481,000

496,000

468.000

490,000

462,000

100,000

54,000

40.000

34.000

62.000

N.W. Prov.'s

Wheat. 7.867,894 9.991.281 10,011.000 10,036.000 9,335.000 11,744,700 9,448.000

Oats 3.880.604 4,861,563 5,365.000 5.792,000 5,353.000 6,290.000 5.050.000

Barley 667,072 886.225 960.000 1.025.000 936.000 962,000 895,000

Flax. 572.185 868,936 2,012.000 1.545.000 1.078,000

Manitoba —

Wheat 2.760.371 3.094.833

Oats 1.209.173 1.307.434

Barley.. 416.016 448,105

Flax 34,684 79,765

Saskatch'w'n

Wheat.. 4.228.222 5,256.474

Oats... 1.888.359 2.332.912

Barley 129.621 273,988

Flax... _ 506,425 682,000

Alberta —

Wheat 879,301 1,639,974

Oats. 783,072 1.221,217

Barley 121.435 164.132

Flax- 31.076 107.171

5,582,000 5,720,000 5,348,300

2,556,000 2.755.000 2.520.000

292,000 332,000 290,000

1,780,000 1,386.000 958.000

6,838.100 5.227.000

2.937.000 2.410.000

287.000 264.000

697,000 1,062,000

1,590,000 1,512,000 1,371,100

1,461,000 1,639.000 1.502.000

187.000 197.000 178.000

132.000 t05.000" 80.000

1.563.700 1.398.000

1.912.000 1.321.000

185.000 170.000

70.000 91.000

VALUES.

Canada

P. E. Island..
Nova Scotia..

New Briunswick

Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan.

Alberta

British Columbia.

396.635.240

6.681.140

11.430,300

12,140,500

76,325,000

149,607.000

-42,800,000

74.755.300

16.150,000

6.746.000

597.926.000
9,099,300
17.174,500
17,695,200

106,248,000

195,764,000
76,548,000

115.426,000
48,475,000
11,496,000

557.344.100

9.456.000

19,420.000

17.295,700

69,901.000

198.715.000
71.647.000

115.8;3,O0O
44.503.400
10.593.000

552.771.500

9.535.500

17.132.900

17,965,100

88,589,000

167,835,000
64.557,000

129,376,000
46,712,000
11.069.000

638.580.300
11.544.000
21.969.700
20.045.100
99,279,000

196,220.000
65,528.400

152.751.500
59.779.600
11.463.000

797.669.500

10.932.700

19.556.700

20.096.400

104.683.000

207,043,500

119.447.000

224.875.300

79,409,200

11,625.700

Note. — In 1914 the total areas estimated to be sown to field cropis amounted to 35,102.175 acres;
but the productive surface in the Northwest provinces was reduced by the following areas of crops which
failed in consequence of the drought: Wheat 728,100 acres, oats 753,000 acres, barley 102,000 acres,
flax 79,000 acres and sugar beets 2,000 acres in Alberta, and 1.400 acres in Ontario.

m. Comparative Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flaxseed in the North-
west Provinces, 1910-1915.

Provinces

1910

AREAS.
1911 1912

1913

1915

Canada

P. E. Island...
Nova Scotia-

New Brunswick

Quebec

acres

acres

30,279.336 34.545,672 35.575.550 35.375.430 33,436.675 37.063.455

476.671 477.035 462.880 456.970 461.510 481.985

709.788 709.703 700.160 711.630 693,860 727.260

952.085 978.530 931.990 906.130 904.055 893.940

5.242.593 5.375.066 5.010.400 4,898,800 4.863.850 4.901.760

274

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Ontario 9.288,078

Manitoba 4.594,784

Saskatchewan. 6,8 1 7,841

Alberta. 1 ,999,963

British Columbia 197,533

9 648 909

9 349,000

9,200,000

8,973.700

9.391.500

5,134,087

4,971,400

4,965,000

4.671,790

5.592.550

8,644.102

10,315,800

10,307.600

9.238,000

10,877,650

3.351,745

3,603,060

3,690,100

3,369,270

3,966,930

226.495

230,860

238.700

260.640

292,880

N.W. Prov's

Wheat

Oats

Bariey.

Flax.

Manitoba —

Wheat.

Oats

Bariey

FIax._-.

Saskatch'w n
Wheat......

Oats.

Bariey

Flax

Alberta —

Wheat

Oats.

Barley

Flax.

bush.

bush.

bush.

bush.

bush.

bush.

bush.

110,165.155 208.366,000 204,280.000 209,262,000 140,958,000 342,948,000 174,606,000

105,400,393 176.292,000 242.321.000 242,413,000 150,843,000 334.840,600 183,454,000

12,047,806 27,966,000 31,600,000 31,060,000 19,535,000 35,317.200 24,442,000

4,148,315 9,938.500 25,978.000 17,366,000 7.083.000 10.559.000 12,903,000

34,125,949 62,689,000 63,017.000 53.331.000 38,605,000 96,425.000 .50.354,000

30,378,379 60,037,000 57,154,000 56.759,000 31,951.000 69,471,000 47.256.000

6,506.634 14,949,000 15,826,000 14,305,000 9,828,000 17,763.000 12,283.000

176,675 1,152,000 1.252,000 632,000 338,000 374.000 710,000

66.978,996 109,075.000 106,960.000 121,559,000

58.922,791 107.594.000 117,537,000 114,112,000

3,061,007 8,661,000 9.595,000 10,421,000

3,893,160 7,672,500 23,033,000 15,579,000

9,060,210 36,602,000 34,303,000 34.372.000

16,099.223 59.034,000 67.630.000 71,542.000

2,480.165 4,356.000 5.179.000 6.334.000

78.480 1,114.000 1,693,000 1,555,000

73,494,000 195,168,000 95,613,000

61,816,000 157,628,600 91.996,000

4,901,000 10.570,200 7,328,000

6.131.000 9.061.000 11.262,000

28,859,000 51.355,000 28,639.000

57.076.000 107,741,000 54,276,000

4,806,000 6,984,000 4.831.000

614,000 1.124.000 931.000

IV. Area and Yield of Tobacco in Canada, 1913 to 1915.

Provinces 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 191-

lb. lb. lb.
acres acres acres lb. lb. lb. per per per

acre acre acre

Quebec. 5,000 4,750 4,500 4,500,000 5,000,000 4,050,000 900 950 900

Ontario „_... 6,000 5,000 4,500 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,950,0001,300 1,200 1,100

Total 11,000 9,750 9,000 12,500,000 11,000,000 9,000,000 1,136 1,128 1,000

V. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, 1911 to 1915.

Live Stock 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915

No.
Canada —

Horses 2,595,912

Milch cows 2,594,179

Other cattle 3,939,257

Sheep 2,175,302

Swine._ 3,610,428

Prince Edward Island —

Horses — 35,935

Milch cows 52,109

Other cattle._ 68,287

Sheep._ 91,232

Swine 56,377

Nova Scotia —

Horses 61 ,355

No;

No.

No.

No.

2,692,357

2,866,008

2,947,738

2,996,099

2,604,488

2,740,434

2,673,286

2,666,846

3,827,373

3,915,687

3,363,531

3,399,155

2,082,381

2,128,531

2,058,045

2,038,662

3,477,310

3,448,326

3,434,261

3,111,900

35,638

35,952

36,114

36,898

49,415

48,565

47,317

47,043

64,688

64,261

61,048

59,503

87,793

85,660

85,351

86,640

50,463

43,762

41,718

40,792

61,735 62,550 62,581 63,244

AGillCULTURAL STATISTICS. -276

Milch cows 129,302 130,104 130,468 128,237 128,814

Other cattle 158,122 156,051 153,726 148,269 144,458

Sheep._ ■ 220,907 216,135 217,734 211,921 205,542

Sw-ine._ 63,322 61,194 56,580 53,892 53,402

New Brunswick —

Horses 65,458 65,582 65,108 65,702 65,827

Milch cows 108,532 110,507 106,904 102,713 101,665

Other cattle 113,659 113,136 107,864 99,256 96,437

Sheep.J. „ 158,216 148,725 135,115 211,739 111,026

Swine._„ „ 87,391 85,905 77,014 73,325 72,533

Quebec —

Horses 369,237 367,402 369,974 372,009 372,567

Milch cows 753,134 755,770 761,816 733,476 720,420

Other cattle 697,860 695,906 693,540 625,958 612,500

Sheep._ 637,062 620,881 602,751 571,287 554,491

Swine.__ 793,348 747,254 661,768 634,569 632,729

Ontario —

Horses 811,585 805,271 902,628 904,975 903,527

Milch cows 1,032,979 1,033,392 1,141,071 1,085,843 1,077,808

Other cattle. 1,471,694 1,380,890 1,460,015 970,445 935.606

Sheep ..743,483 677,462 705,848 640,416 611,789

Swine .,... 1,864,165 1,693,594 1,652,440 1,553,624 1,469,573

Manitoba —

Horses 280,374 293,776 304,088 316,707 317,847

Milch cows 155,337 148,471 152,792 156,306 157,494

Other cattle 279,776 267.130 256,926 251,996 246,603

Sheep.__ 37,322 40,800 42,840 - 45,303 50.880

Swine._ 188,416 183,370 184,745 186,276 163,308

Saska tche wan —

Horses 507,400 551,645 580,386 609,521 630,062

MUchcows 181,146 184,896 194,843 204,624 211.684

Other cattle 452,466 461,244 468,255 474,436 543,609

Sheep.„ 114,216 114,810 115,568 126,027 133,311

Swine._ 286,295 344,298 386,784 454,703 411,324

Alberta —

Horses 407,153 451,573 484,809 519,424 544.772

Milch cows 147,687 157,922 168,376 179,068 183,974

Other cattle. ^ 592,163 587.307 610,917 633,032 660,000

Sheep._ 133,592 135,075 178,015 211,001 238,579

Swine._ 237,510 278,747 350.692 397,123 229,696

British Columbia —

Horses 57,415 59,735 60,518 60,705 61,355

Milch cows 33,953 34,011 35,599 35,702 37,944

Other cattle. 105,230 101,021 100,183 99,091 100,439

Sheep.__ 39,272 40,702 45.000 45.000 46,404

Swine._ 33,604 32,485 34,541 39,031 38,543

Note. — ^The numbers of live stock in 1911 are the actual returns of the Census of

that year. The numbers for the years 1912 to 1915 are estimates based upon the
Census of 1911 and compiled" from the reports of correspondents.

276

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Meadowbrook Farm Jerseys

Whitby, Ont.

THE HOME OF HIGH-CLASS IMPORTED AND CANADIAN
' BRED JERSEY CATTLE.

Twylish (Imp.)i a Meadowbrook matron, and a winner of many show

Rings.

SIZE, TYPE AND QUALITY
HAS ALWAYS BEEN OUR AIM.

MEADOWBROOK FARM JERSEYS ARE ALL OF PRIZE-
WINNING SIRES AND DAMS, DIRECTLY IMPORTED
FROM THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. OUR 1916 OFFERING
OF YOUNG BULLS ARE SIRED BY OUR TORONTO 1915
WINNER, CLYPTHA'S MAJESTY.

—ADDRESS ALL CORRESPONDENCE TO—

R. J. Fleming

MEADOWBROOK FARM, WHITBY, ONTARIO

WTIO'S WHO IN AGRICULTURE.

27(

WHO'S WHO IN AGRICULTURE!

ALEXANDER, J. Lee, Hillhurst. Ont.
Bom Coaticook, Que., Aug., 1871. Son
of Jason and Elizabeth (Hill) AJex-
andea-. Married Blanche E. Edwaj-ds.
Director C.G.E. Exhibition, Sherbrooke,
Que.; Councillor Tp. of Compton.
Formerly partner of firm of Edwards
& Alexander. Now farming under
name of Edwards and Alexander. 300
acres of land and over 100 head of Jer-
sey cajttlek
AGAR, Amos, NashviUe, Ont. Bom
Township Vaughan, Ont., August, 1856.
Son of Richard and Jane Agax. Mar-
ried Alice Dalziel. Farmer, special-
izing in Clydesdale, Shire and Carriage
Horses. Thirty-flve years in business.
AMOS, George, Moffatt, Ont. Bom
Waterloo Co., Ont, 1860. Son of Rob-
ert ajid Mrs. Amos. Married Ellen
Adrms. Member Dominion Shorthorn
Breeders' Ass'n. For 19 years a mem-
ber of firm of Geo. Amos' & Sons,
Shorthorn breeders.
AMOS, Robert T., MofiEatt, Ont. Bom
Waterloo Co., April, 1885. Son of Geo.
and Mrs. Amos. ilarried Margaret
MacKenzie. Director Dominion Short-
horn Breeders' Ass'n. Member of firm
of G. Amos & Sons, Shorthorn breed-
ers of 19 years standing.
ARKELL, Reginald T., Live Stock
Branch, Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont. Bom Arkell, Ont., March,
1888. Son of Henry and Jessie Arkell.
Married Mabel H. Mehaffy, graduate
Ontario Agricultural College. Chief of
Sheep and Goat Division, Dominion
Ljive Stock Branch, Ottawa. Formerly
Professor Animal Husbandry, New
Hampshire Agricultural College, U.S.A.
BAGG, Alfred E., Edgeley P.O., Ont.
Born Grahams\-ille, Ont., July, 1888.
Son of James and Mrs. Bagg. Married
Flossie Locke. Breeder of pedigreed
Jersey cattle and registered Yorkshire
hogs.
BAILEY, Charles Frederick, Parliament
Buildings, Toronto. Ont. Bom Nora
Scotia Sept. 17, 1880. Son of Mrs. Peter
Innes, Coldbrook, N.S. Married Louise
D. Hogg, graduate Ontario Agricul-
tural College in 1909. Former Live
Stock Specialist, Ontario Department
of Agriculture. Apixrinted Assistant
Deputy Minister of Agriculture for On-
tario in 1913.
BAIN, C. E., Taimton, Ont. Bom April,
1880. Son of William and Mrs. Bain.
Married Myrtle Millson. Farming:
specializing in Shorthorn cattle, Shrop-
shire sheep and Berkshire swine.
Twelve years in business.
BALL, R. J., Hanover, Ont. Bom Grey
Co., Ont., Jan., 1857. Son of James
and Jane Ball. Married Mary Jane
Leonard. Member of Dominion Par-
liament. Farming until year 1885.
BALLANTYNE, W. W., Stratford, Ont.
Born Downie Tp., Perth Co., Ont.,
July, 1861. Son of Hon. Thomas and
Mary Ballantyne. Married Elizabeth
Moderwell. Ex.-Pres.' of Perth Farm-
ers' Institute: North Perth Agricultural
Ex -Society; Canadian Ayrshire Breed-
ers' Ass'n. Now President and a
Director of Executive of Guelph
Winter Fair. Vice Pres. Dominioai

Cattle Breeders' Assn. Director Can-
adian National Exhibition. Director
Live Stock Breeders' Assn.
BAYNTON, E. E., Bigstick Lake, Sas-
katchewan. Son of William Baynton
and Alice Roe. Specialist in Shrop-
shire and Ledoester sheep, Berkshire
hogs, Leghorn poultry, etc. Twelve
years in business. Vice-President
Saskatchewan Sheep Breeders' Assn.
Crop Correspondent, Department of
Agiiculture, Ottawa, Ont.
BARBER, Howard, Gatlneau PL, Que.
Bom West Templeton, 1878. Son of C.
W. and Mrs. Barber. Unmarried.
Director County Agricultural Society.
Breeder of Clydesdale horses for past
twenty years. Judge of horses at vari-
ous fairs.
BARR, George H. Dairy Division, Ot-
tawa, Ont. Bom Perth Co., July, 1864.
Son of John and Mrs. Barr. Married
Maxy Hamilton. Chief of Dairy Di\a3-
ion, Ottawa. Chief Dairy Instructor
for Western Ontario.
BEDFORD, Spencer Argyle. Parlia-
ment BuUdings, 'Winnii>eg. Bom
Sussex, England, 1851. Son of Jacob
and EUzabeth Bedford. Married Minnie'
Bolton. Came to Canada in 1863.
Farmed in Western Canada. Inspector,
CsjiajAa. N. W. Land Co., Scottish On-
tario and N. British Co.'s. In 1888,
Superintendent Experimental Faran,
Brandon. Professor, Fieid Husbandry,
Manitoba Agricultural College 1902-
1912. Deputy Minister of Agriculture
and Immigration, 1912-1915. At pres-
ent Weed Cammlssion-er and Superin-
tendent Demonstration Farms for
Manitoba.
BINNIE, Thomas H., PriceviUe, Ont.
Bom Price\-ille, 1884. Son of Geo.
Binnie and Sarah Snell. Unmarried.
Speodaiizing in Holstein cattle. Secre-
tary-Treasurer, Grey County Cattle
Breeders' Club and Grey County Board
of Agriculture. Graduated from O. A.
C, 1907. Two years In agricultural
journalism.
BLACK, D. Allan, Kingston, Ont Born
Fergus, Ont., Dec., 1865. Married Miss
Ferguson. Farming for 12 years. Hol-
stein cattle and Shropshire sheep.
Practicing dentistry in Kingston.
BLACK, William John, Ottawa, Ont.
Bom Mansfield, Dufferin Co., Ont.
Nor., 1872. Organized Manitoba Agri-
cultural College. President of same,
1906-1916. Deputy Minister of Agri-
culture, Manitoba, 1904. Appointed
Secretary Agricultural Commissian.
1916.
BOAG, John A., Queensville, Ont. Bom
East Gwillimbury. President Clydes-
dale Assn. of Canada. Breeder and
importer of Clydesdale and Hackney
horses for 30 years. Senior member.
John A. Boag & Son, Qu6ens\-llle.
BOWMAN, James A., Guelph, Ont- Bom
Grey County, April, 1863. Son of Wil-
liam and Elizabeth Bowman. Married
Mary J. Simpson. Vice-President Can-
adian Aberdeen- Angus Assn. Trustee,
Macdonald Consolidated School, Guelph.
Twenty- five years a breeder and ex-
hibitor of purebred stock, exhibiting
from Halifax to Edmonton, Aberdeen-
Angus cattle, * Shropshire sheep.

278

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

BOWSFIELD, James, MaxjGregor, Mani-
toba. Born Milton, Out., 1856. Son of
George and Mary Bowsfleld. Married
Amelia J. Plumber. Farming'. Short-
horn cattle, Clydesdale horses and
Yorkshire swine. IMrector Agricultural
Society, MacGregor.

BRETHEN, G. A., Norwood, Ont. Bom
Norwood, Aug., 1877. Son of W. H.
and Elizabeth Brethen. Married

Bertha Knox. Directotr, Holstedn
PYiesiian Ass'n. Nine years a breeder
of Holsrtein , Friesian catitle. Has de-
\'eloped some high producing females.
One a 29,000 lb. cow.

BROCK, R. B., R. R. 5, Simcoe, Ont.
Born Jarvis, Ont., 1858. Son of John
Brock and Elizabeth Foster. Married
Mary Louisa. O'Mahony. Breeder of
Registered Holsteins. Pathmaster,
School Trustee. Held posdtlons as
President, Vice-President and Secre-
tary of farmers and fraternal organlza-
itions. Eleven years as a breeder of
Holsteins.

BROWNE, James, Neudlorf, Saskatch-
ewan. Born Garclochhead, May, 1865.
Son of Ruben Bennet Browne, France.
SpeoiaJiaing in Aberdeen-Angus cat-
tle. Director, Canadian Aberdeen -
Angus Association. Dipector, Sas-
katchewan Sheep Breeders' Associa-
tion. Twenty-four years a farmer.

BUCK, F. E., Central' Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Graduate, Mac-
donald College, Que., 1911. Associate of
Cornell University, N. Y. Appointed
Assistant In Ornamental Gardening,
Horticultural Division, Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, 1911.

BULL, Bartley A., Brampton, Ont. Bom
Brampton, May, 1886. Son of
late B. H. and Mrs. Bull. Unmarried.
Secretary, Canadian Jersey Cattle
Club. Member firm of B. H. Bull &
Sons, breeders and importers of Jersey
cattle. Member Canadian National
Exhibition. Graduate in Arts, U. of T.,
1906. Farm of 500 acres with over 400
head of Jerseys.

BULL, Duncan C, Brampton, Ont. Bom
Brampton, Jan, 1878. Son of the late
B. H. Bull and Sarah Duncan Bull.
Married Eleanor L^aier. Ten years
Vice-President, Canadian Jersey Cat-
tle Club. Director, American J. C. C.
for 3 years. Member of the firm of B.
H. Bull & Sons, owners of the largest
Jersey herd in British Empire. Justice
of the Peace.

BULL, Louis J. C, Brampton, Ont.
Born Downsview, Ont., Dec, 1874. Son
of B. H. Bull and Sarah Duncan. Mar-
rded tTessie Baskerville. Specialist in
Clydesdale horses and Jersey cattle.
Eighteen years in business. Reeve of
Brampton," 1915. Vice-President, On-
itario Fairs Association.

BURRELL, Hon. Martin, Dominion Min-
ister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. Born
Faringdon, Berks, Eng., Oct., 1858.
Son of Edward and Jane (Liarmer)
BurreM. Married Sara B. Armstrong.
Came to Canada, 1883. Fruit farming,
Niagara Peninsula. Fourteen years
connected with Farmers' Institute.
Writer and lecturer on horticultural
subjects. Moved to B. C, 1900. Fruit
farming. Kettle Valley, B. C. Fruit
Commissioner and Leotiirer in Bng-

. land for B. C. Government, 1907-1908.

Member of Board of Horticulture, B.C.
Elected to House of Commons for
Yale-Cariboo, 1908; re-elected, 1911.
Called to Boi-den Cabinet as Minister
of Agriculture and re-elected by
acclamation, 1911. Mayor, Grand Forks,
1903.

BYRNES, John, Dept. Trade and Com-
inerce, Ottawa, Onit. Born Ottawa,
1859. In Government service 33 years.
Now chief of Inspection Branch and
> Grain Statistician. In charge of grain
branch since 1901.

CAESAR, Lawson, O. A. C, Guelph.
Bom Mono Rd., Ont., Feb., 1870. Son
of John and Jane Caesar. Married
Mai-y E. Manson. Formealy Classical
Master, Port Hope High School. Now
Provincial Entomologist for Ontario
and Associate Professor of Entom-
ology, O. A. C, Guelph.

CARON, Hon. Joseph Edouard, Minister
of AgYiicuLture, Province of Quebec,
Parliament Buildings, Que. Born St.
Louise, Que., Jan., 1886. Son of Ed-
ouard and Deranges (Cloutier) Caron.
Married Matilda Destrois-Maisons,
1897. Educated St. Annes College.
Parmi«ig in Ste. Louise. Elleoted Pro-
vincial Legislature for L'Islet, 1902-4-8.
Defeated 1-913. Elected to Provincial
Legislature for Les Isles d la M., 1913.
Appointed Provincial Minister of Agri-
culture, Nov., 1909. ,

CARVELL, F. B., Woodstock, N. B. Born
Woods.tock, N. B., Aug., 1863. Son of
Bishop Carveli and Margaret Landsay.
Married Carrie B. Parks. Extensive
hay farming.

CHRISTIE, Peter, Manchester Ont.
Breeder of Clydesdale horses and Short-
horn cattle. Ex-member of the Do-
minion Parliament for South Ontario.
Ex-President Clydesdale Horse Associ-
ation of Canada. At present Vice-Pre-
sident for Ontario and member of the
Executive Committee of that Associa-

- tion. Director Guelph Winter Fair.

CLARK, J. Artemas, Experimental Sta-
tion, Charlottetown, P. E. I. Bom
Bay View, Aug. -1878. Son of John C.
and Annie M. (Simpson) Clark. Mar-
ried W. Allison Toole, of Tooleton, N.
8., March 30th, 1910. Assistant on Seed
Commission Staff, 1908. Superintendent,
Experimental Station, Charlottetown,
since organization in 1909. Graduaste,
Ontario Agricultural Col., 1906. Grad-
uate, School of Agriculture, Oorneill
University, 1908. Sixteen years active-
ly engaged in agriculture.

CREELMAN, Geo. Christie, President,
Ont. Agricultural College, Guelph.

■ Born CollLngwood, Ont., May, 1867. Son
of J. S. and Isabel (Patterson) Creel-
man. Married Ada Mills, daughter of
Dr. James Mills, M.A., LL.D., 1892.
Graduate, Toronto University (B.S.A.),
1888; Cornell, Wisconsin; Michigaai
Agricultural College; Mississippi Agri-
cultural College; McGill University
(LL.D.), 1910. Prof. Biology Missis-
sippi A. C, 1889-1892. Sup't. Farmers'
Institutes, Ont., 1897-1904. Elected
President, American Ass'n. Farmers'
Institutes, 1904. Appointed President,
Ont. Agri. CkJl., 1904. Chairman,
Board of Control Emit Exp. Stat's. for
Ontario.

WHO'S \^^^o in agriculture.

GUMMING, Melville, Truro, Nova Scotia.
Born Stellarton, N. S., January, 1876.
Son of Dr. T. and Mrs. M. Gumming.
Mai-ried Alice Archibald. Secretary for
Agriculture for Xova Scotia. Principal,
Colleg^e of Agriculture, Truro, X. S.

DAGGETT, J. B., Fredericton, N. B.
Born Xew Brunswick, May, 1869. Son
of Edmund and Susan Daggett. Mar-
ried Liizzie J. Merritheue. Secretary
for Agriculture, Xew Brunswick. For 7
years breeder of A>Tshire and Holstein
cattle, Clydesdale horses, Oxford sheep
and Yorkshire pigs.

DAY, William H., O. A. C, Guelph, Ont
Born Tp. of Penelon, Sept., 1871. Son
of X'athan and Polly Ann Day. Mar-
ried Ethel E. Williams. Honor
Mathematics and Physics, University,
Toronto, and Gold Medallist in Physics.
Demonstrator in Phy.sics, O. A. C. 1903.
Lecturer, ditto, 1904. Professor of
Physics, 1906. In charge of Drainage
Educational Work in Ontario. Light-
ning Rod Investigator.

DEAN, Henry H., O. A. C, Guelph, Ont.
Born W^aterioo Co., Ont., Nov. 1865.
Son of Walter Dean (obit.) and Theresa
HsLhnel. Married Almeda An^ey,
Guelph. Appointed Professor, Dairy
Husbandrj-, O. A. C, 1891. For edghteen
years in charge of Dairy Herd at O. A.
C. Owner of Dairy and Fniit Farm,
Grimsby, Ont. flolstein . Priesian

DE COURCY, Daniel, Mitchell, Ont. Born
Doon Mills, Ont., April, 1853. Son of
P. D. De Courcy. Married Julie Keyes.
Director, Dominion Swine Breeders'
Ass'n. Past President, ditto. Twenty-
eight years farming. Clydesdale horses
and Chester White swine.

DICKSON, Hugh A.. Central Onslow,
Xova Scotia. Born August 25th, 1885.
Son of Eli Dickson and Hannah Archi-
bald. Married Clara J. Hill. Special-
ist in Guernsey cattle and Yorlcshire
swine. Vice-Presddent, Canadian

Guernsey Breeders' Association. In

business of farming since 1901.

DOHERTY, T. K.. Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa- Born Sherbrooke. Que, 1858.
Son of W. M. Doherty. Married Ada
Richard. Bachelor of Law.^. Com-
missdoner for Canada of the Inter-
national Institute of Agriculture. Dele-
gate for Canada at the 1911 and 1913
meetings of General Assembly. Source
of foreign information in the Bulletin
of Foreign Agricultural Intelligence.

DRYDEN. William A.. Maple Farm.
Brooklin. Ont. Born Brooklin. Son of
the late Hon. John Drjden. Special-
ist in Shorthorn cattle and Shropshire
sheep.

DUFF, Hon. Jas. Stoddart, Parliament
Buildings, Toronto. Born Cookstown,
Ont., June. 1856. Son of John and
Eliza Jane (Stodder-=> Buff. Farmer.
Elected Ontario L ' for Simcoe

West. 1898: re-el- . 1905, 1908,

1911. Appointed of Agri-

culture. Wbitney Government. 1908.
Councillor. Town.=;hip E3.«^. Ont.. since
1888. Deputy Reeve. Married Jane
Bell Stoddart. '

EADIE, J. D.. Vars, Ont. Born Rus.<!ell.
Ont., X'ov.. 1862. Son of WiUlam and
Sarah Badie. Married Jennie Paul.
Specializing in Clydesdale horses and

Ayrshire cattle. Farming since 1881.
Director, Township and County Fair.

ELFORD, Frederick Charles, Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa. Born Waterloo
County, Ont., 1871. Son of J. H. and
Mary Elford. At present Dominion
Poultry Husbandman and Chief of
Poultrj' Division, Ottawa Dept. of
Agriculture. Formerly manager and
Lecturer, Poultry Dept., Macdonald Col-
lege, Quebec. Farming in Huron
CouTity, Ontario, up to 1903.

ELLIOTT, T. D.. Bolton, Ont. Bom
Bolton, Aug., 1856. Married Helen H.
Evajis. Importer and breeder of
Percherons and Clydesdales since 1904.
Director, C-anaudian Clydesdal© Horse
Ass'n.

ELLISON, Hon. Price. Minister of Fin-
ance and Agriculture for British
Columbia. Born England. March, 1862.
Went to B. C, 1876. Farmer and
rancher, Okanagan District, 11.000 acres
of land. For three years the Istrgest
grower of w4ieat in B. C. Firsrt to
urge importance of irrigation. Elected
to B. C. Legislature for Yale, 1898-1900-
1903-1909. Appointed Commissioner of
Lands. Oct., 1909. Minister of Finance
and Agriculture since 1910. Address,
Victoria. B. C.

FAREWELL, A. A., Oshawa, Ont. Bom
Oshawa, Sept.. 1885. Scm of Charles
and Mary (McGill) Farewell. Married
Mary Caroline Fowke. Farming for
past ten years. Specializing in Hcd-
stein-Friesian cattle and Rhode Island
Red fowl.

GALBRAITH, Alexander, Parliament
BuUdinETS, Edmonton. Alta. Bom
Scotland. May, 1S53. Married Christina
MacXicol. President, American Clydes-
dale Ass'n. Ex.-Pres., American Horse
Ass'n. For 33 years a breeder and im-
porter of Clydesdales, Shires. Perche-
rons. Appointed Superintendent Fsc.-
and Institutes for Alberta, 1915.

GANDIER, State Harvey, O. A. C,
Guelph. Ont. Born Toronto, Ont., 1886.
Son of Rev.. Jabez and Mrs. Gandier,
Pelee Island. Graduate Ontario Agri-
cultural College. Number of years
teaching puWic school in Ontario, also
Instructor in Agriculture. Appointed
Secretary to President, O. A. C, in
1911.

GIBSON. Alfred Leonard, Department of
Chemistry. O. A. C, Guelph, Ortt. Bom
Manchester. England. Jan.. 1?ST.
Lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry-
and SpeciaJif* in Soils and Fertilizers
at O. .\. C. Guelph. Degrees B.S.A., N.
D..V.. N.D.D.

GIBSON, J. T., Denfield. Ont. Bom Eng-
land. 1841. Married Jennie Robso^
Ex. -President. Ontario Sheep Breeder-

- .\s,s'n. Sixty years in business of farm-
ing. Shorthorn cattle and Lincoln sheep.

GIRARD. Joseph, St. Gideon. Chicout-
imi. Bom St. Xobain. August, 1854.
Son of Cotone Girard and Marie
Tremblay. Married Emma Cote. M.
P.P. for Chlcoutimi. 1900. M.P.. 1911-
1916. Farming. Specialzang in French-
Canadian cattle. Former President,
Quebec Dairy Socletj-. President,

School Commission for 29 years. Presi-
dent. Agricultural Society. Lake St.
John, for 24 >-ears. President, Chees©
Boexd, 20 years.

280

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

GOODERHAM, Gordon S., Olarkson,
Ont. Born Toronto, Nov., 1884. Son
of Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Gooderham, To-
ronto. Farming 360 acres. Holstedin-
Frieislan cattle, Whiite Leghorn fowl.
Orcharding and small fruits. Farming
since 1906.
GORMLEY, A. G., Unionvdlle, Ont.,
Breeder of Olydesdiale ihorses. Ex.-
Dlreotor and ex-member of Executive
Committee, Clydesdale Horse Ass'n. of
Canada.
GRISDALE, J. H.^ Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Bonn St. Marthe,
Que., Feb. 18th, 1870. Son of A. B.
Gnlsidalo and Elizabeth Simpsooi. Gold
Medallist, O. A. C, Guellph, 1898. Win-
ner at 1st istudents' judging oontesit,
Nebraska, 1898. Agriculturist, Central
Experimental Farm, 1899-1909. Do-
minion Agriculturist, 1909-1911. Direct-
or Dominion Experimenital Farms since
1911, also Director, Eastern Ontario Fat
Stock and Dairy Show.

HALLMAN, A. C, Breslau, Ont. Bom
New Dundee, Ont., Oct., 1858. Son of
John S. HDallman. Married Orenda
Ann Baldwin. Ex.-P.res., Holistedin
Ass'n. of Canada. Twenty years
Farmers' Institute Staff of Ontario.
Reeve Waterloo Township. Spealaliz-
ing in Holsteln Friesian cattle, Tam-
worth swine and Barred Rock poultry.
Thirty years in farming industry.

HARDING, Wm. S., Hammond River.
N.B. Born Weilsford, N. B., Feby.,
1876. Son of Wm. S. Harding, Sr. Mar-
ried May R. Armstrong. Director,
Maritime Stock Breeders' Ass'n.
Breeder of Holsteln cattle and York-
shire swine.

HARRISON, Major Francis Charlet, St.
Barbe, Macdonald College, Que. Born
1871, Biirmingham, Bng. Son of F.
Sladen Hanrison, late H. M.'s 4th
Regt. Graduate, Toronto University*
(B.S.A.), 1892; Beme University; Wiis-
oonsin UniveTsdty, Michigan University;
Cambridg-e Uniiversity; Copenhagen
University, and McGill University,
B.Sc, 1907; M.Sc, 1907; D.Sc. 1908;
Prof. Biology, O. A. C, Guelph, 1893-7;
Bact. do, 1898-1905. Since then. Prof.
Baoteriicflogy, Macdonaldi Cojlege, St.
Ainne^, Qua IPrinoifpiali (Since 1911.
Married Margaret Rosalind Mills,,
isecond daughter of Dr. Jas. MiUls.

HENDRIE, William, Hamilton, Onit-
Born Haimilton, Ont., 1863. Son of
William and Margaret (WaJkeir)
Hendrie. Married Elizabeth Brown.
President, Thoroughbred Horse So-
ciety of Canada. President, Hendrie
& Co., agents for G. T. Ry. of Canada.

HUBBARD, William. Woodbridge, Do-
minion Experiimental Station, Fred-
eiricton. New Brunswick. Born Bur-
ton, N. B., August 4th, 1866. Son of
F. A. and S. H. Hubbard. Married
Anna L. Gregory. Superintendent, Ex-
perimental Station, Frederloton, N.B.

JAIVIES, Cliarles C, 144 St. George St.,

TorOirLto. Born Napanee, Ont., June

1863. Professor of Chemistry, O. A. C,

GueQph, 1886-1891. Deputy Minister of

Agriculture for Ontario, 1891-1912. Ap-

ipolnted Agricultural Commissioner for

C?J3.«da in 1912.

JOHNSiN. A. A., StraiTordville, Ont.

Bom Sti^fCordviUe, Oct, 21ist, 1882. Son

of L, JoPSon and V. B. Stratton.

MJarrl'ed 14 E. Maguire. Fanner.

Specializing in Holstedn Friesian Cat-
(tlie. Ten years in buslniess.

JONES, Daniel H., Guelph. Ont. Born
Worcestershire, Eng., 1865. Son of
Joseph Jones and Mary Ann Jones.
Married Helen Grace Carlyle. Gradu-
ate of Ontario Agricultural College.
Professor of Bacteriology, Ontario
Agricultural College, Guelph.

KAY, William F., PhlUlpsburg, Que.
Born Montreal, 1876. Member of
Federal ParUaanent. Breeder of
Clydesdale horses and Ayrshire cattle
for 15 years. Proprietor Ravensdale
Stock Farm, PhiUiipsburg, Que.

KEITH, William, Lastowel, Ont. Bom
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1841. Married
Jane McGeorge. Fpr 20 years promin-
ently connected with the cheese In-
dustry of Western Ontario as a sales-
maniag-er. Now farming. Specializing
in Shorthorn cattle and Tamworth
swine.

KELLY, Robert J., Culloden, Ont. Bom
Oneiida, Ontario, March 20th, 1871. Son
of Jesse and Mary Kelly, Hagersvllle,
Ont. Married Jennie B. Lindsay, of
Hagersvllle. Breeder of Holstein-
Frlesian cattle and Barred Plymouth
Rock poultry for past 12 years. Presi-
dent, Tillsonburg and Dereham Agri-
cultural Society. Secretary, Southern
Ontario Consignment Sales Co. Peo-
ple's Warden of St. Stephen's Church,
Culloden. Ont.

LEUSZLER, Jacob, Bright, Ont. Bom
Ontario, 1864. Married Hannah

Ga;bel. Councillor. Member of Board,
Oxford Holsteln Breeders' Club.
Speolaliiist in purebred Holsteins and
Yorkshire hogs. In business all life.

LIPSIT, Louis H., StraffordvUle, Ont.
Born StraffordvUle, Feb. 2ith, 1879.
Son of William and Susan Lipsit. Mar-
ried Olive G. Williamson. Breeder of
purebred Holstedn cattle for the last
ten years. Prominent in Canadian Ex-
hibition iShowrimgs as an exhibitor oif
Holstein-Friesian cattle.

LOCHHEAD, William, B.S.A., M.S.C.,
Macdonald College, St. Anne De BeUe-
viUe, Quebect Born Lijstowel, Ont.,
1864. Son of William L. and Helen
OampbeQl. Married Llllas Grant.
Professor Biology, Ontario Agri-
cultural College, 1898-1906. Professor
Biology, Macdonald College, Que., since
1906. President Quebec Society Pro-
tection of Plants. President Quebec
Pomologiical Society. Editor Journal of
Agriculture, Quebec. Ex. -President
Ontario Entomological Society.

MARSHALL, Hon. Duncan .McLean,
Minister of Agriculture for Province of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. Born Bruce
Co., Ont., Sept., 1872. Son of John and
Margaret (MoMurchy) Marshall. Spent
twenty years on home farm. Taught
school. 1890-1894. One of organizers
of Patrons of Industry, Ont., 1897-1898.
Moved to Alberta, 1905. Editor, Man-
ager Daily Bulletin, Edmonton. Owns
and operates large farm. Olds Dis-
trict. Elected to Alberta Legislature
for Olds. 1909. Received present ap-
fpointment, Rutherford Admiinistration,
1909; reappoiinted, • 1910. Established
Alberta Provincial Schools of Agri-
culture, 1913. Closely identified witli
journalism as editor and owner of vari-
ous newspapers since 1900. Married
Christina. Maclsaac of P. B. I., 1899.
Two sons'.

WHO'S WHO IN AG-RICULiTtrRE.

281

MASON, Wallace H., Simcoe, Out. Bom
TowTLsend, Ont., June, 1884. Son of
Walter E. and Saxaii Mason. Married
Rosamond M. Mott. President Norfolk
Holstein Breeders' Club. Breeder
Holsteln cattle.

McCREADY, S. B., Prince of Wales Col-
lege, Charlottetown, P. E. I. Born
Harriston, Ontario. Son of Alexander
McCready, Harriston, Ont. Science
Master, London CoUegiate Institute,
1898-1905. Prof, of Nature Study, Mac-
donald Institute, Guedph, Ont., 1905-
1911- . Acting: head Botaniqal Dept.,
O. A. C. 1908-1911. Director Schools
Div-ision, Exp. Union, 1909-1915. Direct-
or Elementary Agricultural Education
fpr Ontario, 1911-1915. Appointed

Head of Rural Science Dept., Prince of
Wales College, Charlottetown, P. E. I.,
in 1915.

McDIARMID, H. S., Fingal, Ont. Born
Fingal, February 15th, 1883. Son of
John and Mrs. McDiarmid. Breeder of
Holstein cattle and Yorkshire swine.
Twelve years in business. President
Shedden Farmers' Club.

McEACHRAN, Duncan, Ormsby Grange
Stock Farm, Ormstown, P. Q. Born
Campbeltown, Argyleshlre, Scotland,
Oct., 1841. Son of David McEachran
and Jennie Blackney. Married Esther
Flasket, St. Crois, W. I. Originator of
Cattle Quarantine and Chief Inspector
for the Dominion for twenty-seven
years. Vice-President Cochrane Ranch.
President: and General Manager New
Woolrand Ranch, Alberta. Deaji and
Professor Faculty of Comparative
Medicine, McGill University. Pro-
prietor Ormsby Grange Stock Farm,
specializing in the best blood of Clydes-
dale horse breed.

McEWEN, P. J., Wyoming. Ont. Bom
Carleton Place, Ont., June, 1876. Son
of James ilcEwen and Christina Scott.
Farming: Specializing in Berkshire
swine. President Ontario Berkshire
Breeders' Association. Twenty-one

years farming.

McGregor, James D., Brandon, Majil-
toba Born Amherstburg, Ont. Presi-
dent Brandon Winter Fair. Director
Brandon Summer Fair, etc. Farming
for post 20 years. Noted as a breeder
of Aberdeen-Angus cattle, Suffolk
Down sheep, Berkshire and Poland
China Hogs.

McGUGAN, A. D., Rodney, Ont. Born
Elgin County, Ont., July, 1862. Son of
D. McGugan and Jane McKay. Mar-
ried Bessie Todd. Farming: Specializ-
ing in Hackney horses and Holstein-
FViesian cattle. In business 35 years.

McKEE, John, Norval, Oxford Co., Ont.
Bom Norwich, July, 1864. Son of
Hugh and Annie McKee. Married
Annae M. Hepburn. Breeder of Ajt-
shire cattle. Herd established in 1872
by Hugh McKee. Secretary-Treasurer
Southern Counties Ayrshire Club.
Director Canadian Ayrshire Breeders'
Association. Secretary- Treasurer North
Norwich Agricultural Society. Auditor
North Norwich Township and for Otter
Mutual Fire Insurance Co.

McKENZIE, John, WiUowdaJe, Ont. Born
Oak Ridges, Oni., April, 1869. Breeder
of Tamworth swine and Holstein
cattle.

McKILLOP, John A., West Lome, Omt.
Bom Elgin Co., Oct., 1861. Son of
Arch, and Mary (McKeUar) McKillop.
Married Sarah J. Ferguson. Director
Elgin Winter Fair and County Farm-
ers' Institute. Ex. -Prof. Kentucky
University. Manager Agr. Dept. of A.
McKiUop & Sons, Ltd., and Secy, of
same, breeders of light horses ajid
Shorthorn cattle for 25 years.

McKINNON, Alexander, Hillsburg, Ont.
Born Erin Tp., Ont., 1855. Son of Neil
and Margaret (McMillan) McKinnon.
Reeve of Erin Tp. Warden Wellington
Co., 1906. Farming 25 years. Aberdeen-
Angus cattle.

McKINNON, Hon. Murdock, Montague,
P. E. I. Bom Brooklin, Kings Co.
Farmer. Ejected to Prince Edward
Island Legislature for King's 4tJi Dis-
trict, 1897; re-elected general election,
1900-4-8-12. Since Dec. 5, 1911, Prov-
incial SecretBirj'- Treasurer and Com-
missioner of Agriculture for P. E. I.

McKIRDY, William, Naptnka. Manitoba.
Bom Ayrshire, Scotland, May, 1864.
Director Manitoba Horse Breeders'
Ass'n. Director Brandon Summer
Fair. Twenty-seven years in farming
industry. Shorthorn cattle and Clydes-
dale horses. Member of firm of Mc-
Kirdy Bros.

McMillan, D., Dutton, Ont. Born Scot-
land, 1844. Son of Donald and Janet
(Greenlees) MoMiUaSi. Married Annie
Goldie. Breeder of Shorthorns and
Clydesdales for 30 years. Lincoln
sheep and Berkshire hogs for over 10
years.

MacNUTT, Hon. Tho8., SaUcoa-ts, Sask.
Bom Campbellton, N. B., Aug., 1850.
Son of C. S. and Emily A. (Sims) Mac-
Nutt. Married MjEirgaret MoFayden.
Farming in Western Canada for 40
years. Pres. Agr. Socy. Director sev-
eral local institutions. Former speaker
Saskatchewan Legislature. Holstedn
cattle.

McPHEE, D. A., Vankleek Hill, Ont. Born
Crystal Spring Farm, "Vankleek HiU,
1878. Son of Daniel McPhee. Fifteen
years farming. Specialist in Holstein -
Friesian cattle and Oxford Down sheep.
Herd of 80 head of HoLsteins.

M ON DON, A. A., Montreal, Que. Bom
St. Francois Du Lac, Feb., 1872. Son
of E. and Georgina (Desmanals) Mon-
don. Married Augustine Cardins. Mem-
ber of Parliament, Ottawa. Gen. Mgr.
The Quebec and Western Canada Lajid
Syndicate, Ltd. Speoializing in Short-
horn cattle 6 years.

MONTEITH, Nelson, Stratford. Ont.
Born Downie Tp., Ont., Nov., 1862. Son
of Samuel and Annie Jane (Nelson)
Monteith. Married Ida May Lupton.
Ex-M.P.P. Ex-Minister of Agri-
culture for Ontario. Past President
Ontario Experimental Union. Stratford
Agricultural Society. Farmers' Insti-
tute. School Trustee, Tp. Coun.,
Reeve and Warden. Graduate O. A. C.
Now farming. Thirty-two years In
business. Clydesdales, Shorthorns and
Leicesters.

MONTGOMERY, G. H., K. C, Domlnlcm
Express Building, Montreal. Bom
Phillipsburgh, 1874. Proprietor of Lake-
side Stock Farm, Phillipsburgh, Que.
Specializing in Ayrshire cattle.

282

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

MORRIS, James, M.P., Aubrey, Que. Son
of Patrick Morris and Ann McRae.
Unmarried. Parmer and stonecutter.
Mayor of St. Jean Chrysostome for 2
years. Director Ohateauguay Agri-
cultural Sooieity. Candidate general
election, 1911. Elected in bye-eleoUon.,
1913. Specialist in Live stock. Farm-
ing 30 years.

MORRISON, John A., Mount Elgin, Ont.
Born Oxford County. Son of Douglas
and Lavinia Morrison. Breeder of
Ayrshire cattle. High standing in R.
O. P. for Ayrshires. Olrector Southern
Ayrshire Breeders' Club of Ontario.
Formerly " Township Councillor and
Reeve.

MOTHERWELL, Hon. W. R., Minister
of Agriculture Province of Saskatche-
wan. Born Perth, Omt., Jan., 1860.
Son of John and Eliza Motherwell.
Married Miss A. Rogers, New Boyne,
Ont., (d) 1884; secondly, Miss Kate
Giillespie, Fife Hill, Sask., 1908. Went
West, 1881. One of pioneers of Mani-
toba. Farm at Abernethy. Founded
first grain growsrs' association in
Sask. Member for Humboldt since
1908. Commissioner of Apiculture and
Provincial Secretary in Scott Adminis-
tration since its formation, 1905.
Organizer and formerly President
Central Can. Seed Growers' Ass'n.

MUIR, Archie, Scarboro, Ont. Born
Sca-rboro, March, 1870. Son of Archie
and Catherine (Loane) Muir. Married
May Elizabeth Thomson. School

Trustee and Secy.-Treas. Twenty-^
five years farming. Purebred Holst^n

MUNROE, William A., Rosthern, Sask.
Born Che.=>terville, Ont., June, 1874. Son
of John W. and Amelia Munroe. Mar-
ried Jessie Dean. .Graduate O. A. C,
Guelph. District Rep. Ont. Dept. Agri-
culture, 1907-1909. Appointed Superin-
tendent Dominion Exp. Statilcm,
Rosthem, Sa-sk.

MURRAY, Jas. A., Fredericton, N. B.
Born, Monoton, N. B., Jan., 1864. Son
of John Murray. Married Caroline
Murray. Minister of Agriculture for
New Brunswick.

OASTLER, J. R., East Selkirk, Ont. Born
Pai^y Sound, Ont., 1876. Son of
Andrew Oastler. Married Beatrace
Andrews. Live Stock Husbandman,
Orookston Exp. Sta. Manager Van
Home Farm, East Selkirk. SpeciaJiz-
ing in Shorthorn cattle and Yorkshire
sw^ine for 20 years. Ex-President Farm-
ers' Institute, Charlotte Co., N. B.
GraduaJte O. A. C. Guelph.

PETTIT, H. M., Freeman, Ont. Born
Freeman, Ont. Son of W. G. Pettit.
Secretary-Treasurer toomindon Cattle
Breeders' Ass'n. Farmer: Shorthorn
cattle, Clydesdale horses. Firm of J.
A. and H. M. Pettit.

PETTIT, Morley, Guelph, Ont. Born
Belmont, Elgin Co.. Ont. Son of S. F.
and Abigail (De Witt) Pettit. Unmar-
ried. Beekeeping industry 17 years.
Appointed Provincial Apiarist for On-
tario in 1909. Lecturer Beekeeping O.
A. C, Guelph. Secretary-Treasurer
Ontario Beekeepers' Ass'n. Vice-
President U. S. National Beekeepers'

POWER, William, Quebec, P. Q. Born
Sillery Cove, Que., February, 1849. Son
of William Power and Mary Fitzgerald.

Married Winnifred Rockett. Special-
izing in French -Canadian cattle. Mem-
ber of Dominion Parliament for
Kamouraska County, Quebec.

PYM, Bros., Mirror, Alberta. Born dn
England. Four years specializing In
Hereford cattle.

REYNOLDS, Joseph Benson, Manitoba
Agricultural College, Winnipeg. Born
Durham County, Ont., Dec, 1867. Son
of Joseph and Anne Reynolds. Mar-
ried Margaret Gowdy. Bachelor of
Arts with honors in Mathematics and
Physios, Toronto University, 1893.
Master of Arts, 1911. Professor -of Eng-
lish, Ontario Agricultural College, 1893-
1915. Appointed President of Manitoba
Agricultural College, Oct., 1915.

RICE, George, Stonewall, Manitoba. B^rn
Till.sonburg, Ont., June, 1861. Son of
George Rice and Aignes Gracey Watt.
Married Rebecca Mercer. Past Town-
ship Councillor. Farming for last 25
>'ears. Specializing in Holstein-

Friesian cattle.

RICHARDSON, John W., Oaledoniia, Ont.

Born , Sept., 1871. Son

of Matthew and Dorothy Richardson.
IVIarried Annie M. Marshall. President
and Secretary-Treasurer Caledonia
Fair for 10 years. Vice-President and
Director ,of Holstedn-Friesian Ass'n.
President Halddmand Farmers' Insti-
tute. Breeder of Holstein-Friesian cat-
tle for 20 years. Winner of 1st prize
for best Dairy Farm in Ontario in 3
years' competition. Farm was one of
the first to grow alfalfa in Ontario.

RIVERS, Walburn, R. R. 5, Ingersoll,
Ont. Born Oxford Tp., Ont., Dec,
1867. Son of William and Mary Rivers.
Married Agnes Jane Bishop. Seventeen
years farming. Purebred Holstein cat-
tle. Animals in 7 day official test and
R. O. P.

ROADHOUSE, W. Bert, Parliament
Buildings, Toronto, Ont. Born Malton,
Peel County July 25, 1886. Son of
Neriaih and Elizabeth Roadhouse.
Married Lilian Maude Wyndow. Form-
erly Secretary to the Minister of Agri-
culture for Ontario. Secretary Ontario
Government Milk Commission. Sdncie
1912. Deputy :Mlnlster of Agriculture
for Ontario.

ROSS, Theodore, Charlottetown, P .B. I.
Bom North Bedeque, May, 1876. Son
of Murdock and Margaret (Car-
ruthers) Ross. Married Florence
Annear. Secretary Agriculture P. E. I.
Secretary Fruit Growers' Ann'n., Secre-
tary Live Stock Ass'n., Secretary
Farmers' Inst., P. E. I. Specialising
on Shorthorn cattle. Private farm.

ROTHWELL, B. Ottawa Ont, Bonn
Hillsdale Farm, Ottawa, 1850. Warden
Carleton Co. President Ottawa Dairy
Co. Vice-President and Director
Central Canada Fair. Forty years
breeder and importer of Clydesdales.

RUTHERFORD, J. H., Albion, Ontario.
Born Albion, 1874. Married Mary Lee.
Farming: Specializing in purebred
poultry and Hampshire hogs. Twenty
years on the farm. School Trustee for
15 years.

SAUNDERS, Charles E., Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Born London, Ont.,
Feb., 1867. Son of Dr. William Saund-
ers, C. M. G. Married Sarah Agnes
Robinson. At present occupying posi-
tion as Dominion Cerealdst.

WHO'S WHO IN AGRICULTURE.

283

SEXSMITH, John A., Preniveau, Ont.
Born Belmont Tp., Ont, 1866. Son of
Thomas and Margaret Sexsmith. Mar-
ried Bessie M. Buchanan. -Director
Bast Peterboro Agricultural and Farm-
ers' Institute. Elected member for E.
Peterboro, 1908; re-elected 1911. Ap-
pointed Chairman Agricultural Com-
mittee, 1912.

SCHARF, Adam, Cummings Bridge, Ont.
Bom Carleton Co., Ont., March, 1860.
Son of James and Jane Soharf. Farm-
ing since 1895. Specializing in Clydes-
dales. Exhibitor at Eastern Live
Stock Shows. Director Ottawa Winter
Fair.

SHUTT, Frank Thomas, Experimental
F^rm, Ottawa. Born Liondon, Eng.,
Sept., 1859. Son of William Denis and
Charlotte Shutt. Married Miss

Cawthorne. Held position of Dominion
Chemist and Assistant Director Ex-
pe.nmental Farm, Ottawa, since 1887.
M.A.D.Sc. F.I.C., F.R.C.S..

GftC Ct.C.

SMITH, H. DUDLEY, Anoaster, Ontario.
Born Montreal, May 31st, 1867. Promin-
ent as a breeder of Hereford cattle.
Exhibitor at all important live stock
shows in Canada. Secretary Can-
adian Hereford Breeders' Association.
Twenitj'-seven years in the farming in-
dustry.

SMITH, William, Columbus, Ont. Bom
East Whitby, Ont., November 16th,
1847. Son of William Smith and
Elizabeth Laing. Married Helen Barns.
Member of Parliament for South On-
tario, 1887-1896; re-elected 1911. Direct-
or Dominion Shorthorn Breeders' As-
sociation. Ex-President Canadian
Clydesdale Association. Formerly
Reeve of East "Whitby for 4 years.

SNELL, John Ferguson, Macdonald Col-
lege, Quebec. Born Brampton, Ont.,
Oct., 1870. Son of John C. and Jane
(Ferguson) Snell. Married Evelyn
iMorphy. Professor of Chemistry, Mac-
donald College, Que. Ass't. Editor
Journal of Agriculture and Horticul-
ture. Vice-Patron I*ure Maple Sugar
and Syrup Co-operative Agricultural
Association. Author "Elementary

Househoold Chemistry" and authority
on maple products.

SPROULE, T. S., Markdale, Onit. Born
York Co., Ont., Oct., 1843. Son of
James Sproule. Married Jane Mitchell.
M. D. Thirty years in business.
Specializing in Shorthorn cattle, York-
shire swine and Shropshire sheep.

STEPHEN, Mrs. W. F., Huntingdon, Que.
Born Georgetown, Ont. Daughter of
Lawrence and Hannaih Phin. Rose.
Lecturer and Demonstrator in Dairy-
ing, O. A. C. for 14 years. Lecturer
Women's Institutes througihout Do-
minion. Was first Woman's Institute
speaker in Canada. Actively engaged
in furthering cause of Women's Insti-
tutes sinces their inception 18 years
ago. Recognized authority on dairy
matters. Author "Farm Dairying."
For several years has edited Home page
Canadian Farm.

STEPHEN, William Frank, Huntingdon,
Que. Born Trout River, Que., May,
1863. Son of James Stephen, and
Margaret Wattie. Married Janet Mac-
farlane, decea-sed; later married Laura
Pi.ose. For 28 years a breeder of A>t-

shire cattle and Yorkshire swine, 1883-
1911. Secretary Canadian Ayrshire
Breeders' Ass'n. ; Montreal Milk Ship-
pers' Ass'n. ; Huntingdon Dairymen's
.\jss'n.; Huntingdon Agricultural So-
ciety. Expert judge of dairy cattle.
Judged at Alaska, Yukon, Pacific Expo-
sition in 1909. Writer on dairy and
kindred farm topics.

STEVENS, W. F., Edmonton, Alberta.
Born Port Elgin, Ont., February 15'th,
1859. Son of Hobart and Mary Stevens.
Married Olive E. Harter. President
Calgary Fat Stock Show. Live Stock
Commissioner for Alberta.

TABER, Russel H., "Hillcrest," Condie,
Sask. Born Wliitevale, Ont., 1885. Son
of Dr. Russel Taber, M. D., and Lucia
E. Major. Pre.sident Saskatchewan
Horse Breeders' Ass'n. Director Re-
gina Provincial and Winter Fairs.
Director Western Canada Live Stock
Union. Prominent in the public life of
Western Provinces.

TAYLOR, Herbert Marshall, Barnscliffe
Farm, Ardrossan, Alberta. Born Mls-
-sourd. Mar., 1890. Son of J. G. and
Mrs. Taylor. Married Ada Yates
Petrie. Farmer. Aberdeen-Angue

cattle, Tamworth swine, Hampshire
.sheep and Angora goats.

TERrtY, John Redge, Dept. of Agri-
culture, Victoria, B.^ C. Born Kent,
England, 1877. ]\5arried Emily K.
^Vood. Formerly on staff, of Poultry
Department, O. A. C, Guelph. Now
C^ief Poultry Instructor for Province of
Briti-sh Columbia. Thirteen years in
public work.

THOMPSON. P. A.. Hillsburg, Ont. Born
Erin Tp., Ont.. 1871. Son of Angus and
Chri.sitina (Hvndman) Thompson. Since
1900 a breeder of Aberdeen-Angus

THORNE, W. B., Aldersyde, Alberta.
Born New Brunswick. 1848. Son of
Butler and Prances Thorne. Married
Miss Benjamine. Specialist in Perdhe-
ron and French Coach horses. Presi-
dent of Canadian Percheron Associa-
tion for 4 years. Now a member of
the executive. Twenty years in busi-
ness of farming.

TOLMIE, Simon Fraser, Victoria, B. C.
Bom Victoria, Jan.. 1867. Son of Dr.
W. F. and Jane Tolmie. Married Annie
Harap. Qualified Veterinary Surgeon.
Chief In.«pector for British Columbia
Health of Animals Branch, B. C. Re-
presentative Dominion Live Stock Com-
mission. President B. C. Agricultural
Association and B. C. Veterinary Ass'n.
Proprietor Braefoot Dairy Farm, Vic-
toria. Holstein cattle, Shropshire
siheep and Yorks/hire hogs. Seven years.

VAN ZANT, H., Elora. Ont. Born Mark-
ham, Ont. Sept., 1856. Son of Aimer
and Sarah Van Zant. ;Married Margaret
Stapleton. Departmental Government
Veterinarian for 5 years. Now Live
Stock Representative Farmers' Advo-
cate. Private farm. Aberdeen -Angus.
Dorset.s. Tamworth swine.

WATSON, E., Hudson Heights, Que.
Born Rockwood, Ont., July, 1880. Son
of J. A. Watson, Georgetown Ont. Mar-
ried Emma K. Patterson. Farming.
Specialist in Clydesdale and Hackney
horses 10 years. Director Canadian
Hackney Horse Society and 2nd Vice-
Prefsident Canadian Pony Society.

284 CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

WATT, James A. Elara, Ont. Born cultural and Horticultural Socdetlea of

Blora, April, 1886. Married. Director Ontario. Grajid Foreman, Ancient

Canadian Shorthorn Breeders' Ass'n. Order of Foresters. Grand Chieftain

Farming. Owner of champion Short- Sons of Scotland. "Was for 30 years

horn Bull of Canada. Prominent in the engaged in farming, specializing In

show rings of both Eastern and Western purebred AjTshire cattle. Prominent in

Canada. show ring. Other lines — flight horses,

WILSON, James Lockle, 582 Huron St., Shropshire sheep, Berkslhire hogs.
Toronto. Bom Alexandria, Ont., Nov. WINKLER, Hon. Valentine, Minister of
12th, 1856. Son of Robert and Agnes Agriculture, Manitoba. Born Grey Co.,
Wilson. Married Mary Hodge, of Corn- Ont., 1864. Went to Manitoba, 1879.
wall, Ont. Secretary Ontario Hortd- Elected to Legislature, 1892. Represents
outural Association, Ontario Associa- Constituency of Rhineland eind Mor-
tion of Fairs and Exhibitions, Ontario land. Appointed Minister of Agri-
Plowmen's Association. Managing culture and Immigration, June, 1915.
Director Ontario Vegetable Growers' Address, Parliament Buildings, Wln-
Assooiatdon. Superintendent Agra- nipeg, Man.

DAIRY TEST OTTAWA WINTER FAIR, 1916

Lbs. of % Total

Name of Cow Owner Milk. Fat. Points

AYRSHIRES

Glenshamrock Canty Again — A. Hume & Co., Campbellford 170.4 3.9 216.62

Polly 2nd of Fernbrook — E. B. Palmer & Sons, Norwich.. 161.3 3.9 201.38

Spicy Lass — A. Hume & Co 157.5 3.8 196.77

Hobsland Barbara — R. R. Ness, Howick, Que 151.4 3.8 184.16

Gracie — R. T. Brownlee, Hemmingford 142. 4. 179.29

Lady Marion— R. T. Brownlee 138.3 4. 177-54

Flora — D. T. Ness, Howick, Que 143.8 4. 177.05

Airmount Boneva — E. B. Palmer & Sons 154.2 3.5 175.85

36 Months, Under 48

White Floss of Springbank — Jos. Hudson & Son, Lyn 151. 7 3.5 173.43

Humesbaugh Helen — A. Hume & Co 131. i 3.8 159.57

Lily of Fernside— E. B. Palmer & Sons 131.8 3. 133.50

Jemima of Springbank — Jos. Hudson & Son 117.9 3.4 132.43

Under 36 Months

Susana of Evergreen — E. B. Palmer & Sons 146.7 3.5 169.26

Burnside Pearline— R. R. Ness 105. 3.8 128.88

White Rose of Lacolle— R. T. Brownlee 109.7 34 123.78

HOLSTEINS

Desta — Jas. Knapp, Merrickville 295.5 2.8 279.86

Ideal Netherland Posch — W. J. Bailey, Jarvis 266.7 3- 268.70

Lady DeKol Patty — Ed. Baker, Winchester 239.6 3.1 247.25

Pontiac Alice — M. McDowell, Oxford Ctr 223.7 3.3 243.55

Margaret Rose — E. Baker 220.1 3.3 241,56

Amy Abbekerk PQSch — A. E. Hulet, Norwich 207.6 3.3 226.36

36 Months, Under' 48

Lyndenwood Colantha — W. J. Bailey 228.5 3-3 250.87

Ideal Daisy Faf orit — W. J. Bailey 195.2 3.6 229.14

Pauline Colantha, Mercena — A. E. Hulet 219.2 3.1 224.32

Lady Ormsby Colanthus — Martin McDowell 163.5 3-6 195-44

Epworth Barbara— F. H. McCullough, Navan 151.4 3.8 184.16

Alice Ormsby — Martin McDowell 167.9 3-3 t8:v58

Under 36 Months

Lady Pauline Colantha— A. E. Hulet 184.7 3-4 205.89

Pansy Connor DeKol — Ed. Baker 161. i 3.7 191.66

Dora DeKol Korndyke— Ed. Baker 181.3 3.2 191.50

Princess Ormsby DeKol— Martin McDowell 180.2 3. 181.97

Abbekerk Jewell DeKol— McDowler, Billing's Bdg 151. 3.4 167.84

Lady Francy DeKo Teake — Jas. Knapp 122. 3.5 148.55

SHORTHORNS

Royal Princess — S. W. Jackson, Woodstock 140.3 4.2 185.56

Roselia— S. W. Jackson '. 1 14. 3-6 135-02

Fascination — S. W. Jackson 106.3 3.9 133.38

3 Year Olds

Red Bess— S- W. Jackson 78-5 4-3 106.38

Butterfly Rose— S. W. Jackson 66.9 4.4 97.10

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

285

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY

AGRICULTURAL AND LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATIONS OF CANADA
With List of Officers for 1916

National Live Stock Association
President, Andrew Graham, Pome-
roy, Ont.; Secretary'', R. W. Wade,
Toronto, Ont.

Clydesdale Horse Association of
Canada
President, J. A. Boag, Queenville,
Ont.; Secretary, J. W. Wheaton, To-
ronto, Ont.

Hackney Horse Society
President, Harry Boag, Barrie, Ont.;
Secretary, H. M. Robinson, Don Mills
Road, Toronto, Ont.

Shire Horse Breeders' Association
President, C. F. Porter, Appleby, Ont.;
Secretar, G. de W. Green, Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Pony Association
President, Chas. Lovejoy, Mimico,
Ont.; Secretary, G. de W. Green, To-
ronto, Ont.

Dominion Cattle Breeders' Association
President, John Gardhouse, Weston,
Ont.; Secretary, R. W. Wade, Toronto,
Ont.

Canadian Red Polled Association
Secretary, G. H. Gregg, Winnipeg,
Man.
Dominion Shorthorn Breeders' Asso-
ciation
President, J. M. Gardhouse, Weston
Ont.; Secretary, W. G. Petit, Freeman'
Ont.
Dominion Ayrshire Breeders' Association

President, M. St. Marie
Compton, Que.; Secre-
tary, W. F. Stephens,
Huntingdon, Que.

Canadian Hereford
Breeders' Association
President, L. O. Clifford,
Oshawa, Ont.; Secretary,
H. D. Smith, Hamilton,
Ont.

Canadian Aberdeen
Angus Association
President, J. D. Mc-
Gregor, Brandon, Man.;
Secretary, W. I. Smale,
Brandon, Man.

Dominion Sheep
Breeders' Association
President, J. E. Cous-
ins, Harriston, Ont.; Sec-

retary. R. W. Wade, Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Swine Breeders' Association
President, J. C. Stewart, Osgoods, Ont.;
Secretary, R. W. Wade, Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Standard-Bred Association
President, W. J. Cowan, Cannington,
Ont.; Secretary, John W. I. Brant,
Ottawa, Ont.
Canadian Percheron Horse Breeders'

Association
Secretary, F. R. Pike, High River,
Alta.

Canadian Thoroughbred Horse Society
President, Col. W. Hendrie, Hamilton,
Ont.; Secretary, T. J. Macabe, Toronto.
Canadian Suffolk Horse Society
Secretary,. Arch. Jaques, Lamerton,
Alta.
Canadian French Coach Horse Asso-
ciation
Secretary, E. S. Richardson, Calgar,
Alta.

Canadian Holstein-Fresian Association
President, M. L. Haley, Springford,
Ont.; Secretary, W. A. Clemens, St.
George, Ont.

Canadian Jersey Cattle Club
President, F. L. Green, Greenwood,
Ont.; Secretary, B. A. Bull, Brampton.
North American Galloway Association

Secretary, Lieut.-Col D. McCrae,
Guelph, Ont.

First prize Duroc-Jersey Sow under 18 morvths, Cana-
dian National, 1915.

286

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Tested by Time
Panic and War

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Stocks drop. Some disappear
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Standard Reliance Debentures
have stood the test for security
of principal and permanency of
interest. A $100 Standard Re-
liance Mortgage Debenture is
still worth $100 and pays 5%
interest in cash on the day it is
due.

Canadian Government statistics show
that never a dollar has been lost in
Mortgage Corporation Debentures.
A $1,000 Debenture at 5% for five years
pays (if compounded) $280 in interest,
or 28% gain. It is one of the safest,
if not the safest, investment obtainable.
Write for our book about Profits from
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STANDARD RELIANCE
MORTGAGE CORPORATION

/fead Office. 8288 KingSf. E. Toronto

Branches and Agents at

AYR, BROCKVILLE, CHATHAM,

ELMIRA, NEW HAMBURG

li\t: stock directory.

287

Canadian Guernsey Breeders' Asso-
ciation

Secretary, H. W. Coming, Checoggin,
X.S.

ONTARIO ■
Ontario Horse Breeders' Association

President, Wm. Smith, Columbust
Ont.; Secretary'. R. W. Wade, Toronto-
Ontario Sheep Breeders' Association

President, J. D. Gibson, Denfield, Ont.
Secretary, R. W. Wade, Toronto.

Ontario Agricultural and Experi-
mental Union

President, J. B. Fair-
bairn, Beamsville, Ont. ;
Secretary', Prof. C. A.
Zavitz, Guelph, Ont.
Ontario Swine Breeders'

President, G. E. Day.
Guelp, Ont.; Secretary,
R. W. Wade, Toronto.
Ontario Berkshire

Breeders' Association

President, H. M Vander-

lip, Cainsville, Secretan.-.

R. W. Wade. Toronto. '

Ontario Yorkshire

Breeders' Association

President, J. C. Stuart,

Osgoode. Ont.; Secretarv,

R. W. Wade, Toronto.'

Dairymen's Association

(Eastern)

President, J. X. Stone, Warkworth;
Ont.; Secretary, James R. Anderson.

Dairymen's Association CWestem)

President, James Preston, St. Thomas,
Ont.; Secretar\', P. Hems, London, Ont.

Poultry Association (Eastern)

President, Geo. A. Robertson, Ottawa.
Ont.; Secretary, W. J. Jackson, Cgrp,
Ont.

Poultry Association (Western)

President, W. Barber, Toronto; Secre-
tary, R. W. Wade, Parliament Bldgs..
Toronto.

Fnxit Growers' Association

President, D. Johnson, Forest; Secre-
tary, P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto.

Vegetable Growers' Association

President, F. F. Reeves, Humber Bay,
ecretar}-, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto.

Bee-Keepers' Association

President, Dennis Dolan; Secretary,
Motley Petit, Guelph, Ont.

Ontario Plowmen's Association

President, W. Doherty, Eglington.
Ont.; Secretary, J. Lockie Wil«)n, To-
ronto, Ont.

Superintendent of Agricultural and
Horticultural Societies — T. Lockie Wil-

Superintendent of Farmers' and Wom-
ens' Institutes and Director of Dairy
Instruction — Geo. A. Putnam.

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Duroc-Jersey

sow, champion "other district breeds,"
Canadian National, 1915.

Director Live Stock Branch — R. W.
Wade, B.S.A., Toronto.

Director Fruit Branch— P. W. Hod-
getts.

Western Ontario Seed Growers' Asso-
ciation
President, A. McKinney, Amherstburg,
Ont. , Secretary, R. W. Wade, Toronto.

Note. — The offices of the above are
all in the Parliament Buildings, Toronto,
Ont.

MANITOBA

G. H. Grigg, Winnipeg, is Secretar>' of
all Provincial Live Stock Associations.

Cattle Breeders' Association
President, J. R. Hume, Souris,

Horse Breeders' Association
President, J. G. Washington. Ninga.

288

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Sheep Breeders'
Association

President, Geo. Gon-
don, Oak Lake.

Swine Breeders'
Association
President, A. D. Mc-
Donald, Napinka.

NEW BRUNSWICK
New Brunswick Farmers'
and Dairjrmen's
Association
President, W. H. Moore,
Scotch Lake; Secretary,
Morris Scovil, Gagetown.
New Brunswick Fruit
Grower's Association
President, C. N. Vroom,
St. Stephen; Vice-Presi-
dent, H. H. Smith, Hoyt
Station ; Secretary-Treas-
urer, A. G. Turney,
Fredericton.

Agricultural Society No. 34— President,
John A. Campbell, Springhill; Secretary,
Matthew Tennant, Fredericton."

Agricultural Society No. 44— President,
H. G. Corbett, Lakeville; Secretary,
F. K. P. McKenzie, Centreville.

Agricultural Society, No. 51— President,
J. M. Donovan, Haymarket Square, St.
John; Secretary, R. R. Patchell, Stanley
street, St. John.
Canadian Belgian Draft Horse Breed-
ers' Association
President, Mr. Paul Tourigny, Vic-
toria ville; Secretary, Mr. J. Arthur
Paquet, Department of Agriculture, Que-
bec City.

French-Canadian Cattle Breeders'

Association
President, Mr. Arsene Denis, St. Nor-
bert Station (Berthier); Secretary, Dr.
J. A. Corture, Quebec.

Sheep Breeders' Associa-
tion of the Province
of Quebec

President, Mr. Nap.
La chape lie, St. Paul
I'Ermite, Que.; Secretary,
Dr. J. A. Couture, Quebec.

Swine Breeders' Associa-
tion of the Province
of Quebec

President, Mr. Ls.
Lavallee, St. Guil laume.
Que.; Secretary, Dr. J. A.
Couture, Quebec.

Together with 80 Agri-
cultural Societies.

Rauward Count De Kol Lady Pauline, 29,017 lbs.
milk, 890.6 lbs. fat In one year. Canadian Champion.

Agricultural and Live Stock Associations
of Alberta

Alberta Horse Breeders' Association —
President, Geo. Lane, Calgary; Secretary,
E. L. Richardson, Calgary.

Alberta Cattle Breeders' Association —
President, J. L. Walters, Clive; Secretary,
E. L. Richardson, Calfary.

Alberta Swine Breeders' Association —
President, Lew Hutchinson, Duhamel;
Secretary, E. L. Richardson, Calgary.

Alberta Sheep Breeders' Association —
Secretary, E. L. Richardson, Calgary;
President, Bryce Wright, Calgary.

Alberta Winter Fair — E. L. Richard-
son, Secretary.

Calgary Industrial Exhibition — E. L.
Richardson, Secretary; E. J. Dewey, Cal-
gary, President.

Champion Berkshire sow, Canadian National, 1915.

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

2S9

NOVA SCOTIA

The Nova Scotia Farmers' Association
— President, R. J. Messenger, Bridge-
to"«Ti; Secretan.-, C. R. Br\'an, Truro, X.S.

The Nova Scotia Fniit Growers' Asso-
ciation— President, F. M. Chipman, Nic-
taux West; Secretary', ^l. K. Ellis, Port
WiUiam, N.S.

219, more or less, Agricultural Soci-
eties—Supt. F. L. Fuller, Triro, N.S.

Maritime Srock Breeders' Association
— President, A. E. Tr S esal,ib5tuir}%NB
Secretary, F. L. Fuller.

The Nova Scotia Po\iltry Association —
Secretar}-, I. P. Landry, Truro, X.S.

Nova Scotia Dairymen's Association —
President, D. W. Murray, Seatsbum;
Secretary, W. A. McKay, Truro.

ASSOCIATIONS OF P.E.I.
Farmers' Central Institute
President, D. N. MacKay, Spring-
field; R. R. Bradalbane, Secretary,
Theodore Ross, Secretary for Agriculture,
Chariot tetowTi, P. E. Island.

Horse Breeders' Association

President, W. W. Crosby, Cornwall;
Secretary, the Secretary for Agriculture,
Charlottetown.

Dairy Cattle Breeders' Association
President, Andrew McRae, East Roy-
alty, R. R. Charlottetown; Secretary, the
Secretary for Agriculture, Charlottetown.
Beef Breeders' Association

President, T. P. Cass, North River;
Secretary, the Secretary for Agriculture,
Charlottetown.

Beef Breeders' Association

President, T. P. Cass, North River;
Secretary, the Secretary for Agriculture,
Charlottetown.

Sheep Breeders' Association
President, C. B. Clay, Bridgetown;
Secretary, the Secretary f&r Agriculture,
Charlottetown.

Swine Breeders' Association
President, Peter Brodie, York'; Secre-
tary, the Secretary for Agriculture, Char-
lottetown.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

British Columbia Stock Breeders' As-
sociation

W. T. McDonald, Secretary.

British Columbia Dairymen's Asso-
ciation
H. Rive, Secretary.
British Columbia Poultry Association

J. R. Terry, Secretary.

British Columbia JFruit Growers'

Association
R. M. Winslow, Secretary.
British Colimibia Agricultural Fairs

Association
W. J. Bona via, Secretary.
British Columbia Central Farmers'
Institute
W. J. Bonavia, Secretary.

(Address Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria,
B.C., for aU bodies).
Vancouver Island Flockmasters' Asso-
ciation
Secretary', A. C. Aitken, Duncan.
Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association
Secretary, W. J. Park, Pitt Meadows.
Poultry and Dairymen's Association of
Mission District
Secretary, W. Colbourne, Mission City.
Nicola Stock Breeders' and Agricultural
A ssociation
Secretary, H. H. Matthews, Nicola.
Pitt Meadows Poultry and Dairymen's
Association
Secretan.-, J. Hewlett, Pitt Meadows.
Kamloops District Stock Breeder's

Association
Secretary, J. Hewlett, Pitt Meadows.
Secretary, T. Wadsworth, Knutsford.
Parksville and District Poultry Asso-
ciation
Secretary, Wm. Stanhope, Parksville.
Comax Valley Live Stock Association
Secretary-, A. G. Read, Courtenay.

Trail Poultry Association
Secretary, J. A. Wadsworth, Trail.
Interior Stock Breeders' Association o^
British Columbia
Se<S-etary, S. C. Burton, Kamloops.
Windermere District Association of Stock
Breeders
Secretary, G. C. H. Coleman, Winder-
mere.

SASKATCHEWAN

Saskatchewan Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation
President, Hon. W. C. Sutherland,
Saskatoon; Secretary, J. C. Smith, Re-
gina.

Saskatchewan Sheep Breeders' Asso-
ciation
President, A. B. Potter, Langbank;
Secretary, J. C. Smith, Regina.

Saskatchewan Swine Breeders' Asso-
ciation
President, S. V. Tomecko, Lipton;
Secretary V J. C. Smith, Regina.

290

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Saskatchewan Horse Breeders' Asso-
ciation

President, R. H. Taber, Condie; Secre-
tary, J. C. Smith, Regina.

Saskatchewan Poultry Association

President, F. J. Robinson, Regina;
Secretary, D. C. Mclntyre, Regina.

Saskatchewan Provincial Winter Fair

Board

President, Robert Sinton, Regina;
Secretary-Treasurer, J. C. Smith, . Re-
gina; Manager, D. T. Elderkin, Regina.

Saskatchewan Provincial Exhibition

President, J. A. Westman, Regina;
Secretary and Manager, D. T. Elderkin,
Regina.

Saskatchewas Grain Growers' Association

President, J. A. Maharg, Moose Jaw;
Secretary-Treasurer, J. B. Musselman.
Moose Jaw.

Saskatchewan Hail Insurance Com-
mission

Chairman, W. C. Paynter, Regina;
Secretary-Treasurer, E. G. Hingley, Re-
gina.

Note. — In absence of J. C. Smith. Prof.
Bredt is acting secretary of the breed
associations.

QUEBEC

General Stock Breeders' Association

of the Province of Quebec

President, Hon. N. Garneau, Quebec;
Secretary, Dr. J. A. Couture, Quebec.

French-Canadian Horse Breeders' Asso-
sociation

President, Mr. Jos. Deland, L'Ardie;
Secretary, D. J. A. Couture, Quebec.

Dominion Department of Agriculture
Bulletins

The Dominion bulletins may be ob-
tained by applying to Dominion Dept.
of Agriculture, Ottawa. No charge.

Creamery Cold Storage.

The Inspection and Sale Act, Part
IV., as amended in 1907-8. (The Fruit
Marks Act and Fruit Packages). Re-
vised Edition.

Cow Testing Associations, with Some
Notes on the Sampling and Testing of
Milk.

Sweet Cream Butter.

Apparatus for the Determination of
Fat and Water in Butter.

Buttermaking on the Farm.

The Use of Ice on the Farm.

The Cooling of Milk for Cheesemaking.

Cold Storage and the Cold Storage Act.

The Dairying Industry in Canada.

Notes for Factory Cheesemeakers.

Cream Cheese.

A List of the Cheese Factories, Cream-
eries and Condensed Milk Plants in
Canada.

The Care of Cream for Buttermaking.

Co-operation in Fruit Growing.

Modem Methods of Packing Apples
and Pears.

Small Cold Storage, etc.

Results of Experiments with early,
medium and late Sowings of Grain.

Weeds.

Barnyard Manure.

Production of Bacon for the British
market.

Sheep Husbandry in Canada.

Beef .Raising in Canada.

Horsebreeding ind Rearing.

Care of Market Eggs.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES OF
CANADA

Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph,
Ontario

President, G. C. Creelman, B.S.A.,
LL.D.; Prof, of Dairy Husbandry, H.
H. Dean, B.S.A.; Prof, of Field Hus-
bandry, C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A.; Associate,
W. J. Squirrel; Prof, of Veterinary Sci-
ence, Dr. J. H. Reed; Prof, of Animal
Husbandry, G. E. Day, B.S.A.; Assistant,
H. King; Prof, of Chemistry, R. Har-
court, B.S.A.; Prof, of Poultry Hus-
bandry, W. R. Graham, B.S.A.; Prof, of
Biology, Dr. Bethune; Lecturer in Eng-
lish, G. Unwin, B.S.A.; Prof, of Physics,
W. Day', B.S.A.; Prof, of Horticulture,
J. W. Crow, B.S.A.; Prof, of Botany, J. E.
Howitt, B.S.A.; Assistants, Profs. A. W.
Baker, B.S.A., J. Wright, B.S.A. ; Economic
Entomologist for Ontario, L. Caesar,
B.A.; Prof, of Bacteriology, D. H. Jones;
Secretary-Registrar, S. H. Gandier, B.S.A.

MacDonald Institute, Guelph, Ont.

Director of Home Economics, Miss
M. U. Watson; Prof, of Manual Train-
ing, John Evans; Instructor in Domestic
Science, Mrs. F. Doughty; Lady Super-
intendent, Mrs. K. Fuller.

LIVE STOCK DraECTORY.

291

MANITOBA AGRICUL-
TURAL COLLEGE
Winnipeg, Manitoba

President, J. B. Rey-
nolds, M.A.; Professor
Animal Husbandrj', F. S.
Jacobs, B.S.A.; Professor
of Botanj-, ,V. W. Jack-
son, B.A.; Professor of
Dairy Husbandry, J. W.
Mitchell, B.A.; Professor
of Chemistry Dept., Dr.
G. W. Morden, M.A.,
Ph.D., Doct.-Ing.; Pro-
fessor of Bacteriologv,
C. H. Lee, M.A.; Pr^
fessor of Agriculturel En-
gineering, L. J. Smith,
B.S.; Professor of Field
Husbandr3% T. G. Har-
rison, B.S.A.; Professor
of Horticulture and For-
estry, F. W. Brodrick,
B.S.A.; Professor of Soils,
F. W. Churchill, B.S.A.;
Professor of English, G.
A. Sproule, B.A.; Professor of Farm Man-
agement, G. G. White, B.S.A.; Professor
of Poultry Husbandry, M
B.S.A.; Agrostologist, W.
M.S.; Professor of Physics
mathics, S. C. Lee, M.A.;
Veterinary Service, C. D.
D.V.S.

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, UNI-
VERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN
Saskatoon, Sask.
William John Rutherford, B.S.A.
(Tor.), Dean and Professor of Animal
Husbandry; Alexander Rodger Greig,
B.Sc. (McGill), Professor of Agricultura
Engineering; John Bracken, B.S.A. (Tor.),
Professor of Field Husbandry ; G. H.
Cutler, B.S.A., Professor of Field Hus-
bandry; Thomas Nathaniel Willing, Secre-
tary and Assistant Professor of Natural
History'; Robert Dawson MacLaurin,
Ph.D. (Harv.), Professor of Chemistry;
Samuel Earl Green way, Esq., Director
of Extension Work; John L. Hogg, Ph.D.
(Harv.), Professor of Physics; Laurie

Champion Southdown ewe at Canadian National Ex-
hibition, 1915.

Lome Burgess, Ph.D. (Harv.), Assistant
Professor of Chemistry; A. Malcolm
Shaw, B.S.A., Professor of Animal Hus-
bandry; W. L. Thompson, Professor of
Biology; Archibald Richard Weir, In-
structor in English and Mathematics.

C. Hemer,

South worth,

and Mathe-

Lecturer in

McGilvray,

NOVA SCOTU AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE, TRURO, N.S.

Principal, M. Cumming.

MACDONALD AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

St. Anne De Belleville, Que.

F. C. Harrison, D.Sc.^ F.R.C.S., Prin-
cipal and Professor of Bacteriology.

William Lochhead, B.A., M.Sc., Pro-
fessor of Biologv'.

Carleton J. Lynde, Ph.D., Professor of
Physics.

James Murray, B.S.A., Professor of
Cereal Husbandry.

J. F. SneU, Ph.D.. Professor of Chem-
istry.

H. Barton, B.S.A., Professor of Animal
Husbandr}^-.

WAR BOOKS

We have secured through the English firm of J. M. Dent & Sons, a most
complete list of books relating to and bearing on the Great War. Among them
are the following: —

War Lords — A. G. Gardiner. 30c. post paid; 14,000 copies already sold in
Canada.

War Thoughts of An Optimist — Benjamin A. Gould. 75c. post paid. An
American citizen, now a resident of Canada.

The Nations at War — L. Cecil Lane. 85c post paid. A forecast of the politi-
cal and moral results of the war.

292

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Winners at Principal Canadian Fairs, 1915-16
Clydesdales

CANADIAN NATIONAL

STALLION, Four Years and Over—
I and 2, Graham Bros., on Lord
Gleniffer and Alert; 3 and 4, T. H.
Hassard, on Macaroon and Wyomyo ;
S, T. D. Elliott, on Ardyne Blend.

STALLION, Three Years Old— i, 2
and 3, Graham Bros., on Baron As-
cot, Lord Malcolm and Fyvie Peer.

STALLION, Two Years Old— i, Has-
sard, on The Count of Hillcrest ; 2
and 3, Graham Bros., on Cedric King
and Royal Regent; 4, W. N. Mc-
Eachren, on Marquis' Own.

STALLION, One Year— i, Graham
Bros., on Macqueen of Atha; 2, Jno.
M. Orr, on Bruce Pacific.

CHAMPION STALLION— Lord Glen-
iflfer.

FILLY, Three Years — i, Graham Bros.,
on- Quenelda of Petty; 2, P. W. Boyn-
ton, on Kate B.

FILLY, Two Years— I, J. M. Gard-
house, on Nancy Ryecroft; 2, A. E.
Rea, on Blink of Aermont ; 3, J. B.
Borland, on Village Lady; 4, Orr, on
Whiteside Queen.

FILLY, One Year— i and 2, H. A.
Mason, on Heather Moon and Prin-
cess of Aden.

BROOD MARE, with Foal by Her
Side — I, 2 and 3, W. F. Batty, on
Daisy of Tangy and Bell Heather.

YELD MARE, Any Age— i, Hassard^
on Nell of Aikton ; 2 and 5, Mason,
on Snowdrop and Pride of Auchene-
leith ; 3, Graham Bros., on Castle
Belle ; 4, Paterson Bros.,^ on Molly
of Western Lovat.

FOAL of 1915 — I and 2, Batty, on
Molly May and Molly Queen.

MARE with Two of Her Progeny —
I, Batty, on Newbigging Beautv.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Nancy Rye-
croft.

BEST STRING OF FIVE— i, Graham
Bros.

BEST STRING OF FIVE, the Get of
One Sire — T. Battv.

CANADIAN NATIONAL

(Canadian Breds)

STALLION, Three Years Old and

Over — I, Hassard, on Randolph

Romeo; 2 and 3, Thos. McMichael, on

International and Glen Rae; 4, Peter

Morrison, on Lionel Lad.

STALLION, Two Years Old— i,
Samuel Stong, on Everlasting Gay
Boy ; 2, Graham Bros., on Royal Re-
gent; 3, Geo. Clayton, on Marquis'
Own.

STALLION, One- Year-Old— I, W. F.
Batty, on Duke Carruchan ; 2, Jos.
Teller, on Marathon Again ; 3, Geo.
Clayton, on Noble Jimmie ; 4, Jas.
Leonard, on Noble Majestic.

FILLY, Three Years Old— i, Boynton,
on Kate B.

FILLY, Two Years— I, Batty, on Nora
Carruchan; 2, Dale, on Glennie Mac;
3, Snyder, on Bedelia.

FILLY, One Year— i, Dale, on Flora-
dora ; 2, Batty, on Nellie Carruchan ;
3, McMichael, on Mabel.

BROOD MARE with Foal by Her Side
— I. Bennett, on My Qiieen ; 2, Mc-
Michael. Spring Beauty; 3. Dale, on
Mossy Rose ; 4, Snyder, on Queen.

FOAL OF 191 S— I. McMichael: 2,
Batty, on Moncrieffe Belle, Albion ;
T,. Snyder, on Prince.

CHAMPION FILLY— Hassard, on
Daisy Dean.

OTTAWA (Winter 1916)

AGED STALLIONS— I, Lord Gleniffer,
Graham Bros.; 2, Scotias Pride,
Smith & Richardson; 3, Baron Ian,
Jno. A. Boagson: 4, Baron Minto,
Graham Bros.; 5> Alert, Graham
Bros.

STALLIONS, Three Years— i. Baron
Ascot. Graham Bros.: 2, Fivie Peer,
Graham Bros. : 3, Birchburn, Boag
Q Son ; 4, Royal Type, Smith &
Richardson.

STALLION, Three Years— i, Cedric
King, Graham Bros; 2, Everard,
Smith & Richardson; 3, Baron Kip-
ling, Smith & Richardson; 4, Sir
Baron Wallace, A. Watson & Son.

STALLIONS, Two Years— i, Royal
Design, Smith & Richardson; 2.
Luck Coin, N. Scharf ; 3, Barons Re-
volt. A. Watson & Son.

CHAMPION STALLION— Lord Glen-

AGED MARES— I, Royalette, W. W.
Hogg; 2. Laura Dee Smith & Rich-
ardson; 3, Ella Fleming, A. Watson
& Son; 4, Castle Belle. Graham Bros.

LIVE! STOCK DIRECTORY.

293

MARES, Three Years— i, Craigie Meg,
A. A.' Scharf; 2, Solway Duchess,
Boag & Son.

MARES, Two Years — i, Lady Ascot,
Boag & Son; 2, Queen Damley, T.
A. Russell.

M.ARES, One Year— i, Denholm Hill
Blossom, W. W. Hogg; 2, Rosy Har-
mony. A. Scharf; 3, Woodside Rose-
land, R, Ness & Son; 4, Lady Mon-
crief. J. Vipond.

CHAMPION ^LARE— Royalette.

CLYDESDALES (Canadian Bred)
Ottawa Winter Fair, 1916.

AGED STALLIONS— I, Special Royal
Favorite, J. Telfer; 2, Koyama, Wal-
len; 3, Baron Morris, W. A. Mor-
row ; 4, Baron Gibson. W. J. Graham.

STALLIONS, Three Years— i, Prince
Rod rick, J. Vipond; 2, Ross Mc-
Gregor, L. Richardson; 3, Chattans
Buchh-AM'e, E. Flattens; 4, Soutas
Buchlyvie, E. H. Graham. ,

STALLIONS. Two Years— i. Royal
Regent, Graham Bros. : 2, Spencer of
the Briars, R. Ness & Son ; 3, Barpn's
Pride. A. Scharf ;' 4, Sir Acme, Peter
Christie & Son.

STALLIONS, One Year— i, MacSuc-
cess of Atha, E. H. Graham; 2, Scot-
tish Diadem. J. J. Hodgins; 3, Baron
Cedar, A. Scharf.

CHAMPION STALLION— Royal Re-
gent.

AGED MARES— r, Aberdeen's Grace,
T. B. McCaulay; 2, Royal Rose, A.
Watson ; 3, Princess Lucy Belle, J.
Rothwell : 4, Moss Rose, A. Watson.

>L\RES, Three Years— i, Lady Har-
mony. A. Watson ; 2, Lady Nether-
lea, T. B. McCaulay; 3, Kate Favor-
ite, J. Vipond. .

^f ARES. Two Years— I. Lady Bydand,
Graham Brol. ; 2, Woodside Rosebud,
R Ness & Son ; Lady Garnet, W.
Battv; Minnie Favorite, F. W. Brad-
ley.

MARES, One Year — i. Ivory Margaret,
Smith & Richardson ; '2, Jean Arm-
our. W. W. Hogg; 3, Nellie Car-
ruchan, W. Batty.

CHAMPION MARE— Lady Bydand.

sard, on Wyomyo; 4, Smith & Ric-
hardson, on Scoria's Pride.
ST.ALLIONS, Four Years Old and
Cher, Importers Excluded— i, A.
Mason, on Prince of Aden; 2, Sher-
brooke Horse Breeding Co., on Royal
iCup; 3, Geo. McRae, on Scottish
Rin?; 4, J- D. Eraser, on Lord How-
ick.

STALLIONS, Two Years Old— i, T.
H. Hassard, on The Count of Hill-
crest; 2, Smith & Richardson, on
Everard ; 3* Robt. ' Todd, on Elm-
vale's Pride; 4, Adam Scarf, on
Fyvie Junior.

STALLIONS. One Year— i, Nixon
Scarf, on Lucky Coin 2nd ; 2, Wm.
Nussey. on Oakhurst Sir Robert.

CHAMPION STALLION — Sir
Spencer.

BROOD MARE with Foal at Foot—
I. Rothwell. on Manilla; 2, Nixon
Scarf, on Jenny Valdor; 3, W. J.
McGerrigle. on Corono ; 4, T. B.
Macaulav, on Ladv Armandale.

FOAL— I. Rothwell; '2, S. McGerrigle;

3. W. J. McGerrigle; 4, Macaulay.
YELD MARE— I, Hassard, on Nell of

Aikton : 2, Ness, on Darling of Begg ;
3.' Smith & Richardson, on Laura
Dee : 4, Mason, on Snowdrop.

FILLY. Three Years— i, 3 and 4,
Smith & Richardson, on Dickiebelle,
Mandoline and Black Maid ; 2, A.
Scarf on Craigie Meg.

FILLY, Two Years— I, Rothwell. on
Syringa; 2, Ness, on Woodside Rose-
bud ; 3, Mason, on Blink of Aermont ;

4. Nussey.

FILLY, One Year— i, A. Scarf, on
Rosie Harmony: 2, Mason, on Hea-
ther Moon : 3, Ness, on Woodside
Rosalind ; 4, Rothwell, on Sweet
Peggy. -^

CHAMPION MARE— Syringa.

STALLION and Three of His Get—
I, Ness, on Sir Spencer; 2, Rothwell,
on Dunnottar; 3, Nussev, on Baron
Silloth's Heir.

OTTAWA (Summer, 1915)

AGED STALLIONS— I, R. Ness &
Son. on Sir Spencer; 2, Ben Roth-
well, on Dunnottar; 3, T. H. Has-

CANADIAN BREDS
(Central Canada, 1915)
AGED STALLIONS— I, J. F. Staples,
on Baron Elator; 2, Wm. Nussey, on
Baron Silloth's Heir ; 3, Wm. Allan,
on Koyama : 4, Smith & Richardson,
on Mascot's Pride.
TALLIONS, Three Years— i, T. H.
Hassard, on Randolph Romeo; a.

294

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Geo. H. Montgomery, on Sir Roger.

STALLIONS, Two Years— i. R. Ness
& Son, on Spencer of the Briars ; 2,
Adam Scarf, on Baron's Pride 2nd;
3, Staples, on Golden Don ; 4, T. B.
McCaulay, on Prince Netherlea.

STALLIONS, One Year— i, S. Mc-
Gerrigle ; 2, Nussey, on Oakhurst
Shapely Prince.

BROOD MARE AND FOAL— i,
Staples, on Golden Gem ; 2, Scarf,
on Lady Gold ; 3, W. J. McGerrigle,
on Flossie Fyvle ; 4, D. A. McCor-
mick, on Maud of the Briars.

YELD MARE— I, Hassard, on Daisy
Dean ; 2, McCaulay, on Aberdeen
Grace; 3, Rothwell, on Cherrybank.

FILLY, Three Years — i. McCaulay, on
Lady Netherlea ; 2, S. McGerrigle ;
3, Staples, on Golden Maggie ; 4,
Scarf, on Lady Harmony.

FILLY, Two Years — t, Staples, on
Golden Crest; 2. Snyder, on Bedelia.

FILLY, One Year — i, Nussey; 2,
Tierney, on Kintore Moss Rose; 3,
Scarf, on Rose of Fairview ; 4, Mc-
Caulav, on Queen Netherlea.

CHAMPION STALLION —-Randolph
Romeo.

CHAMPION MARE— Daisy Dean.

SPECIAL FOR THREE CLYDES-
DALE MARES, Any Age, sired by
a Clydesdale Stallion — r, S. Watt; 2,
R. Bivington.

GUELPH (Winter)

AGED STALLIONS— T and 4, Graham
Bros., on Lord Gleniffer and Alert ;
2. Smith & Richardson, on Scotia's
Pride ; 3, Jno. Boag & Son, on Baron
Senwick; S, T. D. Elliott, on Ardyne
Blend.

STALLION FOALED IN 1912— i, 2
and 3, Graham Bros., on Baron As-
cot, Fyvie Peer and Lord Malcolm ;
4, Boag & Son. on Birchburn ; 5,
Smith & Richardson, on Royal Type.

STALLION FOALED IN 1913— i,
Graham Bros., on Cedric King: 2,

T. H. Hassard, on The Count of Hill-
crest ; 3 and 4, Smith & Richardson,
on Baron Kipling and Everard.

STALLION FOALED IN 1914— i,v
Smith & Richardson, on Royal De-
sign ; 2, Graham Bros., on Mac-
Queen ofjB Atha.

CHAMPION STALLION— Baron As-
cot.

AGED MARE— I, W. W. Hogg, on
Royalette; 2, Smith & Richardson,

on Laura Dee; 3, Hassard, on Nell
of Aikto»; 4 and 7, H. A. Mason,
on Snowdrop and Pride of Auchen-
cleith ; Geo. Miller, on Bloom of
Whitefield.
MARE FOALED IN 1912— i, Graham
Bros., on Quenelda of Petty; 2,
Smith & Richardson, on Mandoline;

3, Hogg, on Lady Mary Aberdeen ;

4, Boag & Son, on Solway Duchess.
MARE FOALED IN 1913— i, Boag &

Son, on Lady Ascot ; 2, Mason, on
Blink of Airmont.

MARE FOALEL IN 1914— i. Mason,
on Heather Moon ; 2 and 3, Hogg,
on Jean Armour and Denholmhill
Blossom.

MARE AND TWO OF HER PRO-
GENY—i, Jno. D. McGibbon, on
Young Jess of Whitef auld ; 2, Wil-
son, on Fanny Clark; 3, Batty, on
Newbigging Beauty; 4, R. C. Roger-
son, on Maggie 4th of Drum.

THREE. THE GET OF IMPORTED
SIRE-;-!, W. F. Batty, on get of
Gallant Carruchan ; 2, McGibbon, on
get of Marathon.

CHAMPION MARE— Royalette.

CANADIAN BREDS (Guelph)

AGED STALLION— I, Thos. Mc-
Michael, on Lord Ronald ; 2, Hast-
ings Bros., on Baron Rozelle; 3, Wm.
Woodley, on Peerless Ascot ; 5, R.
C. Rogerson, on Orla's Boy.

STALLION FOALED IN 1912— i, T.
H. Hassard, on Randolph Romeo;
2, McMichael, on International; 3,
Lew. Richardson, on Ross Mac-
Gregor, by Lord George ; 4. G. A.
Smith, on His Royalty; 5, Hodgkin-
son & Tisdale, on Golden Spark.

STALLION FOALED IN ^913—1,
Graham Bros., on Royal Regent; 2,
Peter Christie, on Sir Acme; 3, R.
J. Barton, on Canada's Glory by Cel-
tic Baron ; 4, A. G. Gormley, on Ap-
polo by Beau- Ideal ; 5,' Fred J. Wil-
son,-on Gay Ronald by Montrave
Ronald.

STALLION FOALED IN 1914— i.
W. F. Batty, on Duke Carruchan;

2. Alex. Farr, on Tommy Atkins;

3. Geo. Miller, on Grandee's First;

4. J. Rae, on Major's Pride; 5, Has-
sard, on Sir Elgin.

STALLION FOALED IN 1915— i,
Hassard, on Pride of Dunedin ; 2,
R. Fewster,^ on Sprucehill Favorite;

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

295

5, Dale & Son, on Honest Tom.

CHAMPION STALLION— Randolph
Romeo. ^

AGED MARE — i, Hassard, on Daisy
Dean ; 2, Hastings, on Queen of
Tuan ; 3, Miller, on Charm ; 4, Tuck
& Son, on Queen Maud.

MARE FOALED IN 1912— i, Wilson,
on Bertha Orla.

MARE FOALED IN 1913— i, Miller,
on Scotland's Charm; 2, Roe,- on
Lady Bydand ; 3, McGibbon, on Jen-
nie Crawford ; 4. Batty, on Nora
Carruchan ; 5, McCort & Son, on Bes-
sie Scott.

-MARE FOALED IN 1914— i, Batty,
on Nellie Carruchan; 2, ^. Watt, on
Flora Dora; 3, McCort & Son, on
Jean Scott; 4, Beattie, on Miss Blos-
som.

MARE FOALED IN 1915— i, Arbo-
gast Bros., on Nellie Muir; 2 and 4,
McGibbon, on Marathon Belle and
Lady Marathon; 3, Steen, on Fancy
Baroness.

THREE. THE GET OF SIRE— i and
2. McMichael. on get of Glen Rae.

^L\RE AND TWO OF HER PRO-
GENY—i. Miller, on Charm; 2, Mc-
Michael, on Princess .Glendrie; 3,
Grav, on Minnie.

CH.\MPION C. B. MARE— Scotland's
Charm.

CALGARY (Summer)

AGED STALLIONS— I, Scotland's
Comet, E. D. Adams ; 2, Royal Trus-
tee, P. M. Bredt; 3, Solicitor's'Gen-
eral. W. E. Butler: 4,* Cycloyss, F.
Schroeder.

STALLION. Three Years— i, Astro-
phel, F. Schroeder.

STALLION, Two Years— i, Scotland's
Bulwark, A. L. Dollar ; 2, Western
Homesteake ' Prince, P. M. Bredt ;
3, Scotland's Might, A. L. Dollar; 4,
General John, P. M. Bredt.

STALLION. One Year— i! Imperial
Newton. D. Jones : 2, Maxwell of
Dalemead, G. C. Milnes ; 3, Prince
Victor Hood. P. M. Bredt.

CHAMPION STALLION— Scotland's
Cornet.

BROOD M.A.Rfe— I, Poppy Bredt; 2,
^liss Newton. Jones; 3, Ladv Rozelle,
Thorburn & Riddle.

MARE, One Year — i, Jess of Craig-
willie. A. Webster; 2, Sweet Barlae,
A. Ingram; 3. Maggie Flemming,

Thorburn & Riddle ; 4, Geraldine, P.
M. Bredt.

MARE, Three Years— i. Pride of
Craig. ^P. M. Bredt ; 2, Braco Kate,
P. M. Bredt: 3, Elcho's Lady, Thor-
burn & Riddle; 4, Olive Bennie, P.
M. Bredt.

FILLY, Two Years — i. Hopeful Beauty,
P. M. Bredt; 2, Brown Bess, Thor-
burn ; 3, Edenwold Beaut}', Bredt.

F^LLY, One Year— i, Balgreggen
Queen. Bredt; 2, Maggie MeNeil,
Thorburn & Riddle; 3, Royal Prin-
cess. Thorburn & Riddle.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Jess of
Craigwillie.

EDMONTON (Summer)

AGED STALLIONS— I, Gay Douglas,
D. Qmeron ; 2, Royal Trustee, P. M.
Bredt; 3. Solicitor General. W. E.
Butler; 4. King Byron, H. Bums;
5, Clarendon, W. C. Gillies.

STALLION, Three Years— l, Dun-
robin Hiawatha, W. C. Sutherland.

STALLION, Two Years— i, Dunrobin
Pathfinder, Sutherland; 2, General
John, Bredt; 3. W^stem Hero,
Bredt: 4, Prince Minnick, Minnick.

YEARLING STALLION— i, Prince
Victor Hood, Mrs. Bredt.

CHAMPION STALLION— Dunrobin
Pathfinder.

BROOD MARE, with Foal by Side—
I, Poppy, Bredt; 2, Rosy McLaren,
Jamieson: 3, Rosie's Beauty, Bredt;
4, Lady Elcho, D. Thorburn.

YELD MARE, Three Years and Over
—I. Pride of the Craig, Bredt; 2,
Bonnie Doune, Sutherland; 3. Lady
Svlvander, Sutherland; 4, Maggie
Fleming. Thorburn; 5, Rosie Elcho,
Thorburn.

FILLY. Two Years- 1, Hopeful Beauty,
Bredt; 2, Brown Bess. Thorbum; 3,
Golden West Ailsa, Bredt ; 4, Scottish
Queen, Minnick.

YEARLING FILLY— i. Lady Hazel,
J. A. Jamieson: 2, Lady Jane, Suth-
erland; 3, Balgreggan Queen, Bredt;
4. Priiicess Kathleen. Sutherland.

FOAL OF 1915— I. Bredt; 2 and 3.
Jamieson; 4, P. H. Winter; 5, Thor-
burn.

CHAMPION MARE— Poppy.

BRANDON (Summer Fair)
AGED STALLION- 1, Charaock, J.
Tucker; 2, Johnston Count, Andrew

296

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK

Graham; 3, Carrick, Taylor & Mc-
Callum; 4, Lord Scott, W. J. Mc-
Callum, Brampton, Ont. ; 5, Cairnhill,
Brandon Horse Co.

STALLION FOALED IN 1912— i,
Gay Palmerston, C. and D. R. Mc-
Donald; 2, Forrest Yet, D. E. Fer-
guson ; 3, Esmond, R. McFlenna.

STALLION FOALEL IN 1913— i, The
Bruce of Hillcrest, R. S. Taber; 2,
Carruchan Knight, Wm. Grant; 3,
Donald of Vista, McDonald; 4,
Sweet Heart's Pride, Miller; 5, Count
Ideal, Graham.

STALLION FOALED IN 1914— i,
Lordly Prince Rupert, Coates ; 2,
Baron Kitchener of Hillcrest, Taber;

3, Napinka King Gartley, McKirdy
Bros. ; 4, Baron's Heir, Jno. Craw-
ford; 5, Baron Sackville, Hairsire.

CHAMPION STALLION— The^ruce
of Hillcrest.

MARE FOALED IN 1912— i, Lady
Beresford, Dawley; 2, Maud Gartley,
Reaburn & Son; 3, Jennie Baron,
Jno. Crawford; 4, Lainty Countess,
Graham; S, Lady Grace, Grant.

FILLY FOALED IN 1913— i, Prin-
cess Carruchan, Grant; 2, May Daisy
Bell. Leckie ; 3, Lady Ruby, Tosh ;

4, Mary Gartley, McKirdy Bros.; 5,
Mona of Hillcrest, Dawley.

FILLY FOALED IN 1914 — L
Crowned Queen, McKirdy Bros.; 2,
Fanny Fern, White; 3, Countess
Ema, Graham; 4, Peg o' My Heart,
Hairsire; 5, Countess Ethel, Graham.

FOAL OF 1915— I, A. McPhail; 2,
Graham; 3, Crawford; 4, Taber; S,
Graham.

BROOD MARE with Foal by Side—
I, Ruby Gay, David Little; 2, Flos-
hend Princess, G. C. Porterfield; 3,
May Urquhart, Stewart; 4, Lady
Wiston, Wishart; 5, Carmen Vic,
Wood.

YELD MARE— I, Lady Hopetown,
Grant; 2, Valdoroh, White; 3, Fanny
Baron, White; 4, Royal Beauty, Rea-
burn & Son; s, Darling Bell, Wis-
hart.

CHAMPION MARE— Princess Car-
ruchan.

REGINA (Summer Fair)

AGED STALLION— I, The Bruce, R.
S. Taber; 2, Haile's Surprise, How;
3, Mahomet, G. A. Stutt; 4, Craigie
Member, J. E. Dashney; 5, London
City, H. Schoenraht; 6, Prince Royal

of Fleming, McMillan.

STALLION of 1912—1, Park Mains
Bruc^ Alex. Mutch; 2, Hillcrest
Montgrave, Mutch; 3, Lord Tooley,
Williamson.

STALLION OF 1913— i, The Count of
Hillcrest, Wallace; 2, Golden Youth,
Thos. Heggie; 3, Majestic Wave,
Radcliffe; 4, Curruchan Knight,
Grant ; 5, Doune Lodge Baron Alton,
Mutch.

STALLION OF 1914— i. Grand Royal
Gem, Stutt ; 2, Baron Wallace of Hill-
crest, Wallace ; 3, Baron Kitchner of
Hillcrest, Taber; 4, Lord Roberts of
Hillcrest, Taber.

CHAMPIOJJ STALLION— The Count
of Hillcrest.

BROOD MARE WITH FOAI^i,
Meadow Lawn Princess, Heggie ; 2,
Flower of Shallock, Stutt; 3, Doune
Lodge Rose, Mutch.

AGED MARE— I, Lady Hopetown,
Grant ; 2, Queen of the Revels, Taber ;
3, Lady Linda, Taber.

FILLY OF 1913 — I, Princess Carru-
chans, Wm. Grant; 2, Rosy B. Hag-
ertv ; 3, Lady Ethel, Radcliff ; 4, Tidal
Bell, Radcliff.

FILLY OF. 1914 — I, Craigie Mains
Rose, Mutch; 2, Lady Sylvan Queen,
Hagerty; 3, Fair Lady Jean, Stutt.

CHAMPION MARE— Princess Car-
ruchan.

BEST FIVE CLYDESDALES— I,
Taber; 2, Grant; 3, Mutch.

SASKATOON (Summer Fair.)

AGED STALLION— I, B. F. Bray; 2,
Straughan and McWilliam; 3, D.
Caswell ; 4, R. W. Caswell.

STALLION, Three Years— i, W. C.
Sutherland; 2, Wm. Grant.

YEARLING STALLION— i, Suther-
land: 2. D. Caswell. ,

STALLION, Two Years— i, Thos.
Wallace; 2, Bray; 3, Graham and
Straughan; 4, W. McKay.

FOAL OF 1915— I, 4 and 5, Suther-
land; 2, D. Caswell; 3, McKay.

BROOD MARE— I and 3, Sutheriand;
2, D. Caswell ; 4, Graham and Straug-
han. . .

YELD MARE— I, 2 and 5, Caswell ; 3
and 4, Sutherland.

I, Mayoress; 2, Amy of Darley; 3,
Bonnie Doune; 4, Lady Sylvander;
5, Lady Hopetown.

MARE, Three Years— i, Dougan; 2,

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

297

McKay; 3, Sutherland; 4, D. Cas-
well.

FILLY, Two Years — i, Dougan; 2,
Carscadden ; 3, Sutherland ; 4, Mc-
Kay.

YEARLING FILLY— i and 2, Suther-
land; 3, Carscadden; 4, Grant

CHAMPION STALLION— Bray.

CHAMPION ?il ARE— Dougan.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i and 2,
Sutherland.

TWO, PROGENY OF MARE— i,
Sutherland ; 2, Mackay.

BEST STALLION AND THREE
MARES — I, Sutherland; 2, Dougan;
3, R. W. Caswell.

CHAMPION CANADIAN - BRED
STALLION— Wallace.

CHAMPION CANADIAN - BRED
MARE— Dougan. i

CLYDESALES, IMP.— LONDON
AGED STALLION— I, T. D. Elliott,
on Ardyne Blend by Hiawatha; 2,
H. McLean, on Early Dudley by
Royal Edward ; 3, Thos. Wilkinson
& Guest, on Lawrason's Pride by
Royal Favorite; 4, Crabb & Harris,
on Lord Armstrong; 5, Elliott, on
Madura.
stallion; Three Years Old— i, Thos.
McMichael, on International by
Prince Romeo.

STALLION, Two Years Old— i, Jno.
Ballantyne, on Prince of Langside by
Popinjay; 2, Samuel MacMurray, on
Lawrason's Pride.

STALLION, One Year Old— i, W. F.
Batty, on Duke Carruchan by Gal-
lant Carruchan.

CHAMPION STALLION — Ardyne
Blend.

BROOD MARE, with Foal— i, W. W.
Hogg, on Royal ette by Royal Ed-
ward ; 2, Batty, on Newbigging
Beauty by Hiawatha; 3, McMichael
on Spring Beauty by Glen Rae; 4,
Hogg, on Iris of Petty by Bonnie
Buchlyvie; 5, Durst, on Buiston Jean
by Outlook.

FILLY, Three Years Old— i, Hogg, on
Lady Aberdeen by Rubio.

FILLY, Two Years Old— i, McMichael,
on Maggie Rae by Glen Rae ; 2, Hogg,
on Tibbie of Denholm Hill by Bri-
gadier Gerrard; 3, Webster Bros.,
Glencoe.

FILLY, One Year Old— i, Hogg, on
Jean Armour by Dunure David; 2,
Wilkinson & Guest.

FOAL— I, Durst; 2, Batty; 3, Dale; 4,
Hogg; s, McMichael.

CHAMPION MARE— Royalette.

STALLION and Three of His Get—
I, Wilkinson & Guest, on Lawra-
son's Pride.

Percherons

CANADIAN NATIONAL
STALLION, Four Years and Over—

I, T. D. Elliott, on Irade; 2, J, B.

Hogate, on Koursier; 3, Wm. Pears,

on Guedo ; 4. Hogate. on Caprice.
STALLION, Three Years— i, G. E.

Boulter, on Herculoid.
STALLION, Two Years— i, W. G. Hill

& Son ; 2, Hogate.
STALLION. One Year— i. Pears, on

General Cormier; 2, Gurney & Son,

on Boulder Grange Prince.
CHAMPION STALLION— Irade.
YELD- MARE— I, Hassard, on Labeu-

viniere; 2; Hogate, on Lacune; 3, A.

W. Dobson, on Kalmouck; 4, Boulter,

on Lorene.
FILLY, Three Years— i, Hogate, on

Meche.
FILLY, Two Years— I, Pears, on Lady

Impresse; 2. Hill & Son, on Polly

Patricia; 3, Pears, on Lady Julia;

4, Boulter, on Lou Lou.
YEARLING FILLY— i, 2 and 3, Pears,

on Lady Mary, Lady Kagnat and

Lady Kate.
BROOD MARE— I, 2, 3 and 4, Peatrs,

on Lady Grey, Julia, Impresse and

Kocarde.
FOAL OF 1915 — I, Pears, on Mar-
shall Cormier ; 2, Boulter, on Titania ;

3, Pears, on Lady Lorraine.
MARE AND TWO PROGENY— i

and 2, Pears; 3, Boulter.
CHAMPION MARE— Labeuviniere.
BEST STRING OF FIVE— Pears.
DOM. GOV'T. SPECIAL, Five the Get

of One Sire — i and . 2, Pears ; 3,

Boulter.

OTTAWA.

(Winter Fair, 1916)
Only seven were exhibited in the
Percheron classes. Aged stallions were
there in all and went, first, W. D.
Steen with Jet, second to J. Tweedle
on Houp, and third to A. R. Hossie
with Kosaque. W*- Wood showed th«

298

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

only two-year stallion and was also
alone in one-year olds. The same
breeders, three-year old mare, Marie,
was the only female shown. Champion
stallion. Jet.

CENTRAL CANADA (1915)

AGED STALLION— I, W. R. Wilson,
on Habluer; 2, T. H. Hassard, on
Liquide; 3, A. La Fortune, on Job-
ard; 4, J. B. Hogate, on Jeantes; 5,
Milton Porter, on Kodi.

STALLION, Three Years— i, W. E.
Anderson, on Dukedom.

STALLION, Two Years— i, Hogate,
on Beauchenier.

BROOD MARE AND FOAL— i and
2, G. E. Boulter, on Lorene and
Lady Belle ; 3, Anderson, on Daisy.

FILLY, Two Years — i, Boulter, on
Lou Lou ; 2, J. E. Arnold, on Hazel-
thorn.

FILLY, One Year — i. Boulter, . on
Eloise ; 2, Arnold, on Rosealine.

GUELPH (Winter, 1915)

AGED STALLION— I, Hodgkinson &
Tisdale, on Ichnobate ; 2, T. D. El-
liott, on Irade ; 3, R. Hamilton &
Sons, on Kavaignac; 4, F. J. Sulli-
van, on Avocation ; 5, H. D. Steen,
on Jet.

STALLION FOALED IN 1912— i,
Hodgkinson & Tisdale, on Molitor.

STALLION FOALED on or After
Jan. I, 1912 — I, Hodgkinson & Tis-
dale, on Niguot; 2, Wm. Pears, on
General Cormier; 3, J. B. Hogate, on
- Beauchemier.

CHAMPION STALLION— Ichnobate.

AGED MARE — i, Hogate, on Lacune;
2, Pe^rs, on Lady Grey; 3, Callender,
on Junette.

MARE FOALED on or After Jan. i,
1913 — I and 2, Pears, on Lady Em-
presse and Ladv Julia.

THREE, THE GET OF SIRE— i and
2, Pears, on the get of Cormier.

MARE AND TWO OF HER PRO-
GENY— I and 2, Pears, on the pro-
geny of Julia and Impresse.

CHAMPION MARE— Lacune.

SASKATOON, 1915
AGED STALLION— I, Herman: 2

and 3, J. H. Graham.
STALLION. Three Years— i, Upper
- Bros.

STALLION, Two Years— i and 2,
Upper.

YEARLING STALLION— i, 2 and 4,

Upper; 3, C. D. Roberts.
FOAL OF 1915— I, Roberts; 2, Upper.
CHAMPION STALLION— Herman.
BROOD MARE— I, Upper; 2, Roberts.
YELD MARE— I and 2, Upper; 3,

Roberts.
IMARE, Three Years— i, Upper.
FILLY, Two Years— I, Roberts; 2,

Upper.
YEARLING FILLY— i and 2, Upper.
CHAMPION MARE— Upper.

BRANDON (Summer Fair, 1915)

AGED STALLION^i, Bijou, Upper
Bros.; 2, Jipara, Reid.

STALLION, Three Years— i. Futur-
ity, Upper; 2, Douglas, W. Leding-
ham.

STALLION, Two Years— i, Mogul, A.
Reid.

STALLION, I Year— I, Ilott 2nd, Rob-
erts; 2, Prince Charlie, Upper Bros;

3, Earl of Latons, Ledingham.

CHAMPION STALLION— Bijou.

BROOD MARE, with Foal at Side—

1, Marlowette, C. D. Roberts; 2 and
3, Upper Bros., on Quickstep and
Prairie -^ueen ; 4, Queen of Latona,
Ledingham.

YELD MARE— I, Rosine, Upper Bros. ;

2, Russellette, Roberts ; 3, Irene,
Upper Bros.; 4, Manetta, Simpson;
5, Merry Win, Reid; 6, Mira, Reid.

FILLY, Three Years— i, Gladys, Reid;
2, Mamie, Upper Bros. ; 3, Lady
Smith, Simpson ; 4, Mayflower, Up-
per Bros.

FILLY, Two Years— I, Ilia of Prairie-
view, Roberts ; 2, Maud of Latona,
Ledingham ; 3, Quickflight, Upper
Bros.

FILLY, One Year — i and 2, Upper
Bros., on Black Beauty and White
Sox.

FOAL OF 1915— I, Roberts; 2 and 3,
Upper Bros.

CHAMPION MARE— Rosine.

REGINA (Summer Fair, 1915)
AGED STALLIONS— I, Frank J.,

D. Hepburn; 2, Bijou, Upper Bros.
STALLION. Three Years— i, Futurity,

Upper Bros. -
STALLION, Two Years— i. Regina

Boy, J. McElhinney; 2, McCallum

Mac, Upper Bros. ; 3, Napoleon of

Silver Crest, A. McLaren.
STALLION, One Year— i, Portal

Ln-E STOCK DIRECTORY.

299

Chief, Upper; 2, Black Knight, Up-
per; 3, Illot 2nd. C. D. Roberts; 4.
Prinse Charlie, Upper.

CHAMPION STALLION— Frank J.
Reserve, Regina Boy.

BROOD MARE— I, Marlowette, Rob-
erts; 2 and 3, Quickstep and Prairie
Queen, Upper; 4, Dorothy, Ruberger.

VELD MARE— I, Rosini, Upper; 2,
Ru^sellette, Roberts ; 3, 4 and 5, Ir-
ene. Marjorie and Leota, all owned
bj- U^pper.

FILLY, Three Years — i and 2, Mamie
and Mayflower, Upper.

FILLY, Two Years— I, Quicklight, Up-
per ; ?, Ilia of Prairie View. Roberts.

FILLY, One Year — i. Black Beauty,
Upper; 2, Susie, Ruberger; 3, White
Sox, Upper Bros.

FOAL OF 1915 — I, Upper Bros.; 2,
Roberts.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Rosine.

CALGARY (Summer Fair)

AGED STALLION— I, Illico,- W. B.
Thome; 2. Marathon, E. A. Daven-
port ; 3, Marquis, Upper Bros.

STALLION, Three Years— i, Futur-
ity. Upper Bros. ; 2. Joker, Thome.

STALLION, Two Years— i. Brilliant
of Acme, Davenport; 2, Hamilton
Bros.

STALLION. One Year— i. Prince
Charlie, Upper Bros. ; 2. Marquis of
Acme, Davenport ; 3. Maranot of
Acme, Davenport ; 4. Mint. Thome.

CHAMPION STALLION— Illico.

BROOD MARE with Foal at Side—
I. Mellie, Davenport; 2^ Rosebud,
Davenport ; 3. Ruby, Upper Bros.

FOAL — I and 2, Davenport; 3, Upper
Bros.

MARE AND TWO OF HER PRO-
GENY— I, Upper Bros., on progeny
of \"erla ; 2, Davenport, on progeny
of Mellie.

DRY MARE— I, 2, 3 and 4— Upper
Bros., on Rosine, Irene, Lesta and
\"erla.

FILLY, Three Years — i, Lily of Acme,
Davenport; 2 and 3. Upper Bros., on
Mamie and Mayflower.

FILLY, Two Years — i, Brillantine of
Acme, Davenport; 2, 3 and 4, Upper
Bros., on Quicklight, Jeanette and
Sprighth-.

FILLY, One Year — i, Maradot of
Acme, Davenport; 2, White Sox, Up-
per Bros.

CHAMPION MARE— Rosine.

LONDON.

STALLION, AGED— I, T. D. Elliott,
on Irade; 2 and 3, Hamilton & Son,
on Kavignac and Longtemps.

STALLION, Three Years— i, Alex'.
McNiven.

STALLION, Two Years— i. Guest.

STALLION, One Year— i, Gurney &
Son.

CHAMPION STALLION— Irade.

BROOD MARE— I, E. E. Hanmer, on
Bien-A-Moi; 2, J. W. Coulter, on
Polly; 3, A. W. Dobson, on Kara-
van; 4, Henderson Bros., on Mary
Queen.

MARE, Three Yeears — i, Gould; 2,
Hanmer.

FILLY, YEARLING— I, J. Haas; 2,
Dobson.

FOAL — I, Coulter; 2, Hanmer; 3,
Henderson ; 4, Dobson.

CHAMPION MARE— Kalmouck.

Shiret

CALGARY (Summer Fair)

AGED STALLION— I, Boro Forester
II. Countess Bubna ; 2, Ossington
Boss, T. Rawlinson ; 3, Hampton
Roval Friar, Rawlinson.

STALLION. Three Years— i, Lorry-
man, F. Schroeder.

STALLION, Two Years— i, Tuttle
Brook Prince, P. M. Bredt.

STALLION, One Year— i, Henley
Kohinoor, Rawinson.

BROOD MARE— I, Gay Lass, G. Lee,
Warner.

FOAL— Warner.

DRY MARE— I and 2. Moulton Search-
light and Bruunslade Vinia, Bubna.

YEARLING FILLY— i and 2, Coulee
Conqueress and Merion Forest
Queen, Warner.

TEAM IN HARNESS— I, Warner.

BEST TWO MARES— I, Bubna: 2,
Warner.

CANADIAN NATIONAL
AGED STALLION— I, T. H. Hassard,
on Gillibrand Swell, by Brandon
Drayman; 2, Johnston Bros., on
King Junior by Palterton First King:
3, Jas. Callander, on Verona Leader
gy Uncle Sam 4th.
STALLION, Three Years Old— i, J.
M. Gardhouse, on Dunsmore Nateby

300

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

by Dunsmore Proctor.
STALLION, One Year Old— i, Johns-
ton, on Prince Charles of Lambton
by Prince Charles of Waresley.

CHAMPION STALLION— Dunsmore
Natcby.

FILLY, Two Years Old— i, Gardhouse,
on Heather Belle by Waverley Rex.

BROOD MARE, with Foal by Her
Side — I, Johnston, on Denstow Fus-
chia by Dunsmore Professor.

YELD MARE— I, Gardhouse, on Roke-
by Halo by Madresfield Thumper;
2, Johnston, on Gray Fuschia by Pro--
portion.

FOAL of 1915 — I, Johnston.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Rokeby Halo.

BEST STRING OF FIVE— Johnston.

LONDON.

STALLION, AGED— I, Johnston Bros.,
on King Junior; 2, R. E.- Kells, on
Maplehurst Forest Lad.

STALLION, One Year Old— i, Johns-
ton Bros.

CHAMPION STALLION - King
Junior.

BROOD MARE with Foal— i, Johnston
Bros., on Dustow Fuchsia; 2, Web-
ster Bros.

FILLY, Three Years Old— i, Webster
Bros.

FILLY, Two Years Old— i and 2, J.
Leeson; 3, Webster Bros.

FILLY FOAL— I, Johnston Bros.; 2,
Webster Bros.

BEST MARE ANY AGE— Johnston
Bros., on Grey Fuchsia.

Shorthorns

CANADIAN NATIONAL, 1915.

BULL, Three Years and Over — i and
3, J. A. Watt, on Gainford Marquis,
and Browndale; 2, A. F. and G. Auld,
on Burnbrae Sultan ; 4, Jno. Gard-
house, on Lavender Sultan ; 5, Kyle
Bros., on Nonpareil Ramsden.

BULL, Two Years— I, Watt, on Gain-
ford Perfection; 2, Marquis, on Lan-
caster Lad; 3, Jno. Watt & Son, on
Gainford Select.

BULL, SENIOR YEARLING— i, Robt.
Duff, on Augusta's Fairview; 2, Jas.
Leask, on Royal Sultan; 3, Geo. D.
Fletcher, on Victor Stamford.

BULL, JUNIOR YEARLING—i,
Gardhouse, on Cecilia Sultan; 2, Geo.
Amos, on Sea Gem's Pride; 3, Geo.
Gier, on Escana Champion.

BULL, SENIOR CALF— i, Auld, on
Field Marshal; 2, Watt & Son, on
Irvinedale Select; 3. Watt, on Lady's
Garland; 4 and 5, Mitchell Bros., on
Escana Perfection, and Escana Fav-
orite.

BULL, JUNIOR CALF— I, Amos, on
Royal Scot; 2, Mitchell, on Escana
Bandsman ; 3 and 5, Auld, on County
Guy, and Commander-in-Chief; 4,
Kyle, on Cupbearer.

CHAMPION BULL— Gainford Mar-
quis.

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Cecilia
Sultan.

COW, Three Years and Over— i, Auld,
on Nonpareil 46th; 2, Kyle, on Lady
of the Valley 7th ; 3, 4 a"d 5, Watt,
on Thelma 2nd, Sittyton Lady, and
Duchess of Gloster 7Sth.

HEIFER, Two Years— i and 2, Watt,
on Silver Queen, and Ury Queen; 3,
Auld, ^ on Mabel Mysie; 4, Kyle, on
Village Maid 37th; 5, Gardhouse, on
Cecilia Beauty.

HEIFER, SENIOR YEARLING— i, 3
and 4, Auld, on Countess i6th. Rose-
bud and Eden Mills Wimple; 2, Mit-
chell, on Escana Duchess; 5, Watt &
Son, on Village Bridesmaid.

HEIFER, JUNIOR YEARLING-i
and 2, Watt, on Choice Gem and Vil-
lage Rose; 3, Auld, on Miss Orange
Blossom; 4 and 5, Mitchell, on Es-
cana Duchess 2nd, and Escana Cran-
berry 2nd.

HEIFER, SENIOR CALF— i, 2 and 6,
Watt, on Red Missie 2nd, Countess
Selma 4th, and Duchess of Gloster
62nd; 3 and 5, Auld, on Countess
Missie, and Queen Elizabeth; 4, Kyle,
on Jealousy 7th.

HEIFER, JUNIOR CALF— i and 5,
Mitchell,- on Escana Beauty 2nd, and
Escana Blossom ; 2 and 4, Watt, on
Thelma 3rd, and Jealousy 6th; 3,
Auld, on Moss Rose 3rd.

COW OR HEIFER (Dual-purpose),
Two Years or Over, in Milk — i and
6, Gardhouse, on Cecilia Rose, and
Cecilia Gem; 2, Watt & Son, on Rose
Bud 2nd; 3 and 4, Watt, on Thelma
2nd, and Village Queen ; 5, J. Brown
& Sons, on Royal Mysie's Girl.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
FEMALE— Silver Queen.

JUNIOR CHAMPION FEMALE—
Countess i6th.

GRADED HERD— I and 2, Watt; 3,

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

301

Auld; 4, Kyle; s, Gardhouse.

JUNIOR HERD— I, Watt; 2, Auld; 3,
Mitchell; 4, Kvle; 5, Gardhouse..

BREEDER'S HERD— i, Auld; 2, Mit-
chell : 3, Kvle ; 4, Gardhouse.

BEST five" AXEMALS, Get of One
Sire — I, Watt; 2, Auld; 3, Mitchell;
4, Kyle ; 5, Gardhouse.

BEST THREE ANIMALS, Get of One
Sire— I, Watt; 2, Auld; 3, Mitchell;
4, Kyle ; 5, Gardhouse.

BEST TWO ANIMALS, Progeny of
One Cow— I, Watt & Son; 2, Mit-
chell ; 3, Auld ; 4, Gardhouse ; 5, Kyle.

CANADA CENTRAL.

AGED BULL— I, J. A. Watt, on
Browndale ; 2, Jno. Gardhouse, on
Laveneder Sultan ; 3, Kyle Bros., on
Nonpareil Ramsden.

BULL, Two Years— I, J. Watt & Son,
on Gain ford Select; 2, Frank Buck,
on Silver King.

BULL, JUNIOR YEARLING — i,
Gardhouse, on Cecilia Sultan ; 2,
Kyle Bros., on Spring Valley Star.

BULL, SENIOR CALF— i. Watt, on
Lady's Garland ; 2 and 4, Watt &
Son, on Irvinedale Selection, and Ir-
vinedale Select ; 3, Kyle Bros., on
Spring Valley Dreadnought.

BULL. JUNIOR CALF— I, Kyle Bros.,
on Cupbearer; 2 and 3, T. Scobie, Qn
Star of Maple Grove, and Lucky
Lad : 4, Buck, on Emperor 4th.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Brown-
dale.

AGED COW— I, Watt, on Duchess of
Gloster 78th; 2, Kyle Bros., on Lady
of the Valley 7th; 3, Scobie, on Jes-
sie Jones 2nd.

HEIFER, Two Years— i. Watt, on Ury
Queen; 2, Gardhouse, on Cecilia
Beauty; 3 and 4, Kyle Bros., on Vil-
lage ^laid 37th, and Meadow Queen.

HEIFER, SENIOR YEARLING— i,
Kyle Bros., on Golden Drop 20th ; 2,
Watt & Son, on Village Bridesmaid;
3, Watt, on Orange Lady 4th ; 4,
Gardhouse, on Sultan's Lady.

HEIFER, JUNIOR YEARLING— i,
Watt, on Village Rose; 2, Watt &
Son, on Clara of Oak Blu 2nd ; 3,
Gardhouse, on Cecilia Lavender ; 4,
Scobie, on Star of Maple Grove 2nd.

HEIFER, SENIOR CALF— i and 3,
Watt, on Countess Selma 4th and
Duchess of Gloster 62nd; 2, Kyle
Bros., on Jealousy 7th ; 4, Gardhouse,
on Blossom's Fragrance.

HEIFER, JUNIOR CALF— i and 2,

Watt, on Ideal Lady and Jealousy

6th; 3, Gardhouse, x)n Silver Queen;

4, Kyle Bros., on Spring Valley

Goldie.
CHAMPION FEMALE— Duchess of

Gloster 78th.
GRADED HERD— I, Watt; 2, Kyle

Bros. ; 3, Gardhouse.
JUNIOR HERD— I, Watt; 2, Kyle

Bros. ; 3, Gardhouse,
FOUR CALVES, Bred and Owned by

Exhibitor — i. Watt & Son; 2, Kyle

Bros.

EDMONTON (Summer Fair, 1915)

AGED BULL— I, Browndale, J. A.
Watt; 2, Burnbrae Sultan, A. F. &
G. Auld ; 3, Oakland Star, J. G. Bar-
ron ; 4, Doune Companier, A, R, Gil-
lies.

BULL, Two Years — i, Gainford Per-
fection, Watt ; 2, Fair^'iew Again,
Barron ; 3, Opportunity, Yule and
Bowes.

SENIOR YEARLING BULL-i, Fair-
view Jubilee King, Barron ; 2, Oak
Bluff Captain, Watt; 3, Oak Bluff
Judge Yule and Bowes.

JUNIOR YEARLING BUXL— i. Em-
ma's Prince, Barron ; 2, Sylvan
Power, .Auld ; 3, Willow Ridge Mar-
quis. Yule and Bowes.

BULL, SENIOR CALF— i. Oak BluflF
Marshall, Yule and Bowes ; 2, Field
Marshall, Auld ; 3, Lancaster Prince,
Yule and Bowes; 4, Ladies Garland,
Watt.

BULL, JUNIOR CALF— I, Country
Guy, Auld: 2, Duke Browndale,
Watt ; 3. Fairview Lavender, Bar-
ron ; 4, Goldust, Watt.

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Em-
ma's Prince.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
BULL — Gainford Perfection.

.\GED COW— I, Thelma 2nd, Watt; 2,
Emma of Oak Bluff, Barron ; 3, Non-
pariel 46th, Auld; 4, Spring Valley
Buckingham, Yule and Bowes; 5,
Sitt%-ton Lady, Watt.

HEIFER, Two Years— i, Silver Queen,
Watt : 2, Mable Mysie, Auld ; 3, Fair-
view Baroness Queen, Barron; 4,
Ury Queen, Watt; s, Missie Maid,
Yule and Bowes.

SENIOR YEARLING HEIFER— i,
Countrss i6th, Auld ; 2, Rosebud,
Auld: 3, Orange Lady 4th, Watt; 4,

302

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Duchess of Lancaster, Yule and
Bowes.

JUNIOR YEARLING HEIFER— i,
Village Rose, Watt; 2, Miss Orange
Blossom, Auld ; 3, Choice Gem, Watt ;
4, Maple Leaf Baroness ; 5, Oak Bluff
Melba 3rd, Yule and Bowes.

SENIOR HEIFER CALF— i, Red
Missie 2nd, Watt; 2, Countess Selma
4th, Watt ; 3, Countess Missie, Auld ;
4, Gracie, Barron ; 5, Queen Eliza-
beth, Auld.

JUNIOR CALF— I, Lancaster Queen,
Yule and Bowes; 2, Thelma 3rd,
Watt; 3, Oakland Mysie, Yule and
Bowes; 4, Winnifred, Barron.

JUNIOR "CHAMPION FEMALE —
Countess i6th.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
FEMALE — Silver Queen.

GRADED HERD— I, Watt; 2, Auld;
- 3, Barron ; 4, Yule and Bowes.

THREE CALVES— I, Yule and
Bowes; 2, Watt; 3, Auld; 4, Barron.

GET OF SIRE— I, Watt; 2, Barron;
3, Yule and Bowes; 4, Auld.

PROGENY OF COW— i, Watt; 2,
Yule and Bowes; 3, Auld; 4, Barron.

BRANDON (Summer Fair, 1915)

AGED BULL— I, Oakland Star, J. G.
Barron; 2, Browndale, J. A. Watt;
3, BurnTjrae Sultan, A. F. and G.
Auld; 4, Huntleywood 8th, Wm. Le-
lond.

BULL, Two Years— I, Gainford Per-
fection, Watt; 2, Fairview Again.
Barron; 3, Opportunity, Yule and
Bowes.

SENIOR YEARLING BULL— i, Oak
Bluff Judge, Yule and Bowes; 2,
Fairview Jubilee King, Barron; 3,
Oak Bluff Captain, Watt; 4, Knight
of the Garter. Watt.

JUNIOR YEARLING BULL— i, Em-
ma's Prince, Barron; 2, William
Ridge Marquis, Yule and Bowes; 3,
Svlvan Power, A. F. and G. Auld; 4,
Fancy Lord, Miller; 5, Fair Sultan,
Yule and Bowes.

SENIOR BULL CALF— i. Oak Bluff
Marshal, Yule and Bowes; 2, Field
Marshall, A. F. and G. Auld ; 3, Lan-
caster Prince, Yule and Bowes; 4,
Ladies' Garland, Watt.

JUNIOR BULL CALF— I, Fairview
Lavender, Barron ; 2, Duke Brown-
dale, Watt; 3, Commander-in-Chief.
A. F. and G.Aukl; 4, Scottish Mar-

quis, Yule and Bowes; 5, Gold Dust,
Watt.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Gain-
ford Perfection.

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Em-
ma's Prince.

AGED COW— I. Emma of Oak Bluff,
Barron; 2, Sittyton Lady, Watt; 3,
Spring Valley Buckingham, Yule and
Bowes ; 4, Nonpareil 46th, A. F and
G. Auld; 5,, Thelma ^nd. Watt.

HEIFER, Two Years — i, Silver Queen,
Watt ; 2, Ury Queen, Watt ; 3, Mabel
Missie, A. F. and G. Auld ; 4, Fair-
view Baroness Queen, Barron ; 5,
Missie's Maid, Yule and Bowes.

SENIOR, YEARLING HEIFER— i,
Countess i6th, A. F. and G. Auld ;

2, Duchess of Lancaster 15th, Yule
and Bowes ; 3, Fairview Jubilee Queen
3rd, Barron ; 4, Orange Lady 4th,
Watt ; 5, Lavender 45th, Barron.

JUNIOR YEARLING HEIFER— i.
Choice Gem, Watt; 2, Village Rose,
Watt; 3, Miss Orange Blossom, A.

F. and G. Auld; 4, Oak Bluff Melba,
Yule and Bowes.

SENIOR HEIFER CALF— i, Countess
Selma 4th, Watt ; 2, Red Missie 2nd,
Watt ; 3, Countess Missie, A. F. and

G. Auld ; 4, Queen Elizabeth. A. F.
and G. Auld ; 5, Gracie, Barron.

JUNIOR HEIFER CALF— i, Oakland
Mysie, Yule and Bowes ; 2, Lancaster
"Queen 2nd, Yule and Bowes ; 3, Win-
nifred, Barron; 4, Thelma 3rd, Watt;
5, Kilblean Beauty 2Sth, A. F. and
G. Auld.

GRAND CHAMPION FEMALE —
Silver Queen.

GRADED HERD— I and 4, Watt; 2,
Barron ; 3, Auld ;.

JUNIOR HERD— I, Auld; 2, Barron;

3, Watt ; 4, Yule and Bowes.
CALF HERD— I, Auld; 2, Barron; 3,

Lelond.

GET OF SIRE— I and 4, Watt ; 2, Bar-
ron ; 3, Yule and Bowes ; 5, Auld.

PROGENY OF COW— i, Watt; 2.
Auld; 3 and 4, Barron.

REGINA (Summer Fair)
AGED BULL— I, Browndale, J. A.
Watt; 2, Burnbrae Sultan, A. F. and
G. Auld; 3. Oakland Star, Barron.
BULL Two Years— I, Gainford Per-
fection, Watt; 2. Fairview Again, J.
G. Barron; 3, Opportunity, Yule &
Bowes; 4, Oak Bluff Victor, E. B.
Cutler.

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

303

BULL, SENIOR YEARLING — i,
Fairview Jubilee King, Barron; 2,
Oak Bluff Judge, Yule & Bowes; 3,
Knight of the Garter, Watt; 4, Oak
Bluff Captain, Watt.

BULL, JUNIOR YEARLING— I. Em-
ma's Prince, Barron ; 2, Sylvan
Power, Auld; 3, Willow Ridge Mar-
quis, Yule & Bowes.

SENIOR BULL CALF— i. Oak Bluff
Marshall, Yule & Bowes; 2, Field
Marshall, Auld; 3, Ladies' Garland,
Watt ; 4, Lancaster Prince, Yule &
Bowes.

JUNIOR CALF— I, Barron: 2 and 3,
Auld: 4, Watt.

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Oak
Bluff Marshall.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
BULL — Gainford Perfection.

AGED COW— I, Nonpareil 46th, Auld;

2, Thelma 2nd, Watt : 3, Spring Val-
ley Buckingham, Yule and Bowes :
4. Emma of Oak Bluff, Barron ; 5.
Sittyton Lady, Watt.

HEIFER, Two Years — i. Silver Queen,
Watt ; 2, Fairview Baroness, Barron :

3. Ury Queen. Watt ; 4, Missie's Maid,
Yule & Bowes: 5. Mable Mysie. Auld.

HEIFER, SENIOR YE.\RLING— i.
Countess i6th, Auld; 2, Miss Clipper
3rd, J. W. Barnett; 3, Duchess of
Lancaster 5th, • Yule & Bowe-
Rose-i-Bud, Auld.

HEIFER, JUNIOR YEARLING— i.

Choice Gem. Watt: 2, Miss Orange
Blossom, Auld; 3, Oak Bluff Melba,
Yule & Bowes ; 4, Village Rose, Watt.

SENIOR HEIFER CALF— i. Countess
Thelma 4th, Watt ; 2, Countess Missie,
Auld ; 3, Red Missie 2nd, Watt ; 4,
Queen Elizabeth, Auld.

JUNIOR HEIFER CALF— i, Lan-
caster Queen 2nd. Yule & Bowes ; 2,
Winnifred. Barron : 3, Kilbean Beauty,
Auld; 4, Oakland Mysie, Yule &
Bowes.

JUNIOR CHAMPION FEM.\LE—
Countess i6th.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
— Silver Queen.

GRADED HERD— I. Watt; 2, Auld;
3, Barron : 4, Yule & Bowes.

FOUR CALVES— I. .\uld ; 2, Barron:
3, Barnett.

THREE. GET OF ONE SIRE— i,
Barron; 2, Auld; 3, Barnett.

SASK.\TOON, 1915

AGED BULL— I, J. A. Watt; 2, A. F.
and G. Auld ; 3, J. G. Barron.

BULL, Two Years — i. Watt; 2, Bar-
ron ; 3, Yule & Bowes.

BULL, SENIOR YEARLING— i, Bar-
ron ; 2, Watt ; 3, Yule & Bowes.

BULL JUNIOR YEARLING— I, Bar-
ron ; 2. Auld : 3, Yule & Bowes.

BULL, SENIOR CALF— i. Yule &
Bowes : 2, Auld ; 3, Yule & Bowes ;
4, \\'att.

BULL, JUNIOR CALF— I, Auld; 2,
\\'att ; 3, Barron : 4, Yule & B9wes.

AGED COW- 1, Barron; 2, Yule &
Bowes ; 3 Auld : 4, Watt.

COW IN MILK— I and 2, Watt; 3 and
4. Yule & Bowes.

HEIFER, Two Years— i and 3, Watt;

2. .^uld ; 4. Barron.

HEIFER, SENIOR YEARLING— i.

2 and 4. Auld: 3, Watt.
HEIFER, JUNIOR YEARLING— i

and 2, Watt : 3. .Auld : 4, Barron.
SENIOR HEIFER CALF— i. Barron;

2 and 3. Watt: 4. .A.uld.
JUNIOR HEIFER CALF— i and 3,

Yule & Bowes : 2, Watt : 4. Barron.
JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Em-
ma's Prince. Barron.
SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION

BULL— Gainford Perfection. Watt.
TUNIOR CHAMPION FEMALE— i,

Countess i6th, Auld. '

<ENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION

FEMALE— Silver Queen, Watt.
GRADED HERD— I, Watt: 2, Auld;

3, Barron : 4. Yule & Bowes.
JUNIOR HEREK-i, Auld; 2, Watt;

3, Barron.
THREE, GET OF SIRE— i, Watt; 2,

Barron ; ^, Yule & Bowes.
TWO. PROGENY OF COW— i. Watt ;

2, Auld ; 3. Barron.

CALGARY (Summer Fair)

BULL, Two Years — i. Opportunity, P.
M. Bredt; 2, Matchless Hero, H. S.
Currie.

SR. YEARLING BULL— i Bold Bov.
Currie: 2, Oak Bluff Judge, Yule &
Bowes : 3. Reciprocate, Mrs. Bredt ;
4, Woodlands Tom. Mrs. Bredt.

JUNIOR YEARLING BULL— i. Wil-
low Ridge Marquis. Currie : 2, Fair
Sultan. Yule & Bowes : *3, Ythan Lad,
Currie ; 4 and 5, Norman Boy, and
Flower King Mrs. Bredt.

SENIOR BULL CALF— i, Oak Blu'!

304

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Marshall, Yule & Bowes; 2, Lan-
caster Prince, Yule & Bowes ; 3, Ailsa
4th, Geo. Sangster, De Winton.

JUNIOR BULL CALF^i, Scottish
Marquis, Yule & BoweS.

CHAMPION BULL — Opportunity,
Bredt.

COW, Three Years or Over — i, Spring
Valley Buckingham, Yule & Bowes.

HEIFER, Two Years— i, Missie's Maid,
Yule & Bowes.

SENIOR YEARLING HEIFER— i,
Duchess of Lancaster 15th, Yule &
Bowes; 2, Oak Bluff Fancy, Yule &
Bowes.

JUNIOR YEARLING HEIFER— i,
Oak "Bluff Melba; 2, May Violet 4th,
Yule & Bowes.

SENIOR HEIFER CALF— i, 2 and 3,
Yule & Bowes.

JUNIOR HEIFER CALF— i and 2,
Yule & Bowes.

CHAMPION FEMALE^Duchess of
Lancaster isth.

RESERVE— Sprirfg Valley Bucking-
ham.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i. Yule &
Bowes, on get of Missie Prince.

TWO, PROGENY OF COW— i, Yule
& Bowes.

HERD— I and 2, Yule & Bowes.

BEST CANADIAN-BRED BULL—
I, Machless Hero, Currie; 2, Oak
Bluff Marshall, Yule & Bowes.

SHORTHORNS AT LONDON
AGED BULLS— I, J. A. Watt, Gain-

ford Marquis ; 2, A. F. and G. Auld,
on Burnbrae Sultan.

BULL, Two Years Old— i. Watt, on
Gainford Perfection ; 2, D. A. Gra-
ham, on Canadian Statesman.

BULL, SR. YEARLING— I, Robt. Duff,
on Fairview Agusta.

BULL, JR. YEARLING— I and 2,
Auld; 3, Mitchell Bros.

BULL, SR. CALF— I, Auld; 2, R. &
S. Nicolson ; 3, Mitchell.

BULL, JR. CALF— I and 3, Aiild ; 2,
Mitchell ; 4, Nicolson.

CHAMPION BULL— Gainford Mar-
quis. **

COW, Three Years— i, Auld Nonparicl
46th ; 2 and 3, Watt, on Sittjrton Lady
3rd and Thelma 2nd.

COW IN MILK— I, Watt; 2 and 3-
Graham.

HEIFER, Two Years— i, Watt, on Sil-
ver Queen ; 2, Auld, on Mabel Mysie ;

3, Graham.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I, 3 and

4, Auld ; 2, Mitchell.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Auld;

2 and 4, Watt; 3, Mitchell Bros.
SR. HEIFER— I, Watt; 2 and 3, Auld;

4, Nicholson.
HEIFER JR. CALF— I, Mitchell; 2,

Watt; 3 and 4, Auld.
CHAMPION FEMALE— Silver Queen.
GRADED HERD— I, Watt; 2, Auld.
JR. HERD— I, Auld; 2, Mitchell; 3,

Watt.
GET OF SIRE— I, Watt; 2, Auld.
PROGENY OF COW— i. Watt; 2,

Auld.

Herefords

CANADIAN NATIONAL

BULL, Three Years and Over— i, Jas.
Page, on Bonnie Brae 31st; 2, W.
Readhead, on Picton ; 3, E. Reynolds,
on Brenda Boy.

BULL. Two Years— I, Clifford, on
Lord Fairfax; 2, Readhead, on Bon-
nie Irigleside 7th.

BULL, SENIOR YEARLING— i, L.
D. Clifford, on Alvin Fairfax.

BULL, JUNIOR YEARLING— I, 2
and 3, Reynolds, on Brae Real 3rd.
Roval Prince and Dandy Jack.

BULL, SENIOR CALF— i and 2, W.
H. & J. S. Hunter, on Prince, and
Kitchener; 3 and 4, Clifford, on Re-
finer 56th, and Refiner S2nd.

BULL, JUNIOR CALF— I, Page, on
Brae Real 4th; 2, Hunter, on Mc-

duire; 3, Readhead, on Brookdale
Lad; 4, Clifford, on Lord Fairfax
2nd.
GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Bonnie

Brae 31st. ^^ .

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Alvm

Fairfax.
COW. Three Years and Over— i and

2, aifford on Miss Brae 26th, and
Perfection' Lass; 3. Page, on Miss
Brae 40th; 4, Readhead, on Rubella
Ingleside 33rd.

HEIFER, Two Years— i. Page, on Miss
Brae 5oth ; 2 and 4, Clifford, on Bon-
nie Queen, and Miss Princess _4ist;

3, Reynolds, on Canadian Lassie; 5.
Readhead, on Dimple.

HEIFER, SENIOR YEARLING— i
and 3, Page, on Miss Brae Real 3rd,

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

305

and Miss Dale 2nd; 2, QifFord, on
Delia Fairfax ; 4, Hunter, on Miss
Armour.

HEIFER, JUNIOR YEARLING-ji,

., *^.^Page, on Miss Brae Real 2nd; 2,

^ %-*"Clifford, on Miss Brae 8ist; 3, Hun^

- " . 'r" ter, on Marj' Mischief; 4, Readhead,

on Laura B.

HEIFER. SENIOR CALF— i, Hunter,
on Maid Marion ; 2. Clifford, on Miss
Brae 96th; 3. Readhead, on Ruby
3rd : 4, Page, on ^liss Brae Real 6th.

HEIFER, JUNIOR CALF— i and 3,
Hunter, on Princess Patricia, and
Dearie ; 2, Qifford, on May Queen
7th ; 4, Page, on Miss Brae Real loth.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
COW— Miss Brae 26th.

JUNIOR CHAMPION FEMALE—
Miss Brae Real 3rd.

GRADED HERD— I, Page; 2, Clifford ;
3. Readhead.

JUNIOR HERD— I, Clifford; 2, Page;
3, Hunter.

BREEDER'S HERD— i, Clifford; 2,
Page; 3, Hunter.

BEST FIVE ANIMALS. Get of One
Sire — I, Page; 2, Clifford; 3, Hun-
ter : 4, Readhead.

BEST TWO ANIMALS, Progeny of
One Cow — i, Page: 2, Clifford; 3.
Readhead ; 4. Hunter.

OTTAWA. 1915
AGED BULL— I, Jas. Page, on Bonny

Brae 31st; 2. W. H. Hunter.
BULL, Two Years— I, Hunter.
BULL, One Year— i, Hunter.
BULL, SENIOR CALF— i, Page, on

Brae Real 4th ; 2 and 3, Hunter, on

Mons and Palmero.
BULL. JL^'IOR CALF— I and 2.

Page, on Brae Real 5th. and Brae

Real 6th : 3, Hunter, on Panama.
CHAMPION BULL— Bonnie Brae

31st.
COW. Three Years and Over— i. Page,

on Miss Brae 40th: 2 and 3, Hunter,

on Gladys, and Marion.
HEIFER. Two Years — i, Page, on Miss

Brae 50th : 2 and 3. Hunter, on Nancy

and Miss Brae.
HEIFER. SENIOR YEARLING— t

and 2. Page, on Miss Brae Real 3rd,

and Miss Dale 2nd: 3, Hunter, on

Marv Mischief.
HEIFER. JUNIOR YEARLING— i.

Page, on Miss Brae Real 2nd ; 2,

Hunter, on Ladv Grey.
HEIFER, SENIOR CALF— i, Page,

on Miss Brae Real 6th; 2, Hunter,

on Miss Ladv Brae.
HEIFER, JUNIOR CALF^i, Page,

on Miss Brae Real loth; 2, Hunter,

on Twin.
CHAMPION FEMALE^Mis? Brae

50th.
GRADED HERD— I, Page.
JUNIOR HERD— I, Page; 2, Hunter.
FOUR CAL\'ES, Bred and Owned by

Exhibitor — i. Page; 2, Hunter.
FOUR ANIMALS, Get of One Sire—

I, Page.

REGINA (Summer Fair, 1915)
jCGED bull — I, Bonnie Brae 31st,

Jas. Page ; 2, Perfect Fairfax, J. A.

Chapman ; 3, Paul Mack, Arm River

Stock Farm.
BULL Two Years — i, Lord Fairfax,

L. 6. Clifford.
BULL. SENIOR YE.ARLING— i, Al-

vin Fairfax, Clifford; 2, Perfection

Lad, Chapman.
BULL. JUNIOR YEARLING— I, Law-
rence, Chapman ; 2, Carroll King,

Chapman.
BULL CALF, SENIOR— i. Lord Mack.

Arm River Stock Farm ; 2, Refiner

56th, Clifford : 3, Roseland Prince,

Chapman.
' BULL CALF, JUNIOR— i. Brae Real

4th. Page ; 2. Beau Lad, Chapman ;

3, Brae Real 5th Page.
CHAMPION BULL— Bonnie Brae

31st.

AGED COW— I, Perfection Lass, Clif-
ford ; 2, Miss Armour Fairfax, Chap-
man ; 3, Bella 2nd, Chapman ; 4, Miss
Brae 26th, Clifford : 5, Miss Brae
40th. Page : 6. Queen, Chapman.

HEIFER, Two Years— I. Miss Brae
50th. Page : 2, Mage Fairfax. Chap-
man : 3, Gladvs Real. Chapman.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Delia
Fairfax. Clifford : 2, Miss Brae Real
3rd. Page : 3, Miss Dale 2nd, Page ;

4. Viola, Arm River Stock Farm.
JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Beau

Fairy, Chapman : 2, Miss Brae 8ist,
Clifford : 3, Miss Brae Real 2nd. Page.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Beau Belle,
Chapman ; 2, Miss Brae 95th. Clif-
ford: 3. Miss Brae 96th, Clifford:
4, Beau Lass. Chapman.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I. Beau Mage.
Chapman : 2, May Queen 7th, Clif-
ford : 3, Beau Fairy 2nd. Chapman ;
4. Miss Brae Real 9th, Page.

BULL AND FOUR FEMALES,

306

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Owned by Oiie Exhibitor — i, Clif-
ford : 2 Chapman ; 3, Page.

FOUR CALVES— I, Chapman ; 2, Clif-
ford ; 3, Page.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i, Chapman ;
2, Clifford ; 3, Page.

CHAMPIOX FEMALE— Beau Fairy.

RESERVE — Perfection Lass.

SASKATOON (Summer, 1915)

AGED BULLS— I, Jas. Page; 2, J. A.

Chapman ; 3. Arm River Stock Farm.

BULL Two Years— I, L. O. Clifford.

SR. YEARLING BULL— i, Cfifford;

2, Chapman.

JR. YEARLING BULL— i and 2,

Chapman.
SR. BULL CALF— I, Clifford; 2, J. L

Moffatt, Carroll, Man. ; 3, Arm River

Stock Farm.
JR. BULL CALF— I and 3, Page; 2,

Chapman.
CHAMPION BULL— Page.
AGED COW — I and 3, Chapman ; 2 and
. 4, Clifford.
HEIFER. Two Years— r; Page; 2 and

3, Chapman.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Clif-
ford ; 2 and 3, Page ; 4, Arm River
Stock Farm.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i. Chap-
man ; 2, Clifford ; 3, Page.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I and 3, Chap-
man ; 2, Clifford.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I and 3, Chap-
man : 2, Clifford.

CHAMPION FEMALE AND RE-
SERVE— Chapman.

GRADED HERD— I, Chapman; 2,
Page.

JUNIOR HERD— I, Chapman; 2, Clif-
ford ; 3. Page.

GET OF SIRE— I, Page; 2, Chapman;
3, Clifford. •

PROGENY OF COW— i, Page; 2,
Clifford ; 3, Chapman.

EDMONTON FAIR, 1915
AGED BULL— I, Bonny Briar 31st.

Jas. Page; 2, Perfect Fairfax, J. A.

Chapman: 2, Beau Perfection nth,

Frank Collicutt ; 4, Bonny Brae 2Sth,

Smith.
BULL, Two Years— I, Lord Fairfax,

L. O. Clifford.
SR. YEARLING BULL— i, Alvin

Fairfax, Clifford ; 2, Perfection Lad,

Chapman ; 3, Fairfax Perfection,

Collicutt.
JR. YEARLING BULL— i, Lawrence,

Chapman ; 2, Carroll King Chapman.

SR. BULL CALF— I, Advance, Mof-
fatt; 2, Refiner 56th, Clifford; 3,
Willow Spring Doubter, Collicutt;
4, Refiner 51st, Clifford; 5, Roseland
Prince, Chapman. '

JR. BULL CALF— I, Greenwood Fair-
fax, V. W. Smith; 2, Brae Real 4th,
Page ; 3, Beau Lad, Chapman ; 4,
Brae Real 5th, Page.

JR. CHAMPION BULL— Alvin Fair-

SR. ' AND GRAND CHAMPION
BULL— Bonny Brae 2Sth.

AGED COW— I, Miss Armour Fair-
fax, Chapman ; 2, Perfection Lass,
Clifford; 3, Rella 2nd, Chapman; 4,
Miss Brae 26th, Clifford; 5, Sally,
Collicutt.

HEIFER, Two Years— i, Miss Brae
50th, Page; 2, Mage Fairfax, Chap-
man ; 3, Gladys Real, Chapman ; 4,
May Queen, Smith.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Delia
Fairfax, Clifford; 2, Miss Brae Real
3rd, Page ; 3, Miss Dale 2nd, Page.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Beau
P""airy, Chapman ; 2, Miss Brae Real
2nd, Page; 3, Miss Brae 8ist," Clif-
ford ; 4, Willow Spring Gossip, Col-
licutt.

SR. . HEIFER CALF— I, Beau Belle,
Chapman ; 2, Miss Brae 95th, Clif-
ford; 3, Miss Brae Real 6th, Page;
4, Beau Lass, Chapman; 5, Miss Brae
Real 7th, Page.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Beau Fairy
2nd, Chapman; 2, May Queen 7th,
Clifford; 3, Beau Mage, Chapman;
4, Miss Brae Real 9th, Pkge.

JR. CHAMPION HEIFER— Beau
Fairv.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE— Miss Armour, Fairfax.
fordETAOIN cmfwyp shrdlu mh s

GRADED HERD— I, Chapman; 2,
Page.

JUNIOR HERD— I, Chapman; 2, Clif-
ford : 3, Page.

THREE, Get of One Sire— i. Page;
2, Chapman: 3, Clifford.

TWO, PROGENY OF COW— i, Page ;
2, Clifford; 3, Chapman.

BRANDON (Summer Fair, 1915)
.AGED BULL— I, Bonnie Brae 31st,

Jas. Page: 2, Perfect Fairfax, f. I.

Moffatt: 3, Generation, Jones Bros.
BULL. Two Years— Lord Fairfax, L.

O. Clifford.

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

307

SR. YE.-\RLIXG BULL— i. Perfection

' Lad, J. A. Chapman: 2, Alvin Fair-
fax, Chapman.

JR. YEARLING BULL— i, Lawrence,
Chapman ; 2, Carroll King, Chapman.

SR. BULL CALF— I, Advance, Mof-
fat; 2, Refiner 56th, Clifford; 3,
Foiled Everett, Jones Bros. ; 4, Rose-
land Prince, Chapman.

JR. BULL CALF — i and 4, Chapman ;

2 and 3, Page.

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Per-
fection Lad.

SENIOR AND GRAND CHAMPION
BULL — Bonnie Brae 31st.

AGED CO\\' — I, Miss Armour Fair-
fax, Chapman ; 2, Rella 2nd, Chap-
man ; 3, Perfection Lass, Qifford ; 4,
Miss Brae 26th, Clifford; 5, Queen,
Chapman.

HEIFER, Two Years — i, Patra Fair-
fax, Clifford ; 2, Maggie Fairfax,
Chapman ; 3, Miss Brae 50th, Page ;
4, Gladvs Real, Chapman.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Delia
Fairfax, Clifford; 2, Miss Brae Real
3rd, Page; 3, Miss Dale 2nd, Page;
4, Beau Virgie, Chapman.

JR. YEARUNG HEIFER— i. Beau
Fairy. Chapman; 2, Miss Brae Real
2nd, Page ; 3, Miss Brae 8ist, Clif-
ford : 4, Polled Mattie Jones Bros.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I and 2, Clifford ;

3 and 4, Chapman ; 5. Page.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I and 3. Chap-
man : 2. Clifford : 4. Page.

SR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Miss
Armour Fairfax, Chapman.

JR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE— Beau Fairv, Chapman.

GRADED HERD— 'i. Chapman; 2,
Qifford: 3, Page.

YOUNG HERD— I. Chapman : 2, Clif-
ford : 3 and 4 Page.

BEST TWO CALVES Under One
Year — i, Clifford; 2, Chapman: 3,
Page.

PROGENY OF COW— i and 4. Chap-
man : 2. Clifford ; 3, Page.

GET OF SIRE— I, Clifford; 2, Chap-
man ; 3 and 4, Page.

CALGARY (Summer Fair)

AGED BULL — i, Bonnie Brae 31st,
James Page; 2, Beau Perfection 2nd,
Frank Collicut; 3, Drum Major,
Jones.

BULL, Two Years — i. Lord Fairfax,
L. O. Clifford ; 2, Daysland King.
Collicut: 3, Alberta Don, Boggs.

SR. I'EARLING BULL— i, Fairfax
Perfection, Collicut; 2, Alvin Fair-
fax, Clifford.

JR. YEARLING BULL— i. Western
King, Jones.

SR. BULL CALF— I Alberta Don 2nd,
O. A. Boggs; 2, Refiner 56th, Clif-
ford ; 3,' Willow Springs Doubter,
Collicut.

JR. BULL CALF— I. Brae Real 4th;
2, Brae Real 5th. Page.

CHAMPION BULL— Lord Fairfax.

RESERVE— Bonnie Brae 31st.

AGED COW— I, Miss Brae 26th; 2,
Perfection Lass, Clifford ; 3, Sally,
Collicut; 4, Miss Brae 40th, Page.

HEIFER. Two Years — i, Patra Fair-
fax, Clifford; 2, Miss Brae 50th,
Page,

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i. Delia
Fairfax, Clifford : 2, Miss Brae Real
3rd, Page ; 3. Miss Dale 2nd, Page.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i. Miss
Brae 8ist, Clifford: 2, Miss Brae Real
2nd, Page : 3, Collicut.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I. Clifford: 2
and 3, Page.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Collie-
Clifford : 3. Page.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Patra Fair-
fax.

HERD— I, Clifford: 2, Page.

GET OF SIRE— Clifford.

PROGENY OF COW— Clifford.

Aberdeen Angus

CANADIAN NATIONAL

BULL. Three Years and Over— r, Jno.

Lowe, on Black Abbott Prince; 2,

Jas. Bowman, on Beauty's Irwin ; 3.

Bowman, on Young Leroy.

BULL. Two Years— I. Leas'k & Sons,

on Middlebrook Prince 4th.
BULL, SR. YEARLING— I, Thos.
Broadfoot, on Balmedie Proud El-
gin ; 2, J. D. Larkin, on Bravo's
Prince of Larkin Farm.

BULL. JR. YEARLING— I. Thos.
Broadioot, on Balmedie Guy: 2, Lar-
kin. on Justice of Larkin Farm.

SR. BULL CALF— I. Lowe, on Mid-
dlebrook Abbott 2nd ; 2, Bowman, on
Elm Park Puck ; 3, Larkin. on Brig-
adier of Larkin Farm ; 4, Bowman,
on Elm Park Kelso..

JR. BULL CALF— I, Lowe, on Mid-
dlebrook Rover 5th ; 2, Larkin, on
\'iscoimt of Larkin Farm ; 3, Bow-

308

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

man, on Elm Park Wizard 5th.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Black-
Abbott Prince.

JUNIOR CHAMPION BULL— Bal-
medie Proud Elgin.

COW, Three Years and Over — i and 2,
Bowman, on Elm Park Rosebud nth,
and Ekn Park Witch 2n*d ; 3 and 4,
Larkin, on Pride of Glen Rose, and
Everlasting.

HEIFER, Two Years — i and 2, Bow-
man, on Elm Park Beauty 8th, and
Elm Park Rosebud 17th; 3 and 4,
Larkin, on Stumpie of Glencairn, and
Lady Cheerful of Glencairn,

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i and 2,
Broadfoot, on Balmedie Pride 4th,
and Balmedie Fergus Beauty; 3 and
4, Lowe, on Middlebrook Pride nth,
and Middlebrook Beauty 6th.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Bow-
man, on Elm Park Keepsake 17th ; 2,
Larkin, on Stumpie of Larkin Farm ;
3, Bowman, on Elm Park Rosebud
20th ; 4, Larkin, on Primrose of Lar-
kin Farm.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I and 2, Larkin,
on Lady Cheerful of Larkin Farm,
and Rosalind of Larkin Farm; 3,
Bowman, on Emmeline of Larkin
Farm; 4, Lowe, on Middlebrook
Pride 15th.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Lowe, on
Middlebrook Pride i6th ; 2, Bowman,
on Elm Park Rosebud 23rd; 3, Lar-
kin, on Stumpie of Larkin Farm 3rd.

THREE ANIMALS, Get of One Sire—
I, Broadfoot; 2 and 3, Bowman; 4,
Lowe.

TWO ANIMALS, Progeny of One
Cow — I and 2, Bowman; 3, Broad-
foot; 4, Larkin.

FOUR CALVES— I, Lowe; 2, Lar-
kin ; 3, Bowman.

GRADED HERD— I and 2, Bowman;
3, Larkin.

JUNIOR HERD— I, Broadfoot; 2,
Bowman; 3, Lowe; 4, Larkin.

BREEDER'S HERD— i, Broadfoot; 2,
Bowman; 3, Lowe.

SR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Elm
Park Beauty 8th.

JR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE—Pride 4th.

FIVE ANIMALS, the Get of One Sire
—I, Bowman; 2, Broadfoot; 3, Lar-
kin.

Abbott Prince; 2, J. D. Larkin, on
Elm' Park Beauty's Prince ; 3, A. Mc-
Leod, on Middlebrook King.

BULL, Two Years — i, David N. Doods,
on Balmedie King 5th.

BULL, SR. YEARLING— I, Larkin,
on Bravo's Prince of Larkin Farm.

BULL, JR. YEARLING— I, Wm. Chan-
non & Son, on Elm Park Pat; 2,
Larkin, on Justice of Larkin Farm;
3, McLeod, on Bingo Chief.

BULL, SR. CALF— I, Lowe, on Mid-
dle Brook Abbott 2nd; 2, Larkin, on
Brigadier of Larkin Farm; 3, Mc-
Leod, on Middlebrook King 5th.

BULL JR. CALF— I, Lowe, on Mid-
dle Brook Rover 5th ; 2, Larkin, on
Viscount of Larkin Farm; 3, Mc-

, Leod, on Middle Brook King 6th.

CHAMPION BULL— Black Abbott
Prince.

AGED COW — I and 2, Larkin, on
Pride of Glen Rose and Everlasting;
3, Channon, on Lady Clara 2nd.

HEIFER, Two Years — i and 2, Lar-
kin, on Stumper of Glencairn and
Lady Cheerful of Glencairn.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I and 2,
Lowe, on Middle Pride nth and
Middle Brook Beauty 6th; 3, Chan-
non, on Lillian of Sunny Acres.

HEIFER, JR. YEARLING— I and 2,
Larkin, on Stumpie of Larkin Farm
and Primerose of Larkin Farm; 3,
Channon, on Lucy Black of Sunny

HEIFER, SR. CALF— I and 3, Lar-
kin, on Roseline of Larkin Farm
and Lady Cheerful of Larkin Farm;

2, Low, on Middle Brook Pride 15th.
HEIFER, JR. CALF— I, Lowe; 2 and

3, Channon.

CHAMPION FEMALE — Pride of

* Glenrose.

GRADED HERD— I, Larkin; 2, Mc-
Leod; 3, Dodds.

JUNIOR HERD— I,. Lowe; 2, Larkin;
3, Channon.

GET OF SIRE— I, McLeod.

OTTAWA CAN. CENTRAL, 191 5
AGED BULLS— I, Jno. Lowe, on Black

CALGARY (Summer Fair)
AGED BULL— I, E. P. Ringleader 7th.
L. McComb; 2, Elm Park Mailbag,
Lew Hutchinson; 3, -Dakota Black-
man 3rd, W. R. Stewart.
BULL, ' Two Years— I, Just Pride of

Glencarnock, Richardson.
BULL. SR. YEARLIING— I, Duhamel
Isadore, Hutchinson; 2, Duhamel
Kaiser, Hutchinson.

LIVB STOCK DIRECTORY.

309

JR. YEARLING BULL— i and 2. Du-
hamel Tango, and Duhamel Islander,
Hutchinson; 3, Pride of Bowden, C.
H. Richardson.

SR. BULL CALF— Black Mac 4th, Mc-
Comb.

JR. BULL CALF— Black Don, Mc-
Comb ; 2, M. B. Warrior, Stewart ;
3, Duhamel Woodchuck. Hutchinson.

CHAMPION BULL— E. P. Ringleader
7th.

RESERVE— Duhamel Isadore.

.\GED COW— I, Isobel, Hutchinson;
2, Madam Queen, Stewart; 3, Lady
Lacombe 2nd. McComb.

HEIFER, Two Years— 1, M. B. Flower
2nd, Stewart ; 2, Princess Mildred,
Hutchinson; 3, Fuzzeta 2nd, Mc-
Comb.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, M. B.
Pearl. Stewart.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Duhamel
Theodore, Hutchinson; 2, Everose,
Hutchinson; 3, Bowden Lady Bug,
Richardson.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Stewart; 2,
Richardson; 3, Hutchinson.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, McComb; 2,
Richardson; 3, Stewart.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Isobel, Hut-
chinson.

HERD — I and 2, Hutchinson.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i, Hutchin-
son.

TWO, PROGENY OF COW— Mc-
Comb.

EDMONTON (Summer Fair, 1915)

.AGED BULLS— I, Evreaux of Harvie-
stoun. J. D. McGregor ; 2 and 3, Beau-
ty's Erwin and Young Leroj', Jas.
Bowman; 4, E. P. Mailbag, Lew Hut-
chinson; 5, Dakota Blackman, W. R.
Stewart.

BULL, Two Years— I, E. P. Wizard,
Bowman ; 2, Duhamel Isadore, Hut-
chinson.

BULL, SR. YEARLING— I, Enjoiner
of Glencamock, McGregor; 2, Du-

* hamel Kaiser, Hutchinson.

BULL, JR. YEARLING— I, Evictor of
Gwenmaur, McGregor; 2, Ensign, Mc-
Gregor; 3, E. P. Wizard 4th, Bow-
man : 4, Duhamel Tango. Hutchinson.

BULL, SR. CALF— I, Elm Park Beater,
Bowman; 2, Pride Lad of Gwenmar,
McGregor; 3, E. P. Kelso, Bowman;
4, Marshall of Glencamock, Mc-
Gregor.

TR. BULL CALF— I, Bowman; 2, Mc-

Gregor; 3. Meadow Brook Rosedale,
Stewart; 4, Meadow Brook Derby,
Stewart.

JR. CHAMPION BULL— Enjoiner of
Glencamock.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION
BULL — Evreaux of Harv-iestoun.

AGED COW— I, Key of Heather, Mc-
Gregor; 2, E. P. Rosebud 15th, Bow-
man; 3, E. P. Rosebud nth, Bow-
man ; 4, Isobel, Hutchinson.

HEIFER, Two Years— i. Rosebud 17th,
Bowman; 2, Glencamock Elcona, Mc-
Gregor; 3. Beauty 8th, Bowman; 4,
Princess Gwen, Hutchinson.

SR. YE.ARLING HEIFER-i, Lu-
cretia of Glencamock, McGregor; 2,
Meadow Brook Pearl, Stewart.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, E. P.
Keepsake 17th ; 2, Pride of Glen carn-
ock, McGregor; 3, Glencamock Is-
lay 3rd, McGregor; 4, E. P. Rosebud,
Bowman.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Pure Pride of
Gwenmar 2nd, McGregor; 2, E. P.
Rosebud 21st, Bowman; 3, Evacote
of Gwenmar, McGregor; 4, Emme-
line of Larkin Farm, Bowman.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Bowman; 2,
Stewart.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— E. P.
Keepsake 17th.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE—Kev of Heather.

GRADED HERD— I, McGregor; 2,
Bowman ; 3, Hutchinson ; 4, Stewart.

JR. HERD— I, McGregor; 2, Bowman;
3. Hutchinson; 4, Stewart.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i and 4,
Bowman ; 2 and 3, McGregor ; 5, Hut-
chinson.

TWO, PROGENY OF COW— i and 2,
Bowman ; 3, Stewart.

SASKATOON, 1915

AGED BULL— r, J. D. McGregor; 2
and 3. Jas. Bowman.

BULL, Two Years — Bowman.

BULL, SR. YEARLING— I, Mc-
Gregor.

BULL, JR. YEARLING— I and 2, Mc-
Gregor : 3, Bowman.

BULL, SR. CALF— I and 3, Mc-
Gregor ; 2. Bowman.

BULL, JR. CALF— I, McGregor; 2,
Bowman.

CHAMPION BULL— Evreaux of Har-
viestoun. -

AGED COW — I. 3 and 4, Bowman ; 2,
McGregor.

310

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

HEIFER, Two Years — i and 2, Bow-
man : 3, McGregor.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I and 3,
Bowman ; 2 and 4, McGregor.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I and 3, Mc-
Gregor ; 2 Bowman.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Bowman.

CHAMPION COW— E. P. Rosebud
15th, Bowman.

GRADED HERD— I and 3, Bowman;
2, McGregor.

JR. HERD— I, IMcGregor; 2, Bowman.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i and 3.
Bowman ; 2 and 4, McGregor.

TWO, PROGENY OF COW— i and
2, Bowman.

BRANDON (Summer, 1915)

AGED BULL— r, Evreaux of HarVie-
stoun, J. D. McGregor; 2, Young Le-
roy, Jas. Bowman ; 3, Beauty's Erwin.

BULL, Two Years — i, Roseneath Ring-
leader, Jas. Turner ; 2, Elm Park
Wizard 3rd, Bowman.

SR. YEARLING BULL— Enjoiner of
Glencarnock, McGregor.

JR. YEARLING BULL— i, Ensign of
Glencarnock, McGregor; 2, Evictor of
Gwenmar, McGregor; 3, Cowan Park
Victor, Porterfield; 4, Elma Park
Wizard. Bowman; 5, Enig of Gwen-
mar, McGregor.

SR. BULL CALF— I, Marshal of Glen-
carnock, McGregor; 2, Pride's Lad of
Gwenmar, McGregor; 3, Elm Park
Kelso, Bowman ; 4, Elm, Park Puck,
Bowman ; 5, Heatherman of Gwen-
mar, McGregor.

JR. BULL CALF— I, Rosadore of
Glencarnock, McGregor; 2, Pathfinder
of Gwenmar, McGregor; 3, Ashlar of
Gwenmar 2nd, McGregor; 4. Glen
Souirs Emperor, Bennert ; S, Elm
Park Wizard 5th, Bowman.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Evre-
aux of Harviestoun.

JR. CHAMPION BULL— Enjoiner of
Glencarnock.

.AGED COW— I, Key of Heather 2nd,
McGregor; 2, Elm Park Rosebud nth.
Bowman; 3, Elm Park Rosebud 15th,
Bowman ; 4, Elm Park Witch 2nd,
Bowman; 5, Our Pretty Rose, Mc-
Gregor.

HEIFER. Two Years— i. Elm Park

Beauty 8th, Bowman ; 2, Elm Park
Rosebud 17th, Bowman; 3, Eileen of
Glencarnock, McGregor; 4, Glencarn-
ock Elcorna, McGregor.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Lucre-
tia of Glencarnock 2nd, McGregor ;
2, Pride of Gwenmar McGregor.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Elm
Park Keepsake 17th, Bowman ; 2,
Pride of Glencarnock, McGregor; 3,
Glencarnock Isla 3rd, McGregor; 4,
Elm Park Rosebud 20th, Bowman ;
5, Queen Mother of Glencarnock 3rd,
McGregor.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Pure Pride of
Gwenmar 2nd, McGregor; 2, Emme-
line of Larkin Farm, Bowman ; 3,
Evocate of Owenmar, McGregor ; 4,
Elm Park Rosebud 21st, Bowman.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Elm Park
Rosebud 21st, Bowman.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Elm Park
Rosebud 23rd, Bowman ; 2, Pride 7th,
Bennest.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— E. P.
Keepsake 17th.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE—Key of Heather.

SENIOR HERD— I, McGregor; 2,
Bowman.

JR. HERD— I and 2, McGregor; 3,
Bowman.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i, McGre-
gor ; 2, Bowman.

TWO, PROGENY OF COW— i. Bow-
man ; 2 and 3, McGregor.

. REGINA (Summer Fair, 1915)

The contest for honors in Aberdeen-
.'Xngus. at Regina was entirely between
J. D. McGregor, Brandon, and Jas.
Bowman, Guelph, Ont. The placing
was practically the same as at Bran-
don. In the aged cow class, two of
Bowman's cows were reversed in sec-
ond and third position. Junior female
championship went to Bowman's junior
yearling heifer. Elm Park Keepsake
17th. McGregor's aged bull, Evreaux
of Harviestoun, was made champion,
and also won the prize for the best
animal of the breed in the show. The
aged cow. Key of Heather, owned by
McGregor, was female champion.

Holsteins

CANADIAN NATIONAL
AGED BULL— I, Haley Bros., on Sir
Belle Fayne; 2, G. A. Brethen, on

Hillcrest Ormsby De Kol ; 3, Fred
Row. on Prince Abbekerk Mercena;
4, A. Watson & Sonsj- on Homestead

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

3U

Colantha Prince Canary : 5, Sir Henr\-
Pellatt, on Segis De Kol: 6, L. H.
Lipsit, on Findeine King May Fayne.

BULL, Two Years— I. W. G. Bailey,
on Lakeview Dutchland Hengerveld
2nd ; 2, Manor Farm, on King Segis
Pontiac Posch ; 3, Norman P. Clark-
son, on Prince Mercena Ormsby ; 4,
Hulet, on Prince Col. Abbekerk ; 5,
Dyment, on Riverside Pontiac Beets.

BULL, One Year— i, A. E. Hulet, on
W'oodlawn Count Canary : 2, Haley
Bros., on Colantha Fayne Butter
Baron ; 3, Brethren, on Hiljcrest
Hengeveld Ormsby; 4, Prouse, on
Meadowview King Abb; 5, Robins,
'>n Sir Calamity Mercena Scott ; 6,
Robins, on Sir Pontiac Pearl.

BULL, SR. CALF— I, Haley Bros., on
Prince Fayne Harland ; 2, Hulet, on
Korndyke Paul : 3, Row, on Prince
Mercena Alf. ; 4, R. J. Kelly, on
King Pontiac Lad; 5, Hulet, on
Shadelawn Mercena Posch : 6, Pel-
latt, on Segis Schuiling Prince.

BULL, JR. CALF— I, Haley Bros., on
Kitchener Cans ; 2, Hulet, on Bon-
heur Korndyke King; 3, Prouse. on
Meadowview Dot .\bbekerk; 4, Lip-
sit, on Forest Ridge Fayne Artis ;
5. Pellatt, on Osprey Posch : 6. R. M.
Holtbv, on Roan De Kol Segis.
IRAXD CHAMPION BULL — Sir
Belle Favne.

JR. CHAM'PION BULL— Prince Fayne
Harland.

COW, Four Years and Over, in Milk —
I, F. B. Robins, on Belle Tensen : 2,
Brethren, on Ravwerd Count De Kol
Lady: 3. Hulet, on Annette Abbe-
kerk; 4, Robins, on Queen Wilhel-
mina : 5, Haley Bros., on Lady
Francis Schuiling.

OW. Three Years Old, in Milk— i,
Robins, on Glenwood Pledge Butter
Girl : 2, Hulet. on Pauline Colantha
Mercena: 3. Haley Bros., on Ethel
Mercedes Posch : 4, Manor Farm, on
Manor P. H. Flower; 5, Kettle, on
Lady Mercena Schuiling.

COW. Three Years and Upwards. Not
in ^lilk — I, Hulet. on Rosa' Bonheur
Flower : 2, Haley Bros., on Colan-
tha De Boer; 3. R. J. Kelh', on How-
ertie Col. Posch ; 4. Haley Bros., on
Grace Fayne Homewood ; 5, Brethen,
on Hillcrest Hengerveld Lassie; 6.
Hicks, on Lillv F. De Kol.

HEIFER, Two Years, in Milk— i.

Hicks, on Faforit Verbelle May; 2,
Haley Bros., on Aaggie Toitilla
Fayne; 3, Haley Bros., on Nettie
Fayne 2nd ; 4, Hulet, on Lady Paul-
ine Colantha ; 5, Haley Bros., on Col-
antha Favne Dewdrop.

HEIFER, 'Two Years Old, Not in
Milk — I, Pellatt, on Lucy Pietertje;

2. Hicks, on Faforit Netherland Lyons ;

3, Brethen, on Hillcrest King Pontiac
Countess ; 4, Haley Bros., on Daisy
Fayne 2nd ; 5, Hulet, on Lady Keyes
^lercena ; 6. Dj'ment, on Echo Pie-
tertje De Kol.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I, Haley
Bros., on Miss Aggie Fayne; 2, Holt-
by, on Fayne Josco Segis : 3, Hulet,
on Lodga Veeman Mercena 2nd; 4,
Manor Farm, on Manor P. H. Artali-
sea ; 5, Hicks, on Lady Newton Fa-
forit : 6, Lipsit, on F. R. S. Axie.

HEIFER. JR. YEARLING— r, Hulet,
on Countess Ladoga Ormsby; 2,
Cooper, on Nettie Tensen Henger-
veld : 3, Prouse. on Queen Artis Bell ;

4. Lipsit, on Forest Ridge Fayne
Calamity ; 5, Haley Bros., on Queen
Colantha Logue ; 6. Snyder, on Paul-
ine Calamity Hengerveld.

HEIFER. SR. CALF— I, Hicks, on
Lilly De Kol Segis; 2. Hulet, on
Pauline Colantha Sylvia; 3. Haley
Bros., on Pauline Baroness ; 4, Lip-
sit : 5, Hulet, on Shadelawn Mercena
Queen : 6, Brethen, on Hillcrest Echo
Lassie.

HEIFER, JR. CALF— r, Lipsit, on
Forest Ridge Fayne Jewel ; 2, Haley
Bros., on Bessie Butter Baroness : 3,
Brethem on Hillcrest Pontiac Echo;
4, Chambers, on Fairview Mech-
thilde: 5. Dyment, on Beauty Hash
Beets : 6, Hicks, on Pauline Canary
Segis.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
M.\LE — Rosa Bonheur Flower.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— :Miss
.\aggie Fayne.

THREE .ANIMALS. THE GET OF
SIRE— I. Haley Bros.; 2, Hulet: 3.
Hicks : 4. Lipsit : ^. Brethen.

GRADED HERD— K Haley ' Bros. : 2.
Brethen : 3. Hulet ; 4, Manor Farm :
^, Robins.

JR. HERD— r, Haley Bros.: 2. Hulet;

3. Brethen : 4, Lipsit : 5, Shillington.
BREEDER'S HERD. One Bull and

Four Females. All Under One Year
— I, Haley Bros.: 2. Hulet: 3, Lipsit;

4, Brethen ; 5, Kettle ; 6, Dj-ment.

312

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

CENTRAL , CANADA, 1915

AGED BULL— I, Haley Bros., on Sir
Belle Fayne; 2, G. A. Brethen, on
Hillcrest Ormsby; 3, Richard I^all,
Colony Canary Ragapple ; .4, D. A.
McPhee, on Pietertje De Kol Beauty.

BULL, Two Years— I, F. S. Caldwell,

" on Orvilla Butter Boy; 2, A. E. Hulet.
on Prince Colanthus Abbekerk; 3,
Paul, on King Segis Beets Walker ;
4, Wm. Manning & Sons, on Sunny-
brook George ; 6, Stevens, on Fa-
forit Schuiling Ppsch.

BULL, One Year— i, Hulet, on Wood-
lawn Count Canary; 2, Haley Bros.,
on Colantha Fayne Butter Baron ; 3,
Brethen, on Hillcrest Hengerveld
Ormsby; 4, Kelly.

BULL, SR. CALF— I and 5, Haley
Bros., on Prince Fayne Harland and
Baron Brook De Kol ; 2 and 4, Hulet,
on Korndyke Paul and Shadelawn
Mercena Posch ; 3, McPhee, on
Roxie's Sir Posch.

BULL, JR. CALf"— I, Haley Bros., on
Kitchener Gano ; 2, Hulet, on Bon-
heur Korndyke King; 3, Brethen, on
Hillcrest May Echo Butter Boy; 4
and 5, McPhee, on Crystal Spring
Korndyke and Hector De Kol of
Crystal Spring.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL — Sir
Belle Fayne.

AGED COW, in Milk— i, Brethen, on
Rauwerd Count De Kol Lady Paul-
ine: 2, Caldwell, on Polly Merton ;

3, Craig, on Lyla of Pleasant Valley;

4. Hulet, on Annette Abbekerk; 5,
Haley Bros., on Lady Francess
Schuiling.

COW, Three Years— i and 4, Hulet, on
•Rosa Bonheur Flower and Pauline
Colantha Mercena; 2, 3 and 5, Haley
Bros., on Colantha De Boer, Grace
Favne Homewood, and Ethel Mer-
cedes Posch.

DRY COWS. Three Years and Over—
T, Hulet. on Korndyke Abberkerk
Pauline : ' 3, Brethen, on Hillcrest
Hengerveld Lassie; 4. Stevens, on
Brookdale Buttercup Netherland.

HF.TFFP Two Years, in Milk— i and
2. Haley Bros., on Aggie Tostilla
Fayne and Nettie Fayne 2nd ; 3, Hulet,
on Lady Pauline Colantha; 4, Brethen,
on Lucy May Echo; S, Stevens, on
Rhoda Beets Pietertje.

DRY HEIFER. Two Years— i and 5,
Brethen, on Hillcrest Korndyke Pon-
tiac Countess and Hillcrest May

Echo Pietertje; 2, Stevens, on Pie-
tertje Beets Rhode; 3, Haley Bros.,
on Daisy Fayne 2nd ; 4, Hulet, on
Lady Keys Mercena.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I, Haley
Bros., on Miss Aggie Fayne; 2, Hulet,
on Ladoga Verman Mercena 2nd; 3
and 4, McPhee, on Guitty of Crystal
Spring and Lillie of Crystal Spring;
5, Brethen, on Hillcrest Varkelle
Echo.

HEIFER, JR. YEARLIN&-1, Hulet,
on Countess Ladoga Ormsby; 2, Mc-
Phee, on Hazel of Crystal Spring;

3, Brethen, on Hillcrest Sadie Belle;

4, Stevens, on Queen Korndyke Belle ;

5, Stevens, on Pauline Pet Posch.
HEIFER, SR. CALF— I and 5. Mc-
Phee, on Spinky Wayne of Crystal
Spring and Beauty De Kol of Crystal
Spring; 2, Hulet, on Shadelawn Las-
sie ; 3, Haley Bros., on Pauline Bar-
oness ; 4, Brethen, on Hillcrest Echo

HEIFER, JR. CALF— I and 4, Haley
Bros., on Bessie Butter Baroness and
Lady Belle Fayne ; 2, Brethen, on
Hillcrest May Echo Belle; 3, McPhee,
on Clothilds Spinky of Crystal
Spring.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Hulet, on
Rosa Bonheur Flower.

GRADED HERD— I, Haley Bros.; 2,.
Brethen ; 3, Hulet ; 4, McPhee.

JR. HERD— I, Haley Bros.; 2, Hulet;
3, McPhee.

FOUR ANIMALS, GET OF ONE
SIRE— I and 4, Haley Bros; 2, Bre-
then; 3, McPhee.

BRANDON (Summer Fair, 1915)

BULL, Three Years and Over— i,
Count Tensen A, Geo. Bevington ; 2,
Sir Belle Petertje, A. B. Potter; 3,
Dots Abbekerk, Prouse^ 4, Prince de
Kol Merton, Hamilton Bros.

BULL, Two Years— I, Sir Fayne of
Golden West, J. A. Laycock; 2, Korn-
dyke Pontiac, Laycock; 3, Prince
Veeman Corinne, Lyttel ; 4, Glenlea
Ormsby Hengerveld, Glenne & Sons.

BULL, One Year— i, Meadowview King
Abbekerk, G. T. Prouse ; 2, Bonnie
Brae Korndyke. Laycock; 3, Sir De
Kol Paladin, Potter; 4, Sir Francy
Lindsay, Bevington.

BULL CALF, SR.— i, Bonnie Brae Pal-
lestine, Laycock; 2, Francy Schraeter,
Bevington; 3, Meadowview King de

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

313

Kol, Prouse; 4, Colney Major Posch
Tensen, Bevington.

BULL CALF, JR.— i, Meadowview Dot
Abbekerk, Prouse; 2, Lord Francis,
Bevington ; 3, Posch of Bonnie Brae,
Laycock; 4, Prince de Kol Merton,
Jr., Hamilton Bros.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Count
Tensen A.

JR. CHAMPION— Bonnie Brae Kom-
dyke.

COW, Four Years and Over — i, Molly
of Bayham, Prouse ; 2, Jacoba Joh-
anna, Bevington ; 3, Ruby Jean, Lay-
cock; 4, Princess Holdenby de Kol,
Laycock.

COW, Three Years — i, lone Mercena
Posch 2nd, Bevington ; 2, Lady Lil-
lian Bess, Prouse ; 3, Lady Princess
Fayne. Laycock ; 4. Lady Johanna
Dewdrop, Laycock.

HEIFER, Two Years — i, Jessie Francy,
Bevington ; 2, . Aaggie Teake Posch,
Glennie and Sons; 3, Lady Jewel
Pride, Prouse ; 4, Maud Dewdrop
Favne, Lavcock.

HEIFER, 'One Year— i, Kathleen
Francy de Kol, Bevington ; 2, Patri-
cia Posch, Bevington ; 3, Daisy Wood-
lawn Dewdrop, Prouse ; 4, Queen
Artist Bell, Prouse.

HEIFER CALF, SR.— i. Jacoba Ten-
sen, Bevington : 2, Tensen Burke, Bev-
ington ; 3, Lady Jewel Pallestine, Lay-
cock; 4, Princess Rideau Calamity,
Lavcock.

HEIFER CALF, JR.— i, Gretchen,
Faf orit Veeman, Bevington ; 2, Tosco
Pontiac of Bonnie Brae, Laycock; 3,
Belle Quillemette, Potter ; 4, Meadow-
view Jean de Kol, Prouse.

JR: CHAMPION FEMALE— Kathleen
Francv de Kol, Bevington.

SR. A>:D GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE— Mollv of Bavham, Prouse.

GRADED HERD— I, ' Bevington ; 2,
Lavcock : 3, Prouse.

YOUNG HERD— I, Prouse; 2, Beving-
ton : 3, Laycock.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i, Prouse;
2 and 3, Bevington.

REGINA (Summer Fair, 1915)
AGED BULL— I, Count Tensen A, Geo.

Bevington ; 2, Dots Abbekerk, Geo. T.

Prouse; 3, Sir B. Pietertjie, A. B.

Potter.
BULL, Two Years Old— i, Komdyke

Posch Pontiac, J. H. Laycock; 2, Sir

Fayne of Golden West, Laycock.

SR. YEARLING BULL-i, Bonnie
Brae Korndyke, Laycock; 2. Meadow-
view King, Geo. T. Prouse; 3, Count
Canary Alexander, Bevington ; 4.
Segiononis Korndyke, Laycock.

JR. YEARLING BULI^i,' Sir Francy .
Lindly, Bevington; 2, Sir Dekol Pala-
din, Potter; 3, Nellie's Rideau Dekol,
Laycock.

SR. CALF — I, Bonnie Brae Pallistine,
Laycock; 2, Francy Schroeder, Bev-
ington ; 3, Sir Evergreen Banks, Lay-
cock; 4, Colony Major Posch Tensen,
Bevington.

JR. CALF— I, , Prouse:

2, Lord Frances, Bevington ; 3, Posch
of Bonnie Brae, Laycock; 4, Nether-
land Senaca Chief, Bevihgton.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Count
Tensen A.

JR. CHAMPION BULL— Bonnie Brae
Korndyke.

AGED COW — I, Jacoba Johanna, Bev-
ington ; 2, Ruby Jean, Laycock ; 3,
Vida Princess Pauline, Prouse; 4,
Princess Holdenby Dekol, Laycock;
5, Madeline Dekol, Potter.

HEIFER, Two Years Old — i, Jessie
Francy, Bevington ; 2, iNIaud Dew-
drop Fayne, Laycock; 3, Lady Jewel
Pride, Prouse ; 4, Annie Primrose of
Lyn, Laycock.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Patrica
Posch, Bevington ; 2, Daisy Wood-
lawn Dewdrop, Prouse ; 3, Mercedes
Droindu Dekol, Bevington ; 4, Almira
Affle, Potter; 5. Bellflower Pietertje
Beauty 3rd, Lavcock. —

JR. YEARUNG HEIFER-i, Katha-
lean Francy Dekol, Bevington; 2,^
Fairview Artis Bell, Prouse; 3, Fan-
nie Maud, Potter; 4, Carrie Bell Cal-
amitv, Laycock.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Jacoba Ten-
sen, Bevington ; 2, Pearl Mercena 2nd,
Bevington; 3, Tensen Burke, Bev-
ington : 4, Dandv Colantha, Prouse.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Gretchen Te-
ferot Vermen, Bevington ; 2, Tosco
Pontiac of Bonny Brae. Laycock; 3,
Meadowview Jean Dekol, Prouse. •

FEMALE, Any Age, Shown by Ama-
teur— I, Bevington : 2, Prouse.

SR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Jacoba
Johanna.

JR. AND GRAND CHAMPION—
Jacoba Tensen.

GRADED HERD— I, Bevington; 2,
Prouse ; 3, Laycock.

314

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

THREE, GET OF SIRE— i, Prouse ;
2, Bcvington ; 3, Laycock.

CALGARY (Summer Fair)
BULL, Three Years or Over — i, Sir
Admiral Ormsby 2nd, Carlyle Bros. ;

2, Count Tensen A, Geo. Bevington ;

3, Sir Posch de Kol Mercena, J. H.
Laycock.

BULL. Two Years — i, Sir Fayne of
Golden West, Laycock; 2, Korndyke
Posch Pontiac, Laycock ; 3, Tidy
Calamity Sarcastic, L Hambly and
Sons.

SR. YEARLING— I, Bonnie Brae
Korndyke, Laycock : 2, Count Canary
Alexandra, Bevington ; 3. Segis On-
onis Korndvke, Laycock.

JR. YEARLING— T, Sir Francy de Kol,
Bevington'; 2, Prince Posch Butter
Boy. Hambly and Sons ; 3, L. E. S.
Korndyke Count, P. Pallesen.

SR. BULL * CALF— I, Bonnie Brae
Pallestine, Laycock; 2, Francy Shros-
ter, .Bevington ; 3, Bevington.

JR. BULL CALF— I, Bevington; 2,
Albert Ormsby. Carlyle Bros. ; 3,
Posch of Bonnie Brae, Laycock.

CHAMPION BULL— Sir Admiral
Ormsby 2nd.

RESERVE— Count Tensen A.

COW, Four Years and Over — i, Jacoba
Johanna, Bevington ; 2, Princess Hol-
denby de Kol, Laycock; 3, Ruby Jean.
Laycock; 4, Molly of Bayham Mer-
cedes, Laycock.

COW, Three Years — i, lona ^lercena
Posch 2nd, Bevington ; 2, Aconeth
Fayne. Pallesen ; 4. Lady Johanna
Dewdrop, Laycock.

HEIFER, Two Years— i, Maud Dew-
drop Fayne, Laycock; 2, Muriel
Ormsby, Carlyle Bros.; 3, Princess of
Winterburn, Bevington.

^. YEARLING— I, Dorinda Mercedes
de Kol Bevington ; 2, Francy Rhoda
Pontiac, Pallesen ; 3, Bell Flower
Pietertje, Laycock; 4. Teake Pride
Favne, Pallesen.

JR. YEARLING— I, Alice Francy Fa-
forit, Bevington ; 2, Calgary Korn-
dyke Pontias, Hambly and Sons; 3,
Muriel Burnside 2nd, Carlyle Bros. ;

4, Ruth Francy de Kol, Pallesen.
SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Jowka Tensen,

Bevington; 2, Lady Jewel Palestine,
Laycock ; 3. Princess Rideau Calam-
ity, Laycock.
JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Lucy Queen
Ormsby, Carlyle Bros.; 2, Susan

Ormsby, Carlyle Bros.; 3, Bell Flower'
Pontiac o fBonnie Brae, Laycock.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Jacoba Joh-
anna.

HERD, Bull and Four Females, Any
Age — I, Bevington; 2, Laycock.

HERD, Three Animals, Get of One
Sire — I, Bevington; 2, Carlyle Bros.

HERD, Bull and Three Females, Under
Two Years — i, Laycock; 2, Carlyle
Bros.

TWO, Progeny of One Cow — i. Bev-
ington ; 2, Carlyle Bros.

EDMONTON (Summer Fair, 1915)

AGED BULL — i. Count Tensen A,
Geo. Bevington; 2, Sir Bell Pietertje,
Bevington ; 3, Dot's Abbekerk, Geo.
T. Prouse ; 4, King Hengerveld,
Eckert.

BULL. Two Years — i, Korndyke
Posch Pontiac, J. H. Laycock; 2, Sir
Fayne of Golden West, Laycock; 3,
Principal Dekol, Duke of Suther-
land : 4, Tidy, Calamity Sarcastic, H.
Hambly.

SR. YEARLING BULL— i. Bonny
Brae Korndyke, Laycock; 2, Meadow
View King, Abbekerk, Prouse ; 3,
Segis Ononis Korndye, Laycock.

JR. YEARLING BULL— i. Sir Francy
Tindly, Bevington ; 2, Nelly Rideau
DeKol. Laycock; 3, Prince Posch
Butter /Boy, Hambly; 4, Eckert; 5,
Angerveld Kent, Bell.

SR. CALF BULL— I, Col. Major Posch
Tensen, Bevington ; 2, Fancy Schroter,
Bevington ; 3, Bonny Brae Palestine,
Laycock ; 4, Meadow View King De-
Kol, Prouse ; 5, Duke of Sutherland.

JR. BULL CALF— I, Prouse; 2, Bev-
ington ; 3, Duke of Sutherland ; 4.
Bell ; 5, Prouse.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION
BULL — Count Tensen A.

JR. CHAMPION BULL— Bonny Brae
Korndyke.

AGED COW— I, Jacoba Johanna, Bev-
ington ; 2, Princess Holdenby DeKol,
Laycock; 3, Ruby Jean, Laycock; 4,
Molly Bayham Mercedes. Laycock;
5, Vida Princess Pauline, Prouse.

HEIFER, Two Years— i. Lady Fair-
mont Canary, Bevington ; 2, Lady
Jewel Pridf , Prouse ; 3, Annie Prim-
rose of Lyn, Laycock: 4, Mundella
Kent, Bell; S, Nettie, Bell.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i, Patricia
Posch. Bevington; 2, Carman Korn-
dyke Beauty, Laycock; 3, Mercedes

LI\'E STOCK DIRECTORY.

315

Dorinda E. DeKoI, Bevington ; 4.
Dafry W'oodlawn Dewdrop, Prouse ;
5, Beil Flower Puterys Beauty 3rd,
Lavcock.

JR. YEARLIXG HEIFER— i. Rosa
Bohien Tensen, Bevington ; 2. Calgary
Komdyke Pontiac. Hambly ; 3. Mea-
dowview Bess, Prouse : 4. Queen
Artis Bell, Prouse : 5. Kornd3ke Ag-
gie W'avne, Laycock.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I and 3, Bev-
ington : 2 and 5, Laycock ; 4, Bell.

JR. HEIFER— I. Bevington; 2, Lay-
cock: 3. Prouse: 4, Hambly. 5. Bell.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Jacoba
Tensen.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION' FE-
MALE— ^Jacoba Johanna.

GRADED HERD— I, Bevington; 2,
Lavcock: 3. Prouse; 4, Bell.

JR. HERD— I, Bevington; 2. Laycock;
3. Prouse : 4, Duke of Sutherland.

TWO. PROGENY OF COW'—i. Bev-
ington : 2, Prouse : 3. Hambly : 4,
Ehike of Sutherland.

Francv DeKol, Bevington.
SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-

M.ALE— Mollv of-Bayham. Prouse.
GRADED HERD— I, Bevington; 2.

Prouse : 3. Laycock.
FOUR CALVES— I, Bevingt-:

Laycock: 3, Prouse.

ton : 3, Prouse.
TWO, Progeny of Cow— 1. Prouse: 2.

Lavcock.

SASKATOON.

AGED BULL — i and 2, Geo. Beeving-
ton ; ,1, Geo. T. Prouse.

BULL. Two Years — i and 2. J. H. Lay-
cock.

SR. YEARLING BULI^i and 3, Lay-
cock : 2, Prouse.
JR. YEARLING BULL— i, Bevington;

2. Laycock.

SR. BULL CALF— I, Laycock; 2 and

3. Bevington.

JR. BULL CALF— I, Bevington ; 2 and
3, Prouse.

GRAND champion' BULL— Count
Tensen A.

JR. CHAMPION BULI^Bonnie Brae
Palistine.

AGED COW — I. Prouse: 2, Bevington:
3 and 4, Laycock.

HEIIFER, Two Years— i, Prouse: J,
Bevington ; 3 and 4, Laycock.

SR. YEARLING HEIFER— i. Prouse;
2 and 3, Bevington : 4. Laycock.

JR. YEARLING HEIFER— i and 3,
Bevington : 2. Prouse ; 4, Laj'cock.

SR. HEIFER CALF— I and 4. Beving-
ton : 2 and 3. Lavcock.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I, Bevington; 2.
Lavcock; 3. Prouse.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Kathleen

LONDON.

BULL, AGED— I, Fred Row, on Prince
Abbekerk Mereena ; 2. L. H. Lipsit.
on Findeine King May Fayne ; 3. Geo.
Prouse, on Dot's .\bbekerk : 4. C. C.
Kettle, on Grace Fayne 2nd Sir Mer-
eena.

BULL, Two Years Old— i. Manor
Farm, on King Segis Pontiac Posch.

BULL, One Year Old— i, Arbogast
Bros., on King Segis Alcartra Cal-
amity: 2, C. C. Haviland. on Canar>-
Trinton Segis; 3. Prouse, on Mea-
dowview King Abbekerk: 4, Kettle,
on Noble Fayne Schuiling: 5, C." E.
Trebilcock.

BULL. SR- CALF— I and 3. R. v. : 2.
Lipsit; 4 and 5. Kettle.

BULL. JR. CALF— I and 4. E. Sny-
der: 2. Cline & Carrol; 3, Lipsit; 5.
Prouse.

CHAMPION BULL— Prince Abbekerk
Mereena.

COW, AGED^i. R. J. Kelly; 2, Good-
erham: 3, Arbognst Bros.: 4. Prouse:
5, Snyder.

COW. T-hret- Old— i and 3.

Gooderham ; 2. .-\rbogast : 4. Kettle.

HEIFER, Two Years Old— i and 2.
Manor Farm : 3. Lipsit : 4. Snyder :
5, Prouse.

HEIFER. YEARLING— I. Prouse: 2.
Shearer ; 3 and 5, Snyder ; 4, Lipsit.

SR. CALVES— I, Kettle; 2, Shearer:
3, Cline & Carrol : 4, Arbogast : 5,
Row.

JR. CALF— I, Kettle; 2, 3 and 4. Lip-
sit : 5, Snyder.

CHA:MPI0N FEMALE— Kelly, on
Homestead Howtje Calaraitj*.

GRADTD HERD— I. Manor Farm: -\
Prouse : 3, Snyder ; 4, Kettle.

CALF HERD— I, Kettle: 2. Lir
Ross; 4. Snyder.

316

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

Ayrshires

CANADIAN NATIONAL

AGED BULL— I, R. R. Ness, on Hobs-
land Masterpiece; 2, Alex. Hume, on
Hillside Peter Pan; 3, Daurie Bros.,
on Tarn O'Menie; 4, Wm. Stewart &
Sons, on Springhill Cashier; 5, A. S.
Turner & Son, on Netherton King
Theodore.

BULL, Two Years Old— i. Senator
Owens, on Netherton Lochinvar; 2,
Sunnybrook Enterprise, E. D. Hilli-

ker; 3, Macoun, on Silver King of
Springbank.

YEARLING BULL— i, Laurie Bros.,
on Fairview Milkman ; 2, Hilliker, on
Prince Fortune of Sunnybrook; 3,
Tran, on Duchess Heir o fHickory
Hill ; 4, Hume, on Gay Lad of Ayr-
mount.

BULL. SR. CALF— I, Ness, on Burn-
side Invincible Masterpiece ; 2, Tur-
ner & Son, on Springbank Scottie ;

3, Owens, on Champion of Riverside
15th ; 4, Hilliker, on Snow King;

BULL. JR. CALF— I. Turner & Son,
on Heather King of Springbank; 2,
Owens, on Champion of Riverside
20th; 3, W. H. Tran, on White Sam;

4, Ness, on Burnside Zomo-Sal Mas-
terpiece.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Hobs-
' land Masterpiece.

JR. CHAMPION BULL— Burnside
Invincible ^Masterpiece.

AGED COW, in Milk— i, Owens, on
Duchess of Montebello ; 2, Hume, on
Bellsland Nan 4th ; 3, Turner & Son,
on Mountain' Lass ; 4, Ness, on Terer-
ran Heather Bell.

COW, Three Years Old, in Milk— i and
2, Owens, on White Violet of River-
side, and Bertha of Montebello ; 3,
Turner & Son, on Queen Floss of
Springbank: 4, Laurie Bros., on
Topsy of Gladen Hill.

COW. Three Years Old and Over, in

Maggie Finlayston 5th, and Burnside
Spottie 2nd; 2, Turner & Son, on
Lola of Springbank; 4, Owens, on
Dawn 2nd of Riverside.

HEIFER, JR. YEARLING, Not in
Milk — I, Turner & Son,' on Briery of
Springbank 3rd; 2, Owens, on Betsy
of Riverside ; 3, Laurie Bros., on
Fanny of Gladden Hill; 4, Hume, on
Humeshaugh Nan 2nd. '

HEIFER. SR. CALF— I, Hume, on
Humeshaugh Perfect Lady; 2, Ness,
on Burnside Pearl Lusitania; 3, Tur-
ner & Son, on Springbank Josie ; 4,
Stewart & Sons, on SprightVs Dolly
of Menie.

HEIFER, JR. CALF— I, Hilliker, on
Maria of Sunnybrook; 2, Turner &
Son, on Springbank Jeanette; 3,
Owens, on White Heather of River-
side.

HEIFER ,Two Years, Out of Milk—
I, Ness, on Dalfibble Jessie Drum-
mond 3rd : 2, Turner & Son, on Dora
of Sunnybrook ; 3, Hilliker, on Trixy
of Mapledale 2nd ; 4, Stewart &
Sons, on Avrshire Mary of Menie.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE—Auchenbrain Hattie 6th.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Burnside
Maggie Finlayston 5th.

GRADED HERD— I, Ness; 2, Owens;
"5, Hume ; 4, Turner & Son.

JR. HERD— I, Ness; 2. Turner & Son;
-5. Owens ; 4, Laurie Bros.

BREEDER'S HERD— i, Ness; 2, Tur-
ner & Son ; 3, Owens ; 4. Laurie Bros. ;
5, Tran.

CENTRAL CANADA. 1915
AGED BULL— I, R. R. Ness, on Hobs-
land Masterpiece : 2, D. M. Watt, on
Whitehall King of Hearts: 3. Geo.
H. Montgomery, on Auchenbrain Sea
Foam : 4. J. P. Cavers, on Hobsland

Bonnie Boy.

Calf, Not Milking — i and 3, Ness, on BULL. Two Years — , Senator Owens,
Auchenbrain Hattie 6th, and Broom- on Netherton Lochinvar; 2, Tuttle,

hill Flora 2nd : 2, Turner & Son, on
Snowdrop ; 4, Hume, on Spicy Lass.
-HEIFER, Two Years Old— i, Ness, on
Dalfibble Jemima Jane 2nd ; 2. Hilli-
ker. on Bessie of Mapledale ; 3, Tur-
ner & Son, on Doreen of Spring-
bank ; 4, Hume, on ' Humeshaugh
Spicv Kate.
HEIFER, SR. YEARLING, Not in
Milk — I and 3, Ness, on Burnside

on Springburn Emblem: 3, Robert
Doig, on Victor; 4, D. T. Ness.

BULL. One Year— i, J. H. Black, on
Hobsland Piecemeal: 2, D. T. Ness,
on Barwhey's Flashlight; 3, Owens,
on Vaudrueil Pride 19th : 4, Mont-
gomery, on Lakeside Spicy Hero.

BULL. SR. CALF— I. Robert Leish-
man. on Hobsland Landlord; 2, R.
R. Ness, on Burnside Invincible

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

317

Masterpiece; 3, Jno. W. Logan, on
Sunnyside Masterpiece; 4, Black, on
Willowhaugh Just Right.
BULL, JR. CALF— I, R. R. Ness, on
Burnside Zomo-Sal Masterpiece ; 2,
Doig, on Sunrise Masterpiece; 3,
Owens, on Riverside Champion 20th ;

4, MacFarlane, on Mack of Kelso.
COW. Four Years and Over — i, Owens,

on Duchess of Monte Bello; 2 and 4,
R. R. ■ Ness, on Tererran Heather
Bell, and Catlin's Derby 2nd ; 3, D.
T. Xess, on Lochfergus Catherine;

5, Watt, on Barcheskie Cinderella.
COW, Three Years — i, Logan, on

Sunnyside Governess ; 2, D. T. Ness,
on Rising Star; 3, Cavers, on Mary
Bloisom ; 4, Owens, on White Violet
of Riverside; 5, Black, on Craigbrae
Lady Jean.

COW, Three Years and Over, Canadian-
bred — I, D. T. Ness, on Burnside
Pearl 4th ; 2, Logan, on Sunnyside
Bell : 3, Owens, on Flossie of River-
side : 4 and 5, Doig, on Tidy of Mir-
abel and Blossom Again ; 6, R. R.
Ness, on Burnside Lady Lucky.

COW. Three Years and Over, Dry —
I, R. R. Ness, on Auchenbrain Hattie
6th : 2. MacFarlane, on Lady Mar\'
of Kelso; 3, Owens, on Topsy of
Riverside; 4, Doig, on Daisy of
Riverside.

HEIFER. Two Years, in Milk— i. R.
R. Ness, on Dalfibble Jemima Jane
Jane. 2nd : 2, Cavers, on Ryanogue
Geneva ; 3, Montgomery, on Lakeside
Butterfly; 4, Owens, on Primrose of-
Riverside: 5. Watt, on Stockwood
Floss ; 6, . D. T. Ness, on Edgewood
Verlena.

HEIFER, Two Years. Dr>-— i, D. T.
Ness, on Maple Valley Violo : 2, R.
R. Ness, on Dalfibble Jessie Drum-
mond 3rd : 3, Logan, on Sunnyside
Maggie ; 4, Owens, on Trim of River-
side.

HEIFER, One Year— i, 3 and 4, R. R.
Ness, Burpside Maggie Finlayston
5th, Burnside Luck>- Darling, and
Burnside Spottie 2nd ; 2, Owens, on
Dawn 2nd of Riverside : 5, Mont-
gomerv on Lakeside Susan.

HEIFER, SR. CALF— I and 2, R. R.
Ness, on Burnside Pearl Lusitania,
and Burnside Tiperarj- Blossom; 3.
McFarlane, on Pickens' Missie of
Kelso: 4^ Logan, on Sunnyside
Fannv : 5, Cavers, on Rosleaf's Fancv.

HEIFER, JR. CALF— I, Logan, on

Sunnyside Mancy; 2, D. T. Ness, on

Burnside Barbara; 4, Owens, on

White Heather of Riverside.
CHAMPION FE^LALE- Anchenbrain

Hattie 6th.
GRADED HERD— I, R. R, Ness; 2,

Owens ; 3, D. T. Ness.
JR. HERD— I, R. R. Ness; 2, D. T.

Ness : 3, Owens.
GET OF SIRE— I, R. R. Ness; 2,

Logan ; 3, Owens ; 4, D. T. Ness.

BRANDON (Summer, 1915)

BULL, Three Years and Over — r, Mor-
ton Mains Planet, Roland Ness ; 2,
Burnside Lucky Sensier, Ness.

BULL, Two Years — i, Greenhill Rising
Star, Wm. Braid; 2. Rob Roy of
Relwood, Ness ; 3, Springfield Chief,
Ness ; 4, Sir Ivanhoe Laurie, Geo.
Bevington.

BULL, One Year — i, Logan Braes of
Menie, Braid; 2, Lakeview Sensier,
Ness ; 3. Sunnybrook Prince, Bryce ;
4. Sunnybrook Chief. R. H. Bryce.

BULL CALF, SR.— i. Burnside Master-
man, Ness : 2, Greenhill Barney,
Braid : 3, ^Lakeview White Prince,
Ness : 4, Lakeview Radiant, Ness.

'BULL CALF, JR.— i, Burnside Master
Heather, Ness ; 2, Greenhill Her-
cules, Braid : 3. Greenhill Victor,
Braid ; 4, Lakeview Now-like-me,
Ness.

GRAND CHAMPION BULL— Mor-
ton Mains Planet.

JR CHAMPION BULL— Burnside
Masterman.

COW, Four Years and Over — r. Bum-
side Tena, Ness ; 2, Barcheski Lily
I2th, Ness: 3, Howies Orange Lily.
Ness: 4, Bonnie 'Brae Gvpsv Queen,
Braid.

COW, Three Years — i. Lakeview Mull.
Ness: 2, Burnside Rose Mac 2nd,
Ness : 3, Rosie of Meadowdale, Braid.

HEIFER, Two Years — i. Humshaugh
Snowdrop, Braid : 2. Lakeview Prin-
cess, Ness ; 3. Lakeview Lad\' Maud,
Ness : 4, Lakeview Miss Prim, Ness.

HEIFER. One Year— r, Greenhill
Daisy. Braid ; 2. Lakeview Winnifred.
Ness : 3, Lakeview White Craig.
Ness : 4. Lakeview Claribella, Ness.

HEIFER ' CALF. SR.— i. Burnside
Lady Laurier. Ness : 2. Greenhill Liz-
zie. Braid : 3, Lakeview Brown Bell.
Ness : 4, Lakeview Elfrieda, Ness.

HEIFER CALF*, JR.— i, Greenhill Sun-
beam, Braid ; 2, Greenhill Heather-

318

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

bloom. Braid : 3, Lakeview Annie,
Ness ; 4. Lakeview Flirt, Ness.

JR. CHAMPION FEMALE— Greenhill
Daisv.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE— Burnside Tena.

SR. HERD— I, Ness; 2, Braid.

YOUNG HERD— I, Ness; 2, Braid.

GET OF SIRE— I and 2, Ness.

PROGENY OF COW— i, Ness; 2,
Braid.

CALGARY (Summer Fair)

BULL, Three Years or Over — i, Mor-
ton Mains Planet. Roland Ness ; 2,
Burnside Lucky Sensier, Ness : 3,
Willowmoor, Laycock and McDonald.

BULL, Two Years— I, Morton Mains
Sensier. Ness ; 2, Rob Roy of Ril-
wood, Ness ; 3, Sir Ivanhoe Lawrie,
George Bevington.

BULL, SR. YEARLING— I, Spring-
field Chief, Laycock and McDonald ;
2, Lakeview Sensier, Ness; 3, Spring-
field Hero. Lavcock and McDonald.

BULL. JR. YEARLING— I, General of
Battle River, A. C. Anderson ; 2,
Howie of Glenburn, fs^'ess; 3, Brave
of Battle River, Anderson.

SR. BULL CALF— I. Burnside Master-
man, Ness ; 2. Springfield Pride, Lay-
cock and McDonald; 3, Springfield
Shamrock, Laycock and McDonald.

JR. BULL CALF— I, King of Battle
River, Anderson ; 2, Burnside Master
Heather, Ness ; 3, Lakeview Lucky
Sandv, Ness.

CHA:\IPI0N bull— Morton Mains
Planet.

RESERVE— Morton Mains Sensier,
Ness.

COW, Four Years and Over— i. Ses-
snessock Pansy, Ness; 2, Barcheskie
Lily, Ness; 3, Howie's Orange Lily,
Ness; 4, Burnside Clara, Ness.

COW, Three Years — i, Burnside Rose
Mae, Ness ; 2, Burnside Missie Lake,
Nessr 3, Lakeside Mull, Ness.

HEIFER. Two Years— i, Lakeview
Princess, Ness : 2, Lakeview Orange
Lily, Ness ; 3. Lakeview Lady Maud,
Ness; 4. Springfield Beauty, Laycock
and McDonald.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I, Lake-
view Irene, Ness ; 2. Lakeview White
Craiff. Ness: 3. Ness.

HEIFER, JR. YEARLING— I. Beauty
of Battle River, Anderson: 2, Lake-
view Winnif red, Ness ; 3, Lakeview

Clarabella, Ness ; 4, -Lakeview Quees
Bess Noss. ^

SR. HEIFER CALF— I, Burnside
Lady Laurier, Ness ; 2, Lakeview
Brown "Spots, Ness; 3, Burnside
Dhalia, Ness.

JR. HEIFER CALF— I. Lakeview
Flirt, Ness ; 2, Springfield Ida, Lay-
cock and McDonald ; 3, Springfield
Lucy, Laycock and McDonald.

HERD, Bull and Four Females, Any
Age — I, Ness.

HERD, Three Animals the Get of One
Sire — I, Anderson.

TWO CALVES Under One Year Old,
Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — i,
Ness : 2, La3xock and McDonald.

HERD, Bull and Three Females, Under
Two Years — i, Ness.

TWO, the Progeny of One Cow — i,
Ness ; 2, Anderson.

REGINA (Summer, 1915")
It was R. Ness all the way in Ayr-
shires at Regina. The only competitor
to meet this Alberta herd was F. H. O.
Harrison, Pense, Sask., whose cattle
were not in sho wcondition. Harrison
won third on senior yearling bull, and
third on junior yearling heifer. Ness
won first, second and third in all other
classes in which he exhibited, including
both championships. Male championship
went to his aged bull Morton Mains
Planet, and highest female honors to
Bifirnside Tena, his aged cow. ' Ness
also won all the groups.
(See Brandon List).

EDMONTON (Summer)
Only exhibitor, Roland Ness, De
Winton, Alta.

AYRSHIRES— London

AGED BULL— I, Alex. Hume, on Hill-
side Peter Pan : 2, Wm. Stewart, on
Springhill Cashier : 3, A. S. Turner,
on Netherton King Theodore.

BULL, Two Years Old— i, Chas. Ma-
coun, on Silver King of Springhill :
2, E. D. Hilliker, on Sunnybrook
Enterprise.

BULL, YEARLING— I. Hilliker. on
Prince Fortune of Sunnybrook ; 2,
Htime, on Gay Lad of Ayrmont; 3,
McConnell & Ferguson.

BULL, SR. CALF— I and 2. Turner;
"?, Hilliker; 4, Hume.

BULL, JR. CAhF—T. Turner; 2,
Hume ; 3 and 4, Stewart.

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

319

CHAMPION BRED— Hillside Peter
Pan.

.AGED COW— I, Hume, on Bellsland
Xan 4th ; 2 and 3, Turner, on Moun-
tain Lass, and Snov.drop : 4. Hume,
on Spicy Lass.

COW, Three Years Old— i and 4.
Turner, dn Queen Floss of Spring-
bank, and Flossie of Springbank; 2
and 3, Hume, on Humeshaugh Kate,
and Humeshaugh Helen.

HEIFER, Two Years Old— i, Hume,

on Humeshaugh Spicy Kate ; 2 and 3,

Hilliker. on Bessie of Mapledale, and

Trixy of Mapledale ; 4, Turner, on

' reen of Springbank.

HEIFER, YE.-\RLING— I. 2 and a.
Turner: 3. Stewart.

HEIFER. SR. CALF— I, Hum
Turner : 3. Hilliker : 4. Stewart.

HEIFER. JR. CALF— I and 3, Hil-
liker : 2 and 4, Turner.

CHAMPION COW— Bellsland Xan 4th.

GRADED HERD— I, Hume; 2, Tur-
ner : 3. Hilliker.

JR. HERD— I, Hilliker; 2, Turner; 3.
Hume.

CALF HERD— I. Turner: 2, Hilliker:
3. Hume.

GET OF SIRE— I and 3. Turner: 2.
Hume.

PRODUCE OF COW— r, Hume: 2.
Turner : 3. Hilliker.

Jerseys

CAXADIAX XATIOXAL

AGED BULL— I and 4, R. J. Fleming,
on Clvptha's Majesty, and Calendar ;

2. R. H. Bull & Son, on Sultan's
Raleigh ; 3, Herbert Colton, on
Brampton Mayor Lisa.

BULL. Two Years Old — i. 3 and 4,
Bull, on Brampton Burma Knight.
Brampton Golden X'oble and Bramp-
ton Royal Favor ; 2, Fleming, on
Clvptha's Knight.

YEARLIXG BULL— I, 2 and 4. Bull,
on Brampton Rochette's Heir. Bramp-
ton Bright Don and Brampton Bright
Boy; 3. Colton. on Brampton Gam-
boge Prince.

BULL, SR. CALF— I, 2 and 4, Bull,
on Brampton Radiator, Brampton
Astor, and Brampton Stockwell Boy;

3. Fleming, on Hermoine's Warrior.
BULL, JR. CALF— I, Bull, on Bramp-
ton Simeon ; 2, Fleming, on Lecnidas
of Meadowbrook; 3, Colten, on
Brampton Beresford.

GD. CHAMPIOX BULL— Brampton
Burina Knight.

JR. CHAMPIOX BULL— Brampton
Rochette's Heir.

COW, Four Years Old and Over, in
Milk — I, 2 and 4, Bull, on Brampton
Vixen, Brampton Patricia and
Brampton Marcia: 3, Fleming, bn
Belle of Jersey.

COW, Three Years Old. in Mflk- 1 and
2. Bull, on Brampton Judy's Sultan
and Brampton Dandy Dear : 3, Flem-
ing, on Carnation Best; 4, Colton, on
Brampton Weld Queen.

COW, Three Years Old and Over, in
Calf, Xot Milking— I and 4, Bull, on

Brampton Lady Alice, and Brampton
Faithful : 2 and 3, Fleming, on
Evelyne anrl rnmKination's Dark
Buttercup.

HEIFER, Tw.. j.^ai_- — I, Fleming, on
.A-Urea's Pride ; 2 and 3, Bull, on
Brampton Bess Bevan^ and Brampton
Stoclavell Rose : 4, Colton, on Bramp-
ton Lady Keggan.

HEIFER. SR. YEARLIXG— I, Xichols.
on Mabel's Poet's , Snowdrop ; 2.
Fleming, on Syra's Patrician ; 3 and
4, Bull, on Brampton Canadian Rose,
and Brampton Athletic Girl.

HEIFER. JR. YEARLIXG— I and 3.
Bull, on Brarripton Majorie H., and
Brampton Stockwell Fern ; 2 and 4,
Fleming, on Oxford Brightness of
Oaklands and Violet of ileadow-
brook.

HEIFER. SR. CALF— I and 2, Bull, on
Brampton Silver Beach, and Brampton
Dark Rose : 3 and 4, Fleming, on
Kardista of Meadowbrook, and Lady
Love of Meadowbrook.

HEIFER, JR. CALF— I and 3, Flem-
ing, on Clyptha 3rd of Meadowbrook.
and Fairy's Cowslip o fMeadow-
brook; 2, Bull, on Bjampton Silver
Victress.

SR. AXD GD. CHAMPIOX FEMALE
— Brampton Vixen.

JR. CHAMPIOX FEMALE— Mabel's
Poet's Snowdrop.

GRADED HERD— I and 3, Bull: 2
and 4. Fleming.

JR. HERD— I and 3, Bull: 2 and 4.
Fleming.

THREE AXIMALS. Get of One Sire
— I. Fleming: 2. 3 and 4, Bull.

320

CANADIAN FARM YEAR BOOK.

TWO ANIMALS, Progeny of One
Cow, Progeny Owned by Exhibitor — i
and 3, Fleming; 2 and 4, Bull.

CALGARY (Summer Fair)
BULL, Three Years or Over — i, Bramp-
ton Sir Roblin, B. H. Bull & Sons;
2, Dolly Fox, Harper & Sons ; 3, Pet's
Kentucky Wonder, Hraper.
BULL, Two Years — i, Brampton High
Ferns Noble, Bull; 2, Harper; 3,
Dentonias Butter Boy, E. W. Shen-
field.
BULL, JR. YEARLING— I, Harper;

2, Brampton Conscript, Bull ; 3, Al-
berta Chief Shenfield.

BULL CALF, SR.— i, Brampton
Bright Togo, Bull ; 2, Brampton.
Royal Combine, Bull ; 3, Brampton
Safety Shot, Bull.

BULL CALF, JR.— i, Brampton Blue
Boy, Bull; 2, Harper; 3, Bowden Blue
F. Jolly, Shenfield.

CHAMPION BULL— Brampton High
Ferns Noble.

COW, Four Years and Over — i, Bramp-
ton Marcia, Bull ; 2, Brampton Bright
Lass, Bull; 3, Harper; 4, Effie's Rose,
Bull. " ■

COW, Three Years — i, Brampton
Othello Queen, Bull; 2, Harper; 3,
Brampton Wild Queen, Bull ; 4, But-
ter Cup, Shenfield.

HEIFER, Two Years — i, Brampton
Amelia, Bull ; 2, Harper ; 3, Harper.

HEIFER, SR. YEARLING— I, Bramp-
ton Tiddy Agatha, Bull ; 2, Harper ;

3, Brampton Trim Princess, Bull ; 4,
Harper. .

HEIFER, JR. YEARLING— I, Lily of
Woodview, Bull ; 2, Brampton Pretty
Cora, Bull ; 3, Queen of Dentonia,
Shenfield; 4, Helen of Alberta, Shen-
field.

SR- HEIFER CALF— I, Brampton
Bright Mary, Bull; 2, Brampton Nel-
lie, Bull ; 3, Bowden Chief, Shenfield.

JR. HEIFER CALF— Brampton Bright
Polly, Bull;' 2, Henty of Bowden,
. Shenfield ; 3, Dentonia's Lassie, Shen-
field.

HERD BULL AND FOUR FEMALES
— I, Bull ; 2, Harper.

CHAMPION FEMALE — Brampton
Amelia.

lendar; 2, B. H. Bull & Sons, on Sul-
tan's Raleigh.

BULL, Two Years — i and 3, Bull, on
Bfampton Burma Knight and Bramp-
ton Golden Noble ; 2, Fleming, on
Clyptha's Knight.

YEARLING BULL— I, 2 and 3, Bull,
on Brampton Rochette's Heir, Bramp-
ton Bright Boy, and Brampton Hazel
Lad; 4, Jas. W. Pyke, on Lord To-
rono.

BULL, SR. CALF— I and 4, Bull, on
Brampton Radiator, and Brampton
Stockwell Boy; 2 and 3, Fleming, on
Hermione's Warrior and Shylock of
Meadowbrook.

BULL, JR. CALF— I and 3, Fleming,
-on Leonidas of Meadowbrook, and
Cleon of Meadowbrook ; 2, Bull, on
Brampton Simeon.

CHAAIPION BULL— Brampton Ro-
chelle's Heir.

AGED COW — I and 3, Fleming, on
Combination Dark Buttercup and
Evelyn ; 2, 4 and 5, Bull, on Bramp-
ton Patricia, Brampton Marcia and
Maitland's B.

COW, Three Years — i and 2, Bull, on
Brampton Judy's Sultanna and
Brampton Dandy Dear; 3 and 4,
Fleming, on Carnation Bess, and My
Brunette loth.

HEIFER, Two Years— i and 3, Bull,
on Brampton Bess Bevan and Bramp-
ton Bright Annie ; 2 and 4, Fleming,
on Aurea's Pride and Atora.

HEIFER, One Year — i and 3, Fleming,
on Syra's Patrician and Oxford
Brightness; 2, Bull, on Brampton
Stockwell Fern.

HEIFER, SR. CALF— I and 2, Bull,
on Brampton Silver Beach and
Brampton Dark Rose; 3, Fleming, on
Lady's Dove.

HEIFER, JR. CALF— I, Bull, on
Brampton Bright Blanche ; 2 and 3,
Fleming, on Clyptha's 3rd, and Fairy's
Cowslip.

CHAMPION FEMALE— Fleming, on
Combination Dark Buttercup.

HERD, One Bull and Four Females,
Over One Year — i. Bull; 2, Fleming.

LONDON

CENTRAL CANADA, 1915
AGED BULLS— I and 3, R- J- Flem-
ing, on Clyptha's Majesty and Cal-

BULL, AGED— I. B. H. Bull & Son,
on Fern's Noble.

BULL, Two Years— I, Bull, on Royal
Favorite ; 2, Jno. Pringle, on Oak-
land's Noble Eminent; 3, Bull.

LIVE STOCK DIRECTORY.

321

BULL, Eighteen Months— i. Bull; 2,
Mrs. Lawrence.

BULL, Twelve jNIonths— i and 2, Bull;
3, \\'. H. Robinson ; 4, Mrs. Law-
rence.

BULL, Six Months — i, 3 and 4. Pringle ;
2. Bull.

SR. CHAMPION— Bull, on Royal
Favorite.

JR. AND GR. CHAMPION— Bull, on
Brampton Bright Dot.

COW, AGED— I and 4. Pringle, on
Vixen and Happiness; 2 and 3, Bull,
on Bramptoi. Remembrance, and
Macosta.

COW". AGED. DRY— I. Bull, on Rosy
Scarboro ; 2 and 3, Pringle, on Ox-
ford Jetsam and Her Ladyship : 4,
Bull.

COW, Three Years— i. H. A. Little, on
Autatone : 2 and 4, Pringle. on Faith-
ful and Mayoress ; 3. Bull.

COW, Three Years. Dry — i and 2,
Pringle, on Seaside Lass, and Lady
Aldan.

HEIFER, Two Years, in Milk — i, 3 and
4, Pringle. on Lady Aldafi A, Bright
Granddaughter and Etty ; 2, H. A.
Little, on Pallas Fancy.

HEIFER, Two Years, Dry — i and 2.
Pringle: 3, Bull.

HEIFER, Eighteen Months — r and 4,
Bull ; 2 and 3, Pringle.

HEIFER. Twelve Months— i, Pringle;
2 and 3, Bull.

HEIFER. Six Months— i and 4, Bull;
2 and 3, Pringle.

CALF. Under Six Months — i and 4,
Bull: 2 and 3, Pringle.

SR. AND GRAND CHAMPION FE-
MALE— Pringle. on Vixen.

JR. CHAMPION— Pringle.- on Mar
jorie.

AGED HERD— I, Pringle: 2, Bull.

YOUNG HERD— I. Bull: 2. Pringle.

GET OF SIRE— I, Bull; 2, Pringle.

PROGENY OF COW— t, Pringle: 2,
Bull.

Spray Mixtures in Smsdl Quantities

Bordeaux Mixture

Kerosene Emulsion
(Dilute 1 to 15 or
20)

Ammoniacal Copper
Carbonate

Arsenate of Lead

Paris Green

Pyrethrum in Water

Poisoned Bran Mash

INGREDIENT

STAND.^RIl
FORMULA

REDUCED
FORMULA

Quicklime

Copper Sulphate

(Crystals)
Water

Kerosene ...

Water

Hard Soap.

4 pounds
4 pounds

50 gallons
2 gallons...

1 gallon

Y2 pound...

1 y2 tablespoons.
1 tablespoon.

4 quarts.

I 1 pint.
Vi pint.
1 cubic inch.

Copper Carbonate.

Ammonia

Water

6 ounces ..
3 pints ...
50 gallons

Lead Arsenate

(Paste)

Water (or Bordeaux
Mixture) ;

Paris Green

Water (or Bordeaiuxi
Mixture) j

Quicklime (Unneces-
sary if Bordeaux is
used)

3 to 20 pounds (ac-
cording to plant)
100 gallons

1 pound

200 to 300 gallons.

2 teaspoons.
-2 fluid ounces.
2 gallons.

2 pounds

1 tablespoon.
1 gallon

1 teaspoon.
3 gallons.

3 teaspoons.

Pyrethrum Powder ...I

Water (Warm) I

Bran, Middlings (or;

Coarse Flour)

Molasses ^

Paris Green .*

Water i

1 ounce i 1 teaspoon.

2 to 3 gallons j 2 quarts.

50 pounds 1 quart.

2 quarts \ 1 tablespoon.

Ipound .....1 I teaspoon.

To make a paste.'.: ^ 1 cup.

GENERAL INDEX

A

Aberdeen-Angus Directory 307

Acts, Ditches, Watercourses 42

Additional Territory 3

Advantage of Round Barn 228

African Geese 197

Age of Cattle 151

Age of Eggs 189

Age of Horse 149

Age of Plants 61

Age of Sheep 151

Age of Slaughter 151

Agricultural Colleges 289

Agricultural Statistics 257-275

Aid to Agriculture 5

Alberta Crops and Live Stock 270,274

Alfalfa 26

Alfalfa for Hogs 110

Alsike 26

Animal Diseases and Remedies 159-161

Animals at Rest 148

Annual Flowers 51, 52, 53, 57

Anoyne 155

Anti-pain for Ewese 157

Aperient Draught 155

Aphis Com 74

Api^endicitis, to prevent 214

Apple Packing 63

Apple Tree Borer 64

Area and Yield Canadian Crops 260-273

Areas of Wehat in N. W 275

Arrangement of Kitchen 199

Arrowroot 217

Artificial Fertilizers 35 to 40

Asparagus 49

Artificial Incubator 185

Ayrshire Winners 316

Automobile on Farm 255

B

Babcock Test 171-173

Bad Flavor in Milk 177

Baked Milk 217

Baking Foods 213

Baking, Time For 213

Balanced Ration 84, 184

Balanced Supply 19

Barley 35

Barley Water 217

Bam Construction 226, 227, 228

Beans 35, 49, 67, 74

Bearing Age Fruit 61

Beds and Bedding 210

Beef Essence 217

Beef Rations 89

Beef Tea 217

Beet Pulp 101

Beets 29

Beneficial Insects 38, 49, 61

Berkshire Registrations 130

Biennial Flowers 53, 54, 57

Black East Duck 195

Black Slug 75

Blanching 58

Blankets, Cleaning of » 202

Bleaching 201

Bleeding, to Stop 241

Blistering 154

Blue Bottle 51

Bonds For Farmers 14, 15

Bone Meal ^2

Bordeaux Mixture 69

Boudon Cheese 1?3

Bowel Trouble 189

Bran 96

Breeding, Principles of 162

Breed Characters 95

Breeding Tables 134 to 145

Brewers Grains 102

Brooder 186

Brussel Sprouts 49

Buckwheat 29

Budding ._^ 55

Buildings for Poultry 192

Bulbs 58

Butter Production 177

Burns and Scalds 214

Butter Test 170

Buying Feeds 89, 96

Buying of Fertilizer 39

C.

Cabbage 36, 49

Cabinet of Canada 5

Calculating Manure 38

Caloric 83

Cambridge Cheese 181

Camphor 214

Canada 3

Canadian-bred Clydesdale Winnsre 292

Canadian Crops 257

Canadian Government 5

Canadian Records 116, to 128

Candling Eggs 189

Canker 189

Capacity of Silos 239

Carbohydrates 83

Carbon 83

Care of Eggs 186

Care fo Poultry . . . . —r, 187

Can-ots 107

Cattle 49

Cattle Registration 125 to 129

Cauliflower 40, 61

Cayuga Ducks 195

Celery 49

Certified Milk 180

Chatillions Scale 171

Cheese 181-183

Cherry Spray % 64

Chick Feeding 186, 196

Chicken Mite 189

Chrysanthemums _• ^*' ^5

Churning 176, 178

Clarified Milk 180

Classification of Soils 17

Climate \°

Clover Crop 26

Clover Weasel 74

Clydesdale Winners at Fairs - . 292

Colds, Hens 189

Colony House 19-

Colorada Potatoe Beatle '6

Commercial Concentrates ..100, 101, 102, 103

Commercial Fertilizers 32, 40, 76

Comparative Yields of Crops ^''^'^"A

Composition of Manure 38

Compost °*

Concentrates °°

Concrete f ? '

Condensed Milk 180

Condimental Foods 96

Constipation 159

Constituents of Food 88

Contagious Abortion 108

Contents of Tanks • 243

Corn Field 35, i4

GENERAL INDEX.

323

49

62

239

41

.239, 240

Corn, Sweet

Cost of Cover Crop .

Cost Data

Cost of Drainage ...
Cost of Production ...

C' ?: of Running Engin&j 249

us 201

-.ton Seed Meal 102

Cover Crops 62

Cow Peas .-. 62

Cow Testing . .' 173

Crate Testing 173

Cream Fattening ... 193

Cream Seperator 176

Cream Testing 177

Cress 61

Crops for Ontario 23

Crops of Provinces 262-273

Crop Rotation 22

Crops to Soils 26

Cross Breading 164-165

Cucumber 49, 61

C\irb , 147

Currants, Spray iFor 66

Cuttings 59

D

Daily Dairy .C^^^^:- 173

Dairy Cattle Registration 125-127

Dairy Equipment Cost 184

Dairy Rations 184

Dairy Tests at Fairs 284

Decidious 56

Depreciation in Value 247

Determination of Sex .... 162

Diagonal Pack 63

Diarrhea in Hens 189

Digestibility 83

Digestion 83

Direct Fertilizers . . 40

Diseases of .A.nimals 159-161

Dish Mop Duster 212

Disinfectants 70

Distance of Planting

Ditches and Watercourses Act 42

Division, 58

Dominion Agriculture 5

Dominion of Canada 3

Double Cream Cheese 181

Draft of Plows 18

Drainage 41 to 53. 58

Drainage, Cost of 41

Drilling 59

Ducks 19, 51. 96

Dynamite 80

Ear Ache 214

Early Vegetables 49, 60, 60

Economy of Labcu- 199

Egg Candling 189

Egg Plant 49

Egg Pi-oductlon 187, 194

EgTK Testing 189

V- -; Records . 190-191

'■.:^j-'. to Set . . 186

i;!.^ii=h Breeds 185

Endive 49, 61

Ewes Feeding 98

Evergreens 55

Everlasting Flowers 67

Eye Lotion 155

F 3EET-\OI

> . or of Safety 256

i : ■- on Crops 10

F; 1 Buildings 219, 240

P'arm Climate 18

Farm Dairy 171

Farm Drainage 41 to 53

Farm Implements Cost 247

Farm Live Stock, Numbers of 274

Farm Motor , . 255

Farm Poultry . . 185

Farmers Best Vegetables 49

Fat 83

Fat Tests 176

Fattening Crops 193

Feeding Margin 109

Feed Ratios 108

Feeding Hogs 108

Feeding 59. 83. 89. 96

Feeding Period 110

Feeding Standards 85 to 87

Feeding Tables 88

Feeds, etc ;

Feeds for Horse 103, 105

Feeds, Selection 96

Fees for Registration 116, 133

Fence Building 233

Fertilizer . . 32 to 40, 76

Fertiliser Direct 40

Fertilizer Indirect 40

Field Crops of Canada 257

Field Peas 37, 49, 61

Figuring Milk Returns 174

Flax 36. 259

Flaxseed 217

Flaxseed Oil 160

Flax Beetle 76

Floor Space for Hens 198

Floor Treatment T. 199

Flowers, Planting Table 51

Food Value of Milk 180

Foot Rot of Sheep 160

Forcing 59

Fowl Cooking 213

Frames, Hot and Cold 59

Fruit, Bearing Year of 61

Function of Foods ... 82

Fungicides 68, 69

Furnaces 207

Furniture Polish 214

Furniture Stain 214

G

Gain of Steers 90

Game Laws 11-14

Gapes 189

Garden 45 to 55

Garden Tools 57

Gasoline Engine 246. 248

Geese 197

Germination of Seeds 61

Germination Temperature 61

Gervais Cheese 18I

Glue and Ferns 217

Government of Canada 5

Grading 162. 163, 164

Grading the Herd 90

Grafting Wax 63

Grain Crops 257

Grape Spray 54

Grasses io7

Gray Wild Geese 197

Green Liniment 154

Grouping Buildings 219

Growing Season 19

H

Hardy Flowers 57

Harmonies 55

Hay Feed , '. .88-103

Heat 207

Hen Houses 188, 192, 193

Hereford Fair Winners 304

Heredity 168

Herd Register 92-93

High Churning Temperature 176

Hints for Kitchen 199, 216

Hints to Packers 63

Hog Feeds \ 108

Holidays, Ihiblic g. 9

Holstein Fair Winners 310

324

GENERAL INDEX.

Holstein Recording 128

Home-made Soap 201

Home Water Supply 252

Horse Feeding 103, 105

Horse Diseases and Remedies 153, 161

Horse Power 245, 251

Horse Power Costs 249

Horse Pow^r, Gasoline 249

Horse Power, Steam Engine 245

Horse Registrations 116 tol25

Horse Unsoundness 146 to 148

Hot Air Heating 207

Hot Water Heating 209

House for Hens 198

Household 199

I

Ice-House 178-182

Illuminating Gas Engine 244

Implement Shed 219

Imbreeding 166-168

Incubation 185

Indian Runner Duck 196

Indigestion . . . 159

Indirect Fertilizers 40

Individual Threshers 252

Inflammation of Udder 160

Influence of Feed .' 183

Injurious Insects 74, 75, 76

Investments for Farmers 15

Insects 62, 74, 55, 76

Insecticides 68, 69

Irrigation Data 253

J ^

Jersey Fair Winners 319

Jewelry, To Clean 216

K

Kalsomining Walls 200

Kerosene Emulsion 68

Kitchen, The 199

Kitchen Hints 199. 200

Kohl Rabi 49

Koumiss 180

L

Labels Plant 57

Laminites . . 148

Laundry 201

Lawns 5"

Laxative Medicine 155

Leaf Molds 59

Leak 49, 61

Lice on Chickens 189

Life of Seeds 61

Lightning Rods 235

Lime 35

Lime and Sulphur 68, 69

Line Breeding 165

Liniments 153

Linseed 101. 107

Live Stock 83, 273

Live Stock Directory 285

Live Stock of Provinces 273

Loam 57

Location of Buildings 219

M

Machine Ditching 43, 44

Maggots in Sheep

Malted Hilk 180

Mange 153

Mangel Fly 75

Manitoba Crops and Live Stock 262 to 273

Manure Carrier 228

Margin Feeding 109

Marketing Eggs 189

Mating Birds 19B

Mattresses 212

Measures 213

Meats, Cooking 21 :;

Melon 38, 49, 61

Meddlings 98

Milk Powder 180

Milk Records 172

Milk Sample 171

Milk Yields 170

Milking Hours 108

Milking Shorthorns 115

Mineral Matters 19

Mixing Fertilizer 32

Modern Stables 220-1

Moisture 20

Modified Milk 180

Molasses Feed 100

Mouldy Feed 103

Moulding Up 59

Mowing Lawns 58

Mulches 20, 55

Mulled Buttermilk 217

Muscovy Ducks 195

Mustard 61

Mutton Carcase 157

N

Natural Incubation 185

Nature of Soil 5

Navicular Diseases 148

Nitrate of Soda 40

Nitrogen '. 18

Nova Scotia Crops 263

Noxious Weeds 78, 81

Number of Farm Live Stock 259

Nutritive Ratio 84

O

Oats 35

Oat Grass 29

Oats and Peas 29

Objects of Tillage 17

Oil Concrete 237

Onions 37, 49

Ontario Crops and Live Stock 266, 275

Ontario Game Laws 11

Orchard 37, 45, 62

Orchard Grass .' 29

Orchard Insects .-. 62

Orchid 66

Organ, Care of , 205

Oven Temperatui-e

P

Packers' Hints .- 63

Packing Apples 63

Paint Stains 214

Paints, Mixing 201, 230

Parsnips 49

Pastures 22

Pasteurized Milk 180

Pasteurization 177

Peach Spray 64

Peas 37, 49, 61

Pea Weavil 75

Peat 59

Peppers 50

Peptonized Milk 180

Percheron, Winners at Fairs 297

Perennial Flowers 52

Phosphoric Acid 21

Piano, Care of 205

Pigs Feed 108, 110

Plant Food 20

Planting Table Flowers 51

Plants and Milk 177

Plants per Acre 62

Plows, Kinds of 17

Plum Spray 64

Plowing 17. 18

Poland China Registrations 131

Poor Layers. Identifying 194

Potash 35

GENERAL INDEX.

325

Potatoes .35. 50, 76

Poultry Breeds . .185

Poultr>- Building . 192

Poultry Feeds . . .195

Powder for Hens 186

Power to Run Machinery 260

Preparation of Soil 60

Principles of Breeding 162-170

Proportions, Table of .....^..... 214

Protein 83

Provincial Governments 6

Pruning 59

Public Holidays 8. 9

Pumpkin 50, 61

Pure Bred .168

Purgative 155

Pyrethnim Powder 68

Quality of Butter
Qualities of Seed
Quarter Crack . . . .

Quebec Crops

Quebec, Province of

Q

177

29

148

256

7

Rabies . . .161

Radish 50, 61

Rations . . .. , , 89, 196

Rations to Balance 84

Re*.-eipt3 for Removing Stains 215

Rectangular Barn 227

Records, Milk 115

Records. Books of .~ 116 to 133

Red Spider 75

Red Top 29

Registration of Live Stock 1 16-133

Remedies for Sheep 15*. 157

Removing Stains '215, 216

Renovating Trees 55

Rhubarb ...... .60

Ringbone 146

Ringworm 153

Ripening Cream 178

Rock Garden 60

Roofing 228, 229

Room. Plants 55

Roasts 187

Root Crops 258

Roots versus Ensilage 89, 98

Relation of Crops
Rouen Ducks . . .

Roughage

Roup . . .
Rutabaga . .
Rye

Purgative

hewan Associations

^asK.^iichewan Crops 269, 273,

Saskatchewan Live Stock

Seasonable Hints

Seed Selection

Seeds, Life of

Selection of Poultry

Selection of Feeding Stuffs

Scales for Milk

Scion »

Score Card, Beef Cattle . .

Score Card, Sheep

Score Card. Swine

Scrub Herd Grading .

Seed per Acre

Separator

Septic Tank .~

Set Color

Sheep Barns

Sheep Breeding .

Sheep Rations ... 89

22
195

88

189

50

, 36

155

60
289
274
275

45

28

61
185

96
171

46
112
113
111

90

29
175^
237
214
226

89

98

Sheep Registrations 132, 133

Sheep Remedies 1 56, 157

Sheep Selection 89

Sheet Metal Buildings ■«• 224

Shingles 222, 224, 231

Shingling 231

Shire "Winners 299

Shorthorn, Fair Winners 285

Shrubs 66

Sick People 21"

Side Bone . 14"

Silo

Sitting Hen> > •

Eize of Tile 43

Sled Com Harvester 226

Soap, Home-Made 201

Soils and Crop.s 17
Soil Moisture ... .20

Soil Mulches 20

Soils. 17, 60

Sores

Soup Stock . . .
Sowing Seeds

Soy Beans

Spawning . . ..

Spinach

Splints . .'.,^..
Spray Calendar

Spraying

Squash

161

.. 214

61

35

60

49

. 147

-.64-67
64, 73

.49, 61

Stable Equipment 220, 221

Stains, to Remove 215, 216

Standard Milk 179

Statistics - "

Steam _ ;

Steam Engines . . .

Steam Heat

Steel Frame Barn
Steers, Gain of ...
Sterilized Milk . . .

Stiff Joint

Stock Foods

Stock Breeders' Tables 134

Stockers, Feeding of 109

Strangles 154

Strawberries 66

Strength of Materials 256

Strengtl* of Ropes 256

Stumping Land 30

Suffocation 161

Sugar Beets 29

Sulphate of Amonia 32

Sulphur Ointment 153

Summer Vegetable? 49

Sunflower. 51

Survey •,'

Sustenance for Sick

Sweet Clover

Swine, Rations ^v■^

Swine, Registrations .. 29-133

Swiss Chard 49

Syringing 51

209

90
180
153

96

Table of Breed Characters

9.5

Tables of Measure

. 2U

Tamworth, Resristrations ...

131

Taint in Milk and Cream . .

177

Teeth of Horse

149

Telephone, The Rural

204

Temperature for Churning

176

Tennis, Lawn

Testing Cows . .

183

Testing Cream . .

176

Testing Eggs ...

189

That Reminds me

45

Things Worth Knowing

21'

Thinning Plants

60

Thoropin

147

Tile for Drain . .

43

Tillage

17

326

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.

Tilth of Soils 17

Time of Baking 212

Time to Germinate 61

Time to Plow 18

Timothy 29

Tomatoe 49, 50

Toast Water 217

Tobacco 38, 52, 68, 259

Tonic Powder 155

Top Dressing 37

Transplanting 55

Trees per Acre 62

Trenching 59

Truck Fertilizers 36

Tuberculosis 161

Turf for Lawn 57

Turkeys 195, 196

Turnip 29, 50

Turpentine Liniment 153

Tying up Trees 56

U

Udder Inflammation 153, 160

Ulcers 156

Useful Hints 216

Useful Insects 62

Utensils, Kitchen 199

V

Value of Canadian Crops 258

Value of Farm Products 257

Varnish 230

Varieties of Geese 197

Varieties of Turkeys 195

Vegetables 49, 50, 60, 61

Ventilation 231, 241

Vetch 29

Veterinary 153-161

W

Wall Paper, Cleaning 201

Walls 199

Washing Fluid 201

Washing Machines 202, 203

Wasp Nests 58

Water 55, 89. 234

Water in Soil 20

Water Power 252

Water System for House 252

Weather 18

Weeds 78 to 81

Weight Scales 242

Weighing Milk 171

Whale Oil Soap 68

What Crops Tell 54

Wheat 257

Wheat Concentrates 96

Wheat Yields, Canada 260

Wheat, Surplus 259

White Call Duck 195

White Emblem Geese 197

White Grubs 76

White Lotion 165

Whitewash 200

Who's Who in Agriculture 277-284

Winners at Fairs 277-321

Wintering Sheep 89

Wire Worms 84

Wolff's Standards 85 to 87

Woolens, Cleaning 201, 202

Wound Liniment 153

Y

Yields of Crops 257-275

Yields, Wheat 260

Yorkshire Swine Registrations 130

Index to Advertisers

A

Alberta Government 99

Atlantic Sugar Refineries Ltd 212

B

Bissel, T. K, Co 239

Bruce, J. A., and Co 50

C

Canada Cement Co , 238

Canada Starch Co 202

Canadian Explosives Ltd 31

Canadian Fairbanks Morse 244

Canadian Fertilizer Co 19

Canadian Ind. Telephone Co 2

Canadian Salt Co 216

Clydesdale Horse Association 104

Cockshutt Plow Co 16

Connor, J. H., and Son 203

Cumback, R. 0 255

Cummer Dowswell 205

D

Dominion Explosives Ltd 34

Dominion Cartridge So. 12

F

Farm Press Ltd 21, 23, 67, 107, 136. 146

Fleming. R. J 276

Fleury & Sons 18

G

Gooderham Gordon 131

Gould. Shapley & Muir 253

L

Lister, R. A.. & Co Inside Front Cover

M

Massey-Harris 24. 150, 173, 247

Metalic Roofing Co 223

Newcombe Piano Co 205

Niagara Brand Spray Co 72, 73

Northern Electric Co 218

O

Ontario Fertilizer Co 27

Ontario Government 82

Ontario Wind Engine & Pump Co 251

Osier, E. F 94

Pedlar People Inside Back Cover, 47

Premier Cream Seiiarator Co 174

Renfrew Machinery Co Back Cover

Rennie, William, Co., Ltd 45

Standard Reliance Mortgasie Corp 286

Standard Tube & Fence Co 235

Steele Briggs Co., Ltd 54

Swift Canadian Co 33

U

Union Stock Yards 169

W

Western Canada Flour Mills
Williams Piano , Co

215
206

Zenner Manufacturing Co 158

Dairy Test at Guelph, Ont. 1915

All post office addresses are Ontario unless otherwise stated.

Lbs. of % Total

Name of Cow Owner Milk. Fat. Points
rlOLSTEINS

Highland Ladoga Mercena— Jas. Currie, Mount Elgin 257.4 3.6 298.8

Maud Snowball— \V. H. Cherry, Hagersville 231.1 j^-j 276.8

Korndvke Abberkerk Pauline— Rettie Bros., Burgessville. . 2154 4. 274.3

Pauline Colantha Posch— A. E. Hulet, Norwich 221.2 3.7 248.9

Ladoga .\da Veeman— A. E. Hulet. Norwich 214.8 3-7 258.9

Cow, 36 Months and Under 48 Months

Colantha Butter Girl (champion)— ^L H. Haley, Springford 187.4 5-3 302.1

Pontiac Atlas Francy— Rettie Bros 183.2 4.2 242.7

Favorite Beauty Posch— W. H. Cherry. Hagersville .... 185.9 3.8 230.2

Nancy Burton Posch— ^L L. Haley, Springford 205. Z-Z 221.8

Bessie Bella Banks— Fred W. Lea. Springford 192.8 34 215.7

Cow. 36 Months

Fayne Segis DeKol— R. ^L Holtby, Port Perr>- 199.9 ZZ 217.9

Daisy Fayne 2nd — ^L H. Haley, Springford 1664 4. 210.

Calamity Conucopia — ^L McDowell, Oxford Centre 148.8 3.9 186.8

Princess Francy "Posch — Rettie Bros 133-9 4-3 180.6

Presulla Sarcastic— \V. H. Cherry, Hagersville 138.6. 4. 179.6

Lady Kergis Mercena — A. E. Hulet, Norwich 147-2 3.t i?i.7

Bonnie Stapel Echo — Hiram Dyment, Dundas '' ' - :

SHORTHORNS
Cows

Royal Princess — T. W. Jack- :\ \\'ood-toc'

Jysey — .A. Stevenson, Attwe
Heifer. Under 36 Months

Butterfly Rose (second prize) — J. W . Jackson. Woodstock..

Kelly Queen (third prize) — Jno. Kelly. Shakespeare

AYRSHIRES
Cows

Lady Jane — A. S. Turner & Son, Ryckman's Comers

Dewdrop of Marie — Wm. Stewart. Campbellford

Scotia's Nancy 2nd — Jno. McKee. Norwich

Glenshamrock Canty Again — A. Hume & Co rsmnVifUfnrd

Spicy Lass — Alex. Hume & Co.. Campbellfor

Whitehill Whiterose 3rd — .A. S. Turner .

Violet Craigielea — H. C. Hammil, Markham

Heifer, 36 ffloNTHS and Under 48 Months

Gem of Craigielea — H. C. Hammil, Markham

Queen Jessie of Brookside — Jno. McKee. Norwich

.'^pick of Springbank 2nd — Jno. McKee. Norwich

Douglas Scottie Sarah — Jno. McKee. Norwich

Brighton Brae Tina 2nd — ^^1. Dyment. Brantford

Heifer, Under 36 Months

Susanna Evergreen — E. B. Palmer. Norwicr

Blue Bell Craigielea— H. C. Hammil

Brierye Craigielea — H. C. Hammil

Dairymaid of Hickory Hill — N. -Dyment

Lady Jewel of Springbank — A. S. Turner

Queen — F. H. Harris. Mount Elgin

JERSEYS

Cows
Rioter's Peony — Ira Nicols, ^\'oodstock . 11 161.9

Heifer, 36 Months and Under 48 Months

Flora Glen Boyle — D. .A. Boyle. Woodstoc' 11 1.9 5.1 179.3

Sunny Brae's Ruba — Ira Nicols, Woodstoc! 90.9 5.2 1.^4.5

;6

217.6
00.2

80. i

4.1

99.1

74-1

4-1

99.1

1944

4-2

262.2

152.7

4-8

224.9

152.I

4.7

223.3

t6i.t

44

222.3

170.4

4-1

220.2

\(^2.n

4.2

216.

124.9

39

157-9

1304

3-7

156.3

1 1 2.9

44

154.7

1 10.4

4.2

142.1

109.4

3-8

1.^6.4

147.6

4-3

197. 1

141.2

4-3

192.4

121.2

4-3

164.7

128.2

3-9

161. 4

124.

.r9

156.4

1124

39

144-2

Table of Weights and Measures.

Weights and Measures
Imperial Measures of Capacity.

5 ounces of water 1 giU

« gills 1 pint

2 pints 1 quart

4 quarts 1 gallon

2 gallons 1 Peck

A pecks 1 bushel

English Linear

12 inches equals 1 ft.

3 feet equals 1 yd.

5^ yards equals 1 rod

16K feet equals 1 rod

320 rods equals 1 mile

5280 feet equals 1 mile

1760 yards equals 1 mile

Surface or Square

144 sq. in equals 1 sq. ft.

9 sq. ft equals 1 sq. yd.

30>< sq. yds equals 1 sq. rod

272>i sq. ft equals 1 sq. rod

160 sq. rods. ; equals 1 acre

4840 sq. yds equals 1 acre

43,560 sq. feet equals 1 acre

640 acres .equals 1 sq. mile

Volume or Cubic

8728 cu. in equals 1 cu. ft.

9l cu. in equals 1 cu. yd.

4 cord wood. . . .equals a pile 4x4x8 ft —

128 CU; ft.

1 perch masonry equals a pile 16>^xl >^xl

ft— 24K cu. ft.

Liquid

4 gills equal 1 pint

2 pints equal 1 quart

4 quarts equal 1 gallon (U.S. 231 cu.

in.)
4 quarts equal 1 gallon (Eng. 277.27

cu. in.)
Siyi gallons equal 1 barrel
2 barrels. . . .equal 1 hogshead
63 gallons . . equal 1 hogshead
2 hogsheads, equal 1 pipe or butt

Dry

2 pints equal 1 quart

8 quarts equal 1 peck

4 pecks equal 1 bushel

1 bushel equal 2150.42 cu. in.

Commercial

437.5 grains equi.1 1 ounce-

oz.

16 ounces — (7000 grains) equal 1 pound

— lb.

28 pounds equal 1 quartei

— qtr.

4 quarters— (112 lbs.) equal 1 hundred

weight —
cwt.

20 cwt. (2240 lbs.) equal 1 long ton

2000 lbs equal 1 short

ton.

2204.6 lbs equal 1 metric

ton

Legal Weight in Dominion of Canada

Weight per bushel

Wheat 60

Oats 34

Barley 48

Rye 56

Buckwheat 49

Flax ....56

Indian Corn 56

Peas 60-

Beans 60

Beets 60

Carrots 60"

Eggs, IM lbs. per standard dozen.

Castor Beans 40

Clover Seed 60

Hemp Seed 44

Onions 50

Parsnips 60

Potatoes 60

Turnips.... 60

Timothy seed 48

Blue Grass Seed 14

Lime 70

Butuminous coal '0

Average Weights of One Peck Vege-
tables, Etc.

Apples 10 lbs.

Broad Beans 9 lbs.

Currants 14 lbs.

Green Peas 8 lbs

Gooseberries 14 lbs

Kidney Beans 10 lbs.

Onions 16 lbs.

Pears 12 bs.

Plums 14 bs.

Potatoes 14 jbs.

Raspberry 12 bs.

Strawberry 1;? }bs.

Swede Turnips 12 bs.

White Turnips 12 lbs.

I

'W^s^m

iV.'«.»«.'^ 'qB.'«.'«.'^.'^.'^.'^.'q'j'JL'qL'qL'VijviL'«.'qL»'^-i

.

!>!!. iiii

ITS GREATER STRENGTH-
ITS GREATER ROOMINESS-
ITS GREATER PROTECTION—

u AS made a profound impression on the whole
country. Farmers and Stock Men every-
where, with the determination to get the ut-
most in strength, convenience, protection and
economy, are this year erecting.

rEDLAR^

STEEL BRACE WAROIE PATtHT"

Strength?— Abundance ii(

it. L'n.vieldlng strength at
ever>' joint. See those Ped-
lar ■■ Wardle Patent " Steei
Braces set in snug to KvERV
iKist. Notice those double
sets of braces not on some
but KVEKV rafter, both at
ridge and hip. The Pedlar
Bam brings fanners a new
realization of dominant
strength that means years of
greater serrice.

Roomin*ss7-Just see that
clear, bmad sweep of space
from wall to wall and floor
ti> rot>f. Greater roominess
at every point. Perfect free-
dom in the hip. Krery inch
of space conrenientlj- us-
able. Your hay fork oper-
ates in either hip or in the
ridge, as you desire. TTial's
Pedlar roomines.s.

Protection? — Put your

confidence in protection such
as this. Protection from
weather, lightning, fire and
decay. Roofed with the big
generous sire "George" Steel
Shingles which lock tight on
all four sides into one com-
plete sheet of steel, or In 28
gauge "Perfect" Corrugated
GalTanized Iron. Wind nor
rain cannot get'beneaththem
to rot and decaj- your roof.
The walls are covered with
28 gauge corrugated iron.
Many other weather-proof
and wear-resisting features
and accessories exclusive
with the Pedlar Farm.
Think of enjoyingtbe Pedlar
Bam advantages for gener-
ations without the expense
of repaiis or changes '. And
at the cost of an ordinary
turn :

'rite to-day for free plans and
blue prints.
We will gladl.v send ynu wlihdiii
obliiration free working drawings of lh»^
Pedlar Steel Brace " Wardle Patent '
Bam. Write us to-da.v the sire of bam
.voH feel IS be't suited to your needs, and
free plans will follow immedialeiy.

The Pedlar People Limited *

(Established 1861)
Executive Office and Factories: Oshawa. Ont.
Branches: Montreal. Ottawa,
Toronto, London,
Winnipeg.

Every Canadian Farn

NEEDS THESE

... ...Ip increase the tarn:

bank accounr. Satisfactio:!

o-iiaranteed. Ask any user.

Catalogs free.

^he Renfrew Machinery Co,

Urnited.

Head d Works,

RENFREW ONTARiC

Canada.