Aquatic Invertebrate

Species of Concern on

USFS Northern Region Lands

Prepared for:

USDA Forest Service
Northern Region

By:

David M. Stagliano, George M. Stephens and Wilham R. Bosworth

Montana Natural Heritage Program

Natural Resource Information System

Montana State Library

and

Idaho Conservation Data Center
Idaho Department of Fish and Game

May 2007

MONTANA

Natural Heritage
Vtogram

Aquatic Invertebrate

Species of Concern on

USFS Northern Region Lands

Prepared for:

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region

P.O.Box 7669

Missoula, MT 59807

Agreement Number:
#05-CS-11015600-036

By:

David M. Stagliano', George M. Stephens- and William R. Bosworth-

' Montana Natural Heritage Program
PO. Box 201800 • 1515 East Sixth Avenue • Helena, MT 59620-1800

-Idaho Conservation Data Center

Idaho Department of Fish and Game

600 S. Walnut St. • Boise, ID 83712

MONTANA

Natufal Heritage
PfogKtm

Jl'^t^ 0!l"'j^'"' C.N:^^^^^/] //dtk MONTANA

^H T^tate A nn r "I *^, Natural Resource

^^ Library <J3DA ^SSr information System

© 2007 Montana Natural Heritage Program

RO. Box 201800 • 1515 East Sixth Avenue • Helena, MT 59620-1800 • 406-444-5354

This document should be cited as follows:

Stagliano, David, M., George M. Stephens and WiUiam R. Bosworth. 2007. Aquatic Inverte-
brate Species of Concern on USPS Northern Region Lands. Report to USDA Forest Service,
Northern Region. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana and Idaho Conservation
Data Center, Boise, Idaho. 95 pp. plus appendices.

ii

Executive Su m m a r y

Using prior published reports, the MT Natural
Heritage Program Species of Concern list, the
Idaho Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation
Strategy (CWCS) and the NatureServe Explorer
database as starting points, we compiled a list of 33
aquatic macroinvertebrate species likely to occur
within the U.S. Forest Service Northern Region
that were ranked as G1-G3 or T1-T3 in 2006,
thereby meeting USPS Species of Concern (SOC)
criteria, and one mussel taxon ranked Pier I in the
MP CPWSCS, thereby meeting USPS Species of
Interest (SOI) criteria. Subsequent to evaluating
habitat and occurrence data, many of these aquatic
invertebrate taxa proved to be peripheral to USPS
Northern Region lands and thus, would be of little
value to future management plans. Pherefore,
we pared the initial SOC list down to 19 species
and increased the SOI list to 27 species by adding
12 SOI from the Idaho CWCS and another 15
previously considered by MPNHP.

Phe number of documented aquatic invertebrate
SOC species distributed on the Region 1 Porests
were as follows: in MP, Beaverhead-Deerlodge
(4), Bitterroot (5), Custer (0), Plathead (6), Gallatin
(1), Helena (1), Kootenai (1), Lewis & Clark
(2), Lolo (12) and in ID, Clearwater (9), Idaho
Panhandle (1), Nez Perce (5), while the number
of documented aquatic invertebrate SOI species
is as follows: in MP, Beaverhead-Deerlodge (4),
Bitterroot (4), Custer (0), Plathead (7), Gallatin (1),
Helena (0), Kootenai (0), Lewis & Clark (1), Lolo
(7) and in ID, Clearwater (9), Idaho Panhandle (1),
Nez Perce (3) (Pable 6). Phe patterns of aquatic
SOC and SOI diversity are similar with more of
these species occurring in the Lolo, Clearwater and
Plathead National Porests.

We documented 218 new locations for nine SOC
taxa and the SOI freshwater mussel during our
2006 study. Phis study also documented four
SOC species that are newly reported or at least
re-discovered for Montana, the Lolo mayfly,
Caurinella idahoensis (5 sites), the stonefly,
Soliperla salish (4 sites) and the caddisflies.

Rossiana montana (7 sites) and Goereilla
baumanni (3 sites) all within the Lolo National
Porest. A positive outcome of this study will be
downgraded global ranks for at least two species
(the Agapetus caddisfly, Agapetus montanus and
the mayfly, Caudatella edmundsi) from G1G3 to
G3. Unfortunately, this study reports the presumed
extirpation of the shortface lanx, Fisherola nuttali
in the state of MP due to no sightings in the past
50 years, and other extirpations of known sites
reported from the literature. Purthermore, the
taxonomic validity of 3 SOC Stagnicola spp.
(elrodi, elrodiana and montanensis) is in debate
by different taxonomists, and has lead to enough
ambiguity of their species status that they are no
longer tracked by MPNHP or comprehensively
surveyed, but their existing site locations are
reported.

Initial findings indicate that the number of USPS
aquatic SOC increases with proximity to the Idaho-
Montana border, especially within the Clearwater
& Lolo National Porests which lie in the Northern
Rocky Mountain Refugium (NRMR) area. The
NRMR area is an important trans-border area of
species endemism starting from Lookout Pass in
the north to Lost Prail Pass in the south, which
is an island of mountainous forest spared from
the glaciers and Lake Missoula flooding to the
north and lava flows from the south. In terms
of habitats, the highest diversity of USPS SOC
species are found in the steep-gradient headwater,
forested streams (12 species), with the next
most "important" SOC habitat being moderate
gradient, medium-sized, forested streams (10
species), followed by the cold mountain spring
and seep habitats (6). Additional inventory in
these habitats within the NRMR area would be
worthwhile to fill remaining distribution gaps, to
evaluate habitat associations thoroughly enough
to develop predictive distribution models, and
build the foundation for developing a long-term
SOC monitoring and a robust aquatic management
protection plan.

Ill

Acknowledgements

We especially wish to thank Ann Carlson (USPS)
who recognized the need to address aquatic
invertebrates in the forest planning process,
appreciating the limited information available for
management decision making, and promoting the
project through an existing USPS Agreement with
the MTNHP and IDCDC. Thanks need to go to
present & previous Heritage Program zoologists
who chose to collect and address special-interest
invertebrates, which are often over-shadowed by
the "charismatic" fauna. We wish to thank all
the field crews out there on the PIBO project and
MT & ID DEQ monitoring efforts who are out
there every year collecting valuable data, and the

taxonomists identifying thousands of invertebrates
in an effort to characterize stream habitat or water
quality, and in turn sometimes documenting
these rare species. Dr. Bob Wisseman (Aquatic
Biological Associates) examined some of our
caddisflies. Bryce Maxell was extremely helpful in
the mapping process and for reviewing this report.
Scott Blum (MTNHP) was vital in entering and
ensuring quality data in the POD database from
which the maps were produced. Jonathan Hogg
(IDCDC) assisted with the development of Idaho
database records, and Coburn Currier (MTNHP)
edited, formatted and printed this report; greatly
improving the final product. We thank them all.

IV

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Methods 3

Results and Discussion 6

Overview 6

Species Accounts & Distribution Maps 10

Conclusions and Recommendations 88

Literature Cited 89

Appendix A. Global/State Rank Definitions

Appendix B. Aquatic Survey Sites with SOC added to the USPS Region 1 in 2006

Appendix C. Selected Aquatic SOI and Potential SOC Species Accounts

List of Figures

Figure 1. Forest boundaries of the USFS Regionl 1

Figure 2. Typical "mountain spring" habitat supporting aquatic SOC in the NRMR 2

Figure 3. Typical steep forested stream habitat supporting aquatic SOC in the NRMR 2

List of Ta b l e s

Table 1. Initial Aquatic Invertebrate Species of Concern distribution by Forest in Region 1 4

Table 2. Aquatic Invertebrate Species of Concern habitat associations 5

Table 3. MTNHP 2006 Survey sites where Species of Concern were detected 6

Table 4. Idaho DEQ cold-water stenotherm macroinvertebrate taxa 7

Table 5 . Final List of Aquatic Invertebrate SOC for consideration by USFS Region 1 8

Table 6. Final List of Aquatic Invertebrate SOI for consideration by USFS Region 1 9

Introduction

The United States Forest Service (USPS) is
required under the National Forest Management
Act (1976) and Code of Federal Regulations (CFR
1985) to maintain the diversity of plant and animal
species. Aquatic ecosystem protections within the
USFS Northern Region managed lands are included
in Forest Plan strategies and plan components.
These include: desired conditions for water
quality and riparian conservation areas (RCA's),
in-stream habitat protection, and the protection of
species-of-concern (SOC) and species-of-interest
(SOI) (USFS 2006). Comprehensive information
and management plans exist for most aquatic
vertebrate species of conservation concern (e.g.
Bull and Westslope Cutthroat Trout), but the
same information is lacking to non-existent for
the aquatic invertebrate SOC. Identifying site
locations and the habitat requirements of these
aquatic invertebrate species is critical to their
proper management and protection, because
they may inhabit specialized niches not included
in the protection plans of the vertebrates. Data
compilation and inventory is an initial step to
evaluating the conservation needs of these SOC
species and identifying landscapes within national
forests with a high likelihood of supporting

these populations. Pursuant to this, the Northern
Region initiated this mapping and inventory study
in 2006 to compile and map records of aquatic
invertebrates (SOC) ranked GI-G3 within or near
National Forest Service lands of Montana and
Idaho. Within the broad landscape area bounded
by the USFS Northern Region (25 million acres)
is an endemic hot-spot important to the Northern
Rocky Mountains which we will hereafter call
the Northern Rocky Mountain Refugium Area
(NRMR) (Johnston & Steele 1978, Gustafson
2001, Stark and Gustafson 2004) (Figure I).

Part of this area in Idaho is called the Clearwater
Refugium (Brunsfeld et al. 2001). In simplest
terms, it is the mountainous, forested area along
the Montana and Idaho border that was neither
covered by northern ice sheets during glaciation
periods, nor paved with lava from the south and
west. Higher elevations within the area allowed
existing populations to survive there and to be
safe from the fluctuating water levels of Glacial
Lake Missoula. This is a large diverse area from
Lookout Pass in the north, southward to Lost
Trail Pass, and it contains parts of three separate
ecoregions; the Northern and Middle Rockies and

Figure 1. Forest boundaries of the USFS Region 1. Red circle depicts the NRMR

the Idaho Batholith (Woods et al. 2002). This
area of the Montana and Idaho border region not
only contains endemic genera and species, but
also several additional species restricted to the
Pacific Northwest (western WA,OR), with disjunct
populations in northern Idaho and northwestern
Montana (Frest and Johannes 1995, Stark and
Gustafson 2004, Hendricks 2003). Despite more
recent survey efforts, many areas in central and
northern Idaho, as well as western Montana
have rarely, if ever been inventoried, especially
for invertebrates. This can be demonstrated
by the recent discovery of a new slug genus in
northern Idaho (Leonard et al. 2003), the new
discoveries of the Idaho Giant Salamander in MT
(Maxell, unpublished data), and two new aquatic
invertebrate species (Fend and Gustafson 2001,
Gustafson 2001) with one new stonefly species
(Soliperla salish) being the first report of this
genus in the Interior Rocky Mountains (Stark
and Gustafson 2004). One of the most frequently
mentioned aquatic habitats harboring these species
is the high elevation, steep gradient, densely-
forested headwater stream (Stark and Gustafson
2004) (Figure 2 and 3).

Figure 2. Typical "mountain spring " habitat supporting
aquatic SOC in the NRMR

Figure 3. Typical steep forested stream habitat supporting
aquatic SOC in the NRMR

Many of these 1" order headwaters (source
streams) are fishless due to downstream natural
(i.e. waterfalls or other hydrologic constraints) or
man-made (culverts) barriers (Stagliano, personal
observation). Only recently have biologists
become increasingly concerned with aquatic
species and habitats other than those directly
related to sport-fish (i.e. trout); thus, this has
prompted renewed inventories and evaluation of
management practices that could have potentially
detrimental affects on these lesser-known species.
Therefore, objectives of this study are: 1) to
obtain a better understanding of the ecological
requirements and distributional status of ~30
aquatic invertebrate species of conservation
concern within the USFS Northern Region Lands;
2) to fill species distribution gaps and update old or
non-existent records with new site visits to refine
known locations; and 3) to identify habitats and
ecological requirements of these species within
watersheds that have the highest potential to
contain these sensitive aquatic species and provide
enough information to enable us to predictively
model stream reaches for distribution or for future
targeted surveys.

Methods

Prior to conducting field surveys, we initially
utilized a USPS species-of-concem list compiled
by Region 1 (Kurt Nelson and Ann Carlson, pers.
comm.). Literature searches of published and
gray literature, as well as museum records and
aquatic invertebrate databases (maintained by
NatureServe, MTNHP, IDCDC, BLM Buglab,
MT & IDDEQ) allowed us to complete the list of
high-priority "target" species (globally & state rare
species in Montana, and globally rare species in
Idaho) likely or known to occur in USPS managed
lands. This resulted in a list of 33 species that we
considered to be of conservation concern (Table
1). Por Montana, early findings during this study
revealed that six of the G1-G3 species listed
are highly unlikely to occur on USPS Northern
Region lands and would thus, be of little value to
future management plans. Pour of these species
(Rhyacophila ebria, R. glaciera, Zapada glacier
and Lednia tumana) are restricted to Glacier
National Park (Glacier and Plathead Counties)
which is managed by the National Park Service,
and two warm-springs beetles {Microcylloepus
browni & Zaitzevia thermae) which occur at one
site owned by the US Pish and Wildlife Service.
Por Idaho, three species on the SOC list (Cicindela
columbica, Ameletus tolae, Paraleptophlebia
traverae) will no longer be considered for
similar reasons. Therefore, we did not focus
time or resources to perform additional surveys
or compilation of information for those species.
These SOC lists are meant to be dynamic with
species additions or removals' occurring as new
information becomes available.

We then generated a list of general habitat
associations for these high-priority species (Table
2), to help us prioritize habitats for survey. Limited

ecological information and the addition of "new
taxa" made this process more problematic for the
high-priority species occurring in the MT / ID
border region.

We conducted field surveys for macroinvertebrates
from late-June to early August 2006 within
the targeted sampling period recommended
by MTDEQ (2005). Macroinvertebrates were
collected from all habitats within the sampling
reach of the stream with a 500 micron D-frame
dipnet using randomized stream transect methods
described in Barbour et al. (1999) and EMAP/BLM
protocols (Lazorchak et al. 1998). All dipnet jabs
or kicks were combined into one sample where
all the organisms and organic materials in the net
were washed on a 500 micron sieve, transferred
to a I liter Nalgene bottle, labeled and preserved
in 95% ethanol and brought back to the MTNHP
lab in Helena for processing. Lab processing and
invertebrate identification followed EMAP/BLM
protocols to maintain consistency with previously
collected samples (Lazorchak et al. 1998). We
recorded GPS coordinates and a variety of habitat
and local site information at each survey location,
as well as taking site photos (Appendix B). Survey
data have been entered into the Montana Natural
Heritage Program Point Observation Database
(POD); copies of the Idaho macroinvertebrate
data were sent to the Idaho Conservation Data
Center (CDC) in Boise. We collected voucher
specimens of all Species of Concern (SOC) that we
discovered, as well as retained representatives of
all other non-SOC taxa preserved in 95% ethanol.
We sent caddisfly specimens from Idaho and
western Montana to taxonomic experts, and their
identifications have been verified.

Table 1. Initial Aquatic Invertebrate Species of Concern distribution by Forest in Region I

Montana Forest"

Idaho Forest

Common Name

Scientific name

G-Rank

B-D BI CU FL GA HE KO L-C LO

CL I-P N-P

Freshwater Beetles

Columbia River tiper beetle

Cirinrlpln rnliimhirn

G2

X

Brown's Microcvlloepus riffle

Microcylloepus browni

Gl

^

Warm Spring Zaitzevian riffle

Zaitzevia thermae

01

^

Sponge

A Freshwater Sponge

Ephxckilia cooperensis

G1G3

9

X

Caddisflies

An Agapetus Caddistly

Agapetus montanus

G2

X

X

■}

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

9

9

Alexander's Rhyacophilan

Rhyacophila alexanderi

G2

X

9

9

X

A Rhyacophilan Caddistly

Rhvacophila ebria

G2G3

^

A Rhyacophilan Caddistly

Rhyacophila glacieri

G3

^

A Rhyacophilan Caddistly

Rhyacophila newelli

G3

■}

9

9

X

NRMR Caddistly*

Sericostriala surdickae

G1G3

X

X

X

X

X

NSAfR Caddisfly*

Rossiana montana

G2G3

X

9

NRAIR Caddisfly*

Goereilla baumanni

G2G3

9

X

9

Stoneflies

Meltwater Lednian Stonefly

Lednia lumana

Gl

^

A Stonetly

Pictetiella expansa

G3

9

X

9

9

9

X

X

X

A Stonetly

Soyedina potteri

G3

X

X

X

Clearwater Roachfly (New)*

Soliperla salish

G?

X

X

A Stonetly

Taenionema umutilla

G3

X

A Stonetly

Zapada Cordillera

G3

X

X

X

X

Western Glacier Stonetly

Zapada glacier

G2

^

Mayflies

A Mayfly

Ameletus sparsatus

G3G4

X

A Mayfly

A meletiis siiffiisiif^

G2G4

X

X

A Mayfly

Ameletus tolae

G1G3

X

9

Lolo Mayfly*

Caurinella idahoensis

G1G3

X

X

A Mayfly*

Caiidatella edmundsl

G1G3

X

X

X

X

A Mavtlv

Parameleliis rolumhiae

G2

X

A Mayfly

Paraleptophlehia traverae.

GH

X

Freshwater Snails

Pristine Pvrp

Pristinicola hemphilli

G3

X

Shortface I.anx

Fishernln nuttnUi

G2

%\

X

Shortspire Pondsnail

StagnJroln idahoensis

Gl

X

Flathead Pondsnail

Slaanicola elrodi

Gl

X

X

Longmouth Pondsnail

Sta^nicola elrodiana

Gl

X

X

Mountain Marshsnail

Stagnicola montanensis

G3

X

X

Northern Region Aquatic
SOI (CFWS Tl, PSOC)

Freshwater Mussels

Western Pearlshell

Marearitifera falcata

G3G4

X

X

X

9

X

X

X

X

X

X

Total SOC & SOI

5

6

8

2

1

2

4

13

12

2

9

° MT Forests codes: Beaverhead-Deerlodge (B-D), Bitterroot (BI), Custer (CU), Flathead (FL), Gallatm (GA), Helena (HE), Kootenai (KG), Lewis &

Clark (L-C), Lolo (LO).

'' Idaho Forest codes: Clearwater (CL), Idaho Panhandle (I-P), Nez Perce (N-P)

* new species for Montana SOC list

? =Potential to occur in this forest., but not verified or recorded on USPS Region 1 lands

^^=Data does not support the occurrence of this species in the adiacent National Forest

Table 2. Aquatic Invertebrate Species of Concern habitat associations

Small Lotic Systems

Medium Riyers

Large Riyers

Lentic Systems

Scientific Name

G-Rank

Warm

Springs

Cold

Mtn

Springs

Steep
Forested
Streams

High
Alpine

Moderate
Gradient
Forested

Low
Gradient
Foothills

Sand
Bars

Fast

current,

cobble

substrate

Natural
Lakes

Ponds
Wetland

Freshwater Beetles

Cicindela columbica

G2

X

Microcylloepus browni

Gl

X

Zaitzevia thermae

Gl

X

Freshwater Sponse

Ephydatia cooperensis

G1G3

X

Caddisflies

Agapetus montanus

G2

X

X

Rhyacophila alexanderi

G2

X

7

Rhyacophila ebria

G2G3

X

Rhyacophila glacieri

G3

X

Rhyacophila newelli

G3

X

7

Sericostriata surdickae

G1G3

X

Rossiana Montana

G2G3

X

X

Goereilla baumanni

G2G3

X

X

Stoneflies

Lednia tumana

Gl

X

Pictetiella expansa

G3

X

X

Soyedina potteri

G3

X

X

X

Soliperla salish

G?

X

X

Taenionema umatilla

G3

X

X

Zapada cordillera

G3

X

X

Zapada glacier

G2

X

Mayflies

Ameletus sparsatus

G3G4

X

Ameletus suffusus

G2G4

X

Ameletus tolae

G1G3

X

Caurinella idahoensis

G1G3

X

Caudatella edmundsi

G1G3

X

X

Parameletus columbiae

G2

X

X

Paraleptophlebia traverae

GH

9

9

Freshwater Snails

Pristinicola hemphilli

G3

X

Fisherola nuttalli

G2

X

Stagnicola idahoensis

Gl

X

Stagnicola elrodi

Gl

X

Stagnicola elrodiana

Gl

X

Stagnicola montanensis

G3

X

Northern Region Aquatic SOI
(CFWSTl.PSOC)

Freshwater Mussels

Margaritifera falcata

G3G4

X

X

X

Total SOC & SOI

2

5

12

4

10

2

1

3

4

2

Results AND Discussion

Overview

We conducted a total of 26 stream site visits in
2006; 20 included macroinvertebrate sampling (19
in the Lolo National Forest), and we performed
Margaritifera mussel surveys at 6 sites (Table 3).
Macroinvertebrate sampling concentrated in the 1"
and 2'"* order headwater streams of the NRMR area
where the databases showed significant sampling
gaps. Of the 26 visited sites 16 contained at least
one SOC (Table 3). We also evaluated -300
previously collected macroinvertebrate samples
(by USPS PIBO or MT & IDDEQ) for SOC
occurrences. These samples were distributed on
the Forests as follows: Beaverhead-Deerlodge (60),
Bitterroot (15), Custer (10), Flathead (24), Gallatin
(20), Helena (30), Kootenai (25), Lewis & Clark

(19), Lolo (40), Clearwater (25), Idaho Panhandle
(30), Nez Perce (18). Evaluating these samples
(in addition to MTNHP field visits) allowed us to
document 218 new locations for nine SOC taxa and
the SOI mussel during this study (Appendix B).

This study also documented four invertebrate
SOC that are newly reported or re-discovered for
Montana; the Lolo mayfly, Caurinella idahoensis
(5 sites), the Clearwater Roachfly, SoUperla salish
(4 sites) and the caddisflies, Rossiana montana
(7 sites) and Goereilla baumanni (3 sites) all but
one collected within the Lolo National Forest. A
positive outcome of this study will be downgraded
global ranks for at least two species (the caddisfly,
Agapetus montanus, and the mayfly, Caudatella

Table 3. MTNHP 2006 survey sites where Species of Concern were detected

# of SOC/

Land

collection

SOI

Stream

Lat

Long

Ownership

County

date

species

West Fork Gold Creek

46.57458

-113.65662

USPS Lolo

Missoula

25-Jun-06

Stony Creek

47.10939

-114.39590

USPS Lolo

Missoula

12-Jul-06

1

Mormon Creek

46.71799

-114.14264

USPS Lolo

Missoula

11-Jul-06

Mormon Creek

46.70895

-114.21036

USPS Lolo

Missoula

11-Jul-06

Bitterroot River

46.75465

-114.06207

PWP PAS

Missoula

11-Jul-06

Bitterroot River

46.72191

-114.04672

PWP PAS

Missoula

11-Jul-06

Butler Creek

47.12561

-114.43692

USPS Lolo

Missoula

12-Jul-06

2

Dry Creek

47.15278

-114.42696

USPS Lolo

Missoula

12-Jul-06

Kennedy Creek

47.16473

-114.42344

USPS Lolo

Missoula

12-Jul-06

1

trib to McCormick Creek

47.17323

-114.42976

USPS Lolo

Missoula

12-Jul-06

2

McComiick Creek

47.15250

-114.48667

USPS Lolo

Missoula

12-Jul-06

1

West Fork Lolo Creek

46.68552

-114.55801

USPS Lolo

Mineral

10-Jul-06

1

Lolo Creek

46.74342

-114.15599

USPS Lolo

Missoula

10-Jul-06

Lolo Creek

46.76618

-114.34048

Private

Missoula

10-Jul-06

Ninemile Creek

47.08190

-114.43920

Private

Missoula

12-Jul-06

Clearwater R. ups Seeley Lake

47.22560

-113.53650

USPS Lolo

Missoula

15-Jul-06

1

Clearwater R. ups Seeley Lake

47.21850

-113.53460

USPS Lolo

Missoula

15-Jul-06

1

Coyle Creek

47.25786

-115.27180

USPS Lolo

Mineral

02-Aug-06

2

Green Creek

47.31486

-115.48840

USPS Lolo

Mineral

02-Aug-06

2

Urmamed Trib to M. Fork Big Cr.

47.31589

-115.43355

USPS Lolo

Mineral

01-Aug-06

2

Unnamed trib to Big Creek

47.32606

-115.42636

USPS Lolo

Mineral

01-Aug-06

3

North Fork Second Creek

47.16404

-114.71135

USPS Lolo

Mineral

03-Aug-06

1

Grizzly Creek

46.57458

-113.65662

USPS Lolo

Missoula

01-Aug-06

1

South Fork Trout Creek

46.98803

-114.99716

USPS Lolo

Mineral

03-Aug-06

3

Van Ness Creek

47.08209

-114.93500

USPS Lolo

Mineral

02-Aug-06

2

Total NHP Sites w/ SOC species

16

=site searched for M. falcata

edmundsi) from G1G3 to a G3. Unfortunately,
this study reports the presumed extirpation of the
shortface lanx, Fisherola nuttali in the state of
MT due to no sightings in the past 50 years, and
other extirpations of known sites reported from
the literature. In addition to focusing on SOC,
we collected distribution data on 45 non-SOC
coldwater stenotherm species, 17 of these species
were closely associated with our USPS SOC taxa in
the NRMR area (particularly Caudatella edmundsi,
Caurinella idahoensis, Rhyacophila alexanderi,
Pictetiella expansa, Sericostriata surdickae,
Soyedina potteri (Table 4). Identifying sites that
contain suitable habitat in conjunction with this
suite of associated taxa will further refine our

ability to predict stream reaches within watersheds
containing these species of conservation concern.

The highest diversity of USPS SOC species
are found in the steep-gradient, headwater
forested streams (12 species), with the next most
"important" SOC habitat being the moderate
gradient medium- sized, forested streams (10
species), followed by the cold mountain springs
and seep habitats (6 species) (Table 2). However,
differentiation between cold mountain springs
and steep P* order headwater streams can be
problematic. Oftentimes, mountain spring and
seep areas can exist on steep hill-slopes alongside
the stream channel itself contributing to flow and

Table 4. Idaho DEQ Designated Cold Water Taxa and Temperature Preferences. Bolded and underlined taxa are close associ-
ates with USPS SOC species: Caudatella edmundsi, Caurinella idahoensis, Rhyacophila alexanderi, Pictetiella expansa,
Soyedina potteri.

Temp.

Temp.

Preference

Preference

Order

Genus/Species

CO

Order

Genus/Species

CO

Coleoptera

Heterlimnius

11.24

Diptera

Glutnpx

9,4

Lara

11.56

Hesperoconopa

10.76

Narpiis

12.58

Oreogeton

9.29

Ephemeroptera

Ameletux ximilnr

8.74
8.76
8.25

10.31

Trichoptera

Rhabdomastix
Heleniella
Diamesa
Anagapetus

10.12

8.13

10

8.26

Baetis hicaudatus

Cinygmula sp.

Dnmella coloradensis

9.86

Apatania

11.04

Drunella doddsi

10.47

Neophylax

10.88

Drunellaflavilinea
nruneUa xpinifera

9.98
10.56

Nenthremma alicia

7.65

8.66

Neothremma

Epeoriis deceptiviis

9.9

Oligophlehodes sp.

7.87

Epeoriis grandis

9.95

Parapsyche elsis

9.47

Rhithrogena hageni

8.25

Parapsyche sp.

9.38

Rhithrogena robusta

6.84

Rhvacophila alherta gr.

6.47

Cultus sp.

11.04

Rhyacophila betteni gr.

10.61

Plecoptera

Dexpnxia aupuxta

7.09

Rhyacophila brunnea gr.

10.56

Kogntim sp.

8.12

Rhyacophila hyalinata gr.

10.2

Leuctridae

9.43

Rhyacophila iranda gr.

8.02

Megarcys

10.15

Rhyacophila narvae gr.

9.53

Nemouridae

10.03

Rhyacophila sibirica gr.

7.42

Paraperla

9.32

Rhyacophila vaccua

8.02

Setvena

7.99

Rhyacophila vagrita gr.

8.63

Sweltsa

11.45

Rhyacophila valuma

6.87

Taeniopterygidae

6.3

7.58

Visnka cataractae

9.52

Rhyacophila vofixa

8.57

Yoraperla brevis
Yoraperla

10.36
8.84

Turbellaria

Polvcelis cornnata

9.76

Zapada coliimbiana

9.71

Zanada oreifonensis pr.

S^

providing habitat for at least a couple of SOC
caddisflies (Ross 1956). Therefore, management
consideration and protection in the broadest sense
for these headwater sources will benefit the most
SOC species.

The number of documented aquatic invertebrate
SOC species distributed on the Region 1 Forests
were as follows: in MT, Beaverhead-Deerlodge (4),
Bitterroot (5), Custer (0), Flathead (6), Gallatin (1),
Helena (1), Kootenai (1), Lewis & Clark (2), Lolo
(12) and in ID, Clearwater (9), Idaho Panhandle
(I), Nez Perce (5) (Table 5).

The number of documented aquatic invertebrate
SOI species is as follows: in MT, Beaverhead-
Deerlodge (4), Bitterroot (4), Custer (0), Flathead
(7), Gallatin (I), Helena (0), Kootenai (0), Lewis

& Clark (I), Lolo (7) and in ID, Clearwater (9),
Idaho Panhandle (I), Nez Perce (3) (Table 6). The
patterns of SOC and SOI occurrences are similar
with more species of conservation concern in the
Lolo, Clearwater and Flathead National Forests.
The final list of SOC aquatic invertebrate species
that should be strongly considered by the USFS
Region One in any forest management plan
includes 19 species (Table 5), followed by 27
species on the SOI list (Table 6).

Species accounts of the final SOC, and those
initially compiled but later removed are presented
next. Several species accounts of the SOI are
included in Appendix C, while additional SOI
species will become available in the next year on
the MTNHP Animal Field Guide. These SOC
lists are meant to be dynamic with species added

Table 5. Final List of Aquatic Invertebrate SOC for consideration by

JSFS

Region 1.

]\

iontai

iiaFd

rest"

Idaho Forest

Common Name

Scientiflc name

G-Rank

B-D

BI

CU

FL

GA

HE

KO

L-C

LO

CL

I-P

N-P

Sponge

A Freshwater Sponge

Ephydatia cooperensis

G1G3

•>

X

Caddisflies

An Agapetus Caddisfly

Agapetus montanus

G3

X

X

9

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

9

9

Alexander's Rhyacophilan

Rhyacophila alexanderi

G2

X

9

?

X

A Rhyacophilan Caddisfly

Rhyacophila newelli

G3

9

9

9

X

NRMR Caddisfly*

Sericostriata surdickae

G1G3

x

X

X

X

X

NRMR Caddisfly*

Rossiana montana

G2G3

X

9

NRMR Caddisfly*

GoereiUa baumanni

G2G3

9

X

9

Stoneflies

A Stoneflv

Pictetiella expansa

G3

■>

X

9

9

9

X

X

X

A Stonefly

Soyedina potteri

G3

X

X

X

Clearwater Roachfly (New)*

Soliperla salish

G2

X

X

A Stoneflv

Taenionema umatilla

G3

X

A Stonefly

Zapada Cordillera

G3

X

X

X

X

Mayflies

Lolo Mayfly*

Caurlnella idahoensis

G1G3

X

X

A Mayfly*

Caudatella edmundsi

G3

X

X

X

X

A Mavflv

Parnmeletus columhiae

G2

X

Fresliwater Snails

Pristine Pyrg

Pristinirnln hemphilli

G3

X

Shortface T.anx

Fisherola nuttalli

G2

X

Longmouth Pondsnail

Stagnicola elrodiana

Gl

X

X

Shortspire Pondsnail

Stagnicola idahoensis

Gl

X

Mountain Marshsnail

Staj^nicola montanensis

G3

X

X

Total SOC

4

5

6

1

1

1

2

12

9

1

5

' MT Forests codes: Beaverhead-Deerlodge (B-D), Bitterroot (BI), Custer (CU), Flathead (FL), Gallatin (GA), Helena (HE), Kootenai (KO). Lewis &

Clark (L-C), Lolo (LO).

^ Idaho Forest codes: Clearwater (CL), Idaho Panhandle (I-P), Nez Perce (N-P).

* new species for Montana SOC list

? =Potential to occur in this forest., but not verified or recorded on USFS Region 1 lands

Table 6. Final List of Aquatic Invertebrate SOI for consideration by USPS Region I

Montai

la Forest"

Idaho Forest |

Common Name

Scientific name

G-Rank

B-D

BI

CU

FL

GA

HE

KO

L-C

LO

CL

I-P

N-P

Freshwater Mussels

Western Pearlshell

Mar^aritifera falcata

G3G4

X

X

X

?

X

X

X

X

X

X

Caddisflies

An Caddisfly

Allomyia bifosa

G3G4

?

9

An Caddisfly

Apatania comosci

G2G3

X

9

X

9

X

An Caddisfly

Arctoporci salmon

G1G3

9

9

An Caddisfly

Cryptochia furcata

G3G4

?

X

?

A Rhyacophilan Caddisfly

Rhyacophila gemorui

G2G3

X

?

A Rhyacophilan Caddisfly

Rhyacophila potteri

G2

X

X

X

X

X

A Rhyacophilan Caddisfly

Rhyacophila iinlmaculata

G2G3

X

9

Stoneflies

A Stoneflv

Bolshecapnia sasquatchi

G3

X

X

Straight Stonetly

Capnia lineata

G3

X

9

A Stonefly

Capn'ia zitkeli

G2

X

9

A Spring Stonefly

Cascadoperla trictura

G3G4

9

X

9

A Spring Stonefly

Malenka tina

G3

?

9

A Stonefly

Megaleuctra kincaidi

G2

?

?

X

9

A Stonefly

Megaleuctra stigmata

G2

•f

9

9

9

A Stonefly

Setvena bradleyi

G3

X

X

X

X

X

X

A Stonefly

Perlomyia collaris

G3

?

?

9

9

9

Mayflies

A Mayfly

Ameletus sparsatus

G3G4

X

A Mayfly

Ameletus suffusus

G2G4

X

9

X

A Mayfly

Ameletus tolae

G1G3

9

A Mayfly

Caudatella jacobi

G3

X

9

X

X

9

A Mayfly

Paraleplophlebia jenseni

G2G4

X

9

A Mayfly

Paraleptophlebia traverae

GH

X

Freshwater Snails

Large Mantled Physa

Physa megalochlamys

G3

X

9

X

9

Flathead Pondsnail

Sta^nicola elrodi

Gl

X

X

Rocky Mountain Capshell

Acroloxus coloradensis

G3

9

9

9

Rocky Mountain Duskysnail

ColU^yrus j^rej^^i

G4

X

X

9

9

Total SOI

4

4

7

1

1

7

9

1

3

' MT Forests codes: Beaverhead-Deerlodge (B-D), Bitterroot (BI), Custer (CU), Flathead (FL), Gallatin (GA), Helena (HE), Kootenai (KO), Lewis & Clark

(L-C), Lolo (LO).

"■ Idaho Forest codes: Clearwater (CL), Idaho Panhandle (I-P), Nez Perce (N-P)

* new species for Montana SOC list

? =Potential to occur in this forest., but not verified or recorded on USFS Region 1 lands

or removed as new information is obtained or
compiled. Multiple species on the SOI list that are
ranked G1-G3 have very limited collection and
ecological information, so that placing them on the
SOC list is premature.

This information, including maps, geo-referenced
site photos and distributions for all USFS SOC
and SOI species will be made available in the near
future on the MTNHP on-line Animal Field Guide
and Tracker website.

Species Accounts & Distribution Maps

SPECIES: Cicindela columbica

Heritage Rank: G2, ID: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Coleoptera
Family: Cicindelidae
Cicindela columbica Hatch 193^

Columbia River Tieer Beetle

Photo of Cicindela columbica from Idaho taken by
Luana McCauley, Idaho Conservation Data Center.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: No detailed information available (see photo).

Reproductive Biology: Based on collections made by Rumpp (1967) and Shook (1981), adult
beetles can be found in late July and early August.

Ecology: Cicindela columbica inhabits riparian sand shores along rivers, sharing the river bars
and beaches with other tiger beetle species including C. oregona, C. repanda, and C. hirticollis
though each finds its own micro-ecological niche in these locations (Rumpp 1967). Shook
(1981) found that, on the lower Salmon River, Idaho, C. columbica "generally occupies older,
well-established bars that extend back from the river sufficiently to generally not be inundated by
spring runoff waters." Shook estimated that the largest populations ranged from 200-400 beetles
per sandbar when the sandbars measured approximately 400 m x 100 m.

C. Range and Known Sites

When first described in 1938, Cicindela columbica was reported on sandbars of rivers from The
Dalles, Oregon, eastward to just west of Lewiston, Idaho (Shook 1981). After the flooding of
portions of the Columbia River by dam backwaters, no evidence of C. columbica could be found
even though other tiger beetle species which had previously been associated with C. columbica
(C. oregona, C. repanda, and C. hirticollis) managed to re-establish themselves on the shores of
the new reservoirs (Frank Beer, 1971, as reported in Shook 1981).

Cicindela columbica was first found in Idaho in 1962 (Rumpp 1967) along the lower Salmon
River. In 1977, Gary Shook (1981) confirmed the presence of the beetle at two locations
along the lower Salmon River, and during a 1979 rafting trip from near Riggins, Idaho, to near
Rogersburg, Washington, Shook confirmed the presence of the beetle at multiple locations.
However, the only populations of C. columbica found by Shook in 1979 were along the
lower Salmon River between Rice Creek bridge and the mouth of Eagle Creek, a distance
of approximately 26 miles. No C. columbica were found on the lower Salmon River below
Eagle Creek and none were found along the Idaho-Oregon Snake River corridor or the Idaho-
Washington Snake River corridor.

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D. Species Abundance

Shook (1981) reported that C. columbica is "generally found in large, viable populations within
the Lower Salmon River canyon from near Slate Creek to Eagle Creek (Shook 1981).

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Cicindela columbica has no USFWS status at the present time. No status survey of the lower
Salmon River populations has been conducted since Shook (1981). On December 3, 1979, the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service was petitioned by Gary Shook to list C. columbica as Threatened
or Endangered. The primary threat was a proposed dam on the lower Salmon River. By the time
the Fish and Wildlife Service (1988) wrote its finding, the dam was no longer proposed, and the
Service found the petition to be unwarranted, basing their decision on lack of threat.

B. Threats

In 1986, Shook (personal communication to Craig Groves, Idaho Natural Heritage Program)
indicated that Columbia River tiger beetle specimens were selling for $50 each and that the
beetles were under threat by collectors. LaBonte (1995) mentions the threat of collecting, driven
by the popularity of tiger beetles and the demand for rare and infrequently available species. The
lower Salmon River is used extensively for recreation. The impact of recreation on tiger beetle
populations is unknown.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Populations along the lower Salmon River are all associated with state-owned waterways, state
lands (Wildlife Management Area), and lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management.
This species has no known distribution on USES Northern Region managed lands, and it is highly
unlikely that populations would be found on any USES National Forests in Idaho. Cicindela
columbica should probably be removed from the USES Species of Conservation Concern List.

12

SPECIES: Zaitzevia thermae

Microcylloepus browni

Heritage Rank: G1,MT: SI

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Coleoptera

Family: Elmide

Zaitzevia thermae (Hatch 1938)

Microcylloepus browni (Hatch 1938)

The riffle beetle, Zaitzevia thermae was originally
described as Macronychus thermae a small, flightless
aquatic beetle found only in Gallatin County, Montana.
Whfle Microcylloepus browni was originally described as
Heterelmis browni (Hatch 1938).

Thermae Riffle Beetle
Brown's Riffle Beetle

Photo oi Zaitzevia thermae adult (left) and
larva (right). Photo courtesy of the USFWS.

Photo oi Microcylloepus sp. adult (left) and
larva (right). Photo courtesy of the USFWS.

B. Species Description

Reproductive Biology: Little is known of the reproduction habits of these beetles, but sexual
reproduction of the adults likely occurs on cobbles during winter low water flow periods, and the
females wfll lay eggs on these cobbles or adjacent vegetation.

Ecology: These beetles feed on small pieces of algae and diatoms that they scrape from
submerged rocks on the gravel bottom and among vegetation. Both Z. thermae and M. browni
require warm and flowing surface water with temperatures of 60 to 84° F. They are endemic to
Bridger Creek Warm Springs near Bozeman, MT.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, the Brown's riffle beetle inhabits and is endemic to four warm water seeps that
surface and flow into Bridger Creek along Fish Hatchery Road near Bozeman, MT (Gallatin
County). The habitat, which is approximately 35 square meters, is owned by the federal
government and lies on the Fish Technology Center property. It is assumed that M. browni is
endemic to warm water seeps 250-400m downstream from where Z. thermae is found (Hooten
1991). Z thermae has the same known site, except they are further limited to the upstream section
of the warm spring.

D. Species Abundance

These abundances for each of these species at the springs have been reported to fluctuate between
as few as 1 and up tolOOO individuals (Hooten 1991, USFWS 2002). Currently, the population
is monitored monthly each year through visual confirmation of the presence or absence of
beetles under rocks in the warm springs. Thus, each species is vulnerable to extinction with one
catastrophic event.

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Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Zaitzevia thermae is a candidate for listing under the USFWS Endangered Species Act (USFWS
2006) because of its vulnerability to extinction, and Microcylloepus browni is a MT SOC because
they are extremely locally distributed riffle beetles ( 1 known spring site ). They occupy limited
spring or seepage habitat (total area=35m-) in and along Bridger Creek where it flows through the
property of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Bozeman Fish Technology Center (Technology
Center) at the mouth of Bridger Canyon, Montana. The globally rare (Gl) rankings are largely
due to the single locality that this species is found.

B. Threats

Specific threats to populations of Z. thermae and M. browni include habitat alteration from the
development of warm water and surface water from Bridger Creek which may have adversely
affected habitat; although specific impacts are not documented since water use began more than
100 years ago. Upstream land use activities have potential to become a threat but are not known
to be a problem at this time aside from some detectable sedimentation.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

These species have no known distribution on USFS Northern Region managed lands, and it is
highly unlikely that populations would be found on any USFS National Forests in Montana or
Idaho. Populations occur 100% within Federal ownership, under jurisdiction of U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. They should probably be removed from the USFS Species of Conservation
Concern List.

15

SPECIES: Ephydatia cooperensis A Freshwater Sponge

Heritage Rank: G1G3,MT: S1S3
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Phylum: Porifera

Family: Spongilhdae

Ephydatia cooperensis Addis & Peterson 2005

This species was previously described as Clypeatula

cooperensis Peterson & Addis 2000, but reassigned Underwater photo of Ephydatia cooperensis

underneath a cobble. Photo used with
mtO the new genus, Ephydatia. The family permission, courtesy of Dr John Addis, Carroll

Spongilhdae and the genus Ephydatia are paraphyletic College Biology Professor
with respect to the other freshwater sponge family
Lubomirskiidae; Ephydatia is also paraphyletic to

C. cooperensis. Thus, C. cooperensis was transferred to the genus Ephydatia and the family
Lubomirskiidae was subsumed into the Spongilhdae (Addis & Peterson 2005). Type specimens
were collected at the outlet of Coopers Lake, where the lake joins Salmon Creek.

B. Species Description

E. cooperensis is a light tan color and grows as a hard, disc-shaped encrustation on the undersides
of rocks and logs (see photo). It lacks microscleres and has amphioxeal megascleres that often
show a slight midregion bulb and are usually covered with short, conical spines except at their
tips (see Barton & Addis 1997; Peterson and Addis 2000). The sponge is also non-gemmulating,
overwintering in a regressed state in which choanocyte chambers are reduced in number (Peterson
and Addis 2000).

Reproductive Biology: Gonochoristic or successively hermaphroditic, with oogenesis and
spermatogenesis occurring in separate sponges once per year Sperm, eggs and embryos present
in specimens collected 30 June 1998 (Peterson and Addis 2000).

Ecology: Although sponges are multi-cellular invertebrates, they are sometimes mistaken for
aquatic plants or algae. Most freshwater sponges are delicate in staicture, growing as encrusting
or branching masses. They sometimes appear greenish because of the algae that live on them,
although living beneath cobbles or other substrate will limit algae growth and remain lighter
colored (see photo). Ephydatia cooperensis occurs on the undersides rocks and logs in cool
western Montana natural lakes at depths ranging from 37-80 cm (Peterson and Addis 2000).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Ephydatia cooperensis is currently known from three lakes in the northern Rocky
Mountains of Montana (Peterson & Addis 2000, NatureServe 2006). These lakes are within the
Clearwater and Blackfoot River systems in Missoula and Powell Counties. Range extensions

16

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further into the Seeley /Clearwater Natural Lake chain and over into the Swan River Natural
Lakes areas are highly probable (Addis, pers. comm. 2007).

D. Species Abundance

The occurrence of this species in 3 lakes out of 24 sampled (6 sub-basins) indicates that it appears
restricted to the Upper Clark Fork Basin within Montana and is rather uncommon. Additional
observation sites are needed within the Salmon /Seeley / Clearwater Natural Lake chain to help
determine population size and environmental specificity.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Ephydatia cooperensis is only known from 3 natural lakes in one basin of Montana. It has
no USFWS status at the present time, although it is currently a US Forest Service Species of
Concern (SOC) G1G3 and listed S1S3 in Montana. These rankings were largely due to the lack
of localities reported for this species. With additional targeted survey work in the Seeley/Swan
Natural Lakes area, we feel confident that more occurrences will be discovered and the rank of
this species may be downgraded to at least a G3 and an S3 for the state of Montana.

B. Threats

Specific threats to populations oi Ephydatia cooperensis have not been identified. Although,
excessive recreational pressures (i.e. heavy boat traffic, wading, unauthorized boat docking, etc.)
may directly affect the sponge's ability to propagate, and live in its shallow water habitats. Water
quality degradation and alteration of lentic, littoral aquatic habitat by lakefront building or docks,
may be a long-term concern for these populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Current Northern Region distribution of this freshwater sponge involves one lake on the
Lolo National Forest, while the other two occurrences are on state-lands (Clearwater Wildlife
Management Area) adjacent to the Lolo National Forest. This species is unlikely to occur in
another forest unit, unless it is discovered on the southern portion of the Flathead National Forest.

SPECIES: Agapetus montanus
Heritage Rank: G2, ID: S1,MT: S2

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera
Family: Glossosomatidae
Agapetus montanus Denning 1949

An Agapetus Caddisfly

Photo of a Glossosomatidae larvae
(top) and drawing of the Agapetus
larval case (courtesy www.aramel.
free.fr/INSECTES12bis)

The larvae oi Agapetus montanus were described from an

associated series of adults and mature pupae collected from

Drummond, Montana (Denning, 1949), and later Alice Creek

and Blackfoot River (Lewis and Clark Co.), as well as Clearwater River (Missoula Co.); but

subsequently found in Manitoba and Idaho (Beaver Creek, Clarke Co.; Newell and Minshall

1977). There are 30 species oi Agapetus in North America with the greatest diversity in the

Southeast and Pacific Northwest.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Adult characteristics are covered in Denning (1949). They are commonly
known as the Little Black Caddisflies

Larval Morphology: Body length: up to 6mm. Larvae oi Agapetus could be confused
with Protoptila (another Glossosomatidae), but are readily distinguished by the presence of 2
mesonotal sclerites instead of 3. There have been few larval-adult associations of the Agapetus
spp. (7 of 30), so in areas with multiple species, adults or mature pupae are needed for species
level identification. The saddle-type rock cases for larval Agapetus usually have larger rocks
along the edge of the case (see photo).

Reproductive Biology: Adults of this species emerge from mid- June to mid-August (Wiggins
1996).

Ecology: The larvae of A. montanus occur on the upper surfaces and sides of cobbles and
boulders in moderate gradient, fast flowing, foothills to mountain streams (Wiggins 1996). This
genus inhabits streams with more intermediate characteristics between the higher elevation,
cold mountain streams (more likely to find Glossosoma & Anagapetus), and the large warmer
transitional rivers downstream (more likely to find Prototila) (Wiggins 1996). Generally the
riparian canopy of the occupied streams is mostly (>50%) open, and less shaded than mountain
streams. In clear streams and rivers during low flows, it is typical to be able to locate & identify
Agapetus larvae on the tops of rocks. In relation to trophic status, A. montanus larvae scrape,
graze and digest algae and diatoms from the surfaces of rocks (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

19

20

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Agapetus montanus occurs in Idaho, Montana, and Manitoba (Wiggins 1996,
Clemson 2006, NatureServe 2006).

In Montana, A. montanus is our only known species based on collections (Gustafson 2006, pers.
comm. 2006, NatureServe 2006), thus any genus level identification to Agapetus should be our
species of concern, A. montanus. Since this is the case, A. montanus has been reported from ~30
streams in Missoula, Mineral, Gallatin, Granite, Powell, Meagher, Flathead, Deer Lodge, Lewis
and Clark, Lincoln, Beaverhead and Sanders Counties.

In Idaho, A. montanus was collected from 2 locations at a small mountain stream near 1800 m
elevation (Newell and Minshall 1979b). This represents the only documented Idaho distribution
(Newell and Minshall 1977). Although due to a lack of larval species identifications and multiple
Agapetus species reported for ID, there are probably far more streams containing this caddisfly
species than have been reported.

D. Species Abundance

This compilation study found that A. montanus can be rare in a sample (from 1 or 2 individuals in
a 500 count) to quite common (up to 33% or 100 out of 300 individuals) at the sites where they
occur. They are more widely distributed than previously thought for Montana.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Agapetus montanus has no USFWS status at the present time, nor is one warranted. It is currently
a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC); listed as endangered in Idaho (SI) and vulnerable
to extirpation (S2) in Montana, but these rankings were largely based on a paucity of locations
that this species has been previously reported. With this new compilation work and additional
targeted survey work, we feel confident that the rank of this species will be downgraded to at least
a G3 and an S3 for the state of Montana due to the number of additional streams and river miles
the species now appears to occupy.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana & Idaho populations of A. montanus have not been identified.
In general, aquatic invertebrates that feed by grazing and scraping are intolerant of silt and
sedimentation which tends to embed cobbles that contain their food source. Thus, improper
management practices in the riparian zone (i.e. intensive livestock use) that would increase fine
sediment in the streambed substrate and otherwise degrade aquatic habitat is the primary concern
these populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Distribution of this species in the Northern Region 1 managed forest lands accounts for about
half of the known occurrences. Occurrences in MT include at least one site in almost every
forest: Beaverhead-Deerlodge (4), Bitterroot (0), Custer (0, but close to the border), Flathead

21

(1), Gallatin (2), Helena (6), Kootenai (8), Lewis & Clark (4), Lolo (2) with the habitat potential
to exist in all forests. The other half of the observations in MT occur on BLM managed lands or
streams accessed on private lands. Since this species tends to prefer streams with open canopy,
clean cobbles and moderate flow, this habitat type usually occurs where National Forest lands
transition to the foothills and valleys. In ID, the two known records occur in Targhee National
Forest, but the potential for this species to occur in similar habitats in the Clearwater, Nez Perce
and Salmon Forests is highly likely.

22

SPECIES: Rhyacophila alexanderi

Heritage Rank: G2, MT: S2

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera
Family: Rhyacophilidae
Rhyacophila alexanderi Denning 1950

Alexander's Rhyacophilan Caddisfly

Photo of Rhyacophila alexanderi was
unavailable. Photo shows a generalized
Rhyacophila larva.

Type Locality: "Bitterroot Forest", Montana.

The species, Rhyacophila alexanderi was identified from a series of adults collected in Montana
(Denning 1950) and no larval association has been made. Because R. alexanderi is a member of
the R. alexanderi species grp for which only one species is known from MT (Gustafson 2007),
sites with larvae in the group should, in fact, be this rare species, but we could not be sure without
mature pupae or adults to verify it

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: See Denning 1950 for detailed adult description.

Larval morphology: Mature larval length: 10-11 mm. Head widest medially, as long as wide.
Frontoclypeus with dark shading posteriorly, separate muscle scars distinct; maxillary palpus
stout. Mandibles with a single apical tooth and abdominal segments are without gills like other
members of this species group (Giersch 2002).

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, adults were collected from mid- July -August.

Ecology: There is very little ecological information available on this species. According
to Anderson (1976) species of this genus fypically inhabit clear, cool creeks, and the known
locations in MT fit this general description, including being steep gradient and forested. These
caddisfly larvae are free-living and that move actively searching for food (predatory) with no
case, until just before pupation. The trophic relationship oi Rhyachophila is usually predatory on
other insects, especially chironomids (midge larvae) and simulids (blackfly larvae) (Merritt and
Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, this species is known only from the fype locality in the Bitterroot Forest (Ravalli
Counfy) and at two sites in Lake Counfy, Montana (Yellow Bay creek) (Newell and Potter, 1973),
as wefl as Manitoba (see Denning 1950).

23

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D. Species Abundance

These species oi Rhyacophila can be abundant in the proper habitat, but are usually fairly rare
and very local in abundance.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

R. alexanderi has been described as a rare species due to few reported collections, habitat
specificity and it is never abundant when collected (Wiggins 1996). It has no USFWS status at
the present time, although it is currently a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC); ranked
globally rare/uncommon (G2) by Natureserve (2006), and ranked S2 in Montana

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana populations oiR. alexanderi would include mismanagement of
forested riparian areas, including sediment and temperature increases associated with road
building and timber harvests not following BMPs. In general, cold-stenothermic (cold-
water specialists) invertebrate populations can be affected by slight changes to the thermal
characteristics of their aquatic habitats, such as alteration of flow patterns, increased sunlight
exposure, streambed substrate and water quality. Alteration and degradation of riparian and
aquatic habitat is the primary concern for these populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

In Montana, R. alexanderi currently is known from three sites (one the type locality) in the
Bitterroot & Flathead Forests and this species is likely to occur on other USFS Northern Region
managed lands higher up in the watersheds.

25

SPECIES: Rhyacophila ebria
Heritage Rank: G2G3, MT: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera
Family: Rhyacophilidae
Rhyacophila ebria Denning 1949

ARhyacophilan Caddisfly

Drawing of Rhyacophila ebria reprinted
with permission from Giersch (2002). Artist:
Joe Giersch

The species, Rhyacophila ebria were identified fi-om a

series of adults collected in Montana (Denning 1949) and

the larval association has just recently been made (Geirsch 2002). Because Rhyacophila ebria

is a member of the R. rotunda species group for which a larval key is unavailable, reports of

site occurrences with the R. rotunda grp. (4 in the databases) could potentially contain this rare

species, but we could not be sure without mature pupae or adults to verify it. Gustafson (2007)

reports that./?, ebria is the only species of the rotunda species group occurring within Montana.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: See Denning 1949 for detailed adult description.

Larval Morphology: Mature larval length: 10-11 mm. Head widest medially, as long as wide.
Frontoclypeus with dark shading posteriorly, separate muscle scars distinct; maxillary palpus
stout. Mandibles with a single apical tooth and abdominal segments are without gills like other
members of this species group (Giersch 2002).

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, adults have been collected from mid-August through
early October.

Ecology: R. ebria is restricted to the northern Rocky Mountains, where it lives in cold alpine
streams fed by permanent snowmelt, glaciers or icefields. Nimmo (1971) reported this species
from small, turbulent creeks to tiny alpine trickles. Along with R. glaciera Denning, this species
occurs in the highest, coldest streams in Glacier National Park. Joe Giersch (personal observation)
has collected R. glaciera pupating and emerging simultaneously with R. alberta. These caddisfly
larvae are free-living forms that move actively searching for food (predatory) with no case, until
just before pupation. The trophic relationships of larvae oi Rhyachophila are predatory on other
insects, especially chironomid midges and simulidae (blackfly larvae) (Merritt and Cummins
1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Originally described from Glacier Park, Logan Pass, Montana (Denning, 1949; Newell and Potter
1973), but subsequently found in Manitoba and British Columbia (Mt. Revelstoke National Park)
(Nimmo and Scudder 1978; Scudder 1994).

26

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D. Species Abundance

These snowmelt species of Rhyacophila (glaciera & ebria) are reported to be fairly rare and very
low in abundance even in the proper habitat.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

R. ebria is a regional endemic only known to occur in high alpine snowmelt and spring fed
streams along the Rocky Mountain Cordillera in Glacier National Park of Montana, Waterton,
Banff and Jasper National Parks of Alberta & British Columbia. With the increased evidence of
global warming, this species could be considered a candidate for the USFWS T&E species hst.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana populations ofR. ebria would include global warming and the
melting of glaciers. If the existing glaciers disappear from Glacier National Park, as predicted
in 25 years (2030-2040)(Daniel Fagre, pers comm.), this species will likely be extirpated from
the state and possibly extinct. In general, cold-stenothermic (cold-water specialists) invertebrate
populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns,
streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

In Montana, R. ebria is unlikely to occur outside of Glacier National Park (Glacier and Flathead
Counties) managed by the National Park Service, and thus, has little management implications at
the Northern Region 1 Forest Service level.

28

SPECIES: Rhyacophila glaciera ARhyacophilan Caddisfly

Heritage Rank: G3, MT: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera
Family: Rhyacophilidae

Rhyacophila glaciera Denning 1965 Drawing oi Rhyacophila glaciera reprinted

with permission from Giersch (2002). Artist:
Joe Giersch

Denning (1965) described R. glaciera from Logan Pass

Creek , Glacier National Park, Montana (Newell and Potter 1973), but since then has been found
in Alberta and British Columbia (Geirsch 2002, Nature Serve 2006). This species is included
in the R. alberta species group which includes four other species found in Montana (Gustafson
2007). The mis-spelled glacieri seems to also be in use for this species.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Forewing 8-9.5 mm, transparent yellowish with some cross-veins
surrounded with smoky brown, giving them a gray speckled appearance on apical
half Head brown, setal warts lighter. Antennae brown. Legs yellowish brown, tibiae lighter
apically (see Denning 1965 for detailed adult description).

Larval Morphology: Mature larvae are ~10 mm. Posterior margin of frontoclypeus with dark
pattern, obscuring distinct muscle scars. Head wedge shaped, narrowing in anterior half, light
brown with darkened muscle scars, darker areas laterally; posterior margin of frontoclypeus with
dark shading, separate muscle scars indistinct; maxillary palpus stout, second segment slightly
longer than first; left mandible with single apical tooth, right mandible with three apical teeth,
one small mesal tooth. Pronotum brown with several darkened muscle scars posteriorly (Giersch
2002).

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, adults have been collected from mid- August through
early October.

Ecology: R. glaciera is isolated to the northern Rocky Mountains, where it lives in cold alpine
streams fed by permanent snowmelt or icefields. Nimmo (1971) reported this species from
small, turbulent creeks to tiny alpine trickles. Along with R. ebria Denning, this species occurs
in the highest, coldest streams in Glacier National Park. This species has also been collected
with R. glaciera pupating and emerging simultaneously with R. alberta (J. Giersch, personal
observation).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide Distribution: R. glaciera is a regional endemic only known to occur in high alpine
snowmelt and spring fed streams along the Rocky Mountain Cordillera in Glacier National Park

29

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of Montana, Waterton, Banff and Jasper National Parks of Alberta & British Columbia (Wiggins
1996, NatureServe 2006). This distribution may be associated with a glacial refugium in the area.
In Montana, R. glaciera is unlikely to occur outside of Glacier National Park (Glacier and
Flathead Counties) and thus, has little management implications at the Northern Region 1 Forest
Service level.

D. Species Abundance

These snowmelt species oi Rhyacophila (glaciera & ebria) are reported to be fairly rare and very
local in abundance even in the proper habitat.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

R. glaciera is a regional endemic only known to occur in high alpine snowmelt and spring fed
streams along the Rocky Mountain Cordillera in Glacier National Park of Montana, Waterton,
Banff and Jasper National Parks of Alberta & British Columbia. With the increased advancement
of global warming, this species could be considered a candidate for the USFWS T&E species list.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana populations oiR. glaciera would include global warming and the
melting of glaciers. If the existing glaciers disappear from Glacier National Park, as predicted
in 25 years (2030-2040)(Daniel Fagre, pers comm.), this species will likely be extirpated from
the state and possibly extinct. In general, cold-stenothermic (cold-water specialists) invertebrate
populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns,
streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

In Montana, R. glaciera is unlikely to occur outside of Glacier National Park (Glacier and
Flathead Counties) which is managed by the National Park Service, and thus, has little
management implications at the Northern Region I Forest Service level.

31

SPECIES: Rhyacophila newelli
Heritage Rank: G2, MT: S2
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera
Family: Rhyacophilidae
Rhyacophila newelli Denning 1971

ARhyacophilan Caddisfly

Photo of Rhyacophila newelli was
unavailable. Photo shows a generalized
Rhyacophila angelita grp. larva.

Type Locality: Rattlesnake Creek, Missoula Co., Montana

The larvae oi Rhyacophila newelli were identified from an adult male collected in Montana
(Denning 1971). Because Rhyacophila newelli is a member of the R. angelita species group (2
other species in MT) (Gustafson 2007), and no larval key is available, reports of site occurrences
with R. angelita group (42 records in the databases) could potentially contain this rare species,
but we could not be sure without mature pupae or adults to verify it.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: See Denning 1971 for detailed adult description.

Larval Morphology: Body length: 12-15 mm. Head usually wedge-shaped with patterning,
no gills on the abdominal segments, apical extension off of the anal claw present (see photo).

Reproductive Biology: Adults were collected in mid- July (Denning 1971), other than that not
much is known of this species.

Ecology: This species is associated with high gradient, perennially flowing headwater springs
and streams (Wiggins 1966). These caddisfly larvae are free-living and move actively searching
for food (predatory) with no case, until just before pupation. The trophic relationship of
Rhyachophila is usually predatory on other insects, especially chironomids (midge larvae) and
simulids (blackfly larvae) (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Rhyacophila newelli is a regional endemic only known to occur in Montana (Newell
& Potter 1973), Alberta & British Columbia (Wiggins 1996, NatureServe 2006).
Distribution data for U.S. states and Canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not
been reviewed for this taxon. Known from Rattlesnake Creek, Missoula Co., Montana (Newell
and Potter, 1973); also in Alberta. It is unclear how a distribution map would look given the
limited knowledge.

D. Species Abundance

These species oi Rhyacophila can be rather abundant in the proper habitat, but are usually fairly
rare and very local in abundance (Wiggins 1996).

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Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Limited data and the inability to identify larval collections has lead to a low global ranlc.
Distribution data for U.S. states and Canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not
been reviewed for this taxon.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana populations oiR. newelli would include mismanagement of forested
riparian areas, including sediment and temperature increases associated with road building and
timber harvests not following BMPs. In general, cold-stenothermic (cold-water specialists)
invertebrate populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of riparian and aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Montana populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Given the lack of locality information; it is difficult to assess the area of Rattlesnake Creek that
the type specimen was collected, although given the habitat requirements, we plotted the point
high up in the watershed. The potential for this species to occur in the Lolo National Forest is
very high

34

SPECIES: S erico striata surdickae A Northern Rocky Mountain Refugium Caddisfly

Heritage Rank: G1G2, ID: SNRMT: SNR
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Uenoidae Photo of Sericostriata surdickae

Sericostriata surdickae Wiggins Weaver and Unzicker 1985 larvae on a granite rock face taken

by D. Gustafson.

The larvae oi Sericostriata surdickae were identified fi^om an
associated series of larvae, and mature pupae collected in Montana
(Wiggins 1996).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Taxonomy of adults is covered in Wiggins et al. (1985). The adults are
known as Little Western Dark Sedges.

Larval Morphology: Body length: 8-10 mm. Larvae o^ Sericostriata surdickae could be
confused with larvae oiFarula and Neothremma, but are readily distinguished by the angulate
anterolateral corners of the pronotum and mesonotum. The ventral apotome of the head of
Sericostriata is longer and separates the gena more than in related genera. The transverse banding
and longitudinal ridges of the larval case oi Sericostriata is also considerably different from that
of Farula and Neothremma.

Reproductive Biology: In Idaho, collections indicate that at least 2 years are required to
complete the life cycle. Adults of this species emerge from mid- July to mid- August (Wiggins
1996).

Ecology: The larvae of 5. surdickae occur on the upper surfaces of rocks in high gradient,
perennially flowing, cold mountain streams (Wiggins 1996, see photo). The trophic relationship
oi Sericostriata larvae include scrapers and collectors-gatherers (detritus, diatoms) (Merritt and
Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Sericostriata surdickae is a regional endemic only known to occur in Idaho and
Montana (Wiggins 1996, NatureServe 2006).

In Montana, Sericostriata surdickae has been reported from Missoula, Mineral, Granite, Powell
and Sanders Counties.

In Idaho, Sericostriata surdickae has been reported from 4 counties including Idaho and Valley
County in west-central Idaho; and Elmore and Lemhi counties.

35

36

D. Species Abundance

Wiggins (1996) reported that this species is uncommon and very local in occurrence in the proper
habitat. In the MT 2006 samples, 10 was the highest number of individuals found in any sample.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Sericostriata surdickae has been described as a rare species due to habitat specificity and is never
abundant when collected (Wiggins 1996). It has no USFWS status at the present time, although
it is currently a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC); ranked globally rare/uncommon
(G1G2) by Natureserve (2006), but unranked (SNR) in Montana and not yet reported for Idaho.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana & Idaho populations of 5. surdickae would include mismanagement
of forested riparian areas, including sediment and temperature increases associated with road
building and timber harvests not following BMPs. In general, stenothermic (cold-loving)
invertebrate populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of riparian and aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho and Montana
populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

All specimens oi Sericostriata surdickae collected in Montana and Idaho were collected from
drainages on public lands within the Clearwater, Salmon-Challis and Lolo National Forests.
The high elevation, steep gradient, forested-headwater stream type that these caddisflies inhabit
dictates that their entire distribution will likely occur on National Forest Service Lands.

37

SPECIES: Rossiana montana A Northern Roclcy Mountain Refugium Caddisfly

Heritage Rank: G2G3, MT: SNR

•^ Drawing of the larval case ofR. montana

A. Taxonomy

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Rossianidae

Rossiana montana Denning 1973

The larvae oi Rossiana montana were identified fi^om an associated series of larvae, and mature
pupae cohected in Montana (Wiggins 1996).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Morphology of adults is described by Denning 1973.

Larval Morphology: Body length: up to 10 mm. Unusual case-makers (see photo) and the
posteriolateral margins of the head are extended as prominent flanges. The head and pronotal
areas are brownish-red and coarsely pebbled. Mandibles have separate tooth-like points.

Reproductive Biology: Pupae and late-instar larvae were collected in June, so adults may be
flying from late-June to July.

Ecology: This species is associated with high-gradient, P' or 2"'' order, perennially flowing
springs and streams (especially in gravel under mossy areas, Wiggins 1996). The trophic
relationship of larvae of ^. montana include scrappers and shredders (eating detritus & plant
materials) (Merritt and Cummins 1996, Wiggins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Rossiana montana is a regional endemic only known to occur in western Montana,
Washington and British Columbia (Wiggins 1996, NatureServe 2006).

In Montana, Rossiana montana has been reported from streams in Missoula, Mineral and Sanders
counties. Rossiana montana has not been reported in Idaho yet, but it is likely to be found in the
NRMR area (Clearwater National Forest) near the MT border

D. Species Abundance

Wiggins (1996) reported that this species is rare and very low in abundance even in the proper
habitat.

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A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Rossiana montana has been described as a rare species due to habitat specificity and is never
abundant when collected (Wiggins 1996). It has no USFWS status at the present time, although
it is currently a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC); ranked globally rare/uncommon
(G2G3) by Natureserve (2006), but unranked (SNR) in Montana and not yet reported for Idaho.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana populations ofR. montana would include mismanagement of forested
riparian areas, including sediment and temperature increases associated with road building and
timber harvests not following BMPs. In general, cold-stenothermic (cold-water specialists)
invertebrate populations can be affected by slight changes to the thermal characteristics of their
aquatic habitats, such as alteration of flow patterns, increased sunlight exposure, streambed
substrate and water quality. Alteration and degradation of riparian and aquatic habitat is the
primary concern for these populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Afl specimens oiR. montana coflected in Montana were coflected from drainages on public lands
within the Lolo National Forest. It would not be surprising to discover this species in similar
habitats in the Clearwater National Forest in Idaho. The steep forested-headwater stream type
that these mayflies inhabit dictates that much of their distribution will likely occur on US Forest
Service Lands.

40

SPECIES: Goereilla baumanni

A Northern Roclcy Mountain Refugium Caddisfly

Heritage Rank: G1G2, ID: SNR, MT: SNR
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Drawing of Goereilla baumanni larvae
and case.

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Rossianidae

Goereilla baumanni Denning 1 973

The species, Goereilla baumanni were described from an associated series of adults collected in
Montana (Denning 1973). A more detailed account of the larvae, pupae and adults can be found
in Wiggins (1996) where larvae from Montana were reared.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: See Denning 1973 for detailed aduh description.

Larval Morphology: See Wiggins 1996 for detailed larval and pupa descriptions. Body
length: up to 9 mm for mature larvae. Larvae have single abdominal gills and lack chloride
epithelial. Larvae of G. baumanni could be confused only with larvae of Rossiana montana,
but their head lacks a flange or carina as in R. montana. G. baumanni larvae also have a slightly
extended mesiepistemum into a spiny lobe. Larvae are found in first order streams where they
are found in side-channel seepage areas (Wiggins 1996). Larvae construct smooth tubular cases of
small rock and some sand grains (see drawing).

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, adults of this species emerge from mid- July to mid-
August (Wiggins 1996).

Ecology: This species is associated with high elevation, forested, perennially flowing cold
spring seep areas (Wiggins 1996). The trophic relationship of larvae of G. baumanni include
shredders and collectors-gatherers (eating detritus & plant pieces) (Merritt and Cummins 1996,
Wiggins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, G. baumanni a regional endemic is only known to occur in the Northern Rocky
Mountain Refugium area of Montana and Idaho (Wiggins 1996, Nature Serve 2006). In Montana,
G. baumanni has been reported from two counties including Missoula, and Mineral. In Idaho, G.
baumanni has been reported from one stream in Clearwater County.

D. Species Abundance

These species of caddisfly are reported to be fairly rare and very low in abundance even in the
proper habitat (e.g. only 1 or 2 reported in any sample).

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A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Goeriella baumanni has been described as a rare species due to habitat specificity (Wiggins 1996)
and is never abundant when collected. It has no USFWS status at the present time, although it is
currently a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC); ranked globally uncommon (G1G2) by
Natureserve (2006), but unranked (SNR) in Idaho and Montana.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana & Idaho populations of G. baumanni would include mismanagement
of forested riparian areas, including sediment and temperature increases associated with road
building and timber harvests not following BMPs. In general, stenothermic (cold-loving)
invertebrate populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of riparian and aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho and Montana
populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

All specimens of Goeriella baumanni collected in Montana and Idaho were collected from
drainages on public lands within the Clearwater and Lolo National Forests. The high elevation
forested-headwater stream type that these caddisflies inhabit dictates that their entire distribution
wfll likely occur on National Forest Service Lands.

43

SPECIES: Pictetiella expansa
Heritage Rank: G3, ID: S2, MT: SNR
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

A Stonefly

Photo of a closely related Perlodidae, but not P. expansa

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Perlodidae

Pictetiella expansa (Baumann and Gaufin 1971)

Type Locality of P. expansa is in Grant, CO.

This species was originally described in the genus Perla and was later included in the
genus Isogenus (Pictetia) before being placed in its own genus Pictietiella which was
monospecific, containing the one species, expansa (Baumann et al. 1977), until a new species
Pictetiella lechleitneri was described in Washington (Stark and Kondratieff 2004).

B. Species Description

Larval Morphology: Length of larval male is 15-16 mm; length of mature female is 17-
21 mm. The general color is brown but quite strikingly patterned. Head pattern is light on a
dark background that has short sub-mental gills, but no thoracic gills. The cerci of the nymphs
are distinctly black-tipped, a character that could only be confused with the genus Perlinoides
(Baumann et al. 1977). The nymph of conspecific, P. lechleitneri differs from P. expansa
most conspicuously by the paired pale tergal patches on abdominal segments 2-10 (Stark and
Kondratieff 2004).

Adult Morphology: The epiproct oi Pictetiella lechleitneri is shorter and broader near the
apex than in P. expansa, and the color pattern is more striking with conspicuous femoral bands
and broad U-shaped posteromesal, sternal patches on abdominal segments 5-8. The female
subgenital plate structure is very similar to P. expansa but the female can probably be separated
by the banded femoral character (Stark and Kondratieff 2004).

Reproductive Biology: Baumann et al. (1977) state that adults emerge from July through
October across the species' range. Newell and Minshall (1979) report adult emergence during
September at two Idaho locations, and there is often asynchronous emergence of males and
females, males emerging first. Drumming, as a means of communication between males and
females, has been demonstrated in P. expansa in laboratory reared individuals (Maketon and
Stewart 1984).

Ecology: Nymphs generally occur in small, fast-moving streams and require high water quality.
Individuals have been encountered at elevations between 555-1255 m in north Idaho (Idaho
Department of Environmental Quality Beneficial Use Reconnaissance Program Database). This
species occurs in creeks and small streams (Baumann et al. 1977; NatureServe 2006). The
trophic relationship oiP. expansa is likely a predator (mainly on Chironmidae and Simulidae) as
are most other Perlodidae in this sub-family (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

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C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, this stonefly occurs in the high elevation Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Utah, and Wyoming (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977; Newell and Minshall 1979).

In Idaho, P. expansa is known from 26 streams in Boundary, Bonner, Shoshone, Clearwater,
Benewah, Blaine, Caribou, Bonneville, Teton counties (Baumann personal communication 2005,
Idaho Department of Enviromnental Quality 2005, Newell and Minshall 1979).

In Montana, P. expansa has only been reported from three localities in Flathead, Glacier and
Gallatin Counties, of which only I was detailed enough to be mapped (Baumann et al. 1977).

D. Species Abundance

For the site records, the numbers of individuals collected by the Idaho Department of
Environmental Quality (personal communication 2005) ranged widely from 9 to 528 specimens
per sampling station. In MT fewer than 10 individuals were recorded per site, suggesting that
the species may be relatively uncommon in all its occupied reaches. Baumann et al. (1977)
considered this species to be uncommon, although nymphs can be locally abundant in some areas.
Newell and Minshall (1979) report the species as being "rare."

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Pictetiella expansa has no USFWS status at the present time, although it is currently a US Forest
Service Species of Concern (SOC); listed as imperiled in Idaho (S2) and unranked in (SNR)
in Montana. This species is irregularly distributed in parts of the northern and central Rocky
Mountains, and populations have been poorly documented through much of this range (e.g., see
Natureserve 2006). Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) describe P. expansa as "uncommon."
Newell and Minshall (1979) report the species as "rare and restricted in its distribution." More
recently, in 1994-1995, the IDDEQ (personal communication 2005) found this species in 22
northern Idaho streams, sometimes in large numbers. The broad west-to-east and north-to-south
distribution in Idaho, the number of Idaho streams from which this species has been collected,
and the numbers of specimens collected per station by the IDDEQ indicate this species might not
be as rare or uncommon in Idaho as earlier publications suggest. Field inventories are needed to
learn more about the status and distribution in the Northern Region I managed forest lands.

B. Threats

Specific threats to populations of P. expansa have not been identified. In general, stonefly
populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such asalteration of flow patterns,
streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Degradation of riparian and
aquatic habitats is the primary concern for population occurring within USES Region I.

46

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Most (12 of 22) sites containing P. expansa collected in the Idaho Panhandle and central
mountains of Idaho and in Montana were collected from drainages on public lands within the
Idaho Panhandle, Clearwater, Nez Perce and Flathead National Forests (Idaho Department of
Environmental Quality, personal communication 2005). Nine sites were reported on private
lands, and 1 appears to be within state land. Based on available specimen label information,
two specimens at Brigham Young University (Baumann personal communication 2005) are
from streams in National Forests. Two other collections (Newell and Minshall 1979) were made
on streams that flow through National Forest at upper elevations and private lands at lower
elevations; not enough information is provided about those specimens to determine associated
land ownership. The moderate to steep gradient forested type that these stoneflies inhabit dictates
that much of their distribution will likely occur on National Forest Service Lands.

47

SPECIES : Soyedina potteri

Heritage Rank: G3, ID: S1,MT: SNR

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Nemouridae

Soyedina potteri (Baumann and Gaufin 1971)

A Northern Rocky Mountain Refugium Stonefly

Idaho Forestfly

Photo of Soyedina from Washington {not potteri)
taken by C. Riley used from The Tree of Life Web
Project. http://tolweb.org/Nemouridae/13941

Type Locality: Butler Creek, Snow Bowl, Missoula County, Montana.

The North American endemic genus Soyedina contains one Rocky Mountain species Soyedina

potteri that was first described in 1966 as Nemoura (Soyedina) interrupta (Baumann et al. 1977).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Adults are macropterous and distinguished by the fusion of viens Aj and
A., in the forewing near the wing margin. Wings are hyaline; anal area of each hindwing is large.
Body length is 5.5-7 mm, forewing length is 5-6.5 mm. General color is dark brown; legs are
yellowish brown. Cerci are small and membranous. Gills are absent. See Baumann and Gaufin
(1971) for more details.

Larval Morphology: Body length: 4 mm, caudal filaments: 3mm. General color is light
brown, head light brown and slightly patterened. No cervical gills and the pronotum rounded at
the comers with a definite notch on the lateral margins.

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, the adults emerge from April to July (Baumann et al.
1977).

Ecology: This species occurs in creeks, small streams, and smah springs (Baumann et al. 1977;
NatureServe 2006). Merritt and Cummins (1996) describe the habitat associated with members
of the genus Soyedina as "spring outflows." The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that
Soyedina is well-suited for biting or shredding, thus its trophic relationships would include
shredders and collectors-gatherers (detritus, algae) (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Soyedina potteri is a Northern Rocky Mountain regional endemic known to occur in
Montana and Idaho (Baumann et al. 1977, NatureServe 2006).

In Idaho, S. potteri is known from 1 location in Clearwater County and 4 locations in Idaho
County in the central mountainous part of the state (Baumann et al. 1977).
In Montana, S. potteri has been reported from scattered localities in Flathead and Glacier
Counties (Baumann et al. 1977) (although they don't mention specific locations), and from four
sites in the Northern Rocl<y Mountain Refugium area of Mineral and Missoula Counties in west-
central Montana (Stagliano, this study).

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D. Species Abundance

This species has a narrow overall range, with specimens known only from 6 locations. In
addition, the small number of available specimens suggests the species is not abundant. For the
site records in ID and MT, fewer than 10 individuals were recorded per site, suggesting that the
species may be uncommon in all occupied reaches.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Soyedina potteri has no USFWS status at the present time, although it is currently a US Forest
Service Species of Concern (SOC); ranked globally vulnerable (G3) by Natureserve (2006),
listed as imperiled in Idaho (SI) and unranked (SNR) in Montana, but due to limited distribution
will probably rank an S2. These rankings largely reflect the small number of known sites and its
habitat specificity.

B. Threats

Specific threats to USFS populations oi Soyedina potteri have not been identified.
In general, stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration
of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of riparian / aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Northern Region I Forest
Service populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

In Idaho, 4 of the 5 documented S. potteri sites are within the Clearwater National Forest
boundaries in the central mountainous part of the state. In Montana, this study reports S. potteri
from 3 sites within the Lolo National Forest.

50

SPECIES: Soliperla salish

Heritage Rank: G?, ID: SNR, MT: SNR

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Peltoperlidae

Soliperla salish Stark and Gustafson 2004

Clearwater Roachfly

Photo of Soliperla salish
taken by D. Gustafson.

Type Locality: Little North Fork Clearwater River tributary, Shoshone County, Idaho.
The North American endemic genus Soliperla contains one Rocky Mountain species Soliperla
salish that was recently described in 2004. Other species in this genus occur within the Pacific
Northwest drainages of Washington, Oregon and California.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Adults are macropterous. General color is yellowish-brown. Wings are
clear and veins brown; legs are yellowish brown. Body length is 9-11 mm; forewing length is 12-
13mm. Cerci are small and membranous. Gills are absent. See Stark and Gustafson (2004) for a
more detailed description.

Larval Morphology: Pre-emergent length: 11- 12mm. General color is light brown; head light
brown with pale thorax and slightly patterned. No PSCj gills and the posterior Th^ gill is absent.
Nymphs may require 2 years to complete development based on 2 cohorts detected in collections.

Reproductive Biology: In Idaho and Montana, the adults were present late-June through July
(Stark and Gustafson 2004).

Ecology: This species occurs in small high gradient creeks and streams near their headwaters
source (Stark and Gustafson 2004). Nymphs were found on vertically oriented clean boulders
in splash zones or seeping water, but not on the adjacent mossy covered cobbles. Merritt and
Cummins (1996) describe Soliperla trophic relationships as shredders and collectors-gatherers
(detritus, algae), and Stark and Gustafson (2004) reported shredded organic debris (leaves and
wood) in the gut contents they examined.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Soliperla salish is a Northern Rocky Mountain regional endemic known to occur
only in Montana and Idaho (Stark and Gustafson 2004).

In Idaho, Soliperla salish is known from 2 locations in Clearwater County and 2 locations in
Shoshone County in the central mountainous part of the state (Clearwater National Forest).
In Montana, Soliperla salish has been reported at 4 locations within the Northern Rocky

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Mountain Refugium area of Mineral County in western Montana (Stark and Gustafson 2004,
Stagliano, this study).

D. Species Abundance

This species has a narrow overall range, and specimens are known from only 7 locations.
Although, some of these locations contain large numbers of individuals. Stark and Gustafson
(2004) report collecting 3 1 & 73 nymphs at one site in Montana, although 2006 collections found
only 3 or 4 nymphs at the 2 newly identified locations.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Soliperla salish has no USFWS status at the present time, and since it is a fairly new species
Nature Serve has not globally ranked this species yet, although given its range it will most likely
be ranked globally rare to uncommon G2 or G3 based on site occurrences. Thus this species is
unranked in Idaho (SNR) and unranked (SNR) in Montana and due to limited distribution will
probably rank an S2 in both of those states.

B. Threats

Specific threats to USPS populations oi Soliperla salish have not been identified. Although a
population at Van Ness Creek in Montana is still viable after a forest fire burned through the area
including the riparian zone (D. Gustafson, pers. comm.). In general, stonefly populations are
affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate,
thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and degradation of riparian / aquatic habitat
is the primary concern for Northern Region I Forest Service populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Afl specimens oi Soliperla salish coflected in Idaho and Montana were collected from drainages
on public lands within the Clearwater and Lolo National Forests. The steep forested-headwater
stream type that these stoneflies inhabit dictates that much of their distribution will likely occur
on National Forest Service Lands.

53

SPECIES: Taenionema umatilla
Heritage Rank: G3, ID: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Taeniopterygidae

Taenionema umatilla Stanger & Baumann, 1993

Type Locality: Meacham, Umatilla County, Oregon.

B. Species Description

A Stonefly (Umatilla Willowfly)

TMinkLT.JQH

Photo of Taenionema atlanlicum (permission
granted by Troutnut.com). Taenionema
umatilla was unavailable.

Adult Morphology: Body length is 7.5-9.5 mm. Individuals are macropterous; forewing
length is 8-10 mm. Dorsum of head is brown with a light area between ocelli and around the
inner margins of the compound eyes. The pronotum is brown with pale margins and dark
rugosities. The thorax is brown with a medial pale, triangular area on the anterior margin of
the mesonotum. Legs are yellow-brown. The wings are amber with dark veins (Stanger and
Baumann 1993).

Larval Morphology: Larvae are characterized by divergent wingpads and coxae without gills,
legs are uniformly brown and head and thorax have some patterning (see photo).

Reproductive Biology: Adults of this species have been collected in April and May (Stanger
and Baumann 1993).

Ecology: Taenionema umatilla is known from creeks and small rivers (Stanger and Baumann
1993). Generally, species of this family are scrapers and shredders eating diatoms or plant
materials (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

T umatilla is "known from creeks and small rivers at several adjacent localities in Oregon and
Idaho." In Idaho, this species has been collected at 7 locations in Latah County (north-central
Idaho)(Stanger and Baumann 1993).

D. Species Abundance

Stanger and Baumann (1993) describe T umatilla as a "rarely collected species,
specimens collected at the 7 known Idaho localities range from 1 to 100.

The numbers of

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Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This species has a narrow overall range, and Idaho specimens are known from only 7 locations in
a single county (Stanger and Baumann 1993).

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations of Taenionema umatilla have not been identified.
In general, stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Based on available specimen information, 5 of the 7 collection sites in Idaho are definitely or
likely within private lands. Two collection sites appear to be within the Clearwater National
Forest.

56

A Northern Roclcy Mountain Refugium Stonefly

SPECIES: Zapada cordillera
Heritage Rank: G3, ID: SI MT: S2

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Photo of the aduh (left) and larva (right) of Zapada oregonensis group

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Nemouridae

Zapada cordillera (Baumaim and Gaufin 1971)

Type Locality: Butler Creek, Missoula County, Montana (Baumann and Gaufin 1977).
This rare Rocky Mountain species, Zapada cordillera, was first described in 1971 as Nemoura
(Zapada) cordillera (Baumann & Gaufin 1971).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Adult morphology described in Baumann et al. (1977) (see photo).

Larval Morphology: Larvae have not been associated with the adults or distinguished from
other Z. oregonensis group species, thus larvae would be identified to the species group level by
taxonomy labs identifying bioassesment samples.

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, the adults emerge fi-om March to May (Baumann et al.
1977).

Ecology: This species occurs in spring-influenced creeks and small streams (Baumann et al.
1977; NatureServe 2006). The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that Zapada cordillera
is well-suited for shredding plant materials, thus trophic relationships would include being
shredders and collectors-gatherers (detritus, CPOM) (Merritt & Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Zapada cordillera is known from scattered localities in California, Oregon,
Washington, Idaho and Montana (Baumann et al. 1977, NatureServe 2006). Occurrences in the
Northern Rocky Mountain region (Montana and Idaho) appear to be disjunct glacial refugium
populations (Gustafson 2001).

In Idaho, Z. cordillera has only been reported from Sherman Creek in Idaho County (Baumann et
al. 1977).

In Montana, Z cordillera has been reported from scattered localities in Flathead and Glacier
Counties, and from the Northern Rocky Mountain Refugium area of Mineral and Missoula
Counties in west-central Montana (Baumann et al. 1977, Stagliano, unpublished data).

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D. Species Abundance

For the site records we have in MT fewer than 10 individuals were recorded per site, suggesting
that the species may be relatively rare and in low abundance in all its occupied reaches.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Zapada cordillera has been described as a rare species due to habitat specificity (Baumann
et al. 1977) and is never abundant when collected. It has no USFWS status at the present
time, although it is currently a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC); ranked globally
uncommon (G3) by NatureServe (2006), listed as imperiled in Idaho (SI) and threatened (S2) in
Montana.

B. Threats

Specific threats to USFS populations of Z. cordillera have not been identified. In general,
cold-water stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of riparian and aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Northern Region 1 Forest
Service populations

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

All specimens of Z. cordillera collected in Montana and Idaho were collected from drainages
on public lands within the Clearwater, Lolo and Flathead National Forests. The high elevation
forested-headwater stream type that these stomeflies inhabit dictates that their entire distribution
will likely occur on lands managed by the US Forest Service.

59

SPECIES: Zapada glacier
Heritage Rank: G2, MT: SI

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Western Glacier Stonefly

Photo of the adult (left) and larva (right) of Zapada oregonensis group

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Nemouridae

Zapada glacier (Baumann and Gaufin 1971)

This rare Rocky Mountain species, Zapada glacier, was first described in 1971 as Nemoura
(Zapada) glacier (Baumann and Gaufin 1971) from adult males and females. The type species
was collected from Cataract Creek, Glacier County, MT.

B. Species Description

Larval Morphology: Larvae have not been associated with the adults or distinguished from
other Z. oregonensis group species, although they share the typical characters of the group:
cervical gills simple, unbranched and not constricted past the base (see photo of full view larva).
Thus this species would not be identified to species and left within this species group level by
taxonomy labs identifying bioassesment samples.

Adult Morphology: Adults described in Baumann and Gaufin (1971) (see photo of adult).

Reproductive Biology: In Montana, the adults have been collected in July (Baumann et al.
1977).

Ecology: This species occurs in steep (precipitous) glacial-influenced streams (Baumann et
al. 1977; NatureServe 2006). The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that Zapada glacier
is well-suited for shredding plant materials, thus trophic relationships would include being
shredders and collectors-gatherers (detritus, CPOM) (Merritt & Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Zapada glacier is known only from Glacier National Park, Montana, but may also
occur in Waterton Park, Alberta, but is difficult to collect (glacier-fed streams) at high elevations
early in the year Only about five occurrences are known.

In Montana, Z. glacier has been reported from scattered localities in Glacier Park, including
Cataract Creek, Iceburg, Grinnell, Ptarmigan and Wilbur Creeks below glaciers or glacial lakes
(Baumann and Gaufin 1971).

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D. Species Abundance

For the site records in Glacier National Park, MT, fewer than 10 individuals were recorded per
site, suggesting that the species is relatively rare and in low abundance in all its occupied reaches.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Zapada glacier is a rare regional endemic only known to occur from Glacier National Park,
Montana (where it is only known from five sites), but may also occur in Waterton Park, Alberta.
With the increased evidence of global warming, this species could be considered a candidate for
the USFWS T&E species list.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana populations of Z. glacier would include global warming and the
melting of glaciers. If the existing glaciers disappear from Glacier National Park, as predicted
in 25 years (2030-2040) (Daniel Fagre, pers comm.), this species will likely be extirpated from
the state and possibly become extinct. In general, cold-stenothermic (cold-water specialists)
invertebrates are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns,
streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

In Montana, Z. glacier is unlikely to occur outside of Glacier National Park (Glacier and Flathead
Counties) (J. Geirsch, pers. comm.) which is managed by the National Park Service, and thus, has
little management implications at the Northern Region I Forest Service level.

62

A Northern Rocky Mountain Refugium Mayfly

(Lolo Mayfly)

SPECIES: Caurinella idahoensis

Heritage Rank: G1G3, ID: S2, MT: S3
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Ephemeroptera
Family: Ephemerellidae
Caurinella idahoensis (Allen 1984)

The monospecific genus Caurinella was described in

1984; the type species, Caurinella idahoensis, was

described on the basis of a female nymph from Idaho

County (Allen 1984). Edmunds and Murvosh (1995)

examined the holotype and concurred that it represented a

distinct, valid genus. They also examined additional

Idaho specimens of C. idahoensis, all of which were

nymphs. The type locality is presumed to be Brushy

Creek in Idaho County and not "Bushy Creek" as reported by Allen (1984)

Drawing courtesy of Luke Jacobus (Purdue U),
Artist-Alan Provoshna

B. Species Description

Larval Morphology: Body length: 4-5 mm, caudal filaments: 3mm. General color of head
and thorax is light brown and slightly patterned; maxillary palpi are 2-segmented. Head and
thorax are without tubercles. Postero-lateral abdominal projections on abdominal segment 9 are
very long and upturned at the apicies (see drawing). This character coupled with the row of long
setae around the head are unique characters to the genus, Caurinella (Allen 1984). Until Jacobus
and McCafferty (2004) reared and described the adult form, this species was known only from the
original description of an immature individual.

Adult Morphology: Male adult length is 8.5 mm; forewings are 9.0 mm; caudal filaments
are 11.2 mm. Antennae are tan. Ocelli are white with reddish brown base. Thorax is drab olive
green in life, light tan in alcohol. Prothorax has a strong median keel. Wings are hyaline with all
veins pale; stigmatic area is lightly clouded with white. All legs are pale; each trochanter has a
white spot. Abdomen is ivory white. Caudal filaments are white and relatively densely covered
with short, fine setae (Jacobus and McCafferty 2004).

Reproductive Biology: Nymphs collected at the Idaho/Montana border, based on larval
maturity and specimens reared in the laboratory, are likely to emerge as adults from mid- July to
early-August (Jacobus and McCafferty 2004).

Ecology: This species is a listed as a coldwater stenotherm (IDDEQ 2002b) and was collected
from second order perennial mountain streams with moderately swift current and cobble/gravel
rock substrates. Specimens collected at Brushy Creek, Idaho County (Jacobus and McCafferty
2004) were found where the depth ranged from 15-50 cm and the stream width was 4-5 m. The

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substrate was composed mostly of pale, rough cobble and boulders that were 8-30 cm in diameter,
with some bedrock present. The riparian canopy was not completely shading the stream reach.
Nymphs were found at the bases of small, ear-like macrocolonies of a blue green alga {Nostoc
parmelioides), which occurred on cobble and rock surfaces exposed to the stream current.
Laboratory observations indicate that larvae possibly defend small territories on rock surfaces
(Jacobus and McCafferty 2004). The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that C. idahoensis
is well-suited for scraping, biting or shredding, thus its trophic relationships would include
scrapers and collectors-gatherers (detritus, algae, diatoms) (Merritt and Cummins 1996, Jacobus
and McCafferty 2004).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Caurinella idahoensis is a regional endemic known to occur in western Montana and
Idaho (Jacobus and McCafferty 2004, NatureServe 2006).

In Idaho, C. idahoensis has been reported from scattered localities in the central mountainous
part of the state from 12 locations in Valley, Lemhi, Idaho, and Clearwater counties (Edmunds
and Murvosh 1995, Idaho Department of Environmental Quality personal communication 2005,
Jacobus and McCafferty 2004, Gary Lester personal communication 2007). This species has
been encountered in macroinvertebrate samples at 7 sites by the Idaho DEQ and in Brushy Creek
as reported in Jacobus and McCafferty (2004). Fewer than 10 individuals were recorded per site,
suggesting that the species may be relatively uncommon to rare in occupied reaches.
In Montana, C idahoensis has been reported from 3 streams within the Northern Rocky Mountain
Refugium area of Mineral and Missoula Counties in west-central Montana from Lolo Pass in
Missoula County, north to Lookout Pass in Mineral County, Montana (Stagliano, this study)
and an additional site at Prospect Creek north of Lookout Pass in Sanders County (Gustafson,
unpublished data).

D. Species Abundance

For most of the site records in ID and MT fewer than 10 individuals were recorded per site
(usually I or 2 specimens), suggesting that the species is relatively rare and uncommon in all of
its occupied reaches.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

C. idahoensis has no USFWS status at the present time, although it is currently a US Forest
Service Species of Concern (SOC); it is listed as imperiled in Idaho (S2) and a Potential Species
of Concern (PSOC) (S3) in Montana. The 2006 additions to the distribution of Caurinella in a
few isolated, rugged and inaccessible drainages within the greater Idaho/Montana border area
indicate that, not surprisingly, this area has not been thoroughly surveyed for invertebrates.
Additional surveys for this species in suitable habitats are necessary to confidently determine the
regional distribution and extent of endemism to the MT / ID border region.

65

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana and Idaho populations of C. idahoensis have not been identified. In
general, cold water stenotherm mayfly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat,
such as alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.
Alteration and degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho & Montana
populations. For focused evaluations, assessments should consider if human activities within the
watershed can be linked to increases in stream temperature.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

All specimens of C. idahoensis collected in Montana and most of the Idaho specimens were
collected from drainages on public lands within the Clearwater, Salmon-Challis and Lolo
National Forests. The steep forested-headwater stream type that these mayflies inhabit dictates
that much of their distribution will likely occur on National Forest Service Lands.

66

SPECIES: Caudatella edmundsi

Heritage Rank: G1G3,ID: SNR, MT: SNR

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Ephemeroptera
Family: Ephemerellidae
Caudatella edmundsi f Allen 1959)

A Mayfly

Generalized Caudatella larvae not edmundsi

Allen (1959) described this taxon based on images of both sexes. He described the larval form in
1961 (Allen and Edmunds 1961).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: see Allen (1959) for detailed description.

Larval Morphology: (See photo) Body length: 6-8 mm, robust thoracic region. Medial caudal
filiament much longer than cerci. The dorsal surface of the femora has a fringe of relatively long
hairs. Abdominal tergal spines on segments 3-9 are moderately long. Larvae of C. edmundsi
could be confused only with larvae of C. hystrix, but the difference in yellowish coloration and
the vestigial maxillary palpi of C. edmundsi is significant in differentiation (Jacobus 2005, pers.
comm.).

Ecology: Very little is known of the habitat preference of this species (P. McCafferty, personal

communication, December 2004), but like other Caudatella, this species is associated with

relatively pristine, cold flowing streams and rivers (Allen 1961) and is a listed as a coldwater

stenotherm (IDDEQ 2002). Hawkins (1984) found C. edmundsi & Drunella spinifera larvae

most abundant when associated with mossy cobbles and boulders in an Oregon stream (see

photo). Most of the Montana collection

records are from 2"''- 3"' order streams capable

of sustaining Westslope cutthroat trout

populations with at least 50% riparian shading

and cobble/boulder substrate. Sites with this

species present, visited in 2006, correlated

with this stream type (avg. wetted width-2.5

m, heavy moss growth on the cobbles). The

trophic relationships of Caudatella larvae

include being scrapers and coUectors-gatherers

(detritus, diatoms) (Merritt and Cummins

1996).

High quality Caudatella edmundsi larval habitat.

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C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, C. edmundsi is known from the coastal ranges of western Oregon, and California,

and more recently from disjunct Idaho and Montana populations. Until a current faunistic study

of the west coast and intermountain states is complete, the current global conservation ranking is

preliminary (Nature Serve 2006).

In Idaho, C. edmundsi as been reported from the Snake River drainage (J. Koebaugh, pers.

comm.), in Myers Creek (Idaho County) within the Nez Pearce National Forest and across the

Snake river in Oregon, although specific locations were not mapped.

In Montana, C. edmundsi has been reported from 30 sites on ~20 streams in 7 counties:

Beaverhead, Deerlodge, Missoula, Mineral, Granite, Powell and Sanders Counties.

D. Species Abundance

This study examined the available information concerning the abundance of C. edmundsi in
Montana associated with USPS PIBO data, and monitoring samples from the MT Department
of Environmental Quality since 1999. In most cases, I or 2 specimens per sample (300-500
individuals) was reported, but in a few cases 10-30 individuals (3-10% of the community) were
collected, indicating that given the right habitat this species can be fairly abundant in a reach.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

C. edmundsi has no federal or state agency status at the present time and was not reported to be
in Montana. Although, as a result of this study, this species will be listed as a USPS SOC, and a
Potential Species of Concern (PSOC) in Montana.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Montana and Idaho populations of C. edmundsi have not been identified.
In general, cold-water mayfly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as
alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.
Alteration and degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho & Montana
populations. For Forest Service evaluations, assessments should consider if human activities
within the watershed can be linked to increases in stream temperature.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Distribution of this species in the Northern Region I managed forest lands accounts for about
half of the known occurrences. Occurrences in MT include sites in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge ,
Bitterroot, and the Lolo National Forests with the potential to exist in the Clearwater, Nez Perce
and Salmon Forests of Idaho highly likely. The other half of the observations in MT occur on
BLM managed lands or streams accessed on private lands. Since this species tends to prefer
slightly larger streams with a more open canopy, mossy cobbles and moderate flow, this habitat
type can also occur where National Forest lands transition to the foothills and valleys.

69

SPECIES: Parameletus columbiae
Heritage Rank: G2, ID: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Ephemeroptera
Family: Siphlonuridae
Parameletus columbiae McDunnough, 1938

Type Locality: Dunn Peak, N. Thompson River, British Drawing of Parameletus columbiae

Columbia. The holotype and paratypes were captured at 2150 m courtesy: httpV/ilmbww-w.gov.bc.ca/

(7000 ft) elevation. nsc/pubs/aguatic

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: "Head smoky black. Thorax shiny pitch-black, with slight light brown
marks on mesothorax anterior to scutellum; sutures of pleura and the portion anterior to wing-
base light brown with slight ruddy tinges; a brown patch at base of each leg. Abdomen deep
brown dorsally, paling somewhat along anterior border of each of the first six segments; the
four opaque posterior segments are shaded, especially laterally, with lighter brown: no evident
markings. Ventrally much the same in color as dorsally, but somewhat ruddier; the posterior
margins of the anterior segments bordered narrowly with dirty white, giving a faint ringed
appearance. Tails smoky, paler at joints. Legs smoky brown, the tibiae and tarsi of prolegs
almost pitch-black. Wings hyaline with deep brown longitudinal and cross veins. Length of body
and forewing 11 mm" (McDunnough 1938).

Reproductive Biology: Eggs are deposited by females in wetlands and pools in mid- June.
Eggs remain dormant during the summer and winter and "hatch within one day after the snow
melts the next May." Larvae have an extremely short development period compared to other
mayfly species. Larvae crawl "out of the water one or two inches onto a Carex leaf, and the
subimago emerges and flies high into a tree" (Edmunds 1957). Larvae that were wild-caught and
reared in the laboratory developed into subimagoes in early to mid- June. The larval stage was
less than 2 weeks (Edmunds 1957).

Ecology: Merritt and Cummins (1996) consider larvae to be swimmers and climbers. Larvae
are found in ponds and wetland situations on the edges of lakes in association with heavy growth
of broad-leaved sedges {Carex spp.). The larvae are often concentrated where a slight current
exists (Edmunds 1957). In addition to lakes and ponds, this species occurs at the edges of
moderately flowing rivers and streams (Jensen 1966). Males were observed swarming high in the
air over a small glacial stream with females flying over the water (McDunnough 1938).

70

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C. Range and Known Sites

This species is known from Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and British Columbia (NatureServe 2006).
The Idaho distribution includes 4 locations in Latah, Blaine, and Teton counties.

D. Species Abundance

No information is available on the abundance in Idaho.
Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This species is known from very few locations in Idaho and apparently has not been collected in
Idaho since 1965. Beginning in 1993, the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)
collected aquatic invertebrates at sampling stations on Idaho streams as part of its Beneficial Use
Reconaissance Program (BURP). At the end of the 2003 BURP season, a total of 5,182 stream
sites had been sampled in Idaho (Idaho Department of Environmental Quality 2007). Despite
annual BURP sampling efforts from 1993-2005, DEQ collected no specimens oiP. columbiae
(Idaho Department of Environmental Quality personal communication 2005).

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations of/*, columbiae have not been identified. In general,
mayfly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow
patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and
degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Based on available information, two of Jensen's (1966) four collection sites are within private
lands. The Blaine County location is likely within National Forest lands. The fourth collection
site is poorly described and could be within private land. National Forest, or State land.

72

SPECIES: Pristinicola hemphilli Pristine Pyrg

Heritage Rank: G3, ID: S2
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Family: Hydrobiidae

Pristinicola hemphilli (Pilsbry 1890)

Photo credit: Montana
State Univ moUusca

Type Locality: Near Kentucky Ferry, Snake River, WA

This species was reclassified as Pristinicola hemphilli from Bythinella website: http://-w-ww-.

7 7 •77- /TT 11 .1 ^r\nA\ T^T 1 • -1 esg.niontana.edu/aim/

«emp/!i//i (Hersnler et al. 1994). No subspecies are recognized. ~^. : ...^ ,. ,

t^ ^ / t- o mollusca/nzms/id^a.html

B. Species Description

Shells are 1.7-3.1 mm in length, narrowly conic, and consisting of 4.25-5.50 whorls (Hershler
et al. 1994). Shells are operculate and dextral and can be distinguished from similar shells by a
wrinkled microsculpture of the protoconch. Animal is pale, and tentacles have a uniform ciliation
(Hershler et al. 1994). Hershler et al. (1994) provide detailed description of soft tissue anatomy
and shells.

Reproductive Biology: Sexes are separate (unlike the majority of Idaho gastropods, which
are hermaphroditic). This species is oviparous, and eggs are laid singly, attached to the sides or
underneath cobbles. Most adults die after laying eggs during late winter to early spring (Hershler
etal. 1994).

Ecology: This aquatic snail typically inhabits small springs or seeps and occasionally larger
springs, spring outflow channels, and spring-influenced stream reaches. Springs are usually
in semiarid sagebrush-dominated habitat with basalt substrates, but some sites are in dense
Douglas fir forests (Frest and Johannes 1997). Habitat is characterized by cobble substrates,
slow to moderate flows, and shallow, cold, clear water Sites are relatively undisturbed (Frest
and Johannes 1997). Adults are almost always found on cobbles or bedrock and infrequently in
interstitial spaces in gravel (Hershler et al. 1994).

C. Range and Known Sites

The pristine pyrg has been reported to occur in California, Oregon, Washington, Montana and
Idaho (Hershler et al. 1994). In Idaho, populations occur in portions of the lower Snake and
lower Salmon river drainages (Frest 1999). From more recent snail surveys, it is not known from
the middle or upper Snake River or in Montana (Richards et al 2005).

D. Species Abundance

No information concerning population size or population trend is available.

73

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Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This species is limited in distribution, occurring in widely scattered locations in the western U.S.
The loss of habitat is a primary concern, although additional information is needed to clarify the
current status of populations and the immediacy of threats to extant populations. Information
regarding the distribution and status of populations is limited. Additional surveys are needed
to clarify the location and extent of populations and to identify conservation priorities for this
species.

B. Threats

Habitat loss is the primary threat to the species. According to Frest and Johannes (1997)
grazing is a prevalent cause of habitat degradation. Other causes include road construction and
maintenance, damming and water diversion, and campground construction. Increased nutrient
load in groundwater is also a potential threat to some populations (Frest 1999).

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Populations occur primarily on privately owned lands, but at least one location is within lands
administered by the Nez Perce National Forest (USFS Region 1) and another site is on the Payette
National Forest (USFS Region 4).

75

SPECIES: Fisherola nuttalli
Heritage Rank: G2, ID: S1,MT: SX
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Class: Gastropoda

Family: Lymnaeidae

Fisherola nuttalli (Haldeman 1841)

Giant Columbia River Limpet / Shortface Lanx

River type and habitat likely to support Fisherola
nuttelli. Photo of Snake River below Hell's Canyon
Dam

This species was previously described as Ancylus

crassus and was also known as Lanx nuttalli.

Type specimens are reported form the Lower

Columbia River near the mouth of the Willamette River in Portland and from the Spokane River

in Washington.

B. Species Description

Accentric conical shell up to 0.5 inches long, 0.4 inches wide, and 0.2 inches high (Neitzel and
Frest 1989). Shell small, solid, roundly ovate, slightly broader posteriorly, high-arched, apex
posterior; finely concentrically striate, depressed conic (Hannibal 1912). "Shell coarse, somewhat
ponderous, wide, ovate, elevated; lines of growth conspicuous; apex eroded, placed far back:
anterior and lateral slopes convex, posterior slope steep and rectilinear. Color opake chesnut-
brown. Dimensions: 8mm long, 6.25mm wide, 3 mm high.".

Reproductive Biology: Freshwater pulmonates generally reproduce by copulation and cross-
fertilization. Eggs are laid from spring-fall in gelatinous capsules attached to plants, stones, or
other objects. They lack a free-swimming larval stage, and hatch as young snails, anatomically
complete except for the reproductive system (Hyman 1967).

Ecology: Found in cold, unpolluted, well-oxygenated, permanent medium-sized streams to
large rivers, at least 30 meters and up to 100 meters wide. Habitats are cobble-boulder diatom
covered substrate in the main channels, or close to fast-flowing water (rapids), often co-occurring
with Fluminicola columbiana (Neitzel and Frest 1989, 1990). This species is not found in areas
with a high abundance of macrophytes or epiphytic algae, in areas with a bedrock substrate, or
in areas that are dredged or mined (Frest 1999). Fisherola nuttalli occurred primarily in the
fastest waters, in a Snake River study and the probability of capturing F. nuttalli increased with
increasing conductivity from 300-400 (EC) (Richards et al. 2005). This species feeds by scraping
algae and diatoms from rock surfaces in the streams. May occasionally feed on other plant
surfaces. Dispersal and movement is by a slow snail-like crawl or can be transported by stream
current. Present all year, but not active in winter.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Fisherola nuttalli is found in scattered localities in the Columbia River drainage
system of the Pacific Northwest, including Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Montana. Its presence

76

77

in the Columbia River drainage in British Columbia is assumed from the discovery of a shell
(Clarke 1981). Occurrences are still reported in the Okanagan River drainage in British Columbia
and confirmed in the Deschutes River of Oregon (Neitzel and Frest 1990), and Snake River of
Idhao.

In Idaho the species occurs in the Middle and Upper Snake River reaches from Elmore County
upstream to at least Bingham County (Idaho Conservation Data Center 2006). Populations also
occur in the Salmon River and Hell's Canyon of the Snake River including parts of Nez Perce and
Idaho counties. Populations within Idaho persist in parts of the Salmon and Snake rivers (Frest
1999). Although F. nuttalli is a species of concern, it appears to be doing well in the Snake River
in Hells Canyon (Richards et al. 2005). In Montana, reported from the Clark Fork basin, but
these old sites may be extirpated.

D. Species Abundance

The abundance of i^ nuttalli in the Snake R. (Hell's Canyon Section) was 1-2 individuals per
m- (Richards et al. 2005). Generally it is not the most abundant member of the invertebrate
community when habitat is suitable. Anecdotal evidence has indicated this species presence in
Montana, but does not indicate abundance.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Fisherola nuttalli is sporadically distributed at present in the Columbia (formerly widespread)
and a few major tributaries in four states and possibly one province. Populations have been lost
from most tributaries and almost all the Columbia River itself It may be extirpated in British
Columbia and Montana. It has no USFWS status at the present time, but was a candidate for the
USFWS Threatened Species status in 1995, recommended by Frest and Johannes. It is currently
a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOC) (G2) and listed imperiled (SI) in ID and recently
changed from imperiled (S1S2) to presumed extirpated Montana.

B. Threats

Specific threats to populations oi Fisherola nuttalli have been identified as loss of habitat
through impoundments, degraded water quality and siltation of cobbles, as well as nutrient
enrichment. Effluence from agriculture, industry, and urban and residential developments has
reduced water quality in much of the known range (Frest 1999).

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Current USES Northern Region managed lands containing occurrences of this freshwater limpet
include the Snake River Canyon (Hell's Canyon Wilderness Recreational Area) which is bordered
on the ID side by the Nez Pearce National Forest, and the Wallowa National Forest on the Oregon
side.

78

SPECIES: Stagnicola idahoensis
Heritage Rank: Gl, ID: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Shortspire pondsnail

Generalized Stagnicola not idahoensis

Class: Gastropoda

Family: Lymnaeidae

Stagnicola idahoensis (Henderson, 1931)

Type Locality: Little Salmon River, 16 mi. N. of New Meadows.

Despite the long-standing recognition of this taxon as a distinct species, some authorities have
raised uncertainty regarding its identity and validity. In particular, this taxon appears to be
closely allied with the abbreviate pondsnail {Stagnicola apicina). Frest (1999) noted: "Taylor
(1977, unpub.) and Taylor & Bright (1987) regard only snails from a portion of the Little Salmon
River as idahoensis, while treating those from the lower Little Salmon and from the Salmon
itself as solida. We regard the lower Columbia apicina as distinct, following Burch (1989), and
Salmon River occurrences of this species complex are disjunct and perhaps better regarded as
idahoensis r R. Dillon (Northwest Biological Assessment Workgroup Gastropod Workshop,
2006) has suggested that both taxa {idahoensis and apicina) are synonyms of the woodland
pondsnail {^'Stagnicola'' catascopium) which he places in the genus Lymnaea along with all other
nominal members of the genus Stagnicola.

B. Species Description

The shell of this aquatic snail is dextrally spiraled and conical in general shape. The columella is
lightly twisted, and the shell is brown; body is dark (see photo)(Frest 1999).

Reproductive Biology: This species is hermaphroditic. No information is available regarding
the timing of reproduction or other aspects of reproductive ecology.

Ecology: This species occurs in cold water rivers in reaches with a moderately swift current and
coarse, rocky substrates. Aquatic vegetation and algae are generally absent from occupied sites.
This species is not found in areas with mud, sand, or bedrock (Frest 1999).

C. Range and Known Sites

This aquatic snail is endemic to the Little Salmon River and the lower Salmon River. Recent
surveys by Frest (1999) failed to find this species in the lower Salmon River, the upper reaches
of the Little Salmon River, and Hells Canyon. USGS biological data collected for water quality
monitoring at Whitebird on the Salmon River reported 1 1 individuals collected during September
2000.

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D. Species Abundance

The species is believed to have been lost from parts of the historical range. Data do not indicate
whether the decline was historical or is ongoing, and current population status is not known.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This species is limited in distribution. Surveys are needed to ascertain the current distribution
and population numbers, considering that no extant populations were encountered during recent
attempts to relocate the species.

B. Threats

Habitat loss is the primary threat to this species. Of particular concern are activities disturbing
or altering the river bed and water quality. Road construction, mining, and gravel dredging have
been identified as causes of habitat degradation (Frest 1999).

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Known locations are in the Little Salmon River and perhaps the mainstem of the Salmon River
near Whitebird. These rivers are immediately adjacent to primarily privately owned lands. US
Bureau of Land Management, Nez Perce National Forest (USFS Region 1), and Payette National
Forest (USFS Region 4) lands are located along small portions of these rivers and along major
tributaries.

SPECIES: Stagnicola elrodiana
Heritage Rank: G1,MT: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Class: Gastropoda
Family: Lymnaeidae
Stagnicola elrodiana Baker 1935

Type Locality: Lake McDonald, Lake Co., MT

Largemouth or Longmouth Pondsnail

Generalized Stagnicola not elrodiana

Despite the recognition of this taxon as a distinct species, some authorities have raised uncertainty
regarding its identity and validity. R. Dillon (Northwest Biological Assessment Workgroup
Gastropod Workshop, 2006) has suggested that multiple existing taxa {elrodi and elrodiana) are
synonyms of the pondsnail (''Stagnicola'' cmarginata), which he places in the genus Lymnaea
along with all other nominal members of the genus Stagnicola. Regarding elrodi and elrodiana
- Hubendick (1951) considered both nomina to be synonyms of Lymnaea emarginata. Burch
(1989) puts elrodi in the emarginata group and elrodiana in the elodes group. The range in
variation in shell morphology of species oi Stagnicola is tremendous, and basing different species
on this character will lead to problems (Dillon pers comm. 2006), although he has not specifically
published accounts synonomizing these species. "In any case, it's hard to find evidence in any of
this that populations of either elrodi or elrodiana comprise vahd biological species."

B. Species Description

The shell of this aquatic snail is dextrally spiraled and globose-conical in general shape. The
columella is lightly twisted, and the shell is brown; body is dark (see photo) (Frest 1999).

Reproductive Biology: This species is hermaphroditic. No information is available regarding
the timing of reproduction or other aspects of reproductive ecology.

Ecology: This species occurs in coldwater alpine-type lakes on cobbles. This species is not
found in areas with mud, and large amounts of vegetation (Frest 1999). Most Lymnaeidae snails
are scrapers of algae and other plant materials.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Stagnicola elrodiana is only known to occur in Montana (NatureServe 2006). In
Montana, old records exist for multiple lakes within the Flathead (Lakes Sin-yale-a-min and
McDonald Lakes) and Whitefish Lake basins; additionally an old record exists from Stoney Lake
in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge Forest (See distribution map). No new site records have been
added in recent years, but surveys have been limited.

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D. Species Abundance

Data do not indicate whether there is a decline in populations and current population status is not
very well known.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This "species" is limited in distribution, 4 lakes in Montana are its only known range. If it is a
valid species it would be quite rare. Surveys are needed to ascertain the current distribution and
population numbers, and DNA analysis should be done for taxonomic certainty of this species.

B. Threats

No known threats to these populations. Habitats in higher elevation alpine lakes offer some
protection.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Known locations within the high lakes of Flathead Lake basin border the Mission Mountain
Tribal Wilderness Area which is managed by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
(CSKT). Thus, there is no immediate USPS Region 1 managed lands that would affect these
populations, but significant portions of USPS managed lands are surrounding the Whitefish area
lake and Stoney Lake (Plathead and Beaverhead-Deerlodge Porests) populations.

84

SPECIES: Stagnicola montanensis
Heritage Rank: G3, ID: SNR, MT: S2
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Class: Gastropoda

Family: Lymnaeidae

Stagnicola montanensis (Baker 1913)

Mountain Marshsnail

Photo of Stagnicola
montanensis

Despite the long-standing recognition of this taxon as a distinct species, some authorities
have raised uncertainty regarding its identity and validity. R. Dillon (Northwest Biological
Assessment Workgroup Gastropod Workshop, 2006) has suggested that multiple existing taxa
(montanaensis, idahoensis and apicina) are synonyms of the woodland pondsnail {''Stagnicola"
catascopium) which he places in the genus Lymnaea along with all other nominal members of the
genus Stagnicola. This species is extremely difficult to distinguish from some related species,
especially Stagnicola caperata, with which it is sympatric in Utah.

B. Species Description

The shell of this aquatic snail is dextrally spiraled and globose-conical in general shape. The
columella is lightly twisted, and the shell is brown; body is dark (see photo)(Frest 1999).

Reproductive Biology: This species is hermaphroditic. No information is available regarding
the timing of reproduction or other aspects of reproductive ecology.

Ecology: This species occurs in small coldwater rivers or spring-fed tributaries to larger river
systems. Aquatic vegetation and algae are generally absent from occupied sites. This species is
not found in areas with mud, sand, or bedrock (Frest 1999). Since "[i]t is a pure-water snail",
any degradation of water quality where it occurs, such as erosional runoff from road or other
construction producing turbidity or siltation, would be a threat since "it is never found in ...
muddy water bodies" (Taylor et al. 1963). Most Lymnaeidae snails are scrapers of algae and
other plant materials.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Stagnicola montanensis is known to occur in Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Utah ,
Wyoming and in the Canadian Province of Alberta (Taylor, Walter and Burch 1963, NatureServe
2006). This relatively broad but sporadic distribution reported by Taylor, Walter and Burch (1963)
seems accurate. In Idaho multiple collection records exist for the Teton and Bear River drainages
and from spring-fed tributaries to the Shoshone River in far southern ID. In Montana, old records
exist for the Bitterroot and Clark Fork Drainages (See distribution map). Few new site records
have been added in recent years.

85

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D. Species Abundance

The species is believed to have been lost from parts of the historical range. Data do not indicate
whether the decline was historical or is ongoing, and current population status is not known.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This species is limited in distribution, most states within the range do not have comprehensive
distribution or survey information. This species is believed to be extirpated from Utah Little Bear
River drainage. Surveys are needed to ascertain the current distribution and population numbers,
and DNA analysis should be done for taxonomic certainty of this species.

B. Threats

Habitat loss is the primary threat to this species. Conversion of cold springs for stock and
domestic usage and grazing are among the greatest threats (Frest 1999). Since "[i]t is a pure-water
snail" (Taylor et al. 1963), any degradation of water quality where it occurs, such as erosional
runoff from road or other construction producing turbidity or siltation, would be a threat since "it
is never found in ... muddy water bodies" (Taylor et al. 1963).

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Known locations within the Bear, Bitterroot, Clark Fork, Shoshone and Teton River systems are
mostly on privately owned river reaches. These rivers are immediately adjacent to primarily
privately owned lands. US Bureau of Land Management, Nez Perce National Forest (USFS
Region 1), and Payette National Forest (USFS Region 4) lands are located along small portions of
these rivers and along major tributaries.

87

Conclusions AND Recommendations

The large number of new locations and previously
undocumented records of aquatic invertebrate
species of concern compiled from existing reports,
and discovered through limited field surveys in
2006 (mostly within MT Lolo and Beaverhead-
Deerlodge Forests of the USPS Northern Region)
underscores the paucity of current knowledge
concerning the distribution, ecology, and
conservation status of most invertebrate species.
We can confidently report that permanently flowing
headwater (P* or 2"'' order) non-fish bearing
streams (Category 2, USPS 2006) contain a higher
proportion of the aquatic species of conservation
concern than some of the larger stream systems.
Initial conclusions regarding the stream type
and habitat associations of many of these Rocl<y
Mountain Refugium taxa enables us to recommend
that Riparian Conservation Areas (RCA's) be
strictly enforced for all Category 2 streams in the
Lolo-Bitterroot-Clearwater Porests straddling
the Idaho/Montana border. Proper management
of these stream types wfll not only benefit these
species, but also species inhabiting reaches further
down in the watershed.

We believe at least 2-3 additional years of targeted
habitat surveys, similar to those of 2006, is needed
to fill distribution gaps and gather additional site
specific habitat and ecological information on the
aquatic invertebrate SOC. Subsequently, a year

of randomized site surveys following predictive
model development are needed to ground truth
the model and refine habitat association to fully
delineate robust species distributions. Overall,
the goal of this study is to provide biologists and
land managers some of the tools they need to make
informed management decisions in areas likely to
contain these species of conservation concern.
Conservation Recommendations:

♦ Identify and map extant viable
populations of the SOC species at
the watershed-scale within USPS
lands and ensure the protection of
the habitat types for these species.

♦ Protect critical high diversity
watersheds (e.g. headwater
NRMR areas) from future
road development and habitat
degradation by following best
management practices, protecting
riparian areas (RCA's) and
potentially setting up additional
Research Natural Areas (RNA"s).

♦ Promote land stewardship
practices through educational
programs and encourage
responsible forest management
plarming.

88

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dae (Trichoptera). Canadian Entomologist Vol.
117,no. 6, pp. 763-800.

Vannote,R.L. and G. W. Minshall. 1982. Fluvial
Processes and Local Lithology Controlling
Abundance, Structure and Composition of Mus-
sel Beds. PNAS 79: 4103-4107

Waters, T.F. 1995. Sediment in streams. American
Fisheries Society Monograph 7, American Fish-
eries Society, Bethesda, MD

Woods, A.J. Omernick, J.M., J.A. Nessar 2002.
Ecoregions of Montana. 2nd edition poster.

Zloty, J. 1996. A revision of the Nearctic Ameletus
mayflies based on adult males, with descrip-
tions of seven new species (Ephemeroptera:
Ameletidae). The Canadian Entomologist 128:
293-346.

Wiggins, G.B. 1965. Additions and revisions to
the genera of North American caddisflies of the
family Brachycentridae with special reference
to the larval stages (Trichoptera). Canad. Ento-
mol. 97: 1089-1106.

Zloty, J., and G. Pritchard. 1997. Larvae and
adults oi Ameletus mayflies (Ephemeroptera:
Ameletidae) from Alberta. The Canadian Ento-
mologist 129: 251-289.

Wiggins, G.B. 1996. Larvae of the North American
caddisfly genera (Trichoptera). University of
Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario. 2"'' Edition.
457 pp.

95

Appendix A. Global/State Rank Definitions

Heritage Program Ranks

The international network of Natural Heritage Programs employs a standardized ranking system to denote
global (range-wide) and state status. Species are assigned numeric ranks ranging from 1 to 5, reflecting
the relative degree to which they are "at-risk". Rank definitions are given below. A number of factors are
considered in assigning ranks — the number, size and distribution of known "occurrences" or popula-
tions, population trends (if known), habitat sensitivity, and threat. Factors in a species' life history that
make it especially vulnerable are also considered (e.g., dependence on a specific pollinator).

Global Rank Definitions (NatureServe 2003)

Gl Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity and/or other factors making it highly

vulnerable to extinction
G2 Imperiled because of rarity and/or other factors making it vulnerable to extinction

G3 Vulnerable because of rarity or restricted range and/or other factors, even though it may

be abundant at some of its locations
G4 Apparently secure, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the

periphery
G5 Demonstrably secure, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the

periphery
Tl-5 Infraspecific Taxon (trinomial) — The status of infraspecific taxa (subspecies or

varieties) are indicated by a "T-rank" following the species' global rank

State Rank Definitions

51 At high risk because of extremely limited and potentially declining numbers,
extent and/or habitat, making it highly vulnerable to extirpation in the state

52 At risk because of very limited and potentially declining numbers, extent and/or
habitat, making it vulnerable to extirpation in the state

53 Potentially at risk because of limited and potentially declining numbers, extent
and/or habitat, even though it may be abundant in some areas

54 Uncommon but not rare (although it may be rare in parts of its range), and usually
widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its range, but possibly cause for
long-term concern

55 Common, widespread, and abundant (although it may be rare in parts of its
range). Not vulnerable in most of its range

Combination Ra n k s

G#G# or S#S# Range Rank — A numeric range rank (e.g., G2G3) used to indicate uncertainty about
the exact status of a taxon

Qualifiers

NR Not ranked

Q Questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority — Distinctiveness of

this entity as a taxon at the current level is questionable; resolution of this uncertainty
may result in change from a species to a subspecies or hybrid, or inclusion of this taxon
in another taxon, with the resulting taxon having a lower-priority (numerically higher)
conservation status rank

Appendix A - 1

X Presumed Extinct — Species believed to be extinct throughout its range. Not located

despite intensive searches of historical sites and other appropriate habitat, and virtually
no likelihood that it will be rediscovered

H Possibly Extinct — Species known from only historical occurrences, but may never-the-

less still be extant; further searching needed

U Unrankable — Species currently unrankable due to lack of information or due to substan-

tially conflicting information about status or trends

HYB Hybrid — Entity not ranked because it represents an interspecific hybrid and not a species

? Inexact Numeric Rank — Denotes inexact numeric rank

C Captive or Cultivated Only — Species at present is extant only in captivity or

cultivation, or as a reintroduced population not yet established

A Accidental — Species is accidental or casual in Montana, in other words, infrequent and

outside usual range. Includes species (usually birds or butterflies) recorded once or only a
few times at a location. A few of these species may have bred on the one or two occa-
sions they were recorded

Z Zero Occurrences — Species is present but lacking practical conservation concern in

Montana because there are no definable occurrences, although the taxon is native and
appears regularly in Montana

P Potential — Potential that species occurs in Montana but no extant or historic occurrences

are accepted

R Reported — Species reported in Montana but without a basis for either accepting or

rejecting the report, or the report not yet reviewed locally. Some of these are very recent
discoveries for which the program has not yet received first-hand information; others are
old, obscure reports

SYN Synonym — Species reported as occurring in Montana, but the Montana Natural Heritage

Program does not recognize the taxon; therefore the species is not assigned a rank

* A rank has been assigned and is under review. Contact the Montana Natural Heritage

Program for assigned rank

B Breeding — Rank refers to the breeding population of the species in Montana

N Nonbreeding — Rank refers to the non-breeding population of the species in Montana

Appendix A - 2

Appendix B. Aquatic Survey Sites with SOC Added to the

USFS Region 1 in 2006

SOC Species

WaterbodyName

Latitude

Longitude

Collection
Date

Agency

Agapetus montanus

Bear Creek

45.651

-110.953

7/24/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Beaver Creek

46.755

-111.310

7/20/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Beaver Creek

46.744

-111.409

7/20/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Beaver Creek

46.799

-111.844

8/8/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Big Hole North Fork

45.705

-113.459

7/9/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Big Hole North Fork

45.644

-113.652

7/10/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Bloody Dick Creek

45.011

-113.257

7/26/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Bloody Dick Creek

45.017

-113.498

7/26/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Bridger Creek

45.725

-109.689

7/31/1992

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Bridger Creek

45.700

-110.929

8/3/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Burdette Creek

46.813

-114.620

7/12/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

CALF CREEK

46.845

-110.960

7/29/2001

USES

Agapetus montanus

California Creek

45.980

-113.016

7/8/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

California Creek

45.955

-113.039

7/12/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Camas Creek

46.705

-111.192

8/14/1995

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Clark Fork

46.187

-112.768

8/7/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Clear Creek

47.578

-115.390

8/9/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

CROW CREEK

46.251

-111.674

8/10/2004

BLM

Agapetus montanus

CROW CREEK

46.300

-111.734

8/10/2004

USES

Agapetus montanus

Dearborn River - Middle Fork

47.210

-112.275

7/23/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Dearborn River - South Fork

47.121

-112.255

8/29/2002

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Dearborn River - South Fork

47.152

-112.227

8/30/2002

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Dearborn River - South Fork

47.121

-112.255

7/22/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Dearborn River - South Fork

47.152

-112.227

7/22/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

DOG CREEK

46.660

-112.390

8/12/2004

USES

Agapetus montanus

Dry Creek

46.249

-111.278

7/29/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

DRY GULCH CREEK

46.554

-111.134

8/2/2001

USES

Agapetus montanus

DUTCHMAN CREEK

46.415

-111.997

8/26/2002

USES

Agapetus montanus

ElkCk

45.627

-111.414

7/12/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Fishtrap Creek

45.870

-113.228

7/16/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Fortine Creek

48.672

-114.898

8/10/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Fortine Creek

48.794

-114.953

8/11/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Fox Creek

45.272

-112.359

7/15/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

French Creek

45.915

-113.106

7/7/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

French Creek

45.949

-113.049

7/8/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Hound Creek

47.214

-111.409

7/23/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Jack Creek

45.379

-111.641

8/18/1999

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Jackson Creek

45.661

-110.848

7/27/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Johnson Creek

45.707

-113.604

6/21/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Lime Creek

48.661

-114.890

8/12/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Little Belt Creek

47.387

-110.701

8/24/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Little Box Elder

48.233

-109.587

7/9/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Little Box Elder

48.301

-109.557

7/9/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

LUMP GULCH

46.474

-112.085

8/13/2004

USES

Agapetus montanus

Medicine Lodge Creek

44.871

-113.007

7/28/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Medicine Lodge Creek

44.751

-113.036

7/28/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Middle Fork Dearborn

47.193

-112.291

7/23/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Mill Creek

45.377

-110.633

8/16/2003

DEQ

Appendix B - 1

SOC Species

WaterbodyName

Latitude

Longitude

Collection
Date

Agency

Agapetus montanus

Miller Creek -

46.777

-113.965

7/8/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Mill-Willow Creeks Bypass

46.183

-112.777

8/18/2000

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Miners Gulch

46.404

-113.511

8/3/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Moose Creek

45.744

-112.671

7/19/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Moose Creek

45.700

-112.734

7/19/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Newlan Creek

46.628

-110.979

7/19/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

North Meadow Creek

45.441

-111.710

8/16/1999

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Pine Creek

45.243

-113.347

7/15/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Pole Creek

45.355

-113.181

7/15/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Rattlesnake Creek

45.207

-112.759

7/20/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Red Lodge Creek

45.284

-109.430

8/8/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Reservoir Creek

45.148

-113.123

7/19/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Seventeen Mile North Fork

48.660

-115.760

8/12/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Seventeenmile Creek

48.630

-115.720

8/12/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Silver Bow Creek

46.107

-112.804

8/18/2000

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Silver Bow Creek

46.182

-112.778

8/16/2002

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Smart Creek

46.454

-113.291

8/17/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Sourdough Creek

45.642

-111.029

8/2/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

South Meadow Creek

45.447

-111.729

8/17/1999

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Spotted Dog Creek

46.580

-112.602

8/18/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

SQUAW CREEK

47.082

-111.594

7/12/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Stone Creek

45.757

-110.878

7/26/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Swamp Creek

48.597

-115.061

7/12/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Swamp Creek

48.602

-114.961

8/12/2003

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Swan Creek

47.330

-113.768

7/12/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Tenderfoot Creek

46.951

-111.164

7/12/2001

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

TENMILE CREEK

46.528

-112.254

8/12/2004

USES

Agapetus montanus

Thompson Gulch

46.562

-111.177

7/21/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Thompson Gulch

46.600

-111.125

7/21/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Trail Creek

46.565

-110.512

6/26/2005

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Warm Springs Creek

46.181

-112.783

8/18/2000

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Willow Creek

46.074

-112.863

7/14/2004

DEQ

Agapetus montanus

Yaak River North Fork

48.970

-115.620

8/13/2003

DEQ

Cascadoperla trictura

Ninemile Creek

47.082

-114.439

8/2/1993

DEQ

Cascadoperla trictura

Ninemile Creek

47.083

-114.441

8/2/1993

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Burnt Fork Bitterroot Creek

46.385

113.863

7/20/2003

USES

Caudatella edmundsi

Butler Creek

47.126

114.437

7/12/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Coyle Creek

47.258

115.272

8/2/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Dempsy Creek

46.310

112.939

8/19/2003

USES

Caudatella edmundsi

Doolittle Creek

45.718

-113.345

6/19/2003

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Farlin Creek

45.339

-113.120

7/7/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Gold Creek

45.616

-113.084

7/10/2003

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Grasshopper Creek

45.474

-113.120

9/15/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Green Creek

47.258

115.272

8/2/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Grizzly Creek

46.575

113.657

8/1/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Johnson Creek

45.707

-113.604

6/21/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Johnson Creek

45.771

-113.731

6/22/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Kennedy Creek

47.165

114.423

7/12/2006

NHP

Appendix B - 2

SOC Species

WaterbodyName

Latitude

Longitude

Collection
Date

Agency

Caiidatella edmimdsi

LaMarche Creek

45.911

-113.217

7/16/2003

DEQ

Caudatella edmimdsi

LaMarche Creek

45.878

-113.199

7/16/2003

DEQ

Caiidatella edmundsi

Lick Creek

46.092

-114.192

7/14/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Lost Creek

46.221

113.030

7/20/2003

USES

Caiidatella edmundsi

McCormick Creek

47.153

-114.487

7/24/2003

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Mormon Creek

46.709

114.210

7/11/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

North Creek

46.739

-114.573

7/7/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

North Fork Second Creek

47.164

114.711

8/2/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Prospect Creek

47.576

115.643

8/3/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Racetrack Creek

46.276

112.913

8/18/2003

USES

Caudatella edmundsi

Ranch Creek

46.526

113.623

7/17/2002

USES

Caudatella edmundsi

Rock Creek

46.408

112.968

7/15/2004

USES

Caudatella edmundsi

Seymour Creek

45.990

-113.184

7/26/1991

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Seymour Creek

45.999

-113.187

7/19/1993

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

South Fork Trout Creek

46.988

114.997

8/3/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Stony Creek

46.338

113.628

6/24/2004

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Stony Creek

47.109

114.397

7/12/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Tin Cup Joe Creek

46.386

112.896

7/20/2003

USES

Caudatella edmundsi

Trail Creek

45.657

-113.809

6/22/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

trib to McCormick Creek

47.173

114.430

7/12/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Unnamed trib to Big Creek

47.326

115.426

8/1/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Unnamed trib to Big Creek

47.326

115.426

8/1/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Unnamed trib to M. Fork Big Creek

47.316

115.434

8/1/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Van Ness Creek

47.082

114.936

8/2/2006

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Warm Springs Creek

45.454

-113.299

6/21/2003

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Warm Springs Creek

46.175

113.156

6/30/2004

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

WEST FORK LOLO CREEK

46.686

-114.558

10/22/2002

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Willow Creek

45.448

-112.828

7/16/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Willow Creek

45.438

-112.742

7/17/2004

DEQ

Caudatella edmundsi

Willow Creek

45.448

-112.828

7/26/2005

NHP

Caudatella edmundsi

Wise River

45.615

-113.089

7/13/2005

NHP

Caurinella idahoensis

Prospect Creek

47.576

115.643

3-Aug-06

NHP

Caurinella idahoensis

Unnamed trib to Big Creek

47.326

115.426

l-Aug-06

NHP

Caurinella idahoensis

Van Ness Creek

47.08209

114.93553

l-Aug-06

NHP

Goereilla baumanni

Butler Creek

47.014

113.999

14-May-70

Newell

Goereilla baumanni

Kennedy Creek

47.165

114.423

12-Jul-06

NHP

Goereilla baumanni

Quartz Creek

46.805

-115.444

12-Jul-05

MSU

Goereilla baumanni

Yellow Bay Creek

47.877

113.989

25-Apr-78

Newell

Margaritifera falcata

Big Hole R. East West Rec Area-
east bank

45.437

-112.564

6-Aug-05

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Big Hole R. -Notch Bottom

45.437

-112.564

7-Aug-05

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Blackfoot R. -Mineral Hill

46.942

-112.948

12-Jun-94

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Clam Creek

15-Jul-05

P. Mundy

Margaritifera falcata

Clearwater R. above Seeley Lake

47.235

-113.538

15-Sep-94

USES

Margaritifera falcata

Clearwater R. above Seeley Lake

47.226

-113.537

15-Jul-06

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Clearwater R. above Seeley Lake

47.219

-113.535

15-Jul-06

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Colt Creek

47.326

-113.597

11-Jun-Ol

USES

Appendix B - 3

SOC Species

WaterbodyName

Latitude

Longitude

Collection
Date

Agency

Margaritifera falcata

Deep Creek -BLM access @ Conner
Creek

45.897

-113.109

6-Aug-05

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Deep Creek -BLM access @ Conner
Creek

45.886

-113.117

6-Aug-05

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

East Gallatin R. -Upper Cherry

45.714

-111.049

17-Sep-98

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Finley Creek

Ol-Jun-05

McGuire

Margaritifera falcata

Grasshopper Creek, nr. Bannock
State Park, Yankee Flats

45.160

-112.986

8-Aug-96

FWP

Margaritifera falcata

Grasshopper Creek, nr. Bannock
State Park, Yankee Flats

45.160

112.986

8-Aug-96

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Blaine Co. Silver Cr. -BLM
South Site

43.246

-113.995

17-Jul-04

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Clearwater Co., N.Fk Clear-
water R.

46.720

-115.292

27-Jul-03

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Custer Co., Pahsimeroi R.
-mouth

44.691

-114.048

30-Apr-OO

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Custer Co., Salmon R.
-Penal Gulch

44.545

-114.180

2-Sep-Ol

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Idaho Co., Meadow Cr.
-Selway Falls

46.040

-115.294

l-Jul-02

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Idaho Co., Red R. -Mother
Lode Hill

45.802

-115.412

l-Jul-02

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Idaho Co., Red R. -Red
Horse Cr.

45.790

-115.395

6-Aug-05

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Lemhi Co., Mid Fk Salmon
R. -mouth

45.301

-114.571

1-Sep-Ol

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Lemhi Co., Salmon R.
-Deer Gulch

44.703

-114.043

1-Sep-Ol

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Madison Co., Henrys Fork
-ID 33 Br.

43.827

-111.904

5-Sep-98

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Shoshone Co. St. Joe R.
-Conrad Crossing

47.160

-115.420

5-Jul-03

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

ID AH: Teton Co., Teton R. -Buxton
Br.

43.723

-111.189

31-Aug-03

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Little Thompson Creek

47.6917

114.8111

22-Jul-Ol

USFS

Margaritifera falcata

Little Thompson R. +Nancy Cr.

47.706

-114.787

l-Sep-94

P. Winebrenner

Margaritifera falcata

Madison R. -Bakers Hole

44.716

-111.102

19-Oct-95

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Madison R. -Cherry Cr.

45.623

-111.550

15-Aug-83

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Madison R. -old Beartrap Br.

45.591

-111.576

13-Jul-02

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Madison R. -old Beartrap Br.

45.591

-111.576

25-Jul-04

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Monture Cr. -Monture FAS

47.037

-113.219

31-Oct-98

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

North Fk Yaak R. 1 mi. -Canada

48.984

-115.626

8-Oct-92

FWP

Margaritifera falcata

North Fork Lower Willow Creek

Ol-Sep-05

McGuire

Margaritifera falcata

Pistol Creek

Ol-Jun-05

McGuire

Margaritifera falcata

Smith R. +Beaver Cr.

46.754

-111.173

24-Oct-05

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Smith R. -Trout Cr., dn from Trout
Creek campground

47.050

-111.276

17-Apr-04

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Smith River dn Rock Creek

19-Apr-05

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Sunday Cr. -mouth

48.632

-114.708

7-Sep-94

NHP

Margaritifera falcata

Trail Cr. -lowest 43 Br.

45.643

-113.691

4-Oct-96

D.L. Gustafson

Appendix B - 4

SOC Species

WaterbodyName

Latitude

Longitude

Collection
Date

Agency

Margaritifera falcata

Trail Cr. -lowest 43 Br.

45.643

-113.691

26-Jul-97

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

Upper Willow Creek

46.507

-113.507

Ol-Sep-05

McGuire

Margaritifera falcata

West Fk Rock Cr.

46.192

-113.702

16-Jun-95

USFS

Margaritifera falcata

WYOM: Teton Co., Crawfish Cr.
-mouth

44.151

-110.675

15-Aug-84

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

WYOM: Teton Co., Little Firehole
R. -mouth

44.483

-110.853

24-Aug-88

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

WYOM: Teton Co., Madison R.

44.649

-110.947

23-Sep-79

D.L. Gustafson

Margaritifera falcata

WYOM: Teton Co., Polecat Cr.
-low Br.

44.108

-110.684

25-Jun-Ol

D.L. Gustafson

Rossiana montana

Coyle Creek

47.258

-115.272

2-Aug-06

NHP

Rossiana montana

Green Creek

47.258

115.272

2-Aug-06

NHP

Rossiana montana

Kennedy Creek

47.165

114.423

12-Jul-06

NHP

Rossiana montana

Mormon Creek

46.709

114.210

ll-Jul-06

NHP

Rossiana montana

North Fork Second Creek

47.164

114.711

2-Aug-06

NHP

Rossiana montana

Prospect Creek

47.576

115.643

3-Aug-06

NHP

Rossiana montana

South Fork Trout Creek

46.988

114.997

3-Aug-06

NHP

Sericostriata surdickae

Big Boulder Creek

45.576

-116.069

12-Aug-04

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Burnt Fork Bitterroot Creek

46.385

113.863

20-Jul-03

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Canyon Creek

44.193

-115.247

12-Aug-04

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Coyle Creek

47.258

-115.272

2-Aug-06

NHP

Sericostriata surdickae

French Creek

44.526

-116.112

ll-Aug-04

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Green Creek

47.315

-115.488

2-Aug-06

NHP

Sericostriata surdickae

Lost Creek

46.221

113.030

20-Jul-03

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Porter Creek

44.4542

-115.508

Ol-Aug-02

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Porter Creek

44.4542

-115.508

Ol-Aug-03

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Prospect Creek

47.576

115.643

3-Aug-06

NHP

Sericostriata surdickae

Ranch Creek

46.526

113.623

17-Jul-02

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Rock Creek

46.408

112.968

20-Jul-03

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Rock Creek

46.408

112.968

15-Jul-04

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Simmons Creek

45.8676

-115.219

19-Jul-03

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

South Fork Trout Creek

46.988

114.997

3-Aug-06

NHP

Sericostriata surdickae

Swet Creek

45.569

-114.766

19-Aug-03

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Swet Creek

45.569

-114.766

12-Aug-04

USFS

Sericostriata surdickae

Tin Cup Joe Creek

46.386

-112.896

19-Jul-03

USFS

Soliperla salish

Fern Creek

46.862

-115.622

7/4/2001

MSU

Soliperla salish

Gorman Creek

46.672

-115.078

7/5/2001

MSU

Soliperla salish

Lt. N.Fk Clearwater R. trib

47.065

-115.851

7/4/2001

MSU

Soliperla salish

Prospect Creek

47.576

-115.643

8/3/2006

NHP

Soliperla salish

Unnamed trib to Big Creek

47.326

-115.426

8/2/2006

NHP

Soliperla salish

Van Ness Creek

47.089

-114.928

7/3/2001

MSU

Soliperla salish

Van Ness Creek

47.081

-114.937

8/2/2006

NHP

Soyedina potteri

Kennedy Creek

47.165

114.423

12-Jul-06

NHP

Soyedina potteri

trib to McCormick Creek

47.173

114.430

12-Jul-06

NHP

Soyedina potteri

Unnamed trib to Big Creek

47.326

115.426

l-Aug-06

NHP

Soyedina potteri

Unnamed trib M. Fork Big Creek

47.316

115.434

l-Aug-06

NHP

Appendix B - 5

Appendix C. Selected Aquatic SOI and Potential SOC

Species Accounts

SPECIES: Margaritifera falcata

Heritage Rank: G3G4, ID: S3, MT: S2S4
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Bivalvia
Family: Margaritiferidae
Margaritifera falcata (Gould 1850)

Western Pearl shell

<~ r

Photo of a Margaritifera falcata shell.

Populations east of the continental divide in the tributaries of the Missouri River of Montana were
included with the eastern pearlshell, Margaritifera margaritifera by some authors, although they
share the trait of purple nacre with M. falcata of the Pacific drainages and are hereafter consid-
ered M. falcata (after Gustafson 2001). The true M. margaritifera of the Atlantic slope have white
nacre. There is a potential new species oi Margaritifera in one drainage of Idaho, the Pahsimeroi
pearlshell (Margartifera spl.) (Frest & Johannes 1999), but at the time of this report, it has not
been described as a distinct species, and given the previous track record of Frest and Johannes
new species accounts (all Fluminicola new spp. were dropped from ID and MT Heritage Pro-
grams track list), it is likely that this population is just a variant form of M. falcata.

B. Species Description

Shell Morphology: The shell of M. falcata is elongate, compressed, dark colored, and slightly
concave on the ventral edge, oftentimes erosion marks are prominent on the umbo region (see
photo). It is the smallest mussel species in Montana and the only one known west of the conti-
nental divide. It has weakly developed teeth and a purple nacre (see photo). The normal size is
50 to 85 mm with larger older specimens surpassing 10 cm. In Montana, this species is similar to
Ligumia recta, which is larger, thicker and has better developed teeth, pink nacre and occurs only
in warmer rivers much further downstream. Since these species occur in very different habitats
the likelihood of misidentifying M. falcata in Montana is virtually impossible.

Reproductive Biology: Nearly all mussels (Unionidae) require a host or hosts during the
parasitic larval portion of their life cycle. Hosts are usually fish species and hosts for M. falcata
in this region were typically and historically Oncorhynchus spp. (Chinook Salmon, Westslope
Cutthroat trout, Steelhead, etc.), but Salmo and Salvelinus (introduced spp.) and even Rhinicthys
and Catostomus (dace and suckers) are reported to be suitable.

Ecology: This species occurs in sand, gravel and even among cobble and boulders in low to
moderate gradient streams up to larger rivers. In large Idaho river systems (Salmon and Clear-
water River Canyons), M. falcata, attains maximum density and age in river reaches where large
boulders structurally stabilize cobbles and interstitial gravels. Boulders tend to prevent significant
bed scour during major floods, and these boulder-sheltered mussel beds, although rare, may be
critical for population recruitment elsewhere within the river, especially after periodic flood scour
of less protected mussel habitat. Locally, canyon reaches are aggrading with sand and gravel, and
M. falcata is being replaced by Gonidea angulata.

Appendix C - 1

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Appendix C - 2

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Margaritifera falcata is found in Alaska (SNR), California (S2S3), Idaho (S3), Mon-
tana (S2S4), Nevada (SNR), Oregon (S3), Utah (SH), Washington (S4), Wyoming (SNR) and
British Columbia (S5) (Nature Serve 2006). Their range is widespread in area, but spotty in viable
population coverage.

In Idaho, the historical range includes sites in the Snake, Coeur d'Alene, Lost, and
Salmon River drainages (Frest and Johannes 1997, Frest 1999). Populations are
thought to persist in north Idaho in the Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, and St. Maries Rivers.
Incentral Idaho, populations with good viability occur in the Clearwater, Selway, Lochsa, Pah-
simeroi. Lost, Salmon and Little Salmon rivers and in Hells Canyon. In south Idaho, populations
are thought to be extant in the upper tributaries of the Snake River, including the Blackfoot River
(Frest and JohannesI997, Frest 1999).

Montana's populations of M. falcata, in contrast to Idaho's, may be significantly contracting and
becoming less viable with stream decreased flows, warming and degradation. Previously reported
mussel beds in the larger rivers (Blackfoot, Big Hole, Bitterroot, Clark Fork, etc.) are extirpated
from the drainage or are at such low densities, long-term viability is unlikely. This mussel spe-
cies appears to have crossed the continental divide in Montana from west to east with its salmonid
host, the westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi (Gustafson 2001). This is the only
native trout in the Missouri River headwaters. Reports of the eastern M. margaritifera in Mon-
tana are apparently due to the mistaken assumption that a mussel could not cross the continental
divide.

D. Species Abundance

Global Abundance Estimate: 2,500 - 10,000 individuals. This estimate seems somewhat low
because mussel beds on the Selway and Salmon Rivers of ID each ranged into the lOO's of
individuals (D. Stagliano, pers. obs.) and one large population in Montana in one stream reach
was estimated at -1000 individuals (D. McGuire, pers. comm.). According to Frest (1999) the
area occupied, the number of sites occupied, and population sizes have decreased. Populations
formerly existed in the middle Snake River, but Frest (1999) was unable to find live individuals in
this reach. Revisits to old (>20 years) sightings in stream reaches of the Bitterroot and Clark Fork
Rivers have been conducted (Stagliano, unpublished data) and no populations were found to exist.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Margaritifera falcata is a Species-of-Interest (CFWS TI) for the USFS, and a Potential Spe-
cies of Concern in Montana (S2S4). However, compared to Idaho, Montana's populations have
showed more dramatic declines (Gustafson, pers. comm.) and will probably become at least a S3
after next years surveys. This species is widespread in geographic area, but is declining in terms
of area occupied and the number of sites with viable individuals; populations showing repeated
reproduction (at least several age classes) are now the exception rather than the rule (Frest &
Johannes 1995). Clarke (1993) asserted that "over-utflization of water resources by man" is
responsible for the extirpation of this species in Utah. Individuals of this species can be quite
long-lived; populations could exist undetected at low levels for many years.

Appendix C - 3

Global Short Term Trend: Declining (decline of 10-30%)

Global Short Term Trend Comments: Taxon is declining, in terms of area occupied and

number of sites and individuals (Frest & Johannes 1995; Hoving 2004). This species has likely

recently been extirpated from the Umatilla River in Oregon (Brim Box et al. 2003).

Global Long Term Trend: Substantial to moderate decline (decline of 25-75%)

Global Long Term Trend Comments: All 11 localities (perhaps 9 populations) in Utah have

been extirpated; it formerly occurred in the northern third of the state (Oliver & Bosworth, 1999).

B. Threats

Specific threats to all populations of M. falcata, including extensive damming and diversion of
rivers for irrigation, hydroelectric, and water supply projects has much reduced the WA, OR, ID,
and CA range of this species. Heavy nutrient enhancement, siltation, unstable substrate, or similar
problems extirpate populations. Much of the middle Snake River in Idaho is rapidly becoming
eutropified, due to agricultural runoff, fish farms, and urbanization along the river corridor. Much
of the river is impounded behind a series of small dams; this is also detrimental for cold-water
species such as this taxon. Fine sediment influx, generally from the same causes, is also a major
problem. A recent (1994) landshde impacted some of the historic sites in the Snake River basin.
In the lower Columbia River region, threats include impoundments; continued siltation and other
impacts on the few remaining sites with habitat characteristics approximating pre-impoundment
conditions on the lower Columbia.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Distribution of this species in the Northern Region I managed forest lands accounts for about
35% of the known occurrences, more sites in Idaho occur within USFS managed lands. High
quality Margaritfera mussel beds are located in the Clearwater, Selway, Lochsa, Pahsimeroi,
Lost, Salmon and Little Salmon rivers which flow extensively within the Clearwater, Bitter-
root, Nez Perce, Salmon-Challis National Forests The other majority of occurrences are within
privately-owned river corridors where access is from county road bridges or by floating. Many
BLM managed lands contain this species where the National Forest lands transition to the foot-
hills and valleys.

Appendix C - 4

SPECIES: Capnia lineata

Heritage Rank: G3, ID: SI

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Capniidae

Capnia lineata Hanson, 1943

Type Locality: Troy, Idaho.

Straight Stonefly

Photo of Capnia from Colorado (not linea-
tai) taken by C. Riley used from The Tree of
Life Web Project. http://tolweb.org/Capni-
idae/13941

At one time, C. lineata and C. zukeli were considered synonyms. The original descriptions of
the two taxa and figures of female specimens (Hanson 1943: 85-86 as referenced in Nelson and
Baumann 1989) later proved to be inadequate for separating females of the two species. With the
availability of additional specimens, proper associations were made, and the two taxa were recog-
nized as distinct (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977; Nelson and Baumann 1989).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Capnia lineata belongs to the Vemahs Species-Group in the genus Cap-
nia and includes two other species, C. confusa and C. vernalis. The species in the Vemahs Group
are distinguished "by the synapomorphic characters of a medial bridge or bridge vestige between
the abdominal stemites 7 and 8 of the female. The epiproct of the male is produced as a tube
with little modification. The abdominal tergites of males are without knobs" (Nelson & Baumann
1989). "The male of this species most closely resembles that of C. confusa. The two are distin-
guished on the basis of the relatively longer epiproct of C. lineata. All examined male specimens
of C. lineata have been short-winged, while those of the other two species in the group are longer
winged" (Nelson and Baumann 1989).

Reproductive Biology: The adults emerge in March and April (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick

1977).

Ecology: This species is often collected with C. zukeli and C. venosa (Nelson and Baumann
1989). Capnia lineata occurs in creeks in northern Idaho (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977).
Merritt and Cummins (1996) describe the trophic functional group of Capnia larvae as shredders-
detritivores.

C. Range and Known Sites

The geographic range of the species includes California and Idaho. In Idaho, the species is
known only from 9 streams in the Troy area, Latah County (Nelson and Baumann 1989; Bau-
mann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977; Baumann personal communication 2005).

Appendix C - 5

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55

Appendix C - 6

D. Species Abundance

Specimens on-hand at Brigham Young University (Baumann personal communication 2005) indi-
cate that collections ranged from as few as 2 adult specimens at a single location on one date to as
many as 87 adult specimens at different location on a single date.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) reported that C. lineata is a "rare species." The species is
laiown in Idaho from only a general locality— i.e., "several creeks in the Troy area" (Nelson and
Baumann 1989).

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations of C. lineata have not been identified.

In general, stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as

alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.

Alteration and degredation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho

populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Based on available information, five of the nine Latah County collection locations are streams
flowing through private lands. The other four collections were made within a National Forest
near the interface with private lands.

Appendix C - 7

SPECIES : Capnia zukeli
Heritage Rank: G2, ID: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera
Family: Capniidae
Capnia zukeli Hanson, 1943

A Stonefly

Photo of Capnia from Colorado (not zukeli)
taken by C. Riley used from The Tree of
Life Web Project. http://tolweb.org/Capni-
idae/13941

Type locality: Moscow, 2560 ft., Latah County, Idaho.

At one time, C. lineata and C. zukeli were considered synonyms. Capnia zukeli lives in the same
area with C. venosa and C. lineata. Capnia zukeli resembles C lineata "but seems to be distinct
from it in both sexes" GSfelson and Baumann 1989). The original descriptions of the two taxa and
figures of female specimens (Hanson 1943: 85-86 as referenced in Nelson and Baumann 1989)
proved to be inadequate for separating females of the two species. The two taxa were reinstated
as distinct species following the examination of additional specimens (Baumann, Gaufin, and
Surdick 1977; Nelson and Baumann 1989).

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: In the male, the extremely long epiproct (30 times as long as wide), the
absence of tergal knobs, and brachyptery distinguish this species from all others in the genus
Capnia (Nelson and Baumann 1989). Female body length is 9 mm; forewing length is 7.8 mm.
The subgenital plate has a straight and recessed hind margin; muscle insertions lateral to the pos-
terior margin are darkly colored. Small, spurious sclerites are absent from the membrane between
sterna 7 and 8 (Nelson and Baumann 1989).

Reproductive Biology: Adults have been captured in April (Nelson and Baumann 1989; Bau-
mann personal communication 2005).

Ecology: No habitat information was available, but generally Capniidae prefer small streams
and springs. Merritt and Cummins (1996) consider the trophic functional group of Capnia larvae
to be shredders-detritivores.

C. Range and Known Sites

Capnia zukeli is an Idaho endemic species known from 7 different locations in Latah County
(Nelson and Baumann 1989).

D. Species Abundance

Specimens at Brigham Young University (Baumann personal communication 2005) indicate that
12 males and 62 females were collected on one date at one Latah County location.

Appendix C - 8

Appendix C - 9

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Capnia zukeli is an Idaho endemic species known only from Latah County (Nelson and Baumann
1989).

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations of C. zukeli have not been identified. In general, stonefly
populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as alteration of flow patterns, stream-
bed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and degredation of aquatic
habitat is the primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Based on available information, one of the Latah County collection sites is within the St. Joe
National Forest; the other 6 collection sites appear to be on private lands.

Appendix C - 10

SPECIES: Cascadoperla trictura A Spring Stonefly

Heritage Rank: G3G4, ID: SI MT: SNR
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Perlodidae

Cascadoperla trictura (Hoppe 1938)

Type locality: Maple Valley, Cedar River, King County, Washington.

The taxon was first described as Perla trictura, later associated with the genus Isoperla, and more
recently associated with Cascadoperla. Cascadoperla is a monotypic genus (Szczytko and Stew-
art 1979).

B. Species Description

Adult Male Morphology: Body length is 8-9 mm. Macropterous , having forewing length
8-9.5 mm. General body color is yellow to light brown. A round black spot covers the interocel-
lar area of head and continues to the anterior margin of frons. Pronotum is light yellow with a
median light stripe bordered by 2 longitudinal dark brown bands containing vermiform rugosities.
Wings are hyaline with veins medium brown. Abdominal terga have 3 longitudinal dark brown
stripes and 8 rows of longitudinal dots (Szczytko and Stewart 1979).

Mature Larval Morphology (reared larvae): Length of mature male is 9. 1-10.3 mm;
length of mature female larva is 10.2-12.6 mm. Interocellar area of head is medium brown, wide,
with a dark brown pigment band extending across the frons; the anterior margin has a narrow
light, transverse band and a row of small, stout spinulae on the occipital ridge. The pronotal mar-
gin is fringed with small, stout hairs and with numerous long hairs irregularly placed at the upper
and lower angles and posterior margin. Pronotum has a medial light yellow stripe bordered by 2
wide, medium brown longitudinal bands; rugosities absent; light narrow band on the lateral and
posterior margins (Szczytko and Stewart 1979).

Reproductive Biology: Based on material examined by Szczytlco and Stewart (1979), emer-
gence occurs from mid-May until July in creeks and rivers. Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick
(1977) report that adults emerge from April to July.

Ecology: Found in creeks and rivers (Baumann et al. 1977; Szczytko and Stewart 1979). Mer-
ritt and Cummins (1996) report the habit of this species as "dingers, crawlers and like most
Perlodidae are probably predators, consuming other insects, especially midges and blackflies.

Appendix C - 11

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Appendix C - 12

C. Range and Known Sites

The distribution includes British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, and Montana
(Szczytko and Stewart 1979). In Idaho, the species is known from one collection site: Coeur
d'Alene River, Kingston, Shoshone County (Baumann personal communication 2005). In Mon-
tana, this species is known from one stream in 2 collections, Ninemile Creek, Missoula County
(Stagliano, this study 2006).

D. Species Abundance

Baumann et al. (1977) describe this as a "rare species." On II April 1969, the single reported
collection site yielded 4 1 male and 43 female specimens (Baumann personal communication
2005). The Montana larval collection site reports 5 specimens total for 2 samples.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

The species is known from a single collection in Idaho (Baumann personal communication 2005,
Szczytko and Stewart 1979) and a single stream in Montana (Stagliano, this study 2006).

B. Threats

Specific threats to MT/ID populations of C. trictura have not been identified. In general, stonefly
populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as alteration of flow patterns, stream-
bed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and degradation of aquatic
habitat is the primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

The Coeur d'Alene River corridor upstream and downstream from Kingston, Shoshone County,
and the Ninemile Creek section in Missoula County flows through private land and with minor
exceptions to the farthest upstream reaches their are few immediate management implications for
the USPS.

Appendix C - 13

SPECIES: Malenkatina A Spring Stonefly

Heritage Rank: G3, ID: S2 MT: SNR
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Family: Nemouridae
Malenka tina (Rickerl952)

Type Locality: Holotype male: Iron Creek, Lewis County, Washington (Ricker 1952).
Type Locality: Female: Rock Creek Ranger Station, Twin Falls County, Idaho (Jewett 1954).

The species was originally described as Nemoura {Malenka) tina (Ricker 1952).

B. Species Description

Adult Male Morphology: Body length is 5 mm; total length to tip of wings is 6.5 mm. Color
is brown. Two pairs of branched gills occur on the neck ventrally. Wings have no pigmented
markings. Abdominal segments are mostly membranous through the eighth segment, but dorsally
they have more sclerotized anterior margins and a sclerotized plate occurs on either side of the
median line ventrally. The ninth stemite has an elongate lobe from the anterior margin; the pos-
terior margin is triangularly produced with a terminal knob slightly upturned. The subanal lobes
are triangular and sclerotized near the outer margin, terminating in two strong hooks, one shorter
and stouter than the other The tenth tergite is sclerotized dorsally with a posterior sclerotized
plate bearing the supra-anal process on its tip; the process is erect, bent forward at the tip and
mostly sclerotized. The cerci are membranous, with rounded sclerotized knobs pointing inward at
the base (Ricker 1952).

Adult Female Morphology: Body length is 7.5 mm; total length to wing tips is 9 mm. The
female is similar to the male in general morphological details but is slightly larger in size. The 8"'
sternite is completely bisected by a notch which is margined by heavy sclerotization in its narrow
anterior third (Jewett 1954).

Reproductive Biology: No information is available.

Ecology: The larvae are found in small mountain streams (Newell and Minshall 1978). Bau-
mann (personal communication 2005) reported that this species was collected in 1964 in seeps
outside the main Big Wood River channel. Most of the Nemouridae species are shredders or col-
lector-gatherers utilizing coarse plant materials (Merritt and Cummins 1996)

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Malenka tina reportedly occurs in Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Utah, and
Nevada (NatureServe 2006). In Idaho, the species has been collected in Blaine, Butte, Idaho,
Lemhi, Minidoka, and Twin Falls counties (Baumann et al. 1977; Newell and Minshall 1978). In

Appendix C - 14

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Appendix C - 15

Montana, we have no specific site collection records, although a specimen has been reported to be
fi-om Missoula Co. (Baumann et al. 1977).

D. Species Abundance

On 17 February 1964, 2 male and 1 female specimens were collected on the Big Wood River near
Ketchum (Baumann personal communication 2005).

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Malenka tina has no federal or state agency status at the present time. Based on available infor-
mation, the species appears to have a broad "Coast, Cascade, and Rocky Mts." geographic distri-
bution. It also has a broad north-south and east-west county distribution within Idaho. Baumann
et al. (1977) report that Malenka tina is known from six Idaho counties but also observe that M.
tina is "rather restricted in its distribution." In Idaho, the distribution of M. tina and its ecological
needs require further study.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho or MT populations of Malenka tina have not been identified. In general,
stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as alteration of flow patterns,
streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and degradation of
aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

With respect to the "Big Wood River, Hwy 93, near Ketchum" (Baumann personal communica-
tion 2005) collection site, it is impossible to know whether the collection was made on private
land, BLM land, or National Forest land, as all three exist in the immediate area of Ketchum. The
collection at Magic Mountain, Twin Falls County (Jewett 1954), was certainly made within a
National Forest. Newefl and Minshafl (1979) indicate that Malenka tina has been collected at up-
per Birch Creek (Lemhi County) and Rock Creek (Twin Falls County); these collection sites have
strong potential to be within private lands. If Montana populations exist in the southwest part of
the state, they will most likely occur in the BLM managed lands or the Beaverhead-Deerlodge
Forest along the Idaho border.

Appendix C - 16

SPECIES: Megaleuctra kincaidi

Heritage Rank: G2, ID: SI

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Leuctridae

Megaleuctra kincaidi Prison, 1942

A Stonefly: Needleflies

Photo of Megaluctra from Colorado (not kin-
caidi) taken by C. Riley used from The Tree
of Life Web Project. http://tolweb.org/Leuctri-
dae/13941

Type locality: Fryingpan Creek, Mt. Ranier, Washington.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Body length is 13 mm; length to tip of wings is 15 mm. Head, thorax,
abdomen, and appendages are light to dark brown. The head through the compound eyes is wider
than the pronotum. The three ocelli form a nearly unilateral triangle. The pronotum is about as
wide as long, margins are light colored, and a central area is darker and has an indication of a
wide, longitudinal, lighter median stripe. The second tarsal segments are much shorter than the
third. The middle of the ninth tergite has two sharply pointed tubercles. The tenth tergite has a
peculiar, highly sclerotized structure arising between and above the anal cerci that is bent forward
at about a right angle. Subanal process is long and recurved over the dorsal tip of the abdomen.
Anal cerci are long and single segmented. Wing membranes are essentially hyaline, and veins are
dark brown. The pterostigmatic space in both forewings and hindwings have a conspicuous mark-
ing: the area next to the subcosta is hyaline, which is followed by a dark patch and then a milky-
white patch. No gill remnants are on any body area (Prison 1942).

Mature Larval Morphology: Body length is 15 mm. General color is light brown. Cereal
segments are at least 17 mm. Antennae over 40 mm (tips missing). Gills are absent. The body
is elongate, the wing pads extending nearly parallel to the axis of the body. The body is covered
with fine hairs in length equal to one-fifth the length of the middle abdominal segments. A ring of
spines encircles the posterior end of the cereal segments. Coarse stiff hairs or bristles are on the
legs, particularly on the outer surfaces; bristles are absent elsewhere. A pair of prominent spurs
are visible at the inner distal end of all the tibiae. A continuous membranous fold is present along
the sides of the first 7 abdominal segments. The tenth tergite is drawn out and contains a dorsal
sclerotized structure. Subanal lobes are bulbous, not fused distally, and rather hidden between the
tenth tergite and tenth stemite (Jewett 1954).

Reproductive Biology: No information is available.

Ecology: This species has been collected from April to July across its range (Baumann, Gaufin,
and Surdick 1977). The two Idaho specimens were collected 30 June (Baumann personal com-
munication 2005). Merritt and Cummins (1996) report that members of the genus Megaleuctra
are found in springs and seeps.

Appendix C - 17

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Appendix C - 18

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, the species occurs Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (NatureServe 2006). Only two
Idaho collection sites have been reported: Latah County, Moscow Mountain (Jewett 1954) and
"Clearwater County, Lolo Pass, Hwy 12" (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977). Lolo Pass and
Highway 12 occur in Idaho County, not far south of the Clearwater County line. The collector
might have incorrectly recorded the county name or else the collection was made in Clearwater
County away from Highway 12 in the general vicinity of Lolo Pass.

D. Species Abundance

Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) describe this as a "rare species." One male and one female
were collected at Lolo Pass (Baumann personal communication 2005). Only one mature larva
was collected at Moscow Mountain (Jewett 1954).

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) describe this as a "rare species. Only two collection sites
are known in Idaho.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations of Megaleuctra kinkaidi have not been identified.
In general, stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and deg-
radation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Idaho County, in the vicinity of Lolo Pass, is a checkerboard of one-square mile sections of
privately-owned forest and National Forest. Moscow Mountain is a patchwork of mostly private
lands with some state lands. This species could potentially occur in the Lolo Forest in Montana.

Appendix C - 19

SPECIES: Megaleuctra stigmata
Heritage Rank: G2, MT: SNR
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Plecoptera

Family: Leuctridae

Megaleuctra stigmata (Banks, 1900)

A Stonefly: Needleflies

Photo of Megaluctra from Colorado (not
stigmata) taken by C. Riley used from The
Tree of Life Web Project. http://tolweb.
org/Leuctridae/ 1 394 1

Type Locality: British Columbia, Canada. Previously known as Neumora stigmata.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Body length is 11-13 mm; length to tip of wings is 15 mm. Head, thorax,
abdomen, and appendages are dark brown. The three ocelli form a nearly unilateral triangle. The
pronotum is about as wide as long, margins are light colored, and a central area is darker and has
an indication of a wide, longitudinal, lighter median stripe. No gill remnants are on any body
area. For more detailed description see Frison (1942).

Nymph Morphology: Body length is 15 mm. General color is light brown. Cereal segments
are at least 17 mm. A continuous membranous fold is present along the sides of the first 7 abdom-
inal segments. The tenth tergite is drawn out and contains a dorsal sclerotized structure. Subanal
lobes are bulbous, not fused distally, and rather hidden between the tenth tergite and tenth sternite
(Jewett 1954).

Reproductive Biology: No information is available.

Ecology: Very little information exists about the ecology of this species (Baumann, Gaufin, and
Surdick 1977). Merritt and Cummins (1996) report that members of the genus Megaleuctra are
found in small springs and seeps, and are trophically shredder-detritivores.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, the species is known from Washington, British Columbia, Alberta, Idaho (Idaho
& Latah Co.), Montana (Lake & Missoula Co.). It is known from <30 EO's (most in Canada),
mostly springs, seeps and small rheocrenes (NatureServe 2006). No map is available!!

D. Species Abundance

Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) describe this as a "rare species." No abundance or collec-
tion data is reported above the county distribution level.

Appendix C - 20

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) describe this as a "rare species and it is reported to occur in
only 2 counties in Montana.

B. Threats

Specific threats to MT populations of Megaleuctra stigmata have not been identified.
In general, stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as
alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.
Alteration and degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for MT populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Without more specific site location, we cannot determine the extent that this species exists in
USPS managed lands, therefore, we recommend dropping them from consideration of a SOI,
since the small streams they inhabit are encompassed within the management plan by other well
documented aquatic SOC.

Appendix C - 21

SPECIES: Perlomyia collaris AStonefly

Heritage Rank: G3, ID: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Family: Leuctridae
Perlomyia collaris Banks, 1906

Type Locality: Wellington, British Columbia.

B. Species Description

Perlomyia collaris is based on a single female specimen. The following descriptions are taken
from Prison (1936) who described two new species, P. solitaria and P. sobrina, solely on the basis
of male specimens and female specimens, respectively, even while cautioning that each of his
new species might later be synonymized with P. collaris. Perlomyia solitaria and P. sobrina have
since been synonymized with P. collaris (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977).

Male Morphology (as P. solitaria): Body length is 8 mm. Wing length is 11 mm. Body and
appendages are dark brown. The membranous wings are uniformly infuscated with dark veins.
The head is much wider than the pronotum; pronotum is much longer than broad with a slightly
depressed medial longitudinal area or stripe. The lateral ocelli are about three times as far from
one another as from the inner margin of the compound eyes. The median ocellus is far forward
but less so than the distance between lateral ocelli. The maxillary palpi are very large. The first
tarsal segment of the forelegs and middle legs is about as long as the third but in the hind legs
much shorter; the second tarsal segment is very short in all legs. No gill remnants are evident.
The first nine abdominal segments are unmodified and similar; the ninth segment has a small lobe
at the base. The tenth segment is modified with cerci and with a small projection at the base,
tapering to a sharp point. The sides of the tenth tergite have a small protuberance before the pos-
terior margin (Prison 1936).

Female Morphology (as P. sobrina): Head, thorax, legs, and wings are similar to the male
oiP. solitaria. The abdomen differs as follows: ventral stemites one to eight dark and heavily
sclerotized; the eighth modified, mostly membranous and sometimes largely concealed by the
seventh and ninth stemites; ninth stemite is heavily sclerotized; abdominal tergites one through
eight are membranous except for a narrow longitudinal sclerotized stripe along the median line;
ninth and tenth tergites are uniformly and darkly sclerotized as are most stemites (Prison 1936).

Larval Morphology (described from exuviae): Body length is about 12 mm Cerci have
at least 23 segments. Antennae have about 100 segments. Gills are absent. Body is elongated.
The wing pads are only very slightly angled from the axis of the body. The body is covered with
extremely fine pile, appearing almost naked. The subanal lobes are fused mesally for about half
their length, leaving a notch at the tip. Stout hairs (hardly bristles) appear on the legs and as a
ring around each cereal segment (Jewett 1954).

Appendix C - 22

Appendix C - 23

Reproductive Biology: Rangewide, the adults emerge from February to April (Baumann,
Gaufin, and Surdick 1977).

Ecology: Perlomyia collaris occurs in creeks and rivers of the Pacific Northwest (Baumann,
Gaufin, and Surdick 1977).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Perlomyia collaris occurs in California, Oregon, Idaho, British Columbia, and the
Yukon Territory (NatureServe 2006). In Idaho, the species is reported from one collection site,
Cottonwood Creek, Nez Perce County, where adults were collected in an alfalfa field (Logan and
Smith 1966).

D. Species Abundance

This species may be locally abundant; Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick (1977) describe this species
as occurring "commonly" in Northwest creeks and rivers. No information is available about the
abundance of P. collaris in Idaho.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Only one collection site has been reported for Idaho (Baumann, Gaufin, and Surdick 1977; Logan
and Smith 1966).

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations oi Perlomyia collaris have not been identified.
In general, stonefly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat such as
alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.
Alteration and degredation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho
populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

The entire length of Cottonwood Creek in Nez Perce County is within privately-owned lands,
except for a MQxy small (< 400 m) area of land managed by the Bureau of Land Management.
Therefore, this species may not be influential in USPS management plans.

Appendix C - 24

A Mayfly

Generalized Ameletus larvae not sparsatus

SPECIES: Ameletus sparsatus

Heritage Rank: G3G4, ID: S2, MT: SNR

Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Order: Ephemeroptera

Family: Ameletidae

Ameletus sparsatus McDunnough, 1931

McDunnough (193 1) described this taxon based on images of both sexes. He described the larval
form in 1934 (McDunnough 1934). Type locality: Blairmore, Alberta, Canada

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Body length: 10-12 mm. Eyes have green pigmentation in living males.
Mesonotum is yellow with light brown at the periphery. Mesotergum is yellowish with brown
longitudinal streaks (based on a preserved female imago specimen from Alberta, Canada). Fore
wings transparent with some cross-veins surrounded with smoky brown, giving them a speckled
appearance. Specimens from British Columbia, Alberta, and Colorado have well-defined dark
patches on the fore wings (four larger patches in a preserved female imago from Alberta). Ab-
dominal stemite 2 has a pair of C-shaped markings; ganglionic markings may be visible on ster-
nites 7 and 8 (Zloty 1996, Zloty and Pritchard 1997). This species is likely to be confused with A.
amador and A. falsus. The male genitalia resemble those of A. imbellis (Zloty 1996).

Larval Morphology: Body length: 10-11 mm. Antennae mostly brown with segments 2-4
pale. Labrum is pale with brown ovoid patch proximally. The dorsal surface of the front femora
has numerous long spines and a fringe of sparse and relatively short hairs. The anterior surface
of the front femora is yellow with a broad brown patch at the middle that does not extend onto the
ventral surface. Posterolateral spines on abdominal segments 8-9 very long. Ganglionic mark-
ings sometimes visible on stemite 8 (Zloty and Pritchard 1997). Based on a large series of larvae
from the Henrys Fork, eastern Idaho, younger larvae were pale and incompletely marked. All
larvae, regardless of age, showed distinct subcutaneous ganglionic markings (Jensen 1966).
Larvae of A. sparsatus could be confused only with larvae of A. cooki and A. sujfusus.

Reproductive Biology: In Alberta, adults of this species emerge from mid- July to mid-August
(Zloty and Pritchard 1997).

Ecology: This species is associated with larger, moderately flowing rivers and streams (Jensen
1966). Zloty and Pritchard (1997) found larvae in third- or fourth-order streams that had abun-
dant littoral vegetation. The trophic relationships of larvae oi Ameletus spp. include scrapers and
collectors-gatherers (detritus, diatoms) (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

Appendix C - 25

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C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Ameletus sparsatus is known to occur in Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Alberta, and
British Columbia CNatureServe 2006).

In Idaho, Ameletus sparsatus has been reported from seven counties including Valley County in
west-central Idaho; eastward to Blaine, Custer, and Lemhi counties; and southeasterly to Fremont,
Bonneville, and Bannock counties (Jensen 1966, Newall and Minshall 1978). Jensen (1966) re-
ported specimens from large and mid-sized rivers including the Henrys Fork, Salmon River, and
Big Lost River; and from smaller drainages including Rapid Creek (Baimock County), Lake Fork
Creek (Valley County), and Pine Creek (Bonneville County). A more recent publication by Zloty
(1996) and the even more recent World Wide Web-based distribution map by Kondratieff (2000)
agree that A. sparsatus is known from only two Idaho counties: Blaine and Valley.

In Montana, Ameletus sparsatus has been reported from the Madison River in Gallatin County
adjacent to Yellowstone National Park. Unfortunately, the identification key to Ameletus species
has not been used by bioassessment agencies, and thus we have very few species-level ID's. This
species could potentially occur in mid-sized to larger river systems in the other counties in the
southwestern part of Montana, but species-level records are just not available.

D. Species Abundance

Zloty and Pritchard (1997) reported that "mayflies of the genus Ameletus are common inhabit-
ants of running waters in North America ... ." and that "larvae are found in third or fourth order
streams, where they are usually abundant in littoral vegetation." Jensen (1966) reported collecting
"a large series" from the Henrys Fork in eastern Idaho. The only available, detailed information
about the abundance of A. sparsatus in Idaho is associated with a locality sampled by the Idaho
Department of Environmental Quality in 1994. Twenty-seven specimens were collected by one
person during a single visit at one sampling station in Valley County.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

A. sparsatus is included in the Idaho Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (2006) as
a Species of Greatest Conservation Need because it is a "species lacking essential information
pertaining to status." In Montana this species has stayed off the SOC list due to lack of reliable
species records or information; further investigation is required. The Idaho distribution remains
in question inasmuch as recent documentation (Zloty 1996, Kondratieff 2000) reports this species
from only two Idaho counties whereas earlier research by Jensen (1966) recorded specimens from
seven Idaho counties. The reason for the discrepancy is unknown, and the distribution recorded
by Jensen (1966) apparently cannot be verified without revisiting the locations reported in his
thesis.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho and Montana populations of A. sparsatus have not been identified.
In general, mayfly populations are affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of
flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics, and water quality.

Appendix C - 27

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

The majority of records in Idaho are in the southern half of the state. The northern extent of the
documented Idaho range is at the southern edge of the Nez Perce National Forest. Specimens
collected in Valley County in 1994 by the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (personal
communication 2005) were obtained at a stream sampling station within privately-owned land
approximately 3 miles downstream from the boundary of the Boise National Forest. Most of that
particular drainage flows through the Boise National Forest and is roaded, allowing for future
surveys on the National Forest. Jensen's (1966) Blaine County collection site is likely on the
Sawtooth National Forest.

The one collection in MT was made within the Gallatin National Forest adjacent to Yellowstone
National Park, thus additional records could be expected within the park or in similar habitat in
other sections of the Madison River.

Appendix C - 28

SPECIES: Ameletus sujfusus A Mayfly

Heritage Rank: G2G4, ID: SI

Natural History

Generalized Ameletus larvae not sujfusus

A. Taxonomy

Family: Ameletidae

Ameletus sujfusus McDunnough, 1936

McDunnough (1936) described this taxon on the basis of a male holotype. In the same publica-
tion, he described the larval form.

B. Species Description

Adult morphology: Body length: 9-10 mm. Eyes have green pigmentation in living males.
Mesonotum, in males, is yellow with brown shading at the lateral and posterolateral areas; scutel-
lum yellow brown. Wings in both sexes suffused with brown, though the wing suffusion can be
reduced or even absent in some individuals, making identification difficult. Ganglionic markings
on abdominal stemite 8 in the male holotype and on sternites 7 and 8 in the female (Zloty 1996,
Zloty and Pritchard 1997).

Wing suffusion in females is similar only to A. validus (Zloty and Pritchard 1997).

The male genitalia resemble those of A. andersoni, A. dissitus, A. exquisitus, A. vancouverensis,

and A. vernalis (Zloty 1996).

Larval morphology: Body length: 9-10 mm. Antennae pale with a few middle segments
brown. Labrum is pale with brown triangular patch proximally The dorsal surface of the front
femora with a few long spines and a fringe hairs of variable length. The anterior surface of the
front femora is pale with a narrow brown patch at the middle. Posterolateral spines on abdominal
segments 8-9 relatively small. Ganglionic markings sometimes visible on stemite 8 (Zloty and
Pritchard 1997).

Larvae of A. sparsatus could be confused only with larvae of A. cooki and A. sparsatus. Larvae
are usually found in third or fourth order streams (Zloty and Pritchard 1997).

Reproductive Biology: In Alberta, adults of this species emerge from the first of July to early
August (Zloty and Pritchard 1997).

Ecology: The trophic relationships of larvae oi Ameletus spp. include scrapers and collectors-
gatherers (detritus, diatoms) (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, A. sujfusus is known to occur Alberta, British Columbia, Oregon, and Idaho (Lester,
McCafferty, and Edmondson 2002; NatureServe 2006).

Appendix C - 29

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Appendix C - 30

In Idaho, A. sujfusus is known from a single larval specimen collected in Latah County (Lester,
McCafferty and Edmondson 2002). The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality document-
ed A. sparsatus in a stream in Valley County in 1994 — a stream different from the one Jensen
(1966) reported — while conducting invertebrate sampling associated with DEQ's Beneficial Use
Reconnaissance Program.

D. Species Abundance

Zloty and Pritchard (1997) reported that "mayflies of the genus Ameletus are common

inhabitants of running waters in North America ... ."

Jensen (1966) reported collecting "a large series" from the Henrys Fork in eastern Idaho.

The only available, detailed information about the abundance of A. sparsatus in Idaho is
associated with a locality sampled by the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality in
1994. Twenty-seven specimens were collected by one person during a single visit at one
sampling station in Valley County.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This species is known from a single location and based on the collection of a single larva.

Beginning in 1993, tlie Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) began collecting
aquatic invertebrates at sampling stations on Idaho streams. At the end of the 2003 BURP season,
a total of 5,182 stream sites had been sampled in Idaho (Idaho Department of Environmental
Quality 2007). In 2005, the Idaho Conservation Data Center received comprehensive, statewide
collection data from DEQ, and the data showed that, despite the number of stream sites sampled
over about 12 years, DEQ had not discovered additional specimens of this species.

Ameletus sujfusus has no federal or state agency status at the present time. This insect is very
poorly known in Idaho.

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations of A. sujfusus have not been identified. Strychnine
Creek, Latah County, is the only location where this species has been collected. Nearly
the length of the stream is roaded. In general, mayfly populations are affected by changes to
aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics,
and water quality. Alteration and degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho
populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Strychnine Creek, Latah County, is the only Idaho stream from which a specimen has been col-
lected (Lester, McCafferty, and Edmondson 2002). Strychnine Creek is approximately 7-8 miles
in length. Three-to-four miles of the headwaters, approximately half of the length of the stream.

Appendix C - 31

are on the Clearwater National Forest. The lower half of the stream meanders through private
private, except for one isolated sliver of national forest which incorporates about 0.25 mile of the
stream.

Appendix C - 32

SVECIES: Ameletus tolae A Mayfly

Heritage Rank: G1G3, ID: SI

Natural History

/

A. Taxonomy Generalized Ameletus larvae not tolae

Order: Ephemeroptera
Family: Ameletidae
Ameletus tolae Zloty, 1996

Type Locality: Lick Creek, 6 mi. E. of Medical Springs, Oregon.

B. Species Description

Adult Morphology: Male imago body length is 6.5-8 mm. Forewings are 6-7 mm. Head is
generally brown with dark brown ocellar tubercles; ocelh are opaque white; upper two-thirds of
the compound eyes are gray, and the lower portion is dark brown. Forelegs are brown; middle
and hind legs are amber to yellow. Wings are transparent; forewings have a milky suffusion in
the stigmatic area; longitudinal veins are amber, and cross-veins are white and faintly visible.
Abdominal stemite 1 is brown; stemites 3-8 are opaque white with dark brown ganglionic mark-
ings; stemite 9 is pale with extensive brown at anterior and lateral margins. Caudal filaments are
golden brown (Zloty 1996). This species is similar to A. celer but is smaller and differs in details
of genitalia (Zloty 1996).

Reproductive Biology: Imagoes and subimagoes have been collected 25 July - 8 August
(Zloty 1996).

Ecology: The trophic functional classes of Ameletus larvae include scrapers and collectors-gath-
erers (detritus, diatoms) (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

This species is known from a narrow geographic range including northeastern Oregon (Union
County) and a single location (probably Benewah County) in the southern Idaho panhandle. The
Idaho distribution is defined by a single specimen from "National Forest near St. Maries" (Zloty
1996).

D. Species Abundance

No information is available on the abundance in Idaho.

Appendix C - 33

Appendix C - 34

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

In Idaho, this insect is known from one vaguely-described collection site, and it has a narrow
rangewide distribution (Zloty 1996). The species is listed as a Species of Greatest Conservation
Need in the Idaho Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (2006) on the basis of restricted
distribution and because it is a "species lacking essential information pertaining to status."

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations have not been identified. In general, mayfly populations are
affected by changes to aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate,
thermal characteristics, and water quality. Alteration and degradation of aquatic habitat is the
primary concern for Idaho populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

The nearest National Forest land is approximately 10 km from St. Maries, and most adjacent for-
est lands are highly fragmented into small parcels for a distance of 10-20 km from St. Maries.

Appendix C - 35

SPECIES: Paraleptophlebia traverae A Mayfly

Heritage Rank: GH, SH
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Photo oi Paraleoptophlebia sp.
larva, courtesy of Tom Murray

Order: Ephemeroptera

Family: Paraleptophlebiidae

Paraleptophlebia traverae McCafferty & Kondratieff, 1999

Type Locality: Grangeville, Idaho.

The original description is based on a single holotype male specimen collected in 1907 originally
assigned to P. ruvifenosa (Traver 1935). The genitalia are preserved in balsam. One set of wings
is dry mounted on two slides. The body, preserved in alcohol, is deteriorated and fragmented.
The female morphology is unknown (McCafferty and Kondratieff 1999).

B. Species Description

Adult Male Morphology: Traver (1935) describes this as a brownish species without distinct
color pattern. The head and thorax and tip of the abdomen are dark brown. The middle abdomi-
nal segments, legs, and tails are paler brown. The wings have reddish longitudinal veins with
cross-veins also tinged except in the basal 3"''. The stigmatic region is heavily tinged. The 9"'
sternite is narrowly divided by a V-shaped notch. In seeming contrast, McCafferty and Kondrati-
eff (1999) state that the wings of this specimen are completely hyaline with no staining.

Reproductive Biology: No information is available.

Ecology: The trophic functional groups oi Paraleptophlebia larvae include collectors-gatherers
(coarse detritus, diatoms) and facultative shredders-detritivores (Merritt and Cummins 1996).

C. Range and Known Sites

This species is known from a single specimen collected at Grangeville, Idaho (Jensen 1966, Mc-
Cafferty and Kondratieff 1999, Traver 1935).

D. Species Abundance

No information is available on the abundance in Idaho.

Appendix C - 36

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Appendix C - 37

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

NatureServe (2006) states that "this species is poorly known. It may be a restricted and rare spe-
cies, but in essence the actual species involved has not been recorded in the past 67 years under
any name." The species is known only from a single specimen (McCafferty and Kondratieff
1999) and may be possibly extirpated. The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (2007)
has conducted annual stream sampling for aquatic invertebrates since 1993. During the years
1993-2005, no individuals were found (Idaho Department of Environmental Quality personal
communication 2005).

B. Threats

Specific threats to Idaho populations cannot be identified without information on its current status
which may be possibly extirpated. In general, mayfly populations are affected by changes to
aquatic habitat, such as alteration of flow patterns, streambed substrate, thermal characteristics,
and water quality. Alteration and degradation of aquatic habitat is the primary concern for Idaho
populations.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

The only reported location, "Grangeville," is too vague to identify land allocation. All lands im-
mediately surrounding Grangeville are privately-owned. At a distance of 4-5 km south and east
of Grangeville, small, scattered parcels of State-owned lands and lands managed by the Bureau of
Land Management occur. National Forest lands lie east of Grangeville at a distance of approxi-
mately 6 km.

Appendix C - 38

SPECIES: Stagnicola elrodi Flathead Pondsnail

Heritage Rank: G1,MT: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy ^ , , „ . , , ,.

Generalized Stagnicola not elrodi

Class: Gastropoda

Family: Lymnaeidae

Stagnicola elrodi (Baker and Henderson, 1933)

Type Locality: Flathead Lake, Lake Co., MI

Despite the recognition of this taxon as a distinct species, some authorities have raised uncer-
tainty regarding its identity and validity. R. Dillon (Northwest Biological Assessment Workgroup
Gastropod Workshop, 2006) has suggested that multiple existing taxa {elrodi and elrodiana) are
synonyms of the pondsnail (''Stagnicola'' emarginata), which he places in the genus Lymnaea
along with all other nominal members of the genus Stagnicola. Regarding elrodi and elrodiana
- Hubendick (1951) considered both nomina to be synonyms of Lymnaea emarginata. Burch
(1989) puts elrodi in the emarginata group and elrodiana in the elodes group. The range in varia-
tion in shell morphology of species of Stagnicola is tremendous, and basing different species on
this character will lead to problems (Dillon pers comm. 2006), although he has not specifically
published accounts synonomizing these species. "In any case, it's hard to find evidence in any of
this that populations of either elrodi or elrodiana comprise vahd biological species."

B. Species Description

The shell of this aquatic snail is dextrally spiraled and conical in general shape. The columella is
lightly twisted, and the shell is light brown; body is dark (see photo) (Frest 1999).

Reproductive Biology: This species is hermaphroditic. No information is available regarding
the timing of reproduction or other aspects of reproductive ecology.

Ecology: This species occurs in vegetated bays of Flathead Lake. Aquatic vegetation and algae
are generally abundant at occupied sites. Most Lymnaeidae snails are scrapers of algae and other
plant materials.

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Stagnicola elrodi is known to occur in Montana (NatureServe 2006). In Montana,
old records exist for multiple sites within the Flathead Lake basin (See distribution map). Origi-
nally probably restricted to Flathead Lake and a few larger lakes and slow -flow riverine situations
in the upper Flathead River valley. Lake and Flathead Counties and Flathead Indian Reservation,
MT. Current distribution is uncertain; 1 site was collected in upper Flathead River valley in 1991,
but in several of the old sites, no live specimens were found (Frest and Johannes 1995). Con-
firmed to survive in Flathead Lake in 1994 (T. Frest pers. comm. 2000). No new site records have
been added in recent years, since the Frest and Johannes (1995) revisit surveys.

Appendix C - 39

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Appendix C - 40

D. Species Abundance

Global Abundance: 1 - 2500 individuals. The species is believed to be declining from previously
reported sites. Data do not indicate whether the decline was historical or is ongoing, and current
population status is not accurately known.

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

This "species" is limited in distribution to shallow bays of Flathead Lake, MT. It has only been
found in this one lake, despite extensive searches elsewhere by R. Brunson. Populations seem to
be declining due to current and ongoing threats; loss of some historic sites has occurred (Frest and
Joharmes 1995). Water pollution is beginning to be a significant in this area (T. Frest pers. comm.
2000).

B. Threats

Water pollution and accumulation of fine sediments has been labeled to be a significant threat to
the populations in this area; ultimate sources of these are increasing shoreline development and
agriculture, including grazing, that is causing eutropification.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Known locations within the bays of Flathead Lake border the Mission Mountain Tribal Wilder-
ness Area which is managed by the CKST. Thus, there is no immediate USFS Region 1 managed
lands that would affect these populations, but significant portions of watersheds of tributaries to
Flathead Lake can fall under USFS management.

Appendix C - 41

SPECIES: Acroloxus coloradensis Rocky Mountain Capshell

Heritage Rank: G3, MT: SI
Natural History

A. Taxonomy

Class: Gastropoda

Family: Acroloxidae ^ ^ , , ,, ,

Drawing oi the shell oi
Acroloxus coloradensis (Henderson 19o0) Acroloxus coloradensis used

with permission from Clarke

Type locality: Peterson Lake, 3.4 mi. WSW of Nederland, Boulder (1981).
Co., Colorado; types not examined. This species is the only representa-
tive of the family Acroloxidae in North America.

B. Species Description

See Clarke (1981) for a good description and illustration. In general limpets have a single cone-
shaped shell and a suction foot with well developed eyes and tentacles (see drawing).

Reproductive Biology: The breeding biology of Acroloxus coloradensis is not well under-
stood.

Ecology: Habitat is high-altitude lakes and ponds. In Colorado, it is typically found at eleva-
tions between 2675 and 3025 m and glacial deposits along at least part of shorelines. In Montana
it has been reported in high mountain lake (Lost Lake) within a small drainage basin (< 250 ha),
on cobble-gravel substrate. It is an extreme environmental specialist to small alpine lakes only.
Macrophytes are generally rare; and the species appears to be a stenothermal lithophile (Paul
and Clifford I99I). Its trophic status is primarily a grazer and secondarily a scraper of algae or
diatoms (Clarke 198 1).

C. Range and Known Sites

Rangewide, Acroloxus coloradensis is known to survive in Alberta and British Columbia, CO and
MT; some of the other sites need rechecking. The MT site Lost Lake is within Glacier National
Park, and very near the Columbia drainage. Lake Iris and an unnamed lake north of Geikie Sta-
tion, Beaver River in Jasper National Park, Alberta. No map available for this species.

D. Species Abundance

Very few, extremely small, isolated populations makes this species rare rather than uncommon.

Appendix C - 42

Current Status

A. Why Species is of Conservation Concern

Acroloxus coloradensis is only known from a very few, extremely small, isolated populations
coupled with confined alpine lentic habitat make dispersal of this species unlikely. It is an
extreme environmental specialist in small alpine lakes only. It has no USFWS status at the
present time, although it is currently a US Forest Service Species of Concern (SOI) G3 and listed
SI in Montana. These rankings were largely due to the lack of localities that this species has been
reported. Enough survey work has probably been done in CO and MX to demonstrate that this
is a rarespecies, with declining numbers and, likely, populations.

B. Threats

Specific threats to populations are habitat loss and degredation coupled with a lack of dispersal
mechanisms to colonize other lakes. High recreational usage of lakes may have an impact.

C. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

In Montana, Acroloxus coloradensis is unlikely to occur outside of Glacier National Park (Gla-
cier and Flathead Counties) which is managed by the National Park Service, and thus, has little
management implications at the Northern Region I Forest Service level, unless it is discovered
in the high elevation lakes of the Bob Marshall or high elevation portion of the Flathead National
Forest.

Appendix C - 43